UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY DATE DUE 1 s 73 E2 6-9 1888^91 05 PUBLIC DOCUMENT. No. 33. SIXTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE BOARD OF CONTROL OF THE STATE AGEICTJLTTIKAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AMHERST, MASS. 1888. BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTEK PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, ^ 18 Post Office Square. 1889. -^ v^,.^ ^^^ PUBLIC DOCUMENT. No. 33. SIXTH ANNUAL EEPOKT BOARD OF CONTROL STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS, 1888. BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post Office Square. 1889. g ? ^ - ? / ,vs"5;*~^'i MASSACHUSETTS STATE AGEICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AMHERST, MASS. BOARD OF CONTROL, 1888. His Excfxlency OLIVER AMES, Gorertior of the Commonioealth , President ex officio. Dr. J. P. Lynde, Athol. W. W. Raavsox, Arlington. Appointed by the State Board of Agriculture. J. H. Demond, Northampton. Hon. T. P. Root, Ban-e. Appointed by the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. F. H. Appletox, Peabody. Appointed by the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, Elbridge Cushman, Lakeville. Appointed l>y the Jf E. W. Allen, B.S.,* . W. H. Beal, A.B., IVr.E., E. R. Flint, B.S., F. B. Carpenter, B.S.,f F. W. Morse, B.S.,t . R. B. Moore, B.S., E. E. Knapp, B.S., W. A. Parsons, B.S., . David Wextzell, istants. General and. Anali/tical Chendstry. Field Exjjerinicnt.'^ and Stock Feeding. Farmer. Lt'ft.Iuly 1, ISSS. t Left Nov. 1, 1S.S8. t Lefl April 1, 1888. Boston, Jan. 9, 18S9. To the Honorable Somk and House of Represcnta/ives. In accordunce with chapter 212 of the Acts of 1882, I have the honor to present the Sixth Annual Report of the Board of Control of the State Agricultural Experiment Station. WM. K. SESSIONS, /Secretary. SIXTH A]sr:tnjAL report DIEECTOR OF THE STATE AGEICULTUEAL EXPERI- MENT STATION AT AMHERST, MASS. To the Honorable Board of Control. Gentlemen: — The past year has been, for several reasons, an eventful one i# the history of the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station. The State Legisla- ture of 1888 has passed two acts affecting the organization and the work of the Station. The membership of the Board of Control has been increased, and the management of the new regulations for the trade in commercial fertilizers has been assigned to the director of the Station. The Board of Control has also assumed the responsibility of attending to all the chemical work called for in connection with investi- gations instituted in the various departments of the Hatch Experiment Station, reserved by the authorities of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. The terms agreed to by the Board of Trustees of the college and the Board of Control of the Massachusetts Experiment Station allow five thousand dollars of the Hatch fund for that work. The character of the additional work, as well as the increase in tinancial resources, has rendered some change in the work- ing force of the Station advisable. To meet the growing demand for assistance in adopted lines of investigation, a department of vegetable physiology has been organized with a view to assist in particular in the investigation of diseases of plants by microscopic observations and otherwise. Prof. James Ellis Humphrey of North Weymouth, Mass., a grad- uate of Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard University, 8 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. late professor of botany at the University of Indiana, Bloom- ington, Ind., was elected to the professorship of vegetable physiology, and entered upon his duties Nov. 1, 1888. A desirable increase of assistance in the chemical department of the Station for the coming year will be provided by some members of the senior class of the Agricultural College, who are already in training at the Station. The work carried on during the past year has beeji in the main in three directions; namely : to determine the cost of food for the production of milk and pork, field experiments with difierent kinds of farm crops, and chemical examina- tions of a variety of substances of interest to farmers. The results of the season are, on the whole, quite satisfactory. Unfavorable weather during a considerable part of summer and autumn interfered at times, somewhat, with a more general success in field experiments, yet not in a sufficient degree to question seriously the jDfevious statement. The chemical laboratory has received a valuable addition of necessary apparatus. The library of the Station has been enriched by the addition of books and journals needed for reference in the special lines of investigations instituted. The stalls for feeding experiments have been enlarged in the direction pointed out in the preceding annual report. Most of the farm buildings are, as far as circumstances permit, in a good state of preservation ; some of them, however, need a new coat of paint. The chemical examinations in the laboratory have been in various directions, and exceptionally numerous. Fodder articles, fertilizers, products as well as refuse materials of various industries, have been tested with reference to their agricultural value. Much work has been done to determine the sanitary conditions of water supply in small towns and on farms. The resources of the chemical department have been engaged to their full capacity to meet the growing call for assistance on the part of our farming community. The work for the improvement of the farm lands has been continued. Drill culture has been largely adopted for the renovation of the lands, and green manuring has extensively served to develop and economize inherent sources of plant food. The area prepared for future field experiments has 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 9 been enlarged in various parts of the farm. From nine to ten acres of permanent grass land have been added to our fodder sources. Every field of the farm has been made to contribute, as far as practicable, to that end. A detailed description of the work carried on in the different parts of the farm will be found in the accompanying report. The buildings for stock feeding have been considerably enlarged for the purpose of inaugurating experiments regard- ing the cost of feed for the production of mutton and beef. The general arrano-ement for serving; the feed has been improved with a view to enter, whenever advisable, upon experiments to study the rate of digestibility of fodder plants peculiar to American farm industry. The live stock of the Station consists at present of two horses, six cows, two steers, six sheep and nine pigs. All, with the exception of the horses, serve at present in experiments to ascertain the cost of feed for the production of milk or meat. The details of the work carried on in the barn, the field and the laboratory, during the past year, are recorded in the subsequent pages, under the following headings : - Feeding Experiments. I. Experiments with milch cows ; English hay, corn stover, fodder com, ensilage, corn and cob meal, wheat bran and gluten meal. n. Experiments with milch cows ; green fodder, vetch and oats, Southern cow-pea, corn meal, wheat bran and gluten meal. III. Experiments with pigs; skim milk, corn meal, corn and cob meal, gluten meal and wheat bran. IV. On fodder supply and analyses of fodder articles. Field Experiments. V. Fodder corn raised with single articles of plant food. VI. Fodder crops raised with and without complete manm-e. Vii. Experiments with vetch and oats, serradella and Southern cow- pea. Vill. Experiments with potatoes, roots and miscellaneous crops. EK. " Potato Scab," by Prof. James Ellis Humphrey. Work in the Chemical Department. X. Fertilizer laws and fertilizer analyses ; miscellaneous analyses. XI. Water analyses. Xn. Compilation of analyses of fodder articles, with reference to food value. 10 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Xin. Compilation of analyses of fodder articles, with reference to fertilizing ingredients. XIV. Compilation of analyses of agricultural chemicals and refuse materials used for fertilizing purposes. XV. Meteorological observations. The periodical publications of the Station have been con- tinued at such intervals as circumstances advise. The public interest in the bulletins and annual reports is steadily in- creasing. The State authorities have authorized the publi- cation of twenty-five thousand copies of the annual report ; and the call for our bulletins has necessitated the printing of nine thousand copies, with a prospect of the need of ten thousand in the near future. The obligation imposed upon the director of the Station by the new laws for the regula- tion of the trade in commercial fertilizers, to issue, during a large part of the year, a monthly statement of analyses of fertilizers made under his direction, will materially increase the periodical publication. It appears advisable in the in- terest of economy to publish the analyses of fertilizers as far as practicable in the form of business circulars, and to reserve the discussion of experimental work to the periodical bulletins. All parties engaged with me in the work of the Station have faithfully attended to the tasks assigned to them ; and it is with particular pleasure that I publicly recognize that fact. I cannot consider my whole duty on this occasion fulfilled without expressing my sincere thanks to you for your kind support during the past year. Yours very respectfully, C. A GOESSMANN, Director of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Amhbhst, Mass., Jan. 9, 1889. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCmiENT — No. 33. 11 o:n^ feedestg experime:n^ts. 1888, I. Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows ; English Hay, Com Stover, Fodder Cora, Corn Ensilage, Corn Meal, Corn and Cob Meal, Wheat Bran and Gluten Meal. II. Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows ; Green Fodder, Vetch and Oats, Southern Cow-pea, Hay, Rowen, Corn Meal, Wheat Bran and Gluten Meal. III. Feeding Experiments with Pigs ; Skim Milk, Com Meal, Corn and Cob Meal, Gluten Meal and Wheat Bran. I. Feedeng Experiments with Milch Cows ; English Hay, Corn Stover, Fodder Corn, Corn Ensilage, Corn Meal, Corn and Cob Meal, Wheat Bran and Gluten Meal. During the year 1886 a series of feeding experiments with milch cows was inaugurated for the purpose of comparing the feeding effects of dry corn fodder, of corn ensilage and of corn stover, as a substitute in whole or in part for Eng- lish hay ; and that of corn ensilage, as compared with various kinds of roots, as far as practicable, under corresponding circumstances. The same variety of corn, if not otherwise specified, sei'ved for each trial. The corn ensilage used on these occasions has been produced in every instance from a corn crop of the same advanced state of maturity as the one which furnished the dry corn fodder, i. e., at the beginning of the glazing over of the kernels. The daily diet of the cows consisted, at the beginning of the experiment, of three and one-quarter pounds of corn meal, an equal amount of wheat bran, and all the hay they could eat. This combination of fodder articles was adopted as the basis of our investigation mainly for the reason that 12 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. it had been used in some of our earlier feeding experiments, and not on the assumption of its being the best possible combination of fodder articles for milch cows. The actual amount of hay consumed in each case was ascertained by weighing out a liberal supply of it and deducting subse- quently the hay left over. The statement made in our records in this connection refers to the average consumption of hay per day during the feeding period. The temporary changes in the diet, whenever decided upon, were carried out gradually, as it is customary in all carefully conducted feeding experiments. At least five days are allowed in every instance to pass by, in case of a change in the character of the feed, before the daily observations of the results appear in our published records. The dates which accompany all detailed reports of our feeding experi- ments, past and present, furnish exact figures in that direc- tion. This is in particular the case whenever such state- ments are of a special interest for an intelligent appreciation of the final conclusions presented. The weights of the animals were taken on the same day of each week, before milking and feeding. The valuation of the various fodder articles consumed was based on the average local market price per ton in Amherst, 1886-1887: — Good English hay, . $15 00 Rye middlings, $24 00 Corn meal, . 23 00 Dry com fodder (stover), 5 00 Wheat bran. . 20 00 Corn ensilage, . 2 75 Gluten meal, . . 23 00 Carrots, .... 7 00 To assist those not yet familiar with the various points which ought to be taken into consideration when deciding the relative agricultural value of fodder articles at our dis- posal, the following short discourse on this subject, from the preceding annual report, is here reprinted. The value of a fodder for dairy purposes may be stated from two distinctly different stand-points : namely, with reference to its influence on the temporary yield of milk and the general condition of the animals which consume it, and in regard to its cost, i.e.y its physiological and commercial value. The relative commercial value of a fodder article again depends on its 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 13 first cost in the market, and on the value of the fertilizing constituents left in the mauurial matter after it has served for food. The market value and actual feeding effect of one and the same article do not necessarily correspond with each other ; in fact, they rarely coincide. The market value may be stated for each locality by one definite number. The feeding effect of one and the same substance, simple or com- pound, varies under different circumstances, and depends in a controlling degree on its judicial use in compounding diets. 1. Physiological or Feeding Value. As no single plant or part of plant has been found to sup- ply economically and efficiently, to any considerable extent, the wants of our various kinds of farm stock, it becomes a matter of first importance to learn how to supplement our leading farm crops to meet the divers wants of each kind. To secure the highest feeding value of each article of fodder is most desirable in the interest of good economy. The judicious selection of ingredients for a suitable and remu- nerative diet for our dairy stock obliges us, therefore, to study the value of fodder articles at our disposal from both standpoints. To ascertain the chemical composition of a fodder ration, in connection with an otherwise carefully managed feeding experiment, enables us to recognize with more certainty the causes of the varying feeding effects of one and the same fodder article, when fed in different combinations. It fur- nishes also a most valuable guide in the selection of suitable commercial feed stuffs from known sources to supplement economically our home-raised fodder crops. Practical ex- perience in feeding stock has so far advanced that it seems to need no further argument to accept it as a matter of fact that the efficiency of a fodder ration in the dairy does not depend, aside from its general or special adaptation, on the mere presence of more or less of certain prominent fodder articles, but on the presence of a proper quantity atid a cer- tain relative proportion of certain prominent constituents of plants which are known to be essentia] for a successful sup- port of life and of the special functions of the dairy cow. Investigations into the relations which the various promi- 14 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION [Jan. nent constituents of plants bear to the support of animal life have rendered it advisable to classify them, in this connection, into three groups, — mineral constituents, and nitrogrenous and non-nitrosjenous organic constituents. For details regarding this matter, I have to refer to previous pub- lications of the Station. (See Fourth Annual Report, pages 31-37.) Numerous and extensive practical feeding experiments with most of our prominent fodder articles in various conditions, and with all kinds of farm live stock, have introduced the practice of reporting, in connection with the analysis of the chemist, also the result of careful feed- ing experiments as far as the various fodder articles have proved digestible, and were thus qualified for the support of the life and the functions of the particular kind of animal on trial. In stating the amount of the digestible portion of the fodder consumed in a feeding, experiment, it has proved useful for comparing different fodder rations, etc., to make known by a distinct record the relative proportions which has been noticed to exist between the amount of its digestible, nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous organic constituents. This relation is expressed by the name of " nutritive ratio." An examination of the description of our feeding experi- ments will show, for instance, that the corn meal fed (1888) contained one part of digestible nitrogenous to 9.66 parts of digestible non-nitrogenous organic matter, making the cus- tomary allowance for the higher physiological value of the fat as compared with that of starch, sugar, etc. (2.5 times higher) . The " nutritive ratios " of the articles of feed consumed in 1888 are subsequently stated as follows : — Corn meal, . 1:9.66 English hay, . . 1; 10.52 Wheat bran, . 1 : 3.85 Dry corn fodder, . . 1: 10.31 Gluten meal, . . 1:2.11 Stover, . . 1: 9.3 Corn ensilage, . 1: 8.8 The results of our own analyses of these fodder articles are here turned to account for the calculation of the above- stated "nutritive ratios." It has been noticed that, as a general rule, growing 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 15 animals and milch cows require a richer food, — i. e., a closer relation of digestible nitrogenous and non-nitrog- enous organic constituents in their feed, — to do their best, than full-grown animals and moderately-worked horses and oxen. German investigators recommend a combination of fodder articles, in other respects suitable, which contains one part of nitrogenous organic constituents to 5.4 parts of diarestible non-nitrosrenous constituents. 2. Commercial Value or Actual Cost of a Fodder Article. The composition of the various articles of food used in farm practice exerts a decided influence on the manurial value of the animal excretions resultins: from their use in the diet of difierent kinds of farm live stock. The more potash, phosphoric acid, and in particular nitrogen, a fodder ingredient contains, the more valuable will be, under other- wise corresponding circumstances, the manurial residue left behind, after it has served its purpose as a constituent of the food consumed. As the financial success in most farm managements depends in a considerable degree on the amount, the character and the cost of the manurial refuse material secured in connec- tion with the special farm industry carried on, it needs no further argument to prove that the relations which exist between the composition of the fodder, and the value of the manure resulting, deserve the careful consideration of the farmer when devising an eflScient and at the same time an economical diet for his live stock. The question whether one or the other fodder mixture will prove ultimately, under otherwise corresponding circum- stances, the cheapest one, can only be answered intelligently when both the original cost of the feed consumed and the value of the manurial residue subsequently obtained are duly considered. An examination of the fodder articles used in connection with our investigations shows, for instance, the following relation between their first cost and the commercial value of their fertilizing constituents : — 16 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Value of Fertiliz- First cost. ing Constitaents. Com meal, . . . . . $23 00 $7 19 Wheat bran, . 23 00 12 31 Gluten meal, . 27 00 17 49 English hay, . 15 00 6 45 Corn ensilage, 2 75 1 31 Fodder com, . 5 00 4 77 Corn stover, . 5 00 4 95 Carrots, . 7 00 1 06 Lane's sugar beet, 5 00 1 60 A compilation of our own observations in this direction will be found at the close of our present report. The close relation which quite necessarily exits in most farm managements between the system of cultivating the lands and the keeping of farm live stock for farm work, for the dairy and for the supply of food for the general market, imparts to the barn-yard manure a special if not a con- trolling importance as a valuable manurial resource. The barn-yard manure ought to remain, in a judicious system of mixed farming, not only the main reliance of the farmer for plant food, but also the cheapest manure at his disposal. The objections raised at times against a liberal use of barn- yard manure ought not to rest on its higher cost of produc- tion, when compared with other manurial substances in our market. The name, "barn-yard manure," is, however, too frequently used without any particular discrimination with reference to all kinds of manurial refuse obtained in con- nection with stock feeding and stock raising, which are frequently of widely differing composition. To approximate even fairly the comparative value of two samples obtained on different farms remains a hopeless task as long as a more definite information regarding the following points is want- ing : — (1.) The character of the fodder consumed. (2.) The kind, the age and the function of the animal which served for its production. (3.) The nature and the quantity of the material which served for the absorption of the animal excretions. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 17 (4.) The care bestowed upon collecting and preserving the entire liquid and solid excretions. Assuming, for our present purpose, in both instances, identical conditions, as far as the kind of animal, the mode of collecting and the care of keeping the manure are con- cerned, it will be apparent that the relative values of the two kinds of barn-yard manure stand essentially in a direct relation to the amount of nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid, etc., which was contained in the feed consumed. The loss of fertilizing constituents contained in the fodder of milch cows, in consequence of the production of milk, varies quite naturally more or less in case of different cows, as well as of one and the same animal at its different stages of milk production. Whether the whole milk or only the cream is sold off from the fann deserves here not less serious consideration. We have adopted thus far in our calculation a loss of twenty per cent., which may be considered quite a liberal allowance in case of a fair average production of milk, and where the whole milk is sold. 1 886. — From the description of our earlier feeding experiments with milch cows (see Fourth Annual Report, page 1 1 ) , it may be observed that the relations of the diges- tible nitrogenous and non-nitroo;enous oro;anic constituents in the different combinations of fodder articles which con- stituted, during the various feeding periods, the daily diet of the cows, varied on that occasion from 1 : 6.7 to 1 : 10.17. The closer relation was obtained by feeding, on an average, daily,— 3^ lbs. of wheat bran, ") 15 lbs. of hay, V- Nutritive ratio, 1 : 6.7. 40 lbs. of Lane's sugar beet, ) and the wider ratio by feeding daily, on an average, — Z\ lbs. of corn meal, ") 6 lbs. of hay, >■ Nutritive ratio, 1 : 10.17. 41| lbs. of corn ensilage, ) 1887. — As most well-conducted experiments with dairy cows endorse the use of a diet which has a closer relation 18 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. between its digestible organic nitrogenous and non-nitro- genous constituents than either one of the above-stated two fodder rations used by us, it was decided to try fodder combinations whicli, in consequence of the addition of some concentrated commercial fodder article, would contain a larger amount of digestible nitrogenous substances. The gluten meal was selected for that purpose. The same coarse fodder articles — English hay, corn ensilage, corn stover and roots (carrots) — were used in most cases in different quantities and combinations with equal weights of corn meal, wheat bran and gluten meal. The relations between the two above-stated important groups of fodder constituents varied in the different diets used from 1 : 5 9 to 1 : 7.9. The closer relation was obtained by feeding daily, on an average, — 3\ lbs. of corn meal, \ S\ lbs. of wheat bran, i 3^ lbs. of gluten meal, > Nutritive ratio, 1 : 5.9. 10 lbs. of hay. ) 35 lbs. of carrots, and the wider ratio by feeding, on an average, — 3^ lbs. of corn meal, '\ 31 lbs. of wheat bran, V Nutritive ratio, 1 : 7.9. 25 lbs. of hay, ) The entire feeding experiment (I) was subdivided into eight distinctly different feeding periods ; the same number as on the preceding occasion, for the same length of time — seven months. The dry corn fodder, the ensilage and the roots were cut before being offered as feed. The yield of milk decreased, although at a different rate, in the case of different animals as time advanced. The shrinkage in the daily yield of milk amounted, at the end of the experiment, to from 3.2 quarts to 4.9 quarts in case of different cows. The gradual decline in the entire milk record of every cow is only once broken, namely, during the sixth feeding period, February 7 to February 21, when the yield of milk shows an increase of from .7 to 1.9 quarts per day, as compared with that of the preceding period. This change for the better was noticed when ten pounds of 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 19 hay and thirty-four pounds of carrots were used, under otherwise corresponding circumstances, as a substitute for live pounds of hay and twenty-nine pounds of corn ensihige. The amount of dry vegetable matter contained in the hay fed with roots and in the hay fed with corn ensilage was practically the same in both instances. The feed of the sixth feeding period, containing carrots as an ingredient, is thus the most nutritive and also the most expensive. The results of the experiment led us to the following conclusions : — The nutritive value of our dry corn fodder (stover) com- pares well with that of an average quality of English hay ; the same may be said of good corn ensilage in place of from one-half to two-thirds of the customary amount of hay. The nutritive value of our dry corn fodder (stover) and of a good corn ensilage, taking into consideration pound for pound of the dry vegetable matter they contain, has proved in our case fully equal, if not superior, to that of the average English hay. The nutritive feeding value of carrots, taking into con- sideration pound for pound of the dry vegetable matter they contain, exceeds that of the corn ensilaoje as an ino^redient of the daily diet, in place of a part (one-half) of the hay fed. The conclusions thus far stated are in full agreement with those pointed out in our earlier experiments The influence of the various diets used on the quality of the milk seems to depend in a controlling degree on the con- stitutional characteristics of the animal on trial. The efifect is not unfrequently in our case the reverse in different animals depending on the same diet. The total cost of the feed for the production of milk is lowest whenever corn fodder or corn ensilage have replaced, in the wliole or in part, English hay, under otherwise corre- sponding circumstances. The net cost of feed consumed for the production of one quart of milk during the various feeding periods, varies as widely as from .34 cents to 1.6 cents in case of the same cow. The net cost of the feed is obtained by deducting eighty per cent, of the value of the fertilizing constituents it contains. 20 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The manurial value of the feed consumed during the entire feeding experiment, deducting twenty per cent, for the amount of fertilizing constituents lost in the production of milk, is, at the current market rates, in every instance, more than equal to one-third of the original cost of the feed. To avoid misconstruction regarding the statement of net cost of milk used in our description, I state once more that it does not include expenses of labor, housing, interest on investment, etc., but means merely net cost of feed after deducting eighty per cent, of its manurial value. (For details, see Fifth Annual Report, pages 11-34.) 1888. — To verify as far as practicable the above-stated conclusions, a new series of observations was decided upon. The course adopted was essentially the same as in the pre- ceding year. English hay, fodder corn, corn ensilage and corn stover served as coarse fodder articles ; and corn meal, corn and cob meal, wheat bran and gluten meal as the sup- plementary feed stuffs to secure the desired relative propor- tion of digestible nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous substances in the daily fodder rations. The repetition of a comparative test between roots and corn ensilage was left over for another season, when a larger supply of sugar beets and carrots would render the trial more decisive. The fodder corn, corn ensilao^e and corn stover were cut to an even lena^th (l|-2 inches) before fed. The daily average amount of fodder corn left behind unconsumed was 5.55 pounds and that of corn stover and ensilage, 3 pounds. Six cows, grades, served in the experiment, which was subdivided into seven feeding periods, extending over a period of four and one-half months. The same quantity of corn and cob meal, wheat bran and gluten meal (three and one-quarter pounds each) was fed daily from the beginning to the close of the trial. Corn ensilage was fed in different proportions with one-half or one-fourth of English hay. Fodder corn and corn stover were fed most of the time by themselves. The nutritive value of the different diets used has been quite close, varying from 1:5 5 to 1:6.1. The adopted rates of digestibility of the fodder ingredients are those which have been published of late by E. Wolff. They are 1889.] fUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 21 in most instances the average values of a series of actual tests, and are for this reason applicable for mere economical questions. As soon as our home observations shall have furnished sufficient material to enable us to establish reliable average values, they will be substituted. Local Market Value of Feed used in our Calculations. Corn meal, . . . . $23 00 Corn and cob meal, . . 20 70 Wheat bran, . . . 23 00 Gluten meal, . . . 27 00 English hay, . . . $15 00 Fodder corn, . . . 5 00 Corn ensilage, . . . 2 75 Corn stover, . . , 5 00 An examination of the subsequent tabular statement of the details of the late experiment cannot fail to show that the conclusions drawn from our preceding observation in this direction are in the main fully sustained. The high nutritive value of fodder corn, good corn ensi- lage and corn stover, as compared with that of English hay, counting in all instances pound for pound of dry vegetable matter, is fully confirmed. The general condition of the animals on trial, as well as the quality of the milk, point in that direction. The daily yield of milk decreased gradually, apparently at a normal rate, during the progress of the experiment. The shrinkage in the yield of milk amounted, at the close of the trial, in the case of different cows of different milking: periods, to from 1.6 to 4 quarts per day. The weight of the cows had decreased in three cases, and had increased in three. The first cost of feed for the production of one quart of milk in case of the same cow, is, as a rule, from one-half to one cent less per quart wherever fodder corn, corn ensilage or corn stover have replaced in part or in whole the English hay. The first cost of feed for the production of one quart of milk differs, for obvious reasons, quite seriously in case of the same diet as far as different animals are concerned. This dijfference stands in a direct relation to the daily yield of milk ; the less the latter, the higher the cost of the feed. A few results taken from our subsequent records may con- vey some more definite idea regarding this important cir- cumstance. 22 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Fodder rations : Fodder com, 18-19 lbs. Com and cob meal, 3^ lbs. Wheat bran, S} lbs. Gluten meal, 3} lbs. Daily Yield of Milk. First cost of feed, ^f et cost of feed. Daisy, Melia, Eva, . .50 cts. per qt. .66 " " 1.39 " Fodder rations : English hay, 20 lbs. Com and cob meal, 3\ lbs. Wheat bran, 3J lbs. Gluten meal, 3| lbs. Daily Yield of Milk. First cost of feed. Net cost of feed. Daisy, Melia, Eva, . 13.5 qts. 10.9 " 5.6 " 1.97 cts per qt. 2.44 " 4.74 " 1.28 cts. per qt. 1.59 " 3.09 " " The net cost of feed is obtained by deducting eighty per cent, of the commercial value of the fertilizing constituents it contains from its first cost. The manurial value of the feed consumed during the feeding experiments, after deducting twenty per cent, for the amount of fertilizing constituents lost in the production of. milk, is at current market prices in every instance more than one-third of the orimnal cost of the feed. o For further details, consult the following record : — 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 23 In 00 to •I Q § O .. >> }0 }q3|9AV 98BJ3AV •oiJBH »AniJjnx ■vm }o ]jBnb jad ja} -jBca ijpjo epnnoj -^sp J3d paonp -OJd m\ni JO 8)JBn^ '(spunod uj) pacnnsuoo jsppoj jfljBp aq; ui paniB} -uoa jaiiBin »iqB)s -8aA Xjp JO junonry -J3A0)8 oioo •a3iin«a3 •ojoo jappo J ■fBH ■jBaM qoo pus ujoo lO (M urj 00 00 o o 00 eo p «o CO i-H CO O (N '-H i-HOO O 05 «0 O 00 >0 CO CO ->^ -^ C3 -^ '^ 05 '^ »o CO CO c^ >-< aj CO Cc (M C^ (N Cq (M Oq I CO CO CO CO CO CO « § O QJkS ^^^ -^ t-5 tN fxH ^ -si <5 S o o o o o o o +3 +J *3 +S -U -.^ -« CO CO O "O 05 O d Oi 05 CO iQ -^ t^ CO OS OJ 05 OS Ol 00 CO i-H OS 05 CO -* 0 lO "O >0 lO (M 00 ■* CO i-H CO ; lO o5 o ^ ^ :t^ ;y « o 'c-i- r^ O 5:^ O H 1 ^ Q O f| o <» w '?? ^ 5^ 1^ ?^ p 0 3i Oi OS lO t^ CO CN CO C^ Ci Ci C^ C^ Ci c^ JO jjunb J3d jsj jBui Xjp JO spnnoj ■oijBa 8Anpinjs[ •XbP jad paonp ■OJd 5ii!tti JO s)jBn{) •(spunod 111) pomnsiioa jappcij A'liKpaqi lit paiiiKj -iio.T jsjjccn ajqcja -3aA Xjp JO junorav •J3A0JS luoo •3S131IS113 lUO,) ■ U.IOO J9pp0^^ •XbH •IBOH ua;nio •UBJg }B3ll.\i •IB3W qoj piiB ujoo o 3 1^ th o o to lo "O C5 CO lO CO "O O lO "O >0 CO t^ "O CO C^ Ci cc -Tt< oi oi ,-H T-< o iX- KO I- o I I 1 ^ <-! I 1 CO p CO o C' o o op p CO CO cc CO CO CO' CO' CO CO' CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO I I I I I I CO CO CO CO -+I O 'O 1-5 PM flH f>i -i >-i f^ 1^ f^ "< f^ is. s s Ci QO 010 t^ C-l lO CO CO o c; c0 "O I I ci o CO p CO CD »0 ^ »0 >'0 'O o 0-1 0-] C^ 0 t^ O CO "O vH -ti 'Q CO -H t^ lO OS tpBaauunp(uraiut! o o o o o o o JO jiiSiaM aSBJ3AV T-H O ^ O CO -# C5 •oijBa aAniJjnx O O O "O 'O >o o •Jllini t^ o o CO co JO ijtmb jad jai CO "-.0 Ci CO Ol T-( CO -}Btu ^jp JO spuuoj C<1 (M C^ (N C^ (N CO -.fup jad paonp -1< O (M (M O t>. Oi -ojd Jiijni JO s;jBn5 C3 O 00 05 CO CO !>. (spuiiod ui) CO o ^ o o o o pamnauoo jappoj O ^ t^ CO O O '^ ^IiBp aq; ut pauiBi iC 'O CO tH o CO o -uoa janBcu aiqBio CM C^ (M (M 1-H i-H C^ -3aA Ajp JO junorav o •jaAOJS njoo 1 1 1 1 1 (^ 1 04 p. o ■-HO o o o •.Cbh CO o o o o o odd 1 CD "O ' ci i-H (M .— 1 CM lO lO to lO O lO >o •IBajy: najtiio C<; C^ G^ (M C^J (>} (M ^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO lO lO »0 O lO uO o a •UBjg JsaqAi (N (M (M o >o •IBare (M (M * O lo ^ G^l T-. CO ^ W « -S o - (-S f^ fa ^ <1 <5 S H o o o o o o c f^ f» 00 r-l CO 1-H O O C5 (M I— ( CM (M -^ j:3_ -: rt '^ *-i f-i C t*i H3 h, fi, g ^ <15 S CO (M 00 ■* O G<1 "* O CO CO O O 1— I T— I O O 1— ' rH 00 00 QO 'O C5 iq CO CO t>; Ci o o o iri lo >o C^ iq O CO o lO 05 l>I 1>I -^ CO CO o o o poo O ' O lO ' CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO I I I I I I CO CO CO -<*l O lO o o o o o o ■4-J -u 4J -u -*-> -u »-i CO T-H O O CJi d^ fci b '^ ^ 26 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o H o w O 1— 1 CO T-i r^ CO o »— 1 •pouad Joj?)[!re.If>Jb m -* ^ o c^ Oi lO >o 9UO JO uoijonpu.iil J()j c C<5 CM >-l l-H l-H T-H CN paa^ JO )soo aSuJaAV ■^ 'tJ^ ^ CO I-- ?0 lO O •pouad Siiunp p.Dnins CO O CO OO — 1 1-H C O lO lO ' CM CM lO CM O !>• t^ -jnp pamnsuoa iKare ja ua}ii[t) JO junoniB ib)OX CM O ^ ^ lO CO C<( •pouad 8u! lO 'O O icti O lO "O • (M CM lO CM O t^ t- -Jnp paransuoa uvuvt •° CI »0 iCi CM (M >0 CM t CM lO '^i -* lO CO CM -N •pouad Suunp parans lO O 'O O >0 lO CM lO CM O l^ t^ -uda \wvi qoo puB UJOO JO janooiB Ibjox .3 ' lO »0 CM CM «0 CM O '=*<•* O CO CM •pouad Shi CM -jnp pamnsuoa luajt .O c^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 CM UJOO JO ^unome ibjox CO CO O CO O i— 1 CO •pouad Joj 5ii!i\[ m O CM <— 1 T-i O O O JO piaiiC AijBp aBBJOAV o- •pouad ajij -ua Snijnp paonpojd CM 1-1 O ■* O T-l CM 5 t^ Cr> -rH CM O T-( ■* 1I!FI JO X}!}"^"1> IBJox CM l-H i-H T-l 1— 1 CQ Q O CO CO CO -* O "O O i-H CM T-l CO I— 1 S ? sc 2 5 ^ h5 i:^ 1^ S <1 <1 S SBBSBBS ^ 00 '-' CO T-( o o o C<> i-H (M CM rd^_^ l-ti 1-5 P^ 1^ 1^ "^ f^ t^ 05 T-H CM 00 O CO r-l O '^ 00 C^ 'fll lO CM CM i-H 1-H 1— 1 1-H CM -H T-l CO t^ O t^'co CO lO O CO -^ 1-i CO ' oo ' o CO CO -# O >0 O O O lO lO CM CM lO 0 (M Ol lO CM - g C5 lO >0 CM CM >0 CM CM >0 ^ -*l O CO CM lO O O O lO "O CM O CM O t^ t^ ' i6 'd oi c>i iri CM »0 ■* -+i »0 CO CM CM o 1 c^^ 1 1 1 1 1 o t-- CO i-H Ci (M UO (M C^ T-H 1-H ^ CM O O O' O CTi CM CO -tH (>J O II GO 'O O " T-H CM GO I^ '^l CM CO lO uo t^ r-H t:^ CO CO*" CO CO -^ O > O T-H CM T-H CO rH 1888. Jan. Feb. Feb. March April April May o o O O O O O 00 T-l CM CO ,-H O O CTS T-H (M CM ^ »-5 Ph 1^ r^ <1 <( 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUISIENT — No. 33. 27 ■poijsd jo; miK JO -jb 8U0 }o uoijonpojd joj paaj JO ;soo aSBjaAv C5 (M GO t^ I^ CO ^ 2 OOCOCNI-COCO-* O 1-1 f- t^ CO ■* CO •pouad daijnppamns co uo (M oo i— ' t^ co -uoa paaj jo jsoo ib?ox (m -(< c^ i c4 L.O c^ '" C<>uO-*-*»OCO(M •pouad Sm -Jnp patnnsuoo ubjsi lB3HAVJ0 4iinoniBiBjox O O O lO O O "0 ^ CM OJ lO 0| O t^ t>. •^ ci i-o o (>i (>i o (M " (NiO-^-^iOCOCM •pouad auunp panins -UOO IBBH HO.) puB uioo JO junomB [bjox uO O "O O iC »o ^ (M »0 (M O t>; t>; •° 1 u-i o . lO GO CM C5 B CO-HrMG^lT-I^HO 5'""^'"'"''"""""' •pouad ajii -iia Suunp paonpoj'd m\K JO A'jijUBnb tBjox lO (M GO lO 00 G^ CO n '^ CO r^ c-i CO CO CO ;:i (M --h t^ CO CO (M c^ °^ T-H (M T-^ ,-1 rH 1-1 Q O a a Q a U4 1 888. Jan. 8 to Jan. 16, . Jan. 21 to Feb. 6, . Feb. 13 to Feb. 26, . INIarch 1 to March 13, . March 20 to April 4, . April 20 to April 30, . May 9 to May 15, . 1-1 00 '^ 00 CO -* r^ CO CO lO »o t>. CO CO (M CO . -tl tH CO o ' o 00 -* ^O lO O O lO o CM (M uO O t^ !>• Ci "O lO CM lO (M o o . CO lO lO lO O -^ r-l O t^ CM CO 5^^ iC GO CM Ci CO (M 00 00 CO CO COCO CO ■^cT'O i-t CM CO tH 1888. Jan. Feb. Feb. April April May 2S2 o o o -t-> +3 *i OO —' CO CM 1—1 O OCi rt cS « >-o^fn March April May 28 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. •73 a o O o H . <^ <^ K W Pi a w o o o o H •poiJ3djoj:qnn[JO-lb auo JO uoipnpojd joj paa^I JO jsoo eSBjaAy (M O (M >0 O CO CO 2 t-juopcotMcqco g (>5o >o ^ (>} (>J lO <>I p t>- 1>; ■°, cJ i6 id oi (>i o o? '-' C<«iO-^-*>OCO(M •pouad Sin -jnp painnsiioa ubjvi lO lO o o o »o >o ^ c^c^ioc^pt^o- " CNiO^-*iOCO: »: 5 ' >d o ci id c^ •-^ lO t)i Tti O CO c<» •pouad Suj -jnp p.5innsuoa isajM ujoj JO junotnB ibjox lO •pouad JOJ mwi JO pi9|.S .fllBp aSBjaAV ^ p Ol (M CO t>. C> « ooo6ciicoo6t>^ •pouad 9JIJ -ua Sujjnp paanpojd 5i[!l\[ JO ^IjlUBnb IBJOJ, p C^ QO p p h-; CO ^ -^o-^cit-'^id'd « COCOrHT-ICOOlO C ,_! rH ,-H T-H FEEDING PERIODS. 1888. Jan. 8 to Jan. 16, . Jan. 21 to Feb. 6, . Feb. 13 to Feb. 26, . March 1 to March 13, . March 20 to April 4, . April 20 to April 30, . May 9 to May 15, . OOrH O CO CO t- 1 CO O 'I* lO <-! OS 1 1-H T-H T-{ 7—{ T-t 1-i rH CI O O Ci CO lO M< rH lO CO CO ^ <>» CO CO rH rH lO 1 1 ^ 1 lO 00 CO Pt-: 1 1 ^ lO O , P ' 9 lO CO 1 1 1 1 o p , oo o oo o o ' CO o o ' o CO CO -<:J^ rH rH uO O iQ O lO lO (N lO C<) O t^ t^ id id (M ">! id oi »o "*-:*< lO CO c^ lO O lO O lO lO CM lO C4 o r^ t^ lO lO 0 O lO O lO 'O (N lO c^ o i^ r^ lO lO (M (M lO C^ lO •^ M^ O CO (N 1 1 CM lO 1 1 1 1 o CO CO lO rH 1—t 1^ -f CO CO r-l r-f 1-1 T-< -* O O GO CO lO CO lo 1-H Qo crs -t< (M -H (M 05 "* C5 CO G^ C"" S 1 '■^ y. ^^ Cents. Lbs. 1. May, $2 34 $1 03 $0 82 $1 52 1.56 860 Minnie, . 2 34 1 03 82 1 52 1.41 985 Melia, . 2 80 1 02 82 1 48 1.22 985 Eva, 2 34 1 03 82 1 52 2.41 985 Lizzie, . 2 30 1 02 82 1 48 1.75 1,025 2. May, 4 51 1 98 1 58 2 93 1.40 880 Minnie, . 4 51 1 98 1 58 2 93 1.36 1,005 Melia, . 4 51 1 98 1 58 2 93 1.19 1,005 Eva, 4 51 1 98 1 58 2 93 2..".9 1,0.30 Lizzie, 4 51 1 98 1 58 2 93 1.63 1,060 Daisy, 4 51 1 98 1 58 2 93 .90 1,145 3. May, . 2 33 1 42 1 14 1 19 .77 820 Minnie, . 2 23 1 33 1 06 1 17 .74 965 Melia, . 2 27 1 37 1 10 1 17 .66 965 Eva, 2 25 1 34 1 07 1 18 1.39 1,010 Lizzie, . 2 32 1 41 1 13 1 19 1.04 1,060 Daisy, . 2 49 1 57 1 26 1 23 .50 1,105 4. May, 2 87 1 29 1 03 1 84 1.13 840 Minnie, 2 87 1 29 1 03 1 84 1.17 950 Melia, 2 87 1 29 1 03 1 84 1.13 975 Lizzie, 2 81 1 27 1 02 1 79 1.50 1,050 Daisy, 3 10 1 41 1 13 1 97 .89 1,060 5. May, 3 26 1 50 1 20 2 06 1.21 825 ]\Iinnie, 3 10 1 42 1 14 1 96 1.12 942 Melia, 3 16 1 45 1 16 2 00 1.06 897 Eva, 3 15 1 45 1 16 1 99 2.26 1,000 Lizzie, 3 03 1 39 1 11 1 92 1.40 1,045 Daisy, 3 50 1 62 1 30 2 20 .96 1,091 6. May, 1 65 93 74 91 .82 804 Minnie, 1 57 92 74 83 .74 922 Melia, 1 74 1 00 80 94 .76 935 Eva, 1 62 96 77 85 1.35 1,153 Lizzie, 1 61 88 70 91 .95 1,043 Daisy, 1 69 95 76 93 .62 1,046 7. May, 1 86 81 65 1 21 1.63 860 Minnie, 1 86 81 65 1 21 1.65 945 Melia, 1 86 81 65 1 21 1.59 972 Eva, 1 86 81 65 1 21 3.09 1,105 Lizzie, 1 86 81 65 1 21 2.19 1,087 Daisy, 1 86 81 65 1 21 1.28 1,103 30 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. StBIMART. May. Total amount of milk produced during the above records (87 days), 977.6 qts. Total cost of feed per quart of milk produced, . . . 1.93 cts. !Manurial value left behind per quart of mUk produced, . .73 cts. Net cost per quart of milk produced, 1.20 cts. Minnie. Total amount of milk produced during the above records (87 days), 999.5 qts. Total cost of feed per quart of milk produced, . . . 1.85 cts. Manurial value left behind per quart of milk produced, . .70 cts. Net cost per quart of milk produced, 1.15 cts. Melia. Total amount of milk produced during the above records (87 days), 1,098.3 qts. Total cost of feed per quart of milk produced, . . 1.70 cts. Manurial value left behind per quart of milk produced, . .65 cts. Net cost per quart of milk produced, 1.05 cts. Eva. Total amount of milk produced during the above records (74 days), 460.4 qts. Total cost of feed per quart of milk produced, . . . 3.42 cts. INIanurial value left behind per quart of milk produced, . 1.31 cts. Net cost per quart of milk produced, 2.11 cts. Lizzie. Total amount of milk produced during the above records (87 days), 787.8 qts. Total cost of feed per quart of milk produced, . . . 2.34 cts. Manurial value left behind per quart of milk produced, . .90 cts. Net cost per quart of milk produced, ..... 1.44 cts. Daisy. Total amount of milk produced diu-ing the above records (78 days), 1,265.3 qts. Total cost of feed per quart of milk produced, . . . 1.36 cts. Manurial value left behind per quart of milk produced, . .53 cts. Net cost per quart of milk produced, .83 cts. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 31 Mantjrial Value of Feed. May. uvT^ — -^ — ■ S-S -o§ £=■§ at §tg^ |s« ||S So FEEDING PEEIODS. of s 0- c- 0 0 •35S3 = «■£== '^ -,;a 0 ^. e •&5 lea ffl^-S 55-5 oS "SsS ■55 3 &- > S ^""^ »5 1 1888. Cents. Lbs. Jan. 8 to Jan. 16, §2 34 fl 03 $0 82 %1 52 1.56 860 Jan. 21 to Feb. 6, 4 51 1 98 1 58 2 93 1.40 880 Feb. 13 to Feb. 26, 2 33 1 42 1 14 1 19 .77 820 Mar. 1 to Mar. 13, 2 87 1 29 1 03 1 84 1.13 840 Mar. 20 to Apr. 4, 3 26 1 50 1 20 2 06 1.21 825 Apr. 20 to Apr. 30, 1 Qb 93 74 91 .82 804 May 9 to May 15, 1 86 81 65 1 21 1.63 860 Total, . $18 82 $8 96 ?7 16 $11 66 _ - Minnie. 1888. Jan. 8 to Jan. 16, $2 34 $1 03 ?0 82 fl 52 1.41 ■ 985 Jan. 21 to Feb. 6, 4 51 1 98 1 58 2 93 1.36 1,005 Feb. 13 to Feb. 26, 2 23 1 33 1 06 1 17 .74 965 Mar. 1 to Mar. 13, 2 87 1 29 1 03 1 84 1.17 950 Mar. 20 to Apr. 4, 3 10 1 42 1 14 1 96 1.12 942 Apr. 20 to Apr. 30, 1 57 92 74 83 .74 922 May 9 to May 15, 1 86 81 65 1 21 1.65 945 Total, . $18 48 $8 78 $7 02 $11 46 - - Melia. 1888. Jan. 8 to Jan. 16, $2 30 $1 02 $0 82 $1 48 1.22 985 Jan. 21 to Feb. 6, 4 51 1 98 1 68 2 93 1.19 1,005 Feb. 13 to Feb. 26, 2 27 1 37 1 10 1 17 .66 965 Mar. 1 to Mar. 13, 2 87 1 29 1 03 1 84 1.13 975 Mar. 20 to Apr. 4, 3 16 1 45 1 16 2 00 1.06 897 Apr. 20 to Apr. 30, 1 74 1 00 80 94 .76 935 May 9 to May 15, 1 86 81 65 1 21 1.59 972 Total, . fl8 71 $8 92 $7 14 $11 57 - - 32 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Mantjrial Value of Feed — Concluded. Eva. i-lT^ — — - — O; G EC'S °.§S.5 .£=■3 FEEDING PERIODS. fe5 o i-6 I Value ed after e: the 20 a ken by E^ ""Si ^5S 11 "Si's anuria the Fe duetin cent, t Milk. 1:1 61^ o- ^11 o o H > s sq*^^ 'A & 1888 . Cents. Lbs. Jan. 8 to Jan. 16, $2 34 $1 03 $0 82 $1 52 2.41 985 Jan. 21 to Feb. 6, 4 51 1 98 1 0% 2 93 2.39 1,030 Feb. 13 to Feb. 26, 2 25 1 34 1 07 1 18 1.39 1,010 Mar. 20 to Apr. 4, 3 15 1 45 1 16 1 99 2.26 1,000 Apr. 20 to Apr. 30, 1 62 96 77 85 1.35 1,153 May 9 to May 15, 1 86 81 65 1 21 3.09 1,105 Total, . $15 73 $7 57 f6 05 $9 68 - Lizzie. 1888. Jan. 8 to Jan. 16, $2 30 $1 02 $0 82 $1 48 1.75 1,025 Jan. 21 to Feb. 6, 4 51 1 98 1 58 2 93 1.63 1,060 Feb. 13 to Feb. 26, 2 32 1 41 1 13 1 19 1.04 1,060 Mar. 1 to Mar. 13, 2 81 1 27 1 02 1 79 1.50 1,050 Mar. 20 to Apr. 4, 3 03 1 39 1 11 1 92 1.40 1,045 Apr. 20 to Apr. 30, 1 61 88 70 91 .95 1,043 May 9 to May 15, 1 86 81 65 1 21 2.19 1,087 Total, . $18 44 §8 76 $7 01 $11 43 - - Daisy. 1888. Jan. 21 to Feb. 6, $4 51 $1 98 $1 58 $2 93 0.90 1,145 Feb. 13 to Feb. 26, 2 49 1 57 1 26 1 23 .50 1,105 Mar. 1 to IMar. 13, 3 10 1 41 1 13 1 97 .89 1,060 Mar. 20 to Apr. 4, 3 50 1 62 1 30 2 20 .96 1,091 Apr. 20 to Apr. 30, 1 69 95 76 93 .62 1,046 May 9 to May 15, 1 86 81 65 1 21 1.28 1,103 Total, . $17 15 $8 34 16 68 $10 47 - 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 33 Valuation of Essential Fertilizing Constituents contained in the Various Articles of Fodder used. Nitrogen, 16.:| cents per pound; phosphoric acid, 6 cents per pound; potassium oxide, 4:} cents per pound. [Per cent.] "a 1 e u 8 •S3 c 2 c is "3 c 5 c o O •a •a o a o Nitrogen, 1.796 1.453 2.780 5.120 .995 1.250 .289 1.119 Phosphoric acid, . .744 .683 1.857 .297 .201 .464 .112 .354 Potassium oxide, . .435 .548 1071 .030 1.465 2.085 .264 .975 Valuation per 2,000 lbs.. $7 19 $6 09 $12 31 $n 28 $4 77 $6 45 $1 31 $4 05 Analyses of Milk. [Per cent.] May. 1888. Jan. 17. Jan. 31. Keb. 24. Mar. 9. Mar. 29. April 11. April 24. May 3. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat, . 14.04 4.13 9.91 13.64 3.64 10.00 14.30 3.91 10.39 14.18 3.55 10.63 14.05 3.95 10.10 13.76 2.64 11.12 13 91 14.36 4.18 4.71 9.73 9.66 Minnie. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat, 13.61 13.86 14.55 13.76 13.36 13.84 13.28 3.68 4.21 3.90 3.65 3.54 3.43 4.33 9.93 9.65 10.65 10.11 9.82 10.41 8.95 13.90 4.62 9.28 Melia. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat, . 12.79 3.30 9.49 13.19 3.57 9.62 13.26 3.13 10.13 12.43 2.48 9.95 12.15 3.21 8.94 13.26 3.19 10.07 13.90 4.47 9.43 13.12 3.79 9.33 Eva. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat. 16.38 16.60 15.97 16.04 15.79 16.44 16.28 5.45 6.00 5.17 4.84 5.54 4.77 6.30 10.93 10.60 10.80 11.20 10.25 11.67 9.89 16.70 6.46 10.24 Lizzie. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat, 13.39 3.68 9.71 13.77 4.46 9.31 13.20 13.27 3.15 3.21 10.05 10.06 14.02 4.32 9.70 12.89 2.87 10.02 13 35 4.71 8.64 13.76 4.61 9.15 Daisy. Solids, Fat, Solids not fat, 13.34 4.23 9.11 11.96 3.09 8.87 12.63 2.73 9.90 13.22 3.55 9.67 12.94 3.54 9.40 12.95 3.18 9.77 12.09 3.86 8.23 12.43 3.78 8.65 34 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. CoBN Meal (Average). i o •2 S. o O ^ o. Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. 5°» 6 > 3 "A Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 13.08 86.92 261.60 1,738.40 23.73 75.54 176.63 1,494.41 34 76 85 94 >! Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.66 3.49 4.97 10.39 79.49 2,000.00 33.20 69.80 99.40 207.80 1,589.80 CO o 100.00 2,000.00 1,770.41 - Corn and Cob Meal (Average) . Per cent. Moisture at 100° C, 13.69 Dry matter, 86.31 100.00 Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, 1.68 " cellulose, 7.75 " fat, 3.67 protein (nitrogenous matter) , 9.13 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 77.77 100.00 Nutritive ratio, 8.8. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 35 Wheat Bran (Average )• a <1> . Constituents (In lbs.) la a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. "si g 1 » " M c ^ o O 2-1 1 > 3 !5 Moisture at 100° C^ . 11.14 222.80 >. Dry matter, . . 88.86 1,777.20 _ _ 100.00 2,000.00 Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, .... 6.59 131.80 »o " cellulose, . 12.80 256.00 51.20 20 >c6 " fat, .... 6.00 120.00 96.00 80 I— 1 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 17.72 354.40 311.87 88 Non-nitrogenous extract 1 matter, .... 56.89 1,137.80 910.24 80 100.00 2,000.00 1,369.31 J Gluten Meal (Average). 1 (_ w <« ' s o ■^ c S c 5°« 6 5 o uents in ate lbs. Q SI on X3 > a a 1 1 onsti lbs.) 2,000 ound ble i 2,000 u '-5 c S o a b ^ 0. Pm 'A Moisture at 100° C, . 9.77 195.40 Dry matter, .... 90.23 1,804.60 100.00 2,000.00 Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, .... .93 18.60 — — l-H " cellulose, . 4.60 92.00 31.28 34 f>^ " fat, .... 6.63 132.60 100.78 76 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 35.43 708.60 602.31 85 Non-nitrogen ous extract matter, .... 52.41 1,048.20 985.31 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,719.68 36 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Hat. [Experiment Station, 1887.] a o U S c « o c B I i- Constituents (In lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. III > 3 'A Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 10.78 89.22 215.60 1,784.40 412.38 24.20 99.75 579.10 58 46 57 63 \ Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.11 35.55 2.63 8.75 45.96 2,000.00 142.20 711.00 52.60 175.00 919.20 1— ( 100.00 2,000.00 1,115.43 Fodder Corn (dry). [Experiment Station, 1887.] Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in lbs.) in ft ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. 1 ^ 6 a M > 3 'A Moisture at 100° C, . 24 87 497.40 Dry matter, .... 75 13 1,502.60 _ _ 100.00 2,000.00 Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, .... 5.14 102.80 CO " cellulose, . 22 26 445.20 320.60 72 j>S " fat 2 62 52 40 39.30 75 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 8.28 165.60 120.89 73 N on -nitrogenous extract matter, .... 61.70 1,234.00 826.78 67 100.00 2,000.00 1,307.57 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 37 Corn Ensilage. [Experiment Station, 1887.] a 6 S a S S Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. 5°^ « ■H 3 Moisture at 100° C, . 77.24 1,544.80 N Dry matter, .... 22.76 455.20 _ _ 100.00 2,000.00 Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, .... 4.94 98.80 CO " cellulose, . 20.66 413.20 297.50 72 yco " fat 3.15 63.00 47.25 75 1-H " protein (nitrogenous matter), 9.67 193.40 141.19 73 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 61.58 1,23160 825.17 67 100.00 2,000.00 1,311.11 ^ Corn Stover. [Experiment Station, 1887.] B o u 1 1 S a. Constituents (in lbs.) ill a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. 6 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 19.07 80.93 381.40 1,618.60 301.39 39.45 133 88 844.87 72 75 73 67 1 Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenoiis matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 422 20.93 2.63 9.17 63.05 2,000.00 84.40 418.60 52.60 183.40 1,261.00 CO i-H 100.00 2,000.00 1,319.59 38 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. II. Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows : Green Crops v. English Hay. The preceding annual report contains a record of feeding experiments with milch cows, in which some noted green crops were used in place of English hay. 1887. — A mixed crop of green oats and vetch, of Southern cow-pea and of serradella, seiwed in that con- nection. Five cows were engaged in the trial. Two cows were fed with a daily fodder ration consisting of corn meal, 3| pounds (2 quarts) ; wheat bran, 3^ pounds (4 quarts) ; English hay, 20 to 25 pounds. The excess of hay left over was weighed back, and sub- sequently deducted from the original quantity. Three cows received periodically the above-stated daily rations and alternately the following : corn meal, d\ pounds ; wheat bran, 3| pounds ; English hay, 5 pounds ; and as much of either green vetch and oats, green Southern cow-pea or green serradella, as the individual animal would consume. They consumed per day, on an average, from 64 to 65 pounds of green vetch and oats ; of green Southern cow- peas, 9(5 to 97 pounds ; and in case of green serradella, from 97 to 98 pounds. The feeding of the green crop commenced in every instance with the beginning of the blooming period. The feeding of the different green fodders, in place of three-fourths of the customary daily rations of English hay, gave, on the whole, very satisfactory results. For details, we have to refer to the Fifth Annual Report of the Station. 1 888. — The experiment has been repeated with some modifications during the past season. A mixed crop of vetch and oats and one of Southern cow-pea were raised for that purpose. (See record of field C. in this report.) The quantity of green fodder fed at stated times is some- what less in pounds than in last year's trial, on account of the addition of gluten meal to our last year's fodder ration. The daily green fodder ration consisted of corn meal, 3^ pounds; wheat barn, 3^ pounds; gluten meal, 3| pounds; English hay, 5 pounds ; and as much of vetch and oats or cow-pea as the animal would consume, which amounted in 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 38. 39 the case of green vetch and oats to from 54 to 68 pounds, and in that of green Southern cow-peas from 70 to 80 pounds. The nutritive ratio of the green fodder diet was a closer one than on former occasions, varying from 1 : 4.5 to 1 : 5.5. The nutritive effect was very satisfactory, for the animals, without exception, maintained their original weight ; the yield of milk was in every instance somewhat raised, and the quality of the milk was equal to the best, as far as one and the same animal was concerned. Five cows, grades, were turned to account in the trial. The net cost of the feed for the production of one quart of milk was in most instances lower than in case of a whole English hay ration. The cost of green fodder is based on that of hay, $15.00 per ton, allowing two tons of hay, with fifteen per cent, of moisture, as the average produce of English hay per acre. This mode of valuation has been adopted, as on previous occasions, on account of the entire absence of market prices, as far as green vetch, cow-pea and serradella are concerned. These crops, as a rule, rank higher in the scale of an agricultural valuation than the meadow grass. Valuation per Ton of the Articles of Fodder used. English hay, . . , $15 00 Vetch and oats, . . . 2 75 Cow-pea, . . . . 3 14 Rowen, . . . . 15 00 The following pages contain the details of the experi- ment : — Corn meal, . . $24 00 Corn and cob meal, . . 20 70 Wheat bran. . 22 50 Gluten meal. . 22 50 40 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Q O Q 00 'to 8 5Ji S»5 ^ O 00 t^ (M lo as CO --H 'Jl O '^2 GO c^ (>i c4 ci i?j CN 01 - C5 i-H (M T-l i-H 'B's s 5 ^^ HS 1-5 1-3 ^ '^ O ''^ M ^ Cm ^ qoca Sin jnp IB en ! ti B JO jqSij.i^ aaeaaAv •oiiBH aAnumx ■;£ ^ 05 lO lO "O ^- -H ^ lO CO CO o o o o o o (M •rC 1-^ O O O ■O O Ci "C Ol tc O O 'f ^ ■o •iltini JO )jBnb jad J3i -jBtn ijp JO spunoj -ojd Jiiiai JO s)JBn5 •(spnnod ui) psransuoo wppoj JCilBpani in pjuiBi -U03 jaijnin ^iqwu -Sja Xjp JO mnomv ptIB II3}9A •XiiH •IBBH qoo PUB ujoo -H t^ O "O O O CT lO -f -* -^ CO c- l^ c^ t^ (M 0 C5 II <^ tC •c ~f -r O o lO ^ — ' GO O CO r~; X t^ =^ t~-. CO «C' O CO -. O CO CO t^ T-H CO to ^o -* -* lO oi II '~' ^ "— ' 1— ( 1—1 -^ »o ^ — t^ CO t^ ^ c; CO CO C-. -^ CO CO CO CO CO CO (M C^ (M G^ C^ C^ 1 t^ 1 ■J^ 1 1 1 c:. 1 1 ""^ o 1 1 1 1 r^ 1 t^ on ■* CO lO O O CO O GO o o ^ , o r-t o -c o ' .o r>. (M r-l ""^ ►o o •o lO >c O 1 » 11 CO CO CO CO CO CO »o >Ci 'O lO "O o +-' ■*-* r-t ^^ CO T-l t^ c^ T-t (M '-' I-t >.>^i^ bc^^ ii a s s ^. -; o lO c^ •oiisa aAiitJiiiN CO >0 «5 lO -^ «0 •nisra CO -H t^ CO r^ o JO jjsnb jad Jai 00 r-l C5 o p t--. -jBtn iip JO 9puno,i T-H c^ r-i c) CO CO CO aq CO -ojd 5]nta JO B}iBn5 -t< -tH CO CO CO ci l-H 1— 1 rH T-l tH •(spunod ui) »o Oi CO 1^ '^ t^ patnnsuoa jsppqj -^ CO CO O O- CO ^impoqj ui pauiBj CO o CO 00 CO 1^ -uoo JauBtn ajqB^a (M CO (M as (M CO -SaA j(jp JO junomv •U3A10}I 21.87 3.00 •Baa-Aioo H CO «l a •S^BO t- pUB H3J3A 1 (^ I I 1 1 CO a O O 05 o o o p 00 pp □ •iBH o O -O ci ' O ^ C lO >o « •lBai\[ uajnio 01 G^ C^ CN (>} 0 Id 'O lO '^ b OBJa JBSUxVl C< 0^ (>1 Go o IBajM UJOO 1 c^ CN <^^ (>} c^ CO CO CO CO CO 05 Q O S H ID ccTd T— 1 lO ^ lO Pbi J5 (M CS T-H SO a 3 3 =3 s a^sr t-I ^ <1 <| C/3 103 H o o o o o o pC4 +- +J -(.i +j +J -u i-i C5 CO -H O- 03 T-i CM T-H rH j3 3 |3 f3 ^ J^ 1-5 1-5 1-5 . (>) CO o T-i 1^0 O GO r-H CM 00 >-- CO r-( -* (M T-l •pouad 3u!.inp pamnsuoD ua.vioa JO ^unomr; ibjox •^ 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 •pou.id Sui -jnp pamnsuoa saj -Aioo JO jnnotuB icjox Lbs. 035.75 •porjad Siirinp pamnsnoo sibq puB qajaA JO junoniB iBjox Lbs. 811.50 •pouad Suijnp potnnsiioo jCbH jo lUnoCDB IBJOi Lbs. 120.00 65.00 137.00 40.00 130.00 •pouad 3ut -jnp paransuoo iBai\i uajniO }o lutioniB ibjox 0*0*0000 m O CM l->. 1-- O t^ 5 ci oi CN CO -^ oi T-l -^ C<) rr 04 C^ •popad 3u! -jnp patnnsuoa tiBjfi jBaqAi JO junoraB [bjox O O O O O O oi O C^l t^ t^ O I>; 3 ci <>i -N CO O G<5 -H '^ C?^ ^ (M (>5 •pouad 3nijnp parans -uoD iBajv qo3 pu8 njoo JO janocoB ibjox Lbs. 19.50 •pouad Suj -jnp paransuoD iBapff njo,-) JO junomB ibjox lO lO o o o ^ CM t^ t^ o t>: 3 ' (N oi GO O Cq -^ (jq -rti 04 (M •pouad JOJ iiitur JO ptaii S\i\ip a^BjaAv OO O -<# CO Ci uO ^ q o q '-J0 o CN 5" ^ — ' o' -j oi — < •pouad ajij -na Saunp paanpojd ^I!K JO if Jliaonb [bjox o i-H lO iq CO CO . o — -* r-1 o CO - o o t^ c^ o t- O" rl rH T-H FEEDING PERIODS. July 1 to July 6, . . . July 10 to July 22, . July 20 to Aug. 1, . . . Aug. 1 1 to Aug. 25, . Sept. 7 to Sept. 1-i, Sept. 19 to Sept. 25, . t- 00 o ':o o 00 C-l O -"^i O O CO c^ 0 O lO o CM t^ L^ O l^ o rM (M CO ^ (>i 1 1 '-' 1 TiH oi •>T' (M CM o o o "COO - 1 C5 05 (M CO O (M '" t}< o O CM (M CM t- CO oi CO t^ o ^ 1 o -* c- o CO o l-H 1— I QIC CC O-ir-T o-^'o" ac (M CMt-h (M ^^^^^"it. II iJ 5>->>i i'^tt s 3 3 P (D CD >-i*-i>-z-^(/}cCi 1 ! 44 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan, O H w (-, o w O o o H o ■poijsd J0( Jiiim JO ?jniib DUO JO uoiionpojil .I0( {■I03A JO i'*03 83B.ia.iV oi O »C> C5 CO <>1 C<) ■g (M O CO CO CO CO ^ (>i c^ c^ ci CM CO '-O CM 1— 1 -* ; I>; O t>; 3 ci CM fM CO O (?^ 1— 1 ■* CM -^ CM (M ■pouad Siiunp parang -uoo iBare 103 PU" luo.-) JO junoniB ibjox O 5 2 ' ' ' ' ' •pouad Slit -jnp pamnsuoa icapf luof) JO junorai? [ujox 'O lO »0 O lO :^ c>; t^ t^ o i-^ 3 ' c>i '>i c» "-0 c?^ -:*< C5 C^l •pouad loj Jinrc JO piai.f -CllBp aiJuajAV Ci T^l 'H CO (Ti 'Ci ^ t^ O t~- -* O CO •pouad ojii -iia 3uunp paanpojd 5ti!i^ JO .fjijUBnb iBjox icti O O O lO UO . t~~ O O lO t^ t^ 2 o ^ 'O ^ o.i CM c c^ o t^ t^ Ci r- 33 Q O P- O a; Q Em 1 « s s . July 1 to July G, . . . July 10 to July 22, . July 2(i to Aug. 1, . Aug. 11 to Aug. 25, Sept. 7 to Sept. 14, . Sept. 19 to Sept. 25, to r^ ^ r^ -+i ^ 1 UO CO CO L^ '^ Ci 1-1 '"' '"' '"' iH 1-1 o _, 1^ _, O Ci lO Ci to Ci 1-1 to ^ CM 'H CO CM ^ II ^ <-, 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 -i CM ^ .p , CO ' to UO O CM ■O to o ^ o o o o w o C' (M c 'O 'O c o C<1 «0 1-1 ^ CM '"' '"' T-< o UO lO 'O O '^ >o CM r^ i^ Qc- Ci CM CM CO to fM '" 't' CM -* CM CM O UO lO >0 O lO 11 lo c^^ t^ 1^ - "^ o 'O lO O uO «^ l- t^ O t-- CM CM CO to CM -# (?^ -JH CM CM t^ 'X '-O O CO -* II o CO CO l^ ^■^ o to 'ti ^^ UO oi II 1—1 1—1 1—1 1—1 1— 1 rH o o o o o o 11 C' O "O 'O O UO o CO ^, o — 1 CfO o T— t O CM CM C» II rH (M '"' CM ""^ ao to CM 1-1 uo -* lo II ae CM CM rH CM «. >>>. be bi ^^ ^ <:<- o . Ci 1— • CM ^-' rH >.>>1^ -f 4-3 +J ;3 ;:! :3 3 CD 03 I-S 1-5 1-5 <5 CO Ctt II 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 45 •porjad joj Jiiica JO j.iBiib ouo J.) uoiioiipojd joi POOJ JO )S00 3SBJ3AV 0 Ol 0 CO -T^l 0 0 c CO p p 0 p t--. g T-H —^ rH CM rH Co m '-'* (>^ i~^ r^ p t>: 5 ci c^ CN a; CO (N iH -^ CN '^ 0 "O >0 0 lO oi CM t^ t^ 0 r~ J ' CM <>i CO CO CM -Tp 1 Moisture, 12.VS 13.69 10.87 10.69 10.78 74.02 8.84 Nitrogen, 1.635 1.45 2.415 5.30 1.25 .447 1.93 Phosphoric acid, . .746 .688 2.88 4.41 .464 .176 .09 .364 Potassium oxide, . .436 .548 1.64 .551 2.085 1.475 .239 2.86 Valuation per 2,000 lbs., $6 67 $6 09 $12 82 $18 49 $6 45 $2 94 $2 15 $9 24 Manukial Value of Feed. Annie. , ,j C 3 — c 3 5 3 o 'u ertiliz c o Feed e of educt nt. tah & a •g "5 •« O "3 U. a k, 5 - n I. " :S fa 3 'E et cost of Fe production quart of mil < "g FEEDING PERIODS. a I u e of Constitue talned in anurial v Feed aftc the 20 per by the mi et cost of productio during pe o <►, c to o H > a 5^. ^ & 1888. Cents. Lbs. July 1 to July 6, ?1 56 ?0 76 $0 61 $0 95 .95 770 July 10 to July 22, 2 91 2 03 1 62 1 29 .61 768 July 26 to Aug. 1, 1 65 0 80 0 64 1 01 1.00 763 Aug. 11 to Aug. 25, 3 91 2 29 1 83 2 08 .94 777 Sept. 7 to Sept. 14, 2 10 1 24 0 99 1 11 .92 766 Sept. 19 to Sept. 25, 1 69 0 82 0 66 1 03 1.16 781 Total, . $13 82 f? 94 $6 35 ?7 47 - - Daisy. 1888. July 1 to July 6, $1 56 $0 76 fO 61 $0 95 1.11 1,095 July 10 to July 22, 3 17 2 31 1 85 1 33 .71 1,125 July 26 to Aug. 1, 1 83 0 88 0 70 1 13 1.21 1,108 Aug. 11 to Aug. 25, 4 15 2 44 1 95 2 20 1.07 1,112 Sept. 7 to Sept. 14, 2 21 1 31 1 05 1 16 1.05 1,090 Sept. 19 to Sept. 25, 1 89 0 91 0 73 1 16 1.69 1,100 Total, . $14 81 |S 61 $0 89 $7 92 - - 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 47 Manurial Value of Feed — Concluded. May. , ^ C o j= -, a e ■g s. S = '3 e of ;duc It. ta 1 a •a V. . 1 ° ■Co.; .a -6 FEEDING PERIODS. £ f 1 I valu ftcr d per cti milk. Of Fee tion 0 period < S ° 'S alue Consti tained anuria Feed t tlie20 by the et cost produc during et cost produc quart H > a "A 5^ 1888. Cents. Lbs. July 1 to July 6, $1 5G $0 76 $0 61 fO 95 1.43 895 July 10 to July 22, 3 07 2 20 1 76 1 31 0 86 880 July 26 to Aug. 1, 1 82 0 88 0 70 1 12 1.50 896 Aug. 11 to Aug. 25, 4 13 2 43 1 94 2 19 1.23 916 Sept 7 to Sept. U, 2 20 1 30 1 04 1 16 1.15 902 Sept. 19 to Sept. 2.5, 1 81 0 87 0 70 1 11 1.40 931 Total, . $14 59 $8 44 16 75 $7 84 - - Minnie. 1888. July 1 to July 6, $1 56 $0 76 $0 61 $0 95 1.39 1,010 July 10 to July 22, 2 93 2 05 1 64 1 29 .91 990 July 26 to Aug. 1, 1 80 0 86 0 69 1 11 1.52 1,007 Aug. 11 to Aug. 25, 4 02 2 36 1 89 2 13 1.35 1,022 Sept. 7 to Sept. 14, 2 20 1 30 1 04 1 16 1.34 992 Sept. 19 to Sept. 25, 1 78 0 85 0 68 1 10 1.78 1,035 Total, . $14 29 $8 18 $6 55 $7 74 - - Melia. 1888. July 1 to July 6, $1 56 $0 76 $0 61 ^0 95 1.34 1,019 July 10 to July 22, 3 11 2 24 1 79 1 32 .87 1,048 July 26 to Aug. 1, 1 79 0 86 0 69 1 10 1.47 1,032 Aug. 11 to Aug. 25, 4 09 2 40 1 92 2 17 1.27 1,045 Sept. 7 to Sept. 14, 2 15 1 27 1 01 1 14 1.23 1,028 Sept. 19 to Sept. 25, 1 69 0 81 0 65 1 04 1.43 1,052 Total, . $14 39 $8 34 $6 67 $7 72 - - 48 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analyses of Milk. [Per Cent.] May. Julys. July 17. July 24. Aug. 7. Aug. 21. Sept. 4. Sept. 15. Sept. 25. Water, Solids, Fat (in solids). 86.91 13.09 2.44 85.95 14.05 2.85 85.72 14.28 4.04 85.88 14.12 4.40 86.60 13.40 4.28 86.12 13.88 3.79 85.85 14.15 4.54 85.95 14.05 4.29 Minnie. Water, Solids, 86.95 86.48 85.37 85.63 87.10 86.64 86.03 13.05 13.52 14.63 14.37 12.90 13.36 13.97 2.57 3.22 4.08 4.83 4.11 3.91 4.65 86.00 14.00 4.66 Melia. Water, 86.90 86.63 86.92 86.94 87.73 86.82 87.56 85.98 Solids, 13.10 13.37 13.08 13.06 12.27 13.18 12.44 14.02 Fat (in solids). 3.73 3.42 3.61 3.65 3.42 3.37 3.04 4.30 Annie. Water, 88.71 88.51 88.15 87.73 88.51 88.86 87.47 87.22 Solids, 11.29 11.49 11.85 12.27 11.49 11.14 12.53 12.78 Fat (in solids), 2.08 1.72 2.99 3.60 3.25 2.30 3.29 3.87 Daisy. Water, . Solids, Fat (in solids), 86.39 86.84 87.46 87.76 87.39 87.49 13.61 _ 13.16 12.54 12.24 12.61 12.51 2.66 - 4.08 3.50 3.54 3.46 3.46 85.77 14.23 3.98 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 49 Corn Meal (Average). a o O M e 2 o 0 S 1 ^ Constituents (in Iba.) in a ton of 1 2,000 ibs. rounds Digesti- ble in a ton of of 2,000 lbs. = 1^1 .J -^ *-» ID •- 2 "So d 'S > 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 12.78 87.22 255.00 1,744.40 11.49 60 19 189.55 1,534.46 34 76 85 94 >> Ana! 1/ sis of dry matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . . . . 100.00 1.58 1.69 3.96 11.15 81.62 2,000.00 31.60 33.80 79.20 223.00 1,632.40 Oi > 30 100.00 2,000.00 1,795.69 - J The analyses of corn and cob meal and of English hay are the same as used in the preceding experiment. Wheat Brak (Average Analysis). a 5 5 .2 c H £ a. 0. Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. rounds DlKCSti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. ►H OC • 5 S , 2 5 6 > 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 10.87 89.13 217.40 1,782.60 41.52 81.76 298.50 963.20 20 80 88 80 " Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose. . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.35 10.38 5.11 16.96 60.20 2,000,00 147.00 207.60 102.20 339.20 1,2^)4.00 p I— 1 100.00 2,000.00 1,384.98 - 50 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Gluten Meal (Average). Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble In a ton ot 2,000 lbs. ■ S ^ o S c ^ ^ P 6 a If, Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 10 59 211.80 89.41 1,788.20 6.05 83.45 629.68 1,053.74 1 I 34 76 85 94 ■\ Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, . . . '• cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 .53 .89 5.49 37.04 56 05 2,000.00 10. GO 17.80 109.80 740.80 1,121.00 O 100.00 2,000.00 1,772.92 - ^ Vetch and Oats. [Experiment Station, 1888.] a o O « . |l Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton ot 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digecti- ble in a. ton of 2,000 lbs. ?? 5 d o > 3 Moisture at 100° C, . 74.02 1,480.40 _ Dry matter, .... 25.98 519.60 — _ - 100.00 2,000.00 - Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash 7.39 147.80 " cellulose, . 35.81 716.20 - - - " fat, .... 2.29 45.80 - - - " protein (nitrogenous matter), 10.76 215.20 _ _ Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 43.75 875.00 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 51 Cow-Pea. [Experiment Station, 1888.] a o O % d if Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. I'ounds nigesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. I'lT cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. _2 > 5 3 Moistm-e at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 80.45 19.55 1,609 00 391.00 243.27 30.92 215 16 636.59 47 59 60 69 Analysis of dry viatter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . '• fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.44 25.88 2.62 17.93 46.13 2,000.00 148.80 517.60 52.40 358.60 922.60 1— ( 100.00 2,000.00 1,125.94 - ROWEN. [Experiment Station, 1887.] a 8 S a a o o o Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,C0n lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. 5 ° ^ "3 ^g • 5 5 = 3 H lis 6 E B Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 8.84 91.16 176.80 1,823.20 341.74 28.06 150.48 651.75 1 58 46 57 63 1 Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash " cellulose, . " fat " protein (nitrogenous matter), Xon-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 10 50 29.46 3.05 13 20 43.79 2,000.00 210.00 589.20 61.00 264.00 875 80 100.00 2,000.00 1,072.03 - ^ 52 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Experiment Station Farm. Milk and Creamery Record from Nov. 1, 1887, to Oct. 31, 1888. Quarts of Mills produced. Spaces of Cream from ."Uilk. Price allowed per Space. Amount received from Creamery. 1887. Nov. 1 to Nov. 30, 1,692| 756 3.75 cents. $28 35 Dec. 1 to Dec. 31, 1,C67 872 3.875 " 33 79 1888. Jan. 1 to Jan 31. . 1,9791 1,105 4.00 " 44 20 Feb. 1 to Feb. 29, . 2,108| 1,067 4.00 " 42 68 March 1 to IMarch 31, . 1,965 1,013 3.90 " 39 50 April 1 to April 30, . 1,8641 951 3.65 " 34 71 May 1 to May 31, . l,798f 941 3.50 " 32 94 June 1 to June 80. . 1,7011 848 3.25 " 27 56 July 1 to July 81, . 1,9661 920 3.25 " 29 90 Aug. 1 to Aug. 31, . 1,858 894 3.50 " 31 29 Sept. 1 to Sept. 30. . 1.7301 822 3.75 " 30 82 Oct. 1 to Oct. 31. . 1,7591 897 3.85 " 34 53 Total, 22,091^ 11,086 - 1410 27 1SS7. Xov., Dec , 1888. ^an., Feb., March, April, May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., 6.62 spaces of cream make cents per ijound. 6.69 spaces of cream make cents per pound. 6.63 spaces of cream make cents per pound. 6.60 spaces of cream make cents per pound. 6.G0 spaces of cream make cents per pound. Q-Gi") spaces of cream make cents per pound. 6.46 spaces of cream make cents per poimd. 6.35 spaces of cream make cents per pound. 6.45 spaces of cream make cents per pound. 6.34 spaces of cream make cents per pound. 6.45 spaces of cream make cents per pound. 6.39 spaces of cream make cents per pomid. 1 pound of butter, 1 pound of butter, 1 pound of butter, 1 pomid of butter, 1 potuid of butter, 1 pound of butter, 1 pound of butter, 1 250und of butter, 1 pound of butter, 1 pound of butter, 1 pound of butter, 1 pound of butter. equal to 24 85 equal to 25.94 equal to 25.54 equal to 26.40 equal to 25 74 equal to 24.27 equal to 22.58 equal to 20.63 equal to 20.96 equal to 22.19 equal to 24 32 equal to 24 61 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 53 III. Feeding Experiments avith Pigs : Skim Milk, Corn Meal, Corn and Cob Meal, Wheat I^ran and Gluten Meal. Our annual report for 1887 contains a description of seven successive feeding experiments with growing pigs, which were instituted mainly for the purpose of ascertaining the cost of the feed required for the production of a definite weight of dressed pork. In the first and second cases, crcameiy buttermilk and home-made skim milk with corn meal had furnished the sole ingredients of the daily diet of the animals on trial ; whilst, during the five succeeding ones, wheat bran and gluten meal had been added as fodder constituents. (For details, see Fifth Annual Report, pages 55 to 83.) In comparing the final results of the different experiments from a financial stand-point, adopting in all cases, for obvi- ous reasons, a corresponding local market value of the fodder articles used, it was found that feeding skim milk or creamery buttermilk and corn meal in connection with wheat bran and gluten meal, as described in the Fifth Annual Report, experiments III., IV., V., VI., VII., had lessened the net cost of production of dressed pork. This reduction appeared, however, to be due in the majority of experiments (III., IV., V. and VI.,) rather to a hio-her commercial value of the manurial refuse resulting]:, than to a higher nutritive effect of the stated change in the character of the diet. The results obtained in the seventh experiment alone furnished an exception to this circum- stance; for, in this case, the smallest quantity of the total weight of the dry feed consumed showed not only a high commercial value of the manurial refuse resulting, but also the highest nutritive effect. The subsequent reprinted sum- mary of the seven experiments may serve as a further illus- tration of the previous discussion. 54 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Summary of Experiments. [Based on the same cost of feed and manurial valuation of feed consumed.] mount of utter for on of one f Dressed lbs.;. o o.= ►■•a J, tJ" a S ^ = .- -j "S £ ? t s = EXPERIMENTS. ^ ":; w ^ « — ^ -3 c = c r"^ 5 ""^■a'-:^ V.-3 -^ c = .a: — a 3 -§| Si III. 1 : 3.34 Aug. 30 to S 'pt. 12, . 23.34 6 •11.35 11.35 Sept. 13 to Sept 26, . 29.00 6 17.00 17.00 J Sept. 27 to Oct. 11, . 47.00 6 12.00 12.00 IV. 1:4.28 Oct. 12 to Oct. 27. . 62.66 6 15.66 15.66 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 57 Summary of Experiment VIE. MARK OF PIG. c a si O— ' c a 21* CO s a ■sS a So 1 3"" Live Weight gained during Experiment (in lbs.). Dressed Weight gained during Experiment (in lbs.). O.T3 8- N, 202.93 176.0 60.04 61.66 163.75 129.36 5.39 0, 203.09 176.0 60.21 61.83 161.00 127.19 5.49 P, 203.00 176.0 60.21 61.83 174.00 139.20 5.02 Q. 194.09 173.0 57.71 59.93 164.50 128.31 5.27 R. 194.43 173.0 . 58.04 59.66 177.50 138.45 4.89 B. 194.43 173.0 58.04 69.68 162.50 128.38 5.26 T, 194.43 173.0 58.04 59.66 178.25 140.85 4.80 1,386.40 1,220.0 412.29 424.23 1,181.50 931.74 - Total Cost of Feed consumed during the Above-stated Experiment (1887). 1,386.40 lbs. corn meal, at $24.00 per ton, $16 64 1,220.00 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents i^er gallon, . . . 21 96 412.29 lbs. wheat bran, at $22.50 per ton, .... 4 64 424.23 lbs. gluten meal, at $22.50 per ton, .... 5 77 $48 01 Average cost of feed for production of one pound of dressed pork, 6.15 cents. Manurial Value of Feed consumed during the Above Experiment. Corn Meal. $5 52 Skim Milk. $11 32 Wheat Bran. f2 97 Gluten Meal. 13 71 Total. $23 62 Manurial value of feed for production of one pound of dressed pork, 2.52 cents. The cost of feed consumed varied, in case of different animals, from 4.80 to 5.49 cents per pound of dressed pork produced. Taking the entire lot of animals into consideration, it amounts to 5.15 cents per pound of dressed pork obtained. The amount of dry matter contained in the feed required for the production of one pound of dressed pork varied from 2.83 to 3.24 pounds. 58 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Basis of Valuation of Essential Fertilizing Constittcents contained in the Various Articles of Fodder used (1887). Per Cent. Corn Meal. Skim Milk. Wheat Bran. Gluten Meal. Moisture, Nitrogen (17 cents per lb.), . Phosphoric acid (6 cents per lb.) , Potassium oxide (-t| cents per lb.). Valuation per 2,000 lbs., 10.00 1.96 0.77 0.45 $7.97 90.00 0.55 0.17 0.20 $2.25 10.80 2.80 2.36 1.36 $13.51 8.80 5.03 0.30 0.03 $17.49 Eighth Feeding Experiment. Six animals of a mixed breed, weighing from twenty-three to twent^'-nine pounds, served in the experiment. The latter began Nov. 8, 1887, and lasted until March 12, 1888, or 124 days ; the average of the individual live weight had reached 185 pounds. Skim milk, corn meal or corn and cob meal, wheat bran and gluten meal, furnished the fodder ingredients of the daily diet. The corn and cob meal took the place of the clear corn meal on the 8th of January. The daily ration of skim milk reached, within the first week, six quarts per head. This amount, being the limit of our home supply, was fed daily until the close of the experi- ment. Skim milk and corn meal, two ounces of the latter to one quart of the former, constituted the diet for about three weeks, when the steadily increasing demand for food was supplied by a gradually increasing quantity of a mix- ture consisting of two weight parts of gluten meal and one weight part of wheat bran. On the 3d of January, at the beginning of the third month, the daily diet was changed ; the latter consisted thereafter of six quarts of skim milk and a mixture prepared of four weight parts of corn and cob meal, one weight part of wheat bran, and one weight part of gluten meal. The quantity required of the latter to meet the daily wants of the animals began with forty-eight ounces per head, and rose gradually to seventy-two ounces. (See, for details, subsequent tabular statement.) 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 59 Average of Daily Eations (Experiment Vin.). a a o 2 JS 3 = C S ^^ a s en 00 C u JS so c 3 ■a ^ O m ^ s C •a 3 c o 5^ •a if ■3 II a o 1887. Nov. 8 to Nov. 15, 10 6 - - - \ I- 1 : 2.92 Nov. 16 to Nov. 29, 12 6 - - - s Nov. 30 to Dec. 13, 12 6 2.38 476 - Dec. 14 to Dec. 20, 12 6 5.35 11.06 - \ ^' 1 : 2.30 1888. Dec. 21 to Jan. 3, 12 6 9.43 18.86 - J Jan. 4 to Jan. 7, 32 6 8.00 8.00 - "1 Jan. 8 to Jan. 16, - 6 8.87 8.S7 35.48 I III. 1 : 3.80 Jan. 17 to Jan. 30, - 6 9.81 9.81 39.24 , Jan. 31 to Feb. 20, - 6 8.00 8.0) 48.00 i,v. 1:4.17 Feb. 21 to March 11, ~ 6 8.81 881 52.86 ) The entire experiment was managed, as far as practicable, to serve as a repetition of our seventh feeding experiment. The substitution of the corn and cob meal of our own pro- duction from a superior home-raised corn, for the clear corn meal of our general market, may well be considered of but little consequence. This view is fully supported by a care- ful analysis of both. The financial results of the eighth experiment, like those of the seventh, are superior to those obtained in the preced- ing five feeding experiments. This fact becomes still more worthy of notice when considering that the seventh experi- ment was carried on during a warmer period of the year, and thus under more favorable circumstances than the eighth experiment. Our late results seem to confirm the conclusions arrived at in our previous experiments, namely : — First. A gradual periodical change, from a rich nitrog- enous diet to that of a wider ratio between the digestible nitroo-enous and non-nitrogenous food constituents of the feed, is recommendable in the interest of good economy. 60 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Second. The feeding effect of one and the same diet changes with the advancing growth of the animal on trial. Third. The power of assimilating food and of convert- ing it into live weight decreases with the progress in age. Fourth. It is not good economy to raise pigs for the meat market to an exceptionally high weight. To go beyond from 175 to 180 pounds is only advisable when exceptionally high market prices for dressed pork can be secured. In addition to what has been said on this particular point in previous communications, I insert here, in a tabular form, the estimated cost of feed used for the production of one pound of live weight during the succeeding stages of growth of the entire lot of pigs which served in the eighth experi- ment. Cost of Feed for the Production of One Pound of Live Weight during the Different Feeding Periods. 1 Live weight of animals at close of feeding period (in lbs.). 4) St • c ai.2 One hundred lbs. of dry matter In feed produced i live weight (in lbs.). Cost of feed for production o f one lb. of live weight (incts.). U. I. II. Feeding period, 48.50 96.50 22.50 48.00 63.4 51.2 3.24 3.58 in. C( (( 134.00 37.50 33.2 4.80 IV. (t (' 189.00 55.00 27.3 5.40 V. I. II. Feeding period, 43.00 91.00 20.00 48.00 66.3 61.2 3.65 3.68 ni. (( i( 132.00 41.00 35 8 4.44 IV. (( t( 198.00 66.00 32 8 4.60 W. I. II. Feeding period. 44.00 96.00 21.60 52.00 60.5 55.5 3.40 3.31 III. tt t( 130.00 34.00 30.1 5.29 IV. i( (( 187.00 57.00 28.3 5.21 X. I. Feeding period, 46.00 21.00 59.1 3.48 11. 14 U 93.00 47.00 50.1 3.66 III. U U 128.00 35.00 30.6 6,20 IV. (( u 178.50 50.50 25.0 5.88 Y. I. n. Feeding period, 46.00 93.50 21.00 47.50 69.1 50.7 3.48 3.62 III. » u 133.00 39.50 34.5 4.61 IV. t( tl 181.50 48.50 23.8 6.12 Z. I. II. Feeding period, 52.00 97.00 22.50 45.00 63.4 48.0 3.24 3.82 III. (( (( 132.50 35.50 31.1 5.13 IV. «^ *^^ t>> PEUIODS. v.'O o- ceo 5 a^ 111 .C3 »i = •05 Ill 0 ^ be ■"Cm — £ |i < 0 ■a u if — 2 ty Is'" E-i ^^i^ ,«.. 3 S 3 !2i 0 1887 and 1888. lb. oz. Nov. 8 to Nov. 29, 123.00 15.38 - - 1 : 2.92 26.00 48.50 1 1 Nov.aotojan. 3, 21000 25.88 12.41 24.83 - 1 : 2.30 48.50 96.50 1 6 Jan. 4 to Jan. SO, 162.00 9.00 16.00 18.00 55.00 1:3.80 96.50 134 00 1 5 Jan. 31 to Mar. 12, 246.00 - 21.27 21.27 127.59 1:4.17 134.00 189.00 1 5 Total Amount of Feed consumed from, Nov. 8 to March 12. 741 qts. skim milk, equal to diy matter, . 50.26 lbs. corn meal, equal to dry matter, . 49.68 lbs. wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 62.10 lbs. gluten meal, equal to dry matter, 182.59 lbs. com and cob meal, equal to dry matter, Total amount of dry matter, Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, Live weight at time of killing, . Live weight gained during experiment. Dressed weight at time of killing, Loss in weight by dressing. Dressed weight gained during experiment 133.38 lbs. 43.69 " 44.15 " 56.03 " 157.59 " 434.84 lbs. 26.00 lbs. 189.00 " 163.00 " 154.00 " 35 lbs., or 18.52 per cent. 132.82 lbs. Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment 185.25 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . 50.26 lbs. corn meal, at $23.00 per ton, 49.68 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, . 62.10 lbs. gluten meal, at $27.00 per ton, . 182.59 lbs. corn and cob meal, at $20.70 per ton. $3.33 .58 .57 .84 1.90 $7,22 2.69 lbs. of dry matter fed yielded 1 lb. of live weight, and 3.28 lbs. of dry matter yielded 1 lb. of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 5.44 cents. 62 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Period I. Cost of feed consumed during period, 22.50 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., 18.33 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., Period II. Cost of feed consumed during period, 48.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., 39.11 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb.. Period m. Cost of feed consumed during period, 37.50 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., 30.55 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., Period rV. Cost of feed consumed during period, 65.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., 44.81 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb.. fO.73 3.24 cts. 3.98 cts. $1.72 3.58 cts. 4 40 cts. $1.80 4.80 cts. 5.89 cts. 12.97 5.40 cts. 6.63 cts. [V-] c ^ O 3-^ iS v. . « 3^ ■2 3.-; E c o •6 o «E «o >, 0'^ « 6§s •52 ^ ""■S o* v.'OS C'oS ■«— o. V. go. a = Q. PERIODS. ||.3 aS'g 111 a " s Hi a "fe o at BS o.5'-N C oi 5^ 3p c sec. |«.s 75 •«B- 2SS-= O 03 M — 3 " E5 So H H Eh H !?; a 1887 and 1888. Ib.oz. Nov. 8 to Nov. 29, 123.00 15.38 - - - 1:2.92 23.00 43.00 0 15 Nov. 30 to Jan. 3, 210.00 25.88 12.41 24.83 - 1 : 2.30 43.00 91.00 1 6 Jan. 4 to Jan. 30, 162.00 9.00 16.17 16.17 55.6S 1 : 3.80 91.00 132.00 1 7 Jan. 31 to Mar. 12, 246.00 - 21.27 21 27 127.59 1:4.17 132.00 198.00 1 10 Total Amotmt of Feed consumed from Nov. 8 to March 12. 741 qts. skim milk, equal to dry matter, .... 133.38 lbs. 50.26 lbs. com meal, equal to dry matter, .... 43.69 " 49 85 lbs. wheat bran, equal to dry matter, . . . 44.30 " 62.27 lbs. gluten meal, equal to dry matter, . . . 56.19 " 183.27 lbs. corn and cob meal, equal to dry matter, . . 158.18 " Total amount of dry matter. 435.74 lbs. Live weight at beginning of experiment, . Live weight at time of killing, . Live weight gained during experiment. Dressed weight at time of killing, Loss in weight by dressing. Dressed weight gained during experiment. 23.00 lbs. 198.00 " 175.00 " 160.00 " 38 lbs., or 19.19 per cent. 141.41 lbs. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 63 Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 185.25 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, .... $3.33 50.26 lbs. corn meal at $23.00 per ton, .58 49.85 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, .57 62.27 lbs. gluten meal, at $27.00 per ton, .84 183.27 lbs. corn and cob meal, at $20.70 per ton, . . . 1.91 $7.23 2.49 lbs. dry matter yielded 1 lb. of live weight, and 3.08 lbs. dry matter yielded 1 lb. of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 lb. dressed pork, 5.11 cents. Period I. Cost of feed consumed during period, 20.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., . 16.16 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb.. Period II. Cost of feed consumed during period, 48.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., . 38.79 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb.. Period in. Cost of feed consumed during period, 41.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., . 33.13 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., Period TV. Cost of feed consumed during period, 66.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., . 53.33 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., $0.73 3.65 cts. 4.52 cts. $1.72 3.58 cts. 4.43 cts. $1.82 4.44 cts. 5.49 cts. 12.97 4.50 cts. 5.57 cts. [W.] c ^ ^t 0 0 c |i| •3 0 0 ■"-3 cJ 0 a 0 ■^ -O >> ca ■a °s.s os.a 0 0 .s'" 1 = 0. . ^ 0 PERIODS. 3 2-a m 3 c"^ c 0.2 a"s §=■3 tf = §. to "' i£ a, "3= !» •3 « M ■3SU, ^sS ■s'sa- •c S.S5 tie U 2 IZ |S.5 |s.s ^M.S |s.s 3 «s 'S-o f- 8- H H H 'A 0 1887 and 1888. Ib.oz. Nov. 8 to Nov. 29, 123.00 15.38 - - - 1:2 92 22.50 44.00 1 0 Nov. 30 to Jan. 3, 210.00 25.88 12.41 24.83 - 1 : 2.30 44.00 96.00 1 8 Jan. 4 to Jan. 30, 162.00 9.00 16.00 16.00 55.00 1:3.80 96 00 130.00 1 2 Jan. 31 to Mar. 12, 246.00 - 21.27 21.27 127.59 1:4.17 130.00 187.00 1 6 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 8 to March 12. 741 qts. skim milk, equal to dry matter, 50.20 lbs. corn meal, equal to dry matter, . 49.68 lbs. wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 62.10 lbs. gluten meal, equal to dry matter, 182.59 lbs. corn and cob meal, equal to dry matter. Total amount of dry matter, 43.69 44.15 iC 56.03 (( 157.59 <( 434.84 lbs 64 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . Live weight at time of killing, Live weight gained dm-ing experiment. Dressed weight at time of killing, .... Loss in weight by dressing, ... 36 lbs., or Dressed weight gained during experiment, 22.50 lbs. 187.00 " 164.50 " 151.00 " 19.25 per cent. 132.83 " Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment 185.25 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . 50.26 lbs. corn meal, at f 23.00 per ton, 49.68 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, . 62.10 lbs. gluten meal at $27.00 per ton, . 182.59 lbs. corn and cob meal at $20.70 per ton. 2.64 lbs. dry matter yielded 1 lb. live weight, and 3.27 lbs. dry matter yielded 1 lb. dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 lb. dressed pork, 5.44 cents. Period I. Cost of feed consumed during period, 21.50 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb. 17.36 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb.. Period II. Cost of feed consmned during period, 52.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., 41.99 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb.. Period HE. Cost of feed consumed during jieriod, 34.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., 27.45 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb.. Period IV. Cost of feed consumed during period, 57.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., 46.03 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., $0.73 3.40 cts. 4.20 cts. $1.72 3.31 cts. 4.10 cts. 11.80 5.29 cts. 6.56 cts. $2.97 5.21 cts. 6.45 cts. [X.] Si . Iff "3 1.= t of Gluten limed dur- (iu lbs.). ° 2 s« •6 § *4J Sc 1^ IS ■a PERIODS. °i1 §5| c c-2 =^ « =^ = ■9 ■ax 11 ii > £.11 C B £-^ ■3 g fcji •3 §!» ,tfO 6- Eh H Eh Eh •a C 1887 and 188S. lb. oz. Nov. 8 to Nov. 29, 123.00 15.38 - - - 1:2.92 25.00 46.00 0 15 Nov.SOtoJan. 3, 210.00 25.88 12.41 24.83 - 1 : 2.30 46.00 93 00 1 6 Jan. 4 to Jan. 30, 162.00 9 00 16.17 16.17 55.68 1:3.81 93.00 128.00 1 3 Jan. 31 to Mar. 12, 246.00 - 21.27 21.27 127.59 1:4.17 128.00 178.50 1 3 1889.-] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 65 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 8 to March 12. 741 qts. skim milk, equal to dry matter, . 60 26 lbs. corn meal, equal to diy matter, 49.85 lbs. wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 62.27 lbs. gluten meal, equal to dry matter, 183.27 lbs. com and cob meal, equal to diy matter. 133.38 lbs. 43.69 " 44.30 " 56.19 " 158.18 " 435.74 lbs. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, Live weight at time of killing, . Live weight gained during experiment. Dressed weight at time of killing. Loss in weight by dressing. Dressed weight gained during experiment, 25.00 lbs. 178.50 " 153.50 " 160.00 " 18.50 lbs., or 10.38 per cent. 137.59 lbs. Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment 185.25 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . 50.26 lbs. com meal, at $23.00 a ton, . 49.85 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, . 62.27 lbs. gluten meal, at $27.00 per ton, . 183.27 lbs. corn and cob meal, at f 20.70 per ton. 2.84 lbs. of dry matter yielded 1 lb. of live weight, and 3.17 lbs. of dry matter yielded 1 lb. of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 5.33 cts. $3.33 .58 .57 .84 1.91 $7.23 Period I. Cost of feed consumed during period, 21.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., 18.82 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., Period II. Cost of feed consumed during period, 47.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., 42.12 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb.. Period HI. Cost of feed consumed during period, 35.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., 31.37 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb.. Period IV. Cost of feed consumed during period, 50.50 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., 45.26 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb.. $0.73 3.48 cts. 3.88 cts. $1.72 3.66 cts. 4.08 cts. $1.82 5.20 cts. 5.80 cts. $2.97 5.88 cts. 6.56 cts. 66 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. [Y.] PERIODS. o c o So-2 Total amount of Wheat Bran consumed dur- ing period (in lbs.). ■sLs Hi O O'S njount of Corn Cob Meal con- d during period 9.). § Eh o ,2 > 3 to -1^ 1.2 <; o. •a Si a— a_ 5-= o- Total a and sume (in lb ■Sgc O 1S87 and 1888. lb. oz. Nov. 8 to Nov. 29, 123.00 15.38 - - - 1:2.92 25.00 46.00 0 15 Nov. 30 to Jan. 3, 210.00 25 88 12.41 24.83 - 1 : 2.30 46.00 93.50 1 5 Jan. 4 to Jan. 30, 162.00 9 00 16.17 16.17 55.68 1;3.81 93.50 133.00 1 6 Jan. 31 to Mar. 12, 246.00 - 21.27 21.27 127.59 1:4.17 133.00 181.50 1 2 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 8 to March 12. 741 qts. skim milk, equal to dry matter, . 50.26 lbs. corn meal, equal to dry matter, . 49.85 lbs. wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 62.27 lbs. gluten meal, equal to dry matter, 183.27 lbs. corn and cob meal, equal to dry matter, Total amount of dry matter, 133.38 lbs. 43.69 " 44.30 " 56.19 " 158.18 " 4.35.74 lbs. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, Live weight at time of killing, . Live weight gained during experiment, . Dressed weight at time of killing. Loss in weight by dressing, . . .31 Dressed weight gained during experiment. 25.00 lbs. 181.50 " 156.50 " 150.00 " 00 lbs., or 17.08 per cent. 129.27 lbs Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 185.25 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . 50.26 lbs. corn meal at $23.00 per ton, 49.85 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, . 62.27 lbs. gluten meal at $27.00 per ton, . 183.27 lbs. corn and cob meal, at |20.70 per ton, 2.78 lbs. of diy matter yielded 1 lb. of live weight, and 3.37 lbs. of dry matter yielded 1 lb. of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 5.59 cents. $3.33 .58 .57 .84 1.91 $7.23 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 67 Period I. Cost of feed consumed during period, . . f 0.73 21.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., . 3.48 cts. 17.83 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., . 4.09 cts. Period II. Cost of feed consumed during period, . . $1.72 47.50 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., . 3.62 cts. 39.39 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., , 4.37 cts. Period m. Cost of feed consumed during period, . . $1.82 39.50 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., . 4.61 cts. 32.75 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., . 5.56 cts. Period IV. Cost of feed consumed during period, . . $2.97 48.50 lbs. live weight gained; cost per lb., . . 6.12 cts. 40.22 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., . 7.38 cts. [Z.] c ^ O 3-i ..-■cS ° c " og'C hi •6 1 o o «2 1° ca ■a •?1 periods. ill i = o PI V o Ill ■= 2 to ■§S5 « c c. 5m c ^■a a .- cj C 3.3 E 3 3 C 3 = H H H H ^ ^ o 1887 and 1888. Ib.oz. Nov. 8 to Nov. 29, 123.00 15.38 - - - 1 : 2.92 29.50 52.00 1 0 Nov.SOtoJan. 3, 210.00 25.88 12.41 24.83 - 1:2.30 52.00 97.00 1 5 Jan. 4 to Jan. 30, 162.00 9.00 16.17 16.17 55.68 1 : 3.81 97.00 132.50 1 4 Jan. 31 to Mar. 12, 2<6.00 - 21.27 21.27 127.59 1:4.17 132.50 184.50 1 4 JbtoZ Amount of Feed consumed from Nov. 8 to March 12. 741 qts. skim milk, equal to dry matter, .... 133.38 lbs. 50.26 lbs. corn meal, equal to diy matter, . 49.85 lbs. wheat bran, equal to diy matter, 62.27 lbs. gluten meal, equal to dry matter, 183.27 lbs. corn and cob meal, equal to dry matter. Total amount of dry matter. 43.69 " 44.30 " 56.19 " 158.18 " 435.74 lbs Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . 29.60 lbs. Live weight at time of killing, 184.50 " Live weight gained during experiment, .... 155.00 " Dressed weight at time of killing, 150.00 " Loss in weight by dressing, . . . 34.50 lbs., or 18.70 per cent. Dressed weight gained duiing experiment, . . . 126.02 lbs. 68 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 185.25- gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . . . $3.33 50.26 lbs. corn meal, at $23.00 per ton, ,58 49.85 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, .57 62.27 lbs. gluten meal, at f27.00 per ton, .84 183.27 lbs. corn and cob meal, at $20.70 per ton, . . . 1.91 f7.28 2.81 lbs. of dry matter yielded 1 lb. live weight, and 3.46 lbs. of dry matter yielded 1 lb. dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 5.74 cts. Period I. Cost of food consumed during period, . . $0.73 22.50 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., . 3.24 cts. 18.29 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., . 3.99 cts. Period II. Cost of feed consumed during period, . . $1.72 45.00 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., . 3.82 cts. 36.58 lbs. di'essed weight gained ; cost per lb., . 4.70 cts. Period ni. Cost of feed consumed during period, . . $1.82 35.50 lbs. live weight gained ; cost per lb., . . 5.13 cts. 28.86 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., . 6.31 cts. Period IV. Cost of feed consumed dm'ing jjcriod, . . $2.97 52.00 lbs. live weight gained; cost per lb., . 5.71 cts. 42.28 lbs. dressed weight gained ; cost per lb., . 7.02 cts. Summary of Experiment VIII. c C3 a a a • •"MC -boa v ^ E 1 M a •s 2 to i n * "J 5 J •o a £5 O ive weigh gained durin experiment ( lbs.). ressed weigh gained durin experiment (i lbs.). ost per lb. c Dressed Tor (cts.). o M o o i-I « U u 50.26 185 25 49.68 62.10 182.59 163.00 132.82 5.44 V 50.26 185.25 49.85 62.27 183.27 175.00 141.41 5.11 w 50.26 185.25 49.63 62.10 182.59 164.50 132.83 5.44 X 50.26 J 85.25 49.85 62.27 183.27 153.50 137.59 6.33 T 50 26 185.25 49.85 62.27 183.27 156.50 129.27 5.69 Z 50.26 185.25 49.85 62.27 183.27 155.00 126.02 5.74 Total, . 301.56 1,111.50 298.76 373.28 1,098.26 967.60 799.94 - Total Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 1111.60 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . 301.56 lbs. corn meal, at $23.00 per ton, 298.76 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, . 373.28 lbs. gluten meal at $27.00 per ton, . 1098.26 lbs. corn and cob meal, at $20.70 per ton. Average cost of feed for production of 1 lb. dressed pork, 5.42 cts. $20.01 3.47 3.44 5.04 11.42 $43.38 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 69 Manurial Value of Feed consumed during Experiment. Skim milk, $8.85 Corn meal, 1.09 Wheat bran, 1.99 Gluten meal, 2.88 Com and cob meal, 3.33 i.U Manurial value of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 2.27 cts. Basis of Valuation of Essential Fertilizing Constituents in the Various Articles of Fodder used (1888). Corn Meal. Skim Milk. Wheat Bran. Gluten Meal. Corn and Cob Meal. Moisture, Nitrogen (16| cents per lb.), . Phosphoric acid (6 cents per lb.), Potassium oxide (4^ cents per lb.). Valuation per 2,000 lbs., . 13.08 1.80 .74 .43 $7.20 91.00 .47 .22 .21 $1.99 11.14 2.78 1.86 1.07 $12.35 9.77 4.57 .30 .03 $15.46 13.69 1.45 .69 .55 f6.06 The net cost of feed consumed for the production of one pound of dressed pork, making a deduction of thirty per cent, of the fertilizing constituents contained in the feed, varies in the case of different animals from 3.52 cents to 4.00 cents per pound. In the case of the entire lot of pigs, it amounts to 3.83 cents per pound. As we sold our dressed pork at 7| cents per pound, we secured 3.92 cents per pound sold for investment, labor and profit. It will be noticed that our estimates above are based on the ruling local market prices of the time when our late experiments were carried on. These prices differ from those adopted on earlier occasions. An intelligent comparison of our late financial results with those obtained in previous ex- periments can only be made by using corresponding values. The subsequent page contains a re-valuation of our late results, on the basis of market value used in all previous feeding experiments. 70 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. SUMMAKY OF EXPERIMENT BASED ON THE SaME COST OF FeED AND OF Manorial Value of Feed consumed as used in Preceding Experiments. Total Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 1111.50 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, 301.56 lbs. corn meal, at $24.00 per ton, 298.76 lbs. wheat br&n, at $22.50 per ton, . 373.28 lbs. gluten meal, at $22.50 per ton, . 1098.26 lbs. corn and cob meal, at $20.70 per ton, $20.01 3.62 3.36 4.20 11.42 12.61 Average cost of feed for production of 1 lb. dressed pork, 5.32 cts. Manurial Value of Feed consumed during Experiment. Skim milk, $10.00 Corn meal, 1.20 Wheat bran, 2.02 Gluten meal, 3.26 Corn and cob meal, 3.33 $19.81 Manurial value of feed for production of 1 lb. dressed pork, 2.48 cts. The net cost of feed for the production of one pound of dressed pork, taking the entire lot of pigs into consideration, amounts to 3.69 cents. This result is the second best in our whole series of experiments. This fact becomes more significant when it is duly considered that the experiment (VIII.) was carried out during the winter season. The task of maintaining a desirable moderate temperature in the piggery during the entire trial becomes more difficult in winter than during any other season of the year. Low temperature requires more food for the support of respira- tion ; the normal condition of the animal system is apt to be more seriously affected in various directions, and the gain in live weight suffers usually correspondingly in case of the same diet. To confirm, if possible, our previously advanced conclu- sions still more, it was decided to repeat our mode of feed- ing with another lot of pigs during the latter part of spring and the summer season. An examination of our ninth experiment, which is described in a few subsequent pages, cannot fail to show that they are fully sustained. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 71 Analyses of Fodder Articles used in Experiment VIII. Skim Milk (Average). Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, . . . , 91.00 Dry matter, 9.00 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 6.67 « fat * 2.78 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 34.00 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 56.55 100.00 Nutritive ratio, 1 : 1.86. Corn Meal (Average). o li Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. ^ o . "Sxg 0. 6 > a Z Moisture at 100^ C, . Dry matter, .... 13.08 86.92 261.60 1,738.40 23.73 75.54 176.63 1,494.41 34 76 85 94 Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogendus extract matter, .... 100.00 1.66 3.49 4.97 10.39 79.49 2,000.00 33.20 69.80 99.40 207.80 1,589.80 CO 100.00 2,000.00 1,770.41 J 72 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Wheat Bkak (Average). a o bo a 2 2, c H 1 1 Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. ■ V. , n S3 too d 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 11.14 88.86 100.00 6.59 12.80 6.00 17.72 56.89 222.80 1,777.20 2,000.00 131.80 256.00 120.00 354.40 1,137.80 51.20 96.00 311.87 910.24 20 80 88 80 oo i-H 100.00 2,000.00 1,369.31 - ) Gluten Meal (Average). a s B O c i5 fc P. Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. 1 . § . ~ 3 g s 5 " 'S 3 S bet; 6 s Zi Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 9.77 90.23 100.00 .93 4.60 6.63 35.43 52.41 195.40 1,804.60 31.28 100.78 602.31 985.31 34 76 85 94 Analysis of dry matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 2,000.00 18.60 92.00 132.60 708.60 1,048.20 1-1 iH 100.00 2,000.00 1,719.68 - ^ 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 73 Corn and Cob Meal. Per cent. Moisture at 100° C 13.69 Dry matter, 86.31 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 1.68 " cellulose, 7.75 " fat, : 3.67 " protein (nitrogenous matter), • . 9.13 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 77.77 100.00 Nutritive ratio, 1 : 8.8. Ninth Experiment. Six pigs of a mixed breed, weighing from seventeen to twenty-two pounds each, served in the experiment. The feeding began April 12, and closed August 8. The live weights of the animals at the time of killing varied from 185 to 203.5 pounds. Skim milk, corn meal, gluten meal and wheat bran furnished the ingredients of the diet. The mode of feeding was practically divided into three periods, with reference to the nutritive character of the feed, as fol- lows : — Live Weight of Animal. Nutritive Ratio. I. Period, 20 to 90 lbs., 1 digestible nitrogenous; 2.66 digestible non-nitrogenous constituents. II. Period 90 to 130 lbs., 1 digestible nitrogenous; 3.62 digestible non-nitroseuous constituents. III. Period 130 to 200 lbs., 1 digestible nitrogenous; 4.35 digestible non-nitrogenous constituents. 74 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. AVEBAGE OF DaILT KATIONS (EXPERIMENT IX.). a S a ii pa e 1 § 1 3 5 c o eg ■a o 1 be 1 "S a .t § a o 1888. April 12 to April 23, - 3 - - 6. } I. 1 : 2.80 April 24 to May 1, - 6 - - 12. J May 2 to May 14, - 6 3.47 6.94 12. "1 May 15 to May 28, - 6 9.89 19.78 12. ^ II. 1 : 2.63 May 29 to June 4, - 6 10.67 21.34 12. June 5 to June 22, - 6 8.65 8.65 34.60 ) in 1 • 3 63 June 23 to July S, - 6 9.86 9.86 39.44 J July 4 to July 9, - 6 7.70 7.70 46.20 1 July 10 to July 25, 56.10 6 9.35 9.35 - IV. 1 : 4.35 July 26 to Aug. 8, 63.00 6 10.50 10.50 - [1-] 22-2 (,'orii con- eriod a) 3 • •6 8 ■?-^ ■a ■^■aS v-'O o" COS t^ 1°- Sa PERIODS. :a.5 ill °|5 aS'S 3 3 can 0 0.2 a"s 03 c a oa.s lii Hi > 1° Op. 11 III — -3 B _ 2 C 3.= ■pgto ■3.2 SP ■SS.2 3 .E 3 H H '^ ^ H C 1888. Ib.oz. April 12 to May 1, - 83.00 10.38 - - 1 : 2.80 21.50 50.00 1 7 May 2 to June 4, - 204.00 25.50 15.60 31.21 1 : 2.53 50.00 95.00 1 6 June 5 to July 3, - 174.00 66.12 16.87 17.99 1 : 3.62 95.00 140.25 1 10 July 4 to Aug. 8, 109.97 214.00 16.69 21.18 21.18 1 : 4.35 140.25 200.75 1 11 Total Amount of Feed consumed from April 12 to August S. 109.97 lbs. corn meal, equal to dry matter, . . . 95.03 lbs. 675.00 qts. skim milk, equal to dry matter, . . . 121.50 " 118.69 lbs. corn and cob meal, equal to dry matter, . . 102.44 " 53.65 lbs. wheat bran, equal to dry matter, . , . 46.94 " 70.38 lbs. gluten meal, equal to dry matter, . . . 63.28 " Total amount of dry matter. 429.19 lbs. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 75 Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . 21.50 lbs. Live weight of animal at time of killing, .... 200.75 " Live weight gained dm'ing experiment, .... 179.25 " Dressed weight at time of killing, 162.00 " Loss in weight by dressing, . . . 38.75 lbs., or 19.3 per cent. Dressed weight gained dm'ing experiment, . . . 144.65 lbs. Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 109.97 lbs. corn meal, at $23.00 per ton, . 268.75 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . 118.69 lbs. corn and cob meal, at $20.70 per ton, 53.65 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, . 70.38 lbs. gluten meal, at $27.00 per ton, . 2.40 lbs. of dry matter fed yielded 1 lb. of live weight, and 2.97 lbs. of dry matter yielded 1 lb. of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 4.83 cents. $1 26 3 04 1 23 62 84 $6 99 [2.] f.^ Si . Sc-S a i Si . •o ^^ so t-. If. -3 C ^=■5^ £=•=.3 3'C'^ a = ■a p. . -05 o 3 to o|.3 og.s o 1 = IS PERIODS. 3 S-a c = = §-5^ § s'O So.2 M S ^ S3 ■SS.S a oil S ^ o Sea Bis" III > 0.5 1% c; 6- H E-i H tz; o 18S8. lb. oz. April 12 to May 1, - 83.00 10.38 - - 1 : 2.80 20.00 45.00 1 4 May 2 to June 4, - 204.00 25.50 15.60 31.21 1 : 2.53 45.00 88.00 1 5 June 5 to July 3, - 174.00 65.09 16.60 16.93 1 : 3.63 88.00 128.25 1 6 July 4 to Aug. 8, 109.97 214.00 16.69 21.18 21.18 1 : 4.35 128.25 185.75 1 95 Total Amount of Feed consumed from April 12 to August 8. 109.97 lbs. corn meal, equal to dry matter, 675.00 qts. skim milk, equal to dry matter, 117.66 lbs. corn and cob meal, equal to dry matter, 53.38 lbs. wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 69.32 lbs. gluten meal, equal to dry matter, Total amount of dry matter, Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, Live weight of animal at time of killing, . Live weight gained during experiment. Dressed weight at time of killing. Loss in weight by dressing, . . . 33.75 lbs., or 18.17 per cent. Dressed weight gained during experiment, . . . 135.63 lbs. 95.03 lbs 121.50 " 101.55 " 46.71 " 62.33 " 427.12 lbs 20.00 lbs 185.75 " 165.75 " 152.00 " 76 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 189.97 lbs. corn meal, at $23.00 per ton, . 168.75 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . 117.66 lbs. com and cob meal, at $20.70 per ton, 63.38 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, . 69.32 lbs. gluten meal, at $24.00 per ton, . 2.58 lbs. dry matter fed yielded 1 lb. of live weight, and 3.17 lbs. of dry matter yielded 1 lb. of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 5.13 cents. |1 26 3 Oi 1 22 61 83 $6 96 [3.] Ei . BC . Ei? aC £i ■d ^-S K'-^ P PERIODS. SCO ill o c o . „ p. a^7 oi c o o M — ^ •o 'S a. si!r |S'5 Bo-a «• s "s S " s °-f:.' Od. &» «~ to s c s c 03— O. 3 if, 2 = .£■5 ^ a O 1888. Ib.oz. April 12 to May 1, - 83.00 10.38 - 1 : 2.80 19.00 44.50 1 4 May 2 to June 4, 204.00 25.50 15.60 31.21 1 : 2.53 44.50 91.25 1 6 June 5 to July 3, - 174.00 66.12 16.87 17.99 1 : 3.62 91.25 132.00 1 6 July 4 to Aug. 8, 109.97 214.00 16.69 21.18 21.18 1 : 4.35 132.00 196.25 1 11.5 Total Amount of Feed consumed from April 12 to August 8. 109.97 lbs. corn meal, equal to dry matter, 675.00 qts. skim milk, equal to dry matter, 118.69 lbs. corn and cob meal, equal to dry matter, 53.65 lbs. wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 70.38 lbs. gluten meal, equal to dry matter. Total amount of dry matter, 95.03 lbs 121.50 " 102.44 " 46.94 " 63.28 " 429.19 lbs Lire weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . 19.00 lbs. Live weight of animal at time of killing, .... 196.25 " Live weight gained during experiment, .... 177.25 " Dressed weight at time of killing, 159.00 " Loss in weight by dressing, . . . 37.25 lbs., or 18.98 per cent. Dressed weight gained during experiment, . . . 143.61 lbs. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 77 Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment 109.97 lbs. corn meal, at $23.00 per ton, . 168.75 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents jjcr gallon, . 118.69 lbs. corn and cob meal, at f 20.70 per ton, 63.65 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, . 70.38 lbs. gluten meal, at $24.00 per ton, . $1 26 3 04 1 23 62 84 2.42 lbs. of dry matter fed yielded 1 lb. of live weight, and 3.00 lbs of dry matter yielded 1 lb. of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 4.86 cents. $6 99 [4.] 6-57 Si £ = 3 6 Si .CO cii 8 «| si >> •^■^s. V.?CT ^•a2 0"aJ= s- a = c. . i1 Zb.= ^ S.S = g be ^HS'C- oS.3 _o r° ■<3 PERIODS. c r 3 S5'g c 5.2 31- ill cj-p. |S5 1 3 •5]'5j_ c - =1 Ch C-, r- 5^ H ^i 0 1888. lb. oz. April 12 to May 1, - 83.00 10.38 - - 1 : 2.80 17.00 42.00 1 4 May 2 to June 4, - 204.00 25.50 15.60 31.21 1 : 2.53 42.00 85.25 1 4 June 5 to July 3, - 174.00 66.12 16.87 17.99 1 : S.62 85.25 126.00 1 6 July 4 to Aug. 8, 109.97 214.00 16.63 21.18 21.18 1 : 4.35 126.00 188.75 1 12 Total Amount of Feed consumed from April 12 to August 8. 109.97 lbs. corn meal, equal to dry matter, 675.00 qts. skim milk, equal to dry matter, 118.69 lbs. corn and cob meal, equal to diy matter, 53.65 lbs. wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 70.38 lbs. gluten meal, equal to dry matter. Total amount of diy matter. 95.03 lbs 121.50 " 102 44 " 46.94 " 63.28 " 429.19 lbs Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . 17.00 lbs. Live weight of animal at time of killing, .... 188.75 " Live weight gained during experiment, .... 171.75 " Dressed weight at time of killing, 154.25 " Loss in weight by dressing, . . . 34.50 lbs., or 18.27 per cent. Dressed weight gained during experiment, . . . 140.36 lbs. 78 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment 109.97 lbs. corn meal, at $23 00 per ton, . 168.75 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . 118.69 lbs. corn and cob meal, at $20.70 per ton, 53.65 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, . 70.38 lbs. gluten meal, at $24.00 per ton, . 2.50 lbs. diy matter fed yielded 1 lb. of live weight, and 3.06 lbs. of dry matter yielded 1 lb. of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 4.98 cents. fl 26 3 04 1 23 62 84 $6 99 [5.] rt i Si . C i -3 £^ • « :-. . ■o «■§ CO >, 6-^'2 fr^7 O ^ a s-a ^ m "s|.s Eb 1^ tn 'k;2 ■a o J; 2 cgtc C*3S c s.s o o 5 ° So PERIODS. 5 S'a c = o Ph S 5'3 PI t: C 2 is ^ij p. "C H H H H 5- ;! e O 1888. Ib.oz. April 12 to May 1, - 83.00 10.38 - -- 1 : 2.80 21.00 45.00 1 3 May 2 to June 4, - 204.00 25.50 15.60 31.21 1 : 2.53 45.00 86.75 1 4 June 5 to July 3, - 174.00 66.12 16.87 17.99 1 : 3.62 86.75 129.50 1 7.5 July 4 to Aug. 8, 109.97 214.00 16.69 21.18 21.18 1 : 4.35 129.50 193.75 1 12 Total Amount of Feed consumed from April 12 to August S. 109.97 lbs. corn meal, equal to dry matter, 675.00 qts. skim milk, equal to dry matter, 118.69 lbs. corn and cob meal, equal to dry matter, 53.65 lbs. wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 70.38 lbs. gluten meal, equal to dry matter, Total amount of dry matter. 95.03 lbs 121.50 " 102.44 " 46.96 " 63.28 " 429.19 lbs Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . 21.50 lbs. Live weight of animal at time of killing, .... 193.75 " Live weight gained during experiment, .... 172.25 " Dressed weight at time of killing, 158.00 " Loss in weight by dressing, . . . 35.75 lbs., or 18.45 per cent. Dressed weight gained during experiment, . . . 140.47 lbs. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 79 Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment 109.97 lbs. corn meal, at $23.00 per ton, . 168.75 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . 118.69 lbs. corn and cob meal, at .?20.70 per ton, 53.65 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, . 70.38 lbs. gluten meal, at $24.00 per ton, . fl 26 3 04 1 23 62 84 f 6 99 2.49 lbs. of dry matter fed yielded 1 lb. of live weight, and 3.07 lbs. of dry matter yielded 1 lb. of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 4.97 cents. [6.] Si . C A - k. — C s o-r i o .2 PERIODS. ill ZH §11 EOS 2 = 3- ''?5 c| = ?o.2 « = a. "cB5 c C.2 S " S o 1^ o.S -: sis a = a. .as ^ so «5 ?? sl.l 3 = ^ ■^■o b* f- H c- Zi O 1888. Ib.oz. April 12 to May 1, - 83.00 10.33 - - 1 : 2.80 18.25 47.00 1 7 May 2 to June 4, - 204.00 25.50 15.60 31.21 1 : 2.53 47.00 95.00 1 7 June 5 to July 3, - 174.00 66.12 16.87 17.99 1 : 3.62 95.00 142.25 1 10 Jnly 4 to Aug. 8, 109.97 214.00 16.69 21.18 21.18 1 : 4.35 142.25 203.50 1 11 Total Amount of Feed consumed from April 12 to August 8. 109.97 lbs. corn meal, equal to dry matter, 675.00 qts. skim milk, equal to dry matter, 118.69 lbs. corn and cob meal, equal to dry matter, 53.65 lbs. wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 70.38 lbs. gluten meal, equal to dry matter, Total amount of dry matter, 95.03 lbs. 121.50 " 102.44 " 46.94 " 63.28 " 429.19 lbs. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . Live weight of animal at time of killing, . Live weight gained during experiment, Dressed weight at time of killing. Loss in weight by- dressing, Dressed weight gained during experiment, 18.25 lbs. 203.50 " 185.25 " 165.50 " 35 lbs., or 17.2 per cent. 153.39 lbs. 80 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment 109.97 lbs. corn meal, at $23.00 per ton, . 168.75 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, 118.69 lbs. corn and cob meal, at $20.70 per ton 53.65 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, . 70.38 lbs. gluten meal, at $24.00 per ton, . 2.32 lbs. of dry matter fed yielded 1 lb. of live weight, and 2.81 lbs. of dry matter yielded 1 lb. of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 4.56 cents. fl 26 3 04 1 23 62 84 $6 99 Summary of Experiment IX. □ c ■°^ _ a •" hDB -Md •OM M 6^ e "a Weigh durin ent (i si 2to a 33 1 ive W gained experim lbs.). ressed gained experim lbs.). o o-i o OC O 5 i-i a o 1, ... 109.97 168.75 118.69 53.65 70.38 179.25 144.65 4.83 2, ... 109.97 168.75 117.66 63.38 69.32 165.75 135.63 5.13 3, ... 109.97 168.75 118.69 53.65 70.38 177.25 143.61 4.86 4, ... 109.97 168.75 118.69 53.65 70.38 171.75 140.36 4.98 5, ... 109.97 168.75 118.69 53.65 70.38 172.25 140.47 4.97 6, ... 109.97 168.75 118.69 53.65 70.38 185.25 153.39 4.56 659.82 1,012.50 711.11 321.63 421.22 1,051.50 858.11 Total Cost of Feed consumed during the Above-stated Experiment. 659.82 lbs. corn meal, at $23.00 per ton, $7 59 1,012.50 gals, skim milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . . . 18 23 711.11 lbs. corn and cob meal, at $20.70 per ton, ... 736 321 63 lbs. wheat bran, at $23.00 per ton, 3 70 421.22 lbs. gluten meal, at $24.00 per ton, 5 05 Average cost of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 5.15 cents. $41 93 Manurial Value of Feed consumed during the Above Experiment. Corn Meal. Skim Milk. Corn and Cob Meal. Wheat Bran. Gluten Meal. Total. $2 11 $8 29 12 16 $2 01 $4 05 $18 62 Manurial value of feed for production of 1 lb. of dressed pork, 2.17 cents. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 81 Summary of Experiments (II. to IX. inclusive). [Based on the same cost of feed and manurial valuation of feed consumed.] t of for one scd Wfi-i i t-"^ £-^ ■ot^ — r ^ •o c - =^ - 2 EXPERIMENTS. tge amo Matte duction lid of I) k (in lbs c = ~-3 SS >a c&ch Saa^ Zo.z.^i:> <; o S "A II 3.31 5.51 2.30 3.90 III., IV., v., .... 3.86 5.92 2.91 3.88 VI., 3.56 5.69 2.73 3.74 VII., 3.07 5.15 2.52 3.39 VIII., 3.27 5.32 2.48 3.58 IX 3.00 4.89 2.30 3.27 Cost of Feed for the Production of One Pound of Live Weight during the Different Feeding Periods. (M 03 t - feft • t. *■ ^ -w o a-i ^^•5 = ■a --a !< . 3fe a ij 3 O 1. I. Feeding Period, .... 50.00 28.50 1.72 n. i( (( 95.00 45.00 3.87 m. » u 140.25 45.25 4.13 IV. li <.(. 200.75 60.50 4.78 2. I. Feeding Period, 45.00 25.00 1.96 11. " " 88.00 43.00 4.05 III. (« (; 128.25 40.25 4.57 IV. u » 185.75 57.50 5.03 3. I. Feeding Period, 44.50 25.50 1.92 n. " " 91.25 46.75 3.72 in. " " 132.00 40.75 4.59 IV. « It 196.25 64.25 4.50 4. I. Feeding Period, 42.00 25.00 1.96 II. " " 85.25 43.25 4.02 III. " " 126.00 40.75 4.59 IV. 11 (( 188.75 62.75 4.61 5. I. Feeding Period, 45.00 23.50 2.09 n. " " 86.75 41.75 4.17 m. " " 129.50 42.75 4.38 IV. (( ii 193.75 64.25 4.50 6. I. Feeding Period, 47.00 28.75 1.70 II. " « 95.00 48.00 3.63 in. i( it, 142.25 47.25 3.96 IV. (( (( 203.50 61.25 4.72 82 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analyses of Fodder Articles used in Experiment CoEN Meal. IX. i « o a 2 11 Constituents (iu lbs.) in a ton of •2,000 lbs. Founds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. ^ .^ ♦J &4 6 > *C a 'A Moisture at 100° C, . 13.59 271.80 _ _ Dry matter, .... 86.41 1,728.20 _ _ 100.00 2,000.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 1.68 33.60 CO " cellulose, . 1.56 31.20 10.61 34 >ai " fat, .... 3.10 62.00 47.12 76 ^ " protein (nitrogenous matter). 10.42 208.40 177.14 85 Non-niti-ogenous extract matter, .... 83.24 1,664.80 1,564.91 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,799.78 - The analyses of corn and cob meal and of skim milk are the same as used in the preceding experiment. Wheat Bran. a 6 1.1 a js I o Constituents (in lbs.) iu a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. • s ^ " M a 6 > a Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 12.50 87.50 250.00 1,750.00 42.80 87.84 313.10 947.52 20 80 88 80 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 6.80 10.70 5.49 17.79 59.22 2,000.00 136.00 214.00 109.80 355.80 1,184.40 CO >co 1—1 100.00 2,000.00 1,391.26 - 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUIVIENT — No. 33. 83 Gluten Meai. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (In lbs.) In a ton of 2,gOO lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble In a ton of 2,000 lbs. Nutritive Ratio. Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 10.09 89.91 201.80 1,798.20 _ 5.85 73.87 667.76 1,024.41 - i - 1 34 76 85 94 >| Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter 100.00 .51 .86 4.86 39.28 54.49 2,000.00 10.20 17.20 97.20 785.60 1,089.80 00 1— I 100.00 2,000.00 1,771.89 - J Valuation of Essential Fertilizing Constituents contained in the Various Articles of Fodder used. Nitrogen, 16^ cents per pound ; phosphoric acid, 6 cents ; potassium oxide, 4^ cents. Per Cent. Corn Skim Corn and WTieat Gluten Meal. Milk. Cob Meal. Bran. Meal. Moisture, 13.59 _ 13.69 12.50 10.09 Nitrogen, 1.60 .48 1.45 2.49 5.65 Phosphoric acid, . . , .662 .22 .688 2.54 .455 Potassium oxide. .387 .21 .548 1.45 .059 Valuation per 2,000 lbs., . $6 40 $2 02 $6 09 $12 50 $19 25 84 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. AIS^ALYSES OF FODDER ARTICLES. Corn Fodder (Pride op the North). Per cent. Moisture at 100" C 24.87 Dry matter, 75.13 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 5.14 " cellulose 22.26 " fat, 2.62 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 8.28 Xon-nitrogenous extract matter, 61.70 100.00 Fertilizing Constituents in Corn Fodder. Moisture at 100° C, 24.87 Nitrogen (16i cts. per lb.), 995 Phosphoric acid (6 cts. per lb.), .201 Calcium oxide, .310 Magnesimn oxide, .093 Potassium oxide (4^ cts. per lb.), 1.465 Sodium oxide, .794 Ferric oxide, .026 Insoluble matter, 1.318 Valuation per 2,000 lbs., |4 77 Weight of stalk and ear (average), . . . . 8 oz. " stalk (average), 3 oz. " ear (average), 5 oz. The above material was cut when the kernels began to glaze. Part of the crop was put into a silo. Both products have been used of late in our feeding experiments with milch cows. Corn Cob (Pride of the North). [Experiment Station, 1887.] Per cent. Moisture at 100° C. 24.76 Dry matter, 75.24 100.00 1889.1 PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 85 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter. Fertilizing Constituents in Corn Cob. Moisture at 100° C, . Nitrogen (16^ cts. per lb.), Phosphoric acid (6 cts. per lb.). Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide. Potassium oxide (4:\ cts. per lb.). Sodium oxide, Ferric oxide. Insoluble matter, . . . Valuation per 2,000 lbs., . Corn and Cob Meal (Prlde of the North). [Experiment Station, 1887.] Per cent. 1.75 33.77 .53 3.00 60.95 100.00 24.76 .36 .069 .005 .008 .512 .265 .006 .267 $1 71 Passed sieve, 144 meshes to square inch. 75.36 73 85 Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, . 26.34 73.66 13.69 86.31 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 100.00 1.64 6.31 3 36 7.82 80.87 100.00 1.68 7.75 3.67 9.13 77.77 100.00 100.00 Fertilizing Constituents in Corn and Cob Meal. vn cent. Moisture at 100° C, 26.34 Nitrogen (16| cts. per lb.), 1.24 Phosphoric acid (6 cts. per lb.), .587 Calcium oxide, .095 Magnesium oxide, .131 Potassium oxide (4 J cts. per lb.), .468 Sodium oxide, .200 Ferric oxide, .004 Insoluble matter, .130 Valuation per 2,000 lbs., $5 19 86 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Corn Ensilage. [Sent on from Marblehead, Mass.] Pee Cekt. I. 11. Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, 78.88 21.12 83.48 16.52 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " celltilose, " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . . . 100.00 6.32 25.77 3.27 8.94 55.70 100.00 4.30 35.25 3.33 6.91 60.21 100.00 100.00 Both samples of ensilage, it is stated, were planted and harvested at the same time ; both had their kernels fully de- veloped, just past the milky state, when they were put into a silo, Sept. 20 to 30, 1887. No. I. is from '* Stowell's Evergreen Sweet," and No. II. from common " Southern White" corn. Ensilage No. I. shows a larger percentage of nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous matter than No. II., yet it was of a decidedly inferior general state of preservation when re- ceived at our office. Whether this circumstance applies to the entire contents of each silo, or is merely of an accidental nature, we are unable to decide. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 87 Corn Meal. [Amherst Mill.] s o O ISO a S B c *; P o Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. 1 a i « -g = o a > Moisture at 100° C, . 11.97 239.40 N Dry matter, .... 88.03 1,760.60 _ _ 100.00 2,000.00 Analysis of Dry Maiter. Crude ash, .... 1.48 29.60 " cellulose, . 1.83 36.60 12.44 34 H " fat, .... 4.81 96.20 73.11 76 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 11.88 237.60 201.96 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 80.00 1,600.00 1,504.00 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,791.51 - Wheat Bran. [Sent on from North Amherst, Mass.] 68.97 per cent, passed screen 144 mesh to square inch. a cs o C S 1 1 p.. Constituents (in lbs.) In a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. 5 ° a! O C § - = 2 c 3 = 6 > 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 9.43 90.57 188.60 1,811.40 51.92 69.76 294.98 954.08 20 80 88 80 1 Analysis of Dry Maiter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous mattei") , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 6.27 12.98 4.36 16.76 59.63 2,000.00 125.40 259.60 87.20 335.20 1,192.60 o o 100.00 2,000.00 1,370.74 - The material is of a fair average composition. 88 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Fertilizing Constituents in Wheat Bran. I*er cent. Moisture at 100° C, 9.43 Phosphoric acid (6 cts. per lb.), 2.67 Magnesium oxide, .83 Calcium oxide, .18 Potassium oxide (4^ cts. per lb.), 1.51 Sodium oxide, .15 Nitrogen (16| cts. per lb.), 2.43 Insoluble matter, .24 Valuation per 2,000 lbs., $12 60 Wheat Bran. [Amherst Mill.] a f II Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. ■ = ^ " s = i 3 'A Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 9.25 90.75 185.00 1,815.00 40.20 75.68 283.71 979.20 20 80 88 80 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.90 10.05 4.73 16.12 61.20 2,000.00 158.00 201.00 94.60 322.40 1,224.00 CO 100.00 2,000.00 1,378.79 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUI^IENT — No. 33. 89 Wheat Bran. [Amherst Mills.] 67.50 per cent, passed screen 144 mesh to square inch. a o O be c 2 o i 1 Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,0001b8. 1 **-i 0^ o at 1 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 9.89 90.11 197.80 1,802.22 59.20 83.52 319.79 872.80 20 80 88 80 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.26 14.80 5.22 18.17 54.55 2,000.00 145.20 296.00 104.40 363.40 1,091.00 1-i lt)0.00 2,000.00 1,335.31 - ) Gluten Meal. [Bought at Springfield, Mass.] a o O a o Oh Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. • s s 'c S 3 sf s . S o e > 1 a S5 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 9.50 90.50 190.00 1,810.00 32.23 69.58 615.23 1,016.52 34 76 85 94 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.08 4.74 3.92 36.19 54.07 2,000.00 21.60 94.80 78.40 723.80 1,081.40 p ■ r-5 y-l 100.00 2,000.00 1,723.56 - 90 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Gluten Meal. [Bought at Springfield, Mass.] k o O |) a 2 o Pi Constituents (in lbs.) in a ton of 2,000 lbs. Pounds Digesti- ble in a ton of 2,000 lbs. • s ^ a S ^ " m a £ o o 1 1 a Moisture at 100" C, . 11.10 222.00 Dry matter, .... 88.90 1,778.00 _ 100.00 2,000.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... .55 11.00 ^ " cellulose, . .91 18.20 6.19 34 ^<>i " fat, .... 6.13 122.60 93.18 76 " protein (nitrogenous matter). 34.79 695.80 591.43 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 57.62 1,152.40 1,083.26 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,774.06 - ) ROWEN. [Grown at the Experiment Station, 1887. Contained a liberal admixture of clover.] Per cent. Moisture at 100° C, 8.84 Dry matter, 91.16 Analysis of Dry Matter Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Fertilizing Constituents of the above Rowen. Moisture at 100° C, Nitrogen (16^ cts. per lb.), Phosphoric acid (6 cts. per lb.), Potassium oxide (4^ cts. per lb.), Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide, Sodium oxide, Ferric oxide, Insoluble matter, Valuation per 2,000 lbs., 100.00 10.50 29.46 3.05 13.20 13.79 100.00 8.840 1.930 .364 2.860 .853 .197 .122 .057 2.178 $9 24 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 91 Provender. [From Amherst Mill.] Per cent. Moisture at 100° C, , 9.40 Dry matter, 90.60 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 3.42 " cellulose, 11.52 " fat, 5.76 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 14.35 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 64.95 Nutritive ratio, 1 : 7.56. 100.00 This article is, according to statement, a mixture of 450 pounds of corn, 125 pounds of oats, and 100 pounds of wheat bran. Ground Oat Feed. [Sent on from Salem, Mass.] Per cent. Moisture at 100° C, 8.92 Dry matter, 91.08 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 3.52 " cellulose, 8.78 " fat, 8.34 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 18.66 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 60.69 100.00 The article is evidently a compound containing admixtures which are richer in nitrogenous matter and fat than oats. A mere analysis of a compound commercial fodder article is only of interest to the practical farmer when the amount and kind of ingredients which serve in its preparation are well known. It is not safe, as a rule, to invest to any extent in a compound commercial fodder article without feeling well satisfied concerning the character of its various ingredients. 92 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Spent Brewer's Grain. 72.63 per cent, passed through mesh 144 to square inch. Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter. Per cent. 6.98 93.02 100.00 6.15 15.90 1.95 20.49 55.51 100.00 Fertilizing Constituents of Spent Brewer''s Grain. Moisture at 100° C, Nitrogen (16 J- cts. per lb.), Phosphoric acid (6 cts. per lb.), Potassiiun oxide (4^ cts. per lb.) , Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide, Sodium oxide, Ferric oxide, Insoluble matter, Valuation per 2,000 lbs., 6.98 3.05 1.26 1.552 .296 .286 .347 .159 1.770 The material is of a fair quality as far as composition is concerned. Cotton Hulls. [I. and II. sent on from Boston, Mass.] Moisture at 100" C, . Dry matter, Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 10.17 89.83 11.45 88.85 100.00 2.75 51.40 2.36 4.90 38.59 100.00 100.00 3.38 40.24 4.27 5.36 46.75 100.00 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 93 Fertilizing Constituents of Cotton Bulls. [I. and II. sent on from Boston (same as abOTC) ; III. sent on from Memphis, Tenn.] I'KE CbNT. I. n. III. Moisture at 100° C, . 10.17 11.45 8.76 Phosphoric acid, .... .14 .28 .18 Magnesium oxide, .... .23 .29 .25 Calcium oxide, .13 .20 .22 Potassium oxide, .... 1.12 1.06 1.07 Nitrogen, .77 .76 .74 Insoluble matter, .... .06 .003 .11 Valuation per 2,000 lbs., . $3 66 $3 75 $3 57 Cotton-seed Meal. [Sent on from North Amherst, Mass.] 68.34 per cent, passed sieve 144 mesh to square inch. Per cent. Moisture at 100° C, 6.84 Dry matter, 93.16 100.00 Analysis of Dry Mailer. Crude ash, 7.06 " cellulose, 10.83 " fat, 13.02 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 40.13 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 28.96 100.00 A fair sample of its kind. FIELD EXPEKIMENTS. I. Field A. Fodder Corn raised with Single Articles op Plant Food. II. Field B. Fodder Crops raised with and without Com- plete Manure. III. P'ield C. Experiments with Fodder Crops for Green Fodder. IV. Experiments with Potatoes ; and Paper on Potato Scab, BY Prof. James E. Humphrey. V. Experiments with Root Crops. VI. Notes on Miscellaneous Field Work. [95] FIELD EXPERIMENTS. [Field A.] I. Fodder Corn raised upon Worn-out Meadow Lands PARTLY fertilized WITH OnE OR TwO SPECIAL ARTICLES OF Plant Food, partly without the Use of any Manurial Matter. The observations recorded below extend already over a period of five years.* The field selected for the experi- ment was utilized for a series of years previous to 1882 as a meadow for the production of hay. The annual yield of that crop had suffered at that time a serious decline in quantity and quality. During the spring of 1883 it was planted with corn for the production of fodder corn, without the use of any manurial matter. The same course of planting and of general treatment was carried out during the year 1884. The corn fodder raised in that year left no doubt about the serious exhaustion of the soil, as far as its fitness for a further successful cultiva- tion of corn fodder was concerned, for the entire yield of that crop amounted only to 5,040 pounds per acre, with a moisture of thirty per cent. The soil had evidently reached a condition which promised to prove favorable for a special investigation, as far as the extent and the particular charac- ter of its exhaustion on plant food was concerned, whether the failure of the crop was due to a general exhaustion of * For details, see preceding reports, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887. [97] 98 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. essential articles of plant food, or to that of any particular one of them. As the cultivation of grasses and fodder corn aifects the manurial resources of the soil in a similar direction, by abstracting approximately one part of phosphoric acid to four parts of potash, it seemed but natural that a soil which originally did not contain much more of available potash than of available phosphoric acid must become unproductive, as far as these crops are concerned, before the latter is exhausted. It is not less evident that a system of manuring, devised with reference to this circumstance alone, can pre- vent an early decline of remunerative crops in the majority of cases. The recognized importance of both — grasses and fodder corn — in our present system of general farm management has served as the principal inducement to begin our field experiments at the Experiment Station with a practical illus- tration of the particular serious changes which a close rota- tion of these crops produces in the existing soil resources of plant food, wherever the adopted system of manuring does not provide for a periodical return of fertilizing substances, with reference to the kind and to the amount of each of them carried off ))y the crop. The land set apart for the experiment consists of ten adjoining plats, one-tenth of an acre each in size. The plats are five feet apart ; the grounds between them are kept free from any growth, and receive no fertilizing ingredients of any description. The entire field is surrounded by a tile drain, and each plat has a separate one through its centre. This terminates at its east end in a well, which is connected with the surroundino: drain. The systematic treatment of the various plats began in May, 1885. All were ploughed, year after year, at the same time and in the same manner, — in autumn after har- vesting and in spring before manuring and planting. Plats 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 received annually for three succeeding years, 1885, 1886 and 1887, an addition of a definite amount of either phosphoric acid or of a nitrogen compound or of a potash compound ; while plats 2, 4, 6 and 8 received no 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 99 manurial matter during that period. All, except plat 6, were planted during the above-stated three succeeding years with the same variety of corn (Clark). Plat 6 received during that time no fertilizing material ; it was ploughed and worked with the cultivator in the same manner and at the same time when the other plats were thus treated ; it was kept clear, as far as practicable, from every kind of vegeta- ble growth (black fallow). The details of the work and of the annual results of the course pursued in the management of the experiment have been described in the preceding annual report. The subse- quent summary may suffice here to record the principal facts brought out before the beginning of the present year (1888) . 100 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 1-5 b o as _oj « ""-^ is 5 OJ ■ti £-0 •S — c ■a _ a £ c o ^ c3 a, bo .9 S o o to £ .S o 11 cS E lU ff ft s O 3 o a 3 a ■S " 3 — ^ oj r: r~ o Q. S T) • S OS ^ X2 O t3 :=: cu II ^ II- >^ -^^ G ^ c-2 3^3 O — OS j^ ■53 o £■ > oo u C 11 o £-2S g2 s a.2 = P^ S 00 w . 35 bo 1^ ■£ 5,3 ^^ ^^ .3 ^ O. cS S 0 0 3 sB -a ^^ _2X5 S? . u 0 3 C oil "O 6^ . X3 .1^ •c 60 a . cs p. O-H OJ U =3 '3^ fcO |£ « a .TO ,C 03 5 £>0 "00 OS 0 ^2 :<.a.-S 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 101 A careful study of these results shows that neither phos- phoric acid nor any form of nitrogen, when applied each by itself, even in exceptionally large proportions, has produced a material change in the annual yield, as compared with that obtained on unfertilized plats. The application of potash compounds alone shows in every instance a decided increase in the crop. The annual yield was increased by its use during the first two years to twice the amount of that pre- vious to its special application. 1 888. — The original plan of the experiment has not been altered materially during the past season. The principal aim of our investigation has been the same as during the three preceding years ; namely, to study the direction and the degree of exhaustion on plant food of field " A " during the progress of our investigation. The results of the past season (1888) confirm the conclu- sion presented in our previous annual report, 1887. An exceptional deficiency of the soil on available potash, pro- duced by continued close rotation of grasses and corn fodder, without any substantial provision for an exception- ally large consumption of potash, proves still the first cause of a reduced annual yield of corn fodder. The exhaustion on available plant food assumes, however, as might be expected, a more general character as years pass on. This fact shows itself plainly in a gradual falling ofi" of the annual yield on plat 9, where a liberal amount of potash as the sole fertilizing material exerted in preceding years a marked beneficial influence on the annual yield. The same circumstance causes evidently the lower yield upon those plats (1 and 7) which received a liberal manuring with potash compounds two years later, and, after a repeated application of each, phosphoric acid or nitrogen had failed to improve the annual yield. A manuring for three successive years with potash alone has sufficed in our case to terminate its beneficial efiect on the natural productiveness of the soil, as far as the corn crop is concerned. More complete manures are required to restore a desirable degree of fertility of the soil. The result obtained on plat 6 deserves a particular notice. This plat had been used, in common with the entire area 102 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. occupied by our experiment, for two years in succession, — 1883 and 1884, — for the production of fodder corn without the use of any manurial matter. The degree of exhaustion of the entire field was very marked and practically uniform. During the spring of 1885, when all other plats were planted with the same variety of corn, plat 6 was ploughed and harrowed like the remainder, but not planted with corn ; it was assigned to the task of ascertaining the effects of ' ' black fallow " on the soil under treatment. It seemed of interest, in connection with, our inquiry, to illustrate the influence of mere atmospheric agencies on the future productiveness of our field. For this purpose, during the years 1885, 1886 and 1887, the plat was ploughed, harrowed and treated with the cultivator in the same manner and at the same time as the remaining plats. During that entire period no manurial matter of any description was applied. The appearance of every description of vegetation was, as far as practicable, prevented by a timely use of the cultivator. At the beginning of the past season, after having pro- duced no crop for three succeeding years, it was prepared in the same way and at the same time as the other plats for the planting of one and the same variety of corn. No manurial matter was on that occasion applied to plat 6. The date of planting the corn, and the subsequent treatment of the crop to the time of harvesting, was the same in all cases. The yield of fodder corn upon plat 6 was the third lowest in the scale including all plats; i. e., 1,930 pounds per acre . It was also the poorest-looking crop upon field "A" during the larger portion of the season. The result shows, in a very striking manner, that the growing of plants does materially assist in rendering available the inherent mineral plant food of the soil. The growth ot three years, although in our case exceptionally small, was lost to us. Our observation in this connection confirms the results of more recent careful investigations into older systems of agricultural practice. Black fallow, as a rule, does not materially benefit the productiveness of an ex- hausted soil, and ought to be discouraged, therefore, from a mere financial point, at present rates of rent. The subsequent more detailed description of the field 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 103 work carried on during the past season, as well as the conditions of the crop at different stages of growth, upon different plats into which field "A" has been subdivided, will enable all parties interested in the experiment to draw their own conclusions reo;ardinof its teachings. The entire field was ploughed twice, as in previous years, — in autumn, a short time after harvesting the crop, and early in the succeeding spring. The fertilizing materials, single or compound, wherever used, were applied broadcast, and slightly harrowed under some time before planting. Hat 1. Received 50 pounds of muriate of potash (25 pounds of potassium oxide) . Plat 2. 50 pounds of nitrate of soda (7-8 pounds of nitrogen) . Plat 3. 100 pounds of dissolved bone-black (16-17 poimds of soluble phosphoric acid). Plat 4. Nothing. 97 pounds of magnesia sulphate. Nothing. 50 pounds of muriate of potash (25 pounds of potassium 50 pounds of sulphate of ammonia (10 pounds of nitrogen). 50 pounds of muriate of potash (25 pounds of potassium 97 pounds of sulphate of potash and magnesia (25 pounds of potassium oxide) ; 100 pounds of dissolved bone-black (16-17 pounds of soluble phosphoric acid) . The corn (Clark) was planted in drills. May 29. The rows were three feet and three inches apart, and the kernels were dropped in the rows from twelve to fourteen inches apart, with six to eight seeds in a place. The entire field was subsequently kept clean from weeds by a frequent use of the cultivator or the hoe, as circumstances advised. The young plants appeared above ground quite uniformly, June 5. They soon showed, however, marked differences in regard to the rate of growth upon different plats, and presented, as the season advanced, more or less striking diflerences in their general appearance. Plat 5. Plat 6. Plat 7. oxide) . Plat 8. Plat 9. oxide. Plat 10. 104 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Height of Corn on Plats, in inches (1888). a a e4 3 1-5 a ■-5 CO a < o a < < 3 < Plat 1, 8 8^ 12 15 20 27 45 58 72 Plat 2, 7 7i 9 11 15 18 29 40 62 Plat 3, 7 9 12i 14^ 19 22 34 41 45 Plat 4, 4i 6i 7 8^ 12 14 20 25 35 Plat 5, 8 10 13| 17 23 30 45 60 72 Plat 6, 5 ^ 6 H 7 9 14 25 32 Plat 7, 8 10 15 19 26 36 56 67 74 Plat 8, 5 8 8i 10 13 15 19 25 29 Plat 9, 7 9 12 15 19 33 36 55 63 Plat 10, 9 13 17 20 30 49 72 85 84 A change in the color of the plants was first noticed at the beginning of July upon plat 6, and subsequently in those upon plat 8. Tassels appeared at about the same time on plats 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9, and about three days later on plats 4, 6 and 8. An examination of the plants at the time of cutting, September 14, showed that those raised upon plats 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 had either no ears or but a few imperfect ones, while those from plats 1, 5, 7 and 9 had more. Plat 10 had from two to three times as many as either of the last mentioned. The majority of ihe plats, with the exception of plat 10, had produced only small and imperfect ears. The following tabular statement contains the exact results, as far as the character of the crop is concerned : — 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 105 Height of Plants When Cnt. Weight of St over. Weight of Ears. Plat 1, . 72 inches. 659 lb s. 68 lbs. Plat 2, . 62 " 280 ' 23 " Plat 3, . 45 " 150 ' . 0 " Plat 4, . 35 '• 113 ' 1 " Plat 5, . 72 " 510 ' 54 " Plat 6, . 32 " 193 ' 0 " Plat 7, . 74 " 626 ' 50 " Plat 8, . 29 " 141 ' 6 " Plat 9, . 63 " 487 ' 66 " Plat 10, . 84 " 607 ' 130 " ■ The experiment will be continued, with some modifica- tions, for another year. As the condition of the soil in field "A" (see next page) becomes from year to year better known, its fitness for investigations of a similar character increases as time advances. The photographic illustrations accompanying this chapter represent some of the most striking features noticeable in the growth of these plats. They illustrate in particular the striking influence of potash on the annual yield, and show the disadvantages of black fallow on the productiveness of farm lands. The annual yield of crops of dry corn fodder is stated with reference to the same moisture, 48 per cent. The crops raised during the years 1886, 1887 and 1888, on plats 1, 2, 6, 7 and 9, have served for our illustrations. 106 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. M o o T> o o o o o o o M . r^ CO O ■* ■* CO o CO eg r^ fti H X o_ lO^ to 05_ t^ ■*_ CO 11 9D UD S^' co" •^'" o* o* lO~ t-T t- ►< ^ ac in "^^ CO o Tt< T)< CO CO CO CO «-- M S OJ O ' — ^ 43 00 • . s • bD o m • t^-S-o "5 n3 O 1 o5 o O ft". J3 • p. . 3 ft . ire >• o 1 "p. CO CO CO to Jl," '5 00 O _2 • £ ire (M it ■ £ O £ ire (>< II ii ^£^ •a § 00 00 3 .2 'S O a o ^2-i O . P. 2 . O •a o 11 c: E o ft . o a til O ft o 2 c: > ^ ^ o3 0= '^ o a-s- oo •S 3 0} 'a 1^ to ^ bo "cS ■a P, "5 bS .2 a a ft 3 to 3 a^ to M U S2 m ^ a> c to _c to"^ m"^ s a a !3 < £ ■""3 O OS IS o £ 2 o •C'S " O £ "23 o o o ^ t-- Z O O o t^ 00 o o O ■O lO ire <33 c in OQ ^-N to •2^ a e^ s ^ ^? ^ • s.a 3 P ■3 (u u u o u IS la p~.2 o to A 01 "' tc o 1 5 3 H PS a s •a a d ?'^ £ S ■S o to 3 • t^ * o o — ■ a ?^ ft . V to 3£ • »^ O a _3 to « O a-s il "^00 ill- i£ 5^ ft ^11 ool 5a El lie i X 00 £ 2^ 111 £ ire ,3 03 a o 0) -^ ■S-3 ■a 2 D. O P. 1 2 II i .s a, CC OS 2^^ O * o3 c£. C 3 to » Si .5 «^ c a i| Cj-g ^2 o ^ "t3 li 03 dti II •a -3 bD % 3 be o3 3 a S 3 o =s 1 il 5 to '^ •Co 1 ifi 3 o i 11 t-H^ o o "" P, 15 O 03 O "* o g ^ O « § o Z o ire & b^ . . • O H • • • • • • " • • ^ 3 -T oT CO •*" lO «o t-T oo oT ©" 3 1< E- H H H H H H H H H D ; < |Zi 1-1 -A 1^ p^ A tA I-) >-) h^i >-) Cu, Ph Ph P^ ^ CU ^ fu Ph P^t EXPERIMENTS WITH CORN FODDER. Field A. Plat i. (One-tenth of an acre.) i8S6. 50 lbs. Sodium Nitrate ( =7 to S lbs. nitrogen). Yield of Dry Corn Fodder. 430 lbs. * Mi- -»■• ^^^.j) 50 ihN. ^loUuini ?silr;tte ( = 7 to ii His. _^iti-ogenj and 50 lbs. Muriate of Potash ( =25 lbs. potassium oxide). Yield of Dry Corn Fodder, 720 lbs. 1888. 50 lbs. Muriate of Potash ( =25 lbs. Potassium Oxide). Yield of Dry Corn Fodder, 617 lbs. I ^"'.vr/NC Co.. S7ATE fifllftJ£K£, EXPERIMENTS WITH CORN FODDER. Field A. Plat 2. No Fertilizer. Yield of Drv Corn Plodder, 250 lbs. ■^^. 1887. '^""mi^^m^' UM No Fertilizer. Yield of Dry Corn Fodder. 165 lbs. CO-. STA'i PbiNJ£I^% t88S. 50 Ib.s. Sodium Nitrate (^= 7 to 8 lbs Nitrogen). Yield of Dry Corn Fodder. 303 lbs. EXPERIMENTS WITH CORN FODDER. Field A. A field with complete manure, consisting of Barn-yard manure and potash Salts. Yield of Dry Corn Fodder, 2800 lbs. Plat t). 1888. Was kept free from any vegetation from 1885 to 1S88; and planted in 1888 with corn without receiving any manurial matter. Yield of Dry Corn Fodder, 193 lbs. tV/tiSKr A Ponm finmrmc Co. Sr/iri fniK EXPERIMENTS WITH CORN FODDER, Field A, Pi.at 7. 1886. 100 lbs. Dissolved Bone-black (= 17 lbs. available phosphoric acid). Yield of Dry Corn Fodder. 215^ lbs. v. 1^'^. 1887. 'oo lbs. Dissolved Bone-black ( = 17 lbs. ;ivuilable phosphoric acid) and 50 lbs. Muriate of Potash ( = 25 lbs. Potassiuin Oxide). Yield of Dry Corn Fodder. 730 lbs. 188S. 50 lb«. Muriate of Potash ( = 25 lbs. of Potas.'.ium Oxide). Yield of Drs- Corn Fodder. 676 Ib.s. EXPERIMENTS WITH CORN PX3DDi::R. Field A. Pi.at 9. 1886. 50 lbs. Muriate of Potash < = 25 lbs. Potassium Oxidt- ). Yield of Dry Corn Fodder. 840 lbs. I,.-. :.K.,ia... oi Potash 1,--% 10.. 1.......;.: Yield of Dry Corn Fodder. 655 lbs. 1888. 50 lbs. Muriate of Potash(= 25 lbs. Potassium Oxide). Yield of Dry Corn Fodder, 553 lbs. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 107 ii. influence of fertilizers on the quantity and Quality of Prominent Fodder Crops. [Field " B."] The field assigned to the above-stated inquiry is located west of field " A," and has been used, like the latter, for several years previous to the establishment of the Experi- ment Station, for the production of hay. The land is nearly on a level, and runs from north to south ; it occupies at the present time an area of 1.7 acres. The soil consists of a someAvhat sandy loam. During the spring of 1883 it was ploughed and prepared for raising corn fodder. This crop was raised for one year in drills, and without the aid of any manurial matter. The previous thorough mechanical treat- ment of the soil, as well as its impoverished condition, was considered favorable for the contemplated work. In 1884 the entire field was subdivided into eleven plats of equal size, with five feet of space between them. Every alternate plat has received from that date annually the same kind and same amount of fertilizer, — six hundred pounds of ground bones and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash per acre. The fertilizer has been applied at an early date each spring, either broadcast or between the rows, as circum- stances admitted. It was in each case subsequently slightly harrowed under. Since 1885, all crops on that field have been raised in rows ; this system of cultivation became a necessity in the case of grasses, clovers, etc., to secure a clean crop for observation. The rows, in the case of corn and leguminous plants, were three feet and three inches apart ; and in the case of grasses, two feet. The space between the different plats measured five feet ; it has received thus far no manurial substance of any description, and is kept clean from vegetation by a proper use of the cultivator. Plats 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21 are fertilized annually; plats 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 have received thus far no fer- tilizer. The single plats are either occupied by one variety of plants or by two ; in some instances several plats are used for one and the same crop. Corn and various prominent varieties of meadow grasses and of leguminous plants have thus far been selected for observation. 108 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The details of the work carried on upon field * ' B " are from year to year recorded in the annual report of the Station. As the chemical analyses of the crops raised require considerable time, on account of other contemporary pressing engagements in the laboratory, they are usually published in bulletins and the reports of the succeeding year. These analyses may claim a special interest, as they are made of a variety of fodder crops, raised, as far as practicable, under corresponding circumstances with refer- ence to climate, to soil, to system of manuring, to the adopted modes of cultivation, of harvesting and of analyz- ing. In making this statement, I do not mean to imply that our local conditions of climate and of soil are in every instance the most favorable ones to enable the various crops here on trial to attain in all cases the highest possible devel- opment. This qualification of our results applies with more or less propriety to some varieties of grasses as well as of leguminous plants. The subsequent tabular record of the crops raised upon the difierent plats of field *'B" since 1884 may assist in a desirable understanding of its past history and its condition at the beginning of the season of 1888. The single plats are, since 1886, each 175 feet long and 33 feet wide. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 109 si o«j kj3 00 cS to oj toi S 3} > «j >. >.«- b^ ^ja ^j C M cS-^ C3 S s to :=; to e3 C rt a hSW h;w e s.s a* S s s "hCS o •-^ ^\^ ^ ^ s^ b^ r':^ (u ;_.^ ^ ■oS -s £ S <^S "a JO s <5S 8=2 S<3 Sis w o h- ( o O o o H H H 02 e5 CO ^ CO -a & -a ^ •^ si -g S tD^ M«- cJi C ^ "5 3 ■5 a 3 0 -p^ be— tc- 0 v 0 "T* = ^> 3 0^ .5 » PPH WPLh HP! H« !»,». ^C^ < .f3 < § &„- -a ^ 9-e b:^ .2 ::2 .S — •?, 0? •a tc c s s^ sa oS HI Pu( CT3 .5 "u u >? Ph P-1 P^ P-i no AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 1888. — At thfe beginning of the season but few changes became necessary in the management of the field ; for, plats 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21 being still occupied by a perennial vegetation, only plats 11, 12, 15 and IG required particular attention in that direction. It was decided to add the Kentucky blue-grass {Festuca pratensis) and the Soja bean {Soja hisj)ida) to our list of prominent crops on trial upon field " B." Plats 11 and 12 were seeded down, in drills two feet apart, with Kentucky blue-grass; and plats 15 and 16 with Soja beans, in rows three feet and three inches apart, to cor- respond with tlie rule adopted for grasses and leguminous plants. In both instances one plat was fertilized in the same way as heretofore, with fine-ground bones and muriate of potash (11 and 15), and the other two (12 and 16) received no fertilizer. The Kentucky blue-grass was seeded down rather late, May 24, and the Soja beans May 18. The mechanical condition of the soil was in both cases very sat- isfoctory for the work. Those plats which were still occupied by perennial plants, planted in preceding years, were treated between the rows at an early date with the cultivator, and subsequently the weeds and foreign growth in the rows removed with the hoe and the hand. Plats 13, 17, 19 and 21 received at the same time their annual supply of manure, consisting of fine-ground bones and muriate of potash. Plats 14, 16, 18 and 20 re- ceived none. As the plats were 175 feet long and 33 feet wide, equal to an area of 5,775 square feet, each received a mixture of 80 pounds of ground bones and 27 pounds of muriate of potash. The subsequent enumeration of crops raised upon field " B," during the years 1887 and 1888, shows the change made in crops at the beginning of the past season. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. Ill 1887. 1888. Plat No. 11 (fertilized). Plat No. 12 (unfertilized) Plat No. 13 (fertilized), Plat No. 14 (unfertilized) Plat No. 15 (fertilized), Plat No. 16 (unfertilized) Plat No. 17 (fertilized). Plat No. 18 (unfertilized) Plat No. 19 (fertilized), Plat No. 20 (unfertilized) Plat No. 21 (fertilized), Corn (Clark variety). Corn (Clark variety). Italian rye-grass {LoUum Italicum). English rye-grass {Lolium perenne) . Italian ryegrass. English rye-grasB. Five varieties Southern cow-pea. Five varieties Southern cow-pea. Meadow fescue {Fesiuca pratensis) . Alsike clover. Medium red clover. Alsike clover. Medium red clover. Mammoth red clover. Alfalfa (lucerne). Mammoth red clover. Alfalfa (lucerne). Kentucky blue-grass. Kentucky blue-grass. Italian rye grass. English rye grass. Italian rye-grass. English rye-grass. Soja bean. Soja bean. Meadow fescue. Alsike clover. Medium red clover. Alsike clover. Medium red clover. Mammoth red clover. Alfalfa. ( Mammoth red clover. ( Alfalfa. The general appearance of the plats seeded down in pre- ceding years with perennial varieties of grasses and of leguminous plants presented some interesting features at the opening of the late season. Some crops had suffered seriously from winter-killing, while others had passed un- harmed through the winter. Wherever the growth had suf- fered, the fact showed itself invariably in the most serious degree upon unfertilized plats. Perennial rye-grass, plat 14 (unfertilized), was almost entirely winter-ldlled ; while upon plat 13 (fertilized) a much less serious effect could be noticed. Italian rye-grass looked decidedly better preserved in both instances than the perennial rye-grass. Meadow fescue, ^XoJt 17 (fertilized), appeared remarkably vigorous, and retained the lead for the entire season, as far as the varieties of grasses on trial are concerned. Alsike clover was seriously winter-killed upon the unfer- tilized plat 18, while upon the fertilized plat 19 it was very well preserved. 112 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Medium red clover appeared in fair condition upon plat 18 (unfertilized), yet fell behind the alsike clover on plat 19 (fertilized) . Alfalfa and mammoth clover, on plats 20 and 21, presented the same features in their growth as was noticed with refer- ence to alsike clover and medium clover. The weight of the hay obtained from the first cut of each kind of crop, when well advanced in blooming, gives a fair representation of their general character and condition at the time of harvesting. The yield is in every instance stated with reference to an entire plat (175x33 feet), in case of fertilized as well as unfertilized ones. Grasses. English Eye-Gras3, cut July 6, 1888. Italian Kye- Grass, cut July 6, 1888. Meadow Fescue, cut July 2. 1888. Fertilized plat, Unfertilized plat, . 300 lbs. 90 " 260 lbs. 105 " 700 lbs. No plat. Leguminous Plants. Medium Red Clover, cut July 5, 1888. Alsike Clover, cut July 5, 1888. Mammoth Red Clover, cut July 5, 1888. Alfalfa, cut July 6, 1888. Fertilized plat, . Unfertilized plat, 690 lbs. 250 " 490 lbs. 70 " 460 lbs. 20 " 150 lbs. 50 " SojA Bean (Green). Cnt Ang. 30, 1888. Fertilized plat, Unfertilized plat, 2,080 lbs. 1,560 " (The crop was put into a silo Ang. 30, 1888.) The Soja bean has been raised during the past season in different parts of the field, to serve for ensilage. The in- vestigation of this valuable plant is not yet finished, and a detailed description has been reserved for a future date. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 113 As the cultivation in rows is an exceptional one as far as meadow grasses and clovers are concerned, no attempt has been made to state their yield per acre. The principal aim of the experiment on field " B" consists, as has been stated above, in securing suitable samples of each crop on trial, for the purpose of ascertaining the influence of stage of growth and of a different degree of fertility of the soil on their com- position. Sufficient material has been collected of every crop stated above, and the results of a chemical analysis of each will be published from time to time as the work advances. The analyses of alfalfa and of alsike clover of the first year's growth (1887) have been already published in the annual report for that year ; also analyses of orchard grass, red-top, meadow fescue and timothy. (See pages 125-132.) 114 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. MAMMOTH RED CLOVEft O s ALfALFA FERTILIZED MAMMOTH R.ED CLOVER. ALFALFA FER-TILIZED ALSYKE CLOVER. MEDIUM RED CLOVER,- FERTILIZE [7 CO > ALSYKE CLOVER. MEDIUM RED CLOVER. UISFERTIL12E0 p m MEADOW PE5CUE FERTILIZED TI m a (A SOJA BEAM UNFERTILIZED 3 2 0 e>OJA BEAM FEF^TILIZEP CP IE 1 ITALIAN RYE GRASS RYEGRASS. UM FERTILIZED ITALIAN RYE GRASS RYE GRASS FERTILIZED KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS UNFERTILIZED KENTUCKY BLUE GRA35'FEftTILIZED N 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 115 III. Experiments with Fodder Crops for Green Fodder. [Field "C."] In a discourse on fodder supply for dairy cows, in the pre- ceding annual report, pages 89, 90, the following statement was made : — The practice of raising a greater variety of valuable crops for green fodder deserves the serious consideration of farmers en- gaged in the dairy business ; for it secures a liberal supply of healthy, nutritious fodder, at a time when hay becomes scarce and costly, and when it would be still a wasteful practice to feed an imperfectly matured green fodder corn. The frequently limited area of land fit for a remunerative production of grasses, and the not less recognized exhausted condition of a large pro- portion of natural pastures, make it but judicious to consider seriously the means which promise not only to increase, but also to cheapen, the products of the dairy. A liberal introduction of reputed forage crops into farm opera- tions has everywhere, in various directions, promoted the success of agricultural industry. The desirability of introducing a greater variety of fodder plants into our farm management is generally conceded. In choosing plants for that purpose, it seems advis- able to select crops which would advantageously supplement our leading fodder crop (aside from the products of pastures and meadows) , — the fodder corn and corn stover. Taking this view of the question, the great and valuable family of leguminous plants, as clovers, vetches, lucerne, serradella, peas, beans, lupines, etc., is, in a particular degree, well qualified for that purpose. They deserve also a decided recommendation in the interest of a wider range, for the introduction of economical systems of rotations, under various conditions of soil, and di^er- ent requirements of markets. Most of these fodder plants have an extensive root system, and, for this reason, largely draw their plant food from the lower portion of the soil. The amount of stubble and roots they leave behind after the crop has been harvested is exceptionally large, and decidedly improves both the physical and chemical condition of the soil. The lands are con- sequently better fitted for the production of shallow-growing crops, as grains, etc. Large productions of fodder crops assist in the economical raising of general farm crops ; although the area devoted to cultivation is reduced, the total yield of the land is usually more satisfactory. 116 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Each farmer ought to make his selection, from among the various fodder plants, to suit his individual resources and wants ; yet, adopting this basis as his guide, he ought to make his selec- tion on the basis that the crop which is capable of producing, for the same area, the largest quantity of nitrogen containing food constituents, at the least cost, is, as a rule, the most valuable one for him. Our prominent fodder plants may be classified, in regard to the relative proportion of their nitrogenous organic food constituents to their non-nitrogenous organic food constituents (nutritive ratio) , in the following order : — 1. Leguminous plants, clover, vetch, etc., . . 1 : 2.2 to 1 : 4.5 2. Grasses, 1 : 6.0 to 1 : 8.0 3. Green corn, roots and tubers, . . . . 1 : 6.0 to 1 : 15.0 The composition of the various articles of food used in farm practice exerts a decided influence on the manurial value of the animal excretions, resulting from their use in the diet of different kinds of farm live stock. The more potash, phosphoric acid, and, in particular, nitrogen, a fodder contains, the more valuable will be, under otherwise corresponding circumstances, the manu- rial residue left behind, after it has served its purpose as a con- stituent of the food consumed. As the financial success in most farm management depends, in a considerable degree, on the amount, the character and the cost of the manurial refuse material secured in connection with the special farm industry carried on, it needs no further argument to prove that the relations which exist between the composition of the fodder and the value of the manure resulting deserve the careful consideration of the farmer, when devising an eflBcient and at the same time an economical diet for his live stock. Believing in the correctness of the previous remarks, it has been one of the aims of the manager of the Station to experiment with various new fodder crops, to ascertain their adaptation to our climate and soil, and their fitness for the support of the dairy industry at a period of the season when good hay is scarce, and when the green fodder corn has not yet reached a desirable condition to do its best. Some, as the vetch, Southern cow-pea and serradella, have been cultivated for several years past on a compara- tively large scale, with marked success. They yielded a 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 117 liberal amount of green fodder from the beginning of June to the beginning of October. Their good services as green fodder for milch cows during that period have been described in the last annual report (1887, pages 35-48). Similar results have been obtained in this direction during the past season. The details of the feeding experiment form a part of this report. The observations with reputed fodder crops have been extended during the past year; most of them were, how- ever, raised on a small scale, to ascertain merely their general character and their particular degree of adaptation to our climate and soil, and to secure material for analysis, to compare their relative proportions of essential nutritive constituents. The fact, as has been stated before, that all these crops are raised under corresponding conditions, as far as climate, soil, modes of cultivation and of fertilization and particular stages of growth are concerned, imparts to the results the claim of an exceptional value to decide judiciously their comparative merits. 1888. — Field " C" comprises at present an area 328 feet long and 183 feet wide. It was ploughed the previous fall, and again April 26 ; it was harrowed soon after, and fertilized broadcast at the rate of six hundred pounds of fine-ground bones and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash per acre. The field is divided into two parts, running from east to west ; they are separated from each other by a passage- way three feet wide. The northern half of the field is 70 feet wide and 328 feet long; the southern half is of the same length, but 110 feet wide. The latter is again sub-divided into three equal plats, each 111 X 109 feet, or 11,990 square feet. The east end of this field was planted with a mixture of vetch {vicia sativa) and of oats (variety, western). The middle divis- ion was planted the same day with serradella, and the western with Southern cow-pea. Vetch and oats were seeded broadcast, and serradella and Southern cow-pea in drills, three feet three inches apart. The northern half of field "C" was occupied by a series of crops in rows. 118 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. running from south to north, three feet three inches apart, with the exception of the carrots, which were phmted in rows fourteen inches apart. The crops were arranged in the following order, beginning on the east end : — Danvers carrots, ninety rows. Welcome oats, three rows. Hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa), one row. Small pea (Lathyrus sativus), one row. Sulla (Hedysamm coronaria), one row. Bird's-foot clover (Lotus corniculatus) , three rows. Lotus villosus, three rows. Sweet clover {Melilotus alba) , three rows. Early cow-pea, one row. Teosinte (Euchlcena euxurians), two rows. Flour corn, one row. Pop-corn, striped rice, one row. Chinese sugar cane, seven rows. Early orange cane, fifteen rows. Early amber cane, fifteen rows. The seeds of the plants, with the exception of the carrots, serradella, vetch and Southern cow-pea, were sent on by the United States Department of Agriculture. Vetch and Oafs. — Twenty-five pounds of vetch and fiftj pounds of oats were seeded broadcast May 8. The oats appeared above ground May 15, the vetch on May 17. The oats began to head out and the vetch to bloom June 30. Both crops had reached a height of 28 inches July 5, and of 32 inches July 12. The feeding of the crop began July 7 and terminated July 23. The total yield of the green crop amounted to 5,276 pounds, or 8 53 tons, per acre. Southern coiv-peas were seeded in rows, three feet and three inches apart. May 14. They appeared above ground May 28. The plants were six inches high June 27 ; twelve inches high July 12; and twenty inches high August 3. They began to fill out the space between the rows August 10 ; bloomed August 17, and formed pods August 23. The feeding of the crop commenced September 4, and was finished September 15. The crop had sufiered somewhat from frost September 7. The total yield amounted to 4,050 pounds, or 7.36 tons, per acre. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 119 Serradella was planted in rows, three feet three niches apart, May 14. The young plants appeared above ground May 26. They had reached a height of six inches July 5 ; began blooming July 12, and measured eleven inches, when a blight made its appearance on the leaves, which ultimately destroyed the crop to such an extent that no part of it was fed. The grounds occupied by the serradella had been used during the preceding season for the cultivation of different varieties of wheat, which seriously suffered from fungoid growth. The exceptionally wet season most likely contributed also towards the failure of the crop. The early frost, September 7, terminated prematurely the observations on Chinese sugar cane, early orange cane and early amber cane. Teosinte, pop-corn, flour corn, melilotus, sulla, hairy vetch and lotus, have been sampled for analysis. The perennial varieties of leguminous plants are left in the field for observations during the coming season, when their special agricultural merits will be discussed. 120 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. pield'c" CARROTS VETCH AND OATS MISCELLANEOUS FODDER CR0P5 SERRADELLA CHINESE SUGAR CAME EARLY ORAM6.E SUGARCANE COW PEA EARLY AMBER 5U6ARCANE w «..$CALE 4 ROD$ TO I IMCH 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 121 rV. Experiments with Potatoes. The experiments reported in this connection are continua- tions of those described under the same heading in our last annual report. One of the experiments has been carried on upon the same portion of field "D" since 1884. It was originally instituted for the purpose of studying the effects of high- grade German potash salts, muriate of potash and potash magnesia sulphate, as the main potash source of plant food, on the quantity and the quality of potatoes raised by their assistance. The second one, observations with scabby potatoes, owes its origin to the interest created by some observations made in connection with the former ; it was carried on, for impor- tant reasons, upon a different part of the farm. A. Observations upon Field " Z>." [Variety : Beauty of Hebron.] An examination of the preceding records of this experi- ment cannot fail to show that our original plan has been seriously interfered with by an early and persistent appear- ance of either scab or blight, or of both combined. The scab appeared in some parts of the field sooner than in others. — in the fertilized part of the soil sooner or more ex- tensively than in the unfertilized soil. The results in 1884 were not as bad as in 1885. The seed potatoes used in 1885 were selected from our own crop ; they were planted upon the same part of the field where they had been produced the preceding season. The system of manuring and of general treatment was the same as in the previous year. A blight on the leaves appeared that year in August, and terminated the experiment prematurely. The crop, when harvested August 26, was found suffering from scab in all parts of the field engaged in the experiment. It was decided, in sight of these facts, to continue the experiment in 1886 upon the same field, with some modifica- tions, to ascertain, if possible, whether the main influence regarding the results in our past observation had to be 122 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. ascribed to atmospheric agencies, or to the condition of the soil and the fertilizer applied, or to the quality of the seed potato used. 1886. — The same field was used as in 1885. The land was well prepared by ploughing and harrowing April 27, and subsequently fertilized the same as in previous years. The change regarding the character of the fertilizer applied consisted in using nearly twice the amount of potash salts, muriate and sulphate of potash, for the same area, in case of plats 1 and 3. A second important change from our pre- vious practice consisted in securing first quality seed po- tatoes, in particular free from scab. The same variety. Beauty of Hebron, was obtained for that purpose from Ver- mont ; it was as fair an article as could be desired. The system of planting and cultivating was the same as in pre- vious years. The potatoes were planted upon all plats May 5, 1886. All the vines were in full blossom July 6; they began to turn yellowish and dry up July 30. The crop on the entire field was dried up August 8. This change seemed to appear most marked, and first, on the vines raised from whole potatoes. The crop was harvested August 28. Neither a liberal use of our own mixture of commercial manurial substances, rich in potash compounds, nor the selection of a fair quality of seed potatoes from another locality, had afiiected our results, as compared with those of the previous season ; for the entire crop, with scarcely any exception, was badly disfigured by scab. The potatoes were unfit for family use, and had to be sold at a low price for stock feeding. A due consideration of all the circumstances which accom- panied our course of observations thus far, induced us to draw the following conclusions : — 1. Medium-sized whole potatoes give better results, as far as a large-sized, marketable crop is concerned, than half potatoes obtained from tubers of a corresponding size. 2. Disregarding the results of the first year, when pre- viously existing resources of plant food in liberal quantities 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 123 must have rendered the influences of an additional supply of manurial substances less marked, it appears that sulphate of potash produced better results in our case than muriate of potash. 3. The premature dying out of the vines, accompanied by blight or scab, or both, must be considered a controlling cause of an exceptionally large amount of small potatoes. 4. Some peculiar condition of the soil upon the lands used for this experiment is to be considered the real seat of our trouble. (For further details, see annual report.) To test the correctness of conclusion 4 still further, the experiment was continued for another year. 1887. — The same plats as in previous years were utilized for the experiment. The subdivisions remained unchanged. The fertilizers applied were the same as in 1886. The lands were ploughed and harrowed during the first week of May, and the potatoes planted in all plats May 11. First quality potatoes. Beauty of Hebron, raised in Ver- mont, were used as seed. The growth looked well upon all plats until July 28, when the vines on plats 2 and 3 began to turn yellow. They commenced drying up August 9, and by August 12 were dry on all plats. An examination of the little potatoes, July 1, showed already, in every case, the marks of scab. The entire crop, when harvested, was so seriously affected by scab that it proved worthless in the general market. The months of July and August were exceptionally wet and warm in our part of the State, a circumstance which has, most likely, aggravated our trouble. The potato crop was in that year quite extensively a fail- ure in our vicinity, wherever low lands had been used for its production. 1888. — The continued failure to raise upon this field a potato crop free from a serious attack of scab had strength- ened our belief that neither the kind of fertilizer applied, nor 124 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. the particular character of the season, nor the quality of the seed potatoes used, had any special relation to our results ; but that some peculiar feature of the soil would ultimately prove to be the cause of our trouble. Assuming that the presence of some injurious parasite in our soil might be the first cause of the scab, it was decided to devise some means by which its development would be prevented. The following course was adopted : Three plats, ea«h forty-four by seventy feet, corresponding in location with plats 1, 2 and 3 in our description of preceding years, were assigned for the observation. Plat 1, located on the eastern side of the stated area, re- ceived the same manure and in the same proportion as in the preceding j'^ear (600 pounds of fine-ground bones and 580 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate per acre). The plat thus fertilized was subsequently subdivided into two equal parts, of which one received broadcast a mixture of one-half a pound of bi-sulphide of carbon and of ninety-five pounds of air-slaked lime ; while the other half received broadcast a mixture of one-half a pound of carbolic acid and of ninety- five pounds of air-slaked lime. In both instances the soil was subsequently slightly har- rowed before the potatoes were planted. Plat 2, located between plats 1 and 3, received, as in previous years, no fertilizer ; but one hundred and ninety pounds of air-slaked lime were sown broadcast and har- rowed in before planting.. The application of lime was made here to assist in discriminating between the influence of a mere application of air-slaked lime, and that of a mixture of either bisulphide of carbon or carbolic acid and air-slaked lime. Plat 3, forming the western end of our experimental field, received for manuring purposes, as in the preceding years, fine-ground bones and muriate of potash, at the rate of 600 pounds of the former to 300 pounds of the latter per acre. The fertilizer was applied broadcast and slightly harrowed in. The plat thus prepared, in a similar way tc plat 1, was 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUI^IENT — No. 33. 125 FIELD "D." ^ Excelaior Sugar Beet. Improved Iraperial. Lane's Sugar Beet. Kua'n Khubarb. Potatoes, Plat 1. subsequently subdivided, like the latter, into two equal parts. One part was treated broadcast with a mixture of air-slaked lime and of bisulphide of carbon, and the other one with that of air-slaked lime and of carbolic acid, in the same way, as far as relative portions and total amount are concerned, before planting. The potatoes were planted on all the plats May 7 ; they appeared pretty uniform above ground May 27. The general treatment of the crop during the entire time was the same on all plats, and closely corresponded to the course pursued in preceding years. The vines began to change their color August 17, and were all dead August 31. The change seemed to be a natural one ; no indications of blisrht could be discovered on the leaves ; the extreme wetness of ^ the season seemed to favor the continu- ation of the growing period. The crop on all the plats was harvested Septem- ber 7. An examination of the entire crop, when spread out over the field, showed no marked diflerence in any particular part of the various plats. The potatoes were of a fair size, but seriously sufiering from scab and rot. Plat 1 yielded 1,080 pounds of pota- toes ; plat 2, 876 pounds, and plat 3, 976 pounds, of all sizes. Fifteen bushels of scabby potatoes, nearly one-third of the entire crop, were collected before the crop was removed from the field. Although the results of the year are discouraging, the experiment will be repeated, with some modification, when a more favorable season may assist in the work. Potatoes, Plat 2. Potatoes, Plat 3. Garden Vegetables. Vilmorin Sugar Beet. D ^ * Scale, 4 rods to 1 inch. 126 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. B. Observations with Scabby Potatoes. The experiments were inaugurated in 1886 for the pur- pose of inquiring into the circumstances which control the development and the propagation of the scab on potatoes. IS 86. — The first year's work in this connection has been confined to the task of observing the behavior of scabby potatoes as seed potatoes, under some definite i)revious treatment. To prevent a possible propagation of scab in the new crop by infected seed potatoes, the following course was adopted : Thoroughly scabby potatoes, obtained from the previously described experimental plats, were treated with some substances known to be destructive to various forms of parasitic growth. This operation was carried out with the intention of destroying the propagating power of adherent germs of an objectionable character before planting the seed. The field for the experiment was distinctly separate from other experimental plats for the cultivation of potatoes. It had been used for many years previous for the raising of grass, and had since been planted but once, — the preceding year ( 1885) , — with corn. The land was prepared by plough- ing and harrowing in the same way as other potato fields. It was fertilized broadcast, at the rate of 600 pounds of ground rendered bones and 290 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate. The field was subdivided into five plats of equal size, eighty feet long and fifty feet wide, and the potatoes subse- quently planted in rows, three feet three inches apart, with hills three feet from each other in the rows. Three feet of space was left between the plats unoccupied. The scabby seed potatoes selected for the trial were, as far as practi- cable, of a uniformly medium size. Each lot was immersed in the particular solution prepared for the different plats ; after being kept there for twenty-four hours they were removed and directly planted. Plat 1 was planted with healthy and smooth potatoes, without any previous treatment. This course was adopted to learn whether soil, fertilizer, or atmospheric agencies of the season would favor the appearance of scab in the crop. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 127 Plat 2. The scabby seed potatoes were allowed to remain for twenty-four hours in a saturated solution of muriate of potash before being planted. Plat 3. A strong solution of hypochlorite of lime (bleach- ing lime) was applied in a similar way, for the preparation of the scabby seed, as in case of plat 2. Plat 4. A saturated solution of carbolic acid in water sei-ved in this instance for the treatment of the scabby po- tatoes. The potatoes were planted in all plats on the same day, May 7. The vines did not appear evenly at first ; they were, however, equally vigorous upon all plats at the close of June. The tops on all plats were pretty generally dried up August 8. The potatoes were harvested on the entire field August 30. The yield on all plats was fair, and the quality of the potatoes, almost without exception, excellent ; this seemed to be more striking in regard to those on plats 2, 3 and 4, which had been, in the beginning of the season, some- what behind in growth. Here and there could be seen a potato with a small mark of scab ; a large proportion were perfectly smooth, and without any sign of it. The results were recorded as those of a first experiment. The fact that a scabby potato may produce, under certain circumstances, a smooth and otherwise excellent potato, was confirmed. Good potatoes have been raised before from seed potatoes suffering from scab, without any previous treatment similar to ours. Without any intention of antici- pating the results of future observations, or to point out with certainty the exact cause of our results, we expressed the opinion that a difference in the condition of the soil in our old and new experimental potato plats might have proved to be the principal cause of our trouble ; for the former yielded, from healthy potatoes, most inferior scabby potatoes; while the latter produced, from scabby potatoes, a most superior, smooth potato, under otherwise almost identical conditions, as far as soil, mode of cultivation and kind of fertilizer were concerned, upon lands in close prox- imity, during the same season. 128 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 1887. — The experiment was repeated upon the same lands, with but a slight modification. The soil was ploughed and fertilized, as in the preceding year. Ten plats, each fifty feet long, were planted with four rows of potatoes, three feet three inches apart, and with nineteen hills in the row. Medium-sized, whole scabby potatoes (Beauty of Hebron), selected from the crop raised upon our own fields during the previous year, and which is described in some preceding pages under the heading "Potato Experiment, A," served as seed potatoes. One-half the plats were planted with scabby potatoes, all from the same lot, after being immersed for eighteen hours in some solution prepared for that pur- pose ; and the other half were planted without any previous treatment of the seed, — plats 2, 6 and 10 with our scabby potatoes. Beauty of Hebron, and plats 4 and 8 with healthy, smooth tubers, of the same variety. Scabby potatoes, soaked in a solution of potassium sulphide. Scabby potatoes, without any particular treatment. Scabby potatoes, treated with a solution of hypochlorite of lime (bleaching lime) . Smooth, healthy potatoes, without previous treatment. Scabby potatoes, treated with a solution of potassium chloride (muriate of potash). Scabby potatoes, without previous treatment. Scabby potatoes, treated with a solution of carbolic acid. Smooth, healthy potatoes, not treated. Scabby potatoes, treated with copper sulphate (blue copperas) . Plat 10. Scabby potatoes, not treated. The young plants made their appearance on all plats, ex- cept plat 9, June 1 ; those on plat 9 appeared eight or ten days later. The entire crop looked uniformly well. The vines dried up on all plats at about the same time. The crop was harvested with the following results : — Plat 1. Plat 2. Plat 3. Plat 4. Plat 5. Plat 6. Plat 7. Plat 8. Plat 9. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 129 Beauty of Hebron. PLAT • °! s a Q ■a g ° 1 Solutions Used. Results (Sept. 12, 1887). No. 1 Scabby. Potassium sulphide. Good; not scabby. " 2 Scabby. None. Good; not scabby. " 3 . Scabby. Hypochlorite of lime (bleaching lime) . Especially good. « 4 00 Good. None. Somewhat scabby. •'. 6 3 Scabby. Potassium chloride (muriate of potash). Especially good. " 6 2 Scabby. None. Good; not scabby. " 7 ^ Scabby. Carbolic acid. Especially good. " 8 a Good. None. Especially good. " 9 " 10 Scabby. Scabby. Copper sulphide (blue copperas). None. Only 7 hills left. More or less scabby. Somewhat scabby. A careful consideration of these results tends to show that a certain condition of the soil has been the leading cause for the origin and propagation of the scab ; for scabby seed potatoes have produced healthy, smooth tubers, both with and without any special previous treatment (see plats 1,2, 7 and 8). On the other hand, it is not without interest to notice that plats 1, 3 and 7 have furnished us with some of the best potatoes we have raised during the past season. 1888. — The field occupied by the experiment was the same as during the preceding year. The same arrangement of plats was adopted. The preparation of the soil, as far as ploughing and manuring are concerned, was the same as in the preceding season. The solutions of chemicals for the treatment of part of the seed potatoes was identical with that of the preceding year. All the details of the field work, be- ginning with planting and ending with harvesting, were closely corresponding to the course pursued in 1887. The potatoes were planted May 9 ; the vines died on all plats, apparently without any exceptional external cause, between August 23 and 31. No marked difierence could be noticed in the appearance of the potatoes from the various plats. All plats had produced some scabby potatoes. The 130 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. result of the season is, to say the least, an indifferent one, as far as the action of the various solutions of antiseptics as a preventive of scabby potatoes is concerned. The conclusion arrived at in previous years has evidently received an additional support by the results of the past season. Every one of our obsei'vations thus far made in this connection points towards the soil as the bearer of the cause of the scab on potatoes. The inquiry into the first cause of the scab will be continued. Those of our readers who are not familiar with the present views entertained by scientists regarding the real character of the scab on potatoes, will find Professor Humphrey's dis- cussion of this subject, which accompanies this chapter of our annual report, very interesting and profitable reading. It has been considered of interest to photograph the seed potatoes, and subsequently some specimens of a correspond- insr size of those raised from them. This course it is thought will furnish us in time with an exact record of the exterior characteristics of genuine varieties, and assist us in dis- criminating between new and old. As the Beauty of Heb- ron, Early Rose and Polaris (originated by H. F. Smith of Waterbury Centre, Vt.) have been the principal varieties raised upon the fields of the Station during the past season, their photographs accompany this report. A picture of the Colorado wild potato, raised on our lands, may not be without interest in this connection. The pictures are in every case taken at an equal distance, and thus allow a com- parison of relative sizes. Description of Photographs of Potatoes. Largest. Medium. Smallest. Weight ill Weight in Weight in ounces. ounces. ounces. Picture No. 1. Beauty of Hebron Potatoes, 7 to 19 3 to 61 21 to 31 Picture No. 2. Early Hose Potatoes, . 4 to 8 21 to 3| 1^ to 21 Picture No. 3. Polaris Potatoes, 6 to 11 3 to5| 2 to 3 Picture No. 4. Colorado Wild Potatoes, . - - - Beauty of Hebron ("Seed Potatoes for 1888). Beauty of Hebron ;, Potatoes Raised in 18S8). Early Rose (Seed Potatoes for iSSS). Early Rose (Potatoes Ralsed in iSSS). No. 3. ^^^^'^^^ ^BiSnfe^ H^^^B ^^^B^^BB^BWlMLrir^^lT'-flW/' ''^^^'^ ^KBhkwhBHR^^^v _^^^^E^^^^SS^ ^^^^^^^^^^K^BS^^' ""^ ' **^ ' -^-f^Sf^^L ^^^^^^^^^^S^^h^I^I^^^hhH^^^^^B ^^^^^^^^K^^S^^^^SK-^ '-•'■W^^^. ,^^^HB^^<^'^ ji^j^H ^^^^■■i^B^- '3*^ ^^i^K ^^^^^B&HJ^HHMn^l^jjS^^^^^^^^^B ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Br^'^'' '^^'siSi^^^H ^^m Polaris TSeed Potatoes for i8S8) Polaris (Potatoes Raised in 1888). ]sro. 4. Colorado Wild Potatoes (Raised in iSSS). Wftli^^T 3r Pomp, ffi,/vTfNG Ct)., StA^S PttHTlR 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 131 POTATO SCAB. BY JAS. ELLIS HUMPHREY, PROFESSOR OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY. The value of the potato crop in Massachusetts exceeds that of any other pLinted crop ; consequently, the loss by any widespread and serious disease of this crop must be an important item. The commonest and most constant disease which attacks the potato in the field is that commonly known as the " scab." It is well known in both Europe and America, and attacks the tubers, giving little or no evidence of its presence in those parts of the plant above ground. The cause of this trouble is not at all understood, though various theories are held as to its nature. It is proposed in the present paper to discuss briefly the present state of our knowledge of the potato scab, by way of introduction to a series of investigations of the disease which the writer ex- pects to carry on during the coming year. The disease first manifests itself in the form of small cor- roded spots or pustules on the surface of the potato. Writers on the subject generally agree that these spots replace the " lenticels " of the tubers. If a smooth potato tuber be closely examined, there will be seen spots of the size of a pin's head or smaller, of a slightly different shade, and somewhat roughened or granular in appearance. These breaks in the continuity of the tissue of tabular cork-cells which form the so-called "skin" of the potato, are filled with loose, globular cork-cells, through whose intercellular spaces an interchange of gases can take place between the interior of the potato and the outer air. They are then, so to speak, the ventilators of the tuber, and are known as "lenticels." (The normal structure of the potato tuber is shown in the accompanying Fig. 2.) It is in these lenticels that the scab originates or first shows itself. From these spots the disease rapidly spreads, until some- times almost the whole exterior of the tuber becomes in- volved in the decay and breaking down of the surface tissue. In many cases, at least, there are developed over these patches, rough, brittle scales or crusts of corky tissue, which peel readily from the surface, and which render the name 132 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. "scab" an appropriate one for the disease. In Fig. 1 is shown the appearance of the fully developed scab, repro- duced from photographs of potatoes raised on the plats of the Station in 1888. This whole change goes on while the tuber is still in the ground ; and after the crop is dug and stored, no further chansre occurs. The disease affects the tissue to a depth of only a few cells, all below remaining in a normal, healthy condition. The cells affected lose their starch, and contain, in its place, according to some writers, globular brown masses, usually regarded as disorganized cell-contents. In so far as the starch, which gives its chief food value to the potato, is destroyed, that value is lessened ; but the unsightly appearance of < ' scabby " tubers causes a much greater pro- portional decrease in their selling value, since, by paring away the affected superficial tissue, the remainder is made perfectly suitable for food. The cause of this disease has been discussed by several writers. Most of the views expressed are based on the first important discussion of the subject by Schacht, in a work on the potato plant and its diseases.* This author believes that the efficient cause of the scab is an excess of moisture in the soil. It can readily be shown, that, when a potato tuber is exposed to an abundance of moisture, the lenticels become more prominent, in consequence of the loosening and separation of the cells which fill them. This affords, Schacht thinks, an easy opportunity for the water to enter those tissues of the tuber bordering the lenticels. They thus become water-soaked, and rapidly decay, assuming a dark and muddy appearance. Two of the chief recent writers on the diseases of plants, Frank and Sorauer, adopt this view. Frank f regards the disease as a case of breaking down of tissue, originating in what is practically a wound. Sorauer | thinks the scab develops rapidly during short but specially favorable periods, and instances, as such a period, the time of a heavy rain following a drought. Each of the above writers mentions as a possible cause, or at least an ag- gravating condition, the presence of lime, marls, or especially * Bericht tiber die Kartoffelpflanze nnd deren Krankheiten, Berlin, 1854, p. 24. t Krankheiten dor Pflanzen, Berlin, 1880, p. 140. X Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, Berlin, 1886, vol. 1, p. 227. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 133 of iron oxide in the soil ; and Sorauer thinks that ammonia set free from the soil may sometimes have a similar influence. Another authority, W. G. Smith,* considers that the chief cause is mechanical irritation, from the presence in the soil of corrosive substances ; and states that a difference may often be noticed in the degree of scabbiness of potatoes from different parts of the same field, depending on the relative proportions of refuse in the soil of the different parts. Smith also says that one form of the disease may be caused either by long drought or by excess of moisture. All authors agree that the scab-like crusts, which characterize the disease in its complete development, originate from the natural effort of the plant to repair the injury to the tuber by a secondary formation of cork. Sorauer differs from the others quoted, in rejecting the theory of irritation or corrosion as a primary cause of the trouble. He quotes at length several experi- ments, conducted in German experiment stations and else- where, whose results seem to be conclusive against the idea that foreign substances in the soil can cause the disease by mechanical or chemical action. We may now proceed to consider the bearing of some recent American observations on the views already stated. The only experiments undertaken in this country for the pur- pose of testing current theories, with which I am acquainted, are those of Arthur and Beckwith of the New York Experi- ment Station. f Plats of potatoes were planted and kept under identical conditions, except that half of the hills were kept wet by irrigation, while the others were not artificially watered. One-half of the hills of each class were planted without manure, and the remainder were manured. In the unmanured hills, abundant moisture had practically no in- fluence, for the percentage of scabby potatoes was very nearly the same in the irrigated and unirrigated portions. On the other hand, the irrigated hills on the manured ground pro- duced seventy-one per cent, of scabby tubers, against only thirty per cent, from the unwatered hills. A general average gives forty-eight per cent, of scabby tubers on the irrigated • Diseases of Field and Garden Crops, London, 1884, p. 37. t Sixth Annual Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, 1888, pp. 307 and 344. 134 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. ground, to thirty-one per cent, on that unirrigated ; and fifty- one per cent, of diseased ones on the manured ground, against twenty-two per cent, where manure was not used. These results indicate that an abundance of moisture favors the de- velopment of scab, but can hardly be held to support the view that it is the chief cawse of the disease. Beckwith con- cludes from his experiments that an increased 3deld is nearly always accompanied by an increase of scab ; and that any marked change in the rapidity of the growth of the tubers favors its development, a continuous growth from their first formation to maturity being least favorable to the appear- ance of the disease. The last point may, perhaps, be re- garded as another aspect of Sorauer's view that a heavy rain after drought especially aids the development of scab. Observations made at this Station during the past five years, and detailed in its reports,* also bear interestingly on the subject. The experiments were begun with a wholly diflfer- ent end in view, but were vitiated the first year by the appearance of scab, which has persistently appeared on the same plats in every succeeding year. The first year, when the land was freshly broken, the trouble was less severe, and a diflference in severity was noticed on plats difierently fer- tilized. Since the first year, the crop has been uniformly scabby, but not more so in wet than in drier seasons. The experiments thus far, while by no means conclusive in their results, seem to point to peculiar soil conditions as the most probable cause of the disease. In 1887 there appeared a paper by a Norwegian naturalist, Brunchorst,f on a disease of potatoes common in that country, and there called " Skurv," which he believes to be, and which, from his description, seems to be, the same as the German " Schorf " and the English and American " scab." This writer states that the masses noticed by other investi- gators in the dead cells of the tuber, and by them supposed to be composed of disorganized cell-contents, are really the resting condition of a parasitic organism, whose attacks * Second to Sixth Annual Reports of Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment station, 1885-80. t Ueber eine sehr verbreitetc Krankheit dor Kaitoffelknollen. In Bergens Mnseams Aarsberetning for 1886, p. 219. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 135 cause the disease. He describes in detail the structure of these masses, as he understands them, but has not seen the supposed parasite in its active state. He names the organ- ism Spongospora jSolani, and regards it as closely related to Plasmodiophora Brassicae, discovered by Woronin * in 1877, and now generally regarded as the cause of the so-called "club foot" or "stump root" disease of cabbages and turnips. For a better understanding of Brunchorst's theory, it may be well to give here a very brief account of the " club foot " parasite. On emerging from its resting state under the influence of favorable conditions for vegetation, it appears as an almost inconceivably tiny, naked mass of protoplasm, with the power of moving or creeping about in moist soil. Here it may attack a young root of either of several plants of the Mustard family, most commonly of a cabbage or turnip. Penetrating a surface cell, it lives and grows at the expense of the contents of that cell, moving on to another when the first is exhausted. Cells thus attacked increase in size, in consequence of the abnormal stimulus caused by the pres- ence of the parasite, which often also causes a large increase in the number of cells in the affected region. This hyper- trophy produces the characteristic swellings which give the disease its name. As a result of the growth and fusion of the protoplasmic masses of the organism, many of the root- cells become at length filled by them. Each of these masses separates, toward the close of the season, into numerous very small globular ones, and each of the latter secretes a wall or coat about itself. In this condition the organism can survive considerable extremes of cold or dryness, and can await the recurrence of favorable conditions. When the weather again permits, the walls or coats crack open, and the contained bits of protoplasm emerge from their rest, each one taking up its active life, and repeating the cycle just outlined. Brunchorst believes the history of his Spon- gospora to be very similar to the above, differing chiefly in the fact that the numerous masses, into which the parasitic contents of one cell divide, remain angular and closely compacted into a spongy structure, instead of becoming * I'ringsheim's Jahrbacher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik, vol. xi, p. 5l8. 136 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. globular and separate, as in Plasmodiophora. In Fig. 3 are shown the active and resting stages of the latter, and Brunchorst's representation of the resting state of his sup- posed scab parasite. Both the New York and the Massachusetts observations, before referred to, bear on Brunchorst's views. If the scab is caused by a living organism, its development must bo checked by the application of substances fatal to parasitic forms of life ; and scabby potatoes would be expected to produce usually a scabby crop, when planted, the infected tubers infecting the new generation. Experiments with fungicides, at both stations named, gave only negative re- sults, the decrease in scabbiness where they were used being insignificant. The average proportion of scabby tubers pro- duced from scabby '< seed " in the New York experiments was forty-five per cent , while smooth ' ' seed " yielded thirty-seven per cent, of diseased potatoes. At our own Station the crops have varied little in quality, when raised under similar conditions, whether from smooth or scabby " seed; " and badly diseased tubers have, in several cases, produced exceptionally good crops. One further observation, noted by Beckwith in the report quoted, is of interest. He finds that, while forty-three per cent, of the white-skinned potatoes and fifty-three per cent, of the flesh-colored ones raised on the station farm were scabby, only twenty-seven per cent, of the dark-skinned ones were aflected. Assuming the cause of the disease to be external to the tuber, such a result was to be expected. From the above statement, it is evident that much re- mains to be learned before our knowledge of the cause of the potato scab will be at all satisfactory. And, until a pretty definite knowledge of its cause is gained, all attempts at discovering a remedy are so many leaps in the dark. The conditions at this Station are in many respects very favorable for a hopeful prosecution of investigations into the nature and origin of the pest, which are planned for the coming season. The writer will be very glad of suggestions or reports* of experience from persons who have had to do practically with the disease, or to communicate with any who are interested in this subject of inquiry. ■^V ';v^ 188;).] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 137 Fig. 1. Two potatoes, "Beauty of Hebron,"' from Station plats, badly affected by " scab," illustrating the usual form of the disease. From ijhoUxjraphs. Five-sixths natural size. Fig. Section taken at right angles to the surface of a healthy potato tuber, showing its normal structure. sk. The " skin " of the tuber, of tabular coi'k-cells. I. A lenticel, filled with rounded cork-cells. p. The parenchymatous tissue, which forms the bulk of the tubers, containing starch-grains, st. Original. Magnified one hundred diameters. 138 AGKICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. -cS Fig. 3. Fig. 3. a. Cell from diseased root of cabba2;e, showing' renting stacre of Pla.'^niodiojihin'a Brassiccie, Woronin, tlie "ehib-foot" parasite. b. Protoplasmic masses of P. brassicae emerging from the resting state. c. Cell from scabby potato, showing resting stage of Sjio?i(/o- sporaSolani, Brunchorst,th.Q supposed "st-ab" ])arasite. a and b, after Woronin. a magnitied one hundred diameters, b magnified six hundred diameters, c, after Brunchorst. Magnified one thousand diameters. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 139 V. Experiments with Root Crops. The importance quite generally conceded to the introduc- tion of a liberal cultivation of root crops in a mixed farm management, wherever a deep soil and the general character of the climate favors their normal development, rests mainly on the following consideration : They furnish an exception- ally large amount of valuable vegetable matter, fit for fodder for various kinds of farm live stock, competing in this direc- tion favorably with our best green fodder crops ; and they pay well, on account of large returns, for the necessary care bestowed upon them by a thorough, deep cultivation to meet success. The physical condition of the soil, however favorable it may have been for the production of crops of a similar char- acter, will sufler if year after year the same system of culti- vation is carried out. Diversity in the mechanical treatment of the soil, and change of season for such treatment, cannot otherwise but affect advantageously its mechanical condition and the degree of its chemical disintegration, promoting thereby its fitness for developing inherent plant food, as well as its power of turning to account atmospheric resources of plant growth. The roots of the same plants abstract their food year after year from the same layer of soil, while a change of crops with reference to a different root system renders it possible to make all parts of the agricultural soil contribute in a desirable succession towards an economical production of the crops to be raised. Deep-rooting plants, like our prominent root crops, for this reason deserve a par- ticular consideration in the planning of a rational system of rotation of crops. To raise roots the second year, after a liberal application of coarse barn-yard manure, or the turning over of grass lands with the assistance of some commercial phosphatic fertilizer in the interests of a timely maturity, is highly recommended by practical cultivators of sugar beets. To stimulate in the roots the production of the largest possible amount of sugar and starch must be the object of the culti- vator, for these two constituents of roots control, more than any other one, their increase in solids. 140 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Root crops, although somewhat peculiar in their compo- sition when compared with many of our prominent fodder articles, have proved a very valuable constituent in the diet of various kinds of farm live stock, when properly supple- mented by hay, grain, oil cake, bran, etc., as circumstances may advise. Our experience at the Experiment Station con- firms fully the valuable services of roots as an ingredient of fodder rations for milch cows. (For details on this point, see " Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows," in our fourth and fifth annual reports.) The encouragement received on that occasion has served as an inducement to continue our work in this direction. The aim has been to experiment with the best varieties of roots at our disposal. The preceding annual report contains a short sketch of the field work carried out during the year 1887. The difierent varieties of roots raised had been photographed, and copies taken by the heliotype process accompanied the report. The discussion of their composi- tion and of their comparative agricultural value had to be left for a later date, on account of the closing up of the annual report before that work was finished. The same course we are obliged to pursue, for the same reason, in regard to our field experiments with root crops during the late season (1888). Our present communication com- prises, first, the analj'^ses of roots raised in 1887 ; and second, a description of the work carried on in the field with difier- ent varieties of valuable roots for feeding purposes. 1. Analyses of Roots raised upon the Lands of the Station in 1887. The seeds used in our experiments were sent on by the United States Department of Agriculture, with the excep- tion of No. 7, — Saxony sugar beet, — which was taken from our collection of imported seeds. The field work was planned with a view to ascertain the general character and the particular composition of the difierent varieties of roots on trial, when raised, as far as practicable, under corre- sponding circumstances with reference to the peculiarity of season, the quality of soil, the system of manuring and the mode of cultivation. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 141 The land consisted of a good loam in a fair condition of fertilization. It has been manured for several years past, annually, with a mixture consisting of six hundred pounds of fine-ground bone and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash per acre. The seeds, ten varieties in all, were sown May 25. Each variety occupied two rows across the field, of equal length (eighty feet) . No. 1. Beet, Mangel Wurzel, " Giant Long Red." 2. Beet, Mangel Wurzel, " Yellow Ovoid." 3. Beet, " Eclipse." 4. Beet, "Red Globe." 5. Beet, " Egyptian Turnip." 6. Beet, "Long Smooth Red." 7. Beet, " Saxony " Sugar Beet. 8. Turnip, Ruta-baga, " White Sweet German." 9. Turnip, "Early Yellow," or "Golden Stone." 10. Turnip, Ruta-baga, " Skirving's Purple Top." The rows were three feet three inches apart. The young plants were in every case thinned out or transplanted, as circumstances advised, to about eight inches distant from each other in the rows. The transplanting and thinning out took place between July 5 and 11 ; the weather during this time was favorable for transplanting. The seeds of Nos. 6 and 9 did not prove as good as the others ; the young plants of Nos. 5 and 9, in particular, did not do as well after transplanting as the re- mainder. The crop was harvested between October 31 and November 2. The roots, after being removed from the ground, were topped, and three of each kind were taken to the laboratory for a chemical examination, while three of an approximately corresponding size were photographed. The three sample roots selected in each case represented, as far as practicable, the smallest, medium and largest of each variety raised. The specimens selected for our fodder analyses were kept in the cellar, slightly covered with moist earth, until wanted for the chemical examination. The photographs were taken in every case with the roots at an equal distance from the camera. (See illustrations, pages 148-150, in our last annual report.) 142 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Statement of Field Results. NAME OF VARIETY. o 1 a o 1 E e a •A o o o Weight of three Samples photo- graphed. lbs. lbs. 1. Manifel Wurzel, " Giant Long Red," 2 150 365 11.76 2. Manuel Wurzel, " Yellow OvoM," . 2 177 350 9.75 3. Beet, "Eclipse," .... 2 163 285 4. 4. Beet, " Red Globe," .... 2 173 335 7.5 6. Beet, "Egyptian Turnip," 2 146 170 8.75 6. Beet, " Long Smooth Red," 2 145 185 5. 7. Sugar Beet, " Saxony," . 2 144 314 8.75 8. Ruta-baga, " White Sweet German," 2 176 445 4. 9. Turnip, "Early Yellow," or "Golden Stone," 2 43 50 5.5 10. Rula-baga, "Skirvlng's Purple Top," . 2 140 295 12.75 Beets. [I. Mangel Wurzel, "Giant Long Red," weight, 2 lbs. II. Mangel Wurzel, " Yellow Ovoid," weight, 2 lbs. 3 oz. III. " Eclipse," weight, I lb. 4 oz.] 1"EK Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100° C, . 86.92 87.66 Not Dry matter, 13 08 12.34 determined.* 100.00 100 00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 8.35 11.01 8.86 " cellulose, . . . . ' . 9.54 7.21 4.29 " fat, .90 1.01 .85 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 7.83 10.45 10.09 Non-nitrogenous extract matter. 73.38 70.32 75.91 100 00 100.00 100.00 * The sample had suffered a loss in original moisture from exposure. 1881>.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 143 Fertilizing Ingredients in the Above Beets. Per Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100'^ C, . 86.92 87.66 - Nitrogen, . .171 .206 .282 Phosphoric acid, . .102 .085 .156 Potassium oxide, .305 .462 .587 Calcium oxide, . .064 .059 .062 Magnesium oxide. .047 .031 .045 Sodium oxide. .145 .105 .055 Ferric oxide, .006 .004 .005 Insoluble matter, .028 .018 .043 Valuation per 2,000 lbs , $0 94 $1 17 $1 62 Beets. [IV. " Red Globe," wei!,'lit, 1 lb. 2 ot. V. " Egyptian Turnip," weight, 1 lb. 2 oz. YI. " Long Smooth Red," weight, I lb. 10 oz.] Per Cent. IV. V. VI. Moisture at 100° C , . 86.95 85.80 85.49 Dry matter, 13.05 14.20 1451 100.00 100.00 100.00 Analysis of Drg Matter. Crude ash, 10.57 5.80 8.99 " cellulose, ..... 4.52 6.23 5.47 " fat 1.76 .82 .79 " protein (nitrogenous matter). 12.17 7.82 11.80 Non-niti'ogenous extract matter, 70.98 79..S3 72.95 100.00 100.00 100.00 144 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Fertilizing Ingredients in the Above Beets. Per Cent. IV. V. VI. Moisture at lOO'i C, 86.95 85.80 85.49 Nitrogen, . .264 .177 .236 Phosphoric acid, .079 .070 .087 Potassiixm oxide. .525 .303 .3T7 Calcium oxide, . .044 .049 .040 Magnesium oxide. .025 .035 .044 Sodium oxide. .110 .061 .099 Ferric oxide. .004 .002 .003 Insoluble matter. .013 .018 .028 Valuation per 2,000 lbs.. $1 42 $0 92 $1 20 Sugar Beet. [VII. " Saxony," weight, 1 lb. 11 oz.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, Analysis of Dry Matter Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter. Fertilizing Ingredients in Sugar Beet. Moisture at 100° C, Nitrogen, Phosphoric acid, . Potassium oxide, . Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide. Sodium oxide. Ferric oxide. Insoluble matter, Valuation per 2,000 lbs., Per cent. 83.32 16.68 100.00 5.09 5.81 .39 7.32 81.39 100.00 83.32 .209 .1.36 .383 .052 .034 .113 .025 .032 $1 18 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 145 Turnips. [VII[. Ruta-basa, "White Sweet German," weight, 2 lbs. 2 oz. IX. "Early Yel- low" or "Golden Stone," weight, 14 oz. X. Riita-baga, " Skirving's Purple Top," weight, 2 lbs. 11 oz.] Per Cent. viir. IX. X. Moisture at 100° C, . 87.23 87.20 88.40 Dry matter, 12.77 12.80 11.60 100.00 100.00 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 8.81 8.01 9.24 " cellulose, 11.01 10.96 11.60 " fat, 1.23 1.42 2.32 " protein (nitrogenous matter), . 10.34 10.81 11.16 Non-nitrogenous extract matter. 68.58 68.80 65.68 100.00 100.00 100.00 Fertiliziyig Ingredients in the Above Turnips. Per Cent. VIII. IX. X. Moisture at 100° C, 87.23 87.20 88.40 Nitrogen, . .211 .221 .207 Phosphoric acid, . .136 .116 .125 Potassium oxide. .546 .412 .452 Calcium oxide, . .106 .117 .080 Magnesium oxide. .030 .033 .027 Sodium oxide. .051 .133 .141 Ferric oxide. .002 .009 .004 Insoluble matter, .001 .072 .017 Valuation per 2,000 lbs., fl 32 fl 22 $1 21 The closino; months of the summer season of 1887 were marked by an exceptional amount of ramfall. The serious influence of that circumstance showed itself in various direc- 14(j AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. tions in our vicinity. Some crops in low localities suflered more or less a premature decay, others did not reach their full maturity in due time. Our root crop, judging from the results of our examination, evidently did not reach its full perfection on account of the exceptional wetness of the latter part of the growing season. The moderate amount of dry vegetable matter found in the well-studied variety of Saxony sugar beet, as well as the large proportion of the nitrogen most of them contained in other combinations than in that of true albuminoid substances, entitle to that conclusion. Root crops are commonly reported to contain on an average from thirty-five to forty-five per cent, of their nitrogen in other and less valued combinations than the typical albu- minous matter or the genuine protein substances. An ex- amination of the subsequent tabular statement of some tests in that direction shows that our roots, as far as they have been submitted to an actual observation (1-7), contained from fifty-two to seventy per cent, of their nitrogen in various combinations quite generally considered of less nutritive value than the group of typical albuminous sub- stances. The last-named class of compounds reaches usually its highest attainable proportions in a plant or part of a plant. at the state of maturity. Determinatiox of Albuminoid Nitrogen in Roots raised upon THE Fields of the Station. Root No. 1, , " 2, 3, 4, 5, G, " 7, Total Nitrogen. 1.20 1.61 1.53 1.90 1.20 1.81 1.25 Albuminoid Nitrogen. 0.58 0.55 0 56 0.57 0.58 0.51 0.60 Xon- Albuminoid Niirogcn. 0.62 1.06 0.97 1.33 0.62 1.30 0.65 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 147 The various kinds of roots usually raised on farms for feeding purposes differ essentially in regard to the amount of dry vegetable matter they contain. Turnips contain from seven to eight per cent. ; ordinary mangolds from eleven to twelve per cent. ; improved varieties of beet roots, like Lane's, from fifteen to sixteen per cent. ; good carrots from fourteen to fifteen per cent. ; a good sugar lieet from eigh- teen to twenty per cent, of solids ; or, in other words, one ton of an improved variety of good sugar l)eets is equal to from two to twa and one-half tons of ordinary turnips, as far as the amount of dry vegetable matter is concerned. ]\Iodes of cultivation and of manuring exert a decided in- fluence in this direction on the composition of the roots. Large roots of the same variety contain quite frequently less solid matter than the smaller ones. Close cultivation in the rows, in connection with the use of well-decomposed raanu- rial matter as fertilizer, tends to produce good results. The difierence in the amount of solids, as far as each kind of root is concerned, is otherwise due, in the majority of cases, to a more or less perfect maturity. A liberal manur- ing with potash and nitrogen, in connection with a scanty supply of phosphoric acid, is frequenth^ the cause of imma- tured roots at the ordinary harvest time. 2. Field Observations with Root Crops in 1888. The field used for the work was of the same character as in the preceding trial. It represents a part of field " D " on our records, and is 328 feet long and 70 feet wide. The main field runs from east to w^est, and the rows run in all cases from south to north. The soil consists of a deep, sandy loam, and has l)een fertilized for several 3^ears annu- ally with the same fertilizer, six hundred pounds of fine- ground bones and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash per acre. Some of the land has J)een used beft)re for the raising of root crops. It was ploughed in the autumn, 1887, and again on April 26, 1888. The fertilizer was applied April 30, in the customary way, broadcast, and slightly harrowed in before planting. The rows were seventy feet long and three feet three inches apart. The seed was taken partly from our own imported stock of previous years, and 148 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. partly chosen from varieties sent on by the United States Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C. The fol- lowing varieties were seeded May 17 and 19 ; — Kows. No. 1. Excelsior Sugar Beet, 15 2. Improved Imperial Sugar Beet, 6 3. Vilmorin Sugar Beet, 14 4. Lane's Sugar Beet, 9 5. New Market Gardener Beet (red), 1 C. Eclipse Beet (red), 1 7. Osborn's Selected Beet (red), 1 8. Yellow Danver's Carrot, ....•.., 90 One row was planted with Saxony sugar beet, from our crop of 1887, for the purpose of raising seeds for our own consumption during the coming season. The young plants appeared in all cases above ground May 28 ; they were in every instance, whenever necessary, thinned out to have them eight inches apart in the rows ; none were transplanted. The averao-e number of roots in a row was at the end of the season as follows : — Plants. Excelsior Sugar Beet, 89 Improved Imperial Sugar Beet, 96 Vilmorin Sugar Beet, 119 Lane's Sugar Beet, 105 New Market Gardener Beet, 07 Eclipse Beet, 118 Osborn's Selected Beet, 122 The entire yield of each of these varieties of beet roots without tops amounted to, — 1,870 pounds in fifteen rows of Excelsior. * 1,070 pounds in six rows of Improved Imperial. 3,355 pounds in fourteen rows of Vilmorin. 1,250 pounds in nine rows of Lane's. 125 pounds in one row of New Market Gai'dener. 150 pounds in one row of Eclipse. 130 pounds in one row of Osborn's Selected. The Vilmorin sugar beet exceeds in our case in yield all other sugar beets, allowing an equal number of rows with an equal number of plants. The yield per acre, with rows three feet and three inches apart, at our rate of production would amount to 22.1'5 tons. %, No. 1. Saxonj Sugar Beet, raised 1887. No. 2. Excelsior Sugar Beet, raised 1888. /a^ No. 3. Improved Imperial Sugar Beet, raised i{ Co.. -VjAff PftitTsna No. 4. Vilmorm Sugar Beet, raised i{ No. 5. Lane's Sugar Beet, raised i{ No. 6. New Market Gardener Beet, raised 1888. r /'crrffl. P»mTi\G Co., riT/^TE PniK^si No. 7. Eclipse Beet (red), raised 1888. Osborn's Selected Beet (red), raised i{ No. 9. Danver's Carrot (jellow), raised 1888. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 149 The crop was harvested October 22. The entire season was remarkable for its exceptional coolness in July, and its abundance of rain. The leaves retained even to the time of harvesting a considerable degree of vitality. Carrots (^Danver's Yellow) . — This crop occupied an area of 109 by 70 feet; the field was manured in the same way and with the same quantity of fine-ground bones and muriate of potash as the one which served for the raising of the above-mentioned varieties of roots. The soil was in both instances practically of a corresponding character, and in a corresponding state of fertilization. The seed was planted in rows, fourteen inches apart, June 1. The young plants appeared above ground June 17 ; the crop was kept clean from weeds by the use of the hand and the cultivator. The roots were harvested October 31 ; they amounted to 6,850 pounds, or 137 bushels, at 50 pounds each, which is equal to 19.52 tons per acre. Samples of all the varieties of roots raised at the Station have been carefully collected and at once photographed, to present a concise idea of their peculiarity, as far as their exterior is concerned. Analyses of each kind will l)e pre- sented later on. Three samples of every variety, represent- ing the largest, middle and smallest size of each, served the photographer. The picture was in each case taken at a corresponding distance, to allow comparison of size. The weight of each is also stated. Tabular Statement of Weights of Roots photographed. Largest. Medium. Smallest. Picture No. 1. Saxony Sugar Beet,* - - 2. Excelsior Sugar Beet, 2 lbs. 14 oz. 1 lb 15 oz. 1 lb. 5H « N O r/) H CO a w >H Hi i/j w c ^5 a o S Q o ce n ai • O O O paooQ •■c ;«- tea:!. S^- S ^ og >- o 3 S OO Q 5 =S t, on::; ^ p: •n t^ * be :c>co<:h:i O . -. 00 O CO t-- OQ O ^ C-l CO — ; ^_ CO | C^ O w Eh 7=?'? O CT! ^ CO — — I I I I coo ao Oo6l--lo-JC5l-^OCJt^ODOt^'*-^(© j"^! i7n"7~'V77iti'77'T' ■-I t^ O CO — CO O CO — I CO ■— I CO o OCOCO— I — C0::OCOCOCO— . I-- o 1-: cc C5 ic p CO coc o a ■^ 0 = ?3 SpaxPn P 3 a 5 — H C) ^ O) M ;:^ ~ tf.o o 160 AGKICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. ■ 'p m: 1c ij >H a o.ti o § f§l> §?. 03 O pi f^ ^ X /S^'o' a.- S ^ - OS fcc « 5 ~^ 4= tS — Ofi< OS o p H -3 aj 'SO 3i2-3 03 oH ^ " O o N '^ *- ■ — :'=) r p>>pci t-iCpq pJEiLi os"_2 . '-'.aD'Qgoj . f-ls! 53 N O S o • o il> '3 6 a o •-a -a c3^ P =3 (Up. 5^^ P a^ = a p. c n C B O O c3 f^ 00 w 1^ go o 00 o3 i) D 7: -73 -a lass 5 3^^ Oooo 0~!-.OCCtOJ p3 - C3 _ [1, p S2 S ap^ , CO Ol 3 c3 -JO 03 03-^ 2 a)O033i-»'-'J3 fHtcaHOQPHWPW OMpq 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 161 ■* CO oeo I I I I : (NC^ •o c^ co o t--; o c4 CO >0 C^ ■* lO ■«j5 c^ CO -< c^ -^ l?4 CO c^ c4 ■ a CO C O to CO lO O t--. 05 (MOlM (M 05 COO5 00 OlI-OC^IOiOC^OOCO. to t^» o f-H >— « Tf t^ GS to t-— I'^'^rt^-^iJuus^t^^i-' ocotoaJoJo6coo6i--i--^o6t^a3^'o5t^oo6 0(M"ra©(Mco(M"mo to to --■<*< o o I I I I I I I I 'I I I I I I .-I lO 0> (M 00 00 I »0 I 050(M ao O — I O .-i< COOOinOOiMCOiOl-^ rocotooo-^coto t0C'IOt^C0^30l-;t-;-^'-;t-;30C^C»00Ol?Q coo^oi>ic^--ioo>-^o-H-)HO-*c00»0'^C5 — t^^Hf-.-^cO— 'lO— 'OOOS'O cic^i^c^oi(NcO'--c4 C5S0a0iO=0-Ht^-HC0C0t^iMO00— iGOC^i-i oot^ Oiocoos^oco — ) lOOoqco^tDco 00 1-^ ci to CO ■* o i^ o o t^ •*o6o6T)Ho6id t-.oo 05 to 00© COCOtO'>itl — — iC^MOOOJ ^^ !M «;,-;»:'>)_: ^i ~; ,^; »i ^ ^i eococ^'^-H c^co! -M -+< 'ra co (N M;o50ioqooj-*OTt;^oa5i^oqto.-jC50 osc^ coc^oc^eococococooicoeii^ii-HCQcorHfN coco tC-ti'0>Oir3'^iCOOC^'a;c^c^c>^c^!t^[^oqoTj>i— icvjco (Mi— ' -^c^iaJ-*oi'-^coT)H' 6 6'^ -a — v* o c , N - . 25 = < 0'=-', ! o o 3 fe'O a, - 'J 'S l^tj (§ ^ = •■t: :» "^ tj s ) iH 2 2 o 325 ■ ^2 B^~ r-,< r-s o 2 a^ t: O ■ 7^ n c ,!-' .2 ^ ■j^ — cu o fl 1^ ri Ci"^ t; p rt O Ci ■ cq ^-s 3— rS 2^ £r-3o3 2 c3 3 = d§ §^ a 2 _, cS 5" N X ro Q^ O = 'S M « pq - ?^ c-1^ 7<- 3 3^22^ 'S ^ E = 5 J3 C3 P-l O i. N 73 O tfi " j3 ~ -1 CT "3 = 03."^ ® .:« r ii ^ o 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 163 op 03 (M i lO ■ I I 1 I I : eicc— ;^ic:::Da5->)co <^^(^^c5■-lc4oTt^•-H•^eo COOC-ICS— ;'1HCOCOOTl-OCOC;OOCiCCC3COiOi— irt< I CO o ai.ci t-^-^ocicii-looo-HCic^i^ocjcJoo CD^CO^-^O'^'t^O I I I I I I I I I I CO'-'O.— CiO-#C5O00 r-H . ^ . 05^ . --l,-<03 coict--ot-jioiocococ-aC3-*oooXi— iT)<-^c^;Dr-i iffloo-'cicoi^Ioci'-HO— '■>ii- CO c4 lo c4 CO — ic^i>j-*i:D'— ■i.O".oco-e<— '-+it-~ooococ:5t^oi^>o ciiCCTso-^o — ooi.-3i-c»co6oot^ot^t^co oo o ci coc-i CO IC o o CO t^ O t^ C<) CO :i CO c-i TiH ■>:(< ro ir: CO ^-i CO c^5 "T- CO CO CO o c-5 ^ CO 00 CO I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I I I I I ^ C) '-; CO -iCOCOC<)C^O(Ni-ccOCO'M oi oo^>;- t-^ ic c-i CD • .cOTj-> 3 r/) a 'a (1) 0) cj g ;? fl Fq ^^ *-i O 01 o 0*3. p. '.i r 1 .it a. j? -t: < :^ ^ aJ ? "P P — '^ P -j: ACQ. -:" .R'^^^ rt; CC d H in S C o O a5 t) ii-a .^ - P 3 r„ ^ 3 0) a >>T^ '^^ ^11 § 1G4 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. a w ;^ ^ Q ° O _2 . *^ . l^ oo pq M p;3 ^ PL, ^ ^ 1= tc-3 tC-3 0 5" > oZ'5 _0 ^ P-1 ;j tj^ O « ^^ •-> .5 O S o r C o S sj So 5 -n sh tc "^ '^ r 2 o . ^-> g o ^ r^ (U o o u ,1^ S *-• O a— . c-i S - 2 .- 5 1> 5 =^ n u ^ 5? '3 tc u S-ii"^ . ^< 3 '^ .&?!>' W ^to ^ pq fq 03 hJ <1 S O M ao O o ,-5 >^ o'S 2 1^ [ii a, c => S cS o s - & « „ 5 5 s" S - ^i3s o g S in -K O T 3 O in Soto Soa OS O K c o .-SS :5 1» pq Q H C M to Oi'-' > -H [Z c3pL| C S •■Z! WOWofA^OPq ^_tn 1-50 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 165 ■ts lO >0 CO «0 00CO?0i»C<3 -^ og •paa^nojuno ■*-^M< ■* cDiMci-^i-i ira CO p (M05^- i-lO00OTjq to GO lO in CO CO Oi 03 ■* 00 ' « 00 ^ > lO(MCOt^CO-*t^00— i^-*050-* OQ ■«J •pnnoj OOi-HTjHiOC^Tt<-^C^C<3M-*OOOOJ O t^t^oooo-<*. CO CO C» CD M lO ^ g St 1 ■ 1-1 i-H Ot^C^1C<3003r-0-#'C-*'MCO— 1 •punoj r-JcDcoi>.t~.cDior-;C^ooooocJC5 o 3 0-^oit-l|>^0300r-Jo6oC3C^;-* .-1^ rt rt — ^ ^(Mr-< ioiO'*01;•^^'^lC5cot~.l^^co eo(>5rHci— ;c^c^ic4cj^rHiooic4 •-iCO-(>'MTt<00i^'l<'-ir^>O>O— '(N CO.— 'i-'i--<>cooOt-;(Mr-;S'iiqcD •aiqniog ■^TfcDcoTiJc^-oiciooTilt^od.-! 8 »^Ci 00 O (M eot>. ■* o ^ 00 CO e. 00 — ' C-l H •punoj CC CO Tp '3< ■* CO 05 IQ (M Tt< -vl (M in CO 2 eocoinc.op-JCOt-;— rccom Tj! d CO •— d c^i i>i in in ^ oj ^ d CO ■-I .-1 ri !M r-l .— 1 r-l r-l ^ ^ i— 1 C<1 05 cT ' * .- o3 cS .fe-a . ^ -gN & g- ■ ■ ■ es:n 2 o - *j -e ja J3 • • . & . C 8 S . . 3 . . . O cj o ^ M t « -5 2 J "» ® S M c a C'a cs Q 1 ■ |||o-2i5|- = |.o>:^ -11 m_'2^_co -^ cS 5 -S o "^ .tn O 00 P5 cc ca p H W O ffl a A, o « H^ o •Oil AtOjWoqBl i-<(N'*.000J0>OOO- tr 2 CQ t. c n"! CD o ;-( O 1 o 6 =8 ■g^^ se =3 O -S2^ • • rr ^ 3 aJ "1 .cB.asg'Z'eo-aS b.-;; 0,"^ P,aj !^ c '^ •'i^5V, §^<'■-"-^- 'OP.SOcCcnojcai-c ccccaawpoapqp fa s-T C III > oj a;i *<« ^ S: ^■^ =s cs 5 ci © faHH "fa 3 ■3 a:) O a c:Ph (D 1) -ji "^ o ^ s " =■ r< C3 jh c S§ * d o 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 167 Ed '-'? * 4< iK O — • C^ t^ ^ ' PJ C •puno.r c-j oqccc^ lowoss icopu-ixjo jcocJ^ CO M"*0 t^^O-sl^ COCO— <-*0 OtJ < ■* Ot^O-^iC-O OO^'OC0>ICCt-.OO • t^ lOODt^(^^lraa5t^■^^^j:ocjd■^j^-lo-^o Q " " ^ p o o 2 o -rf O "^^ !M ""^ ^ •* CI C2 >c C5 r-. C2 o o r-1 o -; o 00 CO dd?Joicddco-*dd?OL-isfi.^iCT^ o ^ F-lrtC^) r^ r- -< — . r-H CM — 1 O — •C5'*l^ O'M'NaO'MOr^-^J'COt^iOC^l £ ■3[qniosiII ■■a; cq«o-;r^ |— •-H^^^c^_ilod■* o — i c^ PH — ' I^CO — — '(MCOOO — injCOOOCOCO'"-"^— ' ■poii3.\on o o <>; o CO o •>; o CO c^ t^ c:3 ?c o 1-. 00 1-; CO c^ r^ rq o ^ d L-i T*; ivj cq r) t-l -^ c^ d N '*M>COOOSO!MOCCOCOaD— 1 •3iqii[os' C-J O O *0 O >J w l^CO TT t^ :o •>! O.— ^ CO Ci 1 -* CO lo -I d id -^ c4 d rJ d 30 3o" o> d -- ^ 8 O -f O (M ^M 00 CO (M CO lO'M o c;:z)-- — QCcccocoo— < 7 ^tSn:t-;2T?T'f7^^=?7^t^ S5 ^ ■paajuuJBno C<1 lO. ^^ CO.0 CO t~; -O CC 02 •* t-. 1 ^ 1 CO ir£rjf-it-I-*ir3cot-^csco-5-!^^ooo4-H rt cooot^coor^t^c o >0 Tf; o c^ •cddi^codiraTi<'co~i-^corid>ii - p i; -7 « -f -^ -^ a S =3 -; ■2 -3 S -5 = a "SH -;h c t^ _2 -"= 2 J ^3 -^ = y 2 o T! o o b S S S "S Tc -cc > £ o (D !§ 5 3 o •ox A"jo]i;j'iqi!T COOO OSt^-HOl^^uT'CDCOiSOCOCO-^OOOO ^iM (MCO"*<-TTi(iOiOiOi;COt^l-30=O0CC - ^ \P. 2, O) — r- M „H^.S oM S r S i- S h S fci -e >-< S fS o rt •^ n *f — I 0>-i oU SI 3 § S a to >4 r-rl rn r jj"3 c cs a T3 to !-l oS^ CO O c ? o =* o WPhQ M as a Sf ° 2 a3 S ■ M * > £ 9 .2 a ■^ go a^ ^^ 3 ^ P & a g > 3 . 0 ■r u ^-' t^ -^ i .a-s ^ P P S § 15 §5-' '-' ■^ '-'-a o tn Tr^ iH 3 ■" rt 5 -^ . - _ -I o o i- « K^ . a> o 53 o o f-i c-i CO CO 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 169 ' I I I I * I 1 I I (M o 'O o o It: CO oo 1^ O i--c^c>TrC5co — t~.aD(>; ^- -t" »o \ o> O ,-1 O— I O (N — rt ^ -H _ CJ _ .^ I I I < I I f I I 30 iC OJ CO t^COO C5 to o o CO r-. ci -* rj cc r^ ■>; t^ 30 G5 O O C-1 O OJ I cicc i-i C5 I I I I I I I I < I OOCGOO — OOCSCS— ' — .— I ^- ■* c^ I I I I I ^ .-' t^ C^ (M l-H .-i C^ ^^^^COlCO5>OC0-005^^-*0'Oh~ ^ O O O: t^co CO 03 'O CO I— I 00 —I ■-< CM IOI^I:^05COCO>OCO— <■* iri "o oi t^ o t^ c^ ■— I CO lo tD--fOCOC^-*'-Hl(:5c4ciD CO —I CO o CO CO (M t-~. 00 1(5 O O O I O O CM o t^« •cJ CM -^ O -^ CO iC t^ i^ »C CM CO 00 CO CM .-- I ■paojuBJBUo 1^ If; ^ in h- — CO CDt~^'^iOC^<^-C^''^t^CO CM CM CI CM CO -^1^ CM CM CO C-1 I I I I I I I I < I 05O«C00iOOiQiCC0CD CM eOCM CMC^ CM -* O -*< I I I I CM I-^iC O CMO (COCO— "* o S-i— * 50, 00 giJ-^ .^ (Dp,.. ES3 '^, , t-l j-H O StinP-' (U O O) ij J.g — -S ."^ -a ^ S cu jj 4) 3 .iir— a:> •'-1 ^ !H,a I. J3 O OOOO W B:RB X] £ sfiooo>oeMeoo•-^lracMCM coot— 1^00050305000— 'O CO OiOM-* O —I CM CO CO 170 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. n. — Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers and Manur- lAL Substances sent on for Examination. Wood Ashes. [ I. Sent on from Ipsvdch, Mass. II. and III. Sent on from Concord, Mass ] Per Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100° C, 4.24 14.50 14.13 Calcium oxide, 38.30 33.34 33.45 Magnesium oxide, . . . . 2.82 3.83 3.39 Potassium oxide, 255 5.76 6.32 Phosphoric acid, 1.83 1.28 1.40 Insoluble matter (before calcination), 21.58 14.96 14.83 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 19.81 9.95 11.67 Sample I. contains but one-half the amount of potash of an ordinary quality of Canada wood ash. Samples II. and III. are of a good quality, and correspond fairly with the guaranty of the dealer. The question has been repeatedly asked, on what basis to adjust differences between a stated guaranty of composition and the actual results of an analysis of a sample of wood ash. Our answer has been, in these cases, to allow 5^ cents for every pound of potassium oxide and 6 cents for every pound of phosphoric acid which the analysis shows to be less than the guaranty states to be present. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 171 Wood Ashes. [ I. Sent on from Amherst, Mass. II. Sent on from Amherst, Mass. III. Sent on by F. H. Greeley, Salisbmy, Mass. IV. Sent on by J. D. W. French, North Andover, Mass.] Per Cent. I. 11. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C, 8.67 19.14 7.29 17.14 Phosphoric acid, . 1.25 1.72 3.09 5.04 Calcium oxide, 39.06 30.16 45.22 35.59 Potassium oxide, . 5.38 4.76 4.37 4.22 Magnesium oxide, 2.88 3.04 4.27 6.45 Insoluble matter (befo re calcination), 17.42 21.72 18.14. 17.47 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 8.79 13.45 11.23 12.19 [V. Sent on by C.F. Clark, Boston, Mass. VI. Sent on by Coolidge Bros., South Sudbury, Mass. VII. and VIII. Sent on by Fred L. Ames, Boston, Mass.] Per Cent. V. VI. vn. vm. Moisture at 100° C, . , . . 4.94 4.41 12.33 8.20 Phosphoric acid, . . 1.54 1.28 1.54 1.87 Calcium oxide, ..... 31.70 35.50 34.17 40.15 Potassimn oxide, 4.80 4.76 4.39 4.70 Magnesium oxide, .... 4.58 4.87 3.26 4.42 Insoluble matter (before calcination), 20.85 9.64 15.37 20.55 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 18.57 6.10 12.19 18.33 172 AGRICULTURAL EXPERBIENT STATION. [Jan. Wood Ashes. [I. Sent on by F. H. Williams, Sunderland, Mass. 11. Sent on by C. H. Thomp- son & Co., Boston, Mass. III. and IV. Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Per ( ;^ENT. I. II. iir. IV. Moisture at 10U° C, . . . . 8.31 2.57 8.G7 19.14 Phosphoric acid, 1.65 1.53 1.25 1.72 Magnesium oxide, .... 2.41 5.29 2.88 3.04 Calcium oxide, 37.39 2G.94 39.0G 30.16 Potassium oxide, 7.78 7.95 5.38 4.76 Insoluble matter (before calcination), 10.93 17.44 17.42 21.76 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . G.15 15.GG 8.79 13.45 Wood Ashes. [I. Sent on by S. M. Farnswortb, Harvard, Mass. II. Sent on by J. J. II. Gregory, Marblehead, Mass. III. Sent on I>y D. G. Lang, Concord, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100° C 16.51 2.76 22.07 Phosphoric acid, 1.37 3.09 0.48 Magnesium oxide, 4!03 2.84 3.48 Calcium oxide, ...... 32.54 32.03 29.11 Potassium oxide, 5.07 10 24 5.84 Insoluble matter (before calcination), . 16.13 24.39 19.70 Insoluble matter (after calcination) , . 13.06 17.91 15.13 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMEXT — No. 33. 173 Cotton-seed Hull Ashes. [I. Sent on from Hatfield, Mass. II. Sent on from Agawam, Mass. III. Sent on from South Deerfield, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100° C, 13.26 7.15 10.19 Phosphoric acid (6 cts. per lb.), . 8.83 8.06 15.37 Potassium oxide (5 J cts. per lb.), , 24.13 28.22 19.07 Calcium oxide, 8.92 10.50 5.14 Magnesium oxide, 8.60 15.25 978 Insoluble matter (before calcraation) , . 14.29 12.75 18.11 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 12.22 10.57 12.16 Valuation per 2,000 lbs , . . . . ?37.14 $40.71 $39.42 The samples are of an exceptionally good quality. Cotton-seed Hull Ashes. [Sent on by Benj. M. "Warner, Hatfield, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, . Phosphoric acid, . Potassium oxide, . Calcium oxide, ]\Iagnesium oxide. Insoluble matter (before calcination). Insoluble matter (after calcination), Per cent. 6.95 3.14 25.10 12.41 5.84 55.48 9.58 174 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Potash Fertilizers. [I. Muriate of Potash. II. Sulphate of Potash and Magnesia, sent on from Amherst, Mass.] w Per Cent. I. II. Moisture at 100° C, 2.21 8.08 Potassium oxide, •19.77 21.88 Sodium oxide, 10.06 5.06 Calcium oxide, 2.07 3.51 Magnesium oxide, 0.45 11.93 Sulphuric acid, 0.55 43.43 Chlorine, 50.00 3.10 Insoluble matter, 0.17 0.77 Saltpetre Waste from Gunpowder Works. [Sent on from Acton, Mass.] Per cent. Moisture at 100° C, 5.19 Potassium oxide, 15.04 Sodium oxide, 36.82 Total calcium oxide, .47 Total magnesium oxide, .27 Niti'ogen, 1.90 Sulphuric acid, 1.02 Total chlorine, 63.50 Calcium chloride, .05 Magnesium chloride, .63 Insoluble matter, Trace. The composition of this material varies in different samples in a marked degree. Its application on forage crops and on grass lands in particular has proved highly satisfactory. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 175 Muck. [I. and II. Sent on from MaiToorough, Mass. III. Sent on from Concord, Mass.] Pke Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100° C, 33.64 40.63 56.46 Dry matter, 66.36 59.37 43.54 Nitrogen in dry matter, .... 1.65 121 1.16 Ash constituents in dry matter, . 6.41 18.73 4.72 Insoluble matter in ash, .... 5.76 15.07 Not determined. These samples are fair representatives of their kind. As the agricultural value of this material has been repeatedly discussed in previous reports, no further statement seems to be called for. Muck. [I. and II. Sent on by A. A. Rice, Mount Hermon, Mass.] Moisture at 100" C, . . . Dr'y matter, Nitrogen, Ash constituents in dry matter, . 176 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Muck. [Sent on by W. H. Earle, Worcester, Mass.] ir. Moisture at 100° C, Ash, .... Feme oxide, . Aluminic oxide, . Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide. Potassium oxide, . Phosphoric acid, . Nitrogen, Insoluble silicious matter. 10.030 51.289 Trace. 6.672 .038 .030 .051 .198 1.470 39.755 11.231 51.400 Trace. 6.953 .049 .031 .062 .232 1.460 39.635 Sea-weed. [Sent on from Eastham, Mass., — two samples.] ir. Moisture at 100° C, Nitrogen (16 1 cts. per lb.), . Phosphoric acid (6 cts. per lb.). Potassium oxide (4| cts. per lb.) Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide Sodium oxide. Chlorine, Insoluble matter. Valuation per 2,000 lbs 12.05 1.66 .44 3.81 2.73 1.48 11.75 6.40 7.73 f9.25 14.96 1.28 .17 .36 386 1.30 8.40 5.28 .78 $4.72 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 177 The samples were received in an air-dry state. Accord- ing to statement, I. bad been dried witbout any serious exposure to bad weatber ; II. bad suffered from exposure for a considerable leno;tb of time. Cotton-seed Meal (for manurial purposes). [I. Sent on by Geo. Frost, Boston, Mass. II. and III. Sent on by C. L. Warner, Hatfield, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100° C, 6.26 8.30 8.30 Ash, 6.16 5.77 5.77 Calcium oxide, .31 .31 .31 Magnesium oxide, .95 .77 .77 Potassium oxide, 1.80 1.21 .89 Phosplioric acid, 1.32 1.45 1.26 Nitrogen, 7.26 6.69 6.88 Insoluble matter, .53 .40 .40 Befuse Camel's Hair from Cotton-seed Oil Works. [Sent on by W. H. Bowker, Boston, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Ash. . Nitrogen, Potassium oxide, . Phosphoric acid, . Insoluble matter, . Per cent. 8.80 7.25 5.9'2 2.56 2.77 1.27 ' Castor Pomace. [Sent on by Benj. M. Warner, Hatfield, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Ash, . Nitrogen, Phosphoric acid, Potassium oxide, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide Insoluble matter. 8.67 5.70 5.72 1.57 .97 .71 .65 121 178 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Cotton Waste. [Sent on by Samuel Pillsbuiy, Boston, Mass.] Per cent. Moisture at 10J° C, 8-24 Nitrogen, 2.09 Phosi^horic acid, -83 Calcium oxide, 2.52 Magnesium oxide, -66 Potassium oxide, 1-62 Insoluble matter, . 20.10 Wool Waste. [Sent on by A. S. Shepard, Franklin, Mass.] Per cent. Moisture at 100° C, 7.67 Ash, 10 63 Phosphoric acid, 1-15 Potassium oxide, -51: Nitrogen, 5.26 Lisoluble matter, 5.83 Waste from Cotton-seed Presses. [Sent on by Oliver R. Robbins, "Weston, Mass.] Per cent. Moisture at 100° C. 6.83 Ash 23.47 Phosphoric acid, -96 Potassium oxide, -20 Nitrogen, 4.24 Insoluble matter, 17.74 Waste from Linseed Presses. [Sent on by Oliver R. Robbins, Weston, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Ash, . Phosphoric acid, Potassium oxide. Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, Per cent. 7.06 2.34 2.43 .24 8.05 1.00 Scouring Liquor of Raw Wool. [Sent on from Plymouth, Mass.] Per cent. Moisture at 100° C. 92.03 Dry matter, . . . . ; 7.97 Nitrogen (in liquid), .03 Ash, 3.28 Calcium oxide, -04 Magnesium oxide, Trace. Potassium oxide, 1-09 Sodium oxide, . -92 Iron and alumina oxides, '09 Insoluble matter, ., -22 1889.] PUBLIC DOCmiENT — Xo. 33. 179 One hundred parts of ash contained, — Per cent. Calcium oxide, 1.22 Magnesium oxide, Trace. Potassium oxide, 33.23 Sodium oxide, 28.05 Iron and alumina oxides, 2. 74 Insoluble matter, 6.91 The above-stated liquid was obtained, according to infor- mation received, by scouring raw wool with a solution of soda-ash and soap. The most noticeable constituent of the material is its comparatively large amount of potash (1.09 per cent.) in the calcined residue or ash. The presence of a liberal amount of potash compounds in raw wool is well known. A sample of raw wool from South America, tested here in that direction some years ago, showed fiom 3.92 to 4.2 per cent, of potassium oxide. The washings of sheep and of raw wool may be used with a good eflect on grass lands. Solutions like the one above described are, however, too concentrated for direct use ; they ought to be diluted with from ten to twenty times their weight of water, to render advisable their direct application on any growing vegetation. Refuse Material from Soap Wo7'ks. [Sent on by Holyoke Soap Works, Holyoke, Mass.] Per cent. Moisture at 100° C. 19.70 Total phosphoric acid, 15.37 Soluble phosphoric acid, .03 Reverted phosphoric acid, 5.29 Insoluble phosphoric acid, 10.05 Nitrogen, 4.24 Insoluble matter, 1.37 This material is similar to tankage in composition and in mechanical condition. 180 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Fish Fertilizers. [Sent on frona Eastham, Mass. I. Suit Fisb "Waste. II. Fish Cbura. III. Salt Fish Trimmings. IV. Whalebone. V. Whale Scrap.] II. III. IV. Moisture at 100" C, . Total phosphoric acid, Soluble jjhosphoric acid (8 cts. per lb), Reverted phosphoric acid (7| cts. per lb.), .... Insoluble phosphoric acid (3 cts. per lb), . . . . Nitrogen (12 els. per lb.). Insoluble matter, Valuation per 2,000 lbs., . 2.89 .58 1.16 1.15 5.2G .10 ^5.96 53.80 3.80 .36 1.77 1.67 4.2G .06 $14.46 5.22 5.50 .69 2.15 2 6G 7.63 .26 f24.24 6.81 20.84 .34 1.84 18.69 3.40 3.69 $22.67 9.51 1.15 .84 .07 .^4 9.64 9.10 $24 73 The main quantity of these substances was in a very coarse state. Dry Ground Fish. [I. and II. Sent on by R. P. Smith, Hatfield, Mass. III. Sent on hj W. "W. Sanderson, South Deeifield, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, 8.34 9.92 10.10 Ash, 37.76 28.37 21.50 Total phosphoric acid, 8.23 7.96 6.67 Soluble phosi^horic acid, .... .10 .61 .32 Reverted phosphoric acid, .... 3.81 3.79 .75 Insoluble phosphoric acid, .... 4.32 3.56 5.60 Nitrogen, 6.81 6.82 6.98 Insoluble matter, 82 1.34 4.57 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 181 Peruvian Guano. [From P. Williams & Co., Taunton, Mass. I. Warranted Peruvian Guano, No. 1. II. Low-gi-ade Peruvian Guano.] Per Cent. I. II. Moisture at 100° C, 14.18 16.14 Asli, 47.36 65.01 Total phosphoric acid, 19.91 22.26 Soluble iDhosphoric acid, 7.34 2.24 Reverted phosphoric acid, 6.05 5.03 Insoluble phosphoric acid, 6.52 14.99 Potassium oxide, 2.80 4.17 Nitrogen, 8.01 4.06 Insoluble matter, 4.04 7.83 Phosphatic Fertilizers. [Sent on from Ashby, Mass. I. Acid Phosphate. II. Dissolved Bone-black. III. South Carolina Eock Phosphate.] Per Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100°' C, 13.93 13.86 1.68 Total phosphoric acid, 13.84 16.37 25.81 Soluble phosphoric acid (8 cts. per lb.), 10.91 14.60 .27 Reverted phosi)horic acid (7^ cts. per lb.), . .69 1.53 .47 Insoluble jihosphoric acid (2 cts. per lb.), . 2.24 .24 25.07 Lisoluble matter, 9.54 2.09 11.64 Valuation per 2,000 lbs., .... $19.38 $25 80 $11.16 Bone-black. [Sent on by F. G. Arnold, Swansea, Mass.] Percent. Moisture at 100° C, 6.04 Ash, 67.43 Phosphoric acid, 16.56 Insoluble matter, .37 182 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Oround Bones. [I., II. and III. Sent on from Amherst, Mass. IV. Sent on from Jamaica Plain, Mass.] Mechanical Analyses. Per Cent. I. II. III. IV. Fine, smaller than g^ inch, . Fine medium, smaller than J^ inch, Medium, smaller than ^^ inch, ©oarser than ^^ inch, .... 63.29 27.78 8.93 40.44 30.91 25.30 3.35 56.G9 34.97 8.34 37.48 35.51 18.91 8.10 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Chemical Analyses. Per Cent. I. n. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C, . . . . 8.12 1124 6.31 6.92 Ash, 41.62 58.66 47.63 68.64 Total phosphoric acid, .... 24.13 20.85 19.72 22.59 Soluble phosphoric acid, .17 4.87 1.16 .20 Reverted phosphoric acid, . 9.12 1.20 9.34 6.65 Insoluble phosphoric acid, . 14.75 14.78 9.22 15.74 Nitrogen, 3.60 2.85 6.84 4.82 Insoluble matter, .55 .48 .71 3.23 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 183 Ground Bones. [T. Sent on from Amherst, Mass. II. Sent on by A. S. Belcher, North Easton, Mass. III. Sent on by Edmund Hersey, Ilingham, Mass. IV. Sent on by "W. W. Sanderson, South Deerfiold, Mass.] Mechanical Analyses. Per Cent. I. II. III. IV. Fine, smaller than -^q inch, . Fine medium, smaller than 2S inch, Medimn, smaller than ^2 inch. Coarser than ^^ inch, .... 22.59 18.71 24.G1 34.09 18.53 10.14 7.12 64.21 34.79 21.22 14.71 29.28 59.00 24.09 12.32 4.59 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 CJiemical Analyses. Per Cent. I. II. in. IV. Moisture at 100° C, . . . . 3.97 12.43 6.75 9.96 Ash, 49.35 64.21 61.35 55.83 Total phosphoric acid, .... 19.49 25.67 24.71 18.41 Soluble phosphoric acid. - .13 .09 2.73 Reverted phosphoric acid, . 3 80 6.20 8.10 9.94 Insoluble phosphoric acid, . 15.69 19. .34 16.52 5.74 Nitrogen, 4.04 2.68 3.14 3.12 Insoluble matter, .78 .42 .42 5.79 184 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Phosphate Slag. [I. German " Pliosphate Slag," New York. II. " Phosphate Slag " sent on from England.] Moisture at 100^ C, . . . Ferric oxide and alutQinum oxide, Total phosphoric acid, . Calcium oxide, .... Magnesium oxide, Insoluble matter, .... Not determined. This material has been of late introduced into our markets in a fine-ground state as " phosphate meal," manufactured of the " Peine-Thomas Scoria.'' P. Weidinger, No. 76 Pine Street, New York City, who has advertised the sale of the above material for trial, makes the following statement : — ' ' We ofier to the American fertilizer trade the article above stated, whose rapid and successful introduction into various countries, with constantly increasing demand, gives us a guarantee that its importance for agriculture will not be underrated. This is a very finely ground phosphate meal, obtained from the so-called ' Peine-Thomas Scoria,' through the dephosphorization of pig iron, after the patented method of Sidney Gilchrist Thomas. The dephosphorization of the iron takes place by melting the iron with lime in a current of air, a proceeding by which pig iron, rich in phosphorus, is converted into steel, free from phosphorus (ingot iron). In this manner the phosphorus of the pig iron is converted into phosphoric acid, which, uniting with the lime added, forms phosphate of lime. The melted mixture of phosphate of lime with excess of lime and combinations of the iron and manganese, obtained by this proceeding, is called ' Thomas Scoria.' It is brought into the market for the purposes of agriculture in a finely ground state." 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 185 The pliosphoric acid present is neither to any extent soluble in water nor in a solution of citrate of ammonia. The com- position of the slag is peculiar, on account of an excess of caustic lime, which favors a breaking up into minute particles when exposed to air and moisture. The more finely ground when exposed to atmospheric influences, the more rapidly takes place a general disintegration. This behavior tends to diflTuse the phosphoric acid, and favors absorption by the roots. No pi'evious treatment by acids has been found necessary to secure satisfactory returns when used as a phos- phoric acid source for plant growth. On account of the alkaline reaction of the " phosphate meal," no ammonia salts or organic nitrogen compounds are used as an admixture for the production of more complete fertilizers. In case nitro- gen shall be applied, nitrate of soda is used, to furnish that element. Muriate of potash and kainite are recommended as potash sources. European agricultural chemists speak well of this new source of phosphoric acid. As it is claimed that phosphoric acid can be furnished at less cost and more efficiently in the form of ' ' phosphate meal " than in any of our known mineral resources of insoluble phosphoric acid, it seems desirable that experiments should be instituted to test its merits. Fifteen dollars per 2,000 pounds has been asked in our vicinity for a finely ground material. Concentrated Flower Food. [Sent on from Springfield, Mass.] Per cent. Moisture at 100° C, 11.20 Ash, 42.89 Phosphoric acid, , . 5.30 Sulphuric acid, 15.73 Potassium oxide, 4.72 Sodium oxide, 17.45 Calcium oxide, 6.18 Nitrogen in organic matter, ' 2.31 Nitrogen in nitrates, 4.66 Insoluble matter, .25 186 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Compound Fertilizers. [I. Sent on by A. S. Hawley, North Hadley, Mass. II. Sentonby Staples & Phillips, Taunton, Mass. III. Sent on by C. M. Allen, Franklin, Mass. IV. Sent on by F. G. Arnold, Swansea, Mass.] Pek Cent. I. ir. iir. nr. Moisture at 100° C, 10.86 11.71 6.76 6.26 Ash, .... 48.44 57.84 52.96 56.88 Total phosphoric acid, . 11.07 13.30 8.32 12 56 Soluble phosphoric acid, 5.87 5.80 2.86 2.09 Reverted phosphoric acid, 3.60 1.85 5.01 6.10 Insoluble phosphoric acid, 1.60 5.65 .45 4.37 Nitrogen in organic matter, Nitrogen in nitrate, 1.65 I 2.10 .19 3.44 > 3.78 Potassium oxide, . 3.19 1.63 860 9.87 Insoluble matter, . 5.50 6.01 1.52 3.03 Compound Fertilizers. [I. Sent on by A. Bradley, Lee, Mass. II. Sent on by F. H. Bard well, Hatfield, Mass. III. and IV. Sent on by Oscar L. Dorr, Sharon, Mass.] Pkk Cent. I. II. m. IV. Moisture at 100° C, 12.43 12 34 10.50 19.47 Ash, .... 41.15 64.14 56.62 50.40 Total phosphoric acid, . 8 90 12.33 12.86 8.32 Soluble phosphoric acid, 7.45 5.65 4.72 4.02 Reverted phosphoric acid. 1.06 3.22 5.25 2.02 Insoluble phosphoric acid, .39 3.46 2.89 2.28 Potassium oxide, . 7.28 1.34 5.00 2.54 Nitrogen, 4.73 1.52 3.80 3.28 Insoluble matter, . .94 6.56 1.61 10.19 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 187 Compound Fertilizers. p. Sent on by J. M. Aiken, Prescott, Mass. II. Sent on by W. W. Sanderson, South Deerfleld, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. Moisture at 100° C, . 10.47 6.26 Ash, .... 54.21 62.53 Total phosphoric acid, 13.61 9.88 Soluble phosphoric acid, 3.91 3.97 Reverted phosphoric acid, G.24 3.09 Insoluble phosphoric acid, 3.46 2.82 Potassium oxide, . 1.45 3.54 Nitrogen, 2.48 1.38 Insoluble matter, . 7.44 7.38 Compound Fertilizers. [I. Sent on by Lawrence Hardware Co., Lawrence, Mass. II. Sent on by J. M. Aiken, Frescott, Mass. III. Sent on by A. Bradley, Lee, Mass. IV. Sent on by J. M. Aiken, Prescott, Mass.] I. II. in. IV. Moisture at lOO'^ C, 10.36 10.66 17.07 13.34 Ash, .... 59.19 60.64 44.24 49.38 Total phosphoric acid, . 16.44 12.50 9.28 13.02 Soluble phosphoric acid. 4.03 5.50 7.47 6.81 Reverted phosphoric acid, 8.46 1.29 1.43 2.56 Insoluble phosphoric acid, 3.95 5.71 .38 3.65 Potassium oxide, , 1.15 2.50 7.64 2.16 Nitrogen, 2.65 1.70 1.34 3.02 Insoluble matter, . 3.43 8.09 1.69 5.07 188 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. yaluatio:n' of fertilizers akd fer- tilizer ANALYSES. The hitherto customary valuation of manurial substances is based on the average trade value of the fertilizing elements specified by analyses. The money value of the higher grades of agricultural chemicals, and of the higher-priced compound fertilizers, depends in the majority of cases on the amount and the particular form of two or three essential articles of plant food, i. e., phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash, which they contain. The valuation which usuall}'^ accompanies the analyses of these goods shall inform the consumer, as far as practicable, regarding the cash retail price at which the several specified essential elements of plant food, in an effi- cient form, have been ofi*ered of late for sale in our large markets. The market value of low-priced materials used for manurial purposes, such as salt, wood ashes, various kinds of lime, barn-yard manure, factory refuse, and waste materials of different descriptions, quite frequently does not stand in a close relation to the market value of the amount of essential articles of plant food they contain. Their cost varies in dif- ferent localities. Local facilities for cheap transportation, and more or less advantageous mechanical condition for a speedy action, exert, as a rule, a decided influence on their selling price. The market price of manurial substances is liable to serious fluctuations ; for supply and demand exert here, as well as in other branches of commercial industry, a controlling influ- ence on their temporary money value. As farmers in many instances have but little chance to obtain the desired infor- mation, agricultural chemists charged with the inspection of commercial fertilizers assist in the work, by ascertaining as far as practicable the actual market price of the leading 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 189 manurial substances in our principal markets for a given period of time. The results of the inquiries into the condi- tion of the trade during the six months preceduig the 1st of March, 1888, are embodied in the subsequent tabular state- ment of cost of fertilizing ingredients for the opening of the season of 1888. The market reports of centres of trade in New England, New York and New Jersey, aside from consultation with leading manufacturers of fertilizers, and notes on actual sales of individual farmers and farmers' associations, etc., furnish the necessary information regarding the current trade value of fertilizing ingredients. The subsequent statement of cash values in the retail trade is obtained by taking the average of the wholesale quotations in New York and Boston, dur- ing the six months preceding March 1, 1888, and increasing them by twenty per cent., to cover expenses of sales, credits, etc. Trade Values of Fertiltzixg Ingredients in Raw Materials and Chemicals. 188$. Cents per Pound. Nitrogen in ammoniates, 17^ Nitrogen in nitrates, 15 Organic nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat, blood, cotton-seed meal and castor pomace, 1G| Organic nitrogen in fine-ground bone and tankage, . . . IGi- Organic nitrogen in fine-ground medium bone and tankage, . 13 Organic nitrogen in medium bone and tankage, .... lOJ Organic nitrogen in coarser bone and tankage, .... 8| Organic nitrogen in hair, horn-shavings and coarse fish scrap, . 8 Phosphoric acid soluble in water, 8 Phosphoric acid soluble in ammonium citrate,* .... 7^ Phosphoric acid in dry-ground bone, fish bone and tankage, . 7 Phosphoric acid in fine medium bone and tankage, ... 6 Phosphoric acid in medium bone and tankage, .... 5 Phosphoric acid in coarser bone and tankage, .... 4 Phosphoric acid in fine-ground rock phosphate, .... 2 Potash as high-grade sulphate, and in forms free from muriate and chlorides, 51 Potash as kainite, 4J Potash as muriate, 4 J ♦Dissolved from two grams of phosphate unground, by 100 C. C. neutral solu- tion of ammonium citrate, sp. gr. 1.09 in thirty minutes at 65° C, with agitation once in five minutes ; commonly called " reverted " or " back-gone " phosphoric acid. 190 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The above trade values are the figures at which, in the six months preceding March 1, the respective ingredients could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets, in the raw materials which are the regular source of supply. They also correspond to the average wholesale prices for the six months ending March 1, plus about twenty per cent, in case of goods for which we have wholesale quotations. The valuations obtained by use of the above figures will be found to agree fairly with the reasonable retail price at the large markets of standard raw materials, such as — Sulphate of ammonia, Nitrate of soda, Mm"iate of potash. Sulphate of potash. Dried blood, Dried ground meat. Dried ground fish, Azotin, Ammonite, Castor pomace, Bone and tankage, Plain superphosphates. To obtain the valuation of a fertilizer (z. e., the money worth of its fertilizing ingredients) , we multiply the pounds per ton of nitrogen, etc., by the trade value per pound. We thus get the values per ton of the several ingredients, and, adding them together, we obtain the total valuation per ton in case of cash payment at points of general distribution. The mechanical condition of any fertilizing material, simple or compound, deserves the most serious consideration of farmers, when articles of a similar chemical character are ofibred for their choice. The degree of pulverization con- trols, almost without exception, under similar conditions, the rate of solubility, and the more or less rapid diffusion of the different articles of plant food throughout the soil. The state of moisture exerts a no less important influence on the pecuniary value, in case of one and the same kind of substances. Two samples of fish fertilizer, although equally pure, may differ from fifty to one hundred per cent, in com- mercial value, on account of mere difference in moisture. Crude stock for the manufacture of fertilizers and refuse materials of various descriptions, sent to the Station for examination, are valued with reference to the market prices of their principal constituents, taking into consideration at the same time their general fitness for speedy action. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 191 A large percentage of commercial fertilizing material con- sists of refuse matter from various industries. The composi- tion of these substances depends on the mode of manufacture carried on. The rapid progress in our manufacturing indus- try is liable to affect at any time, more or less seriously, the composition of the refuse. A constant inquiry into the character of the agricultural chemicals, and of commercial manurial refuse substances offered for sale, cannot fail to secure confidence in their composition, and to diminish financial disappointment in consequence of their application. This work is carried on for the purpose of aiding the farming community in a clear and intelligent appreciation of these substances for manurial purposes. Consumers of commercial manurial substances do well to buy, whenever practical, on guaranty of composition with reference to their essential constituents, and see to it that the bill of sale recognizes that point of the bargain. Any mistake or misunderstanding in the transaction may be readily adjusted, in that case, between the contending parties. The responsibility of the dealer ends with furnishing an article corresponding in its composition with the lowest stated quantity of each specified essential constituent. 192 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analyses of Water sent on for Examination. [Parts per Million.] NUMBER. c a a s o c 0 s a 3 < c r 0 8 d 1 « ■a 0 1 ■a a a •a 1 c ■a 5 1 LOCALITY. I., . .108 .160 17.80 148.00 60.00 4.03 - No. Amherst. n .01 .06 7.00 104.00 56.00 4.57 None. Amherst. III., . .23 .34 47.00 312.00 206.00 9.14 None. Amherst. IV .25 .44 19.00 202.00 68.00 2.86 Present. Littleton. V .09 .10 6.00 132 00 72.00 3.25 None. No. Amherst. VI .40 .12 137.20 546.00 124.00 - - Amherst. VII., .03 .05 6.00 64.00 46.00 1.56 None. Ipswich. VIII., . 1 SO3 - CaO- 82.00 63.00 i 64.00 310.00 100.00 9.57 - Ashby. IX .12 .09 None 38.00 30.00 .63 - Ashby. X .08 .08 42.00 300.00 76.00 7.00 - Ashby. XI., . ; . .17 .05 20 00 192.00 104.00 3.12 None. No. Amherst. XII., .07 .02 9.00 138.00 60.00 2.86 None. Ashby. XIII., . None .02 20.00 178.00 70.00 1.82 None. Ashby. XIV., . .44 .28 22.00 160.00 40.00 3.12 None. Ashby. XV., .05 .18 144.00 5.30.00 102.00 5.43 None. Ashby. XVI., . .13 .46 None 70.00 36.00 1.43 - Amheist. XVII., . .08 .08 42.00 3-54.00 108.00 5.29 None. Amherst. xvm., . .12 .28 6.00 86.00 20.00 1.43 None. East Amherst. XIX., . .05 .44 20.00 146.00 52.00 4.57 None. East Amherst. XX., None .04 9.00 72.00 24.00 1.27 None. East Amherst. XXT., . .25 .24 20.00 124.00 46.00 Ml None. Boston. XXII., . .10 .10 9.10 72.00 52.00 1.11 None. Boston. XXIII., . .64 .36 45 00 268.00 96.00 8.43 - Sherborn. XXTV., . None .06 12.00 106.00 66.00 2.21 None. Wellesley. XXV., . None .09 25.04 318.00 76.00 7.86 Present. No. Hadley. XXVI., . - - - - - - None. No. Hadley. XXVII., . .066 .14 18.00 208.00 96.00 5.00 - No. Amherst. XXVIII., 3.33 .80 127.00 720.00 224.00 10.00 None. No. Iladley. XXIX., . Trace .06 Trace 38.00 30.00 1.69 None. No. Iladley. XXX., . None .06 31.00 196.00 76.00 3.51 None. Shirley. XXXI., . 1.30 .40 47.40 7.14 380.00 98.00 None. Shirley. xxxn., . .03 .06 8.00 98.00 22.00 2.60 None. No. Amherst. xxxin., 4.70 1.50 125.00 844.00 182.00 10.10 - No. Iladley. XXXIV., .12 .20 None 40 00 24.00 - - Amherst. XXXV., . .09 .09 Trace 68.00 28.00 - - Amherst. XXXVI., .12 .05 3.00 68.00 26.00 2.21 None. Amherst. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 193 Analyses of Water — Continued. NUMBER. a a o a B 3 < § •o a II a a < £ c o 6 o « H o i JS •a £ ■3 00 09 k. a -S ■0 e a 'mi as 0 3 LOCALITY. xxxvn., . .02 .04 None 38.00 22.00 - - Worthington. XXXVUI., . .01 .05 None 62.00 30.00 .79 - Worthington. XXXIX., Trace .02 None 22.00 14.00 1.43 - Worthington. XL., . . 1.15 .05 28.00 306.00 82.00 7.86 - Amherst. XLI., . . .02 .14 None 24.00 12.00 - - Worthington. XLII., . Trace .02 Trace 54.00 40.00 .95 - Worthington. XLIII., . .04 .03 None 52.00 36.00 2.08 - Worthington. XLIV., . - - - - - - Present. East Amherst. XLV., . - - - - - - None. East Amherst. XLVI., . - - - - - - None. Amherst. XLVII., . - - - - - - None. Berlin. XLVIIL, Trace .05 None 22.00 2.00 - - Worthington. XLIX., . .12 .12 None 148.00 64.00 1.56 None. No. Hadley. L., . . .14 .58 .60 74.00 34.00 3.12 None. Westhampton. LI., . .05 .20 5.00 86.00 54.00 2.34 None. Wellesley. LU., .10 .14 Trace 238.00 114.00 7.00 - 80. Hadley. Lin., . .01 .10 23.00 154.00 50.00 2.86 - Ashby. LIV., 1.40 7.90 4.00 422.00 322.00 17.06 None. Amherst. LV 1.50 .70 126.00 482.00 198.00 8.29 None. Amherst. LVI., .40 .55 8.00 142.00 58.00 3.90 None. Amherst. LVII., . .01 .016 2.00 148.00 64.00 4.71 Present. Amherst. LVIII., . .02 .05 18.00 148 00 40.00 4.86 None. Amherst. LIX., .04 .05 11.00 52.00 16.00 1.95 None. Amherst. LX., .05 .05 9.00 20.00 8.00 1.56 None. Amherst. LXL, . .03 .04 13.00 116.00 60 00 2.86 None. Amherst. LXII., . .01 .07 34.00 292.00 166.00 5.86 None. Amherst. LXIIL, . .03 .10 6.00 216.00 44.00 5.00 None. Amherst. LXIV., . .03 .16 Trace 88.00 48 00 .32 None. Amherst. LXV., , 1.36 1.20 57.00 412.00 108.00 8.14 - Amherst. LXVI., . .003 .04 24.00 120.00 66.00 6.29 - Amherst. LXVIL, . .016 .044 3.00 140.00 70.00 .63 None. No. Dana. LXVIII., .45 .35 8.00 52.00 20.00 1.56 None. No. Amherst. LXIX., . .06 .10 22.00 116.00 28 00 2.21 None. Amherst. LXX., . .026 .08 SS.OO 324.00 160.00 8.29 None. Amherst. LXXI., . .024 .044 22.00 308.00 64 00 5.14 None. Amherst. LXXII , . .124 .148 2.00 56.00 12.00 1 11 None. Amherst. LXXIIL, - .05 Trace 45.00 35.00 1.66 None. Littleton. 194 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analyses of Water — Concluded. NUMBER. o a a ■3 3 •a 0 c a s a c 0 a a < o3 c 1 .a 0 d 0 03 m 0 05 " 2 f ' 0 LOCALITY. LXXTV., .06 .05 53.00 325.00 177.00 7.43 None. Northampton. LXSV., . Trace .04 25.00 212.00 112.00 4.86 - Amherst. LXXVI., .04 .06 19.00 92.00 40.00 .95 - Amherst. LXXVII., .07 .05 Trace 62.00 42.00 .79 None. Amherst. LXXVIII., . .04 .22 Trace 34.00 4.00 - - Amherst. LXXIX., .01 .04 S.OO 68.00 22.00 1.66 None. Amherst. LXILX., . .02 .07 6.00 40.00 10.00 1.11 None. Amherst. LXXXI., .03 .08 12.00 112.00 51.00 2.99 None. Framingham. LXXXII., Trace .18 13.00 153.00 94.00 3.25 None. Amherst.. LXXXTTT., . .03 .10 Trace 70.00 45 00 1.11 None. Sunderland. LXXXI v., . .04 .08 Trace 45.00 30.00 - None. Northampton. LXXXV., .04 .07 15.00 111.00 70.00 3 79 None. Northampton. The analyses have been made according to Wancklyn's process, familiar to chemists, and are directed towards the indications of the presence of chlorine, free and albuminoid ammonia, and the poisonous metals, lead in particular. (For a more detailed description of this method, see "Water Analyses," by J. A. Wancklyn and E. T. Chapman.) Mr. Wancklyn's interpretation of the results of his mode of investigation is as follows : — 1. Chlorine alone does not necessarily indicate the pres- ence of filthy water. 2. Free and albuminoid ammonia in water, without chlorine, indicates a vegetable source of contamination. 3. More than five grains per gallon* of chlorine (=71.4 parts per million) , accompanied by more than .08 parts per million of free ammonia and more than .10 parts per million of albuminoid ammonia, is a clear indication that the water is contaminated with sewage, decaying animal matter, urine, etc., and should be condemned. 4. Eight-hundreths parts per million of free ammonia and one-tenth part per million of albuminoid ammonia ren- der a water very suspicious, even without much chlorine. * One gallon equals 70,000 grains. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 195 5. Albuminoid ammonia over .15 parts per million ought to absolutely condemn the water which contains it. 6. The total solids found in the water should not exceed forty grains per gallon (571.4 parts per million). An examination of the above results of analyses shows that Nos. 5, 9, 10, IT, 17, 22, 27, 35, 36, 64, 78 and 82 are of a suspicious character, and that Nos. 1, 3, 4, 6, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 28, 31, 33, 34, 40, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 64, 65, 68 and 72 ought to be condemned, on account of a large amount of free and albuminoid ammonia, due most likely to access of sewage water. An examination of the above statement shows that a large proportion of the samples received were from bad wells. Of fifty-eight samples of water tested for lead, four were found to be poisoned by that metal, in consequence of the use of lead pipes. A satisfactory supply of good drinking water on a farm depends, in a controlling degree, on a judicious selection of the location of the well designed for the use of the family and for the live stock, and on the personal attention be- stowed, from time to time, on the condition of the well and its surroundings. Good wells are liable to change for the worst at any time, on account of circumstances too numerous to state in this connection. To ascertain, from time to time, the exact condition of the water which supplies the wants of the family and of the live stock, is a task which no farmer can, for any length of time, neglect, without incurring a serious risk to health and prosperity. The subject receives, quite frequently, but little attention, on account of the fact that the harmful qualities which an apparently good water may contain are disguised beyond recognition by the unaided senses. Certain delicate chemi- cal tests, aided at times by microscopic observations, are, in the majority of cases, the only reliable means, in our present state of scientific inquiry, by which desirable infor- mation regarding the true character of a drinking water can be obtained. Parties sending on water for an analysis ought to be very careful to use clean vessels, clean stoppers, etc. The samples should be sent on without delay after collecting. One gallon is desirable for the analysis. 196 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Compilation of Analyses made at Amherst, Mass., OF Agricultural Chrmicals and' Refuse Materials USED FOR Fertilizing Purposes.* Prepared by Mr. W. H. Beal. As the basis of valuation ciianges from year to year, no valuation is stated. 1868 to 1889 Muriate of Potash (45 Analyses) . Pkb Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 4.05 .05 2.05 Potassium oxide, 58.98 45.94 52.46 Sodium oxide, 11.26 2.13 6.69 Magnesium oxide, .90 .30 .55 Chlorine, 54.00 43.20 48.60 Insoluble matter, 2.00 .15 .75 Sulphate of Potash (15 Analyses). Moisture at 100° C, 5.00 .19 1.00 Potassium oxide, 51.28 20.44 35.86 Sodium oxide, 8.59 .34 4.46 Magnesium oxide, 2.63 .24 1.50 Sulphuric acid, 69.30 10.86 45.00 Insoluble matter, 31.55 .14 .75 * This compilation does not include the analyses made of licensed fertilizers. They are to be found in the Reports of the State Inspector of Fertilizers from 1873 to 1889, contained in the Reports of the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture for those years. C. A. G. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 197 Sulphate of Potash and Magnesia (13 Analyses) . Per Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 11.58 1.95 6.50 Potassium oxide, 27.77 11.70 22.50 Sodium oxide, 18.97 2.09 6.50 Magnesium oxide, 13.66 10.86 12.25 Calcium oxide, . . . . . 3.38 .82 2.50 Sulphuric acid, * . 47.90 31.91 43.00 Chlorine, 7.80 .14 2.50 Insoluble matter, 2.36 .26 1.41 German Potash Salts (11 Analyses) Moisture at 100° C, 25.83 .45 13.14 Potassium oxide, 50.40 7.56 21.63 Sodium oxide, 26.23 1.30 13.76 Calcium oxide, 1.26 .06 .85 Magnesium oxide, 9.83 Trace. 9.25 Sulphuric acid, 21.53 .17 10.85 Chlorine, 49.11 22.27 35.63 Insoluble matter, 3.76 .90 2.08 Kainite (3 Analyses). Moisture at 100° C, 13.57 2.15 9.26 Potassium oxide, . 16.48 12.51 14.04 Sodium oxide, - - 21.38 Calcium oxide. 1.41 .82 1.12 Magnesium oxide. 11.30 6.65 8.97 Sulphuric acid. 23.71 17.53 21.05 Chlorine, - - 32.38 Insoluble matter, . 1.56 .17 .86 198 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. CarnalUte (1 Analysis). Per cent. Potassium oxide, 13.68 Sodium oxide, 7.66 Magnesium oxide, 13.19 Sulphuric acid, .56 Chlorine, 41.56 Krugite (1 Analysis), Per cent. Moisture at 100° C, 4.82 Calcium oxide, 12.45 Magnesium oxide, . . . 8.79 Potassium oxide, 8.42 Sodium oxide, . . . .* 5.57 Sulphuric acid, 31.94 Chlorine, 6.63 Insoluble matter, 14.96 Sulphate of Magnesia (9 Analyses) . Per Cent. Highest. Lowest, Average, Moisture at 100° C, 31.90 7.50 22.50 Calcium oxide, 3.89 1.15 2.52 Magnesium oxide, 25.29* 13.50 18.25 Sulphuric acid, 52.23* 31.91 37.00 Insoluble matter, 11.06 .40 5.73 * Kieserite, natural and calcined. Nova Scotia Piaster (9 Analyses), Moisture at 100° C, 15.79 ,52 6.50 Calcium oxide, 37.59 30.60 33.50 Magnesium oxide, 1.40 .36 ,75 Sulphuric acid, 54.10 33.56 44,00 Insoluble matter, 7.95 ,45 2.00 1889.] PCBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 199 Onondaga Plaster * (7 Analyses) . Feb Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 2225 8.95 13.27 Calcium oxide, 31.46 29.15 30.00 Magnesium oxide, 6.06 3.89 4.66 Sulphuric acid, 36.00 31.58 33.00 Carbonic acid, 8.80 7.20 8.20 Insoluble matter, 1200 8.28 9.83 * Contains 1 sample of Cayuga plaster. Gypseous Shale (1 Analysis). Per cent. Calcium sulphate, 38.55 Calcium carbonate, 11.05 Magnesium carbonate, 2.65 Insoluble matter, 37.15 Oas-house Lime (4 Analyses) . Per Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 33.55 11.01 22.28 Calcium oxide, 45.80 40.00 42.66 Magnesium oxide, 8.30 8.30 8.30 Sulphuric acid,* 20.73 20.73 20.73 Insoluble matter, 15.00 .40 6.05 * Sulphuric acid includes all forms of sulphur present. 200 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Lime Waste. Pee Cent. Liquid from L 1 me - vat s (evaporated). Mass from bot- tom of Lime- vats. li IS ^ s 1^ Moisture at 100° C, 11.50 17.54 36.30 Ash, 41.00 C5.24 - Calcium oxide, 23.40 47.80 27.51 Magnesium oxide, - - Trace. Potassium oxide, - - .22 Phosphoric acid, .77 .81 2.25 Nitrogen, 6.87 1.06 - Insoluble matter, .K) 5.50 .32 Lime-kiln Ashes (7 Analyses). Pee Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 30.70 .20 15.45 Calcium oxide, . . . . 50.16 36.00 43.08 Magnesium oxide, 4.45 1.26 2.60 Potassium oxide, 1.70 .02 .86 Phosphoric acid, 3.16 Trace. 1.18 Carbonic acid, 39.36 9.66 16.66 Insoluble matter, 53.77 3.30 14.54 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 201 Marls * (5 Analyses) . Pek Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, . . . 65.80 .60 18.18 Calcium oxide, 50.61 20.72 40.07 Magnesium oxide, 1.03 .22 .64 Iron and alumina, 1.00 .36 .69 Phosphoric acid, . . . . 2.72 .07 1.05 Carbonic acid, 40.38 16.63 28.51 Insoluble matter, 3.44 3.44 3.44 * Massachusetts. Virginia Marl. Per Cent. 2 feet below 4 feet below Surface.* Surface. t Moisture at 100° C, 16.70 15.26 Calcium oxide, 9.21 5.29 ' Magnesium oxide, .25 .16 Potassium oxide, .61 .37 Phosphoric acid, .09 .08 Sulphmic acid, 1.00 .31 Carbonic acid, 4.23 1.76 Insoluble matter, 59.59 68.86 * No. 1 contained a liirge amount of shi'llH. f No 2 was largely eand. 202 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Wood Ashes. (Canada.) (87 Analyses.) Per Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100" C, 28.57 .70 12.00 Calcium oxide, 50.89 18.00 34.44 Magnesium oxide, 7.47 2.28 3.50 Iron oxide, - - .83 Potassium oxide, 10.24 2.49 5.50 Phosphoric acid, 3.99 .29 1.85 Insoluble matter, 24.10 2.10 12.50 Cotton-seed Hull Ashes (23 Analyses). Moisture at 100° C, 26.81 2.30 7.33 Calcium oxide, 39.75 3.35 10.00 Magnesium oxide, 17.15 2.02 9.50 Iron oxide, - 1.50 Potassium oxide, 42.12 5.00 20.95 Phosphoric acid, 13.67 .76 7.52 Insoluble matter, 32.48 5.38 11.79 Ashes of Spent Tan-bark (3 Analyses). Moisture at 100° C, 7.45 4.87 6.31 Calcium oxide, 37.26 31.35 33.46 Magnesium oxide, 5.10 2.57 3.55 Potassium oxide, 2.87 1.14 2.04 Phosphoric acid, 2.77 .13 1.61 Insoluble matter, 24.33 24.33 24.33 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 203 Ashes of Waste Products. Pek Cent. Chestnut K. K. Ties. Logwood. MUI. Moisture at 100° C 6.15 1.50 .53 Calcium oxide, 4.71 3.90 34.93 Magnesium oxide, 1.80 Trace. 1.35 Potassium oxide, .19 .08 1.60 Phosiihoric acid, 1.54 2.30 .46 Insoluble matter, 77.83 9.70 36.36 Hard Pine Wood Ashes Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide. Magnesium oxide. Potassium oxide, . Phosphoric acid, . Insoluble matter, . Per cent. .75 24.95 8.39 10.16 2.24 29.90 Nitrate of Potash (2 Analyses). Moisture at 100° C, Potassium oxide, . Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, . Percent. 1.75 2.10 44.76 45.62 11.60 14.58 Trace. Nitrate of Soda (13 Analyses). Per Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 2.00 .85 1.25 Sodium oxide. 70.97 35.00 35.50 Calcium oxide, .41 Trace. Trace. Magnesium oxide. .04 Trace. Trace. Nitrogen, 16.26 14.44 15.75 Sulphuric acid, .20 Trace. Trace. Chlorine, 2.52 .20 .50 Insoluble matter, .90 .24 .50 204 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan Saltpetre Waste from Gunpowder Works (7 Analyses). Per Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 4.24 .50 2.75 Potassium oxide, ...... 30.94 4.65 18.00 Sodium oxide, 45.92 22.08 34.00 Calcium oxide, .83* .71* .75 Magnesium oxide, .28* .09* .19 Nitrogen, 3.30 .80 2.43 Sulphuric acid, 4.85* .84* 2.85 Chlorine, 56.00 37.66 48.30 * Only estimations reported. Nitre Salt-cake (2 Analyses). Moisture at 100° C, 6.71 5.34 6.03 Potassium oxide, .87 Trace. .87 Sodium oxide, 32.72 26.40 29.56 Nitrogen, 2.29 - 2.29 Sulphm'ic acid, 48.85 46.69 47.77 Insoluble matter, 4.12 3.73 3.92 Sulphate of Ammonia (22 Analyses )• Moisture at 100° C, 2.40 .13 1.00 Nitrogen, 22.23 19 70 20.50 Sulphuric acid, 70.70 57.68 60.00 Insoluble matter, - - Trace. Ammonite. Moisture at 100° C, Phosphoric acid, . Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, . Per cent. 5.88 3.43 11.33 1.38 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 205 Dried Blood (11 Analyses). Per Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 21.52 7.65 12.50 Ash, 10.04 3.56 6 37 Phosphoric acid, 6.23 1.53 1.91 Nitrogen, 13.55 7.80 10.52 Refuse Materials (Animal). Peb Cent. Oleomarga- rine Refuse. Felt Refuse. Sponge Refuse. Moisture at 100° C, Ash, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide, Phosphoric acid, Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, 8.54 14.42 .88 12.12 .96 39.24 33.53 5.26 8.44 7.25 3.94 1.27 3.19 2.43 39.05 Horyi and Hoof Waste (3 Analyses). Per Cekt. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 10.27 10.08 10.17 Ash, 14.62 1.05 7.63 Phosphoric acid, . . . . . - - 2.30 Nitrogen, 16.10 11.84 14.47 Insoluble matter, • - - .24 206 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Wool Waste (3 Analyses). Per Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, Nitrogen, . 10.12 6.25* 8.43 5.00 9.27 6.62 * Saturated ■with oil. Raw Wool and Wool Washings. Per Cbnt. Raw Wool. Water Washings. Acid Washings. Liquid from Wool Washings. Moisture at 100° C, . . . 6.95 - - 92.03 Ash, 7.54 - - 3.28 Fat, 3.92 - - - Calcium oxide, . . - .28 .61 .04 Magnesium oxide, .... - None. .20 Trace. Potassium oxide, .... - 3.92 4.20 1.09 Sodium oxide, .... - .49 .40 .92 Nitrogen, 12.88 - - .09 Insoluble matter, .... 3.63 - - .22 Meat Mass (6 Analyses) . Per Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 18.75 8.16 12.09 Ash, 14.66 2.90 13.60 Total phosphoric acid, . . . . 3.58 .56 2.07 Nitrogen, 11.50 9.69 10.44 Insoluble matter, .77 .40 .58 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. Refuse from Rendering Establishments. 207 Pee Cent. Bone Soup. Dried Soup from Meat and Bone. Dried Soup from Rendering Cattle Feet. Soup from Horse Rendering Factory. Soap Grease Refuse. I. II. Moisture at 100° C, . 82.92 14.80 10.80 92.14 38.79 19.70 Ash, .... 7.07 8,40 7.50 - 43.13 59.65 Phosphoric acid, . 1.26 .53 .46 .14 11.04 15.37 Nitrogen, 1.14 9.97 14.47 1.12 2.21 4.20 Insoluble matter, - .64 .26 - 1.20 1.37 Bones (103 Analyses). Pbb Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 11.90 3.05 7.47 Ash, 74.90 37.25 56.07 Total phosphoric acid, 29.83 12.06 22.50 Soluble phosphoric acid, .... .76 .10 .43 Reverted phosphoric acid, .... 16.78 2.24 6.50 Insoluble phosphoric acid, .... 23.87 8.13 15.70 Nitrogen, 6.75 1.50 4.12 Insoluble matter, 6.00 .04 2.00 Tankage (12 Analyses). Moisture at 100" C, 28.09 5.46 14.61 Ash, .... 37.06 19.40 23.23 Total phosphoric acid, . 14.60 8.00 10.67 Soluble phosphoric acid, .27 .27 .27 Reverted phosphoric acid. - - 3.25 Insoluble phosphoric acid. - - 8.79 Nitrogen, 8.07 5.82 7.08 Insoluble matter, . 2.00 .56 1.23 208 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Fish containing 20 per cent, or less of Moisture (47 Analyses). Peb Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 19.88 6.61 13.24 Ash, .... 72.23 15.99 20.00 Total phosphoric acid, . 16.64 4.33 8.25 Soluble phosphoric acid, 1.70 .37 .55 Reverted phosphoric acid. 4.57 1.78 2.17 Insoluble phosphoric acid, 7.16 2.11 3.80 Potassium oxide, . .45 .45 .45 Nitrogen, 10.24 3.87 7.05 Insoluble matter, . 4.99 .74 2.50 Fish containing between 20 per ce?it. and 40 per cent, of Moisture (8 Analyses). Peb Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, . Ash, .... Total phosphoric acid, . Soluble phosphoric acid, Reverted phosphoric acid. Insoluble phosphoric acid. Potassium oxide, . Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, . 38.11 36.60 8.90 7.41 2.89 20.58 16.87 5.60 4.22 .82 29.34 24.14 7.25 .82* 2.87* 3.99* .85t 5.81 1.85 Fish pomace. ■f Dry ground flsh. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 209 Fish containing 40 per cent, and more of Moisture (12 Analyses). Per Cbnt. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, Ash, . • Total phosphoric acid, Soluble phosphoric acid, .... Reverted phosphoric acid, ... Insoluble phosphoric acid, .... Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, ...... 50.58 20.78 8.56 1.51 2.02 3.62 7.60 2.44 40. .35 1.92* 1.02* .83 .64 1.88 2.43 .16 45.46 12.50 5.08 1.17 1.33 2.75 4.97 1.35 * Fish-liver refuse. Whale Flesh. Peb Cent. Haw. Dry (with Fat). Dry (with- out Fat). Whale Scrap. Moisture at 100° C 44.50 - - 9.61 Ash 1.04 1.86 320 11.74 Fat, 22.81 40.70 - - Flesh, 32.10 57.44 96.80 - Nitrogen, 4.86 8.68 14.60 9.64 Lobster Shells. Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide. Phosphoric acid. Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, Per cent. 7.27 22.24 1.30 3.52 4.50 .27 210 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Peruvian Ouano (26 Analyses). Per Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 22.61 7.02 1481 Ash, 61.65 13.58 37.61 Total phosphoric acid, ..... 23.10 3.43 13.26 Soluble phosphoric acid, .... 8.80 .35 4.57 Reverted phosphoric acid, .... 6.20 1.38 3.79 Insoluble phosphoric acid, .... 16.50 4.67 10.58 Potassium oxide, 4.08 1.14 2.61 Nitrogen, 11.26 4.44 7.85 Insoluble matter, 11.91 1.30 6.60 Bat Guano (9 Analyses). [One sample contained 1.31 per cent, potassium oxide.] Moisture at 100° C, 72.38 7.80 40.09 Ash, 72.14 4.34 38.24 Phosphoric acid, 6.53 1.00 376 Nitrogen as nitrates, 1.80 .24 1.02 Nitrogen as ammoniates, .... 3.42 1.49 2.45 Nitrogen in organic matter, .... 5.66 .34 3.00 Insoluble matter, 54.15 .20 2.00 Cuba Guano (7 Analyses). Moisture at 100" C, . 36.85 12.10 24.27 Potassium oxide, . 1.20 .14 .67 Phosphoric acid, . 24.35 11.54 17.94 Nitrogen as nitrates, 1.00 .24 .62 Nitrogen as ammoniates. .26 .14 .20 Nitrogen in organic matter, . 1.48 .23 .85 Insoluble matter, . 3.40 2.95 3.17 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 211 Caribbean Guano (Orchilla) (10 Analyses). Peb Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 12.50 2.12 7.31 Calcium oxide, 45.00 34.91 39.95 Magnesium oxide, 4.13 2.46 3 29 Phosphoric acid, 35.43 18.11 26.77 Sulphuric acid, 2.36 1.80 2.08 Insoluble matter, 2.40 .17 1.27 South American Bone Ash. Per cent. Moisture at 100° C, 7.00 Calcimn oxide, 44.89 Phosphoric acid, 35.89 Insoluble matter, 4.50 South Carolina Rock Phosphate (4 Analyses). Per Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, . 1.90 .10 1.50 Calcium oxide. - - 41.87* Magnesium oxide. - - 3.03* Iron and alumina oxide. - - 4.26* Total phosphoric acid, . 30.51 25.81 28.03 Soluble phosphoric acid. - - .27* Reverted phosphoric acid. .47 .19 .33 Insoluble phosphoric acid, 80.31 25 07 27.69 Insoluble matter, . 13.74 9.18 11.61 * On ly BBti mate. 212 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Navassa Phosphate (2 Analyses). Per Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C. _ _ 5.60* Calcium oxide, 37.67 37.22 37.44 Iron oxide, 11.79 8.75 10.27 Alumina oxide, - - 4.24* Phosphoric acid, 84.45 34.09 34.27 Insoluble matter, - - 270* * Only one teat. Brockville Phosphate (1 Analysis). Per cent. Moisture at 100° C, 250 Phosphoric acid, 35.21 Insoluble matter, 6.46 Bone-black (5 Analyses). Pbb Cbnt. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 10.65 1.55 4.60 Phosphoric acid, 30.54 23.47 28.28 Insoluble matter, ...... 6.60 1.53 3.64 Phosphatic Slags. [I. German phosphatic slag. II. English slag.] Per Cent. I. II. Moisture at 100^ C, .10 .37 Calcium oxide. 41.87 49.82 Magnesium oxide. 3.03 - Iron and alumina oxides. 4.26 - Total phosphoric acid. 30.51 18.91 Soluble phosphoric acid. - - Reverted phosphoric acid. .19 5.93 Insoluble phosphoric acid. 30.32 12.98 Insoluble matter, . 13.74 5.06 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. Castor Bean Pomace (4 Analyses). 213 Per Cent. Highest Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100 C, 10.18 9.25 9.98 Calcium oxide, .96 .77 .87 Magnesium oxide, .37 .20 .29 Potassium oxide, 1.70 .64 1.12 Phosphoric acid, 2.22 2.03 2.16 Nitrogen, 5.72 5.33 5.56 Insoluble matter, 2.38 1.12 1.75 Cotton Refuse. Per Cent. Cotton Dost. Cotton Waste (Dry). Cotton Waste (Wet). Cotton Waste. Moisture at 100° C, 34.46 5.53 34.69 8.24 Ash, 50.93 - - - Calcium oxide, .... .90 1.46 2.45 2.52 Magnesium oxide, . . . . .90 .87 1.13 .66 Potassium oxide, .... .19 .89 .80 1.62 Phosphoric acid, .... .21 .84 1.54 .83 Nitrogen, .50 1.32 1.30 2.09 Insoluble matter, .... 47.46 49.68 41.33 20.10 214 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Cotton-seed Meal (6 Analyses). [I. Average of five analyses. II. Damaged.] Per Cknt. I. II. Moisture at 100° C, . 6.80 9.90 Ash, . . . . 5.77 - Calcium oxide, .39 .22 Magnesium oxide, .99 .56 Potassium oxide, . .89 1.21 Phosphoric acid, . 1.45 1.26 Nitrogen, 6.10 3.73 Insoluble matter, . .60 .20 Moisture at 100° C, Rotten Brewer's Grain. Per cent. 78.77 Calcium oxide, .26 Magnesium oxide, .15 Potassium oxide, . .04 Phosphoric acid, . Niti'ogen, Insoluble matter, . . ■ .43 .72 .59 T( ibacco Stems (5 Analyses). Per Cent. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C, 12.18 8.95 10.61 Ash, 15.00 13.30 14.07 Calcium oxide, 4.76 3.39 3.89 Magnesium oxide, 1.40 1.11 1.23 Potassium oxide, . 8.82 3.34 6.44 Sodium oxide, .68 .16 .34 Phosphoric acid, . .87 .44 .60 Nitrogen, 2.69 .90 2.29 Insoluble matter, . 1.35 .29 .82 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 215 Refuse Materials (Vegetable). Peb Cent. Glucose Hop 8amac Refuse. Refuse. Waste. Moisture at 100° C, 8.10 8.98 63.06 Ash, - - 6.80 Calcium oxide, .18 .27 1.14 Magnesium oxide, .02 .10 3.25 Potassium oxide, .15 .11 .17 Phosphoric acid, .29 .20 - Nitrogea, . . . . 2.62 .98 1.19 Insoluble matter, .07 .63 2.25 Sea-weed. PER CENT. EBL-GBA88. ROCKWBED. Wet Kelp. I. II. Green. Dry. Moisture at 100° C, 45.61 25.17 68.60 10.68 88.04 Ash, 20.39 10.81 23.70 55.75 2.26 Calcium oxide, 1.56 2.70 - 7.66 - Magnesium oxide, . .09 .12 - .21 - Potassium oxide, 1.61 .21 - 4.89 - Sodium oxide, . 2.51 .74 - 7.90 - Phosphoric acid, .41 .22 - 2.75 - Nitrogen, .70 .96 .62 1.45 .26 Insoluble matter, . .46 1.66 - 10.40 - 216 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Seorweed Ashes. Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide. Potassium oxide. Sodium oxide, Phosphoric acid, Sulphuric acid, Sulphur, Chlorine, Magnesium chloride, Insoluble matter. Per cent. 1.47 6.06 4.37 .92 8.76 .30 2.98 .14 6.60 .14 63.65 Bockweed. [I. Collected in May. II. Collected in December.] I. ir. Fresh wet rockweed lost, in air, of water, . Fresh wet rockweed lost, at 100° C, of water, . Air-dried rockweed contained, of vegetable matter, . Air-dried rockweed contained, of water, . The filled pods left, at 100° C, of solid organic matter. The fresh stems left, at 100° C, of solid organic matter, The slime of the pods, dried at 100° C, contained, of nitrogen, Rockweed, entire plant with filled pods, dried at 100' C, contained, of nitrogen, .... Rockweed, air-dried, contained, of nitrogen, " fresh (wet), contained, of nitrogen, . " dried at 100° C, contained, ashes, . " air-dried, contained, ashes, " fresh (wet), contained, ashes, . The slime of the pods contained, ashes. 78.700 90.400 88.220 11.780 7.360 30.650 2.920 2.286 2017 .487 28.930 6.220 3.770 49.356 65.920 76.920 89.000 11.000 1.721 1.432 .397 24.890 22.150 5.825 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 217 One hundred parts of the ash contained (I.) : — Potassium oxide, . Sodium oxide, Calcium oxide. Magnesium oxide, FeiTic oxide, Sulphuric acid. Phosphoric acid, . Per cent. 4 842 12.050 2.691 2.753 .338 7.986 6.240 Mud. Pee Cent. Mussel Mussel Salt Salt Black Fresh- Water Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Moisture at 100° C > 60.01 2.24 46.36 60.37 66.55 40.37 Ash, 27.29 72.02 49.28 33.09 39.60 - Calcium oxide. .93 23.39 .90 .91 .91 1.27 Magnesium oxide. .14 - .31 .43 .66 .29 Potassium oxide. 6.17 - .33 .32 .38 .22 Sodium oxide. .70 - .94 .94 .86 - Ferric oxide, .. 3.48 8.26 4.55 3.70 4.26 1.80 Phosphoric acid, .10 .35 Trace. Trace. Trace. .26 Nitrogen, .21 .72 .39 .40 1.64 1.37 Insoluble matter, - 37.60 43.65 26.20 31.84 18.26 Soil from a Diked Marsh. Moisture at 100° C, Ash, Calcium oxide. Potassium oxide, Phosphoric acid, Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, Per cent. 33.40 7.85 1.24 .26 .13 1.64 3.65 218 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Muck (11 Analyses). Peb Cbnt. Highest. Lowest. Average. Moisture at 100° C , 89.89 12.03 65.13 Ash, 26.12 3.05 13.75 Nitrogen, 1.82 .26 .95 Peat (10 Analyses). Highest. Lowest. Average, Moisture at 100° C, Ash, Calcium oxide. Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, . 85.38 33.72 1.79 11.29^ 1.20 .41 61.50 7.71 .50 .75 .38 * German peat maas. Turf (2 Analyses). Pkb Cent. I. n. Moisture at 100° C, 25.58 13.00 Ash, . 3.28 9.43 Nitrogen, 1.91 1.97 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 219 Hen Manure. Per Cent. Dried. Fresh. Moisture at 100° C, 8.35 45.73 Calcium oxide, 2.22 .97 Magnesium oxide, .62 - Potassium oxide, 9 94 .18 Phosphoric acid, 2.02 .47 Nitrogen in organic matter, .... 1.85 > 79 Niti'ogen as ammoniates, .28 5 Insoluble matter, 34.65 39.32 Poudretle. Moisture at iOO*^ C, Ash, . Potassiimi oxide, Phosphoric acid, Nitrogen, Insoluble matter. Miscellaneous. Per cent. 5.25 35.45 49 5.74 3.58 4.65 ^^^u.:^< $^^ '^ ^/h (fi Per Cent. Soot. Ashes from Bine Works. Moisture at 100° C, Organic and volatile matter, .... Magnesium oxide, ...... Potassium oxide, Cyanogen compounds, Insoluble matter, 5.54 22.90 1.83 35.34 12.74 36.22 Trace. 9.02 Trace. 12.30 COMPILATION OF ANALYSES OF FODDER ARTI- CLES, FRUITS AND SUGAR-PRODUCING PLANTS, ETC., 3IADE AT AMHERST, MASS. 1868-1 SSO. Prepared by Mk. W. H. Beal. A. Analyses of Fodder Articles. B. Analyses of Fodder Articles with reference TO Fertilizing Ingredients. C. Analyses of Fruits. D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants. 222 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Si •rf to ^ „_, _^ t-. •o s •(83b.I3AV) t-^ :^ CO o '7 OpEJI •^ *"* I— 1 •-< TH eApuinx "^ '"' rH f-l ^ '"' i-i .H ■^ rH r^ rH ^ .n 00 ^ >o cn to ^ ja •* ■ S! a IN •^ OD u^ ,_( to ^ o 3 ^ 'Sj CO IN IN CO IN CO f_ CO o o o CO M o IN Ol S a g 5^ CO CO ^ l; s CO ^ lO o OS o « . 1 ^, ' ' ' ' CO to to ■o ^ J^ ^ to IN ^ •V o <1 •O o '~ ■o o -* ■» •* >a lO 1 CO t~- . to o . H '^ a s § o S? •ft 2 ^ ^ (M ^ IN ^ ir. CO Ol IN h O o o •a CO ■* o <1 IM CO '^ IN IN ■^ Gi IN C» « c^ r-i CI « lO o> rH ,_ •< 05 rH fc ?i >i r^ CO IN r^ H ' ' r-l r~* o o ^ to CO CO o ■>JI O . . CO «o IN IN IN (N 01 1 1 ^ s 00 00 CO la ^ ^ on •>* o to o> t- (N ^ ,_, 00 «D ^, CO o> o s o o IN CO CO ■«1 •* CO IN •^ to t- o ■< CO CO « tli Q 00 o ' 00 X5 ^ CO CO o< CO -B3«il«av o s - c< ?< r-l IN rH rH - - CO to - W CO « ■>) O O • ■? a Tl >< ■ Q o « Si 3 d o OJ — - 13 fa a o a v u 03 . S 2 a eS O d a ft ta a" o V a o o 3 o an '•-• a ^ a m a J-| o a •a •a ■a c OJ 60 a 3 w S3 > o o w a. o O 2 03 t^ 0) •o o □ o o 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 223 o CO o M a> § K s d ^ to o •.* 00 S! s § g to 05 s a> as vrt '- rH 00 o> 00 ►- o CO 1 s IM o ?i c> to 1 ■<* CO ^ -1" ^ CO CO '-' ;^ -' " ■^ ■^ ^ rH ;^ ^ ^ ^' '" r~l '"' '"' '"' ^ " -' "^ 00 o ;i! o :5 o 00 a> e 00 tC ^ '^ •^ o >o ^ 00 a ■M O) to OO C» CO CO IM a> :S s CO o IM s IM to § IM ^ to 5 to CO 5 s iH Ol »0 ^ iO r-H t- <0 lO u^ OS O -^ »f5 Tt< CO CO W CO CO CO W § g o o to CO § to 00 Ol en t2 to .n to ^ 3 to •* CO o> ^ Ol 00 - to 00 s 40 s o •M " U5 o to ^ 00 CO o to oo o ^ ■* •* CO CO CO O i-t CO CD -rt* Oi OS ^ rH l-- CO »-H g to 5 to CO to -* to o o> § 8 O) CO (M CO g g g o to g O e* CO U5 K g § IM g ID U5 CO g ^ c3 ^ s s § s CO CO s o s O i-l O) 00 CO o> CO o Ol s s at ■M a> c^ CO § o CI g o> o> 8 § OS o O IM Oi O to to fr- S C-1 C-l Tf I- 00 Oi I-IOJO 0>i-i0i-l , - _ oaoooo ao a Ci Oi Ci Oi Oi Oi Oi 05 0)0050) COe^r-('>J<'.*r) OS '^ 00 o CI ■r^ '"' CI « "^ to .rv o ^ ^_j V rH CO fH -J* •^ CO rH ^ t^ ^ to t- ^ ■^ m l_ 00 CO (M >ra ^ 'K to OS K ■M (N o ^ a> CO n S ^ •o ^ r-l O i-t •^ ■^ to '"' lO to to lO US on ^ OS 1^ o> t- lO o CO t— 1 ^_, o o CO t^ CO OS ' ' n oo ^ o to CO >o CO to i«) 00 M H 0) t- t^ CO to (N o ■^ o w > ,-^ 1^ o ^ t^ 1(5 o ^ CD ^H <1 t- '~ to oo ■•^ 00 US o 1 5^ to E-i O P4 a CO 1 ' 1 tu '^ (M to 3 a s CO lO to o> (N ^. 12! a CO to 00 00 p I-H to ^ 0> o CO u? o> o N o •-< o <1 -' '-' '-' IM o ■* '■' •* iH ^, r_ ^ .n to (33 H s s CO ^ -^ ^ •^ CO 1 1 1 o o "O ^ ,_ U5 ^ ? ^ to CO CM ■^ N Ci O J, CO ' ' 0 ^ ^ m >o 1^ o o t— lO o> ,^ (N M (N ,_4 rH o '"' iH (N (N C» OS •BSBj£i8ny ■* (N * 00 CO to ^ ^_, I— CO CO 0 r-l >o 00 ■* IN OJ r-t (N N 00 CO to CO ■* ■^ to *" IN •* to '-' -* ■^ r^ CO 00 0 on ■* 0 0 to ^ 10 to c^ IM -J< ■* IN CO '-' CO to 0 t- '-' CO 3 CO 04 *1< t- '^ ,_, 00 lO ,_, ,_t f.^ '■~ ■* to '~* ■* ■~ >o >o fr> 0 to to CO IN C4 0 •a r-l CO UT IN 05 to 00 to ' to ' CO 00 TJl ef\ ^ ^ -^ ^ ^ f^ •n ,_ 0 lO .Tl to .ra t_ CO ^ I— I— < a> 0 t- ■^ a> •* CO CO -* ^ IN *o 0 0 •-' 0 rH •^ s co l- o « to 0 (M ^ 00 CO 0 o> rH CO •^ >o IM « CO C^ CC CO (N IN ITl to ^ (M 0 T1< 0 CO n o e^ -d^ ■* to to CO OJ '^ ^ ^ ^ ^ rr f_ -1" „, ^ ^ rH O) IN 0 ^ •<* t— ~r c^ f_t ,_, r_« 0 f^ 00 t<. c^ rvi 0 l- 0 0 0 t~ 00 IN CO fl '" l-H ■^ rH rH CO C^ CO '"' '"' ^ ,_ ^ ^ o r^ 0 CO «? 0 CO o> CO (N >n 0 0 0 0 t- IN 0 Tl> 0 ■* 0 tH o> 0 to 0 n 0 l^ g to T^ 0 ,_, ,_) ,_, IN (35 -* 0 0 00 c» CO •;r 05 Oi a 01 05 to 0 ^ •r> 0 «:> 0 ^, (3 CO T-^ CO '^ CO C4 (3 0 00 CO ' 00 ' ' ' ' 1^ ' ' 00 0-. 00 00 00 '" o> a> to CO ■n >ra ^ ^ m 00 ^o t— o> ,_( CO o> 0 0 ,_t ' ,_l ' ' ' ' p_, ' ' ' 00 05 o> a> 05 0> 0 IN ^ CO M f-1 '"' iH '^ ^ p vJ Ik < a M r! ^ y~^ S p 0 0 0 •^ is a a m 0 D P a D o > a p e 0 w a) 8 "3 a i 0 0 cT a 3 i oT a 0 Of "3 0) s c o a 0 a 0 0 m pa ID a 0 0 0 "5 JS a 0 0 0 a g 0 •a ■a a a s a •a TJ E >> C3 a a 2 a 5 a 2 1 0) 0) & £ a p. IB ■3 a CM a c S 0 0 n •5 0 0 0 a 0 p. p, p< <1 a 0 p, a ft P. 0) bo 3 1 2 0 0 1 226 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 8 •sqi OOO'S JO uo) jad nojjBniE.v 9[qn[osui ■uaaoxnii •ppv ouoqdsoqj CO ,-( .^ ,-1 t-H CO t-1 .— CO .-1 .-H ^ .-I O 1 o ^ ■apixo mnissudBiis •aprao canpiBO 05 OJ CO . . ei lu ^—- < - on ^ ^ t^ .^ a Hh fe r* 5= C O 03 piH tj Ph K Ph O 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 227 lO ■* CD (M CO lO CO -f 00 o CO CO ^ ^ lO lO ■* lO ■* CO '"' **"* CO (M ""* '■^ '"' CO """ CO -* lO o o o o GO 03 CO CJ © ^_^ CO o t^ 00 c>; "^ oo 05 CD C3 o q r>- q lO q CO CO o CO 00 CO ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ o C^ ■«*< CO CO lO CO CD m C^l -*i CO Cl CO ■* OJ »o. CO o t^ CO CO o o q ifi q q q lO Tj< ^_, CD 00 o lO o CO o CO o CO ^_, CO Tt4 CO ^ o ^ "5 CO o q q 1 o lO CD t^ CD o ira CO 00 o ^_J t^ 05 •. 00 o (M ■«• IM >o ■* =1 CO "O •^ o -* c^ *"* ^^ IM on I-^ (M ^_, O CO CO o -M o ^ _ >o CO 05 o CO •—I CO 00 o ■* ■* CO t^ O CD ^ o o " ^ ^ " '^ *"* *"* ^^ •o l^ t^ ■* CO 00 lO Oi CO o e^ ^^ 00 o CO CO t— CD CO ■* lO •* o CD CO 00 CO o 05 oo o 00 cjs t~~ CT> 00 oo o ,_! CD ■* t^ t^ t^ o OJ o o Oi 00 .-1 ^^ 00 00 05 t^ (N - (M CO - - -* M e^ CO - - CO 00 ■* - - 6 H B T- w 3J C/J kI n H 3J o n Q << P3 •< S3 u o • aT f. fe 00 a a? > o ^ 03 o c o e5 CD OS fee to •a OS 60 03 O > 1— 1 t« c S5 o u c > "3 0 o o IX n X Jil cS ■^ a 4) o >3 ^ ^ .a i to c OS a S-l d H g a o a, -< c i i 228 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jsm. o ^ PQ •sqi t^ •* __, CO CD CO •n- ^_J ^^ 05 CM ^ t^ t- «3 CO ■* (M 0 CO 0 CM OOO'S JO aoj o> co -* 0 00 GO (M •M ^ lO ,_J J3d UOIJBniBA. ^ 00 CO •0 t^ (M 0 ^ lO o 1 t^ 0 0 aiqniosui "^ *"* 1^ •o 00 CO ■* _ ICl CD 00 t^ 0 eo 00 CO x> (M 0 0 00 CO CM •naSoijiii ■>J< c CD 0 CO CO CM CO •>*< CM •ppy 00 O) 00 Oi CM ■* (M 00 00 •* CO 0 oiioqdsoq,! *"* (N ^^ '~* *"* '^ *< 00 (N CO ^ 10 © CO OS CO ^ CO lO o CD CO 00 0 ■^ >—* tniiissBjoa " " " " " CM t^ ^_, 5! 0 o CD 00 1 t^ CO CM •qsv CC (M CO !M CO CD CD ■V CD ■* CO ^ 00 •* 10 00 U3 10 r^ 0 0 w o U3 t- Oi CO 00 CO 10 •ajtijsioiv 00 o - o> e<» 00 CO 00 w 0 t^ § •sas.f[Bnv >o CO "* CO r-H ^ ^ CM }0 isqxnns. n CO & fa H rt a z < » a> < o "3 ^ t 4 M s a c3 n "3 2 IB 0 si e +J 0 i f> o. 2 O § ^^ 3 « X! e a • 1877. Perot. Per ct. Per ct. Perct. C. C. Apple (Baldwin), Sept. 1, 20.14 1.055 12-15 3.09 - - - ... Oct. 9, 19.66 1.065 " " 6.25 - - - " " Nov. 27, - 1.075 " " 10.42 - - - Rhode Island Greening, Sept. 1, 20.27 1.055 " " 3.16 - - - .... Oct. 9, 19.68 1.066 " " 7.14 - - - t ■ • Nov. 27, 20.25 1.080 " " 11.36 - - Pear (Bartlett), .... Aug. 31, 15.00 1.060 .. .. 4.77 - - " . . . . Sept. 7, 16.55 1.060 " " 5.68 - - - " . . . . Sept. 20, 1.065 " " 8.62 - - - «' t- • ■ ■ Sept. 22, - 1.060 " " 8.93 - - - Cranberries, .... 10.71 1.025 15 1.35 - - -§ .... 1878. 10.11 1.025 15 1.70 - - -II Early York Peach (ripe), . - - 1.045 25 - 1.92 6.09 45 " " " (nearly ripe), - 10.9611 1.039 25 - 1.36 4.12 423 Crawford Peach (nearly ripe), - - 1.050 18 - 2.19 7.02 85.6 " " (mellow). - 11.361T 1.055 18 - 1.70 8.94 76 " " (not mellow). - 11.8811 1.045 22 - 1.67 6.92 64 * One part Naj CO3 in 100 parts of water. t Picked October 9. t Picked September 7. § Free acid, 2.25 per cent. II Free acid, 2.43 per cent. Uln pulp, kept ten days before testing. 230 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. C. — Analyses of Fruits — Continued. Wild and Cultivated Grapes. NAME. Date. '> 2 o o s o. 03 2tl a 3 C a; — -> So be 3 03 P< 2 o a i a 00 a'~' . lot * 1877. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. C. C. Hartford Prolific, not girdled, Sept. 3, 1.045 19 12.85 8.77 68.25 111.4 " " girdled, Sept. 3, 1.065 19 17.18 12.50 72.76 100 Wilder, not girdled, .... Sept. 3, 1.055 19 15.41 10.42 67.62 108.2 " girdled Sept. 3, 1.075 19 17.24 14.70 85.26 88.4 Delaware, not girdled, .... Sept. 4, 1.065 19 15.75 11.76 74.66 101.2 " girdled, Sept. 4, 1.075 19 19.14 15.15 79.16 94.4 Agawam, not girdled, .... Sept. 4, 1.060 19 16.60 11.37 68.48 128.2 " girdled Sept. 4, 1.075 19 18.45 16.31 87.42 114.8 looa, not girdled, Sept. 6, 1.0625 22 16.60 13.51 68.31 131.4 " girdled, Sept. 6, 1.085 22 21.4S 15.63 72.76 125.6 Concord, not girdled Sept. 6, 1.045 22 13.46 7.46 55.42 182.4 " girdled, Sept. 6, 1.070 22 17.53 13.88 79.18 102.8 " not girdled, .... Sept. 26, 1.065 22 17.63 13.70 78.27 86 '* girdled, Sept. 26, 1.080 22 24.47 19.61 80.13 76.8 " not girdled, .... Oct. 5, 1.075 12 20.92 17.50 85.37 42 girdled Oct. 5, 1.085 12 - 17.86 - 64 ' One part of Na ^ CO 3 in 100 parts of water. 232 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. C. — Analyses of Fruits — Continued. Eflfect of Fertilization upon the Organic Constituents of Wild Grapes. NAME. Date. u "> S < c O be e ■g SO fc Is o o ■a <", P. o j= 0. a Remarks. 1876. Wild Purple Grapes, Sept. 13, 50.93 .15 22.23 5.59 .79 17.40 2.93 Unfertilized. Sept. 20, 62.65 .85 14.24 3.92 .53 13.18 4.63 Fertilized. Concord Grapes, July 7, 41.73 5.04 25.03 7.80 .55 18.48 1.37 Unfertilized. " July 17, 47.34 1.13 24.21 - .75 21.38 .43 " • Aug. 18, 51.14 3.19 16.20 6.38 .65 2077 1.67 " .. Sept. 13, 57.15 4.17 11.30 3.10 .40 12.47 11.82 << 1878. « Oct. 3, 64.65 1.42 9.13 3.63 .50 14.87 5.80 Fertilized. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 233 C. — Analyses of Fruits — Concluded. Ash Analyses of Fruits and Garden Crops. Ash. 100 Parts of Ash contained— .£3 1 09 § 13 a •o |5 S" " o < g = s a Concord grape (fruit), . - 51.14 3.19 16.20 6.38 .65 20.77 1.67 XJnfermented jalce, . - 50.85 .48 3.69 4.25 .10 6.43 .90 Fermented juice, - 40.69 - 6.85 6.24 - 9.04 - Skins and pulp, - 7.70 .42 57.36 8.80 .08 24.40 1.3a Seeds, 3.08 6.71 - - 3.03 - 17.20 .29 Stems of grapes, 4.69 20.91 - 20.20 8.45 - 17.75 2.09 Young branches, * . - 24.71 .94 40.53 10.66 1.08 17.16 4.92 Wood of vine.t . 2.97 22.57 - 9.72 4.28 - 14.07 23.84 Clinton grape (fruit), - 58.45 3.51 13.34 7.37 .90 18.19 - Baldwin apple, - 63.54 1.71 7.28 5.52 1.08 20.87 3.68 Strawberry (fruit), t .52 49.24 3.23 13.47 8.12 1.74 18.50 5.66 •• § . - 58.47 - 14.64 6.12 3.37 17.40 - " vines, . 3.34 10.62 13.35 36.63 3.83 6.91 14.48 14.17 Cranberry (fruit), . .18 47.96 6.58 18.58 6.78 - 14.27 - " vines. 2.45 12.98 3.27 16.49 10.33 3.35 10.94 34.04 Currants, red, . .47 47.68 4.02 18.96 6.23 1.20 21.91 - " white. .59 62.79 3.00 17.08 5.68 2.67 18.78 - Crawford peach, sound, . - 74.46 - 2.64 6.29 .58 16.02 - •• " diseased, II - 71.30 - 4.68 5.49 .46 18.07 - Branch, sound, . - 26.01 - 54.52 7.58 .52 11.37 - " diseased, || . - 15.67 - 64.23 10.28 1.45 8.37 - Asparagus sterna, . - 42.94 3.58 27.18 12.77 1.22 12.31 .08 " roots, - 56.43 5.42 15.48 7.57 - 15.09 3.67 Onions - 38.51 1.90 8.20 3.65 .58 15.80 3.33 * With tendrils and blossoms, f One year old. J Wilder. § Downing. || Yellows. 234 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. D. — Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants. Composition of Sugar Beets raised upon tlie college grounds during the season of 1870 and 1871. N.'lME. Date. Brix Saccharo- meter (Degrees). Per cent. of Sugar. Non- saccharine Substances. Electoral, . Sept. 10, 14 12.30 1.75 Imperial, . " 12, 15 12.59 2.41 Vilmorin, . " 13, 14.5 12.95 1.55 Imperial, . " 18, 14 10.79 3.21 Imperial, . Oct. 11, 15 12.05 2.95 Electoral, . " 16, 15 12.22 2.78 Yilmorin, . ■ " 18, 16 13.13 2.87 Imperial, . Nov. 14, 15 11.60 3.34 Yilmorin, . " 21, 15.5 13.12 2.38 Vienna Globe,* Sept. 19, 11 8.00 3.00 Common Mangold,* " 19, 9 5.00 3.97 * Fodder beets. Percentage of Sugar in Different Varieties of Sugar Beets grown on college farm during the season of 1882. NAME. Source of Seed. Weight In Pounds. Per cent, of Sugar in Juice. I. Vilmorin, Saxony, . 1 to 1 15.50 II. " 1 to 1 15.61 I. White Imperial, .... 1 to If 14.20 II. " " .... If to 2 10.27 New Imperial, l\ to l| 13.80 I. White Magdeburg, 11 to 2 13.10 n. " " ... Silesia, . U to If 10.06 Quedlinburg, Saxony,. 11 to If 13.44 White Silesiau, Silesia, . li to 1^ 9.72 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 235 D. — Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Continued. Effect of Soil and Fertilization on Electoral Suffar Beets. * Soil. Manteb. Speciflc Gravity Brix (Degrees). u ^ Non-saccliarine Substances. u ^ a a (C © B O O CO Sandy loam, Fresh yard manure, 16.5 12.50 4.00 75.08 Clayish loam, . (( i: l( 15.5 11.05 4.45 71.30 Warm alluvial, . Yard manure and chemicals, . 12.75 9.17 3.58 71.92 (( (( Fresh hog manure, 13.5 9.53 3.97 70.06 Light sandy soil, No manure, . 18.5 13.73 4.77 74.21 Alluvial soil. Brighton fish. 14.5 11.15 3.35 76.90 Heavy soil, Yard manure, 12.25 8.15 4.10 66.53 - - 13.5 9.90 3.60 73.33 * Not raised on college farm. Effect of Fertilization on Suscar Beets.* rERCEXTAGES OF SCGAR IN J[7ICE. Fertilizers. Freeport. Electoral. Vilmorin. Fresh horse manure, .... Blood gi;ano without potash, Blood guano with potash, Kainite and superphosphates, . Sulphate of potash, .... Second year after stable manure, 11.96 10.99 12.55 13.15 14.52 13.49 9.42 10.10 13.24 12.16 14.32 12.78 7.80 10.20 10.50 1050 12.78 12.19 * All were grown on the same soil, — sandy loam. 236 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. D. — Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Continued. Effect of Different Modes of Cultivation on Electoral Sugar Beets. Locality of Beet-field. Brix Saccharo- meter (Degrees). Per cent, of Cane Sugar. Non- saccharine Substances. Sing Sing, N. Y., . . . . Washington, N. Y., . South Hartford, N. Y., . . . Greenwich, N. Y., . Frankfort, N. Y., . . . . Albion, N. Y.,* " t 11 14 15 12 13.5 18 14 7.80 10.97 11.70 9.50 11.00 15.10 9.70 3.20 3.03 3.30 2.50 2.50 2.90 4.30 * From beets weighing from IJ to 2 Iba. f From beets weighing from 10 to 12 lbs. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCmiENT — No. 33. 237 D. — Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Continued. Early Amber Cane. Date. CONDITION OF CANE. II o 3 a c §= 33 a. S O i 3 c d u o cJ til —•so O i . a o a. 2 o 32 1879. Per ct. Per ct. c. c. PffCt Aug. 15, . No flower Btalks In sight,* 4.2 27 2 48 None 6.8 7.93 Aug. 16, . a O o s 0) a. 03 u to a) M f. o "^ o. s o u OS . §> s CO 3 § 1^ 03 Northern com, * . . . . 1.023 27 Per ct. 4.35 Per ct. .28 Per ct. 15.18 Black Mexican sweet corn, f . 1.048 27 2.06 7.02 17.44 Evergreen sweet corn, f . 1.052 - 4 85 6.70 20.38 Common sweet com, % . . . 1.035 - 6.60 None. - Common yellow musk-melon, § 1.040 26, 1.67 2.65 - White-flesh water-melon, . 1.025 18 2.91 2.16 - Red-flesh water-melon, 1.025 22 3.57 2.18 - " " 1.025 19 3 84 1.77 - Nutmeg musk-melon, || . . . 1.030 19 3.33 2.11 - - ^ . . . 1.050 20 2.27 5.38 - It n ** _ _ 1.030 19 2.50 1.43 - * Tassels appearing, •f Ears ready for the table. X Kernels somewhat hard. § Fully ripe. II Not ripe. IT Ripe. ** Over-ripe. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 239 Dairy Products. NAME. Volatile Matter and Moisture at 100° C. Ash. Fat. Casein. Non-nitro- genous Extract. Whole milk, .... 87.40 .70 4.00 3.20 4.70 Skim milk, 89.81 .80 .37 3.53 5.49 Buttermilk, .... 91.84 .80 .21 2.79 4.36 Whole milk cheese (Jersey) ,* . 37.16 3.39 37.32 22.13 - Whole milk cheese,* . 35.83 3.14 34 34 26.69 - Cheese from milk skimmed after 12 hours' standing,* 37.30 4.52 27.81 30.37 - Cheese from milk skimmed after 24 hours' standing,* 42.24 2.35 23.42 31.99 - Cheese from milk skimmed after 36 hours' standing,* 43.95 5.14 17.67 33.24 - Cheese from milk skimmed after 48 hours' standing,* 45.41 3.88 15.77 34.94 - Cheese from skim milk with ad- dition of buttermilk,* 48.38 4.64 18.35 28.63 - Genuine oleomargarine cheese,* 37.90 4.50 31.66 25.94 - * From analyses made in 1875. 240 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. METEOROLOGY. The meteorological observations of the past year have been a continuation of those of preceding years, being on the same general plan as recommended to voluntary observers of the United States Signal Service. Observations are made at 7 A.M., 2 P.M. and 9 p.m., and include observations of tem- perature, quantity and movements of the clouds, direction of the wind, the humidity of the air during the summer months, rain and snow fall, and of casual phenomena. January opened with 4 inches of snow and good sleighing, which continued through the larger part of the month. On the 26th, a heavy snow-storm. At the close of the month the snow averaged about 18 inches. Quite a depth of snow remained on the ground until the thaw of the 20th of Febru- ary. The snowfall for the month of February amounted to 9.5 inches. At the close of the month there were 6 inches on the ground. From the 11th to the 16th of March occurred the severest storm of the season. This storm is recorded as giving 16 inches of snow, which amounted to 3.35 inches of water. The storm was accompanied by high winds. The compara- tively warm weather which followed took the snow off rapidly. At the close of the month there were but 2 inches of snow on the ground. The last storm of the season occurred on April 10, with a record of 1.5 inches of snowfall. The rainfall for the year amounted to 58.04 inches, or an average of 4.84 per month. According to the observations at Amherst, this is the heaviest since they were begun in 1836. The average rainfall for the years 1836-1888 amounts to 44.34 inches. The smallest rainfall durino: this time was in 1889.] PUBLIC DOCmiENT — No. 33. 241 1864, 34.44 inches ; this was preceded, however, by a rain- fall of 56.19 inches in 1863, which is, next to 1888, the high- est for the period. The largest rainfall during any one month was 10.70 inches in September. This record for one month has been exceeded only five times during the period covered by the Amherst observations (1836-1889). The rainfall was pretty evenly distributed throughout the rest of the year. The mean annual temperature for the year is 43.98°. The average for the period from 1837-88 is 46.81. The average for the year 1875 was 44.22, which is the lowest except for the year 1888. The highest average thus far for any year has been 49.47°, in 1878. January, 1888, was the coldest month since 1837, being 9.5 lower than the average for that period^ The temperature for October has been lower but once, — 1841, — and for April and July but twice, since the records began. The temperature for June, August and November was the average for those months, while Decem- ber shows a considerably higher mean. February, March, May and September were considerably below the average. The weather during the growing months was quite favorable to the grass crop, but corn suffered considerably from the wet weather. The latter was unfavorable for the curing of both these crops. The last killing frost of the season occurred May 8 ; the first in the autumn, September 7. The average date of the first killing frost in this vicinity is September 20. Light frost occurred May 16 and September 6. Snow-squalls occurred October 9 ; the first snow-storm happened Novem- ber 25. This snowfall, amounting to 5 inches, was the only appreciable one during the month. The snow disappeared quickly. In December there were two slight storms, amount- ing to less than 3 inches. The prevailing direction of the wind for the year was N. W. It was north-west in January, February, March, April, June, July, August, September, October and Decem- ber ; south-west in May, and north-east in November. The number of days when the sky was less than four-tenths covered by clouds, clear days, was 58 ; the greatest number, 9, being in January, and the fewest, 1, in August. 242 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. There were 97 " cloudy " days, or those when the sky was more than seven-tenths covered by clouds. March and Octo- ber had 12 cloudy days each ; April and July the fewest, 3 each. The remaining days were variable, being partly cloudy and partly fair. The -highest temperature of the year was 94.5°, occurring July 23; the lowest, — 21.5°, occurring Janu?;ry 23. The maximum for the previous year, 1887, was 93.6°, on the 2d of July, and the minimum was — 22.2°, on the 19th of January. The absolute range of temperature for 1888 was 116°, practically the same as for 1887, 1° less than for 1886. 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 243 ■g g g ■ts g ja H 03 ■5< © CO ^ 5 E& ^ Pn CM CM © O '^ 5 0 0 _o t^ 0 1 1 0 0 « 1 g ja g -3 g g Si -*^ g ^ ■w X3 si si o m o 00 © CM © © O '"' ^^ ""^ 0 ■"* CM CM © 00 '"' ■" . 5 o C t^ T*< © 00 © © CO © © © 00 ■* -* CO 05 CO 05 id © CO c^ •^ © CO CM © id © CO CO q 00 00 M £ ^ »— < ITS cu Q t^ c "^ ^ 0 t-^ © ■"ZT" t^ 0 V a 1 1 1 1 ■^ CO ^ © © 00 1 1 ■* CM K S t- t^ t^ I-- 30 t^ 10 t^ Id ■* Ph CO t-- © © iq ^ CM CM (h » >? 1 1 1 1 © t-1 00 CO © CM 1 1 r-1 ^ a. t>. t^ t^ 00 00 00 00 00 a TT s D co ■* •— * iC q CM 0 °° H M » 1 1 1 1 ^^ © CO ^ CO 10 1 1 •* © Hi © © 0 © © © © © > CO r^ ^ © 10 CO q <» 00 k-i l» H 1 1 1 1 c^ ^ CM id CO © 1 1 xt* 'd UJ K -< 00 00 00 00 © 00 s 00 "5 ~ - — ~~ s> 2 rs J3 ^ ^ tS ■d ts g .a Ti J3 1 1 rt o © © CO CM CO © CO Tf Q Oi T}> CM CO C) « Ki © q © © © q © q q t-. iq t» t-; 1 -s s *— ( ci CO •r; <£> 06 © CM id © id CO 06 id 2 s a o © 0 CM 10 Q *— • (M IM CM CM r£ CM X 2 CM III I g a O © © © © lO 10 © q © q IC «5 q U ^ © © ■^ © '^ id t^ © © ^ © oi © C« ■«*< ■^ •* 00 00 © 00 00 t^ © t--. 10 CO t>» <; 00 to ^ «5 ^ q CO 00 CM © q © r~- © © 00 c (>5 «D CO oi 06 CM CO ^ ■^ d id ©■ t^ oi K d TO CO C^ CO CM CM CM CO CM Tj* ■^ 0 CM Q M CO 5 i \a CO 00 CO t>; •<*• CM q © _ © Tf 10 ■* CO 00 oo" oi © © r^ © id CO oi CM oi a s a 1 !*< 00 c t>; © 00 "^ t-- 00 CM CO f— ' © •* l--- © 0) CO C'i © © TjS ■d h-^ 1-^ r-^ CO CO © r>^ CO s ; I-H 10 •* ^ CM © ■* CO CO ei ^ 00 00 c^ © CM Tjl © id id © t-^ ira >d ^ s^ C. t^ t^ © Tf ■* CO © lO o ^ (N 00 © 10 © ^ © r-- CM •* 00 iq ^ © M 0 © ^ p_I CO CM co id © CO oi "^ (M CO Tl< © © © lO CO CO CM CO 1 a .a 5. < ^ S c a s to s .g S ST Oi 0 0 6 0 'A s s ft s DO 244 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Miscellaneous Phenomena — Dates. Frost. Snow. Raia. Thunder- storms. Lunar Halos. January, - 4, 8, 10, 13, 17, 25, 26, 1. 15, - - February, - 4, 7, 10, 11, 18, 25, 4, 8, 20, 25, - 24 March, .... - 2,11,12,13, 21, 26, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, - 25 April 4,17,23,24, 25, 10, 1, 2, 5, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 5, - May, .... 3, 8, 16, ~ 1, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. 16,18,28,29, 14, 21 June, .... _ 6,7,14,15,20, 6, 14, 15, _ 21,23,24,26, 28, 30, 21, 23, 24, 30 July - - 1,5,9,11, 19, 20, 27, 31, 1, 5, 11, - August, .... - - 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 17, 21, 22, 4,17, 18 September, . 6, 7, 29, 30, - 1,8,12,16,17, 18,20,21,26, 20, 21, 15 October,. 1, 3, 4, U, 15, 19,22, 26, 30, ■* 1, 2, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19,24,27,28, ~ ■" November, . 13, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 3, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, 26, 27, 29, — 14 December, 3, 7, 21, 22, 4,9, 6, 11, 16, 17, 18, 27, - 15 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33, 245 Record Of the, Average Temperature taken from Weather Records at Amherst, Mass., for three consecutive months, during the summer and winter beginning with the year 1836. December, January, February. 1836-37, 1837-38, 1838-39, 1839-40, 1840-41, 1841-42, 1842-43, 1843-44, 1844-45, 1845-46, 1846-47, 1847-48, 1848-49, 1849-50, 1850-51, 1851-52, 1852-53, 1853-54, 1854-55, 1855-56, 1856-57, 1857-58, 1858-59, 1859-60, 1860-61, 1861-62, 1862-63, 1863-64, 1864-65, 1865-66, 1866-67, Degrees F. 25.396 26.386 25.950 20.626 23.146 28.516 23.460 21.320 25.550 22.140 25.176 28.966 23.026 27.570 25.040 21.620 27.940 23.670 23.126 20.820 22.720 26.956 24.746 24.790 24.510 24.470 27.640 26.060 21.310 25.676 25.276 Jane, July, August. 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, Degrees F. 69.130 69.550 70.180 68.770 69.230 68.210 67.950 67.260 70.120 68.406 68.806 69.210 69.210 68.820 66.640 66.830 67.846 69.856 67.146 69.225 67.240 67.930 65.650 66.540 66.870 66.490 66.656 69.336 68.946 67.400 67.920 246 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Record of Temperature, etc. — Concluded. December, January, February. June, July, August. 1867-68, Degrees* F. 20.350 1868, . Degrees F. 69.700 1868-69, 26.290 1869, 66.890 1869-70, 27.866 1870, 71.700 1870-71, 26.666 1871, 67.810 1871-72, 24.630 1872, 70.790 1872-73, 21.350 1873, 68.596 1873-74, 27.288 1874, 66.306 1874-75, 21.180 1875, 68.026 1875-76, 28.156 1876, 71.780 1876-77, 23.510 1877, 70.080 1877-78, 28.506 1878, 68.896 1878-79, 24.290 1879, 68.150 1879-80, 30.506 1880, 69.286 1880-81, 21.856 1881, 67.966 1881-82, 29.256 1882, 69.866 1882-83, 24 220 1883, 68.840 1883-84, 26.506 1884, 68.960 1884-85, 22.630 1885, 66.740 1885-86, 24.846 1886, 66.100 1886-87, 22.146 1887, '68.100 1887-88, 20.827 1888, 67.893 1889.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 247 !z; o M H -i H OQ H w S W Hi -*! P H >-] O s w H H a p H o ■< w to < -«§ ^O'^ocoeo-^OOcO'^O 05 t>.c£5pc;7t^«op>ooocqcio O; CO t^ ,-i t>; CO ec lO I— 1 1— 1 lO t-- 00 l>.-*^CO'— IOOC5Q005COCO CO 0O_ t^ tC (M 00 »o (M -:J< 02.rH 00 CO rH (N 1—1 «& ' 1-1 4© 1— T . . o ci ••-(-. Expende: pplies, ostage, s, rm labor. US expenses, n and repairs oard of Cont alaries, . aboratory su rinting and p ffice expense armer and fa arm supplies eed, [iscellaneo onstructio: xpenses B CZ3l_5a^OP^li(C/2P^c^OW « gt) se m T-iOOt^O(MOOOOOCO a T-iOrf(MOOOOOOOCO t^ CO d c4 'o d ci o O C<1 o o »c 00 O O (M t^ O Oi O o -o o --^ o CO (M lO J i-T €& • • Jh' tn" • t-' ■ sS u iS to o o o o o o -M 42 -1^ o o o o o ^ . . 03 « . O . m o « [il Q .U .^ .^ t, ^ ;-. w Qa fi qSS > ,x - - II §- § "^ P Ih TO M t< O) • d a a a a a c3 ej c* ^-g a a g w TO TO CO o "^ CU OT CO O V) 0) s lD > ICE 16 >20 PLA/N op PARn BVILOI/NGv5. YAR 0 ^ s5ME-[> ;^ '(0 ."iTADLE MAPOPL:ANDLEA5EDTo TME MASSACHUSETTS • EX PEFtlM E NT -STATIC N ■ FBOM-THE • •AGR.ICULTURALCOLLEGE • FARM- •EAST OF THE -HIGHWAY •AreEATAKEN 5052 ACK&S •/^A.P OF"L^ND LEASED To THE:"" MASSACHUSETTS • EX PEFtlM E NT -STATIC N • FBOM-THE- -/KGf?,ICULTUF£ALCOLLEGE- FARM o \a/EiS»T OF THE MIOHWAY ■ •AFBBA-TAKEN 1112 ACRES' INDEX. INDEX TO SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT, 1888. Albuminoid nitrogen in roots, Alfalfa, analyses of, . Alsike clover, analyses of. Ammonite, analysis of. Analyses of apples, " " apple pomace, " " '• " ensilage, " " ashes of chestnut railroad ties " " aslies of cotton seed hulls, " " ashes of hard pine, . " •' ashes, lime-kiln, " " ashes, logwood, " " ashes, mill, " " nshcs, sea-weed, '• " ashes of spent tan bark, " " ashes, wood, " " asparagus, " " barley, " " barnyard grass " " bat guano, '• " beets, fodder, " " '• sugar, " " bone ash, . " " bone-black, " " bones, " " brewer's grain, rotten, " " " " spent, " " Brockville phosphate, " " broom-corn seed meal, " " broom-corn seed, " •' broom-corn waste, " " buttermilk, " " Caribbean guano, " " camallite, «• " carrots, . " " castor bean pomace " "cheese, " " cocoa dust, " " compound fertilizers, " " •' Concentrated Flower Food," 2.55 Tagb 146 223, 227 223, 227 204 224, 227, 229 225 225 203 173 203 •:oo 203 203 216 202 170, 171, 172,202 233 223 223 210 142-145, 224, 227 44, 224, 227, 234, 237 211 181, 212 82, 183, 207 2:4 92, 225, 228 212 225 224 225, 228 239 211 198 224, 227 177, 213 239 225, 228 3-170, 186, 187 185 256 INDEX. Page Analyses of corn cobs, .' 84, 225 com and cob meal 34, 73, 85, 224, 227 corn kernels 224, 227 corn and cobs ensilaged whole, 222 corn ensilage, 37, 86, 222, 22G corn fodder, 84, 222, 226 corn meal, 34, 49, 71, 87, 225, 227 corn 1 efuse from starch \vorks, 225 corn stover, 37, 222, 226 cotton refuse, . . . . " . . . . . . 178, 2i3 cotton hulls 92, 93, 225, 228 cotton-seed hull ashes, 173, 202 cotton-seed meal, 93, 177, 214, 225, 228 cow pea 51, 222, 223, 226 cranberries 229, 233 Cuba guano, 210 cniTants, 233 dried blood, 205 dried fish 180, 208 early amber cane, 237 ensilage of fodder corn, 37, 86, 222, 226 felt factory refuse, 205 fresh water mud, 217 fish 180, 208, 209 fodder beets, 141, 142, 143, 224, 227, 234 fodder corn 36; 222, 226 gas-house lime, 199 German peat 218 German potash salts, 197 glucose refuse, 215 gluten meal 35, 50, 72, 89, 90, 225, 228 grapes 230, 233 ground bones, 182, 183, 207 guanos 210, 211 gypseous shale 199 hay 36, 222 hen manure, 219 herds-grass, 222, 223, 226 hominy feed 227 hominy meal, 225 horn and hoof waste, 205 horse bean (beans), 224 " (straw), 223 " (whole plant), 222,226 hop refuse, 215 Hungarian grass, 222, 223 kainite, 197 la-ugite, 198 lime-kiln ashes, 200 lime waste, 200 linseed cake, 225, 228 lobster shells, 209 lucerne 223, 226 lupine, 222, 226 mangolds, 224, 227 marls, 201 meadow fescue, 223, 227 INDEX. 257 Paob Analyses of meat mass, 206 " milk 33, 48, 239 " " millets 223 " **' muck, 175, 176, 218 " " mud, 217 " " muriate of potash 174, 196 '* " Navassa phosphate, ^ . . . 212 " " nitrate of potash, 203 " " nitrate soda, 203 " " nitre salt-cake, 204 << «• Nova Scotia plaster 198 " " oats, ..,-... 222, 223 " " oat feed, ground, 91 " " oleomargarine refuse, 205 " " onions, 233 " " Onondaga plaster, 199 " orchard grass, 223, 226 " " Orchilla guano 211 " " pea meal 225, 228 " " peaches, 229 " pears, 229 " " peat, . .218 " " Peruvian guano, 181, 210 " " phosphatic slag, 184, 212 " " potatoes, 224 " " poudrette, 219 '* " provender, 91 " " raw wool 206 " " red-top, 223, 226 " " refuse camel's hair, 177 " '* refuse from rendering establishments, 207 " " rowen hay, dried in the field 223 X <« rowen hay, ensilaged, 223 " ruta bagas, 145, 224, 227 " rye, 223 " " rye bran, 225 " rye middlings, 225, 228 " " salt mud, 217 " " saltpetre waste 174, 204 " " sea-weed ashes 216 " sea-weeds 176, 215, 216, 217 " serradella, 222, 223, 226, 227 " " skim milk 71, 239 " " soap-grease refuse, 179 " " soil from diked marsh, 217 " soot, 219 " " soup from horse rendering establishments, 207 " " South American bone ash, 211 " " South Carolina rock phosphate, 181, 211 '• " Southern cow-pea 51, 222, 223, 226 " " sponge refuse, 205 " " strawberries, 233 " sugar beets 144, 224, 227, 234-237 " " sugar-beet pulp, 225 " " sulphate of ammonia 204 " " " " magnesia 198 " " " " potash, 196 258 INDEX. Pack Analyses of sulphate of potash and magnesia 174,197 " " sumac waste, 215 " " tankage, 207 '< " timothy hay, ' . 222 " " tobacco stems, 214 " " turf, 218 " turnips 145, 224, 227 " vetch, 223 " vetch and oats, 50, 222, 226, 227 " " waste from oil presses, 178 '* " water, 191-194 " whale flesh 209 " " wheat bran, 35, 49, 72, 87, 88, 89, 225, 228 " " wheat grain, 224 " " wheat meal ' . . 227 " " wheat middlings, 22."), 228 " " wheat straw, 223 " " white daisy, 223, 227 " "wood ashes 170,171,172,202 " " wool waste and washings, 178, 206 Apples, compilation of analyses of, 224 " fertilizing constituents of, 227 •' pomace, 225 '*' " ensilage, 225 Ashes 170, 171, 172, 202 Ash analyses of fruits and garden crops, ........ 233 Ashes from blue works, 219 Asparagus, analysis of, 233 Barley, analysis of, 223 Barnyard grass, analysis of, 223 Bat guano, compilation of analyses of, 210 Beets, fodder, analyses of 141,142,143,224,227,234 Beets, sugar, analyses of, 144, 224, 227, 234-237 Blood, compilation of analyses of, 205 Bones, compilation of analyses of 207 Bone-black, compilation of analyses of, 212 Bone ash, 211 Brewer's grain, rotten, analysis of, 214 " " spent, analysis of, 92, 225, 228 Brockville phosphate 212 Broom-corn seed meal, 225 " seed 224 " waste 225, 228 Buttermilk, analysis of, 239 Caribbean guano, compilation of analj'ses of, 211 Carnallite, analysis of, ... 198 Carrots, compilation of analyses of, 224, 227 Castor bean pomace, analyses of, . . . • 177, 213 Cheese, analyses of 239 Cocoa dust, analyses of, 225, 228 CoefBcients of digestibility used, 20 Compilation of analyses of agricultural chemicals and refuse materials used for fertilizing purposes, 196-220 Compilation of analyses of fodder articles 222-229 Composition of juice of cornstalks and melons, 233 Compound fertilizers, analyses of 158-170, 186, 187 Compound fodder articles, comments on, 91 INDEX. 259 Pagb Conclusions from feeding experiments with cows, 21 Corn and cobs, compilation of analyses of, 224, 227 " cobs, compilation of analyses of, 225 " kernels, compilation of analyses of, 224, 227 " ensilage, compiLition of analyses of, 222, 227 " fodder, compilation of analyses of, 222 " meal, compilation of analyses of, 225,227 " stover, analyses of 37, 222, 226 " and cob, ensilaged whole, 222 Cotton refuse, 178, 213 '« hulls, 92, 93, 225, 228 Cotton-hull ashes, 173, 202, 225 Cotton-seed meal, compilation of analyses of, 214, 225 " " fertilizing constituents of, 214, 228 Cow-pea, 51, 118, 222 " compilation of analyses of, 222, 223 " feeding trials with 38-49 " fertilizing constituents of, 226 " yield per acre, 118 Cranberries, analyses of, 229, 233 Creamery record for one year 52 Cuba guano, compilation of analyses of, 210 Cultivation, effect of, upon sugar beets, . . 238 Currants, analyses of, 233 Department of vegetable physiology, organization of, 7 Dried blood, compilation of analyses of, 205 Dried fish, analyses of 180,208 English hay, compilation of analyses of, 223 Experiments with feeding milch cows 11-63 " «' " pigs, 53-84 Experiments, field, 97-152 " with corn, 97-107 " " potatoes, 121-138 " " scabby potatoes, 126-131 Feeding experiments, 12-84 Feeding experiments with milch cows, 1 11-38 Average cost of feed for production of one quart of milk, . . . 20-29 Average daily yield of milk during periods 20-29 Analyses of fodder articles used 31-38 " milk, 33 Changes of diet, 19 Conclusions from, 19, 20 Dry matter contained in daily rations, 23-26 Manurial value of feed 20,31,32 Net cost of feed per quart of milk, 29 Nutritiveratioof articles fed, 14,23,24,25 " " " rations fed, 17, 18 Pounds of dry matter required to produce one quart of milk, . . 2 5-26 Quarts of milk produced per day, 23-26 Rations used, 11 Record of cows, - . . 23-26 Vahration of fodder articles used, 12,21 Valuation of fertilizing constituents in feed used, 33 Feeding experiment with milch cows, II. Green fodders vs. English hay, . 38-53 Analyses^'of fodder articles used 49-53 " " milk 48 Average cost of feed for production of one quart of milk, . . . 43-46 260 . INDEX. Paqb Feeding experiment with milch cows, II. — Continued. Average daily yield of milk by periods, 43-46 Manurial value of feed 46, 47' Milk and creamery record, 52 Nutritive ratios of rations used, 39, 40, 43 Net cost of feed per quart of milk, 46,47 Valuation of fodder articles used 39 Valuation of fertilizing constituents of fodders used, .... 46 Feeding experiments with pigs, 53-84 Amount of dry matter required to produce one pound of pork, . . 81 Analyses of articles fed, 71-73, 82-84 Average daily rations, 39, 7 1 Conclusions, 59, 60 Cost of feed per pound of dressed pork, 57, 68, 80 Dressed weight gained during trial, . . . .' . . .57,68,80 Loss in weight by dressing, 61, G_', G), Gj, 66, 67, 75-79 Manurial value of feed consumed 57,69,70,80 Nutritive ratios of feed, 56, 59, 74 Object of experiment 55 Uecords of experiments, 61-69,74-81 Remarks on previous experimeuts, 53-56 AVeights of animals at time of killing, 61-68,75-79 Felt refuse, analysis of, 205 Fertilization, effect of, upon ash of grapes, 232 " '« " " sugar beets, 234 Fertilizer inspection, ofiicial, 158-170 Fertilizers, basis of valuation of, 188 " compound, 158-170, 186, 187 Fertilizer law, 162-156 Fertilizing constituents of alfa'fa 227 " ' " " alsike clover, 227 " " " apples, 227 " " " beets, 143, 144, 227 " " " "brewer's grain (spent) , 92,228 " . " " broom-corn waste, 2J8 " " " carrots 227 " " " cocoa dust 223 «' " " corn kernels, 227 " ■ " " corn and cobs, 85, 227 " " _ " corn cobs, 85 " " " corn ensilage, 226 " " " corn meal, 227 " " " cotton hulls, 93, 228 " " " cotton-seed meal, 177,214 " " " cow-pea 226 " '• " fodder corn, 226 " " " gluten meal 223 " " " hay 90, 226, 227 " " " herds-grass, 226 " " " hominy feed, 227 " " " horse bean (whole plant), . . . . . 226 " " " linseed cake, 228 " " " lupine (white), 226 " " " lucerne (alfalfa), 227 "■ " "mangolds, 143,227 " " " meadow fescue, 227 " " " orchard grass, 226 INDEX. 261 Page Fertilizing constituents of pea meal, . . . . . . . . 228 " " " red-top, 226 " " " rowcn hay, 90, 226 " " "rutabagas, 145,227 " " " rye middlings, 228 " " " serradella 227 " " " sugar beets, 144, 227 " " " timothy hay, 226 " " " turnips, 145, 227 " " " vetch and oats, 227 " " " wheat bran, 88, 228 " " " wheat middlings, 228 " " " white daisy 227 Field experiments, 97-152 Field experiments, I. With corn, 97-107 Conclusions from, 101 Condition of land, 97, 98 Discussion of results 101-104 Feriilizers used in 1888 106 Trevious treatment of land, 93 Tables showing growth of corn, 104, 105 Tabular statements of results for 1885, 1886, 1887, 100 '« " «' " 1S87, 1888 106 Field experiments, II. Influence of fertilizers on quantity and quality of cer- tain fodder crops 107-115 Field experiments, III. Green fodder crops, 115-120 Field experiments, miscellaneous, 150-152 " with potatoes 121-130 " " roots 139-150 " " scabby potatoes, 126-131 " " serradella 119 " " Southern cow pea, 118 " " vetch and oats, 118 Fish, compilation of analyses of, 208, 209 Fodder analyses 34-38, 49-52, 71-73, 82-94, 222 Fodders and foods, compilation of analyses of, 222-229 Fodder com, analyses of, 36, 222 " " fertilizing constituents of, 226 Fodder supply for dairy cows, 115, 116 Fruits, tables of analyses of, 229-234 Gas-house lime, compilation of analyses of, 199 German peat, analysis of, 218 German potash salts, compilation of analyses of 197 Girdling, effect of, upon grapes, 231 Gluten meal, compilation of analyses of, 235 Grapes, tables of analyses of, 230-233 Ground bone, analyses of, 182, 183, 207 Guanos, compilation of analyses of, 210,211 Gypseous shale, analysis of, 199 Hard pine wood ashes, 203 Hay, compilation of analyses of, 223 " fertilizing constituents of, 226, 227 Hen manure 219 Herds-grass, compilation of analyses of 222, 223 " fertilizing constituents of, . 226 Hominy feed, analysis of, 227 " meal, analysis of, 225 262 INDEX. Page Hora and hoof waste, 205 Horse bean (beans) , 224 " " (straw), 223 " (whole plauLj, 222 " " fertilizing constituents of, 228 Hop refuse, analysis of 215 Hungarian grass, analyses of, 222, 223 Kainite, compilation of analyses of, 197 Krugite, analysis of, 198 Lime-kiln ashes, compilation of analyses of, 200 Lime waste, compilation of analyses of, 200 Linseed cake, analyses of 225, 228 Lobster shells, analysis of, 209 Loss of fertilizing constituents in feed of milch cows, 17 Lucerne, compilation of analyses of, 223 " fertilizing constituents of, 227 Lupine, analyses of, 222, 226 Mangolds, analyses of, 142, 224, 227 Marls, compilation of analyses of, 201 Meadow fescue, compilation of analyses of, 223 " " fertilizing constituents of, . 227 Meat mass, compilation of analyses of, 206 Meteorology 240-247 Average temperature for summer and winter months since 1836, . 245-247 . Record for 1888 243 Milk analyses, 33, 48 Milk and creamery record, 52 Millet, compilation of analyses of, 223 Muck, analyses of, 175, 176, 218 Mud, compilation of analyses of, 217 Muriate of potash, analyses of, 174, 196 Navassa phosphate, compilation of analyses of, 212 Nitrate of potash, compilation of analyses of, 203 Nitrate of soda, compilation of analyses of, 203 Nitre salt cake, compilation of analyses of, 204 Nova Scotia plaster, compilation of analyses of, 198 Nutritive ratio, 14 Nutritive value of carrots, 19 " " " com stover and en&iiage, 19 Oats, compilation of analyses of 222,223 Oat feed, analysis of, • 91 Oleomargarine refuse, analysis of, 205 Onions, analysis of, 233 Onondaga plaster, compilation of analyses of, 199 Orchard grass, compilation of analyses of, 223 " " fertilizing constituents of, 226 Orchilla guano, compilation of analyses of, 211 Pea meal, analyses of, 225, 228 Peaches, analyses of, 229 Pears, analyses of, 229 Peat, compilation of analyses of 218 Peruvian guano, compilation of analyses of, 210 Phosphatic slag, analyses of, 184 Potatoes, compilation of analyses of, 224 •' field experiments with 121-137 Potato scab, paper on, 131-138 Poudi-ette, analysis of, 219 INDEX. 263 Fagb Preparation of soil for root crops, 139, 140 Provender, analysis of, . 91 Raw wool, analysis of, 206 Red-top, compilation of analyses of, 223 " fertilizing constituents of, 226 Refuse camel's hair from oil presses, 177 Refuse from rendering establishments, 207 Refuse from starch works, 225 Rowen hay, analyses of, 51, 90, 223 " ensilage, analysis of 223 Ruta bngas, analyses of, 145, 224, 227 Rye, analysis of 223 " bran, analysis of, 225 " middlings, analysis of, 225 " " fertilizing constituents of, 228 Salt mud compilation of analyses of, 217 Saltpetre waste, analyses of, 174, 204 Sea-weeds, analyses of, 176, 215-217 Sea-weed ashes, analyses of, 216 Serradella, compilation of analyses of, 222, 223 " feeding trials with, 116 " fertilizing constituents of, 226, 227 " field trials with, 119 Skim milli, analyses of 71,239 Soap-grease refuse, analysis of, . . 179 Soil fi'om diked marsh, 217 Soot, analysis of, 219 Soup from horse rendering establishment, , 207 South American bone ash, analysis of, 211 South Carolina rock phosphate, compilation of analyses of, . . . . 211 Sponge refuse, analysis of, 205 Strawberries, analyses of, 233 Sugar in ditferent varieties of sugar beets 234 Sugar-producing plants, composition of, 234-239 Sugar beet, analyses of . 224, 227, 234 Sugar-beet pulp, analysis of, 225 Sulphate of ammonia, compilation of analyses oi 204 " " magnesia, compilation of analyses of, . . . . . . 198 " " potash, compilation of analyses of, 196 " " potash and magnesia, compilation of analyses ol, .... 197 Sumac waste, analysis of, 215 Tankage, compilation of analyses of, 207 Timothy hay, compilation of analyses of, 222 " " fertilizing constituents of, 226 Tobacco stems, compilation of analyses of, 214 Trade values of fertilizing materials 189 Treasurer's report, 247 Turf, analyses of, 218 Turnips, analyses of, 145, 224, 227 Valuation of fertilizers, 188-191 Value of fodders, commercial, 15 " " " physiological, 13 Value of barnyard manm'e, 16,17 Vetch, analysis of, 223 Vetch and oats, analyses of, 50, 222, 223 " " " feeding trials with, 40-43 " " " fertilizing constituents of, 226, 227 264 INDEX. Taob Vetch and oats, field trials with ' . . . 118 " " " yield per acre, 118 Waste from oil presses, 178 Water, analyses of, 191-194 " interpretations of results, 194-196 Weatber observations, 240-247 Whale flesh, analyses of, 209 Wheat bran, compilation of analyses of, 225 " " fertilizing constituents of, 88, 228 " grain, analysis of, 224 " meal, analysis of, 227 " straw, analysis of, . . . 223 White daisy, analyses of, 223,227 Wool waste and washings, . 178, 206 Work of the year, outline of, 7-11 PUBLIC DOCUMENT. No. 33. SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT BOARD OF CONTROL STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. 1889. BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post Office Square. 1890. PUBLIC DOCUMENT. No. 33. SEVENTH ANNUAL EEPOET BOARD OF CONTROL STATE AGEICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHEEST, MASS 1889. BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post Office Square. 1890. I. CHEMICAL •LABORATORY. 2,FARM HOUSE. 3. BARN AND FEEDING. STABLES. •MAP OFLAND-LEASED-ToTHE • •MASSACHUSETTS * EXPBRIMBNT -STATION •FROM-THE- • AG R IC U LTU RAL^COLLEG E>- FARM • "vs/ESX-OFTME •HlGHVv'AV • •AREATAKEN-- 17.72 ACRES- 1. AGRICULTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. • MAP OF -LAND-LEASE D To THE ■ •MASSACHUSETTS -EXPERIMENT -STATION ■FROMTHE • AGRICULTURAL-COLLEGE- FARM- •EAST ■ OF The • HIGH WAV • AREA TAKEN • 30,52 ACRES' MASSACHUSETTS STATE AGEICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AMHERST, MASS. BOARD OF CONTROL, 1889. His Excellency Oliver Ames, Governor of the Commonwealth., President ex officio. Dr. J. P. Lynde of Athol, Term expires, 1892. W. W. Rawson of Arlington, .... Term expires, 1891. Appointed hy the State Board of Agriculture. J. H. Demond of Northampton, . . . Term expires, 1890. T. P. Root of Barre, Term expires, 1891. Appointed by the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. F. H. Appleton of Peabody, .... Term expires, 1891. Appointed by the Jfassachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. Elbkidge Cushman of Lakeville, . . . Term expires, 1892. Appointed by the Massachusetts State Grange. Wm. C. Strong of Newton Highlands, . . Term expires, 1891. Appointed by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. H. H. GooDELL, A.M , Amherst, President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, C. A. GoESSMANN, Ph D , LL.D , Amherst, Director of the Station. Wm. R. Sessions, Hampden, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. OFFICERS APPOINTED BY THE BOARD OF CONTROL. Hon. W. R. Sessions, Secretary and Auditor of the Board, . Hampden. Dr. J. P. Lynde, Treasurer of the Board, .... Athol. C. A. GOESSMANN, Ph.D., LL.D., Director and Chemist, . Amherst. J. E. Humphrey, S.B., Vegetable Physiologist, . . . Amherst. W. H. Beal, A.B., M.E, E. R. Flint, B.S , . R. B. Moore, B.S., . E. E. Knapp, B.S., . C. S. Crocker, B.S., B. L. Hartwell, B.S., W. A. Parsons, B.S., David Wentzell, . Assistants. General and Analytical Chemistry. Field Exxieriments and Stock Feeding- Farmer. Boston, Jan. 14, 1890. To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. Ill accordance with chapter 212 of the Acts of 1882, I have the honor to present the Seventh Annual Report of the Board of Control of the State Agricultural Experiment Station. WM. R. SESSIONS, Secretary. SEYEJ^TH a:^:n'ual eepoet OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERI- MENT STATION AT AMHERST, MASS. To the Honorable Board of Control. Gentlemex : — The past year has been a prosperous one. The State Legislature has granted your application for the appropriation of means to erect suitable buildings required for much-needed investigations into some special features of plant growth and of diseases of agricultural plants. The plaus adopted for the construction of an agricultural and physiological laboratory have been successfully carried out, and the building will be shortly ready for occupation. The expenses incurred in carrying on this work are fairly within the sum assigned for that purpose. No serious loss of any description has happened to the property of the State. The various structures of the station are in a well-preserved condition, and the live stock for experimental purposes is at present more complete as far as the different kinds of farm live stock are concerned than at any previous period. The experimental work of the year has been, as far as practicable, in conformity with the plans from time to time presented for your endorsement. No material changes have been made in regard to the principal lines of investigations decided upon during the preceding years. The work in the field, in the barn and in the laboratory, has received, as far as practicable, an equal share of attention. Professor Humphrey has devoted much attention to various subjects in his special line of investigation, A detailed description of his work on fungoidal diseases, etc., prepared by him, forms a part of the accompanying annual report. The experiments to determine the cost of feed for the 10 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. production of milk and of pork have been continued, with some modifications ; to these have been added of late experi- ments to ascertain the cost of feed for the production of beef and mutton. A variety of field crops, in particular reputed fodder crops, have been raised for testing their relative feeding value, and to determine their general merits in a mixed farm management. Some of these crops suffered, in common with our grain crops, from exceptionally cool and wet weather during the latter part of June and the months of July and August. The laboratory w^ork has been exceptionally large and in various directions, in consequence of the additional chemical work called for by the Hatch Experiment Station, and by the State inspection of commercial fertilizers ; aside from the numerous applications of farmers, associations, and parties interested in farming, for the examination of fer- tilizers, fodder articles, well-waters, etc. The details of the work carried on in the previously stated directions are recorded in tbe subsequent pages under the following headings : — • Feeding P^xperiments. I. Feedhig experiments with milch cows, to ascertain the feed- ing value of fodder corn, corn stover and corn ensilage, as com- pared with Elnglish hay, and al|p of sugar beets and of carrots. II. Feeding experiments with milch cows, to ascertain the value of a mixed crop of vetch and oats, of Southern cow-pea and of serradella, when fed as green fodder in part or in the whole for English hay. III. Financial record of twelve cows, kept at the Massachu- setts Experiment Station. IV. Creamery record of the station during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889 ; with some observations made during several visits to the farms of one hundred and ninety-three patrons of two creameries in our vicinity. V. Feeding experiments with pigs ; skim milk, barley meal, corn meal, wheat bran and gluten meal serving as fodder ingre- dients of the daily diet. Field Experiments. VI. Experiments to compare the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the growth, etc., of corn. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 11 VII. Influence of fertilizers on the quantity and quality of fodder crops. VIII. Experiments with field and garden crops. IX. Experiments with green crops for summer feed. X. Professor Humphrey's report : — 1. General account of fungi. 2. Potato scab. 3. Diseases on station farm. 4. Observations of material sent on for examination. Special Work ix the Chemical Laboratory. XI. Analyses of licensed commercial fertilizers. XII. Miscellaneous analyses of material sent on. XIII. Water analyses. XIV. Compilation of fodder analyses, with reference to fodder constituents and fertilizing constituents ; analyses of industrial products, garden crops, fruits, etc., made at Amherst, Mass. XV. jMeteorological observations. The periodical publications of the station have been more numerous than in preceding years, on account of the monthly publications of the analyses of licensed .fertilizers required by the new laws for the regulation of the trade of com- mercial fertilizers. Four l)u]letins, containing reports of progress on investigations, and six monthly circulars of fertilizer analyses, have been issued. The interest in the publications of the station is steadily growing. From ten to eleven thousand copies have been published of late. It gives me particular pleasure to acknowledge the valu- able assistance rendered by' all parties engaged in the work of the station. To their marked industry and faithful execu- tion of the various tasks assigned to them is largely due the successful termination of the work recorded in this report. Thanking you sincerely for your kind indulgence in the performance of my duties, permit me to sign, Yours very respectfully, C. A. GOESSMANN, Director of the Massacfmsctts Agricultural Experimejit Station. Amhekst, Mass., Jan. 14, 1890. 12 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o:h feedi]s^g experiments. I. Feeding experiments with milch cows, to determine the vakie of fodder corn, corn stover and corn ensilage, as compared with English hay ; and also of corn ensilage, as compared with that of sugar beets and carrots. The statement closes with a summary of observations in that connection dui'ing four successive years, 1885 to 1889. II. Feeding experiments with milch cows, to ascertain the value of vetch and oats, of cow-pea and of serradella when fed as green fodder in part or in the whole for English hay. The results reported are those of the third year of our trial. III. Record of twelve cows kept at the Massachusetts Experi- ment Station. IV. Creamery record of the ^station during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889 ; and some observations made during visits to the patrons of two creameries in our vicinity. V. Feeding experiments with pigs ; skim-milk, barley meal, corn meal, wheat bran and gluten meal serving as fodder ingredients of the daily diet. VI. Fodder analyses. I. Record of Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows, TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE VaLUE OF FODDER Corn, Corn Stover and Corn Ensilage, as com- pared WITH THAT of English Hay ; and of Corn Ensilage as compared avith that of Sugar Beets . AND OF Carrots, under Otherwise Corresponding Circumstances. Fourth Year of Observation, from November, 1888, to May, 1889. The experiment was conducted upon the same general plan as during the preceding years, the principal object of the investigation remaining the same as stated above. A 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 13 larger iiuuiber of cows (nine) than in any of the preceding years took part in the trial ; not more, however, than six cows at any one time. AVhenever the daily yield of milk of any particular animal fell lielow from six to seven quarts, on account of advanced milking period, a new-milch cow was substituted, to secure, as far as practicable, correspond- ing conditions throughout the entire experiment. Grades of various descriptions, yet of a similar quality with regard to the production of quantity and quality of milk, constituted our herd. They varied in age from five to eleven years ; the mean in case of nine cows was seven years. Each served from two to seven months for our observation. The course adopted in preparing the daily diet was essen- tially the same as in the preceding year. English hay, fod- der corn, corn stover, corn ensilage, sugar beets and carrots served as coarse fodder articles ; and corn meal, wheat bran and gluten meal as the supplementary feed stuft's to secure the desired relative proportion of digestible nitrogenous to non-nitrogenous substances in the daily fodder rations (commonly called nutritive ratio). The fodder corn, corn stover and corn ensilao;e were cut to an even leno;th (one and one-half to two inches) before fed. The daily amount of fodder corn left behind unconsumed was, on an average, two and one-half pounds, and that of corn stover and ensilage about three pounds. The same variety of corn. Pride of the North, a dent corn, served for each trial. The corn ensilage used on these occasions has been produced in every instance from a corn crop of the same A^ariety and the same state of maturity as the one which furnished the dry fodder corn; i.e., at the beginning of the glazing over of the kernels. The experiment was subdivided into nine feeding periods, extending over a period of seven months. The same quan- tity of corn meal, wheat bran and gluten meal (three and one-quarter pounds each) was fed daily, from the beginning to the close of the trial. Corn ensila2:e and roots were fed in different proportions, with one-half or one-fourth of a full English hay ration. Fodder corn and corn stover were fed most of the time by themselves. The quantity of ditferent fodder rations stated below 14 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. represents in each case the daily average of the amount actually consumed per head during the entire feeding period. The variations in the daily consumption of the various ingredients of the daily diet in case of different animals were confined entirely to the fodder corn, the corn stover and the corn ensilage, when serving as substitutes in part or in the whole for hay ; and to hay, when fed alone as the coarse or bulky part of the daily diet. The amount consumed in that case was controlled by the appetite of the animal, as somewhat larger quantities than the figures represent were offered for their consumption. The daily consumption of the grain feed was limited to the amount stated in each case ; the same statement applies to the hay when fed in connection with some other coarse fodder articles, as corn ensilage, sugar beets, etc. The nutritive ratio of the different diets used varied from 1 : 5.13 to 1 : G.79. The adopted rates of digestibility of the fodder ingredients are those which have been published of late by E. Wolff. They are in most instances the average values of a series of actual tests, and are for this reason applicable for mere economical questions. As soon as our home observations shall have furnished sufficient material to enable us to establish reliable average values, they will be substituted. The temporary changes in diet, whenever decided upon, were carried out gradually, as is customary in all carefully conducted feeding experiments. At least five days are allowed in every instance to pass by, in case of a change in the character of the feed, before the daily observations of the results appear in our published records. The dates, which accompany all detailed reports in our feeding experi- ments, past and present, furnish exact figures in that direc- tion. This is in particular the case whenever such statements are of a special interest, for an intelligent appreciation of the final conclusions presented. The weights of the animals were taken on the same day of each week, before milking and feeding. The valuation of fodder ingredients is based, in this con- nection, on the local market price per ton of each article for the period of observation. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 15 Corn meal, . $21 90 Fodder corn, . f5 00 Wheat bran, . 20 70 Corn stover, 5 00 Gluten meal, . 23 40 Corn ensilage, . 2 75 Hay, . . 15 00 Carrots, 7 00 Rowen, . 15 00 Sugar beets. 5 00 The commercial valuation of the fertilizino; constituents contained in each fodder article is based on the following market prices : i. e., nitrogen (per pound), 17 cents ; phos- phoric acid, 6 cents ; and potassium oxide, 4| cents. Eighty per cent, of the entire amount of fertilizing constituents contained in the fodder consumed is considered obtainable l)y proper management ; Avhile twenty per cent, is assumed to be sold with the milk, and thus lost to the farm. The obtainable manurial value of the feed consumed dur- ing the entire feeding experiment, deducting twenty per cent, for the amount of fertilizing constituents lost in the production of milk, is, at the current market rates, in every instance, more than equal to one-third of the original cost of the feed. In some instances it amounts to more than one- half of the original cost of the feed consumed. Net cost of feed represents the sum obtained by subtract- ing eighty per cent, of the commercial value of the fertiliz- ing constituents contained in the fodder consumed, from the total cost of the feed. Nothing but the net cost of feed is considered in the discussion of the cost of production of milk and of cream. An examination of the subsequent detailed description of the experiment under consideration leads to the same con- clusions as our observations in this direction during preced- ing years : — 1. The high nutritive value of fodder corn, corn stover and good corn ensilage, as compared with that of English hay, counting in all instances pound for pound of dry vege- table matter, is fully confirmed. The general condition of the animal on trial, as well as the quality and the quantity of the milk obtained, point in that direction. 2. To produce one quart of milk, using the same quan- tity and quality of grain feed, required in every instance a larger quantity of perfectly dried hay than of either fodder 16 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. corn, corn stover or corn ensilage in a corresponding state of dryness, — corn stover leading. 3. The net cost of feed in the case of the same ration of grain feed is from one-third to one-half less per quart of milk, when fodder corn, corn stover or corn ensilage serve as substitutes for English hay in the daily diet of milch cows ; corn fodder, as a rule, leading, while corn stover leads the corn ensilage in four out of six cases. 4. Sugar beets, as well as carrots, when fed pound for pound of dry matter in place of part of the hay ration, with the same kind and quantity of grain feed, have raised almost without an exception the temporary yield of milk ; exceed- ing, as a rule, the corn ensilage in that direction. 5. Corn ensilage, as well as roots, proved best when fed in place of one-fourth to one-half of the full hay ration. From twenty-five to twenty-seven pounds of roots, or from thirty-five to forty pounds of corn ensilage, per day, with all the hay called for to satisfy the animal in either case, seems for various reasons a good proportion, allowing the stated kind and quantity of grain feed. 6. The influence of the various diets used on the quality of the milk seems to depend in a controlling degree on the constitutional characteristics of the animal on trial. The effect is not unfrequently in our case the revei^se in different animals depending on the same diet. The increase in the quantity of milk is frequently accompanied by a decrease in solids. Quarts of Milk required to make One Space of Creayn. (^Average of Six Cows fed upon the Following Mations.) Hay Period. Fodder Corn Period. Corn Stover Period. Carrot Period. Corn Ensilage Period. Sugar Beet Period. 1.98 1.68 1.59 2.16 1.92 1.88 For further details, consult the subsequent record of our experiment (November, 1888, to May, 1889), and also the summary of our investigations during 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888 and 1889, in connection with the subject under dis- cussion. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 17 S '-^ >^ •(sputioj) pouaa COCOOOO-*-#QOCO Suijup IBtUIUV' coc^t^oocooococooo ;o iilSiaAi. 35BJ3AY ^-7t<00^0(MOCO i-I-^Ot-ICOOt-IO'-H •oiiBH a.vijwnjs: COOO^^OOOtOO rHi-l,-(,-(r-lr-lrH^rH ■^urc c^iocoor^coco-fo JO jJBn5 -lad Ja? 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"« o p ^ ^ o s (.J , ^ < > w ■(spunoj) poKia,! GO (>) -^ -+ O O C) 1^ O — 1 i-H C^ tM -*! (>. A'liBcjam u[ pauiB} t^ O GO -^ -H I^ CO -uoo ja;}Bi\[ ajqBia (M C^ 1— 1 (M ; (>; oj CO CO CO CO CO CO CO »0 O O O O lO lO •uB.ig JBatJAV (>1 CM (M C^ (M <>1 (M CO CO CO ccj CO CO CO lO >0 lO »0 >0 CO lO •IBajv ujoo CM G^ G^ (M CN CM CM CO CO CO CO CO CO CO lo" i-H l>^ ^ oT -in" CM oo . rH I-l CM C<» i-H >-H Q » o 5:^ p^ * OOCOOOO o * T-(or^cocirHc> § « CM rH C^^ tH "^ r^ r-i p^ ... O O Iz; ;2; ;2; i-s i-s ,^ ^ 00 s CO lO t^ (M -* CO CM CM CO CI q, o, o, o, 'O. >0 "O t^ o o rH -JH CO (M lO CO lO lO CO CO O Ci CO -H "O t^ CO CO '30 O Co Cl CO CO CO CO CO >0 O O O lO (M CM (M CM CM CO CO CO CO CO lO "O "O "O "O (M CM CM CM CM CO CO CO CO CO tH r-l t^T-ToT CM (M rH Nov. Dec. Dec. SB o o o <-l O t^ CO C5 > (M 0 O lO G^ C^ C^ G^ CO CO CO CO ■ •UBig jBaqAi lO >o O "O c^ c^ s^ c^ CO CO CO CO •IBapi UJOO kO O O 'C C^ C^ G^ C^ CO CO CO CO O o 1^ 1888 and 1889. Nov. 1 to Nov. 15, . Nov. 20 to Dec. 11, . Dec. 17 to Dec. 27, . Jan. 3 to Jan. 18, . 00 lO t>; p -it CO G<1 i-H > 6 O q; o o o ci CO t-» CO O CO t^ t^ T-H ^ Oi CO CO CO Oi Oi CO CO lO CO CO >o O CO Ol CO CO CO I I I I I 1 I I ~ I I ^ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O iC -* O GO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 1-5 ;i( ^ «< J -ojd3i[!KJO sjjBnf) -* ^^ 1— ( (M CO •(spuiioj) CO CO -* oo (>) paransnoo aappoj oi o C5 o t^ iliBasmuipauiB) CO (M CO >0 CO -U03jajJBJ5 3[qB13 (M (M CM CN (M -S3\ jfjQ JO junocay t^ •uaMoa 1 1 1 1 <^J o 0 "O "O lO •IB3H u3;nio (M ; CO CO CO CO CO vO lO "O 'O lO •UBJig jBaiiAi. C^ CN !>1 (>1 Ol CO CO CO CO CO lO »o ^ »o ^ •IBajt n-ioo ] c^ CO CO CO CO CO 1 cT -h' <>r c4" T-T CO , l-H .-( (M C^ Q * rt O aD '^^^^ M S ^-i'^'^t^ Ph 1 p^^ oe crs ,— 1 Cl C5 o p s at) <>I rH CO w ^ r-* rH ^ 1j '^ ~ 7^ 1 ^^^S^-< s ;: 1,112 1,115 1,128 OOO l-H l-H CO CO CO CO >o rH^.H CO ^ Cl t^ CO CO iM <>» ) H s O ppQq-*Qq<^^<^^ paaj JO }soo sSB.iaAy O (Mi-HC^COi-HCMCMC^G^ 1— ii-icocooQOr^coo •patmisuoa t--.r-ll00500CO(M.-l paaj JO JS03 itijox o •paransuoo m U9.U0H JO junorav li^jox iJ CO o •poransuoD sjsag; m jBSns JO }unorav IBJOJ, hJ «5 o •paimisuoo aSBiisug; ^: H.IOO JO ^unoray l^iox 1 1 1 1 O 1 1 1 1 o •paransuoo s;oj m -JL'O JO junoroy injox ►J o o •psmnsiioo jaAOjg » o u.ioo JO jiinoniy ib}OX -! 1—1 o •paransuoa luoo Jap » -poi JO lunomy I^jox CO O O O C' o o •paransuoo •XbH jo ;iiiioray [ejox ,; o o o o o o J O 1 1 O O O O 1-1 1 00 Oi — 1 ^ lO CO (M T-l T-( C<1 1— 1 0t-^-*-*t^ lOOiOiOOO'COO ■patnnsitoo i^axM CO t>-iOt^t>.^iOt^OO ujoo JO }iinorav IbJox hP 00-^lOr-l'-llOCO'0'-< -^t^COCCt-Tti-^'+t^ CO ^ Ci t^ O h- X O 01 •TOW Cfl «C'00O'0OC0u0iO •paonpojd ^Ure JO XjijiiBiif) iBjox (MC^OCNfMO^C^CM 5- OG0t^C5 cj o a Si 'zi Is. bi ^ o V o ^% ^ P-- a, =5 CD •s ;^:i,;r;i-^t^f>;-<- CO t^ lO CO OVi CO 1-1 ^ o o o co-^iCi-i-^coio^H ^t^coot--^-^t^ >o o o t^ lO l^ "0 O uo o o t>. lO f- uO »0 00-HiC^-^Q0>Oi— 1 -^t^cocot^^-^t- »o o o t^ o -o o o L-O t^ lO "O CO r-< CO O t^ 00 'O 1—1 -* -* t^ CO 'O CO rl O -:f< CO CO -H Oi 1-1 i-l CO o O l^ O ^ irH(>ic^J •parans -uoopaajjojsooiBjoj, to <» o GO CI >o t^ 00 CO t^ o -* o '^ CO CO rH O -* CO -1< •paransnoa u3Aioajo}unocav Ibjox ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •paninsuoa sjasa JB8ng JO ;unotnv l^iox o o S 1 1 1 1 1 1 CO -pstansaos aSBiisug uaoo JO junotav Ibjox o i 1 1 1 i| 1 1 •pamnsuoo sjoj -JBO JO junoinv icjox o . o -= 1 1 1 CO 1 .1 1 1-1 -* •patnnsuoo jSAoig ujoo JO lunoaiv l^wx o o .Q 1 1 Oi 1 1 1 1 ►J o •pauinsnoo ujoo J9p -poj JO »anorav ibjox O o .S 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 J O •patansuoo £vu JO lunotay ibjox o oo o o . o o o o o 2 d> \ 1 d d -o o ►Jo OS T-i GO o CO 1-H .-( CM T-H ■pamnsuoo isare najnio JO junoni v Ib?ox lO O O O O O lO 3 cO'-i'0'-<'-<^q6 *^ -^t-cocot---^-* •panmsuoa uBjg »BaqAi.jo;unocav ibjox iC O iC »C O O lO 3 QfO'-i'O-^^'Oao •painnsnoo isare ujoj JO junooiv IBjox "O O LO lO O O "O M r- lo t^ I--; "O iq t^ 5 cO'-i'O'-^'-H'Oco •5ini\r JO piaji ^ijBa aSBjaAV iCi o -* CO GO CO d ^ ci O; CO ■-; 'O t-- ci S '^ --^ d <>i -H d d •paanpojd mK JO iCjlJUBnt) [Bjox lO lO O O O lO CO . . t^ lO CO >— 1 lO >— 1 ^H ^ t^ CO to t^ lO O lO o o t^ "O t^ t^ "O CC y-< lO r-l y—t ^ t^ CO to r^ , UO O >0 lO o t^ lO t^ t^ "0 00 1-1 'O 1-1 1—1 -* t^ CO to t^ o t-- CO to o to ^ -* to a0 1— 1 l~-. 1— 1 O^ 1-1 ^ G^ G^ rH Nov. Dec. Dec. aX! o o o S2 1-1 o r^ CO 05 Nov. Nov. Dec. a a 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 23 Q o Eh O >5 •JUIKJOjiBiif) anojouoijanpoj,! auj P3aj JO }soo aasJSAV c O O OO GO h- -^ 1-H '^l; (M C^ CO lO •paeans -noo paa,^ JO jsoo jfjox CO ^ O ^ O ■* C5 CO -+I CO i-H o •patansnoo , uaAvoa JO junomv Ibjox 1 1 1 1 1 •pamnBuoo sjaavi jBSng JO junorav imox 1 1 1 1 1 ■patnnsuoo aSBjisua ujoo JO junotnv IBjoj, 4^ 1 1 1 1 •pamnsnoa sjoj -JBQ jo junocav injox 1 692.00 •pamnsuoo jaAojs ujoo JO juiiomv IBJOX ^ 290.00 •patansuoD njoo jap -poj JO junotny (bjox .a 431.00 ■pamnsuoo ^^K JO junoray icjox 330.00 160.00 •pamnsuoo iBajvt uajniojo junorav Ib»ox J3 uO O uO O O; O t-;P CO ^ uri (N -* t^ CO o •pamnsuoo UBjg }B3UAi.jo lunorav Ibjox h3 Id o o o t-; lO t>. p GO -H O c^ -* t^ CO lO •pamnsuoo iBajc ujoo JO junoray IBjox 48.75 71.50 35.75 62.00 •5il!rc JO PI8IA ^[iBO a^BjaAV 5 t^ O CO Ci C» CO -*i p 05 CO O <^ •paanpojd Xlirc JO AUUBHf) IBJOX C O lO o o p t- t-; iq CO c> oi t^ -t CO O CJ 1—1 1— ' en § P Nov. 1 to Nov. 15, . Nov. 20 to Dec. 11, . Dec. 17 to Dec. 27, . Jan. 3 to Jan. 18, . LO (M O S^ CO CM GO o >o o 1 CO CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o o 1 1^ o (M >o t^ (>) 1 o OJ o o t- o CO' ^H Tt< t> >oo t^ o GO 1-5 -* t^ »o o t^ o CO ^H -* t- CO o 00 1-H !>. O o o uo (M t^ O T— * CO '"' " o 1-H 1— 1 T— ( > ci o OJ ^ c o ,—1 o (M > > o o ^^ 1 24 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. a o a o o O H fen •5ii!i\[;o;j«nt) 3UO JO uoijonpojj joj paa^ ;o jsoo aasaa-vv m CO 1-1 1— 1 (M t^ GO ■^ O xlH GO G^ CO GO ^ CM I— ( 1— 1 O? T— 1 T-H •parans -uoD pas J ;o ?soo iBjoi <^ CM CO t^ r-H CO O rH O CO ^ "O o -* CO -* 00 >o •painnsuoo uaAioH JO ;unoinv Ibjox Lbs. 423.00 •paransuoo s}aaa jBSng jo janoniv mox o o ■o 1 1 1 CO 1 1 1-1 uO •paninsnoo aaoiisng uwo JO iunorav IBjox Lbs. 680.00 •paransnoo sjoj -JBO JO junoray IBJOx o 3 CM 1 1 1 1 1 •psmnsuoo jsaojs nioo JO lunotay IBJOx i 1 1 1 1 1 J ■patnnsaoo uio^y jappo^ JO junoray l«Jox ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■painnsnoD .tBH JO ^uiioray ibjox o o o o o ^ o p p op .Q d d CO d lO 1 1-1 OS T-i O "0 lO rH T-H (>l rH OJ ■paransuoo luajt najniojo junoray [bjox lO o o »o o o M !>; >0 -O t-~. "O lO 3 tH 1-H lO CO "O '-^ '"' CO t^ -* -<+l Tfl t^ •paninsuoa uwa j8at{AV JO »unoray imox ■O O O lO o o ^ »- O "O O; lO lO •g 1-; ^ . ^ -t^ -+ t^ •paninsuoa \vaK iijoj JO junoray ibjox 'O O O "O o o TO l>- »0 O t^ to O J 1-H T-H uri CO ifi "-^ *^ CO t^ -*-*-* t- JO piajA Al^a aSBjaAV O tH lO O o 1-H 1— ( >0 CO tH CM rH CM OO uo oo lO "O t^ "O lO 1-H O 00 lO -H t^ -* -* ^ t^ o o o -H L-. -* '^ -* t- 1 o o »o o o II iO uo t- "O >0 II 1— 1 uo CO >0 -H t- ^ ^ -* c~- 1 C> ^ o o r> o o +J -M Ci 1— 1 (TS 05 o CM 1— ( CO ,ja-c o o -F-I Jan Mai Mai s '-'^ 1«90.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 25 I H M c o w o o o o H fe^ •WK JO yBn5 aiiO JO uoijanpoaj jqj paaj: JO jsoo aSuaa.^y Cents. 2.24 2 18 2.29 •parans -uoD paa J JO }so^ [bjox ci -:f CO >0 t^ (M ^ CO 'ys •pamnsuoD uaMoajonmorav lw;ox Lbs. 516.00 •paninsuoa sjaag jBSng JO junoniv lujox Lbs. 744.00 •paransuoo aSBiisiiji Tuoo JO ?unoinv [bjox ^111 ■pamnstioo sjci -ai'O JO ;unoniv ibjox Lbs. •paransuoo ja.\o}S IU03 JO junoray l^jox Lbs. •patnnsuoD luo.-) jap -poj JO lunoray iB)ox Lbs. •paransuoa £vil JO lunoray IB?ox Lbs. 150.00 298.50 •paransuoo iBajv uamiojojunorav H^ox Lbs. 48.75 45.50 71.50 •paransuoo uB.ig JBaqM JO iiinoray Ibjox Lbs. 48.75 45.50 71.50 •paransuoo leare ujoo JO junorav 1B4ox Lbs. 48 75 45.50 71.60 JO piaL\. ^n^a aSBjaAV Qts. 13.64 12.25 12.33 •paanpojd m\K JO A'j!}uBn5 ib;ox Qts. 204.63 171.50 272.25 o5 a 1 o 3 1888 ami 1889. March 19 to April 2, . April 9 to April 22, . April 30 to May 21, . 26 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Valuation of Essential Fertilizing Oonstitutents contained in the Various Articles of Fodder used. Nitrogen, 17 cents per pound ; phosphoric acid, 6 cents ; potassium oxide, 44 cents. (1889.) [Per cent.] c "S c ^ ■ « as 2 3 0 0 > a S >, •a c S c W ta » fc & tj 0 ►M fn 0 u 0 m « Moisture, . 12.890 10.080 10.220 8.060 36.850 50.130 90.050 74.760 87.210 10.950 Nitrogen, . 1.550 2.556 4.3.30 1.480 .992 .638 .127 .331 .208 2.030 Phosphoric acid, .713 2.900 .392 .112 .367 .133 .100 .138 .086 .351 Potassium oxide, .430 1.637 .049 .457 .801 .976 .070 .301 .462 2.794 "Valuation per 2,000 pounds, $6 51 $13 64 $15 23 $5 58 $4 53 $3 21 $0 62 $1 56 $1 23 $9 83 Net Cost of Milk and M anuri al Value op Feed. Annie. •o .1 = ^ 0 i i § r- a 0 . alue Iter e Tw it.ta k. S 2 ^1° FEEDING PERIOD.?. 11 [ii = = ^■siSi z%. 0 0 • 0 3 0 " 3 3-2 anuri the F ductii ty Pe by th( ■S55 H S iz; 'A p= 1888 and 1889. Cents. Lbs. Nov. 1 to Nov. 15, . $3 71 $1 64 fl 31 $2 40 1.50 825 Nov. 20 to Dec. 11, . 3 11 1 95 1 56 1 55 0.83 790 Dec. 17 to Dec. 27, . 1 58 89 71 87 1.12 772 Jan. 3 to Jan. 21, . 5 93 1 84 1 47 4 46 2.28 812 Jan. 29 to Feb. 19, . 4 09 2 09 1 67 2 42 1.09 812 Mar. 1 to Mar. 14, . 3 08 1 39 1 11 1 97 155 845 Mar. 19 to Apr. 2, . 4 37 1 68 1 34 3 03 1.96 859 Apr. 9 to Apr. 22, . 3 23 1 45 1 16 2 07 1.45 895 Apr. 30 to May 21, . 5 10 3 07 2 46 2 64 1.15 890 Total, $34 20 $16 00 $12 79 $21 41 - - 1890.] PUBLIC DOCU^IENT — No. 33. 27 Net Cost of Milk and Manurial Value of Feed — Continued. May. FEEDING PERIODS. o 3 rial Value of b'eed after de- ting the Twen- er Cent, taken he Jlilk. ost of Feed for Production of ost of Feed for Production of Quart of Milk. .s-S c o - g 3.3 — 3 a, ol.-" = 2 3 ^ >, rt c: -3 Z^'^ ■SSo go ^ > f-- 'A 'A ' 18S8 and 1889. Cents. Lbs. Nov. 1 to Nov. 15, . $3 86 $1 70 fl 36 $2 50 1.64 950 Nov. 20 to Dec. 11, . 3 33 2 14 1 71 1 62 .92 900 Dec. 17 to Dec. 27, . 1 78 1 02 81 97 1.05 907 Jan. 3 to Jan. 21, . 6 08 1 86 1 49 4 59 2.54 911 Jan. 29 to Feb. 19, . 4 36 2 24 1 79 2 57 1.28 940 Mar. 19 to Apr. 2, . 4 36 1 68 1 34 3 02 2.09 935 Apr. 9 to Apr. 22, . 3 28 1 47 1 18 2 10 1.61 990 Apr. 30 to May 21, . 5 34 3 22 2 58 2 76 1.25 935 Total, 132 39 $15 33 $12 26 $20 13 - - Eva. Nov. 1 to Nov. 15, . $3 86 $1 70 $1 36 f2 50 1.11 1,020 Nov. 20 to Dec. 11, . 3 36 2 17 1 74 1 62 .63 958 Dec. 17 to Dec. 27, . 1 70 97 78 92 .77 940 Jan. 3 to Jan. 21, . 6 08 1 86 1 49 4 59 1.99 970 Jan. 29 to Feb. 19, . 4 49 2 31 1 85 2 64 1.04 978 Mar. 1 to ]Mar. 11, . 3 &f) 1 60 1 28 2 37 1.58 1,030 Mar. 19 to Apr. 2, . 4 47 1 70 1 36 3 11 1.89 1,000 Total, f27 61 $12 31 $9 86 $17 75 - - Melia. Nov. 1 to Nov. 15, . $3 72 $1 65 $1 32 $2 40 1.67 1,075 Nov. 20 to Dec. 11,. 3 10 1 93 1 54 1 56 .99 1,036 Dec. 17 to Dec. 27,. 1 65 94 75 90 1.26 1,025 Jan. 3 to Jan. 21,. 6 08 1 86 1 49 4 59 3.15 1,075 Jan. 29 to Feb. Total, 19, . 4 22 2 16 1 73 2 49 1.57 1,096 |18 77 $8 '54 $6 83 $11 94 - - Daisy. Nov. 1 to Nov. 15, . f4 08 $1 78 $1 42 $2 66 1.80 1,170 Nov. 20 to Dec. 11,. 3 44 2 24 1 79 1 65 1.18 1,165 Dec. 17 to Dec. 27,. 1 90 1 10 88 1 02 1.71 1,176 Jan. 3 to Jan. Total, 18,. 5 34 1 58 1 26 4 18 4.29 1,220 $14 76 $6 70 $5 35 $9 41 - - 28 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Net Cost of Milk and Manurial Value of Feed — Concluded. Minnie. FEEDING PERIODS. •a o . Oa « o o " S§2 OS'S > Manurial Value of the Feed atter de- ducting the Twen- ty Per Cent, taken by the Milk. Net Cost of Feed for the I'roduction of Milk. ^■§ o CO - ■" S = •^^^ ^ » c •A ii O o 1888 and 1889. Nov. 1 to jSTov. 15, . Nov. 20 to Dec. 11, . $3 58 3 00 $1 60 1 85 $1 28 1 48 $2 30 1 52 Cents. 1.96 1.12 Lbs. 1,050 1,017 Total, f6 58 f3 45 $2 76 $3 82 - Flora. Jan. 3 to Jan. 21, . $6 OG $1 85 $1 48 14 58 1.58 882 Jan. 29 to Feb. 19, . 4 12 2 10 1 68 2 44 .83 859 Mar. 1 to Mar. 14, . 3 06 1 39 1 11 1 95 1.16 870 Mar. 19 to Apr. 2, . 4 37 1 68 1 34 3 03 1.54 875 Apr. 9 to Apr. 22, . 3 41 1 52 1 22 2 19 1.20 927 Apr. 30 to ]\Iay 21, . 5 53 3 34 2 67 2 86 .97 918 Total, 126 bb $11 88 |9 50 $17 05 - - Jessie. Jan. 29 to Feb. 19,. $4 46 !f2 29 $1 83 f2 63 0.85 736 Mar. 1 to Mar. 14,. 3 10 1 40 1 12 1 98 1.23 730 Mar. 19 to Apr. 2,. 4 51 1 72 1 38 3 13 1.78 751 Apr. 9 to Apr. 22,. 3 49 1 54 1 23 2 26 1.26 806 Apr. 30 to May Total, 21,. 5 70 3 47 2 78 2 92 1.00 809 $21 26 $10 42 |8 34 fl2 92 - - Elsie. Mar. 19 to Apr. 2, . Apr. 9 to Apr. 22, . Apr. 30 to May 21, . $4 59 3 74 6 23 $1 74 1 64 3 80 $1 39 1 31 3 04 $3 20 2 43 3 19 1.56 1,105 1.42 1,120 1.17 1,120 Total, ,f 14 56 $7 18 15 74 $8 82 _ 1 _ 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 29 Analyses of Milk. [Per cent.] Annie. 3 nJ CS CO ;:h c^ 16. t-^ 1888 and 1889. % ^ Dec. a J3 Mar. a. < 1 Solids, . 13.68 15.22 14.83 14.10 14.30 14.25 14.52 14.06 14.18 Fat, . 3.65 5.10 4.90 4.10 4.55 4.61 472 4.60 4.67 Solids not fat, . 10.03 10.12 9.93 10.00 9.75 9.64 9.80 9.46 9.51 May. Solids, 14.90 14.42 15.37 15.42 15.05 15.02 15.24 14.61 Fat, . 4.13 5.30 4.74 4.60 4.65 - 4.60 5.20 4.87 Solids not fat, . 10.77 9.12 10.63 10.82 10.40 — 10.42 10.04 9.74 Eva. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat, , 14.40 14.45 15.11 14.90 14.95 15.52 15.63 4.85 5.25 5.17 4.82 4.95 5.51 5.33 _ 9.55 9.20 9.94 10.08 10.00 10.01 10.30 - Melia. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat, 13.82 13.87 14.40 13.86 13.30 3.70 4.38 4.34 3.50 3.80 - - - 10.12 9.49 10.06 10.36 9.50 - - - Daisy. Solids, Fat, . Solids not fat, 15.48 14.18 16.70 15.73 4.44 4.48 4.93 3.24 _ - - 11.04 9.70 11.77 12.49 — — — Minnie. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat. 14.22 14.07 4.49 4.85 - - - - _ _ 9.73 9.22 — — — — — - 30 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analyses of Milk — Concluded. Flora. •* ^ ^ to s ■^ <^^ JO t-i 1888 «nd 1889. ^ " u S ■Q S u u & ?; a Q i-s fe a < < a Solids, . 12.90 12.77 13.15 13.17 12.57 12.77 Fat, . - - - 3.15 3.55 3.68 3.73 3.40 3.46 Solids not fat, . — — — 9.75 9.22 9.47 9.44 9.17 9.31 Jessie. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat, , 13.22 13.75 15.12 14.91 _ _ _ _ 4.25 4.57 5.34 5 45 - - — - 8.97 9.18 9.78 9.46 15.00 4.67 10.33 Elsie. Solids, Fat, . Solids not fat. 12.20 12.75 _ _ _ _ _ 3.14 3.09 - - — — — — 9.06 9.66 12.65 3.38 9.27 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 31 Analyses of Fodder Articles fed during the Previously Described Feeding Experiments. (November, 1888, to May, 1889.) Corn Meal {Average). s o ~ o 1 1 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,0(J0 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ~ o . "^1 i 3 tJjQ 6 > Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 12.89 87.11 257.80 1,742.20 - - >| Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (niti'ogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.36 1.90 4.16 11.12 81.46 2,000.00 27.20 38.00 83.20 222.40 1,629.20 12.92 63.23 189.04 1,531.45 34 76 85 94 1—1 o 1—* 100.00 2,000.00 1,796.64 - J Wheat Bran (Average). 8 Si o 1 " Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 6 1 1 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, • 10.08 89.92 201.60 1,798.40 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-niti'ogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 6.38 10.74 4.34 17.77 60.77 2,000 00 127.60 214.80 86.80 355.40 1,215.40 42.96 69.44 312.75 972.32 20 80 88 80 O CO '?. 1-1 100.00 2,000.00 1,397.47 - J 32 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analyses of Fodder Articles fed, etc. — Continued. Gluten Meal {Average). s Z ° c 5 I ° S p. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 5°i 0 ^ 5 • S '^ 1 § £ "Is 6 Pi > 3 Moisture at 100" C, . Dry matter, 10.22 89.78 204.40 1,795.60 - - \ Analysis of Dry Matter. Ci'ude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 .52 .56 5.50 30.15 63.27 2,000.00 10.40 11.20 110.00 603.00 1,265.40 3.81 83.60 512.55 1,189.48 34 76 85 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,789.44 - J Hay. [Experiment Station, 1888.] s 6 1 g 1 '^ Constituents (In Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. »: S 2 6 '♦J M 1 ISIoisture at 100° C, . Dry matter. 8.06 91.94 161.20 1,838.80 - _ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 6.67 33.75 2.09 10.06 47.43 2,000.00 133.40 675.00 4180 201.20 948.60 391.50 19.23 114.68 597.62 58 46 57 63 •05 rH 100.00 2,000.00 1,123.03 - J 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 33 Analyses of Fodder Articles fed, etc. — Continued. Corn Fodder. [Experiment Station, 1888.] Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. S a - -2 '5 " 1 i 6 ■s > a Moisture at 100° C, . 36.85 737.00 1 Dry matter, 63.15 1,263.00 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 4.84 96.80 CO " cellulose, . 21.96 439.20 316.22 72 r ^ " fat, .... 2.02 40.40 30.30 75 " protein (nitrogenous matter). 9.82 196.40 143.37 73 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 61.36 1,227.20 822.22 67 100.00 2,000 00 1,312.11 - J Corn Stover. [Experiment Station, 1888.] i Of a S o 1 §• Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. I'er Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 6 > 3 IMoisture at 100° C, . Dry matter. 50.13 49.87 100.00 3.73 34.49 1.75 8.00 52.03 1,002.60 997.40 2,000.00 74.60 689.80 35.00 160.00 1,040.60 - _ N Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... '■ protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 496.66 26.25 116.80 697.20 72 75 73 67 CO t^ 1—1 100.00 2,000.00 1,336.91 - J 14 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analyses of FoDDEii Articles fed, etc. — Continued. Carrots {Danvers). [Experiment Station, 1888.] Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a 'J'on of 2,000 Pounds. 3°i 6 > Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 90.05 9.95 1,801.00 199.00 - - 1 % Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 8.28 10.26 1.67 7.98 71.81 2,000.00 165.60 205.20 33.40 159.60 1,436.20 205.20 33.40 159.60 1,436.20 100 100 100 100 t>. I— ( 100.00 2,000.00 1,834.40 - ^ Corn Ensilage. [Experiment Station, 1888.] s o S c 5 .2 i i. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Percent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. izi Moisture at 100° C, . 74.56 1,491.20 ^ Dry matter. 25.44 508.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash. 1.07 21.40 " cellulose, . 20.11 402.20 289.58 72 >7^ " fat 6.49 129.80 97.35 75 " protein (nitrogenous matter). 8.14 162.80 118.84 73 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 64.19 1,283.80 860.15 67 100.00 2,000.00 1,365.92 - 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 35 Analyses of Fodder Articles fed, etc. — Continued. Sugar Beets {Average). [Experiment Station, 1888.] Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 Vh o >> S 6 > Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 87.21 12.79 1,744.20 255.80 _ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 6.47 6.16 .98 10.15 76.24 2,000.00 129.40 123.20 19.60 203.00 1,524.80 123.20 19.60 203.00 1,524.80 100 100 100 100 CO CO rH 100.00 j 2,000.00 1,870.60 J • Mowen. [Experiment Station, 1888.] a 3 M O Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,00(t Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. s s ,2 « > 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter. 10.95 89.05 219.00 1,781.00 - - 1 A nalysis of Dry Matter. Ci'ude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 6.49 31.50 5.03 14.25 42.73 2,000.00 129.80 630.00 100.60 285.00 854.60 365.40 46.28 162.45 538.40 58 46 57 63 CO CM rH 100.00 2,000.00 1,110.53 - ) 36 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analyses of Fodder Articles fp:d, etc. — Concluded. Corn Fodder. [Mostly stalks; left uneaten by the cows during experiment.] a o l.i § o Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 ^ 5 ° i > "A Moisture iit 100° C, . Dry matter. 53.70 46.30 1,074.00 926.00 - - ^ Analysis of Dry Malter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " Ijrotein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 3.44 39.31 2.83 6.47 47.95 2,000.00 68.80 786.20 56.60 129.40 959.00 566.06 42.45 94.46 642.53 72 75 73 67 100.00 2,000.00 1,345.50 - j Corn Stover. [Mostly stalks; left uneaten by the cows during experiment.] 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 37 SiBiMARY OF Feeding Experimexts with Milch Cows. (November, 1885, to May, 1889.) Fodder Corn^ Corn Stover and Corn Ensilage vs. English Hay. In preceding communications it will be found that some years ago, November, 1885, a series of observations with milch cows was inaugurated at our institution, for the purpose of securing, under well-defined circumstances, information needed to assist in answering the following questions : — 1. What is the comparative feeding effect of dry fodder corn, of dry corn stover, and of a good corn ensilage, when used in part or in the whole as a substitute for English hay (upland meadow hay) in the daily diet of milch cows, and also that of a good root crop in place of corn ensilage ; the amount and kind of grain feed remaining, for obvious reasons, the same under otherwise corresponding circumstances ? 2. What is the total cost, as well as the net cost of the daily feed per head in case of different fodder combinations used ; making in all cases alike an allowance of a loss of twenty per cent, of the fertilizing constituents contained in the feed consumed, in consequence of the sale of the milk? 3. What is the commercial value, at current market rates, of the manurial refuse obtainable in the case of different fodder combinations used as daily diet for the supp@rt of cows, assuming that eighty per cent, of the value of the fertilizing constituents contained in the fodder con- sumed can be secured to the farm by a careful management ? The results of experiments carried on in this connection during a number of months of the years 1885, 1886, 1887 and 1888, have already been described in detail in our respective annual reports and periodical bulletins. More recent observations in the same direction are reported upon some preceding pages. As a careful consideration of all our results to date leads practically to the same conclusions, the subsequent final summary of our work has been prepared with a view of enabling, as far as practicable, all parties interested in our special line of inquiry into the economy of milk production to draw their own conclusions, and to ascertain for them- selves whether the stand-point taken in our several reports, of progress, is justifiable by the facts presented. 38 AGKICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. C/J H ;25 w * ^ Ci •— 1 ^ M uo H f^ P^ .. ^ H O o ^ 1— ( Q On W ^s tlH O Q W •(spanoa) o o 00 QO ?o CO CO l>. -^ Gi 1 1 cq c^ oi 1 1 1 paa^au^ui jsnerv: -*i CO CO 05 30 iCjd JO junoniv "* "O CO t>. lO aqj ni suoijbuba -H ,-1 rH r-;,-; •(s;u90) paonp ^ ^ O o r^ CO o CO Ci CO -ojd5ii!ivio WBnf) T-H T-H 1-H ,-(■ rH aad P39J }o }soo C^^ 1 1 1 CO 1— 1 -*• ■»3iI8q>nt8aonBUBA lO o ^ Td< CO •(e}u90) paonpojd -+I o t>. CO CO «5 "O CO t^ G^ W.K JO ^JBtlC) J9d (>i c^ c^ p P OS GO '"' T-H •(swBnf)) pouaj r^ O (N CO -* aaijaa am Suunp ■^ P Ci p Ci jfB(i aad XUK 'o c-i >— 1 1-5 >-H co' uoijanpojj aSBJSAV 1—1 T-H I— 1 T— 1 7— 1 , o -t^ o ^ CO O; •(s4JBnf)) 3ii!it cfo 00 ci d -H T-H v-H JO piai,;. A-i!B(i 1 1 1 1 1 aqj ut snoijBUBA lO Oi CO. o i?j CO CO CO -H ,— ( 1— 1 1— I 1— ( o ^-s 1 § ^^ o a Susie Meg Dora 1^ i-H oi T-H oq CO T3 r^ o oo 1-H Xl Ol CO tM . d t- |>I CO o o" '""' £ 1 I-l T-( O •— ' o 2 o c ■M « .& ^ 5 ^ Ol ^ ^ '-S t^ 12 Ci 1^ 1 ^ og ■ ^ ,-H f^ '-I s 3 , A ^ '' ^ O O O O "O o oooooo-oo 'S O O O O t^ o oooooot^o Eh CO O O lO G^ >0 CO O CO -H O O G^ t- J C^ r-H C «<^ «© c3 i 1 O o. ^ «^-2 fl— ^ o S - i~t a -fcJ -/:; CO 0) , S t^ S a Xj CO O i3 c3 23 " ■" o 1 gJlioggrc SS-S^Tcggj: r. o [~; S C O S O ?^ W '^ O :« o>^— it>iaocc3 OP^CPhMC^OU rIod serva- on. •9881 'f ^inr V ^ •Z881 'fS Il-idv (So" 0% o; o 'essi'oo-Aox '9881 'I '^^O 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Nq. 33. 39 Q o o •(spnnoj) 0 -ci-*-*'OOico>ci 0 0 -* t>- CO OJ ^co-*oppcoi-;ci lUHJo jJBtif) c^ c^^ (>i '^ CO i-< cicici^cicocic6r4 jad paransuoa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 paa J aqi ui jailB]? -+ CO 00 5^ 1^ 00 OCil^COOCiOO-^Cl A'jd JO lunomv Ci O- t>. CO --H CO pc]--ocr>t--cot~~co-^ am Uj suoijBM'A T— 1 1— ( I-i CO (>i t-H cici.-- ^ "O Ci 0 -ojdJinittJojjBnt) i-H ,-; ^ CO ci i-H cicii-H-#i-(coi--H jad paaji jo }soo I ' i 1 I 1 l~ H «5 Ci 0 0 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 cocicooo'OCiC^cico !>; !>; 0 CO Ci 10 cociO'-jcoci'-j'-Hoq jax am ut suoijBUBA ' T-i ' ■(sjuao) paonpoid r-l CO '^i ^ 0 t^ -*COC1GOOOOCiiOCl »0 "O ^ t- CO Ci pCOl---*iOrHC10Cl ^Ure JO 5-mnf) Jad G0 -* (>) i-O c^ p COCOCO'*-*Cii-;CI-* am ui suojiBUBA 1-H .— 1 T— 1 C) -r 0 CI 0 c; OC1t~>.C5GOpt>;GOGq ABa J3d ^Hlt JO ^ — ; ci 'o Ci 0 cici-HcrJcit^cioco uoijonpoj.i aSBjaAV ,_(,_,_, ,-1 rH 1— 1 T— ( T— 1 i-H CJ Ci lO Ci 0 Ciiocococcr^iooo 0 0 0 lO c^ CO pOl^-^^r-HdrHO (siJBnf)) mm 1—tr-lr-l 1—1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 t>Icooor-^t^dcoc^ I— I 1— 1 I-H 1— ( JO piaiA J^n^a CO !>. 0 CI CO c; ci ci -t^ t>l 0 ci 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cocoiot^cio-^coo am UI suoiiBUBA 'Or-HOOO'-^COCOOOCO 0 0 -p ci -t ci CO l>^ "O c o ^^^,^,,^,,^ ^-N ^-^.— s^^ ^-v, ^-v ,— — ^ — . c? CI CI CO CI CI S,^s,^^_/^.^ ^^ ^■~^^^^^ s^^ S_^ is o ^ 5 " ;=: r- S X' •i>..H^-2l2 s S S S Wi-^ G c ^ > "3 -: - -2 •" ^ i-H ci CO -* uo CO i-Hcico-^ocot-Iooci v 00 Ci CJ o y-i GO (^ 0 V- ^ 0 0 CO CO o o • • •. u "Zi 1—1 rH I— 1 I— 1 o a 0 c -l-i •c .— 0 .. CO' , l; »- C] c ^ a •H '^ 1 "^•l 3 2; ;:^ ,-iS '' N ' ^ O' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 'O 000 ■3 0 i^ O' r- 0 0 i^ 0 Cit^ tiOOOt^OOO J3 CO 0 t^ 0 'O »0 CI lO ^OCOuOO'OClt^-iO'O C» CI CJ CJ 1— CI CJ C) I— 1 1-1 •a s 11 €©= «©■ " " 1 ' " ' ' C S • ■ •■-"••„• 8 "■ _ ^ cT ;^ ?: ;r ^ y u 0 fi, 0 ^ C5 W ^ 0 0 0 CZ2 P5 pEl ss ^ y V V 1 V V ■2 '^ J 0 0 c •888X '91 M\[ •688X 'IS ^^K >§ = o; 0!J "S '888T '8 '^^r '8881 'I -Ao^ 40 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. A short discussion of the most important facts presented in the preceding tabular statement may assist in a desirable appreciation of the questions involved. During our first year of observation, November, 1885, ta July, 1886, either corn meal and wheat bran or wheat bran alone served as grain feed ; while, during the succeeding years, as a rule, the same weight parts of corn meal, wheat bran and gluten meal were fed. The above-stated variations of daily yield of milk refer to the highest and lowest yield in each case, and do not bear a direct relation to any particular diet. The valuation of the fodder ingredients is based in this connection on the average of the local market price per ton of each article for the entire period of observation. Corn meal, $22 75 Fodder corn, . . $5 00 Wheat bran, 21 00 Coni stover. 5 00 Gluten meal, . 24 50 Corn ensilage, . 2 75 Hay, .... 15 00 Carrots, . 7 00 Rowen, 15 00 Sugar beets, 5 CO The commercial valuation of the fertilizing constituents contained in each fodder article is based on the following market prices : i. e., nitrogen (pier pound), 17 cents ; phos- phoric acid, 6 cents ; and potassium oxide, 4^ cents. Eighty per cent, of the entire amount of fertilizing constituents contained in the fodder consumed is considered obtainable by proper management, while twenty per cent, is assumed to be sold with the milk. Principal Daily Fodder Rations used. November, 1885, to July, 1886. Corn meal, . 3.25 lbs. Coi-n meal, . 3.25 lbs Wheat bran, 3.25 " Wheat bran. 3.25 " Hay, . . . . 21.75 " Hay, . 10.00 " Total cost, . 23.43 cts. Corn stover. 8.00 " Net cost, . 15.43 " Total cost, . 16.62 cts Manurial value obtain- Net cost, 10.04 " able. 8.00 " Manurial value obtain- Nutritive ratio, . 1 : 8.02 able, 6.58 " Nutritive ratio, . 1 : 7.83 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 41 Principal o Daily Fodder Rations used- - Continued. 1 Corn meal, . o 3.25 lbs. Coru meal, . •i. 3.25 lbs Wheat bran, . 3.25 " Wheat bran. 3.25 " Hay, . . . 5.00 " Hay, . . 15.00 " Corn stover, 12.75 " Sugar beets. 27.00 " Total cost, . 14.06 cts. Total cost, . 25.12 cts Net cost, 7.83 " Net cost. 17.10 " Maniirial value obtaiu- Manurial value obtain- able, . 623 " able, . 8.02 " Xutritive ratio. . 1:7.81 Nutritive ratio, 1 : 7.20 Wheat braa. 3.25 lbs. Wheat bran. 3.25 lbs Hay, . . . . 15.00 " Hay, . . . . 15.00 " Sugar beets, 27.00 " Sugar beets. 40.00 " Total cos't, . 21.41 cts. Total cost, . 24.66 cts Net cost, 14.31 " Net cost. 16.66 " Manurial value obtain- Manurial value obtain- able. 7.10 " able. 8^00 " Nutritive ratio, . 1 : 6.93 Nutritive ratio, . 1 : 6.81 October, 1886, to April, 1887. Corn meal, . 3.25 lbs. Corn meal, . 3.25 lbs Wheat bran. 3.25 " Wheat bran. 3.25 " Gluten meal. 3.25 " Gluten meal. 3.25 " Hay, . . . . 18.75 " Hay, . . . . 5.00 " Total cost, . 25.14 cts. Corn ensilage, . 34.00 « Net cost. 15.77 " Total cost, . 19.60 cts. Manm'ial value obtain- Net cost. 11.62 " able. 9.37 " Manurial value obtain- Nuti'itive ratio, . 1:6.11 able. 7.98 " Nutritive ratio, . 1:6.12 Corn meal, . 3.25 lbs Wheat bran. 3.25 " Gluten meal. 3.25 " Hay, .... 10.00 " Carrots, 38.00 " Total cost, . 31.89 cts I>fet cost. 23.05 " Manurial value obtainable, 8.84 » Nutritive ratio, . 1:5.99 42 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Principal Daily Fodder Rations used — Concluded. 10. Corn meal, . Wheat bran, Gluten meal. Fodder corn, Total cost, . Net cost, Manurial value obtain able, Nutritive ratio, . Jamiarii to May, 1888. 3.25 lbs. 3.25 " 3.25 " 17.75 " 15.53 cts. 7.54 " 7.99 " :5 82 11. Corn meal, . Wheat bran. Gluten meal. Corn stover. Total cost, . Net cost, JNIanurial value obtain- able. Nutritive ratio, . 3.25 lbs. 3.25 " 3.25 " 17.25 " 15.40 cts. 7.44 " 7.96 " : 5.98 12. Corn meal, . Wheat bran. Gluten meal. Hay, . . Corn ensilage, Total cost, . Net cost, JVIanurial value 'obtainable. Nutritive ratio, . 3.25 lbs. 3.25 " 3.25 " 10.00 " 21.75 " 21.(34 cts. 13.15 " 8.49 " 1:6.12 November, 1888, to Man, 1889. 13. 14. Corn meal, . 3.25 lbs. Corn meal, . 3.25 lbs Wheat bran. 3.25 " Wheat bran, 3.25 " Gluten meal. . 3.25 " Gluten meal, 3.25 " Hay, . . . 10.00 " Rowen, 19.50 " Sugar beets. . 47.25 " Total cost, .. 25.72 cts Total cost, . . 30 40 cts. Net cost. 13.51 " Net cost, . 20.22 " Manm-ial value obtain- Manurial value ol )tain- able. 12.21 " able. . 10.18 " Nutritive ratio, . 1 : 5.06 Nutritive ratio. . 1:5.56 Fodder rations Nos. 3, 8, 10, 11 and 14 deserve particular attention for trials. The remainder, although in some in- stances not without special interest, are published to illustrate our essential variations in the daily diet used. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 43 Tabular Statement of the Cost per Day of the Above- mentioned Fodder Combinations. Total Cost. Net Cost. Manurial Value Obtainable. Cents. Cents. Cents. No. 1, 23.43 15.43 8.00 '• 2. 16.62 1004 6.58 " 3, 14.06 7.83 6.23 " 4. 25.12 17.10 8.02 " 5, 21.41 14.31 7.10 " 6, 24.66 16.66 8.00 " 7, 25.14 15.77 9.37 8, 19.60 11.62 7.98 " 9, 31.89 23.05 8.84 " 10, 15.75 7.54 7.99 " 11, 15.40 7.44 7.96 " 12, 21.64 13 15 8.49 " 13, 30.40 20.22 10.18 " 14, 25.72 13.51 12.21 Considering the previously described fodder combinations from a mere financial stand-point, they rank, with reference to their net cost, beginning with the lowest, as follows : 11, 10, 3, 2, 8, 12, 14, 5, 1, 7, 6, 4, 13, 9. A close in- quiiy into the character of the coarser or bulky part of the various fodder compositions cannot fail to show that, wherever fodder corn, corn stover or corn ensilage have been fed in part or in the whole as a substitute for English hay, in con- nection with the same kind and amount of grain feed, the commercial value of the manurial refuse obtainable has been ])ut slightly if any affected ; while the net cost of the daily feed of the animals on trial has been materially reduced (from one-third to one-half). It seems scarcely necessary to mention, here, that only equally well-prepared fodder articles are considered in the discussion. Sugar beets compare well, as far as net cost is concerned, with good corn ensilage, when fed in quantities of from twenty to twenty-tive pounds of the former in place of from thirty to thirty-five pounds of the latter. In view of these facts, it' becomes a question of first importance to ascei'tain to what extent it w^ill be judicious, as far as their commercial feed value is concerned, to advo- 44 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. cate the substitution of dry fodder corn, corn stover and a good corn ensilage for English hay in the daily diet of dairy stock. It is generally admitted that the present condition of the market for dairy products calls for the closest investigation of every point which bears on the cost of the production of milk ; and it will be not less conceded, that next in impor- tance to the selection of cows of good milking qualities comes the consideration of the cost of their daily diet. Net Cost of Feed. The actual cost of a daily diet for any kind of form live stock does not alone depend on the temporary market cost of a given quantity of the various ingredients which consti- tute the daily fodder rations, but also in a controlling degree upon the quantity of some essential articles of plant food (in particular of nitrogen, phospiioric acid and potassium oxide) which they contain, and the amount of these which may be secured in some definite proportion in form of manurial refuse, after the fodder has served its purpose for the sup- port of the life and the functions of the animal which con- sumes it. As has been already stated on previous occasions, the net cost of a daily diet is ascertained by deducting from the sum of the market price of its ingredients, the sum expressing the commercial value of their manurial con- stituents obtainable in each particular case. This circum- stance deserves, for obvious reasons, the most serious consideration on the part of farmers, when choosing from amono; the various suital)le fodder articles oifered for their patronage, those for a daily diet of their farm live stock which will ultimately prove the cheapest in their position, in consequence of the higher commercial value of the manu- rial refuse they furnish. It becomes the more important to select with that view in mind ; as the fluctuations in the local market price of oil cakes, gluten meal, corn meal, wheat bran and of similar refuse materials (by-products) of flour mills, glucose works, starch works, breweries, etc., are, as a rule, liable to be more frequent and more serious than in case of home-raised coarse or bulky fodder articles, as English hay, corn stover, 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 45 corn ensilage, etc. The commercial value of the manurial refuse obtainable from the first-named class, in case of corre- sponding weights and under similar circumstances, exceeds quite frequently from two to three times that obtainable in case of the latter. Applying this standard of valuation to our feeding experi- ments, we notice the followino; relations : — Fodder Articles tised during our Feeding Experiments. Name of Article. Market Price per Ton. Value of Manu- rial Constituents per Ton. Relative Net Cost per Ton. English Iiav, .... $15 00 $5 58 $10 54 Rowen (dry), . 15 00 9 83 7 14 Fodder corn (dry), 5 00 4 53 1 38 Corn stover (dry), 5 00 3 21 2 43 Corn ensilage. . 2 75 1 56 1 50 Corn meal, 21 90 6 51 16 69 Wheat bran. 20 70 13 64 9 79 Gluten meal, . 23 40 15 23 11 22 Considering our entire feeding experiments, 1885 to 1889, we lind that corn meal has cost per ton $22.75, wheat bran $21, and gluten meal $24.50. The latter sells to-day at $23 per ton, corn meal at $19, and wheat bran at $16.50. The market price of hay, corn stover, etc., has practically remained the same, as far as the same seasgn of the year is concerned. Serious variations in the market price of our fodder articles not infrequently advise changes from one article to another of a similar character and composition. At present local market prices of feed stuffs, hay and corn meal are very costly fodder articles ; the same applies to carrots. Feeding Value or Nulritive Value of Fodder Articles. From preceding remarks it will be apparent that we have secured a satisfactory basis for our guidance to decide the relative money value of current fodder articles, as well as that of an entire diet. Quite different, however, is our situation, when the determination of their relative feeding 46 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. value is involved ; for it is an undeniable fact that the rela- tive commercial value of fodder articles does not necessarily coincide with their relative feeding value ; it rarely does. This circumstance arises from the tact that both are deter- mined by different standards. The commercial or money value oi fodder articles, as far as they enter the general market, is regulated like that of other articles of merchan- dise, by supply and demand ; the greater the former and the less the latter, the lower is the market price, etc. ; the relative money value of a given quantity can l)e expressed for the same locality by one definite sum. The feeding value or nutritive value of a fodder article refers especially to its feeding effect ; it depends usually on the co-operation of a series of varying conditions, some- times more or less beyond our control. Foremost among these are : — 1. A higher degree of adaptation with reference to par- ticular kind and organization of the animal under consider- ation ; its age and functions, etc. 2. The chemical composition and the general physical conditions, depending on stage of growth, mechanical prepa- ration, etc., of the fodder ingredients to be used. 3. Whether the article constitutes the sole diet, or serves as a more or less prominent part of the daily diet. The feeding effect of most fodder articles is more or less modified by, and thus in a controlling degree dependent on, the character of the associated ingredients in the daily diet. These few remarks suffice to show that the comparative feeding value of one and the same fodder article, even when of a stable composition, cannot be fully expressed by one numerical value. The practice of stating the comparative feeding value of current fodder articles with reference to that of good English hay equal to 100, has been for years aban- doned, as devoid of any substantial support. There is no single fodder article on record which furnishes the best diet — i. e., the cheapest and at the same time most nutritive food — for even the same class of animals, under differ- ent circumstances. Both net cost of feed and its relative nutritive or feeding effect under existing circumstances, have to be consulted when aimins: at an economical diet for farm 1890] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 47 live stock. Actual feeding experiments, under well-delined circumstances, alone can give us the desired informa- tion. Although much needs still to be done in this direction to recognize in many instances more clearly the principles which underlie a successful practice, it must be admitted that some valuable facts have been already established in regard to a rational and thus economical system of stock feeding, by European investigators and others, which can serve advan- tageously as guides in compounding economical fodder com- binations for all kinds of farm live stock. The economy of milk production, in particular, has received much attention. European investigators recommend in this connection quite generally a daily diet, rich in digestible nitrogenous constit- uents, as beneficial to the general condition of cows, and at the same time reducing the net cost of the feed consumed, by furnishing larger quantities of valuable home-made manure at the lowest market cost. The European standard for a daily diet of milch cows calls for one part of digestible nitrog- enous fodder constituents to five and four-tenths parts of digestible non-nitrogenous food constituents. Our results, on the whole, point in the same direction. The nitrogenous food constituents of the fodder rations received special attention. The main interest of our inquiry, however, consists in the partial or entire successful substitution, under otherwise corresponding circumstances, of dry fodder corn or corn stover or corn ensilaije for English hav, as far as net cost of feed and quality and quantity of milk are concerned. The results of former years of observation are already on record in our respective annual reports ; they lead to the same con- clusions as those stated in the introduction to our latest experiment, described in preceding pages. The net cost of the daily feed during our late experiment has been reported in that connection. The quality of the milk and cream obtained on tliat occasion may be learned from the subsequent tabular creamery records of the station. (See "Feeding Experi- ment," chapter IV., creamery record of the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station during the years 1885 to 1889, contained in this report.) 48 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. II. Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows ; Green Crops vs. English Hay. June 19 to Oct. 22, 1889. The first experiment in this direction was instituted in 1887, for the purpose of comparing the feeding efiects of good English hay with that of some reputed green fodders. The green crops selected for our observation consisted of a mixed crop of oats and vetch, of Southern cow-pea and of serradella. 1887. — Five cows were eno:ao;ed in the trial. Two cows were fed with a daily fodder ration consisting of corn meal, 3^ pounds (2 quarts) ; wheat bran, 3| pounds (4 quarts) ; English hay, 20 to 24 pounds. The excess of hay left over was weighed back and subsequently deducted from the orig- inal quantity (about ^ to ^ pound per day). Three cows received periodically the above-stated daily rations, and alternately the following ; corn meal, o-| pounds ; wheat bran, 31 pounds; English hay, 5 pounds; and as much of either green vetch and oats, green Southern cow- pea or green serradella, as the individual animal would con- sume. They consumed per day, on an average, from 64 to 65 pounds of green vetch and oats ; of green Southern cow- pea, 96 to 97 pounds ; and in case of green serradella, from 97 to 98 pounds. The feeding of the green crop commenced in every instance with the beginning of the blooming period. The rate of consumption of green crops decreased gradually with the progress of their growth. The feeding of the diflerent green fodders, in place of three-fourths of the customary daily rations of English hay, gave, on the whole, very satisfactory results. For details, we have to refer to the fifth annual report of the station, 1888. — The experiment was repeated with some modifi- cations. A mixed crop of vetch and oats, of Southern cow- pea and of serradella, was raised for that purpose. The latter crop suffered seriously from blight, and^was not fit for feeding. The quantity of green fodder fed at stated times w'as somewhat less in pounds than in the trial during the preceding year, on account of the addition of gluten meal to the fodder ration of that year. The daily diet (1888) 1890. 1 PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 49 consisted of corn meal, 3^ pounds ; wheat In-an, 31 pounds ; gluten meal, 3| pounds ; English hay, 5 pounds ; and as much vetch and oats or cow-pea as the animal would consume, which amounted, in the case of green vetch and oats, to from 54 to 68 pounds ; and in that of green Southern cow-pea, from 70 to 80 pounds. One-fourth (five pounds) of the ordinar}^ daily hay ration was retained in our green fodder diet, for the purpose of preventing disorders in the digestion of a liberal quantity of green fodder. The nutritive ratio of the green fodder diet was a closer one than on former occasions, varying from 1 : 4.5 to 1 : 5.5. The nutritive effect was very satisfactory, for the animals, without exception, maintained their original weight ; the jdeld of milk was in every instance somewhat raised, and the quality of the milk was equal to the best, as far as one and the same animal was concerned. The net cost of the feed for the production of one quart of milk was in most instances lower than in case of a whole English hay ration. The cost of green fodder is based on that of hay, $15 per ton : allowing two tons of hay, with fifteen per cent-, of moisture, as the average produce of English hay per acre. This mode of valuation has been adopted, as on previous occasions, on account of the entire absence of market prices, as far as green vetch, cow-pea and serradella are concerned. These crops, as a rule, rank higher in the scale of an agri- cultural valuation than the meadow o;rass. Valuation per Ton of the Fodder Articles. (1888.) Corn meal, . $24 00 Vetch and oats (green) , . f2 75 Corn and cob meal, . . 20 70 Cow-ijea (green), . 3 14 Wheat bran, . • 22 50 Serradella (green), . 3 16 Gluten meal, . . 22 50 Rowen, . . 15 00 English haA^ . 15 00 1889. — Six cows at a time served in the trial ; the obser- vation began in June and closed in October, 1889. The course adopted during the preceding year was adhered to in every essential point. The daily diet consisted of 3^ pounds each of corn meal, wheat bran and gluten meal, with 5 pounds of hay, and all the green vetch and oats, green cow-pea or green serradella called for by each individual 50 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. cow. The amount actually consumed per day varied in case of vetch and oats from 30 to 55 pounds ; of cow-pea., from 66 to 84 pounds ; and, in case of serradella, from 63 to 85 pounds ; showing but little preference for one as compared with the others. The difference in the daily consumption of the green fodders was due largely to their variations in dry vegetable matter during the progress of the experiment. The experiment was sub-divided into five feeding periods, beginning and ending with a hay fodder ration. The daily waste of coarse feed amounted per head to four pounds in case of oats and vetch, to two pounds in case of serradella, to one and one-half pounds in case of cow-pea ; and, in case of hay, to one-half pound. The results obtained fully sustain the conclusions pre- sented in our previous reports, namely : — 1. The weight of dry vegetable matter contained in the feed consumed for the production of one quart of milk is less in case of the green fodder rations than in the hay ration ; indicating a superior nutritive value of the former, as compared with the latter. 2. The yield of milk is in every instance increased, when changing from a hay ration to a green fodder ration. 3. The quality of milk is but slightly altered in case of diflerent cows ; the solids in some instances are slightly increased, in others they are slightly decreased. The creamery record, as will be seen from subsequent ab- stracts, is very satisfactory in case of the green fodder rations. 4. The net cost of feed for the production of milk is in every instance less in case of green fodder rations than in the hay ration. 5. The weiirht of the animal has in most instances in- creased towards the close of the experiment. Valuation of Fodder Articles for the Months of June to October of the Year 1889. Per Ton. . |3 li 3 16 . 15 00 Per Ton. Corn meal, . $19 00 Cow-jDea, Wheat bran, . 18 50 Serradella Gluten meal, . 22 00 Hay, . Vetch and oats, 2 75 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 51 Oi Q -5 « •-, O ?> o ?> w 1^ K S - ?1 'I? uoua pouaj Suipaaj SuunpiBinuiv Ci CO CO 10 lo i-H CC O) 0 lO OC CO CO GO CO }o ^qaiaAV 33 Baa Ay CC 01 (M Xi Oi (M "C .-H CO Ol •oijBH aAnpjnjs «3 CO CO '^ 0 ■1IiI\[ -f< 0 ^ t^ OS JO ?jBn5 jad aa; CO 0 paransuoa jr)ppoj lO 00 '^ T-H uO iliTsa amut pauiB} >0 CO t^ t^ !0 -uoD jajjEni 9[qi'l ; (>j G^ CO CO CO CO CO »0 uO 0 lO ^O •IB8H UJOO o? c<; C-) CM c^ CO CO CO CO CO a3 « 0 pj H . -Ph an g * t>r 0' 0' r--' CM " C-l i-i .-1 (M (M 1 S 3 cTaT" une 19 to J uly 2 to J ept. 1 to S ept. 15 to S ft. 4 to 0 1 »-5^aja}0 1 &> 0 -+ (M 0 -# 1 -t< 0 CO CO t^ 0 Oi Ci OtJ Ci -f •— ' l^ 0 t-- (M 0 0 t-^ CO CO CO -*i CO 0 t^Cl CO T-l Ci C5 Ol CO C^J 1— 1 T-H CM CM 1— 1 -^ ^H C^l Ci t^ 0 uo 1— 1 0 CO ^ 0 i-H I-H 0 ^ .iO CO -tl CO C^ 00 r-H 0. 10 ci CO CO -H 1 (N I— 1 (M C-l CM 1 1 1 0 0 ' 0 1 1 CO -H 1— ( 1 0 1 1 1 CO 1 0 000 CSi 0000 0 t- 00 lO »0 lO 1^ rH 1-t iC >0 "C "O '-O 1 (M CO CO CO CO CO 10 10 lO »o lO G^ o 0 (M (M (M G<) -i-« _^ a o,-u ^ 3 0 *~i ^Vj^jU 1 0 0 C 0 0 C5 C^ tH ■0 -^ i-H tH o; >~i-^ -W . c P^*=> 2 P a; 0 w •-0 >-tyicf}(D 11 52 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 00 Co O p •pOUSJ Suip99J '* Cl O 03 CO H3B3 Suunp [Giuui v JO ;iiSiaA\ aSri.wAv CO O r^ Oi O T-H ■JO I-l r^ C^ •oijBH aAtJI-J^'iN CO O -O -t «3 ■XI!K 1— 1 lo Ci oi 00 JO %ivr\^ jsd J8} ■^ OI CO O T-H -^BK-fjajo spunojL (M Ol C^ CM CO ^ GO i-H CO — 1 •jfBQ -istl p^anp O 00 -* >— ' CM -ojd 5i[iM JO s}.XBnt» O OJ .-' Oi CXI rl i-H •(spiinoj ui) o -f o '^ r^ patnnsuoo aappo^^ CM CM CO CO O Xiwci otij HI paiinq ^ GH CO •< Q OS a o •S}UOPUl!llOJJ,\ 1 ^ 1 1 1 T: ^ z. o o o o o w CM O O O CM a •AUH t^ lO O >0 Ci £ r^ 1— 1 u z lO tO lO o o o •[uaK uajnio CM (M CM CM CM Q CO CO CO CO CO lO o o »o ^ •UBjfi jBaiiAV (^^ CM (M CM c^^ ci CO CO CO CO lO »0 >0 »0 lO •[Bare ujoo CM CM CM (M CM CO CO 00 CO CO oi G o s 9) Eh CJ '^ h-T uo O tvT 3.^^^ H P 3 r'aT^ [^ *-t ^ Jj rJ2 O o o o o o C5 CM rH lO -* r-< .-H c^l-a*^ S C oi -t^a: r> o o o C5 r-l lO rh 1—1 ■—I <» ^ c Q -u ^ OJ o o I-; C/j VJ 'O 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 53 o^ 00 uo ^s 'to c^ o , ■w 'S Q) 1 IS O o a 03 1 ••^ 1 5^ o 1 u W ^ K C^ C 12; cc 1— 1 Q e ^ H ^ W .!-i ^ 05 lii <2^ -^ H to Hi w •pouaj guip33 J oc ic- c^ ^H oo ifOBa Suunp iviinui V JO }qS!3AV ^SBJaAy ^ 0 Cl 0 i-H cc cr> 0 t^ CO •opB}i OATJUjnK CC ^ lO -* 0 "it'rc cc to ^ C^ -*l JO j.iBnf) .lad joj 0 -r '."I r^ "-H -}Bj\r ^a JO spuno^ (M G 1— 1 01 1^ to Aiiua ain III paujE} CO »0 -^ 'O to -1100 jajjriv aiqBj (M C<) (M (M (M -aSaA -fJQ JO junorav CO 0 'BIpPE-uaS 1 1 1 t^ 1 0 to •Bad-Aioo 1 1 C-" ' 1 to 0 "O •UBJa JBDllAi G^ (N (M 0 'I^aK U'OO <>3 (M (71 Ol (M CO CO' CO CO CO tc a 0 a « C! * h-TiO <0 r^ (tT ;?5 "* (M 1—1 i-H (M (M Q 0 ^^-^^ 4i . H » ^ S S « « ^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 (M --I 0 -* ^i i-H S^'ll^ 5 S 0 0) ^ Oi 00 s lO^ ~¥ CD II r^ ^ CO -* ci 00 0 II '-' '-' 1^ (M C5 0 -f O' to -^ to to -Tt< to ^^ j-t 1-H (M CO lO CO II to t- 0 CO tH r-l CM CM ^ ^ CO "O !>. t^ C3 ,-1 ^ tJ^ (M S^ T-l T-t l-H T— 1 oj 00 to ^ GO -* ^ CO CO lo to GO o i-i CM uO 10 "O uO (M (M (M (M CO CO CO CO lO uO 0 "o ! CM ITJ (74 (M CO CO CO CO UO 'O 'C^ >0 1 (M CM CM (M l| CO CO CO CO • • . . . l^ ■— t^ (M 74 (74 >5-^ -1-3 . p,-kJ S 3; a) 2 ^-5CC!Z2t-> II 0 0 0 5 (M T-t >o ^ l-H ^-g ^-\ ^ s 'X ^WJjQ 11 54 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o o w o o o h! ■< H O Eh •xiirc JO iJKiif) o"* as o auO JO uoijanpoj,! aoj c rH (>» iO t^ paa^ JO }soo sSsjaAV o Cq (M CO lO O "O o •paninsuoa iBaM n (M 'O c^ r^ uajnio JO lunoniy lejoj. ;^ Ci (M (M ^ c^ CO ^ ^ lO O O lO ■paransuoo UBjg w C<1 lO OJ [^ Ji'ailAi JO junocay ibjox h-) O^ C<» (M 1-H (M CO ■* O lO o o >o K <>» "O tM t>. UJ03 JO lunomy Ibjox iJ OJ (M CM i-H (M CO ^ 50 CO -H ^ 05 ■51I!H oi O ^ O CO JO Plan ;C[u;(i aSBJaAV c O O 05 GO 1— 1 T— 1 lO GO O CO •paanpojd 0\ CO 'O CO XIUV JO . C5 O --H lO cc O O M H . P^ c: aD ^ ^ ^ ^ O t^ O t^ * «© O , 1 ^ . 1 1 CO " iCi o 1— 1 o , '^- , , ' <» ' ' CM t^ o ^ 1 r r 03 o o o oo o o oo o o >oeo O. lO ^ I— 1 ■tH O O lO o lO "O (M t^ ifti (M CM i-H '^ CO rji O OO >0 lO lO lO CM l>. o 'O CM (M i-H -^ CO -* CO ^ oo "O o O 'O CM t>. >0 CM ^-^ -^ . r-V & Ph-W 3 — ' ^UU-^ S OJ Qj O i-sa3coO 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. bo 6 o o o O •xiire JO }.iBti() i^ c-.. 1^ o to atio JO uoijoupojj .loj "^ i-H CO (M -^lO paa j: jo }soo aSiusAy o o o o lo to 1^ 1-1 CO lO O O O lO ■paiunsuoo ibsjv m (M lO ^~. CM t>. uajniojo junotnyiBjox J oi lO (^i . JBSUAiJO Jimoray imox t-5 C5 lO (M <» 1— t c^ "* CO 'i' CO lO o o o o •pauinsuoa luajt oi G^ lO lO CM t-- luoojo junoiny (Bjox l-I C5 >0 (N (M ^H (M ^^ CO '^ CO O 31 ^ O 1-1 'WK m CI lO r^ o lO JO piaji -\"l!Ba aSBJa.vy O" O O ^ r-H Cl I— 1 1— 1 1— 1 1— 1 CO lO 00 o o •paonpoad ^ c1 o-j (4 F 3 3 STcTp ne 19 to J ly 2 to J pt. 1 to S pt. 15 to S t. 4 to 0 3 3 a; Qi u *-i <-i 'X} rJi O 1 ^ >+ CO CO (M O 1 O l^ Ci Ol 1-1 (M '-' '- SS il. lO CO CO 1 1—1 CO O O O O uo 1 lO »o •^ 0 "0 'O lO "O CM t^ Oi >o (M (M 1-1 T— 1 -^ CO -^ CO 1 ,_, ,_, 1—1 > a. 3 ^ OJ 0) o h-;. ^■X.^TjO I _o o o o o -tJ +J 02 (M 1—1 ■O Tfl >— ' 1— 1 . ^ a &, s^*^ p <]■> ST « 1-5 ^ CB M O 1 56 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. O o u Ph W o o H o H fe5 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 57 Vc.luation of Essential Fertilizing Constituents contained in the Various Articles of Fodder used. Nitrogen, 17 cents per pound; phosphoric acid, 6 cents; potassium oxide. 4^ cents. (1889.) [Per cent.] 2 c C8 o "co £ .2 ■a C3 a « 3 & .a o. •O 2 o ^ o M > o 03 Moisture, 13.290 10.92 10.19 9.48 78 26 83.07 83.65 Nitrogen, 1.564 2.447 4.230 1.463 .268 .304 .470 Phosphoric acid, . .720 2.900 .392 .303 ,112 .098 .112 Potassium oxide, . .434 1.6.37 .049 1.3.50 .324 .172 .178 Valuation per 2,000 lbs.. $6 57 $13 27 f 14 90 $6 55 $1 34 $1 31 $1 89 Net Cost op Milk and Manukial Value of Feed. Jessie. FEEDING PERIODS. •3 to ^i o «■« Hi |il Value of Fertilizing Constituents con- tained in the Feed. Manurial Value of the Feed after de- ducting the Twen- ty Per Cent, taken by the Milk. "o-g ■gji ba ° oed after gtlieTw ■lit. take ilk. It oZ4 |ss s'Ss 5-«55S ssa t;56 0)0 S IZi »q ^ 1889. Cents. Lbs. June 19 to June 24, . $2 03 $0 94 $0 75 $1 28 1.42 1,046 July 2 to July 15, . 2 82 1 48 1 18 1 64 1.19 1,030 Sept. 1 to Sept. 10, . 2 65 1 27 1 02 1 63 1.43 1,030 Sept. 15 to Sept. 27, . 3 44 1 96 1 57 1 87 158 1,038 Oct. 4 to Oct. 22, . 4 58 2 27 1 82 2 76 1.77 1,109 Total, 115 52 f7 92 $6 34 $9 18 - - Annie. June 19 to June 27, . Sept. 1 to Sept. 10, . Sept. 15 to Sept. 27, . Oct. 4 to Oct. 22, . $1 95 2 38 3 04 4 30 $0 91 1 16 1 72 2 15 $0 73 93 1 38 1 72 fl 22 1 45 1 66 2 58 1.35 1.36 1.41 1.62 915 888 896 976 Total, $11 67 |5 94 $4 76 $6 91 - Elsie. June 19 to June 27, . July 2 to July 15, . Sept. 1 to Sept. 10, . Sept. 15 to Sept. 27, . Oct. 4 to Oct. 22, . f2 22 2 94 2 43 3 33 4 68 fl 01 1 54 1 18 1 89 2 31 $0 81 1 23 94 1 51 1 85 fl 41 1 71 1 49 1 82 2 83 1.48 1.19 1.50 1.52 1.75 1,150 1,142 1,134 1,148 1,210 Total, $15 60 17 93 16 34 $9 26 - - Juno. July 2 to July 15, . Sept. 1 to Sept. 10, . Sept. 15 to Sept. 27, . Oct. 4 to Oct. 22, . f2 83 2 49 3 42 4 93 $1 48 1 20 1 95 2 42 fl 18 96 1 56 1 94 fl 65 1 53 1 86 2 99 .80 1.04 1.11 1.29 990 1,010 978 1,046 Total, $13 67 $7 05 f5 64 $8 03 - - 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 59 Analyses of Milk. [Per cent.] Jessie. 1889. June 25. July 16. Sept. 12. Sept. 24. Oct. 15. Solids 14.76 15.03 13.90 15.43 14.74 Fat, 5.36 5.32 4.74 5.56 5.33 Solids not fat, . 9.41 9.71 9.16 9.87 9.41 Flora. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat. 15.56 13.33 12.46 14.11 4.78 3.76 3.33 4.36 10.78 9.57 9.13 9.75 13.35 4.10 9 25 Eva. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat. 14.79 15.06 14.07 16.25 4.89 5.13 4.65 6.00 9.90 9.93 9.42 10.25 16.25 6.10 10.15 Annie. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat. 14.18 14.20 14.12 15.71 4.39 4.65 4.55 5.12 9.79 9.55 9.57 10.59 15.68 5.18 10.50 Elsie. Juno. Solids, . Fat, . Solids not fat, 12.53 2.93 9.60 11.35 2.78 8.57 12.87 4.11 8.76 13.22 4.03 9.19 60 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Composition of Fodder Articles fed duri^tg this Experiment. Corn Meal (Average). Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble In a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 5 1 3 c' > Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter. 13.29 86.71 265.80 1,734.20 - 1 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.67 1.69 4.04 11.00 81.60 2,000.00 33.40 33.80 80.80 220.00 1,632.00 11.49 61.41 187.00 1,534.08 34 76 85 94 1 I— 1 100.00 2,000.00 1,793.98 - J Wheat Bran ( Average) . a 6 |i 1 1 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. Pi ir. Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter. 10.92 ' 218.40 89.08 1 1,781.60 - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.00 11.52 5.43 17.17 58.88 2,000.00 140.00 230.40 108.60 343.40 1,177.60 _ 46.08 86.88 302.19 942.08 _ 1 20 80 88 80 Si 1—1 100.00 2,000.00 1,377.23 - J 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 61 Composition of Fodoek Articles, etc. — Continued. Gluten Meal {Average). Percentage Com- position. (Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Percent, of Di- gestibility of Coustituents. 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 10.19 89.81 203.80 1,796.20 _ _ >| Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, , " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 .57 .56 6.40 29.45 63.02 2,000.00 11.40 11.20 128.00 589.00 1,260.40 3.81 97.28 500.65 1,184.78 34 76 85 94 o l-H 100.00 2,000.00 1,786.52 - f Hay {Average). a o O io c B S. — '"5 o p. Constituents (in Poiuids) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in u Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 6 > 1 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 9.48 . 90.50 189.60 1,810.40 - - 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . . . " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Xon-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.12 33.22 2.30 10.09 47,27 2,000.00 142.40 664.40 46.00 201.80 945.40 385.35 21.16 115.03 595.60 58 46 57 63 05 100.00 2,000.00 1,117.14 - J 62 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Composition of Fodder Articles, etc. — Continued. Vetch and Oats. [Experiment Station, 1889.] S o U 4> . Sf c « 2 it Pi Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 6 ci PS ♦J 3 Moisture at 100° C, . 78.26 1,565.20 1 Dry matter, . . 21.74 434.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 4.53 90.60 «3 CM " cellulose, . 36.22 724.40 - - !"-' " fat 2.53 50.60 25.30 50 T! " protein (nitrogenous matter). 7.72 154.40 92.64 60 tH Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 49.00 980.00 980.00 100 100.00 2,000.00 1,097.94 - > Cow-jyea. [Experiment Station, 1889.] i 5 o c 5 i 1 p^ Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. PS > 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 83.07 16.93 1,661.40 338.60 - - 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . . " cellulose, . " fat, .... " pi'otein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.35 21.87 2.99 11.24 56.55 2,000.00 147.00 437.40 59.80 224.80 1,131.00 205.58 35.28 134.88 712.53 47 59 60 69 CO I— I 100.00 2,000.00 1,088.27 - >" 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 63 Composition of Fodder Articles, etc. — Concluded. Serradella. [Experiment Station, 1889.] • E c 1 1 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 3°. ? 1 o C-i >• 3 Moisture at 100° C, . 83.65 1,673 00 1 Dry matter, 16.35 327.00 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 8.94 178.80 1 c^ " cellulose, . 25.92 518.40 _ _ H " fat, .... 2.38 47.60 28.56 60 " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract 17.97 359.40 22G.42 63 matter, .... 44.79 895.80 895.80 100 100.00 2,000.00 1,150.78 - Vetch and Oats. (1889.) [Left uneaten by the cows during experiment.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, Per Cent. 4.94 95.06 Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . ry Matter. 100.00 4.61 36.72 1.79 10.52 . 46.36 100.00 64 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. III. Record of Twelve Cows avhich served at the Station for Experiments to ascertain the Cost OF Feed for the Production of Milk. When entering at this station upon the task of ascertaining the cost of feed for the production of milk (1884), it was decided to begin the inquiry with cows of moderate milking qualities. Grades of all kinds of breeds were to serve for that purpose. A selection from that class of cows, at the outset of our observation, promised to prove of a special interest, not only on account of their large representation in our dairy stock, but also for the particular chance which our final results would offer to draw more directly the line where milk production ceases to be a profitable business. The material for the subsequent report has been carefully col- lected during a [)eriod of several years. The results, it is true, are obtained under somewhat exceptional circum- stances ; yet their detailed description cannot fail to show more clearly the financial relation of milk production to a system of a mixed farm management. The cows which served in our trials were in eveiy instance secured a few days after calving. They were sold to the butcher usually when their daily yield of milk fell below from five to six quarts, to make room for a new-milch cow. The cost of the different animals varied from fifty-five to seventy-two dollars each ; they sold at the close of their trial for from twenty-five to thirty-seven dollars each. The management of the entire experiment was conducted with a view to promote the general health of the animals on trial. Two cows had lost in weight during the experiment, and ten had gained more or less. The chanije from one diet to another was as a rule a gradual one. The temporary change in the composition of the daily diet was mainly confined to the coarser and bulky fodder ingre- dients. English hay, dr}' fodder corn, corn stover, corn ensilage and roots-, besides some small quantity of various dried fodder crops, incidental to some field experiments with forage crops, were fed during the latter part of autumn, the winter and the spring ; while several green crops, as oats or barley and vetch, serradella and cow-peas, were substituted during the summer and part of the fall season. The several previously named fodder crops served in the majority of 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 65 cases either in part or in the whole as substitutes for English hay. The daily rations of grain fed consisted throughout the entire period, in all cases alike, substantially of the same materials ; namely, corn meal or corn and cob meal, and wheat bran, which were supplemented, in the majority of instances, more or less by gluten meal, to secure as far as practicable the desired comparative nutritive character of the diet. The daily diet per head consisted of from eighteen to twenty or more pounds of hay, or its equivalent in part or in the whole of dry vegetable matter of the above- mentioned bulky fodder articles, and from six and one-half to nine and three-quarters pounds of grain feed, usually com- posed of corn meal or corn and cob meal, and wheat bran, with or without gluten meal (three and one-fourth pounds). The ruling local average market price of each fodder article has been used for the determination of the cost of feed consumed. The estimates of fertilizing constituents contained in the various fodder articles used are based on our own analysis, and on their local market price during the past year. Twenty per cent, loss of the fertilizing constit- uents contained in the feed has been allowed for the amount sold with the milk. The period of observation varied, in case of different cows, from 2(jl to 747 days ; the average daily yield of milk per head for the whole period of observation varied from 7.7 to 12.4 quarts. Three cents per quart of milk produced has been adopted as the average price realized for the entire year, in case of milk contracts in our vicinity. The essential details of our observations are subsequently recorded in tabular form, under the following headings : — 1. History of cows. 2. Statement of the amount of each kind of fodder ingredients consumed by each animal, with total cost of feed for period of observation. 3. Local market value per ton of each fodder article used. 4. Value of essential fertilizing constituents contained in the various articles of fodder consumed. 5. Summary of financial record of cows. 6. Some conclusions suggested by the financial record. ()6 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. a •(spanoj) uoi-jcAjaaqo Jo aso|o ^uiBuiiuvjoiqgtaAV^An 833 970 838 880 1,025 1,1.52 1,102 1,000 1,011 1,185 990 1,115 CO •(gpnnoj) noil -BA.ia9qo ;o SunuiiSaa IBlvuiiavjoiqSia^V^^aAi'j 809 931 911 891 849 1,018 995 978 885 1,132 817 964 932 •(suen^) no!ii!Aao9qo;o s<"a 008 ?s.nji .10; Xv-a aadsjuj^jo piai^oSmaAV 1~ 0 Oi Ol C-l i-H 01 M CO t- •* 01 °; 0'-H>-HO!Ni t-^ r-: (N d r-' ^ •(9l.H!nJ)) uopuA -jasqo JO 38010 1'*' ^^-d jad 5[ii^ JO piai^^aSf.iaAV OCnOu-S(»01«l«>r-lc0-.0.-l •^ r-( (-1 ■(sjJBnf)) qiuoj^ qjnijj Sai.iup Xbq; aad 51Ure JO piaix a3B.ia.\v CI cc 3> .- ■:c ccri C-. CO c-1 0 00 d OOt'OOOlOOlOOnO'M^ ■(aiJBuf)) uoijBAjagqo nnn Jo' Piaii a§B.:aAV ..I t- r? 1-^ 0 (M t- 0 -o C-. CO r; 0; 00^COt-CC-*-t •(9}.H!n?)) noiiBAjasqo ^ u i.i n p 51 1 m JO piaiA iBjox 3,724.3 4,063.5 3,013.5 3,124.6 3,446.5 3,233.8 6,023.3 2,.527.8 6,779 0 4,5.57.8 7,843.5 6,366.6 i •pa5i|ua s^Cbq }o .laqtanj^ -)<-*-*t-CCt-ICO'-'-*C»t-0> OOCQCOCOC^fMOCOOCOIr-O •aan^BdaQ jo b^xsq Oct. 31, 1885 Oct. 31, 1885 B>'pt. 16, 1886 Sept. 19, 1886 May 3, 1887 May 3, 1887 June 22, 1888 Jan. 3, 1887 Dec. 22, 1888 Jan. 19, 1889 June 28, 1889 Mar. 1, 1889 • •IBAuay JO aiBQ Oct. 23, 1884 Oct. 23, 1884 Nov. 17, 1885 Nov. 17, 1885 July 30, 1886 Aug. 16, 1886 Feb. 5, 1887 Feb. 7, 1887 May 17, 1887 Jan. 16, 1888 June 13, 1887 Aug. 11, 1887 •JIBO 19«1 . Oct. 17, 1884 Oct. 15, 1884 Nov. 10, 1885 Nov. 6, 1885 July 14, 1886 Auk. 2, 1886 Feb. 1, 1887 Feb. 3, 1887 May 3, 1887 Jan. 5, 1888 June 6, 1887 Aug. 5, 1887 •93AIBQ JO jaqcanj^ T}iTtlCOCO!MCO(M'J"*COCOt~ •(sapBjJT)) paajg Jersey, . Ayrsblre, Ayrshire, Ayrshire, Ayrshire, Devon, . Native, . Durlwrn, Ayrshire, Durham, Jersey, . Dutch, . NAME AND AGE OF COW. Bessie, 8 yrs., Lady Horace, 8 yrs., Daisy (1), 7 yrs.. Mollie, 7 yrs., Susie, 5 yrs., Meg, 6 yrs., Lizzie, 5 yrs., Ida, 7 yrs., Minnie, 7 yrs., Daisy (2), 5 yrs.. May, 8 yrs., Melia, 10 yrs.. 0) 1 < I IH r-t i-( 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 67 O (^ CO tS ^ o • si « =3 O "? lO oooooo o o oo 0(M!M'C'inoOOO o o R'R c-ii^C2|C>ioco>oc c^ ic GO CO o_oo C5 c^4 — ■ c; 1^ Ci lO o CO O'Qo icooooo o oo oo OC-jC^ CliOOOOO O 0;C> P® ^■Qo'coaocD-oc— ' ' ' ' 'o'r^-n' '--O. co^o -^jH 5D o -t< o__co T(<_ c-a_ <^'^_ "^ o CD 3 a o ur: to o o o o o lO o o oo co c^c^jMiqiaoooc-i o o_ o_oco -*lf:G3'c0>0(MOCCC0'''''>0''0 r-H ^ CC "C O.CO lO 0_ 00 00 ^ « .s oioicoooooioi^ o oo o >c iq ^_ t^ o o o o 'c: c~i !M o "^. o o o -f iQ o "C 00 03 cc c) 00 — ' ' ' ' ' ' 'ct ' o o ' ' ' as co CO lO 3D_ O 00 OO^OO O, O^ '%.'~'^ '-• i-T .-T r^^^ .-T c4" cfco" '5©' « 4 ooooicoo oo I-. oooooo in o icz to 1 »^ CO t< »C CO 1 O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O 1 t^- o o CO t' N O >0 lOO O lO o >o o o o »oc^r-;0"0r^c^ic-4 00 >o • o » o o '-< 00 c>i cc r— — ■ CO .-H ^ t^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ ■-<_o io_— 1 1^ ^_ "x.<^ ^00 o i-T — " i-C .-T CD OS 00 £ OiCOiOOOOOO ooo o iQ l-*iOC^*COO»CiO o o o o oo' 1 CD —1 CO — ^ c' CO o' to 1 1 1 1 o 1 o 1 '-^ 1 1 1 c-i 00 t^ ic co_io CO oo .-1 i^ o^ co~ ^ o lO OS la 1 ooiooocsoo oooo o C^lOt^pOiCOp poop lO d|>ortioco|OT»;oi 1 1 lOiddoi i , ^ O'lMt^OJt^'OOSCO' ' ' 't^'TtiJMO' ' -^ cscoi^o^coo cot^ o_ J?5 CO CD o o o o oo oo ooo o loio ppop ppppp p d 1 o 1 1 o 1 CO 1 d o^i 1 1 CO 'o 1 ^ id d 1 i t ^ O 'C ' oo ' I-- ' o CO C<1 oo ' lO (M t^ ' Oi 00 C5 1^ '^ O O lO (M I— O "O, 3 CD M 5 C5 o>o oooo ooooo o lo (>j ppop ppppp p i-I 1 d 1 1 oi 1 id 1 o t^ 1 1 o6 id 1 d d d 1 r i oi CO "^1 loiraio oooooo o c-i c<; t-:P p ooop p ^ 1 ^ 1 ^ •>! 1 oo 1 00 O CO d 1 1 1 1 1 r id 1 1 1 OS 05 1— 1 -^ r— 1— 1 CM in o lO o » ira o >c lO' >c5 o o o o o o C-) (M t^ t-; l^ p P P p p O •— '1'— 'i^!^i''^]COcooiTti| 1 1 1 1 I'Oi t 1 i[— i •^ ' CO ' t^ C-l ' C<1 ' O lO t^ ■M ' ^ ' ' ' P OS O (M CO O^'^ !N ^ ^>^ - 'a i- -C . . C . '^ . . o oCl ^-=^2 9oooz:a^prtic>ccc>)c^T-;c5c: CO •AUfI joil pa.vioo - OJ tH Cq CC' >0 '^ -+ i-i I ~' CO CO ^ 1-5 -aj aiUUA l«lox a -^^ -^-^^ 1^-.^- CO 10 10 0 'O 0 -<*l 'O (M 0 T-l CTi 0 C^ t~- Ci L^ 0 0 C^ (M CO 'O t^ -*l l^ ■Hscojonuoj (Mt^OG^t^i0-*'-HC0OO^ -H HI pa.viaDai aiiiu \ 1— li—li— I T— ItHG^COCOi— ICOCM T-H ■ 1 «©^ t^O»0-t<'-iC0-*Q0C0-^'0O 0 (MtOC5* puB paajt JO ;soo . }3X*Aoqu paAiaa iOO>Ot^t^00u0C0iOOO Ci JO aauj 3u![[Ds (M(MCS(MCOCO.0 10 0 -«0 ^ «© «fe= co'Oi-HO'fr^c^ioc^iO'O^^ 00 t^C5>oao-^ocoooTHco-oot^ 0 €©■ r-i «^ •xnre A'q ^-OuO-*'1-l-f^-tlXCO-+llOO 0 C^OCiC^(X)Q0C0GS0iC5C0'0 l-^ uaxBj -juao aaj (N^T-IG<)-HCOt^O«Ot^eO-H 0 XjuaA^Xssai'poo.t tM"0-i-ioocooor--co 0 «&= 1—1 -I— 1 T— 1 --H cfa- COO^-t• <5 rH(?4c6-*l0Ot>Ic00iOr-3cS 1— 1 T— 1 T— 1 70 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATION. [Jan. ♦Average cost of cow (twelve) , f 62 29 Average selling jjrice of cow, 29 38 Average of total cost of feed per day, .... 21.5-1: cents. Average product per day for entire observation, per head, ' 11.06 quarts. Avei"age of net cost of feed per day, .... 12.94 cents. Average of value received above net cost of feed aud of cow, per day, 12.33 cents. Average of value received in form of manure, per day, 8.81 cents. Average of value received in form of cash, per day, . 3.52 cents. The average yield of milk at the end of the ninth month, since day of calving, wa.s sixty-one per cent, of §riginal yield. The shrinkage in the temporary market value of cow varies from five to eleven and four-tenths cents per day, and aver- ages eight cents per head in our case. The net cost of the feed consumed is obtained by deduct- ing eighty per cent, of the current commercial value of the essential fertilizing constituents contained in the feed from the market cost of the feed. Sec — Bessie. INIarket value of feed consumed, $50 00 Value of manure obtainable, ....... 22 27 Net cost of feed, . . . . . . . . f 36 73 The total value obtained for the feed consumed is ascer- tained by adding the value secured from the sale of milk produced to the commercial value represented in the manure obtainable. See — Bessie. Value of milk sold, $111 73 Value of eighty jser cent, of the manurial substances in the feed, 22 27 Total value obtained from feed consumed, . . . f 134 00 The total value secured from any individual cow, after net cost of feed and of cow has been accounted for, is represented by subtracting the sum resulting from the addition of the difference between the original cost of the cow and its selling price, and of the total cost of feed consumed, from the total value obtained in form of milk and manurial refuse. See — 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 71 Bessie. Original cost of cow, Selling price of cow, Difference, . Loss on cow. Total cost of feed, Total value obtained fi'oni feed. Total cost of feed and loss on cow. Net return for feed, . $65 00 25 00 fiO 00 HO 00 59 00 $99 00 $134 00 99 00 $35 00 It seems to be scarcely necessary to add that the above estimates refer only to the cost of feed and of the cow, and do not include cost of labor, housing, interest and risk of life of animal, etc. 6. Some Conclusions suggested hy the Preceding Finan- cial Record. 1. The total value received above net cost of feed and of cow does in no instance exceed 15.97 cents per day; its average in eleven cases is 13.02 cents. There is an actual loss of 1.2 cents per day in one case (No. 8), where the average daily yield of milk for the entire period of observa- tion (331 days) is as low as 7.7 quarts. 2. The total value received above net cost of feed and of cow consists in every instance in a controlling degree on the manure obtainable. In No. 8 it prevents a serious loss, while in No. 4 it represents practically the entire gain ; in some instances it amounts to from three-fourths to two- thirds (Nos. 12 and 3), and in none as low as one-half of the total value secured. 3. As the value of the manure depends in a controlling degree on the amount of fertilizing constituents contained in the feed, it becomes apparent that this point ought to be seriously considered when selecting suitable fodder articles for a remunerative daily diet of dairy cows. The table con- taining the valuation of the essential fertilizino; constituents of the fodder articles used in our experiments is very sug- 72 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. gestive in this connection, when compared with the preceding statements of respective market prices of the latter. 4. Recognizing the correctness of the preceding conchi- sion, it is evident that the most serious attention ought to he bestowed on collecting and preserving the manurial refuse obtained in connection with the production of milk ; for it depends largely on a judicious management of that matter, how much of the stated manurial value will be actually secured. The liability of a loss in the manurial value of the refuse matter renders it advisable, for financial reasons, not to depend on too close a margin of cash returns. 5. Although it will be conceded that the dairy cow, aside from the special service, is a most important factor in mixed farm management, as far as an economical disposition of home-raised fodder crops and a liberal production of home-made manure are concerned, yet, when reduced to a mere manure-producing medium, this value may be well questioned from a financial stand-point. 6. A cow whose total milk record averages not more than from seven to eight quarts per day, judging from our own conditions, promises to prove a better investment when prepared for the meat market than when constituting a liberal proportion of the stock kept for supplying the general milk market at stated prices. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 73 IV. Creamery Record of the Station during the Years 1887, 1888 and 1889; and Some Obser- vations MADE DURING ViSITS TO THE PaTRONS OF Two Creameries in Our Vicinity. In preceding pages has been stated the financial record of twelve cows, grades which had served during past years for feeding experiments at the station. It was stated in that connection that the primary object at that time was to test the comparative merits of corn fodder, corn stover, corn ensilage and root crops, in the whole or in part, as circum- stances advised, as substitutes for a good meadow hay, as far as quantity, quality and cost of production of milk are concerned. The cows selected for that investigation, were, for stated reasons, of moderate milking qualities. Our financial records, although obtained under somewhat excep- tional circumstances, are published with full recognition of that point, considering them not without some interest to others studying the financial side of the dairy industry in its varying aspects. The subsequent communication contains a discussion of our creamery record, which covers, to a considerable extent, the time when the above-mentioned milk record was obtained. The milk was weighed at the station, and the cream secured and measured by means of a Cooley creamery apparatus. A copy of the daily record was kept in our dairy room by the agent of the creamery. Two quarts of milk used daily for family purposes are accounted for in our calcula- tions of total results. Analyses of milk were made where a change of daily diet rendered it advisable. The cost of feed consumed is based on the same market price of the various ingredients as was adopted in the pre- ceding milk record. The same is true in regard to the valuation of the whole milk, — three cents per quart. The estimates of the value of fertilizino- ingredients contained in the feed are also based upon those given in connection with the preceding milk record. The value of cream is that granted us from month to month by our local creamery association. The station has 74 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. no other connection with the financial management of the creamery. Our presentation of financial results is based on the local cost of feed alone, and does not consider interest on invest- ment and labor involved ; for the reason that approximate estimates on these points are in an exceptional degree dependent on quality of stock, and varying local circum- stances. The details are eml>odied in a few subsequent tables under the following headings : — 1. Statement of articles of fodder used. 2. Record of average quality of milk and of fodder rations. 3. Value of cream produced at creamery basis of valuation. 4. Cost of skim-milk at the selling price of three cents per quart of whole milk. 5. Fertilizing constituents of cream. 6. Some conclusions suggested by the records. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 75 Q P o o < 00 00 00 00 CO H o o o < H H q m q ^ rn •o CO ,—1 33 " 1 lO CO 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 iCi to )_ «o in 3 a> CO n -*■ »• 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 ) rt o C3 ir, J q q r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o o 1 1 1 1 1 «= c i^ IM M *- lO CD a q o q o. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 iC CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ t^ o co" U ct q ■a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 65 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CS t^ O) ■a q 5 g; »^ 1 1 1 1 1 ' ^^ 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 1 co" > o q q o 2 ti o lO ■* CO v^ « Ci 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (M a> o 1 o n: iO_ IM q_ CO__ O 2 c^" >n w _ Ira q Com tovei Dry) 1 CD lO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■<)< »— ' a; -^ ^ lO q lO in q ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■* OS en t^ U r= - CO CO t^ (M q_ co_ 6h ^ c CO c-i CO CO ,-^ h~l CD d >> o CO C5 ic CD GC iM o CO CO oo t^ iS O o c3 CO cc CO 00 CO ■O ■^ CO CO ?i CO co_ O co_ S '"' CO o us CO »o o o ^ « o q >. S E? 1 1 1 ^ i--^ 1 1 1 r 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 '^ S 1 o CO CO ^ q lO q q lO q m q q lO q >n lO o lO o lO .s s OJ CO «:5 ^ r^ Cl c^ oi iti •^ •o 03 <>\ lO -f in ■* Oi CM 00 00 00 ■* •o ^r CO o CO 00 CO CO o oo o ^ M (M iO lO ■o CO IQ 'O lO o CO in CO q in in q in r 'd j=> "d ai5| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 (Cl lO rt< in -v CO CO o CO CO •o ira CO C35 CO <>) ifi ^ iri d d 1 1 1 1 o 5 o> (N CO oo CO ■* C3 t^ oc oo OJ CO " S tM o >o Itv -* IQ lO o im o lO •o (>) ^ _'- _: 1-5 2 1 S 3 1-5 1-5 to < g ST' O O o 3 O p 1 ^ 2 1-5 a S ■-I .a" p < i g 76 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. G O 00 00 CO w o 0 O o a CO_ > •*" ^ o - bi o »c 1 1 1 1 1 1 : lO ci 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o ~ r- o O <£. T|H_ o W ^ lo" »o C cj >) 1 1 1 1 1 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ >- ^ CO O o Q ^ 22 - 1 "ic^ o Corn odde Dry) 1 1 ' 1 I CO co_ CO 00 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ph ^ '"' ^ o "^ o o ;-, lO c CO o IQ IQ o c5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 oo CO >Q ,-H IQ 1 1 '^ CO 05 r^ IQ o 00 t~ C CO o o\ •^ C3 to_ o_ o 't. co_ C-l o o en lO CO 00 o t^ ffi TO of (M* eo" t^ OJ_ co_ CO_ 05 oo__ Ttf ^ o_ iQ CO o o o o >o o lO Ira o o 00 o <-, o o o o C ^ t^ lO »o 00 iQ IQ o o IQ o 'l^ o IQ 00 02 CO o 1^ CO CO -JH c-i CO ■^ IQ ■* C^ IQ ■^ IM 1£S o o lO «3 oo ira 05 s o 1:3 ^ r- «3 lO (N CO o IQ o o IQ lO o •<1< o lO lO 00 00 CO o 00 oo ■^ o4 c^ CO IQ ■^ d >Q •^ ^ M o lO lO lO lO IQ o o lO 05 to CO CO o o 00 o (D KJ lO o lO lO CD ■o o lO lO o o o o o o o o o l^ o o >Q o ■o o o IQ 1 CO o iO lO 00 o aJ o CO QO CO CN r5 -* lO •^ c4 IQ ^ w s ^ o lO ira IQ ■o o C2 (-- o 00 o o 00 o o IQ lO IQ 50 IQ CO Tf IQ CO ■_ 1 • • .1 o s 3 a ^-^ 'S s ^ c 3 bo 3 <1 s a. 02 o 2 0) o a ID F^ 3 a ^-5 3 ,3 o OS < 5 1-5 •^ f 1 3^ ^ < CO CJ o 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. i i o H ■< •ft o o W < W <1 o P5 •t!3Cl-A\.0,) I I I t I I I I I r I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 „■ I I 1 •SJBQ pill'' IPJ^A •aSiinsug: luo.) •(A.ia) .1 3 A o } y UJOQ •(A.KI) •1B3H U-IJl'IO •s3iiilpp!J\[ 3A5I I I I I I I I I I I ^ I I I I I I I I i I I ^; I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ^ I I I I I I I I I I oo oooooooooo oo oooooooooo >do 'o5o'ooiso>oiq-"hJ .— I I— I c^ c^ C^l IM C^ O^ lo 1.1 m «i (M c^ c; c<; CO CO CO CO I I I I I I I I I I ,^ I I I I I I I I I I qo3 puB tuoo ■H!0]t tuoo ■p,-.9J JO 33BdS 3U0 aX""! 0} JO aSBjuaaaaj sScidav lO lO o »i i;^ lo >o o o lO o o »c 'O (M C^l 'M 'M (M c^l C^ C'l C0 1^ lO »0 1^ If; iC >1 t-C IC lO eocococoooeocococococoeoeococo oiocooooocooooioioooooiom h-'MCSC^lOiM t~- CO -^ cot I— ' o ^^ '^ cc :o o c4tr4cq c^ .-^ ^ t^ t^ O C". o lO t^ r^ CO »0 CO 'li O O t-- t-K c^ CO ■* CO CO -* ■^ CO ^ "^ ^ JO aSBjuaojaj aSBjaAy CO CO CO ^ CO t-H .-1 :o CO ^ o o cs o (M CO CO (M CO CO (M CO CO ' CO CO S i< y -r !>, aJ g o « o<^ g -n' I-; fiH .^ <5 !<=; 1-5 Hs S .2 3 M a S S S ^ Kn *? O b. K 3 oT « ° "^ '^ 78 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o < ft O w o <; o o o P5 Q 0 >^ ■< O G d p •s}9sa juSiis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , ■uail-Aioo o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r ^ 1 1 1 1 1 I- •unapB-i-ias' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 •s}t!o puB ip^aA o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •83b[!SU3 ujo,-) oo 1 1 ^- ^ 1 1 I 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 CC CO •(A-.I(I) .lOAOJg UJO,) o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 ^ .1 3 p p 0 j: U.IOJ o o o o o o o o 1 cj 1 1 d I 1 1 ■ 1 1 ' 1 d d ' •u,).u.o;i o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •ABH o oo ooo oooo o lo lo ooo oooo 03 't-^t^ 'dd>o 'ciiodd ' ' ' •IB3]t uauno »0 lO ITS "fl O IQ O lO l~ •(-■ l~ O l'^: o o \n oj c^_ OJ (M <>i c^ "O <>_i !>; c-1 c^ !>; c] c-i c^ c^_ cococooococorHcoeocococoeocococo 1 •ssiiuppirc 3-<:jr 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •mua ?Bat[AV lo >o loira lO lo in lO o ic- o in in 'O m m c-j c^ <>j c^^ C4 oj c-i c>; o; (M C-; ; c-4 COCOCOCOCOC<303COCOCOCOC-JCOCOC003 •IB.IH qo,5 puB K.iuo in>o 1- in 'c in CM (M CM IM ■>! CM 'oic^oic^coco III' •IB3It UJOO lo in m in m in m m m m c>; c>; (M CM CM CM CM C-; c-_i c^^ CO 1 ' 1 ' ' ' CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO JO •paa^i oijBM 9A!tu;iiK •-"M in lO Ti o CO in o ■-; in CO CO (M c-] t-; o o ic in o in t-1 in lo cc T)i d o d o d w^" 1^ w^-H^ po.nn •inBojo JO 5 suO o?ii!iu o; Ija-iT.IKJosjjuiif) <» m — 1 CO 1^ o CO CO in c-i co co in 1-. r-. t--- o 1^ cr- J3 CO i^ o n; 1-- joaS Ciuaajsj aSBJSAY c»t^oo ^oo lo CO rjH CO CO -(^ ' 'coco CO ■* -* O CO joaS ■:siI!IV[ II! spuos L'}U3DJ0,I 93B.I3Ay 13.18 13.98 13.77 13.83 13.04 12.87 13.26 14.39 14.78 c» o CO i X o bo S 1 18^0.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 79 "A O M H < o o o ft 1-1 < 0 o o O •V3(I-.U.OO •s)uo I'UB ipjaA •a3t3i!sua luoo •(A-KI) aappoj UJ03 •-fBH ■1B3M uajniD ■sSuuppire 3-^!I •uBJa jnauAV qoj piiB 11.100 •Xuajvi luoj •paaj JO oijua aAijujnx •uiBaJO JO lia.nnbaj^UK JO st-it-'iifj JO aSujusoJDj aSBJOAY •>ini\: ui spuos JO 33i;)iiaoJ3j aSwaAy I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ,~ I I I I I I I I I I I ,o I .o 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I o o o o » CO o o o I I O "^ CC O CC CO »o »c »^ c: Mcococoeceococ<3e<3co3cocococccococ) CO f-; CO CO «D o i^ c-i CO -* IC IM O C^ C<1 O '^ CO CD O O CD CD-" CO O •— ■ 00 (N O-MCOi^COiO COC^'^t^ CO ^ ■* '^ ^ -* T)< -* -^ ^ a>CO ISS7. January, .... $16 21 $9 69 $0 27 $6 79 $17 24 Feljruaiy, 40 39 17 76 69 23 32 38 85 March, . 40 93 27 10 71 20 54 40 20 April, . 46 34 22 6S 57 24 23 31 14 May, . 36 02 15 31 64 21 32 32 47 June, 37 57 16 87 66 21 36 30 03 July, . 36 42 10 93 59 20 08 27 69 August, 41 09 14 94 68 26 83 35 91 September, 45 48 22 54 69 23 63 36 30 October, 40 21 20 C6 64 26 19 36 30 November, 47 97 27 02 52 21 47 29 48 December, 47 01 25 08 60 22 53 33 23 Averages, $10 60 $19 72 $0 61 $21 52 $32 57 1888. Jannaiy, $43 53 $21 42 $0 76 $22 87 $45 76 February, 32 51 20 05 73 13 19 44 GO March, . 35 44 20 05 69 16 08 40 91 April, . 31 71 19 19 65 13 17 35 99 May, . 47 06 22 63 65 25 08 34 23 June, 42 69 20 11 58 23 16 28 67 July, . 39 66 20 63 63 19 66 , 30 94 August, 40 66 23 64 61 17 63 32 48 September, 39 57 21 42 57 18 72 32 02 October, 45 15 22 44 62 23 33 35 92 November, 36 95 21 03 64 16 56 37 67 December, 29 82 17 97 59 12 44 34 67 Averages, $38 73 $20 88 $0 64 $18 49 $36 11 1889. January, $52 21 $21 23 $0 66 $31 64 $40 60 February, 33 86 19 15 63 15 34 36 19 March, . 48 14 21 77 75 27 11 42 48 April, . 46 17 23 40 78 23 55 42 84 May, . 47 28 27 23 83 20 88 .39 28 June, . 44 21 23 98 72 20 95 33 06 July, . 43 63 25 28 76 19 11 34 92 August, 4o 44 27 54 76 18 66 36 33 September, 48 01 28 08 73 20 66 38 25 October, 37 21 23 47 71 14 45 39 06 Averages $44 62 $24 11 $0 73 $21 24 .$38 31 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 81 Cost of Skim-milk at the Selling Price of Three Cents Per Quart for Whole Milk. 1 ° -6 c i o o a Quarts of Cream (One Quart equals 3.4 Spaces). a B CO o ■S & P. • a 3 ° S 2 * s *=< ■3 on > Value of Cream per Quart of Milk (Cents). S m o o 3 o Cost of .Skim-milk per Quart (Whole Milk at Three Cents per Quart). a M CO o o 1 % 1887. Cents. January, 976.2 445 130.9 845.3 3.88 1.76 $17 24 1.43 $12 05 February, . 2,093.1 1,036 304.7 1,788.4 3.75 1.86 38 85 1.34 23 94 March, , 2,352.7 1,072 315.3 2,037.4 3.75 1.71 40 20 1.43 30 38 April, . 2,083.4 859 252.6 1,830.8 3.63 1.50 31 14 1.71 3136 May, . 1,729.0 962 282.9 1,446.1 3.38 1.88 32 47 1.34 19 40 June, . 1,818.7 1,001 294.4 1,524.3 3.00 1.65 30 03 1.61 24 53 July, . 1,749.7 886 260.6 1,489.1 3.13 1..58 27 69 1.67 24 80 August, 1,772.6 1,026 301.8 1,470.8 3.50 2.03 35 91 1.17 17 27 September, . 1,808.4 1,037 305.0 1,503.4 3.50 2.01 36 30 1.19 17 95 October, 1,574.4 968 284.7 1,289.7 3.75 2.31 36 30 0.85 10 93 November, . 1,545.6 786 231.2 1,314.4 3.75 1.91 29 48 1.28 16 89 December, . 1,522.3 . 909 267.3 1,255.0 3.88 2.31 35 23 0.83 10 44 Averages, . 1,752.2 916 269.3 1,482.9 3.58 1.89 $32 57 1.32 $19 99 18S8. January, 1,807.5 1,144 336.5 1,471.0 4.00 2.53 $45 76 0.58 $8 47 February, . 1,925 8 1,100 323.5 1,602.3 4.00 2.28 44 00 0.86 13 77 March, . 1,794.5 1,049 308.5 1,486.0 3.90 2.28 40 91 0.87 12 93 April, . 1,702.5 986 290.0 1,412.5 3.65 2.11 35 99 1.07 15 09 May, . . 1,638.1 978 287.6 1,350.5 3.50 2 10 34 23 1.10 14 91 June, . 1,553.9 882 259.4 1,294.5 3.25 1.85 28 67 1.39 17 95 July, . 1,841.5 952 280.0 1,561.5 3.25 1.68 30 94 1.56 24 31 August, 1,696.9 928 272.9 1,424.0 3.50 1.91 32 48 1.29 18 43 September, . 1,580.1 854 251.2 1,328.9 3.75 2.03 32 02 1.16 15 38 October, 1,606.8 933 274.4 1,332.4 3.85 2.24 35 92 1.00 12 28 November, . 1.576.0 966 284.1 1,291.9 4.00 2.39 37 67 0.74 9 61 December, . 1,270.3 889 261.5 1,008.8 4.00 2.73 34 67 0.34 3 44 Averages, . 1,666.2 972 285.8 1,380.4 3.72 2.18 $36 11 1.00 $13 88 1889. January, 1,791.1 1,015 298.5 1,492.6 4.00 2.27 $40 60 0.88 $13 13 February, 1,«80.0 965 283.8 1,396.2 3.75 2.15 36 19 1.02 14 21 March, . 1,895.0 1,148 337.6 1,557.4 3.70 2.24 42 48 0.92 14 37 April, . 1,931.6 1,190 350.0 1,581.6 3.60 2.22 42 84 0.96 15 11 May, . 2,025.2 1,267 372.6 1,652.6 3.10 1.94 39 28 1.30 21 48 June, . 1,785.6 1,102 324.1 1,461.5 3.00 1.85 33 06 1.40 20 51 July, . . 2,001.2 1,164 342.4 1,658.8 3.00 1.74 34 96 1.51 25 12 August, 1,991.9 1,172 344.7 1,647.2 3.10 1.82 36 33 1.42 23 43 September, . 1,8.56.0 1,125 330.9 1,525.1 3.40 2.06 38 25 1.14 17 43 October, 1,665.0 1,085 319.1 1,.345 9 3.60 2.35 39 06 0.81 10 89 Averages, . 1,862.3 1,123 330.4 1,531.9 3.43 2.06 $38 31 1.14 $17 57 82 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Fertilizing Constituents of Cream. [Average analysis.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 75.22 Nitrogen (16i cents per pound), .54 Potassium oxide (41 cents iJer i30und) , 123 Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound) , . • .168 6. Some Conclusions drawn from the Preceding Records. 1. The relative proportion of digestible nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous constituents consumed differs on the whole in a larger degree during the year 1887 than in 1888. Dur- ing one-half of the year 1887 it ranged above 1:8.5; during the year 1888 it reached 1 : 7.3 in only one case, and for six of the remaining months it was below 1 : 6 (nutritive ratio). In 1889 it was in one case only 1 : 6.59, while in all others it resembled quite closely those of the preceding year. The different nutritive ratios averaged, for the year 1887, 1 : 7.08 ; for the year 1888, 1 : 6.00 ; for the year 1889, 1 : 5.80. 2. The amount of fat in the milk varied, during the year 1887, from 3.45 to 4.50 per cent., with an average of 4.00 per cent. ; during the year 1888 it varied from 3.14 to 4.86 per cent., with an average of 3.97 per cent. ; while during the year 1889 it varied from 3.90 to 4.72 per cent., with an average of 4.37 per cent. 3. The quantity of milk, in quarts, required to produce one space of cream, during the year 1887, varied from 2.42 to 1.63, and amounted, on the average, to 1.93 quarts for the entire year; during the year 1888 it varied from 1.93 to 1.43, averaging for the year 1.72 quarts; and during the year 18i 2 b. 5552 •socu 6 o IM 1 1 1 J « 0 r 1 0 UBUl 9JUI\[ r-t •sora G oj ,p CO o m • ^ ' •3 i^ ■s = 0 ^ S _- C •c ■3 a a ■ a C3 V :; "5 a o 1 C5 "c 0 ^ 0 a a X "S- 1 D- 0 12; 0 0 0 ■* (N -* 0 -^ a ja •^ Si « a M 3 0 a 0 ■■a c "! ^- >> c! X tT . 3 . 0 . ZJ S a •a ■0 o J > 0 5. •a 0 c 0 5, 0 5, 0 ■a 0 c a 0 0 .a > 0 •a 0 a ■3 a o 0 a> 0 0 0 ,^ S ^ s 5 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ >-, fi >. "OD >» >i 5S >. ■^ >. >. o rt 0 a a a m « fc hin t. r^ S a K p:; ^~t W _i ■ u « - £• S — t» ~ . .. ^ a a Q o a a o 4) U O 0" > n >i 0 0 • >, s '0 >> a 3 5 >> a 5 3 Q i a a" 0 » si 3 P. •o □ •0 a 0 1-5 0 •^ a •-5 >> 0 0 ■ 0 0 p 0 0 T) ■V Tl ■35 CM ■73 -a T) C3 ja H PM "-5 C5 i=^ 0 0 0 0 0 C3 0 !i •s.tioo JO a^ !y aSBJ3Av lf5 ■>* •0" t- t- to 0 to 10 t- «o -.Ic* to 05 0 0 — ^ — ■jaqraaoaQ 1 fC (N >n lO 0 0 CO -^* ■M CO n -^ CO IM CO Tf « CO •J8qni9AOX C^ g 0 g s CO ■10 §s § -fl* * CO '' 0 ;:^ ■M lO cc c- •* 01 S U5 ■aaa Knx Kavj - n CO -* u. to - 00 O! 0 p; IM CO 90 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. -[Jan. •som 6 1 1 1 « 1 1 1 n -* - •<* 1 •sora (3 0} •som g •a ?. ^ M cn -^ « - -* X! C^ •2 2 W f^ t?; ^ •S -5 & M W PL, Ph (^ PL, _aj _2 D o- W Q ►? W fl ►? C Q ci! o e o dJ o o a C5 e Izi PL, •SAIOO JO 33V aSBJ34.V s- -* 00 00 to .. CO s- o o •aaqniaoaa ' ' CO CO o -^ CO CO CO ■^ CO CO •jaqraaAOii o CO CO 5 o CO M c-i CO >o CO CO CO CO Oi Oi Oi 0> (M 1-1 i-l 1-1 CO CO rH •aaarenK khvj (?! C^ IM (>> 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 91 I I -* i-l OS »0 kO lO r-l r1 tC (M rH iH £ =5 - ^ a :s Jz; ^ 5?;!z;^^!2j^^tz; l2i .|z; (M eo c c = ■;; -3 -3 ;?; Iz; Ih; ^ ^ ^ 13 iZ a u ^ & ^"2 01 r o » e .9 ^ K a o a" 2" a ►H 3* a" Q « Q ^00 CJ « S3 CO to S ■M s 00 s § CO CO CO CO S U5 CO 0 to s g ^ X 00 M c^ *- ■* ■* CO CO 0 s »- § ^ 00 s 10 -* ■M to y: !M CO c? '- -* •* :o CO 0 s ^ 0 -+ - '- s ^ CO t- 00 CI O i-H (N IT? •* 92 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. a o o 535 ^ ■& 1 en •sora 6 1 1 1 •* ^ Number OF Month SINCE Last C'ali IIBIH 3J0U ■soiu 6 o; CO to 1 e^ 1 i-H 1 eq ,^ •sora g ■soin g ,_, 00 • o 'A a, "a s a 3 "3 o g one, lbs. each meal and g qts. bran, o ton seed. a a o "3 CD a 0) a o o "3 a a o > s a- '^ -* ^ ^ [25 M 00 'A « 'A •* C ^ a • . . -3 73 O o o o fl > o a pj a a o a a c a o o ? ■ o a< o H r^ .. ■j? >1 C5 p a J3 9* >^ c- ^ ■a ^ ^ 1 >^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i > •a > o O o > o o o > o 'A » • '-— ' ^^ ^— ' o » s OJ ^ f3 0 3 ■So -T 3 a 5 ^ p a >> ■^ >J ■^ "oo "x ^ a CS a ™ J« Ol w P- Ph &H K w Ph Ph P4 Ph Oh a" , . a" ■3 cS » << <; a >> o • M • V o a W g" 3 oT 3 ■ .a ■ 'S o 5 a a }-» 2 a a a K n s ^ a 3 • • «a- 3 _" o K >-5 (0 ■a a S ° £ ^ o ^'1 e Jer e Je re, H 1-5 oT 1-5 -3 n 3 1-5 c3 T3 0) o a 03^ 01 ■" !-.a ,a TJ .a T! ?1 t. t-i t;R 2 a* CS ba 5 ^ a i! Ph C! O Ph o H O 2 W O •SAio^ JO aSy oSBJaAy T(i o oo lO to to (M 00 to •* CO ,_, lO 1— I^ O ^^ Maqraaosa ■^ "^ "i m C-l -t ■■o -^ >o 0^ CO CO o r^ eo 00 b- O s, o IM lO (M CO CO o -* OJ rl CO oq 5^ CO •jaquiaaaa •* !0 •* ^ to to § CO CO to lO O o l°l •jaqmaAo^j •* to ^ to to to o CO IM to CO in '- •aas Knjs Kav.i to -5 00 f O r-l C-1 CO in vn to s s 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 93 OI 1 ' \ 1 1 1 1 1 e^ 1 1 1 to 1 1 ' 1 - CO 00 1 o t- 1 ■* to « ira ■* U5 e^ -> 1 1 1 « CO 1 o ( T* ■>* ^ ' « IN 1 O « •«»i M 1 1 i a" 2 .a c • ■a s X3 St e ca ^ 0) g Si a Oi O V n p ■£ S Pi fl p o" a ff a o ^ Fl H H d iz; 1^ C3 05 « e« eS m 'M -* CO rjl oa ou '-' m m 00 no GO tiJ m UJ GO a -- a a a a a a C3 a -T >s es i-, .M g A ^ X3 ^ _= ^ ^ ^^ . . ^ ■a •a T! X •a r-l T- •3 ■a ,o 3) a C3 a C3 a s a g a a a a* a rt a 5 a a a rt "^ c3 3 ^ a cj a a O O « o ^ « S a = H ii a g s u a a ^ m 0> a s I !e' ri x . i 2 fl 5 1-. 5 2 s o" a ? 2 • C l2i c o< c O" 3^ O" o< o< Izi o< CT ^ o< oi •* c^ ■w -^ C) ^) ■-1 -* TC CO xa ■* 00 to -* lU "3 c • •3 a) > •a ^ Tl ^ -3 •d a ^ 01 o a fl A £ a a ^ oj 3 o o a o ^ ■ o B 73 t >-, J^ is >J >^ ti ^ >i >> >. o o r? u J3 A ja ja ^ A a xi O •3 ■a ^. 55 ^ ^. a fL, (I, ph ph a fe^ fe5 ^ e- ^ 15 ^ ;s :: o ^ >?; !5 =5 rf c3 =5 HH?-lr-(hH ^CuS W * ■ « n W "SQ li ii cb cS Dh CSPhCJCS cSbOcb iScS^liI -* t- ►- o u. ■o o -Kt in -let to to to t1 in IM to ^ o o cJ o o CO CO CO 1 S o o CO CO CO s CO 1 CO ■* o <>> >n CO to in to CO § ^ CO IN CO CO CO o ^_i OS CO CO C^ ■* 00 s (M s O) IN ^ CO IN 1 CO to CO ^ ?5 t- Tjl OI IN to IM 3 00 c^ CO o CO CO e^ ?3 o CO ■* o> ?§ ^ CO CO s (N r-l IN to O 00 in to s - ■" to - t- -* o CO T-l lO eo 1 ^ to cc to cc o to i^ o in to «- - -* o CO o CO 3 -* to O rH uem ssai ^ "ca g a ■a c s a a ca 0 1^ « o O a 0) o a a a a v QJ 0) a o B B S s p P. P 'd ■2 a a C3 a ca cs cs ca cS ca OU w o) t/j «J C/J rjj rn OJ M -* 7J OJ 0 ^ .- ^ „ a a cS ~ a 5 5 IH s ti ^ ,o C-1 • o ^ •a ■a ■71 73 a a a >, a s C3 a s « CI _- a s ca ca • - cs > S m a S -3 c3 £1 ca ^ cS C3 ca (2; . ^ ^ a g E P ,Q J a n ^ >, >, >. >. k. C3 ca jq s ii ja a 0) > o _3 0) ■a ^ o .d o o o ■3 o o o ■o o ■a o s a" > o O ^ 'A •^ n !''< a 3 c r ^ «. & ^ ffl o o o o o 0) 3 s ^ ^ 3 . 3 ,. 3 'm >> >^ >> >, "m >. >, >1 >a ■^ >. 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[Jan. a o O «| i •sotn 6 r ^ , I 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 H* ■^ , UBlll 3J0IV w c a -< •sooi 6 0) 00 ^ rH o> ■* '^ ^ CO ^ ^ to to C^ 00 •soni g '^ '"' I-l •soni 8 ^ , 1 ^ 1 o\ ^ ^ IM IN -t CO "* 1 O (-1 UBi(j ssaT • • to hi * a a 55 CO M ^ ^ a ■a "3 4) • 5 a o "3 0) 0 p a a E4 aT oT O «r c «r oT 0 0 oT oT £ «r P>4 a a a a a a a ^ g a a a O" a « C3 CS !? 3 C3 « c 5 eS CS 3 ca « 02 02 02 02 02 02 ►- 02 02 02 CQ •» OJ a i a a" 2 a* a a" C3 C8 CS a z> cS cs O b a 5 ^ ^ 2 J js 1 ■a 3 a" p g 73 a C8 "3 g -a a CS ■3 0) 'a a a ■3 a cS ■a 3 ■a a cS "3 a) ■3 a C3 > "3 •3 "3 "3 ■3 0 ^ a ■3 OJ * 1 ■3 OJ "3 ^ g C3 g a g 0 a 0 as, a a a a 5 "3 « a s 2 i ■+J 2 2 o< 2 2 o" OJ o" o a< O" O" "^ c o-'S 0" c CJ" •* a ^ -* ^ •* ui 00 00 to ^ CO -i< . s i,- tH 0 2 T3 0 ■a 0 0 v-i c a a a Qi 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 H 0 » >> .- tA >, t>. lii rt s cS a 0! H K •<< O tT C fcT pi:^ a C c u S3 * ^ 9 > o y 0 0 0 ■3 -a ■T3 -7 > > o d 0 >1 OQ 0 0 0 0 0 o s a a ^ a a a g. ^ g. o o o OJ 0 0 0 « « u o o ;-i a a u k> 3 OJ 3 3 3 >1 >> >, >> ^ Ef >) >i i>i >. ■^ ■^ tc cj a eS 03 0 0 C3 C3 a cS C3 cS H K W Ph w pj Pi K W a l-H fL, Ph P^ ^ . _ 0) . oj a^ 0> b > > > 3 a a a ^ a a ^ >^ . a g" £ a" a a a . £ a .2 G; !a > 5 3 << CS 'S 3 CD S 3 cS xi t4 b lh Ed 'o s" a ^ a 3 0 3 CD . g" 3 n >> i:« t^ t^ iA >1 >, t^ ^ t^ 1^ 3 t^ >, -5 '^. 1-5 l-J •-5 i-j •-S 1-S ^ fiii •-5 •-5 V u a « 0) to 0) 0) 0) » 4) li ^ 0) 0) •a •a ■c T3 •a T3 •0 ■a T3 -a -a n3 0 ■a •0 Cl C3 C4 C3 fl C9 CS cS cS C3 CS f^ W a 03 l: b u ^ i* k. b L4 h< C6 is 5 dj * 5 CJ 5 0 ii 0 5. cb CS •SAioQ JO aSy a3BJ3AV ta » to S" u» .= 0 ^ sr •* iO to t- ^ o ~"Si~ o o CO CO 00 CO 0 ""S" K ** ..' •jaqraaoad 00 CO CO 0 1 IN (N 1^1 M (N c-i *n o5 »o t— vo CO CO C* 5 §5 •^ 0 O fa < -"log as O •asqmaAOX t-l IN r-( (N S CO I-H s 0 f-H 00 IN ■* S CO CO a> ■jaqmaoaa o> ■M r-( o -* to '- to '^ o • > > ' .' ^ • > > o a ^ iz; a "A >5 o 'A o 'A ^ >q ^ ^ ^-^ ^ ^-^ •V * o » « £ > \i & 3 ■" 2 3 ■S o 3 ^'A 5 s o o a K K Ph Ch b fi^ pi^ Ch = i ■ « • 5 a K • 2 o 611 . oT s" a • a" f ;a w ^ s jq 1-5 « D fi ft • 3 t>> M >» >. t^ >> >. a >, >-, 0) ^ i m ID bD a> ^ ^ 1-5 o w 0/ ►^ . c a a J3 ►^ S 1-5 o o •jDqniaoaa '-; '■; •^ o rH 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 99 CI T-H I r i-i I IM I I 1-1 M I (N o ^ CO ^ eo 00 - (M o> -* CO Oi CO 1 - ■* o o IM 1-) C^J n M CO 1 > ■a •a o o ■a "x V-. o ^^ t. £^ r-« o C; p J2 a o ■ 1 ? -S _ y o O tT 5 a O J3 O o V a o tT ^ ^^ > o C ^.-^ 'c •a o ,~^ C3 ^-^ > o • ' ^ t3 3 -c m C3 * > > * ■a ■a ^ > rO • • •a -a ^ s KG ?^R0P5f^pH H w H p: ^ ^ a fi p: R K i i O ft ^ ii •a a O 3 e ^ Ph b iS OPhOcSOOO OoCb 50 «0 -^ CO 1^ o -^ GO O rH C-1 to CO i-< c-i "2 CO lO CO to CO •* -s< to CO CO to -^ t-^ to CO IM CJ !>» - ^ O CO O" o '^' 'A n f -^ CC 'A to rp li^ p •a •a o •a o 5 0) •a -a O 0) o n a e: a a 0 . o o o o o o a ^ a It- ° a >3 . S6 j a J5 ^-v « JH ^ < T-) o o > o > o !5 ■a > O > o o • o • 'J y-< ^ a- !^ 'A o 0) v O M 3 p 3 s-a >. >) >> ■g E o >i 1io ■Jo o ■^ >. a C3 C3'" C3 K E a CM Ph Ph W Ph Ph P. Ph a o p c a 3 ,- >, 3 0 ^ i; >> 00 c« a a Xi ,a o > 4 ■a ^ £ = O i-s a 3 1-^ 5 O a a ■ W Id >i S'3 >! a >^ ;^ bD a in 1-5 "2 ° a 3 a "3 ►? •3 a s "-5 •-0 01 OJ 2^" o OJ O o 0) a O 01 •o •n -rt •a 'O ■a •T3 •3 a ea u u ^ c5 Ah O CS o c5 o 125 O O P^ !i O •s.ttoojua ly aSB.i3A\- o to ^ 00 to to >« t- »- to o t- CD o 'O PH i. J^ oo •aaqraaaaa 1 ^ *^ CO M ^ to CO -t< -* CO l ? o 2 MsqcaaDad ^ ■* CD »- 5! s CO 1* « s ?? CO o t» u •JoqraaAOX CO ^ >n a> Ol ti Si Tf CO -* CJ 00 ^ •joqiuaood t- CO 't (M 1 s^ CO •* GO CO o> t- Oi g ^ •jaqtajAox '^■" -* C^l '■' o s "^ i-i *" CO o 00 ■aaa wax: Kav^ IM CO 00 CO CO to CO CO 00 CO CO o ^ ■* CO rp 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 101 CO cc - r CO -* 1 1 1 t1 - 1 1 r CO 1 1 -^ « - CO -* 1 CO 1 1 CO e^ 01 CO :=; 1 to l-H -* ^ - (M CO CO M 01 1 ■ CO 1 1 1 1 1 o. cq 1 ■^ S) a ^ 1 •3 c •3 a a ^ " •3 * H - ^ , ^ OJ u g 5* 0) p a oT 1 a ^. a s ^ P s -S a p P p p a n i y 5 s 5 ■£ c cS o< o< c; rt a C3 o CS c^ a « C/J ■* ^ 02 CO C/J m m A O C5 aj CI OJ -* CO a cT _- _- „- C3 .o /= ^ ^ J3 . a n c3 o< a a •3 a a a ^ c ^ ~ , ^ g 2 TJ — * o a « a; 0) c C3 a a □ a a ea c C o< o* c O c ^ ■* 1^ to CO O ^ 3 ^ ■^ ^ f5 <» :^ _ 3 5 a; •o o 2 ^ a ■3 O X b. a ^ a a o^ P. o o o >. ^ ^ >, ■3 ■3 >^ >> \ s-^ a CS •a •a M jg •3 ■a o •^. C J3 a ^a o o a > o ■X3 c o > o O o a n o O CJ > O o a > o i2;a ^-'3 o o o o o > cs ^ ^ :3 3 ^ ^ ^ , 3 3 3 3 C ^ >s >i "cD >) ■^ >> >. >i >. >- ^ ^ >. ■^ >> ■^ ■e 0) >. ca cS ^ C3 a n a CS c3 «"« a w Ch W dl K d w Cd ■M t-1 £ a P-l a Ch Cj w . 6 !d a a a" J3 . ft _ J3 4 c" "a 5 5 la i 5 a dj a a oT a" es S3 oT 3 a" a a >i S "3 "3 3 >. <1 3 O 3 a 3 o >1 <- t^ o n >l ,- 01 3 ^ u o £ £ u ^ u ,a 3 1 £ •-5 a ^. o ^ 01 1-5 01 1-5 >-i 1-5 »-5 •-5 1-5 » c o O o » o O (U a C3 O 0) o O a o O 3 •o •n ■a TJ T1 T3 T) -rt •3 •3 T3 -3 TJ -3 ■3 cfl a bfi a C3 t; n rt a C3 C3 C3 es OS Cs (S C CS fH C O b o o es O o b * O (2 d3 -rt -Kl -w > 01 IM OI r-l to CO to ra CO CO CO ^ CO U5 CO CO T-( IN •* CO o ^ -* .o Tl* o 1 .n ^ ^ "^ "^ (N Ol ^ o o> 00 I- to -* CO N s to CO ^ to t- to ^ '- o Ol «> ^ o ^ o, CO - to -* CO o 1 .o ,;, „ rr. o o ^ f-l ^ rr ^_^ ^ -^ "^ "* ■T o uj lO ■ O U5 to to to 102 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Summary. Crcamer.v A. Creamery ]'.. Number of farms contributing, 131, . 62 Total spaces of cream Nov. (1 day). 3,671, 1,668 Total spaces of cream Dec. (1 day). 3,470, . • 1,593 Total number of cows Nov. (1 day ) , 1,013, . 483 Total number of cows Dec. (1 day), 1,033, . 456 Lowest space per cow,* , 1 (Farm Nos. 61 and 74), 1.40 (Farm No. 9). Highest space per cow, . 7.75 (Farm No 82), . 7.50 (Farm No. 34). Average spaces per cow, 3.49, 3 42 Average age of cows. 5| years, • 5^ years. Average space per cow in station dairy, 5.25. * Excluding cases where milk is sold. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 103 V. Feeding Experiments with Pigs. The preceding annual report contains a summary of a series of feeding experiments with pigs, carried on at this station since 1884, for the purpose of ascertaining the cost of the feed required to produce a given quantity of dressed pork. Our first attention in this connection was directed towards a profitable disposition of two by-products of the dairy industry, — skim-milk and buttermilk from creameries. As the daily supply of these materials varies, for obvious reasons, widely on farms, it seemed advisable to devise economical fodder rations adapted to different conditions in that direction. The daily diet in our earlier experiments contained a more liberal amount of milk than in our later ones. For several years past we have raised, the whole year around, for every cow on our farm, a pig for the meat market, to dispose of our skim-milk. This course necessitated, at times, addi- tional resources of supply of nutritious food. To meet this requirement in an economical and profitable way, and by means which are in the reach of every farmer, has been our aim. How we have thus far succeeded in our endeavor, may be ascertained from a subsequent short review of our pre- vious course of observation. A correct interpretation of our latest feeding experiment (X.) , which forms the principal part of the subsequent communication, renders a brief restate- ment of the results of our earlier experiments advisable. During our first and second experiments (1884), skim- milk or buttermilk or both and corn meal furnished the daily feed. In the first experiment, the relative proportions of skim-milk or of buttermilk and of corn meal remained the same from the beginning to the end of the trial ; namely, three ounces of corn meal for every quart of skim-milk required to meet the increasing wants of the animals. The daily average consumption per l\ead amounted at the close of the experiment to fourteen quarts of skim-milk and forty- two ounces of corn meal. The nutritive character of the daily diet remained practically the same during most of the time of observation. It was, in the case of the buttermilk diet, one part of digestible nitrogenous food constituents to 104 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. from 2.84 to 3.38 parts of non-nitrogenous food constituents ; and in case of that of the skim-milk, one of the former to from 2.50 to 2.90 of the hitter; the variations being mainly due to the diiierence in the amount of solid matter in the two kinds of milk. In the second feeding experiment (1885), the relative pro- portion between skim-milk or buttermilk and corn meal was different from that in the first one. During the first period of the second experiment, only two ounces of corn meal were added to each quart of milk required to satisfy the animal. As soon, however, as from six to seven quarts per head were consumed daily, four ounces of corn meal were fed for every quart of milk. Another increase in corn meal was made when ten quarts of milk were called for ; and again, when twelve quarts were consumed per head. The experi- ment closed with a daily average ration per head of from ten to twelve quarts of milk, and from eighty to ninety-six ounces of corn meal. In consequence of this course of feed- ing, the nutritive character of the daily diet was changed from time to time. The periodical increase of corn meal in the daily fodder rations caused the introduction of a larger proportion of non-nitrogenous food constituents, as starch, sugar, fat, etc., in the diet, than of nitrogenous constituents. The experiment began with a diet which contained one part of diijestible nitroijenous constituents to 2.7 of non-nitrog- enous food constituents, and closed with 1:5 in case of skim-milk and 1 : 4.5 in case of buttermilk. The expiration of a contract with a creamery in our vicinity deprived us, at that stage of our investigation, of a liberal supply of buttermilk. A limited supply of home- made skim-milk necessitated a modification of our feeding- system, in case that at least six pigs should be engaged in the experiments at one time. It was therefore decided to feed the skim-milk from our herd of six cows, in equal quan- tities, to six growing pigs,^and to supply the additional feed from other suitable sources, including corn meal in part. It seemed also of interest to learn whether the particular course pursued in the previously described experiments of feeding skim-milk from the home dairy Mnth corn meal alone could be improved on ; and, if so, in what direction. Gluten 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 105 meal and wheat bran were chosen, for various reasons, to serve in connection with corn meal to furnish the additional ingredients of the diet, as soon as our milk supply became exhausted. This course promised to serve two distinct purposes : — 1. The rich nitrogenous character of gluten meal and of wheat bran offered a chance to secure any desired change in the nutritive character of the feed, as far as the relative proportion of the digestible nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous food constituents are concerned ; and 2. To reduce the net cost of the feed, in case they proved to be an efficient substitute for larger quantities of corn meal, on account of the larger quantities of certain essential fertilizing constituents they contain. The statement that an addition of gluten meal or of wheat bran or both, to a diet which previously consisted only of skim-milk and corn meal, tends to increase the commercial value of the manurial refuse resulting, is based on the fol- lowing considerations : — 1. The principal fertilizing elements contained in a mixture of equal parts of gluten meal and wheat bran have a higher market value than those contained in an equal weight of corn meal. 2. It is admissible, for mere practical purposes, to assume that, in raising one and the same kind of animals to a corresponding weight, a corresponding amount of nitrogen, of phosphoric acid, of potassium oxide, etc., will be retained and stored up in the growing animal. An excess, therefore, of any or of all of the three essen- tial fertilizing constituents previously specified, in one diet, as compared with that of another one, counts in favor of that particular diet as far as net cost of feed is concerned. Although it must be acknowledoed that, even in one and the same feeding experiment, most likely no two animals would show strictly corresponding relations in that direc- tion, it remains not less true that it is a most commendable practice, in a general farm management, to consider care- fully the relative value of the fertilizing constituents contained in the various fodder articles which present themselves for our choice in the compounding of suitable 10(3 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. fodder rations. Our allowance of a loss of thirty per cent, of the essential fertilizing constituents contained in the food consumed, in consequence of the development and growth of the animal, is purposely a liberal one. The adoption of this basis for our estimate tends to strengthen our conclusion that the raisino; of pi2:s for the home market can be made a profitable branch of farm industry, even with comparatively limited resources of skim-milk. The daily supply of skim-milk has not exceeded, at any period, eight quarts of milk during our later experiments, from the third to the ninth inclusive ; most of the time it has been from four to five quarts per head. The relative proportion of corn meal, wheat bran and gluten meal has been frequently altered in case of different experiments, as well as at difierent stages of the same experiment, with varying results. The ninth experiment, which has been described in detail in our sixth annual report, has been, from an economical stand-point, thus far the most successful one. A brief abstract of that experiment may here suffice to show our late mode of compounding fodder rations for pigs at different stages of growth, in connection with the financial results we secured. The summary includes our entire series of pig feeding described in previous reports, and also the last one, the tenth, which is for the first time published in detail in some succeeding pages. Average of Daily Rations {Experiment IX.). ^ •^ -^ -j -i c S 1^ o i j2 " o o 5 S § o " « « S ^ g S o § 5 ^ O ^ « ^ 1^ M c S 2 60 > a •a o a '2 j= ■3 B ° o -J. '^ - u Yk 1888. April 12 to April 23, . - 3 - - 6. \ - 1 : 2.80 April 24 to May 1, . - 6 - - 12. IMay 2 to May 14, . - 6 3.47 6.94 12. 7 May 15 to May 28, . - 6 9.89 19 78 12. ( "■ 1 : 2.53 May 29 to June 4, . - 6 10.67 21.34 12. ) June 5 to June 22, . - 6 8.65 8.65 34.60 (m. 1 : 3.63 June 23 to July 3, . - 6 9.86 9.86 39.44 July 4 to July 9, . - 6 7.70 7.70 46.20 ) July 10 to July 25, . 56.10 6 9.35 9.35 - Uv. 1 : 4.35 July 26 to Aug. 8, . 63.00 6 10.50 10.50 — 5 1890,] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 101 Experiment IX. Live Weight of Animal. Nutritive Ratio. Period I , Period 11., . Period III., . 20 to 90 pounds, . 90 to 130 pounds, . 130 to 200 pounds, One difrestible nitrogenous, 2.66 digestible non-nitrogenous, constituents One digestible nitrogenous, 3.62 digestible non-nitrogenous, constituents. One digestible nitrogenous, 4.35 digestible non-nitrogenous, constituents. The calculations included in the following summary were based upon the following valuations per ton : — ^ Cost. Manurial Viiliie. Corn meal, ....... $24 00 $7 97 Barley meal, ...... 30 00 6 21 Skim-milk (10 i^er cent, solids), 1.8 cts. gal. 2 25 Buttermilk (7 to 8 per cent, solids), . 1..S7 '• - 1 l-L Corn and cob iiieal, ..... $20 70 G 06 Wheat bran, 22 50 13 51 Gluten meal, 22 50 17 49 108 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. t^ OQ S 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 10i> Our observations in this connection with the management of the above summarized ten feeding experiments, lead to the following suggestions regarding a proper course of raising pigs for the meat market : — 1. Begin as early as practicable, with a well-regulated system of feeding. During the moderate season, begin when the animals have reached from eighteen to twenty pounds in live weight ; in the colder seasons, when they weigh from twenty-tive to thirty pounds. 2. The feed for young pigs during their earlier stages of growth ought to be somewhat bulky, to promote the exten- sion of their disfestive oro'ans, and to make them thereafter good eaters. A liberal supply of skim-milk or buttermilk, with a periodical increase of corn meal, beginning with two ounces of corn meal per quart of milk, has given us highl}' satisfactory results. 3. Change the character of the diet, at certain stages of growth, from a rich nitrogenous diet to that of a wider ratio between the digestible nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous food constituents of the feed. Begin, for instance, with two ounces of corn meal to one quart of skim-milk ; when the animal has reached from sixty to seventy pounds, use four ounces per quart ; and feed six ounces of meal per quart after its live weight amounts to from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and thirty pounds. The superior feeding effect noticed in case of one and the same diet dur- ing the earlier stages of growth, will not infrequently be found to decrease seriously during later stages. 4. It is not good economy to raise pigs for the meat market to an exceptionally high weight. To go beyond from one hundred and seventy-five to one hundred and eighty pounds is only advisable when exceptionally high market prices for dressed pork can be secured. The quality of the meat is also apt to be impaired by an increased deposition of fat. The power of assimilating food and of converting it in an economical way into an increase of live weight, decreases with the progress of age. 5. It pays well, as far as the cost of feed is concerned, to protect the animals against the extremes of the season. Feeding experiments carried on during moderate seasons are more profitable than those carried on, under otherwise corresponding circumstances, during the winter season. no AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. I 8 ^ 5r I, 0) o (2 5 OOO'OOOOOOOOO'fiOOiOO'O'-OGOC^CO 'OOOt>00000'Ot>10I>;iOiOl->.«0ic4':o 'O O 'O »0 O O 1-t' O 'O O "O iC 'O O' O 'O (M lO CM C^ O J (>5 'O O C^1 | I I I I I lO o o 'O O' o lo lO o o o O' 'O o 'O o o o 'Xi -': -^ to CM O lO CM O' Oi 1^ CM O O 'C lO Oi O l^ O 'O O 'O o CO -* I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I lO O O >0 O lO I CM t>. o t--; c<; t--- C-1 c4 (>1 CO CO CO I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O O CO CO o o lO lo CO CO »o »o Oi O CO O O -H 1^ O O O CM I- h" C^ ~. — ^ vr "O cc o O Ci C/DiO>— lOCOcO'^OCOO-fOt^OCOCOX-t^cO'— 'u-lC^CO lO t^ iO CTJ CO 05 (^ "^ CO O^ 1^ O -H lO 'O -* 'O "O -+I O — ^ fM rt,_(^^^TH7-lT-l.— IT-Hl— It— I^T-!.-.^!— I^T-ICMJ O "O lO lO O O O »0 "O O O O O O' O' c: o o o o o o i-O t^ CM t^ lO "O 'O CM (M O iC- O lO O lO O' o o o o o o -+cocc:(Mi-Ha3c6'6aJc6cocor--lQ6oor^cdcocMioco ^ocococo'0000cooi>-co>0'0'— icocoioco-fo 1— lOa.— Ir-li— It— i(MCMCMt-Ht— It— Ii-H(Mt-H(Mi— t<— II— 11— Ir- IT-H T— ir-~coioi^aococooiC5— ico'tDcocK)0'*cooo-f-*T-i co-ti^Hcocr5T-ioiot^-ncoc5t^oaoo C^CMCMi— It— ItHC^CMCMCMt— ICMi-tCO— I< - - ^ A ^ ^ CO ^ ^ M ^ - rii - . ^ . H H pq (Mco-^ocot^cxiasO' 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. Ill CC'30'OCOOT-H'::fiOOGOCOC5aDiOCOOOOiO!:0-HCO-*GOTHOO ocqc^^^-^loaq■*. »oocoQq«0(:c<^^ao(^1co^-.coaicoc^cOQO <^^c^cocoG^cc(^^c^^co'co^--^c^(^^<^^r-^(^^::ococ'i'--<^Hr-^r-^(^^coT-^ 1 O' CO 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ "1 X x; X C3 uo CO O CO o X 1-; 1 (M CO o o o O "-H 1-H I— 1 T-H I— 1 r-I o i-H o 'O O' o CO t^ -tH CO o lo CM X) -fi CO CO c-: CO -+ Ci cc o >C' i-': >— 1 o p O "O 'O i (M -h CO CO -+' CO CO o co' CO -+ CO .-1 o CM o o ci CO o CO cc c^ o o o GO ■HH ^ CO p CO lo lo r-i CO o '-0 ^ ^ 1^ o; o cc_ o 1-0 '^ <-! CO -* o C^4 P CO T-H --jH O CO X GO CO d T-i OCO-fOCOOO-*-#SlcOO>CiOO'0'CiC30C3001^-tJC0l^C0_i-Hpr-;-*OjT-HtOQ0C0ppQqppC0-^ Oi-H'-Hcx3criot^c6c^JcocDGOcot^cocococor^c6aic5i iM CO -* x" CO -t< C>i (>j 1^ CO CO T-H (>^, o O ^1< -* "O CO lO "O lO CO lO 'O O "O «0 O O I-^ 1- O CO iC o' -t- OOOOOOOOOiOiO'.0>0>0 0 0»0000000000 pp'0»OpppiqiOL->;C>;C>jt^t>;iOl>.CMiOiqpO'0000'0 col^'#oicric6^-^'--^-*OlOCDc6coc6co^^l^I--^uoc:5GCcoc^il>;^^ C3CT5coc»QOcr5cocoQOOooa5COC50coc50'— icociooocoi^csi i-Hi— Ii-Ht-Ii-It-I.— !,-(,— ICMi— Ir-li— 11— ICMi— (I— ICMCMi-HtH,— l(M,-l,-lr-l 1 s 2 s i ^ o « J J Grade White Clieste Mixed, 1 Mixed, White Chester, CO-tHiOCOh-;Gdc3iOi-iCNCOTtiidcot^OOCJO'HCMCO-Ic6 II « S ^ S a "^ S - > >> •t-i a c s a "2 ■c e S3 ^ 3 u, 3 1889. April 23 to May 1, . 6. 3. - - I T 1 . 9 90 May 2 to May 13, 10. o. - - May 14 to May 28, 11. 5.5 4.00 8.00 ) May 29 to June 4, 10. 5. 7.00 14.00 i 11. 1: 2.99 June 5 to June 17, 10. 5. 11.90 23.80 ) June 18 to July 8, 37.80 5. 9.47 9.47 I 11^ 1-412 July 9 to July 22, 47.60 5. 11.90 11.90 July 23 to Aug. 12, 58.80 5. 9.80 9.80 I IV." 1 : 4.61 Aug. 13 to Aug. 27, 64.20 5. 10.70 10.70 The amount of dry vegetable matter of the feed consumed per pound of dressed pork produced varies in case of dif- ferent animals from 3.40 to 3.81 pounds, the mean being 3.6 pounds. This result is less favorable than those obtained in our ninth experiment, where the amount of dry vegetable matter consumed per pound of dressed pork obtained was noticed to vary from 2.61 to 3.17 pounds, with an average amount of 2.98 pounds. As both experiments were con- 114 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. ducted during the saine period of the year, — summer season, — the results apparently point towards a higher nutritive effect of the corn meal, as compared with that of barley meal, under conditions like ours. The linal decision in this direction will be left to further trials. The higher market price of the l)arley meal, as compared with that of corn meal, at present market rates, is an addi- tional cause of a less favorable financial result than in most of our late experiments, from VI. to IX. inclusive. The average net cost per pound of dressed pork, in our tenth experiment, amounted to 4.29 cents. We received 5| cents per pound. For more details, see farther on. Market Cost of Fodder Articles used. Barley meal, . fSO.OO per ton. ] Wheat bran, . $18.50 per ton. Skim-milk, . 1.8 cts. per gal. Gluten meal, . $22.00 per ton. Valuatio7i of Essential Fertilizing Constituents in the Various Articles of Fodder used. Nitrogen, 17 cents per pound ; phosphoric acid, 6 cents ; potassium oxide, 4^ cents. [Per cent.] Moistm'e, Nitrogen, Phos2)horic acid, . Potassium oxide, . Valuation i^er 2,000 pounds, Barley Skim-milk. Wheat Meal. Bran. 12.90 89.78 10.92 1.507 .52 2.447 .66i .19 2.900 .342 .20 1.637 $6 23 $2 17 $13 27 Gluten Meal. 10.19 4.230 .392 .049 $14 90 (1) P5 5 c a 5| -3 -■3 .9 — •3 O O PERIODS. o c ^ o 1 ^ O o Sii'5 lis Ill > ^ :3 >> O 1889. lb. oz. April 23 to May 13, 11.63 93.00 - - 1:2.90 23.00 41.50 14 May 14 to June 17, 23.62 189.00 18.69 37.38 1 : 2.99 41.50 88.50 1 5 June 18 to July 22, 95.64 175.00 23.91 23.91 1:4.17 88.50 135.00 1 5 July 23 to Aug. 28, 133.08 184.00 22.18 22.18 1 : 4.56 135.00 185.00 1 6 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 115 Total Amount of Feed consumed from April 23 to August 28. 263.97 pounds barley meal, equal to dry matter, 641.00 quarts skim-milk, equal to dry matter, 64.78 pounds wheat bran, equal to diy matter, 83.47 pounds gluten meal, equal to dry matter, Total amount of drj- matter. 229.92 pounds. 142.16 pounds. 57.71 pounds. 74. 9G pounds. 504.75 pounds. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . 23.00 pomids. Live weight of animal at time of killing, . . . 185.00 pomids. Live weight gained during experiment, .... 162.00 pounds. Dressed weight at time of killing, 153.50 pounds. Loss in weight by dressing, . . 31.50 j^ovinds, or 17.03 per cent. Dressed weight gained during experiment, . . . 134.41 pounds. Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 263.97 pounds barley meal, at $30.00 per ton, .... 160.25 gallons skim-milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, 64.78 pounds wheat bran, at f 18.50 per ton, . . . . 83.47 pounds gluten meal, at f 22.00 per ton, .... 3.12 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 2>ound of live weight, and 3.76 pounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed pork, 6.22 cents. $3 96 2 88 60 92 S8 36 11 5S al at riod H •ss V- to HAh a« Sft PERIODS. ^ o = g • s ° • ^ O o 'SI? .2 i.s a ii-c a t. a 'S a^H o o — .— 0=.^ — 3 <)S. s < = ^. 5 a- 5i — 5Sa< ^ |£=. '.'-"" •JC) 1889. lb. oz. April 2.3 to May 13, 11.63 93.00 - - 1 : 2.90 23.00 42.00 14 May 14 to June 17, 23.62 189.00 18.06 36.12 1 : 2.99 42.00 92.00 1 7 June 18 to July 22, 89.64 175.00 22.41 22.41 1 : 4.11 92.00 139 50 1 6 July 23 to Aug. 2S, 141.42 184.00 23.57 23.57 1 : 4.62 139.50 200.00 1 10 Total Amount of Feed consumed from April 23 to August 28. 266.31 pounds barley meal, equal to dry matter, . . 231 96 pounds. 641.00 quarts skim-milk, equal to dry matter, 64.04 pounds wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 82.10 jjounds gluten meal, equal to dry matter. Total amount of dry matter, 142.16 pounds. 57.05 pounds. 73.73 pounds. 504.90 pounds. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . 23.00 pounds. Live weight of animal at time of killing, . . . 200.00 jjomids. Live weight gained during experiment, .... 177.00 pounds. Dressed weight at time of killing, 102.00 jDounds. Loss in weight by dressing, . . 38.00 pounds, or 19 00 per cent. Dressed weight gained during experiment, . . . 143.37 pounds. Cost of Feed consumed daring Fxjjeriment. 266.31 pounds barley meal, at $30.00 per ton, .... $3 99 160.25 gallons skim-milk, at 1 8 cents per gallon, . . . 2 88 64.04 pounds wheat bran, at $18 50 per ton, . . . . 59 82.10 pounds gluten meal, at $22.00 per ton, .... 91 37 118 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 2.85 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 i)ound of live weight, and 3.52 jiounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed pork, 5.84 cents. o c a^ |« 3 S ■6 ^i U 3 3 O a ^.1 si •33 H u, H H » ^ ^ O 1889. lb. oz. April 30 to May 13, 5.75 46.00 - - 1 : 2.90 18.50 30.50 14 May 14 to June 17, 21.88 175.00 17.38 34.75 1 : 2.99 30.50 83.00 1 8 June 18 toJuly 22, 96.36 175.00 24.09 24.09 1 : 4.17 83.00 1,35.75 1 8 July 23 to Aug. 28, 146.52 184.00 24.42 24.42 1 : 4.65 135.75 182.00 1 4 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Ajiril 30 to August 28. 270.51 pounds barley meal, equal to dry matter, 580.00 quarts skim-milk, equal to dry matter, 65.89 pounds wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 83.26 pounds gluten meal, equal to dry matter, Total amount of dry matter. Live weight of animal at beginning of exjieriment, . 18.50 pounds. Live weight of animal at time of killing, . . . 182.00 pounds. Live weight gained during experiment, .... 163.50 pounds. Dressed weight at time of killing, ..... 145.50 jjounds. Loss in weight b}" dres.sing, . . 36.50 jiounds, or 20.05 per cent. Dressed weight gained during experiment, . . . 130.72 pounds. 235.61 pounds. 128.63 pounds. 58.69 pounds. 74.78 pounds. 497.71 pounds. Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 270.51 pounds barley meal, at $30.00 per ton, 145.00 gallons skim-milk, at 1.8 cents jier gallon,, 65.89 pounds wheat bran, at $18.50 per ton, 83 26 pounds gluten meal, at .?22.00 per ton. 3.04 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 pound of live weight, and 3.81 pounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 jjound of dressed pork, 6.27 cents. $4 06 2 61 61 92 $8 20 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 119 (6) 1 § S OJ 2 a; i^ ■a «-§ -1 u S.'d ^s =ia ^5 !^ ^n* "aX. o c V. S^ g« i^ PERIODS. C o . ^ o c " 3„ • S OS'S o i ^ = U)^ SI'S S t. <^ 2 1=1 Si; ■3 ^ll o ^ £^ 3&£ |e2 C3 t- £_, ll£ Eh H 'A O 1889. lb. oz. April 30 to May 13, 5.75 46.00 - - 1 : 2.90 14.00 25.75 13 May 14 to June 17, 21.88 175.00 13.13 26.25 1:2.98 25.75 71.50 1 5 June 18 to July 22, 89.55 175.00 22.37 22.37 1:4.11 71.50 121.00 1 7 July 23 to Aug. 28, 140.46 184.00 23.41 23.41 1:4.61 121.00 177.00 1 8 Tb^aZ Amount of Feed consumed from April 30 to August 28. 257.59 pounds barley meal, equal to dry matter, 580.00 quarts skim-milk, equal to dry matter, 68.91 pounds wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 72 03 pounds gluten meal, equal to dry matter, Total amount of dry matter. 224.30 pounds. 128.63 pounds. 52.48 poimds. 64.69 pounds. 470.16 pounds. Live weight of animal at beginning of exjieriment, . 14.00 pounds. Live weight of animal at time of killing, . . . 177.00 pounds. Live weight gained during experiment, .... 163.00 pounds. Dressed weight at time of killing, 141.00 pounds. Loss in weight by dressing, . . 36.00 jjounds, or 20.34 per cent. Dressed weight gained during exiieriment, . . . 129.85 pounds. Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 257.59 pounds barley meal, at |30.00 per ton, 145.00 gallons skim-milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . 58.91 pounds wheat bran, at $18.50 per ton, . 72.03 pounds gluten meal, at $22.00 per ton. $3 86 2 61 54 79 f7 80 2.88 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 pound of live weight, and 3.62 pounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of di'essed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed pork, 6.01 cents. 120 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. (7) nt of Bar- consumed sa 1^ 1l ^1 c a 1 o «1 5 ' 11 "« u a." u o PERIODS. 3 ^ 2«^ c o . = s- 2«^ ;S "" 6C^ a "2 a i-3 > ° ="2 «~2 l»^ 3 l^- ^■^-^ «3 E- H t; 'A C 1889. lb. oz. April 30 to May 13, 5.75 46.00 _ - 1:2.90 18.75 30.25 13 May 14 to June 17, 21.SS 175.00 16.44 32.88 1:2.99 30.25 79.75 1 7 June 18 to July 22, 96.12 175.00 24.03 24.03 1:4.17 79.75 134.50 1 9 July 23 to Aug. 28, 141.84 184.00 23.64 23.64 1:4.62 134.50 197..50 1 11 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Ajyril SO to August 28. 265.59 pounds barley meal, equal to dry matter, 580.00 quarts skim-milk, equal to dry matter, 64.11 i)ounds wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 80.55 pounds gluten meal, equal to dry matter, Total amount of dry matter, . 231.33 ijounds. 128.63 jjounds. 57.11 jiounds. 72.34 j)ounds. 489.41 pounds. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . 18.75 pounds. Live weight of animal at time of killing, . . . 197.50 pounds. Live weight gained during experiment, .... 178.75 pounds. Dressed weight at time of killing, . . . . . 159.00 pounds. Loss in weight by dressing, . . 38.50 pounds, or 19.49 per cent. Dressed weight gained dui-ing experiment, . . . 143.91 pounds. Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment 265.59 pounds barley meal, at $30.00 per ton, 145.00 gallons skim-milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, 64.11 pounds wheat bran, at f 18 50 per ton, 80.55 pounds gluten meal, at |22.00 per ton. 2.74 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 pound of live weight, and 3.40 pounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed pork, 5.61 cents. $3 98 2 61 59 89 $8 07 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 121 Summary of Experiment (X.). B ^ 3 a ^ 1 1 ^ S IS 00 ■c C 2 £ 3 LiveWeiglit gained during Experi- ment (Pounds). Dressed Weight gained during Experiment (Pounds). Cost per Pound of Dressed Pork (Cents). 1, . . . 263.97 160.25 64.78 83.47 162.00 134.41 6.22 2, . . . 260.49 160.25 63.57 82.32 173.75 142.32 5.82 3, . . . 259.51 159.75 60.36 76.25 168.75 135.19 6 04 4, . . . 266.31 160.25 64.04 82.10 177.00 143.37 5.84 5, . . . 270.51 145.00 65.89 83.26 163.50 ■ 130.72 6.27 6, . . . 257.59 145.00 58.91 72.03 163.00 129.85 6.01 7, . . . 265.59 145.00 64.11 80.55 178.75 143.91 5.61 1,843.97 1,075.50 441.66 559.98 1,186.75 959.77 - Total Cost-of Feed consumed daring the Above-stated Experiment. 1,843.97 pounds barley meal, at f 30.00 per ton, ... $27 66 1,075.50 gallons skim-milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . . 19 36 441.66 pomids wheat bran, at $18.50 per ton, .... 4 08 559.98 pounds gluten meal, at $22.00 per ton, .... 6 16 $57 26 Average cost of feed for i^roduction of 1 pound of dressed pork, 5.97 cents. Manurial Value of Feed consumed during the Above-stated Experi- ment. Barley Meal. Skim- milk. Wheat Bran. Gluten Meal. Total. $5 74 flO 13 $2 93 $4 17 • $22 97 Manurial value of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed j^ork, 2.39 cents Xet cost of feed for the production of 1 pound of dressed pork, 4.29 cents. 122 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Barley Meal {Average). s c a ~ o 1 1 fc P. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- * ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. S ".• "■|§ 6 5 s 12; Moisture at 100° C, . 12.90 258.00 1 Dry matter, 87.00 1,742.00 - 1 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 2.30 46.00 tH " cellulose, . 7.11 142.20 17.06 12 J>q6 " fat, .... 1.94 38.80 26.38 68 protein (nitrogenous matter) , 10.80 216.00 168.48 78 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 77.85 1,557.00 1,401.30 90 100.00 2,000.00 1,613.22 - J Skim-milk {Average) . [One quart equals 2.17 pounds.] a 8 bo e 2 .2 c S Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 V-. ."5 >.| 1 S 5 "Is S So 0, _2 > B Moisture at 100° C, . 89.78 1,795.60 1 Dry matter. 10.22 204.40 - - 100.00 2,000 00 - - A?ialysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 6.85 137.00 o^ " cellulose, . - - _ - r "^ " fat 3.82 76.40 76.40 100 " jjrotein (nitrogenous matter). 31.60 632.00 632.00 100 ]^on-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 57.73 1,155.60 1,155.60 100 100.00 2,000.00 1,864.00 - .1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 121 Wheat Bran (Average) . c C « o S '5 % a Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a 'I'on of 2,000 Pounds. " £ 5 C c: p: > Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 10.92 89.08 218.40 1,781.60 _ _ ^ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.00 1152 0.43 17.17 58.88 2,000.00 140.00 230.40 108.60 343.40 1,177.60 46.08 86.88 302.19 942.08 20 80 88 80 >cc 1— 1 100.00 2,000.00 1,377.23 - Ghiten Meal {Average) , s 5 .£ S o S p. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 Moisture at 100° C, . 10.19 203.80 _ N Dry matter, 89.81 1,796.20 - - « 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... .57 11.40 . ^ " cellulose, . .56 11.20 3.81 34 |S " fat 6.40 128.00 97.28 76 " jjrotein (nitrogenous matter), 29.45 589.00 500.65 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... -63.02 1,260.40 1,184.78 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,786.52 - ^ 124 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. VI. Fodder Analyses. (1889.) The majority of the analy.ses stated under the above heading are made of fodder articles which have been used either during the past year in connection with some of our feeding experiments, or have been raised upon the gi'ounds of the station. Some articles sent on ])y outside parties are added, on account of the special interest they may present to others. In presenting these analyses, it seems but proper to call the attention of farmers once more forcil)ly to a careful consideration of the following facts. The composition of the various articles of food used in farm practice exerts a decided influence on the manurial value of the animal excretions, resulting from their use in the diet of ditl'erent kinds of farm live stock. The more potash, phosphoric acid, and, in particular, nitrogen, a fodder contains, the more valuable will be, under otherwise corresponding circumstances, the manurial residue left be- hind after it has served its purpose as a constituent of the food consumed. As the financial success in a mixed farm management depends, in a considerable degree, on the amount, the character and the cost of the manurial refuse material secured in connection with the special farm industry carried on, it needs no further argument to pro\e that the relations which exist between the composition of tlie fodder and the value of the manure resulting deserve the careful considera- tion of the former, when devising an efficient and at the same time an economical diet for his live stock. The higher or lower commercial value of the manifi'ial refuse left behind after the feed has accomplished its pur- pose in a satisfactory degree, decides its actual or net cost in farm industry. A disregard of this circumstance renders, in many instances, a remunerative dairying not less doubt- ful than a profitable feeding of live stock for the meat market. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 125 Corn Meal. [Araberst Mill.] c ^ =■ 5 .2 c .-a 1 ^ Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 'W - ^ 3 ^ '-5 = j; to ^ 6 ta PS 1 % a t5 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter. 16.44 83.56 328.80 1,671.20 - _ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash^ .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenoiis matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 2.02 2.09 3.47 12.27 80.15 2,000.00 40.40 41.80 69.40 245.40 1,603.00 14.21 52.74 208.69 1,506.82 34 76 85 94 G 3 "A Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 12.13 87.87 24260 1,757.40 _ - \ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.46 1.79 4.30 10.44 81.95 2,000.00 29.20 35.80 87.20 208.80 1,639.00 12.17 60.27 177.48 1,540.06 34 76 85 94 1 00 CO 100.00 2,000.00 1,796.58 _ 1 126 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Corn Meal. [Amherst Mill.] ; -i^ 1 ^«^ a o :.es M 5 c 6 Si c a o 3 H stituent ounds) on of ounds. m a ■o ■" o 3 3 '-5 a '^ § Ch H Ph % .a (^ S3 M cj 3 ^ Cj ^ Ph >5 Moisture at 100° C, . 10.71 214.20 ^ Dry matter, 89.29 1,785.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . 1.00 20.00 _ _ O " cellulose, . 1.74 34.80 11.83 34 f^ " " fat, .... 4.22 84.40 64.14 76 T-H " protein (nitrogenous matter), 10.19 203 80 173.23 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 82.85 1,657.00 1,557 60 94 100.00 2,000 00 1,806.80 1 J Corn 3 Teal. [Amherst Mill.] - « o 1 ^ a 'O g 5 ° » O * 1 ^-s »; Dige a Toi ound P< = H 5 - '" '5 3 C 3 13 .3 O S 3 i ^ i 3 _^ 2 o o o S p. 5 (^ H i, o J= ei S iio 3 P-c o (S -A Moisture at 100° C, . 11.98 239.60 Dry matter. 88.02 1,760.40 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 1.5& 31.20 _ _ t^ " cellulose, . 1.85 37.00 12.58 34 i>^ " fat 4.69 93.80 71.29 76 " protein (niti'ogenous matter). 11.79 235.80 200.43 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 80.11 1,602.20 1,506.07 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,790.37 - j 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 127 Corn Meal. [Amherst Mill.] 92.34 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) In a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. .J. o . £ S 6 1 ISIoisture at 100° C, . 13.36 \ Dry niatter, 86.6-1 - - - 100.00 - - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 1.28 25.60 t^ " cellulose, . 2 28 45.60 15.50 34 }ci " fat, . . . . 3.18 63.60 48.34 76 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 10.82 216.40 183.94 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 82.44 1,648.80 1,549.87 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,797.65 - ) Corn 3. real. [.Vmherst Mill.] S P to a i ^ Constituents (In Pounds) In a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 6 a > Moisture at 100° C, . 15.51 310.20 _ \ Dry matter, 84.49 1,689.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 1.60 32.00 •^ " cellulose, . 1.74 34.80 11.83 34 Vod " fat, .... 4.54 90.80 69.01 76 " protein (nitrogenous matter). 11.69 233,80 198.73 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 80.43 1,608.60 1,512.08 94 ^0.00 2,000.00 1,791.65 - ^ 128 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Corn Meal. [Amherst Mill.] a f . Z .2 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 ^ 0 >> a; • .ti = 1 s -3 St*-' d > 3 'A Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 11.32 88.68 226.40 1,773.60 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.53 1.20 4.30 10.26 82.71 2,000.00 30.60 24.00 86.00 205.20 1,654.20 8.16 65.36 174.42 1,554.95 34 76 85 94 00 ■ oi rH 100.00 2,000.00 1,802.89 - J Corn 3feal. [Amherst Mill.] 3.50 per cent, passed screen Ut mashes to square inch. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 'i ° • £ O .2 M 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter. 10.05 89.95 201.00 1,799.00 - - ^ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash " cellulose, . " fat, . . " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.63 1.34 4.18 10.98 81.87 2,000.00 32.60 26.80 83.60 219.80 1,637.40 9.11 63.54 186.66 1,.539.15 34 76 85 94 rH l-H 100.00 2,000.00 1,798.46 - ^ 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 129 Wheat Bran. [Amherst Mill.] a 8 ii i 1 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 6 Moisture at 100= C, . Dry matter. 9.57 90.43 191.40 1,808.60 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " jn-otein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 5.90 10.08 4.78 17.06 62.18 2,000.00 118.00 201.60 95.60 341.20 1,243.60 40.32 76.48 302.26 994.88 20 80 88 80 CO 100.00 2,000.00 1,413.94 - J Wheat Bran. [Amherst Mill.] c H o S •;; « . O c « .£ <^i" ?. ■o -9. O o onstituent Pounds) Ton of Pounds. uunds Di ble In a T 2,000 Poui 5| i > , - o Ch i^ 'i^-, Moisture at 100° C, . 11.34 226.80 i Dry matter, 88.66 1,77^20 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Anahjsts of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 6.56 131.20 _ _ P " cellulose, . 11.27 225.40 45.08 20 }>CO " fat, .... 4.64 92.80 74.24 80 " protein (nitrogenous matter). 18.13 362.60 319.09 88 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 59.40 1,188.80 950.40 80 100.00 2,000.00 1,388.81 - 130 AGEICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jau, Wheat Bran. [Amherst Mill.] 40.11 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. s o o « o = 5 a! P< Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Percent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. o" > -.3 3 J2i Moisture :it 100^ C, . Dry matter, 9.34 90.66 186.80 1,813.20 - - ^ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 667 10.88 3.59 18.13 60.73 2,000.00 133.40 217.60 71.80 362.60 1,21460 43.52 57.44 319.09 971.68 20 80 88 80 CO >CO rH 100.00 2,000.00 1,391.73 - J Wheat Bran. [Amherst Mill] 19.56 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. i 5 .2 - i2 1 1 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 6 > 3 •A Moisture at 100° C, . 10.41 208.20 1 Dry matter. 89.59 1,791.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 6.99 139.80 GO o " cellulose, . 12.02 240.40 48.08 20 H " fat, .... 5.46 119.20 95.36 80 I-H " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 17.02 340.40 299.55 88 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 58.51 1,170.20 936.16 80 100.00 2,000.00 1,379.15 - 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 131 Wheat Bran. [Amherst Mill.] 17.97 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. s O § c -2 * it Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 3 3 s ^1 5 6 "S > 3 'A Moisture at 100= C, . 11.42 228.40 _ 1 Dry matter, 88.58 1,771.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.00 140.00 t^ " cellulose, . 11.03 220.60 44.12 20 1>^ " fat, . . . . 5.40 108.00 86.40, 80 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 17.31 346.20 304.66 88 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 59.26 1,185.20 948.16 80 100.00 2,000.00 1,383.34 - J Wheat Bran. [Amherst Mill.] Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. > 3 'A Moisture at 100° C, . 8.85 177.00 1 Dry matter, 91.15 1,823.00 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.54 150.80 CO " cellulose, . 9.64 192.80 38.56 20 }^ " fat, .... 5.16 103.20 82.52 80 rH " ijrotein (nitrogenous matter), 16.45 329.00 289.52 88 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 61.21 1,224.20 979.36 80 100.00 2,000.00 1,389.96 - ) 132 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Wheat Bran. [I. sent on by T. P. Root, Barre, Mass.; II. and III. sent on by E. D. Gibson, Ashbiirnham, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, ..... 8.10 91.90 11.36 88.64 11.64 88.36 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 100.00 6.89 10.73 5.40 16.73 60 25 100.00 6.98 5.95 7.49 17.97 61.61 100.00 7.42 5.60 9.43 16.13 61.42 Passed screen 144 meshes to square inch, 100.00 29.57 100.00 24.89 100.00 16.03 Gluten Meal. [Springfield, Mass.] 8 a S .2 c -a 9. o a °- P- Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 5 °» 2 1 = sis 6 PS Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter. 9.49 90.51 189.80 1,810.20 _ _ ^ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non»nitrogeiious extract matter, .... 100.00 .04 .27 6.69 29.87 63.13 2,000.00 .80 5.40 133.80 597.40 1,262.60 1.84 101.69 507.79 1,186.84 34 76 •85 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,798.16 - J 1«90.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 133 Gluten 3feaL [Springfield, Mass.] 50.24 per cent, passed screen 144 meslies to square inch. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 5°« g too d « p 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 10.50 89.50 210.00 1,790.00 - - 1 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... cellulose, . " fat, .... .34 .41 7.08 6.80 8.20 141.60 2.79 107.62 34 76 CO 1-H " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 29.19 583.80 496.23 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . . . 62.98 1,259.60 1,184.02 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,790.66 - ^ Gluten Meal. [Springfield, Mass.] 56.14 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. s o 1 i CO O 1 1 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 5 = . 1 s 1 1 o > Moisture at 100° C, . 11.29 225.80 1 Dry matter. 88.71 1,774 20 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... .73 14.60 C5 " cellulose, . .69 13.80 4.69 34 }^ " fat 4.08 81.60 62.02 76 r-( " protein (nitrogenous matter), 30.86 617.20 524.62 85 , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 63.64 1,272.80 1,196.43 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,787.76 - ^ 134 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Gluten Meal. [Springfield, Mass.] 51.93 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. s ■5"§ S ° » 6 Si = Z 2 S ^ o ^' ^gi ".'i B g ~ " S r- = "S " 8 5 o o 5J P- s o o = o t^ h* ^ o 3 ei 33 bo O ■s a^ O Ch Ch 'A Moisture at 100° C, . 9.89 197.80 \ Dry matter. 90.11 1,802.20 - " 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... .79 15.80 - - Cl " cellulose, . .71 U.20 4.83 34 ;>c^ " fat, .... 5.72 114.40 86.94 76 r-l " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 29.73 594.40 505.24 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 63.06 1,261.20 1,185.53 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,782.54 - ^ Gluten ^ Meal. [Sent Dn from Be )ston, Mass. ] ^ V. a £ 8 3 ° ^ o 2 o 11 onstituents Pounds) i Ton of Pounds. ounds Dig ble in a To 2,000 Poun o >. S > 3 h o c^ - S5 INIoisture at 100° C, . 7.85 157.00 ( 1 Dry matter. 92.15 1,843.00 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 1.82 36.40 — _ Ol " cellulose, . 1.61 32.20 10.95 34 H " fat, .... 17.36 347 20 263.87 76 " protein (nitrogenous matter). 41.10 822.00 698.70 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 38.11 762.20 716.47 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,689.99 - ^ 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 135 Gluten Meal. [Sent on by W. H. Fairbanks, Sudbury, Mass.] s = c: s sti- 1 of Is. i o . 6 o w •- ^' ^& 3 "S >.E bo ^ ■2 .2 ueii Ids) of ids. .« =S = S "•§ g £ o c -S nid le i 000 <3| 3 T. fe c. e " "" ~ S .Q C^ 3 ij; U 5C Moisture at 100° C, . 9.62 192.40 _ _ Dry matter, 90.38 1,807.60 - - 100 00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... .95 19.00 - - CO '• cellulose, . 4.26 85.20 28.97 34 !>c6 " fat, .... 7.82 156.40 118.86 76 1—1 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 24..S4 486.80 413.78 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 62.63 1,252.60 1,177.44 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,739.05 - J Gluten Meal. [Springfield, Mass.] 44.59 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. a o 5 .2 Coii.stituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- l)le in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 5 =i o ^ 1 ^ -^ ? 1 Moisture at 100° C, . 9.80 196.00 _ _ Dry matter, 90 92 1,804.00 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash : 1.25 • 25.00 CO " cellulose, . 1.75 35.00 11.90 34 ;.c^ " fat 7.00 140 00 106.40 76 ^ " protein (nitrogenous matter) . 31.25 625.00 551.25 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 68 75 1,175.00 1,104.50 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,774.05 - ^ 136 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Old Process Linseed Meal. [Springfield, Mass.] 75.52 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. s o O to 3 5 2 a is 1 1 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds DiResti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1% i 6 > 2 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 10.46 89.54 209.20 1,790.80 - - 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.08 8.51 7.98 38.67 37.76 2,000.00 141.60 170.20 159.60 773.40 755.20 44.25 145.24 671.86 687.23 26 91 87 91 1 1 1 CO t^ 1 1 1 100.00 2,000.00 1,548.58 - ] Old Process Linseed Meed (Fine). Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in ii Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 '^ 6 1 > 3 7< Moisture at 100° C, . 7.48 149.60 Dry matter, 92.52 1,850.40 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 5.67 113.40 _ - CO " cellulose, . 8.04 16.08 41.80 26 H " fat, .... 7.40 148.00 134.68 91 1—1 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 37.15 743.00 646.41 87 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 41.74 834.80 759.67 91 100.00 2,000.00 • 1,582,56 - 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 137 Fertilizing Constituents of Old Process Linseed Meal. Moisture at 100^ C, . Calcium oxide, .... Magnesium oxide, Ferric oxide, .... Potassium oxide {^\ cents per pound) Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), . Insoluble matter, . . . . Valuation per ton, Per Cent. 7.480 .671 .827 .0,60 1.379 1.548 5.508 .214 $21 76 Xeio Process Linseed Meal (Coarse). Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble In a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. d > 3 'A Moisture at 100° C, . 6.01 120.20 Dry matter, 93.99 1,879.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 6.04 120.80 £? " cellulose, . 9.23 184.60 48.00 26 \^ " fat 3.14 62.80 57.15 91 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 40.76 815.20 709.22 87 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 40.83 816.60 743.11 91 100.00 2,000.00 1,557.48 - Fertilizing Constiticents of Neiv Process Linseed Meal. Moistm-e at 100° C, . Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide, .... Ferric oxide, ..... Potassium oxide (4^ cents per pound). Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), Nitrogen (17,cents per pound), . Insoluble matter, Valuation per ton, . ' . Per Cent. 6.010 .552 .534 .047 1.517 1.651 6.112 .192 f24 05 138 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Linseed Meal. [I.) new process, sent on by T. P. Root, Barre, Mass.; II., old process, sent on by !S. P. Puffer, North Amherst, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. MoLsture at 100° C, Dry matter, 8.58 91.42 10.43 89.57 Analysis of Dry Mailer. Crude ash, . " cellulose, " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.52 10.31 3.18 32.50 46.49 100.00 8.37 9.69 6 24 30.98 44 72 100.00 100.00 Fine Feed. [Sent on by T. P. Root, Barre, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, . Per Cent. 7.76 92.24 Analysis of Dry Mailer Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 100.00 4.60 5.81 5.59 21.58 62.42 100.00 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 139 Barley Meal. [Springfield, Mass.] 77.86 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. — o 6 > S •A Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 12.19 87.81 243.80 1,756.20 _ - \ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, . . . . " pi'otein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.82 7.37 2.19 11.17 77.45 2,000.00 36.40 147.40 43.80 223.40 1,549.00 17.69 29.78 174.25 1,394.10 12 68 78 90 CO O >^ rH 100.00 2,000.00 1,615.82 - ^ Barley Meal. [Springfield, Mass.] 57.71 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (In Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. g 3 ~ 6 1 1 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter. 13.61 86.39 272.20 1,727.80 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 2.79 6.85 1.69 10.42 78.25 2,000.00 55.80 137.00 33.80 208.40 1,565.00 16.44 22.95 162.55 1,408.50 12 68 78 90 >5 100 00 2,000 00 1,610.44 - ) 140 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. White Soja Beans. [Bought in New York.] 3 O (J 1 = 5 .2 1 1 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ^1 i 53 toU 6 a OS > 'u 3 'A Moisture at 100° C, . 5.85 117.00 ^ Diy matter, 94.15 1,883.00 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 5.57 111.40 - - 05 " cellulose, . 5.15 103.00 14.94 14.5 ^- " fat, .... 18 42 368.40 330.82 89.8 T-l " protein (nitrogenous matter). 35.98 719.60 647.64 90.0 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 34.88 697.60 432.51 62.0 100.00 2,000.00 1,425.91 - J White Soja Beans. [Experiment Station, 1888.] % 0 . 3 H 1 1 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 '^ e-, 6^ 3 'A Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 17.38 82.62 347.60 1,652.40 - 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellvilose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 5.22 5.35 21.89 33.36 34.18 2,000.00 104.40 107 00 437.80 667.20 683.60 15.52 393.74 600.48 423.83 115 89.8 90.0 62.0 CO I— 1 100.00 2,000.00 1,432.97 - J 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 141 Fertilizing Constituents of Wliite Soja Beans. Moisture at 100^ C, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide, Ferric oxide. Sodium oxide, Potassitun oxide (4| cents per pound) , Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), . Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), . Insoluble matter, Valuation per ton, .... Per Cent. 17.380 .342 .869 .231 .166 2.085 1.851 4.409 .090 $18 98 Black Soja Beans. [Experiment Station, 1888.] s o o be -^ 3 ° 1 a Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 V< S °» ^ .t: 3 ._. S = 6 « 'u 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter. 19.27 80.73 385.40 1,614.60 - — 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude asli, .... " cellulose, . " fat " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 6.73 7.57 20.25 32.58 32.87 2,000.00 134.60 151.40 405.00 651.60 657.40 21.95 363.69 586.44 407.59 14 5 89.8 90.0 62.0 CO 'V. 1—1 100.00 2,000.00 1,379.67 - J Fertilizing Constituents of Black Soja Beans. Per Cent. Moisture at 100^ C, . . 19.270 Calcium oxide, ,495 Magnesium oxide, .949 Ferric oxide, ; . .201 Sodium oxide, .384 Potassium oxide (4^ cents per pound), 1.896 Phosphoric acid (6 cents jier pound), . . . . . 1.886 Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), 4.208 Insoluble matter, .095 Valuation jier ton, $18 18 142 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Cor7i " Husks" or " CJiaff." [Sent on by C. Brigham cSt Co., Northborough, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 13.26 Dry matter, 86.7-4 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 2.76 " cellulose, 18.91 " fat 1.61 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 5.61 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 71.11 100.00 1.55 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. Corn " Germs." [Sent on by C. Brigham & Co., Northborough, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 13.02 Dry matter 86.98 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 3.09 " cellulose, ' . 2.25 « fat, 6.01 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 11.20 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 77.45 100.00 46.77 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. Low Meadow Hay. [Sent on by S. N. Thompson, Southborough, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 8.01 Dry matter, 91.99 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 6.75 " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, , 35.59 1.88 9.51 46.27 100.00 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 143 Corn Stover. [Sent on by J. C. Dillon, Amherst, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. » Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, 15.60 84.40 17.22 82.78 Ajialysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, ........ " cellulose, ....... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Kon-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 8.00 38.24 1.17 7.94 44.65 100.00 4.53 28.41 1.41 6.07 60.08 100.00 100.00 Ensilage. [I. .and II. sent on by J. N. Raymond, Beverly, Mass. ; III. sent on bj' B. C. Has- kell, Boston, Mass.] Pc-i- Cent. I. ir. III. Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 80.77 19.23 78.98 21.02 79.73 20.27 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, ...... " cellulose, " fat " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter. 100.00 5 08 33.99 2.71 10.26 47.96 100.00 4.71 33.79 1.94 7.74 51.82 100.00 3,19 28.43 3.60 7.49 57.29 100.00 100.00 100.00 Barley and Oat Chajf. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, . Per Cent. 13.49 86.51 100.00 144 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Afialysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, ..... " cellulose, .... " fat, " ijrotein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Fertilizing Constituents of Barley and Oat Chaff. Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide. Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide, Potassium oxide (4^ cents j^er jjound) Phosijlioric acid (6 cents i>er pound). Nitrogen (17 cents j^er pound), . Insoluble matter, .... Valuation per ton, Per Cent. 10.41 24.30 2.40 11.78 51.11 100.00 13.490 .853 .346 .072 .035 1.146 .409 1.650 .272 f7 07 Soja Bean (Entire Plant) . [Collected Aug. 26, 1889.] Per Cent. Moisture at lOO^^ C, 6.48 Drj- matter, 93.52 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 8.55 " cellulose, 21.75 "fat, 6.35 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 15.10 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 48.25 100.00 In green material, moisture, 73.43 per cent. ; dry matttn-, 26.57 per cent. Fertilizing Co?istituents of Soja Bean. Moisture at 100° C, 6.480 Calcium oxide, 2.750 Magnesium oxide, 1.165 Fei'ric oxide, .099 Sodium oxide, .098 Potassimn oxide (4| cents i:)er pound), 1.546 Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), ' .581 Nitrogen (17 cents per poimd), 2.259 Insoluble matter, .987 Valuation per ton, $9 69 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 145 Spanish or Long Moss ( Tillandsia usneoides) . Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Fertilizing Constituents of Sjianish Moss. Moisture at 100" C, . Calcium oxide, .... Magnesium oxide, . . . Ferric and aluminic oxides, . Sodium oxide, .... Potassium oxide (4^ cents jier pound), Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), . Insoluble matter, .... Valuation per ton, Ter Cent. 60.80 39.20 100.00 2.67 32.61 2.54 4.45 57.73 100.00 60.80 .089 .122 .029 ,263 .255 .030 .279 .191 11 21 Palmetto Root. [Sent on by C. D. Duncan, Mandarin, Fla.] Moisture at 100° C, Diy matter, Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Starch (in dry matter). Sugar, . . . . Tannin, . . . . Per Cent. 11.51 88.49 100.00 4.44 2126 .53 3.82 69.95 100.00 49.84 Trace. Trace. Fertilizing Constituents of Palmetto Root. Moistiare at 100° C, 11.510 Ash, 3.930 Calcium oxide, .045 146 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Magnesium oxide, .... Ferric oxide, Sodium oxide, Potassium oxide (4| cents j)er iDound), Phosphoric acid (6 cents per laound) , . Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), . Insoluble matter, Valuation jJer ton, .... Per Cent. .004 .017 .345 1.380 .157 .540 .410 $3 20 Result of Examination of Fifty-pound Samples of the Corn entered by Competitors in This State for the American Agriculturist Prize. 1. Proportion of Moisture, Kernels and Cobs. Per C ENT. OF COM- Per Cent, op Ratio of Cobs to NAME AND ADDRESS OF COMPETITORS. POSITION . MoisinRE. Kernels. As Received. Water. Kernels Cobs. Kernels Cobs. At 100° C. 1. W. S. Westcott, Amherst, . 31.30 58.88 9.82 23.26 57.38 1:3.60 5.99 2. J. C. Dillon, Amherst, . 40.74 52.30 6.96 33.50 67.40 1:3.96 7.51 3. F. Goodwin, Framingham, . 32.59 59.17 8.24 29.87 46.12 1:4.23 7.06 4. J. S. Wells, Hatfield, . 37.28 54.66 8.06 33.49 54.77 1:3.60 6.78 5. Henry Tillson, Sunderland, . 32.02 58.46 9.52 28.75 46.96 1:5.61 6.17 6. G. P. Smith, Sunderland, . 30.31 59.29 10.40 22.36 56.00 1:3.53 5.70 7. John Brooks, Princeton, Averages, .... 28.27 61.46 10.27 24.98 45.75 1:3.62 1:4.02 6.98 33.22 57.74 9.03 28.15 53.48 6.60 2. Description of Ears. £ 03 o u a Average Weight OF Ears (Grams). Average Weight OF Kernels (Grams). KIND OF CORN. As Received. At 100° C. As Received At 100° C. 1 i ■< ° 1. Yellow Flint, . 2. Yellow Dent, . 3. Yellow Flint, . 4. Yellow Dent, . 5. Yellow Dent, . 6. Yellow and White Flint, 7. White Flint, . 125 96 102 67 129 115 135 110 177.4 222.9 209.8 319.4 173.6 194.7 167.9 209.4 121.9 132.1 141.8 200.3 118.0 135.7 120.5 139.9 .368 .297 .452 .452 .384 .457 .415 .281 .197 .317 .300 .273 .355 .312 9% 8>i 8 Averages, . .404 .291 8'4 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 147 3. Fodder Constittients in Kernels {Per Cent.). o Analysis of ].)rt Matter. 6 a 1 "' S o ■2 o c ■•-» OS o ji 5. ^ o c ^s « o ;^ _g g V oj ■" S ■£ S -3 "S U o 3 5 1^1 3 iz; 1, . . . 23.26 76.74 1.77 1.07 4.69 8.49 83.98 1 : 12.22 2, . . . 33.50 66.50 1.65 1.40 4.42 9.37 83.16 1:10.93 3, . . . 29.87 70.13 1.99 1.03 5.32 11.58 80.08 1: 8.72 4, . . . 33.49 66.51 1.95 1.51 5.45 11.14 79.95 1: 9.08 5, . . . 28.75 71.25 1.19 1.71 5.09 9.27 82.74 j 1:11.17 6, . . . 22.36 77.64 1.44 1.36 4.96 13.36 78.88 1 1: 7.40 7, . . . 24.98 75.02 2.09 1.27 5.28 12.27 79.09 1: 8.45 Averages, 28.03 71.97 1.73 1.33 5.03 10.78 81.13 1: 9.71 Per Cent, of Digestibility of Constitue?its. Crude cellulose, .34 " fat, ....'. 76 " protein, 85 Non-nitroo-enous extract matter, 94 4. Fertilizing Constituents in Dry Matter {Per Cent.). 6 OS ■c U 1 .028 .200 .017 .033 .274 .624 1.35 .040 $5 57 2, .114 .193 .054 .025 .318 .845 1.49 .032 6 35 3 .036 .222 .022 .038 .349 .772 1.85 .038 7 52 4 .027 .169 .015 .023 .389 .492 1.78 .018 6 67 5 .026 .164 .009 .028 .342 .457 1.49 .009 5 91 6 .034 .231 .041 .028 .462 .638 1.97 .013 7 86 7 .022 .264 .020 .031 .407 .859 1.96 .020 8 03 Averages, .041 .206 .025 .029 .363 .670 1.70 .024 $6 85 Potassium oxide, 4| cents per pound; phosphoric acid, 6 cents; nitrogen, 17 cents. 148 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jau. 0:N^ FIELD EXPERIMENTS. I. Field experiments to compare the influence of an addition of nitrogen in different combinations to the soil under cultivation, on the general character of the crop and on the annual yield. II. Influence of fertilizers on the quantity and quality of prominent fodder crops. III. Experiments with field and garden crops. IV. Experiments with green crops for summer feed of milch cows. V. Notes on miscellaneous field work. VI. Prof. James E. Humphrey's report on fungi, etc. I. Field Experiments to compare the Influence of AN Addition of Nitrogen in Different Combina- tions TO THE Soil under Cultivation, on the General Character of the Crop and on the Annual Yield. (Field A.) The area assigned to this investigation is the same which has been used in preceding years to study our lands with reference to the conditions of the inherent natural resources of potash. The previous system of subdivision into plats, one-tenth of one acre in size, is retained in all its details. The record of each plat, as far as modes of cultivation and of manuring are concerned, extends over more than five successive years. This circumstance served as one of the inducements to undertake the above-stated tasjv. Some plats had received during that period a supply of nitrogen for manurial purposes in but one and the same specified form, while others had received none in any form. This condition of the various plats was turned to proper account in our new plans. Several plats which for five preceding years did not receive any nitrogen compound for manurial purposes, were retained in that state to study the efi'ect of an entire exclusion of nitrogen-containing manurial substances on the crop under cultivation ; while the remain- ing ones received, as before, a definite amount of nitrogen in the same fomi in which they had received it in preceding years, namely, either as sodium nitrate or as ammonium sulphate, or as organic nitrogenous matter in form of dried 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 149 blood. A corresponding amount of available nitrogen was applied in all these cases. Aside from the difference regarding the nitrogen supply, all plats were treated alike. They each received, without an exception, a corresponding amount of available phos- phoric acid and of potassium oxide. The phosphoric acid was supplied in form of dissolved bone-black, and the potassium oxide either in form of muriate of potash or of potash-magnesia sulphate. From 120 to 130 pounds of potassium oxide, from 80 to 85 pounds of available phos- phoric acid, and from 40 to 50 pound.s of available nitrogen, were supplied per acre. One plat, marked 0, received its main supply of phos- phoric acid, potassium oxide and nitrogen in form of barn- yard manure ; the latter w^as carefully analyzed before being applied, to determine the amount required to secure, as far as practicable, the desired corresponding proportion of essential fertilizing constituents. The deficiency in potassium, oxide and phosphoric acid was supplied by potash-magnesia sulphate and dissolved bone-black. The fertilizer for this plat consisted of 800 pounds of barn-yard manure, 32 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate, and 18 pounds of dissolved bone-black. Plats 4, 7 and 9 received no nitrogen-containing manurial substance ; plats 1 and 2 received nitrogen in form of sodium nitrate ; plats 5 , 6 and 8 received nitrogen in form of ammo- nium sulphate ; plats 3 and 10 received nitrogen in form of dried blood ; plat 0 received nitrogen in form of barn-yard manure. For details, compare the following tables, containing the history of Field A : — Composition of Manurial Stibstances appl Nitrate of soda :rz nitrogen, Sulphate of ammonia zz: nitrogen, .... Dried blood z:^ nitrogen, Muriate of potash =: potassium oxide. Sulphate of potash ^ potassium oxide. Dissolved bone-black := available phosi^horic acid, . Barn-yard manures moisture, phosphoric acid, potassium oxide, nitroffen ed. Per Cent. 16.00 20.91 8.24 48.58 37.54 21.80 73.04 .688 .527 .568 150 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. ^ GO t4 „; <=' lO o O o o LI m o o go SS CI CD rf CO CO CO CD XT ~f U ~ t^ OJ CD t^ CO 05 « »N u Q a o ts ,^ o O O O O »^ lO o o P^ 00 to 2 CO 5 '^ o O 00 1 »o ^ S tH (M CO (M (M C-l •-1 00 oo « ^ O 1X1 o e LO ■A <=■ O o o o o o >o in £ CO «o 1 CO in -t< ^ w 3 '^^ CO CO CO CO CM « top; be AS • • 1 %-l • ^ o > 2 a • 2§ • bDja " 3 c3 g . £ a^ o a. . in — • 00 53 • o 2 il 1 .^"^ a 25 oi 2 ". S - • 3"^ 0) C 'S~ S £-2 i • M S • N II ° "" 1 -3 !S >^ ~ =* CO ^ — ^^ » -2^ t^ i .. 3'-2 ° "J^^ "^ X: .S - a II Is S — 5 lit r . .a ^ =3 . a. fco';^^ *-< |l| S - -^ o C3^2.ti a .'^i a 7 X . S 2 o CO.S- be to 9f- S • > O IS be 4 ac if o c .S -^3 fcD lU o ■>^ is ^•3 bo .5 a " a 2 ^■" ^ OS • bS a 0) '^ 'So III . . p 03 ■ ~ 30 3 o Sj2 5 o "i = ll| 2 So 5S 03 .i=i ao O iz; o " CD iz; o "^ s !z; O O a^ m Jl^ 11-?^ ^ CO* a^ o~ ^ p-( ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ JJ ^ ^ ^ t5 03 03 C3 OS ^ 03 03 03 es o3 a E s Ph E E E Pi ^ Ph Ph 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 151 O K a o ^ 'e ?= ?? ci Iclj lO 3=3 Q<3 .2 > O o •r; o 0«3 • o 3~ 'S o 3 O ^ • ^ O o-2-i ^ •- o s s| tp CO ~ ■s 2a0 111 cc ^.2 l?S ' ci 2 '~ o Si o OS 73 as s !< 2 :;:e 0-3 Pi as tc _, o o .0 S J i; O ci o :-q =-73- c: ^ to J? CO ai > o 1^.2 S ° >« ^ o ■E !=^ £ 2 S cj.^ la .-03 g'cs ^'^.- m^i^i • cs2 ! .i: s ^.a s -H jD ;:s -a 5oo £ a. oj 3's S "S-^ «J a> > OS S lbs. dried blood (; (=12 to 13 lbs. po (=8.5 lbs. availab a2i ^ 0 0 — is !.5 lbs. ammonium magnesia sulphate dissolved bone-bla ..5 lbs. ammonium of potash (= 12 to bone-black (= 8.5 o.a ■go "'3 1.5 Ibs.ammoniimi of potash (= 12 to bone-black (= 8.5 c "" «^ o '5 o 22 to ■ — • o >fs rj3 *" 00 22 II 'a o .S o cS b 5 .S 'm'^ .= o ~ .a o a, .^ — X w i 152 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The entire field, eleven plats, was ploughed April 9. The fertilizer was applied broadcast to each plat, and subse- quently slightly harrowed under, April 27. The final prepa- ration of the soil for seeding, by ploughing and harrowing, took place May 9. The same variety of corn (Clark), a flint corn, was planted in drills in a similar manner as during preceding years, May 10. The crop on all plats was kept clean by means of the cultivator and hoe ; it was cut Sep- tember 3, when the kernels were fairly glazed over. The degree of progress in the growth of the corn upon difterent plats during the entire season may be noticed from the fol- lowing tabular statement of periodical measurements of their average heights : — Height of Corn on Plats, in Inches (1S89). c 3 •-a oi C 3 •-5 §s o t^ 3 a >-> a ti 3 60 3 'M Plat 0, 6 9 11 18 25 35 45 64 70 73 73 73 Plat 1, 6 9 12 16 26 36 44 64 73 73 73 73 Plat 2, 6 'h 10 15 25 33 42 62 6i 70 70 72 Plat 3, 6^ 9 12 14 24 31 41 60 68 73 73 75 Plat 4, 5^ 7 10 13 20 27 33 49 62 65 65 67 Plat 5, 51 'h 10 13 23 34 41 55 67 70 70 70 Plat 6, 6 8 9i 13 20 30 40 61 66 74 74 74 Plat 7, 6 10 13 16 26 40 48 60 64 68 70 70 Plat 8, 5 6^ 8 10 17 21 30 45 54 60 62 6S Plat 9, 6 9 10 16 22 33 41 60 63 68 69 69 Plat 10, 7 11 14 19 27 46 54 69 75 76 76 76 The marked diflerence in the general appearance of the corn crop on diflerent plats during the various stages of its growth was, however, not confined to their varying heights ; they diflered also at times much in regard to a more or less healthy color. The growth upon plats 7 and 9, in particular, was, during the entire season, of a light-green color ; the same feature was noticeable to some degree, during the first half of the season, on plats 4, 5, 6 and 8. Upon the remain- ing plats the color was deep green, indicating a vigorous condition. Plats 4, 7 and 9 received no nitrogen-containing manurial substance; plats 5, 6 and 8 received an addition 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 153 of nitrogen in foi*m of ammonium sulphate, and the remain- ing plats in form either of dried blood or of sodium nitrate. Not less noticeable is the difference in the character of the final crop. Those plats (4, 7 and 9) which received no nitrogen in tlie fertilizer applied, produced not only by far the smallest quantity of ears, but also the smallest number of well-developed ears. The yield in corn stover, on the other hand, is, in two of these cases (7 and 9) at least, equal to the highest on any of the other plats, as may be seen from the following record : — Yield of Corn Stover and Ears on Plats {1889), at Forty-eight Per Cent. Moisture. Weight of Whole Crop. Weight of Stover. Weight of Ears. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Plat 0, . . . 500.62 342.35 158.27 Plat 1, 648.48 475.95 172.53 Plat 2, 676.91 375.75 201.16 Plat 3, 618.31 425.85 192.46 Plat 4, 381.18 283.90 97.28 Plat 5, 488.01 359.05 128.96 Plat 6, 641.95 367.05 174.90 Plat 7, 625.82 484.30 4152 Plat 8, 359.12 237.98 121.14 Plat 9, 475.63 417.50 58.13 Plat 10, 639.55 467.60 171.95 Percentage of Well-developed and Undeveloped Ears on Plats (1889). Well-developed Ears, Undeveloped Ears. Per Cent. Per Cent. Plat 0, 60.3 39.7 Plat 1, 48.5 61.5 Plat 2, 46.7 53,3 Plat 3, 28.3 71.7 Plat 4, 14.7 85.3 Plat 5, 18.7 81.3 Plat 6, 29.0 71.0 Plat 7, 41.6 58.4 Plat 8, 21.3 78.7 Plat 9, 24.4 75.6 Plat 10, 50.2 49.8 154 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The results of our first season of observation regarding the influence of nitrogen-containing manurial substances on the character and on the quantity of the fodder corn raised under otherwise corresponding circumstances, althougli not without some interest, are not decisive enough to advise a detailed explanation of causes. The larger part of the late summer season with us was cold and wet, and for this reason of an exceptionally unfavorable character for the raising of fodder corn. How much this circumstance has affected our results, is difficult to decide. Not less difficult is it to decide, at this stage of observation, how much the special conditions of various plats may yet control the results. The experiment will be continued until a reliable basis for a final conclusion has been secfured. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 155 0^ 00 A-3 lbs. Dried Blood. 4-8/^lbs. rtot&oli MAj?nc&iftSuf. 50 lbs. Dis. Bone Bla^ck. 25 lbs. Muriate of Pot&sK. 50 lbs. Dis.Bo»ieBUck. 22/i I bs.Sulj^ha^te Ammonie^ 25 I b&.M u nciU vF Potash 50 ruFTarar Ib&.Di&.Bone Bl&cK. 25 Ibs.MuriAt* oF PoUsh. 50 Ibs.Dis. Bone BUck. o z: O \ ui U ;< o in ^0 »0 ro (M 22J4 Ibs.5ulJ5ha.te AmmohiA, -i5 — IbS.Muriftte of Pobat6h. '50 Ib&.Di&.Bone Bl^^cK. 22J41bs.SuIfiliaite Ammonia •^3^(bs.P&L<^.5hMAghes>USul, 50 lb&. Di5. Bone Bid.ck. ;25 lbs. Muriate Pota.6b. 50 Ib&.Dis.Bonc BUck. ■43 lbs. Dried Blood. 25 lbS.MutiAfcq> of Po^^L&^l. 50 lbs. Die. Bone Black. 29 Ibs.Nitt-At-e of Soda.. 50 lbs. Dis Bontf. Bl&ck. lU 10 >- lO ULl VI) < < a ^29 Ibs.NitrAte of 5od&. -25 — lbs.MuriA.te of, PVatetfth. 50 I bS. DiS. Bona. BlAck. 8oO lbs, Barnyard Manure 5^ — I bs. F\jttf^sh Mae» N -a e ^ ' Tj TS 03 "O . c3 ^ 03 03 ■^ ~ «'e 5? 00 ^^ GO IS! ~ ■■g 5-~ '^&^ tn 'u i t£ 1 * ^ •2 i C3 to O s o ~ Oj 3 s ;4 03 3^ s t fcc ID 03 3 8) ?0 > O 8) 5 t-. 3 3 03 03 O 03 • — - 03.- li 3 03 .2 3 03 03-73 3 03 03 o -is: • Is o o O f3 3 2£ OS r- Sh .3 --2 o o o "u 3 O o 03 >^ a M o s s 3.5 o S P3a3 OS 03 03 2'S '3 03 « w P5 Pi pa CO s p:3 <1S Pi o . . — ^— . — -— , — — > ~>— , ~^^ S a « 1 V a, • • ^ Oh, S" ^ S M 'l, 01 i « 03 «s . I* . *-** > . >■ . 'i-i ^ . M >• ca c3 .8 o o "o "o 0 2 OS 5- II 1 • 03 3 03 2-3 0- —! ^ 03 " a 03 S '3 . 2 '3 . 2 o 3 3-3 -■3 3 03 3 03 o S2 li o . ■3 O . 6=2 03 ;3 cj ^ "d ^ — • STs e;* C a ;3 &c ;:: M) c3 OS oj ^"3 •^■^ £1 0) fed cS 3 ^1 "o 'o 03 ^ 03 -IS ™ 03 oji: 2<3 . , . • » ^ . , , 2 a .3 ,^-v 'JJ 'S'f^ ce" os" .2 a is ~ a, 1, 8 03 03 3. ^S fe i ^ 53 «a 5 o O a, 8 "^ ,o "*- ?? S ;5 03 3 3 i>^ l^ ■~S o ^ S •^E^ 03 ~-^ Is •. . « go . 03 3 ;^ 03 03 03 > m <5j 00 !C !- fee o .2 O .2 03 3 O P-3 • >■ O 03 -^ •3 2 . 03 >^ 3 SD it 03 •q 2 > 03 O 1 "o 3 S 3 > 03 o ■-> ~ 3 2 3 ■2 "5 o = o _ 3 oj c 03 03 ^"3 V^ S3 E^ o C3 C 03 3 _>; > 03 ^ 03 _^ 03 <^i5 ssij a O cw SH !*( £ s <2 -iS s 3 £ t2 £, 3 03 3 <2 " r» CO ^ O CC (^ 30 05 § IM !3 ej oj oi OS OS oj 53 03 S3 oj P-t Pm Ph PL, Pm p-l E K Ph pH Pk 158 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 1889. — The general appearance of the plats seeded down in preceding years with perennial varieties of grasses and of leguminons plants presented some interesting features at the opening of the late season. Some crops had sufiered seriously from winter-killing, while others had passed unharmed through the winter. Wherever the growth had suffered, the fact showed itself invariably in the most serious degree upon unfertilized plats. Kentucky blue-grass, Plat 11 (fertilized), was well pre- served; the same' circumstance was noticed on Plat 12 (unfertilized) . Perennial rye-grass, plats 13 and 14 (fertilized and unfertilized), Avas dead in the rows. Italian rye-grass was fairly preserved in the rows on both plats. Meadow fescue. Plat 17 (fertilized), was in a healthy and well-preserved condition. Alsike clover, plats 18 and 19 (unfertilized and fertilized), had suffered somewhat on the unfertilized plat, but was well preserved upon the fertilized plat (19). Medium red clover, raised on the same plats as the alsike, was in better condition upon the unfertilized plat (18) than the latter, yet fell behind on the fertilized plat (19). Alfalfa, plats 20 and 21 (unfertilized and fertilized), was almost entirely winter-killed. The same feature was notice- able in regard to mammoth red clover, upon the unfertilized Plat 20, while upon Plat 21 (fertilized) a ftiir growth was noticed. The plats 15 and 16, which had been used in the preceding season for the production of Soja beans, were ploughed and prepared for seeding ; the same course was pursued in regard to the grass and clover plats, where the growth had been seriously winter-killed, — plats 18, 20 and 21. Plats 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20, which for five preceding years had not been fertilized, were treated, like all fertilized plats in this field, with eighty p'ounds of fine-ground bones and twenty-seven pounds of muriate of potash per acre. Plats 15 and 16 were turned to account for the cultivation of Bokhara clover (Melilotus alba) and of sainfoin (Onobry- chis sativa). Each plat was subdivided into two equal 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 159 parts, and seeded down, one-half with Bokhara clover and the other half with sainfoin, May 8. Plats 13, 14, 18 and 20 were planted, May 27, with red- cob ensilage corn, a dent variety sent on for trial by Messrs. D. J. Bushnell & Co. of St. Louis. Nine quarts of corn were used for that purpose. Plat 21 was planted on the same day with two and one-half quarts of Clark corn, a flint variety of medium size. The grasses and clover varieties were kept clean from weeds by the use of the cultivator and the hoe ; a similar attention was bestowed upon the corn- bearing plats. The Kentucky blue-grass, seeded down in 1888, proved to be largely a mixture of other grasses, herd's grass in particular. The grass on both plats w^as cut for hay June 24. Plat 11 (fertilized) yielded 520 pounds of hay, or 3,921 pounds per acre; Plat 12 (unfertilized) yielded 280 pounds of hay, or 2,111 pounds per acre. The sod was subsequently turned under, and both plats re-seeded with Kentucky blue-grass, September, 1889. Meadow fescue, Plat 17, began to head out May 30; it bloomed June 4 ; it was thirty-six inches high when in full blossom. The cutting had to be deferred, on account of rainy weather, to June 20, when it measured forty-four inches in height. The first cut of hay weighed 5(50 pounds, or 4,422 pounds per acre ; the second cut (rowen) of hay, September 4, weighed 290 pounds, or 2,187 pounds per acre. This grass compares well in quality and quantity with herd's grass ; seeded down close, it forms a compact, healthy-looking sod. Bokhara clover. Plat 15, was seeded May 8 ; it appeared above ground May 16 ; was eight inches high July 3, and thirty-two inches August 7 ; it was cut for hay September 9, and yielded at the rate of 3,090 pounds per acre. The second year's growth is usually much heavier ; the plant dies out with the end of the second year. The large yield of vegetable matter, in particular during the second year, renders further observation with this plant for feeding purposes advisable. Sainfoin, Plat 15, was seeded May 8 ; the young plants appeared above ground May 18 ; it measured four inches 160AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. July 3. The growth of the plant was very slow during the entire season. The land was cleaned from weeds September 24, and the crop left for another year's observation. Whether a cold and wet season caused this slow pros^ress in the growth of this reputed fodder crop, has to be left for the future to decide. Alsike clover, Plat 19, started up well in May ; it was in full bloom June 3, and was cut for hay July 2. The clover hay weighed 155 pounds, or 2,400 pounds per acre. Medium red clover, Plat 19, began blooming June 17 ; the crop was cut for hay July 12. The latter weighed 180 pounds, or 2,900 pounds per acre. In the interest of a due appreciation of the annual yield stated in connection with the above-described grasses and clovers, attention is here once more called to the fact that all were raised in rows, and not broadcast. The rows were, in case of the grasses, for stated reasons, two feet apart, and in case of clovers three feet. The numerical statements regarding their annual yield are therefore mainly of interest as far as relative quantities are concerned. Tak- ing this circumstance into due consideration, it will be con- ceded that the yield in some instances has been remarkably large ; as, for instance, in the case of meadow fescue, — 4,422 pounds of hay in the first cut and 2,187 pounds in the second cut, or 6,609 pounds of hay per acre. On a previous occasion it has been already stated that the culti- vation of grasses in drills has been adopted in our experi- ments, on account of the chances this system of cultivation offers to keep individual varieties of grasses free from foreisrn (growth. The introduction of drill cultivation in connection with the raising of grain crops is deservedl}^ urged upon the attention of farmers, in the interest of clean cultivation. Red-cob ensilage corn, plats 13, 14, 18 and 20, was planted in drills with nine quarts of seed corn. May 25. The rows were three feet and three inches apart, and the kernels were dropped in the rows from twelve to fourteen inches apart, with from four to six seeds in a place. The entire field was subsequently kept clean from weeds by a frequent use of the cultivator or the hoe, as circumstances 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 161 advised. The young plants appeared above ground June 3. The crop looked vigorous and handsome throughout the entire season, yet was somewhat behind in its various stages of growth. The entire crop Avas cut for the silo September 6 and 7, although the ears were not yet as far advanced as desirable to secure the full l)enetit of the season. Early frosts oblige us to cut our corn crops at the beginning of the month of September. This feature of our local climate advises the selection of early-maturing varieties of corn. The green crop secured from the diflerent plats varied widely in weight, — a result apparently largely due to the particular condition of the soil with reference to temporary available resources of plant food. The majority of plats (14, 18 and 20) had not been fertilized for several preced- ing years ; Plat 13 was the only one, planted with the stated variety of corn, which for yetirs had been fertilized with bone and potash. One year's treatment, spring of 1889, Avitli a corresponding amount of these two manurial sub.stances, did not raise their productiveness to its full capacity. Plat 13 yiekled .t,820 ]i)s. green fodder corn, or i3,884: lbs. per acre. "14 " 4,7.55 " " " " 35,853 " " " 18 " 3,230 " " " " 24,354 " " 20 " 2,560 " " " « 19,302 " Clark corn. Plat 21, was planted on the same date as the former, and treated alike in all particulars ; it did well throughout the season ; it showed tassels July 19, and was cut for the silo September 7. The crop was more matured than the red-cob ensilage corn, yet was the lowest in weight, — 2,365 pounds per plat, or 17,832 pounds per acre. The main difference in the weight of the crops secured from both varieties of corn does not express their relative food value ; yet the difierence in that direction is so great that it must be admitted that the Clark corn is not a success as an ensilaire corn. 162 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analyses of Crops raised upon Field B during the Summer Season of 1888. Italian Rye Grass {1888). Collected June 29, 1888 IN Uloom. Collected IN J CLT 16,1888, Seed. Fertilized. Unfertilized. Fertilized. Unfertilized. Moisture at 100^ C, . Dry matter, .... 9.30 90.74 896 91.04 8.22 91.78 7.38 92.62 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . . . . " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous mat- ter), .... Kon-nitrogenous extract matter. 100.00 7.44 31.27 2.04 9.75 49..50 100.00 7.50 32.79 1.39 7.13 51.19 100.00 8.58 36 90 1.90 9.53 43.09 100.00 6.55 32.38 2.07 6.20 52-80 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Fertilizing Cojistitucnts of Italian Rye Grass. Collected June 29, 1888. Collected July 16,1883, Is Bloom. IN Seed. Fertilized. Unfertilized. Fertilized. Unfertilized. Moisture at 100° C, . 9.300 8.960 9.204 7.380 Calcium oxide, .... .644 .639 .983 1.160 Magnesium oxide, .357 .316 .328 .284 Ferric oxide, .... .045 .042 .065 .130 Sodium oxide, . . .' . .151 .463 .795 .395 Potassium oxide (4^ cts. per 11) ), 1.922 1.184 2.086 .940 Phosphoric acid (6 cts. per lb.). .546 .572 .539 .564 Nitroiren (17 cts. per lb.), . 1.415 1.039 1..S81 .919 Insoluble matter. 1.922 2.602 2.290 3.507 Valuation per ton, f7 10 15 22 $6 24 $4 59 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 16^ Analyses of Crops raised upon Field B — Continued. Alslke Clover {1888). Collected .Tune 21, 1888, ■ IN Bloom. Collected JULV 18, 1888, IN Seed. Fertilized. Unfertilized. Fertilized. Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 13.52 86.48 13 10 86.90 6.08 93.92 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 100.00 1591 26 79 2.19 16.48 38.63 100.00 100.00 9.90 24.03 188 17 55 46.64 100.00 100.00 8.26 32.34 3 07 14.77 41.56 100 00 Fertilizinfj CiynstUuents of Alsike Clover. Collected June 21, 1888, IN Bloom. Collected July 18, 1888, IN Seed. Fertilized. Unfertilized. Fertilized. Moisture at 100° C, . 13 520 13100 6 080 Calcium oxide, . 2.119 2 608 2 838 Magnesium oxide. .330 .705 .304 Ferric oxide. .141 .202 .064 Sodium oxide, . .299 .273 .209 Potas.sium oxide. 4.308 1.087 2.602 Phosphoric acid. .716 .704 .496 Nitrogen, . 2.280 2.440 2.214 Insoluble matter. .744 1.102 .420 Valuation per ton. $12 27 $10 06 flO 34 Medium Red Clover (1888). [Collected July 6, 1888, in bloom, fertilized.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, ...,.., c . 6.02 93.98 100.00 164 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analyses of Chops kaised upon Field B — Continued. Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitroo'enous extract matter, . 8.90 29.97 2.62 14 63 43 88 100.00 Fertilizing Constituents of the Above Medium Red Clover Moisture at 100= C , Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide, Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide. Potassium oxide, . Phosphoric acid, . Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, . Valuation per ton. 6.020 1.932 .423 .064 .201 2.315 .459 2.198 .267 f9 99 Mammoth Red Clover {1888). COLLECTKD Junk 21. 1888, IN Bj.oom. COLLECTF.n JL-I.Y 13, 1888, IN Seed. 1 Fertilized, j Unfertilized. Unfertilized. Moisture at 100° C, .... Diy matter, 17.53 82 47 9.36 9064 7.34 92 66 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, cellulose, " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter. 100.00 10.50 3372 2.25 14.69 38.84 100.00 10.50 20.16 1.86 18.50 48.98 100.00 8.53 28.65 2.25 14.06 46 51 100.00 100 00 100 00 181)0.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 165 Analyses of Crops raised upon Fiei.p B — Continued. FeriiUzing Constihients of Mammoth Bed Glover. CoLLKCTED June 21, 1888, IN 15LOOM. COLLtCTKD July 23, 1888, IN SEED. Fertilized. Unfertilized. Unfertilized. Moisture at 100" C, 17.530 9.360 7.340 Calcium oxide, 2.732 3.978 2.712 Magnesium (>xide, .312 .792 .735 Ferrie oxide, . .057 .144 .138 Sodium oxide, . .512 .558 .098 Potassium oxide. 2 430 .726 1 .513 Phosphoric acid, Nitrogen, . .504 1.93S .704 2.680 1 .421 i 2.075 Insoluble matter, .261 .908 1.168 Valuation \niv ton. $9 26 110 57 $8 00 Alfalfa (If^SS). Collected .Ji-KE29,18S8, INl LOOM. Fertilized. Unfertili!;ed. Moisture at 100" C, . 4.68 4.60 Dry matter, 95.32 100.00 95.40 100.00 Anahisis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . 7.97 7.10 " cellulose, 34.39 32 41 " fat, . 1.12 1.04 " i^rotein (n itrogenuus matter). 16.27 14.41 Non-niti'ogenous extract matter, .... 40.25 45.04 100.00 100.00 1G6 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan, Analyses of Crops raised upon Field B — Concluded. Fertilizing Constituents of Alfalfa. CollectedJune29, 1888, IN Bloom. Fertilized. Unfertilized. Moisture at 100° C, . . ' . 4.680 4.600 Calcium oxide, . 1.944 2.855 Magnesium oxide, .279 .513 Ferric oxide, .050 .070 Sodium oxide, . .079 1.156 Potassium oxide. 2.038 .891 Phosphoric acid, .556 .645 Nitrogen, . 2.481 2.200 Insoluble matter. .140 .508 Valuation per ton. $10 84 |9 00 Soja Bean (^Entire Plant, Dry). [Collected Aug. 30, 1888, unfertilized.] Moisture at 100^ C, Dry matter, ......... Fertilizing Constituents of the Above Soja Bean. Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide. Magnesium oxide, Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide, . Potassium oxide. Phosphoric acid. Nitrogen, Insoluble matter. Valuation per ton. 6.12 93.88 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, ' 6.47 " cellulose, 20.76 " fat, 5.62 " protein (nitrogenous matter), .... . 15.87 Non-oiitrogenous extract matter, . 51.28 100.00 6.120 2.770 1.190 .131 .198 .617 .753 2.380 .967 $9 51 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 167 Ov CO Q UJ UL KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS. FERTILIZED. M CO KEMTUCKY BLUE GRASS. UNFERTILIZED RED COB ENSILAGE COKi FERTILIZED. RED COB ENSILAGE CORN. FERTILIZED. to vO BOKHARA CLOVER. SAIN Fom. FERTILIZED. BOKHARA CLOVER. SAIM FOIN. UNFERTILIZED. MEADOW FESCUE FERTILIZED. CO a N RED COB ENSILAGE CORN FERTILIZED. MEDIUM RED CLOVER, ALSIKE CLOVER. FERTILIZED RED COB ENSILAGE CORN, FERTILIZED. CLARK CORN. FERTILIZED. o a O iLl < u 0) 168 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. III. Experiments with Field and Garden Crops. (Fields C and D, 1889.) A short description of the work carried on upon these fields during the preceding year, 1888, may serve as an introduction to a brief statement of the course adopted in 1889. Fitld O, 18S8. — This field comprises an area 328 feet long and 183 feet wide. It was ploughed the previous fall, and again April 26 ; it was harrowed soon after, and fertilized broadcast at the rate of six hundred pounds of line-ground bones and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash per acre. The field is divided into two parts, running from east to west ; they are separated from each other by a passageway three feet wide. The northern half of the field is 70 feet wide and 328 feet long ; the southern half is the same length, but 109 feet wide. The latter was again subdivided into three equal parts, each 111 by 109 feet, or 11,990 square feet. The east end of this field was planted with a mixture of vetch (vicia sativa) and oats (variety Western). The middle division was planted the same day with serradella and the western with Southern cow-pea. Vetch and oats were seeded broad- cast, and serradella and Southern cow-pea in drills, three feet three inches apart. The northern half of Field C w^as occupied by a series of crops in rows, running north and south, three feet three inches apart, with the exception of the carrots, which were planted in rows fourteen inches apart. The crops were arranged in the following order, beginning at the east end : — Dauvers carrots, ninety rows. Welcome oats, three rows. Hairy vetch ( Vicia viUosa) , one row. Small pea {Lathyrus sativus), one row. Sulla {Hedysaru7n coronaria) , one row. Bird's-foot clover (Lotus corniculatus) , three rows. Lotus villosus, three rows. Sweet clover {Melilotxs alba), three rows. Early cow-pea, one row. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 161) Teosinte (Euchlcrna luxurians) , two rows. Flour corn, one row. Pop-corn, striped rice, one row. Chinese sugar cane, seven rows. Early orange cane, fifteen r®ws. Early amber cane, fifteen rows. The seeds of the plants, with the exception of the carrots, serradella, vetch and Southern cow-pea, were sent on bjthe United States Department of Agriculture. (For details, see sixth annual report, pages 115 to 120.) Field (7, 1889. — The entire area of both divisions of this field Avas carefully prepared in a similar manner as in the preceding spring. It was ploughed and harrowed April 20, and fertilized broadcast with fine-ground bone and muriate of potash, at the rate of six hundred pounds of the former and two hundred pounds of the latter. The entire southern half of the field was planted with roots, while the northern half was used for raising a variety of fodder and garden crops. The majority of the seeds used in this con- nection were sent on by the United States Department of Agriculture ; others came from parties more or less directly interested in the particular variety sent on for trial ; some were bought of reliable parties. Most of these seeds were planted merely for the purpose of studying their particular degree of adaptation to our climate and soil, to secure suitable material for analysis, and to ascertain their relative propor- tion of essential nutritive constituents. As this part of our work requires exceptional accommodation for analytical work, it has to be largely deferred to a more fiivorable part of the year. This circumstance must serve as our excuse for publishing some analyses of the crops raised in 1888 for the first time on the present occasion. Dsscription of the Principal Crops raised on the Southern Division of Fidd (7, beginning at the West End. American rata-haga turnips of Delano Moore, Presque Isle, Me., two rows, 109 feet long and 2 feet apart, were planted May 3. The young plants appeared above ground May 11 ; they w^ere thinned out in the rows to eio-ht inches 170 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. of space between them, July 1, and subsequently kept clean from weeds by a periodical use of the cultivator and the hoe. A blight which appeared during the tirst week of August on the leaves did considerable injury to the earlier foliage ; the later leaves suffered less seriously. The cro[) was harvested October 22 ; the roots weighed 170 pounds. Photographs representing fair specimens of the roots will be found farther on. An analysis stating the composition of a medium-sized root is reported at the close of this chapter. Lant's Sugar Bett. — The seeds used in this case were sent on hj C. H. Lane of Middlebury, Yt. The area occupied by the plant measured 1,090 square feet. The seeds were planted in rows two feet apart. May 3 ; the young plants appeared above ground May 11 ; they were thinned out in the rows to six inches space between them, June 18, and kept clean from weeds by cultivator and hoe in the same manner as the previously d< scribed crop. The first growth of leaves suffered seriously from a blight, the later leaves were entirely free from blight, and made a vigor- ous growth. The crop was harvested October 19 ; it weighed 610 pounds, without the leaves. A photograph of different sizes of the roots, and an analysis stating the composition of a medium-sized root, will be found farther on. Saxony Sugar Beet. — This crop occupied an area of 15,587 square feet. The seed was sown in rows two feet apart, to admit the use of a one-horse cultivator. May 3. The seeding was heary ; five and one-half ounces of seed were used. The young plants were thinned out and treated like the previously stated crop. The unfavorable, cold, wet weather during the fore part of the summer season affected this crop in a similar way as the preceding root crops. Insects and a blight destroyed almost entirely the first leaf growth. The later leaves were vigorous, and apparently free from blight. The roots were harvested October 19 ; they weighed 6,450 pounds, or nine tons per acre, which is about one-half an average crop. Photographs and a chemical analysis accompany these statements. Carrots, Danvers. — The land occupied by this crop measured 18,420 square feet; the seed was sown in rows, leaving fourteen inches of space l^etwcen. May 13 ; fourteen 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 171 ounces of seed were used for that purpose. The plants came up May 21 ; they were thinned out by hand in the rows from two to three inches apart. The crop was kept clean by weeding with the hand and the hoe. The leaves suffered somewhat from l^light during the earlier part of the month of August. The roots were harvested Octolier 17 ; they weighed 11,390 pounds, or 13^- tons per acre. The serious influence of an unfavorable season on the yield of the root crops has l)een a marked one. The roots were much smaller than in preceding years ; this circum- stance applies with particular force to the different varieties of sugar beets on trial. The crops have fallen behind in these cases more than fifty per cent, of a fair average yield. The yield of carrots is one-third less than that obtained in preceding years. Statement of Crojjs raised on the JVbrthern Division of Field C. This section of Field C is 70 feet wide and 328 feet long, and laid out in rows from two to three feet apart, as cir- cumstances may advise. Most of the crops raised here are merely on trial, to study their general adaptation to our soil and climate ; a few rows represent in most instances the extent of the area occupied by each of them. In many instances merely a sufficient amount is raised to secure suitable samples for chemical examination. Wherever the results in the field and in the laboratory are encouraging, as far as fodder crops new to our section of the country are' concerned, larger fields will be devoted subsequently, to test their respective agricultural merits on a becoming scale. A lil)eral introduction of reputed forage crops into farm operations has everywhere, in various directions, promoted the success of agricultural industry. The desirability of inl^'oducing a greater variety of fodder plants into our farm management is generally conceded. In choosing plants for that purpose, it seems advisable to select crops which would advantageously supplement our leading fodder crops (aside from the products of pastures and meadows), — the fodder corn and corn stover. 172 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. A more detailed discussion of tiiis important question may be found in our fifth annual report, page 88, and sixth annual report, page 1 L5. The crops were arranged in the following order, beginning at the west end : — Erfurt earliest cauliflower, two rows. Early snowball cauliflower, two rows. Haines No. G4 tomato, two rows. Honduras sorghum, seven rows. New orange sorghum, seven rows. Kansas orauge sorghum, seven rows. Price's new hybrid sorghum, seven rows. Early Tennessee sorghum, seven rows. Bokhara clover {Melilotus alba), three rows. Bokhara clover {Melilotus cairuleus), three rows. Lotus villosus, two rows. Pyretlirum roseum, one row. Sulla {Hedysarum coronaria) , one row. Pease, one row. Dwarf Lima beans, one-half row. Pearly cow-pea, one and one-half rows. Black soja bean, five rows. Blue lupine, two rows. Cow-pea, three rows. Horse bean, three rows. Japan clover {Lespideza striata), five rows. Chapman honey plant, three rows. New Japanese buckwheat, seventeen rows. Common barley, fifteen rows. Hulless black barley, fifteen rows. EXPERIMENTS WITH FIELD AND GARDEN CROPS. American Ruta Baga Turnips. r, PfifsrtNS Co., StaTF P«iniTtns. EXPERIMENTS WITH FIELD AND GARDEN CROPS. Saxony Sugar Beets. Lane's Sugar Beets. WfilRHT * 1 PerUft, PfllNTING CO, S7ATE PfUf/TCHS. .890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 173 FIELD "C"I889. W. AMERICAN RUTA BACA TURNIPS. I CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWER^ HONDURAS _ SORGHUM. NEW ORANGE SORGHUM. KANSAS ORANGE _S ORGjiU M^ _ price's MEW HYBRID SOI^OHUM. EARLY TENNESSEE SORGHUM. MISCELLANEOUS FODDER CR0P5, COMMON BARLEY. HULLES5 BLACK BARLEY. N 5CALE,4R0D5TO I INCH. 174 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. FIELD D, 1888. Excelsior Sugar Beet. Improved Imperial. Lane's Sugar Beet. Kus'n Rhubarb. Potatoes, Plat 1. Field D, 1888. — This field is 328 feet long and 70 feet wide, covering an area of 22,960 square feet. It has been used during previous years for the raising of a variety of garden and field cropa, on a larger or smaller scale. The soil has been usually ploughed late in the fall and early in the succeeding spring. The manure has been applied in every instance early in the spring, after ploughing, and subsequently slightly harrowed under. With the exception of the potato plats used for studying the causes of the scab on potatoes, but one fertilizer, consisting of fine-oTound bones with muriate of potash, six hundred pounds of the former and two hundred pounds of the latter per acre, has lieen used upon this field. The distribution of the crops raised during the year 1888 may be seen from the accompanying sketch. Some analyses of crops raised during that year are for stated reasons pub- lished farther on for the first time, in connection with analyses made of crops raised during the present year. 1889. — The preparation of the soil, as well as the system of manuring, was in all its details the same as in the preceding years. The crops were planted in rows, and kept clean by the timely use of the cultivator and the hoe. They were arranged in the fol- lowing order, beginning at the west end of the field : — Red-cob Ensilage Corn. — The seed was sent on, Avith a request for a trial, by D. I. Bushnell & Co., St. Louis, Mo. An area of 5,460 square feet was assigned in this field for our observation. The seed was planted May 7 ; the young plants appeared above ground in Potatoes, Plat 2. Potatoes, Plat 3. Garden Vegetables. Vilmorin Sugar Beet. H i * Scale, 4 rods to 1 inch. EXPERIMENTS WITH FIELD AND GARDEN CROPS. 1. Red Cob Ensilage Corn. 2. Pride of the North Corn. 3. Minnesota King Corn. 4. Clark Corn. I pRiNT'sa Co State Phint, 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 175 FIELD D, 1889.* Red-cob Ensilage Corn. Potatoes, Plat 3. May ; tassels were first noticed July 30. The growth measured at this time 70 inches in height ; it was 105 inches high at the appearance of silk. The field looked extremely vigorous and handsome at this stage of the growth, — middle of August. The leaves died, however, soon, largely beginning at the lower end of the stalks. Most of the foliage up to the middle of the stalks was dead before the kernels began to glaze over. The plants measured 10| feet in height when cut, October 2. The ears were at this late date not yet fully matured ; they were also to a considerable degree imperfect in their general development. We obtained 475 pounds of ears and 2,550 pounds of stover. The exceptionally cool and wet weather during the months of July and August has no doubt largely contributed to the unsatisfactory termination of our trial for a matured crop. Late matur- ing varieties of corn offer but little^ chance with us for a successful curing. Our trial for ensilage has been referred to in some preceding pages (Field B). The general character of a well-matured ear of this handsome corn may be judged from a description and photo- graph of an ear sent on to the station, which occur farther on. Potatoes (Beauty of Hebron). — Three plats for several years assigned to this crop to study the causes of scab were prepared and manured in exactly the same manner as in previous years. They were planted with healthy tubers, May 1 ; the young crop showed itself pretty uniformly over the entire field, May 16. A blight appeared at the close of the month of July ; it spread so rapidly that it killed within a week the Potatoes, Plat 2. Potatoes, Plat 1. Rus'n Khubarb. Minn. King Corn. Common Oats. Improved American Oats. Hargett's White Oats. H * Scale, 4 rods to 1 inch. 176 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. entire vines. The crop was harvested without dehiy, yet proved a total faihire ; the tul)ers, almost without an excep- tion, were full of scab and soon rotted. The experiments regarding the cause of scab on potatoes, which for several years past have l)een carried on upon this part of our field, have been transferred to Field E ; they have been placed, since the beginning of 1889, under the special direction of Prof. J. E. Humphrey. His elaborated report regarding his studies of scab and other plant diseases, which forms a part of this report, cannot fail to engage the attention of all parties interested in the subject dis- cussed. Minnesota King Corn. — Two samples were sent on by Northrup, Braslan & Goodwin of Minneapolis, Minn. Two rows were planted May 14 ; the plants reached a height of 6() inches and matured during the first week of September. They compared well with other medium-sized varieties current in our vicinity ; no special merits were noticed. The general character of the corn may l)e judged from a short description and photograph which may l)e found farther on. Oat^. — Three varieties were planted. The seeds of two varieties — " Hargett's White" (Seizure) and "Improved American " — were sent by the United States Department of Agriculture; the third variety, commonly called "Con- necticut Valley Oats," was secured from a farmer in our vicinity. The latter, one of the most prominent home varieties of oats, was included in our observation for the purpose of comparing the individual merits, if any, of the different varieties on trial, as far as practicable under cor- responding circumstances. The seeds were planted, each fifteen rows, two feet apart. The main difference in the advancing growth consisted in a deep-green color of the Improved American. The latter exceeded the other varieties by three inches in height at the close of the season. All matured about the same time, and were cut on the same day, July 19. When harvested, July 23, the entire crop of the Hargett's White weighed 360 pounds ; of the home variety, weighed 350 pounds ; of the Improved American, weighed 390 pounds. EXPERIMENTS WITH FIELD AND GARDEN CROPS. WmsKT s, Portcx Pmnrim Co, Statc PminiHs. Russian Rhubarb Roots. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 177 Most of our grain crops sufiered more or less from smut. The season was evidently not favorable for comparative trial of grain crops. Russian Rhuharh. — Some years ago a small sample of seeds of this plant was sent on to the station by the Secretary of the American Eetail Druggist Association, with the request to experiment with them upon our fields. The seed was represented as genuine by an officer of the Russian government, who procured it for the association. Several plants raised from this seed have been for a number of years cultivated very successfully on our ground. Well-matured seed has been collected every year, and some of it was sown two years ago. Quite a number of roots have been collected for trial by druggists. Parties interested in the question of their fitness for medicinal purposes can secure a specimen for trial, if early applied for. An attempt has been made to give a correct picture of the roots in difterent positions by the photographs accompanying this chapter. Photographs of the same kind of crop have in every instance been taken at equal distance from the camera, that their relative sizes miirht be observed. Description of the Ears of Corn illustrated hy the Follmving Photographs, 1. Red-cob ensilage corn, a dent variety mentioned in this chapter. 2. Pride of the North corn, a dent variety largely grown upon the station grounds. 3. Minnesota king corn, a dent corn mentioned in this chapter. 4. Clark corn, a flint corn which has served for our observations on Fiekl A. ^ — — z — — -^ — , — ;, -*J m i> 1 'A a 5 2 ^ ^ .zP CJ o 1? ^ ^ u 'H CJ "5) it ■5) — \^\ ?; "A 1-5 ? ? K 1, . 16 54 8i 396 339 57 1 : 5.95 .97 2, . 16 46 8 205 178 27 1 : 6.59 .25 3, . 8 44 71 157 110 47 1 : 2.34 .31 4, . 8 48 8i 159 128 31 1:4.13 .336 * One ounce equals about thirty grams. 178 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Teosinte (EucJilcena luxurians). [Collected Sept. 7, 1888, in full bloom ] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 6.0C Dry matter, 93.94 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Xon-nitrogenous extract matter, . 100.00 6.95 28.88 1.28 9.71 53.18 100.00 In green material, moisture 89.42 j^er cent. ; dry matter, 10.58 per cent. Fertilizing Constituents of Teosinte. Moisture at 100° C, 6.060 Calcium oxide, 1.597 ]\Iagnesium oxide, 458 Ferric oxide, . . . 021 Sodium oxide, 109 Potassium oxide (4 J cents per pound), 3.696 Phosphoric acid (6 cents ])er pound), 546 Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), 1.460 Insoluble matter, 315 Valuation per ton, $8 76 Lotus villosus {Second Year's Growth). [Collected June 21, 1889, in full bloom.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, Per Cent. 10.68 89.32 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 100.00 In green material, moisture 83.37 per cent. ; diy matter, 16.63 per cent. 8.23 24.48 3.00 13.49 50.80 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 179 Lotus villosus (First Year's Grotvth), [Collected Sept. 7, 1838, blooming.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, Per Cent. 12.36 87.64 100.00 Anal'jsis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 8.30 " cellulose, , . 15.07 " fat. 2.69 " ])rotein (nitr ogenous matter), .... . 16.12 Kon-nitrogenous extract matter, . 57.82 100.00 In green material, moisture 88 (53 jjcr cent. ; dry luatter, 11.37 percent. Fcrtilizimj Coiislituvnts of Lotus rillo. Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide, . Ferric oxide, .... Sodivmi oxide, .... Potassium oxide (4^- cents per pound). Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound). Nitrogen (17 cents per pound). Insoluble matter, .... V^aluation per ton, .... 12.360 2.861 .615 .148 .633 1.550 .500 2.259 1.053 f9 60 Sulla (Hedysarum coronaria) . [Collected Oct. 3, 1888, at the close of the period of Ijlooming.] Moisture at 100^ C, Dry matter, In green material, moisture 74.21 per cent. ; dry matter, 25.79 I'er Cent. 10.46 89.54 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash. 8.77 " cellulose, . 12.38 " f\it, 3.16 protein (nitrogenous matter), .... . 17.03 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 58.66 100.00 per cent. 180 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Fertilizing Constituents of Sulla. Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide, . Ferric oxide, , Sodium oxide, Potassium oxide {\\ cents per jwund). Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound). Nitrogen (17 cents i^er jiound). Insoluble matter, .... Valuation ^er ton, .... Per Cent. 10.460 2.791 .378 .147 .362 1.872 .424 2.441 .987 flO 40 Hairy Vetch ( Vicia villosa) . [Collected Sept. 3, 1888, blooming] Moisture at 100" C, Dry matter. Per Cent. 7.44 92.56 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 8.37 " cellulose, . 31.88 " fat, . ' 1.22 " protein (nitrogenous matter), .... . 19.58 Non-nitrogenous extri let matter, ..... . 38.95 100,00 In green material, moisture 78.01 percent ; di'y matter, 21 99 percent. Bokhara or Sweet Clover '{Melilotas alba). [Collected Oct. 3, 1888, at the close of the period of blooming.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter. Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Per Cent. 6.36 93.64 100.00 6.90 . 28.08 1.85 11.81 51.36 100.00 In green material, moisture 76.52 percent. ; dry matter, 23.48 per cent. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 181 Fertilizing Constituents of Bokhara Clover. Moisture at 100'^ C, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide, . Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide, Potassium oxide (4| cents Phosphoric acid (6 cents per Nitrogen (17 cents per jjounc Insoluble matter, . Valuation per ton, . per pound) , jound) , Per Cent. 6.360 1.938 .373 .028 .077 1.673 .436 1,770 .013 |7 96 Melilotus cceruleus. [Collected Aug. 6, 1889, somewhat past blooming.] Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, . . Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Fertilizing Constituents of Melilotus cceruleiis Moisture at 100=" C, Calcium oxide. Magnesium oxide, . Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide. Potassium oxide (4^ cents j^er povind), Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), Insoluble matter, .... Valuation per ton, .... Per Cent. 8.22 91.78 100.00 14.87 27.17 1.67 13.07 43.22 100 00 8.220 1.449 .260 .349 .270 2.796 .544 1.919 4.008 $9 55 Moisture at 100^ C, Dry matter, . Danvers Carrots. [Grown on Field C, 1888.] Per Cent. 90.05 9.95 100.00 182 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analysis of Dry Matter. Per Cent. Crude ash, 8.28 " cellulose, ....... 10.20 " fat, 1.67 " protein (nitrogenous matter), . 7.98 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... . 71.81 Nutritive ratio, 1 : 9.17. Carrot Tojjs ( Dayivers) . • [Collected Oct. 31, 1889, two weeks after harvesting.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, . Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude a.sh, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 100.00 Per Cent. 9.76 9021 100.00 13.87 13.61 2.01 20.12 50.39 100.00 Til green material, moisture, 7G.79 jser cent. ; dry matter, 23.21 per cent. Sugar Tests of Sorglmm (1889). [Per Cent.] Moisture .It 100° C. Glucose. Sucrose. Total Sugar. Eai-ly Tennessee (over-ripe). 77.43 1.79 3.21 5.00 Price's New Hybrid (ripe), . 77.80 2.92 3.78 6.70 Kansas Orange (green). 80.67 2.38 3.63 6.01 New Orange (green) , . 78.30 2.96 3.85 6.81 Honduras (green). 77.55 3.08 4.01 7.09 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 183 Beets, Field D {1888). [I. Excelsior Sugar Beet; II. Improved Imperial ;( ?) III. Vilmorin Sugar Beet.] Per Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100° C, . 86.95 90.60 86.73 Dry matter, 13.05 9.40 13.27 lOU.OO 100.00 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . . • . 3.21 10.09 5.70 " cellulose, 5.83 7.83 4.82 " fat, .72 1.80 .73 " i^roteiu (nitrogenous matter). 8.74 12.78 8.45 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 81.50 67.50 80.30 100.00 100.00 100.00 Sugar, 9.84 3.45 7.24 Fertilizing Constituents of the Above Beets. Per Cent. II. III. Moisture at 100° C, . 90.600 86.730 Calcium oxide, .... .045 .056 Magnesium oxide. .030 .037 Ferric oxide, .005 .009 Sodium oxide, .... .104 .170 Potassium oxide, .... .462 .170 Phosphoric acid, .... .086 .028 Nitrogen, .192 .181 Insoluble matter, .... .015 .090 Valuation per ton. $1 14 $0 79 184 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Beets, Field D {1888). [IV. Lane's Sugar Beet ; V. New Market Gardener Beet; VI. Eclipse VII. Osborn's Selected Beet.] Beet; I'EU C ENT. IV. V. VI. VII Moisture at 100° C, . 84.56 89.65 90 25 88.80 Dry matter, ..... 15.44 10.33 9.75 11.20 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Analijsis of Drij Matter. Crude ash, ..... G.87 7.21 9.77 7.87 " cellulose, .... G.17 7.56 7.22 6.71 " fat, .6G .59 .74 .64 " protein (nitrog-cnous matter), 10.63 14.29 15.40 14.46 Non-nitrocrenous extract matter, 75.67 70.35 66.87 70 32 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Fertilizing Constituents of the Above Beets. Pee Cent. V. VI. VI r. Moisture at 100° C, . 89.650 90.250 88.800 Calcium oxide, . .032 .044 .064 Magnesium oxide. .022 .032 .028 Ferric oxide. .003 .005 .002 Sodium oxide. .060 .110 .156 Potassium oxide, .481 .467 .313 Phosphoric acid. .085 .091 .069 Nitrogen, .... .236 .240 .259 Insoluble matter, .009 .016 .010 Valuation per ton. 11 41 $1 33 $1 23 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 185 Determination of Albuminoid Nitrogen (1888). Per Cent, in Drt Matter. Aibumiiioid Non-albumi- Total Nitrogen. noid Nitrogen. Nitrogen. Root, No. 1, .58 .82 1.40 '2, .85 1.19 2.04 3, .50 .85 1.35 4, .67 1.03 1.70 5, .7G 1.53 2 29 6, .84 1.63 2.47 '7, .78 1.53 2.31 Potatoes {1887). [I. Polaris, health}' tubers ; II. Beauty of Hebron, healthy tubers ; III. Beautj- of Hebron, healthy tubers; IV. Beauty of Hebron, scabby tubers] Per C ENT. I. II. iir. IV. Orig-inal moLsture, .... 80.20 80.73 81.53 82.15 Original diy matter, 19.80 19.27 18.47 17.85 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . . . 5.17 5.17 6.27 6.35 " cellulose, .... 1.91 3.32 3.22 3.55 " fat, 0.62 0.57 0.52 0.58 2)roteiii (nitrogenous matter) , 10.74 9.58 9.73 10.70 Non-nitrogenous extract matter. 81.56 81.36 80.26 78.80 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Albuminoid nitrogen, in dry matter, .91 .73 .77 .92 Non-albtiminoid nitrogen, in dry matter, .80 .80 .79 .79 Total nitrogen, in dry matter, . 1.71 1.53 1.56 1.71 186 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Tabular Statement^ showing the Loss in Weighty by Eva^ooration of Moisture, of Two Potatoes (^Beauty of Hebron) kept in a Dry Cellar. [Weight of potatoes Sept. 13, 1887: No. 1, 108.1210 grams; No. 2, 90.5225 grams.] DATE OF WEIGHING. Pkr Cent, of Original Weight Lost since Treceding Weighing. Per Cent, of Original Weight Lost since Sept. 13, 18S7. I'otato Xo. I. Potato Xo. 2. Potato No. 1. Potato So. 2. 1887. Septembei' 26, . 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 October 10, . .74 .72 2.17 2.15 October 24, . .67 .66 2.84 2.81 November 7, . .55 .53 3.39 3.32 November 21, . .50 .48 3.89 3.80 December 5, . .52 .51 4.41 4.31 December 19, . .55 .52 4.96 4.83 1888. January 2, . .55 .53 5.51 5.36 January IG, . .66 .68 6.17 6.04 January 30, . .66 .70 6.83 6.74 February 13, . .89 .93 7.72 7.67 February 27, . 1.47 1.41 9.19 9.08 March 12, . 1.71 1.78 10.90 10.86 March 28, . 2.23 2.20 13 13 13.06 April 9, . 2.01 1.88 15.14 14.94 Both potatoes began to sprout Jan. 7, 1888. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 38. 187 American Ruta-haga Turnips (1889). Moisture at 100"' C, Dry matter, Anali/sis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, ..... " cellulose, .... » fat, " protein (nitrogenovis matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Fertilizing Constituents of American Buta-haga Turnips Moisture at 100^' C, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide. Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide, Potassium oxide. Phosphoric acid. Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, Valuation jjer ton. Lane's Sugar Beet {Field (7, 1889). Moisture at 100° C, Dvj matter. Analysis of Dry flatter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, ..... " jjrotein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenovis extract matter, . Fertilizing Co?. Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide. Magnesium oxide. Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide. Potassium oxide, . Phosphoric acid, . Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, . Valuation per ton, stituents of Latie'^s Sugar Beet. Per Cent. 91.75 8.25 100.00 11.89 13.12 1.26 11. -46 62.27 100.00 91.750 .083 .030 .005 .009 .468 .106 .151 .015 %l 04 rer Cent. 90.13 9.87 100.00 14.54 9.69 .83 13.01 61.93 100.00 90.130 .062 .043 .007 .006 .720 .134 .205 .038 $1 47 188 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. INIoisture at 100^ Dry matter, . Saxony Sugar Beet {Field C, 1889). C, Fertilizing Constituents of Saxong Sugar Beet Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide, Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide, Potassium oxide, . Phosphoric acid, . Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, . Valuation per ton, Per Cent. 8§.38 11.62 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 9.14 " cellulose, 6.70 " fat. .59 " protein (nitrogenous matter), ..... . 10.06 Xon-nitrogenous extract matter, ...... . 73 51 100.00 88.380 .052 .044 .009 .004 .617 .103 .187 .022 |1 28 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 189 IV. Experiments with Green Crops for Summer Feed of Milch Coavs. (Field F.) The field selected for the raising of green fodder crops for experiments with milch cows (see second feeding ex- periment, page 48 of this report), had been used for a series of years as a meadow for the production of hay. During the fall of 1887, a piece of land, 300 feet long and 137 feet wide, was ploughed, and the succeeding spring, 1888, after a proper mechanical condition Avas secured, seeded down with Hungarian grass. After this crop was removed into a silo, the soil was turned, and left in that state for the following year. 1889. — In Avorking out our plans for future experiments upon this field, it was decided to turn the still existing resources of aAailable plant food to account for the raising of Southern cow-peas, serradella, and a mixture of A^etch and oats. This decision was made for the following- rea- sons : these crops had given much satisfaction in preceding years, when fed as green fodder to milch cows ; they promised, judging from our oavu experience in adjoining fields, a fair yield when following grass and corn without any use of manure ; and they AAould each reach in a desired succession a stage of growth best adapted for their profit- able use as green fodder. The field Avas ploughed and harrowed early in the season (April, 1889), and subse- quently subdivided into three equal parts, 300 feet long and 43 feet wide, with four feet unoccupied space between the plats (see sketch. Field F). The plat along the north side of the field, 12,900 square feet, was seeded broadcast Avitli twenty-five pounds each of A'etch and oats, April '2i^. The middle subdiA'ision AA^as sown in drills three feet apart, with eleven pounds of serradella seed- May 8. The plat along the south side of the field was soAvn in drills three feet apart, with tAA'enty-five pounds of Southern cow-peas (Clay A=^ariety), April 8. Vetch and Oats. — The oats appeared first above ground ; the vetch followed. May 6. The crop \Aas eleven inches 190 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. high, June 11; it measured twenty-five inches, June 19. The oats l)egan to head out, June 24, and the vetch to bloom, June 25 ; the entire growth was, on an average, thirty inches high, June 28, when the cutting for the daily feed began. The last of the crop was cut July 17 ; it had reached a height of forty inches. The average moisture of the green fodder for the entire period was 78.2(i per cent., which makes the solid vegetable matter 21.74 per cent. The entire yield of the green crop was 5,440 pounds, or 8^ tons per acre. This result is not as good, as far as quantity is concerned, as that secured during the preceding year, when a mixture of 25 pounds of vetch and 50 pounds of oats were used as seed ; the rate of yield per acre in that year was 9^ tons of green fodder. The area occupied by vetch and oats was not large enough to answer fully our purpose, to cover the time until the cow-pea is fit to be used advantageously. We shall hereafter double the area, and seed one-half down, as we did before, towards the close of April, and the other half from two to three weeks later. Serradella. — The young plants w^ere out May 1(3. The crop was kept clean with the cultivator and hoe. It is a peculiar feature of this crop, that its growth is very slow until it liegins to bloom, when it rapidly branches out, and causes finally a compact, bulky green mass, filling out com- pletely the three feet of space l)etween the rows. The seed was sown, May 8; the plants ap})eared above ground, May 16; they were but one inch high, June 11; two inches, June 19 ; two and one-half inches, June 2Q ; and four inches, July 3 ; began blooming, July 6 ; ten inches high, July 24; began spreading, July 31; reached thirteen inches in height, August 21. The first feed was cut September 11, when it formed a dense mass, several feet wide ; the last feed was cut September 27. The green crop harvested amounted to 8,350 pounds, or 13| tons per acre. The average moisture was 83. H5 per cent., and the solid vegetable matter 16.35 per cent. Southern Cow-pea. — The young plants were seen six days after planting. The crop was cultivated and kept 1890.] PUBLIC DOCmiENT — No. 33. 191 clean in common with the preceding one ; its leaves were slightly injured by frost, May 29. The growth Avas three inches high, June 11; five and one-half inches, June 2G ; eight inches, July 3 ; seventeen inches, July 17 ; twenty-four inches, August 21, when blossoms appeared. The first cut for fodder was made September 1, and the last, September 10. The entire yield of green fodder amounted to 6,125 pounds, or 10 tons per acre. The average moisture of the crop when fed was 83.07 per cent., leaving, for the solid vegetable matter, 1(3.93 per cent. The frequent rains during the late summer and the autumn have apparently favored an increase in the yield of green fodder. Whether their com- position has suffered, will be learned from a comparison of our analyses of past j^ears. The general characteristics of the crops above mentioned have been stated in previous reports, and their good services in the dairy are confirmed l)y our own observations. AVe can only repeat in this connection the views advanced in previous reports. The practice of raising a greater variety of valuable crops for green fodder deserves the serious consideration of farmers engaged in the dairy lousiness ; for it secures a liberal supply of healthy, nutritious fodder, at the same time when hay becomes scarce and costlv, and when it would be still a wasteful practice to feed an imperfectly matured green fodder corn. The frequently limited area of land fit for a remunerative production of grasses, and the not less recog- nized exhausted condition of a large proportion of natural pastures, make it but judicious to consider seriously the means which promise not only to increase, but also to cheapen, the products of the dairy. Each farmer ouirht to make his selection, from amono; the various fodder plants, to suit his individual resources and wants ; yet, adopting this basis as his guide, he ought to make his selection on the basis that the crop which is capable of producing, for the same area, the largest quantity of nitrogen-containing food constituents, at the least cost, is, as a rule, the most valual)le one for him. Our prominent fodder crops may be classified, in regard to the relative proportion of their nitrogenous organic food 192 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. constituents to their non-nitrogenous organic food constitu- ents (nutritive ratio), in the following order : — 1. Leg^uminous plants, clovers, vetches, etc., . . 1 : 2.2 to 1 2. Grasses, 1 : o 0 to 1 3. Green corn, roots and tubers, . . . . 1 : G.O to 1 45 8.0 15.0 A liberal introduction of reputed forage crops into farm operations has everywhere, in various directions, promoted the success of agricultural industry. The desirability of introducing a greater variety of fodder plants into our farm management is generally conceded. In choosing plants for that purpose, it seems advisable to select crops which would advantageously supplement our leading fodder crop (aside from the products of pastures and meadows), — the fodder corn and corn stover. Taking this view of the question, the great and valuable family of leguminous plants, as clovers, vetches, lucerne, serradella, pease, beans, lupines, etc., is, in a particular degree, well qualified for that purpose. They deserve also a decided recommendation in the interest of a wider range, for the economical systems of rotations, under various con- ditions of soil and different requirements of markets. Most of these fodder plants have an extensive root system, and for this reason largely draw their plant food from the lower portion of the soil. The amount of stul)ble and roots they leave behind after the crop has been harvested is exception- ally large, and decidedly improves both the physical and chemical condition of the soil. The lands are consequently better fitted for the production of shallow-growing crops, as grains, etc. Large productions of fodder crops assist in the economical raising of general farm crops. Although the area devoted to cultivation is reduced, the total yield of the land is usually more satisfactory. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 193 FIELD'f" 1889. < a O u -J tlJ a < CO CO O Q z: < H > N E. SCALE.4. RODS TO I INCH. 194 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. V. Notes on Miscellaneous Field Work. Although the entire farm land of the station has been placed under a careful supervision, as far as records of manuring, modes of cultivation and proper selection of crops for cultivation are concerned, a considerable part of it is not yet engaged in a strictly experimental work. The course adopted in the management of some fields aims at a timely preparation for some definite experiment contemplated in the near future ; in others, to fit them for an economical production of fodder crops for the support of farm live stock. The fields designed for the cultivation of fruit- bearing trees and shrubs, to study the causes and the character of the diseases they are frequently heir to, are subdivided, and- each plat subjected to a systematic treat- ment with diflerent kinds and forms of manurial substances. The outlines of the area selected for permaneirt meadows are better defined, and the condition of the lands improved, by underdraining and ditching ; difl^erent portions of the meadows are stocked with difterent varieties of grasses, to test their adaptation and their economical value. The ploughed lands are subjected periodically, whenever practi- cable, to drill cultivation, in the interest of a clean culture. As the work accomplished in this direction can be better appreciated when stated later on in connection with the different results secured, a mere enumeration of the principal field crops raised during the past season may suffice here. Hay, .... Rowen, Corn for ensilage, Carrots, Sugar-beets, Barley, grain and straw, Oats, grain and straw, Corn on the cob, Fodder corn, . . ' Corn stover. Sorghum fodder, Vetch and oats (green), Cow-pease (green), . Serradella (green), . 37 tons. 15 tons. 19 tons. 5J tons. 4 tons. 5,750 pounds. 5,350 pounds. 5,250 jjounds. 7,000 pounds. 7,000 pounds. 2,000 pounds. 6,450 i^ounds. 6,600 pounds. 8,350 i^ounds. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 195 VI. Department or Vegetable Physiology. 1. — Eeport by Prof. James Ellis Humphrey. The first year of my work in this department has been largely one of organization and equipment. Beginning without equipment and in limited quarters, no elaborate work has been possible. The liberality of the last Legisla- ture has removed this difficulty, however, and the new building and green-house provided for the department are just completed and occupied. Views of the new accom- 'modations are given with this report. Our equipment for certain lines of work, especially for the study of fungous diseases of plants, is now fairly good, and reference collections are well begun. My report for 1889 comprises the following divisions : — 1. A general account of the Fungi, with special reference to those which cause diseases of cultivated plants. 2. A report on studies of the potato scab, carried on during the year. 3. Notes on various diseases of plants, which have been more or less prevalent on the station farm the past season. 4. Notes on specimens from other sources, referred to the department for examination and report. 1. General Account of the Fungi. The i)ast few years have been marked, in the United States, by a rapidly increasing interest in the relations of the fungi to the plants which they attack, and by a growing appreciation of the dreaded rusts, smuts, mildews, blights and other fungous diseases, and of their economic importance. These troubles, once regarded as mj^sterious, unavoidable, "Providential" visitations, are coming to be generally understood to be simple, direct efiects of natural causes, and', as such, open to study and amenable to treatment. With this understanding comes, naturally, a comprehension of the value and practical utility of the scientific investiga- tion of fungous diseases in all their phases. The writer on fungi for popular information, meets at the outset a difficulty not experienced l)y all scientific writers. 190 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. in the very nature of the fungi themselves. It is not easy to comprehend that organisms so small and so inconspicuous can possess such power for harm ; and it is not easy for the layman to understand that, in spite of their minuteness, they pass through life-cycles as constant and as definite as those of the plants on which they grow. It seems, there- fore, worth while to attempt a general sketch of the growth and classification of those organisms of a vegetable nature, which, attack and cause diseases of plants cultivated for useful products or for ornament. This account may serve as an introduction to the present as well as to futui^e publications of this station on the subject of plant dis- eases, and to familiarize the reader, once for all, with the use of certain technical terms which are essential to exact- ness of statement. For the use of such terms no apology is needed. Their seeming difiiculty lies simply in their unfamiliarity, which, as with all new words, soon wears away through use ; while their advantage over words already familiar is that they convey precise ideas, unmodified by preconceptions, and so greatly aid in clearness and definite- ness of thought. The words printed in small capitals on the following pages may serve, also, as a general reference- list of technical or semi-technical terms, whose use is essential in treating of plant diseases, and whose meaning, here explained, will be assumed for the future to be under- stood by the readers of the publications of this station. Any plant consists of one or more of the elementary plant-units, known as cells. A cell consists essentially of a mass of the semi-fluid living substance which is the basis of all life, usually surrounded hy a firm membrane, known as the CELL-WALL. The simplest plants consist of a single cell each ; but the higher plants, on the other hand, are made up of immense numbers of cells, intimately united. Every living plant requires, for the renewal of worn-out parts and the growth of new parts, a supply of the materials necessary to such renewal and growth. Since both the living matter and the wall of the cell consist of compounds of a highly complex chemical constitution, the plant must be furnished with substances which contain the necessary chemical elements, in such form as to be readily convertible 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 197 by it into vegetable tissue. Such substances constitute the real food of plants, in the same sense that what an animal eats constitutes its food ; and both plants and animals tind available food-supply only in organic substances. Inorganic materials can no more serve plants than they can serve animals as food ; and just here a distinction must be made l)et\veen the true food of plants and " plant food," so called in the discussion of fertilizers. We shall see later "what is the relation to the plant of the latter, -svhich consists essentially of inorganic substances. Now, we know that an animal must obtain its food materials ready formed; that is, it cannot prepare the organic nutriment it requires from inorganic substances, but must obtain it from plants or from other animals. Here lies the important distinction between animals and green plants ; for, in spite of the fact that, to most persons, the -wovd plcmt carries with it the idea of greenness, it is by no means true that all plants are green. Green plants owe their color to the presence in their leaves and other green parts of a special pigment, known as leaf-green or ciiLORorHYLL. It may be added that some plants which are not green to the eye, yet contain chlorophyll, whose presence is hidden by some other masking pigment. The term " green plants " is here used, then, to designate all chlorophyll-containing plants, what- ever their external appearance. In chlorophyll we have the remarkable substance which bridges the gap between the inorganic and the organic. It is the one sul)stance in nature on whose activity the continu- ance of all life depends. It alone has the power of forming organized food materials out of the elements of inorganic substances, but only under certain definite conditions. The green tissues of land plants receive water from the soil by way of their roots and stems, and absorb from the atmos- phere the carbonic acid gas, or carhon-dioxide, which it contains in small proportion. These two simple inorganic compounds, water and carbon-dioxide, furnish the elements, carhon, hydrogen and oxygen, for the formation of certain organic compounds ; and it is the peculiar property of chlorophyll, that, in its presence, and in its presence only, these elements are freed from their orio:inal combinations, 198 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. and recombined into such organic comi")ounds ; though these changes can take place only when the chlorophyll is exposed to light of sufficient intensity, and when the water supplied to it holds in solution suitable inorganic compounds containing nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, mag- nesium, iron and sulphur. Under natural conditions, waters from any soil in which plants will grow will be found to contain all these substances ; but, in consequence of repeated cultivation and removal of the crops, the supply of these materials in a soil becomes greatly reduced, or, as we say, the soil becomes "exhausted." It then becomes necessary to supply the lacking constituents to the soil in the form of manures or fertilizers ; and it is these necessary elements which are commonly spoken of as "plant food." Being inorganic, they cannot serve as food to the plant ; but, as we have seen, their presence is indispensable to the elaboration of the true food of the plant from the materials furnished by water and carbon-dioxide. The precise relation of most of these elements to the life of the plant is hardly at all under- stood ; but it is easy to show that, in the absence of either of them, there can be no permanently healthy activity. Their relation to the elaboration of organic food material from inorganic compounds has been compared, perhaps aptly, to that of oil to the smooth running of a steam-engine. The necessary conditions being fulfilled, then, there occurs a recombination of the constitutents of water and carbon-dioxide into organic substance, excepting a part of the oxygen, which is set free into the atmosphere. What- ever temporary combinations they may pass through, the first visible and stable form in which these recombined elements appear is usually that of starch, which is the com- monest form of organic food material that occurs in plants. After it is thus provided, by the activity of* its chlorophyll, with an organized food supply, the plant utilizes it, as it needs, for the formation of tissue, either in repairing waste or in new growth. But not all plants contain chlorophyll. Very many resemble animals in being entirely unable to provide their own nourishment, and in being, therefore, wholly dependent on external sources of food supply. Since their food supply 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 19!) consists of organic substances, it is evident that it must come from one of two sources ; either from living organisms, animal or vegetable, or from dead organisms in a more or less advanced state of decomposition. Among .flowering plants there are a few which are thus dependent, the best known of which are the white " Indian pipe" (Monotropa) of our woods, and the " Dodder," which twines its yellow or orange- colored leafless stems about our golden-rods and similar plants. But nearly all of the chlorophyll-less plants are of much simpler structure. They are mostly very small, and show no distinction of separate organs, like the stem and leaf of higher plants. These simple plants may best be grouped under three heads, the true Fungi, the Bacteria, and the Slime Moulds. Many of them live on decaying organic matter, the remains of dead organisms of various sorts, and are known as sapro- phytes, or corpse-plants. Others, on the contrary, resemble the dodder in drawing their nourishment directly from living plants or animals, on which they are said to be parasites. The plant or animal at Avhose expense the parasite lives is called its host. It is this latter class of plants which has special interest to all who cultivate the higher plants, since its members cause the numerous and frequent plant diseases ordinarily known as fungous diseases. As we have seen, they attack their host* plants for the purpose of obtaining the organic food supply necessary to their growth, which they are unable, from lack of chlorophyll, to provide for themselves. The efiects of difi*erent parasites on their host plants vary greatly. It is evident that the host plant must always be weakened by being robbed of a part of its food ; but the amount taken seems, in some cases, to be insignificant, so that no serious damage results. On the other hand, the destruction of the host is sometimes so rapid and so com- plete that there can be no doubt that the parasite exercises a more positively fatal influence than merely that of turning the food supply of the plant from its proper channels. Between these extremes one may observe all degrees of harmfulness on the part of the various parasites ; and the harm done by any particular one may vary widely in 200 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. different cases, being largely controlled by varying con- ditions. The great majority of parasitic fungi develop and vege- tate within the tissues of their hosts ; but some forms live and grow supei'ficially, merely sending small branches into the cells of their hosts, for the purpose of absorbing nourishment. These external parasites are, as a rule, much less injurious to the plants they attack than are internal parasites. A striking influence is often exerted on the habit of growth of a plant by the attacks of a parasite. Thus, it is often possible to tell which among a number of plants are infected, by their appearing taller or shorter, or slenderer or stouter, than the healthy plants ; or they may appear of a lighter or darker shade of color ; or, as frequently happens, the development of a fungus in the tissues of a plant may cause the aflected parts to become abnormally developed and distorted to such an extent as to attract the attention of even the casual observer. Just here should be noted an important fact for the stu- dent of parasitic fungi. As a rule, a given parasite is able to live on only a single host species, or on a few closely related species, seeming to require for its development the special chemical and other conditions afforded by some particular plant or particular group of similar plants. But, on the other hand, closely related parasites may attack widely diflerent plants. For example, there is a very com- mon " rust" which attacks the Canada thistle, and another which is equally common on grasses and grains. The two rusts are very closely related, while the relationship between the thistles and the grasses is very remote. Neither of these rusts can live on the host plant of the other. The distinction between parasites and saprophytes, while very useful, must not be made too strict; for there are numerous fungi which, while naturally saprophytes, can assume the role of parasites under certain conditions, and others which may live as saprophytes, for a time at least, though ordinarily obtaining their nourishment parasitically. Many fungi, also, are probably parasites in some and sapro- phytes in other parts of the life-cycle. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 201 We may pass now to a more particular account of the o:roups of chlorophyll-less plants already mentioned. The Slime ^Moulds comprise a comparatively small num- l)er of plants, most of which are strictly saprophytic in their mode of life. A few of the simpler ones, however, are parasites, and their life history may be briefly sketched. They pass the winter or other unfavorable period in a so- called resting state, in which condition they appear as tiny globular bodies, each consisting of a mass of living matter, surrounded by a tough, firm coat. When warmth and moist- ure return, these outer coats crack open, and the living masses escape and begin to actively creep about, seeking for the plants on which they are able to live. Failing in this search, one of these tiny creeping masses soon dies ; but, if successful, it penetrates the cells of the host plant, and proceeds to grow and mature at its expense. Toward the end of the growing season, the masses of living substance, which have greatly increased in size and now occupy the interiors of cells of the host whose contents they have absorbed, break up into many very small portions, each of which enters the resting state by becoming surrounded with a tough coat, and so awaits the next season. These organ- isms are clearly of the simplest nature, and it would perhaps be better to call them simply oir/anismft, than to try to assign them a place on either side of the shadowy and indefinite line which separates the lowest plants and ani- mals. By nearly universal consent, however, their study is assigned to the botanists. The most important member of this group, economically, is perhaps the parasite which causes the "club-foot" of cabbages and turnips, incidentally described in the article on " Potato Scab," in the report of this station for 1888. The Bacteria, or "germs," include the smallest known organisms, with both saprophytic and parasitic forms, and perhaps many which can live in either way. They consist of minute spheres, rods and threads, whose vital activity is the cause of many most remarkable phenomena. Among those which live saprophytically, one form produces the putrefaction of dead organic matter ; another causes the souring of milk ; another, the change of alcohol into acetic 202 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. acid, which occurs when cider is converted into vinegar ; another produces the rancidity of Ijutter ; and so on, through a long list. Many of the parasitic bacteria live in the bodies of men or other animals, and produce the most dreaded and dreadful contagious or zymotic diseases, like small-pox, anthrax or splenic fever, diphtheria, Asiatic cholera, hog cholera. Southern cattle fever, chicken cholera,, pleuro- pneumonia, and many others. A few, also, produce diseases of plants, especially the rotting of bulbs and tubers. It is also claimed by careful investigators that the, " fire blight" of pear and apple trees is due to the attacks of one of the bacteria. These plants reproduce themselves chiefly hy Jission, a process which consists in the elongation of the organism up to a certain point, and the formation of a cross-wall dividing it into halves, which then separate and become independent. In its essentials the process is evidently a simple cutting in two. The bacteria are universally disseminated, since their extreme smallness and consequent lightness render them easily transportable by the lightest breezes. When it is remembered that all putrefactive changes are due to their activity, their omnipresence begins to be realized. The true Fungi show greater complexity of structure than either of the groups just described. With a very few exceptions, they have a distinct ])lant body or vegetative portion, on which are developed the reproductive organs, or fruiting portion. The plant body consists of fine colorless threads, often branched, which spread over or through the substance from which the fungus draws its nourishment. These active, absorbing, vegetative threads of the plant l)ody constitute the myceliuji of the fungus. From these are ultimately produced others, which are the fruiting or repro- ductive threads of the plant, and bear the reproductive bodies whose function is similar to that of the seeds of the higher plants, namely, the perpetuation of the species. Though produced in widely diflerent ways, and varying among themselves far more than do the seeds of flowering plants, they may be, for convenience, all included under the general name spores. They are much simpler in 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 203 structure than true seeds, and are usually microscopic in size. In the simplest cases, the spores of a fungus are produced directly on the ends of separate and independent fruiting threads ; in other cases they are the products of sexual proc- esses, involving the union of distinct male and female threads ; and, in the more complicated forms, numerous reproductive threads become intimately interlaced and compacted into a fruiting structure, often of considerable size, which bears spores in an interior cavity or cavities, or on some part of its surface. These spore-bearing structures reach their greatest development and conspicuousness in the " toadstools " and related fungi. In the modes in which spores are developed from the fruiting threads, we may distinguish two chief types. In one case, the end of a thread is simply cut off to form a spore ; while, in the other, the end of the thread swells, and spores are formed free in the swollen portion. Those of the former type may be called naked, those of the latter, enclosed, spores. There is another classification of the spores of fungi, which is of special importance in the study of plant diseases. The majority of fungus spores can ger- minate at once and produce new fungi, under favorable conditions for vegetation. Of these there are some which live but a short time, and, unless they very soon find such conditions, fail to develop. They are produced in great numbers, however, may develop rapidly, and serve especially to spread the fungus by the infection of new hosts during the growing season. They may therefore be designated suiviMER SPORES. A familiar example is offered by the spores developed in red-brown streaks on the leaves and stalks of grain, in midsummer, and known as the "red rust." Other spores can live for a long time, awaiting suitable con- ditions, and ready to improve the first opportunity for germination. Still others, on the contrary, require a greater or less period of rest or quiescence before germination can take place. Such spores are usually able to withstand great extremes of temperature and dryness, and serve to perpetu- ate the plant through the winter or other unfavorable period ; in contrast to the summer spores, which spread it rapidly at favorable seasons. They may l)e distinguished as resting 204 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. SPOEES, and well illustrated by the spores which compose the black streaks which follow the red rust on the stalks of grain, and are known as " black rust." A few fungi form peculiar bodies, which serve the purpose of resting spores, although they are of a very different nature. These are dark-colored masses of closely compacted mycelium, which can retain their vitality for a long time under circumstances unfavorable to growth, and finally, wdien favorable conditions recur, produce spore-bearing structures and spores. These special resting mycelia are known as sclerotia, and are well illustrated by the ergot of grain, often known as " spurred rye." A given species of fungus may produce, not merely one but two or several forms of spores and spore-bearing struct- ures. These various forms may be produced at the same time or at nearlj^the same time, on the same mycelium ; and, when this is the case, their connection and relations to each other are comparatively easy to make out. For instance, the streaks of rust on the culms of grain may often l)e found, at the proper season, with both red and black spores arising from the same mycelium, showing that the red and black rusts are onlj' different spore-forms of the same fungus. But so simple a condition as this is the exceptional rather than the usual one. In very many fungi, the spores produced on one mycelium develop other mycelia essentially indistinguishable from the first, on which spores very unlike the first are formed ; and these may, in their turn, give rise to a mycelium bearing spores like the first. For example, the mycelium developed next spring from the spores of many black rusts of the present season will produce, not new rust spores, but chains of wholly different spores, arranged in the form of tiny circular masses, each surrounded by a fringed or ragged border. From this characteristic structure, and the fact that they usually grow in close groups, these peculiar forms of fructification have received their name of cluster cups. On the mycelium arising from their spores are developed again rust spores like those which gave rise to the cluster- cup mycelium. Or again, the same mycelium may produce two or more forms of spores at quite difierent times, so that their connection is not directly traceable except by keeping 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 205 the mycelium under long-continued observation. The spores and spore-bearing organs in the different stages of the same fungus may represent wholly different types of structure ; so that the different forms have been, and, in the great majority of cases, still are, described and known under different names, as distinct fungi. This diversity of form, characteristic of the life-cycle of so many fungi, is known as PLEOMORPHiSM. The subject is but just beginning to be understood, and its study is only begun. Consequently our knowledge of the whole matter is extremely fragmentary and unsatisfactory. The fungi, like other plants, exhibit among themselves widely different types of structure, and may be separated into very distinct groups ; while, within the limits of these groups, they show in greater or less degrees that similarity of organization and development which indicates descent from common ancestors, and consequent near relationship. These likenesses and differences enable us to arrange the fungi for convenience of study and discussion in a more or less natural order, th#>ugh our knowledge is still very far from being sufficiently complete to afford us an arrangement which at all fully represents their relationships. It will be a great convenience, in future discussions, to have a general outline of the classification of the fungi and related groups ; and the following is presented with a view to meeting this need. It is hoped that it may prove useful for reference, and sufficiently full, taken in connection with the preceding general account, to facilitate an intellio-ent understandimj of discussions of particular fungous diseases. If any reader should feel, after reading this necessarily very brief and imperfect sketch, a desire for more detailed information con- cerning any fungi, the writer will be glad to render all pos- sible assistance. In the folio wino- brief accounts of the various groups, attention has been given especially to those which include parasites on cultivated plants. The best available English name has been given to each group, and after the English name will be found, in each case, the name, in parentheses, by which the group is known to botanists. 206 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. I. Slime Moulds (Myxomycetei^) . — See above, p. 201. II. Bacteria {Schizomycetes) . — See above, p. 20L III. Fungi. — These may be conveniently divided, for our purpose, into about seventeen groups, all but the last composed of quite closely related plants, as follows : — 1. Doivny mildews and ivhite I'usts (^Peronosporem) are internal parasites in the herbaceous parts of plants. Most of them produce summer spores, on threads which break through the surface of the plant into tlw air ; and resting spores, in the interior of the host. The latter are set free by the decay, during the winter, of the tissues in which tliey are imbedded, and then germinate in spring. The former are scattered by the currents of air, and rapidly infect new hosts. Among diseases caused by attacks of members of this group of fungi are the potato rot, downy mildews of the grape, lettuce, onion, etc., and " damping off" of seedlings. 2. Water moulds (^SaprolegniacecE) are chiefly saprophytes on animal substances (dead insects, etc.) in water; but one of them can attack living fish, notably the salmon, destroy- ing the skin, commonly of the head region, by its gradual spread, and finally killing its victim. 3. Leaf -gall fungi (^Chytridiacem) are very small and simple parasites, some of which form pustule-like swellings of herbaceous parts of flowering plants, and so merit the name here given. A majority of the members of the group, however, are parasites on the lower water plants, and of no present interest. 4. True 7noidds (^Mucorini) comprise fungi which are saprophytes on common vegetable substances, and others which are parasites on the mycelia of the former. They are of no special interest in the present connection. 5. Insect fungi {EntomojjJithoreoi) are nearly all parasites of insects, and cause the death of their hosts. Their only economic interest is in the possibility which has been suggested that they may be artificially propagated for use in destroying insect pests. The clieme however is one of very doubtful practicability. 6. Smids ( Ustilagineoi) are internal parasites of flower- ing plants, and develop both mycelium and spores in the 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 207 tissues of their hosts. The mycelium is largely used up in the formation of spores, so that, at maturity, little is to be found but a dark-brown or black powdery mass of spores. In most cases these latter can germinate at once under certain conditions ; but they may live for a very long time ready to germinate when favorable conditions occur. The spores of some smuts seem to be true resting spores ; and those of many other species approach that condition, in that they germinate much more readily after a period of rest than when just mature. The smuts of corn, of wheat and other grains, and of the onion, are onl}^ too w^ell known. 7. Husts ( Uredinem) are especially interesting for their striking and remarkable pleomorphism, already referred to. The}^ are very common parasites of flowering plants, and the typical species produce three chief spore forms. Individual variations within the group make it difficult to give a general account, but the following will apply to most of the rusts. Early in the season the fungus appears in its first or cluster- riq) stage, described above, and shown in the 3'ellow patches so common on barberry leaves in June. The spores of this form produce fresh mycelia, which give rise to the second, and later to the third, spore form. These second and third forms, are, as has been already stated, the recZ and hlacJc rusts, respectively. This is the typically complete condi- tion, but in very many cases one or even two of the forms are unknown. The spores of the cluster-cup and red-rust forms are summer spores, while those of the hlach-rust are usually resting spores, though not always so. Frequently the various forms of a rust fungus follow each other on the same host plant ; but the difficulty of a com- plete knowdedge of many of them is further complicated by the fact that the cluster-cup form occurs on one host, and the other two on a widely diflerent one. For example, the cluster-cup of the barberry is the first stage of the fungus whose second and third stages are the red and black rusts of wheat and various other grains and grasses, as has been shown by careful and repeated cultures. This form of pleo- morphism, in which the different spore forms of a parasitic fungus occur on different hosts, is known as hetergecism. 208 AGRICULTUKAL EXPEEIMENT STATION. [Jau. A few closely related plants belonging to the group of rusts constitute important exceptions to the typical life history, outlined above. These are heteroecismal fungi, whose second form is unknown, and probably does not exist. Their cluster-cup forms cause the familiar " rusting" of the leaves, and sometimes of the fruits, of apple trees, hawthorns and related woody plants, in summer ; and their third forms are the " cedar apples," whose gelatinous fruiting masses are equally common on our red cedars or " savins" and junipers, in spring. It will be seen from the above that the " cedar apples," which correspond to the black-rust stage of other rusts, appear earlier in the season than the cluster- cujp stage ; naturally, then, their spores are not resting spores, the fungi being carried through the winter by their mycelia, which live in the branches of the hosts. Among important isolated forms, whose other stages are unknown, may be named the orange-colored rust which covers the lower surfaces of the leaves of blackberries and raspberries in spring and summer. 8. Jelly fungi (^Ti'emellini) are very interesting botani- cally, since they show distinct relationships with both the rusts and the toadstools ; but they are saprophytes, and require no further notice here, beyond the statement that they form gelatinous masses of various colors, from white to black, on dead wood, and are most abundant in late fall and early spring. 9. Toadstools {Hymenom.ycetes) are perhaps the most abundant of fungi, besides comprising more species than any other group. They are nearly all saprophytes, and many grow in places where the presence of organized food material would hardly be suspected. Their spores are borne free at the ends of spore-producing threads, which are usually packed closely together, and form a fruiting surface. In the simplest members of the group this surface is the only one exposed to the air ; but in the more elaborate forms, popularly known as toadstools, there are upper and under surfaces disting'uishable on the fruitins; structure, and of these the latter is the spore-producing surface. A few forms are of present interest. One of the simplest members of this group causes the leaves and fruits of the 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 209 blueberry, cranberry, and related plants, to become swollen and covered by a white " bloom," composed of the spores of the fungus, and often does considerable damage. The mycelia of several toadstools grow in the wood or between the wood and bark of trees, and may do much harm to tim- ber. In the case of some species, the mycelia may form long, brown, branching sdewtia, somewhat resembling roots, which are not uncommon beneath the bark of decaying logs. This group includes the mushrooms, the chantarelle, and many other valuable food fungi. 10. Puff-balls ( Gasteromi/'cetes) are nearly related to the last group, and, like most of its members, are saprophytes. A few of the species are edible, but otherwise the group has no economic importance, although including many familiarly known forms. 11. Yeasts (Saccharomycetes) are very simple fungi, in which the plant is reduced to a single elliptical cell, and reproduces itself chiefly by a process of budding. A slight projection grows out from the cell, and gradually increases in size until it reaches dimensions not much less than those of its parent cell, from which it then becomes detached, and begins to lead an independent life, budding in its turn. Although saprophytes, these fungi are of great interest economically, from their producing the alcoholic fermenta- tion, and their consequent practical application in baking and brewino;. The chano^e known as alcoholic fermentation consists in the separation of the chemical elements compos- ing sugar, and their recombination into other compounds, chiefly alcohol and carbon-dioxide ; and the power to pro- duce this change is possessed in a remarkable degree by some of the yeasts. 12. Leaf-curls {Exoascem) are parasitic fungi of very simple structure. They cause a swelling and curling of the parts attacked, which are commonly the leaves, though sometimes the fruits. The distortions are covered by a "bloom" composed of tiny club-shaped sacs, projecting from between the surface cells of the host, and containing minute spores. The " curl " of peach leaves and the swell- ing of unripe plums into "plum pockets" are caused by these fungi. 210 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 13. Powdery mildews (^Perisporiacem) are external para- sites of herbaceous parts of plants. The white threads of the mycelium spread over the surface, sending absorbing organs into the tissues, and bear abundantly the fruiting structures, -which are recognizable by the naked eye as tiny black bodies, when ripe. Each of these bodies consists of a hard shell, surroundino^ from one to several somewhat es^g- shaped sacs, in which the spores are contained. The best- known of these fungi are the powdery mildews of the grape and the gooseberry. 14. Black fungi (^Pyrenoyhycetes) may be so called from the fact that a large majority of them produce a blackened, carbonized appearance of the leaves or liranches which they attack, making them look as though burned. Sometimes, however, they are of a light or bright color, so that the name is not entirely appropriate. In cavities in these black or colored fruiting structures are contained the spores, enclosed in oblong or club-shaped sacs, which escape into the air through tiny pores connecting with the exterior. Many of these fungi also produce summer spores, on threads which cover the outer surface with a "bloom," or line cavities similar to those which contain the spores in sacs. Most of these plants are saprophytes, but a few attack hosts still living. Of them there are a few which are too well known, notably those which cause the " black-knot" of plum and cherry trees, and the " black-rot" of the grape. 15. Saucer fungi (Discomycetes) are so called from the form of the fruiting portion of many members of the group, though, on account of their wide variations, no single descriptive term is applicable to all. They are chiefly saprophytes, and the larger forms sometimes strikingly recall the toadstools in habit and place of growth. The spores are contained, as in the last two groups, in closed sacs, which, in the saucer fungi, stand erect and closely packed tngether on the upper or inner face of the saucer, which they cover with a distinct spore-bearing layer. A few of these fungi live, at least under certain conditions, as parasites, and develop small sclerotia in the tissues of their hosts, thus producing the so-called " sclerotia diseases " of clover, onions, hemp, etc. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 211 16. Truffles {Tuber acecti) are a small group of subter- ranean saprophytes, some of which are highh' prized as articles of food. 17. Imperfect fungi is a general term to include an immense number of forms supposed to be mostly early stages in the development of members of some of the groups already described, especially various summer-spore forms of funo:i belonsfino^ to oroups 13, 14 and 15. Here are com- prised the very different forms known under the names Sjphmropsidem, Melanconiecc , Hyj)homycetes, etc. The spores are usually borne naked on the ends or sides of spore- producing threads, and germinate at once, as a rule. These fungi are, in large proportion, parasites, and produce diseases of widely ditiering external appearance, known variously by the names " anthracnose," " blight," " spot," " scab," " rot," etc. A fuller account of these fungi is impossible, except by subdividing them into several groups, because of t*he very heterogeneous character of the contents of this general catch-all for forms not placed elsewhere. The fact that such a miscellaneous and enormous collection of ' ' imperfect " form-species must form a part of any enumeration of fungi, is the best evidence of the incompleteness of our knowledge. In proportion as that knowledge increases, the extent of this collection must diminish. The above outline covers the principal fungi, and will, it is hoped, to some extent subserve the purposes for which it has been prepared. Being now in possession of some general facts concerning fungi, we may attempt to deduce from them some of those principles which must guide us in attempts to lessen or prevent the ravages 'of diseases caused by these plants. Since parasitic fungi develop, for the most part, within the tissues of their hosts, it is evident that there is little possibility of saving a plant once fairly infected ; for what would kill the parasite would ordinarily be fatal to the host. The powdery mildews, being external parasites, may perhaps be killed after they are Avell developed. Our chief aim, however, must be to protect the plant by the thorough application to its exposed surfaces of some preparation which 212 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. shall, without injuring the plant, kill or at least prevent the germination of fungus spores which may alight upon it, and which would, under natural conditions, germinate there and infect the plant. Many such preparations have been pro- posed and tested, a few with encouraging results. While this whole subject is but little developed as yet, two formulae may be given which promise to be quite generally useful : — Copper Mixture of Gironde or Bordeaux Mixture. A. Dissolve six pounds sulphate of copper (blue stone) in sixteen gallons water. B. Slake four pounds quicklime with six gallons water. C. AVhen cool, mix ^-1 and B, stirring thoroughly. Blue Water or Eau Celeste. Dissolve one pound sulphate of copper in four gallons warm water ; when cool, add one pint commercial ammonia and eighteen gallons water. The latter of these may be applied by means of any apparatus which thoroughly distributes it ; but the former requires the use of a spraying pump, with a special agitating nozzle to keep it evenly and thoroughly mixed, since the lime is simply held in suspension, without being dissolved. It seems hardly necessary to point out that a vigorously healthy plant will be far less subject to the attacks of fungi, and will suffer far less from such attacks, than a poorly nourished one. Both theory and experience point to this obvious conclusion. After a plant is too far gone to be saved, measures should be taken to prevent the infection of neighboring plants, still intact, and of plants of the same kind, in the following season. With the latter object in view, one should destroy the affected parts, and especially any dead or fallen parts or refuse, which may harbor the spores of the fungus during the winter. In dealing with fungi which produce resting spores, these precautions should be taken with especial thoroughness. The destruction of infectious material should be as complete as burning can make it, for nothing less than this will assure the death of all the spores contained in it. In dealing with any fungous disease, one of the secrets of success may be summed up in the word, thoroughness. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 213 Numerous cases can be cited of common weeds or wild plants, each of which is so closely related to some species of cultivated plants that it is liable to attack by the same fungi that infest its cultivated relative. Where this is true, the wild plant may serve equally with the cultivated one to perpetuate the fungus, and may keep it alive during a time when the latter is not ijrown, or mav become a source of in- fection for a cultivated field, previously free. For example, the "black-knot" fungus grows on our wild cherries, as well as on cultivated cherries and plums ; the lettuce mildew occurs on several species of " wild lettuce ; " and the grape- vine mildew, besides occurring on wild grape vines, has been found on the Virginia creeper. The bearing of these facts on questions of preventing and checking the various diseases is obvious. Finally, it is clear that epidemic diseases cannot be suc- cessfully combated without general co-operation throughout an infected region. The attempts of half a dozen intelligent men to protect their crops may be almost of no avail, if one lazy or "conservative" neighbor refuses to join in the attempt, and allows his adjacent field to afford a breeding- place for the very fungus our progressive friends are fighting. Successful dealing with diseases caused by parasitic fungi may be said, then, to be based on the following essentials : promptness, thoroughness, cleanliness, intelligent treatment^ co-operation. The writer wishes to come into much more general com- munication with the farmers, market gardeners, horticulturists, florists, and all who caltivate plants, in the State. He es- pecially and urgently requests that specimens be sent him of plants affected by any disease, not caused by insects, luhich may come to the attention of any reader of this report. Very much aid to a fuller knowledge of many diseases can be afforded if those who are the losers by them will co-operate to render all possible assistance, even to the extent of going to some trouble, to those engaged in their study.- Without such co-operation and assistance, our work must necessar'ily be far less effective and our studies far less complete in their results. 214 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 2. The Potato Scab. In the report of this station for 1888, pages 131 to 138, was given an account of the disease of potatoes known as " scab," with a summary of the views held up to that time as to its nature and cause. It was shown that, while the characters of the disease are sufficiently marked and far too familiar, its cause is still to be explained. On this point three principal theories are held, which may be stated briefly as follows: (1) the theory of W. G. Smith and others, that the trouble is caused by the irritating action of foreign substances in the soil ; (2) the view that it is due to peculiar soil conditions; and (3) Brunchorst's claim that it is caused by the attacks of a parasite belonging to the slime moulds. Various American experiments Avere quoted, bearing on the effects of the presence or absence of manure, excess or deticicncy of water, use of smooth or scabby "seed," use of fungicides, and cultivation of light or dark skinned potatoes. In the spring of 1889, arrangements were made for experiments on the same plot on which the scab had ap- peared for several years, — Field E, containing about three- tenths of an acre. This plot, which had been ploughed the previous fall, was ploughed again in the spring, and divided into twenty-eight sections of three rows each, the section being regarded as the unit, and each section being treated, as nearly as possible, in a uniform manner. The whole plot, excepting section 1, at the south end, was dressed with an application of ground bone and potash- magnesia sulphate, at the rate of 600 pounds of the former and 290 pounds of the latter per acre. In addition to suggestions for the details of experiments drawn from cur- rent theories and previous experiments, two were adopted from other sources ; namely, to test the effect of tobacco applied in the drill in the form of ground tobacco refuse, and to observe the results, as to the development of scab, of deep planting. Arrangements were made to facilitate the irrigation of a part of the sections; but, owing to the extreme rainfall of the season, no use was made of the means provided, and no comparison of the effects of excess 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 215 and deficiency of moisture on the development of the scab can be instituted, as the whole field received the same liberal natural watering. The first five columns of the following table show the details of the planting of each section. It will be seen that the plan afibrds material for the following comparisons of results, as to the development of scab : 1. Deep vs. shallow planting; 2. Susceptibility to attack of light and dark skinned varieties ; 3. Barn-yard manure vs. commercial fertilizers; 4. Efiect of tobacco dust in drill ; 5. Scabby vs. smooth "seed." 216 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. ^ ^H rO '^ r^ •TJ -73 'd ■c T3 QJ 03 03 03 03 03 03 2 'd ^ ,i2 03 O 03 rO 'd 03 Si Si a Si s Si ^ a> ^ rQ ,0 Si Si Si ^ o rQ ce S3 c« 03 ^ 03 ^ V- ,Q o O C3 03 03 03 C3 o 03 o w 03 r^ rS r^- t« TJ CO M CO CO M >> ^ 03 03 03 >^ 03 03 rb >5 K% r^ jti ^ ^ to c ^ 3 3 ,a ^ ^ S .4^ ^ 3 ,0 3 3 3 J3 r— ?^ o3 ^ c3 c3 ci 1 03 p3 o3 o3 ?s ;-! f-l o o o CO o s C3 03 03 M tc 03 f^ CO 03 03 03 03 iC' r^ 3 ns •^ 1^ '^ 'w 3 2 • rH >-> kl >-5 03 >^ K»3 'm m CO CO CO "co 'm ^ r^ J2 r^ "T^ ■9 j5 •^ C c a C q; o O c3 c3 o3 O o c3 O O o O > O O pq W M o CO pq O O O O • • ^ • • • ft 03 •d 03 fi • • ' ■ ■ 'O * " * • « ^ 3" 3" Dh cfT 7 13 o ^ ^ o f^ r^ '^ P p 'r^ p 'i^ '"' .5 :: 2 s ^ c ■*^ 'S 2 - fl rs 1— 1 HH HI hH l-H h-t • • • o" • • • ■ • o « c3 • • • • • ^ o •d p ;S (—" c -S "E S c3 c3 ^ ^ ^ •* «* »» ^ [^ s O ■* ■* ^ o o a 'w i CO c3 O SI, A 03 oT 03 ^ C J J c rH ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ rt o " "• o O ■^ " " -• -* •• -* cq W M « • 03 C3 CM • CM w 03 =4-1 o 3 p ' ■ p ' •6 • • • • • S3 3 03 2 - • • • 3 03 K 03" a a" p 03 P3 =4-1 O 3 P =f-i o t 1 o " ^ - •^ CO is: p ■ ^— ' CM p CO 03 CO p CO 3 03 O ^ * ' ' 03 pq 111 P CO a rH p ^ :3 03 pq o-o a CO 1— f o T-l ^ T-H o3 • - • • ^'' • • • • • • P_t rQ ■6 • • • • • -W a - . • - - . en 03 «»_ O o M >;. 03 "a .^ >~i >> -=3 >, 3 o Si rO o Si ©■ o a «2 03 c3 C3 C/3 o a ' ■XOHg JO tW -. >j -, ^ >-J ^ O o ^ >5 ^ ^ ,0 ^ Vi M t>» ■2 Si ^ 3 3 ^ 3 ,^ ^ ^ .4^ -t^ 3 ^ 1^ ^ cS a rt j5 c5 rt rt rt c3 T3 eS Ci C5 O 03 02 o O t/3 s 3 r2 _3 '1 O o rO 2 2 '^ >^' ^ ^ ^ *tc 'cc ^ 'm *S 'tc *S QJ QJ 'm "m P^ T3 f^ '^ fl fl •T^ fl j5 ^ a 3 3 fl fl a> cS ci ci O O W m pq O Q pq Q Q CJ U CO CO O O • " • • • • • • • rd" • ■ o tc fl a> '^ — ^ ^^ ^ -* " ^ ^ *• ■* " ■^ ^ ^ ^ ■* ^ " 1— ( 1— 1 hH r- . • . . • • • S o >-i o • • • ci > • > - • • • • jO ci o ' ! ^ r— ^ 1 w s 03 _g ^ cj CS ^ ^ ^ ^ J ^ ^ J ^ J -(J fi O ^ O 'm p &, 2^ 3 1 o c c3 -> wT >5 oT t>i -1^ s J ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ j^ ^ ^ ^ J ^ OS *• ■* -• " (-^ " cS " ^ "^ ■• -• '' •^ r^ o a; o a> pq Ph pq p-l pq ,d" • • • • • - • • • - • ' - 4J o o 2 ^ 2 2 ^ ;j ;J ^ ;J ;J 2 2 2 2 a CO '^ lO >« t^ oo o o i-< CM CO '* o o t^ CO r-l 1— ( 1-1 1—1 1—1 1—1 G^ C<( (M (M G<» (M (M (M CN 218 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The scabby " white" potatoes planted on sections 6, 7 and 13 were of a very liglit-skinned sort, much resembling the Gregory, though not certainly of that variety. Those called " black," planted on section 6, were a very few small, elongated, dark-purple tubers, found in the station barn ; the " tops" showed the same dark color which marked the tubers, and produced the only entirely smooth potatoes on the field. The plot was planted May 4, and the first shoots broke through the soil on the 17th. A week later they were well up, and a marked backwardness of sections 1 and 14 was observed, as compared with the rest. The retarding effect of planting directly on manure continued to be dis- tinctly noticeable for three weeks longer. Various explana- tions may be offered, however, for this fact, which, by itself, has no special significance. The field was cultivated and hoed at sufficiently frequent intervals, and the plants grew well, l)eing kept fairly free from the potato beetle by two light applications of Paris green, combined with hand- picking. On the 4th of June young tubers were found, of the size of a pea, and from this time their size and number rapidly increased. On July 22 the first indications of the rot made their appearance on the leaves of some plants near the south end of the plot, and had soon spread over almost the entire field. As soon as possible, namely, on the 29th of July, the potatoes were dug, in order to avoid the loss of results from the scab experiments to which the rotting of the tubers would lead. The potatoes from each section were kept distinct, and carefully examined with reference to their relative scabbiness. The result in each case is briefiy stated in terms of a scale of five grades, running from " generally smooth "to " very badly scabbed," in the last column of the foregoing table. A compilation of the results there given, with regard to their bearing on the points before indicated, shows that : 1. Deep planting appears to tend to diminish the development of scab, though further experiments in this direction are very desira1)le. 2. While the very dark potatoes were wholly free from scab, little or no difference was to be noticed in the susceptibility of the three light varieties planted ; it is to be regretted that none of the best 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 219 red varieties were available for the comparison. 3. The potatoes raised on barn-yard manure were markedly more scabby and more deeply scabbed than the rest, 4. Tobacco dust in the drill had no appreciable effect in increasing or diminishing the scab. 5. Scabby "seed" produces a crop neither better nor worse than that grown from smooth potatoes. None of these results are new, but they may serve as further material on which to base general conclusions, and as confirmatory of the results of most previous similar experi- ments. But all such results are comparatively without significance, so long as the cause of the trouble remains unknown, and we are as much as ever in the dark, so far as any basis of rational experimentation or treatment is con- cerned ; therefore the most attention has been given to the study of the development of the scab. From the time when tubers began to be formed till the crop was dug, plants were taken up at intervals, and care- fully examined. The first suspicious spots were found on some small tubers June 20, and the first unmistakable scab was noticed on the 28th. After this time al^undant specimens were obtainable. It is worthy of note that the first examples of afiected tubers were obtained from sections 1 and 14, on which barn-yard manure was used, and that they always furnished the most and scabbiest material. The scab always begins in very small spots, and spreads from these. When quite small, the spots usually show dark- brown centres from which the lighter marginal portions seem to have spread. These dark central spots mark the posi- tion of the lenticels of the tul)er, in which the disease originates. The microsco[)ic structure of the diseased spots is the same at all stages of their development. The first suspicious spots, detected June 20, on very young tubers, proved, on microscopic examination, to be young scab-spots, and could not be distinguished in minute structure from the large patches on a full-grown tuber. The characteristic change which produces the appearance and condition known as scab consists in the browning, drying and shrivelling of the walls of a few layers of the surface cells of the tuber, which produces a hard and rough crust. The difference between a very small spot and a large patch of scabby surface 220 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. is wholly one of kind, the latter developing from the former by the simple extension of the pathological condition described, over a greater surface. In this way is produced what may be described as the superjicial form of the disease, illustrated by the lower specimen in Fig. 1, opposite page 136 of our report for 1888, and by Fig. 1, accompanying the present paper. The drying and browning sometimes penetrates to a considerable depth, and causes the death of masses of tissue of some volume, which finally become destroyed by decay, frequently with the assistance of worms and other animals. Their presence in this form of the disease has apparently led to the belief, held hj many persons, that such animals are the cause of the trouble. This may be called the deep form of the scab, and shows, in its completest development, extensive cavities in the tubers, where tissue has died and decayed. It is illustrated by the upper specimen in Fig. 1 of last year's report, and by the accompanying Fig. 2. Both forms of the disease coexist under various conditions to such a degree that the causes determining the development of the deep form are wholly indefinable. Very careful examinations were made, to determine whether the present disease is caused by any plant or animal, either as a true parasite or otherwise ; but no organism of any sort was found constantly or even frequently present at any stage of its progress, and there can be no doubt that it is not the result of the activity or development of any living thing other than the potato plant. Various experiments, referred to in the paper in last year's report, above mentioned, have pointed to this conclusion, and their results would be very puzzling had the present investigations resulted otherwise. The search for some oro;anism standino; in causal relation to the trouble, has, however, been con- ducted with much care, in deference to the claims and theory of Brunchorst, quoted above, and to be discussed later. Since the scientific name of an organism indicates always a definite and determinable thing, one can always be sure, in the study of a disease plainly caused by a plant or animal, as to the validity of his comparisons of his results with those of others who have studied the same disease. But the 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 221 words " scab," " Schorf " and " Skurv " are not terms which mean only definite things, but are of popuhir and general application ; and the assumption that they are used in different countries to designate the same disease, remains merely an assumption until it is proved by direct comparison to be correct. Indeed, the assumption that the word " scab" is used, throughout our own country, for the same affection, is, perhaps, hardly justified ; but, as it is borne out by specimens from various parts of New England, its correct- ness for the whole country is taken for granted. In order, however, to settle the uncertainty whether the three words above quoted are synonymous, two leading writers on the subject were requested to furnish material for comparison with American scabby potatoes. Dr. Sorauer, director of the experiment station at Proskau, Germany, was asked to send potatoes affected with the disease known in Germany as " Schorf" or " Grind,"' and Dr. Brunchorst of Beriren, Norway, to send potatoes attacked by the disease known in that country as " Skurv," and said by him to be caused by a species of slime mould. Both very kindly responded, and the Avriter wishes here to extend to both botanists his very sincere thanks for their interest and assistance. Dr. Sorauer sent several tubers affected with what, to the naked e3^e, resembles in all respects our superficial form of scab ; and microscopic examination fully establishes its identity with our disease. The accompanying Fig. 3 is made from a photograph of one of the potatoes sent by Dr. Sorauer. The German " Schorf " and the Eng^lish " scab " are, then, synonyms, as applied to diseases of the potato. From Dr. Brunchorst, a photograph of tubers attacked by "Skurv" has been received; but, unfortunately, the specimens of such tubers, promised by him, have failed to arrive, and it is impossible to accurately compare the disease with our own. Such comparisons as are rendered possible by Dr. Brunchorst's descriptions and figures and by the photograph he has had the goodness to send, point, however, to the conclusion that he is dealing with a disease very distinct from the scab, and that his assump- tion that the American and German diseases are identical with the Norwegian, is incorrect. 222 AGEICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Fig. 4 is a reproduction of Brunchorst's photograph. Until more positive evidence can be obtained from the study of specimens, it seems safest to assume that the " Skurv " studied by him is quite different from the other diseases, and of different origin. This view removes diffi- culties not readily explained otherwise. Bulletin No. 34 of this station, published last June, contained a series of questions concerning potato scab, addressed to fiirmers, especially those of this State, which they were requested to answer from their experience, for the assistance of this department in the study of the disease. Some ten thousand copies of this bulletin were sent out, and some agricultural journals showed their interest by printing and calling attention to them. The replies to this widely circulated request were six in number, and, of these, fou7' came from neighboring States. It is fair to ask the farmers of Massachusetts to imairine how irreat is the encouragement derived from such a result by those who are working in their interest, and wish their co-opera- tion and assistance. The facts stated require no com- ment. In conclusion, it may be remarked that the results of the year are more negative than positive. It is certain that our disease is the same as that discussed by German writers, and that it is not caused by any parasitic organism. Several years' observations at this station point, also, to the correctness of the view that the cause of our trouble is to be sought in peculiar physical or chemical conditions of the soil, though the opinion that excessive moisture is a sufficient controlling cause seems hardly tenable. It seems to be generally conceded that potatoes become most scabby in heavy, close soil, and least so in light, loose soil ; that worse crops in this respect are raised on land which has been cultivated for some time than on freshly broken ground. Indeed, the belief is quite general that new soil will give a smooth crop. This was not the case, however, at this station, the past season, when land broken for the first time in years gave a badly scabby crop. It should be added that this was on a stiff, heavy, poorly drained soil. Fig. 1. "Surface" Scab, from Station Plots. Fig. 2. 'Deep" Scab, from Station Plots. WftlSHT A PHTTlfi. POINTING CO^StATE PfllH -^wW^Jsfc^ Fig. 3. German Schorf (==" Surface" Scab.) Fig. 4. Norwegian Skurv. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 223 It seems at present prol)alile that excess of moisture tends to produce the scab, rather through its influence in render- ing the soil heavy and clinging, than in any more direct way ; and it is recommended that, to secure a smooth crop, potatoes be planted in light, porous soil, kept well stirred. Observations will be continued next season, in the light of past experience, 3. Fungous Diseases on Station Farm. The following notes include only such diseases as attacked crops grown on the station farm during the past season with sufficient violence to produce results of economic importance. Many fungi, of course, were found, whose presence was of no practical importance to the various plants on which they occurred ; but a few produced striking results by their abundance and vi^or. The meteorological conditions of the season were peculiarly favorable to the development of fungi. 1. The smut of barley and oats ( Ustilago segetum Pers.*) attacked both of those grains on the east fields and on the experimental plats to such an extent that the "smutted" heads formed a very appreciable portion of the whole. Even were the aflected heads but a small fraction of one per cent. of the whole, the loss on a large field would be sufficient to justify attempts to save it, as a little calculation will show. The parasite under consideration appears on the fruiting heads of the small grains, and, when ripe, presents only the mass of black spores characteristic of the smuts, which com- pletely replaces the substance of the seed. The enclosing seed coats burst open, and the spores are carried in all directions by the wind, finding lodgement on the surrounding plants and soil. Although the smut spores ripen consider- ably earlier than does the grain in the sound heads, grain from a smutted field is sure to have them adherins: to its surface and entangled in the tuft of hairs at its end, espe- cially if smutted heads have been mixed with the sound ones in threshing. Unless they are present in very large numbers, * It may be explained that the scientific name of a plant consists of three parts, the name of the ginius or group of closely related plants to which it belongs, the name of its particular kind or species, and the name (in full or abbreviated) of the person or persons to whom it owes the name. 224 AGRICULTUKAL EXPEEIMENT STATION. [Jan. they cannot be detected by the unaided eye. These spores remain unchanged during the winter, and are ready for ger- nunation with the seed, when it is planted in the spring. Experiments have shown that the germinating tubes of the smut fungus can penetrate and infect the plants of grain only when they are very young seedlings, with very tender and easily penetrable tissues. Having once gained entrance to the mterior of such a plant, however, the fungus grows with the plant, invading the new tissues as they are formed, and finally reaching its complete development by producing its reproductive bodies in the place of the destroyed reproduc- tive bodies of its host. If the grain, with adhering smut spores, be fed to horses or cattle, the spores pass through the body and are voided unharmed. And not merely unharmed ; their passage through the animal l)ody seems to cause them to germinate more readily than before, and they produce, in the manure heap, tiny bodies which increase rapidly by a process of budding similar to that of the 3^east fungi. Thus a few spores may produce, in a short time, a multitude of these tiny buds, each of which can infect a grain seedling with the smut parasite. Since the infection of neighboring plants cannot be caused by a "smutty" plant, the problem of dealing with the present trouble is much simpler than similar problems con- cerning the numerous fungi which spread rapidly by summer spores. It is evident that it is useless to attempt to save a plant once attacked by smut ; but the fjicts just stated con- cerning the fungus under discussion point to three lines of defence against its attacks : ( 1 ) The conditions for the germination of the seed and the oTowth of the seedlins: should be as favoral)le as possible, in order that the period of susceptibility to infection may be made as short as possible. To this end, well-matured seed should be sown on well- prepared and well-drained soil, in favorable "growing" weather. (2) Suitable commercial fertilizers should replace animal manures, on tields to be sown to grain. This will eliminate from the problem an important complication. (3) The seed grain should be treated, before being sown, with a preparation which will kill the adhering spores, with the least damage to the seed. The best for this purpose seems 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 225 to be a one-half per cent, solution of sulphate of copper, prepared by dissolving it in water in the proportion of one pound to twenty-five gallons. The grain should be thoroughly wet with this solution, and allowed to soak in it for from twelve to twenty-four hours. It may then be spread out for a few hours, till dry enough to be readily sown. This treatment is very efficacious and inexpensive. 2. The sjiot disease of sugar beets appeared on the leaves of that crop about the end of June, in the form of dead, dry, circular patches, from one-eighth to three-eighths of an inch in diameter. These patches are the result of the death of the leaf tissues, caused by their invasion by a fungus mycelium. While a few patches would do little harm on the large leaf of a beet, they often become so abundant, as in the present case, as to destroy a large part of the tissue of the leaves. Since, as we have seen, the leaves, being the chlorophyll-containing organs, are those on which the plant depends for its supply of organic food material, it is evident how serious for the plant must be the loss, during its time of active growth, of a large fraction of its working leaf surface. In the case under notice, the spots gradu- ally extended and increased, until, in August, the leaves died completely from the violence of the attack. By this time, however, the roots were so well grown that they were able to put out promptly a fresh growth of leaves, which continued through the rest of the season, though themselves afiected somewhat by the spot. Clearly, the production of new leaves must have involved the conversion, for that pur- pose, of a consideral)le amount of stored material from the root, which ought to have remained there. This loss, with that due to the diminution of active surface on both sets of leaves, must very materially reduce the amount of solid matter in the roots, and lessen their feeding value in pro- portion. Two fungus forms appeared on the spots on the station beets, both of them belonging to the Imperfect Fungi. Up to about the lOtli of July, the most abundant form was that known to botanists as Septoria Betcc West., while after that time the chief form, and, late in the season, apparently the only form, was that known as Cercospora heticola Sacc. In 226 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. view of their appearance on the same spots, and in the relations described, it is pertinent to inquire if they may not be forms of the same pleomorpliic fungus. Direct proof, either for or against this hypothesis, is, however, still wanting. No very definite directions for combating this trouble can be given, in the absence of more complete knowledge of the accompanying fungus forms than we yet have. As both Septoria and. Oercospoi'a spores quickly germinate and infect new hosts, that is, are summer spores, it is probable that sprajdng the crop as soon as the spots begin to appear may check its spread. It is probable that the " Eau Celeste " would give good results. Leaves badly attacked should be burned ; all refuse should be cleared from the field at the end of the season, and burned ; and the same crop should not be planted on the same ground or in its immediate neighborhood, the following year. 3. The rot of potatoes has been unusually serious on the station plots, as throughout the State, during the season just past. This disease, known as hlUjlil when it attacks the tops, and as rot when the tubers are afi'ected, is due to a fungus of the downy mildew group, Pliytopldhora iiifestans deBary. Its abundance and destructiveness in 1889 have called out so many descriptions and recommendations concerning the fun- gus and means for checking it, that an extended account is superfluous here. The fungus spreads very rapidly by means of summer spores, but, so far as is known, does not, like most of the downy mildews, produce resting spores. Its only known mode of passing the winter is by the hibernation of its mycelium in the host tubers. Special care should be taken, then, to avoid planting "seed" pota- toes which contain this hibernating mycelium, whose pres- ence is commonly indicated by dark-brown sunken spots on the surface of the tuber, beneath which the tissues are more or less " rotted." A fuller account of this very fatal dis- ease, by the present writer, may be found in Bulletin No. 6 of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agri- cultural College. The blight which appeared on the leaves of potatoes on the plot devoted to scab experiments, as previously men- 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 227 tioned, spread rapidly, l)ut not with perfect regularity. When the leaves and stems were mostly killed *by the fungus, the fourth day after its appearance, those on sec- tions 1 and 14, the third row of section 6, and the second and third rows of l)oth 7 and 13, were still fresh and com- paratively unharmed. Comparison with the table given above shows that the sections which suffered least were those in which the potatoes were planted directly on manure, and the rows which were planted with the varieties desig- nated as white and black. That some varieties are less susceptible than others to attacks of the rot, has been repeatedly shown ; but why planting on manure should give protection against it, as seems here to have been the case, is not easy to see ; yet there was no other difierence in conditions Ijetween plots 1 and 14, on one hand, and 2—4, 9-11, and 15-16, on the other hand. Yet all the latter sufiered equally and very severely. The attack was not of the most violent sort, and, even on the worst-affected plants, there was not the complete collapse into a slimy, putrescent mass, which is the result of the extreme form of the disease. Nothing now remained to be done but to har- vest the potatoes as quickly as possible. Press of other farm work prevented immediate attention, but they were all harvested before the end of the month, in very good con- dition, so far as the rot Avas concerned. Later potatoes, on other lields, which received less prompt attention, were an almost total loss. Notes on other fungous diseases are reserved until more complete data can l)e accumulated concerning them. 4. JV^otes on Material referred to tlie Department. Some of the examinations which have been made by the department, of specimens referred to it, may be of sufKcient general interest to warrant a Ijrief discussion here. 1. FuiKjus in Cellar. — In Decemlier, 1888, a (juantity of a white, llocculent substance, mixed with gravel from the cellar bottom on which it had grown, was sent in for exam- ination. The house from whose cellar the material was taken was a tenement-house, and the white growth in ques- tion was a source of alarm to the tenants, who threatened to 228 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. leave, fearing that its appearance was an indication of the unhealtlifuhiess of the premises. It was evident to the unaided eye, and microscopic exam- ination confirmed the opinion, that the white material was the sterile mycelium of some fungus. As there was no trace of spore formation, it was impossible to say to what fungus the mycelium belonged, though more probably to some member of the toadstool group. The only conditions necessary to the development of such mycelia are the presence of spores, and of certain degrees of temperature and moisture. The latter conditions are afforded by even the best of cellars, which receive no arti- ficial heat, and fungus spores penetrate ever}^ crevice with the air in wdiich they float. Not only are such growths perfectly harmless in themselves, l)ut their occasional appearance is no indication of unhealthful conditions ; although their very constant or luxuriant appearance is often an accompaniment of extreme dam})ness. For the sake of neatness, it is best to remove them with rake or broom, and prevent their reappearance on the same surface by the free application of lime, either dry or in the form of whitewash. A report to this effect was made in the present case, but it was afterwards learned that the tenants had already left, victims to their superstitious fears and dread of the " mysterious." It should be remarked here that the appearance' of white fungus mycelia, followed by the development, on the surface of the mass, of a rusty-l)rown spore layer, with the exuda- tion of watery drops at its margin, should receive prompt attention. The fungus wdiich answers to this description belongs to the toadstool group, and appears on w^oodwork or even on cellar l)ottoms. It produces a very rapid and destructive " dry rot " of timber, and is known in Germany as the " house fungus." It should be thoroughly destroyed, and all woodwork in its vicinity painted or well whitewashed. 2. Blach Spot of Rose Leaves. — A disease affecting the leaves of roses growing in the Durfee plant-house of the Massachusetts Agricultural College was referred by Prof. S. T. Maynard to this department for examination and 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 229 report, in December, 1888. The leaves showed the dark, cloudy and dendritic patches, and the small, slightly raised pustules characteristic of the " black spot" of the rose ; and the microscope showed the presence of an a])undant mycelium in the spots, producing at certain points masses of the spores of the "black-spot" fungus, Actinonema rosm Fr. The spore-bearing spots are indicated by the pustules, which are formed by the elevation of the surface layer or epidermis of the leaf by the developing spore masses. As the internal tissue of the leaf is invaded by the mycelium, it is gradually killed, and loses its green color ; so arise the discolored spots, which give the disease its name, and which, at first small, spread radially in all directions from the point of infection. The fungus which causes this trouble is one of the imperfect fungi, and its relation to other forms remains still undetermined. The same disease appeared abundantly on leaves of roses cultivated out of doors in the garden of a very successful amateur in Amherst, last summer. Infected leaves should be carefully collected and destroj^ed, to prevent the dissemination of spores ; and it is probable that spraying with some fungicide will prove etficacious in checking the disease, if done early and frequently enough. For fuller details and recommendations, reference may be had to the report of the mycologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, for 1887, p. o'o^^, and to Bulletin No. 6 of the Hatch Experiment Station, before referred to. 3. Nematode Disease of Oucwnhers. — A disease seri- ously affecting cucumbers raised under glass came to my attention in July last, through Mr. H. T. Fernald of Amherst. It manifests itself first in the yellowing of the foliage, which is followed by the death of the plant. But the real seat of troul)le is in the roots, on which are formed rough, tubercle-like swellings or galls, in which the tissues are loose and spongy, and easily crumble. Examination showed the presence in these galls of very numerous microscopic worm's and their eggs. The worms measure perhaps one- fiftieth of an inch in length, and belong to the group known as thread-worms or nematodes, which attack the roots of many plants with fatal results. 230 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. This nematode disease of cucumbers is known in England, and is said to have been successfully treated by watering the soil in which the diseased plants were growing, with a weak solution of permanganate of potash, which appears to be fatal to the worms, without injuring the plants. It is suggested that the sulphate of manganese would probably be as efficient as the permanganate of potash, while it is much cheaper. The writer will be glad to communicate with any- one who is troubled by this disease, and wishes to experi- ment in combating it. 2. COMMUXICATIOX BY C. A. GoESSJIANN. The investigations concerning the effect of various modes of cultivation and of manuring on the general character and composition of fruits and garden crops will be resumed, as far as practicable, during the coming year. The circum- stances which some years ago ol)liged me to discontinue that work as outlined in our first and second annual reports, under the heading "Chemistry in Fruit Culture," are not existing now. The late permanent assignment of suitable fields, as well as the recent erection of buildings designed with a view to offer to growing plants the necessary pro- tection against objectionable features of climate and weather, promise to favor our plans of operation. The co-operation of our experiments in the field and in the vegetation house cannot fail to assist materially in drawing correct conclusions from our results. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 231 SPECIAL WORK IN THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY. I. Communication on commercial fertilizers : — 1. General introduction. 2. Laws for the regulation of the trade in commercial fertilizers. 3. List of licensed manufacturers for May 1, 1889, to May 1, 1890. 4. Analyses of licensed fertilizers. 5. Analyses of commercial fertilizers and manurial sub- stances sent on for examination. 6. Miscellaneous analyses. II. Water analyses. III. Compilation of analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of agri- cultural chemicals and refuse materials used for fertilizing purposes. IV. Compilation of analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of fodder articles, fruits, sugar-producing plants, dairy products, etc. 232 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. I. Communication on Commercial Fertilizers. 1. General introduction. 2. Laws for the regulation of the trade in commercial fertilizers. 3. List of licensed manufacturers for May 1, 1889, to May 1, 1890. 4. Analyses of licensed fertilizers. 5. Analyses of commercial fertilizers and manurial substances sent on for examination. 6. Miscellaneous analyses. 1. General Introduction. The new duties assigned to the director of the station render it necessary to discriminate, in the future, in official publications of the results of analyses of commercial fertili- zers and of manurial substances in general, between analyses of samples collected by a duly qualified delegate of the experiment station, in conformity with the rules prescribed by the new laws, and those analy^ses which are made of samples sent on for that purpose by outside parties. In regard to the former alone can the director assume the responsibilit}^ of a carefully prepared sample, and of the identity of the article in question. The official report of analyses of compound fertilizers, and of all such materials as are to be used for manurial purposes, which are sold in this State under a certificate of compliance with the present laws for the regulation of the trade in these articles, has been restricted by our State laws to a statement of chemical composition, and to such additional information as relates to the latter. The practice of affixing to each analysis of this class of fertilizers an approximate commercial valuation per ton of their principal constituents, has, there- fore, to be discontinued. This change, it is expected, will tend to direct the attention of the consumers of fertilizers more forcibly towards a consideration of the particular com- position of the different brands of fertilizers offered for their patronage, — a circumstance not unfrequently over- looked. The approximate market value of the diff'erent brands of fertilizers, obtained by the current mode of valuation, does not express their respective agricultural value, i.e., their 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 233 crop-producing value ; for the higher or lower market price of diflerent brands of fertilizers does not necessarily stand in a direct relation to their particular fitness, without any reference to the particular condition of the soil to be treated, and the special wants of the crops to be raised by their assistance. To select judiciously from among the various brands of fertilizers offered for patronage, requires, in the main, two kinds of information ; namely, we ought to feel confident that the particular brand of fertilizer in question actually contains the guaranteed quantities and qualities of essential articles of plant food at a reasonable cost, and that it contains them in such form and in such proportions as will best meet existing circumstances and special wants. In some cases it may be mainly either phosphoric acid or nitrogen or potash; in others, two of them; and in others again, all three. A remunerative use of commercial fertili- zers can only be secured by attending carefully to the above-stated considerations. To assist farmers not yet fiiaiiliar with the current mode of determining the commercial value of manurial substances offered for sale in our markets, some of the essential con- siderations, which serve as a basis for their commercial valu- ation, are once more stated within a few subsequent pages. The hitherto customary valuation of manurial substances is based on the average trade value of essential fertilizins: elements specified by analysis. . The money value of the higher grades of agricultural chemicals, and of the higher- priced compound fertilizers, depends, in the majority of cases, on the amount and the particular form of two or three essential articles of plant food — i.e , phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash — which they contain. To ascertain, by this mode of valuation, the approximate market value of a fertilizer {i.e., the money worth of its essential fertilizing ingredients), we multiply the pounds per ton of nitrogen, etc., by the trade value per pound; the same course is adopted with reference to the various forms of phosphoric acid, and of potassium oxide. We thus get the values per ton of the several ingredients, and, adding them together, we obtain the total valuation per ton in case of cash payment at points of general distribution. 234 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The market value of low-priced materials used for ma- nurial purposes, as salt, wood ashes, various kinds of lime, barn-yard manure, factory refuse, and waste materials of diii'erent description, quite frequently does not stand in a close relation to the market value of the amount of essential articles of plant food they contain. Their cost varies in different localities. Local facilities for cheap transportation, and more or less advantageous mechanical condition for a speedy action, exert, as a rule, a decided influence on their selling price. The mechanical condition of any fertilizing material, simple or compound, deserves the most serious consideration of formers, when articles of a similar character are offered for their choice. The degree of pulverization controls, almost without exception, under similar conditions, the rate of solubility and the more or less rapid diff'usion of the diflerent articles of plant food throughout the soil. The state of moisture exerts a no less important influence on the pecuniary value, in case of one and the same kind of substance. Two samples of fish fertilizers, although equally pure, may difler from fifty to one hundred per cent, in commercial value, on account of mere difference in moisture. Crude stock for the manufocture of fertilizers, and refuse materials of various descriptions, have to be valued with reference to the market price of their principal constituents, taking into consideration, at the same time, their general fitness for speedy action. Trade Values of Fertilizing Ingredients in Raw Materials and Chemicals. {1889.) Cents per Poiiiicl. Nitrogen in ammoniates, 19 Niti'ogen in nitrates, 17 Organic nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat and blood, . 19 Organic nitrogen in cotton-seed meal and castor pomace, . . 15 Organic-nitrogen in fine-ground bone and tankage, . . . IGJ Organic nitrogen in fine-grovind medium bone and tankage, . 13 Organic nitrogen in meilium bone and tankage, .... lOi Organic nitrogen in coarser bone and tankage, .... 8| Organic nitrogen in hair, horn shavings and coarse fish scraps, . 8 Phosphoric acid soluble in water, 8 Phosphoric acid soluble in ammonium citrate, .... 7^ 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 235 Trade Values of Fertilizing Ingredients — Concluded. Cents per Pound. Phosphoric acid in dry ground bone, fish bone and tankage, . 7 Phosphoric acid in fine medium bone and tankage, ... 6 Phosi)horic acid in medium bone and tankage, .... 5 Phosphoric acid in coarse bone and tankage, .... 4 Phosjjhoric acid in fine-ground rock j)hosphate, .... 2 Potash as high-grade sulpliate, and in form free from muriates or chlorides ; ashes, etc., 6 Potash as kainite, 4^ Potash as muriate, 4J The organic nitrogen in superphosphates, special manures and mixed fertilizers of a high grade, is usually valued at the highest figures laid down in the trade values of fertilizing ingredients in raw materials, namely, nineteen cents per pound ; it being assumed that the organic nitrogen is derived from the best sources, viz., animal matter, as meat, blood, bones, or other equally good forms, and not from leather, shoddy, hair, or any low-priced, inferior form of vegetable matter, unless the contrary is ascertained. For similar reasons, the insoluble phosphoric acid is valued in this con- nection at three cents ; it being assumed, unless found other- wise, that it is from bone or similar source, and not from rock phosphate. In this latter form the insoluble phos- phoric acid is worth but two cents per pound. The above trade values are the figures at which, in the six months preceding March, 1889, the respective ingredi- ents could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets, in the raw materials, which are the regular source of supply. They also correspond to the average wholesale prices for the six months ending March 1, plus twenty per cent, in case of goods for which we have wholesale quotations. The valua- tions obtained by use of the above figures will be found to agree fairly with the retail price at the large markets of standard raw materials, such as — Sulphate of ammonia. Dry ground fish, Nitrate of soda, Azotin, Muriate of potash. Ammonite, Sulphate of potash. Castor pomace, Dried blood, Bone and tankage. Dried ground meat. Plain superphosphates. 236 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. A large percentage of commercial materials consists of refuse matter from various industries. The composition of these substances depends on the mode of manufacture carried on. The rapid progress in our manufacturing industries is liable to affect, at any time, more or less seriously, the com- position of the refuse. To assist the farming community in a clear and intelligent appreciation of the various substances sold for manurial purposes, a frequent examination into the temporary character of agricultural chemicals and refuse materials offered in our markets for manurial purposes is constantly carried on at the lal)oratory of the station. Consumers of commercial manurial substances do well to buy, whenever practicable, on guaranty of composition with reference to their essential constituents ; and to see to it that the bill of sale recognizes that point of the bargain. Any mistake or misunderstanding in the transaction may be readily adjusted, in that case, between the contending parties. The responsibility of the dealer ends with furnish- ing an article corresponding in its composition with the lowest stated quantity of each specified essential constituent. Our present laws for the regulation of trade in commercial fertilizers include not only the various brands of compound fertilizers, but also all materials, single or compound, with- out reference to source, used for manurial purposes, when offered for sale in our market at ten dollars or more per ton. Copies of our present laws for the regulation of the trade in commercial fertilizers may be had by all interested, on application at the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Amherst, Mass. Arrangements are made, as in previous years, to attend to the examination of objects of general interest to the farming community, to the full extent of existing circum- stances. Requests for analyses of substances, as fodder articles, fertilizers, etc., coming through officers of agricult- ural societies and farmers' clubs within the State, will receive hereafter, as in the past, first attention, and in the order that the applications arrive at the office of the station. The results will be returned without charge for the services rendered. Applications of private parties for analyses of 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 237 substances, free of charge, will receive a careful considera- tion, whenever the results promise to be of a more general interest. For obvious reasons, no work can be carried on at the station of which the results are not at the disposal of the managers for publication, if deemed advisable in the interest of the citizens of the State. All parcels and communications sent on to "The Massachusetts State Experiment Station " must have ex- press and postal charges prepaid, to receive attention. 2. Laws for the Begulation of the Trade in Commercial Fertilizers. [Chap. 296.] An Act to regulate the sale of commercial fertilizers. Be it enacted^ etc., as follows: Section 1. Every lot or parcel of commercial fertilizers or material used for manurial purposes sold, offered or exposed for sale within this Commou wealth, the retail price of which is ten dollars or more per ton, shall be accompanied by a plainly printed statement clearly and truly certifying the number of net pounds of fertilizer in the package, the name, brand or trade mark under which the fertiUzer is sold, the name and address of the manufacturer or importer, the place of manufacture, and a chemical analysis stat- ing the percentage of nitrogen or its equivalent in ammonia, of potash soluble in distilled water, and of phosphoric acid in avail- able form soluble in distilled water and reverted, as well as the total phosphoric acid. In the case of those fertilizers which con- sist of other and cheaper materials, said label shall give a correct general statement of the composition and ingredients of the fer- tilizer it accompanies. Sect. 2. Before any commercial fertilizer, the retail price of which is ten dollars or more per ton, is sold, offered or exposed for sale, the importer, manufacturer or party who causes it to be sold or offered for sale within the state of Massachusetts, shall file with the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment station, a certified copy of the statement named in section one of this act, and shall also deposit with said director at his request a sealed glass jar or bottle, containing not less than one pound of the fertil- izer, accompanied by an affidavit that it is a fair average sample thereof. Sect. 3. The manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any brand of commercial fertilizer or material used for manurial pur- 238 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. poses, the retail price of which is ten dollars or more per ton, shall pay for each brand, on or before the first day of May annually, to the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment station, an analysis fee of five dollars for each of the three following fer- tilizing ingredients : namely, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, contained or claimed to exist in said brand or fertilizer : irrovided^ that whenever the manufacturer or importer shall have paid the fee herein required for any person acting as agent or seller for such manufacturer or importer, such agent or seller shall not be required to pay the fee named in this section ; and on receipt of said analysis fees and statement specified in section two, the direc- tor of said station shall issue certificates of compliance with this act. Sect. 4. No person shall sell, offer or expose for sale in the state of Massachusetts, any pulverized leather, raw, steamed, roasted, or in any form as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient of any fertilizer or manure, without an explicit printed certificate of the fact, said certificate to be conspicuously affixed to every package of such fertilizer or manure and to accompany or go with every parcel or lot of the same. Sect. 5. Any person selling, offering or exposing for sale, any commercial fertilizer without the statement required by the Jirst section of this act, or with a label stating that said fertilizer con- tains a larger percentage of any one or more of the constituents mentioned in said section than is contained therein, or respecting the sale of which all the provisions of the foregoing section have not been fully complied with, shall forfeit fifty dollars for the first offence, and one hundred dollars for each subsequent offence. Sect. G. This act shall not affect parties manufacturing, im- porting or purchasing fertilizers for their own use, and not to sell in this state. Sect. 7. The director of the Massachusetts agricultural experi- ment station shall pay the analysis fees, as soon as received by him, into the treasury of the station, and shall cause one analysis or more of each fertilizer or material used for manurial purposes to be made annually, and publish the results monthly, with such additional information as circumstances advise : x>rovided, such information relates only to the composition of the fertilizer or fertilizing material inspected. Said director is hereby authorized in person or by deputy to take a sample, not exceeding two pounds in weight, for analysis, from any lot or package of fertilizer or any material used for manurial purposes which may be in the possession of any manufacturer, importer, agent or dealer ; but said sample shall be drawn in the presence of said party or parties in interest or their representative, and taken from a parcel or a 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33 239 number of packages which shall be not less than ten per cent, of the whole lot inspected, and shall be thorouglily mixed and then divided into two equal samples and placed in glass vessels and carefully sealed and a label placed on each, stating the name or brand of the fertilizer or material sampled, the name of the party from whose stock the sample was drawn and the time and place of drawing, and said label shall also be signed by the director or his deputy and by the party or parties in interest or their represent- atives present at the drawing and sealing of said sample ; one of said duplicate samples shall be retained by the director and the other by the party whose stock was sampled. All parties violat- ing this act shall be prosecuted by the director of said station ; but it shall be the duty of said director, upon ascertaining any violation of this act, to forthwith notify the manufacturer or im- porter in writing, and give him not less than thirty days thereafter in which to comply with the requirements of this act, but there shall be no prosecution in relation to the quality of the fertilizer or fertilizing material if the same shall be found substantially equivalent to the statement of analysis made by the manufacturer or importer. Sect. 8. Sections eleven to sixteen inclusive of chapter sixty of the Public Statutes are hereby repealed. Sect. 9. This act shall take effect on the first day of September in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight. \_Approved May 5, 1888. Instructions issued at the Beginning of the Season, to Dealers in Commercial Fertilizers. 1 . An application for a certificate of compliance with the regu- lations of the trade in commercial fertilizers and materials used for manurial purposes in this State must be accompanied : — First, with a distinct statement of the name of each brand offered for sale. Second, with a statement of the amount of phosphoric acid, of nitrogen and of potassium oxide, guaranteed in each distinct brand. Third, with the fee charged by the State for a certificate, which is five dollars for each of the following articles : nitrogen, phos- phoricacid and potassium oxide, guaranteed in any distinct brand. 2. The obligation to secure a certificate applies not only to compound fertilizers, but to all substances, single or compound, used for manurial purposes, and offered for sale at ten dollars or more per ton of two thousand pounds. 3. The certificate must be secured annually before the 1st of May. 240 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 4. Manufacturers, importers and dealers in commercial fertili- zers can appoint in this State as many agents as they desire, after having secured at this office the certificate of compliance with our laws. 5. Agents of manufacturers, importers and dealers in com- mercial fertilizers, are held personally responsible for their trans- actions until they can prove that the articles they offer for sale are duly recorded in this office. ' 6. Manufacturers and importers are requested to furnish a list of their agents. 7. All applications for certificates ought to be addressed to the director of the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station. 3. List of Dealers who have secured Certificates for the Sale of Qommercial Fertilizers in This State during the Past Year, and the Brands Licensed by Each. Forest City Wood Ash Conipan}*, London, Ontario, Canada : — Canada Unleached Wood Ashes. Bovvker Fertilizer Comi^any, Boston, ]\Iass : — Stockbridge Manures. Bowker's Hill and Drill Phosphate Bowker's Amnioniated Bone Fertilizer. Bowker's Lawn and Garden Fertilizer. Bowker's Fish and Potash. Bowker's Dry Ground Fish. Gloucester Fish and Potash. Fine-ground Bone. Plain Superphosphate. Kainite. Nitrate of Soda. Dried Blood. Dissolved Bone-black. Muriate of Potash. Sulphate of Potash. National Fertilizer Company, Bridgeport, Conn. : — Chittenden's Complete Fertilizer Chittenden's Fish and Potash. Chittenden's Phosphate. Hargrave Manufacturing Company, Fall River, Mass. : — Hargrave's Bone. William E. Fyfe & Co., Clinton, Mass. : — Canada Unleached Wood Ashes. Edmund Hersey, Hingham, Mass. : — Steamed Bone. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 241 3. List of Dealers who have secured Certificates, etc. — Continued. Read Fertilizer Company, Syracuse, N. Y. : — Farmer's Brand. Lion Brand. High-grade Farmer's Friend Special. Sampson or Lion Special. E. Frank Coe, New York, N. Y. : — E. Frank Coe's Gold Brand Excelsior Guano . Fish and Potash. Potato Fertilizer. Alkaline Bone. E. Frank Coe's High-grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate. Cumberland Bone Company, Portland, j\Ie. : — Seeding-down Fertilizer. Cumberland Superphosphate. Williams & Clark Company, New York, N. Y. : — Americus Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate. Potato Phosphate. Great Eastern Fertilizer Company, Rutland, Vt. : — Great Eastern General for Grain and Grass. Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco Fertilizer. Great Eastern General Oats, Buckwheat and Seeding-down Phosphate. Joseph Church »& Co., Tiverton, R. I. : — Fish and Potash. Church's Special. Church's Standard. Dried and Ground Fish. Thompson & Edwards Fei'tilizer Company, Chicago, 111. : — World of Good Tobacco Guano. J. A. Tucker & Co., Boston, Mass. : — Original Bay State Bone Sui)eri:)hosphate. Impei'ial Bone Superphosphate. Edw. F. Jennison, Lancaster, ]\Iass. : — Jennison's Complete Animal Fertilizer. Orient Guano Manufacturing Company, New York, N. Y. : — Suffolk County. Orient Complete Manures. Fish and Potash. Davidge Fertilizer Company, New York, N. Y. : — Davidge's Potato Manure. Davidge's Vegetator. Davidge's Special Favorite. I;ister's Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. : — Lister's Standard Superphosphate of Lime. Lister's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone. 242 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 3. List of Dealers who have secured Certificates^ etc. — Continued. J. M. Bvitman, Lowell, i\Iass. : — Lowell Bone Fertilizer. Adams & Thomas, Springfield, Mass. : — Adams Market Bone Fertilizer. Whittemore Brothers, Wayland, ^lass. : — Whittemore's Complete jNIanure. Mayo & Hix, Boston, Mass. : — Mayo SuiDerphosphate. John C. Dow & Co., Boston, Mass. : — Dow's Ground Bone Fertilizer. J. E. Soper & Co , Boston, Mass. : — Cotton-seed Hull Ashes. F. C. Stin-tevant, Hartford, Conn. : — Tobacco Stems. E. H. Smith, Northborough, Mass. : — Smith's Steamed Bone. A. L, Ames, Peabody, Mass. : — Ames' Bone Fertilizer. The Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Company, Xew York, N. Y. : — The Mapes Bone Manures. Peruvian Guanos. The Mapes Superphosphate. The Mapes Special Corn Manures. C. A. Bartlett, Worcester, Mass. : — C. A. Bartlett's Pui'e Ground Bone. Animal Fertilizer. Bradley Fertilizer Companj', Boston, Mass. : — Bradley's XL Phosphate. B. D. Sea-fowl Guano. Coe's Superphosphate. Fish and Potash. Pure Fine-ground Bone. Bradley s Comijlete Manm-es : — For Potatoes and Vegetables. For Corn and Grain. For Top-dressing Grass and Grain. Bradley's Grass Manure for Top-dressing. Bradley's Potato Manure. Nitrate of Soda. Sulphate of Ammonia. Muriate of Potash. Dissolved Bone-black. Cleveland Diyer Company, Cleveland, Ohio : — Cleveland Potato Phosphate. Cleveland Superphosphate. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 243 3. List of Dealers who have secured Certificates^ etc. — Continued. American Manufacturing Company, Boston, Mass. : — The Allen Fertilizer. G. E. Holmes, New Woi'cester, Mass. : — Fine-ground Bone. Wm. J. Brightman & Co., Tiverton, R. 1. : — Fish and Potash. Superphosphate. Dry Ground Fish. S. Winter, Brockton, Mass. : — S. Winter's Pure Ground Bone. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Company, Buffalo, N. Y. : — New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate. Buffalo Superphosphate, No. 2. Special Potato Manure. Pure. Ground Bone. Ammoniated Bone Supei'phosphate. Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate. Queen City Phosphate. Vegetable Bone Superphosphate. Ammoniated Wheat and Corn Phosphate. Standard Fertilizer ComiJany, Boston, Mass. : — Standard Superphosphate. Breck's Lawn and Garden Dressing. Munroe, Judson & Stroup, Oswego, N. Y. : — Unleached Canada Wood Ashes. Benj. Randall, Boston, Mass. : — Randall's Market-garden Fertilizer. Randall's Combined Bone. The Le Page Company, Boston, ]\Iass. : — The Red Star Brand 203 Fertilizer. The Red Star Brand Special Potato Fertilizer. Pacific Guano Com^jany, Boston, Mass. : — Soluble Pacific Guano. Fish and Potash. Special Potato Manui'e. The Quinnipiac Company, New London, Conn. : — Quinnipiac Phosphate. Quinnipiac Potato M.anure. Quinnij^iae Dry Ground Fish, Quinnipiac Fish and Potash. A. Lee & Co., Boston, Mass. : — Lawrence Fertilizer. Ground Bone. 244 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 3. List of Dealers tvlio have secured Certificates,, etc. — Concluded. H. J. Baker & Bros., New York, N. Y. : — A. A. Ammoniated Superphosphate. Pelican Bone Fertilizer. Potato ]\Ianure. John G. Jefferds, Worcester, Mass. : — Jefferds' Animal Fertilizer. Jefferds' Fine-ground Bone. N. AVard Company, Boston, Mass. : — N, Ward Company's High-grade Animal Fertilizer. L. B. Darling Fertilizer Company, Pawtucket, R. I. : — Darling's Animal Fertilizer. Extra Bone Phosjihate. Darling's Potato and Root Crop jNIanure. Darling's Pure Bone. Muriate of Potash. Sulphate of Potash. • Butler, Breed & Co., Boston, Mass. : — Economic No. 1 Fertilizer for Grass. Economic No. 2 Fertilizer for Pastui-e. Economic No. 3 Fertilizer for Corn. Economic No. 4 Fertilizer for Potatoes. Economic No. 7 Fertilizer for Garden. Stearns' Fertilizer Company, New York, N. Y. : — Stearns' Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate. Stearns' American Guano. Thos. Hersom & Co., New Bedford, ]\Iass. : — Pure Fine-ground Bone. H. L. Phelps, Southampton, Mass. : — H. L. Phelps' Complete Manure. Prentiss, Brooks & Co., Holyoke, Mass. : — Dry Fish. Dissolved Bone-black. Muriate of Potash. Nitrate of Soda. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo, 33. 245 '!^. I Cb 5q o s GQ ^ f? •2 c^ o ^^ y- co . ^^ ,"• i-.; ■w -^ ^ ^ ^ ] r^ TIT— ■"^'-- — ---*^ — ^ ^w ? C r' 3 S ! r I'llll'^lll-i^ ^ii: i' 0 0 -jii 3 .5 .5 o d d 5 - r = >? ~ - 7^ 0 0 5 ^ ^ x" g . . . . aj I ' ' ' ' ■ . -^ L« .-C ^ _; " — >> ■-■■•■ • • 'ESS • -555 o ° = O O H. ™ < _^^0 _ ._r_rS " X z - ' :2.2,%t Mp < if-]:-=S = H>Hc5;,g,o ^ '^ * ' S 0000005.0 — ^:: >^ - „ 1 ^' 0 0 :u J) ^^ ^ ." - - = 0 -SSS < >!>;>. >'-^^. 2,g_S.£.s ^j£^^H,^H.O Q 0 n " 1 •r £P 3 S S £ = £--= — O^^-s = £^ S S ocS2,-=i.i.'rr = ui-i - 0 0 OOQ--W - S S| 2 <2>;s^^ 3 S e ,-^- g =i g .2 .2 .^ ~ 5 -^ -g 1 rii i E E^fe^^ S ■^ 0 S i' 1-5 — ^ E~ fef^'rZ^=,=,jf.S 2 g-^ &lia C3 s 'r=-~ -t-r^in • 0 -i: ^-S ;5 a c s a 2-^ S ■B.5.-5.2 ■-■=■= - * « P5 a — CJ 0 ^ *- accSSS •jaqranx 1— OOCir-IC^COt'OOCO-^CO c-i CO "^ 00 CO „r1r-(r1r-l?)e^eO n •* -ijo}Bjoq«i 246 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. op off O CO lO CO »0 CO I I I ' I I (M CO »0 -* 'N * C-l "OiO 00 -* QO C-l eO 'XJ 'O COcOCDO-rfCOOiOC •ranipaj^ •oinipaj^ i-H (M CD O ocO'*'roi^OiO-f t-cocia>cot—ciGo^oo >^I— CDCOCO'-'OCOOl-^ I COCO vO C^ ^ ) 1-1 CO iM to CO OCO-i*!— QOCOOCOl-i-''-* C^C^C^0 CI I— •-< CO tJ< O OD Oi "-' CO CI C^ CO lO -M i^» i^ c; ^ c^ CD CO CO t-- no t- *0 O (M O (N O CO I- c^o o O CO CC t— CO CO i-i 00 oi oi (M CO C'O CO -:r o o o o o w z 5 o D ^: •poaiatUTJUf) 'puno^ OO »0 >C i.O lO C^ O (N SCOCOriC-1C<)i-«(NOSOirH I «0 tO O CO >0 • CO •— < "1 • • (M iM • fr- . Cq CO • CO • •^'MOOOOOCOOCDCOCOO) T3 -3 -■_ % c3 a> 0) ?, *-• ^H G a 5; 0) £?§ 3 S-3 Wo2oaWP3 •jaquiujvt XaoicjoqB'j O? CO t— QO CO - (N CO'^QO ?0 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 247 ^ >*i Sampled at — Lowell. Pittsfiekl. Amherst. Sunderland. Sunderland. Worcester. Worcester. Worcester. Worcester. Springfield. Springfield. Northampton. Northampton. Chelsea. Chelsea. Ipswich. Ipswich. Ipswich. Taunton. Northampton. Northampton. - Name of Manufacturer. ^ r^ o ^ J. M. Butman, Lowell, Mass., . Read Fertilizer Company, New York, Davidge Fertilizer Company, New York, . Bowker Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass., Cumberland Bone Company, Portland, Me., Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Company Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass., J. G. Jcfferds, Worcester, Mass., Williams & (lark Conipany, New York, . Joseph Church & Co., Tiverton, R.I., Adams & Thomas, Springfield, Mass., Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass., Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass., J. A. Tucker & Co., Boston, Mass., . J. A. Tucker & Co , Boston, Mass , . A. L Ames, Peabody, Mass., J. C. Dow & Co.. Boston, Mass., Darling Fertilizer Comi)any, Pawtucket, R. I., Darling Fertilizer Company, Pawtucket, R. I., Quinnipiac Company, New London, Conn., Quinnipiac Company, New London, Conn , pa c « Lowell Bone Fertilizer, .... Sampson Brand or Lion Special, .... Special Favorite, Stockbridge's Tobacco Manure, . . . ' Cumberland Bone Superphosphate, . Mapes' Complete Manure Bradley's XL Superphosphate of Lime, Jefferds' Animal Fertilizer with Potash, Americus Brand Ammoniated Superphosphate, Church's Fish and Potash, .... Adams' Market Bone Fertilizer, . Dry Fish Guano, Bradley's Fish and Potash, " A " Brand, . Original Bay State Bone Superphosphate, . Imperial Bone Superphosphate, . Ames' Bone Fertilizer, Dow's Nitrogenous Superphosphate, . Darling's Pure Dissolved Bone, . Extra Bone Phosphate, .... Cotton-hull Ashes, Muriate of Potash, 248 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [ Jan. 2 '"^ 0 g 1^ w 5 3 00 S - !^ <: Cffl s •pa91 Pm •pano^ iM — CO O CO t^ c<3 O "O O CO CO CO -* 1- 1 I I I I M M I ' I I I I I ' I Y i^oo-i's'C'i'OiMcoco -^c'J'Ci— ICO CO CO '^ lO o C) I I CO C<1 GO O < C^ t^ t— ' C^l iO 00 1— I CD !CO,-^OC^^C^Tjil-H-7JHlO ■* !M rH ■— I CO o O ^ N ^ •paoi •pnno^ I O (M CO —> CI I ^- ^^ O 1— ' r-l I— 1 OO M M ' I ' I ' I ) 30O ^ C5 C5 O O o o o O C2 O .-H « r- ~j ■>!< C5 CO 30 CO ^ t^ coc-j^-Tti^coio^Hio-^o-^ira-^cor-ioost^ ior-;Coc^T)<.-il>locJO'^t~^-^-^t^o6cio'Ol/J •paoi -nBJBllQ ■pnno^ •3iqn[osui •pajaaAa'ji •aiqnpg (-- (M tJ" -^ (M -^ CO (^o O . CI O C-1 00 d 7777T7T777TT''T77 '77 ' ■ >ooiMir3eoOr-i'+'— 'irtcotD ooco cdo -<* ,-H ,_, ,_| ^ ^ ,_ ,^ rt ^ ^rt ,_.,— _ i-i^oooO'tocoin(Mt-~c;co oioc-ir-ocioococi — >— 'Tt<-^coco c^ci!Nc4^co^^o-Hcooi>-«c4c*lOTt*^«5 E- H^ fir-. •paajnBJBnf) ■pano^ O CO O ) i^ i—L'toq oo^-);oooooo cJeocicoco-)"coir:cO'3St^a0C0'O— lO eot--cotocO'-io.-^ mS. CD £.|5 bo An _ ~ > C(MC5d.#-fOt^COCOOSCO-t<00.-i005 ■—(r-(,-iC^C0C0-*'*O>OOiriC0CD00C00C — coo 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 241) p.r^.'i ^ ^ .S .2 5 .ii = 2 r: ij a ■- M y; ro 3 ^ -S n O O 4) O -f^ -C^- -C :^ — a o O ^ s >* ^ . .^ . - . r . . . . *^: .£' ^S SS'5 "S S . . . . R ^ . a -^ g ^* -S ., 3 • S 5 o '-«^ =<3 =?3 '•§ "2 §"== 5 '2 -r-^ .S 5 ^^ £ g" f^&H ;:^ji^;^ oo s t< -^ H Etc ^'-fa 3 ;« ,^ o t^ OJ o S oacq g< 3 3^ = * 53 <5^^. rr M . =« o ^ O O) _N „ tC JH «J _ ro o 03 CQ ••^•^ s a a O =3 o s a i a a • 3 S' • • o ^S "S ^ .>: o 3 Sj3 ^ i S S r- ?^ OJ ;s 3 ■ P iT j?: * * -js o 3'S '-^-<: S '^ «i a If C -fj cS • S o ^ NJ o 2 "^ 2 o o« II ■■n CO "o a'^ £ — CO F 11 & (U o '^ K W H .(aojBJoqBi I C0O0XM00C005— 'ira«OOOCMO'<*iC5(M-*iiOt^ 1— i(M'>JOCOOt-~-00-HCI'MCOCOCCCO 250 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. » •0 CO •^ -a » •mnipaj^ o . OS.IKOQ 0 01 Is 0 c * ■*— CO ' ' 1 1 i-co* o* eoCTiOOOico-foc* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t- " a ""S gS a Z •amip9H 1-:?^ O 0 O < r^rH 0 •innipaj^ i*T = U 0 ^ ;?: 8ai£ SS3 O CO OS coi^-^coeoocooioico-cfc^ioo <;S o CO CO r-l C^ Cl»«COC0C0'Mi-ia0COr-i(NCl-*»O r' 0 CO H Pi « •9n[^ , "^-t fc ^ 0 CO 0 rj* i-H eq 0^ i"co oo'~'3 qo'^'^'^''^Ih s s w •pag; 1 1 1 1 uo 1 « M 1 ' ' 1 1 1 1 M cJ '^ !» ■aBjBn-9 m to o o •* CO 1(0 O COQOOIODCCOO R o: CO IZ •A o < > < ,^ PL, 0 K P •pnno£ •^ t- 05 CO cooo o5 0-. cc o ,_( '"' o a — Ol O IN Ol CO o o o rH r-1 .H '"' r-( 1-1 ^ r-t 1-1 I-. i-n i-H ,-^ r-t ■M O 03 ro o •aiqnioBaj CCClCO'MCOCOCSOOl-COrH'i'OCO r^ to O ,_, OC-tOl^Of-irHOCOCOCOCOi-lrHi-1 o a OCOO CO •pa}jaA9^ CO -It r- CO ^ t- CO OS Oi O 00 rH o 'O i-IN 0 I— ( I-H T-< T^ r1COr-IIMOqr-(r1r-imo lO r^ in t- Ci ^ o I- 1- oo t' t- -' o ^ ;zH I— OiO t-OGCi-" OCO'5'-*«« 01 " es . CO « CO O •* CO Ht CO Ol O) -t T). (M O) 0^ O) Ol 00 coco g; 0 W £ z; C •paajnB.icnr) 1 ' 1 1 '^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M CC. CI •^1 OS5 O) M •>J"* (Mi-Old riC^rHr-l cc t- « •puno^ O OCD rHCOCOOCOTtt-r^-tOCOOICOO ■N •* Ol ^ CO CO PO C^ (M CO TticOUOCOCOrHrlcOUOiMtMOlOlC^ fS> •a.injsiojn ■^ r- C-l CO oi d W Oi CO CO oje c 1 £ s V a c 0 ■ OM .•a a .3 0 P '^ a S a; C4 0 .1^ ^ oj3«ajc«i.o!oS---^ . >^ .^-r- S < Boston, ^ % Bridgepc y, Duximr y, Boston ton, R. I., , Portland Portland g Compan , New Yor , New Yoi s, New Lo .3 " s, Peabody, Mass rtilizer Company eitiJizer Companj 'ertilizer Compan Fertilizer Compai urch & Co., Tivci d Bone Company d Bone Company can Manufacturii X, Boston, Mass. 31'tilizer Company ertilizer Company Company, Agent rcester, M r Compan Company ice, Mass. on, Mass., !^.l53g| sSi:^.^glli=^^.5 ^^^6€ "o"::--iucu— ~SC ^t" & 5 r.t'^ S . A. L. . Bowk Natio Stand Econ( .Tosep] Cumb Cund) . 'J'he A Mayo . David . David Quimi . J. G. . Stand . Darlii . Lee& . S. Wi ■ • c~ .u . tc — ... ^S zz '>-> •< *"- *M ^ iH ^ « "i^ cft '"• ^ 5J Name or Ti Compound Fe Ames' Bone Fertilizer, . Stockltridge's Manure for Top Dre Chittenden's Ainuioniated Bone Si Standard Superphosphate, . Economic No. 1, for Grass, . Church's Dry Ground Fish, .• Cund)crland Superphosphate, Cunibrrlaud Seeding-dcjwn Fertilii' The Allen Fertilizer, Mayo's Superphosphate, Davidge's Potato Manure, . Special Favorite, .... Sulphate of Potash, Bon Jefferds' Steamed Bone, Standard Pure Ground Bone, Darling's Pure Ground Bono, Lawrence Bone Meal, . S. Winter's Pure Ground Bone, . 1 •aaqnin>^ ,-iCOO— 'OO'fM^-^lOtDI^OO^ 'AjoiBJoqBi ra ctot--*cO'0 lOC^OOrHtDCO-^OlOlGCTTCl 21.75 19.56 15.10 16.35 11.58 r-,OCOO^'^(M-*»-I^C0t^C»*-<»-tt-oc o -r 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 253 3 a o U -^ e ^ jJjoiBJoqBT; ss o o c a C O J- - ^ cS ^ o o o . . C cj'^ "^ o o O = > > — ti "^O " 0^ - - h:) 2 tT ^ s- :;■ S t-, ^2;sac^cc3rt a:) -- ci rt c^ ci o — -"^ ,^ ^ Cu ^ Ci^ :^-*^ CT(«=H .enaasEOoc •g .2 -""-^ ^■25cS5a".^5 a =3 rt « " a-S a o c s-i 1? S ;::; g .- a' =" b & i--a . - a> (u >. „ .'^ .S a °* 1^ c3 ,2 .2 ^ ^ _ ^ .2 ■- .S .-P " " o o s 5 O O oj c^ O o .s § !^ o o -^ -z: a ■^ ■:: -: o _ b Cb O a a CO 3 " 1; k '^ ti "t^ 1^ -H . ■«:; (M to >o CO cq CO Tt< <:c •pano^ T)t^ T} < •paai -EBJBIir) 7-8 8-10 4—6 10-12 O 7 6—8 8—10 8-9 ■ 5-7 9-11 10—12 6—8 10—13 12.5—14.5 8.5—12 , 8-10 9—12 •pnnoj Oi CO t^co ■* c^ o ic t^ — ( CO 00 CO r^ O -i 00 •pnnoj 10.59 13.61 7.45 12.75 00 dooioccoc^i-*o6 (N-*^a3o'dcoN •aiqnxosni o CO CC C2 .-H CO CO •— ' c4 CO CO o CO o ■*.-iCOt^«Ot^"*C5 Ot^i-j 1.52 2.80 2.97 1.40 CO CO co (M t^ '^ Ci ocoooTi.-;jri t-1 .-< t-l CO 06 .* t-^ d tj- ti< ^ t^ zS " « . fe « x £ ?: 0 « p •pa a;n«jBn£) 3.25—4.25 2.00—3.00 7.5-10.0 2.47—3.30 o CO 1 o 2.5—3.5 3.25-4.25 3-4 4.12—4.94 1.6—2.5 2.05—2.85 2.5-3.25 5-0 2—3 2—2.5 2.25-3 8.24-9.89 2.47—4.12 3.30—4.94 4.12—5.77 2—2.5 •pnnoj CO>-; t-yt-; CO c4t-^ci c^ CO 0 C5 0 ^ 00 ^ 0 ->.oco cqcT. •*o--'*-(>4o cJ CO oi -^ C^ !N Coo 00COt---T!;CC'S;cqCl ri<-«<.-i-^Coeo lOi.ocot^t^aoooci 0—"-'- — 01 CO 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 255 d a o O >ii XjO^BiOqBI S 5 cs o t; ■^ 2 5; .^» ^ 5 -rt c : c = to . S ^> ■" o >■ 5 H — S S I, 5 o 0* ~ '^oii^B -" ""2 - -■ =o = 5 2-'3-*^ = " = g 6 66 '^-'tn ;'5r^o<^ ^ =M^, So-^ .«_.>-« 2 " P P.i ~ t< 53 0^ =«!-. t^'^og"^ _2~3^^^ — --ON.i o o ^ *t: ,«u r'^ .=- ,«^ o tt - S t; fq p3 W ?f Pr^ S § '3 o '3 a; g« S-af^JJ M tc " fcc tc^ o ■ -O S -- .o 2 Ph .::,e-i p£^ f: O =i •- aj o ci H c .;r r---2 o cS ^ >;■• £|gW.Bg o 2a g-^ o<| « 2 OS-'" S OT3r3 = Jj C = r^ 5 2 S '-' -i e ca ^6 9-^ ic- es ^ cu J -g o «2 izi : o| §^0 |„ ^ ^ Oi QJ p O S "o "3 "S "3 S 5 o g o o ^ £Ph o^ « S;0 •si § 2 PhPho ^ J /5 SWPh 2bC) AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. a > 5 P £ o w Eh a>^ O o -UBJBn£) I I I CO coco 1 lO CO -* •*! c<3 Tj< t^ CO ■ ■ ■ I I 1*1 I M ■^ lo >oco ct5-* OCTS^lM^cor^OO-^'OCOoO-- lootoojco c-jtooqo^oO'*"*^'^'^"*''^'-^'^"^'* i-HODOCOOO tOt-^tO 05 r-^ O O 05 t-^ 00 OO O 00 icoco to C^ M C^ C<) <>5 CO CO to ■oco>-HOcoc4 •aiqnios >» o r^ C5 ^ ^ 0'=^ 05 0^ "^ -rflOO COOO'MOTtiCOO-ti-^C^C'JlOOl t— -*co©t^tocot^t^>oooocc-"'-±^ii^ cocoC2C5coa)t--C]a>cDoo-^co>nc^'- t^iM-Hio^too^cot^ototooocno tOt^OOGOOiO^OO.— i^^C^Cii ^ _:^ ^ 1 . .-§ 3 g g g -d .. ' -3 11= . . .?=~^^ .r6^33i^i c; §§|I|I|^|^"I|P||.|.|§ 32 '?>£5o6oS5555o"S3'3'3^3^? o •" ' '• • ■ ^ ^--^ • • • • • .5 §) • . . A n^ . ... " >^ - '3^ 1 9 -J-'^s--- ^? § ^ - s f4 J § s s ' * 'So ' ' ' -^-i b -< i. Z <; 1 .-&'^i5| E- wPh •pano^ O(M00>0Tt<.-liOC050ico1 CO CO CD CO C^ c4 C3 <:o O rH O t-H t^ ■*! •*! 1— I Ci en CO Lt CO C^l (M en O CO (M CO CO I COCC-*>000'— lOCOC-JOi— (COOQiO I C^ t-H CD CO (N i-< rH r-H 1-H O CD •* CO ■-< i-< CD t— iO>000003CDCOCT>COCO-t<-*<>"l-t0 O O •* CO CO lO o o o C^4 CD >0 O CO CO CO CO CO >— i!M-i r-H c^ CO Ti! CO CO CO ^ CO c^ CO cd •8.in;9toj^ CiCO— 'lOOOOOI^O'+'C^ICO'M^Oi— ICOOC^I c-;-*-^cDocococot^Or-^cot^.— •co_<>Ji— ir-.co oc^i*-H^(>i(MOcocoodirr'i^'?j^ot^»ocoo S c O 5 53 !-i eta ^ .hJ .ta So 5 c c 3 OS ci O ta S* ■ ^ o c3-a i s S Ph 2 2'cS p c k'z^jS ■ ZoS fc j:: +3 ^ cs •> OS •.laquin^ iC.iO}T!.ioqi;'i cDOO-<}/se.'^, etc. — Continued. Wood Ashes. [I. and II. sent on by Frank Wheeler, Concord, Mass. ; III. and IV. sent on by E. W. McGarvey, London, Ont.] Per Cent. I. 11. III. .XV. jMoisture at 100° C. 1G.55 15.58 7.53 11.88 Calcium oxide, ..... 3G.59 34.20 39.6-1 34.87 Magnesium oxide, .... 3.01 2.86 2.42 3.20 Potassium oxide, 4 29 4.82 6.39 5,29 Phosphoric acid, 2.44 176 1.28 2 00 Insoluble matter (before calciuation), 15.15 20.75 11.14 11 G6 Insoluble matter (after calciuation), . 12.42 18.35 8.32 7.68 Wood Ashes. [Sent on by Frank Goodwin, Framingham, Mass.] Per CWsT. I. It. III. IV. Moisture at 100'- C , . 20.35 15.54 .10 14.34 Calcium oxide, 31.21 32.77 40.01 33.82 Magnesium oxide, .... 3.51 3.21 o -?0 o.to 3.04 Potassium oxide, 3.57 3.75 9.80 4.43 Phosphoric acid, 2.90 1.45 2.16 2.72 Insoluble matter (before calcination), 13.31 li.56 15.54 21.13 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 10.51 10 06 11.04 8.69 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 2G1 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Wood Ashes. [I. sent on by Frank Goodwin, Framingbam, Mass. ; II. sent on by Cbas. W. Jenks, Bedford, Mass.; III. sent on by Frank E. Kimball, Danvers, Mass.; IV. sent on by C. N. Perlej', Danvers, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C, . , . . .15 20.40 15.64 14.46 Calcium oxide, 44.59 30.98 31.56 32.14 Magnesium oxide, .... 7.24 3.14 3.27 2.59 Potassium oxide, ..... 4.27 4 26 4.12 4.36 Pliosphoric acid, 3.73 1.54 1.28 2.71 Insoluble matter (before calcination). 11.70 13.53 24.10 16.48 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 10.42 10.49 13.50 13.26 Wood Ashes. [I. sent on from Amherst, Mass.; II. sent on by Urbane Derby, Concord, Mass.; III. sent on by W. E. Allen, Lancaster, Mass. ; IV. sent on by E. F. Manchester, Fall River, Mass.] Per Cent. I. ir. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C, . . . . 19.30 7.08 .25 4.77 Calcium oxide, ..... 30.54 39.54 27.48 32.52 Magnesium oxide, .... 2.75 4.64 4.41 4.60 Potassium oxide, 5.16 3.60 5.07 4.23 Phosphoric acid, 1.77 1.95 2.28 2.07 Insoluble matter (before calcination). 14.50 14.74 39.10 24.76 Insoluble matter (after calcination) , . 10.20 12.53 37.75 20.04 262 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses;, etc. — Continued. Wood Ashes. [I. and II. sent on by J. A. Merriam, Framingham, Mass. ; III. sent on by R, South Framingham, Mass.] L. Dav, III. Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide, Magnesiiini oxide, Potassium oxide, .- Phosplioric acid, . Insoluble matter (before calcination), Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 19.04 21.47 36.35 32.66 2.82 2.36 4.63 3.26 1.65 1.70 8.07 8.25 7.15 7.86 14.52 40.31 2.91 2.70 1.47 7.77 6.78 Wood Ashes. [I. sent on by W. H. Davis, Littleton, Mass. ; II. and III. sent on by A. H. Turner, Harvard, Mass.; IV. sent on by Flagg & Russell, Waniersviile, Mass ] Pkr Cent. I. ir. iir. IV. Moisture at 100° C, . . . . 2.42 15.72 13.88 11.45 Calcium oxide, 36.94 28.61 34.03 27.17 Magnesium oxide, .... 3.24 3.00 3.07 3.37 Ferric oxide, 2.74 1.03 .49 - Potassium oxide, 7.82 8.72 5.59 5.77 Phosplioric acid, ....'. .51 .32 .54 1.31 Insoluble matter (before calcination), 16.43 18.49 13.51 7.08 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 12.18 12.12 11.33 5.85 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 263 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Wood Ashes. [I. and II. sent on by Coolidge Bros., South Sudbury, Mass ; III. and IV. sent on by James Logan, Worcester, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C , . 15.73 11.86 24.96 15.97 Calcium oxide, ..... 37.18 43.13 15.83 39.76 Magnesium oxide, .... 3.56 1.80 • 2.14 1.82 Potassium oxide, . ' . 522 3.66 3.74 2.40 Phosphoric acid, 1.57 3.84 1.89 6.10 Insoluble matter (before calcination), 6.44 7.06 16.20 8.39 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 5 61 6.41 12.50 593 Cotton-seed Hull Ashes. [I. sent on bj' Lyman A. Crafts, AVhately, Mass. ; II. sent on by S. G. Hubbard, Wbately, Mass. ; III. sent on by A. W. Field, North Hadley, Mass. ; IV. sent on by J. Comins, Sunderland, Mass.] Per Cent. I. ir. nr. IV. Moisture at 100° C , . 10.24 9.97 .86 11.96 Calcium oxide, 8.89 9.59 9.80 4.41 Magnesium oxide, .... 12.61 13.58 16.05 12.29 Feme oxide, . . • . 1.14 1.54 1.92 - Potassium oxide (6 cents per povmd) , . 28.44 25.17 22.58 29.36 Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), . 10.28 9.16 8.02 12.99 Insoluble matter (before calcination). - - 10.73 7.38 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 6.11 .96 6.50 3.68 Valuation per ton, .... $46 46 |41 20 $36 72 $50 82 264 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Cotton-seed Hull Ashes. [I. and II. sent on by S. G. Hubbard, Hatfield, IMass.] Pek Cent. I. ir. Moisture at 100" C, . . . ' . 8.13 8.13 Calcium oxide, 7.26 11.34 Magnesium oxide, 10.99 11.58 Ferric oxide, 1.25 196 Potassium oxide (6 cents per pound), . 25.35 22.66 Phosphoric acid (6 cents j^er pound), . 10.68 8.69 Insohtble matter (before calcination), . 13.59 12.70 Insoluble matter (after calcination). 11.61 9.73 Valuation per ton, $43 24 f37 62 Sidpliate of Potash. [I. sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; II. and III. sent on from Feeding Hills, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. HI. Moisture at 100° C, 4.87 7.54 8.46 Potassium oxide (6 cents j)er i)ound) , . 37.54 25.81 17.43 Sulphuric acid, . . . . 45.96 46.96 50.11 Insoluble matter, .94 - - Valuation per ton, $45 05 $30 97 $20 92 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 265 5. Analyses^ etc. — Continued. Muriate of Potash. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Per Cext. I. ir. III. :Moisture at 100° C, 4.01 2.22 2.41 Sodium oxide, ...... 2.88 12.44 11.50 Potassium oxide (41 cents per ijound), 45.16 47.30 49.86 Chlorine, 45.67 52.00 52.00 Insoluble matter, ...... 1.01 Trace. Trace Valuation jjer ton, ..... $40 64 $42 57 $44 87 Gypsum. [I. sent on from Wellesley Hills, Mass. ; II. sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Pes Cent. I. II. Moisture at 100° C, 38.47 14.05 Calcium oxide, . . * . 16.21 32.65 Sulphuric acid, ........ 21.43 41.90 Insoluble matter, 11.30 2.22 No. I. is a factory refuse article. Lime. [Sent on from Amh&rst, Mass.] Calcium oxide. Insoluble matter, , Per Cent. 74.79 .77 266 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. South Carolina Phosphate. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass. I., finely ground " Floats ; " II., Apatite.] Per Cent. I. II. Moisture at 100= C, Calcium oxide, Ferric and aluminic oxides, Total phosphoric acid, Soluble i^hosphoric acid, Reverted phosphoric acid (7i cents per pound), . Insoluble i^hosi^horic acid (2 cents per pound), . Insoluble matter, Valuation per ton, . .39 46.76 5.78 27.57 0.00 4.27 23.30 9.04 $15 73 .09 36.08 9.55 Mona Island Guano. [Sent on by J. Campbell & Co., New York, N MoistM-e at 100° C, Ash, Total phosphoric acid, Soluble iihosphoric acid, .... Reverted phosphoric acid (7| cents per pound). Insoluble jjliosphoric acid (3 cents per pound), Calcium oxide, Potassium oxide, Nitrogen (17 cents per jjound), Insoluble matter, Valuation per ton, . Y.] Per Cent. 12.52 75.99 21.88 .00 7.55 14.33 37.49 Trace. .76 2.45 $22 50 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 2Q] 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Dissolved Bone-black. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Per 2ent. I. ir. Moisture at 100" C, 16.84 17.41 Ash,. 56.83 56 19 Total phosphoric acid, 22.18 21.70 Soluble phosphoric acid, 14.27 15.60 Reverted phosphoric acid, , 7.53 6.02 Insoluble phosphoric acid, .38 .08 Insoluble matter, 3.92 3.99 Valuation per ton, ........ f34 59 $34 10 Bone Coal. [Sent on by Cbas. S. Young, Wellesley Hills, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Ash, Total phosi^horic acid, Soluble phosphoric acid (8 cents per jiound). Reverted phosphoric acid (J\ cents per 2)ound) , Insoluble phosphoric acid (5 cents per jDound), Insoluble matter, Valuation per ton, Per Cent. 18 16 72.24 25.58 .38 5.18 20.02 .69 S28 JO 26S AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Ground Bones. [I., II. and III. sent on by Geo. Frost, Boston, Mass.; IV. sent on by L. B. Smlfh, Eastham, Mass.] Mechanical Analyses. Per Cent. I. II. III. IV. Fine, smallei- than ^-^ inch, . Fine medium, smaller than Jj inch, Medium, smaller than Jj inch, Coarser than yV inch, .... 28.96 59.98 11.06 56.50 38.18 5.32 33.25 28.65 21.78 16.32 50.78 49.22 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Chemical Analyses. .I'ER Cent. 1. II. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C, , 5.59 5.85 4.18 5.34 Ash, 58.07 38.79 49.80 64.17 Total phosiJhoric acid, .... 20.08 19.90 19.32 27.22 Soluble phosphoric acid, .30 .17 .37 .54 Reverted jjliosphoric acid, 5.46 7 86 9.36 9.34 Insoluble phosphoric acid, . 14.32 12.67 9 59 17.34 Nitrogen, 3.88 5.90 4.72 - Insoluble matter, 1.48 .48 .40 .46 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 269 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. HonQs. [I. sent oa by Edward H. Smith, Northborough, Mass. ; II. sent on by Franklyn Howland, Xew Bedford, Mass.; III. sent on ))y Edmund Hersey, Hingbam, Mass. ; IV. sent on by S. Winter, Broekton, Mass.] Mechanical Analyses. Per Cent. I. II. III. IV. . 37.90 46.00 62.29 57.33 38.30 3G.52 30.81 24.13 19.50 17.48 6.28 9.74 4.30 - .62 8.80 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Fine, smaller than -^^ inch, . Fine medinm, smaller than ^^ inch, INIedium, smaller than J^ inch. Coarser than -^-^ inch, . Chemical Annli/se.'. I. 11. III. IV. Moisture at 100^ C, . 4 33 4.21 5.07 8.03 AsL, . 57.0C 74.04 55.04 60.60 Total phosphoric acid, .... 22.40 29.42 25.19 23.66 Soluble phosphoric acid, .43 .45 .14 .51 Reverted jihosphoric acid, 6.17 13.17 10.80 12.18 Insoluble phosphoric acid, . 15.80 15.80 14.25 10.97 Nitrogen, 4.04 2.08 3.07 4.20 lasoluble matter, 1.65 .31 .55 .72 Dried Blood. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Moisture at 100^ C, Niti'ogen (19 cents j^er pound), Valuation j^er toa, . Per Cent 15.02 8.24 131 81 270 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Suljjhate of Ammonia. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 1.43 Nitrogen (19 cents per i5ound), 20.91 Sulphuric acid, 57.26 Valuation per ton, f 79 46 Nitrate of Soda. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. Moisture at 100° C, 3.22 1.98 Sodium oxide, o3.44 59.56 Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), 15.30 16.00 Insoluble matter, .19 .05 Valuation i)er ton, |52 02 f54 40 Saltpetre Waste (from Gunpowder Works). [Sent on by A. N. Stowe, Hudson, Mass.] Per Cent. ]\Ioisture at 100° C, 2.12 Calcium oxide, .22 Magnesium oxide, ......... .16 Sodmm oxide, 50.54 Potassium oxide (4^ cents per pound), 1.85 Sulphuric acid, .71 Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), .59 Chlorine, 59.00 Insoluble matter, .18 \"aluation per ton, f 3 68 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 271 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Wool Waste. [I. sent on by F. D. Barker, South Acton, Mass.; II. sent on Ijy C. W. Mann, Methuen, Mass.] Per Cent. I. 11. Moisture at 100^^ C, 8.53 3.46 Ash, - 59.41 Potassium oxide {\\ cents per pound) , Trace. 3.08 Pliosphoric acid (0 cents ')'^r pound), .115 .29 Nitrogen (8 cents per j^ound) , . 10.195 1.18 Insoluble matter, 3.480 49.57 A'aluation per ton, .... . . $16 45 $4 86 ''Mud Crab." [Sent on by L. B. Smith, Eastham, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C Ash, Total phosphoric acid (6 cents jjer pound) , Soluble phosphoric acid, .... Reverted phosjihoric acid, .... Insoluble phosphoric acid, .... Nitrogen (17 cents per j)ound), . Insoluble matter, Per Cent. 7.67 6.71 1.25 .28 .62 .35 8.84 .91 Tobacco Dust. [Sent on from Syracuse, N. Y.] Moisture at 100° C, . Potassium oxide (4| cents per jwund). Phosphoric acid (6 cents pel" pound), . Nitrogen (17 cents per 2)ound), . Insoluble matter, Valuation jjer ton, .... Per Cent. 12.98 9.04 2.09 3.00 .40 120 39 272 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Cotton-seed Meal. [Sent on from Hatfield, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100° C, 5.77 6.27 8.44 Calcium oxide, .38 .42 .3/8 Magnesium oxide, .98 1.07 1.200 Potassium oxide (4-^ cents 1561' pound), . .87 .96 2 017 Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound). 1.42 1.57 3.165 Nitrogen (15 cents per pound). 5.96 6.56 7.220 Insoluble matter, .59 .73 .121 Valuation per ton, 120 32 ^22 37 $27 17 Gluten Meal. [Sent on by W. E. Dennis, Boston, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 7.850 Calcium oxide, 045 Magnesium oxide, 042 Ferric oxide, 090 Sodium oxide, Ill Potassium oxide (4|^ cents per pound), 030 Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), 501 Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), 6.060 Insoluble matter, 1.680 Valuation per ton, $21 23 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 273 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Linseed Refuse. [Sent on bj' John King, South Framin2:ham, Mass.] Fine. Coarse. Moisture at 100" C, Ash, Potassium oxide (4| cents jjer i)ound), Phosphoric acid (G cents per 2)ound), Nitrogen (15 cents jjer pound), Insoluble matter, .... Valuation per ton, .... 6.440 7.370 .679 1.525 7.080 .495 f28 84 6.230 5.330 .802 1.188 4.680 .112 $22 29 Cottonseed Fertilizer L . • • lUitBB •J Per Cent. Moisture at 100^ C, . 7.950 Calcium oxide, .429 Magnesium oxide, .672 Ferric oxide, ...... .066 Potassium oxide (4^ cents per pound) , . 1.194 Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), . 1.241 Nitrogen (15 cents jier pound). 8.000 Insoluble matter, ..... 1.187 Valuation per ton, ..... $26 50 Oalx Leaves. [Sent on by W. H. Hillman, Forestdale, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C. 9.601 Ash, 6.840 Calcium oxide, » .548 Magnesium oxide, ...... .267 Ferric oxide, ...... .027 Potassium oxide (4^ cents per pound), . .058 Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), . .549 Nitrogen (17 cents per pound). .930 Soluble silica, ...... .018 Insoluble silica. 4.333 Valuation per ton, $3 87 274 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Chaff from Grain Elevator. [Sent on by S. H. Pierce, Lincoln, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, . Ash Potassium oxide (4^ cents per i^ound) , Phosi:)horic acid (6 cents per pound) , . Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), . Insoluble matter, . ^ . Valuation per ton, .... Per Cent. 9.89 10.74 .76 5.00 1.62 6.49 $12 16 .Jute Waste. [Sent on by J. E. Stevens, Ludlow, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, . Ash, . . . . • . Calcium oxide, .... Ferric oxide, .... Potassium oxide (4^ cents jjer jjound) Phosphoric acid (6 cents i^er jjound), Nitrogen (13 cents per pound), . Insoluble matter, .... Valuation per ton, Per Cent. 10.847 23.610 1496 .671 .080 .720 1.794 19.090 $5 59 Hemp Waste. [Sent on by J. E. Stevens, Ludlow, Mass.] Per Cent. Moistiu-e at 100° C, 12.272 Ash, 6.340 Calcium oxide, 1.654 Ferric oxide, .307 Potassium oxide (4^- cents per jiound) , .232 Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), .242 Nitrogen (13 cents per pound), 1.095 Insoluble matter, 2.481 Valuation per ton, f 3 26 Cranherry Vines. [Sent on by L. B. Smitli, Eastham, Mass] Per Cent. Moisture-at 100° C, 13.070 Ash, 2.450 Calcium oxide, -404 Magnesium oxide, • -253 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 27.5 5, Analyses, etc. — Continued. Ferric oxide, . . . . . Sodium oxide, Potassium oxide (4 J cents per pound) , Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), . Nitrogen (17 cents jier pound), . Insoluble matter, . . . . . Valuation per ton, . . . . Pec Cent. .087 .080 .329 .268 .770 .834 13 22 Salt Hay. [Sent on liy L. B. Smith, Eas ^tham, Mass •1 •' Per Cent. Moisture at lOO'^ C, . 5.360 (Jalcimn oxide, ..... .371 Magn(»sium oxide, ..... .335 Ferric oxide, ..... .028 Sodium oxide, .017 Potassium oxide (4} cents per i^ound). .718 Phosphoric acid (G cents per jjound), . .248 Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), . 1.180 Valuation per ton, .... . |4 92 Compound Fertilizers. [I. sent on by H. D. Graves, Sunderland, Mass. ; II. sent on by S. G. Hubbard, Whately, Mass.] Per Cent. I. 11. Moisture at 100° C, 14.17 8.92 Total pliosphoric acid, 15.79 6.86 Soluble phosphoric acid, 6.88 4.77 Reverted phosphoric acid, 4.43 1.58 Insoluble phosphoric acid, 4.48 .51 Potassium oxide, 2.56 10.31 Nitrogen, 2.60 6.82 Insoluble matter, 5.44 3.67 276 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Compound Fertilizers. [I. sent on by C. A. Bartlett, Worcester, Mass. ; II. sent on by E.G. Smith, Rowley, Mass. ; III. sent on by W. H. Porler, Agawani, Mass ; IV. sent on by F. W. J. Gerrish, North Worcester, Mass.] Per C ENT. I. II. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C, 17.92 8.71 6.41 18.97 Ash, 56.65 60.15 72.65 48.25 Total phosphoric acid, .... 7.87 1671 15.04 11.03 Soluble phosphoric acid, 3.55 4.53 5.44 7.16 Reverted phosphoric acid, 1.99 3.67 4.29 3.42 Insoluble phosphoric acid. 2.33 8.51 5.31 .45 Potassium oxide, 3.78 4.70 2.16 3.56 Nitrogen, 2.06 3.12 2.42 2.24 Insoluble matter, 9.93 5.55 7.50 5.30 Barn-yard Manure. [Sent on from Amherst.] Per Cent. I. ir. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C, . . . . 73.470 73.520 76.160 73.470 Organic and volatile matter, . 85.900 93.087 95.915 96.671 Ash, 14.100 6.913 4.085 3.329 Calcium oxide, .264 .185 .302 .322 Magnesium oxide, .182 .158 .180 .124 Potassium oxide (4i cents per pound), . .615 .487 .804 .484 Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), . .133 .189 .218 .247 Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), .362 .338 .570 .471 Insoluble matter, 12.657 6.038 2.131 2.285 Valuation per ton, ..... $1 94 fl 82 $2 92 $2 34 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 277 5. Analyses, etc. — Concluded. Barn-yard Manure. [Sent on from Amherst.] Per Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100° C, . 70.160 56.710 72.810 Organic volatile matter, 86.553 87.526 95.809 Ash, 13.447 12.474 4.191 Calcium oxide, > ' .323 .386 - Magnesium oxide, .... .271 .223 - Potassium oxide (4i cents per pound) , .614 .486 .562 Phosphoric acid (G cents per pound), . .553 .399 .745 Nitrogen (17 cents per jiound), . .486 .419 .672 Insoluble matter, 11.991 9,873 2.250 Valuation per ton, .... $2 86 f2 34 $3 68 No. III. From State Experiment Station, 6. Miscellaneous Analyses. Ensilage Liquor. [Sent on by James Cheesman, Boston, Mass. Specific gravity, 1.015 ; ture, 17° C] Acidity (calculated to acetic Moisture at 100^ C, Dry matter, . Ash, . Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide. Ferric oxide. Sodium oxide. Potassium oxide, . Phosphoric acid, . Nitrogen as ammoniates. Nitrogen as nitrates. Nitrogen as albuminoids Niti'ogen, total. acid) , tempera- Per Cent. 2.66 96.21 3.79 .91 .015 .003 .227 .001 .155 .001 .023 .008 .002 .056 278 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 6. Miscellaneous Analyses — Concluded. " JSficotinia " (Insecticide). [Sent on from Syr C, Moisture at 100 Ash, . Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide. Potassium oxide (4| cents per pound) Phosplioric acid (6 cents per pound), Nitrogen (17 cents per jjound), . Insoluble matter, .... Valuation per ton. acuse, N. Y.] Per Cent. 10.00 27.37 4.45 .90 9.15 .67 2.49 2.12 $17 05 Hellebore {Insecticide). [Sent on hj Joseph Breck & Son, Boston, Mass.] Per Cknt. I. II. Ash, One hundred parts of asli contained : — Ferric and aluminic oxides, Insoluble matter, . 6.97 33.65 41.36 7.11 92.16 No. II. was evidently adulterated with ground clay. Peroxide of Silicate {Insecticide) . [Sent on from Amberst, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 1.65 Calcium oxide, 41.18 Sulphuric acid, 49.66 Arsenious oxide, .57 Copper oxide, .33 Insoluble matter, 2.31 Gypsum, with a trace of Paris green. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 279 II. Analyses of Water sent on for Examination. [Parts per million.] a « i< •s <; 6 s 3 o S ■a 8 ■« i K a 6 "2, S "^ Locality. a a = c OS 03 = 1 s 3 O 2 2 •3 0 •d a a a 7: "o "o a ^ OS "A ^ '< 0 TO CO ^ 1, .03 .06 Trace. 41.00 11.00 1.11 None. Upton. 2, .02 .07 5.00 45.00 1000 1.27 None. Amberst. 3. .10 .14 13.00 157.00 89.00 3.25 None. Amherst. 4, .04 .15 32.00 203.00 118.00 3.25 None. Amherst. 0, .02 .04 1100 96.00 24.00 1.27 Present. Framingham. 6, .0.-) .08 12.00 108.00 30.00 2.60 None. Framingham. 7, .02 .01 10.00 72.00 44.00 2.73 - Hinsdale. 8, .03 .07 9.00 160.00 85.00 3.25 None. Amberst. 9, .02 .04 24.00 146.00 46.00 3.12 None. Amherst. 10, .68 .18 Trace. 45.00 5.00 1.27 None. Amberst. 11, .12 .04 6.00 25.00 5.00 0.00 - Ashfield. 12, .08 .04 Trace. 68.00 28.00 2.86 - Ashfield. 13, .03 .06 7.00 58.00 40.00 0.00 None. Bedford. 14, .04 .28 22.00 135.00 70.00 3.38 None. Westford. 15, .05 .18 20.00 85.00 20.00 3.38 - Westford. 16, .99 .15 96.00 558.00 325.00 13.01 None. Sonth Deerfield. 17, .03 .07 Trace. 70.00 45.00 1.56 None. North Amherst. 18, .03 .07 30.00 85.00 18.00 2.60 Present Amherst. 19, .04 .07 Trace. 93.03 30.00 3.90 None. Amherst. 20, .04 .12 Trace. 60.00 30.00 0.00 None. Ashby. 21, .03 .09 ' 4.00 130.00 68.00 2.73 None. East Amherst. 22, .03 .05 7.00 91.00 43.00 .79 None. North Leverett. 23, 01 .05 10.00 60.00 15.00 .32 Present. Sbutesbury. 24, ..52 1.80 40.00 765.00 410.00 9.71 - Amherst. 25, .40 .12 7.00 92.00 22.00 6.43 Present. Amherst. 26, .01 .01 78.00 389.00 139.00 7.83 - Amherst. • 27, .46 .07 Trace. 57.00 12.00 2.60 None. Amherst. 28, .33 .08 Trace. 74.00 27.00 2.34 Present. Amherst. 29, .03 .06 12.00 135.00 70.00 3.64 None. Amherst. 280 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. II. Analyses of Water — Continued. e n Si o o a a ■< "3 3 < a '3 ii s a o s o o •o 3 1 & •a 1^ Locality. 30, .01 .06 Trace. 112.00 42.00 2.47 None. East Amherst. 31, .04 .05 Trace. 46.00 10.00 .47 None. Amherst. 32, .13 .10 6.00 147.00 92.00 4.57 None. South Amherst. 33, .17 .06 6.00 111.00 66.00 4.57 None. Amlierst. 34, .84 .10 34.00 370.00 137.00 6.71 None. Sunderland. 35, •05 .05 6.00 88.00 42.00 2.21 - Amherst. 36, .01 .03 8.00 180.00 80.00 3.90' None. Leverett. 37, .01 .01 Trace. 30.00 00.00 1.11 None. Amherst. 38, .01 .10 12.00 95.00 5.00 1.95 - Amlierst. 39, .01 .16 Trace. 49.00 10.00 2.34 None. South Boston. 40, .05 .12 Trace. 47.00 9.00 2.34 None. South Boston. 41, .03 .03 7.00 93.00 51.00 2.73 None. Amherst. 42, .21 .07 3.00 61.00 25.00 2.21 None. North Amherst. 43, .02 .07 22.00 168 00 78 00 4.57 None. Amherst. 44, .03 .16 Trace. 52.00 12.00 .32 - Amherst. 45, .05 .03 Trace. 74.00 18.00 1.95 None. South Amherst. 46, .06 .13 8.00 128.00 68.00 2.60 Present. Amherst. 47, .01 .12 Trace. 40.00 6.00 .32 - Amlierst. 48, .03 .10 Trace. 42.00 20.00 .32 - Amherst. 49, .03 .11 10.00 158.00 90.00 2.34 - Amherst. 50, .01 .04 Trace. 50.00 38.00 1.27 None. Amherst. 51, .03 .24 Trace. 50.00 8.00 .16 - • Amherst. 52, .14 .22 Trace. 140.00 86.00 4.57 - Amherst. 58, .01 .06 5.00 110.00 90.00 2.34 None. Amherst. 54, .10 .26 6.00 74.00 42.00 4.16 None. Hudson. 55, .72 .16 13.00 156.00 98.00 5.29 - Amherst. 56, .06 .26 • 7.00 68.00 22 00 .79 None. Ashburnham. 57, .12 .08 10.00 90.00 30.00 2.60 - Bedford. 58, .08 .08 35.00 210.00 160.00 5.29 Present. Bedford. 59, .00 .04 8.00 77.00 47.00 2.21 Bedford. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 281 II. Analyses of Water — Coucliided. a "S '^ o a 2 g X 1 o d n S a < "3 3 < .5 B s a c s o a 2 o CO 3 •3 Sf Eh ■6 Locality. GO, .01 .03 8.00 70.00 35.00 1.95 None. Bedford. 61, .01 .06 6.00 75.00 40.00 .48 None. East DeerfielJ. 62, .00 .03 4.00 20.00 00.00 .00 None. East Deerfield. 63, .01 .02 8.00 75.00 40.00 2.21 None. North Amber St. 64, .02 .07 7.00 138.00 78.00 1.56 None. Deerfield. 65, .01 .03 21.00 178.00 150.00 2.60 None. Amherst. 66, .09 .05 19.00 "68.00 50 00 2.60 None. Amherst. 67, 01 .05 7.00 78.00 18.00 .48 None. North Hadley. 68, .08 .06 11.00 114 00 .56.00 2.86 None. East Buckland. 69, .03 .10 10.00 96.00 68.00 2.99 - Buckland. 70, .05 .07 17.00 280.00 190.00 2.86 - Sunderland. 71, .06 .05 20.00 236.00 146.00 4.57 None. Amherst. 72, Trace. .02 10.00 88.00 26.00 1.95 None. North Amherst. 73, .01 .05 6.00 40.00 18.00 1.43 None. North Amherst. 74, Trace. .03 4.00 16.00 6 00 .16 None. North Amherst. The analyses have been made according to Wancklyn's process, familiar to chemists, and are directed towards the indication of the presence of chlorine, free and albuminoid ammonia, and the poisonous metals, lead in particular. (For a more detailed description of this method, see "Water Analyses," by J. A. Wancklyn and E. T. Chapman.) Mr. Wancklyn's interpretation of the results of his mode of investigation is as follows : — 1. Chlorine alone does not necessarily indicate the presence of filthy water. 2. Free and albuminoid ammonia in w^ater, without chlorine, indicates a vegetable source of contamination. 3. More than five grains per gallon* of chlorine (==71.4 parts per million), accompanied by more than .08 parts per * One gallon equals 70,000 grains. 282 AGRICULTURAL EX. 'STATION. [Jan. '90. million of free ammonia and more than .10 parts per million of albuminoid ammonia, is a clear indication that the water is contaminated with sewage, decaying animal matter, urine, etc., and should be condemned. 4. Eight hundredths parts per million of free ammonia and one-tenth part per million of albuminoid ammonia render a water very suspicious, even without much chlorine. 5. Albuminoid ammonia, over .15 parts per million, ought to aljsolutely condenm a water which contains it. 6. The total solids found in the water should not exceed forty grains per gallon (571.4 parts per million). The American Association of Official Chemists has appointed a committee to investigate the sul)ject of analyses of water for family use, and to advise upon some uniform method of investigation and of reporting the results. As soon as their recommendation shall be endorsed by the association, we propose to be guided hy that decision. An examination of the previously stated results of analyses, indicate that Nos. 3, 5, 10, 11, 16, 18, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 42, 46, 52, 54, 57 and 58, ought to be condemned as unlit for family use, while Nos. 12, 56, 66 and 68 must be considered suspicious. From this record it will be seen that over one-fourth of the entire number of well waters tried proved unfit for drinking. Heating well waters to the boiling point removes, not unfrequently, immediate danger. Seven samples gave unmistakable evidence of the presence of lead. Parties sending on water for analysis ought to be very careful to use clean vessels, clean stoppers, etc. The samples should be sent on without delay after collecting. One gallon is desirable for the analysis. Compilation of Analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of Agricultural Chemicals and Refuse Materials used for Fertilizing Purposes. Prepared by W. H. Beal. [As the basis of valuation changes from year to year, no valuation is stated.] 1868-1890. This compilation does not include the analyses made of licensed fertilizers. They arc to be found in the reports of the State Inspector of Fertilizers from 1873 to 1889, contained in the reports of the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri- culture for those years. C. A. G. 284 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATION. [Jan. •n lO ,^ ^^ to CO •jantiH 1 ^ >« ' « 1 CO oi ;^ i o o r^ to CO •anuoiqo 00 1 cq i q; ^ 1 1 1 00 ' 1 1 ' •ppv oiuoqjBQ 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o to o t_ •ppv ounqdjng 1 o "• CO CO 1 O 00 I— 1 1 1 •S3 pixn oin s o to -lOTniy pnB ouja^j -' ' \n o o> *a lO o •BisaaSBjf -- C) o CO 00 1 1 CO CO IN ^ w o :s to •3rai'7 1 1 cq -; 1 o» M 1 r ^ oi CO CO ^ to to •epos to "t to ^ o 1 n ^ oi 1 1 1 •ppy oijoqd -soqj aiqniosnj •PP V ouoqi 1 1 1 1 , , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -soqj paviaAa-jj •ppv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 ouoqdso qj aiqnios m ^ r— oi P •aSBjaAy \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 *": "i £^ S Ol CO ►^2 1 ^S r-t t— l. hS inninixBjn ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tj" CO (N CO >* CO 03 •aScaaAy ^ m CO Ol CO CtJ OO CO CO CO oo in ' H c^ to rH to s •rancDiHtH 1 ' 1 1 ^ 1 J^ ^ o ■^ rH '-* ■* r^ t- tnntnixBj^ in >o e5 <§ a ■1 ^ 'S a .3 .2 01 ja ^ a n C3 bti j: S to 00 CO s S CD e^ CO '- ;:: O) CO o> o o .o 5 c^ ' 00 t- s »- o t^ o ' (M 'I' s o M 1 T ' 1 1 ' 1 r 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 ■* o 1 o 3 CO CO I— CO to (M to ■^ ' ^ -* -r oo (N CO CO CO o U5 a o 00 to o o C-l o: Oi CO Tp to CO ' ^^ Tt< o t-. ^H ' ' f_( (^ -^ rl* CO ■<* ■* 8.76 o a> to to C-) ' Ti en CO to 1 CO CO CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 lO 1 1 (N 1 1 1 -t H- ' 5 oo m o CO CO CD CO 04 ^~ ^ ^ CO i"^ CJ ej »»• 04 C4 CJ '- - to eo CO s OO s m CO Ol to to C/1 ,-H ,—4 J-^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 >« »-< lO o 00 r 00 to ^1 Oi o CO to -# »o -^ i£0 CO « o to to CO o CO T* CO o CO oo CO ^ CO en «*• , , =■ 03 1 ^ CO CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o 1 ^1 1 Tp 1 1 1 1 1 o CD o '- Tfl f^ ,^ . i* CO '- CO - ' ' -* i<5 to •<* (N . 1 1 1 . . ' ' CO o e^ 00 . , *~" . to (M ' CO ' ' J^ 00 ' to CO i-H o .o CO -I' *^ lO *^ -•* rH Ol 00 o Ol CO o to Tf '^ IM '-' o ^ 3 M a o n O a C8 3 a a « "o CS Q ft ft ^ ■a rt be JO 55 o u n ft •3 W s a m > O o a O a a rt s o 3 O o > t« O 286 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. -f o -11 « ?t ^ s CO 1 1 1 •Duuoiqo II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •pioy oinoqaco II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •ppY ounqding II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 sspixQ oia -loiniv puB ouaa^ I- t- o •tJisanScpj 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 •aoiiT: ^ 1 CO 1 1 O! o r^i •upog ' ' 1 1 ' 1 •ppy ouoqd - 9 0 q J 9[qiai09ui •ppv" oiioqd , 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 8 0 q J^ pdl.iaA8>X •ppv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ouoqdsoqj 9|qn[0g f< •o ,_, ,_, r-1 f-t rH i£3 i-i 1— t •sasA^Bay ■a s C3 a o O i s 2 J3 'Ki - a e a % So" a ^ "a ,Q ■> 9 a e- a a R, a o cT U-l bU 60 fin o ^ o ^ 'u n a o oT a 15 3 3 _2 < .a O -a 'a o a 3 a ti a ■a a cs a o o 1 7i ti o pq a o fi a C ^ o o o r' o o pi 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 287 OO — M r^ Oi »o m 1^ r^ 1^ ] 1 n CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 in u^ t-^ 00 l~ GO CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t^ ^ (M O) r-* t-. t^ ' "^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1^ CO 03 CO >*• .— ^ m ir> tn ^ r— ^ *-* to * * CO CO CM CM CM ©J '- CO CO Z oo f- lO CO ex '- - ^'^ 1 I 1 1 o ^ 00 to 5 1 1 ^ '■O ' •* 1 n 1 1 1 t5 (N to ir; 00« cc (M CO (N ^ 5 CD CO a> in .— . . . . . . . CO ^~ •~ •"" — — CO — 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 1 CO 1 1 1 1 (-1 CO '^ (M 00 r-i 5 * f^ f,^ C^ ^_ e>i ej lA ^_ f^ CO o CO CO c^ ^ ^^ o CO — 1 1—1 o o o o ^ n o o t— O CO J^ oo ' ,_4 to oo _4 Cl lo f^ ' ' ' ' ' o o^ C<1 ^ (N t^ -* o (M o 1— CO ■^ 02 fN C ? rt a 9 ^ bli a o o ^ 3 'a .Q sn '3 o o . "2 3 a S "S a o o ^ o o ■^ g ;h o i =3 &" C3 "a O & ■5 i ft o a a ft o ■a a) ft O s a. o '3 a o 5L ft a a a 5 o SI a S — "3 "5 u .2 ft a a o s g •a 0) a a o to a g o 8 0) 1 a o o C3 a o a S 3 o o o 3 ft ^ a M M W w DC a H ph (=< i^ I-; o O « H O O O O S 288 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. ira r£> o o CO CD -1< CT) •aaiiBj^ 9iqni08ni i 1 1 ,^ ^ 1 f CO CO CO •aauoiqo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I •pioy DinoqjBQ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •ppV ounqding 11111(11111111 sapixQ oia ■* o> CO § (M -Tcanty puB oiJJaj CO CO -* '-' -* •BiBaaSiijj 05 " 1 * •aSejaAY ^ m " "" ^~ "" "" ' CO •uinniiaijj 1 1 1 1 c ' ' r~* o o Si Tf •mnraixBj^ 1 1 o uo ,_! CD o 00 t— (N t— »f5 (S ^^ (M ,^ ' a> CO j^ CO t^ CO 0^ 1— ^ CO .ra o I-H •ajn^siojv s to U3 ^ in CO to CO in — ^::| — "'^ ,^ P^ ^ j^ p., c^ ,_j i-( •sasiCxenv l-H ■6 • T3 3 a o 1 . s • ' « «l <i •a' ;. t ■3 f1 "^ S bo ■a ■a -a (^ . ■73 ■a . 0 3 ^ i ■a § o a O 0) O 3 3 •a 3 s Si a 3 a 3 © 02 H « /v* > a g OQ h M >J fc H 02 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 289 tfi ^1 3 — 1 1 •* 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 if? 1 — 1 1 I — 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 CO in eJ .13 o 1 1 1 ~eo~ "~oo^ ~^F ■ ■ o> ^ . . r o ' ' 1 i.^ GO in CO ©4 .34 to 1 1 1 to m CO -i s s ■a T3 •B >, " q s t~. 3 a n a< a a COMPILATIOX OF ANALYSES OF FODDER ARTI- CLES, FRUITS, SUGAR-PRODUCING PLANTS, DAIRY PRODUCTS, ETC., MADE AT AMHERST, MASS. 1868-1890. Prepakeu hy W. n. Beai.. A. Analyses of Foddek Articles. B. Analyses of Fodder Articles with Reference TO Fertilizing Ingredients. C. Analyses of Fruit. D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants. E. Dairy Products. 292 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Ol t» to to o I-H 01 t— •(93BJ3Ay) 05 to to c4 lO 1 OIJBH 1-1 OAnu:)njs[ IH -« rH r-1 ^ "^ ^ Ol Ol c-i 00 »-< t— < >ffl ■* CO iC ^^ to •^ ■o '^ OJ o to I-t \a CI — 1.,^— ~eo~ -(-3^ "f^^ "_ ,^ " cn CO O) CM CO lO C3 t^ C3 '— t> m 1^ 1^ 04 "* OO CM r. CM < c^ CJ CM CvJ ev* CM OJ ej 1—* O (N o o QO . Oi . CO c-i . a 1^ to to 04 ^J4 ,_( CD 1 E rH tH '-■' '*' lO 1^ — , 'XJ '^ < X (N CI -rV CO CO '~T ^ lo ,_( i~. lO lO CO 'A o o >j CO CO CO CO ? CO « o CO ^ o> CO ej o> eg a> * 't •^^ w E-i < m m ir> lO m a> • 1 ,— . ro _:: CO I-O o 05 n o ^ 1 CO 1 to "t 1 I ^ -* -* ^ ■.* UJ ■^ OJ CO oo »ra 71 -r o a s 03 1 CO r o o 1 1 !z; S CD o "^ s ^ ,_ ^ ^ s t<«. ^ ^ H > ^ m tn CO ^ ^ lO ^ ,_ ^_ ^ ^_ ' eg CM P-( <1 OJ CT> fi H a ■i* C-1 CO o CI ' ' . -< 2 j^ ^ ^ ^ ^_^ ^ 0 W OJ « o o to Ol -f « S to to ^ OO e>i CO CO CO o> o CO »*■ <^ CO <* i. < *" ■" — »— *" ,_, CO Cl ,^ rH lO -^ I^ ^ ^ o Ol -* t— >— < CO o 04 r-" 1 . H >( 00 I— t. ' ,_) (M Ph . '» ■^ O l^ CO to CO »ra « lO rH ■* t— . fc^ . 1 a ,_, O ,_, ' t^ 1^ ;m 1-t iH ■^ r-{ I • , — r^ CO ^ tn ^ CO ^ m ^ « C3 CO O) O) ^" Ph > ^ (1^ f^^ 4- (^ ^ lA OO to o> i>^ <*• CD P4 <1 eg ^ eg CO e>j ej *" to o a CO o T-< lO 00 »— ' a a OO lO -f CO 00 »o c>^ "^ ■^ CO '"' to o OJ CI T-* Cl ox CO 00 o « ce r^\ ^ CO ' •* ^ o> s ■^ CO (N CD CO o Ol J-^ OJ p^ CO « tH rH •8aB:?lBav P5 -^ (5 •5" 3 h4 e e c OJ > a 8 o 1 1-1 2 "S a s e K 3 s a « ^ s E^ tt) _^ ^ a ■2 ;^ m ^-^ a a * "S as C3 o ^ a a o ^ ^ :-3 ^ a ■s C3 > c9 O. H E /^ s o >, ^ a 'v ja ■3 ■o 0) T3 ■a o o IS o 2 2 a o a C3 a 3 J! > o o O 1 a OQ 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 293 CO _^ to ^^ CI O (>> 00 CO o CO 00 04 »o 00 CO •♦ o ■* CO en OJ j^ to f^ t-. CO t<. -^ 1^ lO 00 Oi r-t o t; 7^ ^ ^ 7! ^ T! ^ Ai 7! '-' '-' IH t-H '-' ■^ '"' ■^ *"• '"' ^ r-H c^ 00 o> O o CO 1* -* i-l ^ to 00 ■>* -* »- 00 00 "^ lO o iH (O o CD CD <* CO CM ^ 1-^ CM S ex CO OJ ex ifD CM <:h ^_ m «*• ^ CO CM cn r— ex CO ej T-1 rH ,—1 ^1 CD 1, — . lO CO •— ' r~< -t . 1 . j^ to f^ ' ' ' * (N CO c^ CO e^ o o to o O *-* en Oi Ol t— iO T-l to ■* o a> to ' ' lo ' ' ' CO 00 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ~.*-^ ~^~ -f^- «± ~CM~ ? <*■ »*• CO oo ej ^ CM ^_ f^ ^ ^. ^ CO j.^ «<• ir> lO ««• lO CO *± " m ^ «1- ,_, fVJ rH -^I -*» ^J to o »"• 05 O «3 . oo £^ ,_, ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' CO 5 ■* ■* -* ■* CO 1> ^ o ■ ' ' ' * lO s Tf 'Jl r- ^ ^ ^ S |s_ CO <«■ ^ 1^ o> e>i CO O) CO CO a» CO CD CO in lO CO ej CO C>l — ex — ex — ex -" •- — e^ CM c^ C*4 CM — "" a> o o 11^ 'Ci ai r-4 t— o ^ CO 00 r-* r~* IM e^ ■-( '-' (N " "^ '-' l-H '-' O 1*^ to t^ lo l™ t^ CD CD O »"" *~* o cq ■^ CO (M CO c^ (M N GO CD CO CJ ex C» ol CO oo *- oo CO ^ oo m m 03 *" CD CD CO CD CD ►- '- e^ CO Ol o o CO c^ ^ ire oo o< o »-" o 05 s t- CO *- o to to '- CO CO !-_ CO lo ^_ s in C-l uO 1- I—* rH o *^ o cc ,-t t^ to oo ' ' ' OD CX ■^ ^ ■^ GO ^ CO f^ ^ f,^ lO m m ^ >*■ «— CO m CO O) m ^ ^ *^ ^ CO ^ CM ^^ ^ ex ^^ ex CO ^_ CO ^ ^ ^_ ex ^^ o> en a> en ro oo Ol OO o> o to to o *-* Tjl Ci I-H 00 c» o o> ,_( ^ ' ' ,_! ' ' ' ' ' ,_, CO o 00 05 Oi OJ •^ ■* ID •^ r-l I-H CO a> cn Ol o> Ol >n T* •* ■* ^ -* ■* Ml ^ rl *"* lO '"' '"' ^ ■"^ *"* CO ;i; 2 . . "53 ^ 1 3 iJ < 3 iJ P 1-1 g s^ "o g ^ e B >> •o a> M 1 >. a "5) a J5 •a 01 a o a s a a, a § o B &> 3 1 >> f 2 be •a a .a 1 a, e « a> & o T3 C3 o tS 60 'a a 1 2 bX) ;-• a .5 5i n rS 60 p ^5 In o C3 g "S o o £3 =3 a Oh a" o o >> >-i 1-1 V a a .9 ■a •a .2 a a o 0) rt > W « H « O 1^ 0-i M w M h1 ^ o O o w O O 294 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o ^ ts '^ s o CO ^ c^ ,, •(aSB.I3AV) •"i ^. o lO CO to 0!i«>i 1 f. " ?! 1 r 1 1 -* -* •* 1 CO in aAijuin^ •^ '"' ■^ '"' r-( ""^ "^ ■^ IH rH ut- -i< o (^ r-i 1^ l^ l- 1 _ ,_, Ci 1^ ^ CO ^ Ci CO o '-' lo 00 t- C] »o 04 0 CO C-l •0 ■< CD OS «) - « a to -f co CO ^^ OJ •- 00 00 ^ ;^ CO V. f^ oo CJ f^ oo ll^ oo n^ — f^ ^ 1*— ©J CO 00 CO CM > GO I.^ en ^ f^ ^ ^_ ^ ^ CO ca Csl C»J CM CM C»4 CO CO CO ri K c '"' o 0 CO 0 1 n 1^ o .—1 >o -t y. ^ X o o M i— « CO -* 1— 0 to S S? CO 3 en ? CO CO CO C3 ^. »*• f^ lO ^ «* CO a ^2 a 1 1 ■^J , , C-J 0 t =■' >< :a •* CO o •* o "Ti* -* -+ ■* CO C3 H a 1 cc 1 ^ ^ I 1 1 1 CI •* 1 CO 1 o i < n « Q z « UO "■* uj Its tr > oo CO f,^ IC9 ^ Ol ej CO 04 CO C4 GO CO CO oo 04 O) "* 10 ©4 e>» in CM H n cc CO o to to CO CO CO 1^ ;^ ■^ '-' ^ eq iO CO IM c-l .o o 3 » \n 00 o ^™ *^ CO «* ^ €=) U5 0 >■ o> m •* CO >* CO *— f.^ r^ f^ 1^ -*i ^ »— ^ ^- ^- ^— 1 — !5 H a »~* *— • T »-< C! IM •* O S ^ -J- r-t CO lO to lO ' ■^ '"' '"' '-' "-I o Ira -f< fM j^ 1^ to M >o CO I— ' *-H 05 I— :^ ao ' 1^ CO ' ' to »o (^ 1^ "^ ■^ I-H "^ rH rH .. ^ c oo ^ o o - 0 ? -Q -^^ Q> in o CJ CO «*• f*- >*• m »— ^ C3 >■ CO CO CO ^ ^_ ^_ CO _ C3> co ^ ^ ^ f^ m o> 03 en oo CO en cn cn cn cn CO H !•. oo c^ »ra -< C . J UO CM CI S OI to -+ ' ' ' ' 1^ ' ' u^ IX. UJ 01 01 to ^1 ,_/J ^ X 1 CO cc 1- S f^l lO ' ' ' ' ' ,_, ' Oi o> c» o> 05 •eas.fiBnv r-1 « r-l lO ■o f-t '-' rH rH N Oi CO CO rH « '-' -d i • • T3 -a ^ 3 ^ 1-1 1-J ^ •a c 1 ^ § ►4 u Pi u c i. 3 ft •2 e W S << ^ i 1 1 ? o s 1 u o > 2 1 1 1 s o a 3 '5 H J 0 e I ^ 5 1^ S 73 O •a P a > a 0) p a o §1 1 o a a cf c "a -a u > 0 QJ t> a 0 a 0 •a a a t5 o 0) h S 3 n C3 o G s ■3 "0 0 0 CC '3 a a 0 0 ,a > 18:90.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 295 ^ ,_ ^ >o ^ to M (M ^ -* 0 CO CC 1 1 00 CC (M 00 01 ;:2 CO 0 ?^ S CO ?. ?! 1 O) CJ ^ '-' l-H A' '-' '-' ^ ^ '"' -; ;-; ■^ T-H "^ ■^ '"' i'^ t^ OD c: 0 OC r-i I^ CC irs 7j i-- o CO lO 0 0 t~" to •"• CO o> *- S ■^ 00 •^ 0 0 05 l- 00 to (M '"' ■^ (>» d to "* 5 ^_ ^ '^ ^ .* IT) ^ «»■ ^ e>i ^ ex ^- CD 0> ^ ^ CO CO 10 10 f^ *-^ ^ ^ l,^ f.^ ^ ^ 04 l«^ ex 00 CO eo ^ CO CO "" "" g; OD r~t UO Cl 0 0 . J T"* 1 ** -<# '- rH 0 ^ rf to •-' U5 uo •0 § -* IN <3i to s 0 S tr 0 t- to 03 CO 0 0 CO *~ CO 05 l~ 1,^ (.^ ^ (1^ ,_ ? e^ CO iTi CO 00 r^ CO ^ CO CO t^ ay C3 1^ (_, ^_J f^ f^ ^_ ^_ «* CO ir> ^ ** CO CD CO ^ 10 ir> •"- CO •"- CO CO CO '~ ^ a 0 c5 0 (M 0 -* •^ 0 CO 00 ' ' ' ' 0 (>< ' c^ 00 1^ OD CO ,_4 0 (M 0 to to t- '~ OD 0 J^ 00 t^ CO CO iO 0 OA CO ' ' ' ' ,_, t— to CO 0 t OJ u; a> CO CO i-^^ ,_ CO GO CO h. >* 03 10 05 .— to CO ^ CO CO 10 10 ** ^^ *-* • - — e>i e^ — "- "- — CJ e>i 10 «*■ — ^ ex •" (Z3 CO CO c^ I^ 1^ ,_^ ■ ■•0 to C-l ' 1 I 1 0 r 03 '~ CM '^ CJ 2 CJ 2' - s oo 2 «* CM ^ CO ^ CO 0 s « CO -t" CO £ s Cl cn ^ c-l 0 '~ t- "" 0 o> ^ to CO 00 '^ CO 0 CO o 0 0 05 ' ' ' ^^ ' 'N T-H 0 lO 10 ' uO r~i "^ "^ r-t '"' "^ '"' ^ OO CJ ex ex GO CO GO ^ CO ^ 01 CO 10 CO 01 10 cn CO ^ c^ ^ CO ^ C3 (3 CO c^ ay m en 10 ITS 09 a> o> "" "" ■" ■" •-D t^ 0 IM O) 05 to 0 t— 01 « T-H 00 00 o> CO 0 »ro to ro 0 0 « 0 {r g OJ UO c^ 0 0 0 1-1 ' ' ' ' ' CO IN ,_l *^ ,_( 0 ' ^ rH i-t '"' •^ IH i-i '"' *" 01 "^ CO CO C4 CO 0 (M C !^ 0 -^ N ? &^ s a :o S *« 0 ^ Hi •. 0 ^ cj 0 ^- s ^ "3 1 SB p n C3 ■3 0 T3 3 r3 ^ oT . ,v . 4) 0 0 CJ n as g <0 - - - 0 to a -Q 2 0 ■3 0 .M a a >> " ■s ^ w p. < a a 0 >-> w ^ ft f? « n 0 C^ H t8 0 0 P4 a 0 0 t? « 0 OQ H 29G AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 13 d o ^ 'tr. f^l ^1 >o o »o o OJ c» 00 o> ■ (a3i3.ioA y) o 00 1— -+ CO oo t-H on«H ' ' 9Ai)i.nnjij I— ( "^ '"' ^ '^ '"' ■^ r-l '^ ■^ T-t t-H o o> o ^ ^ -* CO t o 1—1 I— o Ol ■* v--^ < IH ^ h- CO 05 CO cn CO ^ •* OJ »*• CO _ h- H FJ ^ ■" lO 1 « 1— cC CO CO C-1 ■^ CI »o »^ H ^ "^ t— ' ' cc rH -* -* tH o o O) o f^ (3 CO ^ e^ OJ co K S '"^ CO CO "": '". '^ 1^' CO lO «*■ <*• C«l H ^ -f s a Ol o 1 I r 00 1 >< 0 5D CO ■* IN o lU "•■ ■* ?N OJ «5 00 o to O c^ "* CO t~- ir? . 6h o cj CO oo * ' ^ r-^ to ;5 s ^ ^ -* CO f^ CO CO CO CO OJ irj ^ CJJ fm^ fr- CO CO ^- CO ^ lO • <) > .^ ^_ <^ ^ CO CO CO * tf lO CJ m CO ^ PU I-H 0^ n S5 C CO Tf ' 1 la CO lO c^ CO lO M ' CO 1 o CO D X o CI a> »— < 1^ o •^ cs ' ' t. CO ■* to to ira CO OJ ^ *— C3 CO CO CO r— ^ tfj m oo ^. n s ej CO OO 05 ir> ^ ^^ ^~ in >■ ^_ ^_ ^ ^ CO CO f^ CO 1^ (^ CO ,_ CM <^ '^- »— ^- »— CM CO CO >* ^~~ ^ ^~ ^ ^" ^ o CO (^ ^ f^ ^_ (3 ^^ ^ ^ r- o CO c» Oi *■ CJ CO CJ — CO <:*■ 1— CM OJ CQ CO CD GO lO C3 OO r«- 03 oo — •— es 1- CJ r- in «— _ oo CO ^— CO CO ^ r^ »— CO e>j »— ^^ CM CM ««• m oo oo CM CO CO ^ l.^ ^ lO CO CO ^ <*• CO ej ^. O) o> * ^ "" ■~ o> GO o ?] 1 1 ' X t; I J 1 ' u t£ • ' ' ' ' (N '"' '-' 1-1 ^ -f •apixQ tunpiBO CO o '^." ^. C-l o CO o CO o 7 ,^ ^ ^ CO ^ o c? ^_ rr. •apixo ninipog '-', o -1* o ^.' o o 5? CI o '^ ^ __, ^ .o CO CD CO CM **• CO CO f*- ranissBjoj '- '- ^ — ^, ^^ ^ »n ^ C) _l, ■* h- •qsv CO O) <^ -* i~- i.O ■^ ■^ ■^ CN "^ ■^ r-l ^"^ *"* '^ " * ^ ^ CO •naSoj^i^j m CO 5! CO CJ5 04 CO OJ <*• 5 CM CO ■~ ~ ^ n. to ^ ^ ^ o o o to rrt •8an;8ioj\^ -I* o ■^ •", '": "^ ^i t '"* *" CO *^ '^ ^ •B3B;C[BnY -f - Cl CO o CO - - - (M - - CO Cl '. •s '^ t^ £ S « •» a < s . ■s •s v ^v >. to sn 08 J3 S _2 s t5 ID s C3 O □ o >> ■a ■a ^ t3 p. s -a a a /4 a . o □ C3 CS a) S J3 "3 "3) 1 o o O ^ :^ a o > w o OQ ^ 02 W ^ 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 21)9 ,n ^ to ^ ^, rri rr ^, ro m CO „, to ,^ o ^ to o lO CO -p o CO OI I— CO -+ CO a lO -f i.O o Ci o CO . to . to . ^ '" O OO . cn ° CO '^ as o CI Ol o to 'P CO IM a, .ra » -n to CO CO ro ^ ,^ -, ■01 J-* o CO 1 y^ t~ C-1 A^ lO o CI ^ '"' !N •-' CI Ol I-H '-' -* "^ m ^ CO CO CO ? ^ ^ ^ ^ ,r, ^ «i- t* to <* ^ - ■ ir> 00 cri CO ^_, ^ ^ to CO 1^ OO o to o c> o o CO o o ^ to •o ,_ m -, -, ro ,o ^ -f -+ - CO -1* ^ o .. 01 C-l ^ o ^ ,^ 00 en ^ ^ o ^ ^ o to >10 rr, t~~ ■-1 'i^ i.T o CO l^ CO -rf CO l- '-' '"' CO '"' (N c^ "^ '"' CO o CO to ^ in CO ^ ^ CO CO CO CO CO ^ CO CO C3 f^ o tn <:3 ej> ^ ^ — CM — — CO — C4 04 ^ '- OJ — — — m ^ -* CO IM to ^ c-i to lO .n to 00 a> I— CO I-H to CO -f ''f ^ CO '" CD to t CO o CO CO " to to CO t- *■■" to 00 o o ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ OO ^ m ^ CO ? C*J CO CJ •— ^~ ^"^ C3 CO t^ f^ o> C>J CO CO CO CO '- '- ^ — — ■~ ■~ ■~ ■~ ej CM «M CI •~ ^ <>i OJ c^ '- CJ — ^ CO ^ ^ to ^ ,„ r. i~ C-1 o -* I— CO -f CO o CO OJ *~ '■" OO en CI 00 >o 00 to - O o to to CO o s to CJ "^ tH (N •* .^ "* IM IN I-H ^ M - CO i-H .« ^ - rH - - j; O i> ^;- - >> O F o a J3 3 o o & o '3 a 2 a a J3 ■3 a > 3 I c o o g 3 3 1 a 3 s c a cs g s 3 O a a a a cs" ft •a a o a eS J2 o a H « o >i PM t-H m O u H 300 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. a o •Bpnnoj 000*6 }o uox aiqn[osnj •ppy OLioqdsoqj •spixQ oi-iJaj: •apixQ tunisanSBjj apjxo tutijoiBQ ■apixQ luiupog CO i-H IH OD ^, ^ 8 f-* O o o o o o o o o o '-' ^ „ m CO • ■ - - ^ 00 >« ^ to o o o o o o o o o ^ ,, r^ to ^ o o o o o o ^ n, 03 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ o o O o f— 1 o o o o '"' C) ^ ^ ■n o o M _l, ^ lo '~. °. o "^ ■^ ■^ ■^ ^"i •apixo mnisBBioj •naSojii^ •aanisioj^ CO CO C3 ^ >* o ^ ^ r. 5 CM CO »!■ OJ »1- CO Irt <* CM •— «*• o> — »!■ *" ^, -1 ,n ^ ^ ^ CO o CO Ifi 05 o GC >o to s ■^ " '"' rH I-l '"' "* 1^ „ CM c= CO OJ CO e^ CM Ift to •o C-) o ^ ^ o CO »^ to o o "; 00 OO Oi CO IS Pq •s38X[Bny (M C^ rH rH iH a a z: 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 301 ir. ^ uO liO »-( _^ Ol oo ^ CO O ^ _^ t-i a> •* 0 ^ 0 » 01 to CO ■^ o to t— to ■^ o rH C-l 0 *" OS CI ^~ to to CO ^ CO (M CJ -+ o CO a> CJ J^i 0 CO Cl CO Oa Ol UO -, o ^ 0 ^ ^ 01 0 0 o 1 o CO 1 1 0 o> o 5 CO lO r~i - 2 0 ^ ^ CO ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ irj ^ ^ ^ 0 CO CO ^ oo CO «f CM CO iTi eo CO a> 00 cn ^ 13 I 1 to -J* 1 101 to uO r 1 1 0 0 o o o o o o o o 0 0 0 3 0 ft ^_ o CO o ^j o -* o o o o ■o to ^ 0 00 >o _^ s 0. 00 oo o CO o o CO 1 to c^ I—' o CO I— Ol CO o 01 ^H 01 0 0 0 .^ '"' ' 3 ^ o ^ o c> to IM o o o o eg to 0 0 ^ 0 lO ^ CO CI o o o a 0 '^ oT o o CO to C-J (N o *■ 00 ^ tn o 5 »«■ m CO CO CM * CO 10 C0 01 00 f_ ^ CO ir> en CO CO to CO C3 10 CO - CO 3 to ^ .« T3 M CO CO -* o (M 0 CO -* •M o IM to o? ^ CO >re to *"• CO to 01 CO C4 rH e^ c^ ■^ oi t^ >o CO to c-i CO to to ^ !N CO 0 ja ,_ CO o> C3 ^ f^ «!■ ^ ft tn CO oo OJ CO T»- CO 10 CT> Id CM .* CO lO OJ CO ^ CO CO oo «* CO ^^ uo tro ^ ea "- — e-1 CO CO '" CD CM CM — in CO CM ft ^ CO CO CO ^ ^ o, to ~~ ^ CO 00 0 ^ CO 0 c ^ a o en «* GO l^ 1— • CO o .-■ lO 01 CO 0 UO 0 CO 00 CO a> ac 1^ to 00 ^ c^ 00 to ^ 0 0 0 Ol ^ t- i-( "^ *"* *"* '"' "^ 00 "^ ^ a e< *"* *"* '"' *"* CO (M to ^ *"* *"* "* *"* *"* ^ CO CI oo *"* 0 a a" _o as 3 0! t> ew 0 tii . J5 |. CS pa e 03 1 ^ "« "B S g 8 I2; t. s "5 , 3 "3 c C3 o H T3 a a •a •a a ■3 4) , C3 is c X- a a a. <1 0 0 "5 0) a c Q a o a J3 •a a 3 o 13 1 a •a o 0) a o I. 3 2 a a a 0) a 3 T3 C3 0 0 a 0 3 0 0 5 0 0 0 4) a o J3 a X3 .a CJ 3 0 1-1 o O 5 ^ (S 3 3 o o ^ ^ >1 0 0 0 « 0 0 0 0 "3 302 AGRICULTUliAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. C. Analyses of Fruits. NAME. Date. 6 i " '3 02 is, S o 5) a a tffl 'a "s 0-= H .9 a Hi 0 a 0 M'3 6- pi 1877. I'er et. Per cf. Per ct. Perct. C. C. Apple (Baldwin), Sept. 1 20. U 1.055 12—15 3.09 - - - Apple (Baldwin), Oct. 9 19.6(3 1.065 12—15 6.25 - - - Apple (Baldwin), Nov. 27 - 1.075 12-15 10.42 - - - Rhode Island Greening, Sept. 1 20.27 1.055 12—15 3.10 - - - Rhode Inland Greening, . Oct. 9 19.68 1.06? 12—15 7.14 - - - Rhode Island Greening,! . Nov. 27 20.25 1.080 12-15 n.36 - - - Pear (Bartlett) Aue;. 31 15.00 1.000 12—15 4.77 - - - Pear (Bartlett) Sept. 7 16.55 1.060 12—15 5.68 - - - Pear (Bartlett) Sept. 20 - 1.065 12-15 8.62 - - - Pear ( Bartlett), t Sept. 22 - 1.060 12—15 8.93 - - - Cranberries - 10.71 1.025 15 1.35 - - -§ Cranberries, .... 1878. 10.11 1.025 15 1.70 - - -II Early York Peach (lipe), . - - 1.045 25 - 1.92 6.09 45 Early York Peach (nearly ripe) , - 10.9011 1.039 25 - 1.36 4.12 42.3 Crawford Peach (nearly ripe), . - - 1.050 IS - 2.19 7.02 85.6 Crawford Peach (mellow). - 11.361T 1.055 18 - 1.70 8.94 76 Crawford Peach (not mellow), . - 11.881T 1.045 22 - 1.67 5.92 64 * One part Na2 CO3 in 100 parts of water, t Picked October 9. I Picked September 7. § Free acid, 2 25 per cent. Il Free acid, 2.43 per cent. IT In pulp, kept ten daj's before testing. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. C. Analyses of Fruits — Coutiuuecl. [Wild and cultivated grapes.] 303 Date. cc _; 3 CO o-ao Concord, . Concord, . Concord, . Concord, . Concord, . Concord, . Concord, . Purple Wild Grajje, Purple Wild Grape, Purple Wild Grape, Purple Wild Grape, White Wild Grape, Hartford Prolitic, Ives' Seeding, lona, loua (mildewed), Agawara, Wilder, . Delaware, Charter Oak, . Israella, . Bent's Seedling, Adirondack, Catawba, Wilder, . Charter Oak, . Concord, . Concord, . Eiimalan, Wild White Grape, Wild White Grape (shrivelled), Wild Purple Grape (shrivelled). 1876. July 17, 1.0175 July 20, 1.0150 Aug. 2, 1.0200 Aug. 16, 1.0250 Aug. 30, 1.0500 Sept. 13 1.0G70 Sept. 4, 1.0700 July 19, 1.020 Aug. 4, 1.020 Aug. 16 1.025 Aug. 30, 1.050 Aug. 31 1.050 Sept. 5 1.060 Sept. 6, 1.070 Sept. 7 1.080 Sept. 7 1.045 Sept. 11 1.075 Sept. 11 1.064 Sept. 12 1.080 Sept. 12 1.080 Sept. 16 1.075 Sept. 20 1.080 Sept. 20 1.065 Oct. 16 1.080 1877. Sept. 11 1.065 Sept. 12 1.055 Sept. 13 1.065 Sept. 26 1.075 Sept. 24 , 1.065 Sept. 5 1.050 Sept. 20 , 1.060 Sept. 20 , 1.045 31 31 25 28 25 23 18 31 28 28 26 26 22 26 21 26 20 20 24 24 23 21 21 13 23 23 24 24 16 22 16 16 Perct. 8.30 8.10 9.94 10.88 15.. 58 17.48 19.82 9.00 12.25 12.48 16.58 16.48 17.39 20.15 24.56 15.41 20.79 16.53 23.47 15.98 19.67 20.65 15.11 23.45 16.41 16.22 15.90 19.34 19.62 15.57 20.02 16.69 Per ct. .645 .625 .938 2.000 8.620 13.890 16.130 .714 1.100 2.000 6.500 9.260 13.89 15.15 15.15 6.25 17.24 13.67 17.86 8.77 9.20 16.13 13.17 17.39 15.15 9.80 13.16 15.43 13.16 7.20 10.00 8.22 Perct. 7.77 7.72 9.44 18.38 .55.33 79.46 81.38 7.93 8.98 16.03 39.81 56.18 79.87 75.14 61.68 40.56 82.92 82.69 76.09 54.94 46.77 78.11 87.16 74.16 92.32 60.42 82.76 79.78 67.07 46.24 49.95 49.25 C.C. 216 249 229 120 55 49.2 204 246 233 147.6 98 144 204.4 94.8 56 74 168.3 89.8 181.8 68 60 96 102 70.8 73 140.8 130 104 * One part of pure Nuj CO3 In 100 parts water. 304 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. C. Ayialyses of Fritits — Continued. [EflFect of girdling on grapes.] NAME AND CONDITION. Date. >> 1 O o td "3 a ft 02 la % . t- r-l ft n a M . a) c5 ft a . S3 *Soda Solution re- quired to neu- tralize 100 parts of Juice. 1877. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. C. C. Hartford Prolific, not girdled, . Sept. 3, 1.045 19 12.85 8.77 68.25 111.4 Hartford Prolific, girdled. Sept. 3, 1.065 19 17.18 12.50 72.76 100 Wilder, not girdled. Sept. 3, 1.055 19 15.41 10.42 67.62 108.2 Wilder, girdled, Sept. 3, 1.075 19 17.24 14.70 85.26 88.4 Delaware, not girdled. Sept. 4, 1.065 19 15.75 11.76 74.66 101.2 Delaware, girdled, . Sept. 1, 1.075 19 19.14 15.15 79.16 94.4 Agawam, not girdled. Sept. 4, 1.060 19 16.60 11.37 68.48 128.2 Agawaru, girdled, . Sept. 4, 1.075 19 18.45 16.31 87.42 ia4.8 lona, not girdled. Sept. 6, 1.0625 22 16.60 13.51 68.31 131.4 lona, girdled, . Sept. 6, 1.085 22 21.48 15.63 72.76 125.6 Concord, not girdled, Sept. 6, 1.045 22 13.46 7.46 55.42 182.4 Concord, girdled, Sept. 6, 1.070 22 17.53 13.88 79.18 102.8 Concord, not girdled. Sept. 26, 1.065 22 17.63 13.70 78.27 86 Concord, girdled. Sept. 26, 1.080 22 24.47 19.61 80.13 76.8 Concord, not girdled, Oct. 5, 1.075 12 20.92 17.50 85.37 42 Concord, girdled. Oct. 5, 1.085 12 - 17.86 - 54 Date. 100 Parts of G TAINED RAPES CON- < o o C3 5 OS J) « ■5 '5 5 O o"ft CQ 1889. Concord, not girdled, Sept. 23, - 84.69 6.24 75 Concord, girdled, .... Sept. 23, .42 83.00 8.13 85.4 Concord, not girdled. Oct. 8, .53 84.51 6.09 48 Concord, girdled, .... Oct. 8, .37 82.69 8.50 50 * One part Na2 CO3 to 100 parts of water. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 305 C. Analyses of FruiU — Continued. [Effect of fertilization upon the organic constituents of wild grapes.] NAME. Date. 'a >> (5 o 9 "^ 2 5) o o .a O II u hatic blood guano were ajjplied before planting. 2. Soil, a clayish loam, had been jjloughed seven inches deej). A liberal amount of rotten sheei^-manure Avas j^laced in trenches and covered by running two furrows together, thus forming a ridge on which the seed were planted. 3. Soil, a gravelly loam, which had been richlj' manured with stable compost and twice ploughed before planting. 4. Soil, a sandy loam, underlaid by fine sand. The seed Avere planted on ridges, which covered trenches containing a little rotten stable- manure. 5. No details of modes of cultivation received. 6. Soil, a dark, reddish-brown, rich, deej), sandy loam. Clover had been raised for two years previous to a crop of carrots, which preceded the sugar beets. The beets Avere the second croi? after the application of twenty loads of stable-manure i^er acre. Composition of Canada-grown Sugar Beets. [1872 and 1873.] WHEKE GROWN. AVeight of Roots. Specific Gravity of Juice (Brix). Tempera- ture of Juice. Per Cent. ol C:ine Sugar in Juice. Echaullon de Montreal, . Reviere du Loup, . Chambly, .... Maskinonge, .... 2 to 2^ lbs. 2 to 3| lbs. 2 to 21 lbs. 2 to 3 lbs. 15.4° 14.5° 13.2° 13.4° 04° F. 03° F. 03° F. 03° F. 11.38 10.20 9.02 8.83 310 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Coutiuued. [Early Amber Cane.] a-j d is" t. O I. p a> 3 u cS n a 3 o P< Date. CONDITIO^r OF CAKE. J3 M is D 02 C3 3 oluti d to elOO lice. 02 ■„ CD iJ) a a daS uire •aliz f Ju 12 ■n ! d c a VARIETY. 'S 3 a Is to 6 s o CO -S « >-= a 2 O to g 3 .S tC 3 1-3 C 2 02 Northern corn, * . . 1.023 27 Per ct. 4.35 Per ct. .28 Per ct. 15.18 Black Mexican sweet corn, f . 1.048 27 2.06 7.02 17.44 Evergreen sweet corn, f . 1.052 - 4.85 5.70 20.38 Con;imon sweet corn, % . . . 1.035 - 6.60 None. - Common yellow musk-melon, § 1.040 26 1.67 2.65 - White-flesh water-melon, . 1.025 18 2.91 2.16 - Red-flesh water-melon, 1.025 22 3.57 2.18 - Red-flesh water-melon, 1.025 19 3.84 1.77 - Nutmeg musk-melon, || . 1.030 19 3.33 2.11 - Nutmeg musk-melon, ^ . 1.050 20 2.27 5.38 - Nutmeg musk-melon, * * . 1.030 19 2.50 1.43 - * Tassels appearing, t Ears ready for the table. X Kernels somewhat hard. § Fully ripe. II Not ripe. IT Ripe. ** Over-ripe. 312 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o k; o o r-l cn •qsV 1 M CO ■* o\ r-l CO ^ '* ^ E^ •oScaaAy ' CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 „ •ranrainQ^ 1 1 ' 02 •umratxBjif 1 1 1 Tj- 1 1 1 , I 1 1 , CO Q CO O) CO CO cn ^ OJ «* ■* * • S§T!.I3 Ay CO CO CM " CO ci ^ lO C*4 CO CO c^ ea P5 rH D •nincninij^ i.O ' o ■ttininixBH 1 1 r 1 S I 1 1 r 1 1 f 1 m ^ ^ m CJ .!h __ ^ ir> •9§BjaAY CO ' ■ CO ^ »*■ ^ c^ OJ •~ '~ CO CO f- -T < •tunniinipi ^ 1 00 in .r. Tjl O •nin'niTXB]^ o o 05 00 1 1 1 r 1 1 Q 03 CO CO ^ «^ "^ ^ ^n~ ^ •aScjaAY ^~ *" C3 •~ •— f^ CD •— CO C3 CO m cn f^ CO _ "" ~ CO CO "" iO ir> "" 1 ,r, O •ranramijj ^ ,^ ' ' 1 o 1— ( IM 00 m ^ •rantaixBj^ CO OJ CM C3> •S9si[T!Uy g 1 1 ^ - - - - - - - - ^ bl) *„ 61) Ml to •a ■a •73 n c3 ■a n ■s -M a £ j; a 3 g t- o J3 jq ,q M 4) >, >. . T) Tl 2 m K ,i5 2 hi a n ►-5 a a a M a a '?' / « OJ a o B lU 0) o o s S £ s a) 3 M ^ 02 m i. W ^ ^ o J3 J3 O ii 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo, 3^ 313 IS 1 .2 i C3 •-^ ^-~- o ^ ^ •tioptiutniBxa joj uo juag '5 j: z' \— * ~ 1 •ja^jBH O O uo QO CM CM O O 5^ O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '-0 CM CO CM O l^ lO CM O O aiqniosni O T-H O O CD O O r-; CM t-. •ajuiiclins ! , ^ , , , ^ S , , , °^ i? , , , ^ ^ ■ . ii-iiicoaiii-f-M|i ■o o muisauSBTvr O i— i O o O p ^ .^ . . ' ' * 1 1 1- 1 1 1 O - 1 1 1 1 -M 1 1 1 1 1 r: 1 1 miijpos , O CO CO —_ q 1 ; ( •apijoiur) 1 coociOOOOOr- (,— lOt^iOOi CO uo. o ;00<000 o o o o o- 1 •aptjomo '^ (M-f<<^ O-*-* !MCO 1— 1 C5 00 o OlcTiCO-Ol lOt^rHl ICO'* r^ XI 1 o CO mnpico O OCMCO T-iOitO Oi— 1 0_ T-; r-M CO (M C; lO ni "^ ^ O "iO O O CO t^ t^ C^ Ci O O t^ O O O CO ^ t^ CM ■i '•'" 1 t^-*. C0gp^(MC^C0G0|-+O)-*'-l Ci q -* o GO '^ r-i T-H ' " ' 1 a6Q6cot>^iccoa6i6o'Ot--^t>^'0-i< -*" CO r-~ 00 OC' uo C50i02asOC^C5C5CiC2C>C5C505 C5 C5 c; 03 Ci C5 0000^*0000^0000^ CO uo O O uo. O coooco'i^'oooiot-oococr; T-H -i^ti CO o o' o '0 oOOI ajiijstopi CO CO o ^H CO o c>j o t>. -* t^ t^ CM "O CD 1— 1 O- CO >0 CO CMG<)COTtHi-HCOOCOOOCO^ ^ CD ' ' ' CM r-a >i.-^ . (>- ^ . ^ «^ 2 ^ [2 • • • • eS • • • ■ AND SOURCE. nse. La., . an Domingo, \ N. Y., ^ alley, 0., . alley, Mich., s, unty. Neb., ed salt, Onond ed salt, Portsn cd salt. Mason ^shton's (Engl II., . HI., . m Amherst, M ;d (sent on), m Amherst, salt mines. Q Pettite Ai Neyba, S: 'nondaga, [ocking V aginaw V, om Kansa incoln Co e and boil e and boil e and boil ible salt, J airy salt, illetin 26, illetin 26, illetin 26, ent on fro (sent on), ictory-filk cmt on fro Dm Retsof 'g^OH-,a)^Hqa^a_a^'Cj^2q M ^,-^^.=^ ~ ,~^.^. '~^—' a a a = br+^ -i^ ine salt airy sa' shton s nondag airy sal ock sail ock sa ock sa olar sa olar sa olar sa olar sa olar sa ommo: ommo ommoi airy ai nonda; ine sal ine sal ?^ ;^ y;} yi :c ui vi IJ '^ '^ -i O U^ i^ ^x. G<5o;^tf 314 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. METEOKOLOGY. 1889. Our weather observations have been conducted on the same general phm as in previous years, being essentially the same as that recommended to voluntary observers of the United States Signal Service. Besides this, we have during the summer months forwarded to a signal officer at Cam- bridge, Mass., a weekly report of temperature, rainfall and sunshine, and their effects as observed on the growth of crops in this vicinity. This report was for use of the New England Meteorological Society and the United States Signal Service in preparing a weekly weather and crop bulletin. The winter months of 1889 were exceptionally mild. Our lowest temperature during that time was nine degrees below zero. Ice did not form thick enough to be cut until the first part of Fel)ruary. There was no snow on the ground until the 20th of January. Sleighs were in use from that date until the last week in February ; most of the time, however, hardly enough snow for good sleighing. A snow-storm, amounting to 4.5 inches, occurred on March 31 and April 1. This snow quickly disappeared. On account of the warm and dry weather during the spring, the ground was prepared and planted somewhat earlier than usual. Heavy frosts occurred May 4 and 29 ; the latter touched our more tender crops, but apparently did not affect corn or potatoes. February, March and April were our driest months ; less than three inches of water fell during February and March. The rains of May were abundant and well distributed. During June, July and the first part of August, an unusual number of rainy days interfered seriously with farm work ; considerable damage was done in our vicinity to partially cured hay and grain. 1890.] PUBLIC DOCIBIENT — No. 33. 315 The average temperature of July and August was lower than usual. The cool weather during those two months retarded the ripening of corn, and was evidently injurious to most crops, judging from the unusual prevalence of fungous diseases. The first frost occurred September 23 ; the first snow-fall occurred November 27, and the first snow-storm, December 5, amounting, in the latter case, to an inch and a half of snow. The severest snow-storm, amounting to 6.5 inches of snow, occurred December 14. Both of these snows disappeared soon. During eight months of the year the prevailing wind was north-west ; during March, September and October, the prevailing direction was north-east ; and during June, south-west. The rainfall during the year amounted to 43.72 inches, which is slightly below the average. The number of days on which an appreciable quantity of water fell was 128. The largest number occurring in one month was 15, in July ; the smallest, 7, in August. The laro;est rainfall for one month was 8.35 inches, in July; the smallest, 1.45 inches, in February. During the first seven months of the year there were fifty- four days during which the sky was more than seven-tenths overcast by clouds at each observation. During the last five months, when a more detailed system of taking the observa- tion was used, sixty-six days were noticed "cloudy;" twenty cloudy days occurred in September. On twenty- three days during the first seven months, the sky was found less than four-tenths overcast at each observation. April and June had each but one "clear" day; during the last five months there were but twenty-four clear days. The mean annual temperature was 47.78 degrees, which is nearly 1 degree above the average. The highest tempera- ture for the year was 89 5 degrees, occurring May 9 ; the lowest, — 9 degrees, occurring February 24. The maximum for 1888 was 94.5 degrees, on July 23 ; the minimum, — 21.5 degrees, January 23. The absolute range of temperature for 1889 was 98.5 degrees, against 116 for 1888, 115. 2 for 1887, and 117 for 1886. 31G AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOX. [Jan. GO CO g m J '^ •^ -tJ ^ — 5 /3 ■^a « ^ ,d J3 CO X5 a J3 5 C-) ^ si" C3 2 OS 00 CO '"' (M ^: ■2 -# /3 CM ^ /a o H O '"' CM -< E- o ._; a< 0 'O e; !M 10 IT- 1C5 05 0 0 ^ CM o ^ ^ T)< CO CO CO c-. CM QO a &> CO ,_> r-i (M -*< CO =0 c^ c-1 ■* CO c-1 CO ^ Q-^ -*l c (N ^ 0 CO M ■* IC °2 vj 1 1 1 t^ ,_i 00 0 ,_, ,_, 1 1 I 03 -v< t^ i^ 00 00 00 ■o CD ■ Tt< CO CO CO CO 10 o> £; CO 10 < 1^ C3 CM 00 00 00 a> Oi CM CO ' 10 CO a ^ •rt ^ ,i3 ^ ^ '7^ d a ^ CO -*l t^ CO 0 (>) CM (M CM ■§ 1 • »c 0 0 0 0 0 IC »o >o 0 >o 10 0 t^ X " ~ 0 0 ■* 10 r^ CO CO 0 -tl ,_H ^ 1 CO CO Tt< ■* CO CM CM CM 6 ja S3 ^ ^ ^ J ^ J J Oi 0 00 CO CO " CO CO J 0 CO 00 CO CO c-1 , , 00 0 a CO •* 10 uti >o -* CO C-) 0 •^ r-, S ^ CO H <: -L r4 _ Ci C5 l-Ji CO •* ^ t^ CO 00 ^ 0 0 0 s a Ci 1^ C5 CO c^ CO -* -^ (M 0 ,_4 c^ la -1< CO -* CO t^ t^ t^ t^ t^ CD 10 CO t- CO a CO 00 G5 -ti 00 -* ^ -* < C-l 00 CO Ttt 0 C5 (M lO t^ 0 00 CO CO CO 0 0 0 in CO -H CO C-l 0 ■* C2 CM Oi CD CO <>) CO -* 10 CO CO CO TJH CO CO in 10 -* C-1 00 ir3 rt< (M 0 0 0 C3 CM CO 05 oo C (M CO 10 CO CO •0 CO CO CM CM m -* • X b _ a u 1 0 0 0 03 c 1-5 c3 0 u < c fee < a > 0 s 0 a cS 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 317 Miscellaneous Phenomena^ — Dates. Frost. Thunder- storms. Solar Hales. Lunar Hales. January, February, March, April, . May, . June, . July, . August, September, October, November, December, 4, 5, 13, 15, '26 11 1, 13, 15, 7,10,11,15,23 4, 29 3, 5, S, 9, n, 12, 16, 17, 19, 22, 24. 4,11,16,17,18, 5, 10, 22, 24, 29, 31. 20, 21, 6, 8, 9, 27, 28, 11,12, 18, 27. 5, 6, 7, 9, 16, 5, 16, 4, 5, 6, 16, 17, 1,3,20,25,26, 10, 11, 13, 14, 21, 25, 26, 27, 1,2,4.6,8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 22, 2,3,4, 8. 9, 10, 14, 15, 20, 27, 30, 1,3,5,9,13,14,15, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 26, 5, 14, 1, 6, 7, 10, 12, 20, 21, 22, 26, 28, 29, 2,3,9,10, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 8,9,10,11, 18, • 22, 24, 28, 20, 10, 14, 25, 10, 11, 7, 8, 29, 11, 15, 16. 1,8. 318 AGEICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATIOX. [Jan. Record Of the Average Temperature taken from Weather Records at Amherst, Mass., for three consecutive vionths, during the summer and winter, beginning icith the year 1830. December, January, February. June, July, August. 1836-37, Degrees K. 25.396 1837, . Degrees F. 69.130 1837-38, 26.386 1838, 69.550 1838-39, 25.950 1839, 70.180 1839-40, 20.626 1840, 68.770 1840-41, 23.146 1841, 69.230 1841-42, 28.516 1842, 68.210 1842-43, 23.460 1843, 67.950 1843-44, 21.320 1844, 67.260 1844-45, 25.550 1845, 70.120 1845-46, 22.140 1846, 68.406 1846-47, 25.176 1847, 68.806 1847-48, 28.966 1848, 69.210 1848-49, 23 026 1849, 69.210 1849-50, 27.570 1850, 68.820 1850-51, 25.040 1851, 66.640 1851-52, 21.620 1852, 66 830 1852-53, i 27.940 1853, 67.846 1853-54, 23.670 1854, 69.856 1854-55, 23.126 1855, 67.146 1855-56, 1 20.820 1856, 69.225 1856-57, 22.720' 1857, 67.240 1857-58, 26.956 1858, 67.930 1858-59, 24.746 1859, 65.650 1859-60, 24.790 1860, 66.540 1860-61, 24 510 1861, 66.870 1861-62, 24.470 1862, 66.490 1862-63, 27.640 1863, 66.656 1863-64, 26.060 1864, 69.336 1864-65, 21.310 1865, 68.946 1865-66, 25.676 1866, 67.400 1866-67, 25 276 1867, 67.920 1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. il9 Record of Temperature, etc. — Concluded. December, January. February. June, July, August. 1867-68, Tiegrees F. 20.350 i 1868, . Degrees F. 69.700 1868-69, 26.290 1869, 66.890 1869-70, 27.866 1870, 71.700 1870-71, 26.666 1871, 67.810 1871-72, 24.630 1872, 70.790 1872-73, .21.350 1873, 68.596 1873-74, 27.286 1874, 66.806 1874-75, 21.180 1875, 68.026 1875-76, 28.156 1876, 71.780 1876-77, 23.510 1877, 70.080 1877-78, 28.506 1878, 68.896 1878-79, 24.290 1879, 68.150 1879-80, 30 506 1880, 69.286 1880-81, 21.856 1881, 67.966 1881-82, 29.256 1882, 69.866 1882-83, 24.220 1S33, 68.840 1883-84, 26.506 1884, 68.960 1884-85, 22.630 1885, 66.740 1885-86, 24.846 1886, 66.100 1886-87, 22.146 1887, . 68.100 1887-88, 20.827 1888, . 67.893 1888-89, 27.170 1889, . 66.300 C. A. GOESSMANN, Director. 320 AGRICULTURAL EX. STATION. [Jan. '90. COfNCOOCOCMCMCMeMt^^OO o CO'O^^'Odt^'OOCO^COO c^ Ot^r^C3«500SO-HCO-t— 1 '-0 lO C2 O '30 T-l CM t_^ O, Oi O i-H O O C^ CO O ^ rH o ^ o oi CM 1—1 tc r— r d '2 p . 2 -aT-fe (d 3 ai 'rH r-. 0 ^ , ^-53 o to Hatch supijlies, ;l postage ises, labor, . ies, us expen! X and rep oard of C k, . 'S • >^a s'^'H. • • 8.2=^ i ^S^^'^^jiS „ ^g^.2 rans aboi rinti ffice arm* arm took eed, [isce onst xpei ash Hc^JPnOtM&nCCti-i^OfciO ei « * O lO o o o t- o t- O --i o T-l C> O CO (N o, ci io_ lO O' i~^ CM ^^ T-\ «e= ^< • '. " • ,- cc • O O "m » . o . p cS . r^ rC ^ g =H 03 • a fl ° .a c ^ e »j :;5 CS r- rt (K -t^ Q • fl O C3 rt CD to '13 CO O +H 3r, oes stai oes ■tifi ial '- o ^ o s >^ t^ 2 • • , fl e5 ~0 cDQ 03 y S « oj'y rt ^ ^ ;^ M-l O 'X'3 G ^ rH o tH a « « H Ph OS INDEX. INDEX TO SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT, 1889. PAGE Albuminoid nitrogen in roots, 185 Alfalfa, analyses of, 165, 166, 294, 297 Alfalfa, field experiments with 158 Alsike clover, analyses of, 163, 294, 299 Alsike clover, field experiments with, 158 " American Agriculturist " prize corn, 146,147 Ammonite, analysis of, 286 Analyses of apatite, 266 of apples, 295, 300 of apple pomace, 297, 301 of apple-pomace ensilage, 297 of ashes of cotton-seed hulls, 263, 264, 284 of ashes of hard pine 285 of ashes, lime-kiln, 285 of ashes, logwood, 285 of ashes, mill, 285 of ashes, sea-weed, . . . 285 of ashes of spent tan-bark, 284 of ashes, wood 259, 263, 284 of asparagus, 306 of barley, 122, 139, 296, 301 of barley and oat chafl", 143 of barnyard grass, 293 of barnyard manure, 277, 289 of bat guano, 285 of beets, fodder, 184, 295, 300 of beets, sugar, ... ... . .35, 183, 184, 187, 188, 295, 300 of blood, dried, 269, 286 of bone ash. South American, 286 of bone black 267, 286 of bone coal, 267 of bones, 268, 269, 287 of brewer's gi-ains, rotten, 287 of brewer's grains, spent, 297, 301 of Brockville phosphate, 285 of broom-com seed meal, 296 of broom-corn seed 295 of broom-corn waste, 297, 301 of butter, 85, 86 of buttermilk 312 of carnallite, 284 [323] 324 INDEX. PAGE Analyses of carrots 34, 181, 182, 295, 300 of carrot tops, 182, 295, 300 of castor-bean pomace, 287 of chaff from grain elevator, 274 of cheese, . ' 312 of clover, mammoth red 164, 165, 294, 299 of medium red, 164, 294, 299 of Bokhara 180, 181, 294, 299 of cocoa dust, 297, 301 of corn cobs, 297, 301 of corn and cob meal, 295, 300 of corn, Ivernels, 147, 295, 300 of corn ensilage, 34, 143, 292, 298 of corn fodder, 33, 36, 293, 298 of corn " germs," 142 of corn " husks " or " chaff," 142 of corn meal, 31, 60, 125, 128, 296, 301 of com refuse from starch works 296 of corn stover, 33, 36, 143 of cotton waste, 287 of cotton hulls, 297, 301 of cotton-seed meal, 272, 296, 301 of cow-pea, 62, 292, 294, 298, 299 of cranberries, 302 of cranberry, 274 of cream, 86, 87 of currants, 306 of ensilage, 34, 143, 276, 292 of ensilage liquor, 277 of feed, fine, 138 of felt refuse, 286 of fertilizers, commercial 232, 258, 275, 276 offish 287 of fodder corn 292, 298 of gas-house lime, 285 of German potash salts, 284 of glucose refuse, 287 of gluten meal 32, 61, 123, 129, 132, 272, 266, 301 of grapes, 303, 304 of guano, bat, 285 of guano, Caribbean (Orchilla), 285 of guano, Cuba, 285 of guano, Mona Island 266 of gypsum, 265 of hay (English), 32,61,293,298 of hellebore, 278 of hemp waste, 274 of hen manure, 289 of herds-grass, 293, 299 of hominy feed, 301 of hominy meal, 296 of horn and hoof waste, 286 of horse bean (beans), 295 of horse bean (whole plant), 295 of hop refuse, 287 of Hungarian grass 292 of jute waste, 274 INDEX. 325 PAGE Analyses of kainite, 284 of kibi, white 292, 298 ofkrugite 284 of lime 265 of lime-kiln ashes, 285 of lime waste, 285 of linseed cake, 136, 138, 296, 301 of linseed refuse 273 of lobster shells, 287 of lotus villosus, . 178,179 of lucerne (alfalfa), 165,166,296,301 of lupine 292, 298 of mangolds 295, 300 of marls, 285 of meadow fescue, 293, 299 of meat mass, 287 of melilot, white (Bokhara clover), 180,294,299 of melilot, blue 180, 294, 299 of milk 29,30,59,312 of millets • . 292, 293, 298 of mix, . 292, 298 of muck, 288 of mud 288 of muriate of potash, 266, 284 of Navassa phosphate, 285 of nitrate of potash, 284 of nitrate of soda, 270, 284 of nitre salt-cake, 284 of Nova Scotia plaster, 285 of oak leaves, 273 of oats, 292, 293, 298 of oleomargarine refuse, 286 of onions, 306 of Onondaga plaster, 285 of orchard grass, 293, 299 of Orchilla guano, 285 of palmetto root, 145 of pea meal, 296, 301 of peaches, 302 of pears, 302 ofpeat 288 of phosphatic slag, . 285 of potatoes, 185, 293, 300 Ofpoudrette, 289 of raw wool, 286 of red top 293, 299 of refuse from rendering establishments, 287 of rowen, 35, 293, 298 of rnta-bagas, 187, 295, 300 of r^'e, grain, 293 of rye-grass, perennial, 293, 299 of rye-grass, Italian, 162, 293, 299 of rye bran 296 of rye middlings, 296 of salt hay 275 of saltpetre waste, 270, 284 of sea-weeds, 288 326 INDEX. PAGE Analyses of sea-weed ashes, 285 of serradella, 63, 292, 294, 298, 299 of skim-milk, 122 of soap-grease refuse, 287 ofsojabean (beans), 140, 141, 295, 300 of soja bean (whole plant), 144,166,294,299 of soot, 288 of sorghum, 182 of South Carolina rock phosphate, 266, 285 of Spanish moss (Tillandsia), 145 of sponge refuse, 286 of strawberries, 306 of sugar beets, 35, 183, 184, 187, 188, 295, 300 of sugar-beet pulp, 297 of sulla, 179, 180, 299 of sulphate of ammonia, 270, 284 of sulphate of magnesia, 284 of sulphate of potash 264,284 of sulphate of potash and magnesia, 284 of sumac waste, .... 288 of tankage, 287 of teosinte • , 178, 299 of timothy hay, 292, 293, 299 of tobacco dust, 271 of tobacco stems, 287 of turf ... 288 of turnips, 295, 300 of vetch, hauy, 180, 292, 294, 298, 299 of vetch and oats, 62, 63, 292, 294, 298, 299 of water 279-281 of whale flesh, 287 of wheat bran .31, 60, 123, 129-132, 296, 301 of wheat grain, 295 of wheat flour, 301 of M'heat middlings, 296, 301 of wheat shorts, 296 of wheat straw, 295 of white daisy 295, 300 of wool waste and washings, 271, 286 Apples, compilation of analyses of, 295, 300 Apple pomace, 297, 301 Apple-pomace ensilage, '..... 297 Ashes, . . 259-264, 284 Ash analyses of fruits and garden crops, 302-306 Asparagus, analysis of, 306 Bacteria, 201 Barley, analyses of 122, 139, 296, 301 Barley as an ingredient of diet for swine, 113,114 Barnyard grass, analysis of 293 Barnyard manure, compilation of analyses of, 289 Bat guano, compilation of analyses of, 285 Beets, fodder, compilation of analj'ses of, 295, 300 Beets, sugar, compilation of analyses of, 295, 300 Beets, sugar, Held experiments with, 170, 171 Black spot on rose leaves 228 Blood, dried, compilation of analyses of 286 Bones, compilation of analyses of, 287 INDEX. 327 PAGE Bone-black, compilation of analyses of, 286 Bone ash, analysis of, 286 Bordeaux mixture, 212 Brewer's grains, rotten, analyses of, 287 Brewer's grains, spent, analyses of 297, 301 Brockville phosphate, analyses of, 285 Broom-com meal, analyses of, 296 Broom-corn seed, analyses of, 295 Broom-com waste, analyses of, 297, 301 Buttermilk, analyses of, 285 Caribbean guano, compilation of analyses of, 285 Carnallite, analyses of, 284 Can-ots, compilation of analyses of, 295,300 Carrots, field tests of 170, 171 Carrots in diet for milch cows, 16 Castor-ljean pomace, compilation of analyses of, 287 Cheese, analyses of, 312 Chlorophyll, function of, 197 Chlorophyll, not present in all plants, 198 Cocoa dust, analyses of, 297, 301 Compilation of analyses of agricultural chemicals and refuse fertilizing materials, 283-289 Compilation of analyses of fodder articles, 293-301 Conclusions from experiments with cows 15, 16, 43, 71, 72 Conclusions from experiments with pigs, 109 Conclusions from creamery record, 82 Corn, field experiments with, 148-156 Corn and cobs, compilation of analyses of, 295-300 Corn cobs, compilation of analyses of, 297,301 Corn kernels, compilation of analyses of, 295, 300 Corn ensilage, compilation of analyses of, 292, 298 Corn fodder, compilation of analyses of, 293, 298 Com meal, compilation of analyses of 296, 301 Corn stover, compilation of analj'ses of, . . . j . . . 293, 299 Corn stover in diet for milch cows, 15, 16 Cotton waste, 287 Cotton hulls, compilation of analyses of, 297, 301 Cotton-seed meal, compilation of analyses of 296, 301 Cow-pea, compilation of analyses of, 292, 294, 298, 299 feeding trials with, 48-63 field tests of, 190, 191 Cranberries, analyses of 302 Cream, analyses of, 82, 86, 87, 312 Creameries, observations made during visits to two local, . . . . 84-102 Chemical composition of butter produced, 85, 86 Chemical composition of creamery cream, 86, 87 Chemical composition of station cream, 87 Details of farms contributing to the tv/o, 89-102 Creamery record for the year, 72-84 Average quantity of milk produced, . . . . , . , . 77, 78 Conclusions 82 Cost of skim-milk, 80, 81 Fertilizing constituents of cream, 82 Fodder articles used, 74, 75 Value of cream produced 79 Cuba guano, compilation of analyses of, 285 Cucumbers, nematode disease of, 229 328 INDEX. PACK Cultivation, effect of, upon sugar beets, 309 Currants, analyses of, 306 Diseases, plant, report on 195-230 fungus, on station farm 223-227 fungus, how combated, 211 Ean celeste, or blue water, 212 English hay, compilation of analyses of, 293, 298 Experiments with milch cows 12-30,48-63 with pigs . . . . 103-123 field 148-194 with corn 148-155 with permanent fodder crops, 156-167 with field and garden crops, 168-188 with green crops, 189-194 with scabby potatoes, • 214-223 Feeding experiments, 12-72 Feeding experiments with milch cows, I., 12-30 Average cost of feed for production of one quart of milk, ... 21 Average daily yield of milk during periods, 21 Analyses of fodder articles used 31-36 Analyses of milk, 29, 30 Changes of diet 14 Conclusions from, 15, 16 Dry matter contained in daily rations, 17, 20 Manurial value of feed, . . 27, 28 Net cost of milk, 27, 28 Nutritive ratio of rations fed, 14, 17-20 Pounds of dry matter required to produce one quart of milk, . . . 17-20 Quarts of milk produced per day, 17-20 Quarts of milk required for one space of cream, 16 Rations used, 40-43 Valuation of fodder articles used, 1» Valuation of fertilizing constituents in feed used, 26-28 Feeding experiments with milch cows, II., green fodders vs. English hay, . 48-63 Analyses of fodder articles used, . 60-63 Analyses of milk 59 Average cost of feed for production of one quart of milk, . . . . 54-56 Average daily yield of milk, by periods, 54-56 Daily diet 49, 50 Manurial value of feed, 57, 58 Nutritive ratios of rations used, 49, 51-53 Net cost of feed per quart of milk, 57,58 Results obtained, 50 Valuation of fqdder articles used, 49 Valuation of fertilizing constituents of fodders used, .... 57 Feeding experiments with pigs, 103-123 Amount of dry matter required to produce one pound of pork, 113, 115, 121 Analyses of fodder articles fed, 122, 123 Average daily rations, US Cost of feed per pound of dressed pork, 115, 121 Dressed weight gained during trial 115, 121 Loss in weight by dressing, 115, 121 Manurial value of feed consumed, 121 Nutritive ratios of feed 113, 114 Object of experiment, lOS Record of experiments, 114-121 Summary of previous experiments, 103-112 INDEX. 329 ^ PAGE Feeding experiments with pigs — Conchtded. Valuation of fodder articles used, 114 Weights of animals at time of killing, 115-121 Weights of different organs 110-112 Felt refuse, analysis of 286 Fertilization, effect of, upon grapes, 305 effect of, upon growth of corn, 148-156 effect of, upon sugar beets 308 Fertilizer inspection, official, 232-238 Fertilizer law, 237-239 Fertilizers, advice to buyers of, 236 basis of valuation of, 234 circumstances affecting value of, 233, 234 commercial, analyses of, 245, 258, 275, 276 instructions to dealers in, 239 list of dealers securing certificates for sale of, 240 Fertilizing constituents of alfalfa (lucerne) 166, 299 of alsike clover, 163, 299 of apples, 300 of barley, 114 of brewer's grain (spent) 301 of broom-corn waste, 301 of carrots, 300 of carrot tops, 300 of clover, mammoth red, . . . . 165, 299 of clover, medium red, .... 164, 299 of clover, Bokhara or sweet, . . . . 181, 299 of cream, 82 of cocoa dust, . . . . . . . . 301 of corn kernels 147, 300 of corn and cobs, 300 of corn cobs, 301 of corn ensilage, 298 of corn meal, 301 of cotton hulls, 301 of cotton-seed meal, 301 of cow-pea 298, 299 of fodder corn, 298 of gluten meal, 301 of hay, English 298 of herds-grass 299 of hominy feed, 301 of horse bean (whole plant) , 298 of kibi 298 of linseed cake, 137, 301 of lupine (white), 298 of lotus villosus 173, 299 of mangolds, 300 of meadow fescue 299 of melilot 299 of millets, 298 of orchard grass 299 of palmetto root, 145 of red top, 299 of rowen hay, 298 of ruta-bagas, ....... 187, 300 of rye grass, 162, 299 330 INDEX. PACK Fertilizing constituents of rye middlings, 301 of salt hay, 299 of serradella, 298, 299 of soja l^eans, 140, 141, 300 of soja beans (entire plant), . . . 144,166,299 of sugar beet, 183, 184, 187, 188, 300 of sulla, 180, 299 of teosinte, 180, 299 of timothy hay 299 of turnips 300 of vetch and oats 298, 299 of wheat bran, 301 of wheat middlings, 300 of white daisy, 300 of fodders, value of, in compounding rations, 44, 71, 105, 124 loss of the farm in sale of milk and cream, . . 83 required for growth and development of animals, . 106 Field experiments 148-230 Field experiments, I., with corn, 148-156 Appearance of crop during growth, . 152 Fertihzers used, 1889, 150, 151 Previous treatment of land 148-150 Tables showing growth of corn 152 Tabular statement of results for 1885, 1886, 1887, 150 Tabular statement of results for 1888, 1889, 151 Yield of plots, 153 Field experiments, II., permanent fodder crops 156, 157 Analyses of crops raised, 178-188 Crops grown, and jield per acre, 174-177 Cultivation, fertilization, etc., 156 Tabular statement of crops raised 157 Field experiments, III., field and garden crops, 168-188 Analyses of crops raised, 178-188 Crops grown and yield per acre, . 174-177 Cultivation, fertilization, etc., 169-171, 174 Field experiments, IV., green crops for milch cows, .... 189-193 Crops selected, and why, 189 Yield per acre, 190, 191 Field experiments, miscellaneous, 194 with potatoes, 175, 176 with root crops 169, 170 with scabby potatoes, 214-223 Fish, composition of, . 288 Fodder analyses 124-147, 284-289 Fodders, compilation of analyses of, 291-301 classification of 192 desirability of increasing variety of, 191 how to select, , . . . 191 Fodder corn, composition of, . 292, 298 Fruits, tables of analyses of, 302-306 Fungi, general account of 195-214 black, 210 the true, 202 imperfect, . . . . „ 211 insect 206 jelly, 208 leaf-gall, 206 INDEX. 331 PAGE Fungi, saucer, 210 Fungicides 212 Fungous diseases, liow combated, 211 Fungus in cellar, 227 Gas-house lime, composition of, 285 German potasli salts, composition of, 284 Girdling, effect of, upon grapes, 304 Gluten meal, composition of, 296, 301 Gluten meal, in feed for pigs, 105 Grapes, table of analyses of, 303, 306 Guanos, composition of, ... , 285 Gypsum, analysis of, ■ . . 265 Hay, composition of 293, 298 Hen manure, composition of, 289 Herds-grass, composition of, 293, 299 Heteroecism, defined, 207 Horn and hoof waste, composition of, 286 Insecticides, chemical composition of some 278 Kainite, composition of, 284 Leaf curls, 209 Lime-kiln ashes, composition of, 285 Lime waste, composition of, 285 Linseed cake, composition of, 292, 301 Lucerne, composition of, 294, 299 Mangolds, composition of, 295, 300 Marls, composition of, 285 Meadow fescue, composition of, 293, 299 Meat mass, composition of, 287 Meteorology, . 314-319 Average temperature for summer and winter months since 1836, . 318, 319 Record for 1889 316 Mildew, downy, 206 Mildew, powdery, 210 Milk analyses, ' 29,30,59,312 Milk production, experiments in cost of 63-72 Animals selected and fodders used, 64, 65 Amount of feed consumed 66 Conclusions from same, 71, 72 Financial summary 69-71 Market value of fodders used, 68 Millets, composition of, 292, 295, 298 Moulds, the true, 206 slime 201 water 206 Muck, composition of, 288 Mud, composition of, » 288 Muriate of potash, composition of, 284 Mycelium, definition of, 202 Navassa phosphate, composition of, 285 Nitrate of potash, composition of, 284 Nitre salt cake, 284 Nitrogen, albuminoid, in roots 185 Nitrogen, effect of, upon corn, 148-155 Oats, composition of 292, 293, 298 Onions, analysis of, 306 Orchard grass, composition of, 293, 299 Parasites, 199 332 INDEX. PAGE Pea meal, composition of 296, 301 Peaches, composition of 306 Pears, composition of, 306 Peat, composition of, 288 Phospliatic slag, composition of, 285 Plant food, nature of , . . . . 196, 197 Plaster, land, composition of . 285 Pleomorpliism, defined 205 Potatoes, composition of, 293, 300 Potatoes, field experiments witb, 175, 176 Potato scab, experiments with, 214, 223 Poudrette, composition of, 289 PufiF-balls, 209 Raw Avool, composition of, 286 E,ed-top, composition of 293, 299 Report of Professor Humphrey, 195-230 Rowen hay, composition of, 293, 298 Rot of potatoes, 226 Rusts 207 Ruta-bagas, composition of, 295, 300 Rye bran, composition of, 296 Rye middlings, composition of, 296, 301 Saltpetre waste, composition of, 284 Sea-weeds, composition of, 288 Sea-weed ashes, composition of, 285 Serradella, composition of , 292, 294, 298, 299 feeding trials with 48-58 field trials with, 190 Skim-milk, composition of, 312 Smuts 206 Smut of oats and barley, 223 South Carolina rock phosphate, 285 Spores, resting, 203 Spores, summer, 203 Spot disease, 225 Strawberries, analyses of, 306 Sugar in different varieties of sugar beets, . . . . . . 183, 307, 309 in sorghum, 182 in fruits and sugar-producing plants, 302-311 Sugar beets, composition of, . 295, 300 Sulphate of ammonia, composition of, 284 of magnesia, composition of, 284 of potash, composition of, 284 of potash and magnesia, composition of, 284 Tankage, composition of, 287 Timothy hay, composition of 292, 293, 299 Toadstools - 208 Tobacco stems, composition of, 287 Treasurer's report, 320 Truffles 211 Turf, composition of, 288 Turnips, composition of, 295, 300 Valuation of fertilizers, 234, 235 Value of fodders, commercial, 44 Value of fodders, physiological, . 45-47 Vetch and oats, composition of, 292, 294, 298, 299 Vetch and oats, feeding trials with, 48-59 INDEX. 333 PAGE Vetch and oats, field trials with, 190 Water analyses, .^^^"'^11 Water analyses, interpretation of results of, 281, 282 Wheat bran, composition of, 296, 301 Wheat grain, composition of ^^^ Wheat flour, composition of ^^^ Wheat straw, composition of, 295 Work of the year, outline of, ^~^^ „ ,„ 209 Yeasts, . . . • = PUBLIC DOCUMENT. No. 33. EIGHTH ANNUAL EEPOET BOARD OF CONTROL STATE AGRICULTUHAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. 1890. BOSTON : WRTCtFIT & POTTER nUNTlNG CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post Office Squauk. 1891. PUBLIC DOCUMENT. No. 33. EIGHTH ANNUAL EEPOET BOARD OF CONTROL STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. 1890. BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post Office Square. f, 1891. MASSACHUSETTS STATE AGRICULTUEAL EXPEEIMENT STATION, AMHERST, MASS. BOARD OF CONTROL, 18 9 0. His Excellency J. Q. A. Bkackett, Governor of the Commonioealth, President ex officio. P. M. Harwood of Barre, .... Term expires, 1892. W. W. Rawson of Arlington, .... Term expires, 1891. Appointed by the State Board of Agriculture. J. H. Demond of Northampton, . . . Term expires, 1892. T. P. Root of Barre Term expires, 1891. Appointed by the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. r. H. Appleton of Peabody, .... Term expires, 1891. Appointed by the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. Elbridge Cushman of Lakeville, . . . Term expires, 1892. .ippointed by the 3fassachusetts State Grange. Wm. C. Strong of Newton Higlilands, . . Term expires, 1891. Appointed by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. H. H. GOODELL, A.M., Amherst, President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. C. A. Goessmann, Ph.D., LL.D., Amhex-st, Director of the Station. Wm. R. Session.?, Hampden, Secretai-y of the State Board of Agriculture. Wm. R. Sessions, Hamjiden, Secretary and Auditor. Frank E. Paige, Amherst, Treasurer. STATION STAFF. C. A. GoESSMANN, Ph.D., LL.D., Director and Chemist, . Amlierst. J. E. Humphrey, S.B., Vegetable Physiologist (Mycologist), Amherst. W. H. Beal, a B., M.E , E. R. Flint, B S.,* . R. B. Moore, B.S., . C. S. Crocker, B.S., B. L. Hartwell, B.S., H. D. Haskins, B S., C. H. Jones, B S., . W. A. Parsons, B S., David Wentzell, . Assistants. Oeneral a,ml Analytical Chemistry. Field Experiineiits and Stock Feeding. Farmer. * Resigned July 1, 1890. I. CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 2. FARM HOUSE. 3. BARN AND FEEDING STABLES. -MAPOFLAND-LEASED-ToTHE • ■MASSACHUSETTS • EXPERIMENT -STATION' -FROMTHE- •AGRICULTURAL-COLLEGE FARM' •WEST -OF THE -HIGH WAV - • AREA-TAKEN --17.72 ACRES- I. AGRICULTURAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. M AP • OF • LAN D • LEASE D -TO -TH E MASSACHUSETTS -EXPERIMENT-STATION ' • FROM-THE • AGRICULTURAL- COLLEGE -FARM EAST-OF-THEHIGMWAY AREA-TAKEN- 30.52 -ACRES BosTOx, Jan. 9, 1891. To the Ho)iorable Senate ami House of Representatives. In accordance with chapter 212 of the Acts of 1882 I have the honor to present the Eighth Annual Report of the Board of Control of the State Agricultural Experiment Station. WM. R. SESSIONS, Secretary. EIGHTH AE'E'UAL REPOET DIRECTOR OF THE MASSACHUSETTS STATE AGRICULT- URAL EXPERIMENT STATION AT AMHERST, MASS. To the Honorable Board of Control. Gentlemen : — The present condition of the State Agri- cultural Experiment Station may be considered a satisfactory one, as far as buildings and general outfit are concerned. The older buildings are in a good state of repair, and the new ones are well equipped for the purpose they are to serve. The experimental work of the past year has Ijeen exten- sive, and in various directions. A favorable season has materially assisted in a successful termination of the work in the field. No material changes have been made in regard to different lines of observation, decided upon at the beginning of the year. The details of the management have been carried out, as far as practicable, according to the plans from time to time presented for your consideration. Investigations in the laboratory, the vegetation house, the field and the barn, have received their due share of attention. Professor Humphrey has continued his study of fungoidal diseases of plants, in various directions. A detailed descrip- tion of his work in that connection forms a chapter in the annual report. A series of field experiments, inaugurated at the close of the past season (1890), for the purpose of studying the effect of different forms of nitrogen and of phosphoric acid on the growth of winter rye and winter wheat, has been sup- plemented by control observations in pots in the vegetation house. 10 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. A number of reputed fodder crops, more or less new to the soil of Massachusetts, have been studied with regard to their adaptation to our climate and soil. Some of these have been raised in sufficient quantity to test their services as green fodder or hay for milk production. Feeding experiments with milch cows with reference to an economical production of milk, and with young pigs for a remunerative production of pork, have been continued. Considerable attention has been paid to the cost of the feed for the production of mutton and beef. The work in the chemical laboratory has been, as usual, quite large, and for different purposes. The chemical analyses made at the station laboratory during the entire year, aside from four hundred analyses for the Hatch Station of the Agricultural College, number some nine hundred. Of these, from three hundred to four hundred were made at the special request of farmers in the State. They include analyses of fertilizers, fodder articles, well water, milk, etc. The details of the work carried on in the directions previ- ously stated are recorded in the subsequent pages of the annual report for 1890, under the following headings : — Feepinc; Kxim:uiments. I. Two feeding experiments with milch cows. 1. Some general remarks on our previous feeding experi- ments with milch cows. 2. Feeding experiment with milcli cows, to compare the value of old-process linseed meal with that of new- process linseed meal. 3. Feeding experiment with milch cows, to compare the economical value of reputed fodder crops, — vetch and oats, and soja bean, — when fed as green fodder in part or in whole for English hay. 4. Creamery record for 1889 and 1890. II. Feeding experiments with laml)s, to ascertain the cost of feed when fattening lambs, by means of winter fodder rations, for the meat market. III. Feeding experiments with i)igs, — skim-milk, corn menl, corn and cob meal, wheat bran and gluten meal, serving as fodder ingredients of the daily diet. IV. Fodder analyses, 1890. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 11 Field Experimexts. V. Some suggestions regarding the question, How can we improve in an economical way the productiveness of our farm lauds ? VI. Experiments to ascertain the effect of dift'erent combina- tions of nitrogen on oats. VII. Field experiments with prominent grasses and legumi- nous plants, to study their composition and general economical value. VIII. Field experiments with reputed field and garden crops, to ascertain their adaptation to our soil and climate. IX. Field experiments to study the economy of using different commercial sources of phosphoric acid for manurial purposes in farm practice, — potatoes. X. Experiments with grass land. XI. Report on general farm work. XII. Professor Humphrey's report. Special Woiik in the Chemical Lahokatory. Xin. Analyses of licensed commercial fertilizers. XIV. Miscellaneous analyses of material sent on for examination. XV. Water analyses. XVI. Compilation of fodder analyses, with reference to fodder constituents and fertilizing constituents ; analyses of industrial products, garden crops, fruits, etc., made at Amherst, Mass. XVII. Meteorological observations. The periodical publications of the station have been as numerous as in previous years. The circulation of bulletins and annual reports is steadily increasing. In closing, it becomes a pleasing duty to acknowledge that the successful termination of the work carried on at the station during the past year is largely due to the industry and faithful execution of the various tasks assigned to all parties associated witb me for that purpose. With the assurance of my sincere thanks for your kind indulgence, permit me to sign. Yours very respectfully, C. A. GOESSMANN, Director of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Amherst, Mass., Jan. 9, 1891. 12 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. O^N" FEEDING EXPERIME:N^TS. 1890. I. Two Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows. 11. One Feeding Experiment with Lambs. III. Two Feeding Experiments with Pigs. IV. Fodder Analyses. I. 1. Some general remarks on our previous feeding experiments with milch cows. 2. Feeding experiments with milch cows, to compare the value of old-process linseed meal with that of new- process linseed meal, when fed pound for pound under otherwise corresponding conditions. o. Feeding experiments with milch cows, to compare the economical vnlue of reputed fodder crops, — vetch and oats, and soja bean, — wlien fed as green fodder in part or in whole as substitutes for English hay. 4. Creamery record for 1889 and 1890. 1. Some General Remarks on our Previously IReporled Feeding Fxjjerimenfs wifJi Milch Ooios. A careful examination of our last annual report cannot fail to show that our feeding experiments with milch cows, previous to the close of 1889, were chiefly instituted for the purpose of securing a satisfactory answer to the follow- ing questions : — 1. What is the comparative feeding effect of dry fodder corn, of dry corn stover, and of a good corn ensilage, when used in part or in the whole as a substitute for English hay (upland meadow hay), in the daily diet of milch cows, and also that of a good root crop in place of corn ensilage ; the amount and kind of grain feed remaining, for obvious reasons, the same under otherwise corresponding circumstances ? 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 13 2. What is the total cost, as well as the net cost, of the daily feed per head in case of the diflereut fodder combina- tions used ; making in all cases alike an allowance of a loss of twenty per cent, of the fertilizing constituents contained in the feed consumed, in consequence of the sale of the milk? 3. What is the commercial value, at current market rates, of the manurial refuse obtainable in the case of different fodder combinations used as daily diet for the support of cows, assuming that eighty per cent, of the value of the fertilizing constituents contained in the fodder consumed can be secured to the farm by a careful management? The results of these experiments, which extend over a period of five successive years, 18b5-89, were summed up in the following statements : — 1. The high nutritive value of fodder corn, corn stover and good corn ensilage, as compared with that of P^nglish hay, counting in all instances pound for pound of dry vege- table matter, is fully confirmed. The general condition of the animal on trial, as well as the quality and the quantity of the milk obtained, point in that direction. 2. To produce one quart of milk, using the same quan- tity and quality of grain feed, required in every instance a larger quantity of perfectly dried hay than of either fodder corn, corn stover or corn ensilage, in a corresponding state of dryness, — corn stover leading. 3. The net cost of feed in the case of the same ration of grain feed is from one-third to one-half less per quart of milk, when fodder corn, corn stover or corn ensilage serve as substitutes for English hay in the daily diet of milch cows ; corn fodder, as a rule, leading, while corn stover leads the corn ensilage in four out of six cases. 4. Sugar beets, as well as carrots, when fed pound for pound of dry matter in place of part of the hay ration, with the same kind and quantity of grain feed, have raised almost without an exception the temporary yield of milk ; exceed- ing, as a rule, the corn ensilage in that direction. 5. Corn ensilage, as well as roots, proved best when fed in place of one-fourth to one-half of the full hay ration. From twenty-five to twenty-seven pounds of roots, or from 14 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. thirty-five to forty pounds of corn ensilage per day, with all the hay called for to satisfy the animal in either case, seems, for various reasons, a good proportion, allowing the stated kind and quantity of grain feed. 6. The influence of the various diets used on the quality of the milk seems to depend in a controlling degree on the constitutional characteristics of the animal on trial. The effect is not unfrequently in our case the reverse in difl^erent animals depending on the same diet. The increase in the quantity of milk is frequently accompanied by a decrease in solids. The valuation of the fodder ingredients is based in this connection on the average of the local market price per ton of each article for the entire period of observation : — Corn meal, . $22 75 Fodder corn, . $5 00 Wheat bran, . 21 00 Corn stover. . 5 00 Gluten meal, . . 24 50 Corn ensilage, . . 2 75 Hay, . . . . 15 00 Carrots, . 7 00 Rowen, . 15 00 Sugar beets. . 5 00 The commercial valuation of the fertilizing constituents contained in each fodder article is based on the following- market prices: i. e., nitrogen (per pound), 17 cents; phos- phoric acid, 6 cents ; and potassium oxide, 4;^ cents. Eighty per cent, of the entire amount of fertilizing constituents contained in the fodder consumed is considered obtainable by proper management, while twenty per cent, is assumed to be sold with the milk. For further details, see seventh annual report of station, pages 37-47, and 73-84. It will be apparent, from the above statements, that it was the main aim of our feeding experiments with milch cows, during the years 1885-89, to compare the relative feeding value of our current coarse fodder articles with each other, — as, English hay, rowen, fodder corn, corn stover, corn ensilage and roots. To do this judiciously required in all cases the use of the same quantity and quality of grain feed. It is for this reason chiefly that the latter was confined to the same quantity of corn meal, corn and cob meal, wheat bran and sfluten meal. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 15 These articles were at any time at our disposal in our local market ; all of them fcould claim a fair reputation for milk production. During the past year ve have changed the object of our feeding experiments with milch cows. Having made our- selves, as far as practicable, familiar with the feeding effect and general economical value of our current coarse home- raised fodder articles, it was decided to compare the feeding value of our prominent concentrated fodder articles (grains, brans, oilcakes, gluten meal, starch feed, etc.) with each other, under otherwise corresponding circumstances. Some experiments with the two kinds of linseed meal (old and new process) are described within a few^ subsequent pages. 2. Feeding Experiments ivitJt Jlilch Cows. Okl-process linseed meal vs. new-process linseed meal, Dec. 11, 188y-July 2, 1890. The feeding experiments subsequently described were instituted chiefly for the purpose of comparing the effect of new-process linseed meal with that of old-process lin- seed meal, on the quantity/ and qualiti/ of milk produced, and on tJte cost of feed consumed, when fed in equal weights as an ingredient of an otherwise corresponding daily diet of milch cows. This inquiry into the respective merits of both kinds of linseed meal for dairy purposes has been under- taken in response to frequent inquiries regarding that point on the part of dairymen in our State. The old-process lin- seed meal is sold, in our local markets, at |27 per ton of 2,000 pounds, and the new-process linseed meal of the Cleveland Linseed Oil Company at %2'6 for the same weight. The first-named article is obtained when the seed is sub- jected to the action of a powerful press to secure its oil ; while the latter is produced by the aid of a new process, owned by the Cleveland company. The new process favors a more thorough abstraction of the oil, and involves, it is stated, a boiling of the seeds. The difference in the treat- ment of the seed, for the separation of the oil, explains one of the most characteristic differences in the composition of both kinds of linseed meal ; for old-process linseed meal 16 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. contaiDS, as a rule, a larger percentage of oil or fat, and a smaller one of organic-nitrogen-containing matter, than the new-process linseed meal. Aside from the stated causes of differences in their composition, there are various other circumstances which not unfrequently contribute towards serious variations in the composition of individual samples of both kinds. Among these is most prominent a more or less advanced state of maturity of the plant when harvested. Our inquiry into the comparative value of both kinds of meal as a fodder ingredient of the daily diet for milch cows has been carried on with articles of the followino- average composition : — COMrOSITIOX OF LINSEKI) MK.VL USED. New-proc- ess Linseed ileal. Old-proc- ess Linseed Meal. Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, Anah/sis of J)ri/ Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, Per Cent. 5.06 94.94 100.00 6.34 8.93 2.17 41.02 4154 100.00 Per Cent. 9.88 90.12 100.00 7.39 8.74 7.24 36.97 39.66 100.00 Fertilizing Constituents. Per Cent. Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 5.06 9.88 Nitrogen, 6.25 5.33 Phosphoric acid, 1.42 1.64 Potassium oxide, 1.16 1.16 Valuation per ton of 2,000 pounds, . . $24 00 f21 50 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 17 Five cows, grades of various description, all of fair milk- ing qualities, were selected for the trial. Two had dropped their last calves one month before the beginning of the observation, one five months, and two from eleven to twelve months. They differed but one year in their respective ages, which were from six to seven years. English hay, rowen, fodder corn, corn stover, corn ensi- lage, carrots and sugar beets furnished at dift'erent times the main bulk of the daily fodder ration ; while corn meal, wheat bran and both kinds of linseed meal alternately served as supplementary feed stuffs to secure a desired high nutritive character for the entire diet. The daily quantity of the grain feed, of roots and of hay, in case corn ensilage fur- nished largely the coarse feed, was in each case a definite one, decided upon before ; it was in each case entirely con- sumed. The daily consumption of the coarse portion of the particular fodder combination on trial, as hay when fed alone, rowen, fodder corn, corn stover and corn ensilage, depended on the appetite of each individual animal. It varied usually somewhat in quantity in case of different cows. Care was taken to offer to each a liberal quantity. The unconsumed portion was weighed back each day, and subsequently accounted for in the daily feeding record. The fodder corn, corn ensilage and corn stover were obtained from the same variety of corn, "Pride of the North," a dent corn. The ensilage corn and the fodder corn were of a corresponding stage of growth ; i.e., with kernel beginning to glaze. The corn stalks were in every case cut into pieces from one and one-half to two inches in length before beins; fed. The entire experiment extended over six successive months, and was subdivided into nine distinct periods. The changes in daily diet were made graduall}^ as customary in well-conducted feeding experiments. The weekly weights of the animals on trial were taken on the same day, in the morning, before milking and feeding. The adopted valuation of the different fodder articles is based on their local market price per ton of 2,000 pounds, at Amherst : — i8 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Corn meal, per ton, $19 00 Wheat bran, 17 50 Old-process linseed meal, 27 00 New-process linseed meal, 2G 00 Carrots, 7 00 Sugar beets, 5 00 Hay, 15 00 Rowen, 15 00 Fodder corn, 5 00 Corn stover, 5 00 Corn ensilage, 2 75 A few subsequent pages contain an abstract of the results of the experiment, closing with a detailed feeding record of every cow on trial : — I. — Statement of the Average of the Daily Fodder Combinations used during the Different Successive Feeding Periods. I. H. Corn meal (pounds), . 3.25 Corn meal (pounds),. 3.25 Wheat bran. 3.25 Wheat Ijran, 3.25 Old-process linseed meal, 3.25 Old-process linseed meal, . 3.25 Hay, .... 18.50 Hay, 5.00 Total cost (cents). 24.18 Corn ensilage, . 45.00 Net cost, 14. OG Total cost (cents). 20.25 Manurial value obtainaljle 10.12 Net cost, . . . . 10.79 Nutritive ratio, . 1:5.73 INIanurial value obtainable. 9.46 Nutritive ratio, . 1:6.27 HI. IV. Wheat bran (pounds) , 3.25 Wheat bran (pounds). 3.25 Old-process linseed meal, . 3.25 Old-process linseed meal. 3.25 Carrots, . . . . 20.00 Carrots, 20.00 Fodder corn, 13.75 Corn stover. 16.00 Total cost (cents). 17 65 Total cost (cents) , 18.21 Net cost. 9.58 Net cost. 9.20 Manurial value obtainable. 8.07 Manurial value obtainable 9.01 Nutritive ratio, . 1:5.16 Nutritive ratio, . 1:5.15 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. I. — Daily Fodder Combinations — Concluded. 19 V. YI. Wheat bran (pounds) , 3.25 Corn meal (pounds),. 3.25 New-process linseed meal, 3.25 Wheat bran. 3.25 Carrots, 20.00 New-i>rocess linseed meal. 3.25 Fodder corn, 16.25 Sugar l)eets, 20.00 Total cost (cents) , 18.06 Hay, 16.00 Net cost, . . . . 9.12 Total cost (cents). 27.16 Manurial value oljtainaljle, 8.94 Net cost. 16.38 Nutritive ratio, . 1:4.96 Manui-ial value obtainable, 10.78 Nutritive ratio, . 1:5.23 VII. VIII. Corn meal (pounds) , . 3.25 Corn meal (pounds), . 3.25 Wheat bran, 3.25 Wheat bran, 3.25 Old-process linseed iiieal. 3.25 Old-process linseed meal. 3.25 Sugar beets. 20.00 Rowen, 20.75 Hay 16.00 Total cost (cents). 25.86 Total cost (cents), 27.30 Net cost, . . ■ . 13.48 Net cost, 16 . 96 ]\Ianurial value obtainable 12.38 Manurial value obtainable 10.34 Nutritive ratio, . 1:5.04 Nutritive ratio, . 1:5.63 IX. Corn meal (pounds), Wheat bran. New-process linseed meal, Rowen, .... Total cost (cents), . Net cost, .... Manurial value obtainable, Nutritive ratio. 3.25 3.25 3.25 20.75 25.72 13.05 12.67 :4.73 II. — Summary of the Cost of the Daily Fodder Rations {Cents). II. I III. IV. Total cost, . Net cost, Manm'ial value obtainable, 24.18 14.06 10.12 20.25 10.79 9.46 17.65 9.58 8.07 18.21 9.20 9.01 18.06 9.12 8:94 27 . 16 16.38 27.30 25.86 16.9613.48 10.78 10.3412.38 25.72 13.05 12.67 20 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. II. ■Daily Fodder Rations — Concluded. Valuation of Essential Fertilizing Constituents in the Various Fodder Articles used. Nitrogen, 17 cents per pound; phosphoric acid, 6 cents; potassium oxide, 4 o m S a a ^ >. a bS ^ ^ o o O a 3 o O O Iz; m O f^ o U OQ di Moisture, 11.67 9.27 9.88 5.06 9.72 72.95 20.42 22.50 90.47 90.02 13.53 Nitrogen, 1.479 2.545 5.331 6.254 1.379 0.33 1.058 1.211 0.149 0.184 1.790 Phosphoric acid, . 0.713 2.900 1.646 1.420 0.359 0.138 0.510 0.303 0.100 0.086 0.464 Potasgium oxide, . 0.430 1.637 1.162 1.160 1.572 0.301 0.760 1.320 0.540 0.462 1.966 Value per 2,000 11)8., $6 27 $13 60 $21 15 $24 00 $6 53 $1 56 $4 89 $5 67 $1 12 $1 14 $8 42 III. — Amount of Dry Vegetable Matter of the Feed required to produce One Quart of Milk during the Experiment. NAME. Average Yield of Milk per Day (Quarts). .\verage Amount of Dry Matter consumed to produce One Quart of Milk. Juno, Flora, Jessie, Roxy, Pink, 9.53 7.40 7.40 12.55 10.99 2.57 • 3.17 3.09 1.99 2.09 IV. — Cost of Feed consumed for the Production of One Quart of Milk during the Differed Feeding Periods (Cents). Feeding Periods, 18S9-1S90. Juno. Flora. Jessie. Roxy. Fink. I. Dec. 11 to Dec. 31, c Total cost, < Net cost, C Obtainable manure, 2.54 1.48 1.06 2.88 1.68 1.20 3.08 1.79 1.29 m II. Jan. 6 to Fel3. 16, . c Total cost, < Net cost, C Obtainable manure, 2.20 1.17 1.03 2.52 1.34 1.18 2.83 1.51 1.32 1891. PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 21 IV. — Cost of Feed, etc. — Concluded. Feeding Periods, 1889 1890. Flora. Jessie. Roxy. Pink. III. Feb. 23 to March 13, Total cost, I Net cost, [ Obtainable manure, 2 19 1.1.5 1.04 3.00 2.8.5 1 6o 1..57 1.35 1.2S 1.37 .72 0.6o 1.61 .87 0.74 IV. March 18 to April 5, I Total cost, I Net cost, Obtainable manure, 2 24 1.13 1.11 2.81 2.72 1.63 1.43 1.39 .81 1.38 1.33 0.82 1.76 .87 0.89 V. April 9 to April 18, Total cost, [ Net cost. Obtainable manure, 2.19 l.U l.OS 2.47 1.2.5 1.22 2.37 1.60 1.21 .79 1.16 0.81 1.68 .8,5 0.83 VI. April 25 to May 13, VII. Maj' 18 to May 27, Total cost, I Net cost. Obtainable manure. Total cost, I Net cost. Obtainable manure, 2.72 1.64 1.08 3.36 2.02 1.34 2.71 1.69 1.02 3.48 2.16 1.32 3.36 2.12 2.02 1.60 1.34 0.52 2.45 1.48 0.97 3.45 2.24 2.14 I 1.39 1.31 I 0.85 2 46 1.53 0.93 VIII. June 1 to June 19, Total cost, I Net cost. Obtainable manure. 2.38 1.25 1.13 3.19 1.67 3.10 1.62 1.52 j 1.48 I IX. June 23 to July 2, . Total cost, I Net cost. Obtainable manure, 2.49 1.26 1.23 3.-59 1 82 1.77 3.09 1.57 1.52 2.10 1.11 0.99 2.17 1.10 1.07 2.12 1.11 1.01 2.24 1.14 1.10 V. — Average Quantity of Milk per Day (Quarts). Feeding Periods, 1889-1890. I. IT. III. IV. V. VI. VII. 1 VIII. i IX. # 1 1 Juno, . 9.67 ' 9.40 1 8.47 8.18 8.30 10.01 10.06 11.05 10.61 Flora, . 8.64 8.41 5.73 6.45 7.26 7.86 7.64 7.89 7.29 Jessie, . 7.87 7.16 6.05 6.57 7.44 7.75 7.48 8.19 8.09 Roxy, . 13.52 11.46 11^64 13.18 12.67 12.84 12.22 Pink, . 10.09 10.59 10.65 11.30 11.05 12.06 11.19 22 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. V. — Average Quantity of Milk, etc. — Concluded. I. — Variations in daily production of millc during the entire feeding experiment (quarts). II. — Average quantity of niillc per day for the entire feeding experiment (quarts). ■ I. II. Jnno, Flora, ....... Jessie, Roxy, Pink 8.18 — 11.05 ,5,73— 8.64 6.05— 8.19 11.46— 13.52 10.09 — 12.06 9.53 7.46 7.40 12.55 10.99 VI. — Statement of the Average of Analyses of Milk made during the Different Feeding Periods. Juno. Flora. I Jessie. Roxy. I-, II., Solids, per cent.. Fat, per cent., . Solids, per cent , Fat, per cent., . 12.84 3.89 13.47 3.72 12.97 3.93 13.86 4.33 14.72 5. 21 14.93 5.86 III. IV., Solids, per cent , Fat, per cent., . 13. G8 4.33 15.44 6.00 15.61 6.45 13.27 4.21 Solids, i^er cent , Fat, per cent., . 13.80 4.31 13.62 4.27 14.14 4.78 13.18 3.51 14.86 5.73 13.61 4.72 v., VI., Solids, per cent , Fat, per cent., . 13.34 4.24 12.59 13.79 3.96 5.17 Solids, per cent , Fat, per cent , . 14.. 37 4.76 13.30 '• 14.93 3.71 5.57 12.48 4.30 13.21 3.91 13.65 4.74 14.45 5.02 VII., VIII., Solids, per cent.. Fat, per cent., . Solids, per cent , Fat, per cent., . 13.90 4.28 13.62 4.69 13.19 3.85 12.82 3.73 15.76 6.22 T 12.74 3.75 14.80 12.59 5.70 3.73 14.40 5.11 14.20 5.04 IX, Solids, per cent., Fat, per cent., . 13.85 4.45 12.93 3.52 14.43 5.13 12.81 3.68 14.40 3.93 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 23 VII. — Creamery Record for the Different Feeding Periods. Feeding Periods. Qu.Trts of Milk set for Cream. Spaces of Cream produced. Average Xumber of Sp.ices per Day. Quarts of Milk produced One Sp.Tce of Cream. 1889-I8»0. I. Dec. 11 to Dec. 31, . 933.50 657 31.29 • 1.42 II. Jan, G to Feb. 1(3, . 2,013.40 1,367 32.55 1.47 III. Feb. 23 to March 13, 913.74 602 31.68 1.52 IV. ]\Iarch 18 to April 5, 1,002.75 627 33.00 1.60 V. April 0 to April 18, . 559.50 336 33.60 1.67 VI. April 2.5 to May 13,. 1,159.50 665 35.00 1.74 VII. INIay 18 to May 27, . 599.20 347 34.70 1.73 VIII. June 1 to June 19, . 1,201.50 676 35.58 1.76 IX. June 23 to Juh* 2, . GO 1.25 333 33.30 1.81 VIII. — Live Weights of Animals during the Feeding Periods (Pounds). Feeding rERioDS. Gain Name. 1 AT ! I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Close. Juno 1,070 1,030 1,018 1,025 1,042 1,095 1,095 1,142 1,125 55 Flora 1,000 990 960 9S4 1,005 1,047 1,050 1,084 1,080 80 Jessie, .... 88S 870 827 830 838 901 897 932 928 40 Roxy 834 849 864 898 915 955 938 104 Pink ! 800 814 818 860 860 852 859 59 IX. Conclusion. An examination of the previously recorded results of the inquiry into the respective particular chiims of both kinds of linseed meal as food constituents for dairy purposes shows that, at stated market prices, under otherwise corre- sponding circumstances and when used in equal-weight parts , they may serve in place of each other without materially afiecting the linaucial side of the operation one way or the 24 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. other. In case the new-process linseed meal is used, the net cost of the milk is somewhat less, on account of the larger amount of fertilizing elements it contains, which increases somewhat the value of oljtainable manure (see rations 6, 7, 8 and 9). This advantage is, however, in the majority of instances, to some extent compensated for by a somewhat more lil)eral yield of milk, in case old-process linseed meal has been fed. As the old-process linseed meal has a Avell-established reputation as a suitable food constituent for dairy cows, the new-process linseed meal may claim a similar position in the front rank of concentrated feed stuffs for dairy purposes. A careful selection of suitable associated fodder constituents is, however, in both instances, necessary to show their real economical value. A comparison of the yield of milk obtained, in the majority of cases, during feed- ing periods III., IV., with those of periods VI., VII., VIII. and IX., cannot fail to render that point prominent.' 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 25 CO 00 J? t3 '>^ . . OOCO'0(MiO>0(M»0 (SpuiiUti; I'ui.i'M t^COi-HCM-^OiCl-^CM Suunp ]Uiniuv' OOOOOOOt-Hi-i ;o ;q S!9Ai aSu.RAy OCO'-it^'-i'fcC'QO!:^ t^ CO "O I— 1 O O lO 'C "O 'O 'O '^ Bnf) .13(1 J.)) HlQiO SpiIUOJ i^co^ococoo^ JO ^x ?or-ioiO"OioiO'*«3 (MCNC^(N t^Ot^GOO-t'OiO'-i •liv(\ .lad paoiip Ort<'ti-icCOOOO -ojd >II!K JO sjJBiif) oicioococooot-io T-( 1— 1 I— 1 rH •(SPUIIO.T) -+ t^ (M (M ^O CO 1^ OC >0 poinnsuoo .lappuj CO'— It- — ^c^^-#T-l.-(^D i[i"(I sm uipauiB4 'O CO 1— 1 o >— 1 'O 'O 1^ r^ -uooj3jjBi\;aiqtT}0 1 OJ o o •sjaag JbShs o o 1 1 1 1 1 do ' ' o o o o o o ' ' dod ' ' ' ' C^ (M o T-i o C CO "O ' ' 1 to -O ' ' l-H T-H i-l •luaivpaasii!-! lO >o >o sssooad-Avoj^ CO CO CO ■|T!an[p3asii!i ssaoojtl-p'io O lO >0 "O >0 'O 5 (M 1 CO CO CO CO CO CO "O "O 'O 'O O lO O "O >o •uBja ;B3tIA\. (>> CM Ol 0J (M (M CO CO CO CO CO CO T-I CO CO "O CO CO h-^oToi CO l-H 1—1 1—1 1— 1 CM 1—1 O 3 'A ■ ooooooooo ^ +^*^+^*^*-^^+^+^^ « i-icocococ5ioaOi-ico Q « 1-1 0t^O-+iO OOCOCOO-^'OCOOO oaiC5CT>ooooo crs o^ CO Oi CO ■o o t^ uo O '^ >0 '^ •o 'O »0 Tf< 1— 1 1— I 1-1 -^ 1—1 1— 1 1-1 rH iH -*<<>5CMOiT-(i-ICOCOCO OC^OOQOi— li— iCMt^ cococococjO(>;oi-*-*(Mooco cot^t--lod-*-h"(Ot^ CMCMi— li— .C^(Mo o I I ^ I ,-; I I I I ^- I I I I I I I CO o o o '^ o o o O .O • I ' uo u^ ' » UO 'O (M (M I CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO O^ S ^ !-. b-S^E^ oocoooooo ^ „ „ c c w c^ §"S"^ ^'S 2(3 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o Sfi CO >>. Q ^ O ^ O ^ w !^ Pi C^ c^ CO ^ 5^ l-H « s^ w w *«o Ph ^ CJi ^ GO O t^ O 'Xi I— 1 t^ O) CC oot^oicocciocsotics 3uiJiip [Bumiv coooGOooGOoixasoi JO jiiSiOjW aSu.iaAV (M t^ O (M CO C-1 l^ (M Ci l^CNOOl^^-t^OO •oijBa a-^!M-iJ"iJ 'O'tOiCiO^iO'OiOTfi JO j-imit) J3d jo; -JBH XiQ JO spunoj (M lO O C5 O O 01 O C-1 CMiOGOGOCOt-I^^OI CO CO C^ CN (>l CO CO CO CO t--COiOt fiiOOOOO •jfB(j .tad pa.inp COrHp'0-^t>;'*.-(0 -ojd HIiK JO SJ.IBI15 t^t^C£)t>.t^t^00GO ■(spunoa) t^Cli-lT^rH> CM 1^ •j3.\o;g iijoo 1 1 1 "^ 1 1 1 1 1 a -+ a l-H —1 o O) CO a Muo,^ joppo^^ 1 1 <>i 1 h; 1 1 1 1 K T— ( T— 1 O c^ •aSBiisug o luoo a '^ CO O CO o ■Xvu "^ ^ 1 1 I '^ ^ 1 , 0 CC uO ' 1 ' -+H -*< 1 1 1— i T-H T— 1 bj (^ •lB9iv[ p3asui7 1 1 1 , (>1 C^ 1 1 CM BS330jd-.«3}J CO CO CO ss30oad-pio (M CM (Kl (>? 1 1 (M CM 1 CO CO CO CO CO CO lO lO >C lO lO lO 'O >0 'O UBjg }B3tl,VV C^ 0-] (M CM (N (M i o) (M t>5 CO CO CO CO CO CO 1-1 coco lood CO t^cToJ CO 1— c 1— 1 I— 1 1— 1 (M I— 1 oc Q O 3 •* /-\ r^ «— < ^ lITirH ^- -^ ^ 1 qoooooooo (» 1-1 CO CO X' O lO X' "-I CO !i5 C oe r- 1 CM i-H G-1 1— I ^ o i^ c^ Ai3 5 "^ 1 P 1^ P^ r^ -s^ » 0 lO 1 CM c>i c^^ CM CO CO CO CO CO lO CO ccf nToj cm" CM T-H March April April May May 1-3 2S o o Q o o CO X O lO X l-H CO 1 CM rH CM l-H (M Feb. ]\larch ?^ ^ — ' '-' ^^ ^ O lO CO cc 00 00 tx) 00 CO Tt< O ^ "O o o -* (M 1-H CM CM (M CM a> ci lo o o "^ Gi o o ^ CO o o 1-; cS d d y-> -r-i oi -rA I I I I I •J3A0JS UJOO •nJOQ jappo_^ •aSsiisuji U.IOO ■Avu "XBan paasun ss330jd-Ma^ •IBarepaasniT ssaoojd-pio I > • I 1 I I I .o I I I I I I I I I I I (M G^I I 1 (M CM I CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO lO lO "O "O (M o o ci O t^ O CO CO CO oj CO ^ ^ ,_! t^ 05 "to O to -* lO o -* T-H r-H rH r- 1 ^ CM O -* -* CT5 C5 O I— 1 I— 1 I— 1 (M O CM —1 t^ o C^ -* t^ Go T-l (M GJ CM CM !M CO CO CO CO o o »o 1 C^J (M CM CO CO CO »0 t^oTcM (M 7-H April May June July 2S2 ■2 O CO r-l CO March May June June 28 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. H < D C o •(s;uao)xi!W.;oiJBnf) ano JO uojjDiipoja joj paa^ JO jsoo aS8J8A\r -+005'*05(M'-IC005 lOCM"— i.CO'* •paransiioo P33J: JO }SO0 [BJOX COaDCOOOCCOO-* i-HCOiO-^COi— it^OcO ■-OCOCOCOi— iioCMiOCM (spunoj) pamiisuOD U9Aioajo junoiny IBjoj, o o IQ O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ t^ O rH - ' ' ' ' t— 1 CO •(spunoa) paransuoD ujo,^ jap -po^ JO lunomy [ujox 333.00 167.50 •(spunoa) pamnsuoo aSensua UJOO JO }anotay ibjox o p 1 g 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 p. •(spunoj) pamnsuoo Atsu jo ^unoray [iijox 398.00 210.00 .306.00 160.00 ■(spunoj) paransuoa IBajt paasun ssaaojd -Aia.M JO ;uhomy [bjox 32.50 61.75 32.50 (spunoj) paransuoD l^aiM paasui'i ssaaojd -PIO JO }unorav [ejox >0 O O lO O 'O <>; O I>. |>. lO l-; CO CO 1— 1 l-H ' ' <>i T-H ' CO CO CO CO CO CO l-H •(spuno.i) p a in n s u 0 a u b j v[ jBaqAUOJunomyiBjox 'O O lO 'O O "O O lO o CM "iO t^ t^ no 1^ uO l^ lO c6coi-i^(>i CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO T-H •(spunoj) pamnsuoo iBajt UJOO JO junomy ibjox 68.25 136.50 61.75 32.50 61.75 32.50 ■(sjjBnf)) 5(i!i« JO PiajA. '^UBa aSBJBAy t-^Ot^GOO-+ICDlOr-l o -+ ^H ,-< CO p p p p ddcococoddi-Hd 7— ( T— 1 1— 1 rH •(suBnf)) paonpojd ^llire JO ^l!»"Bn5 IBJOx (M GO CO lO 05 O OO 00 «0 poqpcopt^iqcop CO -t5 d "O CO d d d CO ocico'ococ^ooo (MCOi— IrH T-HrH(Mi-H 05 O O 1— 1 o B 1889-1890. Dec. 11 to Dec. 31, Jan. 6 to Feb. 16, Feb. 23 to March 13, March 18 to April 5, April 9 to April 18, April 25 to May 13, May 18 to May 27, June 1 to June 19, June 23 to July 2, 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 29 ■xs o H o o o o ■< H O H C\l ■(siu3a)5ii!ivjojJBnf) c/D 'O O CCi -*^ CO -* '-; lO auoiouoiionpojjjo; (>i(?qcoc^c450cococ6 paoji JO }soo a3BJ3Ay COOOt^'OOlG^COGOfM •paransuoo CMGOGO-*t^OCOC^«5 paaj JO }so,:) iBjoi O CO CO CO l-H 'O Ol -* (M r o o o o ■(spunoj) p.)ninsuo3 o o o o .-; _• 1 1 ••II j^BH JO lunotQv IBJOX CO o ' ' "O o O' i-i 00 'O -t Ol (M —1 ■(spunoj) paransuoD 32..50 61.75 32.50 [Beiv poasun ssaDoad -AV3»{ JO junotnviBJojj ■(spunoj) paransuoo >0 O lO lO o «o 01 uO t^ t^ lO t^ IBSIV P33SUIT ssaoojd CO to r-; ,-; 1 1 C^ r-^ 1 -PIO JO juiiomv Ib;ox ^O CO CO CO CO o l-H >0 O 'O .O O uO O o o (spunoj) O] O !>. f~- "O l^ uO t^ lO pamnsuoo UBjg OOCC'-'t-IcM'-hG^Ii-JCM JBaUAiJOlunoiuv IB^ox CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 'O O "O O "O o ■(spunoj) CM lO I--; lO t>; "O pamnsuoo ib3M CO CO ' ' ' l-H oi 1-3 (M UJOO JO junomv IBJox C® CO CO CO CO CO 1—1 -t<,-(C0iOcoco-HC»Ci ■(BJJBHt)) 511111 co>-t;t>--+(Mcocococ^ JO P19IA. ^U^a 33B.iaAV COQ6iOCOt>It>^l>^l>^t>^ 0 0^ E « .2 i=^ ^i3 5 s P t-5 fi^ r^ <5 <1 ^ 1-3 t-s 30 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. H ■< '"^ ►J CO a ^ fo •(s)u«0)MI!I\IJOlJB"f) CO CO "O Ol !^ CO "O O 03 OQ0G0l-£CC0-*i-(O aiiO JO uoipnpojj aoj CC(NIC050SCC0 t^oicooicoococoo •parausuoo O'OCMCOt^Ol'OOOiO psaj JO }soo iBjox •OOOCCCOi— l-:J<(M-<*01 «© o o •(spunoj) paraiisuoo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,N-; ^ udiiAojijo junotay l»'}ox CO T-H o o •(spuno,i) o o pamnsuos maajj 1 1 1 1 ' d d ' ' JB^Jnv} JO junoray [ujox CO o CO (M O O O ■(spiinoj) c><:^^ , , , . parang u 00 sjoJ 1 1 d d d ' ' " I -J80 JO jiinoiny imox oC' -JZ' o CO CO Ol o •(spunoj) o psmnsuoo jo.vois 1 1 1 if.^ 1 1 1 1 1 ujoo JO junoray iBiox 1^ (M o o •(spuno,i) o o pstnnsuoo ujoo jap 1 1 (N 1 CO 1 I ' I -po^l JO junomy i»i)ox CO -H CM i-H o •(spuno.i) o paransuoo aSensua 1 ;=^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 UJOO JO »unorav lujox 1,8 o o o o 1 •(spunoj) paransuoj 87.0 10.0 76.0 400 £vii JO junoray [ujox CO CM (M T— 1 •(spuno.i) pamnsuoo O lO o [BajV paasuiT ssaaojil -JAOJI JO junoray iBjox CO CO CO lO O "O lO O 'C ■(spuno.i) paransuoo (M lo t^ r^ uo t^ IBJIt poasuiT ssaoojd GO d T-i --H ' 1 oi 1-3 1 -PIO JO junouiy ibjox O CO CO CO CO CO 'O O lO »0 O »C O lO o •(spunoj) (MiOI>-t^>Ot^iCt^>.0 paransuoa ubjji CO CO T-H T-H (M T-H C-l r-l (M jBaiiAlJojunonjy IBJOX COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 'O O lO O lO o •(spunoj) (M lO l^ "O t^ 'O pamnsuoj ibsk CO CO ' ' ' 1-5 c4 1-H oi UJOO JO junoray ibjox CO CO CO CO CO CO r^coioi-^-^'Ocoaias •(siJi;n5) 5||!re (XirHO'0'*l^-rl<'— lO JO P13IA ^l!B(i oSBJOAy o.t^cocot^i>c-ooco uO O O O O O 1.^ O CO •(sjjBHf)) paonpojd Ql-il^^ <;<;<:) 1-51-5 t^ CO O CM -H O t^ 11 CO CO CO <-i (M rt rH II I-H T-H l-H CM CM CM (M CM CO CO T-l ■* Ol lO lo "O 00 CO CO T-H CO CO CO rH lO (M lO CM o o o o ,-H CI CM rH Tfi CM o o o o 1 1 1 o o CO o CO CM t 1 o o o o oo o o o CO CO o CO CO (M 1 1 1 1 o ' ^5 CO 1 1 o g CM CO CO 00 l-H o o o o o 1 1 1 CM t^ CO ,-H 1 1 o >o o '^ CM T-H ' CO CO 1 CM CO o o I-H .-H CO CO I c>ir4 1 CO CO >0 >0 O lO O "O o t^ l^ lO t^ o t^ >o 1 CO CO CM ,-H CM CO CO CO ,-H (M CO CO "O O 'O o t^ O t^ lO I-H (M I-H CM CO CO «0 CO CM CO ^ CO t^ '^l CM lO '^ CO 7-H CO GO CM CO rH I-H I-H T-H CO (M CM (M rH I-H r-l >-H ,-H CO lO O lO ^+1 "O 1-H 00 t^ -t< CO t^ Ci c^ CO t^ CO O CO lO "-H t— 1 lO CM CM C^ I-H CM I-H CO (M -r (M CM ,-H CO o CO CO 1^ o^ <^'' I-H 1-H 1— 1 CM >-H c5 ^ o_| TO TO ^ \Z 53 o o o 22 CO CO Gi lO CO CM ,-H o; I-H -?^ o ^ ?3 t2 G i89i.] iPUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 31 H o o H O H 'o •(sju80)Xl!reJ0?JB"?) T-l --O 00 O O (M -* O t-^ O rtH -* 1-1 CM auo JO uononpojj jo; T— 1 T— 1 t-H C<> (M CS C<1 paaj JO JS03 aSBja.vv c^ -I' oi r^ (M o 1-1 •psmnsuoo o »o t^ <>) (>• CO o paaj JO }goo iBjox CO ':0 T-( lO G^ -* Ol «& o o (spunoa) paransuoo O O 1 1 1 1 . • _: uSMoa JO junotnv IB»ox 00 o 01 (M O O •(spuno.i) o o psmnsuoo sjsoji 1 1 1 od ' ' jbSiis jojunomy IBJOX CO o CO (M o o o •(spunoj) o o o pamnsuoo sjoj cDod 1 1 1 1 -j«Ojo junomy ibjoj. -:^ x) o CO CO (M o •(spunoj) psinnsuoo js.\oj>^ 1 1^ 1 1 1 1 1 ujoo JO junomy ibjox CO o o •(spunoj) o o pstnnsuoo ujoo ■'■^P 6 ' d ' ' ' ' -poj JO junotay ibjox ^ o 01 rH •(spunoj) DamnsuoD a38;isuji 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 UJOO JO jnnoray ibjox C' o "(spunoj) pauinsuoo 1 1 1 IJ -/ 1 1 ^BH JO juuotny moj. T— 1 l.O CO I-H •(spunoj) psmnsuoa O 'O o 'O t^ 'O 1 1 C^l ^ 1 1 oi CO •^ CO' IB^K passuri ssaoojd -M.3H JO junooiy ibjox (spunoj) paransaoo 'O O O 'O t^ t^ LO t- . iBajC paesun ssaoojd ^^ I 1 (>i^ 1 -PIO JO junoiay ibjox O O CO o •(spunoj) lO lO o o o o o t^ t^ O 1^ 'O t^ >o paninsuoo uvjs{ y-< 1—1 (7-t r—l C-i y—t C^ jBaqA\ JO junoray ibjox CO 'O CO "O CO CO CO •(spunoj) 'O o o o t^ lO t^ »o pamnsuoo ib3i\i: luoo JO junoiny ibjox CO CO CC CO •(84J8nf)) 5)nra Ci 05 O O »0. •O C5 O O O CO O O 1— 1 JO P13IA. -flCU aSBjaAy 1 O O O r-1 ^ CM i-H -f -^ .-1 iQ t- r- CO •(sjjBn5) poanpojd (^ ,-H o t^ -* O 00 lUre JO .f jijuBnb IBJOX ^ ^ -O! -* O CSJ --H C; O O — 1 --I Ol .-H T-( CM 1— 1 01 1— 1 CM 1— 1 CO lo 00 CO nToTc^ I— 1 »— 1 I— 1 C4 >— 1 03 Q O •-•j:"S t^>.2 >> ^ S ^<1 S ^ H^ K^ 5 ooooooo 2 !2! '^ CO CO C5 'O CC' r-i C-: Q (>» i-( CN 1— 1 (M m ^ H f^ .13:;:^: . cj o ^ :: ?; - i^r e Ph S -< ^;^ H^ H^ c:> C5 o CO 1 CO w' Ci Ol '"' C<( T-l 7—1 O-l (M 00 OS 1 •—I t^ t^ -* G<1 (M -# (M m o o 1 "O o 1 1 ■o r^ t^ C5 1 CO T— ( o o o o o +-" o m ^CO 1 cq T-l (M a p^ o O ^55 32 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Net Cost of Milk and Manurial Value of Feed. 1. Juno. ■a to )S'r.-6 'V-. . . ^ u'*^ o o.a ^1 §'l| ■^ o "Sis '3'd E-2 v-t: ■fi-S 5^ rt S "c) •- .^ (D '+j fe^Hf FEEDING PERIODS. 3 g-* oil S P, '3 1^1 o o go S > « » 'A 1889 • 1890. Cents. Pounds. Dec. 11 to Dec. 31, . $5 16 $2 69 P 15 $3 01 1.48 1,034 Jan. 6 to Feb. 16, . 8 68 5 06 4 05 4 63 1.17 1,045 Feb. 23 to Mar. 13, . 3 53 2 10 1 68 1 85 1 . 15 1,030 Mar. 18 to Apr. 5, . 3 48 2 16 1 73 1 75 1.13 1,034 Apr. 9 to Apr. 18, . 1 82 1 13 90 92 1.11 1,071 Apr. 25 to May 13, . 5 18 2 57 2 06 3 12 1.64 1,115 May 18 to May 27, . 2 73 1 29 1 03 1 70 1.69 1,095 June 1 to June 19, . 5 00 2 97 2 38 2 62 1.25 1,145 June 23 to July 2, . 2 61 1 62 1 30 1 34 1.26 1,130 Total, $38 22 f21 59 $17 28 $20 94 - - 2. Flora. Dec. 11 to Dec. 31, . %b 23 $2 72 %2 18 $3 05 1.68 1,015 Jan. 6 to Feb. 16, . 8 88 5 17 4 14 4 74 1 . 34 1,004 Feb. 23 to Mar. 13, . 3 27 1 84 1 47 1 80 1.65 960 Mar. 18 to Apr. 5, . 3 45 2 13 1 70 1 75 1.43 980 Apr. 9 to Apr. 18, . 1 79 1 10 88 91 1.25 1,030 Apr. 25 to ]\Iay 13, . 5 02 2 50 2 00 3 02 2.02 1,050 May 18 to May 27, . 2 m 1 26 1 01 1 65 2.16 1,065 June 1 to June 19, . 4 78 2 84 2 27 2 51 1.67 1,088 June 23 to July 2, . 2 62 $37 70 1 61 1 29 1 33 1.82 1,085 Total, $21 17 $16 94 $20 76 - - 3. Jessie. Dec. 11 to Dec. 31, . $5 07 $2 65 $2 12 $2 95 1.79 875 Jan. 6 to Feb. 16, . 8 52 4 96 3 97 4 55 1.51 865 Feb. 23 to Mar. 13, . 3 28 1 85 1 48 1 80 1.57 850 Mar. 18 to Apr. 5, . 3 39 2 06 1 65 1 74 1.39 820 Apr. 9 to Apr. 18, . 1 76 1 07 86 90 1.21 870 Apr. 25 to May 13, . 4 95 2 47 1 98 2 97 2.02 913 May 18 to May 27, . 2 58 1 23 98 1 60 2.14 910 June 1 to June 19, . 4 83 2 87 2 30 2 53 1.62 940 June 23 to July 2, . 2 50 1 54 1 23 1 27 1.57 935 Total, $36 88 $20 70 $16 57 $20 31 - - 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33 Net Cost of Milk and Manurial Yalue of Feed — Concluded. 4. Eoxy. 1'S "'i'S 0 i = S ^"3 <2 ^ — a * 3 ^ W*^ slls "5.2 ^ ~ r^ P O "E — — Jh c^ — E - FEEDING PERIODS. *--3 o ~ ■ ^ ="3 •sll'ro 'c'3 c — — °1 2; = 2 = 0) 0— ^ ^ 0^ ^ Zi- Ua o ?ii •50^ S ^ -5 C'2 t.'^r^ "■^5 'v'--> ^ -^ 'A i'l fe 1890. Cents. Pounds. Feb. 23 to Mav. 13, . f3 52 $2 08 $1 m %l 86 .72 840 Mar. 18 to Ai^r. 5, . 3 56 2 25 1 80 1 76 .81 853 Apr. 9 to Apr 18, . 1 86 1 17 94 92 .79 875 Apr. 25 to May 1:5, . 5 31 1 63 1 30 4 01 1.60 906 May 18 to May 27, 2 84 1 34 1 07 1 77 1.39 925 June 1 to June 19, . 5 12 3 03 2 42 2 70 1.11 958 Juno 23 to July 2, . 2 65 1 63 1 30 1 35 1.10 940 Total, 124 86 $13 13 flO 49 fl4 37 - - 5. Pink. Feb. 23 to Mar. 13, . $3 09 fl 77 fl 42 fl 67 0.87 773 Mar. 18 to Apr. 5, . 3 54 2 23 1 7S 1 76 0.87 820 Apr. 9 to Apr. 18, . 1 79 1 10 88 91 0.85 825 Apr. 25 to May 13, . 5 27 2 61 2 09 3 18 1.48 878 May 18 to May 27, . 2 72 1 29 1 03 1 69 1.53 862 June 1 to June 19, . 4 86 2 89 2 31 2 55 1.11 855 June 23 to July 2, . 2 51 1 55 1 24 1 27 1.14 859 Total, f23 78 $13 44 $10 75 fl3 03 - - 6. Nancy. Mar. 25 to Apr. 5, . May 18 to May 27, . June 1 to June 19, . June 23 to July 2, . f2 12 2 72 4 78 2 49 $12 11 fl 27 1 29 2 84 1 54 fl 02 1 03 2 27 1 23 fl 10 1 69 2 51 1 26 0.72 1.30 1.00 0.99 840 882 898 889 Total, . $6 93 $5 55 f6 56 - 34 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jean. Com.j)osition of Fodder Articles fed during the Previously Described Feeding Experiments. Corn Meal {Average). o o o . S. .2 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 ^ ^ o . m III .2 Pi > 3 Moisture at lOO'^ C, . Dry matter, 11.67 88 . 33 233.40 1,766.60 - - 1 Analysis of Dry Mailer. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.89 1.44 4.44 10.46 81.77 2,000.00 37.80 28.80 88.80 209.20 1,635.40 9.79 67.49 177.82 1,537.28 34 76 85 94 CO 1—1 100.00 2,000.00 1,792.38 - } Wheal Bran {Average). H o O « .2 u o Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 '*-. . 3 3 -m' 1 v.- M Moisture at 100° C, . 9.27 185.40 \ Dry matter. 90.73 1,814.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.47 149.40 C5 " cellulose, . 9.75 195.00 39.00 20 y.^ " fat, .... 5.48 109.60 87.68 80 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 17.53 350.60 308.53 88 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 59.77 1,195.40 956.32 80 100.00 2,000.00 1,391.53 ) 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 35 Composition of Fodder Articles, etc. — Coutiaued. Old-process Linseed Meal {Average). ercentage Com- position. onstituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. er Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 6 > 'u S O ^ ^ 1 'A Moisture at 100° C, . 9.88 197. GO >, Dry 11 latter, .... 90.12 1,802.40 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Drii Mailer. O Crude a,sli, .... 7.r.9 147.80 - r"'-^ " cellulose, . 8.74 174. SO 4;"i.4r> 26 " fat, .... 7.24 144.80 131.77 91 " protein (nitrog-cnous matter). 36.97 739.40 643.28 87 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 39.66 793.20 721.81 91 J 100.00 2,000.00 1,542.31 - Ncio-j>rocess Linseed Meal {Average) . S o « .2 Constituents (in I'ounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 6 > 'u 3 'A Moisture at 100° C, . 5.06 101.20 1 Dry matter, .... 94.94 1,898.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crud(! ash, .... 6.34 126.80 " cellulose, . 8.93 178.60 46.44 26 " fat, .... 2.17 43.40 39.49 91 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 41.02 820.40 713.75 87 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 41.54 830.80 756.03 91 100.00 2,000.00 1,555.71 - 36 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Composition of Fodder Articles^ etc. — Continued. Ha>/ {Average). s o to c a o c S Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 I'ounds. 1 ^ <^'' Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 2 s •A Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 9.72 90.28 194.40 1,805.60 - - \ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, , " fat, .... " jirotein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 6.43 32.28 2.49 9.54 49 26 100.00 2,000.00 128.60 645 60 49.80 190.80 985 20 .374.45 22 91 108.76 620.68 58 1 46 i 57 00 CO I— 1 1 2,000.00 1,126.80 Rowcn * (Average). a o o 'Z o* Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. III f^ •" o H .Si o ~ o . . ^ 3 c 3 'o S3 tc CJ 6 K s Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 13.53 86.47 270.60 1,729.40 - - \ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " jjrotein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter), .... 100.00 6 81 •28.31 3.81 12.94 48.13 2,000.00 136.20 566.20 76.20 258.80 962.60 328.40 35.05 147.52 606.44 58 46 57 63 CO 100.00 2,000.00 1,117.41 J ♦Dried second cut of meadow ffrowth. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 37 Composition of Fodder Articles, etc. — Continued. Corn Ensilage (Average). Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 5°i Oh 6 K 55 Moisture at 100° C, . 72.95 1,459.00 _ 1 Dry matter, .... 27 05 541.00 - - 100 00 2,000.00 _ - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 6 48 129.60 t>-. CO " cellulose, . . . 26.33 .526.60 379 15 72 l-::^ » fat 5 17 103.40 77.55 to " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 7.64 152.80 111.54 73 Non-nitrogenous e x t r a c t matter, .... 54.38 1,087.60 728.69 67 100 00 2,000.00 1,296.93 - J Fodder Corn. 11 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. J. o . .Ill %%% Ph Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 6 'A Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 20.42 79.58 408 40 1,591.60 _ — Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " pi-otein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.40 20 11 1.65 8.31 62.53 2,000.00 148.00 402.20 33.00 166.20 1,250.60 289.58 24.75 121.33 837.90 72 75 73 67 O l-H 100 00 2,000.00 1,273.56 - 88 AGKICULTUliAL EXPEliLMENT STATION. [Jan. Composition of Fodder Articles, etc. — Continued. Corn Stover. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 6 « > s 'u 3 "A IMoisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 22 50 77.50 450.00 1,550.00 - \ Analijsis of Dnj Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 3.97 34.96 1.54 9.76 49.77 2,000.00 79.40 699.20 30 80 195.20 995.40 503.42 23.10 142.50 666.92 72 75 73 67 CO 100.00 2,000.00 1,335.94 >* Carrots. Com- !.=§ igesti- I'on of mds. of Di- y of ents. 6 tji a S ^'" m fi « s .j — 5 1 o 2 .2 3 T3 ° -O c .t; t; = - 3 .S.= o C^ m = s 2 o o o 5 Sh H S-, S mU 3 ^ U (2 ^ !zi Moisture at 100° C, . 90.47 1,809.40 1 Dry matter, .... 9.53 190.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Brtj Matter. Crude ash 8 67 173.40 - - " cellulose, . 8.16 163.20 163.20 100 ^- " fat, . . 1.86 37.20 37.20 100 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 9.18 183.60 183.60 100 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 72.13 1,442.60 1,442.60 100 100.00 2,000.00 1,826.60 - > 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 39 Composition of Fodder Articles, etc. — Concluded. Sugar Beets. S o tl! ■£ = .2 9 o 3 c. Constituents (in Pounds) in n Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ~ o . o >. S *j £ 5 6 3 IMoisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 90 02 9.98 1,800.40 199.60 - _ ^ Annli/sis of Dry Matter. Cnule iLsh, '. . . . " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogeiiousi e x t r a e t matter," .... 100.00 11.84 8.20 .71 11.53 67.72 2,000,00 236.80 164 00 14.20 230 60 1,354.40 164.00 14.20 230.60 1,, 3.54.40 100 100 100 100 r-l 100.00 2,000.00 1,763.20 - ^ 3. Summer Feeding Experiments ivitli Milch Cows. July 12 to Sept. 30, 1890. Green Crops vs. English" Hay, first and second cut. Green feed : vetch and oats, soja beans. Grain feed : corn meal, wheat bran, new-process linseed meal. A series of feeding experiments with milch cows have been carried on at the station, since 1887, for the purpose of ascertaining the feeding value of several reputed fodder crops new to our section of the country. The new fodder crops were fed in their green state, and their nutritive value, as well as their general economical merits, compared Avith those of a good average English hay, first and second cut (rowen). The cutting of the new fodder crops for fodder commenced at the bcijinning of their blooming^, and con- tinned until their maturing. Most of them had at that time some of their seeds matured, yet their stems were still succulent. 40 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The results obtained in this connection in previous years have already been published in our previous annual reportSj five, six and seven ; they were considered on the whole in a sufficient degree encouraging to advise a continuation of our investigations in that direction. For details regarding the merits of Southern cow-pea, serradella, vetch, vetch and oats and vetch and barley, as substitutes in part or in the whole of an average English hay and rowen, as coarse fod- der ingredients of the daily diet in case of the same kinds and the same quantities of grain feed, I have to refer to some of our previous annual reports. 1890. — During our late experiments, July 12 to Septem- ber 30, we used the following fodder articles in the com- pounding of the daily diet : a mixed crop of green vetch and oats, or green soja l)eans, with first and second cut of dried upland meadow growth, English hay and rowen, fur- nished the coarse feed, while corn meal, wheat bran and new-process linseed meal (Cleveland)" served as fine or grain feed. The kind and the quantity of the daily grain feed remained the same during the entire experiment, Lp., corn meal, wheat bran and new-process linseed meal, each three and one-quarter pounds daily per head of cows ; five pounds of hay, with all the green crop the cows would consume, finished the daily diet. The green crops were cut into pieces from six to eight inches long before being fed. One- half of the daily ration of grain feed and of green fodder was fed during milking in the morning, and tlie other half at milking in the evening ; the hay was fed between both meals. The daily quantities of grain and of hay remained the same, both being entirely consumed. The daily con- sumption of the green feed, however, was decided by the appetite of the difterent cows ; vetch and oats varied from fifty to sixty pounds, and soja beards from forty to sixty # pounds. The quantity consumed per day decreased in all cases toward the maturing of the crop, on account of the gradual increase of solid matter in the crop. The follow- ing statement contains the average daily fodder rations per head ; they succeeded each other in the order in which they ^re reported ; — 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT - — No. 33. 41 Daily Fodder Ratio7is I. used. Corn meal, . 3.2.5 lbs. AVheat bran, . , . • 3.2,5 " New-process linseed meal, 3.25 " Hay, .... 5.00 " Vetch and oats, . 54.00 " Total cost, . 22.64 cts Net cost. 12.22 " ]\Ianurial A'aluc olitainable, 10.42 " Nutritive ratio, 1:5.97 II. Coi'n meal, . . • . , . 3.25 lbs Wheat bran, . 3.25 " NcAV-proeess linseed meal, 3.25 " Hay, .... 5.00 " Soja bean, 55.00 " Total cost, . 27.31 cts. Net cost. 15.02 " IMannrial value obtainal)le. 12.29 " Nutritive ratio, 1:4.69 HI. - Corn meal, . . 3.25 lbs. Wheat bran, . 3.25 " New-process linseed meal. 3.25 " Rowen, ..... 20.00 " Total cost, . 26.46 cts. Net cost. 14.28 " Manurial value obtainable, . 12.18 " Nutritive ratio, 1:4.92 Price 2~icr Ton of (he Fodder Articles used in oar Valuations. Corn meal, . Wheat l^ran, . New-process linseed meal, Hay, ... . Vetch and oats (green), Soja bean (green), Rowen (diy second cut of grass). The valuation of green vetch and oats and of green soja beans is based on the value adopted for English hay, allow- ing two tons of English hay or six tons of green grass as the avevage produce per year for an acre of a good meadow. . $24 00 20 00 26 50 15 00 2 75 4 40 15 00 42 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The remaining fodder articles were sold at the stated price per ton in our local market of feed stuffs. Some informa- tion regarding the raising of vetch and oats and of soja beans will be found farther on in the description of our lield experiments. Valiiaiio)i of EssoUial FcrtiUrdiifj Constituents contained in the Variotis Fodder Articles used. Nitrogen, 17 cents per pound; phosphoric aciil, 6 cents; potassium oxide, 4^ cents. Corn Ileal. Wheat Bran. New-ino- cess Lin- seed Meal Hay. Vetch and Oats. Soja Beans. Rowen. Moisture at 100° C, j 12.39 11.52 10. OG 9.72 7G.21 72.95 13.53 Nitrogen, 1.4(5(3 2. GOO 5.392 1.379 0.293 0.590 1.790 riu)S2)hoi-ie acid, . 0.707: 2.870 1.800 0.352 0.159 0.193 0.464 Potassium oxide, . 0.43o^ 1.G20 1.570 1.541 0.566 0.311 1.966 Valuation per2,000 jjounds, $(3 22 f 13 74 121 90 $13 50 $1 70 $2 52 fS 42 Six cows, grades, from five to six years old, and in differ- ent stages of their milking period, were selected for the experiment. They had been fed, previous to the observa- tion, on a daily I'ation of corn meal, wheat bran and new- process linseed meal, each 3| })ounds, with all the rowen called for, — from 20 to 22 pounds per head. Their average daily milk record at that time was as follows : — from 7.5 to 8 ijuarts. from 10 to 11 quarts, from 11 to 12 quarts, from 11 to 12 quarts, from 9 to 10 quarts, from 13 to 14 quarts. 1. Jessie, . 2. Roxy, . 3. Pinlv, . 4. Nancy, . 5. Jiuio, 6. Pearl, . The time of observation was subdivided into three periods, which were characterized by the change from vetch and oats to soja beans, and terminating with rowen, as the sole article of coarse food constituents. The grain feed remained the same during the three diff'erent feeding periods. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 43 The results of the last experiment lead tc similar con- clusions as our preceding experiments in 1887, 1888 and 1889, with green vetch, green Southern cow-pea, green serradella and mixed gn en crops of vetch and oats and vetch and barley. (See Report seven, page 50.) Conclusions of 1S90. 1. The amount of dry matter in the feed consumed dur- ing ditferent feeding periods for the production of one quart of milk obtained, varied from 3.32 to 3.55 pounds in case of a daily milk production of from 7 to 8 quarts (Jessie) ; it varied from 2.62 to 2.99 pounds (Pink), when from 9 to 10 quarts was the daily production of milk ; and it was from 1.69 to 1.75 pounds per quart of milk produced when the yield rose to from 13 to 14 quarts (Pearl). The variations in the numerical relation of the amount of dry matter of the feed consumed for the production of one quart of milk, in case of the same animal and the same kind of feed, are materially due to a more or less advanced stage of the milk- ing period of the animal on trial ; yet they rarely correspond in different animals. Constitutional diHerences quite fre- quently modify the results under otherwise corresponding conditions. 2. The total cost of the feed consumed in connection Avith the })roduction of one (juart of milk dillered during the same feeding })eriod, in case of ditferent animals, from 1.69 cents to 3.43 cents; 1.69 cents in case of Pearl and 3.43 cents in case of Jessie, second feeding period, — soja beans. This ditierence is mainly due to the rate of the daily yield of milk ; yet constitutional peculiarities sometimes aftect materially the final results. 3. The net cost of the feed consumed for the production of one quart of milk varied in case of dillerent cows from 0.93 cents to 1.88 cents; Pearl 0.93 cents and Jessie 1.88 cents, second period, — soja-bean ration. 4. The market value of the obtainable jnanurial refuse amounts per quart of milk produced on an average to more than three-sevenths part of the entire cost of the daily fodder ration. Net cost of feed represents the money value of the feed after 80 per cent, of the manurial value of the 44 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. phosphoric acid, potassium oxide and nitrogen it contains has been deducted. 5. The soja bean exceeds in our case in five out of six cases the vetcli and oats in feedhig eli'ect. Vetch and oats compare well with a good rowen. The hitter leads the Eng- lish hay thus far in all our observations with milk production. 6, Judging from our own experience, we can only recom- mend very highly the practice of raising any of the stated new fodder crops, after due consideration of local circum- stances, either alone or as mixed crops, for the purpose of increasino- the fodder resources of the farm daring summer and autumn. They may serve as green fodder as well as hay ; most of them have a higher nutritive ratio than either Entrlish hay, corn fodder or corn stover : they tend to im- prove the soil chemically and physically *, tliey yield liberal returns, and are, as a rule, highly relished by cattle. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 45 S •(spimoj) pouaj SuiJnp iBtniuv 1-1 CO -* O O' !>» JO }qS[3AV 83BWAV 01 O Ol CO t^ 'X •oiji!}! 3A!)U)iiN "O -+ -* T-H 1— 1 T— ( •5tIIW C5 lO CO JO }iBn5 jad .13) CO lO CO -4EK -fjujospunoj CO CO CO CO »-i o •£v(i lad paonp 05 1— I O -ojd JiiiM JO sjjBnC) t- X t^ •(spuno.j) C-1 «5 O jP-)mneuo3 jappo,^ lO t^ t- 'O a a o •S}BOPllBU3J3A d ' 1 a o o o Cj 00 o CO O 1 ft •iCBH -* "0 s o 0 •IB3]\[ p>OStl!'[ 8S3DOad-.tt9>v 'O lO 'O C-< 01 C^J 0 u 6h lO lO lO •UBJa 1B311AV (M J O) Co" CO CO t» • - • O o C4 w « p-( © o « ^ .. „ ^ CO Ci w fcc'S^'^i ^ O OJ fe <5c/5>CO o o o CI o d d (M I I O O p p I C^J G^ 46 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o o w Q w •(spunoj) pouaj t^ 'X CO 1 8uiJnp iBcaiiiv t^ -o O 1 JO ^qSiOAV 83BJ3AV C) C5 o cv o o •OI^BJI aAI}U)Il>J lO -* -H tH T— I T— 1 JO jJBnf) jad jj} I- H —1 C-l -+ -H -jure .< ja ;o spuno.i (M (M iM CO (M —1 •Xtia Md paanp (M -+ --^ -ojd 5ii!M j0 8}jBnf) "^^ •(spunoj) !:: '-?';: 1^ painnsuoo j*ppo_.i CO ■<1IB([ 3HJ ui poiimi lO t^ 'O -110.1 jajiBK 3|flBia -Sa.v iCJd JO ;iinoiny sS I^ M 'Q •iio.ivoa 1 1 o '^ tH ?^ •UBOSI Bfog CO CO S o CO ^ •s}B0P"<''iI0}''A c^l 1 1 .., 0 »o a ■i-o --^ o S 0 •.CuH C/J O 1 -* 'O • rv s ? t^ « o 'O 'O lO >i o •IBorcpoasuiq (M 1^ C^ o ssaDOJd-.tta^ CO CO CO 115 UI ■a 'O 'O lO V> ■UB.ia JBatJAV (M CM (M ^ CO CO CO <» ^ ^ lO 'O o •IB0I\[ lUO.O (>] T-i iri CO CO CO •a . . . < "A 7? o o S • • - Ch « - ,. ^ a * r-l r-IO >^ " CO i!^ 3 oT'cu w u fc. 12 to A 12 to S 10 to S July Aug. Sept. •-i t H C5 1 CI O CO O l-H T— 1 ^ T— 1 1—1 CO c-j CO oc CO (Ji 'O -H 'd' T— 1 -^ 1— 1 o -t< r^ 1 i^ CM CM CM CO CO Oi l^ CO O O »-i Ci GO CO 1— 1 as 1 o n o OJ o lO 'O CO CO y-^ iC ,_! o t^ 1 -* ■o 'O ,^ .o (M CM ?^J>% \ '^< c/5 1 CO CO ^ -^ 1—1 1—1 CO CO I— 1 1—1 CM O CO CO -+ CO 1— ( 1—1 C?1 CO Ol CO CM G^ Ob Ur, CO CM C^ CO s e o o " CO 1 1 •.s •a »o • ^ •V3 CM CM CO CO CM (M CO CO UO "0 CM (M 5 CO CO < p-i • • CO o o ai o bc^S, 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 47 •(sjuao) 5ii!Ivrjo jjunf) 9U0 JO uoijonpojj jnj paaj JO ?soo aSBJSAv c: r5 o c> -* -t ci CO CO •paninsuoo P33J ;o }S00 IBJOX ■^ O CO iQ oo -t -H lO >0 1 •patunsiioa uaAioa JO junouiy IBjox 404.00 •(spiinoj) pamnsuoa uBay Bfog JO juuoniv l«}ox 1,211,00 •(spunoj) potnnsiioD sjuQ puB iI>iaA.)0)miomviB}ox 1,052.00 •(spunoj) pamnsiioo ■J C-J c^ oo cc' c» CO CO CO •(sjjBn5) unre JO piaji Auva aSBJaAv CO r-l O t>^ CO o^ •(sijunf)) paonpojd 5([!j\rjo.C}!)UBn{) [bjox CO lO lO GC CO -O i-H O ci o t^ -o 1— 1 t— 1 1-H O 5 Pi Q M 1890. July 12 to Aug. 1, . . . . Aug. 12 to Sept. 1, . . . . Sept. 10 to Sept. 30, .... c; CO t^ CO r-j Ci O O 05 CfO (M Ci CO rH O CO 0 «>= o o 1 1 '^ ' ' (N '^ o o 1 "O I O) -o (M (M G<1 00 OO 00 CO CO CO 'O «.0 lO (M 0-1 (M ^ CO 00 CO ~ CO CO --o ^ 'O 'O i-O C<) 0» (M 00 Xi CO CO CO CO CO CO '30 O 05 CO O O 00 1— 1 T— 1 OD (M CO CN rH CO .-1 O (M 1-1 CO CO 1 i-H • • • tH .-1 O CO i^t.'i .-' (V <'XlCf} o o o CM CM O T— 1 T— I r-l ^Uj-^ ►^ <;a} 48 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o o H < P w W o •(sra30)ni!Wio?-"'n?) cc' ■■fj o DUO JO iioj;anpoj,iao; pdJ J io jsoo sSbjoav X' O 'Xi •pamnsuoa CC' I- 1< P33jI jo jsoy IBJOX -H O 'O o •(spunoj) paiunsuoo 1 1 ^ uanoajo junotnviBJox -tl •(spunoj) o paransuoo ubdu vfog 1 ^ 1 JO ;unorav Ib;ox 1—1 ^-1 •(SDunoj) o pauinsuoo sjbq pue CM 1 1 113J3A JO junora v H-'joj, ^ •—1 o o •(spunoj) psransuoo o o .^BH JO junoiuy IBJOX o o T— 1 I— 1 •(■spunoj) paiunsuoo "O 'O >o C-l CM CM IB^re poaSUll SS330jd CO X) X) --U3K JO juiioray IBJox CO O CO •(spunoj) pjiuns lO 'O 'O CM (M CM -uoo UBjg JBailAi. CC rjo CC JO junotuy Ibioj, O CO CO •(spunoj) lO 'O >CZ CM CM CM pSUinSUOO IBOIV: UJOQ X' 'X X JO junomy imox CO O CO c": CM T-H •(sjjBnf)) -mm (M -t< CO JO piajA jCi!B(I 83bj3AV ^ — 1 o CJ t-^ Ci •(BiJsnt)) poonpojd O [-. t^ Xnm JO XjuuenO IBJOX CO CO CM CM oj fH - CO -H >0 "O P !B D c; oi o CO' OS 1— ( 1— 1 —' CM r-. CO -f 'O «^ o o 1 o X CO o o 'O 1 o CO 1 1 o ,^ 1 X "O 'O (M (M >C X »o CO 'O 'O CM c^ 'O X lO CD >C7 ^O CM (M 'O X ■ lO CO (M O CO CO -:t< CO T-H I— 1 t^ o CO CO CO crs -t 1-^ C^ (7^ • • ~* o CO -M +i i=^&, ■^ !?; "A ^ 1890. Cents. Pounds. July 12 to Aug. 1, . $4 54 $2 62 f2 10 $2 ^4 1.61 900 Aug. 12 to Sept. 1, . 5 85 3 30 2 64 3 21 1.88 900 Sept. 10 to Sept. 30, . 5 43 3 13 3 50 2 93 1.84 940 Total, fl5 82 $9 05 17 24 f8 58 - - Boxy. July 12 to Aug. 1,. Aug. 12 to Sept. 1, . Sept. 10 to Sept. 30, . f4 90 5 98 5 70 $2 83 3 37 3 28 $2 26 2 70 2 62 $2 64 3 28 3 08 1.24 157 183 960 945 1,013 Total, $16 bS , $9 48 $7 58 $9 00 - - Pink. July 12 to Aug. 1, . Aug. 12 to Sept. 1, . Sept. 10 to Sept. 30, . 14 80 6 02 5 55 $2 76 3 39 3 20 12 21 2 71 2 56 $2 59 3 31 2 99 1.23 1.44 164 865 880 874 Total, fl6 37 f9 35 $7' 48 $8 89 - - Nancy. July 12 to Aug. 1,. Aug 12 to Sept. 1, . Sept. 10 to Sept. 30, . |4 68 5 70 5 48 f2 70 3 21 3 16 $2 16 2 57 2 53 f2 52 3 13 2 95 1.07 1.31 1.32 880 870 905 Total, $15 86 $9 07 f7 26 $8 60 - - 50 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, [Jan. Net Cost of Milk and Manurial Value of Feed — Concluded. Juno. s-'O alue of Her de- . tuken k. 11 FEEDING PERIODS. ») 5 - e Feed £ cling r Cent the Mil 2?S « o.tu 3^2 5 S-Si^o S5S t5o «tj & > S S^ :?; ^ 18»0. Cents. Pounds. July 12 to Aug. 1, . U G3 $2 67 $2 14 f2 49 1.30 1.105 Aug. 12 to Sept. 1, . 5 74 3 23 2 b>i 3 16 1.74 1,105 Sept. 10 to Sept. 30, . 5 69 3 28 2 62 3 07 1.79 1,160 Total, |16 06 $9 18 $7 34 $8 72 - - Pearl. Aug. 19 to Sept. 4, . Sept. 10 to Sept. 30, . f4 11 5 32 f2 31 3 07 $1 85 2 45 f2 26 2 87 0 93 1.03 772 810 Total, $9 43 %-i 38 U 30 %b 13 - - Analyses of Milk. Jessie. 5 — s ,-1 c^ n r~* "— ' >. t-. >» tc it o, o. p. ^-i >-5 •^ < < 'T. tc ^ Solids, 16.23 15.57 15.31 16.36 14.92 14.18 14.51 14.20 Fat, . 6.87 6.09 6.07 6.18 5.87 5.38 5.35 5.33 Solids not fat, . 9.36 9.48 9.24 10 18 9.05 8.80 9.16 8.87 Boo. Solids, Fat, . Solids not fat. 13.45 13.37 13 00 14.72 14.00 12.43 13.82 4.17 4.03 2.63 4.87 4.29 3 32 4.52 9.28 9.34 10 37 9.85 9 71 9.11 9 30 14.18 4.71 9.47 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 51 Analyses of Milk — Concluded. Pink. in . 29. 2 t ifi. "i s 1^ >^ 3 < < UL Solids, 15.15 15.2G 14.57 15 03 15.57 14 59 15 22 14.82 Fat, . 5.19 6.G0 5.12 5.17 5. 68 5^7 5 89 5.28 Solids not fat, . 9 9G 9.66 9.45 9.86 9.89 9.22 9.;5;) 9.54 Nancy. Solids, 13.21 13.29 13.31 13.92 14.18 12 54 13.85 12.61 Fat, . 4.22 4 02 4.18 4.56* 4.48 4.02 5.14 4.03 Solids not fat, . 8.99 9 27 9.13 9.36 9.70 8.52 871 8.58 Juno. Solids, 13.84 13.56 13 94 14 48 14 58 13 39 1371 13.62 Fat, . 4.70 4.13 4.51 4 63 4.73 4.66 4.81 4..53 Solids not fat, . 9.14 9.43 9.43 9.85 985 8 73 8.90 9.09 Pearl. Solids, 1122 13 78 1136 11.99 11.52 Fat, . _ _ _ 4 48 4 45 2 98 3.62 3.23 Solids not fat, . — — — , 9.74 9.33 8.38 8 37 8 29 52 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Composition of Fodder Articles fed during the Previously Described Experiment. Corn Meal (Average). i o « .2 1 1 Constituents (in I'ounds) in a Ton of 2,000 rouniis. ^ ■= O I'er Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. _2 9 'u Moisture at 100° C, . 12.39 247.80 Diy matter. 87.61 1,752.20 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . . . " . . 1.80 36.00 O cellulose, . 1.80 36.00 12.24 34 }>-; " fat, .... 5.01 100.20 76.15 76 r^ " protein (nitrogtmons matter). 10.46 209.20 177.82 85 N on -nitrogenous e x t r a c t matter, .... 80.93 •100.00 1,618.60 2,000.00 1,521.48 1,787.69 94 - J New-process Lmseed Meal. , — ;^V^ — rz a 6 m ~ "^ 1 5 1 5 = » ^ — 2 u = S y^ O t» « « 5 ^ — 3 = s 3 •= -C i = c 3 'C ■" g CJ S c > ^ p ^ ? — ^ o ^ s ^ 5 x: c^ g M 0 5 !- o CI4 ^ 'A Moisture at 100° C, . 10.06 201.20 _ ^ Dry matter, 89.94 1,798.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00. - - Analysis of Dry Matter. 1 Crude ash, .... 6.17 123.40 - - " cellulose, . 9 . 22 1.S4.40 47 . 94 26 ^-• " fat, .... 3.61 72.20 65.70 91 " i)rotein (nitrogenous matter), 37.47 749.40 651.98 87 1 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 43.53 870.60 792.25 91 100.00 2,000.00 1,557.87 - ^ 1891, PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 53 Composition of Fodder Articles, etc. — Continued. Wheat Bran. a o C ci g 1 § f 1 V- 5 °i 6 & = = " *H • "^^1 « > = .-s "2 oS U -S c g o 2 o c c a O" 3 Ch r- i. 3 ja cT a; M u 3 Ph O 0. ^ Moisture at 100° C, . 11.52 230.40 ■ Dry matter, 88.48 1,769.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Di-y Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.13 142.60 - - T— 1 " cellulose, . 10.63 212.60 42.52 20 ^c6 " fat, .... 5.62 112.40 89.92 80 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 18.36 367.20 323.14 88 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 58.26 1,165.20 932.16 80 100.00 2,000 00 1,387.74 - J Vetch and Oats. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in I'ounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. S is m 'Z tio 6 9 'A Moisture at 100° C, . 76.21 1,524.20 - ^ Dry matter. 23.79 475.80 - 100.00 2,000 00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.25 145.00 t- " cellulose, . 31.73 634.60 - _ 1-;^ " fat, .... 3.37 67.40 33.70 50 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 7.70 154.00 92.40 60 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 49.95 999.00 999.00 100 100.00 2,000.00 1,125.10 - 54 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Composition of Fodder Articles, etc. — Concluded. Soja Beans. For analysis of English liay, see preceding feeding records for 1889-90. 4. Creamer// Record of (lie Station for the Years ISSo'and 1890. The cost of feed consumed is based on the market price of the various ingredients, as is stated in the subsequent table. The valuation of the whole milk is taken at three cents per quart. The estimates of the value of fertilizing in- gredients contained in the feed are also based on those given in the following table : — Local Market Value per Ton of the Various Articles of Fodder used. Corn meal, $23 00 Com and cub mual, 20 70 Wheat bi-an, 21 50 Rye middlings, . . . . . . . ■. . . 21 50 Glntenmeal, . . 23 00 New-pi'ocess linseed meal, . . . . . . . . 26 GO 01d-2)rocess linseed meal, ..... ... 27 00 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUxMENT — No. 33. 55 Local Market Value 2^ Hay, . . . |15 00 Rowen, 15 00 Corn fodder. 5 00 Corn stover. 5 00 Corn ensilage, . 2 25 Millet (dry), . 12 00 Lucerne and veteli (^1 •T) 12 00 Lucerne and clover (^1 i-y) 12 00 Oats (dry), 12 GO Oats (green), . 3 60 Value j^er Ton, etc. — Concluded Soj a bean (green), . A^etch and oats (green). Vetch (green), . Sen-adella (green), . Cow-pea (green). Barley and horse bean (green), Potatoes, . Carrots, Suirar beets. $4 40 2 75 3 50 3 16 3 14 3 00 6 07 7 00 5 00 Valuation of the Essential Fertilizing Constituents contained in the Various Articles of Fodder iised. Nitrogen, 16.^ cents per pound ; phospboric acid, 6 cents ; potassium oxide, 4^ cents. [Per cent.] Nitrogen. Phosphoric AciJ. Potassium Oxide. Valuation per Ton. Corn meal, 1.86 0.77 0.45 f7 44 Corn and cob meal. 1.46 0.603 0.441 5 91 "Wheat bran, . 2.82 3.05 1.49 14 24 Rye middlings, 1.84 1.26 0.81 8 27 Gluten meal, . 5.22 0.40 0.05 17 75 New-process linseed meal. 6 25 1.42 1.16 23 32 01d-2)rocess linseed meal, . 5.33 1.64 1.16 20 54 Hay, .... 1.25 0.464 2.085 6 46 Rowen, .... 1.1)3 0.364 2.86 D 24 Corn fodder (dry). 1.37 0.368 0.355 5 26 Corn stover (dry) , . 0.78 0.09 0.599 3 19 Corn ensilage, ' . 0.36 0.14 0.33 1 64 Millet (dry), . 1.106 0.38 2.49 6 23 Lucerne and vetch (dry), 2.02 0.70 2.273 9 44 Lucerne and clover (dry), 2.06 0.623 1 805 9 08 Oats (dry), . 1.47 0.51 241 7 51 Oats (green). 0.33 0.1. ".5 0.68 1 85 5() AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Valuation of Essential Fertilizing Constituents, etc. — Concluded. Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. Potassium Oxitle. Valuation per Ton. Soja bean (green), 0,590 0.193 0.311 $2 44 Vetch and oats (green), 0.23 0.09 0.79 1 54 Vetch (green), .... 0.49 0.20 0.66 2 42 Serradella (green), 0.411 0.14 0.423 1 89 Cow-pea (green), .... 0.561 0.098 0.306 2 23 Barley and beans (green), . 0 50 0.20 0.40 2 23 Potatoes, 0.476 0.18 0.56 2 18 Carrots, ...... 0.14 0.10 0.54 1 04 Sugar beets, 0.29 0.03 0.18 1 15 The viilue of cream is that granted us from month to month hy our local creamery association. The station has no other connection with the financial management of the creamery. Our presentation of financial results is based on the local cost of feed alone, and does not consider interest on invest- ment and labor involved ; for the reason that approximate estimates on these points are in an exceptional degree dependent on quality of stock, and varying local circum- stances. The details are embodied in a few subsequent tables under the followino" headin 00 ! CO 1 c 00 ire CI o ^ ■*" B o •zj >c -O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 00 o o CO a •* ■ o o El" o 03 I o ■-• t~ CO 1 1 C) S Tt< o H '^ o c S II 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 ' ' 1 1 05 td ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 O o o o ire c:: o lO >re o C~1 o 1 1 I o6 CO 'O ^ ire 1 I 1 . CO a> 1^ •re 00 t^ tM 00 t^ cT "-I ^ co" o o o o o O o o o o o ^ o >o o lO lO ire CD o o o ire o o CO o o CO o 00 CO lO lO ire lO CO ire CD Tfl ire CO •re ifS o o •o 00 o O o ^ o o o 1 ?' t-. lO lO C-1 CO o ire o o •re o «re -H w ^ c-i CO lO •^ C'i ire ^ ire ^ g K o C5 CO CO CO o o oo o CO CO lO «o ire •re ire CO ire CO •o CO >o o o o o o o o <_, o o o E cs t^ ira >o o in o ire o o ire o ire o 'i 00 c^ ^ r>] ■^ iC -H (N •o •^ ire ^ o S o lO Oi r^ o 00 o 00 o 00 CO lO "O lO CO ire CO '^^ ire CO •re CD • '• • • • • • u . u ►^ t^ , S _^ E a ^ a S c s 3 1 a. ^ s 1-5 i-s 3 3 < o o O o 58 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATION. [Jan. 'S g s C5 Ci 00 ^ B ^ 181»1.] PUBLIC document—No. 33. 59 C5i CO 00 s f^ &5 o »^ CM •cad-Avo,) 1 I I I I ^ I I I 1 a'll'ipu-i-iJS I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I o) '' ' ■siuO •sjaaa -reSiiS I I I I I I -^ 1 I I I ■ I I I I I ^ I I I I I 1 I I I I > I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ■^'""^"^uo3 . S - ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' •ujoo jappo.i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I < I •U3AV0M Illll^^ll^^lllll •.Cbh [OH P=>3su!T Bsjoojd-pio 000000 00 0000-j oo^ocs 00 ooco-i;-* oiccDOoo GOiC 'icooc:t2go I I I I I I I I I I I I I •[iiajv: imnio •l«ai\[ ujoo •po.\,i JO onv-n aAiji-niiN; •rausjjjo 30);ds auO a^Binoj pojiiil) -31 ^OK JO S}JBllD 8SUJU30-I3J aSlUSAV •^lUIVI "! sp![OS JO aSujuaojaj aSuJSAy »c >c o »c >c *^ «^ »o >^ 'tt »c 0 ler icr tt C^ (M C^ O-l C^ C^i ■>' t^ "^I fM C^J C^ CM '>i C'l I oococococccococ^cccccocccocococo o (irs lO 10 o »o »o 10 o o o ic o »c »o o CJ (M CM c-i CM CM c^ c^i '^J '>4 ci c^i *>» CM C-] c^J i-0 C-1 O CM C^l O lO CO CO -^ 1^ l^ CO CO CO CD t^ I ~ CO 'C l.~ ^ o as CD CO ■ O ^^ 00 CM ■* CS CM CO O M O CO C~l ■^ t~- I CO C5 CO CM -* CO CM CM O CM ■^ CO •CT-O'— '^"O-** CiCO0CCO|CO -(-CO-*-^-l"-t< COCOCO'^ -* =* 3 c) -^ - S -S3 -^i CO "t= ^ > CJ T^ S Jt* CJ O QJ ^ <; cc o;2;p 60 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. e f^ Oc, •sjaag jeSiis •ucag Bfos •sjuo pttc ipj^A •aHBiisiia U.IO0 •luoj .laiipoji ■Avn •IB3M p OOS - UO}JO0 ' • I I I I o d o ' ' o oo o 1 1 O O O O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o o o o CI C^ <>) C-) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i8 I 1 t I I I I I I I I I I I t^ I I I I I I I '^ I I I I I I I t^(^ —. C<3 M ' so I ,^ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Oi 05 Oi o o t-— o o 05 O CD o o in lo lO ' ' lo in I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 'Ifaiv paasuii ssaoojd-Avo X -iin ssooo.i(J-pio ■tusK uajnio •iu;.iu ji'silAV m »o >o lO »i^ lo o lo C~l OJ C^j (M (M (M irj (M ' ' ' ' ' CO CO CO ' 'coeocococo O iO >C if? o (>1 C-J C-J C-1 CI CO CO CO CO CO I I I I I I I I I I J I I >0 >C O lO lO c- cocococococococococococococococo coco ic ic »c o m o o o >c o C^CJOJC^CatNCI'MC-JO cococococococococoeo •pooj ire"(t-^-*TtCOOi0500 OCO'OiOO'^iOOOiO'^O^'^'^*^ pojiiilis.i >ti!rcjo sjjBnf) in -J l~>. CO lO tOI^— '05C0 It—" rJ*lO »n CD t^ t-^CCCDOlO ICD JO 33c4u.)Ojaj aSiusAV •3iI!I\I "! SPIP'S JO aSBjuaojaj aScjaAy CI -H 0> Ciooo ico ^ Tj5 Tf< •>* •^ Tj5 ■^ ■>*< •* ^ T)5 00 o CJ CO CO C- 1889. January, $52 21 $21 23 $0 63 $31 64 $40 60 February, . 33 8G 19 15 0 63 15 34 36 19 March, . ' 48 14 21 77 0 75 27 11 42 48 April, . 46 17 23 40 0 78 23 55 42 84 May, • 47 28 27 23 0 83 20 88 39 28 June, . 44 21 23 98 0 72 20 95 33 06 July, . 43 63 25 28 0 76 19 11 34 92 August, 45 44 27 54 0 76 18 66 36 33 September, . 48 01 28 08 0 73 20 66 38 25 October, 47 21 23 47 0 71 24 45 39 06 November, . 45 93 22 82 0 66 23 77 36 11 December, . 47 18 24 38 0 67 23 47 36 68 Averages, . $45 77 $24 03 $0 72 $22 46 $37 98 1890. January, $37 78 $23 07 $0 64 $15 35 $33 99 Feliruary, 32 19 19 62 0 69 13 26 36 93 March, . 34 38 19 75 0 66 15 29 37 52 April, . 38 54 19 75 0 68 19 47 32 40 May, 52 09 25 32 0 73 27 50 33 45 June, . 48 33 30 05 0 72 19 30 30 66 July, . 41 65 23 90 0 68 18 43 29 04 August, 49 09 27 52 0 73 22 30 39 27 September, . 47 43 28 68 0 72 19 47 42 05 October, 44 48 27 82 0 65 17 31 39 92 Averages, . $42 63 $24 55 $0 69 $18 77 $35 52 62 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 4. Cost of Skim-milk at the Selling Price of Three Cents 2)er Quart for Whole Milk. o u a a a CQ u P. a ^ If o a 5 ° a 2 o o 3 3 P ^M 5 c o 01 a 2 ffl 2 > a a m o o . <*-* <+H >H ^^ "3 > 7} '^ O o 73 O o u Z o ° o o t- 2 Z ^o O . « CJ o 00 ... " (U °^ ^ o -f J4 •^ u -fj 2 =a I -3 Oh i &'M a "a M lo-a o o 5^5 o c o* CO o* & > > B ■o^^ H 1889. Cents. Jauuaiy, 1,791.1 1,015 298.5 1,492.6 4.00 2.27 $40 60 0.88 $13 13 February, 1,680.0 965 283.8 1,396.2 3.75 2.15 36 19 1.02 14 21 March, . 1,895.0 1,148 337.6 1,557.4 3.70 2.24 42 48 0.92 14 37 April, . 1,931.6 1,190 350.0 1,581.6 3.60 2.22 42 84 0.96 15 11 May, 2,025.2 1,267 372.6 1,6.52.6 3.10 1.94 39 28 1.30 21 48 June, 1,785.6 1,102 324.1 1,461.5 3.00 1.S5 33 06 1.40 20 51 July, . 2,001.2 1,164 .342.4 1,658.8 3.00 1.74 34 92 1.51 25 12 August, . 1,991.9 1,172 344.7 1,647.2 3.10 1.82 36 33 1.42 23 43 September, . 1,856.0 1,125 330.9 1,525.1 3.40 2.06 38 25 1.14 17 43 October, 1,665.0 1,085 319.1 1,345.9 3.60 2.35 39 06 O.Sl 10 89 November, 1,538.1 1,003 295.0 1,243.1 3.60 2.35 36 11 0.81 10 03 December, 1,463.8 1,019 299.7 1,164.1 3.60 2.51 36 68 0.62 7 23 Averages, . 1,802.0 1,105 324.9 1,477.2 3.45 2.13 $37 98 1.07 $16 08 1890. January, 1,404.1 971 285.6 1,118.5 3.50 2.42 $33 99 0.73 $8 13 February, 1,596.2 1,055 310.3 1,285.9 3.50 2.31 36 93 0.85 10 96 March, . 1,594.8 1,014 298.2 1,296.6 3.70 2.35 37 52 0.80 10 32 April, 1,720.8 1,035 304.4 1,416.4 3.13 1.88 32 40 1.36 19 22 May, 1,946.7 1,115 327.9 1,618 8 3.00 1.72 33 45 1.54 24 95 June, 1,922.4 1,095 322.1 1,600.3 2.80 1.59 30 66 1.69 27 01 July, . 1,727.0 1,0.37 305.0 1,422.0 2.80 1.68 29 04 1.60 22 77 August, . 1,809.5 1,122 330.0 1,479.5 3.50 2.17 39 27 1.02 15 02 September, . 1,747.4 1,098 322.9 1,424.5 3.83 2.41 42 05 0.73 10 37 October, 1,556.9 998 293.5 1,263.4 ■4.00 2.56 39 92 0.54 6 79 Averages, . 1,702.6 1,054 310.0 1,392.6 3.38 2.11 $35 52 1.09 $15 55 5. Fertilizing Constituents of Cream. [Average analysis.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 75.22 Nitrogen (16^ cents per pound), Si Potassium oxide (i\ cents per pound), 123 Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), 168 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 63 6. Conclusions. 1. The nutritive ratio of the feed in 1889 varied from 1 : 4.70 to 1 : 6.57, with an average of 1 : 5.88 ; it varied in 1890 from 1 : 4 64 to 1 : 6.25, with an aveiage of 1 : 5.25. 2. The amount of fat in the milk varied, during the year 1889, from 3.90 per cent, to 4.72 per cent., average 4.39 per cent. In 1890 it varied from 4 38 per cent, to 4.99 per cent , with an average of 4.63 per cent. 3. The total solids varied, in 1889, from 13.82 per cent, to 14.49 per cent., average 14.12 per cent. In 1890 it ran from 13.37 per cent, to 14.65 per cent., average 13.88 per cent. 4. Total cost of feed for one quart of cream amounts, in 1889, to 14.09 cents, and in 1890 to 13.75 cents. 5. Net cost of feed for one quart of cream amounts, in 1889, to 6.09 cents, and in 1890 to 6.05 cents. 6. The value received for one space of cream varied, in 1889, from 3 to 4 cents, with an average of 3.43 cents. In 1890 it varied from 2.80 to 4 cents, Avith an average of 3.38 cents, which amounts, per quart, in 1889 to 11.69 cents, and in 1890 to 11.46 cents. 7. The quantity of milk, in quarts, required to produce one space of cream, in 1889, amounted to 1.63, and 1.62 in 1890, or 5.54 quarts of whole milk to produce one quart of cream in 1889, and 5.49 quarts in 1890. 8. The net cost of feed per quart of cream averages, in 1889, 6.9 cents, and in 1890 6.05 cents. We received per quart of cream, in 1889, 11.69 cents, and in 1890 11.46 cents, thereby securing a protit of 4.79 cents in 1889, and 5.41 cents in 1890. From these statements it appears, as has already been claimed in previous reports, that close fodder rations tend to improve the quality of the milk, as well as the condition of the animal. For further details concerning results in preceding years, see pages 82 to 84, seventh annual report. Our average statements for the current year apply in each case to only ten months, due to the fact that financial settle- ment with our local creamery is made two months after cream is furnished. 64 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Creamery Record., 1890. — Analyses of Cream and Butter Fat. Analysis OP Cream. Analysis Sampling. Solids Testing. Vola- Non- Fodder Kation. Solids. Fat. not Fat. tile Acids. volatile Acids. 1890 1S90. January 23, 27. 62 18.05 8.97 January 23, 6.55 86.93 Z\ pounds corn meal, 3J pounds " 24, 27.85 17.80 10.05 " 24, 6.63 87.10 wheat bran, 3^ pounds old-proc- " 27, 25.08 17.30 7.68 " 27, 6.29 87.99 ess linseed meal, 5 pounds hay, 50 February 3, 27.52 19.20 8.32 February a. 6.61 88.92 pounds corn en- silage. " 5, 25.80 18.31 7.49 " 5, 6.53 88.18 " 11, 27.70 18.43 9.27 " n. 6.40 88.60 February 24, 26.47 20.96 5.51 Feliruary 24, 6.12 89.20 3^ pounds wheat bran, 34 pounds " 26, 25.18 16.52 8.66 " 20, 6.37 89.02 old-procesB lin- seed meal, 20 March 3, 25.10 16.62 8.48 March •"', 6.44 88.84 pounds carrots. 18 pounds fodder " 6, 26.38 18.14 8.24 " 6, 6.38 88.92 corn. " 10, 25.40 17.82 7.58 " 10, 6.38 88.90 " 11, 26.10 18.24 7.86 " 11, 6.32 88.94 April 30, 23.30 14.51 8.79 April 30, 6.57 87.10 3^ pounds wheat bran, 3^ pounds May 2, 24.67 16.37 8.36 May 2 6.44 88.31 corn meal, 3 ^ pounds new-proc- " 5, 26.05 17.49 8.56 " 5, 6.35 87.58 ess linseed meal, 20 pounds sugar « 7, 23.93 15.00 8.93 " 7, 6.62 88.49 beets, 15 pounds hay. " 9, 24.72 15.94 8.78 " 9, 6.45 87.39 « 12, 24.88 14.96 9.92 " 12, 6.52 88.10 May 20, 25.12 16.90 8.22 June 25, 6.54 88.02 8J pounds corn meal, 3^ pounds " 21. 25.76 17.46 8.30 28, 6.48 87.90 wheat bran, oj pounds old-proc- '* 23, 26.69 19.18 7.51 July 20, 7.59 84.76 ess linseed meal, 20 pounds BUKar /s. Live Weight at the Live Weight at the Gain in Live Beginning of Time of Killing Weight during the Experiment before shearing the Experiment (Pounds). (founds). (Pounds). One, 79.00 118 25 39.25 Two, .... 66.00 98.50 32.50 Three, 70 75 106.50 35.75 215.75 323 25 107.50 181>1.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 75 Division II. (4-6). Time of Ohservation extended over 194 Days. Live "Weight at the Live Weight at the Gain in Live Beginning of Time of Killing Weight during the Experiment before shearing the Experiment (Pounds). (Pounds). (Pounds). Four, 67.50 102.50 35.00 Five, G6.25 8G50 20.50 Six, 78 75 109.50 30.75 212.50 298.50 8G.25 Division I., entire lot gained in live weight on an average per day, 0.706 pounds. Division II., entire lot gained in live Aveight on an average per day, 0.445 jjounds. The Aynount of Raw Wool secured after the Close of the Experiments. Division I. (1-3) . i Live Weight, with Wool. Live Weight after shearing. Amount of Wool obtained. One, Pounds. 118.25 Pounds. 114.38 Pounds. 3 Ounces. 14 Tavo, .... 98.50 94.60 3 15 Three, .... 106.50 102.00 4 8 323.25 310.98 12 5 Division II. (4-0) . Live Weight, with Wool. Live Weight after shearing. Amount of Wool obtained. Four, .... Pounds. 102.. 50 Pounds. 99.25 I'ounds. 3 Ounces. 4 Five, ..... 86.50 82.00 4 8 Six, 109.. 50 105.00 4 8 298.50 286.25 12 4 Division I. yielded 12 pounds, 5 ounees of wool. Division II. yielded 12 pounds, 4 ounees of wool. 76 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The former is the result of 152 days of growth, and the hitter that of 194 days. Lamb No. 5 is a Merino grade ; the remainder are Hampshire Down grades. 5. Financial Statemeiit. The wool was sold at 23 cents per pound, the pelts brought 12|- cents each. Division I. (1-3). The difference between the live -weights of the animals at the close of the experiment, after shearing, and the dressed lambs, when sold, amounted on an average to 44.3 per cent. Yield Dressed Weights. 1. G6 jjounds, at 11 cents per pound, 2. 5-i pounds, at 11 cents 2501* pound, 3. GO pounds, at 11 cents jier pound, 180 pounds, $19 80 Division II. [4-6). The difference between the live weiijhts of the animals at the close of the experiment, after shearing, and the dressed lambs, when sold, amounted on an average to 46.3 per cent. Yield Dressed Weights. 4. 54: pounds, at 1 1 cents per pound, ... $5 94 5. 46 jjounds, at 11 cents per pound, . . , 5 06 6. 60.5!) i^ounds, at 11 cents \>qv i)ound, . . . 6 65 f7 26 5 94 6 60 1G0.50 pounds, $17 65 Division I. 1. 3. 3. Cost of lamb, . . . . $4 05 $3 38 $3 58 ? ^22 78 Cost of feed consumed, . . 4 58 3 11 4 08 S $8 63 $6 49 $7 66 Value received for meat, . $7 2G $5 94 $6 60 ^ Value received for wool and [ , pelt, 1 02 1 04 1 17 r Value of obtainable manure, .2 19 1 52 1 96 J $10 47 $8 50 $9 73 Difference in favor, $5.92. 18i>l.J PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 77 Division 11. 4. 5. 6. Cost of lamb, . . f;] 43 $3 39 ?4 03 Cost of feed consumed, . 4 64 3 03 3 82 f22 34 8 07 $6 42 $7 85 Value received for meat, . $5 94 $5 06 $6 65 ^ Value received for wool and ! &2b 37 pelt, . . . . . 0 89 1 17 1 17 I Value of obtainable manure, . 1 71 1 23 1 55^ ^8 54 $7 46 19 37 Difference in favor, S3. 03. 6. Conclusions. 1. The well-estublished superior feeding effect of a dail}- diet rich in digestible nitrogenous food constituents, when raising lambs for the meat market, is shown in a marked degree in Division L, as compared with those in Division II. 2. The good services of the particular fodder rations used in case of the first division of lambs is shown by a fair rate of increase in live weight. 3. Corn ensilage as a substitute in part for rowen has given very satisfactory results. 4. The profit obtained with reference to both divisions of lambs is due to the commercial value of the fertilizing constituents contained in the obtainable manure. This value- amounts in the case of the first division of lambs to $5.67. To appreciate this value properly, it needs to be considered that, in determining the financial results of the experiment, all home-raised fodder articles are counted on the basis of their retail selling price in our vicinity. Sheep are known to produce one of the best home-made manures. The decidedly beneficial influence of a rational and liberal system of stock-feeding on the financial results of a mixed farm management cannot find its fall expression in the mere presentation of the results of a feeding experiment, however carefully the matter may be arranged. 78 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Detailed Statement of Feeding Record. Sheep No. 1. Fe (Po ED CONSUMED JNDS) PER Day. u < to >.2 > "2 ~ 3 d o .^ ~. FEEDING PElilODS. i « J3 a 0) 1 a H a m c ^ o ?; oi "if "-^ 1 ^5 ^ O o c^ O ~ ^ feq soi > aS. H r-i =-' ^ 3 3 O 1SK9-I890. Sept. 17 to Sept. 30, . 10.33 5.17 27.00 - 1 : 4.74 84 00 88.50 0.32 Oct. 1 to Dec. 3, 44.31 44.31 161.00 - 1 : 4.55 88.50 105.00 0.26 Dec. 17 to Dec. 31, . 11.25 11.25 43.00 - 1 : 4.59 lOS.OO 112.50 0.30 Jan. 2 to Jan. 20, 14.63 14.63 29.25 77.00 1 : 5.09 113.00 118.00 0.26 Jan. 21 to Feb. 3, 8.88 8.88 88.00 1 : 5.52 118.00 118.25 0.02 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Sept. 17, 18S.9, to Feb. 5, 1890. 99 . 90 pounds wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 94.74 pounds gluten meal, equal to dry matter, 281.00 pounds rowen, equal to dry matter, 178 . 50 pounds corn ensilage, equal to dry matter. Total amount of dry matter, Pounds. 90.64 85.46 242.98 48.42 467.50 Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment. Live weight of animal at time of killing, . Live weight gained during experiment. Dressed weight at time of killing, .... Loss in weight by dressing, . . 52.25 pounds or Pounds. 84.00 . 118.25 ;^4.25 66.00 44.19 per cent. Cost of Feed consumed during Experimejit. 99.90 pounds wheat bran, at $17.00 i^er ton, . 94.74 pounds gluten meal, at $28.00 per ton, . 281.00 pounds rowen, at $15.00 per ton, . . . . 178.50 pounds corn ensilage, at $2.75 j)er ton, . fO 85 1 09 2 11 0 24 f4 29 13.65 pounds of dry matter yielded 1 jjound of live weight. Cost of feed for jDroduction of 1 i30und of live weight, 12.52 cents. 80 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 7. Detailed Statement of Feeding Record — Continued. Sheep No. 2. Feed consumed (Pounds) per Dat. « ? 1"' c« .50 ■S 1 Pounds of Dry Matter produced one Pound of Live Weight. > ''A "o . .5P§ M O Ci =3 CD 3 C5.- < FEEDING PERIODS. 1 a s a o & o ■ 6 1 a a 3 O 18MU-1890. Sept. 17 to Sept. 30, . Oct. 1 to Dec. 3, . Dec. 17 to Dec. 31, . Jan. 2 to Jan. 20, . Jan. 21 to Feb. 3, . 0.61 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.58 0.31 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.58 1.43 1.66 1.23 0.58 2.92 4.79 2.07 2.36 1.98 2.19 2.35 0.50 0.22 0.12 0.29 0.11 4.14 10.73 16.50 7.55 21.36 1:4.64 1:4.45 1:4.20 1:5.01 1 : 5.24 70.00 82.75 90.25 95.00 98.00 Total Amount of Feed, consumed from Sej)t. 5, 1889, to Feb. 3, 1890.^ Dry Matter (Pounds). Cost. Fertilizer Valut- 79.61 pouncLs wheat bran, 72.23 $0 68 $0 54 72.99 pounds gluten meal, 65.84 0 84 0-59 188.00 pounds rowen, . . 1G2.56 1 41 0 65 130.75 pounds corn fodder. 35.36 0 18 0 11 335.99 $3 11 $1 89 * Includes the feed during the 12 days preceding the experiment proper. Pounds. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . . 66 . 00 Live weight at time of killing, 98.50 Live weight gained during experiment, 32.50 Average gain in weight 2)er day, 0.21 Dressed weight of animal, 54.00 Loss in weight by dressing, . . 44.50 pounds, or 45.18 per cent. Pounds of dry matter fed to produce 1 pound of live weight, . 10.34 Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . . 9.57 cents. Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 20 jjer cent, of manurial value, 4.92 cents. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMEXT — No. 33. 81 7. Detailed Statement of Feeding Record — Continued. Sheep No. 2. ^ >w V- — 3-3 <- ^ °8^ °i . o 2 a °3 o P. l = n C_T3 eg 3 a o a o "o S 3 o o a j: •j O ^ 3 o o f; = .--3 FEEDIXG PERIODS. <, "^ ^^'Z < ^ a " 3 M-3 « ^1 CJ 3 3 =^ o O <= 5 ~-3 ^11 ^ .2 o^g oOS o«ti 3«- "i;S ?;s^ H H H E-i !zi J hj * 1889.1890. Sept. 17 to Sept. 30, . 8 56 4.28 20.00 - 1.4.64 67.50 74.50 0.50 Oct. 1 to Dee. 3, . 32.63 32.63 106.00 - 1 : 4.45 74.50 88.50 0.22 De'^ 17 to Dec. 31, . 7.63 7.63 18.50 - 1;4.20 88.50 90.. 50 0.12 Jan. 2 to Jan. 20, . 9.50 9.50 11.00 55.50 1-5.01 91.50 97.00 0.29 Jan. 21 to Feb. 3, . 8.12 8.12 - 67.00 1; 5.24 97.00 98.50 0.11 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Sept. 17, 1SS9, to Feb. 3, 1890. 74.9-1: jjoiincls wheat bvan, equal to dry matter, 7.0 . 66 pounds gluten meal, equal to dry matter, 108.00 pounds rowen, equal to dry matter, 126.50 pound.s corn ensilage, equal to dry matter. Total amount of dry matter, Pounds. 67.99 63.74 145.27 35.36 312.36 Live -weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . Live weight at time of killing, Live weight gained during experiment, .... Dressed weight at time of killing, . . . . , Loss in weight by dressing, . . 44.50 pounds, or 45. 1 Pounds 67.50 98.50 31.00 54.00 8 per cent. Cost of Feed co7isumed during Experiment. 74.94 pounds wheat bran, at $17.00 per ton, . 70.66 pounds gluten meal, at $23 00 per ton, . 168.00 pounds rowen, at $15.00 per ton, .... 130.75 pounds corn ensilage, at $2.75 per ton, . 10.08 pounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of live weight. Cost of feed for the production of 1 pound of live weight, 9.32 cents. $0 64 0 81 1 26 0 IS 89 82 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATION. [Jan. 7. Detailed Statement of Feeding Record — Continued. Sheep No. 3. 1 ^ , ^ •*-, Feed coNSUMEn (Pounds) per D.\y. 0) Q Is 0(2 •So ss — 3 =« o . 6 o FEEDING a "cS W) PERIODS. m C3 a CO a o a w ■ a O o « IB = > a C^ OJ > i 3 3 « O Pi O Ph ^ <1 1889-1890. Sept. 17 to Sept. 30, . 0.71 0.35 1.96 - 2.65 0.30 8.83 1 : 4.78 79.25 Oct. 1 to Dec. 3, 0.64 0.64 2.37 - 3.21 0.17 18.88 1 : 4.67 88.75 Dec. n to Dec. 31, . 0.63 0.63 2.00 - 2.87 0..30 9.57 1 : 4.42 97.25 Jan. 2 to Jan. 20, . 0.62 0.62 1.08 3.07 2.88 0.26 11.08 . 1 . 4.97 100.75 Jan. 21 to Feb. 3, . 0.58 0.58, - 5.02 2.41 0.18 13.39 1 : 5.29 105.00 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Sept. 3, 1889, to Feb. 3, 1890.'* Dry Matter (Pounds). Cost. Fertilizer Value. .95 . 79 pounds wheat bran, 86.91 |0 81 $0 65 88.49 pounds gluten meal, 79.82 1 02 0 72 274.25 pounds rowen, .... 237.14 2 06 0 95 149.00 pounds corn ensilage, . 40.23 0 10 0 12 444.10 $4 08 $2 44 * Includes the feed during 12 daj-s preceding the experiment proper. round.s. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . . 71.00 Live weight at time of killing, 10G.50 Live weiglit gained during experiment, 35.50 Average gain in weight per day, . . . . . . . 0.23 Dressed Aveight of animal, . . . . . . .60.00 Loss in weight by dressing, . , 46 . 50 pounds, or 43 . 66 per cent. Pounds of dry matter fed to produce 1 pound of live weight, . 12.51 Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, , . 11.49 cents. Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 20 per cent, of manurial value, 6.00 cents. ]891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT- No. 33. 83 7, Detailed Statement of Feeding Record— Continued. Sheep No. 3. "Sa o a o-g a-T3 o 'S ° •i o a o ^ a ° a "^2-5^' < A. '^ a „-a C -3 n 2 "tr a -3 .n --^ = S c 3 s a a S 9 Oca FEEDING PERIODS. 0 2 = < ^ — o 2 O 1/ 3 a ^ . -?1 a " a ^ O » -Xl a M-a -= )-l 0 1889-1890. Sept. 17 to Sept. 30, . 9.92 4 96 27.50 - 1-4.78 78 25 82.50 0.30 Oct. 1 to Dec. 3, . 41.06 41.06 101.50 - 1:4.67 82.50 93.50 0.17 Dec. 17 to Dec. 31, . 9.50 9.. 50 30.00 - 1: 4.42 95.00 99.50 0.30 Jan. 2 to Jan. .20. . 11.87 11.87 20.r)0 58.25 1-4.97 99.00 104.00 0.26 Jan. 21 to Feb. 3, . 8.12 8.12 - 70.25 1 : 5.29 104.00 106.50 0.18 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Sei4. 17, 1889-, to Fel>. 3, 1890. Pounds. 91 . 12 pounds wheat bran, equal to dry matter, . . . .82.67 86.16 pounds gluten meal, equal to dry matter, . . . 77.72 2.")2. 25 pounds ro wen, equal to dry matter, . .... 218.12 149.00 pound.-^ corn ensilage, equal to dry matter, , . . 40.23 Total .amount of dry matter, . 418.74 rounds. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . . 78.25 Live weight at time of killing, 106 60 Live weight gained daring experiment, 28.25 Dressed weight at time of killing, . . . . . .60.00 Loss in weight by dressing, . . . 4Q.50 pounds, or 43. 6G per cent. Cost of Feed consumed during Fxperiment. 91 . 12 pounds Avheat bran, at f 17 . 00 per ton, 86.16 pounds gluten meal, at $23.00 per ton, . 252.25 pounds rowen, at $15.00 per ton, 149.00 pounds corn ensilage, at |2. 75 per ton, . 0 99 1 89 0 20 $3 85 14.82 pounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of live weight. Cost of feed for the production of 1 pound of live weight, 13.59 cents. 84 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 7. Detailed Statement of Feeding Record — Continued. Sheep No. 4. Feed consumed (Pounds) PER Day. « a S 'J S5 ^1 St- == o = CM If •^■^ .a s 05 o. o Pounds of Dry Matter produced One Pound ot Live Weight. Nutritive Ratio. FEEDING PERIODS. c o □ M (S « 3 a 3 3 v.-' H b* H Eh H |H < J hJ 1 0 1889-1890. Sept. 17 to Dec. 3, 41.88 4.19 8.38 - - 200.00 1 6.99 74.50 85.00 0.13 Dec. 17 to Dec. 31, 8.65 0.87 1.73 - - 29 50 1 7.01 90.00 90.25 0.02 Jan. 2 to Jan. 20, 10.96 1.10 2.19 39.00 - 22.00 1 7.30 90.00 92.75 014 Feb. 4 to Feb. 15, - 6.00 6.00 68.00 - 1 5.76 96.50 100.50 0.33 Feb. 18 to Mar. 17, - 15.50 15.50 - 44.50 - 1 4.88 101.60 102.25 0.03 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Sept. 1 7, 1889, to March 1 7, 1890. 76.52 pounds corn meal, equal to dry matter, . 31.98 pounds gluten meal, equal to dry matter, 41.45 jjounds wheat bran, equal to dry matter, . 283 50 pounds rowen, equal to dry matter, 185.75 pounds corn ensilage, equal to dry matter, 54.00 pounds corn fodder, equal to dry matter, Total amount of dry matter, Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, Live weight at time of killing, .... Live weight gained during experiment. Dressed weight at time of killing. Pounds. 66.71 28.85 37.61 2 45". 14 50.25 42.23 470.79 Pounds. 74.50 102.25 27.75 54.00 Loss in weight by dressing, 48 25 pounds, or 47.19 per cent. Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment 75.52 jjounds corn meal, at $19 00 per ton, 31.98 pounds gluten meal, at f 23.00 per ton, 41 45 pounds wheat bran, at $17.00 per ton, 283 50 pounds rowen, at $15.00 per ton, 185.75 pounds corn ensilage, at $2.75 jjer ton, 54.00 pounds corn fodder, at $7.50 per ton, $4 03 16.97 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 pound of live weight. Cost of feed for the production of 1 poimd of live weight, 14 50 cents. $0 72 0 37 0 35 2 13 0 26 0 20 86 -AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 7. Detailed Statement of Feeding Record — Continued. Sheep No. 5. ^ «M Feed consumed -2 o if) 'J £ c (Pounds) per Day. rt " Oi-O i5 o . ..j'm' las 11 c3 S o 9 ® ■« p. o H. o 2 1 > bi) a FEEDING PERIODS. 1 a u a « "a s c o a o 6 a. u (O T3 O a u 03.2 d .—. O O m O o £ li (h S5 ev day. Dressed weight of animal, Loss in weight by dressing, . . 40 . 50 pounds, or 40 . 82 per cent. Pounds of dry matter fed to produce 1 pound of live weight, . 17 . 36 Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . . 14.96 cents. Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 20 per cent, of manurial value, 8 . 94 cents. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 87 7. Detailed Statement of Feeding Record — Continued. Sheep No. 5. a-a =-. . a-o a-a ■*-r2 >*H «■« u 5 =" °i o^ t 4) S» O o o a° a-y Cu y a oR oa - a a=^V a p oS S-^ a ^ p a S "SS O a, - 3 .^--s <5^ FEEDING 3 o^ o ^ s o g = 3 ^ IS^ 0 a a o . C5 o ~ 5 2° . .a ., '^ ,^a TEPaODS. c! 3 S • . ■r- 9) Weig Beg liod ( a tt o^^ o5g o^g %-A-^ 5 oftj o|b al^ .-;«&< •5a ^ H E-i !z; 0-3 J O 1889-1890. Sept. 17 to Dec. 3, 31.00 3.10 6.20 - - 14050 1 : 6.99 66.25 75.50 0.12 Dec. 17 to Dec. 31, 5.87 0.59 1.17 - - 22 00 1 : 7.00 77.50 74.00 -0.23 Jan. 2 to Jan. •20, 7.70 0.77 1.54 54.00 - 10.00 1:8.58 75.00 81.75 0.36 Feb. 4 to Feb. 15, - 4.63 4.63 42.00 - - 1:5.37 83.00 86.00 0.25 Feb. IS to Mar. 17, - 12.13 12.13 - 26.00 1 : 4.53 87.00 86.50 -0.02 Total Amou id of Feed consumed from Sept. 17, 1SS9, to March 1 7, 1890. Pounds. 57.1(1 pouncls corn ineal, ecjiuil to dry matter, .... 50.49 25.15 pouiuls yliiteti meal, e(ju:il to dry matter, . . . 22.69 32.78 pounds wheat bran, equal to dry matter, . . . 29.74 182.50 pounds rowen, equal to dxy matter, .... 157.81 166.00 jiounds corn ensilage, equal to dry matter, . . . 40.90 81.50 pounds corn fodder, equal to dry matter, . . . 24.74 Total amount of dry matter. 330.37 Live Aveight of animal at l^eginning of experiment, . Live weight at time of killing, Live weight gained during experiment, Dressed weight at time of killing, .... Loss in weight by dressing, . . 40.50 2Jounds, or Pounds. 66.25 86.. 50 20.25 46.00 46.82 per cent. Cost of Feed consumed duriiig Experiment 57.16 pounds corn meal, at $19.00 per ton, 25.15 i)ounds gluten meal, at if 23. 00 per ton, 32.78 pounds wheat bran, at $17.00 per ton, 182.50 pounds rowen, at $15.00 per ton, 166.00 pounds corn ensilage, at $2.75 jjer ton, 31.50 pounds corn fodder, at $7.50 per ton. 12 83 16.31 i^ounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 pound of live weight. Cost of feed for the production of 1 pound of live weight, 13.98 cents. $0 54 0 29 0 28 1 :'.7 0 23 0 12 88 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 7. Detailed Statement of Feeding Record — Continued. Sheep No. 6. ^ A ^ M-t Feed consumed (Poun DS) a ° tB-J- 2 a o PER Day. a " 'a' as III = a i O aa.2 6 FEEDING PERIODS. "a a a c a a o Si "3 a a a 3 □ ! o o CO -r o> CO 1^ '^1 CO rt to 3(.iOtX psssajd Tf OJ -; CO "^ CI CO CO CI CO q t- JO punoj aad M auijonpap J3};b c^ o! r^ rt r^ r^ 'Hjoj passaJd JO punoj J9d P39jI JO aniBA iBunuBH •(S)U90) lao^rM ^ CO 0 ~~m~ .-0 cT" ^ ^ 0 CI H-ioj passajQ rH CO Gl 'O -* CO •* q rt CO OD q rt" qi- ;o puno.i jad lO -t iO U5 CO to 0 >ra >a lO >* to' to 10 0 pS9jl JO jsoo IBJOX •a O O «^ -1 o CO ""oT ^ ,_ ^ 0 0 Ci 1^ 00 Ol ■* OD CO CS to q CI q to q q JJ « S . ca ^ i. -M oi oj CO CO -* CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ■<]■ CO 3j S r 2 3 P - . . , . _ , , _ , _ ^ . , •"^ S ' " " > ' " a •s a c s ^iS!S'j^ oo" od" ^ 0 -t to" iV rt oT m == O ii *"! '^. "^ "t T-H q CO CI C) -»■ r-l CO q 1 i 1 2 CO oi -T C5 -!!< -+ tj^ Tf CO CO CO CO CO o o o o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i"j° O CO -(■ t- 0 CO CI 0 0 It; o; CO 3; q r- ■0 q OD ^ (>J ji CO CO •* CO CO -J" -t -T -f ■^ tf -i M ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ,_■ „ ^ ^ ^ '^ ^ y-i T-K 1^; 2 S 2 ° o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ™ I^ o ^ o o ■<1< 'Tf 10 Oi 10 0 « 0 0 0 0 i; o •o a^ o t^ q to l--^ 01 CO CO q q CO a; 3 (N c-i ci cq CO (N ci ci ci ci CI ci CI ci CI !?; r-^.-HrH '^ ""■ 1~l -' '"' ■^ ^ r^ ■^ 1^,1. Z3 — Z3: — — . ^^ "s ■5" "5 "a "■«* "5 "3 -"5 "3 "a •d V 0 . ^ "S *> a< 3 g 'I' oj 5 1 a g| -rS ■5' = 2 ° "5 ~ 0 3 "? S "5 - 0 a _- 3 — P . c: ~ 0 a . 1^ . ■ a . a o a- a i; aSrt aii= >- "^ a ii -5.2 •a « 3 5^1 °~l aj"3 • 0) a TS Em o fa o i go g^ I'! g^- 0 - 5^ 0 - 0=^ ■>. " a . a . c" . 0 " a 0 > a 0 - a . a" . 0 a •o ^'d£ :^ -m"^ ? JJ « -M g J£ f- -M £ j4 a u -^ 2 " ■^ 2 ^ " a « ■pa as •- t- fc, — -^ "^5 - ^ ■~ 3 — 2 -^■3 ^ j:: "^ — t — 3 -r-35 3 s 1 a 4^ a- 3 ^ a ji p P > C3 1^ 0 C3 la 0 3 si 0 ^-' GO O 00 o OT ■-I 0 0 CO 0 0 rt 0 CI "^ ^ co" 0 J:; CI »- CI s ©■ %\ C3 O p. 0 c. JD a 3 0 'i- p< m *c a !z; ''i ft M ^ 1-5 !< ^ <1 ■^ '^ s f— t ►> > > > > fc^ M P, K 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 95 The calculations included in the above summary were based upon the following valuations per ton : — Cost. Maiiurial Value. Corn meal, Barley meal, .... Skim-milk (10 per cent, solids). Buttermilk (7 to 8 per cent, solids), Corn and cob meal, . "Wheat bran, . . . . Gluten meal, . . . $24 00 30 00 1.8 cts. gal. 1 37 " " $20 70 22 50 22 50 $7 97 6 21 2 25 1 74 G 06 13 51 17 49 2. Eleventh Feeding Experiment with Pigs. Breed, medium Yorkshire ; feed, skim-milk, corn meal, wheat bran and gluten meal ; time, Sept. 10, 1889, to JNIarch 3, 1890. Five pigs, sows, weighing at the beginning of the experi- ment from 18.5 to 21 pounds each, served for our observa- tion. The S3^stematic feeding began Sept. 10, 1889, and closed March 3, 1890, lasting thus 175 days. The live weight gained during that time varied in case of different animals from 160.75 to 178 pounds, Avith a daily average gain of .97 pound. The daily consumption of skim-milk during the entire experiment was limit^.d to 5 quarts per head, with the exception of the first ten days, when but 4 quarts were called for. Two ounces of corn meal were added to every quart of skim-milk consumed, to complete the daily diet for that period. The additional supply of food needed in consequence of the growth of the animal was composed of a mixture of, — y C Wheat bran, one weight part. ( Gluten meal, two weight parts. beginning with a daily ration of the mixture of 6 ounces per head, and increasing the quantity gradually until it 96 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, [Jan. reached to from 30 to 36 ounces. This point was obtained at the close of the second month of the observation, November IL The live weights of the different animals varied at that time from 85 to 95 pounds. The nutritive ratio, i. e., the relative proportion of the digestible nitrogen- containing organic constituents and non-nitrogen-containing organic constituents, calling the former one, in the daily fodder ration, remained practically the same during the first two months (1 : 3). The composition of the grain feed was changed at the stated advance in the growth of the animal, while the daily quantity of skim-milk per head remained the same as before, — 5 quarts. The above specified grain mixture (I.) was simply replaced l)y the following, — r Corn meal, four weight parts. II. < Wheat bran, one weight part. C Gluten meal, one weight part. beginning with a daily average ration of 32 to 36 ounces per head, and closing with one of 42 to 45 ounces, December 30, when their respective live weights varied from 125 to 130 pounds. The subsequent change in the composition of the daily diet consisted in an increase of the proportion of the corn meal in the daily grain feed. The daily quantity of skim- milk, 5 quarts, remained the same to the end of the experi- ment. An amount of water was added sufficient to satisfy the thirst of the animal. The new grain mixture (III.) consisted of, — C Corn meal, six weight parts. III. < Wheat bran, one weight part. ( Gluten meal, one weight part. The amount consumed per day rose to 48 ounces per head in some instances, toward the close of the experi- ment. The entire management of the feeding was divided, as will be noticed, into three periods, as far as the nutritive character of the daily diet was concerned : — 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 97 I-ive Weiiflit. Nutritive Ratio. I.,. . 20 to 90 pounds, . fl dio'estible nitroo-enous oro^anic con- <; stituent. 1^3 non-nitrogenous organic constituents. 11., 90 to 130 pounds, . ( 1 digestible nitrogenous organic con- ! stituent. 3 8 non-nitrogenous organic constitu- 1^ ents. III., . 130 to 200 pounds. f 1 digestible nitrogenous organic con- , stituent 1 4.25 non-nitro2:enous oro-anic constitu- ^^ ents. Conclusions deducted from the Residts obtained. 1. The amount of dry organic matter contained in the feed consumed per pound of dressed pork secured varies in case of different animals from 3.80 to 3.99 pounds, the mean being 3.87 pounds. 2. The total cost of the feed consumed for the production of one pound of dressed })()rk secured varies in case of different animals from 5.43 to 5.72 cents, with a mean of 5.55 cents. 3. The total cost of the entire feed consumed during our late experiment XI. amounts to $39. The total market value of the entire amount of the essential fertilizing constituents contained in the feed consumed amounts at current market prices to $19.92. In making the customary liberal allow- ance of 30 per cent, for the loss sustained in nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium oxide, in consequence of the formation of flesh and bone in the growing animals, it will be noticed that the obtainable manurial value of the feed consumed amounts still to $13.94, which sum is fairly equal to one-third of the original cost of the entire feed used, or 1.98 cents per pound of dressed pork produced (702.75 pounds). 4. As the first cost of the feed consumed for the pro- duction of one pound of dressed pork amounted on an 98 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. average to 5.55 cents, and as the available manurial value of the feed for the same weight of dressed pork produced is equal to 1,98 cents, it will be seen that the average net cost of the feed consumed amounted to 3.57 cents per pound of dressed pork produced. 5. Comparing the financial results of the experiment here under discussion with those of an earlier experiment of ours (IV.), adopting for that purpose in both the same market price for the fodder articles consumed, and allowing at the same time a corresponding selling price for the dressed pork produced, no material difference can be pointed out. During our earlier experiment corn meal sold at $24 and wheat bran $22.50 ; during our previously described experi- ment corn meal sold at $19 and wheat bran at $16.50 per ton ; skim-milk and gluten meal were charged alike in both experiments. In the earlier experiment the net cost of the feed consumed for the production of one pound of dressed pork was 4.20 cents, and in our recent experiment, as above stated, 3.57 cents. The difference of .63 cent in favor of the recent trial is essentially due to contemporary lower market prices of corn meal and wheat bran. For further details, see statements upon a few subsequent pages. Feeding Record of Pigs. (1) c-a >«T3 VH . .^ . ^sb OOQ o c o . = § "o s 0 ™ 0 u FEEDING PERIODS. 'OB ^ a O tE to. o o^ 3 a c o 2 = oil — .2 « rt = H .2 > cs 3 "3 0 5 o aaj a « a a. .SP-S V a FEEDING PERIODS. 2 =-^ a c- C3 3 3 ^ a 3 a. ^^^ Or^?; o^g o(23 3PI( |o^ •SQ H fH ^ H ^ O 1889-IS90. Sept. 10 to Sept. 30, . 11.63 93.00 - - 1:3.05 18.75 35.75 0.81 Oct. 1 to Nov. 11, . 26.25 210.00 20. OS 40.16 1-2.9S 35.75 83.50 1.14 Nov. 12 to .Tan. 6, . 68.25 280.00 17.06 17.06 1:3.61 83.50 128.00 0.80 Jan. 7 to Mar. 3, . 124.14 299.00 20.69 20.69 1:4.23 128 00 179.50 0.92 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 103 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Sept. 10, 1SS.9, to March 3, ISOO. 230.27 pounds corn meal, equal to dry matter, . 882 . 00 quarts skim-milk, equal to dry matter, . 57.83 ])ounds wheat bi'an, equal to dry matter, 77.91 pounds gluten meal, equal to dry matter, Total amount of dry matter, Pounds. 203 40 195 60 52 47 70 27 521.74 Pounds. Live weight of animal at beginning of exiieriment, . . . 18.75 Live weight at time of killing, 179.50 Live weight gained during exi^eriment, ..... 160.75 Dressed Aveight at time of killing, ...... 151.00 Loss in Aveight by dressing, . . 28.50 pounds, or 15.87 per cent. Dressed weight gained during experiment, .... 135.25 Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 230.27 pounds corn meal, at $19.00 per ton, 220.50 gallons skim-milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, 57.83 pounds wheat bran, at $16.50 per ton, . 77.91 pounds gluten meal, at $23.00 jier ton, . 12 19 3 97 0 48 0 90 $7 54 3.25 ijounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 pound of live Aveight, and 3.86 pounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of dressed weight. Total cost of feed for the 2Jroduction of 1 pound of dressed pork, 5.57 cents. Net cost of feed for the production of 1 jjound of dressed pork, 3.59 cents. Sximmary of Experiment XI. ■a |l s u o O c o a £ a '3 •o c c S 3 pa £ .c a ""' a 5 Live Weiglit gained during Experiment (Pounds). Dressed Weight gained during Experiment (Pounds). Cost per Pound of Dressed Porls (Cents). Pig No. 1, 231.52 220.5 59.11 79.82 167.00 138.50 5.47 Pig No. 2, 262.72 220.5 65.64 88 10 178.25 147.75 5.43 Pig No. 3, 274.66 220 5 68 50 90.58 174.75 146.75 5.58 Pig No. 4, 235.68 220.5 62.02 84.48 162.75 134.50 5.72 Pig No. 5, . 230.27 220.5 57 83 77.91 160.75 1 5.25 5.57 Total, . 1,234.85 1,102.5 313 10 420.89 843.50 702.75 - 104 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Total Cost of Feed consumed during Experiinent. 1,102 50 gallons skim-milk, at 1.8 cents i^er gallon, 1,234.85 pounds corn meal, at $19.00 per ton, 313.10 jjounds wheat bran, at $16.50 per ton, . 420.89 pounds gluten meal, at $23.00 per ton, . $19 85 11 73 2 58 4 84 $39 00 Average cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed pork, 5.55 cents. Average net cost of feed for production of 1 ])ound of dressed pork, after deducting the manurial value less 30 per cent., 3.57 cents. Valuation of Essential Fertilizing Constituents in the Various Articles of Fodder used. Nitrogen, 17 cents per pound ; phosplioric acid, 6 cents; potassium oxide, 4.^ cents. Corn Meal. Skim-milk Wheat Bran. Gluten Meal. Moisture at lOO"-^ C, . 11.67 89.78 9.27 9.80 Nitrogen, . . ■ . . 1.479 0.52 2.545 4.510 Phosphoric acid, 0.713 0.19 ' 2.900 0.392 Potassium oxide. 0.430 0.20 1.637 0.049 Valuation per 2,000 pounds, . $6 27 $2 18 fl4 59 $15 85 Manurial Value of Feed consumed during Exjjeriment. Corn Meal. Skim-milk. Wheat Bran. Gluten Meal. Total. $3 87 $10 43 $2 28 $3 34 $19 92 The manurial value of feed for the production of 1 pound of dressed pork IS 2.83 cents ; after the deduction of 30 per cent., 1.98 cents. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 105 Cotivpositioii of Fodder Articles fed during the Previously Described Experiment Skim-milk (Average) . [One quart = 2.17 pounds.] S o 1 §• ll°l rounds l)ij,'csti- l)le in a Ton ol 2,000 Pounds. g 3 '■« 2 ii' O 6 a Moisture at 100° C, . 89.78 1,795.60 1 Dr}' matter, 10.22 204.40 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - : Analysis of Dry Matter, Crude ash, .... 6.85 137.00 CO I— 1 " cellulose, . . . ■- _ _ _ ^(N " fat, .... 3.82 76.40 76.40 100 1-1 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 31.60 G32.00 632.00 100 Xon-nitrogeuous e x t r a c t matter. 57.73 1,155.60 1,155.60 100 100.00 2,000.00 1,864.00 - J Gluten Meal. ii = = e --! p Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter. Atialysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, . . . . " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 9.80 90.20 100.00 1.25 1.75 7.00 31.25 196.00 1,804.00 2,000.00 25.00 35.00 140.00 11.90 106.40 625.00 , 531.25 58.75 1,175.00 1,104.50 100.00 I 2,000.00 ' 1,754.05 34 76 85 94 For analyses of corn meal and wheat bran used in this experiment, see winter cow feeding experiment. lOi) AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 3. Twelfth Feeding Experiment with Pigs. Breed, medium Yorkshire, grade Chester White ; feed, skim- milk, com and cob meal, wheat brau, gluten meal ; time, April 22 to Sept. 1, 1890. Eight pigs, four medium Yorkshires and four grade Chester Whites, were secured for the trial. Each lot con- sisted of two sows and two barrows. The individual live weight of the medium Yorkshires varied from 30 to 37 pounds, and that of the grade Chester Whites from 28.75 to 33 pounds, at the beginning of the observation. The feed- ing began April 22 and closed September 1, thus covering a period of 133 days. The general course pursued in the management of the experiment is materially the sanie as adopted in the preced- ing VII., Vm., IX., X., XI. The main alteration consists in the substitution of corn and cob meal in place of the corn meal. The amount of skim-milk consumed daily per head remained practically the same, after the first week, — four quarts. To every quart of milk required were added two ounces of corn and cob meal. The additional feed suljse- quently needed consisted of a mixture of two weight parts of gluten meal and one of wheat bran. At the close of the second month of our trial, when the live weights of the various animals amounted to from 120 to 130 pounds each, the diet was changed ; a mixture of four weight parts of corn and cob meal and one weight part each of gluten meal and wheat bran was fed with the original quantity of skim- milk, — four quarts daily per head. The subse<]uent talnilar statement shows the changes in the nutritive character of the feed at different stages of growth. The entire experiment might be divided practically into three feeding periods : — Live Weight. Nutritive Katio. Period I., , Period II., . Period III., , 20 to 90 pounds. 90 to 130 pounds. 130 to 200 pounds. 1:2.83 1:3.60 l:-4.25 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 107 The live weight gained during the experiment amounted in the case of the four medium Yorkshires to 596 pounds, and in the case of the four grade Chester Whites to 640 pounds, showing an increase of 44 pounds in favor of the latter. Medium Yorkshires. 1. Sow, live weight at beginning, , 2. Barrow, live weight at beginning, 3. Sow, live weight at beginning, . 4. Barrow, live weight at beginning. Pounds. 37.00 32.25 30.00 34.2.5 133.50 Pounds. Live weight at close, 174.8 Live weight at close, 197.0 Live weight at close, 163.0 Live weight at close, 195.0 '29.5 Grade Chester Whites. Pounds. Pounds. 1. Sow, live weight at beginning, . 31.25 Live weight at close, 207.0 2. Sow, live weight at beginning, . 33.00 Live weight at close, 177.5 3. Barrow, live weight at beginning, 39.00 Live weight at close, 199.0 4. Barrow, live weight at beginning, 28.75 Live weight at close, 178.5 122.00 762.0 The live weight gained during the experiment varied, as will be noticed from the preceding detailed record in case of diflferent animals of medium Yorkshires from 133 to 164.75 pounds, and in case of grade Chester Whites from 144.5 to 175.75 pounds. Considering in both cases the entire lot, the average gain in live weight per head is 149 pounds in case of the medium Yorkshires, and 160 pounds in that of grade Chester Whites. This difference in the live weights of both lots disappears in the weights of the dressed pork. Medium Yorkshires. Dressed weight, Dressed weight. Dressed weight. Dressed weight, Total, Dressed weight. Dressed weight. Dressed weight, Di'essed weight. Grade Chester Whites. Total, Pounds. 134 158 130 157 579 Pounds. 160 128 151 138 oil 108 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The shrinkage of the medhim Yorkshires Avas equal to 21 per cent., and that of the grade Chester Whites 24 per cent., of their live weights. The large percentage of shrinkage is mainly due to the fact that by some oversight the animals had been fed once on the day of killing. The medium Yorkshires lead the grade Chester Whites by two pounds in dressed weight, making the result an exceptionally close one. Four and seven-hundredths pounds of dry matter in the feed produced one pound of dressed pork in the case of the medium Yorkshires, while 3.98 pounds of dry matter in the feed produced one pound of dressed pork in case of grade Chester Whites. The market cost of feed consumed for the production of one pound of dressed pork was 5.60 cents in the case of medium Yorkshires, and 5.45 cents in that of the grade Chester Whites. The market cost of the feed consumed is $26.51 in the case of the medium Yorkshires, and in that of the grade Chester Whites it is $26.41. The manurial value of the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium oxide contained in the feed consumed is in the first-named instance equal to $13.46, and in the latter $13.59. Allowing 30 per cent, of the stated essential fertilizinii; constituents as retained in the oro;anization of the growing animal and thus lost, there remain 70 per cent, of them obtainable in the manure. The obtainable portion of the manurial constituents of the feed is worth $9.42 in the case of the medium Yorkshires, and $9.51 in that of the grade Chester Whites, making the net cost of feed in the first-named lot $17.09, and in the second lot $16.90. The net cost of the feed consumed for the production of one pound of dressed pork is 3.61 cents in the case of the medium Yorkshires, and 3.49 cents'in that of the grade Chester Whites, — a ditterence of .12 cent per pound in favor of the latter. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 109 Medium Yorkshires {Four Pigs). Corn con- ^-2 !s^ o o — u, a 0) 5 "3 T I. -a FEEDING PERIODS. nount of ob Meal (Pounds al A m 0 un in-milkeone uarts). 0 =5 3 g a O 3 *i O a o 3 • o > •t- a'? 5f^ .2 -o , 0) - 3 2 l,^i C - 3 2 C 3 O OS CO o^g 2 SCu 3P-^ |Ht^ loti &H H ^ o 1890. April 22 to June 2, 8S.69 713.50 35.94 71.88 1:2.83 133.50 286.00 3.54 June 3 to July 21, 351.56 882.00 131.06 131.06 1:3.68 286.00 515.75 4.69 July 22 to Sept. S, 532.51 876.00 114.40 114.40 1 : 4.25 515.75 729.50 4.36 Toiccl Amount of Feed consumed from April 22 to Sept. 8, 1890. 972.76 pounds corn and cob meal, equal to dry matter, , 2,471.50 quarts skim-milk, equal to dry matter, 281.40 pounds wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 317.34 pounds gluten meal, equal to dry matter, . Total amount of dry matter, .... rounds. 836.28 548.11 248.98 290.43 1,923.80 Aggregate live weight of animals at beginning of experiment, Aggregate live weight at time of killing, . . . . . Live weight gained during ex^ieriment, . . . . . Dressed weight at time of killing, ...... Loss in weight by dressing. Dressed weight gained during experiment. Pounds. 133.50 . 729.50 . 596.00 . 579.00 20.63 per cent., or 150.50 . 473.04 Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 972.76 pounds corn and cob meal, at $18.00 per ton, 617.88 gallons skim-milk, at 1.8 cents jier gallon, . 281.40 pounds wheat bran, at $19.00 per ton, . 317.34 j)ounds gluten meal, at f 25.00 jjer ton, . f8 VO 11 12 2 67 3 97 ?2G 51 3.23 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 jjound of live weight, and 4.07 pounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of dressed weight. Cost of feed for the production of 1 i^ound of dressed pork at stated market prices, 5.60 cents, Xet cost per pound of dressed pork produced, 3.61 cents. 110 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATION. [Jan. Grade Chester Whites (Foior Pigs). "o a o -■a 3 S «4H o o ^1 5 FEEDING PERIODS. 3 — " or s £ SO" ^ M o o c 3 _ A O (S '/;■ «4-» □ -£ a « ^ . p. p a/ -n .^■^ -r-d S o a ai c ^ _ «7, ^2° — ^ o 3fa - 3 = •gj'ao a ^ a H Eh r^ tn ^ ^ O 1890. April 22 to June 2, 90.25 728.00 46.21 92.42 1:2.81 122.00 312.00 4.52 June 3 to July 21, 353.94 882.00 133.44 133.44 1:3.68 312.00 541.00 4.67 July 22 to Sept. 1, 504.47 750.00 123.99 123.99 1 : 4.26 541.00 762.00 5.26 Total Avioimt of Feed consumed from April 22 to Sept. 1, 1890. 948.66 pounds corn and cob meal, equal to dry matter, 2,360.00 quarts skim-milk, equal to dry matter, 303.63 pounds wheat bran, equal to dry matter, 349.85 pounds gluten meal, equal to dry matter, . Total amount of dry matter, . ' ■ rounds. 815.56 523.39 268.65 320.18 1,927.78 Ao-o;re":ate live weig-ht of animals at befjinnino; of experiment, Agrorregfate live weio"ht at time of killino- Live weight gained during experiment, . . , . . Dressed weight at time of killing, ...... Loss in weight by dressing, Dressed weight gained during experiment. rounds. 122.00 . 762.00 . 640.00 . 577.00 24.28 per cent, or 185.00 . 484.62 Cost of Feed consumed during Experiment. 948.66 pounds corn and cob meal, at $18.00 per ton, . . $8 54 590.00 gallons skim-milk, at 1.8 cents per gallon, . . 10 62 303.63 jjounds wheat bran, at $19.00 per ton, .... 288 349.85 pounds gluten meal, at $25.00 i)er ton, . . . . 4 37 $26 41 3.01 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 pound of live weight, and 3.98 pounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of dressed weight. Cost of feed for the production of 1 pound of dressed jiork at stated market prices, 5.45 cents. Net cost per pound of dressed pork produced, 3.49 cents. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. Ill Valuation of Essential Fertilizing Constituents in the Various Fodder Articles used. Nitrogen, 17 cents per pound ; phosphoric acid, 6 cents ; potassium oxide, 4.^ cents. Wheat Bran. Gluten Meal. Moisture at 100° C, 14.03 89.78 11.52 8.48 Niti-ogen, 1.279 0.520 2.600 5.358 Phosphoric .iciil, .... 0.576 0.190 2.870 0.425 Potassium oxide, .... 0.440 0.200 1.620 0.045 Valuation per 2,000 pounds, . $5 43 $2 18 fl3 74 $19 13 Maniirial Value of the Feed. Grade Medium Chester AVhites. Yorkshires. Corn and cob meal, f2 58 f2 65 Skim-milk, . 5 58 5 85 Wheat bran, 2 09 1 93 Gluten meal, 3 34 3 03 $13 59 $13 46 Composition of Fodder Articles fed during the Previously/ Described Experiment. Corn and Cob Meal. Per Cent. Moisture at 100^ C, 14.03 Dry matter, Ajialysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, ....... " fat . " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . ^ 85.97 100.00 1.74 3.96 3.59 9.30 81.41 100.00 112 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Corn Meal {Average). 3 U Si c o .2 P o Constituents (in Pounds) in a i Ton of 2,000 Pounds. "2 ■" S 5°» Hi d a; > Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, . 12 39 87.61 247.80 1,752.20 — i - 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . . . " fat " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.80 1.80 5.01 10.46 80.93 2,000.00 36.00 36.00 100.20 209.20 1,618 60 12.24 76.15 177.82 1,521.48 34 76 85 94 o 100.00 2,000.00 1,787.69 - ) Skim-milk, same as in pig feeding experiment XT. Wheat bran, same as in summer cow feeding experiment. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 113 IV. Fodder Analyses. (1890.) The majority of the analyses stated under the above heading are made of fodder articles \\'iiich have been used either during the past year in connection with some of our feeding experiments, or have been raised upon the grounds of the station. Some articles sent on by outside parties are added, on account of the special interest they may present to others. In presenting these analyses, it seems but proper to call the attention of farmers once more forcibly to a careful consideration of the following facts. The composition of the various articles of food used in farm practice exerts a decided influence on the manurial value of the animal excretions, resulting from their use in the diet of difierent kinds of farm live stock. The more potash, phosphoric acid, and, in particular, nitrogen, a fodder contains, the more valuable will be, under otherwise corresponding circumstances, the manurial residue left be- hind after it has served its purpose as a constituent of the food consumed. As the financial success in a mixed farm management depends, in a consideraljle degree, on the amount, the character and the cost of the manurial refuse material secured in connection with the special farm industry carried on, it needs no further argument to prove that the relations which exist between the composition of the fodder and the value of the manure resulting deserve the careful considera- tion of the farmer, when devising an efficient and at the same time an economical diet for his live stock. The higher or lower commercial value of the manurial refuse left behind after the feed has accomi)lished its pur- pose in a satisfactory degree, decides its actual or net cost in farm industry. A disregard of this circumstance renders, in many instances, a remunerative dairying not less doul)t- ful than a profitable feeding of live stock for the meat market . 114 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Corn Meal. [Amherst Mill.] 84.98 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. s 6 5 .2 9, Constituents (in Pounds) in ii Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ill — ^ o 6 > Moisture at 100" C, . 13 00 260.00 1 Dry matter, .... 87.00 1,740.00 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash 110 22.00 Oi " cellulose, . 2.09 4180 14.21 34 J>d " fat, .... 4.95 99.00 75.24 76 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 10.27 205 40 174.59 85 Xon-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 81.59 100 00 1,631.80 1,533 89 94 2,000.00 1,797.93 J Corn and Cob Meal. [Amherst Mill.] Per Cent. I. II. JMoisture at 100° C, Dry matter, 8.10 91.90 14.03 85.97 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, . . . . " fat, " pi-otein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.47 5.63 3.73 9.79 79.38 100.00 1.74 3.96 3.59 9.30 81.41 Passed screen 144 meshes to square inch, . 100.00 76.34 100.00 72.48 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT 115 Corn Meal. [Amherst Mill ] 87.90 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. s o 2 .2 £ 2 a, — Constituents (in l'ou*l5) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. _6 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 13.64 86 36 272.80 1,727.20 - _ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . » fat ' pi-'otein (nitrogenous matter) , Xon-nitrogenous extract matter 100 00 2.52 1.78 4.83 10.13 80.74 2,000.00 50.40 35.60 96.60 202.60 1,614.80 12 10 73.42 172.21 1,517.91 34 76 85 94 lO ^^ 1—1 100.00 2,000.00 1,775.64 - J Corn Meal. [Amherst Mill.] Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ~ o . ill a "■„ o •^ - o 5°i o >> S . .t: a Pi 6 « 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 12.39 87.61 247.80 1,752 20 - - ■\ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.80 180 5.01 10.46 80.93 2,000.00 36.00 36.00 100.20 209.20 1,618.60 12.24 76.15 177,82 1,521.48 34 76 85 94 1—1 100.00 ! 2,000.00 1,787.69 - J 116 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Corn Meal. [Sent on from Bolton, Mass ] Per Cent. Cob Meal. Corn Meal. Corn Meal. Moisture at 100° C, . . •. . 16.09 16.00 16.13 Dry matter, 83.91 84.00 83.87 100.00 100.00 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 2.50 1.82 1.99 " cellulose, 5.71 1.24 1.55 " fat 4.48 4.21 5.00 "• protein (nitrogenous matter). 9.69 11.01 10.43 Non-nitrogenous exti-act matter, 77.62 81.72 81.03 100.00 100.00 100.00 Passed screen 144 meshes to square inch, 60.50 89.91 82.64 Corn Meal. [Two samples, sent on by Geo. C. Fitcb, East Amherst, Mass.j Moisture at 100° C , Dry matter, . Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. 13.92 86.08 100.00 1.59 1.93 4.95 9.73 81.80 100.00 90.48 14.53 85.47 100.00 1.66 1.44 4.84 10 16 81.90 100.00 73.50 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 117 Wheat Bran. [Amherst Mill.] 1. to E S .2 % a Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. III lis 5^i o ^ 3 6 1 3 "A INIoisture at 100° C, . 9.69 193.80 \ Dry mattei*, .... 90.31 1,806.20 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dnj Mailer. Crude ash, .... 7.40 148.00 00 CO l>co " cellulose, . 9.86 197.20 39.44 20 " fat, .... 5.81 116.20 92.96 80 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 18.60 372.00 327.36 88 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 58.33 1,166.60 933.28 80 > 100.00 2,000.00 1,393.04 - Wheat Bran. [Amherst Mill.] 47.64 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- Ijle in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 5 ° M o ^ § ^ £ 0 6 « Moisture at 100° C, . 10.14 202.80 \ Dry matter, . . 89.86 1,797.20 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.11 142.20 CO t^ ^c^ " cellulose, , 10.57 211.40 42.28 20 " fat, .... 5.38 107.60 86.08 80 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 18.23 364.60 320.85 88 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 58.71 1,174.20 939.36 80 100.00 2,000.00 1,388.57 - 118 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Wheat Bran. [Amherst Mill.] 48.85 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. S 3 to d a o c ip o o <3 °- P^ Constituents (in Pounds) in :i Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ° x| o 'u 9 "A Moisture at 100° C, . 1152 230.40 \ Dry matter, .... 88.48 1,769.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.13 142 60 1 O t^ " cellulose, . 10.63 212 60 42.52 20 i ;>co " lat, .... 5.62 112.40 89.92 80 i-H " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 18.36 367.20 323.14 88 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... .58.26 1,165 20 932 16 80 100.00 2,000.00 1,387.74 - J Wheat Bran. [Amherst Mill.] 20.04 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. a o o be ~ S .2 — '-5 Constituent.s (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ~ o . "1 1 6 ? 3 ISIoisture at 100" C, . Dry matter, .... 12.69 87.31 253.80 1,746.20 - - ) Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7 06 14.01 5.47 19.19 54.27 2,000.00 141.20 280.20 109.40 883.80 1,085.40 56.04 87.52 337.74 868.32 20 80 88 80 CO CO 100.00 2,000.00 1,349.62 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 119 Wheat Shorts. [Two samples, sent on by C. A. Newhall, Lj-nn, Mass.] Per Dent. I. 11. Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, 8.87 91.13 10.33 89.67 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, . . " fat, " protein (niti'ogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 7.14 8.58 5.86 16.71 61.71 100.00 7.96 11.21 5.52 17.28 58.03 Passed screen 141 meshes to square inch, . 100.00 52.60 100.00 55.00 Wheat Shorts. [Sent on by W. F. Williams, South Amherst, Mass.J Per Cent Summer winter Bran. Bran. Moisture at 100° C, 7.42 7.87 Dry matter, 92.58 92.13 100.00 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 7.19 6.82 " cellulose, 8.01 9.87 " fat, 5.75 5.86 " protein (nitrogenous matter), . 18.09 17.77 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 60.96 59.68 100.00 100.00 Passed screen 144 meshes to square inch, . 60.40 61.20 120 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. • Old-process Linseed Meal. 76.40 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. a o U ti s 5 .2 P o Constituents (in l'oun 3 !5 Moisture at 100° C, . 9.30 186.00 >, Dry matter, 90.70 1,814.00 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - Aiialysis of Dr>j Matter, Crude ash, .... 7.70 154.00 00 cellulose, , 8.96 179.20 46.59 26 !>- " fat, ..... 6.50 130.00 118.30 91 ^ " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 35.27 705.40 613.09 87 Non-nitrogenous e x t r a c t matter, . . 41.57 831.40 756.57 91 100.00 2,000.00 1,534.55 - J Old-process Linseed Meal. o S3 £ 2 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. i ° ■ Si "2 '" o 1 3 c-r 1 ^ •- o . i s i Sic 0, 2 a P5 3 'A Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter. 11.50 88.50 230.00 1,770.00 _ Anah/sis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 . 6.08 8.64 6.43 39.97 38.88 2,000 .00 121.60 172.80 128.60 799.40 777.60 44.93 117.03 695.48 707.62 26 91 ■87 91 o 100.00 2,000.00 1,565.06 - J 122 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. New-process Linseed Meal. 58.84 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. i S .2 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. III Pi ai O r2 -" O o ■'= 3 Moisture at 100" C, . 5.06 101.20 ^ Dry matter, 94.94 1,898.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 6.34 126.80 CO " cellulose, . 8.93 178.60 46.43 26 I'- " fat, .... 2.17 43.40 39.49 91 1—1 " 2'1'otein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract 41.02 820.40 713.74 87 matter, .... 41.54 830.80 756.02 91 100.00 2,000.00 1,. 555. 68 J Neiv-process Linseed Meal. 47.30 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. i 2 2 c iS Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 111 S'cj 1 'S "" o 5 ° ^ *j _ .J .2 a PS "A ISIoisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 11.83 88.17 236.60 1,763.40 - - \ 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... 6.43 9.01 3.15 128.60 180.20 63.00 48.65 57.33 26 91 CO l^ CO >^. 1-H " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 39.91 798.20 694.43 87 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 41.50 830.00 755 . 30 91 100.00 2,000.00 1,555.71 - J 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 123 Neiv-proccss Linseed Meal. 55.60 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. B 6 OS _o S ~ 6- r - o o 8 ? i - s § 5 H 5 y f "2 '" o o 3 i>\ I'er Cent, of J)i- gestiljility of Constituents. 6 1 3 !2; Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, . . 8.29 91.71 165.80 1,834.20 - > Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 5.91 9.43 4.08 35.03 45.55 2,000.00 118.20 188.60 81.60 700.60 911.00 49.04 74.26 609.51 829.01 1,561.82 1 26 91 87 91 I— 1 100.00 2,000.00 j istitucnts of New-process Linseed Meal. Fertilizing Co Moisture at 100" C, Ash, Calcium oxide, ]\Iagnesium oxide, Ferric oxide. Potassium oxide (4J cents per pound) Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), . Insoluble matter, .... Valuation per ton. Cotto7i-secd Meal. [Sent on by E. H. Mcintosh, Needliam, Mass. ] Moisture at 100" C, Dry matter, . , , Analysis of Dry Mailer. Crude ash, " cellulose, " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Passed screen 144 meshes to square inch, , Per Cent. 8.29 5.42 0.96 0.63 0.06 1.57 1.80 5.14 0.17 $20 97 Per Cent. 10.50 89.50 100.00 8.47 10.40 9.57 46.92 24.64 100.00 66.24 124 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Fertilizing Gonslitucnts of Cottonseed Meal. Per Cent. Moisture at 100" C, 10.500 Calcium oxide, 0.295 Magnesium oxide, 0.721 Sodiimi oxide, ." 0.249 Potassium oxide, , , , 1.830 Nitrogen, , , .6.720 Phosphoric acid, 2.350 Insoluble matter, 0.390 Bea Island Cottonseed Meal (Orotmd with' Hulls on). [Sent on Ijy Butler, Breed & Co., Boston, Mass.] Moisture at 100" C Dry matter, Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, ..... " protein (nitrogenous matter) Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Passed sci'een 14-4 meshes to square inch, . Per Cent. 11.62 88.38 100.00 12.07 20.04 8.90 26.07 32.92 100.00 52.72 Fertilizing Constituents of the Above. Moisture at 100° C, . . . Calciunr oxide, .... Magnesium oxide. Potassium oxide (4i cents per pound) Phosplioric acid (6 cents per pound) , Nitrogen (15 cents per pound). . Insoluble matter, .... Valuation per ton, .... Per Cent. 11.62 0.57 0.60 1.31 2.09 3.59 0.57 $14 46 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 125 Oluten Meal (Chicago). [Spriugfield, Mass.] 56.40 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. S o « . 5 .2 is. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. to ^ — oil 2 > 3 'A Moisture at 100^= C, . 10.45 209.00 "s Dry matter, .... 89.55 1,791.00 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 0.85 17.00 ,-H " cellulose, . 0.67 13.40 5.55 34 \ok " fat, . 12.05 241.00 183.16 76 " protein (nitrogenous matter). 38.17 763.40 648.89 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 48.26 965.20 907.29 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,744.89 - ) Oluten Meal. [Springfield, Mass.] 54.10 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. c o o « o o o Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. oil 2 1 Moisture at 100" C, . 6.50 130.00 N Dry matter, .... 93.50 1,870.00 _ - 100.00 2,000.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 0.68 13.60 CO " cellulose, . 0.68 13.60 4.62 34 y^ " fat, .... 10.03 204.60 155.49 76 r-l " protein (nitrogenous matter). 35.02 700.40 588.34 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 53.39 1,067.80 1,003.73 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,752.18 - 126 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Gluten Meal. [I., sent on by S. N. Fletcher, South Acton, Mass. ; II., sent on by J. L. Smith, Barre, Mass.] Per Cent. I. ir. Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, 7.30 92.70 10.70 89.30 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude asli, " cellulose, " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.32 1.14 17.60 39.77 40.17 100.00 2.79 6.40 11.87 26.95 51.99 Passed screen 144 meshes to square inch, . 100.00 84.80 100.00 05.64 Fertilizing Constituents of Gluten Meal. Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide. Ferric oxide. Sodium oxide, Potassium oxide (4^ cents per pound) Phosphoric acid (G cents per pound), Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), . Valuation per ton. 7.300 0.051 0.035 0.070 0.018 0.045 0.429 5.900 B20 61 10.70 0.083 0.253 0.165 0.099 0.718 3.850 fl4 04 Buckwheat Middlings. [Sent on by J. A. Cunningham, Bolton, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, . I'er Cent. 11.51 88.49 100.00 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. Analysis of Dry Hatter. Crude ash, " cellulose, " fat, ■ . " protein (nitrogeBous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 71.40 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. 127 Per Cent. 5.44 5.18 7.53 25.49 56.36 100.00 Wheat Middlings. [Sent on by F. 11. Williams, Sunderland, Mass.] INIoisture at 100° C, Dry matter, Analysis of Dry Matter Crude ash, " cellulose, ..... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter- <. 94.16 per cent, passed screen 144 meshes to square inch. Per Cent. 12.43 87.57 100.00 4.21 5.78 3.38 15.13 71.50 100.00 Corn Fodder {Pride of the North). [East Fields, collected Sept. 4, 1889.] a o O 9 o C-i Constituents (ni Pomids) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Si ° " !?^ "2 ■■" S lis- Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. .2 > s S5 IMoisture at 100° C, . 74.68 1,593.60 1 Di-y matter, .... 25.32 506.40 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.40 148.00 'tH " cellulose, . 20.11 402.20 289.58 .72 \^ " fat, 1.65 33.00 24.75 75 " protein (nitrogenous ■ matter). 8.31 166.20 128.62 73 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 62.53 1,250.60 837.90 67 100.00 2,000.00 1,280.85 - 128 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan, Fertilizing Constituents of Corn Fodder. Moisture at 100° C Calcium oxide. Magnesium oxide, Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide, Potassium oxide, Phosphoric acid, Nitrogen, Insoluble matter. Valuation per ton. Per Cent. 74.680 0.528 0.256 0.078 0.179 0.921 0.495 0.337 1.102 $2 52 Corn Stover {Clark Corji). [Station, Field A, 1889.] Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds S) S = ■S ■" o is s 5 = ^ 2 1 > "A Moisture at 100° C, . 5.77 115.40 1 Dvy matter, .... 94.23 100.00 1,884.60 - - 2,000.00 - - Anahisis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.64 152.80 OS " cellulose, . 33.70 674.00 485.28 72 , CO " fat, .... 1.77 35.40 26.55 75 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 6.04 120.80 88.18 73 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 50.85 1,017.00 681.39 67 100.00 2.000.00 1,281.40 - ) 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 129 Corn Stover {Pride of the North). [Experiment Station, 1890.] * o B .2 9 o 1" Constituents (m Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. o « o > 3 Moisture at 100° C, . 21.76 43.5.20 _ Dry matter, .... 78.24 1,564.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... .3.97 79.40 - - I— ( o " cellulose, . r,1.96 699.20 503.42 72 \c6 " fat, .... 1.54 30.80 23.10 75 7—1 " i^rotein (niti'ogenous matter) , 9.76 195.20 142.50 73 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 49.77 995.40 666.92 67 100.00 2,000.00 1,335.94 - J Eyisilage Corn {Pride of the North) , [Sept. 8, 1890.] Moisture at 100° C. Dry matter, . Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Ensilage of Soja Bean and Cotv-pea. [Station, 1889.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, . . Per Cent. 9.42 90.58 100.00 6.01 23.03 2.76 9.31 58.89 100.00 Per Cent. 69.78 30.22 100.00 130 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... » fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Per Cent. 14.96 31.53 4.44 12.47 36.60 100.00 Fertilizing Constituents of Soja Bean and Cow-pea Ensilage. Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 9.780 Calcium oxide, 0.263 Magnesium oxide, 0.786 Ferric oxide, 0.369 Sodium oxide, ....... ... 1.213 Potassium oxide (4^ cents per jwund), ..... 1.378 Phosphoric acid (6 cents per jjound), ... ... 0.812 Nitrogen (17 cents per pound), 1.800 Insoluble matter, , 4.777 Valuation i^er ton, , $8 46 Ensilage of Bed-cob Corn. [Station, 1889.] a f « .2 o o 3 o< Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ~ o . pi "2 ■" 8 Pi Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. c > 'A Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, .... 74.48 25.52 1,489.60 510.40 _ - \ Analysis of Dry Matter. Ci'ude ash, .... " cellulose, . » fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 6.55 28.48 4.81 6.55 53.61 2,000.00 131.00 569.60 96.20 131.00 1,072.20 410.11 72.15 95.63 718.37 72 75 I 73 67 CO CO t— 1 100.00 2,000.00 1,296.26 - j 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 131 Ensilage of Pride of North Corn. i « O Constituents (in ! Pounds) in a j Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a 'J'on of 2,000 Pounds. | 1 Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. > Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 71.41 28.59 100.00 6.41 24.19 5.53 8.72 55.15 1,428.20 571.80 2,000.00 128.20 483.80 110.60 174.40 1,103.00 348.34 82.95 127.31 739.01 - ' ^ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 72 75 73 67 I-H I-l 100.00 2,000.00 1,297.61 - J Tmjjoi'tcd Seed of Scotch Tares. Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, . Analysis of Dry Matter Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Fertilizing Constituents of Moisture at 100° C Calcium oxide. Magnesium oxide. Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide. Potassium oxide, Phosphoi'ic acid, Niti'ogen, Insoluble matter, Valuation per ton, the Above. Per Cent. 14.26 85.74 100.00 4.15 3.87 7.38 32.08 52.52 100.00 14.26 0.20 0.14 0.02 0.40 1.29 1.02 4.24 0.04 $16 74 132 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Vcich and Oats. [Station, collected July 23, 1890.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 79.26 Dry matter, 20.74 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . . ■ . . " cellulose, .... " fat, " pi'otein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 100.00 7.25 31.73 3.37 7.70 49.95 100.00 Ferlilizing Co7istitnents of Vetch and Oats. Moisture at 100^ C, 5.78 Calcium oxide, 0.91 Magnesium oxide, 0.29 Ferric oxide, 0.02 Sodium oxide. Potassium oxide, . Phosphoric acid, . Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, . Valuation per ton. 0.64 2.24 0.63 1.16 0.83 16 72 Royal EngUsh Horse and Cattle Condiment. [[..from S. N. Thompson, Southborough, Mass.; II., from C. H. Heywood, Holyoke, Mass.] Moisture at 100^ C, . . . . Dry matter, ...... Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, " fat, ♦' protein (nitrogenous matter), , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 133 Ha7'vey''s Universal Vegetable Food. [Sent on by E. F. Richardson, Millis, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 11.18 Diy matter, 88.82 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 4 . 59 " cellulose, 7.06 " fat, i 3.03 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 15.34: Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 69 . 98 100.00 Passed screen 144 meshes to square inch, 72.98 Methods of Analysis of Cattle Foods. 1. Moisture. — Dry 2 grams in an air-bath at 100-110° C. to a constant weight. 2. Ash. — Char 2 to 5 grams in a muffle furnace at a low red heat, cool and weio;h. Digest for a short time with dilute hydrochloric acid ; collect the residue insoluble in acid ill a Gooch crucible, wash, dry and weigh. Substract this from the total weight for pure ash. 3. Ether Extract. — Dry 2 grams at 100° C. for two hours. Exhaust with anhydrous, alcohol-free ether, until the extrac- tion is complete. Dry the extract in the air-bath at 100° C. to a constant weight. 4. Crude Protein. — Determine nitrogen by the Kjeldahl or soda-lime method, and multiply the result by 6.25 for crude protein. 5. Albuminoid Nitrogen. — Determine by Stutzer's method, as oiven in the "Proceedings of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists," 1889 (pages 226 and 227), except that the protein-copper is dried before being introduced into the flask. 6. Crude Fibre, or Cellulose. — The Weende method, as described in the " Proceedings of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists," 1888 (page 70). In this method 2 grams of the material, having been nearly or completely freed from fat, are boiled for thirty minutes with 200 cubic 134 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. centimetres of 1^ per cent, sulphuric acid, brought upon a linen filter and thoroughly washed with boiling water. It is then washed into the boiling-flask with a 1^ per cent, solu- tion of sodium hydrate, brought quickly to 100° C, and boiled for thirty minutes, when it is filtered through a Gooch crucible, or balanced filter-]:)apers, washed with boiling water, alcohol and ether, dried at 100*^ C. for an hour, and weighed. The organic matter is then burned oflT, and the wei2;ht of the ash deducted for crude cellulose. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 135 OK FIELD experime:n'ts. V. Some suggestions regarding the question, How can we improve in an economical way the productiveness of our farm lands ? VI. Experiments to ascertain the effect of different combina- tions of nitrogen, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia and organic-nitrogen-contaiuing materials, blood, as well as the absence of nitrogen-containing manurial matter, under otherwiscv cor- responding circumstances, on oats. (Field A.) VII. Field experiments with prominent grasses and legumi- nous plants, to study their composition and general economical value in our section of the country. (Field B.) VIII. Field experiments with reputed field and garden crops, to ascertain their adaptation to our soil and climate. (Fields C and D.) IX. Field experiments to study the economy of using different commercial sources of phosphoric acid for manurial purposes in fai-m practice. (Potatoes. Field F.) X. Experiments with grass land. (East Field Meadow.) XI. Report on general farm work. XII. Professor Humphrey's report. (On diseases of farm plants.) V. Some Suggestions eegaeding the Question, How CAN WE improve IN AN ECONOMICAL WaY THE Productiveness of our Farm Lands? An insufficient supply of suitable manurial matter, required for the successful and liberal production of the crops to be raised, is at present universally recognized as being the most fatal circumstance in any system of fjirmiug for profit. Adopting this conclusion as the correct verdict of past and present experience in agricultural industries, it becomes most desirable, in the interest of satisfiictory pecuniary returns, that every available manurial resource of the farm should be turned to account to its full extent. To secure 13(3 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. this end we are advised to begin the work with a timely, thorough, mechanical preparation of the soil under cultiva- tion ; to select the crops to l)e raised, as far as practicable, with reference to their tendency of economizing existing natural resources of plant-food ; to increase the latter to the full extent of suitable home-made manure on hand, and to supplement the latter liberally by buying commercial con- centrated fodder articles and commercial fertilizer, as far as circumstances advise. To discuss briefly some of the means of developing and econodiizing manurial sources of the farm, is one of the objects of this communication. On the present occasion only two of those means will be dis- cussed, which, although more or less at the disposition of every farmer engaged in mixed farm management, quite frequently do not receive that degree of consideration which they deserve, namely : — 1. A judicious selection and a liberal production of fodder crops. 2. An economical system of feeding farm live stock. 1. Production and Selection of Fodder Crops. A careful inquir}^ into the history of agriculture, down to the middle of the present century, has shown that the original productiveness of farm lands in all civilized countries, even in the most favored localities, has suffered in the course of time a gradual decline. This general decline in the fertility of the soil under cultivation has been ascribed, with much propriety in the majority of instances, mainly to two causes : namely, a gradual but serious reduction in the area occupied by forage crops, natural pastures and meadows ; and a marked decline in the annual yield of fodder upon large tracts of land but ill suited for a permanent cultivation of grasses, — the main reliance of fodder production at the time. A serious falling off" in the annual yield of pastures and meadows was followed usually by a reduction in farm live stock, which, in turn, caused a falling off m the princi- pal home resource of manurial matter. This chapter in the history of farm management has repeated itself in most countries. The unsatisfactory results of that system of 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 137 farming finds still an abundant illustration in the present exhausted condition of a comparatively large area of farm lands in New Englard. Scientific investigations, carried on during the past fifty years for the particular benefit of agriculture, have not only been instrumental in recognizing the principal causes of an almost universal periodical decline of the original fertility of farm lands, but have also materially assisted, by field experi- ments and otherwise, in introducing efiicient remedies to arrest the noted decline in the annual yield of our most prominent farm crops. As a scanty supply of manurial matter, due to a serious falling ofl' of one of the principal fodder crops, was found to be one of the chief causes of less remunerative crops, and thus indirectly has proved to be the main cause of an increase in the cost of the products of the animal industry of the farm, — milk and meat, — it is but natural that the remedies devised should include, as one of the foremost recommendations, a more liberal production of nutritious fodder crops. The soundness of this advice is to- day fully demonstrated in the most successful agricultural regions of the world. An intensive system of cultivation has replaced in those localities the extensive one of pre- ceding periods ; although the area under cultivation for the production of general farm crops has been reduced, the total value of products of the farm have increased materially, in consequence of a more liberal cultivation of reputed fodder crops. The change has been gradual, and the results are highly satisfactory. Viewing our own present condition, we notice that well- paying grass land, good natural meadow, with rich and extensive pastures, are rather an exception than the rule. The benefits derived from indift'erently yielding natural pastures are more apparent than real ; the low cost of the production of the fodder is frequently, in a large degree, set off by a mere chance distribution of the manure produced. A continued cultivation of one and the same crop upon the same land, without a liberal, rational system of manuring, has caused in many instances a one-sided exhaustion of the land under cultivation. This circumstance has frequently been brought about, in a marked degree, by a close 138 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. rotation of mixed grasses (meadow growth) and of our next main reliance for fodder, — the corn (maize). Both crops require potash and })hosphoric acid, in similar pro- portion (4, potassium oxide, to 1, phosphoric acid), and both require an exceptional amount of the former. There is good reason to assume that the low state of productiveness of many of our farms, so often complained of, is largely due to the fact that crops have been raised in succession for years, which, like those mentioned, have consumed one or the other essential article of plant food in an exceptionally large proportion, and thereby have gradually unfitted the soil for their remunerative production ; while a lil>eral sup- ply of other important articles of plant food is left inactive behind. As the amount of available plant food contained in the soil represents largely the working capital of the farmer, it cannot be otherwise but that the practice of allowing a part of it to lie idle must reduce the interest on the investment. Our personal observation upon the lands assigned for the use of the station has furnished abundant illustration of the above-described condition of farm lands. In one instance it was noticed that a piece of old, worn-out grass land, after l)eing turned under and properly prepared, as far as the mechanical condition of the soil was concerned, produced, without any previous application of manure, an exceptionally large crop of horse-beans and lupine, — two reputed fodder crops. A similar observation was made during the past season, when lands, which for years had been used for the production of English hay and corn, were used for the culti- vation of southern cow-pea, serradella, and a mixed crop of oats and vetch, to serve as green fodder for milch cows. The field engaged for the production of these crops was not manured, because it was to be prepared for a special field experiment during the present season. An area of this land, which, under favorable circumstances, would not produce more than six tons of green grass at the time of blooming, yielded nine to ten tons of green vetch and oats, ten tons of green southern cow-pea, and from twelve to thirteen tons of green serradella. The exceptional exhaustion of our lands in potash has lieen shown l)y detailed descrip- 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 139 tion of experiments with fodder corn in previous annual reports. The results obtained during past years tend to confirm the opinion held by successful agriculturists, that dry grass lands which are in an exceptional degree inclined to a spontaneous overgrowing by an inferior class of fodder plants and weeds, if at all fit for a more thorough system of cultivation, ought to be turned by the plough and subsequently planted with some hoed crop, to kill off the foul growth and to improve the physical and chemical condition of the soil. These lands prove, in many instances, ultimately a far better investment when used for the raising of other farm crops than grasses. The less the variety of crops raised in succession upon the same lands, the more one-sided is usually the exhausted soil, and the sooner, as a rule, will be noticed a decrease in the annual yield. The introduction of a greater variety of fodder plants enables us to meet better the diflerences in local conditions of climate and of soil, as well as the special wants of different branches of farm industry. In choosing plants for that purpose, it seems advisable to select crops which would advantageously supplement our leading fodder crop (aside from the products of pastures and meadows), — the fodder corn and corn stover. Taking this view of the question, the great and valuable family of leguminous plants, as clovers, vetches, lucerne, serradella, peas, beans, lupines, etc , is, in a particular degree, well qualified for that purpose. They deserve also a decided recommendation in the interest of a wider range, for the introduction of economical systems of rotation, under various conditions of soil and different requirements of markets. Most of these fodder plants have an extensive root system, and for this reason largely draw their plant food from the lower portion of the soil. The amount of stubble and roots they leave behind after the crop has been harvested is exceptionally large, and decidedly improves both the physical and chemical condition of the soil. The lands are consequently better fitted for the production of shallow-growing crops, as grains, etc. Large productions of fodder crops assist in the economical raising of general farm crops ; although the area devoted to cultivation is 140 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. reduced, the total yield of the land is usually more satis- factory. The subsequent tabular statement contains a list of fodder crops raised on the lands of the station. Those marked with * have been tried successfully on a large scale for fodder ; the remainder seem to be well adapted to our climate. All are reported in their dry state, to compare their relative nutritive character, as well as the value of their fertilizing constituents. For further details, see seventh annual report, for 1889. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 141 s s c o ■♦".a ts uox J3d •J3»1!I\[ .0([ JO aii[BA iBunuBn -+Ot0i0i0C5C0>0G0'0»-.C50oooiO r-l T— ( t— 1 T— 1 >-H T—l s . ir. a O H H a o &. H O s ° N O g 2 •apixo ranissB^oj i-:tM-+oiococi-#C5C50coa50T-1COiOcOCOO(MCJOCO"OCO'-HO^ C^CMi— lli— It— (T— IrHi— li— ((Mt— It— It-HCCi— I'^COlO •pioy ouondsoqj X — J C5 -H 1^ '^ T-l t^ Ol CO >— 1 -^ CO -f' -t< >— ' CO C0 lO »0 'f 'O >C i-O' CO l^ CO t^ 1-^ •(jSJJBIt snouaSojjLK) UI3J0JJ opujo CO C^ Ci CO C-j O CM CM 01 .-H O CO CI X o -+ ^ t- 1< CO fM 'O c; O -f (M >0 C5 CM X (M lO CO X X O CO X -ti CO -1^ -fi lO >o -H X i^ L^ o o i^ c:i o o rt C' X r-li— II— li— li— It— li— ( T— It— i T— ll— ll— it— 1 ■;i!j apiuo OCO-#COiOOCOOCOiOcor^t^OCMCOiOXKO (MCM(MC^(MiOi-ICMi— IT— lOJCMrHT— lOl t-i .XCiOt>.CO(Ml>.CMOi eiqijsaSKI •jCjHiqnsaSm JO ajva ■jauBjt snouaSojjis Ibjox •jajjBjvi X^a •0 oOOI »" aamsiOK •uox Jad }soo ^B^jcn 0»0C^CJ (M CM CO •soni'BA 8:)t;niixojtI(Iy CC' CO -+i 3i CO CO CO "O O t^ CC' Ci CM CO crsiO'^cocO'+cot-coiOOi-Hi-ico I— I T-i cOaO »-iO-+COCJi>0 0-^— I o O CO ^ o? 05 coa)C5CiO5C5icso5a5COQ0'-ii-< c^t^-iOi— 'QCQO<— lt^5 0.i"i0>0'0co— H (Mr-i(M(M(M 'i^ ^ a; X • to oS a " '^ JZ a o O OJ Q O i« U^ li^ -4_3 ^ ^ ~ ^ f - o .S F^-* ^ ^ ^ ^ _0 »-i* 'r^ IJ C ;S r< rH ^ fcC A 2 S be-: c facg.S .s .s c o o 5 J; ^ GE0JO'SV3Vi«ij_^ t^Ot-GOCiOOOr^-^COOOOO i-ot^'*cooootoo'Ooooo 1-Hi— IrH-^O^-^eOCOr-l!— 1 00-t<00i?10000000t-0t^ t^COCS^C^OCMCOO'-^i-'^t^tM 14G AGRICULTURAL EXPERIxAIENT STATION. [Jean. Corn Ensilage {Six Samples) . [Sent on by J. H. Esterbrook for the Dudley Grange.] Statements of Parlies, a. Variety of corn : — 1. Cross between Stowell's evergreen and eight-rowed variety. 2. Common field. 3. Eureka ensilage. 4. Southern white. 5. Stowell's evergreen. 6. Southern white. h. Fertilization per acre : — 1 . Three cords stable manure broadcast, with five hundred pounds ground bone in hill. 2. About thirty loads or ten cords stable manure broadcast, and two hundred pounds phosphate in hill. 3. Forty loads stable manure broadcast. 4. After a crop of rye for fodder, with five cords stable manure, four hundred pounds E. F. Coe's phosphate in drill. 5. Six cords horse manure, with three hundred pounds Bradley's fish in hill. G. Two and one-half cords stable manure broadcast, on grass sod in the fall, and ploughed in Avitli four hundred pounds of phosphate in drill when planting. c. Mode of planting': — 1. Rows three feet apart; hills twenty-six inches apart; four kernels to hill. 2. Rows three and a half feet apart ; hills twenty inches apart. 3. Rows three feet apart; hills twelve inches apart. 4. Rows three feet apart ; kernels about three inches apart in drills. 5. Rows thirty-two inches apart ; kernels about six inches apart in drills. 6. Rows three feet apart; kernels about one foot apart in drills. d. Period of harvesting : — 1. Somewhat past the milk. 2. Over ripe ; rather dry (September 23). 3. In the milk. 4. Ears commencing to form in the more exposed parts of the field. 5. Ears ripe enough for seed. 6. Past the milk (September 25). e. Yield per acre (approximately) : — 1. Eighteen to twenty tons. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 147 2. About eight tons of ensilage and eighty bushels of ears. Estimated, thirty-five to forty tons ; ten to fifteen feet high. 4. Twelve tons. 5. Twenty to twenty -two tons. 6. Twelve tons. /. Mode of ensilaging : — 1. Cut in short pieces ; silo filled in two days. 2. Cut in pieces one inch long. 3. Cut iu short pieces by a Bailey cutter. 4. Cut in pieces one inch long by a Bailey cutter ; covered with twelve inches of old- hay or straw ; then with inch boards and ten inches thickness of stones. 5. Cut in pieces three to four inches long by a Bailey cutter ; silo filled in two days, covered and weighted. 6. Same as 4. g. Fodder analysis : — Acidity calculated to Acetic Acid. Moisture at 100° C. Dry Matter. Analtsis of Drv JIatter, 100 Parts. Sample. < o O o •a 3 u o ■a 3 u U 5. "? 3 « S ^ ? w ^ o 3 ^ 6 S 2 2 Is '5 ? rer Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. No. 1, . 3.68 76.38 23.62 6.18 20.05 5.57 8.49 59.71 Xo. 2, . 2.12 70.01 29.99 6.74 34.97 2.74 5.98 49.57 No. 3, . 1.98 82.87 17.13 7.22 38.92 1.82 6.04 46.00 No. 4, . 2.69 75.36 24.64 6.25 30.26 2.57 6.52 54.40 No. 5, . 1.27 78.84 21.16 6.94 24.40 3.78 7.53 57.35 No. 6, . 1.13 71.65 28.35 4.37 24.64 2.68 6.82 61.49 Observations made at the Laboratory. No. 1. Best-looking sample, bright and fresh. Good per cent, of ears. Agreeable acid odor. No. 2. Odor and appearance not as good as No. 1. Smaller per cent, of ears. No. 3. Small percent, of ears. Bright looking. Odor slightly sour. 148 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATION. [Jan. No. 4. Fair per cent, of ears. Odor agreeable, but slightly sour. Not so bright looking as No. 1. No. 5. Larger per cent, of ears. Odor agreeable. Color, fair. Small weeds and grass mixed in. No. G. Fair per cent, of ears. Color not as bright as No. 1. Smell, fair. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 149 VI. Field Experiments to ascertain the Effect of Different Combinations of Nitrogen, Nitrate OF Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia and Organic- nitrogen-containing Compounds, Blood, under Otherwise Corresponding Circumstances, on Oats. 1890. (Field A.) The area occupied by this experiment is the same which has served during four preceding yearsin succession — 1884 to 1888 — for the purpose of ascertaining the extent of the inherent natural resources of potash. The results obtained in that connection, which are described in our third, fourth, fifth and sixth annual reports, left no doubt about the fact that our farm land had been in an exceptional degree impoverished in potash, in consequence of a too close rotation of grass and corn. The field record of each of the ten plats, one-tenth of an acre in size, extended over a period of more than six years, as far as modes of cultivation and of manurinij arc con- cerned. Some plats had received during that period a supply of nitrogen for manurial purposes in but one and the same specified form, while others had received none in any form. This condition of the various plats was turned to proper account in our new plans. 1889 — Several plats which for five preceding years did not receive any nitrogen compound for manurial purposes, were retained in that state to study the effect of an entire exclusion of nitrogen-containinsr manurial substances on the crop under cultivation; while the remaining ones received, as before, a definite amount of nitrogen in the same form in which they had received it in preceding years ; namely, cither as sodium nitrate or as ammonium sulphate, or as orojanic nitrogenous matter in form of dried blood. A corresponding amount of available nitrogen was applied in all these cases. Aside from the ditfercnce regarding the nitrogen supply, all plats were treated alike. They each received, without an exception, a corresponding amount of available phos- 150 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. phoric acid and of potassium oxide. The phosphoric acid was supplied in form of dissolved bone-black, and the potassium oxide either in form of muriate of potash or of potash-magnesia sulphate. From 120 to 130 pounds of potassium oxide, from 80 to 85 pounds of available phos- phoric acid, and from 40 to 50 pounds of available nitrogen, were supplied per acre. One plat, marked 0, received its main supply of phos- phoric acid, potassium oxide and nitrogen in form of barn- yard manure ; the lat'ter was carefully analyzed before being applied, to determine the amount required to secure, as far as practicable, the desired corresponding proportion of essential fertilizing constituents . The deficiency in potassium oxide and phosphoric acid was supplied by potash-magnesia sulphate and dissolved bone-black. The fertilizer for this plat consisted of 800 pounds of barn-yard manure, 32 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate, and 18 pounds of dissolved bone-black. Plats 4, 7 and 9 received no nitrogen-containing manurial substance ; plats 1 and 2 received nitrogen in form of sodium nitrate ; plats 5, 6 and 8 received nitrogen in form of ammo- nium sulphate ; plats 3 and 10 received nitrogen in form of dried blood ; plat 0 received nitrogen in form of barn-yard manure. The entire field, eleven plats, was ploughed April 9. The fertilizer was applied broadcast to each plat, and subse- quently slightly harrowed under, April 27. The final prepa- ration of the soil for seeding, by ploughing and harrowing, took place May 9. The same variety of corn (Clark), a flint corn, was planted in drills in a similar manner as during preceding years, May 10. The crop on all plats was kept clean by means of the cultivator and hoe ; it was cut Sep- tember 3, when the kernels were fairly glazed over. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 151 Yield of Corn Stover and Ears on Plats {1889), at Forty-eight Per Cent. Moisture. Weight of Weight of Weight of Whole Crop. stover. E.irs. Form of Nitrogen applied. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Plat 0, . 500.62 342.35 158.27 Barn-vard manure. Plat 1,. 648.48 475.95 172 53 Nitrate of soda. Plat 2, . 576 91 375.75 201.16 Nitrate of soda. Plat 3, . 618.31 425 85 192.46 Blood. Plat 4, . 381.18 283.90 97.28 No nitroaren. Plat 5,. 488.01 359 05 128.96 Ammonium sulphate. Plat 6, . 541.95 367.05 174.90 Ammonium sulphate. Plat 7,. 525.82 484 30 41.52 No nitrogen. Plat 8, . 359.12 237.98 121.14 Ammonium sulphate. Plat 9, . 475.63 417.50 58.13 No nitrogen. Plat 10, . 639 55 467.60 171.95 Dried blood. Percentage of Well-developed and Undeveloped Ears on Plats {1889). Well-developed Ears. Undeveloped Ears. Per Cent. Per Cent. Plat 0, 60 3 39.7 Plat 1, . 48.5 51.5 Plat 2, . 46 7 53.3 Plat 3, , 28.3 71.7 Plat 4, . 14 7 85.3 Plat 5, . 18.7 81.3 Plat 6, . 29 0 71.0 Plat 7, .. 416 58.4 Plat 8, . 21.3 78.7 Plat 9, . 24.4 75.6 Plat 10, . 50.2 49.8 The following tabular statement shows the general condi- tion of the soil and its crop-producing quality during the years 1888 and 1889 ; — 152 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOX. fJan. «i «D r^ 00 OO C^l o Ci o o a§ ^ t-- 03 CO cs i-O -* (K CO lO «o CO ■^ o 40 CO -^ . <^ b.O « o OB t^ CO! o -H •^ CO o o CO r~ o i.T o o 1- -r 1.-2 CO -a • o • m -3 • o • 03 -3 • > .a S ej — • (/J u in "5 .i2 03 — •II .2 > s 3 . E.2 2 S • oo • o3 . og •__ S o • S.22 !=3 = 3 03-3 tcS .a tn m'5'3 = 5-§ o o CD -2 • ^.ii 5 c ."2 -3 ■-, s'^ • ll w* .'^ 'S'a S 3 ^ t * " J3 'S 3 •^ ..2 X o to x: — o . lO •^ :j •r « OJ= «.^ ^— C> •o — • c-5 OJ3 (S =. oo a> 'C s > . Q. §2 ^^•n •^o . ^'o • „ ft oo • »C ^ .V ^T3 O rogen), 25 lbs. m and 50 lbs. disso cid), . -2 o _^o S 2 ^"^ » £ ° ft-c: . j ffl bs. nitrogen), 2 m oxide), and hosphoric acid) lbs. nitrogen), . potassium oxi vailable phosph CO 2 5 lbs. nitrogen) s. potassium ox vailable phosph to 5 lbs. nitrogen um oxide), and phosphoric acid), • ?* CO tn to 5 lbs. nitrogen um oxide), and phosphoric acid) .5^ en ft ft^ r/ 3 CO CO Ogen), 48.5 lbs. um oxide), and hosphoric acid) CB — 3 O. M a ■e - OS ^~* « O J 03 Z^ :t^ is-- ft OJ SB m nitrate (=4 to 5 12 to 13 lbs. potassi (= 8.5 lbs. available m nitrate (= 4 to 5 ulphate (= 12 to 131b one-black {— 8.5 lbs. blood (= 5 to 6 lbs. ni lbs. potassium oxide) availalile phosphoric 5'^ 00 2^11 d ■f.S Is , o li onium sulphate {= 4 t ;ulphate (= 12 to 13 1 one-black (= 8.5 lbs. .5 lbs. ammonium sulpbate (= 4 i of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs potassi bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available ] £o to 5 li o — ionium snlphate (= 4 — 12 to 13 lbs. potassi (= 8.5 lbs. available ir 03 ~ o~ 2^ blood (= 5 to 6 lbs. nil = 12 to 13 lbs. potass (= 8.5 lbs. available ■^ S k _= coXJ to oi > ill lbs. dried 1 (= 12 to 13 (— 8.5 lbs. ■n o i| CO .^ — 5 — c: en ci± ■jh O to .^ "s3 2 O cy ~ ft B "C "o e| 3 " •3 5-^ x3.2 — = 3 3 o OJ CO lO "■ Ol IM ira'^ l>) lo'^ CO "" ~ !M o o a> -3 XI *3 -3 .^ a> o • ft • • O ^ '9, o 1 £ S ^ 3 .2 S C E o •" ftS 3 C .5 £P _a . _. to 'cS "in p '^ S 4 o • • o 3 2 O ft '5 5 t^ oi 2 ft II'- "-' 11 ;2 ;2 ::; o ;^ II >ra oo 11 o 1 ICl 3 "3 — ♦ «3 C3 OS cS C3 03 cS « 03 ^ FM S S S Pi Ph S PM E P^ 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 153 The results of our first season of observation, 1(SS9, re- garding the influence of nitroijen-containino- manurial sub- stances on the character and on the quantit}" of the fodder corn raised under otherwise corresponding circumstances, al- though not without some interest, were not decisive enough to advise a detailed explanation of causes. The larger part of the summer season of 1889 with us was cold and wet, and for this reason of an exceptionally unfavorable character for the raising of fodder corn. How much this circumstance has afiected our first results, is difficult to decide. Not less difficult is it to decide, at this stage of observation, how much the special conditions of various plats may yet control the results. The comparatively low yield of ears and the large percentage of undeveloped ears, on plats 4, 7, 9, which received no nitrogen-containing manurial matter, Avas, how- ever, very marked. # 1890. — During the past season, oats was chosen as the crop for our trial. The field was prepared l)y ploughing in the fall and in the spring, previous to the manuring. The same kind and the same quantity of manurial substances were applied broadcast to the different plats as in the preced- ing year shortly before seeding. KUJIBER OF PLAT. Plat 0, Plat 1, Plat 2, Plat 3, Plat 4, Plat 5, Plat 6, Plat 7, Plat 8, Plat 9, Plat 10, 800 lbs. of barn-yard manure, 32 lbs. of potash-magnesia sulphate and 18 lbs. of dissolved bone-black. 29 lbs. sodium nitrate { = 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid.) 29 lbs. sodium nitrate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash- magnesia sulphate (=12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (=8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid) . 43 lbs. dried blood (= 5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 25 lbs. muriate ot pota!^h (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (=8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (= 4to5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash- magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassmm oxide) and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 1*3 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 43 lbs. dried blood (= 5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 154 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIINIENT STATION. [Jan. The above weights of the different maniirial substances were taken for the purpose of securing to each plat, as far as practicable, potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen in corresponding proportions. The raanurial substances were slightly harrowed under before seeding. The oats were seeded April 29 and 30, in rows, two feet apart, to allow a one-horse cultivator to pass between the rows. Each plat had sixteen rows, and thirty-nine pounds of oats, Pringle's Progress, were in equal weights divided between eleven plats'. A brush seed drill with no plate under the brush was used for that pur- pose. The young jilants appeared above ground on ^lay 5. The plants on plats 6 and 8 appeared sickly, having a j^ellowish tint, Ma\^ 23. The entire field l)ecame subsequently some- what inwsted with plant lice, plats G and 8 suffering most, May 26. Cultivator and hoe were used at this stage, to renovate the ground, June 2 and 3. The entire crop, with the exception of that upon Plat 8, soon improved and recovered entirely. Plat 8 suffered for some days longer than the rest from the infection ; it showed later on a lower and somewhat uneven stand of its oats. The shade of the green of the growth upon different plats showed during the progress of the season in many instances a quite marked difference. Upon plats which had received their nitrogen in the form of sulphate of ammonia, as well as upon those which had received no nitrogen-containing manurial matter, a light-green tint of the foliage was noticed alike in the earlier stages of the growth of the oats. In the latter case this light-green color of the crop remained until the maturing began ; in the former case, {. e., where sulphate of ammonia had furnished the nitrogen supply, the color became deeper green as the season progressed. The progress of growth varied at times in a marked degree, yet no exceptional differences in height were notice- able at the maturing of the crop.. The following tabular statement contains the measure- ments of the height of the plants at stated dates : — 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33 155 June 20 June 27 July 4 July 11 July 18 July 25 (Inches). (Tnches). (Indies). (Indies). (Indies) (Inches). Plat 0, . 15 20 25 31 36 33 Plat 1, . 16 19 25 31 36 36 Plat 2, . 15 20 28 33 40 40 Plat 3, . U 17 21 30 34 36 Plat 4, . 13 16 22 27 30 33 Plat 5, . 15 19 28 34 38 40 Plat 6, . 12 15 22 30 37 40 Plat 7, . 12 15 20 28 35 36 Plat 8, . 7 11 16 23 32 36 Plat 9, . 12 13 21 27 31 35 Plat 10, . ^H 19 24 32 40- 40 The entire crop was cut August 11 ; it was removed to the barn August 13. To secure as far as practicable a uni- form state of dryness, the final weighing of the yield of each plat was deferred to August 21, when the following results were obtained : — Grain and Straw (Pounds). Grain (Pounds). straw and Chaff (Pounds). Plat 0, . 315 120 195 Plat 1, . 362 128 234 Plat 2, . 365 129 236 Plat 3, . 345 116 229 Plat 4, . 260 90 170 Plat 5, . 360 141 219 Plat 6, . 385 124 261 Plat 7, . 320 110 210 Plat 8, . 220 59 161 Plat 9, . 290 101 189 Plat 10, . 395 140 255 3,617 1,258 2,359 Considering Plat 8 a failure for known cause, the low yield of kernels on plats 4, 7 and 9, which received no nitro- gen application, is, to say the least, very significant. loG AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Comparative Weight!^ and Moisture Tests of tlie Above- recorded Grains. One hundred average kernels of each plat were taken for the test : three independent tests were made ; the weights below recorded are the mean of the three tests made. The oats were kept in glass-stoppered bottles during the exami- nation. Average Weight of Average Per Cent. Tercentage of 100 Kernels (Grams). of Water. Dry flatter. 0, . . . 3.2151 1G.96 83.04 1,. 3.3577 17.58 82.42 o 3.1236 17.43 82.57 3,. 3.3260 20.88 79.12 4,. 3.2991 20.99 79.01 5,. 3.2015 18.79 81.21 6,. 3.1201 22. GO 77.40 7, . 3.395G 22.22 77.78 8,. 3.0727 17.74 82.28 9 3.3408 23.94 7G.0G lu, . 3.0740 18.34 81. GG The difference in moisture points evidently towards some varying degree in maturity. In the majority of cases where muriate of potash has furnished the potassa, the maturing of the crop was somewhat later than wdiere sulphate of potassa was used. rt o « 1 1 = Anai.ysi.' OF Drv Matter. PLAT. p p P a 3 ^ 5 3 ^' a '^ a o .| "o = H s '5 -S -i i? Per Cent. Per Cent. Percent. 0, 315 38.10 61.90 99.66 86.97 0.82 1.13 2.62 1, 362 35.36 64.64 105.50 92.13 0.76 1.21 2.75 2, 365 35.34 64.66 106.52 93.02 0.75 1.02 2.72 3, 345 33.62 66.38 91.78 80.15 0.84 1.21 2.49 4, 260 34.61 63.39 71.11 62.09 0.79 1.08 2.53 6, 360 39.20 60.80 114.51 100.00 0.85 0.96 2.(i8 6, 385 32.21 67.79 95.98 83.82 0.90 1.15 2.64 7, 320 34.40 65.60 85.56 74.72 0.80 1.06 2.36 8, 220 26.82 73.18 48.53 42,30 0.84 1.09 2.64 9, 290 34.83 65.17 76.82 67.08 0.80 0.97 2.69 10, 395 35.44 64.56 65.46 114.33 99.84 0.84 1.18 2.59 Average, 329 34.54 16U1.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 157 The absence of nitrogen in the manuriul niattt'i- applied to plats 4, 7, 9, is accompanied by the lowest yield in dry matter in the grain ; the yield of dried grain in case of plats 4, 7, 9, averages 67.9 per cent., and in case of the remain- ing plats, excluding Plat 8 for stated reasons, it averages 90.8 per cent. The plats containing potash-magnesia sulphate as the potash source, namely, plats 2, 5, 10, have yielded the largest amount of grain ; each of these plats received its nitrogen supply in a different form, — ammonium sulphate, blood, and nitrate of soda. The field (A) has been seeded vrith winter rye during the late autumn, to contmue the investigation in the same direction. 158 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. O 00 UJ IE C>- to fO N 4-3 lbs. DHed Blood. -4-8 '4 lbs. Batoifth Maignc&iaSul. 50 ibs. Dls.Bonheit« Ammonia 50 Ibs.Dife. Bone Black. 25 I bs. Munate oF ^Potash. 50 Ibs.Dis. Bone Black. 22J^ lb&5ul}5hate Ammonia. -S-S — HjS. MafiAtfc of Pota&h. 50 lb&.Di&.Bon<£ &lacK. 22yalbs.Sulhha.t-c Ami -^3^^lba.Pat<5.shMai r&j^ SO lbs. DiS. Bone Bla^k. ^5 8bs.Mui-iatePota.sk. 50 Ibs.Dis.Borte Black, 4-3 lbs. Dried Blood. 25 IbS.Muri&to. of Potash-: 50 Ibs.pis- Bone BlAck, 29 Ibs.Nitrate of Sode.. -4^J4 lbs. Potash MftgniftSria Sul, 50 lbs. Dis Bond. Black . 1.9 lbs. Nitrate of Soda. -S5 — lbs.Mufia,te of Pbtergrk: 50 lb6.Di&. Bono. Black, 8oO lbs. Barnyard ManuiJ-c, -3^ llj&.Pcjttf^'Sh MajgneSiafetat; 18 lbs. Dis.Bone Black o z O lij < vj if) s 5 o 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 159 VII. Field Experiments with Prominent Fodder Crops, to study Their Composition and Their General Economical Value in our Section of the Country. — Grasses and Leguiminous Plants (Field B). The field here under discussion is located west of Field A, described within some preceding pages. It occiapies an area of one and seven-tenths acres. The land is nearly level, and the soil consists of a sandy loam several feet deep. In 1884 the entire field was subdivided into eleven plats of equal size, thirty-three by one hundred and seventy-five feet, with five feet of space between them. Every alternate plat has received from that date annually the same kind and the same amount of fertilizer, — six hundred pounds of ground bones and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash per acre. Since 1885 all crops on that field have been raised in rows ; this system of cultivation became a necessity in the case of grasses, clovers, etc., to secure a clean crop for observation. The rows, in the case of corn and leguminous plants, were three feet and three inches apart ; and, in the case of grasses, two feet. The space between the different plats has received, thus far, no manurial substance of any description, and is kept clean from vegetation by a proper use of the cultivator. Plats 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21 were fertilized annually ; plats 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 have received no fertilizer until the season of 1889, The details of the work carried on upon Field B are from year to year recorded in the annual report of the station. As the chemical analyses of the crops raised require con- siderable time, on account of other contemporary pressing engagements in the laboratory, they are usually published in bulletins, and the reports of the succeeding 3ear. The subsequent tabular statement of crops raised upon the differ-^nt plats of Field B since 1886 may assist in a desirable understanding of its late history, and its condi- tion at the beo-iunino; of the season of 1890. 1()0 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. _,.- ^ ^ 1-: OT p oT Cl t< . ^ S g c^ § 1 1 ^ c C S " ^'^ ■^ ^ 02 cya '-' .2 ^ .r; C s Six a a o gg g >.,5 ? ii ii a a J c o Sept. 24, 1 Sept. 24, 1 ■, sown Ma May 8, 18! bent {Ag; J, 1889. , sown Sep , sown Sep wn Septci rds grass, 889. cue and ' Septembe o Cl n 3) C3 si S 3 a a S a c^ « g S S -■ g a 5 3 >> >. m Sc o <" -^ ~^ "i 2 S -= fe i» -a 3g 3 Ol Poc a 00 •3 -3.^ = 0013 a c •a?' -3 (Dri 0)1-1 W M p^ « Bx:4 ;^ a ffi C5 s — .- — ^ ,„-^ ^ . .^^,.. • ■• . • c- .^ 5^ c" =- ^ =-, . . . a" . . a ^ 1 3 3 bb « 3 3 nsilage cor nsilage cor ilover (3fe/ Onobrgchii ;lover, escue, nsilage cor iver, . cd clover, nsilage cor iety, Clark o 3 d-cob e d-cob e khara c infoin ( khara c infoin, adow f d-cob e Kike clo ■dium r d-cob e rn (var a a 1 >— 1 oj a)o;.Oc3^ 3;— i^ o o s • ,= ^^ 1 i • • • • -s. • • • .-••.&•&• 1 a a - -2 S ^ '■' ^ 1m -»-5°3 j;po o S) . M C) 3 ye-gra rye-gr ye-gra rye-gr ,n, lover, red cl lover, red cl- th red th red j:^ 3 « >v'3 >i .a S 3 lian r L'lish lian r glish abea a boa adow iike c dium iike c dium mmoi "alia, mmoi alfa. E K a o a. ii W M ..... • . -_;;^...^.^.. :s|. P..9..S-2 2 ::3>j? , "5-S .aJ'S'S'r' .S!»S a" o e o alian rye-grass (/ nglish rye-grass (. alian rye-grass, uglish rye-grass, ive varieties Sout ive varieties Sout eadow fescue {Fe Isike clover ( Trlfi edium red clover lense), Isike clover, . edium red clover aramoth red cl medium), lfalfaorlucerne(; ammoth red clovi Ifalfa, O O isa^pq Pn f^ s<;;? --a>'-— OJ-^ 0 -- c^ a; ^; H jj :-> a osSssSg « 3 « f-i V- 3 v-<3«.^a«*..3 «f- 3 t^ i^ C^ S;2;s2^S s s ?; I^ |][^ ri ri n'S'Srtl^'S la '3 a p^ S SfnStHllHS E S S 1891. PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 161 The fertilizer annually applied since 1889 to all the plats alike consisted in each case of eighty pounds of steamed ground bones and of twenty-seven pounds of muriate of potash, or six hundred pounds of bones and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash per acre. 1890. — A grass mixture v/as sown broadcast on plats 20 and 21. The remaining plats were sown in drills two feet apart, sixteen rows in each plat. The crops seeded in rows were cultivated two or three times, and cleaned with, the hoe during the growing season to remove the weeds and o o o to clear the crops from admixtures. The majority of the plats appeared well at the begmning of the season. The seeds proved, however, subsequently, in several instances, a bad investment for our purposes, where distinct varieties and not mixtures of grass seeds were needed. Plats 11, 12, Kentucky blue-grass, sown Sept. 24, 1889. The growth looked well at the opening of spring, 1890. The cultivator and hoe w ere applied in the beginning of the season, and again in June, to remove the w,eeds. The crop was cut for the first time September 19 ; it did not head out during the season. The hay weighed two hundred pounds on Plat 11, and two hundred and sixty pounds on Plat 12. Plats 13, 14, red top (Agrostis vulgarU), sown Sept. 24, 1889. The seed proved not well adapted to our purpose. It contained a considerable amount of seeds of herds orrass. The crop was cut on both plats July 10, and yielded seven hundred and ten pounds of hay in all. The sod was subse- quently ploughed under, and cut up l)y means of a wheel harrow. The soil prepared later on Avas reseeded Sept. 24, 1890. Plat 15, Bokhara clover {Melilotus alba) and esparsette or sainfoin {Onobrychis sativa) . Both were sown May 8, 1889. The Bokhara clover yielded, September 9, two hun- dred and three pounds of hay ; the sainfoin did not head out in the first year, — it reached about five inches in height. Both crops looked fairly well in the spring of 1890, yet showed here and there the effects of winter-killing. They were cut for hay ; Bokhara clover 3ielded two cuts, sain- foin but one. Bokhara clover was cut June 24, yielding two 162 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. hundred and five pounds of hay, and again September 22, yielding seventy-five pounds. Sainfoin was cut June 24, and yielded one hundred and twenty-five pounds of hay ; the aftergrowth would have furnished a rich pasture for cows. Plat 16, Rhode Island bent {Agrostis alba), sown Sept. 25, 1889. The growth looked promising at the opening of the season, yet turned out later on to contain a consider- able admixture of herds grass. The crop was cut July 9, and it yielded three hundred and twenty pounds of hay. The sod was turned under July 15, and cut up with a wheel harrow. The plat, after thorough preparation, was reseeded in September, 1890. Plat 17, meadow fescue (J^estuca ^y^ctiensis) , sown Sep- tember, 1887. Started out vigorously with an unbroken sod ; began blooming during the first week of June, and was nearly through blooming June 20. It was cut June 24, and measured from three to three and a half feet in heio;ht. Two crops were secured, June 24 and September 22. The first cut yielded seven hundred and thirty pounds of hay, and the second cut two hundred and fifty-five pounds. Plat 18, meadow fescue, sown Sept. 22, 1889. The seed proved, to a serious degree, to l)e a mixture of grass seeds. The ci'op was cut July 9, and yielded three hundred and ninety pounds of hay. The sod was ploughed under July 15, cut up with a wheel harrow, and subsequently, after due preparation, reseeded Sept. 24, 1890. Plat 19, herds grass (Phleum praiense), sown Sept. 25, 1889. Looked well in the sprhig ; began to blossom June 30 ; was cut July 9. It yielded five hundred and fifty pounds of hay. The second crop was cut September 22, and yielded two hundred and five pounds of hay. Plat 20, a mixture of herds grass, two and one-half pounds (=2 quarts), and red top, two and one-half pounds (=6 quarts), which were sown Sept. 24, 1889. The crop looked fair m the spring ; was cut July 9 ; it yielded four hundred and thirty pounds of hay, first cut. The grass suiFered somewhat from a brown fungus. The sod was for this reason ploughed under, and the soil prepared, in the 1891, PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 163 same manner as previously described in case of otlier plats, for a reseeding during the succeeding September. Plat 21, a mixture of meadow fescue, two and one-half pounds (=4 quarts), and herds grass, two and one-half pounds (=2 quarts), was sown Sept. 25, 1889. The plat looked well in the spring ; it proved in part a failure, on account of the mixed character of the seeds, and of the appearance of a brown fungus upon the plants. The first cut yielded three hundred and ninety pounds of hay. The sod was ploughed under soon after harvesting the hay, and the land reseeded after a careful preparation of the soil, Sept. 25, 1890. All plats reseeded during the late autumn have been fertilized in a like manner, with the same mixture which has been used for several years upon Field B ; namely, six hun- dred pounds of ground steamed bones and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash per acre. Extra precaution has been taken to secure seeds fit for our purpose, which in this connection consists in comparing single varieties of grasses and other reputed fodder crops, regarding their nutritive character and their comparative economical value, when raised under otherwise corresponding circumstances upon farms in jNIassachusetts. Some of the results of the analyses of crops raised upon Field B, during 1889 and 1890, as far as they are not yet published, will be found upon a few subsequent pages. Meadow Fescue. [In full bloom, June U, 1889. (Field B.)] Moisture at 100"' C Dry matter, , Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . . . . . " cellulose, .....:, " fat, ,....,. " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... Per Cent 5.30 94.70 100.00 8.50 39.65 1.97 7.85 42.03 100.00 164 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jnn. Fertilizing Constituents of Meadow Fescue. Moisture at 100° C Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide, Ferric oxide, , Sodium oxide. Potassium oxide, Phosjihoric acid, Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, Ash, Valuation per ton, Per Cent. 5.300 0.616 0.269 0.019 0.603 2.461 0.625 1.190 0.151 8.500 |6 89 Kentucky Blue-grass. [Collected June U, 1889; just past blooming. (Field B.)] Per Cent. Fertilized. Unfertilized. Moisture at lOO'^ C, Dry matter, Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, ..... cellulose, .... " fat, " iJrotein (nitrogenous matter), Xon-nitrogenous extract matter, 6.78 93.22 100.00 8.24 36.84 2.03 8.78 44.11 3.90 96.10 100.00 7.45 32.21 2.08 8.65 49.61 100.00 I 100.00 Fertilizing Constituents of Kentucky Blue-grass. Per Cent. Fertirized. Unfertilized. TMoistiire at 100-^ C , . Calcium oxide, . Ferric oxide. Sodium oxide, . Potassium oxide. Phosphoric acid, Nitrogen, . Insoluble matter. Valuation jier ton, 6.780 0.366 0.031 0.067 2.110 0.414 1.310 3.203 $6 74 3.900 0.429 0.057 0.181 1.277 0.447 1.330 2.522 f5 GG 1891.J PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 165 Alsike Clover. [Collected June 14, 1889; in full bloom. (Field B.)] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, . Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, , . . . . " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous mattei-). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Fertilizing Constituents of Alsike Clover Moisture at 100^ C Calcium oxide, Fen'ic oxide, . Sodium oxide, Potassium oxide. Phosphoric ticid. Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, Valuation per ton. Per Cent. 9.96 90.04 100.00 13.06 26.11 2.19 16.65 41.99 100.00 Per Cent. 9.960 1.870 0.104 0.266 3.320 0.495 2.399 1.928 111 57 Medium Clover. [Collected July 12, 1889; m full bloom. (Field B.)] Moistiu-e at 100*^ C, Dry matter, , Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, ..... " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Per Cent o.lQ 94.90 100.00 9.06 30.76 2.36 15.01 42.81 100.00 166 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Fertilizing Constituents of Medium Clover. Moisture at 100° C Calcium oxide, Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide, Potassium oxide, Phosphoric acid. Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, Valuation per ton, Per Cent* 5.100 1.539 0.137 0.227 2.370 0.457 2.279 1.583 $10 35 Sweet Clover (Afelilotus alba). [Collected Oct. 3, 1889. (Field C.)] Moisture at 100° C. Dry matter, . Per Cent. 6.36 93.64 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . Fertilizing Constituents of Sweet Clover. Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide. Magnesium oxide, Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide. Potassium oxide, PhosiDhoric acid, Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, Valuation per ton. 100.00 6.90 23.08 1.85 11.81 51.36 100.00 Per Cent. 6.360 1.938 0.373 0.025 0.077 1.673 0.436 1.770 0.013 $7 96 Sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa). [Past blooming; collected June 20, 1890.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, Per Cent. 12.17 87.83 100.00 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 167 Anahjsis of Dry Matter. Per Cent. Crude ash, ...... . 8.54 " cellulose, .... , . 26.95 " fat. 4.49 " ijrotein (nitrogenous mattei") , 17.70 Non-nitrogenous exti'aet matter, . . 42.27 100.00 Fertilizing Constitjcents o f Sainfoin. Per Cent. Moisture at 100^ C, . . 12.17 Calcium oxide. 1.16 Magnesium oxide, 0.43 Ferric oxide, . 0.04 Sodium oxide. 0.54 Potassium oxide, . . 2.02 Phosphoric acid, , , 0.76 Nitrogen, . 2.63 Insoluble matter, . . 0.47 Valuation per ton. . . $11 57 168 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. O o -J ijj u. — KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS. OJ KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS. m RED TOP. 1 RED TOP. m BOKHARA CLOVER. SAINFOIN. i vO RHODE ISLAND BENT. N MEADOW FESCUE. ® MEADOW FESCUE, 0) , HERD56RA55. o MIXTURE OF RED TOP AND HERDSGRASS. 5 MIXTURE OF MEADOW FESCUE ^'^^HERD5GRA5S. r Z o H vn Ck O a: LU -J < VJ < HO- IL -N CL 01 Ci. U} Q < tOH 0-0 Ul u. a. IL in o '^ O Ci. < -J HZ?^ < >cqZ 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 169 YIII. EXPERCVIENTS AVITH FlELD AND GaKDEX CrOPS, (Fields C and D.) Field C. This field comprises an area 328 feet long and 183 feet wide ; it is subdivided into two parts, running from east to west ; they are separated by a passage-way three feet wide. The system of manuring and of cultivating is the same on both divisions. They are annually manured with a mixture consisting of fine-ground steamed bone, six hundred pounds, and muriate of potash, two hundred pounds, per acre. The field is usually ploughed in the full and early in spring, with the exception of small areas occupied by perennial plants. The fertilizer is applied broadcast early in spring, and sub- sequently slightly harrowed in. The crops are in the majority of cases planted in drills, to secure chances for clean cultivation. The land has served, for several years past, for the same purposes ; namely, to ascertain the particular degree of adaptation of reputed fiirm crops to our climate and our soil. In some instances suf- ficient quantities of one or the other were raised to furnish fodder for summer and winter feeding experiments. In the majority of cases, however, the main object of the planting was to secure suitable material for analysis, to determine their relative economical value either for general farm pur- poses or for special industrial purposes. The variety of crops already tested in this connection is quite numerous ; for details regarding previous years, we have to refer to our preceding annual reports. Some analyses of crops raised on fields C and D during the year 1889 are published, for the first time, within a few subsequent pages. Lotus villosus. Sulla (Hedysarum coronaria). Teosinte. Japanese buckwheat. Small pea {Lathyrus sativics) . Carrot (Daactis carota). 1890. — The entire field, both divisions, was ploughed during the autumn of 188^, and again May 1, 1890. The 170 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. fJau. fertilizer, six hundred pounds of fine-ground bones and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash, per acre, Avas sown soon after the plougliing, slightly harrowed under, and the various seeds subsequently planted as stated below. The entire south side of Field C was planted with barley, in rows two feet apart. Tlio north side was occupied by a series of crops in the following order, beginning at the east end of the field : — 5 rows English lye grass, rows two feet apart, 3 rows early Soutlierii white corn, rows three feet three inches apart. ^2 rows eai"ly Southern cow-pea, rows three feet three inches apart 4 rows horse bean, rows three feet three inches apart. 4 rows wliite sqja bean, rows three feet three inches apart. 4 rows black soja bean, rows three feet three inches ajiart. 2 rows bush peas, rows three feet three inches apart. 4 rows Scotch tares, rows thi-ee feet three inches ajiart. 4 rows common vetch, rows three feet three inches apart. 4 rows white lupine, rows three feet three inches ajiart. 4 rows serradella, rows three feet three inches apart. 4 rows Bokhara clover, rows three feet three inches apart. 4 rows sainfoin, rows three feet three inches apart. 4 rows English rye grass, rows two feet ajDart. 1 row sulla. 1 row festuca No. 1 (Connecticut). 2 rows ijyrethrum, rows two feet apart. 3 rows lotus villosus, i-ovvs three feet three inches apart. 15 rows Florimond Despi'ez's richest sugar beet, rows two feet apart. 15 rows Bulteau Desprez's richest sugar beet, rows two feet apart. 15 rows Dippe's Kleinwanzlcben sugar beet, rows two feet apart. 15 rows Dippe's Vilmorin sugar beet, rows two feet apart. 16 rows Simon Le GrancVs white imjJi'oved sugar beet, rows two feet apart. The entire field was kept clean from weeds by a timely iise of a one-horse cultivator and the hoe. Barley. — The area occupied by barley was 30,504 square feet. It required thirty-four pounds of seed, or forty-eight to fifty pounds per acre. The seed was phmted with a brush seeding machine, without plate. May 3. The young plants began to come up May 6. They were cultivated June 3, and headed out June 25. The heads remained free from smut, but the leaves showed man}^ brown spots, due to fungous growth. The crop reached a height of twenty-five inches, and turned yellow July 25. It was cut July 31, and put in the 1891.] rUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 171 barn August 3. "When threshed, Sei)tcni])er 15, it yielded 430 pounds of grain and 1,795 pounds of straw and chaff, which is equal to (JIO pounds of grain and 2,531 pounds of straw and chaff, per acre. The ground which was used for the production of the barley was ploughed August 2. After being fertilized with 225 pounds of fine-ground steamed bone (one-half of our customary annual dressnig of bone), it was planted with turnips and ruta-l)agas, in rows two feet apart. The crop was thinned out in the rows and twice cleaned with the cultivator. It was harvested November 5. The turnips came to a good average size, and the ruta-bagas only to a small medium size. Both were of excellent quality for family use, selling in our local market at fifty cents per bushel. The entire crop amounted to 7,715 pounds. EngltsJt Hye Grass { Loliuni j^erenne) . — This was sown May SO. The young plants appeared above ground June 5. They made a good growth, yet did not head out during the season. The grass was cut at the customary time for second cut of upland meadow grasses, and the sod left over winter, to nofice the efiect of that season on the crop. In one of our preceding experiments the plants were winter- killed. The main ol)ject of this trial was to secure addi- tional facts regarding that point. Early Southern White Corn. — The corn was planted May 23. The young plants were noticed alcove ground June 2. It made a very heavy rank growth, yet proved much too late for maturing in our locality. Horse Bean (^Vkia faba). — This was planted ^lay 23, appeared above ground June 2 ; reached a height of twenty- five inches before it began to bloom, July 9. It suffered temporarily somewhat from drought ; recovered, however, subsequently. The roots of the plants, when thirty-one inches high, July 18, showed a remarkably large number of tubercles. The plant keeps on blooming until a killing frost destroys it. This plant has served us well on former occa- sions for oreen manuring. Soja Bean (Soj'a hispida). — Two varieties, white and black, were planted May 23 ; they came ai)ove ground June 2. The white variety began to bloom August 9, and 172 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [.Tan. the bliick variety ])ut one day later. The foliage of the Avhite variety Avas darker green than that of the black, throuijhout the season. Both stood the drought well. The roots had apparently no tubercles. The white variety matured sooner than the black one. The soja bean promises to be a valual)le addition to the leguminous fodder crops m New England. Two acres have been plmted with soja beans during the past season, on the grounds of the station. The growth of one acre has served, in its semi-matured state, as green fodder during the autumn (see summer feed- ing experiment on previous pages of this report) for milch cows ; and that of the other has been put in a silo as an admixture to corn ensilage (see statements on silos). Scotch Tares (a coarse variety of vetch). — The seed was kindly furnished by Mr. James Cheesman of Southborough, Mass., wlio had imported some for his own experiments. It was planted May 23, was above ground June 3 ; had reached a height of twelve inches, July 18, before it began to spread. The plants began blooming July 23. The crop was cut for hay August 2. One acre has been planted on another part of our farm during ihe past season, to serve as winter fodder for cattle. Common Vetch (Vicia saliva). — The seed was planted May 23 ; the young plants were above ground June 1. They began to bloom July 12, when twelve inches high. The plants formed subsequently a rank, thick growth. This variety of vetch has been raised for several years very suc- cessfully on our farm, either by itself or as an admixture of oats and barley, for green fodder, toward the close of July, when they begin to bloom. It is one of the earliest annual leguminous fodder crops at our disposal, and has rendered us for several years past excellent services as green fodder for milch cows. It can be used green or in its dried state, as circumstances advise. An admixture of oats and barley renders the crop very acceptable to dairy stock. White Lupine (Lupinus alba). — This was planted May 23 ; appeared above ground June 1 ; began to blossom July 7, and reached a height of twenty-five inches. The crop became infested with insects, and proved no success during the past season. The l)est services we have thus far 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 173 received from the various varieties of lupines, white, yellow and blue, consists in their fitness for green manuring-. The plant grows rapidly, is succulent, and comparatively rich in nitrogenous matter. The crop can l)e ploughed under with profit in the beo'innino' of Auoust. The disinte pounds or nitrate of soda. ■^ ' ' ■ ■ ■ (^ 58 pounds of jiotash-magnesia suljihate. r 128 pounds of ground jMona guano. Plat II., 0,5G5 square feet, . -' 43| pounds of nitrate of soda. (_ 59 i^ounds of potash-magnesia sulphate. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 189 C 304 pounds of ground ajjatite. Plat III., 6,636 square feet, . } 44 pounds of nitrate of soda. (^ 59 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate. r 131 jjounds of South Cai'olina jihosphate. Plat IV., 6,707 square feet, . < 44i pounds of nitrate of soda. (^ 60 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate. 78 pounds of dissolved bone-black. Plat v., 6,778 square feet, . -| 45 jjounds of niti'ate of soda. 61 pounds of iDotash-magnesia sulphate. The phosphatic slag, Mona guano and South Carolina floats were applied at the rate of 850 pounds per acre, apa- tite at the rate of 2,000 pounds per acre ; dissolved bone- black at the rate of 500 pounds per acre. These figures represent approximately the equal local cash values of the different sources of phosphoric acid applied. Nitrate of soda corresponds in all cases to an application of 290 pounds per acre, and the potash-magnesia sulphate at the rate of 390 pounds per acre. The field was planted with potatoes, Beauty of Hebron ; the large-sized ones were cut in halves, and the small ones left whole, when planted, May 1, 1890. The rows were three feet three inches apart, and the hills in the rows eighteen inches. Each plat had sixteen rows. The young plants came up quite uniformly ; they were cultivated and hoed June 2. Several applications of Paris green with plaster were made during the season, to prevent damage by potato bugs. The crop looked well until the middle of July, when the efl'ects of a serious drought showed itself to such an extent that the maturing seemed to be hastened on by it. The potatoes were harvested from all the plats August 12 to 14. They were assorted in the field into marketable ones and small ones. The former were sold at sixty cents per bushel ; the latter were used for chicken feed, at twenty cents per bushel, — our local market prices. 190 AGKICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Tot.ll Yield of Marketable Small Potatoes No. of riat. Potatoes (Pouncls). Potatoes (Pomuls) (Pounds) I. (south end). 1,600 1,215 385 11., 1,415 915 500 in., 1,500 1,070 430 IV., 1,830 1,380 450 V. (west end), . 2,120 1,590 530 Yield per Acre. I. Phosphatic slag. 10,671 8,087 2,584 11. Mona guano, 9,388 6,071 3,317 111. Ground apatite, . 9,845 7,023 2,822 IV. South Carolina jjhos- phate, 11,886 8,963 2,923 V. Dissolved bone-black, 13,626 10,218 3,408 Statemeiit of Percentages. Marketable Small Potatoes Plats. Potatoes(PerCeiit). (Percent). I., . 75.78 24.22 II., . 64.66 35.34 III., . 71.32 28.68 IV., . 75.40 24.60 v., . 74.91 25.09 Money Value of Crop. [One bushel = 60 pounds.] Marketable Potatoes, Small Potatoes, Total Plat. at (10 Cents per Bushel. at 20 Cents per Bushel. Slim. I., . 134.6 bushers = $80 76 43.0 bushels = S8 60 $89 36 II., . 101.2 bushels r= 60 72 55.3 bushels = 11 06 71 78 III., 117.1 bushels = 70 26 47.1 bushels r= 9 42 79 68 IV., 149.3 bushels = 89 58 48.7 bushels r:= 9 74 99 32 v., . 170.3 bushels = 102 18 56.8 bushels = 11 36 113 54 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 191 As a first year's results, the above statements are reported without any further, comment, beyond the remark that the dryness of the season renders the advantages of a soluble form of phosphoric acid very striking. The experiment will be repeated during the coming season. Winter wheat has l)een sown, to continue the inquiry. One year's results cannot furnish a basis for a final decision. The varying accumulation of phosphoric acid in the soil is an important fact, which deserves a serious consideration as the investi- gation advances. Plat I. received 24.18 pounds of phosphoric acid. Plat II. received 28.01 pounds of phosphoric acid. Plat III. received 109 . 68 pounds of phosphoric acid. Plat IV. received 36.12 pounds of phosphoric acid. Plat V. received 12.34 i^ounds of phosphoric acid. The largest yield of potatoes has only removed 3.392 pounds of phosphoric acid from the soil. Tabular Statement of the Ajjproximate Amount of Nitrogen^ Phosplioric Acid and Potash in the Crop raised. PLATS. Pounds of Potatoes per Plat. Pounds of Nitrogen in Tubers. Pounds of Phosplioric Acid in Tubers. Pounds of Potassium Oxide in Tubers. I., 1,600 5.440 2.560 9.280 II 1,415 4.811 2.364 8.207 ni 1,500 5.100 2.400 8.700 IV., 1,830 6.222 2.928 10.614 V. 2,120 7.208 3.392 12.296 The calculation is based on E. Wolif 's average analyses, 1,000 pounds of potatoes containing : nitrogen, 3.4 pounds ; phosphoric acid, 1.6 pounds; and potassium oxide, 5.8 pounds. 192 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. X. Experiments with Grass Land, East Field Meadow. The field assigned for a permanent production of grasses covers an area of from nme to ten acres. The mam part of the land is nearly on a level, running from south to north, with a slight descent towards the north. The western side of the field is bordered by a public highway, the eastern by the new orchard of the station. Along the eastern side the grounds are gently sloping towards the centre of the field, and are here and there somewhat springy. The location of the level portion of the field renders it liable to a temporary overflow of water from the hillsides toward the south. The soil consists largely of a sandy loam of from two to three feet in thickness, here and there resting upon either a layer of hard-pan or of a coarse, gravelly material. The springy character of the eastern slope, as well as the periodical overflow of water from the hillsides toward the southern end of the field, without any adequate outlet to regulate the supply of water from both sources, had rendered the larger portion of the field an unsightly swamp meadow, covered with a comparatively worthless vegetation, previous to 1887. The general character of the surface soil, as well as the apparent chances of regulating its state of moisture, prom- ised to make the field, under proper management, in an exceptional degree fit for a permanent meadow. The first attempt at improvement in that direction was made in Auo;ust, 1886, soon after the first cut of its growth was harvested. The entire work required to secure satis- factory results was carried out during two succeeding summer seasons, on account of limited financial resources. After securing the outlet necessary for the accumulating water, through the adjoining lands at the western termination of the field, it was decided to run, from ten to tw^elve feet apart, two parallel ditches from north to south, through the lowest part of the land. One was dug from three and one- half to four feet below the surface of the ground, to serve as a main ditch for laying drain tiles six inches in diameter, to prevent an accumulation and subsequent stagnation of Avater 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 193 in the upper soil. The other was an open ditch, on an average of from one foot to eighteen inches deep, to assist in a speedy discharge of surface water, due to heavy rains or the meltnig of the snow and ice on adjoining hillsides in the spring. In both instances the necessary fall was secured to dispose of the surplus water in a desirable degree. One surface ditch sufficed for the whole area ; while numerous branch ditches, starting out from the main tile ditch at varying distances from each other, were built at all places where local conditions indicated an exceptional state of moisture. The tiles in the branch drain ditches varied from two to four inches in diameter. The main tile drain at its southern starting point runs into a stone drain ten by twenty feet, which serves as a filter for the turbid water coming from the adjoining hillsides in case of heavy rains before entering the tile drain. The surface ditch runs up to the stone drain to prevent an accumulation of water, and thereby reduces the chances of untimely overflow of the meadow. As soon as the drain tiles were covered and the ditches as far as practicable levelled, the entire area was ploughed, and the main depressions filled up with stones and earth, or earth, as circumstances advised, and left in that condition over winter. The succeeding spring a wheel harrow was used to break up the rotten sod. The soil was subsequently repeatedly ploughed and harrowed, until it showed the desirable me- chanical condition required for a successful cultivation of summer grain crops. Barley and oats were chosen as the first crops in case of the meadow north of the new roadway. Both were seeded in drills, with rows two feet apart, to permit a thorough de- struction of an objectionable foul growth, by a frequent use of the cultivator and hoe. As soon as these crops were harvested, one ton of wood ashes per acre was ploughed in, to assist in the disintegration of the excess of organic peaty matter, and to serve as a gen- eral fertilizer. Ploughing once more and smoothing the surface by means of a brush harrow, the entire area was seeded down into grass to serve as meadow. The latter was 194 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. subsequently cut into two, by a road built for communication to more remote fields. This arrangement caused a division into a northern and southern meadow. In case of the land south of the roadway, leguminous plants, as soja bean, Southern cow-pea and serradella, served as first crop. The system of drainage and of seeding down remained the same as Ijefore. The meadow north of the road covers an area of somewhat more than six acres, and that south of the road is about three acres in size. The meadow north of the road was sown for the first time in the fall of 1887, w^ith grass, and the one south of the roadway in the fall of 1888. The more elevated portions of both were seeded down "with the following mixture of grass seeds, at the rate of from two to two and one-half bushels per acre : — Two bushels herds grass (Pkleion jyratense). Two buslicls red top {Agrostis vulgaris). Two bushels Kentucky blue-grass {Poa ^iratensis) , Two bushels meadow fescue {Fcstiica ]iraiensis). Seven pounds sweet-scented vernal grass (Anthuxa)iihum odoratum) . Early in the succeeding spring a mixture of equal weights of medium red clover and alsike clover was added broadcast, at the rate of from five to six pounds per acre. The lower and still more wet portion of the meadow was seeded down with the following mixture of grass seeds : — Twenty pounds of soft brome grass {Brornus mollis). Twelve pounds herds grass (Phletim jyTatense) . Nine jDounds red fescue {Festuca rubra) . Eight jiounds fowl meadow grass (Poa scrotina). Seven pounds Rhode Island bent (Agrostis alba). Six pounds orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata). Five jjounds crested dog-tail (^Cynosurus cristatus). Four pounds meadow soft grass (IIolcus lanatus). Two pounds sweet-scented vernal grass (A?ithoxanihinn odoratum). From four to five pounds of alsike clover per acre were added by broadcast seeding early in the succeeding spring (1889). The seed came up well, and suffered but here and there in wet spots during the first winter. Barren spots were reseeded. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 195 Both meadows were cut but once during the hrst summer season, somewhat later than usual ; the majority of grasses did not, as might be expected, head out. As soon as the first crop of hay was secured, a system of manuring was planned, which would illustrate the compara- tive manurial effect of top-dressing, as follows : — * By barn-3'ard manure. By ground bones and muriate of potash. By unleached wood ashes. Tlie northern meadow, consisting of six and one-half acres, was subdivided into three plats, I., II., III., run- ning from east to west, leaving a space of twenty feet in width between them without any manurial matter. The southern meadow was divided into two plats, IV., V. (south end). Plats I., II., III. were sown down in grass during September, 1887, and plats IV. and V. during Sep- tember, 1888. The subsequent stated system of manuring began in the autumn of 1888, on all plats at the same time. Plat I. (north end of the field) is equal to 1.92 acres. It vv'as top-dressed during the fall and early spring with barn-yard manure, at the rate of eighteen tons per acre (1888-89). Plat II. covers a similar area as Plat I. (83,640 square feet). It received at the same time a top-dressing of barn- yard manure, at the rate of eight tons per acre (1888). The coarsest part of the barn-yard manure was subsequently removed from both plats before the growing grass interfered with its being raked oft*. Plat III., about 2.41 acres, received, May 3, 1889, a top- dressing of six hundred pounds of fine-ground steamed bone and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash per acre. Plat IV. (south of roadway), an area of 2.11 acres, received the same dressing, in the same proportion and at the same rate (six hundred pounds ground l)one and two hundred pounds muriate of potash) per acre, as Plat III. (1889). Plat v., equal to .91 acres, received as top-dressing, April 23, 1889, one ton of unleached Canada wood ashes, from our local market ^1889). 19() AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Yield of Hay in Case of Plats I., II. and III. (Second Year after Seeding), and of Plats IV. and V. {First Year after Seeding). Plat I. First Cut. Second Cut. 1 . 92 acres, . 10,500 pounds, June 24. 4,370 pounds, August 26. Total yield j)er acre, 7,745 pounds, or 3.87 tons. Plat Jr. First Cut. Second Cut. 1.92 acres, . 9,130 pounds, June 24. 4,650 pounds, August 26. Total yield per acre, 7,177 j^ounds, or 3.59 tons. Plat III. First Cut. Second Cut. 2.41 acres, . 12,200 pounds, June 24. 4,950 pounds, August 26. Total yield per acre, 7,116 jjounds, or 3.5G tons. Plat lY. (2.11 acres) ; Plat V. (.91 acres) : The first year's hay consisted nearly entirely of herds grass, which was almost the only variety Avhicli had headed out in June. The yields of both plats were harvested together. Second Cut. Total Yield per Acre. 8,130 jjounds, June 24. ■ 3,105 jjounds, August 31. 1,720 pounds, or 1.86 tons. 1890. — Tlie different plats were prepared in a similar manner for the season of 1890 as they had been for the pre- ceding season, 1889. Plats I. and II. received a top-dressing of barn-yard manure during the months of Oetober and November ; the former 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33 197 at the rate of fourteen tons per acre, and the latter at the rate of eleven tons. Plat III. was treated in April, 1890, as before, with a mixture of six hundred pounds of fine-ground bones and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash. Plats IV. and V. were merged into one plat, and received a top-dressing of unleached wood ashes, at the rate of one ton per acre, April 19, 1890. Barren spots in this plat, it being the second year after seeding down, were reseeded by the same seed mixture which had been used before. The entire meadow received an addition of from two to three pounds of alsike clover seed, broadcast, per acre. All plats were cut as far as practicable at the same time. Yield of Hay in 1890. Tlat I. First Cut. Second Cut. 1 . 92 acres, . 14,625 pounds, July 1. 3,790 pounds, Sept. 1. Total yield of hay, 18,415 pounds. Yield jjer acre, 9,591 pounds, or 4.80 tons. Plat II. First Cut. Second Cut. 1 . 92 acres, . 12,480 pounds, July 1. 3,105 iTOunds, Sejit. 3. Total yield of hay, 15,585 pounds. Yield per acre, 8,117 pounds, or 4.06 tons Plat HI. First Cut. Second Cut. 2.41 acres, . 14,460 pounds, June 26. 3,535 pounds, September. Total yield of hay, 17,995 pounds. Yield per acre, 7,466 pounds, or 3.73 tons. 198 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Yield of Hay in i<996> — Concluded. ri,AT IV. (IV. and v., 1889.) Kirst Cut. Second Cut. 3 acres, 13,380 pounds, July 1. -1,080 pounds, Sept. 3. Total yield of hay, 17,460 pounds. Yield per acre, 5,820 ijounds, or 2.91 tons The total yield of hiiy on plats I., II. and III. averages 4.19 tons per acre. The total yield on Plat IV. averages 2.91 tons per acre. The weight of the second cut of hay (rowen) averages about one-fourth of that of the first cut. The dryness of the season during the latter part of July affected seriously the yield of the second cut. The wet season of 1889, as compared with the dry season of 1890, as w^ell as the dif- ference in the age of the two meadows, renders further com- parison not advisable at this early stage of our investigation. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 199 XI. Report on General Farm Work. Aside from the experimental work described within the, preceding pages, much has been accomplished in other directions. Some of this work is of a mere preparatory character, and will be reported in due time in connection with a detailed description of the experiment with which it is connected. The remainder concerns merely current farm work, as may be seen from a few subsequent statements. The new orchard, covering an area of from six to seven acres, has been in part planted -with apple, pear, peach and plum trees ; other varieties, as well as small fruits, will be planted during the coming spring. Several acres were sown with vetch and oats, soja bean and corn, to furnish green fodder for the dairy, and to serve as ensilaged crops for winter feed. One silo is filled with fodder corn, and another with half soja bean and half fodder corn. It has been the aim to improve the productiveness of the farm lands, wherever circumstances admitted a free choice of suitable means. To produce a variety of fodder crops has been the leading object of the general management. The subsequent statement contains an enumeration of the principal crops raised in different parts of the farm, on lands either permanently assigned for the production of fodder for the live stock of the station, or engaged in a course of prep- aration for future experiments : — Hay (first cut), 461 tons. Rowen (second cut), 12 J " Fodder corn, 5| " Roots (carrots, 4| tons ; sugar beets, 3 tons), . . . 7^ " Scotch tares (dry), Ij " Barley (grain, 430 jiounds ; straw, 1,200 pounds), . . 1^ " Oats (grain, 1,250 pounds; straw, 2,000 pounds), . . If " Vetch and oats (green), 4 " Soja bean (green), 10 " Corn for ensilage, 18 " Potatoes, 190 bushels. Flax, 670 pounds. Miscellaneous fodder crops, li tons. 200 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. XII. Department of Vegetable Physiology. Report by Prof. James Ellis Humphrey. The past year has seen the department finally settled in the new quarters provided for it, and fairl}^ equipped for work. Owing to repeated delays, the new laboratory was not occupied until the middle of March, and the green- house was completed so late that it did not become practi- cally available until fall. Therefore the present contains no reports of greenhouse work. What has been done the past fall consists of preparations for and the beginnings of experiments not yet completed, and is reserved until results can be reported. The work of the past year here reported upon consists of laboratory and field studies of several diseases which cause very severe losses to farmers and fruit growers, or of the fungi which cause them, as follows : — 1. The black knot of the plum. 2. The mildew of cucumbers, etc. 3. The brown rot of stone fruits. 4. The potato scab. 5. Notes on various diseases. Reference to the "General Account of the Fungi," in the last report of this station, will be found of assistance to a full comprehension of the following discussions. The Black Knot of the Plum. — Ploxvrightia inorbosa (Schw.) Sacc. For a hundred years complaints have come from one or another part of the United States of the destruction of plum and cherry trees through the attacks of a conspic- uous and fatal disease, which shows itself in the formation of dark, rough excrescences upon the limbs or even on the trunk of the tree. These growths increase both in size and in number, spreading from branch to branch and trom tree to tree, in a manner strongly suggesting their contagious nature ; and 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 201 their striking appearance has given to the disease the name by which it is too well known, " the black knot," or" plum wart." The cause of this disease has been the subject of much discussion and of innumerable contributions to a.'^ ^ Qj MO ^ ^i '^ -o ■^ ^ ■D 1^ f^ ^ 6 -1 ^ .Ooju.ioqo'j s . . £ s g ^ § -352 5 2 S o gj a 13 'Ti w k- CLi ci; n/ rj 5 O O O O O ^ !^ m M o O O O "25 • *M « oOpq •-. o ;: ■— O 4^ ^ o & o 5 3^o. o ^ tr o-^ ,- '^'-3 s^ I .rc-N gfQO S«a • t; •13 o s^ t^ 1^ o 5Mm 0=<3 .. ^ - „„ ^ r r t^ j: ~ o J- o o o o ^^ ■" ."t: oj S t< -- S _ p4 W W i-i d CJ 02 c^ ^ q 2 2 . r 5 5o2 £■ .a 5 • s • = -^ m ^ •- fe O .pr:? a. 2 o« Oi —I .§ = ■ rt^£ : — 5 — •> ti 3,S= o § S ||2 H ^ i-:i A^ S fe < > P^ P3t/i o c o © (U o oi oi ^ l- IfflTf cote f CO^t-COt^O'-O-^'* t- I-H ^ Ol o -* o •paai -UE-IBtlJC) 77 •panoj CO O? Cl CO -f > ) «; »cD cs cs CO --H >o '^ lOt^O-^O'-liOCO .CDiOt^COOOOJi-o "Tf ^i CI .-H ai lO o CO C1n) -f O GO -+ -^ (M iM I— CO C^l C^ CM I II II I I »-H o iri 1-- ^o ri c-i Cq C^l r-H Ol c^ C^ C-1 Tl -* Ci CD — ' CO CI CO (M C-l CM CM (M -<* 1-H t- TJ« I-H 0> CO -7t< r— Ol t- »0 CO C^l -# (M CO t- «0 O CO t-^ f-H Tt" I-H O CO O CO O CD -rH CO CO CO a ^H w ?; g op!? 2M 5 •p38;aBJGn£) Oi «rac^ oo(Moot^co ooco«o cir-iracoi-HCOTtQo OCO! CD (Z) 'M O Or--TT"tOi-Ht~-l— '^Gil-'- O'Ct— Oi-H>-HC-1>f^COOt^'— 'C CO lO CO 'O Oi t-- ■ o a o C c« p 'i (1h o < (:; ?* O* a • S a a af^ o tT S o o o a pq = 5 25 M cq -i, h' o .tH ^^ §o,>^>^«' : • • •«" f5c> - - •'"' •• -"^ kT 2 "5 "S s i5 ci 2 :3 = c c oj --^ .>^ 53 2 2 . (§ rtK^Z >.&.£; = = >. ■g T3 = 2 O O o C O O ^ Q.'2'H^S'-^ 2 « > o o < S 5 i ci rt ( o o < ■sec S Oi !!S Poo ►2SS 13 a o O S CSC • . o a< o - - „ tD St fccS "1 m <<< = CC - .. . y, O) (D ^ • • !=£. tC tD o o 5 r r .- OO U [g "J to _o 5 o<^SS '^'3T3 - „ _ C C C C c C O 3 O O c O > > ^^ 3 o Z V SWcq» '^.'^„'^, ^ ^ ^ b b b § § § c c .- C. ^ o^ co-a-S c a o o o o o o '—' ^ ^.^ -J 5j aj o o o 2 N M c5 5j rt :5s;::; ^ ^ g ^OJ OJ u c c c^fepti sec '^^ ^ '^ xxo> a> ^ & ^ ^.as t: o o HHHWmfP ^ o ,o o ■» t^ fe :> § F o 6 S Sou g o^^ •J2 u C C tH « O O O) ^ to to 2 to"^ . sh cj .c .a o S S .2 S fci 3j S s- ;: Qj 3^ a .'> S p:. o u'^ 5 CO to o o ^tS OS 33 O hSccChPh 02 s" o to OS '-; 2 r--'— h h c ;c -G c r^ c (-1 u a)H ^ rf> "^ " _i ^ C 5 c 2 cj oq a S S 5 .to S 'C 5 !Z2 "oi ^ 2'S))>.S S S '5 - o J ^ -da- ° 1 . HH n c3 cj -^ 0) O .2 -^ 'S S O coo 246 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. O 0 p a O I 1 CO O rH O 01 :C 1 Ci (M iri lo •* o »o c-1 1-1 t- O ^ 'M fM ■*co d -T mnipojj 09.1U00 uimpopj •oniji •poo} -ucjen£) O "CI T 7177 '7 7 CO I-* ra t-OOOOuOOOO'Or: cs>^ •pool -nuJBng I I I I I I J I I I I •pOiaOAO^I •oiqniog OOOOOO.— '00500 (Mt— CO C-1 01 (M I-' r^ >0 CO iCM C^ CO eq rH r^ rH ■<* O O- I I I I I I I-H CC O -* t* CO c 0 CO c I f I I I I O OO CO -* OJ rH 00 -t^ CO -t< lO OD t— 00 UO 0-' CI -* ■^ C5 O QO CO d p O) _- O ;2 O • jaqxunj^ i^.io^xjjoqfl'^ * "5. a Springfield. Lee. North Adams. North Fraiiiinghi.in. Framinghiim. North Sudbury. Boston. Woburn. Lawrence. Lowell. Jefferson's. New Bedford. New Bedford. Taunton. Taunton. Sunderland. Northampton. Northampton. Camhridgeport. Berlin. Barre Plains. Namk of Manufacturer. > • >^ • • • • .- .z . .^ • . F. C. Sturtevant, Hartford, Conn., . Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Company, Buffalo, Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass., L. B. Darling Fertilizer Company, Pawtucket, R. L Crocker Fertilizer and Cliemical Company, Buffalo, Ames Fertilizer Company, Pcabody, Mass., The N. Ward Company, Boston, Mass., . Le Page Company, Boston, Mass., A. Lee & Co., Lawrence, Mass., .... Lister Agricultural and Chemical Works, Newark, ^ Cumberland Bone Company, Portland, Me., John S. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md., Licensees, John S. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md., Licensees, Standard Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass., . E. Frank Coe, New York City, N. Y., Cumberland Bone Company, Portland, Me., Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass., Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass., J. C. Dow & Co., Boston, Mass., W. D. Stewart & Co., Boston, Mass., Davidge Fertilizer Company, New York City, N. Y. 0 X -X » Ea O S! Tobacco and Sulphur Lawn Fertilizer, Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate, XL Superphosphate of Lime, . Darling's Animal Fertilizer, Ammuniated Wheat and Corn Manure, . Tiie Ames Fertilizer, The N. Ward Company's High-grade Animal I Red Star Brand 203 Fertilizer for General Cro] The Lawrence Fertilizer, .... Lister's Success Fertilizer, Cuml)erland Sceding-down P^ertilizer, Clark's Cove King Philip Alkaline Guano, Clark's Cove Great Planet A. A. Manure, Standard Fertilizer, . ... Potato Fertilizer, Cumberland Superphosphate, . Fish and Potash, Anchor Brand, Dry Fish Guano, Nitrogenous Superphosphate, . Soluble Pacific Guano, .... Special Favorite, -OojBJoqBT: i-lC<)iCiOC^t-^OOOi«DOCOt^QO>OCDiOOOOI^CCt-. 248 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o e s ^ >* in C5 O ira •paaj O -* CO CO -M C^l ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tj< CO C-l ^ Ci CO CO m III III 1 1 -f :o0 4 CO 01 O rt CO lO O'l 55 C^l CO CO ^ 'C - L^d t-l t-» -' •pmio J O •* — ■ t^O 'f Dro ojo5s^do5 1-3 t>lcja500ci6t~^oiajt^oco0502'— I •paaj -UBJUllO >0 ^ lO M S I I i M 7 I il" r i7 iT il i7' O CO O C-1 O '^ ■ .— ilr^CS CO -H o C5coO'+''*'Ococ:/;020000-- OD 02 CO -ti rN t-~- t^ CO "O ^ 1-H r-i ^ dci 'fcOOCTiOt^-^COOCO^-t^CDTO .-< o t-j lO •>; CO -o '^ o -# o ^ in o (N?4^cocNC-ai-<'-io6rHr)>c^o4o ■* CO 05 CO CO I b-- -H CO •>! 'O .-H ■N coca ^ lO o I CO -- O ^ CJ ■^ ira -- lO o C5 o m — "7-1 00 "M CO 00 -^Tf«--'CO :^*oot^t^oc^^ocoo:'a> ■^cDcoc^iO'*i>lcoiOT)5co-+aicqcoc-3 I I IS I I I M I I I M cococo^-^ociMC5 r-< i-H'TJ C4 -M O (M :^ CO c» t>i (7) i-H CO CO CO CO C^l (N C3 O CO 3D O -^ t-H c-i e^i r^5 !N CO CO-M-^i-it-ccoOaC^O^lCOOOiMJ^' CO CO t^ CO -— ' OQ O C^l ^ CO CO ■CJ c4 ■^ CO c-i >o ' * mcoo2050— iomoo-( 6 2 (» StB'-''^ -3 zer, . ed Star B Crops, le Lawrenc ster's Succ iniberland ark's Cove ark's Cove Z "Pi Hr-]CJUU C ^r OS .■^35 ^ I, .J-S S o a -22 . o o • ^ c P.CS 5-" a o cu aj- == 5 c^.- — — ■ O Q4 •aaqninil jfjojBJoqBi I— I cJcOCO-<*<-* 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 249 a o O § ^ >* & P-— ^ g c fZ( . .t S = E S S 3 x3 ^ Ph "3 ij j3 .3 H^ hJ 2; ^ K hj fe s z :z; ;^ & ^ tH ihz: c B fl r»5 != a .fee. • t*> - r g. S £.-ii . '2 So J" S* Q. •'o' o s|^ - r o s ,r C toO ,-^ -§ ^ o >^ o ■i^ C :^ 3 >,0 ci O !U N C ^ rt t; in -^ O .3 O <» -rt 7: a) C 1^ !^W ' .i. (U O — aJ .2 ° " rS ~ o c J^ ti, s -^s^ S «i "t: 'D .-^" S O Oi c , > -^"^^^ § I ^ ^ hT: .„ 6 j; =2 c a -; o CO ^ jX ^ - o as = -a V; £'^. d, ^>co^^csrHiOcOt-OiOi-<(N C^CO'^'MOCOOrHC^lOO OCSCO.-'cOiO'^QOO'-'OO 0'^0':o'NCOi-ii-uQoo-* CO O - oo I I I I I 0C0t0'^ COO-^COC-lClcO-r+iiM'"* Tfiocot-OJi— 'i.--tOiOco -^COOtOOlCOr— ODCiCl ■* -t O CO CO CO CO c > o t- cs - OS to t1* o t-H r-i -r o» CO C^ O OO CO o CO O I o o « in ■pae'ju'CJtnif) ■pnnojj C-1 CO -+ Tj* oci>oc;to-o 0 CO 'M O (M • CI O CI • 01 o c^ CI CO O >- t- CI -— CI O >iO i*coc':)Cic^cococicici •aan-jsioj^ I- t- to CI CI - CO L— ri O Oi ' -f '-' O CO to in ^ t i-i .-1 r-1 f-i i-i f-« CI b-tOOtOCOi— "COClt— CO Ol— O-— -CJCO^CitOtO i-HCSOCOOliO— 'C1C1-* uac^can^ jCio^ujoqt?^ ■ 2 • ~ • • ■%' o 3 ■ 1 '^ ' ■It- (5 g in = * - £ £" s - • aa a "- Ojq |S£2| :J3 ?; i ^ 1 r^. !Z ^o ^ S 2 § *f; - 'j: n 5 g 001C-1-fOC3 01CO^H C-1 rO •* "^ lO ^ C^ ^ CO -.J* o * c3 a • ^ --3 ffl a a • = =^«g . • 3 ^ to ^ -I • -■ W p ^ " a . .:r cj s ^ «j a T3 a a a a o ^ t^ ^ a "> ?J a) a C-l O O CO I 1- CC r^ CO r-l 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 251 a o ■jaqrnn V jCjojuJOqi^x *►>>>>,!>. . , . . . s = = 3ci 5= V.V-P ^ ^ j= .a p 5 o ,9 o o S 2 ® = 5 o = S o S ^? ^° o 53 £ >- ■".•.• o. op _o 0-2 -2 "55 m to 5- O ®5 ^ - • ■ P3 fq ;2; Z ?^ Z ^ fr< :!:q^^H ^ £ ' ' a^' ' ' r • ■iiii>^l: -^'".a • '51 Iz;;^ £ S S a g.N o £ 5^^ j a. = i S - ,^ '^ '^ o o o o S^s paoo-dt^^c^sS^ „'P5 ^r^-OOOO g-g",0^ p^§ So I . o o ^ c S « •* C<1 -* o o ^ '^ s ^ ^H w X to C 3 Q Sap -UbMBUO (M lO O O 'M C-l — I ■• '-' lo — J .— ^- 00 00 r-( ■— 1 1— I CO ■— I t-~ "O oo — ' 00 :^ M I I I I M I I I ' I ' ' ' I I I 1— lOOt^^^ OiOiCTlOC^t^l^'^COOiCiCOOOC^laDOS ■^05i^cdtj< io^^ooc-]"C— ;'^c^;cn'3>.-'02-*'>]oo cDOcDcD»o t-lcicooi>oodi>^>oin'^5oc~i»ocoo3>o ■p-iAj O-T O O (M O -# (M O CO 00 77 7777 '77 '7 '777 O 00 00 O Oi O .— I t^ lO 00 -H o •pa3}UB-ll''ll!) Ci -H 05 O ■* t^ O -^ CO CO ■* lO CO CO O CO CO CO CO O "^l r^OOOTTi— I .--0QO3Cii— 1030 co.-io CQ■-— .(Ma3iQco>otMt^cci~or---cq-H 00(^10-^ ■* -H (?4 r-H CO C4 C>J i-H i-H ,-H (>) ui |>^ C0 Oi "M O b- CD iM ire 'O CO lO M CO t^coi--C3->*< t^coco»ococoo-*ocoo3 ^co.-HOcocococ-ic<5oic^c^5»ooococo CO CO C<1 "M CO t^ CO O-l icr O «0 ift CO 0-1 h- ■^ CO iC f— CO CO coo^i^os cooo^ — (MOcocooq — t- ^ — o^dco ^ o o c^ c^ c4 id CO CO (N ■* CO CO M c^ CO o o c-i o M o t^ lo ic lo — I lo -H oo t^ c) -^< CO Ca !N CO CO CD . ' ^ (M'MC10'»t<>OCO^HCOl^-traocoo-tioco'*. I CO -^ -^ t-l O I ' (M lO 03 CO C^ 1— I 'JO ' -^ ■* -1H •^ CO CO id . . . ' ^ br) • • c c^ 'Si ^ o a< t^ • • t- • •.a(/3 00 M O., M -^ -S o f^ f*^ ai.'n C „ X >< O p (-3 ■< OD fs 03 o oa ,_(,«,—(—( (N CO o lo CO CO CD CO 1-- 1-- 00 00 Oi o o C3 O ■— I'M CO 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No 33. 253 t3 0) 3 .9 o a ^H Hfflc : 3 3 : o o ! CO cat ' a !^ Si s ! a3 a3 £ c 5 2 fcD '•^ 5 o o ia i: ia tc o 2 -r^ ;" >. >->•" -S t^ s " fl ^ aJ OOOOOOocio"^'- •i^S c ;:: c .000 000 C C = ;,- •0005; fe % 5 -^ -^ cc.o ^'1 ",--_• 2 ^ 3 ;z; 'v ^ ^ ^ -q'"^ t^ s = s ' H.a§.d oCJoO ^ ,, ,-. r, =8 (B 3' i 5 i ? .i s ; £ bPh -5 . N N j^ : ■- -^ = o . ' '" ^ i H i a> o o ^ 7] HHHPh ? ? rt ¥ ^ O ."^ 'n r/l" • S o a^ pa >-i u r " ■£ .-^ o u "^ — i fi^ W pq g 1-5 i-i 1-i O! ao^X ^r a • rt O bl'i . o 5- a. ■ii 05 - s-rj =s 3 S-2 5 £•«!-- ^ OS •So ^ a ■3 . 3 O) e3 >- •as ftS'' 3 I 2 £ > c^ so, E 03 P-iO o_ o3 •ja ' O) 000X3 3 3 ^ E M 3 3 o tC CO 0(020! — • — ^ ^ X' r-1 X i sa r- C 03 C ^ « C & J lpHCu6£CiE^C5(Zh4 ^ • ogg •pa 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " 1 1 '*; 1 a B & -Tiu.ivjno SO^ rH S " s o a a (LOP ■paiio^ l-OOOCl^i-tCOOC-li-HCKNCD^OOOOCOOOOr-tr-* r-lr-it~lMCOLO.nc000C0CCCDTj(C^eqrH0 0 o n > •pnno^ (M cf o C-: -^ -t o o> ^ 'O u-5 o CI -* o c^ CO t- CI o o OQOCOOai^OOt-OtoCOCO^CDOOOi'— ooeo R rt r-l r1 .-1 rH lo .n lO :0 -+ -7t< r-l (M o 'M «D I- -M -M •pool ►i -nCJBlir) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O 1 M ' rH OJ o H '"* z ^ •pnno^ C0O-ft-Or-.l~C1O00.-0r-c6cbrHO«lM-*-*rH p <3 ■oiqniosai o a ■pojaoAa;.! n C> -* C-J 00 CO d 'M»0^0010rH«OCOCO-HCOiOaDcOOODt^OO'-H ■oiqniog C^OCDCOCOCll^OlOl'^ aiC7SO00^00(M>OrH(MOS l-c^coa)<^^orHOu^cococor-lOOccc•^t-co-*o »raiOr-<0(M{MC^COOSt- I-rH'^J.-^io OCDt^OS CI Ol ^ Ci T^ CO CO CO -* O CO »0 "^ C-J Ol CO t^ ■; ^ •pnno^ (M<2CCCOC^COUT.t-<0 0-UOOC.r.Ot-COOCOCSCCO k^a. (NC-l'*0OC0(MrH(MHrHrHOC0 •3.in}8I0J\[ ■^rHl-t-0».0 0«OCOfMCOCi'0-J'|i| •JSqojnvj .\ aotiuoatJ'T 0~— rHT— r-rH'MC101COOOCOCOCO-f-*H*«-rf-i'-^ 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 255 .9 "-{3 O ^ ^ e g ^ ^ti fcC&D 5 aa so „ _ t: o Z* a> i> S 5 u'i: o 5 ^ ^ s fe; oas- o C OS s M ■_ » . O cS S.5 ^ & O M O O S ai ."^ i: t: J C3">D § Si's (-! X O cc a 2 2 c 1 = 4 IZ ^J r^ ~ = 2o '^ ^ C D -O .2 cs ocjiO 3 £ O^ aj t> ■p aa-'g S S S >- fl, O O OS o J3 .a G, iCjojBJoqBi I 256 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o O "^ c g ^ ^tH ■pas? -UBJBtlO «D«DC > I I I I I I I I I I I ioiO30:o est— tooocJTi^.-<0000<6c50c4i-HOCvJ ooooC5'*ot>- e- a o S5" «5 . t— O ■*!M CO lO CD c~i -d^ CO c-a^ TjJco^-^^c^ic^O"*-*!^ I II M I I I I I I !:• II 2 I I I COCOCDOC3(>)c<5l--COCO<000 O0~jl— OOClt— a)t— ^^OCD05-:t<05CO'M COI-laOO'"*!.— iCD=0CQO05t--.«O00C >-; f>og c^ .5 25q * 2 ■= o.^ , I C3 !" M 2 " C ^ O =s o ci .5 fcD S !h t. 2o ="n ois =! a3 " 00 tc -:3 ^ a> lioric acid, 2.11 0.46 2.92 2.05 Insoluble matter (before calcination),. 10.52 58.45 13.09 15.37 Insoluble matter Cafter calcination) , . 8.31 55.19 12.11 13.11 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 259 5. Analyses^ etc. — Continued. Wood Ashes (Four Scwiples) . [Sent on by Coolidge Bros., South Sudbury, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C, . 1.59 1.88 1.66 1.98 Calcium oxide, 41.60 39.89 43.09 40.39 Magnesium oxitle, .... 3.00 4.41 2.33 3.85 Ferric oxide, 0.84 1.07 0.69 0.97 Potassium oxide, 6.96 6.08 5.44 5.18 Phosphoric acid, 1.23 2.06 ! 1.17 1.71 Insoluble matter (before calcination), . 11.65 15.87 9.03 12.17 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 11.07 12.96 ; 7.91 10.26 Wood Ashes. [I. sent on by H. G. Herrick, Lawrence, Mass. ; II. sent on by James Logan, Worcester, Mass. ; III. sent on by Frank Wheeler, Concord, Mass. ; IV. sent on by Anson Wheeler, Concord, Mass.] I. II. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C , . 9.12 0.18 15.60 18.51 Calcium oxide, ..... 31.63 .39.39 32.86 31.07 Magnesium oxide, .... 3.34 3.12 3.81 2.69 Ferric oxide, 1.07 > - Potassium oxide, 5.88 7.28 5.11 5.84 Phosphoric acid, 2.97 2.10 1.48 2.00 Insoluble matter (before calcination), . 18.79 12.80 16.59 8.67 Insoluble matter (after calcination) , . 12.67 11.94 15.68 6.52 260 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Wood Ashes [I. from Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. ; II. sent on by C. L. Hartshorn, Worcester, Mass. ; III. sent on by L. F. Priest, Rock Bottom, Mass. ; IV. sent on b}' H. F. Cross, Hingham, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C, . 15.07 0.42 15.70 4.26 Calcium oxide, 31.09 28.34 34.07 20.05 Magnesium oxide, .... 3.34: 2.99 3.57 6.36 Ferric oxide, - - - - Potassium oxide, 5.29 8.72 4.64 4.68 Phosphoric acid, 1.37 0.71 1.36 2.88 Insoluble matter (before calcination), . 13.20 52.73 12.56 42.30 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 10.22 27.73 11.10 39.98 Wood Ashes, [I. and II. sent on by W. L. Hubbard, Sunderland, Mass. ; III. sent on by W. L. Faxon, Quincy, Mass. ; IV. sent on by F. H. Williams, Sunderland, Mass.] IV. Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide. Magnesium oxide, Ferric oxide, . Potassium oxide, . Phosj^horic acid, . Insoluble matter (befor e calcination) , Insoluble matter (after calcination), 22.29 20.91 4.73 32.32 29.97 32.94 3.14 3.04 4.43 1.05 1.24 1.24 4.27 5.64 6.79 1.47 1.32 1.79 14.75 12.13 15.15 11.52 10.33 13.12 16.54 32.74 3.01 0.37 6.56 1.43 10.54 8.78 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 261 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Wood Ashes. [I. and II. sent on by C F Clark, Granby, Mass.; III. sent on by L. B. Smith, Eastham, Mass. ; IV sent on by J. D. W. French, Xorth Andover, Mass.] Per Cent. I. ir. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C, . . . . 15.37 13.17 14.08 14.52 Calciuni oxide, 35.28 32.82 35.16 34.02 jNIagnesium oxide, .... 3.24 3.. 50 2.79 3.79 Ferric oxide, . . . , 1.62 2.80 0.93 0.94 Potassium oxide, ..... 7.73 6.86 4.16 5.88 riiospliorie acid, ..... 0.78 0.79 1.69 2.37 Insoluble matter (before calcination), . 7.56 11.10 13.57 11.49 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 6.80 8.73 11.32 9.64 Wood Ashes. [I. sent on by F. F. O'Neil, North Sudbury, Mass. ; II. sent on by Jonathan Ames, South Lincoln, Mass.; III. sent on by F. C. Davis, East Longmeadow, Mass.; IV. sent on by B. W. Brown Concord, Mass.] Pkr Cent. I. II. III. IV. Moisture at 100° C 12.88 2.31 21.39 12.70 Calcium oxide, 35.41 32.82 28.01 32.67 Magnesium oxide, .... 2.75 5.34 2.86 2.64 Ferric oxide, ...... 1.65 1.71 1.64 1.16 Potassium oxide, ..... 6.17 6.53 4.60 5.22 Phosphoric acid, 1.83 2.29 2.21 1.40 Insoluble matter (before calcination),. 12.69 20.46 13.66 24.81 Insoluble matter (after calcination), . 11.60 16.20 12.37 17.41 262 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses, etc. — ContinuecL Wood Ashes. [I. sent on by Elijah Bradstreet, Danvers, Mass. ; II. sent on by C. W. Copeland, Campello, Mass.; III. sent on by C. E. Adams, South Framingham, Mass.; IV. sent on by Thomas Roche, South Deertield, Mass.] Moisture at 100" C, . 12.33 10.24 11.01 23.36 Calcium oxide, . . , . . 34.10 37.89 33.64 25.75 Magnesium oxide, .... 2.64 2.70 4.01 3.75 Ferric oxide, 0.98 0.85 1.30 - Potassium oxide, ..... 10.80 6.70 5.77 7.96 Pkosplioric acid, 1.06 1.60 1.45 2.58 Insoluble matter (before calcination), . 20.04 9.84 16.30 14.83 Insoluble matter (after calcination) , . 7.54 8.54 14.60 9.36 Cotton-hull Ashes. [Sent on by W. L. Boutwell, Leverett, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide. Magnesium oxide, . Potassium oxide, . Phosi)horic acid, . Insoluble matter (before calcination), Insoluble matter (after calcination). Per Cent. 10.35 19.35 10.99 27.19 9.48 13.27 10.86 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 263 5. Analyses^ etc. — Continued. Saltpetre Waste. [I. sent on from the American Powder Mills, Acton, Mass.; II. sent on bj' Cool- idge Bros., South Sudbury, Mass.; III. sent on bj' L. B. Smith, BaiTe, Mass ] I'KK Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100° C, 5.19 0.38 4.82 Calcium oxide, ...... 0.47 0.84 0.85 Magnesium oxide, 0.27 0.05 0.25 Sodium oxide, 36.82 49.37 50.07 Potassium oxide (4i cents per pound), 15.04 2.55 1.55 Suljjliuric acid, 1.02 0.81 1.30 Clilorine, 53.50 58.00 57.04 Nitrogen (17 cents jjer i^ound), . 1.90 0.65 0.52 Insoluble matter, Trace. Trace. 0.09 Valuation per ton, $20 00 $4 11 $3 17 Refuse from Glue Factory. [Sent on by Chas. A. Newhall, Lynn, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 43.06 Organic and volatile matter, . . . . . . .71.02 Ash, 28.98 Phosi)horic acid, 0.217 Nitrogen .7.82 Insoluble mattei', , 18.65 264 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses^ etc. — Continued. Fish Churn. [Two samples, sent on by L. B. Sniitb, Eastham, Mass.] Pee ( :;ent. I. If, Moisture at 100° C , 11.19 14-53 Organic and volatile matter, 84.94 44.35 Total phosphoric acid, 6.58 4.98 Soluble phosphoric acid, 0.44 0.57 Reverted phosphoric a(;id, 3.2G 3.19 Insoluble phosphoric acid, 2.88 1.22 Nitrogen, 8.14 4.70 Insolul)le matter, 1.2? 29.37 Dry Ground Fish. [I. sent on by S. S. Dwight, Hatfield, Mass.; II. sent on by S. G. Hubbard, Hatfield, Mass.; III. sent on by Thaddeus Graves, Hatfield, Mass.] I. II. III. Moisture at lOO'^ C, 9. Go 6.30 8.86 Ash 22.40 20.40 17.72 Total 2)liosphoric acid, 6.88 7.25 6.97 Soluble phosphoric acid, .... 0.49 0.52 0.49 Reverted phosphoric acid, .... 3. 0-3 3.89 2.04 Insoluble phosphoric acid, .... 3.33 2.84 4.44 Nitrogen, . . . . . 9.50 6.73 7.56 Insoluble matter, 1.92 4.99 1.17 1891. J PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33 265 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Blood, Meat and Bone. [Sent on by Isaac Madill, Lexington, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, . . , 7.87 Ash, ' 20.63 Calcium oxide, 10.33 Phosphoric acid, 8.29 Nitroo-en, 5.84 Insoluble matter, 0.48 Ground Bone. [I. sent on by E.H. Smith, Northborough, Mass.; II. sent on by the Hargrave Manufacturing Company, Fall River, Mass. ; III. sent on by Anson Wheeler, Concord, Mass. ; IV. sent on by A. \V. Green, Carlton, Mass ; Y. sent on by L. B. Smith, Eastham, Mass.] Mechanical Analyses. Fine, smaller than J^ incli. 36.83 46.87 _ 42.43 6.14 Fine medium, smaller than ^^ inch, ..... 36. SG 37.23 _ 28.43 25.39 Medium, smaller than J^ inch, 24.. 58 11.80 21.12 28.17 Coar?er than J._j inch. 1.73 4.10 - 8.02 40.30 100.00 100.00 - 100.00 ' 100.00 Chemical Analyses. Per Cent. I. n. in. IV. V. Moisture at 100'^ C, 4.51 8.29 6.14 8.21 8.25 Ash, 66.83 67.21 50.71 62.02 57.53 Total phosphoric acid, 22.69 26.72 18.17 17.67 16.84 Solulile 2>hosphoric acid, . 0.14 0.34 4.14 0.56 0.14 Reverted phosphoric acid. 5.70 2.78 8.77 3.61 0.35 Insoluble jDhosijlioric acid. 16.85 23.60 5.26 13.50 16.35 Nitrogen, ..... 3.86 2.78 2.78 2.72 3.42 Insoluble matter, 1.48 0.65 1.02 0.36 1.29 266 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses, etc. — Coutiuued. Bones boiled in Potash. [Sent on from South Framingham, Mass Moisture at 100° C, Organic and volatile matter. Total phosphoric acid, . Soluble phosphoric acid, Ileverted lihosi^horic acid, Insoluble jjhosiohoric acid, Potassium oxide, . Nitrogen, Insoluble matter, . Per Cent 10.96 40.52 20.85 0.06 11.25 9.54 4.33 2. GO 0.12 Starch Waste, [Sent on from Rubber Factory, Hudson, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C. 10.01 Ash, 0.23 Nitrogen, 0.026 '■'' Sludge'' from Worcester Setvage Precipitating Tanks. [Sent on by J. G. Jefferds, Worcester, Mass.] J Per Cent. As Received. Dried to 100° C. Moisture at 100° C, . 88.49 - Organic and volatile matter, 90.50 - Calcium oxide, 1.58 16.69 ]\Iagnesium oxide. 0.39 4.13 Ferric and aluminic oxides, 6.22 65.36 Potassium oxide, . . 0.05 0.51 Phosphoric acid, , . 0.10 1.05 Nitrogen, .... 0.05 0.54 Insoluble, .... 0.93 9.76 Valuation per ton. fO 35 f3 77 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 267 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Tankage. [Sent on by the Bowker Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, . Total i>liosphoric acid, . Available pliosphoi-ic acid, . Insoluble pliosphoric acid, . Fat (ether extract) , Per Cent. 2.17 12.79 6.01 6.78 19.19 Florida Pliospliate Rock. [I., II. and III. sent on from Boston, Mass.; IV., V. and VI. sent on by Geo. Frost, Mandarin, Fla. ; VII. sent on by M. D. Brooks, Fort Meade, Fla.] Xl'MBEIl. Moisture at 100° C. riiosplioric Acid. Calcium Oxide. Ferric and Aluminic Oxides. Insoluble Jtatter. L, .... 1.43 33.33 44.16 1.31 4.65 II 1.18 27.07 .37.57 2.59 21.96 III., .... 0.47 6.95 12.36 4.07 53.61 IV., .... 1.23 18.40 17.14 6.17 54.74 Y 1.06 27.42 28.08 7.43 34.00 VI, .... 10.79 2.92 0.55 - 71.32 VII, .... 13.62 22.42 28.06 9.46 23.30 Fliospliatic Fertilizers. [I., plain superphosphate, sent on by Anson Wheeler, Concora, Mass. ; II., dis- solved bone-black, sent on by Anson Wheeler, Concord, Mass.; III., dissolved bone-black, sent on from Amherst, Mass. ; IV., acid phosphate, sent on by L. B. Smith, Eastham, Mass. ; V., German phosphatic slag, sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Pek Cent. T- II. • III. IV. V. Moisture at 100° C, . 10.43 10.26 20.07 10.39 0.47 Total phosplioric acid, 16.55 16.77 17.35 13.45 19.04 Soluble i^liosplioric acid, . 10.87 13.92 14.80 10.17 ■ - Reverted phosphoric acid. 1.92 1.29 2.28 2.26 - Insoluble phosijlioric acid. 3.76 1.56 0.27 1.02 Calcium oxide, .... Not detenu ined. - 46.47 Insoluble matter. 7.42 4.28 2,13 10.39 4.39 26S AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATIOX. [Jan. 3. Analyses^ etc. — Continued. Hen Manure. [Sent on by A. F. Hunter, South Natick, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 58.98 Ash, 24.75 Calcium oxide, 1.21 Magnesium oxide, 0.89 Potassium oxide, 0.32 Sulphuric acid (SOo), 1.24 Phosphoric acid, 1.00 Nitrogen, 1.20 Insoluble matter, . . . 17.69 Jute Waste. [Sent on by J. H. Easterbrook, Dudley, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, .... Potassium oxide (4^ cents per pound). Phosphoric acid (6 cents 2)er pound) , . Nitrogen (10 cents jier pound), . Valuation per ton, .... Per Cent. 13.10 0.08 0.72 1.50 $3 93 Shelled Corn, damaged hy Fire and Water. [Sent on by Chas. I. Pierce, West Northlield, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C , .21.40 Dry matter, .78.60 100.00 Analysts of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . . 1.54 " cellulose, 2.78 " fat, 4.96 " protein (nitrogenous matter), . . . . . . 9.77 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 80 . 95 100.00 Fertilizing Constituents of the Above. Per Cent. Moistm-e at 100° C, 21.40 Ash, 1.21 Phosphoric acid, . . . . . . . . . . 0.48 Potassiinn oxide, . . . . . . . . . . 0.28 Nitrogen, 1.06 Insoluble matter, . . . . 0.10 Valuation per ton, $4 52 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 269 5. Analyses, etc. — Continued. Buckioheat Hulls. [Sent on by E. L. Smith, South Schodack, N. Y.] Moisture at 100= C , Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxicle, Ferric oxide, . Potassium oxide, Phosphoric acid, Xitrogen, Insoluble matter. Per Cent. 11.900 0.247 0.236 0.020 0.521 0.073 0.490 0.066 Sea Weed. [Sent on by D. C. Potter, Fairhaven, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100--' C, 16.260 Calcium oxide, 2.061 Magnesium oxide, ......... 1.175 Sodium oxide, 3.529 Potassium oxide, 0.785 Phosphoric acid, 0.191 Nitrogen, 4.250 Insoluble matter, 5.525 Residuum from Soft Coal. [Sent on by B. N. Farren, Montague City, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide. Magnesium oxide, Ferric oxide, . Aluminic oxide, . Potassium oxide, . Phosphoric acid, . Insoluble matter (befor e calcination) , Insoluble matter (after calcination), Per Cent. 2.63 1.38 0.45 6.02 2.71 0.20 0.47 88.09 72.38 270 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Analyses^ etc. — Continued. " Vegetable Ivory." [Sent on hy Moses Field, Longmeadow, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Organic and volatile matter Ash, Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide. Ferric oxide, . Sodium oxide. Potassium oxide, . Phosphoric acid, . Nitrogen, Silicic acid, . Insoluble matter, . Per Cent. 8.U0 93.580 6.420 4.842 0.430 0.043 0.125 0.461 0.237 0.500 0.033 0.196 Concentrated Flower Food. [Sent on from Springfield, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Ash, Phosphoric acid, Lime, Sulphuric acid, Potassivuii oxide, Sodium oxide, Nitrogen in organic matter, Nitrogen in nitrates. Insoluble matter, . Per Cent. 11.20 42.89 5.30 6.18 15.73 4.72 17.45 2.31 4.66 0.25 f' Flora Vita.'' [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C , . Solids, .... Ferric and aluniinic oxides. Calcium oxide, Magnesium oxide. Potassium oxide, . Sodium oxide, Phosphoric acid, . Sulphuric acid, Chloriae, Niti'ogen, Per Cent. 85.30 14.70 0.65 0.72 0.17 4.16 2.48 2.80 0.84 0.06 2.61 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 271 5. Analyses.^ etc. — Concluded. Compound Fertilizers. [I. sent on by C A. Bartlett, Worcester, Mass ; II. sent on by Ebed L. Ripley, Hingham, Mass. ; III. sent on by A. L. Ames, Peabody, Mass. ; IV. and V. sent on by A. E. Belden, North Hadley, Mass.] I »EK Cent. I. II. III. IV. V. Moisture at 100^ C, . 3.54 4.41 10.70 14.29 9.26 Ash, 37.69 34.28 - 56.28 50.07 Total phosphoric acid, 14.12 14.70 10.55 12.04 7.39 Soluble phosphoric acid, . 1.41 0.58 5.69 7.27 5.27 Reverted phosphoric acid, 7.46 6.84 3.66 3.41 0.24 Insoluble phosphoric acid, 5.25 7.28 1.20 1.36 1.88 Potassium oxide. 0.07 0.46 0.96 4.39 7.30 Nitrogen, 4.84 6.18 3.77 4.58 5.10 Insoluble matter. 0.55 0.49 1.29 0.72 0.82 Compound Fertilizers. [I. sent on by J. M. Butraan, Lowell, Mass. ; II. sent on by Joseph Breck & Sons, Boston, Mass. ; III. sent on by A.F.Crocker, North Amherst, Mass.; IV. and V. sent on by L. B. Smith. Eastham. Mass.] 1 'ER Cent. 1. II. III. IV. V. JNIoisture at 100*^ C, . 8.99 11.01 9.16 11.51 15.81 Ash, 51.46 71.33 61.27 84.53 72.59 Total phosphoric acid. 14.57 8.47 14.89 0.67 10.23 Soluble phosijhoric acid, . 6.54 2.64 5.38 - 4.54 Reverted phosphoric acid, 5.83 4.38 3.78 0.50 4.32 Insoluble phosphoric acid. 2.20 1.45 5.73 0.17 1.37 Potassium oxide, 2.26 3.81 3.24 9.67 3.71 Nitrogen, 3.07 3.88 2.30 4.30 1.84 Insoluble matter, 0.83 4.31 4.90 1.74 7.41 272 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jau. Methods of Fertilizer Analysis. Preparation of fSam2)le. — The entire available sample is spread upon a smooth, hard surface, and intimately mixed without grinding, all lumps being broken up with a spatula. Unnecessary loss or gain of moisture is to be avoided. Moisture: dry 2 grams in the air-bath at 100 to 110° C. to a constant weight. 1, Total Phosphoric Acid. — Weigh out 2 grams in a plati- num crucible, and destroy the organic matter by carefully burning in a muffle. Weigh when cool, to determine the " or- ganic and volatile matter." Digest the crucible and contents with dilute hydrochloric acid, until the solution of the latter is complete. Filter, and evaporate the filtrate to complete dryness. The " insoluble matter " on the filter is burned -and weighed. The residue left from the evaporation is taken up with dilute nitric acid, if the molybdic method is to be fol- lowed, but with hydrochloric acid if method (2) is preferred. The solution after filtering is made up to a volume of 200 cubic centimetres with distilled water. (1) The molybdic method: 25 cubic centimetres of the solution are digested in a water-bath at 65° C. from one to two hours, with an excess of molybdic solution. The pre- cipitate is brought upon a filter, and washed with water containing a little molybdic solution. It is then dissolved in ammonia water, the solution nearly neutralized with hydro- chloric acid, and magnesia mixture added slowly, with con- stant stirring. The precipitate is allowed to stand at least three hours, wdien it is filtered through a Gooch crucible, washed with dilute ammonia, ignited and weighed. (2) The following method is occasionally employed when phosphates of iron and alumina are present in small quanti- ties only : To 50 cubic centimetres of the hydrochloric acid solution add ammonia in slight excess. After standing a few minutes, acidify with acetic acid, and filter off the phos- phates of iron and alumina, washing carefully with water. To the filtrate add sufiicient oxalate of ammonia to precipi- tate all the lime ; digest for several hours at a temperature below boiling, and filter through double filters which have 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 273 previously been washed with oxahite of ammonia, washing thoroughly with water. Dissolve the phosphates of iron and alumina on the filter with warm dilute hydrochloric acid, and wash into a beaker containing a small quantity of powdered tartaric acid. When the latter has gone into solution, mix with the filtrate from the oxalate of ammonia. The phos- phoric acid is precipitated with magnesia mixture, and treated as in (1). Soluble phosphoric acid : Weigh out 2 grams into a beaker, cover with 10 to 15 cubic centimetres of water, and allow it to stand for fifteen minutes, stirring three times at equal intervals. Decant the solution through a filter into a graduated cylinder. Add another like quantity of water, and let it stand fifteen minutes more, stirring as before. Filter the solution into the cylinder, and wash the residue on the .filter until the filtrate amounts to 200 cubic centimetres. The phosphoric acid is determined in an aliquot part of the solution as under total phosphoric acid. Insoluble phosphoric acid : Add 100 cubic centimetres of neutral ammonia citrate (sp.gr. 1.09) to the l)eaker in which the digestion with water has been made. Put in a water- bath and heat to 65° C. Drop in the filter containing the residue from the above operation, and digest for thirt}^ minutes, stirring every five minutes. Filter and wash thoroughly, using the suction pump. Dry, and burn. The ash is then treated as under total phosphoric acid. Reverted phosphoric acid : The sum of the soluble and insoluble subtracted from the total gives the reverted or citrate-soluble phosphoric acid. Reagents : The reagents used in the estimation of phos- phoric acid are prepared according to directions given in the "Proceedings of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists," 1889, pages 225 and 226. For ammonium citrate, 370 grams of citric acid are dis- solved in 1,500 cul)ic centimetres of water, nearly neutralized with crushed carbonate of ammonia, heated to expel carbonic acid, exactly neutralized with ammonia, and brought to a specific gravity of 1.09. The molybdic solution is prepared by dissolving 100 grams ofmolybdic acid in 417 cubic centimetres of ammonia of 274 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. specific gravity .96. Pour this solution into 1,250 cubic cen- timetres of nitric acid of specific gravity 1.20, and set in a warm place for several days, or until a portion heated to 40° C. deposits no yellow precipitate. The magnesia mixture is prepared by dissolving 110 grams of crystallized magnesium chloride and 280 grams of ammonium chloride in 700 culnc centimetres of ammonia of specific gravity .96, and bringing to a volume of two liters. 2. Methods of Determining Nitrogen. — The Kjeldahl and. soda-lime methods recommended by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, in their " Proceedings," 1889, pages 218 to 221, are employed, with occasional control analyses by the absolute cupric oxide mode. 3. Method for Determining Potash. — Weigh out two grams of the material in a platinum crucible, and char thoroughly at a temperature just below red heat. Digest for several hours with very dilute hydrochloric acid, on the water-bath. Filter into a graduated cylinder, and make up to 200 cubic centimetres. Take 50 cubic centimetres for each test. Warm, and add, in small quantities at a time, an excess of barium hydrate. Digest for one or two hours at a temperature of 70 to 90° C, filter, washing carefully, and add to the filtrate a few drops of ammonium hydrate, and enough ammonium carbonate to precipitate the excess of barium hydrate. Filter, and bring the filtrate to dryness on the water-bath in a platinum dish. Heat carefully in the covered platinum dish at a temperature just below red heat, until compounds of ammonia cease to come off". Take up the residue in water, filtering if necessary, and add an excess of platinum tetrachloride. Evaporate to dryness on the water-bath, add a small quantity of 80 per cent, alcohol, and allow it to stand for a few hours. Filter through a Gooch crucible, washing with alcohol, dry, and weigh ; or filter through paper, wash as before, dry, and brush the potassium platinic chloride ui)on a w^eighed watch glass, with a camel's-hair brush, and weigh. If very impure, the double salt is washed with the strong solution of ammonium chloride, saturated with potassium platinic chloride, as recommended in the "Proceedings of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists," 1889, page 223. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 275 6. Miscellaneous Analyses, (Insecticides) . Paris Green. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] PerTCent. I. II. Moisture at 100= C, 1.34 1.31 Copper oxide, 33.35 33.45 Arsenious oxide, 61.25 01.21 Insoluble matter, 0.13 0.09 Acetic acid, 3.93 3.94 100.00 100.00 Moisture at 100° C, Calcium oxide, Copper oxide. Sulphuric acid, Sulphur, Insoluble matter, Sulphatine. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Per Cent. 1.40 18.60 2.61 4.73 48.28 1.63 Moisture at 100- C Ash, Calcium oxide, Copper oxide. Sulphuric acid, Sul phur, Insoluble matter Death to Rose Bugs. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Per Cent. 2.95 54.14 17.76 1.05 4.35 34.53 0.49 276 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 6. Miscellaneous Analyses — Concluded. Prof. De Graff's Bug Destroyer. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Residue from evajjoration, Mercury, Chlorine, Sulphuric acid, Aluminic oxide, Potassium oxide. Per Cent. 95.811 4.189 0.782 0.265 0.484 0.904 0.267 Tobacco Liquor. [I. sent on by Franklin Crocker, Hyannis, Mass. ; II. made at station : 6 pounds of stems treated for two days witli warm water gave 13.5 ounces liquor.] Specific gravity, . 1.3858 1.3777 Moisture at 100° C, . 37.710 40.890 Ash, .... 19.420 27.770 Nitrogen, total. 2.010 1.730 Nitrogen as nitrates, 0.170 - Nicotine, 2.115 0.5.30 Ferric and aluminic oxides, 0.229 0.017 Calcium oxide. 3.069 1.466 Magnesium oxide, 2.303 1.121 Phosphoi'ic acid, . 0.404 0.057 Sodium oxide. 0.207 0.525 Potassium oxide, . 6.550 16.340 Insoluble matter, . Trace. - 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 277 II. Analyses of Water sent on for Examination. [Parts per million.] K a a z, .S o a a < < a < g . a g 1 a O 1 K 3 II ■6 1 Locality. 1, .06 .120 3.00 32.00 24.00 1.95 - Amherst. 2, .02 .140 6.00 90.00 58.00 2.60 None. Amherst. 3, .02 .040 Trace. 44.00 20.00 .79 None. Rutland. 4, None. .03 52.00 194.00 70.00 3.51 None. North Hadley. 0, .02 .03 14.00 170.00 90.00 8 14 None. Southbridge. 6, .016 .070 32.00 224.00 84.00 2.60 None. Amherst. 7, .60 .12 10.00 58.00 16.00 1.69 None. Gilbertville. 8, .02 .04 16.00 162.00 76.00 3.25 None. Northborough. 9, .02 .03 8.00 96.00 16.00 1.27 None. Amherst. 10, .20 .04 12.00 92.00 48.00 1.95 None. Gilbertville. 11, .18 .04 12.00 74.00 40.00 1.95 None. Gilbertville. 12, .08 .12 24.00 130.00 62.00 3.51 - Foxborough. 13, Trace. .04 16.00 102.00 46.00 3.25 None. Southbridge. 14, .20 .18 32.00 378.00 150.00 - - Amherst. 15, .01 .07 Trace. 82.00 14.00 .79 - Westhampton. 16, .03 .14 Trace. 60.00 8.00 .63 None. West Farms. 17, .16 .06 20.00 160.00 30.00 2.99 - North Amherst. 18, .16 .32 6.00 134.00 36.00 1.27 - South Gardner. 19, .25 .30 4.00 - - - - Amherst. 20, .08 .06 10.00 320.00 210.00 11.35 - Rome, N. Y. 21, None. .08 16.00 168.00 28.00 2.60 - North Amherst. 22, .04 .20 18.00 178.00 98.00 3.77 None. Amherst. 23, 7 Trace. .04 14.00 102 00 92.00 1.56 Present. Amherst. 24, .02 .48 6.00 110.00 10.00 2.99 - Northborough. 25, .06 .10 22.00 274 00 104.00 6.71 None. South Deerfield. 26, Trace. .04 10.00 160.00 40.00 2.86 - Amherst. 27, .13 .12 8.00 144.00 44.00 1.43 None. Ashby. 28, .03 .04 8.00 124.00 24.00 4.16 None. Sunderland. 29, Trace. .02 28.00 144.00 14.00 5.00 Present. Amherst. 278 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analyses of Water — Continued. 1 a 3 < -3 d o a ■a a 3 a a S D s < "S 3 O .S si Be Is < e o o en •d Locality. 30, None. .05 20.00 180.00 60.00 3.38 None. Roxbury. 31, Trace. .24 10.00 210.00 60.00 4.71 Sunderland. 32, .24 15.36 12.00 64.00 20.00 1.95 - Sunderland. 33, .04 .20 8.00 110.00 14.00 2.08 - Amherst. 34, None. .04 12.00 170.00 70.00 3.77 None. Amherst. 35, .01 .05 6.00 152.00 30.00 8.14 None. South Amherst. 36, .72 .56 6.00 154.00 76.00 3.51 - Littleton. 37, None. .036 6.00 62.00 40.00 2.08 Present. Amherst. 38, .01 .135 34.00 202.00 100.00 2.73 - Eastham. 39, .06 .628 10.00 124.00 98.00 3.25 - Amherst. 40, 1.12 3.84 28.00 450.00 216.00 6.86 None. Amherst. 41, .04 .104 14.00 180.00 54.00 3.25 None. Amherst. 42, .072 .10 8.00 126.00 90.00 3.25 None. Sunderland. 43, .276 .172 4.00 60.00 38.00 2.60 - North Amherst. 44, .128 .196 16.00 150.00 74.00 1.69 None. Westford. 45, .104 .152 4.00 34.00 16.00 .32 Present. Westford. 46, .10 .112 68.00 392.00 122.00 5.71 None. Westford. 47, .084 .128 16.00 150.00 44.00 1.69 None. Westford. 48, .08 .196 70.00 420.00 164.00 6.00 None. Acton. 49, .068 .120 22.00 124.00 54.00 1.27 - Gloucester. 50, .37 .21 12.00 58.00 28.00 1.95 None. Weston. 51, .022 .068 20.00 204.00 120.00 3.90 None. Amherst. 52, 1.55 .40 32.00 314.00 118.00 3.90' Present. Amherst. 53, .064 .176 60.00 352.00 158.00 3.51 Present. Amherst. 54, .140 .180 76.00 458.00 150.00 9.57 Present. Acton. 55, .088 .080 12.00 92.00 78.00 1.95 None. Barre Plains. 56, .060 .044 16.00 156.00 56.00 2.60 None. Barre Plains. 57, .084 .092 Trace. 62.00 44.00 .48 None. Brookline. 58, .076 .108 4.00 32.00 20.00 .32 None. Brook line. 59, .100 .248 36.00 110.00 10.00 1.95 None. Brookline. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 279 Analyses of Water — Concluded. "3 o a S < d 8 'S IS is a a m D a ■< a o = 1 £ a o s s o II •o Locality. 60, .08 .226 14.00 106.00 40.00 2.47 None. Leverett. 61, Trace. .016 Trace. 88.00 18.00 3.25 None. Shutesbury. 62, .052 .052 340.00 844.00 664.00 3.25 None. Clifton. 63, .188 .176 8.00 126.00 82.00 2.60 Present. Bedford. 64, .140 .180 32.00 560.00 460.00 6.71 None. Bedford. 65. .088 .116 24.00 320.00 220.00 3.64 None. Bedford. The analyses have been made according to Wancklyn's process, familiar to chemists, and are directed towards the indication of the presence of chlorine, free and albuminoid ammonia, and the poisonous metals, lead in particular. (For a more detailed description of this method, see *' Water Analyses," by J. A. Wancklyn and E. T. Chapman.) Mr. Wancklyn's interpretation of the results of his mode of investigation is as follows : — 1. Chlorine alone does not necessarily indicate the presence of filthy water. 2. Free and albuminoid ammonia in water, without chlorine, indicates a vegetable source of contamination. 3. More than five grains per gallon* of chlorine (=.71 A parts per million), accompanied by more than .08 parts per million of free ammonia and more than .10 parts per million of albuminoid ammonia, is a clear indication that the water is contaminated with sewage, decaying animal matter, urine, etc., and should be condemned. 4. Eight-hundredths parts per million of free ammonia and one-tenth part per million of albuminoid ammonia render a water very suspicious, even without much chlorine. * One gallon equals 70,000 grains. 280 AGRICULTURAL EX. STATION. [Jan. '91. 5. Albuminoid ammonia, over .15 parts per million, oni::ht to absolutely condemn a water which contains it. 6. The total solids found in the water should not exceed forty grains per gallon (571.4 parts per million). An examination of the previously stated results of analyses indicate that Nos. 7, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 19, 23, 27, 29, 32, 36, 37, 40, 43, 44, 45, -l.'^ 50, 52, 51, 59, 63 and 64 ought to be condemned as unlit for family use, while Nos. 12, 20, 25, 33, 39, 42, 47, 48, 49, 53, 55, 56, 58, 60 and 65 must be considered suspicious. From this record it will be seen that over one-third of the entire number of well waters tried proved unlit for drinking. Heating well waters to the boil- ing point removes, not unfrequently, immediate danger. Eight samples gave unniistakaljle evidence of the presence of lead. Parties sending on water for analysis ought to be very careful to use clean vessels, clean stoppers, etc. The samples should be sent on without delay after collecting. One gallon is desiraljle for the analysis. Compilation of Analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of Agricultural Chemicals and Refuse Materials USED FOR Fertilizing Purposes. Prepared by W. II. Beal. [As the basis of valuation changes from year to year, no valuation is stated.] 1868-1891. This compilation does not include the analyses made of licensed fertilizers. They are to be found in the reports of the State Inspector of Fertilizers from 1873 to 1890, contained in the reports of the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri- culture for those years. C. A. G. 282 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o U5 ^ CO CD CO o M O Ol CO •aaijBj^ aiqniosni 'T '^ oi t 1 lO 1 1 o o5 CO OJ o o m CD CO •anuoiqo 00 1 ci CO CO ^ CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •F loy oiuoqjBQ 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (M ti CO o •piOY ounqding 1 c^ o a> 1 1 "2 ■^ 1 1 1 -a< T)( <^» CO CO CO -* ■sopixo oiu 00 00 g -ininiY pnB ouaajj ■^ ire o CO o o •KisanSBjj in ' o> CO 00 CO 1 I 1 CO e-j CO t^ lO o »o o o CD •aoiii . t- ■M ^ ' f^l ' ' CO .-' CO CO CO •tjpog ^ -* .^ t- lO 1 00 S S ' 1 •ppY ouoqd -eoqj aiqniosui •ppV ouoqd , J 1 1 r , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - s 0 q J pai.i8A8a •piov 1 1 1 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 1 ouoqdsoqj a^qnpg ID C3 ^. •aSBjaAy 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 oo "^ (S< ^ a. CO ►^ 2 •ranniiniJ5 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 1 1 • S« ,~t 1^ Hg ■luncaixB^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' -* CO ei ^ ^ * j^ •aSB.iaAV m CO * to .CO e>j a ^ c^ CO ' IT? a Cii * CJ ~p CD CO ,-H CO ■ra CO -* < •ranuiinipj o -f c» 00 oo r-^ -^ rs| 1-, •ranaitxej^ 00 to 1 ' -* 1 d CO ' d Tf c5 m ^ cs ^ ■aScjaAY 1 1 J 1 1 1 CO irj ej 1 1 1 H ^ •ranramipj 1 • 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 ' P 1 t^ c» ,_4 oo !? ■tunoiixBj^ • i ' 1 1 1 ■^ C3 CO c^ CO CO f ' 1 1 •qsv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o o iC C-l o cq (M ■^ CO ' '^ C<1 CO •sae^lBny -* Oi o ^ -' ■- o o o -t< (^ ,—1 C5 CO 1 « CO « o C-1 to d o , 1 ' ' - ^ ■* cc !M CO CO m lO to ,_ t_ ir- >c ir. o i^ r-t r a> o>- o CO to lO CO o c^ Oi O 00 -^ 1^ Ir- ,_, ' l^ T_l CO c^ CO ■^ -^ f2 ' •' 1 «; 1 1 I ' 1 1 ' 1 o ' to :* cl CO 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 CO 1 M t- 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tl< lA 03 CO CO CO ir> j.^ OO CO 03 en CvJ «*• CO 04 ^ ^ ^^ ^~ "~ 1 Ol CM c^ '- - ir> CO CO CO CM OJ OO ex Cil • ' 1 ' 1 1 ' to CO CO o CO o 1 02 5 ^ i 1 e5 to to rvj OJ o 'O to CO ^^ t^ t— o uO o CO CM § to to CO o CO CO eo o> ' 1 1 OJ 1 &J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o 1 ' r^ ' 1 1 1 1 1 o PM 00 o ' ' " -T rn. Is. 1 **• CO •- CO — -* (M ,_ o ' ^ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' CO o rv^ ' ' ' ,—1 -+ I-, ■ to IM to ■ ' CO ' ' ' ' 1-, OD CO 1— f r> CO ~^ t. o t- GO o o 00 OD r^ 1^ •^ C-5 ""•1 lO t- •* in ?2 rM ■o ■^ ^ ^ •^ o o ^ ^ o <£ 3 ^ ^ J;; no" ■? ■~ OJ CD -2 ri V ■^ ja o o o o o O 4i o o T3 o o a ■a n o o & 3 a o o o s o r3 o -a o o a 2 a o C3 a > O o d ^ o S a S p O c3 a S) a a ■a CS 3 o p t>0 o 1-1 i .a C3 o o o 5 g 3 C8 s a a 5 O 5 2 o o 284 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. to -f4 OD o »o ^ ci oi CO -^ i si CO CO ^ ' •ouuoiqo J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •ppv oinoq-iBQ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •ppV ouuqcliug 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •sapiXQ oia IM 1 , 1 -itun^V PnB ouaa^ O o •BtsanSBjn 1 1 rj r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r ■auii'7 « 1 1 -* ^ 1 ' CO ' ^ •«pog 1 ' ' •ppY oi.toqd S 1 -8 oq^i 9iqu|osni Cl ■ptoy ouoT r_ CO CO c» O " ■aSciaAV .d- oo ir> CO tn ' e^ g! 5 to s CO ^ S •ainuiinii^ ttj ' ^ 2« n >-H ^ Ph •ranraixBji ' o to ' CO OO m CO m CO CO ex at ex C3 €0 ;:: ° '- a> ^ '- CO * CO ■^ m >* * «* m CO ex — — § « . 3 s s IM « CO CO IM o a> « 05 IM '^ •c t-. CD t^ oo t^ ^« . *~i ■^ CO -^ »N o t- to IM IM ^ -* o IM c» ^^ CO -^ ^ •^ ^ lO " '-' '- '-' * O " to '- IM a 3 >. o *•-. c c M' a •^ a c^ ^ C3 o ^ ^ . 50 ^ >. ^ ^ = _s a O ^ '* „- o a - - - J3 j; ^ J .- s " Si) ^ ! IS i C 5 _ '^ V. ^ Z) ^ ^ 3 "3 ^ T3 c a o a e3 OS s O o o O . o M s .t; ^ ■? a 0) o cu a a o a a o o o o C3 a V .2 CJ & a j: Q ^ c3 ? ii o o ^ ^ S a Pi ;; ft iB e c-l Ph ^ o 6 o p o O o O 286 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. to t^ f^ 'O iXi o CfD •J8}}BI^ a^qniosaj -f c-i o 1 U5 1 n i 00 1 •anuoiqo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •pioy oiaoq.iBO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •ppv ounqding 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •eapixo oia -itaniv pa« ouaa^ « 00 •^ •-^ PH r-, OO t^ •BiseaS^jj CO 1 ' -^ 1 ' 1 i ! •aoii'j - C^J 1 (M CI ' CO O •■cpog 1 1 " 1 l- 1 CO ' 1 1 •ppY ouoqd -soqj aiqu^osni •ppV oiJOld , , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I - 8 0 q J paj.iaAa'ji •PPV 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ouoqclsoq J aiqnjog ! ^_ ^ to o> ^ ! SS •dSviBAY OJ c^ CJ 1 1 1 •■; '^ CO 1 CM 1 1 IM ^ 2 •vanmimfi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 So <^ ft. •rananxcpi ' 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 tn ._ in ,_ f^ — •aSEjaAV 1 1 CO w r— 1 oi g •miiiuuuj^ 1 1 1 1 "^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o ,_< CO •tunniixB;^ 1 1 1 1 ' 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 o e>i oo '~^~ e^ ,-3 (^ ex ■" "" "" *" to rH o •unuuiaij^ r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 g iS •rantutxBj^ 1 1 ' ' 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 0^ m ""iC — to — ^ •qsy t— c< o »— o CO ^ 00 00 m (X> ,_, CO •* to •sas.^IBav - l-H ^ " (M t-H ^ ~^~' '^ '^ ^ (N r-i (N Ol T3 • » ■a * ^ y -i o j; i 1 •§■■ s o ^ ^ ;:2 G> ^ ^ = .. >-J « X •3 3 OS a •a a o u C3 bo ■a a. _5C a a "3 ■a S "3 3 a 0) .M s a. s "o Oj OJ *j ? 3 O o K (K K J? ?5 3 1^ X fc( a CU 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 287 _^ fN lO (M ^v CO Oi to CO to ,- ^ — « 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 o c^ 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 CJ ■* CM M ' ' 1 r 1 1 ' ■O ■ 1 1 13 CO * oo * •— — a> CO 1 1 ' ' ' 1 1 ". 1 1 • ■^ _ CO CO '- CO CM CO o> (N - t^ t^ o> -' to o to •n M CO -* to f^ 00 o t^ CO t- in *~ CO lO 00 ^ ^ '"' OJ ^ '"' '^- ■^ « ^ ::; fe5 5 o /q "^ a >, ■a a •o ?; p ^ Tl 5 3 N a 03 cS F a t~. p a a a o H OQ K p^ tt K COMPILATION OF ANALYSES OF FODDER ARTI- CLES, FRUITS, SUGAR-PRODUCING PLANTS, DAIRY PRODUCTS, ETC., MADE AT AMHERST, MASS. 1868-1891. Pkepared by W. H. Beal. A. Analyses of Fodder Ari-icles. B. Analyses of Fodder Articles with Reference TO Ff:rtilizing Ingredients. C. Analyses of Fruit. I>. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants. E. Dairy Products. 290 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. ^ 8 ^ t— cH '^l • (aSBJ9AV) o Gi OJ ^^ "i oiit?a T. rt ' ?; V. aAn!.qn_sj '"' ■-. rt ri rt ■^ rH r-i ^ '"' OO OO CO tx OO 00 05 o 00 It^ CO to 00 lO OJ IM ^ o CO OO 00 00 o o e^ 00 CO r~t OJ <5 ^ o to ■* •* to >n> *- to "^ U5 ^ OJ lO '~ to t^ CO f^ ^ 1^. CO CO l^_ ^ f^ en f^ o> ^— CO m C3 CO ^ ^- m u:t CO CO o f^ m f^ 07 lO m PS < C*J Csl C«J fj CO OJ ~ CM CM CO OJ CO Csl CM CM o o a '^J "2 o OO ■^ (M o to 00 1 M P, C: CO M 0-1 IM Ol e-i C-l CO ti Hi . Ph ■< OS ^ rH o OJ ^ lO ^ t- ira ^ y M (N CO CO (.S CO IM ^ ^ ^ ^. f^ <3 (.^ ^ ^. $ 5 o CO m CO CO CO OJ o> CO m e>j tJ> CM OO «n Oj lO lO m »*• m m 113 «* "' m * ** tn m ,^ f^ CD p^ :s r^ o en t~ f-* 00 i t^ to t^ J-t tH -* ■* ■* ■w •* '^ ■* '^ -* ^ ft CO CO to CO «5 c) CO O Em O m <1 K ^ !0 OJ in to to •a m ■« ■* s ,_ ,_ " ,_ ,_ " _ >*• la CO o to CD ^ ^ m CO Ol •* CO ^ Ol ex e» ^- ^. ^ ex ^ ««■ CM 0 <1 r-H -+ ^ iC »n PH rH E- a t^ <3J t- a < i~i 1— 1 p^ CO "~ m o» a> OS C£> CO f^ t- ^ OO OO f^ OO CO CM CO CO OO (^ CO CO ^ << ^" ^— •— ^~ •— Z OO to CO CO (N OJ o OJ T-) o c< H ii 00 o t^ o t- o to t— 00 ^ ' '* r~^ P^ '-' '"' CD 00 l~. CO to OJ CO K »^ t- r-l 03 J^ r_4 t. in ,_( o ' ' !N ^^ ^ '"' ■^ -' "^ CI '"' ^ 1.^ f^ CO «*■ «* CO m «*■ >* CO o a> »~ K CM l.^ * l.^ CO 1^ «*■ ^ .*■ m OO m CO o> ■^ ea ^ e>4 ej CM c»i ^- CO tc OJ ^ .o a CO r~t CO CO OJ 00 o »o (M >< K S o CO CT ,^ r^ r>j o 00 vO ..^ ' CO 00 OO '"' '"' c^ n a a iz; to • &D « > 2 s, i^ a ft .S o a" p. '~^ a o a s i i . f ^ C8 a _« 3 o a z s s 2 a) s o ^ o o a >» a 31 C8 ~ -o S£l a o y. ii O w a is 0 o o o a a ■-3 ?s S O S > o 03 O 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 291 o ^ •— Ci «— ' 00 t-H 0> CO f— C*3 CO CO e*j CO OS CO 03 CO CO C^ 03 ^ •— coeMOJ^^toos coejoococococoojcococo CO CM •— r^ ^ ^ CO C4 CO CO CO CO N ^ ■M d .ra o -T O >n CO 1 < -' ■" " " ~ CO o § o '£1 !^ S o C^ lO C-1 i-H C-l CO C^ CO oacoojo>co*— tnio ^ o> CO o3 m CO 03 tn o> r«- CO t- to o o to to § o § o 00 >n to Ol CO CO I-" «:^ CO OJ r^ «*• o5 — »— CO ^ ^ lO m o> CO lo lO CO Oi CO — e^ ^ •— *— »— CJ CO •— CO CO 03 O) OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS to i i o CO d ^ § d 02 •* s to s o to o s to i-H rt e-j CO to i-l >* « (M 03 O O) O) C3 C) ■^i-tfHrHiOrHr-lrHi-H p^WoSc-iSBd; S o o o 292 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o O ■ (9Sc.t9A V) o oi oiH-'M Oi 1 1 s r >o f^ CO T^ CO 1 1 \ r 1 Tl> 8A!I!.IU1^ ^ r- " " '"' " '- r-1 i-O to •* -+ lO 00 o p_ t^ o f^ j^ ,c r-^ C". Ci rH o to oo 01 O) <; -^ c-i iC O ^ C-. cc ,_( en CO a> ^— 13 IS^ CO f-1 w < ea CM c^ cs l-_ ~fH CO OD to c r^ CI ■^ CO t~ 1 1^ CO o O Ci r^ UO CO (M ifO ^ Ph cc fl c a S « 00 CO r-' <* •d- UJ <* «* O >o rH r-( ira oo s I 1 '^ r ci 1 1 1 o ■^ -^ ■^ P3 0 o o> CO (N p^ E- c» c^ cc CO o ^ ^ OD ,J ^ o E- a ^: uO o -* ■^ ■* UJ >o "•' UJ in CO .3- 03 CO CO CO \n a> CM r^ OO r.^ N- CNJ CO lO oo ^* C4 CM ._ , ,_ CM CM CM , CM CO , ^ CM CO < n to »c H n >"< — CO CO CO K 0 ?5 S '"' •^ '"' (M ^ '"' "^ CJ Ol o K 1 M > ^ ^ |.^ |.^ lO .* CO <*■ CO r^ CO <* CO <) *— »— ^- '— •~ t^ O to CO t-^ (M ^^ o o o fa »-H TT I' ^^ '"' Eh a ' ' O o ' ,_, ,_, ' to c^ »n '^ "^ '"' " '^ ^M ,-t \£^ -t* to !< lO OS :i C-l 00 vra t^ to ^ t^ to ra '"' '"' ""* "^ CO lO ^— C3 03 ? fw ^ r^ ^— s f^ •— to en m ^ «*• lO <*■ ** > o CO _ ^_ ^. 1^.^ -^ CO a> O) OO en CO en OS "' cn c» cn O) CO ■^ G) •* o o ^ S ' o o M CO ■a -f ,—1 O) t^ m CO I— ro CO o oo o CO ^ o CO on P ' CO ' CI CO lO c-^ ^ o o 05 o 05 c> cr. o> •sas^iB av - -- ^ C-1 ^ CO c-> to lO - c; ^ - 1 o a o 1 o a 1 S E 1 > 1 . a 0) t3 € n E p C3 m s o s 1 •2 "3, m g 1 a CO 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 293 c-i c/:: CO ci CO c-i o CO t— ' 00 O I-* CO o lO i CO CO CO CO 5 CO CO CO iO CO CO CO CO *"• *" ^ ^ ^ -^ cJ 05 Irt •^• — CO CO CO CO C3 CO — OJ CJ — OO CO irs '" 05 ir> '" C^ "^ c» OJ 2 OJ «= ^ 2 GO OJ fl o S; CO X CO 5 o CO o ■^ ■^ t^ ■^ ■^ o o •^ J:; o CO n c ■^ do to s s J; ^ s *- s p; C-I r-i ;=! o CI CO <3- C3 OJ 5 CO ° CM s m CO g CO a CO CO := CO ^ iri OJ CO CO OJ e a> S C33 en OS S CO C» CO C3 05 CO CO CO OJ * OJ Oi 2 OJ C3 %n CO o 1- iO t- CO to <>! ifO I I I I I I I I I I COrHOOrHNi-IO-li-Hi-Hi-l CC t-~ o O t- CC CO oi c-i CO CO CO t^ ^ ■^ --; W.i = — ^ >= bSSi;S§«o'o » tij ^ Pi H QJ 294 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. a o O '^ ^ ^ o to 5^ ,_4 ..^ o CI •(a3B.i8Ay) C-l -* to C-I 00 OllBH 1 C) s CO 1 to r Ol C-J o oo a> aAtiu;njj ^ r-< '"' '" '" •^ '^ ■^ I-H M o 00 _, lO t. 1^ «D ^ »"- Tjl CO <1 '- .o O) -' ■^ CO m CO 1 " < CO CO "^ CO CO in oo '^ ^ CO o >! a ■* o CO c-l o ■<# S 00 ,^ ' cy> 1^ r^ IX r-l OD 1^ ira •^ o -^ V «* V— ^ ^ ^ ^ Pi <; CM 1-, r^ lO to (M Ol 05 H a I—" t— IM CO K Q P M ^ " rji CO s CO Tl< '-' .» t^ M GO •^ o ^ ' ' ,_, ' O CO _ m oo CO > CO o .^ CJ ^ CO ^. CO ^ C3 ^ ^ <1 ^- ^- ^ ^— ^ 12; ^' Ol o Ol CO Ed a Ol ^ Eh a CO t^ d ,_, p4 to CO M lO o o cs o 00 f— « a lO lO ' •o ' ,_, ,_, '"' '"' '"' *"■ CO oo CO m ^ OJ ^ ej lO^ ~ ^ ►*- ^^ ^- a > oo CJ O) m m o> ^ 1^ CJ liJ VXJ CO en OO o CO to □ Oi «D en o a " CT. s CO g SJ CO oo x" o Oi o I— 1 00 C3 ' ^^ ,_, -^ ' r_( 1^ a C-l o> as Ol 00 •sasiiBav -■ o (N c^ to CO -^ -< CO '- lO CO IM ■6 ■o « 3 s O ^ p O 1 <^ o ~: ■§ p !^ W s! Ci a s 1^ .« e o te <1 ^ c ^ — § ^ •5 s o o •a tT ^ t^ ul i p" a on- ca J) 'c = o Ph p < N a o o g c o o Si o o a o o GQ es 01 0) o a C3 s o o a S o u 73 B 3 O 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 295 CO '^ Ol -* <0 CI ^- CO O 1-1 -Tf I-" CO CD 00 CD CO CO e^ C«l CO GO CO lO *— — OJ OJ CO ej , . ° 5S C-l O to 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 '=~I in CO 1 " 1 00 CO b- - n o •<* s ' CO g CO M to CM (M -T ^ o 1 1 ^ '"■ 1 j:: ' ' « o O -* - r; ' ■* CO CO CM m m OJ CS C^ « C3 0> O CM CO C«J CO 1— *— — CO 00 00 > o a X '^ K rt 3 S f. ^ ° oo' o . o 61) X £< M ?^ s rt o ^ & — ■~ ? o "5 ^ b a s» t: 5 bo f= g - Qi C5 CJ 5 c" 2? rt "3 E o 53 c x" c! s i o p 2 H i; CiCiSOCiaEOeS^'fl 296 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. •sptinod nOO'5 JO nox O O >c^ CO -^ 00 I— OOOCSOfSCOr-HiOCOOOCOtM -M i-H r-l C-1 CI s i o o b § o o o o o o g5 o o 1^ s •opixo O O G5 O O O i-i Ci CO CO i-< O tD O O ■opixotnutoii3j3 O'-OOli— lOS-fl— ooooo o t— CO o -t< »^ CO 1— o CO t- «:■ »— • o CM CI c-i i-H o c:^ CO -^ o o 05 O lO iC O O ■OpiXOTOTllpOg 'M'+ClCOrHCOOCOOcr) oooo^oc^iooooco •9piSO mni98B;oj; C>t CO 0>J O CD CO oo CO CO e»j e^ « _, Td- CO esi ^ CO ^a- CO CO oo o ;^ o « ^ S 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 297 O CO CO .o (M lO o t- 00 t- .— < ^ o o CO CO -^< I— CO c^ o o to lO 'r> o tra to lO ^ >o Cl t- .o CO o o o o " o Cl ^ CO ira en o to CO ^ oo o ^ to .— t I— CO o (M iO 1 (M CO Ol t— lO o» ^ '-' C-l (N ^ IM C-J '^ ^ '"' ■^ ■^ ^ CO CO 1^ oo CO * J_l CO >*• s ^ «*• ^ CO m tr> ■* CO CSJ - - ■ .r CO CO m ,n OO ^ ^ tn ,_ 00 CO OS o -* e-i 1 o o o o o c> ^ •r, CO ^ oo ^ CO ^ o o o to 1 C>1 r^ CO CO >* CO esj CJ CJ «3- f^ ^ — — ■~ CJ *- — CO "" CO — C>J C^l •~ ■" CJ CJ CM — ^^ CO o ^ CO ■M to ^ C-1 o lO u^ CO ■^ o o CO »— * »o ^ •* o CO o •^ CO CO CO CO - to "^ CO '~ oo „ o o CM 1^ OJ C3 ie> ro C3 «* ,n .r. ^ „ cu 05 - -^ - «* OJ OJ CO OJ (J» a> CO CM CM ~1 ^ o CO o CO CO C5 co lO Cl >o '■" O o - '~ o to '^ CO 3 05 - C-1 •* (N - ^ I-l -* i-H - - - tH - CO IM to •* C-1 I-l - IM (N ~! U J3 f^ s . S: ■g tn ri « Z^ p^ o ^ >^ 1 si) i) :^ ^ u _o o <5 g g a 3 1 O o o 3 p s 02 a ce 1-5 P o ■a o o o o o s g 2 o o o c o C3 3 3 a 1 '5 uQ :5 d5 o '> o M 29S AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 3 a ill o O I 'S "^ pq •spnnoj CD _i, ^ _i, .0 _^ C^l CO ^ CO _i, CO OOO'S JO nox en to 0 0 0 ^ M 10 CO ^ ^ .tad noi}i;niBA ^ ^ ^ <» 00 >o r-i ■jauBpi CO -1< aiqnioaai ^ i-< (M ^ OJ CO CO CO ouoqdsoqti ,n cc wrs IM 05 _^ ro .0 .0 •aptxo ouJ3^ "^ 0 rt 0 ■^ 0 0 ■^ 1 S 0 ^ s ^ 0 CO 0 0 O) uinisanSuH -^ .^ 0 IM a> ^ »c ^ •apisonimoiBO c-i -t< ^. CO ^ 0 "". 0 0 0 s n. _l, 00 CO _ ^ •^ .0 •apixQ nintpos -t (N t § o\ 1 '~. 0 "^ 0 0 "^ m CO CO ^ OJ CO •apisQ CO en C«J ninigsB]oj - CO - - ^ '* e^ ^ (M 0 CO 'I* 0 (M •qsy •* ^ 0 CI uo f-H I-H I— < '"' m CT> Q Q CO CO c^ 00 •naSoJiiii CO CO C0 en CO en C^ CO CO a CM 0 ^ 0 ^ CO .ra 0 C: •ain^siOH 0 05 CO 0 0 CO OV ci ^ CO § •BSsXlBOY (N - " ., - cc - " - I-l - •^ r-f CI -3 3 0 0 1 <1^ op 1^ F-, H ^ ^ a < ^ ■ I2; a- 0 ^ "5 ^ 8 e « >i a. 0 ^" g iT T3 ■a 0 15; t5 a CO a 0 P. cs" 0) 0. jf ■a a cs Si a ■5 -a p 0 >> -a 3 >> 01 0 0 i 03 0 02 > •2. ^ ^ 0 3 a) 0 P3 0) B n 1«91.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 299 ^ CD CO « CO CO 410 .n ,-, ^ o •o II IM O o -* CO CO o> CO C-l 'O CO ■^ c^ ^ '^ ^ o o C-l o ,n ^ o O o ^ 1 CO •^ 05 ^ C»9 ^ CO 1^ cn ^ ^ ^ 1^ ^ - in m CO CO CO ^ n, .n r^J CO to uo CO ,_ -, O 1 o CO o o <-l ^ « ^ ^ o to o rr, ^ o 00 o r. o> o CO o on X ^ o (N » ^ o ^, ^ O ^ o CO lO <-> rr (^1 .^ M o ^ o >ffl ^ ^ 1 CO 00 oc CJ o> to CO 1^ ^ a >* OJ in „ «^ • O) ^ •* en CJ c^ ^^ ^ ri cn ^ C-5 o (M CO -, ro o> '^ Ol o C-J CO o -* *"* *"* ~' *"■ "'' ^~* J — '- OJ CO in in CO M o __ •* ^ ^ 00 CO en »\ CO CO »"• •* *~" ^ '~ CO o> ^ CO o CO Oi c; CJ o o a> Ol o 00 00 n CO 00 ^_ 00 CO '^, '^ '^ " '^ ^ CO '^ C3 S e ^ %l .i^ >2i "^ :;5 c> ■s S p^ ^ c 00 ;^ !^ c "^ c = C: 'S o ^ SI. s a c X Sa tl ^ o fc: tt^ o a. ft J^' "C ^ ■rt - N a c t^ o a a K -a 0) . a ca ■„ : a 0) n "3 3 J3 o a C3 <1> 03 a p a a, 'a 3 a) o o — s V M a :-< c O o O 'o QQ g c O "5 S -3 a 3 o 23 C3 s 0) a 3 c 3 £ 300 AGKICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o ©5 ■ay ^ Pq •epnnoti CO o -* o -t* o OOO'S JO noi o o IM CO C-l CO joci notiBiiiBA «- •.wnBH o o o o «5 o o c:i o siqmosni " " •ppv ^ ^ iO ^ ^ ^ CO CO ^ CO CsJ ■^ oi.ioqdsoqj oj ■ - - ■ a> CO o ^ •epixQ ouja^ o 1 g o rH 1 ' 1 o o o •opixO en o 3 « O o o 00 o •* ttinis8n§i3j^ 1 rr O o o J_ o lO •aptxQ ninioiviQ o § o O CI ~. ^ o o ° o o o OD j^ tc ,_, .» ■apisQ ranipog o O M ' 1 1 o o CO •apixQ oo ^ * CO C3 nj- ranissij^oj *" "" vra lO ^ ^ lO CO •qsv CO -^ ^ o> ^ o ^ .d- l_l •naScqix CO CD <* ao «* CJ oo CJ ir> CU e^ — lO CO C>4 rr o ^ CO o 05 __l •a.iniBioj^ a " *"• '"' "" ^ •sesipiny lO - - -* - - - CO C-1 00 - •a a -3 o O 1 H ^ 1 > ■> a .2 = m Temperature C. of Juice (De- grees). a 3 '3 c o o o 5 SB O O O-CS 3 in 1877. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. c. c. Apple (Baldwin), Sept. 1, 20. U 1.055 12—15 3.09 - - - Apple (Baldwin), Oct. 9, 19.66 1.065 12—15 6.25 - - - Apple (Baldwin), Nov. 27, - 1.075 12-15 10.42 - - - Rhode Island Greening, . Sept. 1, 20.27 1.055 12—15 3.16 - - Rhode Island Greening, . Oct. 9, 19.68 1.066 12—15 7.14 - - - Rhode Island Greening,! . Nov. 27, 20.25 1.080 12—15 11.36 - - - Pear (Bartlett) Aug. 31, 15.00 1.060 12-15 4.77 - - Pear (Bartlett) Sept. 7, 16.55 1.060 12—15 5.68 - - - Pear (Bartlett), . . . . Sept. 20, - 1.065 12—15 8.62 - - - Pear (Bartlett), J Sept. 22, - 1.060 12-15 8.93 - - - Cranberries - 10.71 1.025 15 1.35 - - -§ Cranberries, .... 1S78. 10.11 1.025 15 1.70 - - -11 Early York Peach (ripe), - - 1.045 25 - 1.92 6.09 45 Early York Peach (nearly ripe), - 10.96U 1.039 25 - 1.36 4.12 42.3 Crawford Peach (nearly ripe). - - 1.050 18 - 2.19 7.02 85.6 Crawford Peach (mellow). - 11.361T 1.055 18 - 1.70 8.94 76 Crawford Peach (not mellow), ll.SSTT 1.045 22 - 1.67 5.92 64 * One part Na, CO3 in 100 parts of water. t Picked October 9. t Picked September 7. § Free acid, 2.25 per cent. II Free acid, 2.43 per cent. IT In pulp, kept ten days before testins 302 AGRICULTURAL EXPERBIENT STATION. [Jan. C. Analyses of Fru its — Continued . [Wild and cultivated grapes.] NAME. Date. a O do 6 s ■ ^ o a Ml a.a> a 6 '5 o i 5 ft o c-'S'S 0) ^1-3 '^ 3 a ■SSI 1876. Perot Per ct. Perot C.C. Concord, . July 17, 1.0175 31 8.30 .645 7.77 - Concord, . July 20, 1.0150 31 8.10 .625 7.72 216 Concord Aug. 2, 1.0200 25 9.94 .938 9.44 249 Concord, . Aug. 16, 1.0250 28 10.88 2.000 18.38 229 Concord, . Aug. 30, 1.0500 23 15.58 8.620 55.33 120 Concord, . Sept. 13, 1.0670 23 17.48 13.890 79.46 55 Concord, . Sept. 4, 1.0700 18 19.82 16.130 81.38 49.2 Purple Wild Grape, July 19, 1.020 31 9.00 .714 7.93 204 Purple Wild Grape, Aug. 4, 1.020 28 12.25 1.100 8.98 246 Purple Wild Grape, Aug. 16, 1.025 28 12.48 2.000 16.03 233 Purple Wild Grape, Aug. 30, 1.050 26 16.58 6.500 39.81 147.6 White Wild Grape, Aug. 31, 1.050 26 16.48 9.260 56.18 98 Hartford Prolific, . Sept. 5, 1.060 22 17.39 13.89 79.87 88.8 Ives' Seedling, Sept. 6, 1.070 26 20.15 15.15 75.14 88.6 lona. Sept. 7, l.OSO 21 24.56 15.15 61.68 144 lona (mildewed), . Sept. 7, 1.045 26 15.41 6.25 40.56 204.4 Agawam,. Sept. 11, 1.075 20 20.79 17.24 82.92 94.8 Wilder, . Sept. 11, 1.064 20 16.53 13.67 82.69 56 Delaware, Sept. 12, 1.080 24 23.47 17.86 76.09 74 Charter Oak, . Sept. 12, l.OSO 24 15.98 8.77 54.94 168.3 Israella, . Sept. 16, 1.075 23 19.67 9.20 46.77 89.8 Bent's Seedling, Sept. 20, 1.080 21 20.65 16.13 78.11 181.8 Adirondack, . Sept. 20, 1.065 21 15.11 13.17 87.16 68 Catawba, . Oct. 16, 1877. l.OSO 13 23.45 17.39 74.16 82 Wilder, . Sept. 11, 1.065 23 16.41 15.15 92.32 60 Charter Oak, . Sept. 12, 1.055 23 16.22 9.80 60.42 96 Concord, . Sept. 13, 1.065 24 15.90 13.16 82.76 102 Concord, . Sept. 26, 1.075 24 19.34 15.43 79.78 70.8 Eumalau, . Sept. 24, 1.065 16 19.62 13.16 67.07 73 Wild White Grape, Sept. 5, 1.050 22 15.57 7.20 46.24 140.8 Wild White Grape (shrivelled), . Sept. 20, 1.060 16 20.02 10.00 49.95 130 Wild Purple Grape (shrivelled), . Sept. 20, 1.045 16 16.69 8.22 49.25 104 * One part of pure Naj CO3 in 100 parts water. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 303 C. Analyses of Fruits — Continued. [Effect of girdling on grapes.] NAME AND CONDITION. Date. d 3 0) go 33 ^-^ ■e8 o o a o o 3 a . *Soda Sol. requir- ed to neutralize 100 parts Juice. | 1877. Perct. Per ct. Perct. C.C. Hartford Prolific, not girdled, Sept. 3, 1.045 19 12.85 8.77 68.25 111.4 Hartford Prolific, girdled, Sept. 3, 1.065 19 17.18 12.50 72.76 100 "Wilder, not girdltd, Sept. 3, 1.055 19 15.41 10.42 67.62 108.2 Wilder, girdled Sept. 3, 1.075 19 17.24 14.70 85.26 88.4 Delaware, not girdled, . Sept. 4, 1.065 19 15.75 11.76 74.66 101.2 Delaware, girdled Sept. 4, 1.075 19 19.14 15.15 79.16 94.4 Agawam, not girdled, . Sept. 4, 1.060 19 16.60 11.37 68.48 128.2 Agawam, girdled, .... Sept. 4, 1.075 19 18.45 16.31 87.42 114.8 lona, not girdled Sept. 6, 1.0625 22 16.60 13.51 68.31 131.4 lona, girdled Sept. 6, 1.085 22 21.48 15.63 72.76 125.6 Concord, not girdled, Sept. 6, 1.045 22 13.46 7.46 55.42 182.4 Concord, girdled, .... Sept. 6, 1.070 22 17.53 13.88 79.18 102.8 Concord, not girdled. Sept. 26, 1.065 22 17.63 13.70 78.27 86 Concord, girdled Sept. 26, 1.080 22 24.47 19.61 80.13 76.8 Concord, not girdled. Oct. 5, 1.075 12 20.92 17.50 85.37 42 Concord, girdled, .... Oct. 5, 1.085 12 - 17.86 - 54 Date. 100 ] "arts OP Gb iPES CONTAINE D — ? jj .h1 < o o a 5 3< 1889. Concord, not girdled. Sept. 23, - 84.69 6.24 .75 Concord, girdled, .... Sept. 23, .42 83.00 8.13 .85 Concord, not girdled. Oct. 8, .53 84.51 6.09 .48 Concord, girdled Oct. 8, 1890. .37 82.69 8.50 .50 Concord, not girdled. Sept. 25, .47 86.49 7.36 1.15 Concord, girdled, .... Sept. 25, .48 84.93 9.29 1.17 Concord, not girdled. Oct. 9, .53 85.39 7.67 .71 Concord, not girdled. Oct. 9, .59 85.11 6.65 .51 Concord, girdled, .... Oct. 9, .54 85.15 9.12 .74 * One part of pure Na, CO, in 100 parts water. 304 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. C. Analyses of Fruits — Continued. [Effect of fertilization upon the organic constituents of wild grapes.] NAME. Date. 1 > |5 6 o '3 Remarks. 0 s S • ^ s 1877. ■\Vild Purple Grape Berries, Sept. 20, 16.31 - - 8.03 - Unfertilized. Wild Purple Grape Berries, " 19.55 - - 13.51 - Fertilized. Wild Purple Grape Juice, . " - 1.045 16 8.22 9.840 Unfertilized. Wild Purple Grape Juice, . " - 1.065 16 13.51 1.149 Fertilized. Wild White Grape Berries, . " 20.02 - - - - Unfertilized. Wild White Grape Berries, . " 21.65 - - - - Fertilized. Wild White Grape Juice, . " - 1.060 16 10.00 1.846 Unfertilized. Wild White Grape Juice, . " - - - 14.29 .923 Fertilized. [Effect of fertilization upon the ash constituents of grapes.] NAME. Date. 6 6 SS ■3 £5 ■SO Fh 02 2 Jo It a a 2 ■p .-oO 11 o .a 22.23 5.59 .79 17.40 14.24 3.92 .53 13.18 25.03 7.80 .55 18.48 24.21 - .75 21.38 16.20 6.38 .65 20.77 11.30 . 3.10 .40 12.47 9.13 3.63 .50 14.87 Remarks. Wild Purple Grapes, Wild Purple Grapes, Concord Grapes, Concord Grapes, Concord Grapes, Concord Grapes, Concord Grapes, 1876. Sept. 13, 50.93 .15 Sept. 20, 62 65 .85 July 7, 41 73 5.04 July 17, 47.34 1.13 Aug. 18, 51.14 3.19 Sept. 13, 57.15 4.17 1878. Oct. 3, 64.65 1.42 2.93 j Unfertilized. 4 63 ' Fertilized. 1.37 Unfertilized. .43 '■ Unfertilized. 1.67 Unfertilized. 11.82 Unfertilized. 5.80 Fertilized. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 305 C Analyses of Fruits — Concluded. [Ash analyses of fruits and garden crops.] 100 Parts of Ash CONTAINED — NAME. Ash. a o Cm •o o 03 o3 3 a a bo a § < Si 0-1 o a Concord Grape (fruit), . - 51.14 3.19 16.20 6.38 .65 20.77 1.67 Unfermented juice, . - 50.85 .48 3.69 4.25 .10 6.43 .90 Fermented juice, - 40.69 - 6.85 6.24 - 9.04 - Skins and pulp, . - 7.70 .42 67.36 8.80 .08 24.40 1.32 Seeds, 3. OS 6.71 - - 3.03 - 17.20 .29 Stems of grapes. 4.69 20.91 - 20.20 8.45 - 17.75 2.09 Young branches,* - 24.71 .94 40.53 10.66 1.08 17.16 4.92 Wood of vine.t . 2.97 22.57 - 9.72 4.28 - 14.07 23.84 Clinton Grape (fruit), - 58.45 3.51 13.34 7.37 .90 18.19 - Baldwin Apple, - 63.54 1.71 7.28 5.52 1.08 20.87 3.68 Strawberry (fruit), t .52 49.24 3.23 13.47 8.12 1.74 18.50 5.66 Strawberry (fruit), § - 58.47 - 14.64 6.12 3.37 17.40 - Strawberry vines. 3.34 10.62 13.35 36.63 3.83 6.91 14.48 14.17 Cranberry (fruit), . .18 47.96 6.58 18.58 6.78 - 14.27 - Cranberry vines. •2.45 12.98 3.27 16.49 10.33 3.35 10.94 34.04 Currants, red .47 47.68 4.02 18.96 6.23 1.20 21.91 - Currants, white, ..59 52.79 3.00 17.08 5.68 2.67 18.78 - Crawford Peach, sound, . - 74.46 - 2.64 6.29 .58 16.02 - Crawford Peach, diseased, || . - 71.30 - 4.68 5.49 .46 18.07 - Branch, sound, . - 26.01 - 54.52 7.58 .52 11.37 - Branch, diseased, || - 15.67 - 64.23 10.28 1.45 8.37 - • Asparagus stems. - 42.94 3.58 27.18 12.77 1.22 12. 31 .08 Asparagus roots, - 58.43 5.42 15.48 7.57 - 15.09 3.67. Onions, - 38.51 1.90 8.20 3.65 .58 15.80 3.33. * With tendrils and blossoms, f One year old. X Wilder. § Downing. || Yellows. 306 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. D. Analyses of Sugar -producing Plants. [Composition of sugar beets raised upon the college grounds during the season of 1870 and 1871.] Brix Saccliarom- eter (Degrees). Per Cent, of Sugar. Non- saccharine Substances. Electoral, Imperial, Vilmoriii, Imjjerial, Imperial, Electoral, Vilmorin, Imperial, Vilmorin, Vienna Globe,* Common Mangold,* Sept. 10, 14 " 12, 15 -u 18, 14.5 (( 18, 14 Oct. 11, 15 " 16, 15 t« 18, 16 Nov. 1-t, 15 » 21, 15.5 Sept. 19, 11 " 19, 9 .30 .59 .95 ,79 ,05 ,22 ,13 ,60 12 00 ,00 1.75 2.41 1.55 3.21 2.95 2.78 2.87 3.34 2.38 3.00 3.97 * Fodder beets. [Percentage of sugar in different varieties of sugar beets grown on college farm' during the season of 1882.] XAME. Source of Seed. Weight in Pounds. Per Cent, of Sugar in Juice. I. Vilmorin, Saxony, . 3 tn " ^ lO g 15.50 II. Vilmorin, ..... Saxony, . f to 1 15.61 I. White Imperial, .... Saxony, 1 to If 14.20 II. White Imperial, .... Saxony, . If to 2 10.27 New Imperial, Saxony, . H to If 13.80 I. White Magdeburg, Saxony, . 11 to 2 13.10 II. White Magdebura:, Silesia, . 11 to If 10.06 Quedlinburg, Saxony, . 11 to 1| 13.44 White Silesian, Silesia, . li to 1| • 9.72 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 307 D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Continued. [Effect of soil and fertilization on Electoral sugar beets.*] SOIL. MANURE. 1 ' £ a CO ^ 1 2 1 s II O M ?5 ^ s C 3 SI Sandy loam, Fresh yard-manure, 16.5 12.50 4.00 75.08 Clayish loam, . Fresh yard-manure. 15.5 11.05 4.45 71.30 Warm alluvial, . Yard-manure and chemicals, . 12.75 9.17 3.58 71.92 Warm alluvial, . Fresh hog-manure. 13.5 9.53 3.97 70.06 Light, sandy soil. No manure, . 18.5 13.73 . 4.77 74.21 Alluvial soil, Brighton fish. 14.5 11.15 3.35 76.90 Heavy soil. Yard-manure, 12.25 8.15 4.10 66.53 - - 13.5 9.90 3.60 73.33 * Not raised on college farm (Connecticut valley). [Effect of fertilization on sugar beets.*] Peece>:tages of Sugar in Jdicb. FERTILIZERS. ^recport. Electoral. Vilmorin. Fresh horse-manure, .... Blood guano without potash, Blood guano wath potash, . Kainite and superphosphate, Suljihate of potash, .... Second year after stable-manure. 11.96 10.99 12.55 13.15 14.52 13.49 9.42 10.10 13.24 12.16 14.32 12.78 7.80 10.20 10.50 10.50 12.78 12.19 * All were grown on the same soil, — sandy loam (college) 308 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Continued. [Effect of different modes of cultivation on Electoral sugar beets.] Brix Per Cent. Non- LoCALiTT OF Beet-field. Date. Saccliarom- of Cane saccharine (Degrees). Sugar. Substances. 1. Sing Sing, N. Y., . 1872-73 11 7.80 3.20 2. Washington, N. Y., . " 14 10.97 3.03 3. South Hartford, N. Y., " 15 11.70 3.30 4. Greenwich, N. Y., . " 12 9.50 2.50 5. Frankfort, N. Y., . " 13.5 11.00 2.50 G. Albion, N. Y.,* " 18 15.10 2.90 Albion, N. Y.,t " 14 9.70 4.30 * From beets weighing from l}i to 2 pounds. | From beets weighing from 10 to 14 pounds. 1. Soil, loam resting on clayish hard-pan, had been for several 3'ears in grass. Tomatoes bad been the preceding crop. Five hundred pounds of a phosphatie blood guano were applied before planting. 2. Soil, a clayish loam, had been ploughed seven inches deep. A liberal amount of rotten sheep-manure was placed in trenches and covered by running two furrows together, thus forming a ridge on which the seed were planted. 3. Soil, a gravelly loam, which had been richly manured with stable compost and twice ploughed before planting. 4. Soil, a sandy loam, underlaid by fine sand. The seed were planted on ridges, which covered trenches containing a little rotten stable- manure. 5. No details of modes of cultivation received. 6. Soil, a dark, reddish-brown, rich, deep, sandy loam. Clover had been raised for two years previous to a crop of carrots, which preceded the sugar beets. The beets were the second crop after the application of twenty loads of stable-manure per acre. Composition of Canada-grown Sugar Beets. [1872 and 1873.] Where Grown. Weiglit of Koots. Specific Gravity of Juice (Brix). Tempera- ture of Juice. Per Cent. of Cane Sugar in Juice. EchauUou de Montreal, . Riviere du Loup, Chambly, .... Maskinonge, .... 2 to 2i lbs. 2 to 3^ lbs. 2 to 2i lbs. 2 to 3 lbs. 15.4° 14.5° 13.2° 13.4° 64° F. 63° F. C3°F. 63° F. 11.38 10.20 9.02 8.83 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 309 D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Continued. [Early Amber Cane.] Date. CONDITION OF CANE. ?^« SO 4> 3-2 '" li i; ■JT O O W £.2 3 '3 g>« 0**3 o 1879. Aug. 15, Aug. 16, Aug. 20, Aug. 24, Aug. 27, Aug. 30, Sept. 2, Sept. 9, Sept. 9, Sept. 18, Sept. 18, Sept. 18, Sept. 18, Sept. 21, Sept. 23, Sept. 25, Sept. 28, Oct. 4, Oct. 7, Oct. 8, Oct. 9, Oct. 14, Oct. 18, Oct. 19, Oct. 22, Oct. 23, Oct. 24, No flower stalks in sight,* No flower stalks in sight,* Flower stalks developed,* Flowers open,* . Plants in full bloom,* Seed forming,* . Seed in milk,* Seeds still soft,* . Stripped on Sept. 2,*. Left on field without stripping,* Tops removed,* . Tops and leaves removed on Sept. 9,* Tops removed ; left on field 9 daj's,* Juice from the above,* Juice from the above,* Left on field 3 weeks, f Left on field 3 weeks,! Left on field 3 weeks, f Freshly cut. Ground with leaves, f Freshly cut. Stripped two weeks,t Freshly cut. Stripijed two weeks,! Several weeks old, t . . . . Several weeks old,} .... Several weeks old.f .... Several weeks old.f .... Several weeks old.f .... Several weeks old,t .... 4.2 5.8 8.7 10.0 9.6 10.7 12.1 12 8 13.2 13.8 11.5 12.8 13.0 15.0 19.8 17.8 16.1 16.7 12.8 18.4 18.2 15.1 15.5 16.2 18.3 16.6 Per ct. 2.48 4.06 3.47 3.70 3.65 4.00 3.85 3.21 3.77 3.57 3.16 3.16 10.00 11.91 16.60 8.62 4.16 5.16 7.57 10.42 7.57 9.22 8.30 11.30 Per ct. None None 2.15 3.00 4.13 3.81 4.41 6.86 6.81 7.65 8.49 5.85 .60 6.27 6.16 9.94 5.27 C. C. 6.8 9.0 7.0 4.0 10.0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 Per ct. 7.93 11.10 13.00 14.07 15.48 16.14 15.85 26.13 26.75 7.0 10.6 10.4 14.0 9.0 100 Parts of Cane contained — u it) HI 8 3 etc _ 3 a S O H 1.79 3.21 5.00 2.92 3.78 6.70 2.38 3.63 6.01 2.96 3.85 6.81 3.08 4.01 7.0i> 1889. October, . October, . October, . October, . October, . Early Tennessee sorghum, mature, Price's new hybrid, ripe, . . Kansas orange, green, New orange, green, . Honduras, green, 77.43 77.80 80.67 78.30 77.55 * Raised on the college farm. t Raised by farmers in the vicinity of the college. 310 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants — Concluded. [Composition of the juice of corn stalks and melons.] >> o S Variett. O S en e o 1 3 CO 3 a a 2 o CO Northern corn,* 1.023 27 Per ct. 4.35 Per ct. 0.28 Per ct. 15.18 Black Mexican sweet corn,t 1.048 27 2.06 7.02 17.44 Evergreen sweet corn,f . 1.052 - 4.85 5.70 20.38 Common sweet corn,:}: 1.035 - 6.60 None. - Common yellow musk-melon, § 1.010 26 1.67 2.65 - White-flesh water-melon, . 1.025 18 2.91 2.16 - Red-flesh water-melon, 1.025 22 3.57 2.18 - Red-flesh watermelon. 1.025 10 3.84 1.77 - Nutmeg musk-melon, II 1.030 19 3.33 2.11 - Nutmeg musk-iiielon,^ . ' . 1.050 20 2.27 5.38 - Nutmeg musk-melon,** . 1.030 19 2.50 1.43 - * Tassels appearing, t Ears ready for the table. J Kernels somewhat hard. ^ Fully ripe. II Not ripe. H Ripe. ** Over-ripe. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 311 o ^ Kl r-l .o rr> o •qsv 1 CO CO CO -^ •M U5 CO -* -* ^ •aSBjaAy 1 1 1 1 ' ' fH '*■ ^ •raaniiaipf CO >n •mnraixBji o m CO ^ cn «* «* CO "*• •aSvsBAY Q CJ c^ CO CO CO CO c< o* a »-t •uinaiiaijj o •inmnixBj^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ CO a» CO ea * O) CO «* CO CO •8SB.I3AV CO ■ " f^ CO ^^ ■* ^^ 1^ C£> _: ^" oo e^ CM "" 00 -* CO . ■* ■^ i'' •ominiaij^ ^ * 1^ CO ,^ 'J' Ol o •ainottxBj^ o § 00 Q OS CO m ^ «*■ ^ CO in O) Q tf> •aScjOAV m C3 oo irj .* »< ^J CO «* ^ - - - iH - - rM - . # ^ * be Ml V) a a ftfl ■a C3 a a ^p tE aa ^ s 'jj » - ^ " o 5 3 g — JS ^ o p >i ^ Ul 4-4 f^ >i 0) O a. 3 o .2 o 5 T3 * C3 O 'Z^ •a Cj ■r. C3 ^ o p E a s !3 01 a O fc£ ^ *. H a 3 a 3 a c d o ^ ^ ^ £5 a be S a g p a o . JiJ ^ a H F F F ^ r^ r;^ o o o o o a *+H o a 3 £ o 01 o o 0) « a ^ 3 t. r> ^ .^ ^ .i:^ jq J5 r' CO C5 O s ^ I-* J O U U U O 312 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Juu. -5 -^ ^ f^ ■o C8 O J3 "^ =* " •noijBuituBxa joj uo jn9g C3 O O '(TCC fM C<100tM0lM00 aiqniosui 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 >0 (M C-? -M lO r^io^oooc^i— 1 1 1 1 1 O r-H O O O OO — C-lt — ^oo O O .! CO CO o o ■. , . ■ajumiiiis 1 1^ 1 1 1 CO 2 1 1 1 '*c^^ 1 1 ' 1 lO CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o o mnis3uSBH[ s?; O O O «5 o •ajL'udins 1 t^ 1 1 1 i!^ O 1 1 1 1 IM 1 \ o coco o 1 o ranipog COOCiCTlOOOO— '^Of^iCIO CO in o CD o = -* c^ o t^ lO t>. •spuoiiiD mnisauSBjv; (N coco iTf — -- — ,— iCMOiOC CO t^ ■spuom,:) OICICOIOI l>Cl^^l ICOtj. oo 1 ICOCO-^^ — -f-MCiOJ O C iM CO ^02 0 O^ o r^ --COOOOOOCJO raiip[U3 (MOiO'5oooom ocot^r^ ra OlOOt^OCO^Ot^lOCDCO •94Bi[coCc0 1M!MCOCO Tt<(>)Ttii— 1 CJ> QtCC-. X'ti-^CO'-'i-H — 05C0 ranpiBO ^^Iz; *" ^ ^-^^ ,-1 ^ ,-1 ,-1 rt rJ ,-1 r-H iMO-^COCOOOCOnOilMlM^W CO ooO'MOt^oicoco>o--'ra r<^ (M«CXiC-ft^Or-iCDt^05C0 OOCOOKSOOO-^COtOt^CDCOOO (M *ococ^c^iasooo«o»QiOooc5 ■gpuomo tuinpos CCt--COCO«T't^000O0OO000!^ Ci0502CiOiG50^05050iO>CiCiO:> C5 OC:GiCi05C5050i030>OiOJ 0000-#000lM00C0— ' cn lOOOiOCOOiOiOOiOiCl COOOCO-^OOOlCM^CDOCOO Thcooooa^-MOscoowicD ■0 «00I ajnjsiojt cocom'-Hcoc3C^or-;'i;i~-;i^c^'Q CO c^'l .- ^^o ■ z - . _-3 •>. - » UKCE. ,' W. I ndaga smout on Cit iglish) g o §3 x5 rgs^W tc ^ "-^ en Q ..S r;^ •SOP.g-^ S3 . 5 ?. 2 D AN 3. La. Dom Y., ey, 0 ey, M ty, N salt, salt, salt. liton's r m Amh d (sent m Ami) 'salt mi y. t of Pettite Ans t of Neyba, San t, Onondaga, N t, Hocking Val t, Saginaw VaK t from Kansas, t, Lincoln Coun fine and boiled fine and boiled fine and boiled d table salt, As a dairy salt, , Bulletin '26, I. , Bulletin '26, II ^ « co" Dairy salt, sent on fro Ashton salt (sent on), Onondaga ftictory-fille Dairy salt, sent on fro Rock salt from Retsol Royal salt. Excelsior salt, Genesee salt, . Genesee salt, . Bradley salt, . Higgin's Eureka salt, AVorcester refined salt 3 Rock sal Rock sal Solar sa] Solar sal Solar sal Solar sal Solar sal Common Common Common Dairy an Ononda? Fine salt Fine salt "cS c 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 313 METEOROLOGY. 1890. The meteorolooical observations have been continued as in previous years. The temperature, the force and direction of the wind, and the amount of ch)udiness, are recorded each day at 7 a.m., 2 p.m. and 9 p m. During the summer months the reading of a wet-bulb thermometer is taken at these times. Instruments recording the maximum and minimum tempera- tures, and measuring the rainfall, are also used. Besides our regular observations, records are made of casual meteorological phenomena, and the condition of farm crops, trees, etc., as affected by the weather or season. Monthly and annual reports are sent to the headquarters of the signal service at Washington, D. C, and to the New England Meteorological Society. During the summer months we have sent weekly weather crop reports to the latter society, and have furnished a partial monthly report for the use of the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. The weather during January and February was exception- ally mild, even more so than during 1889. Considerable difficulty was experienced in getting ice. In this vicinity none was cut until February, when it reached a thickness of from six to eight inches. There was hardly enough snow for good sleighing at any time during the winter. A snow-storm on the 20th of February gave sleighing for two or three days, and one on the 6th of March gave fair sleighing until the 10th. The temperature for March was lower than for either of the preceding months. The total snowfiillfor March is recorded as seventeen inches, but with one exception it disappeared soon after falling. The last heavy frost, during the spring, occurred April 29. Light frosts were reported on the 17th and 23d of May. The weather during the early part of the season was, on 314 AGlilCULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. the whole, favorable to the growth of farm crops. The first crop of hay was large, and most of it w^as secured in good condition during the dry weather preceding the heavy rain beginning July 24. The crop of rowen sufiered somewhat on account of that drought, and other crops suffered to some extent. During the remainder of the growing season there was sufficient rain, most of the time an abundance. Frost held ofi" remarkably late, the first in the autumn occurring September 25, after which there was none until October 13. The first trace of snow occurred November 11. There were 15.5 inches during December, with orood sleio'hino; most of the time. The rainfall during the year was slightly above the aver- age, and fairly distributed. The rains during April, June and November, however, were light, being less than two inches in each case. The heaviest rain of the season occurred on the 24th, 25th and 26th of July, giving a rainfall of 4.65 inches. From the 9th to the 15th of September it rained every day, giving 2.57 inches, and on the 17tli of that month there was a fall of 1.50 inches. A storm on the 23d and 24th of October gave 2.30 inches. During the year there were one hundred and fifty days recorded as " cloudy," seventy-one as " clear." The greatest number of cloudy days, seventeen, occurred in October, and the greatest number of clear days, nine, in November and December. In August there were but three clear days. The prevailing wind dnring six months of the year was north- west. It w^as north-east during March, April and August, south-east during May and June, and south during July. The mean annual temperature for the year, 46.43°, was about the average. The principal variations from the monthly average temperatures occurred in January, which has had a higher temperature during the period covered by the Amherst observation only in 1838, 1870 and 1880. February also was considerably warmer than usual. The average for December is the lowest since 1876. The highest temperature during the year was 92°, occur- ring eJuly 8 ; the lowest, — 9.5°, occurring March 7. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 115 03 ^ ^ /3 .a a /3 X "5 (M I— < H V. Z ° u y^^ ,_, ,_( '^ •^ 00 •* 0 00 Ci '+< 00 (M SS 3 P CD 0 CO CD "* -^ p c^ p C-1 '^ p p ci ■* ■* iri lO ■*" >o d CO 52 CO ^ 0^ c b- c^ ^ C CO CD 1.^ ^ t~; p 00 -* ^ _ (M US 1-9 a2 1 1 1 1 ■^ CO d d CO d 1 1 id -< CO 00 CO 00 w 00 (M US fc -a « -2 .a ^ £ ^ ?l -3 (M ,a ^ -a a a 1 , o3 'O ti C5 CO 0 00 r^ t--. CD '^i us 00 r^ en Ed §!> M ■^ CO 00 p w «q tH ^ p p p p 00 p K c CO l~l l-i •^ (r^ CO CO d d t^ CO d CO O 03 (A IM c^ M (M (M CO (M •ia iq iq «D 00 c4 CO d 1-^ p d p d p 16 c^l p P sa (M (M (M CO Tfl 10 IC ■o 0 CO (M CO d CO ■4 OS a 04 ■5 a 00 03 03 03 06 CO P CO d d p d d p d p d (M d d Gi p a sa CO CO CO 0 CD t^ t^ «^ CO ja Tj< eo 00 CO us ir d in 00 o CO >6 im" Its B. CO eo CO lO CO t:^ t^ t^ CD 0 ■«*l IM CD CO in . r~- 5D ^ CD p 0 "1 1 3 «3 3 31G AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Miscellaneous Phenomena, — Dates. Frost. Snow. Rain. Thunder- Btorms. Lunar Halos. Jauuavy, 4, 19, 23, 10, 11, 23, 31, 1, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 27, 30. - - February, . 7, U, 2, 7, 10, 20, 4, 7, 8, 14, 17, 18, 24, 25, 28. - 1. March, 24, 3,5,6,15,19, 28,29, 31, 1, 11, 14, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28. 28, 45, 24. April, . 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 21, 29. - 4, 7, 8, 9, 25, 26, 27, - 29. May, . . . 17, 23, - 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 26, 27, 28. 14, 28, - June, . - - 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14,. 15, 19. 5, 6, - July, . . . - - 3, 4, 7, 15, 19, 24, 25, 26, 31. 7, 19, 20, 31, - August, - - 1, 9, 10, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 30. 17, 19, - September, . 25, - 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 26. 17, - October, 13, 16, 22, 23, - 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30. - 22, 25. November, . 1, 3, 4. 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, 21, 24, 26, 30. - 2,9, 11, 15, 17, - - December, . 2 3, 5, 6, 26, 30, 3, 17, 18, 21, - 16, 25. C. A. GOESSMANN, Directo?'. 1891.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 317 ANNUAL EEPORT OF FRANK E. PAIGE, Treasurer of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experimemt Station, For the Year ending Dec. 31 y 1890. Received. Cash from Dr. J. P. Lynde, balance of last j-ear, Cash from State Treasurer, appropriation, . Cash from farm, etc., Cash from fertilizer account, # . . . Expended. Cash paid salaries, .... Cash paid laboratory supplies. Cash paid printing and office expenses. Cash paid farmer and farm labor, Cash paid farm stock and feed, Cash paid incidental expense. Cash paid construction and repairs, Cash paid expense of board of control, Cash paid fertilizer account, . Cash on hand, $15 00 10,000 00 1,422 07 1,905 00 $4,478 03 1,213 01 838 34 2,050 10 1,278 96 899 93 599 22 75 62 1,.%5 00 343 86 $13,342 07 $13,342 07 SUMMARY OF THE PROPERTY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. {Dec. 31, 1890.) Buildings, etc., . $30,702 00 Farm inventory (live stock, crops, etc.), .... 2,299 45 Office furniture (chemical laboratory), 1,456 75 Chemicals and chemical apparatus (chemical laboratory), 2,605 95 Furniture, herljariums and library (agricultural and physi- ological laboratory), 903 25 Instruments, apparatus, etc. (agricultural and physiologi- cal laboratory), 822 10 Total of inventory $38,789 50 Boston, Mass., Jan. 8, 1891. This is to certify that I have examined the books and accounts of Frank E. Paige, Treas- urer of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, for the fiscal year ending Dec. 31, 1890, and find them correct, and all disbursements properly vouched for, with a balance of cash in treasury of three hundred forty-three dollars and eighty-six cents, which is shown to be in bank. W. R. SESSIONS, Auditor. 318 INDEX. INDEX TO EIGHTH ANNUAL KEPORT, 1890. * PAGE Alfalfa, analyses of, 292, 297 Algre, analyses of, 286 Alsike clover, analyses of, . . . 165, 292, 297 Ammonia, sulphate of, analyses of 258, 282 Ammonite, analysis of, 284 Analysis of butter, methods for, 66 of butter fat, methods for determining volatile acids in, . . . 67,68 of fertilizers, methods for, 272 of fodders, methods for, 133 of milk, method for 66 Apples, analyses of, 29i, 299, 301 Apple pomace, analyses of, 295, 300 Ashes, cotton hull, analyses of, 262, 282 hard wood, analyses of 258-262, 282 lime-kiln, analyses of, 283 logwood, analyses of, 283 from blue works, analyses of, 283 from sea-weed, analyses of, . . 283 mill, analyses of, 283 pine wood, analyses of, 283 spent tan-bark, analyses of, . , 283 Asparagus, analyses of, 305 Barley, as a crop, 171 Barley, analyses of, 292, 294, 299 Barley straw, analyses of, 184, 293, 298 Barn-yard grass, analysis of, 291 Barn-yard manure, analyses of 287 Beets, fodder, analyses of, 293, 298 Beets, sugar, analyses of, 39, 293, 298 Black knot of plums 200-212 Development of, 205 Fungus of, 202 Occurrence, 203 Theories concerning, 201 Blood, dried, analyses of, 284 Board of Control, members of, 4 Bokhara clover, analyses of 188, 292, 297 Bokhara clover, as a crop, • . . 161 Bone ash, analyses of, . _ . . . 284 Bone-black, analyses of 284 Bones, dry ground, analyses of, 265-266, 285 Bone soup, analyses of, 285 INDEX. 319 PAGE Brewers' grain, analyses of, 285, 295, 300 Broom-corn seed, analyses of 294 Broom-corn waste, analyses of, 295, 300 Brown rot of stone fruits, 213-216 Buckwheat hulls, analyses of, . 269 Buckwheat middlings, analyses of, 126, 295 Buckwheat, Japanese, analyses of, 181, 292, 297 Butter, methods of analysis of, 66 Butter, analyses of 311 Buttermilk, analyses of, 311 Carnallite, analyses of, 282 Carrots, analyses of, . . . 38, 183, 293, 299 field tests of, 171 Carrot tops, analyses of, 183, 292, 298 Castor bean pomacQ, analj^ses of, 285 Cheese, analyses of, 311 Clover, analyses of, .■ 292,297 Coal, residue from, analysis of, 269 Cocoa dust, analyses of, 295, 300 Corn and cob meal, analyses of, 111,114,294,298 Corn cobs, analyses of, 295, 300 Corn, damaged, analyses of, 268 Corn fodder, analyses of, 127 Corn kernels, analyses of 294, 299 Corn meal, analyses of, 62,112,114,11.5,116,294,299 Corn, Southern white, field tests of, 171 Cora stover, analyses of, 38, 128, 129, 292, 297 Cotton hulls, analyses of 295, 300 Cottou-seed meal, analyses of, 123, 124, 285, 295, 299 Cotton waste, analyses of, . . 285, 286 Cow-pea, analyses of, 31, 64 Cranberries, analyses of, 305 Cream, analyses of, 64, 311 volatile and non-volatile acids in, 64 Creamery record for year, 54-69 Conclusions drawn from record, 63 Cost of skim-milk, , 62 Fertilizing constituents of cream, 62 Fodder articles used, 57 Fodder rations, . 59 Quality of milk, 59 Value of cream 61 Cucumbers, diseases of 220 Currants, analj^ses of, 305 Dairy products, analyses of, 311 Daisy, white, analyses of 293, 298 " Damping off" of cucumbers, 220 De Graff's Bug Destroyer, analysis of, 276 Digestible protein, cost of, 145 Drainage of grass land, 193 Eel-grass, analyses of, 286 Ensilage corn 129, 146, 199 Ensilage, maize, analyses of, 37, 130, 131, 146, 290, 296 Ensilage of soja beans and cow-pea, 129,199 Esparsette as a crop, 161 Farm crops, summary of, 199 320 INDEX. PAOE Feeding experiments with lambs, 70-90 Breeds represented, 70 Character and cost of feed consumed 72 Conclusions drawn from experiment, 77 Cost of lambs, 72 Detailed statement, . 78-90 Gain in live weight, 74 General diet 70 Weight of lambs, 71 Wool clip, 75 Feeding experiments with milch cows, I., old-process linseed meal vs. new- process, 15-39 Summary of previous experiments, 12-15 Analyses of fodder articles used, 36-39 Analyses of milk produced, 32 Average yield of milk, 21 Coarse fodders used, 17 Conclusions drawn, 23 Cost of feed per quart of milk, 20,28-31 Creamery record, 23 Detailed statement of feeding, 25-27 Dry matter needed to produce one quart of milk, 20 Fodder ration, cost of, 19 fertilizing ingredients in, 20 Live weight of animals, 23 Net cost of milk and manurial value of feed, 32,33 Valuation of food stuffs used 18 Feeding experiments with milch cows, II., green crops vs. English hay, . 39-54 Analyses of fodder articles used, 52 Analyses of milk produced 50 Conclusions drawn, 43 Cost of food per quart of milk, 47 Detailed statement of feeding, 45 Fodder rations used, 41 Net cost of milk and manurial value of feed, 49 Value of fertilizing ingredients of fodder articles used, .... 42 Feeding experiments with young pigs 91-112 Analyses of fodder articles used, 105, 111, 112 Breeds represented, 93, 106 Character of food for pigs of different ages, 96 Conclusions drawn, 97 Detailed statement of feeding, 98-104, 109 Fertilizing ingredients in fodders used, 104, 111 Remarks on raising pigs, 91 Summary of previous experiments, 94 Valuation and manurial \alue of fodder articles used, . . . 95,111 Felt refuse, analyses of, 284 Fertilizer analysis, methods of, 272 Fertilizers, analyses of ofHcial samples of, 243-256 compound, sent on, analyses of, 271 inspection 231-237 instructions to dealers in, 236 law regulating sale of 234 manufiicturers of, 237 trade value of, 231 Field experiments 135-199 INDEX. 321 PAOE Fish, dry ground, analyses of, 264, 285 Fish chum, analyses of, 264, 285 Flax, as a crop, 176 Flora vita, analysis of, 270 Flower food, concentrated, analysis uf, 270 Fodder corn, analyses of, 37, 290, 292, 296, 297 Fodder analysis, methods of, 133 Fodder crops, selection of, 136 Fodder crops, composition of, 141 Fungicides, 226 Glucose refuse, analyses of, 286 Glue factory refuse, analyses of 263 Gluten meal, analyses of, 105, 125, 126, 295, 300 Grapes, analyses of, 302-305 Grape-vine mildew 222 Grasses, mixed, for seeding, 161, 163, 194 Grass land, east meadow, historj' of 192 top dressing of, 195 yield of, 196 Guano, analj'ses of, . 283 Harvey's universal vegetable food, analysis of, 133 Hay, analyses of, 36, 291, 296 Hen manure, analyses of, 268, 287 Herds grass, as a crop, 162 Hollyhock, rust of, 224 Hominy meal, analyses of, 294, 299 Hop refuse, analyses of, 286 Horn and hoof waste, analyses of, 284 Horse bean, analyses of, 290, 294, 296 as a crop, 171 straw, analyses of, 293 Hungarian grass, analyses of, 290, 291 Insecticides, analyses of, 275, 276 Italian rye grass, analysis of, 291, 297 Jute waste, analysis of 268 Kainite, analyses of, 282 Kelp, analyses of, " 286 Kentucky blue-grass, as a crop, 161 Kentucky blue-grass, analyses of, 164, 291, 297 Kibi, analyses of, 290, 296 Kieserite, analyses of, 282 Krugite, analyses of, 282 Legumes, value of, for renovating worn-out lauds, 139 Letter of transmittal, 9 Linseed meal, old-process is. new-process, 15-39 old-process, analyses of, 16, 121, 295, 299 new-process, analyses of, ... . 16, 52, 122, 123, 295, 299 Lime, gas house, anafyses of, 283 Lime waste, analyses of, 283 Live stock, economical feeding of, 142 Lobster shells, analyses of, 285 Lotus villosus, analyses of, 179, 292, 297 Lucerne, analyses of, 292, 297 Lupine, white, as a crop, . . 173 Lupine, white, analyses of, 291, 297 Manurial value of feed, . . 32, 42, 49, 55, 95, 104 322 INDEX. PAGE Mangolds, analyses of, 293, 298 Map of station farm, 6,7 Marls, analyses of, 283 Meadow fescue, as a ci'op, 162 Meadow fescue, analj'ses of, 163, 291, 297 Meadow hay, analyses of, 291 Meat mass, analyses of, 285 Medium clover, analyses of, 165 Melilot, analyses of, 166, 292, 297 Meteorology, report on, 313-316 Mildewi downy, of cruciferous plants, 222 Mildew of grape-vines, 222 Mildew of spinach, 221 Millet, analyses of, 290, 291, 296, 297 Milk, analyses of, . 22, 50, 311 Milk analysis, methods of, 66 Mix, analyses of 290, 296 Muck, analyses of, 286 Mussel mud, analyses of, . . , . . 286 Nitrate of potash, analyses of, .... .' 282 Nitrate of soda, analyses of, 257, 282 Nitre salt cake, analysis of, 282 Nitrogen, different forms of, on field crops 149-158 Nitrogenous matter, cost of digestible, 145 Oats, analyses of 290, 291, 296 Oats, diseases of, 225 Oats, fertilizer experiments with, 153, 157 Oats, as a crop, 155 Oats, weights of, 156 Oleomargarine refuse, analyses of, 284 Onions, analyses of, 305 Orchard grass, analyses of, 291, 297 Palmetto root, analysis of, 295, 300 Paris green, anal3'ses of, 275 Parsnips, analyses of, 183, 294, 299 Peat, analyses of, . . . ^ 286 Pea meal, analyses of, 295, 299 Peaches, analyses of, 301, 305 Pears, analyses of, 301 Perennial rye grass, analyses of, 291, 297 Peruvian guano, analyses of, . . . 283 Phosphates, analyses of, 188, 267 Phosphate rock, analyses of 267-283 Phosphatic slag, analyses of, 284 Phosphoric acid, field experiments with different forms of, . . . . 187 Plaster, analyses of, 283 Potash, muriate of, analyses of, 257, 282 Potash, nitrate of, analyses of, ' . . . 282 Potash, sulphate of, analyses of, 282 Potassium magnesium sulphate, analyses of, 282 Potash, field experiments with - . 153-157 Potatoes, analyses of, 294, 299 Potatoes, effect of phosphates on 189 Potatoes, fertilizing constituents removed by 191 Potatoes, yield of, 190 Potato rot, investigations of, . . . • 223 INDEX. 323 PAGE Potato scab, investigations of 216 Poudrette, analyses of, 287 Red-top, as a crop, 161 Red-top, analyses of, 291,297 Rliode Island bent grass, as a crop, 162 Rock weed, analyses of, 286 Royal English horse and cattle condiment, analysis of, 132 Rose bugs, death to, analysis of, 275 Rowen, analyses of, ^6, 291, 296 Rust, white, of cruciferous plants, 222 Rust of elder, 223 Rust of blackberries and raspberries, 224 Rust of hollyhock, 224 Ruta-bagas, analyses of, 293, 299 Rye bran, analyses of, 295 Rye middlings, analyses of, 295, 300 Rye, green, analyses of, 291 Rye grass, English, as a crop, 171 Rye grass, perennial, analyses of, 291 Rye grass, Italian, analyses of, 291 Sainfoin, as a crop, . . . . ' 161 Sainfoin, analyses of, 167, 292, 297 Salt, analyses of, 69, 311 Salt hay, analyses of, 297 Saltpetre waste, analyses of, 263, 282 Scotch tares, analyses of, 131, 182, 293, 299 Scotch tares, as a crop, 172 Serradella, as a crop, 173 Serradella, analyses of, 291, 293, 296, 298 Sea-weed, analyses of, 269 Sewage sludge, analyses of, 266 Silo, remarks on, 199 Skim-milk, analyses of, 105, 311 Skim-milk, cost of 62 Small pea, analyses of, 181, 293, 298 Soap-grease refuse, analyses of, 285 Soja bean, as a crop, 171 Soja bean, analyses of, . .' 54,185,294,297,298 Soja bean straw, analyses of 293, 298 Soot, analyses of, 287 Sorghum, analyses of, 290, 296, 309 Spanish moss, analyses of, 291, 296 Spinach, mildew of, 221 Sponge refuse, analysis of, 284 Starch refuse, analyses of, 266, 295 Strawberries, analyses of, 305 Sugar beets, as a crop, 174 Sugar beets, analyses of, 39, 306 Sugar beets, fertilizers on, 307 Sugar beet pulp, analysis of, 295 Sugar-producing plants, analyses of, 308-310 Sulla, as a crop, 174 Sulla, analyses of 188, 292, 297 Sulphatine, analyses of, 275 Sumac waste, analysis of, 286 Sweet clover, analyses of, 166 324 INDEX. PAGE Sweet vernal grass, analyses of, 173 Tankage, analyses of 265, 267, 285 Teosinte, analyses of, 180, 292, 297 Timothy, analyses of, 290, 297 Tobacco liquor, analyses of, 276 Tobacco stems, analyses of, . . . ' 285 Top dressing grass land, 195 Treasurer's report, 317 Turf, analyses of, 289 Turnips, analyses of, 185, 293, 299 Value of fodders, commercial, 18, 54, 144 Valuation of fertilizers, 232 Vegetable ivory, analysis of, 270 Vetches, as a crop, 172 Vetches, analyses of, 293 Vetch and oats, analyses of, 53, 132, 290, 293, 296, 298 Volatile acids in fat of milk, 64 Volatile acids, methods of determining, 67, 68 Water analyses, 277-280 Weather records, 313 Wheat bran, analyses of, r)3, 117, 118, 119, 295, 300 Wheat flour, analyses of, 299 Wheat kernels, analyses of, 294 Wheat middlings, analyses of 127, 295, 300 Wheat straw, analyses of, 293 Whale meat, analyses of, 285 Wool, raw, analyses of, 284 Wool washings, analyses of, 284, 285 Wool waste, analyses of, 284 PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33. NINTH ANNUAL EEPOET BOARD OF CONTROL STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERL^IENT STATION AMHERST, MASS 1891. Office of Experiment Stations. ftec'd Ans'd-.4a80425- BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post Office Square. 1.S92. PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33. NINTH ANNUAL EEPOET BOARD OF CONTROL STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERBIENT STATION AMHERST, MASS. Office of Experiment Stations. 1891. Uns'd-..£aa#v./^ BOSTON : WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO, STATE PRINTERS, 18 Post Office Square. 1892. €^0mm0nfaeaItlT ai P^assarlntsttts* Office of the Secretary, Boston, Jan. 14, 1892. Hon, William E. Barrett, Speaker of the House of Bepreseniatives. Sir : — I have the honor to transmit, for the use of the Legislature, the Ninth Annual Report of the Board of Con- trol of the State Agricultural Experiment Station. Very respectfully, ISAAC H. EDGETT, Deputy Secretary. Boston, Jan. 13, 1892. To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. In accordance with chapter 212 of the Acts of 1882 I have the honor to present the Ninth Annual Report of the Board of Control of the State Agricultural Experiment Station. WM. R. SESSIONS, Secretary. MASSACHUSETTS STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AMHERST, MASS. BOARD OF CONTROL, 1891. His Excellency William E. Russell, Governor of the Commonwealth, President ex officio. D. A. HoRTON of Northampton, .... Term expires, 1892. C. L. Hartshorn of Worcester, .... Term expires, 1894. Appointed by the State Board of Agriculture. J H. Demond of Nortliampton, .... Term expires, 1893. T. P. Root of Barre, Term expires, 1891. Appointed by the Board of Trustee* of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. F. H. Appleton of Peabody, .... Term expires, 1892. Appointed by the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. Elbkidge Cushman of Lakeville, . . . Term expires, 1892. Appointed by the Massachusetts State Orange. Wm. C. Strong of Newton Highlands, . . Term expires, 1894. Appointed by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. H. H. GooDELL, A.M., LL.D., Amherst, President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. C. A. GoESSMANN, Ph.D., LL.D., Amherst, Director of the Station . Wm. R. Sessions, Hampden, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Wm. R. Sessions, Hampden, Secretary and Auditor. Prank E. Paige, Amherst, Treasurer. STATION STAFF. C. A. GOESSMAXX, Ph.D., LL.I)., Director and Chemist, . Amherst. J. E. Humphrey, S.B., Vegetable Physiologist (JLicoJogistJ, . Amherst. R. B. Moore, B.S., . C. S. Crocker, B.S., B. L. Hartwell, B.S.,* H. D. Haskins, B.S., C. H. Jones, B.S., . F. L. Arnold, B.S., C. H. Johnson, B.S., W. A. Parsons, B.S., David Wkntzell, . Assistants. General and Analijtical Chemistry. Field Experiments and Stock Feeding. Farmer. * Resigned June 1, 1891. I. CHEMICAL LABORATORY. 2. FARM HOUSE. 3. BARN AND FEEDING STABLES. •MAPOFLAND'LEASED-TO-THE • •MASSACHUSETTS • EXPERIMENT -STATION' -FROM-THE- •AGRICULTUFeAL COLLEGE FARM' - Vv'EST- OF THE -HIGMVVAV ■ -AREA-TAKEN •• 17.72 ACRES* I. AGRICULTURAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. MAP- OF -LAND -LEASED -TO -THE MASSACHUSETTS EXPERIMENT-STATION ' • FROM-THE ■ AGRICULTURAL-COLLEGE -FARM EAST- OF -THE HIGHWAY AREA -TAKEN -30.52 ACRES NINTH ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE DIRECTOR OP THE MASSACHUSETTS STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, To the Honorable Board of Control. Gentlemen : — The past year has been a prosperous one in the history of the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station. The buildings have suflered no injury from any excep- tional source and are in a well-preserved state, considering their respective age and previous condition. The construction of a new barn, for storing separately in a desirable manner the products of the diflerent experimental plats, has filled a serious want. A favorable season has aided materially in a successful termination of a variety of field experiments as well as in a satisfactory general management of the farm work. The difierent lines of investigation presented from time to time for your consideration have received their due attention as tar as circumstances have rendered practicable. The amount of work accomplished in the field, the barn and the chemical laboratory compares well with the results of pre- vious years. The introduction of the vegetation house for the purpose of studying, under well-defined circumstances, the influence of special articles of plant food on the growth and character of plants, besides other intricate questions of vegetable physiology, has added an important feature to our resources of efficient methods^ of observation for the advance- ment of an economical production of farm crops. Prof. J. E. Humphrey has continued his observations regarding various diseases of fruit-trees and garden crops. An interesting description of his investigation during the past year forms part of this report (Part II. 9). The details of the work carried on during the past year, 1891, are reported upon subsequent pages in the following- order : — 10 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Part I. On Feeding Experiments — 1891. I. Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows (three). II. Feeding Experiments with Steers. in. Feeding Experiments with Lambs. rv. Feeding Experiments with Pigs (three). Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows — 1891. 1. Feeding experiments with milch cows: Old-process linseed meal vs. gluten meal (Chicago) . • 2. Feeding experiment with milch cows : Gluten meal (Chicago) vs. cotton-seed meal and old-process linseed meal. 3. Summer feeding experiment with milch cows : Green feed, — vetch and oats, soja bean and fodder corn. Grain feed, — corn meal, gluten meal (Chicago), with dried brewers' grain vs. wheat bran. 4. Creamery record of the station for 1890 and 1891. 5. Fodder analyses and valuation of fodder. Part II. On Field Experiments, and Observations in Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. 1. Effect of different kinds of nitrogen containing manurial sub- stances on the yield of rye (Field A) . 2. Experiments with prominent varieties of grasses and with grass mixtui'es to ascertain their comparative econom- ical value under fairly corresponding circumstances (Field B). 3. Experiments with reputed fodder crops mostly new to our locality, and with a series of garden crops treated with different mixtures of commercial fertilizing ingredients (Field C) . 4. Experiments with raising Stowell's evergreen sweet corn for ensilage (Field D). 5. Experiments with different commercial phosphates to study the economy of using natural phosphates or acidulated phosphates in farm practice (Field F"* . 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 11 6. Experiment with a Western vai'iety of dent corn, Pride of the North, for ensilage (Field G) . 7. Experiments with grass lands (meadows). 8. Report on general farm work in 1891. 9. Report of Prof. James Ellis Humphrey on plant diseases, etc., with obsei'vations in the field and in the vegetation house. Part III. Special "Work in the Chemical Laboratory. I. Communication on commercial fertilizers : — 1. General introduction. 2. Laws for the regulation of the trade in commercial ferti- lizers. 3. List of licensed manufacturers. 4. Analyses of licensed fertilizers. 5. Analyses of commercial fertilizers and manurial substances sent on for examination. 6. Miscellaneous analyses. II. Water analyses. III. Compilation of analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of agri- cultural chemicals and refuse materials used for fertilizing purposes. rV. Compilation of analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of fodder articles, fruits, sugar-producing plants, dairy products, etc. Meteorological Observations. The periodical publications of the station have been as numerous as during previous years. The applications for copies of bulletins and annual reports are steadily increasing. Our supply of bulletins I to XXX and of annual reports I to VI is exhausted. In concluding this communication it gives me pleasure to acknowledge the industry and faithful assistance of all parties associated with me in the task assigned. With sincere thanks for your kind support and indulgence allow me to sign, Yours very respectfully, C. A. GOESSMANN, Director of the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station. PART I. ON FEEDING EXPERIMENTS, 1891. I. Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows (three), II. Feeding Experiments with Steers. III. Feeding Experiments with Lambs. IV. Feeding Experiments with Pigs (three). 14 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. I. FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH MILCH COWS. 1891. General introduction to our late feeding experiments with milch cows. I. Feeding experiment with milch cows : Old-process linseed meal vs. gluten meal (Chicago variety) . II. Feeding experiment with milch cows : Gluten meal (Chicago variety) vs. cotton-seed meal and old-process linseed meal. III. Summer feeding experiment with milch cows : Green feed, — vetch and oats, soja bean and fodder corn. Grain feed, — corn meal, gluten meal (Chicago variety), with dried brewers' grain vs. wheat bran. IV. Creamery record of the station for 1890 and 1891, with a description of modes of analysis. V. Analysis of fodder and valuation of fodder. General Introduction. — In summing up in our late annual report the principal results obtained in connection with a series of feeding experiments with milch cows, carried on from 1885 to 1889 at the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station, special attention was called to the fact that until quite recently our main object has been to compare the economical value of some of our most prominent current home-raised coarse fodder articles when used for dairy pur- poses. English hay, rowen (hay of second cut of upland meadows) , dry fodder corn, corn stover, corn ensilage and several varieties of roots (sugar beets and carrots) were the fodder articles of that description used. They were fed as far as practicable under otherwise corresponding circumstances. To attain this end it became necessary to use in all cases alike the same kinds and the same quantities of grain feed in compounding the daily diet of the cows on trial. The selec- 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 15 tion among the various kinds of grain feed for the daily diet was, for obvious reasons, confined to but a few, — viz., corn meal or corn and cob meal, wheat bran and gluten meal (Chicago variety). (See Eighth Annual Report, pages 12-15.) These articles were at any time, in sufficient quantity and of good quality, at our disposal ; they all en- joyed a fair reputation of fitness for milk production. Having made ourselves, by actual trial, to a certain degree familiar with the comparative feeding efiect and the special economical merits of the above-stated coarse fodder articles under specified conditions, it was decided to institute a neiv series of feeding experiments with milch cows for the special purpose of studying the feeding effect and the general economy of some of our most prominent concentrated commercial feed stuffs, as old and new process linseed meal, cotton-seed meal and gluten meal, ivhen fed in equal weights in place of each other and in connection with the same kinds of fiAe and coarse fodder articles. The results of one experiment, which was planned to ascertain the comparative merits of old and new process linseed meal as constituents of the daily diet of milch cows, under otherwise corresponding circumstances, has been already published in Bulletin 38, and in our last annual report, pages 15-24. Three more recent experiments of a similar character, with Chicago gluten meal and old-process linseed meal, with Chicago gluten meal and cotton-seed meal, and with dried brewers' grain and wheat bran, are reported within a few subsequent pages, marked 1, 2, 3. 1. Feeding Experiment loith Milch Cows. Old-process linseed meal vs. gluten meal (Chicago variety), Oct. 21 to Dec. 31, 1889. This feeding experiment was instituted as above inti- mated for the special purpose of comparing the efiect of old- process linseed meal with that of gluten meal on the cost of feed and on the yield of milk, when fed in equal weights as substitutes of each other in connection with the same kinds and the same quantities of coarse and fine fodder articles. Six cows, grades, served in the trial ; the observa- tion lasted from ten to twelve weeks. 16 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 1. History of Cows. NAME. Breed. Age (Years). Last Calf dropped. Daily Yield of Millcatbpgln- niiiR (if Trial (Quarts). 1 g a 22 ^ g Juno, Grade Ayrshire, . 7 June 22, 1889, 11-12 n Flora, Gi'ade Durham, . 6 Dee. 22, 1888, 9-10 H Eva, . Grade Jersey, 10 Oct. 7, 1888, 7-8 n Elsie, Grade Holstein, . 7 Feb. 26, 1889, 7-8 n Jessie, Grade Jersey, 6 Jan. 12, 1889, 8-9 n Annie, Grade Jersey, . 7 June 19, 1888, 8-9 n The cows thus far used in all our feeding experiments for the production of milk have been grades of more or less uncertain parentage. "VVe: secure them usually on the con- dition that they are new milch cows, from one to two weeks after calving when bought, and of fair milking quality, yielding from fifteen to sixteen quarts per day at this time. They serve usually in the trials until their daily yield of milk becomes unprofitable, from five to six quarts, when they are replaced by new milch cows. 2. Description of Fodder Articles. The general character and chemical composition of the difierent fodder ingredients used in the preparation of the daily diet may be seen from the following statement : — Corn Meal. Wheat Bran. Gluten Meal. Old-proc- ess Lin- seed Meal. Hay. Moisture at 100° C, . 11.67 9.27 9.80 9.88 9.72 Dry matter, .... 88.33 90.73 90.20 90.12 90.28 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Analyses of Dry flatter. Crude ash, .... 1.89 7.47 1.25 7.39 6.43 " cellulose, . 1.44 9.75 1.75 8.74 32.28 " fat, .... 4.44 5.48 7.00 7.24 2.49 " protein. 10.46 17.53 31.25 36.97 9.54 Non-nitrogenous matter. 81.77 59.77 58.75 39.66 49.26 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 17 Fertilizing Constituents contained in the Various Fodder Articles tised. Corn Meal. Wheat Bran. Gluten Meal. Old -proc- ess Lin- seed Meal. Hay. Moisture at 100° C, . 11.67 9.27 9.80 9.88 9.72 Nitrogen, .... 1.479 2.545 4.510 5.331 1.379 Pliosphoric acid, . 0.713 2.900 0.392 1.G46 0.359 Potassium oxide, . 0.430 1.637 0.049 1.162 1.572 5. Mode of Feeding. The daily fodder rations contained per head throughout the entire experiment three and one-fourth pounds of corn meal and three and one-fourth pounds of wheat bran, witli either three and one-fourth pounds of gluten meal (Chicago variety) or three and one-fourth pounds of old-process lin- seed meal as grain feed ration. A fair quality of English hay, first cut of upland meadows, served as the sole coarse feed during the entire experiment. The daily ration of hay was controlled by the appetite of each cow engaged in the trial. It varied from eighteen to twenty-two pounds per head in case of different animals. One-half the above-stated grain feed ration was fed with some hay at the time of milking in the morning and the other half in a similar way during milking in the evening. The remainder of the hay was given at noon and after milk- ing in the evening. Water was offered twice daily, as a rule, one and one-half to two hours after feeding the grain feed. The daily fodder rations descrilied farther on represent the average composition of the daily diet per head during the different succeeding feeding periods. The calculation of the cost of the daily fodder rations below stated is based on the contemporary local market price of the various fodder articles used in their combination. 18 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Local Market Cost of the Various Fodder Articles used from Oct. 21 to Dec. 31, 1889. Corn Meal. Wheat Bran. Gluten Meal. Old- proc- ess Linseed Meal. Hay. Per 2,000 pounds, Per pound (cents), $19 00 0.95 $17 50 0.875 $23 00 1.15 $27 00 1.35 $16 00 0.75 Commercial Value of the Essential Fertilizing Constituents contained in the Above Fodder Articles. Nitrogen, 17 cents; phosphoric acid, 6 cents; potassium oxide, 4^ cents. Moisture at lOO'J C, . 11.67 9.27 9.80 9.88 9.72 Nitrogen, .... 1.479 2.545 4.510 5.331 1.379 Pliosplioric acid, . .713 2.900 0.392 1.646 0.359 Potassium oxide, . .430 1.637 0.049 1.162 1.572 Valuation per 2,000 pounds, $6 27 fl3 60 $15 85 $21 15 $6 53 Obtainable Manurial Value {per Ton) , allowing a Loss of 20 Per Cent, contained in the Milk sold. $5 02 $12 68 $16 92 $5 22 Net Cost of Above Fodder Articles per 2,000 Pounds (obtained by deducting the Obtainable 80 Per Cent, of Manurial Value from their Market Cost). $13 98 $6 62 $10 32 $10 08 $9 78 Net Cost per Pound ( Cents) . 0.699 0.331 0.516 0.504 0.489 Average Comj>osition of the Daily Fodder Rations used dtiring Different Periods of the Experiment. I. AND II. Corn meal, 3.25 lb.s. Wheat bran, 3.25 " Gluten meal, 3.25 " Hay, ' . ID. 50 " Total cost, 24.30 ets. Net cost, 14.64 " Manurial value obtainable, 9.66 " Nutritive ratio, 1:6.35 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 19 Average Composition^ etc. — Concluded. m. Corn meal, 8,25 lbs. Wheat bran, 3.25 " Old-process linseed meal, 3.25 " Hay, 18.50 " Total cost, 24.18 cts. Net cost, 14.06 " Manurlal value obtainable, . . . .' . . . 10.12 " Nutritive ratio, 1:5.73 Summary of the Cost of the Daily Fodder Rations. PERIODS. I. II. III. Market cost, Manurial value obtainable. Net cost, Cents. 24.30 9.66 14.64 Cents. 24.30 9.66 14.64 Cents. 24.18 10.12 14.06 4. Valuation of Feed. The commercial valuation of the feed stuffs used in the above-described fodder rations is based on their market price per ton of 2,000 pounds at Amherst during the time occupied by the experiment here under discussion, October, 1889, to January, 1890. The market cost of wheat bran, gluten meal and, in particular, of corn meal has since in an exceptional degree advanced, while that of old-process lin- seed meal and of English hay has remained materially the same. Accepting the above-stated market prices as well as the chemical analysis of the different fodder articles as the basis for our financial calculation we find that the market cost of the daily grain feed rations (periods I., II.), consist- ing of corn meal and wheat bran with gluten meal, three and one-fourth pounds each, amounts to 9.67 cents, while in case of a corresponding quantity of corn meal, wheat bran and old-process linseed meal it amounts to 10.32 cents, a differ- ence of 0.63 cents in favor of the gluten meal containing daily grain feed ration. 20 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Allowing on the other hand in our calculation the com- mercial value of 80 per cent, of the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium oxide contained in the grain feed con- stituents of the different daily fodder rations as obtainable in form of the manurial refuse, we notice that the higher market price of the old-process linseed meal ($27 per ton) as compared with that of the gluten meal ($23 per ton), a difference of four dollars in favor of the latter, is practically offset by the higher commercial value of the manurial refuse obtained when feeding old-process linseed meal, po'md for pound, in place of gluten meal in connection with an otherwise corresponding daily diet of milch cows. The net cost of the gluten meal containing daily grain feed ration (periods I., II.) amounts per head to 5.03 cents, while that of the old-process linseed meal containing grain feed portion of the daily fodder rations (period III.) amounts to 4.99 cents, a difference of 0.04 cents in favor of the latter, too small an amount to deserve serious considera- tion from a commercial stand-point. Average Quantity of Milk per Day (Quarts). [1 quart = 2.15 pounds.] FEEDING PEEIODS. Juno. Flora. Eva. Elsie. Jessie. Annie. I., . . . . II., .... III. 11.63 11.27 9.67 10.85 9.87 9.11 8.64 7.37 7.14 6.28 7.70 7.42 7.07 8.37 8.23 7.87 8.06 7.55 6.90 Average, . 9.21 7.27 7.39 8.16 7.50 An examination of the above-stated average daily yield of milk in case of different cows shows a gradual decline from period to period. The decline in the daily yield of milk of the second period, as compared with that of the first period, varies in case of different cows from .14 to .76 quarts and averages per head 0.4 quarts for Ihe entire herd. The differ- ence in the decline of the daily yield of milk, when substitut- ing pound for pound old-process linseed meal for gluten meal in the daily diet (period III.), is as a rule more marked 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 21 and less uniform, as far as different animals are concerned, than will be noticed when comparing first and second feeding periods in the -stated direction. The actual decline in average daily yield of milk when passing from II. into III. period varies in case of different cows from .35 to 1.6 quarts, and amounts to .71 quarts per head in case of the entire herd. i.» ii.t Juno, Flora, Eva, Elsie, Jessie, Annie, 11.63 — 9.67 9.87 — 8.64 7.89 — 6.28 7.70 — 7.07 8.37 — 7.87 8.06 — 6.90 10.85 9.21 6.93 7.39 8.15 7.50 * Variations in daily production of milk during the entire feeding experiment (quarts), t Average quantity of milk per day for the entii'e feeding experiment (quarts). Analyses of Milk {Per Juno. Cent.). Oct. 16. Dec. 4. Dec. 17. Dec. 24. Dec. 31. Solids, .... Fat, Solids not fat, . 13.22 4.03 9.19 13.16 3.56 9.60 12.61 3.75 8.86 12.25 3.62 8.63 13.68 4.33 9.35 Flora. Solids, .... Fat, Solids not fat, . 13.35 4.10 9.25 14.04 4.18 9.86 13.68 3.92 9.76 13.38 3.92 9.46 13.36 3.33 10.03 Eva. Solids, .... Fat, Solids not fat, . 16.25 6.10 10.15 16.88 6.18 10.70 17.65 6.18 11.47 16.70 6.18 10.52 16.92 6.15 10.77 22 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Analyses of Milk (Per Cent.) — Concluded. Elsie. Solids, Fat, . Solids not fat. 12.82 3.55 9.27 13.42 3.92 9.32 12.55 3.65 8.90 12.80 4.08 8.72 13.00 4.00 9.00 Jessie. Solids, .... Fat Solids not fat, . 14.74 .5.33 9.41 14.96 5.46 9.50 15.08 5.40 9.68 14.96 5.32 9.64 14.12 4.90 9.22 Annie. Solids, .... Fat, Solids not fat, . 15.68 5.18 10.50 15.44 5.24 10.20 14.80 5.29 9.51 13.68 3.77 9.91 14.88 5.11 9.77 Live Weight of Animals during the Feeding Periods (Pounds) . TSaxs of Cow. FEEDING PERIODS. Jnno. Flora. Eva. Elsie. Jessie. Annie. I, . . . . 1,064 980 1,086 1,200 868 954 II., .... 1,089 992 1,098 1,207 880 969 Ill 1,070 1,000 1,092 1,220 888 981 Gain at close, 6 20 6 20 20 27 Conclusions. — The previously stated results of our in- quiry into the comparative merits of gluten meal (Chicago variety) and of old-process linseed meal as constituents of the daily diet of milch cows lead us to the following conclu- sions : 1 . The substitution of three and one-fourth pounds of gluten meal (Chicago variety) by the same weight of old- process linseed meal at stated local market prices, and under otherwise corresponding circumstances, raises the market cost of the daily fodder ration per head 0.65 cents. Taking 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 23 in both instances the obtainable manurial value (80 per cent.) into consideration, the old-process linseed meal proves, in our case, 0.04 cents cheaper than gluten meal. The higher manurial value of the old-process linseed meal as compared with our sample of gluten meal fairly equals the difference in the local market cost of both articles. 2. The Chicago gluten meal leads in our case the old-process linseed meal in every instance, as far as the nutritive effect of both is concerned. The difference is not great, yet worthy of special notice under stated market conditions. 3. The quality of the milk as far as its density is concerned shows no marked difference during the entire experiment. 24 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Q O ;^ >— t Q W •(spntiOri) pouaj Suijnp iBtaiuv JO JuSia^tt aSsaaAv 1,064 1,089 1,070 •onua aAijujtiit 1:6.51 1:6.51 1:5.76 •-SHIM- JO }jKnt» Md jaj -}BI\[ ■ti(i JO spimoo CM CM CM COCO CO O i Q 1889. Oct. 21 to Nov. 10, .... Nov. 13 to Dec. 8 Dec. 11 to Dec. 31, ... . O '# 00 CO 1-1 CM t^ C^ CO CO '+ lO t^ lO i-i >0 CO iC3 (M CM CM CO rH 05 CO t^ 1-1 COC5 1—1 1—1 00 1— I > 6 6 O o o o) 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 25 o t^ o o o <^^ CI !?^ (M > o 6 o o »o QOOOO CO OOCO CO QO 00 I— I CM (M CO CO CO k o 6 o cu 1^ aa o o o ,_l v> ,_! <>» '-' >-< !> 6 o o Ol 0!zi« i^O r* o> »-t lO OQO Oi Oi o> (M CM I > 6 6 O O) 0} t> O 0) 26 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. H < w a W o o o <{ H O H (8juao)5inK;oiaBnf) ^ r-l -^ c<> CO lO enojo uopanpoja joj (N (N G^ P99J JO ;800 aJScaaAv 00 t- «o •paransuoo -0 ?800 IBJOi iC 'O iC <6- ooo o o o ■paransuoo o oo CO ^BH JO junoniv mox CO lO 05 •>*i -"^ CO lO O lO •panmsnoo uwa (N (M (M ?B9qjiV JO junomy ibjox CO 00 00 CO CO ^ ■panmsnoo lO IB9H pagSUn 889DOjd 1 1 '^ 00 -PIO JO ^nnotny ib^oi »CiO . •psniniuoo ib9H 1 CO JO P[9[A AlBQ 93BJ3AV tH ,-H Oi i-H rH Oi -^ (M •(s'jjBnf)) paonpaid tH t^ O ^!W JO ^}!;mmC) lu^ox ■<* CO CO >* CO O 6 6 O 03 OJ ;^«Q ooo +3 -W -M T-H CO T-H (M i-H rH ^ > d O O lU O^Q CO CO 00 C<> o CO CO -^ rH CO o d o o 0) C51 -5j< 00 CO 1-1 . t> CO O CO 1-1 1-1 CO Nov. Dec. Dec. Q R Q O O 03 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 27 CO CO o O Ci t^ -:t< CO «0 O CO T-H i-< CO Nov. Dec. Dec. 322 r-l CO r-l O '^ i-H (^ t^ t^ CO CO CO Nov Dec. Dec. o 22 I— 1 CO ^ rH ,-H Oct. Nov. Dec. 28 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Net Cost op Milk and Manurial Value of Feed. Juno, FEEDINO PEBTODS. 1 oi 03 of Fertilizing atituents con- ed in the Feed. rial Value of Feed after de- ting Twenty Cent, taken he Milk. 11 ■2.11 11 'o'S li anu the Per by t ■S5S Qo2 ■£50 ?3 tH > "^ izi ^i s 1889. Cents. Pounds. Oct. 21 to Xov. 10, . $5 48 $2 72 $2 18 $3 30 1.35 1,085 Nov. 13 to Dec. 3, . 5 47 2 71 2 17 3 30 1.39 1,095 Dec. 11 to Dec. 31, . 5 16 2 69 2 15 3 01 1.48 1,034 Flora. Oct. 21 to Nov. 10,. $4 85 f2 45 $1 96 $2 89 1 .39 980 Nov 13 to Dec. 3, . 5 00 2 51 2 01 2 99 1 56 990 Dec. 11 to Dec. 31,. 5 23 2 72 2 18 3 05 1 68 1,015 Eva. Oct. 21 to Nov 10,. f5 00 12 51 $2 01 $2 99 1 93 1,085 Nov 13 to Dec. 3,. 5 14 2 57 2 06 3 08 2 05 1,118 Dec. 11 to Dec. 31,. 5 04 2 63 2 10 2 94 2 23 1,098 Elsie. Oct. 21 to Nov. 10,. %b 08 $2 50 $2 00 $3 08 1 85 1,200 Nov 13 to Dec. 3, . 5 02 2 52 2 02 3 00 1 93 1,200 Dec. 11 to Dec 31,. 4 99 2 62 2 10 2 89 1 95 1,220 Jessie. Oct. 21 to Nov. 10,. f5 09 $2 51 $2 01 $3 08 1 .75 865 Nov 13 to Dec. 3,. 5 12 2 53 2 02 3 10 1 .79 880 Dec. 11 to Dec. 31,. 5 07 2 65 2 12 2 95 1 79 875 Annie. Oct. 21 to Nov. 10,. $4 81 $2 39 fl 91 ^2 90 1 71 965 Nov 13 to Dec 3,. 4 84 2 40 1 92 2 92 1 84 980 Dec, 11 to Dec 31, . 4 96 2 61 2 09 2 87 1 98 983 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 29 Analyses of Fodder Articles used in the Experiment. Corn Meal {Average). 1889-1 890. i 5 o Constituents (In Pounds) In a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. • |l§ 5 ° i 6 M > 'u 3 Moisture at 100° C, . 11.67 233.40 1 Dry matter, 88.33 1,766.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Mailer. Crude ash, .... o ^ " cellulose, . 1.89 37.80 - _ r^ " fat, .... 1.44 28.80 9.79 34 1-i " protein (nitrogenous 4.44 88.80 67.49 76 matter) , 10.46 209.20 177.82 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 81.77 1,635.40 1,537.28 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,792.38 - ^ Gluten Meal. 1889-1890. a o s ° 8 ° Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. t ^ Ill III 5°« 3 3 ^ a C4 > 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 9.80 90.20 186.00 1,804.00 _ _ ^1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.25 1.75 7.00 31.25 58.75 2,000.00 25.00 35.00 140.00 625.00 1,175.00 11.90 106.40 531.25 1,104.50 34 76 85 94 o 100.00 2,000.00 1,754.05 - ao AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Old-process Linseed Meal (Average). 1S89-1S90. 6 ll 1°- Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds DiResti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 <4-l *j S 2 S '-5 " "1 § Ph o d M o > a 'A Moisture at 100° C, . * . 9.88 197.60 \ Dry matter, .... 90.12 1,802.40 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.39 147.80 O 1 ^~* " cellulose, , 8.74 174.80 45.45 26 " fat, .... 7.24 144.80 131.77 91 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 36.97 739.40 643.28 87 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 39.66 793.20 721.81 91 100.00 2,000.00 1,542.31 - Hay {Average), 1889-1890. 1 « . -2 .2 i§ Ph Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds, 53 ° 0) Ph °S2 d <^ > 'u 3 'A Moisture at 100-= C, . 9.72 194.40 _ _ Dry matter, 90.28 1,805.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 — _ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 6.43 128.60 _ _ 00 CO " cellulose, . 32.28 645.60 374.45 58 r"=^ " fat, . 2.49 49.80 22.91 46 1— 1 " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract 9.54 190.80 108.76 57 matter, .... 49.26 985.20 620.68 63 J 100.00 2,000.00 126.80 - 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 31 2. Feeding Experiment with Milch Cows. Gluten meal (Chicago variety) vs. cotton-seed meal and old- process linseed meal, November, 1890, to June 1891. Below are briefly recorded the results of observations with cotton-seed meal and old-process linseed meal when fed as substitutes for gluten meal (Chicago variety) in an other- wise corresponding daily diet of milch cows. The experi- ment was instituted, as has been intimated above, mainly for the purpose of comparing the effect of cotton-seed meal and old-process linseed meal with that of gluten meal (Chicago variety) on the cost of the feed consumed and on the quantity and the quality of the milk produced, when fed each in equal weight as an ingredient of an otherwise corresponding daily diet of milch cows. 1. History of Cows. Nine cows, grades of various descriptions and of different milking periods, served in the trial. ^c5 2«H . -3 OH NAME OF COW. Breed. b < Last Calf dropped. Daily Yk Milk at niiig of (Quarts 1. Jessie, . Grade Jersey, . 7 Jan. 12, 1889, 6-7 5-6 2. Pearl, . Native, . 6 Aug. 8, 1890, 10-11 7 3. Pmk, . Native, 7 Jan. 23, 1890, 7-8 7 4. Roxy, . 5. Buttercup, . 6. Nancy, Grade Ayrshire, Grade Ayrshire, Native, . 7 5 8 Feb. 5, 1890, Jan. 2, 1891, March 16, 1890, 6-7 13-14 8-9 4 7. Clarissa, Grade Durham, 7 March 18, 1891, 9-10 2 8. Juno, . Grade Ayi'shire, 7 June 22, 1889, 7-8 3 3. Favorite, Grade Durham, 6 Feb. 20, 1891, 11-12 3 2. Description of Fodder Articles. The daily fodder rations contained per head throughout the entire experiment, as fine or grain feed, three pounds of corn meal and three pounds of wheat bran ; to these were added for stated reasons at different stages of the observa- tion, per head, either three pounds of gluten meal, or three pounds of old-process linseed meal, or three pounds of cotton-seed meal to complete the daily ration of grain or fine feed. 32 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The general character of the various kinds of grain feed used in the daily diet may be seen from the following analy- ses of the different articles of grain feed used : — Corn Meal. Wheat Bran. Cotton-seed Meal. Old-process Linseod Meal. Gluten Meal. Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter. 13.26 86.74 12.11 87.89 9.77 90.23 8.72 91.28 10.90 89.10 Analyses of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, " fat, .... " protein, . Non-nitrogenous matter, . 100.00 1.72 2.28 4.90 12.94 78.16 100.00 7.40 12.17 5.04 18.48 56.91 100.00 8.18 7.74 11.33 44.41 28.34 100.00 5.96 8.23 9.87 36.19 39.75 100.00 1.02 1.28 7.36 34.79 55.55 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Fertilizing Constituents of the Above Fodder Articles. Nitrogen, 15 cents per pound ; phosphoric acid, 5^ cents ; potassium oxide, 4^ cents. d 13 s « a S g"3 3 « £.2 0 a a ca"3 m a o ja i^ -g q 03QH O ^ o o3 5 Pi O O Per 2,000 pounds, . $28 00 $25 00 $28 00 $26 00 $28 00 $15 00 $3 50 $5 00 Per pound (cents), . 1.4 1.25 1.4 1.3 1.4 0.75 0.175 0.25 Commercial Value of the Essential Fertilizing Constitutents of the Above Fodder Articles. Nitrogen, 15 cents ; phosphoric acid, 5^ cents ; potassium oxide, 4^ cents per pound. Moisture, . Nitrogen, . I'hosphoric acid, Potassium oxide, Valuation per 2,000 pounds. 13.26 12.11 9.77 8.72 10.90 13.90 71.03 1.796 2.599 6.412 5.285 4.959 1.853 .708 .707 2.845 2.333 1.780 .435 .464 .420 .435 1.625 1.723 1.214 .045 1.966 .444 $6 56 $12 S9 $23 36 $18 90 $15 38 $7 84 $2 98 19.89 .735 .259 1.235 $3 60 Obtainable Manurial Value {per Ton), allowing a Loss of 20 Per Cent, contained in the Milk sold. $5 25 $9 91 $18 69 $15 12 $12 30 27 $2 38 $2 Net Cost of Above Fodder Articles per 2,000 Pounds (obtained by deducting the Obtainable SO Per Cent, of Manurial Value from their Market Cost). $22 75 $15 09 31 $10 88 $15 70 $8 73 $1 12 $2 12 Net Cost per Pound (Cents). 1.14 0.75 0.465 0.54 0.78 0.44 0.056 0.106 Average Composition of the Principal Daily Fodder Rations used at Different Periods of the Experiment. n. Corn meal (pounds), . 3.00 Corn meal (pounds), . 3.00 Wheat bran, . 3.00 Wheat bran. . 3.00 Cotton-seed meal, . 3.00 Gluten meal. . 3.00 Rowen, . 20.00 Rowen, . 17.50 Total cost (cents), . . 27.15 Total cost (cents), . . 25.28 Net cost, . . 15.81 Net cost, . . 15.68 Manurial value obtainab le, 11.34 Manurial value obtainab le, 9,60 Nutritive ratio, . .1:4.60 Nutritive ratio, . .1:5.13 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 37 Average Composition, etc. — Concluded. III. IV. Corn meal (pounds). 3.00 Corn meal (pounds). 3.00 Wheat bran, 3.00 Wheat bran. 3.00 Old-process linseed meal, 3.00 Cotton-seed meal. 3.00 Rowen, 17.40 Rowen, .... 5.00 Total cost (cents). 24.90 Corn and soja bean ensilage, 42.15 Net cost, 14.91 Total cost (cents). 23.28 ISIanurial value obtainable 9.99 Net cost, .... 11.62 Nutritive ratio, . 1:4.83 Manurial value obtainable, 11.66 Nutritive ratio, . . .1:4.17 V. VI. Corn meal (pounds). 3.00 Coi-n meal (pounds). 3.00 Wheat bran. . 3.00 Wheat bran. 3.00 Gluten meal, , 3.00 Gluten meal, 3.00 Rowen, . 5.00 Corn stover, 13.90 Corn and soja bean ensilage. 46.15 Total cost (cents), 15.63 Total cost (cents). . 23.98 Net cost. 9.52 Net cost, 12.80 Manurial value obtainable 6.11 iNIanurial value obtainable. 11.18 Nuti-itive ratio, . 1:6.74 Nutritive ratio, . .1 :4.70 VII. vni. Corn meal (pounds), . 3.00 Corn meal (pounds), . 3.00 Wheat bran. . 3.00 Wheat bran, . 3.00 Cotton-seed meal, . 3.00 Cotton-seed meal, . 3.00 Corn stover, . 14.00 Rowen, . 17.60 Total cost (cents). . 15.65 Total cost (cents). . 25.35 Net cost. . 8.57 Net cost, . 14.77 INIanurial value obtainab le, 7.08 Manurial value obtainab le, 10.58 Nutritive ratio, . .1:5.66 Nuti'itive ratio, . .1:4.49 IX. Corn meal (pounds) , 3.00 Wheat bran, 3.00 Gluten meal, 3.00 Rowen, 17.40 Total cost (cents), 25.20 Net cost, 15.63 Manurial value obtainable, 9.57 Nutritive ratio, 1:5.12 38 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Summary of the Cost of the Daily Fodder Rations {Cents). PERIODS. I. II. ni. IV. V, VI. VII. VIII. IX. Market cost, Manurial value obtainable, Net cost. 27.15 11.34 15.81 25.28 9.60 15.68 24.90 9.99 14.91 23.28 11.66 11.62 23.98 11.18 12.80 15.63 6.11 9.52 15.65 7. 8.57 25.35 10.58 14.77 25.20 9.57 15.63 4. On Vahmtion of Feed. The commercial valuation of the feed adopted in this report is based on the contemporary local market cost (November, 1890, to May, 1891) of the different fodder articles used, I. e., their retail selling price at Amherst per ton. The market price of the coarse fodder constituents of the* daily diet, as rowen, fodder corn, corn ensilage, soja beans and corn stover, is the same as during the preceding year for the same period, November, 1889, to May, 1890, while that of most of the grain feed constituents of the daily diet, as corn meal, wheat bran, gluten meal and cotton-seed meal, is exceptionally high as compared with that during the pre- ceding year for corresponding months. Old-process linseed meal alone had suffered a slight reduction, one dollar per ton. The changes in their market price were as follows : — Local Market Price per Ton of 2,000 Pounds at Amherst, Mass. November, 1889, to June, 1890. November, 1890, to June, 1891. Corn meal, . . . . Wheat bran, . . . . Cotton-seed meal, . Old-process linseed meal. Gluten meal (Chicago), Rowen, Corn and soja bean ensilage. Corn stover, . . . . $19 00 17 50 26 00 27 00 24 50 15 00 3 50 6 00 $28 00 25 00 28 00 26 00 28 00 15 00 3 50 5 00 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 39 The above-stated change in the market cost of corn meal, wheat bran, gluten meal and cotton-seed meal affects very materially the cost of the daily diet as compared with that of the preceding year. The dniiy grain feed rations vfhich contain gluten meal as an ingredient (II., V., VI., IX.) are 3.32 cents higher than they would have been during the preceding year for the corresponding months ; those which contain cotton-seed meal (I., IV., VII., VIII.) are 2.85 cents higher, and that whicli contains old-process linseed meal (HI.) is 2.40 cents higher. This increase in cost is largely due to the exceptional high price of corn meal and wheat bran. The substitution of gluten meal or of cotton-seed meal by old-process linseed meal, three pounds in each case, causes a reduction of but 0.3 cents in the market cost of the grain feed portion of the daily diet per head. The market cost of the daily grain feed rations used per head during the entire experiment varies only from 11.85 cents to 12.15 cents ^ a difference of 0.3 cents. Allowing, however, a proper recog- nition of the commercial value of the essential manurial substances, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium oxide, contained in each of the grain feed constituents of the daily fodder rations, ive find in our case that the net cost of the cotton-seed meal containing daily grain feed rations (I.) amounts to 7.07 cents, while that of the old-process linseed meal containing daily grain feed rations (II.) is 7.29 cents, and that of gluten meal containing fine feed rations {III.) is 8.01 cents, a difference respectively of 0.22 to 0.94 cents per head. This diiference in net cost is due to the hisrher ma- nurial value of cotton-seed meal and of old-process linseed meal as compared with gluten meal at stated market prices. The choice of difierent coarse fodder articles in the daily diet exerts a much greater influence on the market cost of the latter than that of the dififerent kinds of grain feed. The market cost of the coarse fodder portion of the daily diet averages 13.5 cents in case rowen alone (eighteen pounds) serves as coarse feed; it averages 11.5 cents in case forty- four pounds of mixed ensilage and five pounds of rowen are daily fed ; and it amounts to from 4 to 4| cents in case from sixteen to eighteen pounds of corn stover are 40 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan: used per day for that purpose. These facts find their expression in the above-stated market cost of the nine complete daily fodder rations used during the trial. The market cost of the complete daily fodder rations I., II., III., VIII., IX., containing rowen, averages 25.55 cents ; rations IV., v., containing mixed ensilage with rowen, average 23.63 cents; and rations VI., VII., containing corn stover as coarse feed, average 15.64 cents. The difference in the market cost of the above-described nine daily fodder rations, caused by the use of different coarse fodder constituents, rises in some instances as high as 9.91 cents. This sum, it will be noticed, is three times as large as the difference due to an exceptional rise in the market cost of the grain feed portion of the various daily fodder rations used, accepting the ruling local market prices of feed stuff at the close of 1889 and of 1890 as the basis of our valuation. Takino; the manurial value of the different coarse fodder constituents used into consideration, we find the difference of their net cost not less strikinsj than has been shown above to be the case in reorard to their marlcei cost. Market Cost. Net Cost. Manurial Value. Rowen, 18 pounds, .... Mixed ensilage, 44 pounds, rowen, 5 pounds, Corn stover, 18 pounds. Cents. 13.5 11.45 4.50 Cents. 7.92 4.66 1.91 Cents. 5.57 6.79 2.59 The high market price of two of our most prominent home- raised coarse fodder articles, first and second cut of upland meadow, — English hay and rowen, — affects seriously the degree of our financial results in the production of milk, as far as the cost of feed is concerned. We are in need of a cheaper source of supply of coarse fodder substances than a considerable proportion of our grass lands, pastures and meadows in their present state of productiveness can claim to give. More satisfactory results can be obtained, no doubt, in many cases by turning indifferently yielding dry grass lands, if at all capable of higher cultivation, to account for the 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 41 production of some other suitable fodder crop than grasses. The good services of dry fodder corn, corn stover and a good corn ensilage, for a more economical production of milk, are deservedly from day to day more generally recog- nized. However gratifying this fact may be considered, it is not advisable, in the light of past experience, in a general farm management to raise one fodder crop at the exclusion of all others, however lucrative at the time this practice may prove ; such a course can at best only offer a temporary relief. The introduction of a greater variety, in particular, of annual reputed fodder-crops promises a more permanent improvement in fodder supply. Such a course, wherever adopted, has not only resulted in cheapening the production of milk and beef, but has proved to be a most economical way to raise the general productiveness of farm lands to a higher standard. Our local experience with a variety of annual leguminous fodder crops, as vetches, serradella and soja bean, has been very encouraging. The satisfactory results obtained in previous years are fully confirmed during the present season, when a mixed crop of vetch and oats and soja bean has served as the principal coarse fodder for milk production from the middle of June to the beginning of September. 5. Average Quantity of Milk per Day ( Quarts) . Feeding Periods. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. 1. Jessie, 6.77 5.30 5.70 7.54 8.47 6.80 5.50 2. Pearl, 10.74 10.28 10.84 _ 12.19 9.07 7.34 9.19 9.24 3. Pink, 7.55 7.42 - 8.07 8.30 7.05 6.56 7.48 7.63 4. Rosy, 6.87 5.64 5.25 - - - - - _ 5. Buttercup, - - - 13.36 13.31 10.66 9.31 9.45 8.68 6. Nancy, 8.34 7.68 7.49 8.31 8.54 - - _ _ 7. Clarissa, . - - - - - - 9.47 10.04 11.37 8. Juno, 7.29 6.70 6.45 7.50 - _ - _ _ 9. Favorite, . - ~ - " 11.33 7.89 10.05 9.60 An examination of the above statements concernino- the daily average yield of milk of the different cows on trial during the different feeding periods shows, almost without exception, that our changes in the coarse fodder constituents of the daily diet have affected the results more seriously than our changes in the grain feed portion. Among the coarse 42 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. feed constituents used, ranks tirst mixed ensilage and rowen (periods IV., V.), then rowen (I., II., III., VIII., IX.) and diy corn stover last (VI., VII.), as far as the daily yield of milk is concerned. The difference noticeable in the daily average yield of milk in case of rowen, as compared with corn stover, does in no instance deprive the latter of the claim to be the cheaper coarse fodder article of the two in our trial. Mixed ensilage, with rowen in place of corn stover, on the other hand, has raised in some instances the daily yield of milk more than three quarts (Pearl and Buttercup) ; allowing three cents per quart of milk makes the former the cheaper coarse fodder article of the two, under otherwise corre- sponding circumstances. These results are noticeable with- out reference to the particular combination of grain feed rations used in either case. The influence of the various grain feed rations on the yield of milk in case of the same kind of coarse fodder ration is apparently, to a considerable degree, depending on the individual disposition of the animal on trial. Cotton- seed meal containing grain feed rations give in five out of six cases l)etter results when fed with rowen than either gluten meal or old-process linseed meal ration, under other- wise corresponding conditions. Gluten meal and cotton-seed meal did equally well when fed with either mixed ensilage or corn stover. Old-process linseed meal has only been fed with rowen on the present occasion (I., II., III.) ; it com- pared well in yield of milk with gluten meal. I. — Variations in daily production of millc during the entire feeding experiment (quarts). II. — Average quantity of milk per day for the entire feeding lexperiment (quarts) . I. II. 5.30— 8.48 6.58 7.34 — 12.19 9.86 6.56— 8.30 7.51 5.23— 6.81 5.89 8.69 — 13.36 10.80 7.49— 8.54 8.07 9.47 — 11.37 10.29 6.45— 7.50 6.99 7.89 — 11.33 9.72 Jessie, Pearl, . Pink, . Roxy, . Buttercup, Nancy, Clarissa, Juno, . Favorite, 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 43 Average Composition of Milk during Different Feeding Periods. 1 S 3 4 5 6 1 7 8 9 Periods. 6 01 1^ a J? a S 1 3 P3 a 03 a d H 3 t-5 1 I., . i Solids, per cent., \ Fat, per cent., . 15.62 6.17 12.62 ■ 3.92 15.37 6.70 14.79 5.19 - 13.13 4.41 - 13.91 4.71 - II., . I Solids, per cent., \ Fat, per cent., 17.85 7.39 12.77 4.00 14.73 5.13 15.18 5.12 - 13.33 4.31 - 13.82 4.36 - III., . < Solids, per cent., ( Fat, per cent.. 17.69 7.07 13.50 4.06 - 15.31 5.00 14.47 4.80 - 14.30 4.88 - IV., . 1 Solids, per cent., I Fat, per cent., 17.61 7.09 - 15.90 6.00 - 12.64 3.65 14.68 5.00 - 14.34 4.96 - v., . j Solids, per cent., ( Fat, per cent., . 17.36 7.02 13.69 4.27 15.53 5.74 - 12.81 3.79 14.75 5.00 - - - VI., . \ Solids, per cent., ) Fat, per cent., 17.02 6.47 13.94 4.48 15.86 5.67 - 12.64 3.96 - - - 13.09 4.35 VII., . . ( Solids, per cent., { Fat, per cent.. 17.63 7.26 14.32 5.04 16.56 6.09 - 12.50 4.05 - 14.18 - 5.01 - 1 13.53 4.58 VIII., 1 Solids, per cent., 1 Fat, per cent.. - 13.74 4.84 15.82 5.65 12.98 4.18 - 14.18 5.08 ■ 12.78 4.19 IX., . . ' Solids, per cent.. Fat, per cent.. - 13.66 4.04 15.54 5.43 - 13.45 4.27 13.79 4.60 12.40 3.48 Live Weight of Animals during the Feeding Periods {Pounds) , Name. Feeding Periods. Gain at I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Close. Jessie, 926 920 965 976 988 951 938 - _ 12 Pearl, . 850 877 869 - 872 853 858 853 880 30 Pink, . 910 932 - 914 948 947 952 956 973 63 Roxy, 1,010 1,016 992 - - - - - - -18 Buttercup, - - - 781 797 795 785 766 775 —6 Nancy, 946 942 948 963 987 - - - - 41 Clarissa, - - - - - - 833 856 848 15 Juno, . 1,142 1,124 1,135 1,114 - - - - - —28 Favorite, . - - - - - 826 775 809 801 —25 44 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Conclusions. — A careful examination of the previously recorded results of our inquiry into the respective particular claims of cotton-seed meal, old-process linseed meal and gluten meal as constituents of the daily diet of milch cows, leads us to the following statements : — 1. The substitution of three pounds of gluten meal by either three pounds of cotton-seed meal or three pounds of old-process linseed meal, at stated market prices, and under otherwise corresponding circumstances, does not materially effect the market cost of the daily fodder ration used in our case. The difference in their market price amounts to 0.3 cents in favor of old-process linseed meal. Taking the obtainable manurial value into consideration, as far as the three stated grain feed constituents of the daily diet are con- cerned, three pounds of cotton-seed meal are 0.94 cents cheaper than three pounds of gluten meal and 0.22 cents cheaper than three pounds of old-process linseed meal. 2. The comparative nutritive effect of cotton-seed meal, gluten meal and old-process linseed meal, as far as their in- fluence on the yield of milk is concerned, in case of otherwise corresponding fodder rations, depends evidently in a con- trolling degree on two distinctly different circumstances, namely, the individual disposition and constitution of the animal on trial, and on the particular kind of coarse fodder constituent of the daily diet. In case of rowen as coarse fodder constituent, cotton-seed meal leads, in five out of six cases, both gluten meal and old-process linseed meal, while in case mixed ensilage or corn stover served as coarse feed the gluten meal competes well with cotton-seed meal. Old- process linseed meal has only been tested with rowen on the present occasion ; it stands but little behind the gluten meal. 3. The density of the milk in case of the same cow varies but little during the experiment ; the notable changes are apparently, in a controlling degree, ,due to the particular condition and individuality of the cow engaged in the trial. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 45 Q O o I— I Q w ^ •(gpanoj) pojaaj Suijnp iBtniuy O O lO CO CO T-l 00 0 Oi 1— 1 CO 1-1 »0 O 00 T-i t^ CO CO -* lO -;iH -:}< ^ CO 'O JO VJ«nf) J3(I jaj -jBj? Lia JO spunoj ^ CO 1-1 1-1 lO QO CO -^ T-i .— 1 CO O ■•* "* CO ^ -*' CO CO (N CO •^Ba -lad paonp t^ O O -* 00 o o i^ CO i^ lo ^ CO 'O CO "O >0 t^ 00 CO lO ■(spunoj) pamnsaoD joppoj jflicaaqjniP'JUlU} -uoa jaiji'K oiQBja -SsA ^a JO lunomy CO '30 O O t^ "O ^ C-1 CO '^ Ci CO 00 00 CO >-< CO -JH ■J:^ CO CO 01 C^ CW oo o o o O 1 1 O 1 1 o CO CO CO •uBja ?«3im. o ooo o oo o o o oooo CO CO CO CO CO CO CO •IB8PI moo o o ooo o o oooooo o eo CO CO CO CO CO CO i 5 1890-91. Nov. 1 to Nov. 21, . Nov. 26 to Dec. 16, . Dec. 22 to Jan. 11, . Jan. 26 to Feb. 11, . Feb, 14 to March 4, . March 10 to March 25, . March 28 to April 12, . Ot^OiCMCOOOCOO lOt^COt^uOuOiOCO QOOOOOOOOOQOCOOO "0-*iCOi— ICO'+lt^CO COi-IOOt^Ot^lOrH TtliO-^-^C^kO'^i'O "*CDC5-^i3ir^00CO '^ — 1 (M CO CO lO CNG^(M(M(M(M 00 O C5 00 (M 1-1 r-l tH 1-1 cvi OOO O 1 O 1 OO 1 1 o CO CO CO CO 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 eo o o o O 1 1 1 1 O O 1 CO CO CO OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOO cocococococococo OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOO cocococococococo T-TcOrH'^iOofcc'' r-T CM 1-1 T-l (M rH CO Onirgcqc5o.C3w BBSBBBBB T-ICOCM^OCOOi-l (M (M 1-1 1-1 (M 1-1 1-1 • • o o r3 .. 46 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. ■(spunoj) pouaj 3 u 1 J n p iBtu'iuv }0 Vl3\9j& a38jaAV OO^THT-iOiCOCO(N cococoeoc^co'^^co -ojd 3ii!W JO s^jBn?) lOCMt^OiOCOCOCO •(spunoa) pamnsuoD aappo^ -ti'oo J3JJBH 9iqBl3 -33A ^a JO ^unoniv locooioeor^oo l~- Oi t^ CO lO C5 00 «5 COOlOCOOT-J-rf^ ■< Q H a fa n SB B o Si 0 o o 0 Ed •J3AOJS U.100 15.75 17.60 •83bi -isng uuag «los puB lUOO 46.59 48.79 •naAvoa CO >-i o o t^oo 00 00 o o lo CO T-H O uo »o o o (M # CO QD«r> CM «0 >0 lO CO CO o ^ TjH -H -* rH 1-1 O^ O^ ■rif lO -^ ^ -rH CO CO CO (M G^ 00 t^ t-- GO CO I I I I I CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO > o o o a « CO CO CO CO >o '^ CO CO X I I I I I I a Pi eg 4iJ AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. I Q O o O 00 •(spuno— 1 CCOi rfi 1-1 rH 1—1 8 , .8 CO 1 1 CO 1 1 o o f O O 1 CO CO ooo o oooo CO CO CO CO oooo oooo eo eo CO CO uo (Mco i-T (M T-l CO 1? S2 25 O CO CO T-i II 1-1 CM --I rH II as April May 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 49 ■(sja90)^irK;ojJBnb 3Uo;o uoijanpojj joj t>. O CO CO T-< O J o h H t^ GO C5 CO CO CO •(spunoa) paransuoo iBaM uaj -mo JO ^utioniv Ib;ox 63.00 57.00 48.00 •(spunoa) pDuinsuoD IBaif paasutT ssosojd -PIO JO Uinoniv I«jox 63.00 •(spunoa) panins -U03 IB9JV poas-uo} -100 JO junoray ibjox 63.00 51.00 48.00 •(spunoa) paransuoo ui!.ia jBaqM JO junorav Ibjox oo o o o oo o o oo o o o CO CO CO ^ r-I oo 00 O CC CO >o >o -*i '*< •(spunoa) pamnsnoo iBai\[ ujoo JO junoray ibjox o o o o o o o o o o o o o o CO CO CO — ' t--I CO 00 CO «0 CO O lO -* -* •(sjJBnf)) mm JO piaii iCiiBQ aSBjaAy t^OO -* 00 o o t^ CO t^ lO ^ 00 lO CO iC Ut) t> CO to >o •(sjjcnt)) paonpojd ^I!H JO iCjijuBnf) IBJOX 1-1 O t^ CO (M (M (M C^ -*i t^ (M O C- O CN ^ era CO —1 CO CO -+1 —1 1-1 iM CO O CO w Q O o z a a 1890 01. Nov. 1 to Nov. 21, . Nov. 26 to Dec. 16, . Dec 22 to Jan. 11, . Jan. 26 to Feb. 11, . Feb. 14 to March 4, March 10 to March 25, . March 28 to April 12, . -^ CO t> CJ 00 O '-I o ! CO -^ CO o t^ ^ a> CO 1 (N G^ O^ —1 •-! CM !M C^ OCDt--(MCOG^^-ti C0C0C0CO»O'OCOrf< oo o o t^ OI lO CO o 1 ^ 1 ' c^ ' o o o o lO o o o no O iC -*i CO "O '^ r^ CO CI -* CO CO t^ >o o 00 M^ CO o o 1 ^^ o 1 1 ^ CO CO CO o ° 1 1 CO CO "it o o o o CO. o oo CO -J< CO c^ oooooooo oooooooo cococor-cooococo COcoco>OTi<-^COCO oooooooo oooooooo cococot^cooococo co^coo-'i^'^coco ■*oo-Hcr3r^-Hci-+i t^-( .-4 CO'-ocoior^^-r*05 (Mj ,_, ^ CM ^ rt 50 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan, o a K a Oh 1=1 o CO •(sjuao)in!KjoiJBnt) anojo uojpnpojj aoj paaj JO }soo aSBjaAV CO'*Q0iOCO'-'00O5 eoco.cocococo •(sjjBnft) mn JO piai.l M\^(l aSBjaAV iO(Mr^o>o«£>coco uO'+iOCOO'O-^CO •(sjJBnC)) paanpojd Tiiire JO XjijuBnf) iBjox Ol^^C5030C:iCO •^ CO CN [^ t- O O CM QOiOt^iOC^iOf^O lO'OCOiO'-HO'OCO i a 1890-91. Nov, 1 to Nov. 21, . Nov. 26 to Dec. 16, . Jan 26 to Feb. 11, . Feb. 14 to March 4, . March 10 to March 25, . March 28 to April 12, . April 16 to May 6, . May 11 to May 31, . 0^ ^ 05 lO "O 00 Co '^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 OOO O lO o c^oo O CO > 6 o o S l892.] i^UBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 51 >oaoo ^ o ^ t^ C^ lO t^ lO 1-- ^ ,-1 l-H 1-H (M (M (M "* O lOO o CO -* C^ C<» "O lO 1 1 "^"^ 1 1 to --1 -H CD oo »ooo oo °^ 1 oo 1 '^'^^ o o CO Ol CO CO o o 1 °'^ o I 1 ^ t^ CO ' ' CO CO o ■^ 1 1 o o ^s 1 coco ^ CD o o o ^ o o o oo oo o (M t^ CO CO CO CO "# "O '^ -* to o o o oo o o ooo o o o (M t^ QO oo CO CO -* "O ■* T}H o o O '— < CD '-H lO CI CO CO O CO ^ CD CO CO O CTi C5 CO 1-H T— 1 .— 1 00 O CO lO O CD 01 CO O OS -t< "O CD (M O CO 00 05 CO "O t^ -H C5 CO 1— 1 CM T-H r-l T-H 1— 1 r-l (M i-H CO Feb. March March April May May S22 ° 2 2 CI Tio»oo oo t^ t^ (M lO O CO C/D GO CO C5 •* CO CO o 1 ^ 1 o CO CO o 1 1 ^ CO CO o ^ 1 1 o CD >o o o ooo o oo oo CO CO CO 1-H t^ CD CD CO lO kO o o o o o o o o o o CO CO CO -^ t^ CO CD CD lO lO CO CD ^ CO lO 00 t^ h- CO CO CO CO '-' CO CO C^ o o CN l>. rt* lO t^ CO CO t^ •(s}jBn5) paonpojd llire JO XjijuBnb iBjox 153.14 140.70 135.35 127.56 Q O a o 3 1890-91. Nov. 1 to Nov. 21, . Nov. 26 to Dec. 16, . Deo. 22 to Jan. 11, . Jan. 26 to Feb. 11, . Oi (M O CI CO CO CO CO CO 1—1 '-' CO CO 1 Ci t^ CO C5 CO CO GO 1^ CO CO -4< Tf €& o o o 1^.5 GO ,_, t^ :0 — o o oo -ti CO O C5 CO CO o o o 1 S GO CO -<1< CO o o ss , ODCO -* o o — oo o w' o o CO CO CO CO '^ Tt< <0 CO o o o o o o o o CO COCO CO "* '^ coco COCi lO o CO CO o o ,—1 t^ O 05 i '"' '"' coo o ^ CO CO o o 1 ,_( CO •— 1 •— 1 GO O^ '-H O I— ( ^ CO CO • • • >0 CO O -H 1 CO »— 1 CO ^ g r::^ >^>^ 53 o c3 03 s- 3 •a a & 1890-91. Cents. Pounds. Nov. 1 to Nov. 21, . $5 36 f2 81 $2 25 $3 11 2.19 920 Nov. 26 to Dec. 16, . 5 12 2 42 1 94 3 18 2.85 947 Dec. 22 to Jan, 11, . 5 ol 2 67 2 14 3 17 2.65 998 Jan. 26 to Feb. 11, . 4 (il 2 53 2 02 1 99 1.55 973 Feb. 14 to Mar. 4, . 4 69 2 68 2 14 2 55 1.58 995 Mar. 10 to Mar. 25, . 2 39 1 15 0 92 1 47 1.35 940 Mar. 28 to Apr. 12, . 2 48 1 41 1 13 1 35 1.53 932 Total, f29 36 flo 67 fl2 54 $16 82 - - 2. Pearl. Nov. 1 to Nov. 21, . $5 89 $3 (18 $2 46 $3 43 1.52 864 Nov. 26 to Dec. 16, . 5 36 2 55 2 04 3 32 1.54 876 Dec. 22 to Jan. 11, . 5 37 2 70 2 16 3 21 1.41 876 Feb. 14 to Mar. 4, . 4 62 2 71 2 17 2 45 1.06 873 Mar. 10 to Mar 25, . 2 58 1 29 1 03 1 55 1.07 850 Mar. 28 to Apr. 12, . 2 52 1 44 1 15 1 37 1.17 865 Apr. IG to May 6, . 5 61 2 94 2 35 3 26 1.69 842 May 11 to May 31, . 5 44 2 59 2 07 3 37 1.74 874 Total, ^37 39 fl9 30 $15 43 $21 96 - - 3. Pink. Nov. 1 to Nov. 21, . $5 99 $3 14 $2 51 |3 48 2.20 910 Nov. 26 to Dec. 16, . 5 83 2 80 2 24 3 59 2.30 950 Jan 26 to Feb. 11, . 4 09 2 60 2 08 2 01 1.47 922 Feb. 14 to Mar. 4, . 4 75 2 83 2 26 2 49 1.60 953 Mar. 10 to Mar. 25, . 2 57 1 28 1 02 1 55 1.37 940 Mar. 28 to Apr. 12, . 2 64 1 52 1 22 1 42 1.35 970 Apr. 16 to May 6, . ,5 63 2 95 2 36 3 27 2.08 940 May 11 to May 31, . 5 60 2 68 2 14 3 46 2.16 973 Total, $37 10 $19 80 $15 83 $21 27 - 54 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Net Cost of Milk and Manurial Value op Feed — Continued. 4. Boxy. FEEDING PERIODS. So « c = > Manurial Value of the Feed after de- ducting Twenty Per Cent, taken by the Milk. Net Cost of Feed for the Production of Milk. <2 °^ til 2 = 2 t55o !2i II s !a S5 fe 1890-91. Cents. Pounds. Nov. 1 to Nov. 21, . $5 62 f2 95 $2 36 $3 26 2.13 1,130 Nov. 26 to Dec. 16, . 5 07 2 40 1 92 3 15 2.24 1,143 Dec. 22 to Jan. 11, . 5 21 2 62 2 10 3 11 2.30 1,150 Jan 26 to Feb. 11, . 3 78 2 34 1 87 1 91 1.50 1,105 Total, $19 68 $10 31 $8 25 $11 43 - - 9. Favorite. Mar. 10 to Mar. 25, . Mar. 28 to Apr. 12, . Apr. 16 to May 6, . May 11 to May 31, . $2 39 2 27 4 83 4 79 $1 15 1 26 2 53 2 25 10 92 1 01 2 02 1 80 $1 47 1 26 2 81 2 99 0.81 0.99 1.33 1.48 790 785 782 797 Total, fl4 28 $7 19 $5 75 $8 53 - - Composition of Fodder Articles fed during the Above-described Feeding Experiment. Corn Meal {Average). 1890-91. a .= «8 •ii = ™! ~ 0 . § S c-S « 2 0 .^^l 0 >> V Ph Z 2 c 5 tltuer unds) n of unds. M > S 0. %hi^CH §5«i S «5 " cellulose, . 2.28 45.60 21.89 48 " fat 4.90 98.00 83.30 85 T-t " protein (nitrogenous 1 matter) , 12.94 258.80 204.45 79 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 78.16 1,-563.20 1,531.94 98 ) 100.00 2,000.00 1,841.58 - 56 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Composition of Fodder Articles, etc. — Continued. Wheat Bran {Average). a c s 2 ° Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ■o ■" o o S M Si 5°i ^ o 5 i US > 3 Moisture at 100° C, . 12.11 242 . 20 > Dry matter, 87.89 1,757.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 _ _ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash 7.40 148.00 CO ^c^ " cellulose, . 12.17 243.40 58.42 24 " fat, .... 5.04 100.80 71.57 71 T-l " protein (nitrogenous matter), . 18.48 369.60 288.29 78 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 56.91 1,138.20 876.41 77 j 100.00 2,000.00 1,294.69 - Cotton-seed Meal (Average). i o . « .2 |l Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. il4 III 6 s 1. > 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 9.77 90.23 195.40 1,804.60 _ _ 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... lOiJ.OO 8.18 7.74 11.33 44.41 28.34 2,000.00 163.60 154.80 226.60 888.20 566.80 199.41 754.97 538.46 88 85 95 1 ) 100.00 2,000.00 1,492.84 - 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 57 Composition of Fodder Articles^ etc. — Continued. Old-process Linseed Meal. 1890-91. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Dipestl- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. « > 'u 3 S5 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 8.72 91.28 174.40 1,825.60 - _ ^ . Analysis of Dnj Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... luO.OO 5.96 8.23 9.87 36.19 39.75 2,000.00 119.20 164.60 197.40 723.80 795.00 42.79 179.63 629.70 723.45 26 91 87 91 CO Ci 100.00 2,000.00 1,575.57 - Gluten Meal. 1890-91. i 5 2 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. pi 5 — "^ 6 « 3 Z, Moisture at 100" C, . Dry matter, 10.90 89.10 218.00 1,782.00 " - 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, . " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 1.02 1.28 7.36 34.79 55.55 2,000.00 20.40 25.60 147.20 695.80 1,111.00 15.87 125.12 549.68 1,011.01 62 85 79 91 1—1 100.00 2,000.00 1,701.68 - 58 AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Composition of Fodder Articles, etc. — Continued. Roweyi {Average). 1890-91. a .s «§ ~ o ^ ;=; o „ o Q 2 3 O 5 o uents Us) i of 2 ds 'c ^ — » (» 3 ti -1 3 3 3 f ~s 0) ^ 3 11 2 O C o go, H CL, o -S (N 3 Ph O (S Ch :zi Moisture at 100° C, . 13.90 278.00 _ _ ^ Dry matter, 86.10 1,722.00 - - 100.00 2,000.00 _ _ Analysis of Dry Matter. CO Crude ash, .... 8.28 165.60 - - .to " cellulose, . 28.88 577.60 369.66 64 " fat, .... 3.91 78.20 35.97 46 1—1 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 13.45 269.00 166.78 62 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 45.48 9£)9.60 600.34 66 } 100.00 2,000.00 1,172.75 - Corn and Soja Bean Ensilage. o l§ F o Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 33 ° m ■5=5 p4 1 s s d 3 Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 71.03 28.97 1,420.60 579.40 - - >! Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 11.04 27.84 5.35 15.27 40.50 2,000.00 220.80 556.80 107.00 305.40 810.00 339.65 69.55 216.83 558.90 61 65 71 69 -H 100.00 2,000.00 1,184.93 - 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 59 Composition of Fodder Articles^ etc. — Coucluded. Corn Stover. 1S90-91. a 6 E « g — o . Ill 6 fl tuer ds) of ds. "Iti . ~ = s '■*5 5 c 5 "2-8 o "S c •s s ft § ^ H 0- o ■o <^ S 60O 3 Ch O i " cellulose, . 34.59 691.80 498.10 72 " fat, .... 1.28 25.60 19.20 75 " protein (nitrogenous 1 1 matter). 5.74 114.80 83.80 73 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 52.06 1,041.20 697.60 67 J 100.00 2,000.00 1,298.70 - 3. Summer Feeding Experiment with Milch Coivs, July 6 to Sept. 26, 1891. Green feed : vetch and oats, soja beans and fodder corn. Grain feed : corn meal, wheat bran, dried brewers' grain, gluten meal (Chicago). The feeding experiment here under discussion is a con- tinuation of similar ones carried on durins; the summer season in preceding years (since 1887) for the purpose of ascertaining the comparative feeding value and the general economy of various reputed green fodder crops in the dairy industry. Our late observation includes, of green crops, besides vetch and oats and soja beans of former years, as an addition the green fodder corn. The two first named green crops were cut for feed at the beginning of blooming, and they were fed until our supply was either exhausted or until they were fully matured yet still succulent. The green fodder corn was first cut for feed when the kernels were fully developed yet in the milk. The grain feed ration consisted throughout the entire experiment of corn meal and gluten meal, alternating either with wheat bran or dried brewers' grain. The daily ration of grain feed amounted 60 AGRICULTUEAJL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. throughout the entire experiment to nine pounds per head ; three pounds of corn meal and three pounds of Chicago gluten meal with either three pounds of wheat bran or with three pounds of dried brewers' grain, for the purpose of com- paring the economical merits of these two articles in connection with the production of milk. The daily rations of coarse feed consisted of five pounds of rowen — hay of second cut of upland meadows — and of either a mixed green crop of vetch and oats, or of green soja bean or of green fodder corn. The daily consumption per head of grain feed and of hay, as far as quantity is con- cerned, remained the same in case of every animal during the entire experiment, while that of the green fodder crops was governed by the appetite of each animal on trial. The quantity daily consumed decreased as a rule with their advancing growth, on account of the steady increase of solid matter in the plants. The daily consumption of vetch and oats varied at different feeding periods from 45 to 35 pounds in case of the same animals, and that of soja beans from 44 to 38 pounds, while that of green fodder corn varied from 50 to 38 pounds in case of different animals (fifth feeding period) . A record of the composition and general character of the various fodder constituents of the daily diet will be found farther on. Five cows, grades of various descriptions and in different milldng periods, served in the trial. The subsequent statement shows the average composition of the daily fodder rations used in the trial during five succeeding feeding periods into which the entire experiment was divided. • Statement of the Average Daily Fodder Rations used during the Different Feeding Periods. Corn meal, 3.00 lbs Brewers' grain, 3.00 " Gluten meal, . 3.00 " Rowen, .... 5.00 " Vetch and oats (gi'een) , . 47.24 " Total cost, 22.39 cts Net cost, .... 12.96 " Mannrial value obtainable. 9.43 " Nutritive ratio, . 1:6.17 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 61 Average Daily Fodder Ratio ns, etc. — Concluded. 11. Corn meal, 3.00 lbs Wheat bran, 3.00 " Gluten meal, . 3.00 " Rowan, .... 5.00 « Vetch and oats (green), . 36.42 " Total cost. 20.91 cts Net cost, .... 12.52 " Manurial value obtainable, 8.39 " Nutritive ratio. 1:6.29 in. Corn meal, 3.00 lbs. Wheat bran, 3.00 " Gluten meal, 3.00 " Rowen, 5.00 " Soja beans (green) , 61.28 " Total cost, 27.18 cts. Net cost, . . 17.82 " Manurial value obtainable, 9.86 " Nutritive ratio, 1:5.07 IV. Corn meal. Brewers' grain, Gluten meal, Rowen, Soja beans, Total cost. Net cost, . Manurial value obtainable, Nutritive ratio, Corn meal, Brewers' grain, Gluten meal, . Rowen, Fodder corn (green) , Total cost. Net cost, . Manurial value obtainable. Nutritive ratio. V. 3.00 lbs 3.00 " 3.00 " 5.00 " 47.34 " 26.31 cts 16.65 » 9.66 " 1:4.76 3.00 lbs. 3.00 (( 3.00 " 5.00 « 39.22 " 20.80 cts. 12.67 " 8.13 " 1:6.17 Local Market Cost of the Various Articles of Fodder used (per Ton). Com meal, $31 00 Brewers' grain, 23 00 Wheat bran, 23 00 Gluten meal, 27 00 Rowen, 15 00 Vetch and oats (green) , 2 75 Fodder corn (green), . 2 60 Soja beans (green) , 4 40 Q'l AGlilCULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Essential Fertilizing Constituents of the Above Fodder Articles. Nitrogen, 15 cents ; phosphoric acid, 5i cents j potassium oxide, 4^ cents per pound. Corn Meal. Brewers' Grain. Wheat Bran. Gluten Meal. Rowen. Vetch and Oats. Fodder Corn. Soja Beans. Moisture, . 15.31 12.00 12.99 11.11 13.90 67.49 71.86 74.23 Nitrogen, 1.651 3.299 2.249 4.741 1.853 .459 .343 .565 Phosphoric acid, .693 1.192 2.793 .413 .464 .202 .195 .183 Potaesinm oxide, .426 1.466 1.592 .044 1.966 .487 .430 .297 Valuation per 2,000 pounds, . $6 10 $12 52 $11 25 $14 72 $7 84 $2 04 $1 63 $2 16 History of Cows {Grades). NAME. Breed. Si < Last Calf dropped. Daily Yield of Milic at begin- ning of Trial (Quarts). S o Cora, . Pearl, Buttercup, . Lucy, . Clarissa, . Grade Jersey, . Native, Grade Ayrshire, Grade Ayrshire, Grade Durham, 7 6 5 5 7 April 16,1891, Aug. 8, 1890, Jan. 2, 1891, June 2, 1891, March 14, 1891, 11-12 8-9 8-9 12-13 9-10 3 3 3 3 3 Yield of Milk during Different Feeding Periods ( Quarts) . Cora. Pearl. Buttercup. Lucy. Clarissa. Period I., . Period II., Period III., . Period IV., Period V., . 11.29 11.34 11.24 11.57 10.70 8.11 8.70 8.63 8.95 8.92 8.34 8.73 8.76 8.85 8.64 12.26 12.78 12.85 13.26 12.01 9.49 9.31 10.37 10.99 9.98 Average, . 11.23 8.66 8.66 12.63 10.03 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 63 Conclusions. — The results of the past season obtained in this connection are very encouraging, as will be seen from the subsequent brief abstract when compared with those noticed in preceding years. 1 . The yield of milk is well maintained during the 'entire experiment of three months. The average daily yield of milk of the various cows for the entire experiment is in four out of five cases larger than their yield at the beginning of the observation ; in the fifth case there is practically no change (Cora). The largest average yield of milk was noticed, without any exception as to a particular cow, in case of soja bean as green fodder and dried brewers' grain as ingredient of the daily grain feed ration (fourth feeding period). Green fodder corn leads in three out of five cases the ofreen vetch and oats when fed with dried brewers' ijrain. 2. The amount of dry vegetable matter consumed per quart of milk produced varies in case of difierent cows from 1.77 pounds (Cora) to 3.33 pounds (Pearl). The amount consumed in case of the same cows varies in difierent feed- ing periods from 1.77 to 2.25 pounds (Cora) and from 2.44 to 3.17 pounds (Buttercup). 3. The total cost of feed consumed per quart of milk produced difiers in case of difierent animals for the same feeding period from 1.G9 to 2.30 cents (Lucy and Pearl, fifth feeding period) ; as far as difierent feeding periods are concerned it varies in one case from 1,69 to 2.30 cents (Lucy) and in another case from 2.24 to 2.91 cents (Clarissa) . 4. The net cost of feed per quart of milk produced varies from 1.01 to 1.43 cents for the same feeding period in case of difierent animals (Lucy and Pearl, second feeding period) . 5. The obtainable manurial value amounts on an average to three-sevenths of the market cost of the feed consumed. The green vetch and oats leads in this connection. 6. The quality of the milk is in every instance improved in the percentage of solids during the experiment without showing any perceptible decrease in yield. Individuality of the animal and stage of lactation afiect the results to a controlling extent. 7. Brewers' grain has served as an excellent substitute for wheat bran in our diet for milch cows. 64 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. <3^ 00 M to M ■f^ Bh ^ i; ?« o Q CO ^ e O .^ U =^l w ^ 5.. o ^ -« hH « CiJ fs^ 5.. ff . a o o •poua,i Snipasj qoca aui.uip [ucaiuv 2 CO c:i "O CO O C O CO CM i-< CO g o o o o o. t, :rH 1-1 r-l rH rH •opBH aAnujtiM O --H O '^ CO O Ci O C— r-l O lO lO -* o JO jjutij) jad jaj -}BM AJQ JO spuno J lO t^ O '-I (M CM l^ i-l O i— 1 (M rH CM CM CM •Xofi aad paoup 02 -H -tl t^ .-H CM CO CM lO !>• ^ ^ ^ ^ o r-< T-( i-H 1— 1 1— 1 •(spunoa) paninsuoo aappo^ AiicQ am iij pauiBj -HOD ja};BivtO|QB}a 3a.\ Xjq jo junoray "O CM CO lO ^ ^ O O (M t^ LO O CO CO C^ CM (M CM .t^ CO -* o -o t- (M CM >>>> be bJD-g, g r3 3 3 « 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 65 t^ O CO O -f O '^i I— 1 <>1 CO GO GO GO CO QO GO ci o o o o oo c^o CO O lO ^fi CO t^ as (M -« t>5 1-1 '^i CO '^ o CO C^ (M 5 ^ CO CO iO -H CO t-- t^ cc CO 00 00 QO GO GO (M -* Ci CO Tt* ^ t^ O CO t- CO -H rM 1—1 ^H C^ Cr co' co^ C^ T-( > bb bc-S -S 13 S S Qj o o o o o o -1^ +J -H) +J +J CO -* CO 1-1 t^ July July Aug. Aug. Sept. >1 01 t- O 'XI CO CO O Ci C5 CO t- GO t^ C^ t^ CO 0-1 ~ r-( T— 1 (>1 >0 O CO o CO CO lO ^ CO o c^ c^ CO iO CO O --^ O CO (M (M CS "M 1— 1 CO X O O T-l CM C^ X c^ o (M ^1 fM CO Ol ,— 1 — 1 T-( 1— 1 1— 1 lO uO GO X CO C-1 CO O . en -H -* -fl o oooo o o o oo t^ »C' o ^ o o oo o o o o o o o CO CO CO CO CO o o 1 "^^ 1 1 CO cc o o o CO CO CO oo oo o o o o o o CO CO CO CO CO ^'c>f r-'coco >1 1—1 CM ^ be bJD-g^-g^ S 5 ^ tU CB o o o o o CO -i< CO 1-1 r^ CM CO ^^ bJD bo'^ S &5 >5 8 Oi CO o G<» cr> GO CM Ci GO O CO 05 GO GO C5 O c-1 O rH t^ ^ >0 1— 1 GO Id CO CO lO '^i CO 1— I ^H 1—1 1—1 rH t?0 CO t^ (M GO CM O I^ O O CO CM (M CM CM CI ^ 1^ C:^ ^ CO CO Ci X Ci CI Ci o o c:5 1—1 1— i CO Oi O X CO CO O t^ CO t^ O t^ GO t^ CO CO CC0 CO 1—1 64.58 60.07 56.69 47.60 o oo o o oo o o o O O 'O 'O "O o o oo o oo o o o CO CO CO CO CO 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 o oo o o o o o o o CO CO CO CO ■CO July 6 to July 21, July 24 to Aug. 2, Aug. . 6 to Aug. 17, Aug. 21 to Sept. 3, Sept. 7 to Sept. 26, 6Q AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o H 1 o -* CO CO -* to •(spunoj) pamnsuoo ub.iji JH8U Ai. JO mnoray [bjox 30.00 36.00 •(spunoj) paninsuoD uibjo i^ja -Aiajg JO junoray ibjox 48.00 42.00 60.00 •(spunoj) paransuoo juani uaoo JO iunoray ibjox oo ooo oo ooo CO O 'O CM o T^^ CO CO -* to •(sjJBnf)) 5ti!Pi JO PiaiA. ^^n^a aSBJSAy o -* -+ t^ —1 . CO Oi t^ CO -i (M (M CO CM '■i^ O 1 1 t 1 ^ o o 1 1 ^. ^ 1 uO CO o o ^^111 c-:c; ' ' ' o -o »0 CO O O O' o o o o o o o ICO o o o o to "iO to o o 1—1 o o o o o o o o o o o o to oo CO CO CO CO to o o 1 ^"^ 1 1 ' dt^ ' ' CO CO o o o o o o CO CO to oooo o o o o o o Ci o to o o CO CO CO CO to T-H o CO ic:) CM 1— 1 t^ to 05 Ci GO X CO CO CO to 00 O CO 05 ^ oi to "O -* lO to CO Ci CO O CO o oo t^ T-H 1— 1 . 1— 1 cc' c>r r-T co" to" T-l T-H CM C^ July July Aug. Aug. Sept. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 67 c^ oi o 1— 1 CO O 0 J ^ CO o -t< CO t^ ooo CO CM CO '^ -t< o 1— 1 oo CO C2 t^ CO o o o o o t- oooo o ooo o o o o o o o CO O CO t^ o ooo oo o o o o o GO O ^^ CO CO (M O CO ^ CO OO 1 1 '^^ .• i CO CO CO' o o o o 1 ^^. o6 ' c^ o r# CO o o o o o o o o o o CO O CO Ol o ^ CO CO -* CO CO CO O CO T-l CM 1^ CO 1 >> be bC-S^-S^ s 5 5 3^ ^ t-s^tKcoco -SB ooo +J +-> -i-i CO -H CO T— 1 t>. July July Aug. Aug. Sept. o o ^ 'O -H I C5 CO » c:i -i^ CO CC f^ t^ CN CO o -# 00 o 1-H CO -+ CO Oi irt) O CM lO C5 T-^' c^ iC co' co" (M i-H (M to July to Aug. to Aug. to Sept. to Sept. CD -H CO '-' t> (M July July Aug. Aug. Sept. 68 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Net Cost of Milk and Manurial Value of Feed. Cora. FEEDING PERIODS. II U 3 si o " H Value of Fertilizing Constituents con- tained in the Feed. iVlanurial Value of the Fted after de- ducting Twenty Per Cent, taken by the Milk. Net Cost of Feed for the Production of Milk. Net Cost of Feed for the Production of One Quart of Milk. 11 o o .3 1891. July 6 to July 21, . July 24 to Aug. 2, . Aug. 6 to Aug. 17, . Aug. 21 to Sept. 3, . Sept. 7 to Sept. 26, . $3 44 1 92 3 09 3 55 4 12 $1 78 0 93 1 39 1 62 2 00 11 42 0 74 1 11 1 30 1 60 $2 02 1 18 1 98 2 25 2 52 Cents. 1.12 1.04 1.47 1.39 1.18 Pounds. 1,080 1,055 1,015 1,032 1,020 Total, $16 12 $7 72 $6 17 $9 95 - - Pearl. July 6 to July 18, . $2 89 $1 50 $1 20 $1 69 1 60 972 July 24 to Aug. 2, . 2 08 1 05 0 84 1 24 1 43 945 Aug. 6 to Aug. 17, . 3 05 . 1 37 1 10 1 95 1 88 920 Aug. 25 to Sept. 3, . 2 44 1 12 0 90 1 54 1 72 920 Sept. 7 to Sept. 26, . 4 11 2 00 1 60 2 51 1 41 930 Total, $14 57 $7 04 $5 64 $8 93 - - Buttercup, July 6 to July 21, . July 24 to Aug. 2, . Aug. 6 to Aug. 17, . Aug. 21 to Sept. 3, . Sept. 7 to Sept. 26, . $3 50 2 00 3 02 3 36 4 03 $15 91 $1 82 0 98 1 36 1 52 1 94 $1 4G 0 78 1 09 1 22 1 55 $2 04 1 22 1 93 2 14 2 48 1.53 1.40 1.84 1.72 1.44 832 845 812 850 858 Total, $7 62 $6 10 $9 81 - Lucy. July 6 to July 21, . July 24 to Aug. 2, . Aug. 6 to Aug. 17, . Aug. 21 to Sept. 3,. Sept. 7 to Sept. 26, . |3 63 2 20 3 54 4 03 4 07 $1 92 1 14 1 61 1 85 1 97 $1 54 0 91 1 29 1 48 1 58 $2 09 1 29 2 25 2 55 2 49 1.07 1.01 1.46 1 37 1 04 793 835 785 815 765 Total, $17 47 $8 49 $6 80 $10 67 - - 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 69 Net Cost of Milk and Manukial Value of Feed — Concluded. Clarissa. FEEDING PERIODS. T3 11 U3 o " Value of Fertilizing Constituents con- tained in the Feed. ftlanurial Value of the Feed after de- ducting Twenty Per Cent, taken by the Milk. Net Cost of Feed for the Production of Milk. Net Cost of Feed for the Production of One Quart ofMilk. '5'a s-g o o t«o 1891. July 6 to July 21, . July 24 to Aug 2, Aug. 6 to Aug. 17, . Aug. 21 to Sept. 3, . Sept 7 to Sept. 26, . $3 79 2 24 3 62 4 08 4 47 f2 04 1 17 1 65 1 88 2 23 $1 63 0 94 1 32 1 50 1 78 $2 16 1 30 2 30 2 58 2 69 Cents. 1.42 1.40 1.85 1.68 1.35 Pounds. 911 930 890 907 905 Total, $18 20 18 97 $7 17 $11 03 - - Statement of the Average of Analyses of Milk made during the Different Feeding Periods. Cora. Pearl. Buttercup. Lucy. I-, Solids, per cent, Fat, jjer cent.. 13.05 4.24 13.96 4.26 13.48 3.92 13.58 4.29 13.59 4.58 II., Solids, per cent, Fat, pel- cent., 12.70 3.98 13.55 3.83 12.59 3.28 13.48 4.26 13.16 4.17 III., I ^ Solids, per cent. ' * Fat, jjer cent., 12.99 4.39 14.63 4.87 12.68 3.67 13.25 4.27 13.43 4.59 IV., Solids, per cent, Fat, per cent.. 13.68 4.63 14.67 4.62 12.99 3.58 13.98 4.54 14.54 4.84 v.. Solids, per cent- Fat, per cent.. 13.30 3.88 14.92 4.25 13.55 3.83 14.33 4.97 14.65 4.93 70 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Corn Meal. 1891. S o O a -S 2 ^ ° Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 111 ■o ~ S c oj 8 g 3 ci P-i Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 6 > 2i Moisture at 100° C, . 15.31 303.20 _ 1 Diy matter. 84.69 1,697.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 1.72 34.40 CO CM " cellulose, . 2.17 43.40 20.83 48 \^ " fat, .... 4.84 96.80 82.28 85 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 12.18 243.60 192.44 79 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 79.09 1,581.80 1,550.16 98 100.00 2,000.00 1,845.71 - ^ Gluten Meal. a o O li c 'B, I I Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ■■n ° CO Oh i > s 3 Moisture at 100° C, . 11.11 222.20 > Dry matter, 88.89 1,777.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 1.65 33.00 O " cellulose, . 0.73 14.60 9.05 62 }c,\ « fat, .... 9.22 184.40 156.74 85 T-H " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 33.34 666.80 526.77 79 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 55.06 1,101.20 1,002.09 91 100.00 2,000.00 1,694.65 - J 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 71 Brewers' Grain. 1891. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 5 °i "1 5 2 61 o Moisture at 100° C , . 12.00 240.00 1 Dry matter, 88.00 1,760.00 _ - 100.00 2,000.00 - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 4.46 89.20 Oi " cellulose, . 15.31 306.20 122.48 40 k; " fat, . . . . 6.10 122.00 101.26 83 1-1 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 23.43 468.60 346.76 74 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 50.70 100.00 1,014.00 2,000.00 648.96 64 1,219.46 - J . Wheat Bran. 1891. i ® . 5 a c 5 Is. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. m -2 .:^ o Cm 1 > Moisture at 100° C, . Dry matter, 12.99 87.01 259.80 1,740.20 _ - \ Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . " cellulose, . " fat, .... " i:)rotein (nitrogenous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 6.23 10.47 • 5.37 16.16 61.77 2,000.00 124.60 209.40 107.40 323.20 1,235.40 50.26 76.25 252.10 951.26 24 71 78 77 CO 100.00 2,000.00 1,329.87 - ) 72 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Vetch and Oats. 1891. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 *<-i ■■S ° m ■a ._ o § 2 of S sow > 3 Moisture at 100" C, . Dry matter. 64.77 35.23 100.00 7.97 30.77 2.58 8.83 49.85 100.00 1,295.40 704.60 2,000.00 159.40 615.40 51.60 176.60 997.00 - - 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crucle ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-niti*ogenous extract matter, .... 25.80 105.96 997.00 50 60 100 1—1 o 1 2,000.00 1,128.76 - J /So/a Beans. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds 1 ^ ^^ 3 ■a ~ § o -Q «^' ■SnS _2 1 > 3 Moisture at 100° C, . 72.22 1,444.40 _ 1 Dry matter. 27.78 555.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - "" Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 6.39 127.80 CO " cellulose, . 31.40 629.80 365.28 58 ^n " fat, .... 3.39 67.80 9.49 14 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 13.71 274.20 175.49 64 Non-nitrogenous extract 1 matter, .... 45.06 901.20 549.73 61 100.00 2,000.00 1,099.99 - J 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 73 Fodder Corn {Green). a •S «8 1 ^ S o . •;^ = . 1 o o ^ c S a ^ *2 C ,-v V- . °.--i (S c S V, '^ - ^ ■O ■" o > i§. g Pi E-i (i< o 3 si 3 s O S, i^ a Moisture at 100° C, . 71.86 1,437.20 X Dry matter, 28.14 562.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - Analysis of Dry Matter. C5 Crude ash, .... 3.78 75.60 - _ t-! " cellulose, . 25.67 513.40 369.65 72 \^ " fat, .... 2.24 44.80 33.60 75 " i)rotein (nitrogenous matter) , 7.62 152.40 114.30 • 75 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 60.69 1,213.80 825.38 68 . 100.00 2,000.00 1,342.93 - 4. Creamery Record of the Station for the Years 1890 and 1891. The cost of feed consumed is based on the market price of the various ingredients, as is stated in the subsequent table. The vahiation of the whole milk is taken at three cents per quart. The estimates of the value of fertilizing ingredi- ents contained in the feed are based on those given in the following table. The local market value and the value ot the essential fertilizing constituents of the fodder articles used are reck- oned for the year 1890, in order to render the results comparable . Local Market Value per Ton of the Various Articles of Fodder used. Corn meal, $23 00 Wheat bran, 21 50 Gluten meal, 23 00 Brewers' grain, .......... 22 00 74 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Local Market Value 2>er Ton, etc. — Concluded. New-process linseed meal. Old-process linseed meal, Cotton-seed meal, Hay, . . . Rowen, Coi'n fodder. Corn stover, Corn ensilage. Corn and soja bean ensilage Soja bean (green), Vetch and oats (green) , Fodder corn (green), . CaiTOts, Sugar beets, Cabbages, . |26 00 27 00 26 00 15 00 15 00 00 00 25 50 40 75 50 00 00 50 Valuation of the Essential Fertilizing Constituents of the Various Articles of Fodder used. Nitrogen, 164 cents ; phosphoric acid, 6 cents ; potassium oxide, 4^ cents per pound. Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. Potassium Oxide. Valuation per Ton. Corn meal, 1.86 0.77 0.45 $7 44 Wheat bran, . . 2.82 3.05 1.49 14 24 Gluten meal, . 5.22 0.40 0.05 17 75 Brewers' grain. 3.299 1.192 1.466 13 56 New-process linseed meal. 6.25 1.42 1.16 23 32 Old-process linseed meal. 5.33 1.64 1.16 20 54 Cotton-seed meal, . 6.467 2.33 1.723 25 60 Hay, .... 1.25 0.464 2.085 6 46 Rowen, .... 1.93 0.364 2.86 9 24 Corn fodder (dry). 1.37 0.368 0 . 355 5 26 Corn stover (dry), 0.78 0.09 0.599 3 19 Corn ensilage. 0.36 0.14 0.33 1 64 Corn and soja bean ensilage, 0.708 0.42 0.444 3 22 Soja bean (green). 0.590 0.193 0.311 2 44 Vetch and oats (green). 0.23 0.09 0.79 1 54 Fodder corn (green) , . 0.343 0.195 0.43 1 73 Carrots, .... 0.14 0.10 0.54 1 04 Sugar beets, . 0.29 0.03 0.18 1 15 Cabbages, 0.300 0.11 0.43 1 48 The value of cream is that granted u.s from month to month by our local creamery association. The station has no other connection with the financial management of the creamery. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 75 Our presentation of financial results is based on the local cost of feed alone, and does not consider interest on invest- ment and labor involved, for the reason that approximate estimates on these points are in an exceptional degree dependent on quality of stock and varying local circum- stances. The details are embodied in a few subsequent tables under the following headings : — 1. Statement of articles of fodder used. 2. Record of average quality of milk and of fodder rations. 3. Value of cream produced at creamery basis of valuation. 4. Cost of skim-milk at the selling price of three cents per quart of whole milk. 5. Fertilizing constituents of cream. 6. Some conclusions suggested by the records. 7. Analyses of cream, and modes of analysis of milk, cream and butter. 76 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 05 ts ts '^ '^ o o s •B^aag jcSng CO O O O •S^OJJBQ o 1 CO 1 saEag Bfog I 1 1 I i 00 1 1 1 1 o o •SJBQ pUB 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 qoisA ^ Oi •aSBiiBng; uioQ CO 1 o o •j8Aoig njoo i ■J 1 o o o o •naoo aappo^ o CO %. o o o o o o o •U8A10>J ' 1 o CO CO • lO ^ o lO OJ ^ OI CO CO CO ^ o o o o •^«H to •>* ' {^ to 1 >« ^ o ' 1 ' o t- Ol iH '-' IM o o o •IB3H r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o paae-noi^OQ 3 o CO o o o o o o o o 'I^^H psasnii 1 1 1 ° '°. ssaDoad-Aia^ rf to o s •^ CO c^ CI o ■ra O o •paH psasniT; 'T "^ 1 BS330jd-piO !=!i o o> CJ •jcsj^ namio § ire o o o O o o o o O •nBjg l^aqAV -J to lO _^ ITS ^ UJ liJ uj UJ , >> ^ ?! s J3 _. ^ " a « a a c >-3 .a <5 C5 a 3 1-5 ■5 CO o O o ft 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 'C « 1-H Ci 1^ s '« ^ '^ s ^ o o •saScqqBO ?. 1 1 o § •Biaag jcSng o i o o •sacaa Bfog to" o_ o •svBQ pnE 1 1 1 1 1 1 u-5 -a* 1 1 qojaA CJ_ o •93bi "* ? .? ' ' ' -19 na paxtH *^ g o •J8A0JS UJOQ ' o ' ' ' ' « •njoQ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 aappo^ uaajf) o o o o o •uaiVi.o'^ o o o '°. o o c^ cc !N o o •Kbh 1 1 1 1 1 1 n e-f •nrei£) , 1 1 o o <3 ,8jaAiaaa 05 C-1 iC o o •ItJaK o o 1 1 1 1 1 paas-uojioo ?, Ci o « o o •IB8H paasnii ■^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ssaoo.td-pio O ^ o o o o o o •IB3H najnio ' ;? o o o oo o (M CO ■* ^ uj "■' ilj xa o O o o o o o •uBJa iBaqAV •^ s o ilj O o ;^ "" l« "^ o o o o o .ra o o o •IcaH naoQ ^ 00 t^ 00 to »o oo o ira o UJ xO >i a s 3 ^ 3 CI s a a ;5 c ►^ £? < CE o d 78 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 00 I? c=^ •Bjasg JcSng •UBsg Bfos •sjBO puc ipjaA •aSsijsua UJOQ o o o do o I I r I I I I oooo '^'RR'=? I I I I I I 1 I I I oooo Ol iM (M C) I I I I I I I I I I 1 I ^ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1^ I I I I I I I I I I I I I r I I I I t I ^ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I p 33S-uo};oa SS930J. O o O O Ol Oi ^ o o irj >C5 ' ' ' ' iri lo irf ' ' lO lO ' ' ' ' ' ' I I I I I I I I I I ! I I I I lO lO »0 lO »0 lO lO lO ' ' ' ' 'cocooo ' 'cococococo 'III lO o »o O »C) (M e^ C-; c-1 iM CO CO CO cc to o o o o (M ?g C~4 C^J C^J (N 1 <>J o o s o eococococococoeoeocococococoeoeocococo CO CO cococococococococococococo •paaj •lUBajy JO aoBdg auo 83[biii o} paainbaj 5ii!i\[jo s^jcnf) JO aSB^uaoja,! aSBjaAy 46icooi^0ii:o0050ocq'-;co t^ CD lO CO I- 'O (O t~- •-! Id CO r^ t^ CO CO »o *o ^^ o t^ CO O -^ CO ■■^WK m spKos JO aSEjuaajaj aSBjaAy o c-) CO t— t-^ CO OJ i-H ic 1^ -*** 2 ? "3 ^ a -^ S S ■< g ■ iz 5 g fl s ;<:^ o ^ « -^ iT -i: ^ o4 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 79 Ci ft^ tie C^ oq •suuaa Bfog •sjBQ pui! Mo;aA •a9Ao;s ujoo •luoo J 9 p p o J uaajf) •.Cbh I I I I I I I I o o I I I I I I I I I • I I I I o oo c-i c-i CO I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ^ I oooo oooo oo o ira ITS oo oooo p o popo 00 CO ' iri >o ici lo I t I I I I I I I I I I I •UIL'JO ,SJ9AV3.I{I IBaHP39S-UO}}00 •jBare p39S -u!1 ssaoojd-pio oo o pp I p I CO CO CO o o o o pp op CO CO ' ' CO CO I I I I I I I •paaj JO oiiBH 8An!-HnX •tauajjjo aaucls alio a5[t!ra oj pajiub -ox mm JO sjiunf) JO aSB}U90jaj: aSB.T3AV JO a8B}uaD.ia M O ■3££< 6t -s .S o N ~ o a 2 •2"S o 1 *j -a alt 2 o. S i o "g 3 3 > 1890. January, $37 78 $23 07 $0 64 $15 35 $33 99 February, 32 19 19 62 0 69 13 26 36 93 March, . 34 38 19 75 0 66 15 29 37 52 April, . 38 54 19 75 0 68 19 47 32 40 May, 52 09 25 32 0 73 27 50 33 45 June, . 48 63 30 05 0 72 19 30 30 66 July, . 41 65 23 90 0 68 18 43 29 04 August, 49 09 27 52 0 73 22 30 39 27 September, . 47 43 28 68 0 72 19 47 42 05 October, 44 48 27 82 0 65 17 31 39 92 November, . 42 36 26 59 0 58 16 35 34 83 December, . 40 20 24 89 0 54 15 85 32 84 Averages, . |42 40 $24 75 $0 67 $18 32 $35 24 1891. Januarj', $41 79 $26 14 $0 60 $16 25 $35 23 February, 36 98 26 85 0 61 10 74 35 49 March, . 27 86 17 66 0 69 10 89 42 44 April, . 35 96 23 22 0 63 13 37 37 36 May, 43 70 26 64 0 74 17 80 40 82 June, 35 80 21 51 0 68 14 97 32 40 July, . 36 76 21 30 0 66 16 12 32 26 August, 44 88 25 92 0 68 19 64 36 26 Septemlier, . 33 64 20 11 0 68 14 21 41 84 October, 43 18 22 30 0 63 21 51 39 48 Averages, . $38 06 $23 17 $0 66 $15 55 $37 36 18i»2.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 81 Cost of Skim Milk at the Selling Price oj Three Cents per Quart for Whole Milk. Quarts of Milk pro- duced. a O m Quarts of Cream (One Quart equals 3.4 Spaces). Quarts of Skim-milk. s • 5 3 o ° § Value of Cream per Quart of Milk (Cents). a 2 u o s > I Cost of Skim-milk per Quart (Whole Milk at ThreeCentspe'-Quart) . S z o 1 . o a ^1 1890. Cents. January, 1,404.1 971 285.6 1,118.5 3.50 2.42 $33 99 0.73 $8 13 February, 1,596.2 1,055 310.3 1,285.9 3.50 2.31 36 93 0.85 10 96 March, . 1,594.8 1,014 298.2 1,296.6 3.70 2.35 37 52 0.80 10 32 April, . 1,720.8 1,035 304.4 1,416.4 3.13 1.88 32 40 1.36 19 22 May, 1,946.7 1,115 327.9 1,618.8 3.00 1.72 33 45 1.54 24 95 June, 1,922.4 1,095 322.1 1,600.3 2.80 1.59 30 66 1.69 27 01 July, . . 1,727.0 1,037 305.0 1,422.0 2.80 1.68 29 04 1.60 22 77 August, . 1,809.5 1,122 330.0 1,479.5 3.50 2.17 39 27 1.02 15 02 September, . 1,747.4 1,098 322.9 1,424.5 3.83 2.41 42 05 0.73 10 37 October, 1,556.9 998 293.5 1,263.4 4.00 2.56 39 92 0.54 ' 6 79 November, . 1,413.5 893 262.6 1,150.9 3.90 2.46 34 83 0.66 7 57 December, . 1,321.6 821 241.5 1,080.1 4.00 2.48 32 84 0.61 6 81 Averages, . 1,646.7 1,021 300.3 1,346.4 3.47 2.17 $35 24 1.01 $14 16 1891. January, 1,413.5 915 269.1 1,144.4 3.85 2.49 $35 23 0.63 $7 18 February, 1,643.8 934 274.7 1,369.1 3.80 2.16 35 49 1.01 13 82 March, . 1,700.2 1,048 308.2 1,392.0 4.05 2.50 42 44 0.62 8 57 April, . 1,468.1 958 281.8 1,186.3 3.90 2.54 37 36 0.56 6 68 May, 1,889.7 1,134 333.2 1,556.5 3.60 2.16 40 82 1.02 15 87 Jime, 1,841.3 1,045 307.4 1,533.9 3.10 1.76 32 40 1.49 22 84 July, . 1,791.2 1,008 296.5 1,494.7 3.20 1.80 32 26 1.44 21 43 August, . 1,924.0 1,036 304.7 1,619.3 3.50 1.88 36 26 1.33 21 46 September, . 1,826.9 1,046 307.8 1,519.1 4.00 2.29 41 84 0.85 12 97 October, 1,659.9 963 283.2 1,376.7 4.10 2.38 39 48 0.75 10 32 Averages, . 1,715.9 1,009 296.7 1,419.2 3.71 2.20 $37 36 0.97 $14 12 5. Fertilizing Constituents of Cream. [Average analysis.] Moisture at 100° C, . . . . Nitrogen (161 cents per iDOund), . ^Potassium oxide (4 J cents per pound) , Phosphoric acid (6 cents per pound), . rer Cent. 75.22 .54: .123 .108 82 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 6. Oondusions. 1. The nutritive ratio of the feed varied in 1890 from 1 : 4.60 to 1 : 6.25, with an average of 1 : 5.19 ; in 1891 from 1 : 4.17 to 1 : 6.74, with an average of 1 : 5.17. 2. The amount of fat in the milk varied in 1890 from 4.38 per cent, to 5.09 per cent., with an 'average of 4.70 per cent. ; in 1891 it varied from 4.15 per cent, to 5.21 per cent., with an average of 4.68 per cent. 3. The percentage of total solids varied in 1890 from 13.37 to 14.80; in 1891 from 13.41 to 14.99, with an aver- age for 1890 of 13.99 and for 1891 of 14.18. 4. The total cost of feed for one quart of cream amounts in 1890 to 14.12 cents, and in 1891 to 12.83 cents. 5. The net cost of feed for one quart of cream amounts in 1890 to 6.10 cents, and in 1891 to 5.24 cents. 6. The value received for one space of cream varied in 1890 from 3 to 4 cents, with an average of 3.47 cents; in 1891. from 3.10 to 4.10 cents, with an average of 3.71 cents, which amounts per quart (average) in 1890 to 11.80 cents and in 1891 to 12.61 cents. 7. The number of quarts of milk required to produce one space of cream in 1890 was 1.61, and in 1891, 1.70, or 5.47 quarts of whole milk to produce one quart of cream in 1890 and 5.78 quarts to produce one quart of cream in 1891. 8. The net cost of feed per quart of cream averages in 1890, 6.10 cents and in 1891, 5.24 cents. We received per quart of cream in 1890, 11.80 cents and in 1891, 12.61 cents, thereby securing a profit of 5.70 cents per quart in 1890 and 7.37 cents in 1891. From these statements it appears, as has already been claimed in previous reports, that close fodder rations tend to improve the quality of the milk as well as the condition of the animal. The introduction of dried brewers' grain and cotton-seed meal into the daily diet has apparently lowered to a considerable extent the net cost of feed. For further details concerning results in preceding years, see seventh annual report, pages 82 to 84, and also eighth annual report, pages 54 to 65. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 83 Our average statements for the current year apply in each case to only ten months, due to the fact tliat financial settle- ment with our k^cal creamery is made two months after cream is furnished. Creamery Record^ 1891. — Analyses of Cream and Butter Fat. Analysis of Cheam. Analysis OF Fat. Average Daily Fodder Sampling. Solids. Fat. Solids not Fat. Vola- tile Acids. Kon- volatile Acids. Rations. 1891. Jau. 20, . 30, . 27.14 29.35 18.54 19.60 8.60 9.75 7.54 6.72 84.49 86.98 3 pounds corn meal, 3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds cotton- seed meal, 10 pounds rowen, 15 pounds mixed ensilage (corn and soja beans) . Feb. 3, . " 10, . 27.. 57 27.53 18.60 19.17 8.97 6. 78 8.36 7.43 86.48 86.25 3 pounds corn meal, 3 pounds ■wheat bran, 3 pounds cotton- seed meal, 5 pounds rowen, 45 pounds mixed ensilage. Feb. 17, . 24, . March 3, . 28.26 27.41 27.29 19.88 20.76 19.34 8.38 6.65 7.95 7.49 86.30 7.32 86.10 3 pounds corn meal, 3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds gluten meal, 5 pounds rowen, 50 pounds mixed ensilage. March 11, . 17, . 24, . 26.82 26.53 24.65 18.98 18.63 16.73 7.84 7.90 9.92 - - 3 pounds corn meal, 3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds eluten meal, 15 pounds corn stover. March 31, . April 7, . " 13, . 24.74 26.63 26.75 17.53 18.58 18.84 7.21 8.05 7.91 6.14 6.24 6.52 88.89 87.89 88.32 3 pounds corn meal, 3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds cottonseed meal, 15 pounds coi-n stover. April 21, . " 28, . May 5, . 25.95 18.09 26.61 18.98 1 27.36 19.56 f.86 7.63 7.80 - _ 3 pounds corn raoal, 3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds cotton-seed meal, 20 pounds rowen. May 12, . 19, . " 26, . 26.32 25.68 28.01 18.63 18.11 20.09 7.69 i 7.57 7.92 - 3 pounds corn meal, 3 pounds wheat bran, 3 pounds gluten meal, 18 pounds rowen. Jiilj 14, . " 23, 24.65 17.30 24.27 16.45 7.35 7.82 - - 3 pounds com meal, 3 pounds brewers' grain (dry), 3 pounds gluten meal, 5 pounds rowen, 45 pounds vetch and oats (green). Aug. 11, . 18, . 25.21 25.93 18.12 18.41 7.09 7.52 - - 3 pounds corn meal, 3 pounds wheat brau, 3 pounds gluten meal, 5 pounds rowen, 42 pounds soja beans (green). 84 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Creamery Record, 1891. — Analyses of Cream of Butter, Date op Sampling. Solids. Fat. Solids not Fat. Average Daily Fodder Rations. 1891. Aug. 25, . Sept. 1, . 27.44 25.52 19.27 18.15 8.17 7.37 3 pounds corn meal, 3 pounds brewers' grain (dry), 3 pounds gluten meal, 5 pounds rowen, 42 pounds soja beauB (green). Sept. 15, . " 22 23.01 25.18 15.69 17.56 7.32 7.62 3 pounds corn meal, 3 pounds brewers' grain, 3 pounds gluten meal, 5 pounds rowen, 35 pounds fodder corn (green). Dec. 8, . 15, . " 22, . 22.15 25.03 24.33 15.67 18.14 17.71 6.48 6.89 6.62 j 3 pounds maize feed, 3 pounds cotton-seed meal, 3 pouuds wheat bran, 16 pounds sweet corn stover. Dec. 29, . 25.97 18.66 7.31 3 pounds maize feed, 3 pounds cotton-seed meal, 3 pounds wheat bran, 14 pouuds dent corn stover. MetJiod of Milk Analysis. Total Solids. — Evaporate a known quantity of milk (approximately 5 grams) in a weighed porcelain dish, con- taining 15 to 20 grams of pure, dry sand, on the water bath until apparently dry, then transfer to the air bath and dry at 100° to 105° C. to a constant weight, weighing at intervals of about an hour. In case of cream, use 2.5 to 3 grams for evaporation. Fat. — Pulverize the sand containing the solids without removing from the dish, subsequently transfer to a filter, and exhaust with anhydrous, alcohol-free ether. Dry the fat obtained on the evaporation of the ether in an air bath at 100° to 105° C. to a constant weight. A^sh. — A weighed quantity of milk is evaporated to dry- ness with a few drops of nitric acid, and burned in a muffle at a low red heat until free from carbon. Methods of Butter Analysis. ( 1 ) Moisture. — Two and five-tenths to 3 grams are dried at 100° C. in an air bath. (2) Salt. — Six to 7 grams of the butter are washed into a separatory funnel with hot water, and are well shaken, and 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 85 allowed to stand until the fat has collected on top ; the water is then drawn off, and a fresh quantity added, and shaken up with the butter. This is continued until 200 to 300 cubic centimetres of water have passed through the funnel. The washings are mixed, and made up to 500 cubic centimetres, and the chlorine determined in an aliquot part by means of silver nitrate. From the chlorine the salt is readily calculated. (3) Fat. — Two and five-tenths to 3 grams of the fat freed from salt by the above operation (2), and from water by drying in the air bath, are dissolved in ether, and filtered from the curd into a tared flask. The ether is driven off, and the residual fat dried and weighed. In calculating the per cent., allowance is made for salt and water removed. (4) Casein. — The residue remaining on the filter in (3) is tested for nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method. The factor 6.33 is used in reducing the per cent, of nitrogen found to casein. Method for determining Volatile and Non-volatiU Fatty Acids contained in Butter. The sample is prepared by churning the cream in a suit- able bottle, washing the butter well with cold water, melting at 50 ° C. and filtering from the curd through a hot-water funnel. The fat is then heated in the air bath until free from water. The method pursued in the determination of the volatile and non-volatile fatty acids is essentially that described by L. F. Nilson, in " Zeit. f. Anal. Chemie," 28, 2, 1.76. Two and eight-tenths cubic centimetres to 2.9 cubic centi- metres (approximately 2.5 grams) are measured into a tared Erlenmeyer flask of 250 cubic centimetres capacity, and the exact weight determined. Saponification is accomplished by adding 1 gram of potassium hydrate dissolved in 2 cubic centimetres of water, and 5 cubic centimetres of strong (95 per cent.) alcohol. The flask is provided with a reflux con- denser, and heated until saponification is complete. The alcohol is then driven off, the last traces being removed by means of the following device : the flask is provided with a double perforated rubber cork, one hole carrying a glass tube reaching nearly to the bottom of the flask and provided 86 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. above with a short rubber tube carrying a pinch-cock, the other connected by means of a rubber tube with a suction pump. By alternately opening and closing the pinch-cock while the pump is working, the last traces of alcohol can be readily removed from the soap. Dissolve the soap thus obtained in 30 cubic centimetres of warm water, decompose with 20 cubic centimetres of a 20 per cent, solution of orthophosphoric acid, distil off the volatile acids through a condenser, filtering the distillate, and titrate with decinormal sodium hydrate, using phenol phthalein as indicator. The volatile acids are expelled from the flask by a current of steam. When the distillate amounts to 500 cubic centimetres, the operation is considered to be complete. The volatile acids are calculated as butyric. The condenser and connections are rinsed back into the flask with boiling water, and the non-volatile acids washed with hot water, and filtered when cool through the same filter that was used for the distillate. The washing is continued until no traces of phosphoric acid are left in the distillate. The filter is then exhausted with hot alcohol, allowing the solution to run into the flask. The alcohol is driven off on the water bath, and the non-volatile fatty acids dried at 100° C. in the air bath until they begin to gain weight. 5. Some General Remarks on Analysis of Fodder and Fodder Analyses. The application of an intelligently devised system of chemical tests, for the purpose of ascertaining the amount and the relative proportions of the essential proximate con- stituents of our fodder articles, has rendered A^aluable ser- vices to practical agriculture. The chemical analysis of plants during their successive stages of growth has shown marked alterations in their composition, as far as the absolute amount of vegetable matter, as well as the relative propor- tion of the essential plant constituents, are concerned. It has rendered not less conspicuous the important influence which the soil in its varying state of fertility exerts on the quantity and the quality of the growth raised upon it. The lessons derived from this source of information have stimu- lated inquiries concerning the safest modes of manuring, of 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 87 cultivating and of harvesting our different farm crops with the prospect of securing the most satisfactory returns under existing circumstances. A better knowledge regarding the particular quality of the various articles of fodder at our disposal improves our chances of supplementing them judiciously and thus econom- ically for different kinds of farm live-stock, as well as for different conditions and functions of the same kind. It fur- nishes, also, a safer basis for the explanation of the results obtained in actual feeding experiments. To study the nutritive value or feeding effect of any of our fodder articles by actual feeding experiments, without learning, as far as practicable, something more definite regarding its peculiar quality or composition, deprives the results obtained largely of their general interest, for they are secured under ill- defined circumstances. The chemical analysis of an article of fodder is for these reasons considered the first step required to render an intelligent interpretation of the results in feeding trials possible. Food Constituents. — Actual feeding experiments have shown that thr^ee groujjs of plant constituents, namely, nitrog- enous, non-nitrogenous and mineral constituents, are needed to successfully sustain animal life. No one or two of them, alone, can support it for any length of time. In case the food does not contain digestible non-nitrogenous substances, the fat and a portion of the muscles of the animal on trial will be consumed in the support of respiration before its life terminates. In case digestible nitrogenous constituents are excluded from the diet, the formation of new blood and flesh from the food consumed ceases ; for the animal system, according to our present state of information, is not capable of producing its principal constituents from anything else than the nitrogenous constituents of the plants. Herbivorous animals receive these substances directly from the plants ; carnivorous animals indirectly, by feeding on herbivorous animals. We feed, at present, our farm- stock too frequently, without a due consideration of the gen- eral natural law of nutrition ; to deal out our fodder crops only with mere reference to name, instead of making ourselves more familiar with their composition and their 88 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. particular quality, deprives us even of the chance of draw- ing an intelligent conclusion from our present system of feeding. To compound the animal diet with reference to the par- ticular organization of the animal, its age and its functions, is of no more importance than to select the fodder sub- stances with reference to its special wants, as far as the absolute and relative quantity of the three essential groups of food constituents are concerned. The peculiar character of our home-raised fodder articles is apt to conceal their special deficiency for the various pur- poses they are used for in general farm management. They all contain the three essential food constituents, yet in widely varying proportions ; and they ought, therefore, to be supplemented in ditferent directions to secure their full economical value. To resort to more or less of the same fodder article to meet the special wants may meet the- case as far as an efficient support of the animal is concerned, yet it can only in exceptional cases be considered good economy. Fodder Rations. — To satisfy the craving of the stomach and to feed a nutritious food are both requirements of a healthy animal diet, which, each in its own way, may be complied with. The commercial fodder substances — as oil-cakes, mill refuse brans, and our steadily increasing supply of refuse materials from breweries, starch works, glucose factories, etc. — are admirably fitted to supplement our farm resources for stock feeding; they can serve in regard to animal growth and support, in a similar way as the commercial fertilizers in the growth of our farm crops, by supplementing our home manurial resources. To feed an excess of food materials, as roots, potatoes, etc., which contain a large proportion of non-uitrogenous matter, as starch, sugar, digestible cellular substance, etc., means direct waste, for they are ejected by the animal, and do not even materially benefit the manure heap. In case of an excessive consumption of nitrogenous constituents, — as oil-cakes, brans, gluten meal, etc., — a part of the expense is saved in an increased value of the manure obtained, yet scarcely enough to recommend that practice beyond merely exceptional cases. The aim, therefore, of an economical stock-feeding must be to compound our 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 89 various fodder materials in such a manner that the largest quantity of each of the three above-stated groups of fodder substances, which the animal is capable of assimilating, should be contained in its daily diet to meet the purpose for wliich it is kept. To compound the fodder rations of our farm stock, with reference to the special wants of each class of them, is an essential requirement for a satisfactory performance of their functions ; to supply these wants in an economical way con- trols the financial success of the industry. From these and similar considerations it will be apparent that the develop- ment of a more rational, and thus more economical, system of feeding farm live-stock requires the following kind of information : — First. How much of each of the three essential groups of food constituents is contained in the fodder we feed ? Second. How much of each of these essential food con- stituents is digesti])le under existing circumstances, and is thus directly available to the particular animal on trial ? Third. How much of each of the three essential food constituents does each kind of animal require to secure the best results? More than twenty-five years have passed by since these questions have seriously engaged the attention of skilful experimenters. Sufficient valuable information has been secured in the course of time to encourage the use of the adopted methods of observation, and to impart to many of the conclusions arrived at a just claim for a serious consid- eration on the part of practical agriculturists. The fact that much needs still to be learned to meet the reasonable expectations of those engaged in the development of a more economical system of feeding farm live-stock cannot be con- sidered a valid reason why we should not make an intelligent use of what we have learned. Fodder Analysis. — The chemical analysis of a fodder article is carried on with a view to determine the quantity of each group of its constituents, which is considered an essential ingredient of a complete food for the support of animal life. Our modes of analyzing articles of fodder are 90 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. practically the same, wherever this work is carried out intel- ligently. The results obtained are, therefore, applicable for the determining of a comparative value wherever the identity of the material can be established. The actual results of the analysis are usually reported under the following headings : — 1. Amount of moisture lost at 110° C, or 230° F., g,nd amount of dry matter left behind. 2. Amount of mineral matter left behind after a careful incineration of the material. 3. Amount of organic nitrogenous matter, commonly called crude protein. 4. Amount of non-nitrogenous organic matter, exclusive of fat and of coarse cellulose substances. The entire mass which any fodder substance leaves behind after being heated at one hundred and ten degrees, Centi- grade thermometer, is called dry matter. An increase in dry substance in case of any plant or part of plant at the same stage of growth indicates usually a higher feeding value. To satisfy the cravings of the animal, a certain quantity or bulk of coarse, dry matter becomes an impor- tant consideration in maldng up the fodder rations for differ- ent classes of animals. In raising young stock for fattening purposes, a liberal supply is also desirable, to effect a proper distension of the digestive organs, to make them good feeders hereafter. Nitrogenous substances, or protein matter, refer to several groups of nitrogen-containing compounds, of plants in par- ticular, as albumin, fibrin, legumin, basein, etc., which are essential for the formation of blood and tissues. Those contained in animal matter, as meat refuse, are frequently considered of a higher value than those in many plants. Non-nitrogenous substances include, in particular, starch, sugars, organic acids, gums, fats and the digestiljle portion of the cellular matter of the fodder. These substances are readily transformed within the digestive organs into soluble compounds of a similar chemical character, and are thus assumed to serve an identical physiological purpose. As more recent investigations have shown a superior physio- 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 91 logical value of fat, — one of the non-nitrogenous con- stituents, — two and one-half times as much as starch, sugar, and other representatives of that group, its amount is separately recorded. The same course, for similar reasons, has of late been adopted with reference to certain forms of nitrogenous organic constituents of fodder articles. Fatty substances include all the various natural fats of the plant. Most plants contain more than was assumed at an earlier stage of inquiry. As the fat is separated by means of ether, the statements in the analyses do not exactly ex- press the amount of fatty matter alone, but include more or less resinous substances, wax, etc., which are largely soluble in ether, and of a similar highly carbonaceous character. The fat of the fodder seems to serve, in case of judicious fodder rations, mainly to increase the stock of fat in the animal which consumes the fodder. Digestibility of Fodder. — Wherever the article has been tested by actual feeding experiment under skilful observa- tion, the amount of each essential group of food constituents which has been shown to be digestible is reported in connec- tion with the chemical analysis, under the heading Digestible Portion, per hundred weight or per ton. The higher or lower degree of digestibility of a fodder article exerts a decided influence on its nutritive value. Different stages of growth affect the rates of digestibility of the various plant constitu- ents. The same feature is noticed in regard to different parts of plants, as well as in case of different kinds of animals. More than two hundred fodder articles have thus far been studied under varying circumstances, and most of our cur- rent kinds of fodders have been tested in Europe and else- where, in numerous well-conducted feeding experiments with a suitable selection of different kinds of farm live-stock. This fact imparts to many of the results recorded a sufficient importance to recommend them as a basis of new feeding trials, with feed stuffs raised in our climate, or obtained in our home industries. Nutritive Ratio. — The last, but not least important, column of the statement of the chemical analysis — quite 92 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. frequently found in the general record of a fodder for a practical agricultural purpose — is that of" Nutritive Ratio." These words are used to express the numerical relation of its digestible nitrogenous substances taken as one, as compared with the sum of its digestible non-nitrogenous organic sub- stances, fat included. The information derived from that statement is very important ; for it means to express the summary of results secured by actual feeding trials under specified conditions, and with the aid of the best endorsed chemical modes to account for the constituents of the food before and after it has served for the support of the animal on trial. Experience has shown that different kinds of animals, as well as the same kind at different ages and for different functions, require a different proportion of the essential groups of food constituents to produce in each case the best results. A statement of the nutritive ratio of a fodder article — otherwise well adapted as an ingredient of a daily diet in the case under consideration — indicates the direction in which the material has to be supplemented to economize to a full extent its various constituents. Practical trials with milch cows have demonstrated that they require for the highest production of a good milk and the maintenance of a healthy live weight, the most nutritious food we are in the habit of o-ivin^ to full-srown farm animals. Careful examinations into the composition of an efficient diet for milch cows have shown that it contains one part of digestible nitrogenous matter to from five to five and a half parts of digestible non-nitrogenous organic matter. A due consideration of these facts renders it but natural that a good corn ensilage, which has a nutritive ratio of from 1 to 10 to 1 to 12, needs a liberal addition of substances like oil- cakes, wheat bran, gluten meal, etc., which have a nutritive ratio of 1 to from 2.5 to 4, to secure its full value as an ingredient of a daily diet in the. dairy ; or that good hay shows less the beneficial effects of an addition of these valuable waste products than that of an inferior quality. The nutritive ratio of hay may vary from 1 to 5.5 to from 1 to 9 or more. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 93 Market Oost and Food Value. — The value of an article of fodder may he stated from two different stand-points, — that is, witJi reference to its cost in the local market and iviih reference to its nutritive feeding value. The market price may he expressed hy a definite sum for each locality ; it de- pends on demand and supply in the market, and it is beyond the control of the individual farmer. The nutritive value, or commonly called food value, of the article cannot he ex- pressed hy a definite sum; it varies with a more or less judicious application, and depends also, to a considerahle degree, on its adaptation under varying circumstances. To secure the most satisfactory returns from feeding our home- raised fodder crops is as important a question as that of raising them in an economical manner. The great progress which has been made of late in regard to the proper mode of feeding plants ought to serve as an encouragement to undertake the task of inquiring more systemmatically into the proper mode of feeding our farm live-stock in the most profitable way. Manurial Value of Fodder Articles. — Assuming a similar degree of adaptation of the various fodder articles offered for our choice, the question of cost deserves a serious con- sideration, when feeding for profit. Tlie actual cost of a fodder article does not depend merely upon its market ptrice, hut is materially affected hy the value of the manurial refuse it leaves hehind, luhen it has served its purpose as food. The higher the percentage of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash a diet contains, the more valuable is the manure it furnishes, under otherwise corresponding circumstances. An excess, therefore, of any one or of all three in one diet, as compared with that of another, counts in favor of that particular diet as far as the net cost of feed is concerned ; for it is admissible, for mere practical, economical purposes, to assume that, in raising one and the same kind of animals to a corresponding weight, or feeding them for the same purpose, a corresponding amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potassium oxide, etc., will be retained, and, according to circumstances, either stored up in the growing animal or passed into the milk, etc. The commercial value of the three 94 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. above-mentioned essential articles of plant food, contained in the manure secured in connection with our feeding experi- ments with milch cows, has differed in case of different diets from less than one-third to more than one-half of the market cost of feed consumed. As the financial success in a mixed farm management depends, in a considerable degree, on the amount, the char- acter and the money value of the manurial refuse material secured in connection with the special farm industry car- ried on, it needs no farther argument to prove that the relations which exist between the composition of the fodder and the value of the manure resulting deserve the careful consideration of the farmer when devising an efficient and, at the same time, an economical diet for his live-stock. To assist in a due consideration of this important circumstance a compilation of analyses of a great variety of fodder articles made in the course of years at the Massachusetts Experiment Station has been added to this report in the form of an appendix. Valuation of Qoncentrated Commercial Feed Stuffs. — Most of our concentrated feed stuffs, as oil-cakes, brans, middlings, maize feed, gluten meals, starch feed, etc., are by-products of various branches of industry. The articles contain, as a rule, a more liberal amount of nitrogenous food constituents than the materials from which they are obtained, and they are usually bought for the purpose of raisins^ the nitroo^en-containino; food constituents of the daily diet of our farm live-stock to a desired proportion. This general practice is based on the circumstance that the larger portion of our home-raised coarse fodder articles, as meadow hay, fodder corn, corn stover, corn ensilage, roots, etc., is, comparatively speaking, quite deficient in nitrogen- containing food constituents, to meet, in an economical way, the requirement of an efficient daily diet for dairy stock, hard- worked animals, young farm live-stock of various kinds, etc. The concentrated commercial feed stuffs, if judiciously selected and in a proper mechanical condition, are admirably adapted to add to our home-raised coarse fodder articles that food constituent in which they are de- 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 95 ficient, without increasing in an objectionable degree the bulk or volume of the daily fodder ration. They tend thereby to increase, as a rule, materially, the nutritive value of our home-raised coarse fodder articles. Farmers that do not raise a liberal proportion of clover-like fodder plants are, in a particular degree, in need of concentrated commer- cial feed stuffs rich in nitrogenous food constituents to turn the excess of the non-nitrogenous food constituents, which most of our current home-raised coarse fodder articles contain, to the best possible account. As we buy, in the majority of cases, the concentrated commercial feed stuffs on account of their large proportion of nitrogen-containing food constituents, it becomes of special interest to know at what cost a given quantity of digestible nitrogen-containing food constituents can be bought in the form of different feed stuffs equally well adapted under existing circumstances. A change in the market cost of one and the same commercial feed stuff affects the cost of the nitrogen-containing food constituent, in particular as its supply is more limited than that of the non-nitrogenous food constituents, which our home-raised coarse fodder articles contain, as a rule, in abundance. The subsequent tabular statement assumes a constant cost of digestible non-nitrogenous food constituents, — sugar, starch, fat, etc., — and shows thereby the variations in the cost of digestible nitrogen-containing food constituents in case of some prominent concentrated commercial feed stuffs in our local market. The majority of the analyses stated is made of fodder articles which have been used either during the past year in connection with some of our feeding experiments, or have been raised upon the grounds of the station. Some articles sent on by outside parties are added, on account of the special interest they may present to others. 9(i AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jun. Valuation of Fodder Articles on the foUoivinr/ Basis. Digestible cellulose and nitrogen free extract matter, 1.00 cent per pound; digestible fat. 2.50 cents per pound. The value of digestible protein determined the differ- ence of the sum of both and the market cost of the fodder articles. (Calculation is based on dry matter, 2,000 pounds.) Market Cost. Protein per Poiiiid. Cents. Corn meal. f31 00 6.88 Corn meal, 29 00 5.84 Corn meal, 24 00 3.24 Corn meal, 23 00 2.72 Wheat middlings, 20 00 3.13 Spring wheat bran, . 19 00 3.04 Winter Avheat bran, . 21 00 3.93 Chicago maize feed, . 23 00 2.34 Dried brewers' grain, 22 00 3.37 Old-process linseed meal, . 26 00 2.20 New-process linseed meal. 27 00 2.68 Chicago gluten meal, 28 00 2.46 Cotton-seed meal. 28 00 2.34 English Iiay, 12 00 1.36 English hay, 15 00 4.12 Rowen, .... 12 00 1.21 Rowen, .... 15 00 3.24 Corn stover,* 5 00 - Corn ensilage,* 2 50 - Mangold roots,* 3 00 - Sugar beets,* . 5 00 - * The valiift nf tbfi rlio-pctihlp. fell iln«R_ Tiitrnn-pn fr.^p pvti'nnf iiiii.t "f»r nnil fiii:. nn the above basis, exceeds' the market cost. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 97 Corn Meal. Wheat Middlings. * a u, 3 a o o a '- o 5 . o ^ Oh Pounds Digest- ible iu a Ton. .2 > 3 M 3 a o li M Pounds Digest- ible iu a Ton. > Moisture 15.31 - _ 10.07 - - Dry matter 84.69 - - 89.93 - - 100.00 - - 100.00 - - Analysis of I>rj/ Matter. Crude ash 1.72 - - s 6.99 - - ^ " cellulose,. 2.17 48 20.83 >oi 9.21 24 44.20 T"! " fat 4.84 85 82.28 5.31 71 75.40 " protein 12.18 79 192.44 16.72 78 260.83 Xfree extract matter. 79.09 98 1,550.16 61.77 77 951.26 100.00 - 1,845.71 100.00 - 1,331.69 J Spring Wheat Bran. Winter Wheat Bran. # a § SB § a S « a 5 11 -g a v o 5 =« a (u 1^ 1 3 Moisture, ..... 12.74 - ■ - 13.06 - - Drj' matter, .... 87.26 - - 86.94 - - 100.00 - - 100.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash 8.06 _ _ rfi 7.76 _ - to CO " cellulose 13.75 24 66.00 )■"* 12.74 24 61.15 ^ " fat 5.46 71 77.53 3.43 71 48.71 " protein 16.19 78 252.56 16.24 78 253.34 N-free extract matter. 56.54 77 870.72 59.83 77 921.38 100.00 - 1,266.81 100.00 - 1,284.58 98 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Chicago Maizb Feed. Brewers Grain. 0, . c o a) p, 5 . o ^ si Ph to O 4, O 5 « n a ■a •- a 'A it ® o s 11 O ■£ V cm Pi Cj o O OS m C O « 1 3 Moisture 9.75 - - 10.19 - - Dry matter, .... 90.25 - - 89.81 - - 100.00 - - 100.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash 0.75 - - -* 2.98 - - ^ " cellulose, .... 9.65 62 119.66 ■ -r i-H 8.07 40 64.56 (■ ■' " fat 6.15 85 104.55 5.25 83 87.15 " protein, .... 21.33 79 337.01 i 22.76 74 336.85 N-free extract matter, 62.12 91 1,130.58 60.94 64 780.03 100.00 - 1,691.80 100.00 - 1,268.59 J Old-process Linseed Meal. New-process Linseed Meal. ^ A M § Z s 5 . 3 it '^ a ^ 3 Ph PerCent.ofDi- gestibility. m a a o if Eh ft =» w C. -O "I' 3 » O 5 > 'u 3 Moisture 8.72 - - 8.29 - ^ Dry matter, 91.28 - - 91.71 - - 100.00 - - 1 100.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 5.96 - - CO 5.91 - - -^ t- " cellulose, . 8.23 26 42.79 ^ 9.43 26 49.04 I-l " fat 9.87 91 179.63 4.08 91 74.26 " protein. 36.19 87 629.70 35.03 87 ■ 609.51 N-free extract matter. 39.75 91 723.45 45.55 91 829.01 100.00 - 1,575.57 100.00 - 1,561.82 -" 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 99 Chicago Gluten Meal. Cotton-seed Meal. - ••3 n § "i "SI" o 5 « 00 fl •a ■'' a ® §s o 1 > a o " a Oh li 0) so S o 5 «5 m fl ■a "" a « 1- .2 > 3 Moisture Dry matter, .... 11.11 88.89 - - 9.77 90.23 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash " cellulose, .... " fat " protein, . . N-free extract matter, 100.00 1.65 0.73 9.22 33.34 55.06 62 85 79 91 9.05 156.74 526.77 1,002.09 100.00 8.18 7.74 11.33 44.41 28.34 88 85 95 199.41 754.97 538.46 { 100.00 - 1,694.65 100.00 - 1,492.84 English Hat. ROWEN. So 0 ^ 5 a 3 m 0 a 0 5 =» fl » 1^ d 1 % 3 it 5 . 11 Pounds Digest- ible in a Ton. .2 1 3 I? Moisture Dry matter 9.72 90.28 - - 1 13.53 86.47 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash " cellulose, . . . . " fat " protein N-free extract matter. 100 00 6.43 32.28 2.49 9.54 49.26 58 46 57 63 374.45 22.91 108.76 620.68 100.00 6.81 28.31 3.81 12.94 48.13 58 46 57 63 328.40 35.05 147.52 606.44 100.00 - 1,126.80 100. oa - 1,117.41 100 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Corn Stover. Corn Ensilage. • ® a ill o ca 'n c o Q) a. t. o Ah 5 . la Pounds Digest- ible in a Ton. .2 > P 125 CO '2 a § 5 . Pounds Digest- ible In a Ton. 6 1 > te5 Moisture Dry matter, .... 22.50 77.50 - - ^ 72.95 27.05 - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude asli " cellulose, .... " fat " protein N-free extract matter, 100.00 3.97 34.96 1.54 9.76 49.77 72 75 73 67 503.42 23.10 142.50 666.92 100.00 6.48 26.33 5.17 7.64 54.38 72 75 . 73 67 379.15 77.55 111.54 728.69 - 100.00 - 1,335.94 100.00 - 1,296.93 Mangold Roots. Sugar Beets. " A a g 0) CI, Ph 5 . a 3 a) M tg a 0 0 5 « a V .2" " A " a PL, 5 . 11 « 0 .£PH 2 > a Moisture Dry matter, . . • . 87.75 12.25 - - 85.27 14.73 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash " cellulose,. " fat, " protein, . » . . N-free extract matter, 100.00 9.06 7.94 0.88 10.37 71.75 100 100 100 100 158.80 17.60 207.40 1,435.00 100.00 5.95 6.49 0.66 10.97 75.93 100.00 100 100 100 100 129.80 13.20 219.40 1,518.60 1,881.00 0 100.00 - 1,818.80 - 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 101 Analyses of Fodder Articles sent on by Farmers. Corn Meal. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Moisture at 100^ C, Per Cent. 13.52 86.48 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . 2.34 " cellulose, . 2.47 " fat. . 4.85 " protein (niti-ogenous matter). . 15.61 Non-nitrogenous extract matter. . 74.73 Corn and Cob Meal. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, ....... 100.00 Per Cent. 19.11 80.89 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash. . 2.05 " cellulose. . 6.97 fat, . . . 3.46 " protein (n itrogenous matter) , . 10.51 Non-nitrogenous extract matter. . 77.01 Passed screen 144 meshes to square inch, 100.00 73.88 Hominy Choj^. [Sent on frbm Soutbborough, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C , 11.32 Dry matter, . . . ' 88.68 100.00 Analysis oj Dry Matter. Crude ash, . 2.44 " cellulose, . 5.12 fat, . 11.26 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , . . . . 6.77 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... . 74.41 100.00 102 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Wheat Bran. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] I. II. Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, 10.47 89.53 13.17 86.83 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, . . ■ . fat, " jDrotein (nitrogenous matter), , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 100.00 7.19 11.27 4.80 18.93 57.81 100.00 7.95 11.22 4.86 17.31 58.66 100.00 100.00 I. Wheat Bran (St, Louis'). II. Sjyring Wlieat Bran (Duluth, Mi7in.). [Sent on from Warren, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, 10.12 89.88 8.97 91.03 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 100.00. 6.94 9.72 4.95 18.08 60.31 100.00 7.68 10.84 5.37 19.54 56.57 100.00 100.00 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 103 Ground Barley. [Sent on from Amherst.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C 14.62 Dry matter, 85.38 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 3.18 " cellulose, . 5.04 " fat, 2.38 " protein (nitrogenous matter), ..... 14.93 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 74.47 Oluten Meal. [From Amherst, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, . 100.00 Per Cent. 10.90 89.10 Ajialysis of Dry Matter. Crvide ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogtmous matter), Non-nitrogenous extract matter. Cottonseed Meal. [Sent on from Amherst, Mass.] 100.00 1.02 1.28 7.36 34.79 65 . 55 100.00 Pkr Cent. I. II. Moisture at 100° C , Dry matter, 9.07 90.93 9.06 91.94 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 100.00 7.50 6.81 11.17 46.38 28.14 100.00 8.11 8.69 10.71 41.26 31.23 100.00 100.00 104 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Cotton-seed Meal. [I. sent on from Holden, Mass. ; II. and III. sent on from Sunderland, Mass.] Per Cent. I. II. III. Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, ....... " cellulose, ...... " fat, " i^rotein (nitrogenous matter) , , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 8.90 91.10 100.00 8.23 7.15 12.61 51.79 20.22 8.50 91.50 100.00 9.60 50.61 9.37 90.63 100.00 11. U 43.86 100.00 - - Cocoanut Meal. [Sent on from Concord, Mass.] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, . Per Cent. 9.33 90.67 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . 5.68 " cellulose, . 18.80 " fat, . 12.88 " jji-otein (nitr ogenous matter) , . . . . 22.61 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 40.03 Hog Feed — Bakery Refuse. [Sent on from North Hadley, Mass ] Moisture at 100° C, Dry matter, . 100.00 Per Cent. 13.34 86.66 Ajialysis oj Dry Matter Crude ash, ..... " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), Non-niti*ogenous extract matter. 100.00 11.64 0.43 6.36 9.23 72.34 100.00 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 105 Hay from Salt Meadows. [Sent on from Newbury, Mass.] I. II. 1 HI. IMoisture at 100° C, Dry matter, 9.66 90.34 8.08 91.92 8.75 91.25 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter), . Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . 100.00 5.01 27.84 2.65 4.35 60.15 100.00 5.03 27.82 3.24 3.77 60.14 100.00 9.03 31.41 3.37 6.72 49.47 100.00 100.00 100.00 MetJiods of Analysis of Cattle Foods. 1. Moisture. — Dry 2 ta-ams in ;in air-l):ith at 100-110° C. to a constant weight. 2. Ash. — Char 2 to 5 grams in a niulMe furnace at a hjw red heat, cool and weigh. Digest for a short time with dihite hydrochloric acid ; collect the residue insoluble in acid in a Gooch cruciljle, wash, dry and weigh. Subtract this from the total weight for pure ash. 3. Ether Extract. — Dry 2 grams at 100° C. for two hours. Exhaust with anhydrous, alcohol-free ether, until the extraction is complete. Dry the extract in the air-bath at 100° C. to a constant weight. 4. Crude Protein. — Determine nitrogen by the Kjeldahl or soda-lime method, and multi})ly the result by 6.2.5 for crude protein. 5. Albuminoid jSfitrogen. — Determine by Stutzer's method, as given in the " Proceedings of the Association of Official Agricultural Cniemists," 1800 (pages 211 and 212), except that the protein-copper is dried before being intro- duced into the flask. 6. Crude Fibre or Cellulose. — The method is descril)ed in the " Proceedings of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists," 1890 (page 212). In this method 2 grams of 106 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. the material, having been nearly or completely freed from fat, are boiled for thirty minutes with 200 cubic centimetres of 1^ per cent, sulphuric acid, brought upon a linen filter and thoroughly washed with boiling water. It is then washed into the boiling-flask with a 1^ per cent, solution of sodium hydrate, brought quickly to 100° C, and boiled for thirty minutes, when it is filtered through a Gooch crucible, or balanced filter-papers, washed with boiling water, alcohol and ether, dried at 100° C. for an hour, and weighed. The organic matter is then burned oft", and the weight of the ash deducted for crude cellulose. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 107 n. FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH STEERS. The question of a remunerative production of beef for the meat market, upon the farms of New England, has, for several years past, received a deserved attention at the Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station, by carrying on feeding experiments, under well-defined circum- stances, with growing steers. The results of observations in that direction during two preceding years are ready for publi- cation. The work is to be continued with such modifications as suggest themselves during its progress, and the con- clusions arrived at will be published hereafter, whenever they are found to be of a more general interest to the farming community. The first experiment, December, 1889, to May, 1890, briefly described upon a few succeeding pages, was planned mainly with a view to determine the cost of the feed required for the production of beef for the meat market under exist- ing local conditions, and with special reference to the con- temporary local market price of the fodder articles at our disposal. Current home-raised fodder articles, as fodder corn, corn stover, corn ensilage and sugar beets, served as coarse feed, while corn and cob meal, wheat bran, old-process linseed meal and gluten meal furnished the grain feed for daily diet of the animals on trial. The stated amount of grain feed was in each case a fixed quantity, while the con- sumption of coarse feed was governed by the appetite of the jinimal. 108 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. One and two year old grade Shorthorn steers, two of each kind, were chosen for the observation. The steers selected were, as far as possible, of a similar general character with reference to breed. They were chosen of a different age to offer a desirable chance to determine the difference in the cost of the feed for the i)roduction of a corresponding increase in the live weight of both one and two year old animals. The same kinds of fodder articles served at the same stage of the experiment for all animals engaged in the experiment alike in the compounding of their daily diet ; they were, however, given in different proportion and in different quan- tities to animals of different ages. The daily diet of one and two year old steers was compounded with a due con- sideration of the wants at the particular age of each lot. Their respective daily diet consequently differed essentially only in regard to quantity and proportion of the same fod- der articles. The local market price of the various fodder articles used at the time of the observation has been adopted as the basis of determining the cost of the daily fodder rations. A loss of eight per cent, of the essential fertilizing constituents contained in the food consumed has been assumed a fair compensation for the amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium oxide retained in the growing animal, and thereby lost to the manurial resources of the farm. Accept- ing E. Wolff^s statement of the chemical composition of a live steer as the basis in our calculation of the loss of the above-stated manurial substances, one hundred pounds of increase in the live weight of the steers, at the present mar- ket value of phosphoric acid, potassium oxide and nitrogen, represents a loss of from 52 to 55 cents to the manurial resources of the farm. From the previous statement, it will be noticed that ninety-two per cent, of the essential fertil- izing constituents contained in the feed consumed are con- sidered available in the manure produced in connection with raising steers for the meat market. The net cost of the feed stated in the subsequent report of our financial results represents, therefore, the cost of the feed consumed, after deducting from its original market price ninety-two per 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 38. 100 cent, of the money value of the essential fertilizmg con- stituents, {. e., nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium oxide, it contains. The statements of the relative proportion of the digestible nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous food constituents of the daily diet (its nutritiA^e ratio) are based on the mean of more recent observations in connection with actual feedino- experiments elsewhere (Wolff). The difterent daily fodder rations recorded below were compounded with a view to compare ditferent comliinations of well-known feed stuffs with reference to feeding effect and to influence on cost of feed. Those daily fodder rations which have given us the most satisfactory results in this connection may be seen below (rations I. and II.). The general history of the management of the experiment and the financial results of the whole operation are published upon a few sul^sequent i)ages. It is for obvious reasons not advisable to enter at this early stage of our experiments upon a detailed critical discussion of the lessons which may be learned from the results obtained. Some facts, however, brought out in the course of the experiment, are apparently so well supported under existing circumstances that a brief statement concerning them may claim some special attention. Iiesullii. 1. Corn ensilage, when fed either with wheat bran and gluten meal, or with wheat bran and old-process linseed meal, has produced in our case, without an exception, the highest gain in live weight, as compared Avith other fodder rations used in the experiment (see fodder rations I., II., l)elow) . 2. The increase in live weight per day, when feeding the ensihige fodder rations (I., II.) to one-year old steers, has in one instance (steer 2) exceeded three pounds, while in the case of two-year old steers it lias averaged more than four pounds per day in one case (steer 4). 3. The original cost of the feed (corn ensilage, fodder rations I., II.) consumed i)er day has been from 12.82 cents to 14.72 cents in case of one-year old steers (1, 2), 110 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. and from 16.67 cents to 19.33 cents in case of two-year old steers (3, 4). 4. The net cost of the feed (corn ensilage, fodder rations I., II.) consumed per day has been from 4.81 cents to 5.26 cents in the case of one-year old steers (1,2), and from 6.65 cents to 7.44 cents in case of two-year old steers. 5. The daily increase in the live weight of the one-year old steers during both periods of feeding ensilage fodder rations (I., II.) averages 2.9 pounds. The original market cost of that diet averages, per day, 13.29 cents, hence the original cost of the feed consumed per pound of live weight gained amounts to 4.8 cents, while the net cost of the feed consumed per pound of live weight gained amounts to 1.82 cents. 6. The daily increase in the live weight of the two-year old steers during both periods of feeding ensilage fodder rations (I., II.) averages 3.45 pounds. The original market cost of that daily diet averages for both periods, per day, 18 cents, hence the original market cost of the feed con- sumed for every pound of live weight produced amounts to 5.22 cents, while the net cost of the feed consumed per pound of live weight gained amounts to 2.08 cents. 7. The difference in the financial result presented above and of the subsequent financial summaries of the entire feeding experiment is due to the less profitable daily fodder ration used during the experiment in connection with the ensilage fodder rations (I., II.). Local MarTcet Value ^^er Ton of the Various Articles of Fodder used, 1889-90. Wheat bi-an, 1 16 50 Gluten meal, 23 00 Old-process linseed meal, 27 50 Corn and cob meal, 16 50 Corn stover, 5 00 Corn ensilage, 2 75 Corn fodder, 7 50 Sugar beets, 5 GO 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. Ill Valuation of Essential Fertilizing Constituents in the Various Articles of Fodder used. n "a "3 X2 o O ■a a > o (0 a a u T3 O i a a 01 2 s c 2 a a fa hi 05 5 ;^ u ^ :S <^ o o O O O o O O O 02 Moisture, 9.27 9.80 9.88 8.10 26.95 72.95 20.42 90.02 Nitrogen, 2.545 4.510 5.331 1.439 .923 .330 1.058 .184 Phosphoric acid, . 2.900 .392 1.646 .603 .303 1.138 .510 .086 Potassium oxide, 1.637 .049 1.162 .441 1.320 .301 .760 .462 Valuation per 2,000 lbs.. $13 60 $16 18 $21 15 $6 02 $4 69 $1 56 $4 89 $1 14 Daily Fodder Rations used. I. Wheat bran, . Gluten meal, . Corn ensilage, Nutritive ratio, Total cost, Manurial value obtaina Net cost, jle. 3.88 lbs. 3.88 " 37.50 " 1:5.49 12.82 cts. 8.01 " 4.81 " n. Wheat bran, . Old-process linseed meal, Corn ensilage. Nutritive ratio, Total cost, Manurial value obtainable. Net cost, 4.00 lbs. 4.00 " 43.38 " 1:5.69 14.76 9.50 5.26 cts. Ill Wheat bran, . Old-process linseed meal. Corn and cob meal. Corn fodder, . Nutritive ratio. Total cost, Manurial value obtainable, Net cost, 3.00 lbs. 3.00 " 3.. 00 " 9*. 00 " 1:4.93 12.45 cts. 7.65 " 4.80 « 112 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Daily Fodder Bat ions used - IV. -Concluded. Wheat bran, . 3.00 lbs Old-process linseed meal. 3.00 " Corn and cob meal, 3.00 " Corn stover, . 6.00 " Nutritive ratio, . . 1:4.55 Total cost, 10.58 cts Manurial value obtainable. 6.92 " Net cost. 3.66..'' Wheat bran, . Old-process linseed meal. Corn and cob meal. Corn stover, . Sugar beets, . Nutritive ratio, Total cost, INIanurial value obtainable. Net cost. 3.00 lbs. 3.00 " 3.00 " 3.60 " 20.00 " :4.49 U.98 cts. 7.44 " 7.54 " VI. Wheat bran, 2.25 lbs. Gluten meal, 2.25 " Corn stover, 12.00 " Nutritive ratio, 1:5.51 Total cost, 7.45 cts. Manurial value obtainable, 5.68 " Net cost, 1.77 " 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 113 t^ 2Q O CO o »+< CO ,—1 •(spuuoj) iva -* w CO 00 aad jqSiajvi ii; ui^o 1 o poijaj JO pua CO o 00 00 00 00 05 00 IB iBiamv JO ^qSiaAV •(spunoj) 'O t- o »o 00 CI poijaj JO 8uuiU!Sa{[ CO CO 0-) 00 00 CO 00 }B lEiniuv JO mSiSM CO tH CO QO -* t^ CO lO CO Ol lO -* •onBJi 3A!}u;nx t— 1 1— 1 1— 1 1—1 1-1 •(spunoj) 1 (M •jappo^ ujoo 1 1 1 -* 1 1 >! w. o o Q •93B[isua UJOO 1 CO Ol 1 1 1 t^ c^ (L. CO -* Q 1^ I— 1 o o •joAojs IU03 (M 1 1 05 "O r° 'O lO CO a o o o S [B3I5 o o o z qoo puB ujoo CO CO CO o a •jBan pass o o o O o o o o -tii'x ssaaojd-pio -* CO CO CO CO oo •[B3M uajnio CO CO CO 1 1 1 1 1^ CO o o o o •UBjg ^BOilAV (M CO o o o o G^l CO ^ CO CO CO w • • • • fi o « i^ IS a o3 Cm < 114 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Total Amount of Feed consumed from Dec. 17, 1889, to May 9, 1890. Dry Matter (Pounds). Cost. Maniirial Value. 465.50 pounds wheat bi'an, . 422.35 f3 84 13 17 95.50 pounds gluten meal, . 86.14 1 10 0 77 371 .00 pounds old-process linseed meal, 334.35 5 10 3 92 239.00 pounds corn and cob meal, 219.64 1 97 0 72 243 . 50 pounds corn stover, . 177.88 0 61 0 57 1,927.00 pounds corn ensilage, 521.25 2 65 1 50 205 . 50 i^ounds corn fodder, . 163.54 0 77 0 50 350.00 pounds sugar beets, . 34.93 0 88 0 20 1,960.08 $16 92 $11 35 Pounds. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . . 675.00 Live weight of animal at end of feeding, 895.00 Live weight gained during experiment, 220.00 Average gain in weight per day, 1.53 Dry matter consumed per pound of live weight gained, . . 8.91 Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . . 7.69 cents. Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, allowing 8 per cent, loss of manurial value, 2.95 cents. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 115 (M 2Q t^ t^ lO CO CO »o •(spunoj) jCbq CO CO C^ (M (M t- jad inSiaAV u! uibq o CO CO '"^ tH o •(spunoj) o ^ >o o CO o poijaj JO pug co ^ t- CO GO jB IBiniuy JO mSjaAi •(spunoa) o o o CO CO GO pouaj JO SuiuuiSaa o CO CO CO r^ t^ (>1 GO }B iBiniuv JO jqSiaM CO t^ lO t^ iO o c^ ^ t^ GO >o »o •oijva 8A!1P1'1N -* •o 'O -t< -* ^ 1— 1 rH i-H 1-1 ^ 1—1 •(spiinoa) CO '^l t^ l^ CO GO iQ lO Ci Ci >o GO jCbq jad pamns CO CO OS ■* (M o I I 1 1^ -* B< CO ^ a t^ o o a •jaAOjg UJOO (M o CO rt; "O CO CO 0 •iBare ^ o o S o o o qoo puB UJOO I 1 1 CO CO CO o a K 'IBaiM paas o o o o o o o o -Uji ssaaojd-pio 1 1 TtH CO CO CO t^ GO • IBajM ua^nio o GO CO 1 I 1 1 o GO o ^ o o •ut!Ja')BaqA\ o CO o o o o (>1 CO -^ CO CO CO CO • • ■ - • a o c^ © '—1 CN CO r-t r— * Ci &4 A CO C-J T— ( -, ^ < ci S S o o o o T— 1 -f 1—1 CM 9. c c Si ^ Q •-5 03 a; ^ < 11(3 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Total Amount of Feed consumed from Dec. 17, 1889, to May 9, 1890. Dry Matter (I'oiinds). Cost. Manurial Value. 465.50 pounds wheat bran, . 422.35 $3 84 $3 17 95.50 pounds gluten meal, . 86.14 1 10 0 77 371.00 jjounds old-proeess linseed meal, 334.35 5 10 3 92 239.00 pounds corn and cob meal, 219.64 1 97 0 72 354.00 pounds corn stovei", . 258.60 0 89 0 83 1,942.00 pounds corn ensilage. 525.31 2 67 1 51 285.00 pounds corn fodder, . 226.80 1 07 0 70 350.00 pounds sugar beets, . 34.93 0 88 0 20 2,108.12 $17 52 $11 82 Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . Live weight of animal at end of feeding, . Live weight gained during exijeriment. Average gain in weight per day, .... Dry matter consumed per pound of live weight gained. Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, , Net cost of feed per jjound of live weight gained, allow- ing 8 per cent, loss of manurial value, . Pounds. 600.00 840.00 240.00 1.67 8.78 7.30 cents. 2.77 cents. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 117 Summary of Feeding Experiment with Steers One Year Old. Beginuing of feeding experiment Close of feeding experiment Xumber of days of observation, Live weight of animals at the beginning of observation, Live weight of animals at the close of observation, Total number of pounds of live weight gained during the experiment, . Average gain in live w-eight per day, Amount of dry vegetable matter consumed per live weight gained pound o Total cost of feed consumed per day, Manurial value of feed consumed per day, Manurial value of feed consumed, allowing 8 per cent, loss, Ket cost of feed consumed per day, allowing a loss of 8 pe cent, of manurial value for live weight gained, . Net cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . No.l. Dec. 17, May 9, : 144 675 895 220 1.53 8.91 11.75 7.87 7.24 4.51 2.95 No.; Dec. 17, May 9, 144 600 840 240 1.67 8.78 12.16 8.20 7.54 4.62 2.77 1889. 1890. lbs. Summary of Record of Steers No. 1 and No. 2, when left in the Pasture, May 10, 1SS9, to Sept. SO, 1889. No.l. No. 2. Date of turning steers into pasture, Date of closing pasturing, .... Number of days of pasturing, .... Live weight of steers when turned into pasture. Live weight of steers at the close of pasturing. Total weight gained during pasturing, . Average gain in weight per day, . . . - Cost of feed per day, allowing 40 cents per week pasture Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, May 10, 1889. May 10, 1889. Sept. 30, 1889. Sept. 30, 1889. 144 144 895 lbs. 840 lbs. 1,020 " 923 " 125 " 83 '• 0.87 " 0.58 " 5.71 cts. 5.71 cts. 6.58 " 9.91 " 118 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMEXT STATIOX. [Jan. Two-year Old Grade Shorthorn Steers. [The same fodder articles as in the case of the oue-year old steers served here.] Daily Fodder Rations Used. I. Wheat bran, Gluten meal, Corn ensilage, Nutritive ratio, Total cost, . Manurial value obtainable, Net cost. II Wheat bran, Old-jDrocess linseed meal, Corn ensilage. Nutritive ratio, . Total cost, . Manurial value obtainable. Net cost. Wheat bran. Old-process linseed meal. Corn and cob meal, Corn fodder, Nutritive ratio, Total cost, . Manurial value obtainable Net cost, Wheat bran. Old-process linseed meal. Corn and cob meal, Corn stover. Nutritive ratio, . Total cost, . Manurial value oljtainable, Net cost, Wheat bran, Gluten meal. Corn stover. Nutritive ratio, Total cost, . Manurial value obtainable, Net cost, III IV 3.88 lbs 3.88 " 65.50 " 1:6.54 16.67 cts 10.02 u 6.65 " 4.00 lbs 4.00 " 76.60 " 1:6.75 19.33 cts 11.89 " 7.44 " 4.00 lbs 4.00 " 4.00 " 12.35 " 1:4.91 16.73 cts 10.28 " 6.45 " 4.00 lbs 4.00 " 4.00 " 13.00 " 1:4.99 15.35 cts 10.30 " 5.05 " 2.65 lbs 2.65 " 18.00 " 1:5.84 9.74 cts. 7.51 ((' 2.23 <( 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 119 lO 00 o ^_l CO •(spunoa) ^^a Ci »o CO (M (>» jad jilSiBAi "! u!BO I— 1 1 '^ (M O o •(spunoj) <>1 t^ Ol CO o o o CO CO t^ poijaa JO pug 1-H OT_ CO CO CO }B iBtnniv JO JU3I3AV ^~* I— 1 1-H t-H l-H •(spuno.i) o ' o o c<> t^ CO CO CO potjsj JO SaunuSaji c^ c^ co^ CO CO It! iBinuiv JO JuSiajVi T-T T— 1 »-H i-T i-T ■o -# as tH Oi T-H ■X" 00 T-H O ■opBH 3A!}U)n>i o CO CO lO o 1— ( l-H l-H 1— ( -^ •(spunoj) o o CO uO CO CO CO l-H o CO X«a ■'8'I parans -i< o (M -uoo aajiBiv Xjq [ujox >-H G^ CO c^ c^ o o •aappo^ luoo 1 1 1 1 '^ l-H 'C o CJ •aSBIisug luoa 1 1 1 ►i oo o < CO 00 o t- 0. o CO « •aaAojs iiJ"3 Ci 1 1 1 -* d l-H z o k •IB9R o o o o q o 0 puB luoo 1 ' 1 rj^ "^ » a o 'l«9M P39S O O o o -Ujl B8330jd-p[0 1 1 1 T}< '^ H H Eh GO GC o •IB3M uajnio «3 CO o 1 1 ^ cc Q o o •UBia JB91LVV CO 00 ^ o o c^ CO Ti^ -^ ^ 03 • • • • O o 2 Ol CO J- o a <" en rH I— 1 01 5 QfC c -O Si p c3 H 4) 03 0) krH ►-S Pm s f^ o 2 o o o -♦-' -u -J-J o ^ CO r-t CO • I— 1 01 (M P d d c -D 1-5 C3 120 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Total Amount of Feed consumed from Dec. 10, 1889, to March 25, 1800. • Dry Matter (Pounds). Cost. Manurial Value. 387.50 pounds wheat bran, . 351.58 $3 20 f2 64 140.50 pounds gluten meal, . 126.73 1 62 1 14 248.00 jjounds old-process linseed meal, 223.50 3 41 2 62 135.00 pounds corn and cob meal, 124.07 1 11 0 41 392.00 pounds corn stover, . 286. 3G 0 98 0 92 3,542.00 pounds corn ensilage. 958.11 4 87 2 76 315.00 pounds coi-n fodder, . 250.68 1 18 0 77 2,321.03 $16 37 fU 26 Pounds. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . 1,235.00 Live weight at time of liilling, 1,370.00 Live weight gained during experiment, . . . . . 135.00 Average gain in weiglit i)er day, 1.27 Dressed weight of animal, 886.00 Loss in weight by dressing, . . 484 pounds, or 35.33 per cent. Original cost of animal, 1,336 pounds, at 3| cents, , . . f 46 76 Selling price of animal, 886 pounds, at 6 cents, . . . 53 16 Net cost of feed after deducting 8 per cent, of manurial value, 6 01 Dry matter required to produce 1 pound of live weight, . 17. 19 jwunds. Cost of feed jjer pound gained, 12.13 cents. Net cost of feed i)er jjound gained after deducting 8 per cent of manurial value, 4.45 cents 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 121 M< CQ ,_( to iC CO CO ffs o lO CO c^ •(spuno.i) Xb{i 1— I ■^ CO jad luSpAV "■ "l^O 1 1 •(spunoa) OO o t- CO <-, CO o 1— 1 05 ^^ poijaj JO pug r-l fN CO o (M CO CO CO 'O Oi •^ CO .ivQ J 3d p.iiuns OO O 00 CI Ci -uoo jani'JV '^Ja IBIOX CM (M »— ( T-H l-H •jsppo.^ II.IOJ 1 1 1 d 1— 1 1 I— 1 o •aSupsua tijoo 1 1 1 >j C^ CO < IS CO t- 'O lO CN 'A Moisture at 100*= C, . 9.27 185.40 _ _ 1 Dry matter, 90.73 1,814.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.47 149.40 05 " cellulose, . 9.75 195.00 39.00 20 (.=0 " fat 5.48 109.60 87.68 80 " protein (nitrogenous matter). 17.53 350.60 308.53 88 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 59.77 1,195.40 956.32 80 100.00 2,000.00 1,391.53 - ^ Gluten Meal. 1889- 189U. a a o 1 1 Constituents (in I'ounds) In a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 0 X S ^ 1 i .2 > 'u 3 'A Moisture at 100° C, . 9.80 196.00 ^ Dry matter, 90.20 1,804.00 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 1.25 25.00 O " cellulose, . 1.75 35.00 11.90 34 l'^' " fat, .... 7.00 140.00 106.40 76 i-H " protein (nitrogenous matter). 31.25 625.00 531.25 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 58.75 1,175.00 1,104.50 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,754.05 - J 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 125 Old-p7'ocess Linseed Meal (^Average') . 1889-1890. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Toil of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. 2 5 3 Moisture at 100° C, . 9.88 197.60 Dry matter, .... 90.12 1,802.40 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Ajialysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.39 147.80 O " cellulose, . 8.74 174.80 4.5.45 26 " fat, .... 7.24 144.80 131.77 91 " jirotein (nitrogenous matter) , o6.97 739.40 643.28 87 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 39. fie 793.20 721.81 91 100.00 2,000.00 1,542.31 - Stigar*Beels. 1889-1890. , •™ . •- s ^ • ■- o . o o 2=?? 1^3 o ^ o C3 ui a S 'x' '^ aj a =3 § w — .5 c .ti zi = - 5 "2 " 8 O -K C .t; 2 o 5 o H-4 ^- rH r^ r-i 2 — n S too 3 •A IMoisture at 100° C, . 90.02 1,800.40 1 Dry matter, .... 9.98 199.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. » Crude ash, .... 11.84 236.80 _ _ -H " cellulose, . 8.20 164.00 164.00 100 " fat, .... .71 14.20 14.20 100 " protein (nitrogenous matter). 11.53 230.60 230.60 100 Non-nitrogenous extra e t matter, .... 67.72 1,354.40 1,354.40 100 100.00 2,000.00 1,763.20 - ^ 126 AGRICULTUllAL EXPElilMENT STATION. [Jan. Corn Ensilage {Average). 1889-1890. ' a o ll Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 6 3 1^ Moisture at 100° C, 72.95 1,459.00 _ Dry matter, . ■ ' 27.05 541.00 ~ - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Cnide ash, .... 6 48 129.60 " cellulose, . , , 26.33 526.60 379.15 72 \:^ " fat, . 5.17 103.40 77.55 75 " protein (nitrogenous matter). 7.64 152.80 111.54 73 Non-nitrogenous ex tract matter. 54.38 1,087.60 728.69 67 100.00 2,000.00 1,296.93 - Corn Fodder. 1889- 1890. a o Q .£ '*8 of Di- y of ents. Ratio. 9 o CoMstituen Pounds) Ton of Pounds. « «(2 "•So C a S pi 3 IMoisture at 100° C, . 20.42 408.40 .. Dry matter, .... 79.58 1,. 59 1.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.40 148.00 o QO " cellulose, . 20.11 402.20 289.-58 72 }^ " fat, .... 1.65 33.00 24.75 75 7-i " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 8.31 166.20 121.33 73 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 62.53 1,250.60 837.90 67 100.00 2,000.00 1,273.56 - 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. l2f Corn Stover. [From Amherst, Mass.] Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 19.89 Dry matter, 80.11 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, " cellulose, .... " fat, " protein (nitrogenous matter). Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 100.00 6.33 34.59 1.28 5.74 52.06 100.00 128 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. in. FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH LAMBS. September 30, 1890, to April 20, 1891. The feeding experiment with lambs described below is the second of a series devised to ascertain the influence of different fodder rations on the cost of feed when fattening laml)s during the winter for the meat market. The selection of animals was made from the temporary supply of our local market. Six lambs, wethers, grades of uncertain parentage, served for the trial ; they were shorn before being weighed at the begmning of the ol)servation. Each animal occupied a separate pen during the entire experiment. They received during the first week the same daily diet, and were sul)sequently divided into two lots of three each (lots A and B), to test the effect of different grain feed rations on the ultimate financial results of the operation. 1. Weight of Lambs. Original Live Weight of Lambs (Pounds). Weight of Wool removed (Pounds). Live Weight at tlie Beginning (Pounds). Lot a. 50.25 64.00 62.50 2.75 3.50 4.50 47.50 60.50 58.00 Lot B. 176.75 52.25 63.75 52.00 10.75 2.75 1.75 1.50 166.00 49.50 62.00 50.50 168.00 6.00 162.00 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 129 2. Cost of Lambs. The entire lot was bought at 5 cents per pound of live weight, and the sum paid for the entire original live weight of 3-14.75 pounds amounted to $17.24. The wool subsequently secured before the beginning of the feeding experiment was sold at 25 cents per pound, or $4.19 for 1G.75 pounds of wool. Deducting the sum of $4.19 obtained for the wool removed from the first cost of the lambs, which was $17,24, it will be noticed that their actual cost was but $13.05, or 3.98 cents per pound of live weight. Their live weight after the removal of the wool amounted to 328 pounds. 1, 47.50 povmils, at 3.98 cents, . . . $1 89n Lot A. <( 2. 60.50 pounds, at 3.98 cents, . . . 2 41 ^ $6 61 3. 58.00 pounds, at 3.98 cents, . . . 2 3l) 4. 49.50 pounds, at 3.98 cents, . . . $1 97-\ Lot B. <^ 5. 62.00 pounds, at 3.98 cents, . . . 2 46 S $6 44 .6. 50.50 pounds, at 3.98 cents, . . . 2 0l3 3. Character and Cost of Fodder Articles used. The grain feed rations of the daily diet contained, at dif- ferent times and in varying })roportions, corn meal, wheat bran, old-process linseed meal and Chicago gluten meal ; while rowen — hay of second cut of upland meadows — and corn ensilage furnished its coarse feed constituent. The corn ensilage was produced from a dent corn variety, Pride of the North, which was cut when the kernels began to glaze. The grain feed stuffs were bought in our local market ; they w^ere fair articles of their kind. Their relative compo- sition and general economical value will be seen from the subsequent statements. 130 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. ANALYSES OF FODDFJl c g ■3 I" ARTICLES USED. o p S 3, s o a 3 C 0 0 Moisture at 100° C, . 13.26 12.11 8.72 10.90 13.90 80.53 Dry matter, , 86.74 87.89 91.29 89.10 86.10 19.47 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash. 1.72 7.40 5.96 1.02 8.28 6.73 " cellulose, . 2.28 12.17 8.23 1.28 28.88 26.90 " fat, . 4.90 5.04 9.87 7.36 3.91 3.27 " protein (nitroge- nous mattei'), . 12.94 18.48 36.19 34.79 13.45 8.97 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 78.16 56.91 39.75 55.55 45.48 54.13 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Fertilizing constituents of the above fodder articles : Nitrogen, 15 cents ; phosphoric acid, 5^ cents ; j^otassium oxide, 4^ cents per pound. Moisture, 13.26 12.11 8.72 10.90 13.90 80.53 Nitrogen, 1.796 2.599 5.285 4.959 1.853 .279 Phos^jhoric acid, . .707 2.845 1.780 .425 .464 .101 Potassium oxide, . .435 1.625 1.214 .045 1.966 .226 Valuation per 2,000 pounds, $6 56 $12 39 fl8 90 fl5 38 $7 84 fl 15 Local Market Value per Ton of the Various Articles of Fodder used {1890-1891). Corn meal, $28 00 Wheat bran, 25 00 Old-process linseed meal, 26 00 Gluten meal, 28 00 Rowen, 15 00 Corn ensilage, 2 75 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 131 4. Mode of Feeding. The time occupied by the experiment amounted to two hundred and two days ; it was divided into four feeding periods. The first feeding period extended over fourteen days, the second lasted ninety-eight days, the tliird thirty- four days and the fourth forty-one days. Eight days were usually allowed to pass by between succeeding feeding periods before the results accompanying the changes made in the diet were recorded. Each animal was kept in a sep- arate pen ; all received during the first period the same daily diet. This course was adopted to give each a fair chance in feed, and to bring all animals as far as practicable into a desirable uniform condition for a subsequent comparative test regarding the merits and good economy of difterent grain feed rations for meat production. They received their feed twice a day. At the close of the first feeding period a division of the lambs into two lots, A and B, each numbering three, was made for the purpose of testing different grain feed rations in connection with the same ar'ticle of coarse feed. The daily grain feed ration during the first feeding period consisted of a mixture of two weight parts of wheat bran and one weight part of old-process linseed meal. Eight ounces of this mixture were fed, per head, for every pound of rowen consumed. The amount of the grain feed mixture consumed daily per head varied from twelve to fourteen ounces, and that of rowen from one and one-half pounds to one and three-quarters pounds in case of different animals. Subsequently two different combinations of grain feed were fed to the two lots of lambs (A and B). The daily grain feed ration in case of Lot A (1, 2 and 3) consisted of a mixture often weight parts of corn meal, two weight parts of wheat bran and one weight part of Chicago gluten meal. Lot B (4, 5 and 6) received as daily grain feed ration, during the same time, a mixture of two weight parts of wheat bran and one weight part of Chicago gluten meal. Rowen and rowen with corn ensilage furnished alternately for both lots at corresponding periods the coarse feed por- tion of their daily diet. Both lots of lambs received as their daily diet eight ounces of their respective grain feed mixture 132 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. in connection with one pound of rowen or one-third of one iwund of rowen, ivith all the corn ensilage they would con- sume (2| to 3 pounds). The daily diet of botli lots diftered essentially in regard to the relative proportion of digestible nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous food constituents they con- tained. The fodder rations fed to lanil)s 1, 2, 3 were less rich in nitrogenous constituents (1 : 6.50 to 1 : 7.40) than those fed to lambs 4, 5, 6 (1:4.50 to 1:5.00). The subsequent statement contains the average composition of the daily fodder ration (per head) during the succeeding periods. Twenty per cent, of the phosphoric acid, potassium oxide and nitrogen contained in the feed consumed has been allowed as stored up in the increased live weight of the animal, and otherwise lost to the manurial refuse. Average Daily Fodder Rations used for Lambs Ilos. 1, 2 and 3. I. Wheat bran, 0.50 lbs. Old-process linseed meal, 0.25 " Rowen, 1.40 " Nutritive ratio, 1:4.32 Total cost, . 2.00 cts. Net cost, 0.99 " Manurial value obtainable, 1.01 " II. Corn meal, Wheat bran, . Gluten meal, . Rowen, . Nutritive ratio. Total cost. Net cost, ■ Manurial value obtainable, 0.60 lbs. 0.12 " 0.06 " 1.35 " :6.51 2.08 cts. 1.30 " 0.78 " III. Corn meal, Wheat bran, . Gluten meal, . Rowen, . Corn ensilage, Nutritive ratio. Total cost, Net cost, Manurial value obtainable, 60 lbs. 12 " 06 " 88 " 56 " 40 85 cts. 23 " 62 " 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 133 Average Daily Fodder Rations, etc. — Concluded. IV Corn meal, . Wheat bran, . Gluten meal, Rowen, . Nutritive ratio. Total cost. Net cost, Manurial value obtainable, 0.73 lbs. 0.15 " 0.07 " 1.64 " :6.50 2.53 cts. 2.14 " 0.39 " •Average Daily Fodder Rations used for Lambs Nos. 4, 5 and 6. I. Wheat bran, Old-process linseed meal, Rowen, . Nutritive ratio, . . 1 : Total cost, . Net cost, Manurial value obtainable. II. Wheat l)ran. Gluten meal, Rowen, . Nutritive ratio, Total cost, . Net cost, Manurial value obtainal)le, Wheat bran, Gluten meal, Rowen, . Corn ensilage, Nutritive ratio. Total cost, Net cost, Manurial value oljtainable. Wheat bran. Gluten meal, Rowen, . Nutritive ratio. Total cost, . Net cost, Manurial value obtainable, III IV 0.53 lbs 0 27 " 1 42 " 4 27 2.08 cts 1 02 » 1 06 (( 0. 56 lbs 0 28 (1 1 48 " 4 55 2 20 cts 1 14 " 1 06 " 0. 48 lbs 0 24 " 0 38 (( 3 33 (( 5 01 1 69 cts 0 94 " 0 75 " 0. 60 lbs 0 30 " 1 .34 " 4 51 2 17 cts 1 13 " 1 04 " 134 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Summary of Cost of Above-stated Fodder Rations. A. — Lambs 1, 2 and 3. FEEDING PERIODS. I. Cents. II. Cents. III. Cents. IV. Cents. Total cost of feed consumed, 2.00 2.08 1.85 2.53 ]\Ianurial value obtainable (80 jicr cent.), . 1.01 0.78 0.62 0.39 Net cost of feed, 0.99 1.30 1.23 2.14 B. — Lambs 4, 5 and 6. Total cost of feed consumed, Manurial value obtainable (80 per cent.), . Net cost of feed, 2.08 1.06 1.02 2.20 1.06 1.14 1.69 0.75 0.94 2.17 1.04 1.13 5. Gain in Live Weight darimj Experiment. ^ Lot A. Live Weight Live. Weight Gain in Live at the Beginning at Clo.se of Weiglit during of Experiment E.xperiment Experiment (Pounds). (Ponnils). (Pounds). 1, 47.50 93.50 46.00 2 60.50 98.75 38.25 3, 58.00 109.75 51.75 Avex*age, .... 55.33 100.67 45.33 LotB. 4, 49.50 81.25 31.75 5, 62.00 101.25 39.25 6, 50.00 103.00 53.00 Average, .... 53.83 95.17 41.33 Lot A gained in live w^eight per head, on an average, 0.224 pounds. Lot B gained in live weight per head, on an average, 0.205 pounds. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 135 Amount of Maw Wool secured after the Close of the Experiment. Lot A. Live Weight witli Wool (Pounds). Live Weight after Shearing (Pounds). Amount of Wool obtained (Pounds). 1, 3, 93.50 98.75 109.75 89.00 93. ?5 104,00 4.50 5.50 5.75 302.00 286.25 15.75 Lot B. 4, 81.25 76.00 5.25 5, 101.25 97.00 4.25 6, ..... . 103.00 97.75 5.25 285.50 270.75 14.75 6. Financial Statement. The wool was .sold at 25 cents per pound and the pelt at 12.5 cents. The difference between the live weights of the animals 1, 2 and 3 at the close of the experiment, and their dressed weights, varied from 49 per cent, to 52 per cent., and averaged per head 51.2 per cent. ; in case of animals 4, 5 and 6 it varied from 45 per cent, to 52 per cent., and averaged per head 48.6 per cent. Yield of Dressed Weight. 47.00 pounds, at 11 cents, 48.00 pounds, at 11 cents, 52.25 pounds, at 11 cents, 147.25 pounds, 4. 42.00 pounds, at 11 cents, 5. 55.50 pounds, at 11 cents, 6. 49.00 pounds, at 11 cents, 146 . 50 pounds, $5 17 5 28 5 75 $16 20 f4 62 6 11 5 39 $16 12 136 AGRICULTURxiL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Yield of Dressed Weight — Concluded. Lot A. 1. 2. 3. Total. Cost of lambs, Cost of feed consumed, fl 89 4 30 $2 41 4 46 $2 31 5 21 ^ >|20 58 Value received for meat, . Value received for wool and pelt, Value of obtainal)le manure. f6 19 $5 17 1 25 1 41 $6 87 85 28 1 50 1 46 $7 52 $5 75 1 56 1 69 J 1 1 >$25 07 $7 83 $8 24 f9 00 ^ Lot B. 4. 5. 6. Total. Cost of lambs, Cost of feed consumed, fl 97 3 49 f2 46 5 26 12 01 5 67 r J. $20 86 Value received for meat, . Value received for wool and pelt. Value of obtainable manure. 15 46 f4 62 1 44 1 44 $7 72 f6 11 1 19 2 17 f7 68 $5 39 1 44 2 34 J \%2& 14 $7 50 f9 47 f9 17 V Market Cost of Fodder Articles for 1890-91, as compared with 1889-90. Corn meal, Wheat bran, . Old-process linseed meal. Gluten meal, • Corn ensilage, Rowen, .... Per Ton. fl9 00 17 00 27 00 23 00 2 75 15 00 Per Ton. f28 00 25 00 26 00 28 00 2 75 15 00 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33 137 Total Cost of Feed consumed^ counted on Basis of 1889-90 and of 1890-91. Sheep 1, Sheep 2, Sheep 3, Sheep 4, Sheep 5, Sheep 6, Conchtsions. 1. The increase in live weiaht durini:: the first feeding: period is, in four out of six cases, h)wer tlian in any other period, and aft'ects seriously the financial results of the whole experiment. 2. The total increase per head in live weight per day averages for the entire time of the experiment .23 pounds for Lot A (1, 2 and 3), and .22 pounds for Lot B (4, 5 and 6). In one case it amounts to .39 pounds per day (Lot A, 2, Period IV.) ; in nine cases it rises above .25 pounds. 3. The market cost of the daily individual fodder rations varies in different feeding periods from 1.G9 cents to 2.53 cents. The rations that contain from three to four pounds of corn ensilage, in place of three-fourths of the rowen of other rations, furnish the cheapest daily diet (Period III., Lot A, 1.85 cents, and Lot B, 1.G9 cents). 4. The market cost of the feed consumed during the ex- periment by the laml)s of Lot A amounts per head to $4.66, and in case of Lot B to $4.81, — a difterence of 15 cents. The three lambs of Lot A cost $6.62, those of Lot B cost $6.47 ; making cost of lambs and of the feed consumed $20.58 in case of the former, and $20.86 in case of the latter. 138 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Dressed lambs, wool and pelts, brought, in case of Lot A, $20.51, and in case of Lot B, $20.19. 6. The obtainalile manurial value of the feed consumed by the lambs of Lot A averages per head $1.52, or one-third of the market cost of the feed, and amounts to $1.95 per head, or two-fifths of the market cost of the feed consumed in case of the lambs of Lot B, — a difterence of $0.45 per head in favor of the latter, or $4.56 for Lot A and $5.95 for Lot B, — a difference of $1.39 in fiivor of the latter. 7. The value of the obtainal)le manure, amounting from ten to eleven dollars for the entire operation, represents the profits of the experiment, aside from disposing of our home- raised fodder articles at a liberal retail market price. 8. The advance on the market cost of the concentrated commercial feed stuffs used in the experiment of 1890-91, as compared with that of 1889-90, amounts to $4.19 as far as the feed consumed is concerned, or 70 cents per head. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCU^IENT— No. 33. 139 & 'hee} )iV0 . 1. 1 u . *^ - VH Feed consumed (Pounds) | :^^ .2f-S 2a PER Day. ■S 2 iS o . 'a^ hS3 • o FEEDING PERIODS. "5 s c a pa IS n a o a a S o It- lei > Cm a S '3 P. IE 5 ^ 1 (1) 3 *^ 'a o -hJ O rt O (1^ O £ ^ < 1890-91. Sept. 30 to Oct. 13, - 0.45 0.23 - 1.25 - 1.68 0.11 15.27 1:4.30 47.50 Oct. 14 to Jan. 19, 0.61 0.12 0.06 1.39 - 1.89 0.20 9.45 1:6.50 60.00 Jan. 27 to March 2, 0.58 0.12 0.06 0.40 3.53 1.69 0.21 8.05 1:7.39 74.50 March 10 to April 20, 0.73 0.15 0.07 1.63 - 2.22 0.33 6.73 1:6.51 86.50 Total AmoHHt of Feed consumed from Sept. 30, 1890, to April 20, 1891. Dry Matter (Pounds). Cost. Manurial Value. 118.27 pounds corn meal, 102.59 $1 66 10 39 29.98 pounds wheat bran, 26.35 0 37 0 19 3.17 jjounds old-j^rocess linseed meal, . 2.89 0 04 0 03 11.83 jjounds gluten meal. 10.54 0 17 0 09 247.2.5 pounds ro wen, .... 212.88 1 85 0 97 155.00 jwunds corn ensilage, . 30.18 0 21 0 09 385.43 $4 30 $1 76 Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, Live weight at time of killing, Live weight gained during exijerimcnt. Average gain in weight per day, . Dressed Aveight of animal. Loss in weight by dressing, . , .46 Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, . 8.38 Cost of feed per poimd of live weight gained, . . .9.35 cents. Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 8 per cent, of manurial value, 5.83 cents. Pounds. . 47.50 . 93.50 . 46.00 . 0.23 . 47.00 5 iiounds, or 49.73 per cent. 140 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Sheep No. 2. 1 ^ ■-■73 CM t'E ED CONSUMED (POUNDS) 2§ V a « o . O . PER Day. « z "? as OD 5 £ -So 11^ .2 'a « > •° a FEEDING PERIODS. 1 □ Is is "3 a a to o a c a It o J5 n.S s L4 a P< "S j: Hi d> rt O a, C5 oi ^ -< 1890-91. Sept. 30 to Oct. 1.3, - 0.53 0.27 - 1.46 - 1.97 0.07 28.14 1:4.30 60.50 Oct. 14 to Jan. 19, 0.60 0.12 - 0.06 1.33 - 1.83 0.13 14.08 1:6.51 69.00 Jan. 27 to March 2, 0.63 0.13 - 0.06 0.50 3.80 1.88 0.28 6.71 1:7.38 80.00 March 10 to April 20, 0.75 0.15 - 0.08 1.73 - 2.34 0.39 6.00 1:6.. 50 92.50 Total Amount of Feed constmied from Sei^t. 30, 1S90, to April 20, 1891. Dry Matter (rouniis). Manurial Value. 121.73 pounds com meal, 81.75 ijounds Avheat bran, 3.70 2iounds old-j^rocess linseed meal, 12.17 pounds gluten meal, 254.00 poimds rowen, 1G9. 50 pounds corn ensilage, . 105.59 27.91 3.38 10.84 218.69 33.00 399.41 fl 70 0 40 0 05 0 17 1 91 0 23 $4 46 $0 40 0 20 0 03 0 09 1 00 0 10 $1 82 Live weight of animal at beginning of exijeriment, Live weight at time of killing, .... Live weight gained during experiment, Average gain in weight jDer day, .... Dressed weight of animal, Loss in weight by dressing, . . 50.75 pounds, or 51 Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, Cost of feed jDcr i)ound of live weight gained, Net cost of feed jier pound gained after deducting 8 jjer cent, of manurial value, rounds. 60.50 98.75 88.25 0.19 48.00 39 i^er cent. . 10.44 11 .66 cents. 7 . 29 cents. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 141 Sheep No. 3. 1 >- ^ »j i-,'^ in Feed consumed (Pounds) PER Day. Pounds of Dry Matte in Daily Fodder cot eumed. ■S13 .5 S 0 a 0 . 0 0 ?; lis Ph d 1 12; 0 . ■5)2 'S s FEEDING PERIODS. "a a u o O a u P3 ^3 ■3 n 5 01 0 an cj a Ed a 0 0 1890-91. Sept. 30 to Oct. 13, - 0.53 0.27 - 1.50 - 2.00 0.27 7.41 1:4.36 59.75 Oct. 14 to Jan. 19, 0.69 0.14 - 0.07 1.63 - 2.18 0.24 9.08 1:6.50 72.00 Jan. 27 to March 2, 0.75 0.15 - 0.08 0.50 4.91 2.24 0.24 9.31 1:7.43 90.75 March 10 to April 20, 0.90 0.18 - 0.09 2.05 - 2.79 0.27 13.33 1:6.50 104.75 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Sept. 30, ISOO, to April 20, IS 01. Dry Matter (Pounds) Cost. Manurial Value. 141.54 pounds com meal, 122.77 $1 98 fO 46 35.71 pounds wheat bran, 31.39 0 45 0 22 3.70 ^oounds old-process linseed meal, . 3.38 0 05 0 03 14.15 pounds gluten meal, 12.61 0 20 0 11 299 . 25 pounds rowen, .... 256.66 2 24 1 17 209.50 pounds corn ensilage, . 40.79 0 29 0 12 467.60 f5 21 f2 11 Pounds. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . . 58 . 00 Live weight at time of killing, 109.75 Live weight gained during experiment, . . . . . 51 . 75 Average gain in weight jier day, . . . . . . 0 . 25 Dressed weight of animal, . . 52.25 Loss in weight by dressing, . . 57.50 pounds, or 52.39 per cent. Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, . 9.04 Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . . 10.07 cents. Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 8 per cent, of manurial value, 6.32 cents. 142 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Sheep No. 4. 1 ^ K-o Feed consumed (Pounds) | SH u a 0 . PER Day. as oQ a 3 a 3 0— « ■5 ft Sft"S 6 a 0 _> 3 5"° FEEDING PERIODS. a a « ■3 a 0) a 0 1 a H 0 O' 0 O yA 0 W a di i! C4 ^ <1 1890-91. Sept. 30 to Oct. 13, - 0.50 0.25 - 1.21 - 1.71 0.18 9.50 1:4.20 50.25 Oct. 14 to Jan. 19, - 0.44 - 0.22 0.9S - 1.42 0.13 10.92 1:4.42 59.00 Jan. 27 to March 2 ~ 0.42 - 0.21 0.41 3.00 1.48 0.21 7.05 1:5.09 68.25 March 10 to April 20, - 0.57 - 0.28 1.42 1.98 0.26 7.62 1:4.51 78.25 Total Amount of Feed consumed from Sept. 30, 1890, to April 20, 1891. Dry Matter (Pounds). Cost. Manurial Value. 95 . 33 pounds wheat bran, 83.79 |1 19 $0 59 3.50 pounds old-process linseed meal, . 3.19 0 05 0 03 44.17 iDounds gluten meal, 39. 3G 0 62 0 34 193.25 pounds rowen, .... 166.39 1 45 0 76 130 . 50 pounds corn ensilage, . 25.41 0 18 0 08 318.14 $3 49 $1 80 Pounds. Weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . . .49.50 Live weight at time of killing, 81.25 Live weight gained during experiment, . . . .31.75 Average gain in weight per day, 0.16 Dressed weight of animal, 42.00 Loss in weight by dressing, . . 89.25 pounds, or 48.31 per cent. Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound live weight, . . 10.02 Cost of feed per ijound of live weight gained, . . .10.99 cents. Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 8 jier cent, of manurial value, 5.76 cents. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 143 Sheep No. 5. 1 ^ !--0 Peed consumed (Pounds) PER Day. MV S 3 a 0 . 0 . So! o >» . Ill ^.2g O a! si ■3 p. oundsof Dry M produced One P of Live Weight utritive Ratio. ■?r^ FEEDING PERIODS. "3 a i a a o 1 c a ■S3 2 a g<1 O O « O CIh 0 ^ |Zi <1 1890 91. Sept. 30 to Oct. 13, - 0.57 0.29 - 1.71 - 2.23 0.21 10.62 1:4.36 62.50 Oct. 14 to Jan. 19, - 0.67 - 0.33 1.78 - 2.41 0.19 12.68 1:4.56 76.00 Jan. 27 to March 2, - 0.65 - 0.33 0.43 4.76 2.16 0.29 7.45 1:5.02 90.50 March 10 to April 20, - 0.72 - 0.36 1.87 - 2.56 s.., 10.66 1:4.53 100.25 Total Amount of Feed consumed from 8ej)t. 30, 1S90, to April 20, 1891. Dry Matter (I'ounds). Cost. Maiiurial Value. 136.50 pounds wheat bran, 119.97 $1 71 fO 85 4.00 pounds old-process linseed meal, . 3.65 0 05 0 04 64.25 pounds gluten meal, 57.25 0 91 0 49 308.50 pounds rowen, .... 265.62 2 31 1 21 202 . 00 pounds corn ensilage, . 39.33 0 28 0 12 485.82 $5 26 $2 71 Pounds. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . . 62.00 Live weight at time of killing, 101.25 Live Aveight gained during experiment, 39 . 25 Average gain in weight per day, 0.19 Dressed weight of animal, 55.50 Loss in weight by dressing, . . 45.75 pounds, or 45.16 per cent. Pounds of dry matter fed produced 1 pound of live weight, . 12.38 Cost of feed i^er j)ound of live weight gained, . . . 13.40 cents. Net cost of feed per pound gained after deducting 8 i^er cent, of nianurial value, 7.06 cents. 144 AGKlCULTUliAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Sheep No. 6. 1 ._ , ^ i-T) ..- Fked consumed (Pounds) | S o V a o . PER Day. C3 ? a s fig '5 ^ a o . .s a Pi i" FEEDING n "a 60 .£Ps 0! O PERIODS. 0! a u a 5^ a o a o 3 a S Gain in L per Day Pounds of produce of Live > a, "3 <1 1890-9I. Bept. 30 to Oct. 13, - 0.53 0.27 - 1.34 - 1.87 0.14 13.36 1:4.24 50.50 Oct. 14 to Jan. 19, ~ 0.67 - 0.33 1.89 - 2.51 0.27 9.30 1:4.61 65.50 Jan. 27 to March 2, - 0.67 - 0.33 0.50 5.23 2.33 0.29 8.03 1:5,15 84.00 March 10 to Apri 120, " 0.87 - 0.43 2.50 - 3.29 0.27 12.19 1:4.62 96.25 Total Anioutit of Feed consumed from Sept. 30, 18.90, to April 20, 1801. Dry Matter (Pounds). Cost. Manurial Value. 142.74 pounds wheat bran, 125.45 $1 78 $0 88 3.70 pounds old-process linseed meal, . 3.3S 0 05 0 03 67.67 jjounds gluten meal, 60.29 0 95 0 52 345.75 pounds rowen, .... 297.69 2 59 1 36 220.00 i^ounds corn ensilage, . 42.83 0 30 0 13 529.64 $5 67 $2 92 Pounds. Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . . . 50.00 Live weight at time of killing, 103.00 Live weight gained during experiment, 53.00 Average gain in Aveight per day, 0.26 Dressed weight of animal, 49.00 Loss in weight by dressing, . . 54.00 pounds, or 52.43 per cent. Pounds of diy matter fed lirodueed 1 pound of live weight, . 9.99 Cost of feed per pound of live weight gained, . . . 10.70 cents. Net cost of feed jjer pound gained after deducting 8 per cent, of manurial value, 5.62 cents 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 145 Fodder Articles tised in the Experitnent. Corn Meal {Average), 1890-1891. a o » . C 5 U O Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds 3 ° oi III o -o =^ 5°^ d 'a 3 Moisture at 100° C, . 13.26 265.20 ^ Dry matter, 86.74 1,734.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 1.72 34.40 (>i cc " cellulose, . 2. 28 45.60 21.89 48 ^-^ " fat, .... 4.90 98.00 83.30 Si) " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 12.94 258.80 204.45 79 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 78.16 100.00 1,563.20 1,531.94 98 - 2,000.00 1,841.58 - Wheat Bran {Average). 1890-1891. a o ^ . bJD C y o Ph Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. S - tN 6 1 IMoisture at 100° C, . 12.11 242.20 1 Dry matter. 87.89 1,757.80 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.40 148.00 «3 QO " cellulose, . 12.17 243.40 58.42 24 \rA " fat, .... 5.04 100.80 71.57 71 " protein (nitrogenous '"' matter) , 18.48 369.60 288.29 78 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, . . 56.91 1,138.20 876.41 77 . 100.00 2,000.00 1,294.69 - 146 AGKICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Old-process Linseed Meal. 1890-1891. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 ^ '^ O III "O ■" o Pi 6 1 Moisture at lOO'^ C, . 8.72 174.40 1 Dry matter, 91.28 1,825.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 5.96 119.20 CO " cellulose, . 8.23 164.60 42.79 26 ^- " fat, .... 9.87 197.40 179.63 91 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 36.19 723.80 629.70 87 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 39.75 795.00 723.45 91 . 100.00 2,000.00 1,575.57 - Oluten Meal. 1890-1891. Percentage Com- position. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ■■5 ° oi III Ph 5 °i "1 S 6 M > 1 Moisture at 100^ C, . Dry matter. 10.90 89.10 218.00 1,782.00 - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Atialysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " cellulose, . " fat, .... 1.02 1.28 7.36 20.40 25.60 147.20 15.87 125.12 62 85 I— ( " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 34.79 695.80 549.68 79 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 55.55 1,111.00 1,011.01 91 . 100.00 2,000.00 1,701.68 - 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 147 Rowen {Average). 1890-1891. a o o 611 3 " O (1- Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. i ^ en |l| III o -a M 5°i 6 M 3 Moisture at 100^ C, . 13.90 278.00 ^ Dry matter, 86.10 1,722.00 - _ 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 8.28 165.60 - - CO cellulose, . 28.88 577.60 369.66 64 ^o " fat, .... 3.91 78.20 35.97 46 1 rH " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 13.45 269.00 166.78 62 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 45.48 909.60 600.34 66 i 100.00 2,000.00 1,172.75 - J Corn Ensilage. 1890-1891. a o U o . Ml - •2 2 c 5 S o. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds 1 <« — o • pi ffi Ah 1 V4 6 1 > 3 Moisture at 100- C, . 80.53 1,610.60 _ _ \ Dry matter, 19.47 389.40 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 6.73 134.60 to " cellulose, . 26.90 538.00 387.36 72 )■-.• " fat, .... 3.27 65.40 49.05 75 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 8.97 179.40 134.55 75 Xon-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 54.13 1,082.60 736.17 68 100.00 2,000.00 1,307.13 - } ' 148 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. ly. THREE FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH PIGS (THOROUGHBREDS) . 1890-1891. Breeds : Small Yorkshires, Berksbires, Poland Chinas, Tam- worths. Feed : Creamery buttermilk, home skim-milk, corn meal, wheat bran, gluten meal (Chicago variety). The general management of these experiments was similar to tliat adopted in our late pig-feeding experiments with grades. From two to tliree animals of each breed served in t)ur trial. Three experiments were carried on in succession. The Small Yorkshires were kindly furnished by Messrs. Warren Heustis & Sons, Belmont, Mass. ; Berkshires by Col. Henry L. Russell, Milton, Mass. ; Poland Chinas by Mr. Smith Harding, South Deerfield, Mass. ; Tamworths by Mr. Joshua M. Sears, Boston, Mass. Weight of Animals at the Beginning of the Experiments. r Small Yorkshires, 24 to 26 i^ounds. T J Berkshires, 20 to 36 jiounds. I Poland Chinas, 20 to 22 pounds. ''Tamworths, 21 to 24 250unds. r Small Yorkshires, . . . . . . 42 to 52 jjounds I jy J Berkshires, 20 to 23 jjounds. Poland Chinas, 42 to 50 jiounds. Tamworths, 34 to 38 pounds. r Small Yorkshires, 26 to 27 jjounds. jy- J Berkshii-es, 23 to 26 pounds. I Poland Chinas, 23.5 to 24 pounds ^Tamworths, ....... 38 to 42 pounds. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 149 Average Composition of Fodder Rations xised during the Tliree Feeding Periods of Each Feeding Experiment. Exijerinient I, FEEDING PERIODS. Corn Meal. Wheat Bran. Gluten Meal. Skimmilk. lUittermilk. Ounces. Ounces. Ounces. Quarts. Quarts. I., 10 H 7 - 5 II., 291 n H - 5 ni., 57 131 131 0 - Exjyeriment II. I., 6 6 12 3 - IT 99 1 2. H 81 3| - III., 35 5-1 5^ 4 - Experimait III. I, 11 6 12 - 51 - II., 311 11| IH 5 - III.. 52 11 11 5 - The junount of milk used was controlled by our daily su})})ly and by the number of pigs under oliservation. Dur- ing the first experiment creamery l)uttermilk was fed during the two first feeding j^eriods ; during the remaining time home-made skim-milk alone was used. As a g'eneral rule during the entire experiment the following system was adopted for compounding the daily diet in different feeding periods : — Period I, For each one quart skim-milk to two ounces of corn meal. Period II. For eacli, one quart skim-milk to four ounces of corn meal. Period III. For each, one quart skim-milk to six ounces of corn meal. 150 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The daily quantity of this feed was governed by the appetite of each animal. Whenever the supply of either kind of milk, or of both kinds, Avas exhausted, the additional feed called for was prepared in the following manner : — Period I. Wheat bran, one weight part, Gluten meal, two weight parts, /' Corn meal, one weight part. Period II. \ Wheat bran, one weight part, .Gluten meal, one weight i:)art, I, /-Corn meal, two weight i)arts, Period III. < Wheat bran, one weight jjart, C Gluten meal, one weight part. Nutritive Ratio. 1:2.80 1:3.80 . )> 1:4.35 The entire management of tJie feeding tvas divided, as iciU be noticed, into three periods, as far as the nutritive character of the daily diet ivas concerned. Live Wcifflit. Nutritive Katio. Period I., . Period II., Period III., 20 to 90 pounds, 90 to 130 jjounds, 130 to 200 pounds, 1:2.80 1:3.80 1:4.35 During the summer season the feed was given twice a day ; during the winter season, three times. Whenever the milk did not satisfy the thirst of the animals warm water was added to the grain to meet the temporary wants. The results of the two first experiments, being more of an experimental character, are subsequently given in a brief abstract ; the third experiment is reported also in regard to all details of a special interest. Those animals Avhich for more than a few days refused to consume a fair share of their daily diet are excluded from the record, in common with a few losses soon after their arrival during our first and second experiment. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 151 Summary of Experiment I. {May 13 to Oct. 15, 1890). A A. ^ ^ j= a . ■0 a — 3 ci o c a IS •a c a « 3 !^ Ji a o. 3*2 .° « a o 3 .-&W S SiS O n OQ O kJ « Q Small Yorksliires, 2 pigs, 560.35 1,129.00 355.00 153.74 187.18 367.25 311.75 4.79 Poland China, 305.10 558.50 177.50 95.65 116.38 215.50 180.00 4.57 Berksliires, 3 pigs, 721.71 1,491.50 532.50 211.42 250.36 512.25 415.50 4.80 Tamworths, 2 pigs, 478.53 889.00 355.00 137.29 156.50 354.75 283.75 4.52 Local Market Cost of Fodder Articles used during Experiment I. Corn meal, i^er ton, Wheat bran, per ton, . Gluten meal, per ton, . Buttermilk, per gallon. Skim-milk, per gallon. 124 00 19 00 2-5 00 1 cent. 1 8 cents. Valuation of essential fertilizing constituents in the above articles of fodder used : Nitrogen, 17 cents ; phosphoric acid, 6 cents ; iDotassium oxide, 4i cents per pound. Corn Wheat Gluten Butter- Skim- Meal. Bran. Meal. milk. milk. Moisture, .... 12.39 11.52 8.48 93.34 89.78 Nitrogen, .... i.46r, 2.600 5.358 .391 .520 Phosphoric acid, . .707 2.870 .425 .135 .190 Potassium oxide, . .43.5 1.620 .045 .143 .200 Valuation per 2,000 pounds. f(? 22 $13 74 fl9 13 fl 62 $2 IS 152 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Summary/ of Experimeyit II. {Nov. 18, 1890, to April 19, 1891). *» bij •a £ ■a ■a .a a . 51 .S .J §?? a 1^ a ^ c a a a a « 2 a '~^ 0) a a. ^ = a. a V 1 -p « ♦-er Pound of Dressed Pork ( Cents') , based on the Loivest and Highest Market Price. Corn meal, per ton. Wheat bran, j^er ton, Gluten meal, per ton, Skim-milk, per gallon, Buttei"milk, per gallon. $21: 00 19 00 25 00 1.8 cents. 1.0 cent. f31 00 23 00 27 00 1.8 cents. 1.0 cent. 156 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Experiment I. Experiment II. Experiment III. Cents. Ccnt.s. Cents. Small Yorkshire, No. 1, . \ 4.79 5.04 5.53 Small Yorkshire, No. 2, 5.34 5.68 Berkshire, No. 1, j. '4. 80 4.78 5.43 Berkshire, No. 2, 4.81 5.21 Berkshire, No. 3, J - - Poland Cliina, No 1, 4.67 4.98 4.87 Poland China, No. 2, - - 5.30 Tarn worth. No. 1, . Tamworth, No. 2, . I 4.52 - 5.28 5.76 II. Small Yorkshire, No. 1, . 1 5.58 5.80 6.25 Small Yorkshire, No. 2, 5.30 6.46 Berkshire, No. 1, 1 5.40 6.20 Berkshire, No. 2, )■ 5.57 5.42 5.93 Berkshire, No. 3, j - - Poland China, No. 1, 5.33 5.75 5.54 Poland China, No. 2, - - 6.03 Tamworth, No. 1, . \ 5.26 - 6.06 Tamworth, No. 2, . - 6.59 Conclusions. 1. The average amount of dnj matter consumed per pound of dressed pork produced differs for different breeds as follows : First experiment, in case of Tamworths and Poland Chinas, frt)ni 3.13 to 3.20 pounds; in case of Berkshires and Small Yorkshires, from 3.31 to 3.32 pounds. Second experi- ment, in case of Berkshires and Small Yorkshires, from 3.04 to 3.42 pounds ; Poland Chinas, 3.32 pounds; Tamworths ruled out, on account of sickness in the second experiment. Third experiment, in case of Poland Chinas and Tamworths, from 3.12 to 3.48 pounds; and in case of Berkshires and Small Yorkshires, from 3.31 to 3.36 pounds. Summing up the results of the three experiments in this connection, it appears that in our case the larger build breeds lead the smaller breeds in two out of three cases. The difference between breeds is apparently not more marked than the difference l)etween animals of the same breed. 2. TJie average gain in live ivelglit jger day differs in the first trial, between Small Yorkshires and Berkshires, from 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Ko. 33. 157 1.19 to 1.20 pounds; Poland Chinas and Tani worths are even, 1.38 pounds; in the second experiment, Small York- shires 1.01 to Berkshires .9 pounds ; Poland Chinas 1.01 pounds; in the third experiment. Small Yorkshires 1.15, Berkshires 1.35, Poland Chinas 1.38 and Tamworths 1.42 pounds. The Berkshires lead the Small Yorkshires in two out of three experiments, while the Poland Chinas and Tamworths show practically no difference in that respect. 3. The cost of feed 2^er pound of dressed pork produced varies in case of different breeds in the successive experi- ments as follows : First experiment, Small Yorkshires and Berkshires, from 4.79 to 4.80 cents, and Tamworths and Poland Chinas 4.52 to 4.57 cents; second experiment, Berkshires and Small Yorkshires 4.80 to 5.19 cents, Poland Chinas 4.98 cents; third experiment, Berkshires and Small Yorkshires from 5.32 to 5.61 cents, and Poland Chinas and Tamworths from 5.09 to 5.52 cents. The Berkshires lead the Small Yorkshires in two out of three trials, and the Poland Chinas and Tamworths compare well with each other in two trials. The cost of feed in the previous statement is l)ased on the contemporary market price of the different grain feeds, which during the third experiment were excep- tionally high, as may be seen from previous reports. 4. The average net cost of the feed consumed per pound of dressed pork produced, allowing a loss of 30 per cent, of the essential manurial constituents of the feed consumed, compares as follows : First experiment. Small Yorkshires, 3.14 cents; Berkshires, 3.13 cents; Poland Chinas, 2 98 cents; Tamworths, 2.92 cents. Second experiment. Small Yorkshires, 4.14 cents; Berkshires, 4.70 cents; Poland Chinas, 4.00 cents. Third experiment. Small Yorkshires, 4.86 cents; Berkshires, 4.59 cents; Poland Chinas, 4.40 cents ; and Tamworths, 4.78 cents. The value of the obtain- able manure averages in the first experiment, per pound of dressed pork sold, 1.61 cents; second experiment, 1.50 cents; and in the third experiment, 1.48 cents, — which is equal to from one-quarter to one-third of the total cost of the feed consumed. The commercial value of the manurial constituents of the feed consumed during our three feeding experiments amounts to $12.39, of which from eight to nine dollars' worth may be saved. 158 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Detailed Statement of Third Experiment. Small Yorkshire, No. 1 {Experiment III.). o a) = "2 o «-S «^ - OS eg = 5 3 a a 2m§ o a *J o .2 2^ 1- .S a a ij CI 0, a FEEDma PERIODS. Pi? ^ ° '5 ■§ ■s"^:s ^S'S-? <1— 3 - f, o «.ii — 1 « 0) C3.C g ■^■3 H "" S ^a?i ori^?. o^S s g&i ^^hS- H B H H ^ t? O 18»I. April 28 to June 22, 37.88 303.00 14.48 28.96 1:3.14 26.00 83.25 1.02 June 23 to July 27, 63.53 175.00 19.75 19.75 1:4.19 83.25 127.00 1.25 July 28 to Sept. 7, 114.19 202.00 19.22 19.22 1:4.82 127.00 182.00 1.31 Total Amount of Feed consumed from April 28 to Sept. 7, 1891. Dry Matter (Pounds). Manurial Value. 215.60 pounds corn meal, . 182.59 f3 34 %0 66 680.00 quarts skim-milk, . 130.14 3 06 1 23 53.45 pounds wheat bran. 46.51 0 61 0 30 67.93 ijounds gluten meal. 60.38 0 92 0 50 419.62 $7 93 $2 69 Pounds. Live weiglit of animal at beginning of experiment, . . . 26.00 Live weight at time of killing, 182.00 Live weight gained during experiment, 156.00 Dressed Aveight at time of killing, 148.00 Loss in weight by dressing, . . .34 pounds, or 18.68 per cent. Dressed weight gained during experiment, .... 126.86 2 . 69 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 ground of live weight, and 3.31 pounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed pork, 6 . 25 cents. Net cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed pork, allowing a loss of 30 per cent, of the manurial value of the feed, 4.77 cents. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 159 Detailed Statement of Third Experiment — Coutinued. Small Yorkshire, Ko. 2 (Exjyeriment III.). a-3 o « 0-3 « a og og o *l o oa *J U --S o ^ Z 3 a = g pi ^11 a^; as ■u a 3 I'll a =3 •5« H ^ H fH ^ O 1891. April 28 to June 22, 37.83 303.00 14.48 28.96 1:3.14 26.50 11. la 0.92 June 23 to July 27, 63.50 175.00 19.75 19.75 1:4.19 77.75 119.50 1.19 July 28 to Sept. 30, 167.15 316.00 24.45 24.45 1:4.78 119.50 200.50 1.25 Tb^a^ Amount of Feed consumed from April 28 to Sept. 30, 1891. Dry Matter (Pounds). Cost. Manurial Value. 268.53 pounds corn meal, . 227.42 $4 16 10 82 794.00 quarts skim-milk, . 151.97. 3 57 1 44 58.68 pounds Avheat bran, 51.06 0 67 0 33 73.16 pounds gluten meal, 65.03 0 99 0 54 495.48 $9 39 $3 13 rounds. 26.50 200.50 174.00 167.50 Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, . Live weight at time of killing, ...... Live weight gained during experiment, .... Dressed weight at time of killing, Loss in weight by dressing, . . . 33 pounds, or 16.46 per cent. Dressed weight gained during ex})eriment, .... 145.36 2.85 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 pound of live weight, and 3.41 j)ounds of dry matter yielded 1 j^ound of dressed weight. Cost of feeder production of 1 pound of dressed pork, 6.46 cents. Net cost of feed for production of 1 i^ound of dressed jjork, allowing a loss of 30 per cent, of manurial value of feed, 4.95 cents. IGO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Detailed Statement of Third Experiment — Continued. Berkshire, No. 1 {Experiment III.) . FEEDING PERIODS. mount of Corn consumed ds). Amount of milk consumed ts). aacS iiount of Glu- eal consumed ds). o o a X-. a 'J of Animal at e of Period ds). *^ . .a --N - a =5 <1Sg > . ■q ~ 3 si Mo isi >> -n^"^ o^g 5 §0^ i3 ^ i pound Dressed weight gained during experiment. rounds. 25.50 . 203.00 . 177.50 . 163.50 s, or 19.46 per cent. . 142. 90 2.74i)()unds of dry matter fed yielded 1 pound of live weight, and 3.40 poimds of dry matter yielded 1 i^ound of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed pOTk, 6.20 cents. Net cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed j^ork, allowing a loss of 30 per cent, of the manurial value of the feed, 4.69 cents. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. ini Detailed Statement of TJiird Experiment — Continued. £e?-kshire, No. 2 {Experiment III). FEEDIXG PERIODS. Is = a ^1 ^ H ? a = § <; a"? .J " ^ a 2 — PI Amount of en Meal cou- ( Pounds). iv e Ratio of ~ 2 J^l 0 is <*. . « a - Total A Meal (Poun Total Skim-i (Quart T 0 1 a 1 Whe Buniet Total Glut Buraec « (U 121 - 5 a Weight ClOBJ (Foun n a 1891. May 26 to July 20, . 35.00 2S0.00 23.69 47.38 1:3.13 22.75 85.50 1.12 July 21 to Aug. 17, . 52.25 132.00 20.87 20.87 1:4.21 85.50 121.50 1.29 Aug. 18 to Sept. 30, . 134.41 219.00 2.5.26 26.26 1:4.86 121.50 192.00 1.60 Total Amount of Feed consumed from May 26 to Sejjt. 30, 1891. Dry Matter (Pounds). Cost. Jlaiuirial Value. 221. GG i^ounds corn meal, . 187.72 f3 44 $0 68 631.00 quarts skim-milk, . 120.77 2 84 1 14 70.82 pounds wheat bran, 61.62 0 81 0 40 94:. 51 pounds gluten meal. 84.01 1 28 0 70 454.12 $8 37 $2 92 Live weight of animal at beginning of experiment, Live weight at time of killing, Live weight gained during experiment, .... Dressed weight at time of killing, Loss in weight by dressing, . . . 32 pounds, or 1G.G7 jjer cent, Dressed weight gained during experiment, .... 141.04 Pounds. 22.75 192.00 169.25 160.00 2.68 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 jjound of live -weight, and 3.22 pounds of (\v\ matter yielded 1 pound dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed pork, 5.93 cents. Net cost of feed for production of 1 jjound of dressed pork, allowing a loss of 30 per cent, of the manurial value of the feed, 4.49 cents. 162 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Detailed Statement of Third Experiment — Continued. Poland China, No. 1 {Experiment III.). o-o <^Tr 0 s 0 9 a FEEDING PERIODS. ^°-^ S^a . ~^^ a O, t> 5?--^ .^ O-jT- ^^ 2 "S — So rt 3 a t-o ^ a g °Sa ■|,° 0 a. a --^ 5^0, 0,=^?^ o^i oOS 3pt( l«^ ^O'Z- •5« H H H H !2i ^ 0 1801. May 12 to July 6, . G5.25 282.00 15,88 31.75 1:3.14 23.75 90.00 1.18 July V to July 27, . 41. 8S 105.00 15.63 15.63 1:4.23 90.00 122.00 1.52 July 28 to Sept. 7, . 131.31 202.00 27.78 27.78 1:4.89 122.00 195.25 1.74 Total Amount of Feed consumed from May 12 to Sejit. 7, 1891. Dry Matter (Pounds). Cost. Manurial Value. 208.44 jiovinds corn meal, . 17G.53 $3 23 $0 64 589.00 quarts skim-milk, . 112.73 2 G5 1 07 59.29 i)ounils wheat bran, 51.59 0 68 0 33 75.16 jjounds gluten meal, GG.81 1 01 0 55 407. GG %1 bl $2 59 Pounds. 23.75 195.25 171.50 155.50 Live weiglit of animal at beginning of exiieriment. Live weight at time of killing, Live weight gained during expei'iment, .... Dressed weight at time of killing, Loss in weight by dressing, . . 40 jwuiids, or 20. 4G per cent Dressed weiglit gained during experiment, .... 13G.G1 2.38 pounds dry matter fed yielded 1 pound live weight, and 2.98 l)ounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of dressed weight. Cost of feed for jjroduction of 1 pound of dressed i)ork, 5.54 cents. Net cost of feed for production of 1 2)oimd of dressed pork, allowing a loss of 30 per cent, of manurial value of feed, 4.22 cents. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 163 Detailed Statement of TTdrcl Experiment — Continued. Poland China, No. 2 {ExpeiHmoit III.). O ® ^ -3 5 ^ °§ o a O o «■§ «1 u oa -a a "3 S "3 n FEEDI^STG PERIODS. ■3S ^3 O « hi O g 3 O 0) 3 ci = a o 1 ■rT3 at, <^ . o a) -a ^^^ -52 =^g o5S J3 4> 3^ r" 'P- •3« JH El JH a O 1891. May 12 to July 6, . 35. 25 282.00 13.31 26.63 1:3.14 23.50 77.50 0.96 July 7 to Aug. 3, . 56.13 140.00 22.38 22.38 1:4.23 77.50 121.50 1.57 Aug. 4 to Sept. 7, . 112.93 167.00 25.41 25.41 1:4.91 121.50 ISO. 00 1.67 Total Amount of Feed consumed from May 12 to Sept. 7, 1891. Dry Matter (Pouncls). Cost. Ma nu rial Value. 20-i. 31 pounds corn meal, . 173.03 f3 17 $0 62 589.00 quarts skim-milk, . 112.73 2 65 1 07 61. 10 pounds wheat bran, 53.16 0 70 0 34 74.42 pounds gluten meal, 66.15 1 00 0 55 405.07 f7 52 $2 58 Live weiglit of animal at beginning of exijeriment, Live weight at time of killing, Live weight gained during experiment, Dressed weight at time of killing, . . . . Loss in weight by dressing, 36,} pounds, or 20.28 jier cent. Dressed weight gained during experiment. Pounds. 23.50 180.00 156.50 143.50 124.77 2.59 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 pound of live weight, and 3.25 pounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of dressed weight. Cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed pork, 6.03 cents- Net cost of feed for production of 1 jDound of dressed pork, allowing a loss of 30 per cent, of manurial value of feed, 4.58 cents. 164 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Detailed Statement of TJiird Experiment — Continued. Tamivorth, No. 1 {Experiment III). c-a S^ o a o . °g o ^1 ^1 5a ^ a *J o ,-^ o • FEEDIN-G PERIODS. o u V S -a O oo 3 ° . sac 0 2 = -g'S o g 5 — I* £ > 2-S 5 1- o „.§ c5i cajg S •- 0) hr !^ O "51° o ^^^ H o c ^ o^g oO S -5fe 1891. May 5 to June 8, . 24.50 196.00 19.15 38.29 1:3.12 41.50 90.00 1.39 Juue 9 to July 6, . 58.00 140.00 2.3.00 23.00 1:4.25 90.00 123.50 1.20 July 7 to Aug. 12, . 127.57 174.00 31.09 31.09 1:4.94 123.50 184.50 1.65 Total Amoiint of Feed consumed from May 5 to Aug. 12, 1891. Dry Matter (Pounds). Cost. Manurial Value. 210.07 pounds corn meal, . 177.91 $3 26 $0 64 510.00 quarts skim-milk, . 97.61 2 30 0 92 73 . 24 pounds wheat bran, 63.73 0 84 0 41 92.38 pounds gluten meal. 82.12 1 25 0 68 421.37 $7 65 $2 65 Pounds. Live weiglit of animal at beginning of experiment, . . 41.50 Live weight at lime of killing, 184.50 Live weight gained during exjieriment, 143.00 Dressed weight at time of killing, 163.00 Loss in weiglit by dressing, . . 21 J pounds, or 11.65 per cent. Dressed weiglit gained during experiment, .... 126.33 2 . 95 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 pound of live weight, and 3.34 pounds of diy matter yielded 1 pound of dressed weiglit. Cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed pork, 6.06 cents. Net cost of feed for production of 1 jjound of dressed pork, allowing a loss of 30 per cent, of manurial value of feed, 4.58 cents. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 165 Detailed Statement of Third Experiment — Continued. Tamivorth, No. 2 {Experiynent III). o tu "^5 i% 0 ^•S «u ir,"^ OS ^ a ^ o^ csa 0 «1 FEEDING PERIODS. o o^ .-; a, o a X 3 S o8 a-M . *.S 3 <4-( S o a ■S ° p _ . 2 «^ S^-3 a) > ^ — 3 .1^ .aT3 3 bi) :: 0 '5 ^ H H H H 125 0 1891. May 5 to June 8, . 24.50 196.00 19.27 38.54 1:3.12 37.75 85.50 1.36 June 9 to July 6,. 59.69 140.00 24.69 24.69 1:4.26 85.50 122.50 1.32 July 7 to Aug.l2, . 122.38 174.00 28.50 28.50 1:4.92 122.50 179.50 1.54 To^aZ Amou7it of Feed conaxmied from May 5 to Aug. 12., 1891. Dry Matter (Pounds). Cost. Manurial Value. 206.57 pounds corn meal, 174.94 $3 20 fO 63 510.00 quarts skim-milk, . 97.61 2 30 0 92 72.46 pounds wheat bran. 63.05 0 83 0 41 91.73 pounds gluten meal. 81.54 1 24 0 68 417.14 $7 57 $2 64 Live Aveiglit of animal at beginning of experiment, Live weiglit at time of killing, . Live weiglit gained during exjieriment, Dressed weight at time of Icilling, Loss in weight by dressing. Dressed weight gained during exi^eriment, Pounds. 37.75 . 179.50 . 141.75 . 145.50 34 i^ounds, or 18 . 94 per cent. . 114.90 2.94 pounds of dry matter fed yielded 1 jjound of live weight, and 3.63 i^ounds of dry matter yielded 1 pound of dressed weight. Cost of feed for i^roduction of 1 pound of dressed j)ork, 6.59 cents. Net cost of feed for production of 1 pound of dressed pork, allowing .a loss of 30 per cent of manurial value of feed, 4.98 cents. 1G6 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Detailed Statement of Third Experiment — Concluded. Summary of Oain in Weight (^Experiment III.). LivK Weight at P.e- GiNNiNG (Pounds.) Live Weioit when Killed (Pounds) Gain in Live Weight (Pounds). SUMMER, 1S91. No. 1. No. 2. No. 1. No. 2. No. 1. No. 2. Small Yorkshires, Poland Chinas, Berkshires, . Tamworths, . 26.00 23.75 25.50 41.50 26.50 23.50 22.75 37.75 182.00 195.25 203.00 184.50 200.50 180.00 192.00 179.50 156.00 171.50 177.50 143.00 174.00 156.50 169.25 141.75 Number of Days of Feeding. Gain in Live AVeight PER Day (Pounds). S U M M E R , 1891. No. 1. No. 2 No. 1. No. 2. Small Yorkshires, . Poland Chinas, Berkshires, .... Tamworths, .... 133 119 128 100 156 119 128 100 1.17 1.44 1.39 1.43 1.12 1.32 1.32 1.42 Fodder Analyses. Com Meal {Experiment /.). a 6 B .2 1 §. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- gestibility of Constituents. _6 :2 Moistm-e at 100°C., . 12.39 247.80 1 1 Dry matter, 87.61 1,752.20 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Ajialysis of Dry Mailer. Crude ash, . . . . 1.80 . 36.00 o " cellulose, . 1.80 36.00 12.24 34 }z^ " fat 5.01 100.20 76.15 76 ^ " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 10.46 209.20 177.82 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 80.93 1,618.60 1,521.48 94 100.00 2,000.00 1,787.69 - J 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 167 Fodder Analyses — Continued. Wheat Bran (Ex2)eri77ie?it I.). 1890. , rz. — a .r ° o 5 ° c^ o o M ." M ti o '2 a o o 3 ^ ° -a OT - M o > c .ti ■^ 3 - n ■s~S cj -S = 5 S3 P. g tn H i. ~ £1 Q^ j; M o 3 d a - pi 1^ Moisture at 100° C, . 11.52 230.40 N Dry matter, 88.48 1,769.60 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 7.13 142.60 _ _ <— 1 " cellulose, . 10.63 212.60 42.52 20 ^CO " fat, .... 5.62 112.40 89.92 80 ^ " i)rotein (nitrogenous matter). 18.30 367.20 323.14 88 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 58.26 1,165.20 932.16 80 100.00 2,000 00 1,387.74 J Oluten Meal {Experiment I). 1S90. a o O o . 5 2 ^ o Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. 1 ^ &4 "5 >> 1 ^2 % > 3 i5 IMoisture at 100° C, . 8.48 169.60 1 Dry matter, 91.52 1,830.40 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude asli, .... 0.76 15.20 CM " cellulose, . 0.68 13.60 4.62 34 ^^; " fat, .... 11.14 222.80 169.33 76 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 36.59 731.80 622.03 85 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 50.83 1,016.60 955.60 1,751.58 94 100.00 2,000.00 J 168 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Fodder Analyses — Continued. Buttermilk {Experiment I.). 1S90. a o O » . £ o o « Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. ~ o • III 6 > 'u 3 IMoistnre at 100° C, . 93.34 1,866.80 \ Dry matter, 6.66 133.20 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " fat, .... • 7. .51 4.80 150.20 96.00 96.00 100 " i)rotein (nitrogenous matter), 36.64 732.80 732.80 100 T— 1 Non-nitrogenous extract • matter, .... 51.0,0 1,021.00 1,021.00 100 100.00 S,000.00 1,849.80 - J Skim-milk (Exjierimoits I. and IE.). ISOO. a o 00 c c 2 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. .J. o . pi c o 8 p.' 5°i 6 > 'C 3 •A Moisture at lOO'^ C , . 89.78 1,795.60 Dry matter, .... 10.22 204.40 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 6.85 137.00 CO " fat, .... 3.82 76.40 76.40 100 ^O, " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 31.60 632.00 632.00 100 r-l Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 57.73 100.00 1,155.60 1,155.60 100 2,000.00 1,864.00 - J Note. — The anah'sis of the grain feed used during the second experiment is tlie same as of these articles stated in connection with the preceding corn-feeding experi- ment for the same period of time. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 169 Fodder Analyses — Continued. Corn Meal {Experimeiit III.). a o ■S 2 c S fe a, (I4 Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Pounds Digesti- ble in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. Per Cent, of Di- pcptiljility of Constituents. 6 « 3 ■A Moisture at 100° C, . 15.31 303.20 \ Dry matter, 84.69 1,697.80 - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . 1.72 34.40 CO " cellulose, . . . 2.17 43.40 20.83 48 }>a^ " fat, .... 4.84 96.80 82.28 85 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 12.18 243.60 192.44 79 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 79.09 1,581.80 1,550.16 98 100.00 2,000.00 1,845.71 - J Wheat Bran {Ex2)erinient III.). 1891. s 0 0 0 . to 2 « 0 9 0 h P. Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. III « c; 0 0 — =^ ||i (1< 0 ■^ Moisture at 100° C, . 12.99 259.80 N Dry matter, 87.01 1,740.20 - - 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, . . , 6.23 124.60 CO " cellulose, . 10.47 209.40 50.26 24 ).4 " fat 5.37 107.40 76.25 71 " protein (nitrogenous matter) , 16.16 323.20 252.10 78 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 61.77 1,235.40 951.26 77 100.00 2,000.00 1,329.87 - 170 EXPERIMENT STATION, [Jan.'92. Fodder Ancdyses — Concluded. Gluten Meal {Experiment III.). 1S91. H o -2 .2 6< Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton .of 2,000 Pounds. — o . ■R^ 3 •a ■- 2 C 0; o 5°i ° -b 5 o > Moisture at 100° C, . 11.11 222.20 _ _ 1 Dry matter, 88.89 1,777.80 - - • 100.00 2,000.00 - - Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... 1.65 33.00 O O " cellulose, . 0.73 14.60 9.05 62 \o. " fat, .... 9.22 184.40 156.74 85 1—1 " protein (nitrogenous matter). 33.34 666.80 526.77 79 Non-niti'ogenons extract matter, .... 55.06 1,101.20 1,002.09 91 . 100.00 2,000.00 l,a94.65 - ^ Skim-milk {Experiment III.). 1891. i c M a -2 .2 9 o 3 ^ Constituents (in Pounds) in a Ton of 2,000 Pounds. .Ill S -« o K - ^ •S~8 ° - °^' 5° is .2 Moisture at 100« C, . Dr}- matter. 91.18 8.82 1,823.60 176.40 _ 1 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, .... " fat, .... " protein (nitrogenous matter) , Non-nitrogenous extract matter, .... 100.00 6.80 4.20 31.52 57.48 2,000.00 136.00 84.00 630.40 1,149.60 84.00 630.40 1,149.60 100 100 100 ■;5 i-H 100.00 2,000.00 1 1,864.00 - >* PAR^T II. ON FIELD EXFER-IMEISTTS AND OBSERVATIONS IN VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY PATHOLOGY. 1. EFTECT or DlPFBRENT KiNDS OP NlTROGEN-CONTAININO MANtmiAL SdBSTANCES ON THE Yield op Rtb (Field A). 2. Experiments with Prominent Varieties op Grasses and with Grass Mix- tures, to ascertain their Comparative Economical Valitb under pairlt Corresponding Circumstances (Field B). 3. Experiments with Reputed Fodder Crops mostly new to our Locality, and with a Series op Garden Crops treated with Different Mixtures op Commercial Fertilizing Ingredients (Field C). 4. Experiment with raising Stowell's Evergreen Sweet Corn for Ensilaqb (Field D). 5. Experiments with Different Commercial Phosphates, to study the Economy OF using Natural Phosphates or Acidulated Phosphates in Farm Practick (Field F). 6. Experiments with a Western Variety of Dent Corn, Pridb op thi North, FOR Ensilage (Field G). 7. Experiments with Grass Lands (Meadows). 8. Report on General Farm Work in 1891. 9. Report of Prop. James Ellis Humphrey on Plant Diseases, etc., with Obser- vations IN the Field and in the Vegetation Hocse. 172 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 1. Field Experiment to ascertain the Effect of Dif- ferent Combinations of Nitrogen — i. e., Sodium Nitrate, Chili Saltpetre, Aivimonium Sulphate AND JNITROGEN-CONTAINING OrGANIC MaTTER, UNDER Otherwise Corresponding Circumstances — on Rye (1891). Field A. The well-authenticated and unbroken record of this field extends over more than twenty years. The systematic treatment of the soil, as far as modes of cultivation and of manuring are concerned, was introduced during the season of 1883-84. The subdivision of the entire area into eleven plats (one-eighth of an acre each) of a uniform size and shape, one hundred and thirty feet long and thirty feet wide, with an unoccupied and unmanured space of five feet in width between adjoining plats, has been retained unaltered since 1884. A detailed statement of the particular aim and general management of our experiments, as well as of the results obtained in that connection, from year to year forms a prominent part of our contemporary printed annual reports, to which I have to refer for details. The most conspicuous I'esull of the field experiinents carried on upon Field A during the years 1884 to 1888 consists in the very striking illustration of a marked deficiency of the soil on trial on available potash, as compared with other essential articles of plant food. Since 1889 the main object of observations upon the same field has been to study the influence of both an entire exclusion of any additional nitrogen-containing manurial substance from the soil under cultivation, as well as of a definite additional supply of nitrogen in different forms of combi- nation, on the character and yield of the crop selected for the trial. The treatment of the soil adopted in preceding years favored this new project for field observations. Several plats which for five preceding years did not receive any nitrogen compound for manurial purposes were retained 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 173 in that state, to study the effect of an entire exclusion of nitrogen-containing manurial substances on the crop under cultivation, while the remaining ones received as before a definite amount of nitrogen in the same form in which they had received it in preceding years : namely, either as sodium nitrate or as ammonium sulphate, or as organic nitrogenous matter in form of dried blood. A corresponding amount of available nitrogen was applied in all these cases. Aside from the difference regarding the nitrogen supply, all plats were treated alike. They each received without an exception a corresponding amount of available phosphoric acid and of potassium oxide. The phosphoric acid was sup- plied, in form of dissolved bone-black, and the potassium oxide either in form of muriate of potash or of potash-mag- nesia sulphate. From 120 to 130 pounds of potassium oxide, from 80 to 85 pounds of available phosphoric acid and from 40 to 50 pounds of available nitrogen were supplied per acre. One plat marked 0 received its main supply of phosphoric acid, potassium oxide and nitrogen in form of barn-yard manure ; the latter was carefully analyzed before being applied, to determine the amount required to secure, as far as practicable, the desired corresponding proportion of essential fertilizing constituents. The deficiency in potas- sium oxide and phosphoric acid was supplied by potash- magnesia sulphate and dissolved bone-black. The fertilizer for this plat consisted of 800 pounds of barn-yard manure, 32 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate and 18 pounds of dissolved bone-black. The mechanical preparation of the soil, the incorporation of the manurial substances, — the general character of the latter being the same, — the seeding, cultivating and harvest- ing were carried on year after year in a like manner, and as far as practicable on the same day in case of every plat during th-e same year. This course in the general management of the experiment has been followed thus far for three successive years — 1889, 1890 and 1891 — in connection with different crops : — Corn (maize) , in 1889 (see seventh annual report) ; oats, 174 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. in 1890 (see eighth annual report) ; rye, in 1891 (see ninth annual report) . The following tabular statement shows the annual applica- tion and special distribution of the manurial substances with reference to each plat since 1889. The fertilizers were in every case applied broadcast as early as circumstances per- mitted. They were slightly harrowed under before the seed was planted in rows by a seed drill. Each plat received the same amount of seed. NUMBER OF PLAT. Plat 0, . Plat 1, . Plat 2, . riat 3, . Plat 4, . Plat 5, . Annual Supply of Manurial Substances. Plat 6, Plat 7, riat 8, Plat 9, Plat 10, 800 lbs. of barn-yard manure, 32 lbs. of potash-magnesia sulphate and 18 lbs. of dissolved bone-black. 29 lbs. sodium nitrate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of potash {= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 29 lbs. sodium nitrate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen) , 48.5 lbs. potash- magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (=: 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 43 lbs dried blood (= 5 to 6 lbs. nitroijen) , 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8 5 lbs. available phosphoric acid) . 25 lbs muriate of potash (^= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash- magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (== 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (^ 8 5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 25 lbs. muriate of potash (^12 to 13 Ihs. potassium oxide) and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8 5 lbs availai)le phosphoric acid). 22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs available phosphoric acid). 25 lbs muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50 lbs., dissolved bone-black (= 8 5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 43 lbs. dried blood (=5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black (== 8 5 lbs. available phosphoric acid). 1891. — The soil of the field being brought by ploughing and harrowing into a good mechanical condition for planting, the entire area was seeded with winter rye Sept. 5, 1890. Each plat received five and one-half pounds of rye in drills two feet apart. The second largest plate was used in the seeding machine. The young plants appeared above ground October 1. The growth upon Plat 6 and on 8 in particular presented 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 175 soon after a yellowish-green appearance ; otherwise the crop promised Ave 11. The late winter season was somewhat unfavorable to winter cro[)s, — a fact noticed quite generally in our vicin- ity on grass lands. The rye crop showed signs of winter- killing ; the growth upon Plat 2 had apparently suffered more than that on any other plat. The following tabular record shows the rate of groAvth upon the different plats at different periods of the season, — May 12 to June 16 : — May 12. May 19. May 27. June 2. June 10. June IG. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Plat 0, . 19 2(3 42 61 65 66 Plat 1, . •21 27 44 60 66 66 Plat 2, . 21 27 44 60 65 66 Plat 3, . 21 27 46 63 67 67 Plat 4, . 17 24 40 o8 65 65 Plat 5, . 19 23 40 59 64 66 Plat 6, . 8 16 32 50 64 65 Plat 7, . 20 26 46 60 68 68 Plat 8, . 6 14 30 44 55 58 Plat 9, . 19 28 40 61 66 66 Plat 10, . 22 27 47 62 67 67 The differences noticeal)le in the above table regarding the rate of growth u[)on different plats are not less marked than were the variations in the color of the vegetation upon different plats at different stages of the season. The growth upon plats 4, 7, 10, and in particular 9, was of a light- green color ; while upon plats 1 and 2 it was of a marked deep-green shade. This feature in the appearance of the vegetation over the entire area was quite marked during the entire season until the crop began to mature. Plats 4, 7 and 9 turned yellow, while plats 1, 2, 5, 6 and 8 were still green (July 9). The entire crop was cut July 16, and carried into the barn July 18. The subsequent tables show the difference in moisture of the crop from different plats when carried into the barn, as compared with a more uniform condition in that direction after two months' storino; in the barn : — 17G AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Weight when Weight whon Harvesttd Threshed Loss of Moisture. (July 18, 1891). (Sept. 22, 1891). Pounds. Pounds. Per Cent. Plat 0, 695 470 32.37 Plat 1, 790 570 27.85 Plat 2, 700 525 25.00 Plat 3, 605 475 21.49 Plat 4, 490 390 20.41 Plat 5, 660 530 19.70 Plat 6, 505 400 20.79 Plat 7, 495 450 9.09 Plat 8, - - - Plat 9, 495 425 14.14 Plat 10, 520 425 18.27 Plat 8 is excluded from the statement on account of a partial destruction of the crop liy insects. The total yield of straw and grain obtained from different })lats varies from 390 to 570 pounds in weight. The relation of the grain to the straw and chatF will be found in the statement below : — Grain and Straw. Grain. straw and Chaflf. Percentage of Grain. Percentage of Straw and Chaff. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Plat 0, . 470 142 328 30.21 69.79 Plat 1, . 570 154 416 27.02 72.98 Plat 2, . 525 134 391 25.52 74.48 Plat 3, . 475 130 345 27.37 72.63 Plat 4, . 390 107 283 27.44 72.56 Plat 5, . 530 145 385 27.36 72.64 Plat 6, . 400 102 298 25.50 74.50 Plat 7, . 450 109 341 24.22 75.78 Plat 8, . _ _ - - - Plat 9, . 425 109 316 25.65 74.35 Plat 10, . 425 4,875 125 1,303 300 29.41 70.59 3,572 - - The yield of the grain for the entire field in case of the air-dry crop averages 26.72 per cent, and that of the straw and chaff 73.28 per cent. The yield of the grain upon different plats varies from 102 pounds to 154 pounds. Plat 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 177 2 differs in yield from Plat 1 , probably on account of a more serious degree of winter-killing, as has been stated on a previous page. Plat 6 shows still the serious influence of several years' fallow (1885 to 1888), without the application of manure and without the cultivation of a crop (black fallow), on the productiveness of the soil thus treated. The low yield of grain (107 to 109 pounds) upon plats 4, 7 and 9, which did not receive any nitrogen-containing ma- nurial matter, is a very significant result. The belief in the beneficial influence of a liberal supply of nitrogen on the quantity and the quality of grain crops is evidently well sustained by the results of the above-described experiment. 17 jr piaiji^ P5 « &i •»BUO OOOOOCOtD -^OCO OOS s> o JO aSsuiaojej • • • 1 2o W 'UIBJ-O C-lOifSCO'^ C0»O in-*-* •*-* ■ji^qo 0-^(00005 OOlOoOt-CD E-i pnB Ai « .[ J g JO aSBjuawaj c"tCOCOCO(D COCOCO t™ CO CO . o 'mv.iQ OCO-*(Ni-l Ot-IOClCOTti * ° JO aSsjasraaj ►J COCOCOCOCO C3C0S0«C0CO r-i •(spano^ lbSL5ult>h&te Ammonia. ^O Ib&.Die.Bonc BI&cK. ' iO 22!llbS.Su(|nhA.ti ibs.Pot4.5h M4.or^e5iA,auf. so lbs. DiS. Bone BlACk., p a ^ 25 lbs. Muriate Pot&sb. xj 50 Ibft.Dis.BoneBl&ck. H ( fe fO -43 lbs. Dried Blood, 50 lbs.pi>. Bone BfAck. M 29 lbs.Nitra.te of SodA. SO JbS.DiS Bon«. Bl^ck. -29 Ibs.NitrAte of Sodii. 56 1 b&. DiS. Bon«. Slack. (0 1- < -1 O 8oo lbs. Be^rhy<9ird MAwctre. Ll 18 Ib^' Di«.Bon< BlAck > 180 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 2. Field Experiment with Prominent Varieties or Grasses, to study Their Composition under fairly Corresponding Conditions, as far as Soil and Manure are concerned, and to compare Their Economical Value avhen raised by Themselves AS WELL as in CaSE OF MIXTURES (1891). Field B, This field occupies an area of one and seven-tenths acres, and runs from north to south, nearly on a level. The soil consists of a somewhat sandy loam of several feet in depth. The systematic treatment of the area was inaugurated in 1884, when the present subdivision into eleven plats was first introduced. The plats are 175 feet long and 33 feet wide (5,775 square feet, or two-fifteenths of an acre), of a uniform shape, running from east to west, with a space of five feet l)etween adjoining plats. The numbering begins at the north end with 11, and closes at the south end with 21. From 1884 to 1889 every alternate plat received annually the same kind and the same amount of fertilizer, — 600 pounds of fine-ground bone and 200 pounds of muriate of potash per aere. Plats 11, 13, 15, 19 and 21 were annually ma- nured as stated, and plats 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 received no manurial matter of any description during that period (1884 to 1889). The space of five feet left between the different succeeding plats has been kept clean from any growth by a constant use of the cultivator, and received at no time any kind of manure. The details of the work carried on upon Field B have been thus far reported from year to year in our annual reports. The chemical analyses of the crops raised upon this field, on account of the amount of work involved, have been quite frequently published in later bulletins or in annual reports of the succeeding year. A material change in the above-stated management of the field was made in 1889, with reference to the previously un- manured plats, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 ; they were subse- 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 181 quently annually manured in exactly the same manner as the remaining plats, receiving per acre 600 pounds of fine- ground bone and 200 pounds of muriate of potash. The character of the crops raised upon the various plats since 1888 to date may be seen from the following tabular state- ment : — 182 AGKICULTUILVL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. c, ^ e» ■^ ^ c^ p^ a. a> o^ dl a; Ul 0!i 00 g « a ^■5 S. ^ 1) o 4> cj a !^ a > rf 'o c« *o o •a'tj.ati'^ "a M M 03 « pacEWM;^ p5 — . — -' B ^^ c5 :s ^ = 5 a := M ■r. St O S, Q) rt a il ° « W mH SW 02 0- -rs y-a ;^ o S J3 ^ o g * J a> S 0) = P43 p^ •^ "3 .-. -a Sa fi'S £. (u _ 4) csi:; ■<;^ <5a S< S^ ^ (D ._r- QJ o^ pL, Ah P4 C^ P4 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 183 1891. — Previous to the year 1891 other crops than grasses have been cultivated upon some plats at times. Of late none but single grasses or mixtures of reputed grasses have been planted. The single grasses are raised as in previous years in rows two feet apart ; grass mixtures are seeded down broadcast. The manure in case of single grasses is applied by hand between the rows, and is subsequently slightly ploughed in by means of a cultivator ; in case of grass mix- tures the manure is applied as top dressing early in the spring. In both cases the first manure is applied broadcast and ploughed under before seeding down the grass. Plat 11, Kentucky blue-grass {Poa pratensis)^ sown Sept. 24, 1889, in rows. The grass looked well in the spring ; the growth between the rows was removed with the cultivator and the hoe, to secure as far as practicable a clean crop. The grass began to bloom June 5, when 27 inches high ; it was cut when the seed began freely to set (June 17 ) . Plat 12, Kentucky blue-grass {Poa praten-sis), sown Sept. 24, 1889. The grass on this plat showed signs of winter-killing. The crop was cut June 17. The yield of both plats, 11 and 12, amounted to 260 pounds of hay (975 pounds per acre) when removed to the barn. This plat (12) was ploughed July 8, 1891, the sod thoroughly cut up with a wheel harrow, properly harrowed and seeded down Sept. 18, 1891, with a mixture of four pounds each of Kentucky blue-grass and red top. The grass was well above ground Sept. 28, 1891. Plat 13, English rye-grass {Lolium perenne) and Italian rye-grass {Lolium ItaUcu7n), each occupying one-half of the plat. Both were sown in rows Sept. 29, 1890. The Italian rye-grass was in better condition at the beginning of the spring than the English rye-grass. The latter had sufiered in a considerable degree from winter-ldlling. The winter- killed spots were re-seeded at an early date. Both grasses bloomed fairly June 18 ; they were cut June 24. The first cut of hay amounted to one hundred pounds in each case (1,500 pounds per acre). The second cut of the English rye-grass yielded 120 pounds (1,800 pounds per acre) August 18, while the Italian rye-grass yielded 90 pounds ( 1,350 pounds per acre). 184 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Plat 14, a mixture of English rye-grass and of red top, equal weights, sown broadcast Sept. 29, 1890. The crop was cut June 24 ; red top was not yet in bloom. The first crop amounted to 355 pounds of hay (2,662 pounds per acre) ; the second cut, August 31, yielded 90 pounds of hay (675 pounds per acre). Plat 15, herds grass [Phleum pratense) and red top {^Agroslis vulgaris), sown broadcast April 23, 1890.' The' crop was to such an extent infested with shepherd's purse that no record of yield was kept. The growth upon the plat was mowed whenever the weeds showed themselves above the grasses, to ascertain whether a repeated cutting during the first season will free the plat from that particular trouble. Plat 16, Italian rye-grass and red top, sown broadcast April 23, 1890. The growth upon this plat suffered from the same causes as the preceding plat, — namely, from shepherd's purse, — and from the seeding down of grasses during spring time. The seeding down of grass lands in the spring is known to be an objectionable practice. Our experiment is made to furnish an illustration in that direc- tion, and also to point out if possible some remedies. Plat 17, meadow fescue {Festuca pratensis) , sown in rows two feet apart, Sept. 25, 1887. The crop looked healthy every way throughout the season. It was in bloom June 15, when 38 inches high. The first cut, June 16, amounted to 450 pounds of hay (3,375 pounds per acre) ; and the second cut, September 1, to 140 pounds (1,050 pounds per acre ) . Plat 18, meadow fescue, sown in rows two feet apart, Sept. 29, 1890. The grass looked healthy and vigorous during the entire period of growth. It bloomed June 20 and was cut June 25. The first cut yielded 190 pounds of hay (1,425 pounds per acre) ; and the second cut, Sep- tember 1, yielded 170 pounds (1,275 pounds per acre). Plat 19, herds grass {Phleum pratense), sown in rows two feet apart, Sept. 25, 1889. The growth looked well throughout the season ; it began to bloom June 25 and was cut July 1. The hay obtained weighed 630 pounds (4,725 pounds per acre). 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 185 Plat 20, mixture of herds grass and red top, sown broad- cast Sept. 29, 1890. The herds grass was in bloom June 30 ; red top showed no flower at that time. The crop was cut July 1, and yielded 430 pounds of hay (3,225 pounds per acre) . Plat 21, meadow fescue {Festuca pratensis) and red top (Agrosiis vulgaris), sown broadcast Sept. 29, 1890. The growth did not correspond to the seeds named. The first cut yielded, June 25, 650 pounds of hay (4,875 pounds per acre) . The plat was ploughed, and the soil after thorough mechanical preparation was re-seeded September 18 with a mixture of four pounds of meadow fescue and four pounds of red top. From the previous statements it will be seen that our present observation upon this field is confined to the follow- ing grasses and grass mixtures : — Kentucky blue-grass. English rye-grass. Italian rye-grass. Red top. Herds grass. Meadow fescue. Kentucky blue-grass and red top. English rye-gi-ass and red top. Italian rye-grass and red top. Red top and herds grass. Herds grass and meadow fescue. 186 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Kentucky Blue Grass, CVI to O) - 00 ^ 10 Kentucky Blue Grass. English Rye Grass. Italian n Rye Grass. English Rye Grass and Red Top Herds Grass and Red Top. pq ^ Ital ian Rye Grass and Red Top. H 00 ft "" O CM Meadow Fescue. Meadow Fescue. Herds^rASS. Herds^r«ass a^nd Red Top. CVI Meadow Fescue and Red lop. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 187 3. Experiments with Field and Garden Crops (1891). Field 0. The area occupied by this piece of land is 328 feet long and 183 feet wide (60,024 square feet). The field is divided into two parts, running from west to east, making thus a north and south division, each 328 feet long and 90 feet wide, with three feet of unoccupied space between them. The soil consists of a good light loam, several feet in thick- ness. The manure annually applied during preceding years (1884-90) to the entire area consisted of 600 pounds of fine- ground bone and 200 pounds of muriate of potash per acre. The north division had been used for years for the raising of miscellaneous farm and garden crops, for the purpose of studying their adaptation to our clime. Upon the south division during the same period grain and leguminous crops were raised alternately, to serve as fodder. 1891. -^J^oth divisions were ploughed during the pre- ceding autumn, and again in the spring. The north divi- sion was manured at an early date with bone and potash, as in preceding years, — 600 pounds of fine-ground bone and 200 pounds of muriate of potash per acre. The fertil- izer was applied broadcast, and subsequently ploughed in before harrowina^ and seedino;. The south division was subdivided into five plats of a uni- form size and shape, with an unoccupied and unmanured space of from four to five feet between adjoining plats. Each plat running across the south division from north to south covered an area of sixty-two by eighty-eight feet. Each plat received a separate distinct mixture of fertilizing substances, to test the effect on the quality and quantity of different kinds of garden crops. 1. North Division^ Field and Forage Crops. The field was prepared and manured as above stated, and served as in preceding years for the cultivation of a variety of field crops. The work was instituted for the purpose of studying the acclimatization of a series of more or less 188 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. reputed farm plants new to our section of the country, and also to serve as an object lesson to our visitors, regarding their general characteristics. The benefit derived from this practical illustration of our possibilities in the choice of valu- able additions to our field crops has been so manifest during preceding years that it will receive increased attention on our part in the future. Some of the plants here cultivated during previous seasons have already been introduced into our farm industry on a sufficiently extensive scale to enable us to form a decided opinion regarding their special local economical value. Foremost amons: them are some fodder crops, Southern cow-pea, serradella, some vetches, and black and white soja bean. Successful feeding experiments with green vetch and oats and with green soja bean, as well as with a mixed ensilage of soja bean and green fodder corn, have been already noted in our preceding report (eighth). The satisfactory results of preceding years were fully con- firmed during the late summer season. A detailed descrip- tion of this experiment may be found in this report, under the heading, ' ' Summer Feeding Experiment with Milch Cows," page 59. Statement of crops raised upon the north division of Field C : — White soja bean (Soja hispida), four rows. The seed was raised upon the station grounds in 1890. It was sown in rows three feet and three inches apart, May 18 ; the young plants appeared above ground May 30, and began to bloom during the middle of July. The lower leaves began to dry up September 4. The crop was pulled to collect the seed September 25. Black soja bean, four rows. This variety is of a lighter- green color, and seems to be somewhat more vigorous than the former. It is still green when the white variety has turned yellow. We have raised for several years, success- fully, large crops of both varieties of soja bean, and con- sider them for our locality a most valuable addition to our forage crops. Serradella (Ormthopus sativus), eight rows, three feet three inches apart. Sown May 14 ; began to bloom July 20 ; appeared somewhat affected by blight September 3, but 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 189 recovered from this trouble towards the close of September, and was in a healthy condition by October 6. The crop was light, compared with results of previous years; it resisted cold spells to an exceptional degree, being still green October 23. The serradella has furnished us in pre- vious years an exceptionally valuable green fodder, at the rate of from ten to eleven tons of green feed per acre. Bokhara clover {Melilotus alba), four rows, three feet three inches apart. Sown May 23, and had reached a height of over three feet June 10, when it was cut, not yet in bloom. The second growth was much lighter than the first, and was blooming August 7. The plants were not aftected by frost October 13. The Bokhara clover furnishes a luxuriant growth, and has a pleasant aromatic odor. It deserves a trial as ensilage, when cut before blooming. Spring vetch (Vicia sativa), four rows, three feet three inches apart. The seed was sown May 14. The young- plants appeared above ground May 23, and began to bloom July 2. The crop was cut when beginning to dry, August 17. This plant has a well-established reputation as an excellent fodder crop for dairy purposes. We have for sev- eral years raised, very satisfactorily, a mixed crop of vetch and oats, to serve as green fodder for our cows. The yield is liberal, and makes a good hay when properly dried. Winter vetch, four rows. This variety proved to be somewhat later in blooming, otherwise it showed no particu- lar difference from the former. Kidney vetch, four rows, two feet apart. The seed was sown May 14 ; the young plants were noticed above ground May 23. The growth was very slow, the plants measuring only three inches in height September 19. They failed to develop blossoms. Sainfoin (^Onobrychis sativa), four rows, three feet three inches apart. Sown May 23, 1890 ; began blooming May 25. The growth was twenty inches high and almost through blooming when cut, July 17. The second crop was lights Frosts during October did not affect the folias^e. Several years' trial shows that the growth is frequently seriously winter-killed. Yellow trefoil, four rows, three feet three inches apart. 1'90 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Sown May 14; was up May 27. The growth was very slow, being about four inches high September 19. The first blossoms appeared sparingly October 6. The plants with- stood less successfully the October frosts, as compared with some of the previously described crops. Yellow lupine {^Lupinus lutens), four rows, three feet three inches apart. Sown May 15 ; came up May 25. The plants were ten inches high July 14 ; began blooming when sixteen inches high, July 20. They reached the height of two feet September 18, when an abundance of seed-pods were formed. White lupine {Lupinus alba), four rows, three feet three inches apart. Sown May 15 ; came up May 23 ; began to bloom July 4, when twenty-eight inches high. The plants were thirty-eight inches high July 21, and still continued to grow. This crop when in its succulent state (July) has served in preceding years in a superior degree as efBcient green manure for winter crops and exhausted grass lands. Forest pea {Lathyrus sylvestris), four rows, two feet six inches apart. Sown May 15 ; the plants came up sparingly June 10. The gro^\i;h was very slow, being only four inches high September 19. Frosts did not affect it as late as October 13. This plant is new as a forage crop in Germany and England. Our seed was imported from the latter place, and not the best kind. As it is a biennial plant, another year is needed to form an opinion regarding its economical value. Common buckwheat {Fagopyrum esculenf7i?n) , four rows, two feet apart. Sown May 14. It began to bloom June 20, and was cut for fodder when the seeds began to set, July 27. Japanese buckwheat, four rows, two feet apart. Sown May 14 ; blossomed June 23, and was cut for fodder, like the former variety, July 27. The plants are somewhat more hardy than the common buckwheat. Silver-hull buckwheat ; four rows. Sown May 14 ; bloomed June 20, and showed a liberal formation of seed- pods July 27, when the crop was cut. A second lot, seeded down June 25, began to bloom July 21, and had finished blossoming August 26. In regard to the weight of 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 191 the crop harvested, the buckwheats ranked in this order : silver-hull, Japanese, common variety. Stachys tubers {Stachys affinis), little tubers sent on by the Department of Agriculture in Washington, were planted (one row) April 21. They came up May 1 ; had reached a growth of nine and one-half inches September 19, when suckers came out. Frost did not affect the foliage before October 28. The tubers were left in the ground for obser- vations during the coming year. The tubers are considered a substitute for potatoes in the south of France. Chinese potato bulblets, sent on for trial as a potato substitute by the United States Department of Agriculture. They were planted April 21, two feet apart in the row; came up May 30, and were from two to three inches high July 14. The plants send out runners from eighteen to twenty inches in length. Leaves suffered from frost October 1. The bulblets were left in the ground for observations during the coming year. Prickly comfrey {Symphytum officinale), one row. The roots for planting were kindly presented by Col. J. D. W. French, and were put in the ground Oct. 11, 1890, two feet apart in the row. They produced a luxuriant growth during the late spring; began to blossom June 5, and reached a height of twenty inches, with numerous highly foliaceous branches. The blossoms were removed, to pre- vent a seeding out. The plants kept green until the middle of October. English rye-grass {LoUum perenne), three rows. This variety of grass has been raised for a number of years on various fields of the station farm, to ascertain its decree of resistance to the influence of our winter climate. After repeated trials, it is safe to say that it is in an exceptional degree liable to winter-killing in our locality. One-half of the field was winter-killed during the previous winter. Campbell's spring wheat, three rows, two feet apart. Sown May 4 ; appeared above ground May 22, and was ripe for cutting August 22. It made a rather light growth. Winter wheat, twelve varieties, sent on from London, Eng. (Nos. 1-12 below). Each variety occupied five feet in the row, with one foot of space between them. They 192 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. were sown Sept. 30, 1890. In connection with the English samples were sown two samples of winter wheat sent on by the United States Department of Agriculture (Nos. 13 and 14). .Names of varieties : 1. Carter's Millers' Delight ; 2. Carter's Stand Up ; 3. Carter's Earliest of All ; 4. Carter's Anglo-Canadian; 5. Carter's Pride of the Market ; 6. Car- ter's Pearl ; 7. Carter's Bird Proof; 8. Carter's Prince of Wales; 9. Carter's Queen; 10. Carter's Hundred Fold; 11. Carter's Flour Ball ; 12. Carter's Holborn Wonder ; 13. Hybride Dattel ; 14. Hybride Earned. No. 4 was badly winter-killed; Nos. 8, 9, 10 and 11 suffered somewhat less from winter-killing ; Nos. 1 and 2 were both in good condi- tion. Most of the varieties began to blossom June 21. Nos. 1 and 3 matured first. They were cut July 21. Nos. 2, 5, 7, 8 and 14 were cut August 5, Nos. 6 and 11 were cut August 8, and Nos. 4 and 13 were cut August 12. Our last year's experience with winter wheat has been discour- aging, on account of serious damage by frost in all parts of the field. Kansas king corn, one row. Sown with seed sent on for trial May 20. . It was above ground May 30, reached nine feet in height September 19, and was killed by frost October 13, without being matured. Jerusalem corn, one row, on trial. Sown May 20 ; ap- peared above ground May 30 ; was five inches high July 14; blossomed September 19, when sixty-two inches high, and was killed by frost October 13, when still immature. Sugar beets, five European varieties. The seeds were received from the United States Department of Agriculture for trial. Five rows of each variety were planted May 20. The young plants were above ground May 27 ; they were thinned out (from six to eight inches apart) June 22. The crop looked well until the beginning of September, when a brown fungous growth appeared on the leaves. The roots were harvested October 19. They yielded as follows : — Pounds. Florimond Desprez's Richest, 710 Bulteau Desprez's Richest, 690 Dippe's Kleinwanzleben, 600 Dippe's Vilmoria, 620 Simon Le Grand's White Improved, 650 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 193 A)iali/sis of Sugar Beet Roots, raised 1891. VARIETY. Date of Test. <*- o • o mS o 15 a £ tVi o < Is CB Florimond Deeprez's Richest, . Bulteau Desprez's Richest, Dippe'e Kleinwanzleben, . Dippe's Vilraorin Simon Le Grand's AVhite Improved, Dec. 3 Dec. 2 Dec. 2 Dec. 1 Dec. 3 508.06 85.87 498.10 84.54 463.52 83.59 522.00 83.75 435.22 81.49 18° C. 17° C. 19' C. 19. 5° C. 20° C. 14.3 14.4 15.2 15.6 16.8 13.35 13.06 13.88 12.54 15.67 2. South Division, Garden Crojis. This part of Field C, 328 feet long and 88 feet wide (28,864 square feet), was sul)divided as above stated during the spring of 1891 into five plats of a uniform size and shape (88 feet by Q'2 feet, one-eighth of an acre), running from north to south across the main field. These were separated from each other by an unmanured space of from four to five feet in width. The soil was several feet deep, and consisted of a rather light loam in a good state of cultivation as far as its mechanical condition is concerned. No other manurial matter but fine-ground bone and muriate of potash, 600 pounds of the former and 200 pounds of the latter per acre, was used before 1891. The field slopes very gently from west to east. The plats were numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, beginning on the east end of the field. Each plat received, spring of 1891, a manurial mixture of its own as fertilizer. The difference of the fertilizers applied consisted essentially in the circumstance that nitrogen and potash were used in several of them in different forms. All plats received practically the same quantity of nitrogen, potash and phos- phoric acid, and every one of them received its phosphoric acid addition in the same form, namely, dissolved bone-black. Some plats received their nitrogen supply in the form of organic animal matter, dried blood ; others received their nitrogen in the form of sodium nitrate. Chili saltpetre ; others in the form of ammonium sulphate. Some plats received their 194 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. potash in the form of muriate of potash and others in the form of the highest grade of potassium sulphate (in our market 95 per cent, purity). The subsequent talnihir state- ment shows the quantities of the manurial substances applied to different plats : — / 75 pounds dried blood. Plat 1, . . . < 30 pounds muriate of potash. C 40 pounds dissolved bone-black. ('47 pounds nitrate of soda. Plat 2, . . . < 30 pounds muriate of potash. C 40 pounds dissolved bone-black. /'38 pounds sulphate of ammonia. Plat 3, . . . < 30 pounds muriate of potash. C40 i^ounds dissolved bone-black. /■ 47 i^ounds nitrate of soda. Plat 4, . . . < 30 pounds high-grade sulphate of potash. C40 jjounds dissolved bone-black. /"SS pounds sulphate of ammonia. Plat 5, . . . < 30 pounds high-grade suli^hate of potash. C40 pounds dissolved bone-black. rounds. Per acre: Phosphoi'ic acid, 50.4 Nitrogen, 60.0 Potassium oxide, 120.0 The different fertilizers were applied broadcast, and sul)- sequently slightly ploughed under in all cases on the same day (April 22, 1891). All plats were planted in the same order with the same kind of garden crops (eight) . Every plat was either planted with young plants or was sown with the seed, as circumstances dictated, each kind on the same day and in the same manner. The young plants used for the experi- ment were raised under corresponding conditions from seed in the hot-bed. The seeds used were in several cases sent on for trial. The different kinds of garden crops were arranged in the following order, beginning on the east side of each plat : — 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 195 Lettuce, White Tennis Ball, one row. Spinach, Long Standing and Bloomingdale, one row each. Beets, Egyptian and Dewings, one row each, or two of a kind. Celery, White Plume, one row. Kohlrabi, two rows. Cabbage, Red Dutch and several white varieties, three rows in all. Tomatoes, Boston Market, two rows. Potatoes, Beauty of Hebron, five rows. Spinach, beets and potatoes were raised from seeds upon the different plats. Lettuce, celery, kohlrabi, cabbage and tomatoes were sown in a hot-bed and subsequently trans- ferred when of suitable size, each kind for all plats on the same day, as will be found farther on. All crops were kept clean during the growing season by a timely use of the culti- vator and the hoe. Lettuce, White Tennis Ball, set out May 1. The growth was in the beginning slow, on account of cold and dry weather, but subsequently recovered rapidly and produced a good yield, judging from the general appearance of the crop. Plats 4 and 5 produced the best results, Plat 2 came next and plats 1 and 3 last. Spinach, sown May 1. Bloomingdale grew more rapidly than Long Standing. Plats 4 and 5 gave best results, Plat 2 next and plats 1 and 3 last. Beets, Dewings and Egyptian, each one row, sown May 21. The young plants appeared above ground June 1 ; they were thinned out July 11 and harvested October 17, with the following results, Plat 4 leading : — I'LATS. Dewings. Egyptian. Total. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Platl, 225 140 365 Plat 2, 240 155 395 Plats, 240 180 420 Plat 4, 245 240 485 Plats, 220 190 410 19(3 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Celery, White Plume, one row, set out June 1. The plants were banked August 20 ; they were taken out October 28. Plats 4 and 5 showed best and plats 2 and 3 Avorst. Kohlral)i, two rows, planted with young plants from the hot-bed May 18 ; they were harvested July 16, with the fol- lowing results : — Pounds. Plat 1, 105 Plat 2, 120 Plats, 115 Plat 4, 115 Plat 5, 152 Cabbage, Red Dutch in all plats, varieties of other kinds only here and there in different plats. Judging from the general appearance of the crop, it seemed that plats 1, 2 and 3 were leading. On the whole the yield was quite satisfactory. No weights were taken, on account of the different varieties in the plats. Tomatoes, Boston Market, two rows, set out May 30. Plats 2 and 3 showed the poorest development of the plants ; they had the first few ripened tomatoes August 5. Tlie fol- lowing weights of ripe and healthy tomatoes were collected from different plats during the season : — Plats DATE. 1 s 3 4 5 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. August 25, 67.0 44.0 92.5 124.0 118.0 August 31, 65.0 11.5 63.0 211.0 257.0 September 8, 67.0 30.5 95.0 211.0 168.0 September 17, 99.5 65.0 84.0 101.5 98.0 Total, 298.5 150.0 334.5 647.5 641.0 Potatoes, Beauty of Hebron, five rows, were planted in each plat May 1. The rows were three feet three inches apart and the hills two feet apart in the row. The young plants appeared above ground quite uniformly May 21. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 197 The vines in all plats looked healthy throughout the season ; they began to turn yellow first on Plat 2. The potatoes on all plats were harvested August 11 and 12, when the leaves were dead but the stems still green. They were smooth and free from scab. The different plats yielded the follow- ing weights of large, marketable potatoes and of small potatoes : — PLATS. Large Potatoes. Small Potatoes. Total. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Plat 1, 540 130 670 Plat 2, 550 110 660 Plats, 660 90 750 Plat 4, 670 no 780 Plat 5, 620 115 735 3,040 555 3,595 This experiment will be continued during the coming season with the same crops and with the same mixtures of fertilizing ingredients, making such alterations as the ex- perience of the past season suggests. The results of the first year are above presented without any further comment. A critical discussion of the results is deferred to a later period in our investigation, when the experience of several years will furnish a safer basis for deduction. 198 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 4. Experiments with Stowell's Evergreen Sweet Corn for Ensilage (1891). Field D. The area occupied by this field is 328 feet long and 70 feet wide (22,960 square feet, or .53 of an acre). It runs parallel with Field C from east to west, and is separated from the latter by an unmanured strip of grass land 20 feet wide. The land has served in previous years for various field and garden crops, and was manured annually for several years back with 600 pounds of fine-ground bone and 200 pounds of muriate of potash per acre. The soil consists of a light loam, is fairly uniform and several feet in depth. It was ploughed during the autumn of 1890 and reploughcd April 17, 1891. The same amount of fine-ground bone and muriate of potash as in preceding years was applied broad- cast April 24 (315 pounds of the former and 105 pounds of the latter). The entire field was planted May 2 with Stowell's Ever- green sweet corn; the seed did not come up very satisfac- torily. New seed corn was planted May 25 with good success ; yet the crop remained late throughout the season.. The crop with ears well developed, kernels in the milk, was cut for ensilage September 10. The total yield amounted to 17,800 pounds, or 16.9 tons per acre. The whole plant was cut into pieces of from one to two inches in length, and without delay carefully packed into a silo in a way similar to that described in previous reports. The ensilage is designed to serve during the present winter season in feeding experiments, to compare its merits with ensilage prepared from a dent corn variety. Pride of the North, raised under similar conditions and of a correspond- ing state of maturity. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 199 Field E. This field was divided during the past year into two parts. The hirger part was manured and planted in the same manner as Field D, with Stowell's Evergreen. The remainder was sown with several species of medicinal plants sent on for trial by the United States Department of Agriculture. The corn proved a success, and after being fully matured was cut. The ripe air-dry ears were subsequently collected ; they weighed 729 pounds. The air-dry stover (2,520 pounds) served for a comparative feeding experiment with milch cows. The majority of the seeds of the medicinal plants proved a failure. Opium poppy {^P. somnifera), Russian rhubarb {Rheum officinale) and castor bean {Ricinus communis) did well. Fodder Corn (StoiveWs Evergreen), Station^ Field D. {Cut Sept. 10, 1891.) Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 83.91 Dry matter, 16.09 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, 6.73 cellulose, 26.03 " fat, 3.26 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 8.09 Non-nitrogenous extract mattei", ,55.89 100.00 200 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 5. Experiments to study the Economy of using Dif- ferent Commercial Sources of Phosphoric Acid FOR Manurial Purposes in Farm Practice. Field F. The field selected for this purpose is 300 feet long and 137 feet wide, runnnig on a level from east to west. Pre- vious to 1887 it was used as a meadow, which was ^vell worn out at that time, yielding but a scanty crop of Eng- lish hay. During the autumn of 1887 the sod was turned under, and left in that state over winter. It was decided to prepare the field for special experiments with phosphoric acid by a systematic exhaustion of its inherent resources of plant food. For this reason no manurial matter of any de- scription was api)lied during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889. The soil, a fair sandy loam, wmis carefully prepared every year l>y ploughing during the fall and in the spring, to improve its mechanical condition to the full extent of exist- ing circumstances. During the same period a crop Avas raised every year. These crops were selected, as far as practicable, with a view to exhaust the supply of phosphoric acid in particular. Corn, Hungarian grass and leguminous crops (cow-pea, vetch and serradella), followed each other in the order stated. 1890. — The land had been ploughed during the preceding fall, and again April 19, 1890. The field was subdivided subsequently into five plats of definite size, each running from east to west. These plats were separated from each other l)y a space eight feet wide. The plats and spaces between them were ploughed and harrowed alike. The plats Avere fertilized at stated times ; the spaces which separated them received at no time any kind of manurial matter. The manurial material applied to each of these five plats contained, in every instance, the same form and the same quantity of potassium and of nitrogen, while the phosphoric acid was furnished in each case in the form of a different com- mercial phos|)horic-acid-containing article ; namely, phos- phatic sl;ig, jSIona guano, apatite, South Carolina phosphate 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUxMENT — No. 33. 201 (floats), and dissolved bone-l)l:iek. The market cost of each of these articles controlled the quantity applied, for each plat received the same money value, in its particular kind of phosphate. Phosphatic slag, .... ]\iona guano (West Indies), Ground apatite (Canada), South Carolina phosphate (floats). Dissolved bone-black, . Cost por Ton. $15 00 15 00 6 25 15 00 25 00 Analyses of Phosphates used. [T. Phosphatic slatr; II. Mona guano; III. Apatite; IV. South Carolina phos- phate (floats) ; V. Dissolved bone-black.] Tkr Cent. T. ir. III. IV. V. Moisture at 100° C, . 0.47 12.52 0.09 0.39 15. 9G Ash, - 75.99 - - G1.46 Calcium oxide, .... 4G.47 37.49 - 4G.7G - Magnesium oxide. 5.05 - - - Ferric and aluminie oxides, 14.35 - - 5.78 - Total phosplioric acid. 19.04 21.88 36.08 27.57 15.82 Soluble phosphoric acid, . - 0.00 - 0.00 12.65 Reverted phosphoric acid, . - 7.55 - 4.27 2.52 Insoluble i:)hosphorie acid, - 14.33 - 23.30 0.65 Insoluble matter. 4.39 2.45 9.55 9.04 6.26 The following fertilizers were applied to the dilferent plats April 17, 1890^: — ("127 pounds of ground phosphatic slag. Plat I. (.south side), M94^3p^^^^^^^^f^j^,.^^^^fg^^^.^_ square leet, . . • (^ 53 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate. C 128 pounds of ground Mona guano. Plat II., G,5G5 square feet, . } 43^ pounds of nitrate of soda. * " (,59 pounds of potash-magnesia sulijlialo. 202 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. C 304 pounds of gvouncl apatite. Plat III., 6,636 square feet, . } 44 pounds of nitrate of soda. (_ 59 pounds of ijotash-magnesia sulphate. il31 pounds of South Carolina phosphate. 44i pounds of nitrate of soda. 60 pounds of potash-magnesia suljjhate. f 78 pounds of dissolved bone-black. Plat v., 6,778 square feet, . } 45 pounds of nitrate of soda. (_ 61 pounds of jiotash-magnesia sulphate. The phosphatic slag, Mona guano and South Carolina floats were applied at the rate of boO pounds per acre, apa- tite at the rate of 2,000 pounds per acre ; dissolved bone- black at the rate of 500 pounds per acre. These figures represent approximately the equal local cash values of the diflerent sources of phosphoric acid applied. Nitrate of soda corresponds in all cases to an application of 290 pounds per acre, and the i)otash-magnesia sulphate to that of 390 pounds per acre. The field was planted with potatoes, Beauty of Hebron; the large-sized ones were cut in halves, and the small ones left whole, when planted, j\Iay 1, 1890. The rows were three feet three inches apart, and the hills in the rows eighteen inches. Each plat had si.xteen rows. The young plants came up quite uniformly ; they were cultivated and hoed June 2. Several applications of Paris green with plaster were made during the season, to prevent damage by potato bugs. The crop looked well until the middle of July, when the effects of a serious drought showed itself to such an extent that the maturing seemed to be hastened on by it. The potatoes were harvested from all the plats August 12 to 14. They were assorted in the field into marketable ones and small ones. The former were sold at sixty cents per bushel ; the latter were used for chicken feed, at twenty cents per bushel, — our local market prices. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 203 So. of Plat. Total Yield of Potatoes (Pounds). Marketable Potatoes (Pounds) Small Potatoes (Pounds) I. (south end), II., . . . . Ill, IV V. (west end), . 1,600 1,415 1,500 1,830 2,120 1,215 915 1,070 1,380 1,590 385 500 430 450 630 Yield per Acre. I. Phosphatic slag, 10,671 8,087 2,584 II. Mona guano, 9,388 6,071 3,317 III. Ground apatite, . 9,845 7,023 2,822 IV. South Carolina phos- phate. 11,886 8,963 2,923 V. Dissolved bone-black, 13,626 10,218 3,408 Statement of Percentages. ' Marketable I Potatoes (Per Cent). Small Potatoes (Per Cent). I., . 75.78 24.22 II., 64.66 35.34 III., 71.32 28.68 IV., , . . 75.40 24.60 v., 74.91 25.09 Money Value of Crop. [One bushel = 60 pounds.] Marketable Potatoes, Small Potatoes, Total Plat. at 60 Cents per Bushel. at 20 Cents per Bushel. Sum. I., . 134.6 bushels = 880 76 43.0 bushels z=z $8 60 $89 36 11., . 101.2 bushels = 60 72 55.3 bushels = 11 06 71 78 III., . 117.1 bushels r= 70 26 47 . 1 bushels = 9 42 79 68 IV., 149.3 bushels = 89 58 48.7 bushels = 9 74 99 32 v., . 170.3 bushels r= 102 18 56.8 bushels = 11 36 113 54 204 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. As a first year's results, the above statements were pub- lished without any further comment beyond the remark that the exceptional dryness of the season might have favored a superior action of the soluble phosphoric acid as compared with the insoluble one. Attention was also called to the important circumstance that an accumulation of phosphoric acid in the soil might eventually aftect the results as time advances. The largest yield of potatoes had only removed 3.4 pounds of phosphoric acid from the soil. Plat I. received 24.18 pounds of phosphoric acid. Plat II. received 28.01 pounds of phosphoric acid. Plat III. received 109. G8 pounds of phosphoric acid. Plat IV. received 3G.12 pounds of phosphoric acid. Plat V. received 12.31 pounds of phosphoric acid. Tabular Statement of the Approximate Amount of Nitrogen^ Phosphoric Acid and Potash in the Crop raised. PLATS. rounds of Potatoes per Plat. Pounds of Nitrogen in Tubers. Pounds of Pliosplioric Acid in Tubers. Pounds of Potassium Oxide in Tubers. 1., .... . 1,600 5.410 2.560 9.280 II., 1,415 4.811 2.364 8.207 III.. 1,500 5.100 2.400 8.700 IV., 1,830 G.222 2.928 10.614 v., 2,120 7.208 3.392 12.296 The calculation is based on E. Wolff's average analyses, 1,000 pounds of potatoes containing : nitrogen, 3.4 pounds ; phosphoric acid, 1.6 pounds; and potassium oxide, 5.8 pounds. 2891. — The experiment was continued by selecting win- ter wheat as the next crop to be raised. For this purpose the soil was ploughed soon after the potatoes had been har- vested, and subsequently manured and harrowed, as in case of the preceding crop. The change in the mode of manuring the different plats was confined to Plat III., which received no ground apatite, for the reason that none could be obtained 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 205 from the party that furnished our first supply of this article. No other form of phosphoric acid was substituted. The following table shows the kind and amount of fertil- izers applied to the plats : — T,, . T .1 -1 X ^ ,-, r 127 pounds of ground phosphatic slao;. Plat I. (south side), 6,494! ^ ^ . _ " ^ J^ ° square feet, "^ «j 43 jjounds of nitrate of soda ■ u Plat II , 6,565 square feet. .58 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate. r 128 pounds of ground j\Iona guano. ' \ pounds of nitrate of soda pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate. • "j ^3J pounds of nitrate of soda 159] Plat III., 6,636 square feet, . / ^^ l'"""*^^ ^^ '"'^''^^^ °^ ««^^'^- \ 5J Plat IV., 6,707 square feet, Plat v., 6,778 square feet, 59 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate. ^131 pounds of South Carolina phosphate. , -j 44J- pounds of nitrate of soda, 1 60 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate. r78 pounds of dissolved bone-black. . ■{ 45 i^ounds of nitrate of soda 1 61 pounds of potash-magnesia suli^hate. The wheat — two new French varieties of winter wheat, Hybrid Dattel and Hyln-id Larned, sent on for trial l)y the United States Department of Agriculture — was sown Sept. 2G, 1890. The young plants came up well, but were found winter-killed in the succeeding spring. The entire field was reploughed and seeded down with sunnner wheat in rows two feet apart May 11, 1891. The seed proved good and the crop did Avell during the entire season. A marked dif- ference in the general character of the growth upon different plats could be noticed as the season advanced. Plats I. and V. were leading throughout the season, while Plat III. was least promising and matured last. Following is a statement showing the height of the crop on the different plats at different periods of the season : — June 16 June 23 (Inches). (Inches). June 30 (Inches). July 7 (Inches). July 14 (Inches). July 21 (Inches). Aug. 11 (Inches). PlatT, . Plat II., . Plat III., Plat IV., Plat v., . 12 20 29 31 46 48 11 18 25 29 40 42 / 11 17 22 28 34 12 18 25 29 41 45 12 20 27 31 47 48 48 42 34 45 48 206 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The crop upon plats I., 11. , IV. and V. was cut August 14, and that on Plat III. August 18. The entire yield was moved into the barn August 20, where it remained stored until Se})teml>er 25, when the product of each plat was weighed and threshed, with the following results : — PLATS. Grain and Straw (Pounds). Grain (Pounds). straw and Chaff (Pounds). Percentage of Grain. Percentage of Straw and Chaff. Plat I, . 380 67 313 17.63 w 82.37 Plat 11., . 340 73 267 21.47 78.53 Plat III., . 215 38 177 17.67 82.33 Plat IV., . 380 78 302 20.53 79.47 Plat v., . 405 59 346 14.57 85.43 1,720 315 1,405 An examination of the above tables shows that the total yield of wheat was highest upon Plat V., and lowest upon Plat III. The larger yield of Plat V. (dissolved bone- black) is in an exceptional degree due to the large produc- tion of straw and chaff, as compared with that of the grain. Plats 11. (Mona guano) and IV. (South Carolina phos- phate) yield the largest percentage of grain. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 207 6. Experiments with a Western Variety of Dent Corn, Pride of the North, for Ensilage. Field G. This field is a part of a former meadow. Grass has been raised here for more than fifteen years in succession. A moderate top-dressing of barn-yard manure lias kept the land in a fair condition for the production of hay. Eight years ago a row of drain pipes four inches in diameter was laid along its whole length. Branch drains pass into it in several places, to prevent the accumulation of water from surrounding localities. The land is nearly a level, and the soil a loam several feet in depth, here and there underlaid with a hardened clay. The area is 700 feet long and 75 feet wide, running from north to south to the east of Field A. During the fall of 1890 the sod was turned under and left over winter to disintegrate. During the late spring the soil was again ploughed and the remaining sod cut up with a wheel harrow. After subsequent harrowing it was planted May 13 with a dent corn variety. Pride of the North, in rows three feet three inches apart,' the hills being two feet apart in the row. No manure was applied on that occasion, the object being to reduce the stored-up plant food, and thereby prepare the soil for future field experiments with special fertilizers. The young plants came up well and made a handsome growth. At the time when the kernels began to glaze ten and two-thirds tons were cut to be converted into ensilage September 10. The remainder of the crop was cut Septem- ber 16, to secure matured ears and corn stover. The air- dried stover thus obtained weighed, October 19, 4,185 pounds, and the ears 2,500 pounds. The area used for ensilage corn, 25,650 square feet, yielded at the rate of eighteen tons and three hundred pounds per acre. The area turned to account for ears and stover, 26,850 square feet, produced at the rate of 4,056 pounds of ears and 6,782 pounds of stover per acre. 208 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Fodder Com (Pride of the NortJi), Station, Field G. {Cut Sept. 10, 1891.) Per Cent. Moisture at 100° C, 71.86 Dry matter, 28. U 100.00 Analysis of Dry Matter. Crude ash, « # 3.78 " cellulose, 25.67 " fat, 2.21 " protein (nitrogenous matter), 7.62 Non-nitrogenous extract matter, 60.69 100.00 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 209 7. Experiments, with Grass Land (INIeadows). The permanent grass lands are by their location arranged into two divisions, west and east of a public highway. They cover at present a space of sixteen to seventeen acres. The west side division consists of old meadows, kept for over twenty years in grass. The area has for years been steadily reduced in size by turning, as circumstances ad- vised, more or less at a time into plats for field experiments. In their present condition they surround our main field for experimental purposes. The}^ are in part underdrained, and are kept, by a moderate annual top-dressing with barn- yard manure, in a fair state of production, considering the condition of the sod. The area comprises to-day approxi- mately r.ot more than seven acres. Thirteen tons of hay, first cut, and two and three-quarters tons of rowen, hay of second cut, was the yield in 1891. The east side division of meadows comprises an area of about 9.G acres. The entire field to 188G consisted of old, worn-out grass lands, overrun with a worthless growth on its more elevated portion, and covered with weeds and sedges in its lower section. The improvement of the land l)y underdraining and ploughing, and subsequently by the use of a system of drill culture, began in some parts (north end) in 188G, and in others (south end) in 1887. For the details of this work, as well as of the subsequent seeding down into permanent grass land, I have to refer to preceding annual reports. It will suffice, for the appreciation of the present yield of these new meadows, to call attention once more to the following circumstances. 1886. — As soon as the drain tiles were covered and the ditches as far as practicable levelled, the entire area was ploughed, and the main depressions filled up with stones and earth, or earth, as circumstances advised, anil left in that condition over winter. 1887. — The succeeding spring a wheel harrow was used to break up the rotten sod. The soil was subsequently 210 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. repeatedly ploughed and harrowed, until it showed the desirable mechanical condition required for a successful cultivation of summer grain crops. Barley and oats were chosen as the first crops in case of the meadow north of the new roadway. Both were seeded in drills, with rows two feet apart, to permit a thorough destruction of an objectionable foul growth by a frequent use of the cultivator and hoe. As soon as these crops were harvested, one ton of wood ashes per acre was ploughed in, to assist in the disintegration of the excess of organic peaty matter, and to serve as a gen- eral fertilizer. Ploughing once more and smoothing the surface by means of a brush harrow, the entire area was seeded down into grass to serve as meadow. The latter was subsequently cut into two, by a mad built for communication to more remote fields. This arrangement caused a division into a northern and southern meadow. 1888. — In case of the land south of the roadway, legumi- nous plants, as soja bean, Southern cow-pea and serradella, served as first crop. The system of drainage and of seeding down remained the same as before. The meadow north of the road covers an area of somewhat more than six acres, and that south of the road is about three acres in size. The meadow north of the road was sown for the first time in the fall of 1887, with grass, and the one south of the roadway in the fell of 1888. The more elevated portions of both were seeded down with the following mixture of grass seeds, at the rate of from two to two and one-half bushels per acre : — Two bushels herds grass ( Phleum pratense) . Two bushels red top {Agi'ostis vulgaris). Two bushels Kentucky blue-grass (Poa 2)raiensis) . Two bushels meadow fescue {Festuca pratensis) . Seven pounds sweet-scented vernal grass {Ajithoxanthum odoraturn). Early in the succeeding spring a mixture of equal weighfco* of medium red clover and alsike clover was added broadcast, at the rate of from five to six pounds per acre. The lower and still more wet portion of the meadow was seeded down with the followinsr mixture of grass seeds : — 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 211 Twent}- pounds of soft bromc gi'ass (Bi'omus twdlis). Twelve pounds herds grass (Phletcm pratense). Nine pounds red fescue (Festuca riibrci). Eight jjounds fowl meadow grass {Foa serotina). Seven pounds Rhode Island bent (Agrostis alba). Six pounds orchard grass {Dactylis glomerata). Five pounds crested dog-tail {Cynosurus cristatus). Four pounds meadow soft grass (ffolcus lanatus). Two pounds sweet-scented vernal grass {Anihoxajiihtini odornlum). 1889. — From four to live ])ound,s of ulsike clover per acre were added by ])roiid(.'a.st seeding early in the succeed- inir spring (1889). Tlie seed came u]) well, and suffered Init here and there in wet spots during the first winter. Barren spots were reseeded. Both meadows were cut hut once during the tirst sununer season, somewhat later than usual ; the majority of grasses did not, as might ])e expected, head out. As soon as the first crop of hay was secured, a system of manuring was planned, which Avould illustrate the com[)ara- tive manurial eftect of top-dressing, as folh)ws : — By barn-yard manure. By ground bones and muriate of potash. By unleached wood ashes. The northern meadow, consisting of six and one-half acres, was sulxlivided into three plats, I., II., III., running from east to west, leaving a space of twenty feet in width between them without any manurial matter. The southern meadow was divided into two plats, IV., V. (south end). Plats I., II., III. were sown down in grass during September, 1887, and plats lY. and V. during Sep- teml^er, 1888. The subsequent stated system of manuring began in the autumn of 1888, on* all plats at the same time. Plat I. (north end of the held) is equal to 1.92 acres. It was top-dressed during the fall and early spring M'ith barn-yard manure, at the rate of eighteen tons per acre (1888-89). Plat II. covers a similar area to Plat I. (83,640 square feet ) . It received at the same time a top-dressing of l)arn- yard manure, at the rate of eight tons per acre (1888). 212 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The coarsest part of the barn-yard manure was subsequently removed from l)oth ])Iats before the growing grass interfered \vith its being raked off. Plat III., al)out 2.41 acres, received, May 3, 1889, a top- dressing of six hundred pounds of tine-ground steamed bone and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash per acre. Plat IV. (south of roadway), an area of 2.11 acres, received the same dressing, in the same })ro})ortion and at the same rate (six hundred pounds ground l)one and two hundred pounds muriate of potash) per acre as Plat II L (1889). Plat Y., equal to .91 acres, received, as top-dressing, April 23, 18(S9, one ton of unleached Canada wood ashes, from our local market (1889). Yield of Hay in Case of Plats I., II. and III. (Second Year after Seeding), and of Plats IV. and V. {First Year after Seeding). Plat I. First Cut. Second Cut. 1.92 acres, . 10,.500 pounds, June 24. 4,370 pounds, August 26. Total yield per acre, 7,745 pounds, or 3.87 tons. Plat II. First Cut. Second Cut. 1.92 acres, 9,130 pounds, June 24. 4,650 pounds, August 26. Total yield per aci-e, 7,177 pounds, or 3.59 tons. Plat III. First Cut. Second Cut. 2.41 acres, . 12,200 pounds, June 24. 4,950 pounds, August 26. Total y\e\(\ per acre, 7,116 jjounds, or 3.56 tons. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 213 Plat IV. (2.11 acres); Plat V. (.91 acres): The first year's hay consisted nearly entirely of herds grass, which was almost the only variety which had headed out in June. The yields of both plats were harvested together. Total Yield per Acre. 8,130 pounds, June 24. 8,105 pounds, August 31. 3,720 pounds, or 1.8(3 tons. 1890. — The difte rent plats were prepared in a similar manner for the season of 18i)0 as they had been for the })re- ceding season, 1889. Plats I. and II. received a top-dressing of barn-yard manure during the months of October and November ; the former at the rate of fourteen tons per acre, and the latter at the rate of eleven tons. Plat III. was treated in April, 1890, as before, with a mixture of six hundred pounds of fine-ground bones and two hundred pounds of muriate of potash. Plats IV. and V. were merged into one plat, and received a top-dressing of unleached wood ashes, at the rate of one ton per acre, April 19, 1890. Barren spots in this plat, it being the second year after seeding down, were reseeded by the same seed mixture which had been used l)efore. The entire meadow received an addition of from two to three pounds of alsike clover seed, broadcast, per acre. All plats were cut as far as practicable at the same time. Yield of Hay in 1890. Plat I. First Cut. Second Cut. 1.92 acres, . 14,625 pounds, Juh' 1. 3,790 pounds, Sept. 1. Total yield of hay, 18,415 pounds. Yield per acre, 9,591 pounds, or 4.80 tons. 214 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Yield of Hay in 1890 — Concluded. Plat II. First Cut. Second Cut. 1 92 acres, . 12,480 pounds, July 1. 3,105 pounds, Sept 3. Total yield of hay, 15,585 pounds. Yield jjer acre, 8,117 pounds, or 4.0G tons. I'LAT HI. First Cut. Second Cut. 2 41 acres, . 14,460 pounds, June 26. 3,535 pounds, September. Total yield of hay, 17,995 pounds. Yield per acre, 7,466 pounds, or 3.73 tons. rr.AT IV. (IV. an.l v., 1889.) lirst Cut. Second Cut. 3 acres, . 13,380 pounds, July 1. 4,080 pounds. Sept 3. Total yield of hay, 17,460 pounds. Yield per acre, 5,820 pounds, or 2.91 tons. The total yield of hay on i)lats I., II. and III. averages 4.11) tons per acre. The total yield on Plat IV. averages 2.1)1 tons per acre. The weight of the second cut of hay (rowen) averages about one-fourth of that of the firi^t cut. The dryness of the season during the latter part of July affected seriously the yield of the second cut. The wet season of 1889, as compared with the dry season of ISDO, as well as the differ- ence in the age of the two meadows, renders further com- parison not advisable at this early stage of our investigation. 1S91. — The same system of maiuiring the different plats was adopted as in the preceding 3 ears ; some reduction, 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 215 however, was made, with reference to the quantity of barn- yard manure applied per acre to plats I. and II., to ascer- tain the limit of its usefulness. Plat I. was top-dressed with l)arn-yard manure at the rate of 8 tons and Plat II. at the rate of G tons per acre. Plat III. received, as in previous years, as top-dressing GOO pounds of iine-ground bone and 200 pounds of muriate of potash per acre. The barn-yard manure was applied during the autumn and winter ; the bone and potash early in the spring. Plat lY. received, as before, a to})-dressing of wood ashes at the rate of 1 ton per acre early during the spring. All plats were cut as far as practicable at the same time, with the foUoAving results : — Yield of Hay for the Year 1891. PLATS. Fii-st Cut. Second Cut. Pounds. Pounds. Plat I , per acre, . . ' . G,o28 1,446 Plat 11 , per acre, 5,988 1,440 Plat III , per acre, 4,641 1,015 Plat IV., per acre, 3,750 1,610 The dry season has evidently seriously reduced the yield, as compared with the preceding year. 216 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 8. Report on General Farm Work (1891). Aside from the farm work connected with the different field experiments pr'cviously described, nnich lias been accom- plished in other directions. Considerable progress has been made in perfecting the arrangement for a system of co-operative work in the vege- tation house and upon the experimental plats in the field. Tlie new orchard for testing the influence of different sys- tems of fertilization on the health and general condition of fruit trees has received the needed attention. INIore young trees have been planted, and suitable crops have been raised over the entire area to economize the ground while the trees are still small. Some reputed fodder crops comparatively new to our locality have been raised on a sufficiently large scale to serve for feeding experiments. Most prominent among them are a mixed crop of spring vetch and oats, and soja bean, both for green fodder. Several acres have been planted with oats, barley and Indian corn, besides some varieties of roots and potatoes to furnish fodder for our farm live-stock. Two silos are filled, one with Stowell's Evergreen sweet corn and the other with a dent corn, Pride of the North, to compare their feeding value as well as their general economi- cal merits under fairly corresponding conditions. A new barn has been built, to allow a proper separation of the crops obtained in connection with different field experiments. A liberal production of fodder crops for the support of the farm live-stock has been for economical reasons a leading object in the management of the farm. The improvement of the general condition of the various parts of the farm, wherever circumstances admitted a free choice of means, has received at all times deserved atten- tion. The following statement is an enumeration of the princij)al crops raised on different parts of the farm, on lands either 1892.] PUBLIC DOCmiENT— No. 33. 217 permanently assigned for the production of fodder fo live stock of the station or undergoing a course of pre tion for future experiments. Hay (first cut), Roweii (second cut), Fodder corn (green) , Corn stover (dr}), Roots (sugar beets, 2^ ; carrots, 1|; mangolds, 3 tons), Rye (1,303 pounds grain, 3,572 jiounds straw), Barley (1,838 pounds grain, 3,6^:7 pounds straw), Oats (2,<'9-4 pounds grain, 5,532 pounds straw). Wheat (315 pounds grain, 1,405 jiounds straw), Potatoes, . . Vetch and oats (green), Soja bean (green), ... . . Miscellaneous crops, r the para- Tons. 381 101 22 4 91 -4 91 n 4i 218 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 9. Department of Vegetable Physiology. Report by Prof. Jas. Ellis Humphrey. During the past year the work of this department has gone on steadily, and with some interesting results. Ac- cording to the plan indicated in our last report, the chief subjects of investigation during the winter and spring have been certain diseases of winter crops under glass. It is pro})osed to continue this line of work in the study of other such diseases, both because the equipment of the station affords facilities for such work, and because the extent of the green-house interest in Massachusetts renders such in- vestigations appropriate and desirable. The writer will be glad to communicate with any person who suffers from any disease of plants grown under glass, and to receive diseased plants for study, as well as to render any service in his power to losers by open-air diseases in summer. A very decided gain has been observable during the year in the importance and amount of the correspondence of the department and in the promptness and fulness with which inquiries addressed to persons who could furnish practical information to the department have been answered. This is gratifying, because it indicates that the efforts of the station to advance knowledije and disseminate information in the field of vegetable pathology, as well as in other lines in which its work has been longer established, are coming to be appreciated. As in the past, all correspondence will re- ceive prompt attention. The details of the year's work here reported are grouped under the following heads : — 1. The Rotting of Lettuce. 2. The Powdery Mildew of the Cucumber. 3. Various Diseases. 4. Preventive Treatment. a. In Genearl. 6. For Smuts. As heretofore, reference to the *' General Account of the Fungi," in the seventh report of this station, will be found helpful to an understanding of these discussions. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 219 The Rotting of Lettuce. — Botrytis vulgaris Fr.* Gardeners who cultivate lettuce as a winter crop usually suffer somewhat and often lose extensively by the rotting of the plant while still only partially grown. The trouble or- dinarily appears first upon the stem of the plant, about at the surface of the soil. Here may be seen at first a soft, dark, decayed spot, which rapidly spreads, penetrating the stem and involving next the bases of the lower leaves. The latter, being thus cut off" from the plant by the decay of their bases, usually dry up. With the further progress of the decay, the centre of the head, with the tender inner leaves, becomes attacked, and soon collapses into a fetid, slimy mass. In the decaying tissues one can often recognize fungus threads ; and, if they are left undisturbed, there appear on the decayed remains the fruiting threads and spores of a fiingus, always the same. When portions of the attacked tissues are removed and placed in a moist chamber after being thoroughly washed, I have found that the same fungus develops promptly and abundantly, and is never accompanied by any other. The study of specimens from various sources has led always to the same result. Infection experiments with the fungus on healthy plants have been attended with little success ; but the most that can be said is that their results indicate that the functus requires for its attack conditions not yet determined. They do not negative the very strong evidence furnished by the constant association of the fungus with the decay. These experiments have not been carried so far as is desirable, on account of a lack of sufficient suitable material, and fui-ther cultures which I hope to make this winter may show that we have here a case similar to that described by DeBary,| in which the fungus threads require to be nourished sapro- phytically for a time before they can gain sufficient vigor to enable them to attack and live parasitically upon their host. The fungus in question is one of the imperfect forms known as Botrytis or Pohjactis, and agrees in many respects * Two plates which had been prepared to illustrate the first two articles of this report, and delivered to the lithographer, were unaccountably lost in the mail before their engraving had been completed. It was impossible to duplicate the drawings in season for this report, but they will be prepared and published as soon as practicable. t Botan Zeitung, 1886, Nos. 22-27. 220 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. with that described by Marshall Ward* as causing a disease of garden lilies. It appears to be able to live saprophytically upon decaying vegetable substances, and is often found upon them ; but I have never been able to detect any traces of decay in lettuce in a house where the fungus was not abundantly to be found. These facts point to the conclu- sion that this Botnjtis is the cause of the rotting, and not merely an accompaniment of decay due to some other cause. It seems doubtful, however, if the affection can be called a disease in the sense that the fungus is able to attack per- fectly sound, healthy lettuce . under ordinary conditions. I have never seen the decay begin elsewhere than at the lower part of the stem ; and it is possible that some injury or imper- fection at that place is necessary to furnish a point of attack. The structure of the fungus is very simple. From the creeping vegetative threads arise the erect, spore-bearing ones, which branch spJiringly toward their tips. The ends of the branches become slightly swollen, and from each is developed a number of short, peg-like projections. Each of these now begins to swell at its tip into a globular body, which increases in size and finally becomes elliptical in form. This is the spore, which, when ripe, falls from its attach- ment. The spores germinate promptly in water or a nutrient solution, by pushing out one or more threads each. These threads, when supplied with nourishment, grow rapidly into a much-branched mycelium. In a few days the erect spore-bearing threads begin again to be formed, as above described. Well-nourished specimens growing in a moist atmosphere may, after the first spore cluster has been formed, put out a new branch from the fertile thread, just below the cluster of spores. This thread then grows to a considerable length and then develops at its tip a new spore cluster ; and this process may be several times repeated. The result of such a course of develop- ment is to produce what appear to be very long, fertile threads, with spore clusters scattered at intervals along them. Instead of a spore cluster, a thread may produce, appar- ently only when it comes in contact with some solid su'o- stance, a compact cellular mass, which clings closely to the * Annals of BoUny, Vol. II., p. 319. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 221 surface with which it is in contact. These " organs of attachment " have been observed by several students of these fungi, but their real significance is not yet understood. The compact mass is formed by the interweaving and grow- ing together of numerous short branches of the filament .on which the}' are formed. I have noticed, also, that an aT)un- dant development of these organs is usually associated with the formation of few conidia, and vice versa. But the con- ditions which determine the preponderance of one or the other are very uncertain ; for, in case of two parallel cultures prepared in the same way and carried on under apparently identical conditions, one produced abundant co- nidia and few attachment organs, while in the other the former W(tre few and tlie latter were very numerous. The history and structure of this fungus, as above de- scribed, would lead to the expectation that there will be found among the remains of the decaj'ed plants the small, black masses of compacted threads known as sderotia, which constitute the resting states of related fungi, and from which, finally, the perfect fructification is developed under favoring conditions. Careful examination of a quantity of material has failed to show any of these bodies ; but it is by no means certain that they may not be formed, at least in some cases In its development, so far as observed, and in the details of its structure, this fungus appears to agree with the form known as Botnjtis {Pohjacfis) vulgaris Fr., and is with little doubt the conidial stage of some sclerotium-producing Peziza ( Sderotinia) . From what has been said, it is evident that the thorough and careful culture and vigilant supervision of the plants are essential to the control of the disease in question. The nature of the crop forMds the trial of fungicides, and chief attention must be devoted to the healthy growth of the plants. The soil should be rich and mellow enough to in- sure a rapid and vigorous growth. The temperature of the houses should not be allowed to rise above the rather low point which is most favorable to the growth of lettuce, since a higher temperature diminishes the vigor of the plant and at the same time favors the development of the fungus. Too 222 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. high a night temperature is probably a common cause of the rapid progress of the disease. All diseased plants and all refuse on which the fungus can live and increase should be removed at once from the greenhouse and burned. For this purpose the boiler furnace is conveniently at hand. Every bit of vegetable remains should be often and scrupulously cleaned up and destroyed. A house which has been badly infested by the disease should be thoroughly cleaned, fumi- gated with burning sulphur and supplied with fresh soil, before a new season's crop is started. A coat of paint or whitewash over the whole interior may also be a useful pre- caution. With a hduse thus disinfected and a crop well nourished and well cared for, one may legitimately expect practical freedom from loss by rotting. The Powdery Mildew of the Cucumber. — EnjsipJie cichoracearum DC* So far as I know, the first announcement of a powdery mildew on cucumbers, in America, was made in Bulletin No. 40 of this station in August last. It has long been known in Europe and has been observed in Australia. It is not known to me to attack cucumbers cultivated in the open air, but is probal^ly not uncommon on plants forced in the green- house for a winter crop. It has been sent to this department by Dr. Jabez Fisher of Fitchburg and by Prof. L. H. Bailey of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. The disease ordinarily first appears on the upper surfaces of the leaves, and sometimes on the stems, of the host-plants, in the form of small, roundish, white spots, which have the peculiarly powdery appearance which has given to this group of fungi their name. These young spots suggest the effect of scattered splashes of flour upon the plant. Microscopic study shows that the white substance consists of the threads and spores of the parasite. The surface of the host-plant is covered b}'" a close layer of flattened cells, the epidermis, and the vegetative threads of the parasite develop close to this outer surface. They are thus truly external, instead of ramifying among the internal cells of the host, as is the case with the cucumber mildew described in the last report * See note, p. 219, 4 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 223 of this station (p. 210), and with most parasitic fungi. The only penetration of the host by this fungus occurs where its creeping vegetative threads send out, from slight lateral projections, short branches which grow downward, piercing the outer walls of the epidermal cells and swelling into club- shaped bodies within the cavities of these cells. By means of these club-shaped organs, the haustoria^ the parasite obtains its nourishment by the absorption of the contents of the invaded cells. The superficial threads grow and branch freely, and soon begin to send up erect, vertical threads, from which, after they have reached a certain length, spores are formed by the cutting off of the tip and of successively lower portions by consecutively formed cell-walls. Each oblong segment becomes, in its turn, rounded oif at the angles and somewhat enlarged at the middle, and then falls from its support, ready for germination. On a well-developed thread one may thus see a chain of spores in all stages of development. These spores may vary considerably in size in specimens from the same source ; but they do not usually'', if ever, differ so widely as do those from Dr. Fisher's and Professor Bailey's specimens. Between the two there is a considerable difier- ence in form as well as in size, which may point to a specific difierence in the parasites from the two sources. The remarks concerning treatment of the disease of cucumbers will apply equally to both forms, whether they represent variations of the same species or not. These spores, when fully ripe, germinate readily in water, but do not develop far. Each gives rise to a germ-tube, usually near one of the original corners of the spore ; but this tube rarely reaches a length greater than twice the short diameter of the spore. On nutrient gelatine, prepared with an infusion cither of prunes or of cucumber leaves, the spores will develop no farther than in water ; but in a drop of water on the surface of a living cucumber leaf they send a branch of the germ- tube downward, as a haustorium, into the underlying epidermal cell, and then grow and branch freely, until a considerable mycelium, forming a spot upon the leaf, is developed. From the readiness with which the leaf and stem and all succulent parts of the plant are attacked in this 224 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. way, the disease spreads rapidly, or may be artificially com- municated to healthy plants. Under favoring conditions of heat and moisture the spots increase very rapidly in size and in numbers. Those upon a leaf may become confluent and involve the whole leaf. The attacked tissues soon become yellow and then brown and dry, and the plants are rendered worthless, if not utterly killed. The parasite is not limited in its attacks to weak or poorly nourished plants ; but on strong and vigor- ous ones it often progresses more slowly, and less completely overcomes its host than when the latter is enfeel^led from some other cause. This can readily be seen in plants grown respectively on poor and rich soils, but otherwise under similar conditions. The structure of the summer-spore stage described shows plainly that this parasite is one of the Poiodery Mildews, and heretofore its perfect or winter form has been unknown. It has therefore been impossible to say to what particular species of the group it should be referred. It has been known as the variety Cucurhitarum of Oidium erysiplioides Fries, which eml)races various undetermined summer-spore stages of this group. But during last December, on several of the leaves of cucumber plants on which the disease had been allowed for six weeks to run its course, and which were covered by the summer spores of the fungus, there appeared smoky spots perhaps half an inch in diameter. On these spots were seen the young yellow and brown spore-fruits or peritJiecia of the winter stage. These soon reached maturity, and furnished the means for specific identification of the parasite. The dark-brown ripe perithecia arc provided with irregular brownish appendages around their bases, and con- tain several spore-sacs each. Each spore-sac contains typi- cally and most commonly two spores ; but this number is often reduced to one, "and less often rises to three or even four. A careful comparison of this fungus with the described species of the genus ErysipJie, to which it plainly belongs, shows it to agree in all essential details of structure, peri- thecia, haustoria, etc., with E. cichoracearum DC. The appendages of the perithecia are distinctly brown in mature specimens, but less deeply colored than is usually the case 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. ^ 225 with those of this species developed in the open air. This diflerence may, however, well be due to the different condi- tions under which they have developed. It is interesting to find that this parasite, so destructive under the given conditions, is the same with one of our commonest out-of-door species in summer and fall on various OompositoB^ asters, golden-rods and sunflowers, on Verbenas, on Phlox, and on various other host-plants, to which it does comparatively little harm. Professor Bailey and Dr. Fisher, as well as the writer, have -found that this disease may be kept in check in the greenhouse by spraying the plants as often as is necessary with a solution of sulphide of potassium (liver of sulj)hur) in water, an ounce of the sulphide to four gallons of water. A stronger solution injures the plants and fruits. Spraying with the ammoniacal carbonate of copper has been found even more efiective. But Professor Bailey finds more efiective than either exposure to sulphur vapor. This is accomplished by closing the house as tightly as possible for half an hour or an hour at a time, while it is filled by the vapor arising from a vessel of sulphur kept a little above the melting point on a small oil stove. The vessel should be porcelain lined, to protect the iron from the action of the sulphur. This vapor appears to be harmless to the host- plants while fatal to surface parasites like the powdery mil- dews. Great care must be taken to avoid the ignition of the sulphur, since a few minutes' exposure to the fumes of burn- ing sulphur would be fatal to a house full of plants ; but, with reasonable care in protecting the sulphur from contact with the flame and in preventing the temperature from rising too high, there stiould be no danger of such a catastrophe. A house in which this disease has been troublesome should be thoroughly disinfected by burning sulphur before a simi- lar crop is again started. The soil should be entirely removed and replaced by fresh. But that removal of the earth is not alone sufficient has been clearly shown during the past season. The house in which the study of this dis- ease was carried on during the winter and spring of 1891 remained dry and unused during August, and early in Sep- tember the soil was wholly removed. New bottoms were 226 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. put in the benches, which were then filled with fresh soil. A lot of new cucumber plants were started, and in October were abundantly and spontaneously attacked by the fungus in question. There is little doubt, however, that thorough fumigation will render a house clean, so far as fungi are concerned. Vabious Diseases. A New Potato Disease. — Late in July last, Mr. G. D. Howe of North Hadley brought to the station some speci- mens of potato plants whose leaves bore spots in many respects strongly resembling those produced by the rot- fungus in the early stages of that disease. He reported that the disease was spreading over an extensive field and killing the plants. A visit to the field confirmed these state- ments, and showed that those plants which suffered most were those which were nearest maturity, although the foliage had not yet turned yellow from natural causes. Some rows of late potatoes, which were still vigorously growing and very green, although between infected rows, were almost free from the disease. The field had been lately sprayed as a protection against rot ; and another spraying of certain rows was recommended, to test the possibility of checking the spread of the disease by this means. But its spread was so rapid that the plants were killed before time could be found to make the application. The tubers were not affected in any case beyond a probable slight loss of growth, and remained perfectly marketable. A pretty thorough and careful examination of the diseased leaves showed the con- stant })resence in the spots of mycelium, from which were de- veloped, on the lower surface of the leaves, spore threads and spores of the form-genus j\facrosj)orium. This was clearly not simply a saprophytic form following the attack of some parasite, but occurred on the very young spots with a truly internal mycelium, and had all the appearance of a true parasite. Circumstances made it impossible to study the disease further at the time ; but it seems probable that we have here a new disease of potatoes which may prove of considerable importance. Mr. Howe is confident that the same disease 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 227 attacked some of his potatoes in 1890, though in a less serious form. It attacked, during August, as Mr. Howe informs me, many other fields in Hadley, where it appears to have been quite general. The report from various parts of the State of the appearance of potato ' ' blight " without the "rot" leads one to ask if this disease may not have been much more widely spread than is known ; and the especial object of this note is to call the attention of others to it, and to ask readers of this report to forward at once to the station specimens of any potato plants which are ob- served to be attacked in this way. A careful watch will be kept in Hadley for the disease, and arrangements will be made to give it the attention it deserves should it reappear. Another Disease of Cucumbers. — In connection with the study of the powdery mildew of the cucumber, above de- scribed, there were received from Dr. Jabez Fisher of Fitch- burg specimens of cucumber plants which were attacked by a still more serious disease than the mildew, and one appar^ ently much more difficult to control. This disease is characterized by a dwarfed and stunted appearance of the shoots attacked. The 3'oung fruits be- come deformed and distorted, and some of the leaves which reach a considerable size, perhaps because they are attacked late, turn yellow and die. Sometimes a plant will push out a new and vigorous shoot which may grow for a time, but sooner or later is pretty sure to succumb. Over the lower surfa.ce of these yellow leaves may be seen, on close exami- nation, a delicate, white, glairy film, which recalls by its appearance a very thin dried streak of some albuminous substance. Microscopic study of this film shows it to be a web of very fine interlacing fungus threads, closely adherent to the surface of the leaf. No spore formation was ever observed on the leaves as they come from the forcing-house ; but when a fresh leaf, covered with a well-developed film, was placed in a moist chamber, the threads gave rise in two or three days to numerous short, erect stalks, irregularly scattered along their sides. These stalks taper somewhat toward their tips, which are rounded or slightly knobbed, and bear the elliptical or rather kidney-shaped spores of the ftmgus. These spores, when placed in water, swell up by 228 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. absorption of water until they become nearly or quite spherical in form, and then germinate by extending a germ- tube nearly as large as the average of the vegetative filaments of the fungus. Lack of suitable material has prevented the culture of this fungus on nutrient media or attempts to inoc- ulate cucumber plants with the fungus, but everything points to this fungus as the cause of the trouble. From the description given it is evident that it is one of the numerous uncertain and little-known fungus forms ; and, according to our present system of classification, it must be placed in or very near the form-genus Acremonium. Should the disease reappear the comming winter, special attention will be given to it and especially to the determination of its etiological relation to the disease in question. The present incomplete note is here inserted as a prelim- inary record of a new disease of cucumbers and of what has been observed in connection with it, with the primary object of calling the attention of other pathologists and of growers of cucumbers under glass to it. It is especially requested that any person who observes this or any similar disease will promptly notify the writer of its presence, and send speci- mens and all possible details concerning its appearance and spread. Dr. Fisher states that this disease reduces the yield of badl}'' attacked plants to ten per cent, of the normal. It seems difiicult to combat, as it steadily increased in his houses in spite of applications of all the most efficient fungi- cides. Rye Fungi. — The winter rye on the station plots was attacked severely by three fungi. In June many of the leaves showed the swelling and distorting efiect of the leaf smut (^Uroct/stis occulta WtiWr.), further details concerning which will be found in another part of this report. It has not as bad a reputation and is not as well known as the grain smuts, but it undoubtedly does much harm in weakening the plant and so in reducing the production of both grain and straw. At the same time with the smut there appeared in exten- sive orange patches on the leaves the summer spores of one of the grain rusts (Puccinia rubigo-vera (DC.) Wint.), so abundantly that they arose in clouds when the plants were 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 229 shaken. Later the leaves of summer wheat on adjoining plots were very badly affected. In July this stage of the fungus had largely disappeared, and the leaves of the rye were blackened by the winter-spore pustules of the same fungus. The life-histories of this and the related species of rusts are not yet fully understood, and our only protection at present is in destroying as completely as possible the stubble and all refuse which can harbor their spores in the field. Observations by the writer, made as his share in certain co-operative studies of the grain rusts, seem to indicate that this rust does not survive the winter in its host-plant, but depends upon fresh infection in the spring. On our plots the summer-spore pustules on rye seedlings survived the early frosts, and seemed vigorous until the heavy frosts and first snowfalls. The plots were then covered continuously by snow until spring. When they were again exposed, the discolored spots where the spore-pustules had been could be readily observed, and examination showed a mycelium to be present in the spot. But it was apparently dead, for repeated examination of the plots failed to detect new spores breaking out from any of these old spots. The fungus was not observed after growth was resumed until early in June, when a few warm and moist days increased the amount present from a few scattered spots to a general epidemic. The virulence of this attack of rust caused a marked weak- ening of the plants, as was shown by the yellow color of their leaves and by the abundant presence upon the leaves — most abundant on the weakest ones — of the saprophytic fungus form known as Cladosporiwn herbarum (Pers.) Lk. The sooty patches of this with the orange masses of the rust pretty completely covered the leaves and left little or no normal tissue. It is noteworthy, as illustrating the general principle repeatedly laid down in these reports, that on those plots which had been supplied with abundant and readily available nitrogen the effects of the fungi were much less serious than where the supply of nitrogen was deficient in quantity or in availability. The difference was especially striking in re- spect to the discoloration of the leaves, which was less in 230 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. proportion to the amount of rust present on the well-fed plants. The Club Boot of Cabbages (^Plasmodiophora Brassicce Wor.) appeared for the first time on a part of the station grounds during the past season. The first specimens were obtained when the largest leaves were about six inches long. At this time, in the worst specimens the main root and its lateral branches were attacked and swollen into a nearly solid mass of the size of a hen's egg. The parts of the affected plants above ground did not at this time difier essentially in appearance from their neighbors, and were recognizable chiefly by the fact that in warm, sunny weather the foliage became wilted from the lack of sufficient root hairs on their swollen roots to absorb the necessary water to supply the demands of active transpiration. These plants failed entirely to form " heads," and were therefore rendered worthless by the disease. Microscopic examina- tion of the diseased roots at different times showed the various stages in the development ot the parasite as they have been described and figured by Woronin. Early in the season, just after the spring ploughing, soil was taken from a field which had been planted to cabbages the previous season and had produced a considerable number of " stump-footed " ones. This soil was placed in a flower- pot in the greenhouse and sown with cabbage seed. In due time some of the seedlings were attacked by the club root fungus in characteristic fashion, this showing the survival in the soil and their probable pretty general distribution through it, after ploughing, since a single flower-pot full taken at random contained at least several of them. It is a matter of o-eneral observation amons; market srar- deners and others that on some soils, especially heavy and moist ones, it is not profitable to plant cabbages two years in succession, on account of the prevalence of club root the second year. But it has also been remarked that two crops equally free from disease may be raised in one season. This fact is interesting as a practical demonstration of the fact that the spores of the club-root fungus are resting .spores^ and require a season of quiescence before they are able to germinate and reproduce the disease. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 231 After a year or two of other than cruciferous crops (cab- bages, turnips, radishes, etc.), the danger from the disease is past, and the latter may again be planted for a year. The Blight of Celery^ which forms spots on the leaves, is due to a parasitic fungus form which bears summer spores, known as Cercospora Apii Fres. That this represents merely an imperfect form of some fungus whose perfect form probably lives saprophytically, cannot be doubted ; but no other form has thus far been connected with it. I have observed on celery, from the farms of Messrs. W. D. Phil- brick of Newton Centre and A. H. Smith of West Spring- field, that, after the brown blight spots have spread over the leaves and they have collapsed upon the ground, there appear upon them the tiny black pustules of one of the pycnidial forms known as Septoria. From the analogy of other cases and from the evidence of a series of specimens in different stages of the disease Idndly sent by Mr. Smith, it is easy to believe that the Septoria form represents an- other stage in the history of the same ftingus to which the Cercospora form belongs, although I have not been able to make cultures. One would, however, expect little addi- tional evidence except from cultures of the perfect spore- form, which we do not yet know. Since there have already been described several so-called species of Septoria on various umbelliferous plants which differ in no essential particulars from this form and from each other, it would be worse than superfluous to add here another to the already large list of names which have been given to what must eventually be shown to be a single form. And especially so since this form is undoubtedly merely an imperfect stage in the life cycle of some fungus for which, when its whole course of development is known, only a single name can stand ; while the host of names inconsiderately given to its various imperfect forms will constitute only a cumbrous and useless synonymy. So far as it has been possible to examine material and descriptions, it appears that this form on celery is separated by no distinct features from the following previously described ones on Umbelliferae: S. Sii Rob. & Desm., S. Cryptotaeniae E. & Eau, S. Saniculae E. & E., S. Dearnessii'E. & E. and S. Petroselini Desm. 232 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Our form may be described as follows : Pycnidia appearing on the brown leaves after the coalescence of Cercospora spots, amphigenous, black, scattered, 100 to 160 mmm. in diameter ; flattened when of the larger, globular when of the smaller, diameter ; pycnospores somewhat curved, slightly tapering to both ends, usually 3-septate, rarely, 2- or 4- septate, 24,-34. x 1.7-2. mmm. It remains much to be desired that the perfect form of this fungus should be discovered. It will probably be found eventually on blighted celery leaves which have lain on the ground through the winter, or on rubbish near by, in spring. JSfote. — Since the above was written Mr. F. D. Chester, of the Delaware Experiment Station, has described * what is doubtless this form as occurring on celery in that State, and thinks it may be that known in Europe as Septoria Petrosel- ini Dcsm., var. Apil Briosi. Clover Fungi. — Two fungi annually cause much damage to the clover on the station meadows and elsewhere in Amherst and in other parts of the State. One of these is the rust fungus ( Uromyces Trifolii (Hedw.) L6v.), which is most harmful in its summer and winter spore stages, which are developed almost simultaneously in June and July. They appear in the form of pustules of difierent shades of brown, which burst through either surface of the leaf, and consist of the closely packed spores of the fungus. The other fungus is the black mould (^Polythrincium Trifolii Kze.), which appears in thickly scattered black spots over the under surface of the leaves. This form is often followed by the development of black crusts on the affected leaves, which have been named Phyllachora Trifolii Pers., and are supposed to represent the perfect form of the fungus ; but the winter spores which should develop in them have never been described. Both of these fungi reduce the fodder value of the clover to a minimum, and cause considerable reduction in the size of the leaves and in the general vigor of the plant, and are therefore real pests and sources of real loss. A Fish-hatchery Fungus. — Early last spring I received from the Northampton fish-hatching establishment, through * Bulletin Torrey Bot. Club, December, 1891, p. 373. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 233 Dr. J. B. Paige of the Agricultural College, specimens of trout eggs attacked by fungous filaments. These filaments were not in the fruiting stage ; but when dead flies were thrown into the water containing the eggs, they were promptly attacked by similar filaments, which soon developed both non-gexual and sexual reproductive organs, from which the fungus was readily determined as Achhja racemosa Hild. I am informed by H. E. Maynard, Esq., of Northampton, that the eggs suffer most when first placed in the hatching trays. It is generally believed that only dead eggs are attacked ; yet the fact, which is commonly observed, that, if the eggs are not removed from the trays as fast as they die, the fungus will extend to all the eggs, shows plainly that this cannot be the case. If it were able to attack only dead eggs, the fungus could not be a source of harm, and its presence in the trays could not endanger living eggs. It does not, as far as I can learn, attack the young fiy after hatching. The only efiective means of preventing the spread of this affection lies in the frequent removal of all dead eggs from the hatching trays. Rust of Poplars. — The European black poplar [Populus nigra L.) has been considerably planted on the grounds of the Agricultural College and elsewhere in Amherst. The trees are attacked annually in September by the poplar rust {Melampsora populina (Jacq.) Lev.), and during the past two seasons the attacks have been very severe. The disease first shows itself in the yellowing of the lower leaves, due partly to the fading of their natural color in consequence of the presence of the parasite, and partly to the development on their lower sides of the abundant deep- yellow summer-spore masses of the rust. There now follows a definite upward progress of the disease, and when the middle part of the tree is reached, the lower leaves are falling in great numbers and the lower limbs soon become stripped of foliage. This results in two to three weeks after the first appearance of the disease. By the time they fall the leaves have become brown in color, from the further degeneration of their pigment and the replacement of the summer spores by the brown crusts of compacted winter 234 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. spores. The leaves then lie upon the ground until spring, when the winter spores germinate and infect the new season's foliage. It is evident that much of the harm done by this rust in rendering the trees unsightly and in causing premature defoliation can be avoided by thoroughly cleaning up and burning all the fallen leaves before snow falls, while the winter spores are still incapable of germination. Antliracnose of Chestnut. — Since the cultivation of the chestnut is beginning to receive attention in some quarters, and bids fair to be attended with considerable success, it may be worth while to mention a fungus which, from its prevalence on wild chestnuts about Amherst, seems likely to prove troublesome to the cultivated plant. This fungus, which must be known as Marsonia ochroleuca (B. & C), causes an antliracnose of the leaves in the form of small, thin, bleached spots, on which the spore pustules are formed. These spots are sometimes so abundantly developed as to cause the leaves to shrivel and die ; and the fungus may be expected to do much greater harm to trees growing under the artificial conditions of cultivation. The Black Knot of the Plum. — The study of this disease has been continued during the past year, both theoretically and practically. Some trees in an advanced stage of the disease have been put in charge of this department for treat- ment, and progress has been made in both lines of study. But the results obtained have not been so complete as was hoped for, partly on account of the limited material at my disposal and partly because a large amount of time was required for other studies reported here. Therefore it seems best to reserve the results obtained until they can be com- bined with those hoped for during the coming year, in a more complete and hence more satisfactory account. Diseases of Tobacco. — This department has communicated with some leading tobacco growers in the Connecticut valley during the past fall, with a view to the investigation of the various diseases or affections to which tobacco is subject in the curing shed. These are known chiefly under three names, white vein, pole sweat and pole rot. How far these names represent afiections due to distinct causes it is 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 235 impossible to say, since they have apparently caused no loss in this State during the past season, and it has not been possible to obtain material for study. The purpose of the present note is to call the attention of tobacco growers to the fact that the department is desirous of studying the diseases named, and to ask them to notify the writer of the existence of any such in their barns next season. It seems very probable that much can be done towards a better understanding of the nature and means of prevention of these sources of loss. The writer desires here to thank those growers who have so promptly replied to his inquiries, and hopes to be as promptly informed of the existence of opportunities for the study of these diseases. Preventive Treatment. A somewhat extended account ,of the principles underlying the preventive treatment of fungous diseases of plants, with detailed directions for the preparation and application of the most efficient fungicides, was issued as Bulletin 39 of this station, in April last. That interest in this subject is being awakened was shown by the demand for the bulletin and for further information ; but it is impossible to say to what extent its recommendations were acted upon, as very few persons have communicated to the department any report of such treat- ment or its results. The bulletin named can still be furnished, on request ; but the more important points of the discussion are given below. Since a plant which is once fairly attacked by a fungus is lost, treatment must be directed toward preventing the development of fungi upon the plants to be saved. Pro- tective measures may be of two sorts ; those which remove possible sources of infection from the plants, and those which fortify the plants against infection. The latter of these objects is accomplished by the use oi fungicides; the former may be largely accomplished by hygienic treatment. There are definite laws of health for plants as well as for ankpals, and in one case, as in the other, neglect of those laws invites disease. In the first place, plants which are expected to grow and thrive must be furnished with an abundance of the materials necessary to growth. Weak, 236 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. poorly nourished plants suffer the attacks of parasites of all sorts, and have no power to resist them. Secondly, where a crop has suffered from a fungous disease in one season and a good crop of the same kind is desired in the following season, every tangible trace of the disease must be removed. For example, if a vineyard has suffered from mildew ov black rot, all diseased leaves and berries should be collected at the end of the season with scrupulous care and wholly burned ; and the same advice applies to a large list of cases. Thus incalculable numbers of the spores of the fungi of the respective diseases will be prevented from infesting the next season's crop. In some cases where the spores remain in the soil, as in the stump foot of cabbages or the smut of onions, the attacks of the disease can only be avoided by rotation with crops upon which the fungus in question can- not live. Thirdly, wild plants, which, being nearly related to a given cultivated one, may be subject to the same dis- ease, or which bear a complementary spore form of a pleomorphic fungus, should be carefully excluded from the neighborhood of cultivated ones. Thus, wild cherries or plums, which are equally subject to the black knot, should be kept away from plum orchards ; and spinach fields should be kept free of pig- weed, since both plants are attacked by the same mildeio; and again, since red cedars bear one spore-form of a fungus whose other form is the rust of apple leaves, it is plain that they should not be allowed to grow near an apple orchard. The importance of these preventives is often underrated by persons who understand and use successfully other forms of treatment. It is evident, however, that, in removing as completely as is possible the conditions which favor the abundance and increase of a fungus in the vicinity of its host plant, half the battle is won. When this has been done, we may protect the plants by the external application of fungicides. These preparations, when properly prepared and when applied at the right times and in the right way, have been abundantly proved to be of the greatest value, and often to determine the difference between a full crop from plants on which they are used and practicall}'' no crop where they are not applied. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 237 But the fact cannot be too strongly emphasized that everything depends upon how they are prepared, and upon hov^ and when they are applied. The following pages at- tempt to give somewhat full instruction how to prepare and apply the most valuable fungicides, and such general hints when to apply them, as will be of service. The proper times for their application vary so much with special con- ditions, however, that instructions on this point must form an important part of the special directions for any particular case. Preparation. — The protective quality of most of the best fungicides lies in the fact that they contain a certain propor- tion of copper ; and, of the four recommended as applicable to most cases of fungous diseases, three contain it as the essential constituent. The Bordeaux Mixture requires six pounds sulphate of copj)er, four pounds quicklime (fresh) and twenty-two gal- lons water. The sulphate of copper, known to the trade also as blue vitriol or blue-stone, is dissolved in two gallons of water. The solution will be hastened if the water be heated and the sulphate pulverized. After the solution is complete, fourteen gallons of water are added to it. The quicldime is slaked in six gallons of water, and stirred thoroughly until it forms a smooth, even mixture. After standing for a short time it is again stirred and added gradually to the sulphate solution, which is thoroughly stirred meanwhile. The mixture is then ready for use, though some experimenters recommend further dilution to twenty-five or thirty gallons, for certain uses. It should not be prepared until needed, and should be used fresh, as it deteriorates with keeping. Since the lime remains merely in suspension and is not dissolved, the mixture should be strained through fine gauze before enterino: the tank of the spraying machine, so that all of the larger particles which might clog the sprayer may be removed. Ammoniacal carbonate of copper, in its improved form, is prepared from three ounces carbonate of copper, one pound carbonate of ammonia and fifty gallons water. Mix the carbonate of copper with the carbonate of ammonia, pulverized, and dissolve the mixture in two quarts of hot 238 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. water. When they are wholly dissolved, add the solution to enough water to make the whole quantity fifty gallons. This preparation has been found to be better and cheaper than that made according to the original formula, which is as follows : Dissolve three ounces carbonate of copper in one quart aqua ammonia (22° B.),* and add the solution to twenty-five gallons of water. Dr. Thaxter, formerly of the Connecticut Experiment Station, has suggested that a very large saving may be made by preparing the carbonate of copper by the following method, instead of buying it, as its market price is much greater than that of the materials necessary for its prepara- tion : Take two pounds of sulphate of copper and dissolve it in a large quantity of hot water ; in another barrel or tub dissolve two and one-half pounds of carbonate of soda (sal- soda) in hot water. When both are dissolved and cooled, pour the soda solution into the copper solution, stirring rapidly. There will result a blue-green precipitate of car- bonate of copper, which must be allowed to settle to the bottom of the vessel. Now draw oif the clear liquid above the sediment, fill the vessel with fresh water and stir up the contents thoroughly. After the copper carbonate has once more settled to the bottom, again draw off the clear fluid above. The carbonate may now be removed from the vessel and dried, when it is ready for use. From the amount of blue-stone and sal-soda given above will be produced one pound of copper carbonate, and the amount of each neces- sary to produce any given amount of copper carbonate is easily calculated. Sulphate of copper is used in solutions of varying strength for certain special cases. Sulphide of potassium, known also as sulphuret of potas- sium or liver of sulphur, has been found useful in the treat- ment of diseases caused by those fungi known as powdery mildews, especially on plants grown under glass. It is ordinarily used in the proportion of half an ounce of the sulphide to one gallon of water. ♦Dealers usually handle ammonia water of a strength of 24° B. (=22.5)t am- monia) or of 26° B. ( = 26.55t ammonia) . To reduce these to the required strength, 22° B. (= I95S ammonia), add /bwr parts of water to ten of aqua ammonia of 26°, or two parts of water to ten parts of 24° aqua ammonia. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 239 Materials. — For the convenience of persons who may wish to purchase the necessary materials for the preparation of fungicides, the writer has communicated with several reliable houses in some of the larger cities of the State, and has received from those named below tavorable replies as to their readiness to iill orders promptly, and as to prices. He can, therefore, recommend these tirms to persons wish- ing fungicide supplies, without in any respect implying that there are not many others equally reliable : — Weeks aud Potter Company, 360 Washington Street, Boston. Messrs. E. & F. King, Boston. Talbot Dyewood and Chemical Company 24 aud 26 Middle Street, Lowell. Jerome Marble & Co., AYoreester. Messrs. H. & J. Brewer, 463 Main Street, Springfield. Concerning the cost of the various materials named above no very exact figures can be given, since prices vary with the state of the market and according to the quantity ordered. Prices per pound are considerably higher for small quantities than for larger ones, and the substances cost much less in oriiiinal iiackases than in smaller lots. A lariie saVino- can be aft'ected if several persons will coml)ine in ordering what they need, both in the cost per pound of the chemicals and in cost of transportation. The following quotations may be given as the approximate prices of the various substances in small lots, at retail, and discounts from these prices will increase with the amount of the order : — Cents per I'ouiid. Copper sulphate, 8 Copper carbonate, , 60 Ammonium carbonate, 15 Sodium carbonate, ........ 3 Aqua ammonia (24°), 10 Potassium sulplyde, 25 Application. — In the case of diseases caused by fungi which spread from plant to plant during the growing season, the necessary protection is afforded by applying the fungi- cides in the form of a very fine spray to the surface of the plants until they are thoroughly wetted. This, drying, 240 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. leaves a thin film over the plants, which is fatal to fungus spores that may fall upon it. Suitable spraying apparatus is of the first importance to success in the use of fungicides, especially a nozzle which shall allow the escape of only the finest spray. The ordinary spraying nozzles used with hose or with small hand pumps are utterly unsuited to this pur- pose. The best form is, perhaps, that known as the Vermorel nozzle, which is furnished with many pieces of apparatus, or may be purchased separately. This nozzle gives a very fine and steady spray, which may be instantly cut ofi", and is the best suited for the Bordeaux mixture, since it has an attach- ment for promptly freeing it of clogging particles. Another excellent nozzle for the other fungicides described, which are clear solutions, is the Nixon nozzle. For supplying the necessary pressure to drive the liquid through the nozzle in the form of spray, some form of force pump is necessary. The form chosen must depend on the amount of work to be done and the character of the plants to be treated. We may distinguish three general types. The Icnapsach type is suitaljle for almost any small job, the importance of which does not justify the purchase of a more expensive apparatus, and is especially adapted to use upon low-growing plants cultivated in hills or rows. These ma- chines have a tank holding a few gallons with a pump worked by a lever with one hand, while the other hand directs the nozzle, the apparatus being strapped upon the back of the operator. The hand-cart type of pump consists of a large reservoir, representing the body of the cart, connected with a force pump, and the whole mounted on two or three wheels with a handle for pulling or pushing. The horse-cart type of machine includes a larger reservoir and more powerful pump, capable of throwing several streams, mounted on wheels, to be drawn through the field or orchard by horse- power. For information concerning the details and prices of the numerous spraying machines on the market, the reader is referred to the catalogues, which will be sent on application, of the Nixon Nozzle and Machine Company, Dayton, O. The Goulds Manufacturing Company, Seneca Falls, N. Y. Albinson & Co., 2026 Fourteenth Street, Washington, D. C. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 241 Adam Weaber and Son, Vineland, N. J.; Rumsey & Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y. ; Field Force Pump Company, Lock- port, N. Y., or W. & B. Douglas, Middletown, Conn. Whe)i to Apply. — As has been said, this question is of the first importance in dealing with any disease, but the answer varies with the case in hand. In general, however, let it be remembered that all treatment is preventive, that plants once attacked are lost, and that spraying must there- fore be prompt and early. In the case of a disease of an herbaceous crop like potatoes, the first spraying should be given at once on the appearance of the disease in any part of the field or a neighboring field. The same applies to diseases of woody plants which have previously been free from disease ; but where grapes or apples, for instance, were attacked last year, treatment should begin with the beginning of growth, and should proceed on the assumption that the disease will reappear if not prevented. In any case, after spraying is begun it must be repeated until danger is past, — a very variable period, — at intervals which may average ten days or two weeks, but will vary according to circumstances, depending especially on the amount of rainfall, which washes the copper salts from the plants and renders a new applica- tion necessary. It is always best to leave an occasional plant or row of plants untreated among the treated ones to furnish a basis for judgment as to the efficacy of the treat- ment. Quantities Needed. — It is very difficult to give any state- ment of the amount of a fungicide required to properly spray any of the various plants on which it may be used. The size and leaf surface of plants of the same kind vary so much with their age, the conditions of cultivation, and other controlling factors, that it is hardly possible to say what is an average plant of any sort. Besides this, very few experimenters have published statements as to the quantities used in their work. Yet one of the first questions asked by a beginner is, " How much do I need?" With these facts understood, the following figures may be given as approximate statements of the amount of a prepa- ration required for properly spraying the crops named, when a suitable and economical nozzle is used. For another plant 242 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. the amount can be roughly estimated by a comparison of its leaf surface with that of one of these ; For apple-trees, one and one-half to two gallons to a good-sized tree ; for grape- vines, one gallon to six or eight well-grown vines ; for potatoes, one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five gal- lons per acre. A Caution. — Certain observations of the writer and cer- tain well-known incidents in the fruit trade during the past season show that the use of fungicides, like every other good thing, may be carried to extremes by inexperienced or incautious beginners or by over-zealous friends. It is un- deniably true that the free use of copper preparations has been recommended far too promiscuously and too incon- siderately in certain quarters for every fungous ill which vegetable "flesh is heir to." It is, or ought to be, self- evident that, on plants whose foliage is to be eaten, like lettuce, these preparations should never be used. On plants like the potato, which are cultivated for subterranean parts, their use is perfectly safe ; while to fruit-trees and vines the Bordeaux mixture, at least, should not be applied after the fruit has begun to ripen. If, from its nature or through favoring conditions, a disease makes its appearance after the ■ fruit has begun to color, much can be done to prevent its spread by removal of diseased parts and rigid hygienic pre- cautions. But, from the point of view of profit and loss alone, it is not worth while to save a crop to be seized by some vigilant board of health, which can afford to err only on the side of safety. Our present methods of treatment, while sufficient and unobjectionable for certain cases, must be regarded as only temporary and for the present better than nothing, in many other cases. For many diseases our only remedy yet known is quite as bad as the disease, and it is not to be expected that public sentiment will long tolerate the use of poisonous insecticides and fungicides where such •use involves any possible danger. Some Experiences. — The responses to the ofiers of assistance contained in this bulletin, while not so numerous as they should have been, were yet encouraging. They show that our most progressive farmers and gardeners are beginning to appreciate what this vlepartment is glad to do 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 243 for them. It is not known to what extent many of those who wrote for further information and advice practically applied it ; but reports have been received from some which speak for themselves. Such is that of Mr. J. N. Pardee of South Billerica, who sprayed his apple trees only twice with Bordeaux mixture, containing Paris green, once on the 1st and once on the 13th of June. In each case the spraying was followed, the next day, by a heavy shower. Thinking the rains must have washed off the combined fungicide and insecticide, and that it was too late for further treatment to be effective, he did nothing more. Concerning results, he wi'ites : ' ' The fruit from the sprayed trees and parts of trees did not drop off as freely as from the unsprayed trees, and is uniformly fair, with clean, smooth skin, and two- thirds grade as choice No. 1, while the other third brings a good price as seconds. It is fair, but worm^^ The fruit from the unsprayed trees and parts of trees is almost uni- formly covered with black spots. The sound apples will not grade as first-class No. 1, while the wormy apples go for cider, and less than one-third of the fruit is sound. As all other conditions, soil, care, etc., have remained the same, I do not know what to attribute the difference to, except to the spraying. The cost of the material for the two spray- ings was about fifteen cents per tree, and the time taken to spray thirty trees twice was about three hours for two men and a horse." It is evident that the secret of the efficacy of this slight treatment is to be found in the fiict that it was applied at just the right time in the development of the fruit, and that the preparation was not washed off by the rains which immediately followed its application. Mr. N. E. Baker of Lawrence has sprayed his carnations with the improved form of ammoniacal carbonate of copper both before and since putting them in the house, as a pro- tection against the leaf-spot fungus (Septor'ia Dianthi Desm.), and reports that the new growth is vigorous and healthy. These examples serve to show what may fairly be expected from the proper use of fungicides well applied, and it is hoped that they may encourage many others to try them next season. As a further stimulus in this direction it is 244 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. proposed to give annually in these reports special detailed instructions for the treatment of some group of diseases caused by fungi whose life histories are so similar that the same directions will apply to all. The symptoms of each disease and its effect on the diseased plants will be described, and enough of the life history of the parasite will be given to make clear the reasons for the treatment prescribed. The group chosen for the present report is one of the best known as to the life history of its members, some of which are among the most easily avoided of all the fungi. It will, there- fore, serve as an excellent introduction to the subject. Further- more, the simplicity of the preventive treatment for some of these diseases will serve to tempt the reader to undertake it, and its striking efficacy will encourage the beginner to try the more laborious treatment for other troubles. The diseases in question are those known as Smuts. (See Plate I.) Of the large number of smut fungi which attack plants of all sorts, the number of those which are sources of loss to Massachusetts farmers to such an extent as to deserve mention here is five or six. They are those which cause the diseases known as the loose smuts of oats, barley and corn, and the leaf smuts of rye and of onions. The loose smuts are peculiarly harmful, because the black smut-masses are formed only in the seeds or grains, the very part for which the plants are cultivated. These smuts of oats, barley and wheat have been regarded until lately as belonging to a single species known as Ustilar/o segetum (Bull.) Ditm. ; but those who have studied them most care- fully now consider that they include four species, distin- guished by differences in spore germination, and by their restriction to particular hosts and their inability to attack others. They are called respectively Ustilago Avenae (Pers.), on oats, U. Hordei (Pers.) and U. nuda, (Jensen) K. & Sw., on barley, and U. Tritici (Pers.), on wheat. As the oat smut has been studied most and is best known, and is also perhaps the form which causes most loss in Massa- chusetts, it may be described here as a general type (Fig. 1.) This fungus can penetrate only the very young tissues of its host plant, and is harmless to tissues whose outer cell walls have begun to harden. To be effective, the fungus- 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 245 threads must reach the gi'owing tip of the host and develop with it ; thus giving no sign of their presence until the plant is well grown and the heads are formed. But the growing point can only be reached when the very young seedling is attacked ; therefore all attacks at a late period in the life of the host are soon overcome and outgrown. Now the tuft of hairs or ' ' beard-" and the ' ' hulls " of the grain afford very convenient lodging places for smut spores, which are thus sown with the seed, germinate with it, and are ready to attack the young seedling at just the time when their attack is most effectual. Besides, these spores germinate most freely in fresh manure, and produce multitudes of germs which can attack the host plant under favorable circum- stances. As it is probable that the spores can pass through the animal body unharmed, the manure from animals which have eaten smutted grain must be a very important source of infection. But it has been shown that the reproductive power of these germs becomes exhausted in the course of a year in manure ; therefore old and well rotted manure, while otherwise better for the crop, is also harmless as a carrier of disease. Professor Kellerman, formerly of the Kansas Agricultural College, has estimated that in Kansas the average annual loss of oats from this disease is equal to six or seven per cent, of the crop, and there is no reason to suppose that this esti- mate is too high for our own State. On the basis of the statistics of the United States Department of Agriculture this would give an annual loss in Massachusetts of $20,000 from this single smut. Nearly the whole of this amount might very easily be saved, if our farmers would apply the very simple treatment which will certainly limit the disease to an occasional stalk. This consists in soaldng the seed for fifteen minutes in hot water, kept at a temperature of 132° F., or for twenty-four hours in a solution of one pound of potassium sulphide (liver of sulphur) in twenty-four gallons of water. Neither of these treatments injures the seed, but, on the contrary, distinctly increases the crop. Of the barley smuts (Fig. 2) one seems to yield readily to the same treatment, while the other seems not to be pre- vented by it ; but, as both forms commonly occur on the 246 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. same field, at least a considerable decrease in the loss from smut may be expected to follow the treatment of barley with hot water before planting. Wheat is not a crop of sufficient importance in Massa- chusetts to make any extended mention necessary here. It is subject not only to the loose smut mentioned above (Fig. 3), but also to the so-called hard or stinking smut or "Bunt" {Tilletia sp., Fig. 6). The latter of these is com- pletely controlled by the hot- water treatment, but the former seems not to be afiected by it. A few practical directions for applying the hot-water treatment may be useful here. The seed should first be thoroughly wetted in cold water, and all imperfect seeds and other bodies which float on the top skimmed ofl^. Two kettles of water should be provided, that in one at a tempera- ture of 110^ to 120°, and that in the other at the temperature required for the treatment, 132°. The latter should be kept as nearly as possible at the same temperature throughout the treatment, by the addition of hot or cold water whenever the thermometer shows it to be necessary. The seed is taken in lots of perhaps half a bushel at a time in a basket of wire gauze or a bag of very loosely woven material, and plunged first into the cooler water, lifted out and plunged again until it is thoroughly wetted and warmed. This is important, that the seed may not cool the hotter water too much. Now the basket or bag is transferred to the latter and allowed to remain fifteen minutes, during which it is occasionably lifted and lowered and turned about, to ensure the complete wetting of every grain. When the seed is removed it is quickly cooled with cold water and spread out until it is dry enough to be sown. In the case of the corn emut it is not merely the young grains which are attacked, 1)ut the pustules may be found upon any part of the plant ; and an infection of any part sufficiently young to be penetrated by the fungus gives rise in a few weeks to smut pustules. Thus the plant is not beyond liability to infection until all its tissues are hardened ; that is, until the " tassel" appears. The only treatment for this trouble which can be con- fidently recommended is the prompt removal and destruction 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 247 of all smutted parts as soon as they appear. It should hardly be necessary to call attention to the fact that to throw them into the compost heap is not to destroy them, but is often the surest means of perpetuating and disseminating the disease. Fig. 5 shows a portion of a " tassel " of corn attacked by smut. The leaf -smut of rye (Fig. 4) forms its black masses on the leaves and stems of rye, which are often considerably distorted by it. It does not, therefore, cause a direct loss of grain, but indirectly reduces the crop by weakening the plants which are attacked. The same is true of the onion smut, which forms its pustules on both leaves and bulbs, and commonly kills its host. If the attack is not too severe, however, the plant may recover, though greatly weakened and never producing a strong bulb. It appears that only the young seedlings are susceptible to attack. This smut is propagated by means of the soil, and its spores may retain their vitality in the earth for several years. Treatment must consist in sowing with the onion seed some fungicidal substance which shall prevent the development of the smut spores in its vicinity, and the consequent infection of the seeding onions. The substance which gives most promise in this line at present is flowers of sulphur, although its protective effect is not all that can be desired. When a field becomes badly infected it should be used for some other crop, and the onion crop transferred to fresh ground for several years, at least. For the assistance of any who may not feel certain as to the identify of the diseases here discussed, a plate is appended showing the characteristic appearance of the various smuts here mentioned, except that of onions. This plate was made from a photograph taken directly from specimens of diseased plants, and shows the effects of the various fungi on their respective host plants very clearly. With its help one should be able to identify the diseases represented without doubt. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Appearance of Some Smut Diseases. (All Jtgures of natural si.te.) Fig. 1. Loose Smut of Oats, Ustilago Avenai (Pers.) Jens. Fig. 2. Loose Smut of Barley, naked form, U. nuda (Jens.) Kell. & S\v. Fig. 3. Loose Smut of Wheat, U. Tritici (Pers.) Jens. Fig. 4. Leaf Smut of Rj'e, Urocystis occulta (Wallr.) Rabh. Fig. 5. Smut of Corn in the staminate flowers or "tassel," Ustihojo maydis (DC.) Cda. Fig. 6. Stinking Smut or "Bunt" of Wheat, Tilletia fastens (B. & C.) Trel. [248] PART III. SPECIAL WOKK IN THE CHEMICAL LABOEATORY. I. Communication on Commercial Fertilizers: — 1. General Introduction. 2. Laws for the Regulation of Trade in Commerciai, Fertilizers. 3. List of Licensed Manufacturers for Mat 1, 1890, to Mat 1, 1891. 4. Analtses of Licensed Fertilizers. 5. Analtses of Commercial Fertilizers and Manurial Substances sent ON FOR Examination. 6. Miscellaneous Analtses. II. Water Analtses. III. Compilation of Analtses made at Amherst, Mass., of Agricultural Chemi- cals AND Refuse Materials used for Fertilizing Purposes. IV. COMl'ILATION of ANALTSES MADE AT AmHERST, MASS., OF FoDDER ARTICLES, Fruits, Sugar-producing Plants, Dairt Products, etc. [249] 250 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. I. Communication on Commercial Fertilizers. 1. General introduction. » 2. State laws for the regulation of the trade in commercial fertilizers. 3. List of licensed manufacturers and dealers for May 1, 1890, to May 1, 1891. 4. Analyses of licensed fertilizers. 5. Analyses of commercial fertilizers and manurial substances sent on for examination. 6. Miscellaneous analyses. 1. General Introduction. The sale of commercial manurial substances, compound and simple, has been quite active in our State. Forty-eight manu- facturers and dealers have applied and received a license for the sale of their various brands in our State. Twenty-six of them are residents of other States. One hundred and ninety-two samples of licensed articles have been collected in all parts of the State by a duly author- ized agent of the station. One hundred and fifty-eight of them have been carefully analyzed at the chemical laboratory of the station with the following results : six samples con- tained all three essential constituents above the highest guarantee ; eighteen samples contained two of the essential constituents above the highest guarantee ; forty-two samples contained one of the essential elements above the highest guarantee ; sixty-one samples contained all three essential elements at the lowest guarantee ; fifty samples contained two elements at the lowest guarantee ; thirteen samples contained one element at the lowest guarantee ; no samples contained all three essential elements below the stated lowest guarantee ; nine samples contained two elements below the stated lowest guarantee ; forty-two samples contained one element below the lowest stated guarantee. The deficiency in one or two essential constituents was in the majority of instances compensated for by an excess in the others. The variations in the market price of the various prominent fertilizer constituents have been during the year within the usual limits. The most serious fluctuations were 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 251 noticed in case of Chili saltpetre, nitrate of sodium, with a slight £vdvance for corresponding months. The duties assigned to the director of the station, to act as inspector of commercial fertilizers, render it necessary to discriminate in official publications of the results of analyses of commercial fertilizers and of manurial substances in general made at the station, between anah/ses of samples collected hy a duly qualifif-d delegate of the experiment station, in conformit'j iDitli the rules prescribed by the new laws, and those analyses which are made of samples sent on for that imrpose by outside parties. In regard to the former alone can the director assume the responsibility of a carefully pre- pared sample, and of the identity of the article in question. The official report of analyses of compound fertilizers and of all such materials as are to be used for manurial purposes, which are sold in this State under a certificate of compliance with the present laws for the regulation of the trade in these articles, has been restricted by our State laws to a statement of chemical composition and to such additional information as relates to the latter. The practice of affixing to each analysis of this class of fertilizers an approximate commercial valuation per ton of their principal constituents has, therefore, been discontinued. This change, it is expected, will tend to direct the attention of the consumers of fertilizers more forcibly towards a con- sideration of the particular composition of the different brands of fertilizers offered for their patronage, a circurnstance not unfrequently overlooked. The approximate market value of the different brands of fertilizers obtained by the current mode of valuation does not express their respective agricultural value, i. e., their crop-producing value ; for the higher or lower market price of different brands of fertilizers does not necessarily stand in a direct relation to their particular fitness, without any reference to the particular condition of the soil to be treated and the special wants of the crops to be raised by their assistance. To select judiciously from among the various brands of fertilizers oflered for patronage requires, in the main, two kinds of information ; namely, we ouaht to feel confident 252 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. that the particular brand of fertilizer in question actually contains the guaranteed quantities and qualities of essential articles of plant food at a reasonable cost, and that it con- tains them in such form and such proportions as will best meet existing circumstances and special wants. In some cases it may be mainly either phosphoric acid or nitrogen or potash ; in others, two of them ; and in others again, all three. A remunerative use of commercial fertilizers can only be secured by attending carefully to the above-stated con- siderations. To assist farmers not yet familiar with the current mode of determining the commercial value of manurial substances offered for sale in our markets, some of the essential con- siderations, which serve as a basis for their commercial valuation, are once more stated within a few subsequent pages. The hitherto customary valuation of manurial substances is based on the average trade value of the essential fertil- izing elements specified by analysis. The money value of the higher grades of agricultural chemicals and of the higher- priced compound fertilizers depends, in the majority of cases, on the amount and the particular form of two or three essen- tial articles of plant food, i. e., phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash, which they contain. To ascertain by this mode of valuation the approximate market value of a fertilizer (i. e., the money worth of its essential fertilizing ingre- dients), we multiply the pounds per ton of nitrogen, etc., by the trade value per pound ; the same course is adopted with reference to the various forms of phosphoric acid and of potassium oxide. We thus get the values per ton of the several ingredients, and, adding them together, we obtain the total valuation per ton in case of cash payment at points of general distribution. The market value of low-priced materials used for manurial purposes, as salt, wood ashes, various kinds of lime, barn- yard manure, factory refuse and waste materials of different description, quite frequently does not stand in a close rela- tion to the market value of the amount of essential articles of plant food they contain. Their cost varies in different localities. Local facilities for cheap transportation, and 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 253 more or less advantageous mechanical condition for a speedy action, exert, as a rule, a decided influence on their sellinsf price. The mechanical condition of any fertilizing material, sim- ple or compound, deserves the most serious consideration of farmers, when articles of a similar chemical character are offered for their choice. The degree of pulverization con- trols, almost without exception, under similar conditions, the rate of solubility, and the more or less rapid diffusion of the different articles of plant food throughout the soil. The state of moisture exerts a no less important influence on the pecuniary value in case of one and the same kind of substance. Two samples offish fertilizers, although equally pure, may differ from fifty to one hundred per cent, in com- mercial value, on account of mere difference in moisture. Crude stock for the manufacture of fertilizers, and refuse materials of various descriptions, have to be valued with reference to the market price of their principal constituents, taking into consideration at the same time their general fit- ness for speedy action. Trade Values of Fertilizing Ingredients in Maw Materials and Chemicals (1891). Cents per round. Nitrogen in ammoniates, 18^ Nitrogen in niti'ates,* 141 Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground fish, meat, blood, loj Organic nitrogen in cotton-seed meal and castor pomace, . 15 Organic nitrogen in fine-ground bone and tankage, . . 15 Organic nitrogen in fine-ground medium bone and tankage, 12 Organic nitrogen in medium bone and tankage, . . 9^ Organic nitrogen in coarser bone and tankage, . . -7^ Organic nitrogen in hair, horn shavings and coarse fish scraps, 7 Phosphoric acid soluble in water, 8 Phosphoric acid soluble in ammonium citrate, ... 7^ Phosphoric acid in dry ground fish, fine bone and tankage, 7 Phos^^horic acid in fine medium bone and tankage, . . 5J Phosphoric acid in medium bone and tankage, . . . 4J Phosphoric acid in coarse bone and tankage, ... 3 Potash as high-grade sulphate, and in forms free from muriate or chlorides, ashes, etc., 5^ Potash as kainite, 4 J Potash as muriate, 4J • The price of nitrate of soda has of late advanced, on account of the civil war in Chili. 254 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. The organic nitrogen in swperpliosphales , .y)ecial manures and mixed fertilizers of a high grade is usually valued at the hisfhest fisrures laid down in the trade values of fertilizino ingredients in raw materials, namely, fifteen and a half cents per pound ; it being assumed that the organic nitrogen is derived from the best sources, viz., animal matter, as meat, blood, bones, or other equally good forms, and not from leather, shoddy, hair, or any low-priced, inferior form of vegetable matter, unless the contrary is ascertained. The insoluble phosphoric acid is valued in this connection at two cents. The above trade values are the figures at which, in the six months preceding March, 1891, the respective ingredients could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets, in the raw materials, which are the regular source of supply. They also correspond to the average wholesale prices for the six months ending March 1, plus about twenty per cent, in case of goods for which we have wholesale quotations. The valuations obtained by use of the above figures will be found to agree fairly with the retail price at the large markets of standard raw materials, such as : — Sulphate of ammonia, Dry ground fish, Nitrate of soda, Azotin, Muriate of potash. Ammonite, Sulphate of potash, Castor pomace. Dried blood, Bone and tankage. Dried ground meat. Plain superphosphates. A large percentage of commercial materials consists of refuse matter from various industries. The composition of these substances depends on the mode of manufacture carried on. The rapid progress in our manufacturing industries is liable to affect at any time, more or less seriously, the com- position of the refuse. To assist the farming community in a clear and intelligent appreciation of the various substances sold for manurial purposes, a fi'equent examination into the temporary characters of agricultural chemicals and refuse materials offered in our markets for manurial purposes is constantly carried on at the laboratory of the station. Consumers of commercial manurial substances do well to 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT - No. 33. 255 buy, whenever practicable, on guarantee of composition with reference to their essential constituents, and to see to it that the bill of sale recognizes that point of the bargain. Any mistake or misunderstanding in the transaction may be readily adjusted, in that case, between the contending 'parties. The responsibility of the dealer ends with furnish- ing an article corresponding in its composition with the low- est stated quantity of each specified essential constituent. Our present laws for the regulation of the trade in com- mercial fertilizers include not only the various brands of compound fertilizers, but also all materials, single or com- pound, without reference to source, used for manurial pur- poses, when offered for sale in our market at ten dollars or more per ton. Copies of our present laws for the regulation of the trade in commercial fertilizers may be had by all interested, on application, at the Massachusetts State Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. 2. The Provisions of the Act are asfolloios: [Chapter 296.] An Act to regulate the sale of commercial fertilizers. Be it enacted, etc , as follows: Section 1. Every lot or parcel of commercial fertilizer or mate- rial used for manarial purposes sold, offered or exposed for sale within this Commonwealth, the retail price of which is ten dollars or more per ton, shall be accompaDied by a plainly printed state- ment clearly and truly certifying the number of net pounds of fer- tilizer in the package, the name, brand or trade mark under which the fertilizer is sold, the name and address of the manufacturer or importer, the place of manufacture, and a chemical analysis stat- ing the percentage of nitrogen or its equivalent in ammonia, of potash soluble in distilled water, and of phosphoric acid in available form soluble in distilled water and reverted, as well as the total phosphoric acid. In the case of those fertilizers which consist of other and cheaper materials, said label shall give a correct general statement of the composition and ingredients of the fertilizer it accompanies. Sect. 2. Before any commercial fertilizer, the retail price of which is ten dollars or more per ton, is sold, offered or exposed for sale, the importer, manufacturer or party who causes it to be sold or offered for sale within the state of INIassachusetts, shall 256 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jau file with the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment station, a certified copy of the statement named in section one of this act, and shall also deposit with said director at his request a sealed glass jar or bottle, containing not less than one pound of the fertilizer, accompanied by an aflSdavit that it is a fair average sample thereof. Sect. 3. The manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any brand of commercial fertilizer or material used for manurial pur- poses, the retail price of which is ten dollars or more per ton, shall pay for each brand, on or before the first day of May annually, to the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment station, an analysis fee of five dollars for each of the three following fer- tilizing ingredients : namely, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, contained or claimed to exist in said brand or fertilizer : provided, that whenever the manufacturer or importer shall have paid the fee herein required for any person acting as agent or seller for such manufacturer or importer, such agent or seller shall not be required to pay the fee named in this section ; and on receipt of said analysis fees and statement specified in section two, the direc- tor of said station shall issue certificates of compliance with this act. Skct. 4. No person shall sell, offer or expose for sale in the state of Massachusetts, any pulverized leather, raw, steamed, roasted, or in any form as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient of any fertilizer or manure, without an explicit printed certificate of the fact, said certificate to be conspicuously affixed to every package of such fertilizer or manure and to accompany or go with every parcel or lot of the same. Sect. 5. Any person selling, offering or exposing for sale, any commercial fertilizer without the statement required by the first section of this act, or with a label stating that said fertilizer con- tains a larger percentage of any one or more of the constituents mentioned in said section than is contained therein, or respecting the sale of which all the provisions of the foregoing section have not been fully complied with, shall forfeit fifty dollars for the first offence, and one hundred dollars for each subsequent offence. Sect. 6. This act shall not affect parties manufacturing, im- porting or purchasing fertilizers for their own use, and not to sell in this state. Sect. 7. The director of the Massachusetts agricultural experi- ment station shall pay the analysis fees, as soon as received by him, into the treasury of the station, and shall cause one analysis or more of each fertilizer or material used for manurial purposes to be made annually, and publish the results monthly, with such 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 257 additional information as circumstances advise : provided, such information relates only to the composition of the fertilizer or fertilizing material inspected. Said director is hereby authorized in person or by deputy to take a sample, not exceeding two pounds in weight, for analysis, from any lot or package of fertilizer or any material used for manurial purposes which may be in the possession of any manufacturer, importer, agent or dealer ; but said sample shall be drawn in the presence of said party or parties in interest or their representative, and taken from a parcel or a number of packages which shall be not less than ten per cent, of the whole lot inspected, and shall be thoroughly mixed and then divided into two equal samples and placed in glass vessels and carefully sealed and a label placed on each, stating the name or brand of the fertilizer or material sampled, the name of the party from whose stock the sample was drawn and the time and place of drawing, and said label shall also be signed by the director or his deputy and by the party or parties in interest or their represen- tatives present at the drawing and sealing of said sample ; one of said duplicate samples shall be retained by the director and the other by the party whose stock was sampled. All parties violat- ing this act shall be prosecuted by the director of said station ; but it shall be the duty of said director, upon ascertaining any violation of this act, to forthwith notify the manufacturer or im- porter in writing, and give him not less than thirty days thereafter in which to comply with the requirements of this act, but there shall be no prosecution in relation to the quality of the fertilizer or fertilizing material if the same shall be found substantially equivalent to the statement of analysis made by the manufacturer or importer. Sect. 8. Sections eleven to sixteen inclusive of chapter sixty of the Public Statutes are hereby repealed. Sect. 9. This act shall take effect on the first day of September in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight. [^Approved May 3, 1888. ;\ Instructions to Manufacturers , Importers, Agents and Sellers of Commercial Fertilizers or Materials Used for Manurial Pur- poses in Massachusetts. 1. An application for a certificate of compliance with the regulations of the trade in commercial fertilizers and materials used for manurial purposes in this State must be accompanied : — First, with a distinct statement of the name of each brand oflfered for sale. 258 AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. Second, with a statement of the amount of phosphoric acid, of nitrogen and of potassium oxide guaranteed in each distinct brand. Third, with the fee charged by the State for a certificate, which is five dollars for each of the following articles : nitro- gen, phosphoric acid and potassium oxide guaranteed in any distinct brand. 2. The obligation to secure a certificate applies not only to compound fertilizers but to all substances, single or com- pound, used for manurial purposes, and ofiered for sale at ten dollars or more per ton of two thousand pounds. 3. The certificate must be secured annually before the first of May. 4. Manufacturers, importers and dealers in commercial fertilizers can appoint in this State as many agents as they desire, after having secured at this office the certificate of compliance with our laws. 5. Agents of manufacturers, importers and dealers in commercial fertilizers are held personally responsible for their transactions until they can prove that the articles they ofier for sale are duly recorded in this office. 6. Manufacturers and importers are requested to furnish a list of their agents. 7. All applications for certificates ought to be addressed to the Director of the Massachusetts State Asricultural Experiment Station. Arrangements are made, as in previous years, to attend to the examination of objects of general interest to the farm- ing community, to the full extent of existing resources. Requests for analyses of substances — as fodder articles, fertilizers, etc. — coming through officers of agricultural societies and farmers' clubs within the State will receive here- after, as in the past, first attention, and in the order that the applications arrive at the office of the station. The results will be returned without a charge for the services rendered. Application of private parties for analyses of substances, free of charge, will receive a careful consideration whenever the results promise to be of a more general interest. For obvious reasons, no work can be carried on at the station of which the results are not at the disposal of the managers for 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 259 publication, if deemed advisable in the interest of the citizens of the State. All parcels and communications sent to "The Massa- chusetts State Experiment Station " must have express and postal charges prepaid, to receive attention. 3. List of Dealers who have secured Certificates for the Sale of Commercial Fertilizer's in this State during the Past Year^ and the Brands licensed hy Each. Ames Fertilizer Company, Peabody, Mass. : — Animal Fertilizer. E. Frank Coe, New York, N. Y. : — High-grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate. Gold Brand Excelsior Guano. Potato Fertilizer. Blue Brand Excelsior Guano. Red Brand Excelsior Guano. Cleveland Linseed Company, Worcester, Mass. : — Steam-cooked Linseed Meal. H. J. Baker & Bro., New York, N. Y. : — A. A. Ammoniated Superphosphate. Pelican Bone Fertilizer. Special Potato Manure. Special Grass Manure. Whittemore Bros., Wayland, Mass. : — Whittemore's Complete Manure. J. M. Butman, Lowell, Mass. : — Lowell Bone Fertilizer. Edmund Hersey, Hingham, Mass. : — Ground Bone. J. A. Tucker & Co., Boston, Mass. : — Original Bay State Bone Superphosphate. Imperial Bone Superphosphate. J. C. Dow & Co., Boston, Mass. : — Nitrogenous Superphosphate. Ground Bone Fertilizer. Fine-ground Bone. Cumberland Bone Company, Portland, Me. : — Cumberland Bone Superphosphate. Seeding-down Fertilizer. Potato Fertilizer. 260 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 3. List of Dealers who have secured Certificates, etc. — Continued. C. A. Bartlett, "Worcester, Mass. : — Pure Ground Bone. Animal Fertilizer. Leander Wilcox, Mystic Bridge, Conn. : — Dry Ground Fish Guano. Potato Manure. Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate. High-grade Fish and Potash. W. E. Fyfe & Co., Clinton, Mass. : — Unleached Wood Ashes. Daniel T. Church, Tiverton, R. I. : — Fish and Potash. Church's Special. Church's Standard. Pure Dry Ground Menhaden Guano. Williams & Clark Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : — Americus Superphosphate. Potato Phosphate. Bone Meal. High-grade Special. * Tobacco Grower. Sulphate of Potash. Muriate of Potash. Dry Ground Fish. Cleveland Dryer Company, Boston, Mass. : — Cleveland Potato Phosphate. Cleveland Superphosphate. W. D. Stewart & Co., Boston, Mass. : — Soluble Pacific Guano. Special Potato Manure. Munroe, Judson & Stroup, Oswego, N. Y. : — Unleached Canada Wood Ashes. N. Ward Company, Boston, Mass, : — High-grade Animal Fertilizer. Lister's Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. : — Standard Fertilizer, Success. Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Phosphate. Potato Fertilizer. Ground Bone. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 261 3. List of Dealers who have secured Certificates, etc. — Continued. G. E. Holmes, Worcester, Mass. : — Steamed Bone. A. Lee &, Co., Boston, Mass. : — Lawrence Fertilizer. Ground Bone. Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Company, Buffalo, N. Y. : — New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate. Buffalo Superphosphate, No. 2. Special Potato Manure. Pure Ground Bone. Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate. Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate. Queen City Phosphate. Vegetable Bone Superphosphate. Wheat and Corn Phosphate. Niagara Phosphate. Ammoniated Practical Phosphate. F. C. Sturtevant, Hartford, Conn. : — Tobacco and Sulphur Fertilizer. Read Fertilizer Company, Syracuse, N. Y. : — H. G. Farmers' Friend. Standard Phosphate. Bone, Fish and Potash. Strawberry and Small Fruit Special. Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. ; — X. L. Phosphate. B. D. Sea-fowl Guano. Coe's Original Superphosphate of Lime. Fish and Potash. Pure Fine-ground Bone. Bradley's Complete Manures : — For Potatoes and Vegetables. For Corn and Grain. For Top-dressing Grass and Grain Bradley's Potato Manure. Nitrate of Soda. « Sulphate of Ammonia. Muriate of Potash. Dissolved Bone-black. 262 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. i 3. List of Dealers who have secured Certificates,, etc. — Continued. Quinnipiac Fertilizer Company, New London, Conn. : — Quinnipiac Phosphate. Quinnipiac Potato Manure. Quinnipiac Dry Ground Fish. Quinnipiac Fish and Potash. Quinnipiac Market-garden Manure. Quinnipiac Bone Meal. Quinnipiac Tobacco Fertilizer. Muriate of Potash. Sulphate of Potash. Standard Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : — Standard Fertilizer. Standard Superphosphate. Sanford "Winter, Brockton, Mass. : — Pure Ground Bone. Forest City Wood Ash Company, London, Out. : — Unleached Wood Ashes. Benjamin Randall, East Boston, Mass. : — Market-garden Fertilizer. Standard Ground Bone. Great Eastern Fertilizer Company, Rutland, Vt. : — Great Eastern General, for Grain and Grass. Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco Fertilizers. Great Eastern General, Oats, Buckwheat and Seeding-down Phosphate. E. H. Smith, Northborough, Mass. : — Steamed Bone. John G. Jeflferds, Worcester, Mass. : — Jefiferds' Animal Fertilizer. Jefferds' Fine-ground Bone. James E. McGovern, Lawrence, Mass. : — West Andover Market Bone Phosphate. Fine-ground Bone. Thos. Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. : — Meat and Bone. Pure Fine-ground Bone. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 263 3. List of Dealers who have secured Certificates^ etc. — Continued. Adams & Thomas, Springfield, Mass. : — Adams' Market Bone Fertilizer. Hargrave Manufacturing Company, Fall River, Mass. : — Steamed Bone. Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Company, New York, N. Y.: — The Mapes Bone Manures. Peruvian Guano. Mapes Superphosphate. Mapes Special Crop Manures. L. B. Darling Fertilizer Company, Pawtucket, R. I. : — Darling's Animal Fertilizer. Extra Bone Phosphate. Potato and Root Crop Manure. Fine Bone. Dissolved Bone. Fertilizer for Lawns and Gardens. Bowker Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : — Stockbridge Manures. Hill and Drill Phosphate. Lawn and Garden Phosphate. Ammoniated Bone Fertilizer. Fish and Potash. Dry Ground Fish. Gloucester Fish and Potash. Fresh Ground Bone. Plain Superphosphate. Kainite. Nitrate of Soda. Dried Blood. Dissolved Bone-black. Muriate of Potash. Sulphate of Potash. Break's Lawn and Garden Dressiuo. Lucien Sanderson, New Haven, Conn. : — Formula A. Pulverized Bone Meal. Dissolved Bone-black. Sulphate of Potash. 264 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. 3. List of Dealers who have secured Certificates^ etc. — Concluded. Prentiss, Brooks & Co., Holyoke, Mass. : — H. L. Phelps' Complete Manures. Dry Fish. Muriate of Potash. Nitrate of Soda. Dissolved Bone-black. H. L. Phelps' Superphosphate. Fish and Potash. Guano and Potash. Tankage. The Le Page Company, Boston, Mass. : — Red Star Brand 203 Fertilizer. Red Star Brand Special Potato Manure. John S. Reese & Co., Baltimore, Md. : — Bay State Fertilizer. New England Favorite. Bay State Fertilizer, G. G. May Flower Guano. Pilgi'im Fertilizer. Great Planet, A. Columbus, A. Potato and Corn. Fish and Potash. Dry Ground Fish. Thomas Joynt, St. Helens, Ont. : — Canada Hardwood Ashes. National Fertilizer Company, Bridgeport, Conn. : — Chittenden's Complete Fertilizer. Chittenden's Fish and Potash. Chittenden's Universal Phosphate. Ground Bone. W. J. Brightman & Co., Tiverton, R. I. : — Fish and Potash. Ground Acidulated Fish Guano. Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 265 V. -^ r — :i ^ ^ ^ S^ 5^ — I 6 ^ ^ e ^ a a a a . . ,■£.■3,2 2 2 a a ^25 oS'EElio sill jj p p g O O O G ^•a n ►P.2 a ■^djs^ 000 •k^>-Ik1 o a> Q •^!5^ r . a a a _ o p. a §. of 30 » b" "^ acaaiaiajoi --« S-J" .afiCsc3:3c3 < ^ J: • .5tf sasaasa .ill la . o o o a'a a'a'siSSS ."li .2^lllll|a-a= •-■S'S -■> ■> ■> a a c a v, . . .-3 - 3 |aaSg.a§-i.aS'^S'o|'§ "■a-:3^00^0'^ = aE-=c~' •^ ^ _s .2 .2 .2 --" a a o o . ij s 'Sapati'SStir'E-^^S— ^ 3 C £ n ^ ^ Z> ^^r^^-.^X^~ ^^'^ ^ n « icj^^ii^ a.5'5'5'^ g aaaacaa3a23 6°:6 S? a „- J=" S s S M S a. s a e a-a ? a 5 ^T ^'53 5 >.o i = -J •■2 2 3 o o o S pL,^^ Jj-^^ . ;5-t3-| 2 a a o a ago rJCE _a 3 • ° f ■^ cq '11 1'^ j ^a :S ■3 3 3 o a 2 a ffi 2 ■«-|l -a p-g o I- a _ 0 O ^ ^ ai V u^ tH dj O 't^ T3 ^ -^ * "H ai J g a ^ g^gg ^Sg 3 3 jj .5 o j= t. 0) fU i-j &H M O C5 OQ i-tiOCOt-'i-H'NiOCOCOOSOtDC < « O) CO cc « (N CO"* M O • -paai -UEJBnf) 8—10 8 7-8 7-8 9-11 6-8 6—8 9—12 4—6 9-13.5 8—10 6—8 5—7 5.84 •puno^ 14.73 14.10 12.46 14.86 6.25 6.94 5.25 00O-. cvst-masrooji-oo-icooioi oo H C •psai -UE.tBn£) 10—18 10—12 4.5 8— to 8—10 8—10 11—14 8—11 8—10 10-15 5—9 7-9 10—16.5 9—12 8—10 25-27 25—30 22-24 18—22 20-24 19-'25 22.69 •pnno^ OOCOK>0-J-t-.-.=0 26.78 25.63 25.06 19.04 20.67 21.29 22.46 M3.OC0— "-'■-'ClOi-IQ0l~-HO O •9iqn^08ni to ?0 '^ C'O ^ O O -** O C>^ 00 o »o O CI 12.05 11.54 12.60 4.18 14.42 14.35 17.21 rJH r-( ri pH * Ml IM CO oo M CO CO •a.iniB!0j^ O Ol O CO-* COOOCnOOCDt-CC 1 r-fr-li-(rtrHr-<(M'MCO«)CO d CO -^ CO O C-l Oi 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 267 o '^ ^ S g ^ ^H « --c tc -^ — J -r T- Q :1j Qj .- "^ »^ a -c 9 aaa-g .'g^-S-S^ £ £ > > >,o o ac,ES o.ti =« 3 3 o =3 « 3^^^ a =s 55 o rt WIS 2-? II . ° . = . . ^ o . . S = ai-ii Oj- 3 . s J *4; • -3 a =-S r .»^^ 33^ a g^ 5 =^*S>^ a §50 a >; ^ 1, . : o a a i''- 1 « ^.i . £ '^ = ^ ^ pHc o . ^ s — r a,9 « d .2 o c!- .- C3 ?^ ■g "Bias t- a ^ o ^.2 a*- _ cS c3 «|5 o 2 « «^ affl .02 3D ■ 9 -■= >. -S = >,V' o a - O 0 d t>,a .1 1=5 a; a m > « aOj^; 2ia •- "2 . O >>arH O 3^ CO 03 ^ . Eii s^S a 2«i ' e-so rll^g-a Halt H i- -_ « a • -!- ^ 2 rt ^ ' o .« a 5 ^ -.3 ." 5 a o o o ja "t, o eaPocH •el a s.j^ .. o a a 5 g o ■ --3 J2 i .a cj o ja 1^ «o^f -d 5 3a ►>ja o M.H' . a 2 ij -1 1- c5 •; ;>-^ oj^O = 'o := 5. C rt^fe ecu W a g .2 _2 i '^ -s a o I O pi^ Q.I Pli as - o .2 ^ 0) 0) 0) S 2 a'H^ 03 2 S J3 5 0 0) M •3 i< >. a a> (U •p j^ _» if a 0 a c5 v_^ 1^ -a ^J2 -S "S^a St3 a a o a "P." S c3 J^ «* 3-'3 .STS^S g 3 C o r^ ^ jg 268 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o ^ * ^ Q CK to ^ ?^ '^ 1 1 1 ' ' M 01 o 0 s « 3 O CO BO S != ->lll| i-H rn Olt- o CO »o 3 cq «ic^ cq 00 -f r-l CD C^ CO •* oi CO ^ CO o w FL, z r^ O U5 .n O O « IM to 01 (M OJ o cool 01 •paai 1 w !2; Hi -UBaBriQ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O OJ to r-t .^ 1 1 00 o> 1 to 00 00 00 00 0 to O) o fn o> o> -^ 03 tj* t^ Ol w a " I-H I-H •pa9a K ►J -nBatJUf) I'll ' 1 ' 1 ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 o i 1 Pd H o O O H !? •pnno^ CO -^ CO Ol 00 O r-l 00 O O CO CO O) r- ,_, CO I-H 00 00 CO CO <5 ^ I-H rH I-H I-H I-H .n ^ n >f5 cn t- UO 00 Hd o o O O t- lO Ol OO P3 O W Ph •8[qnx08ni - 0-1 CI 01 CO I-H CO M .n CO •psjaaAaH • CO to t' CO CO O) O ''i a C-IO IM to ta 1) ■<* INOIOI U5 a> c^ CO 01 CO to 00 Hj< ,„^, , ,_ (N CO c:i »« oo ^ o •aiqniog I- ro CO oj 1 .o to -)< 1^ to coto O ^ UO -* O t- CO '- rH t-rH tf t- ^^ 00 ■m 1- 03 O Ol o " K . M e-i ?3 ^ o "i "i C^ Cq ■-. t-.o ^.. to Of o o ' 6 ja J3 o f i~, (1, "(^ S 3 O • C3 0) O o ^^ B ^ g|S35 a a • E c! »_ 2 «o 3 -a o 3 C rtCQ >5 a g >> 3 Il5 ^ n ^^s-g^ Is ja oT «§ 3 o -g.- 3 2 3 S Q ''-^^ a « o„ 2 2 o 1-4 111 5 o e3 4) r III fa ■a o 3 Hg'S' --2 ■ T3-3 o, a. - a < c< "5 i;!^ -a a c a rt g=^ a • ss MOO ON iz; 3 □ o o m Si s o '3 "aj * S XI 0) CS !a) ■r; •a PI /4 -3.3 9 C 0) 0) 0) JD & & r 2f o 5 — 3 SB j; 3 J- -i: ^ lz: ^ 5 maoo o 0:^?* o ^ o S 3 O 02 •aaqmn X'^ jojB.ioqu'j IMCCM-»t0t~-!)>t-t-t-C0r-c0>O>-.*j p»*j >.*j*3 2eaoEsa=.^ss|§|§5 0Q[x,<5^:jpq i^ . . , " r * ' .a ■ ■ '^ !>H rS r « O 1 -1 1 -si --g- X izer and Chemical Company, Bu zer Company, Boston, Mass., ark Fertilizer Comiiany, Boston, ks & Co., Holyoke, Mass., Bro., New York, N. Y., . son, New Haven, Conn., . )x. Mystic, Conn., zer Co., Pawtucket, R. I., r Company, New York, N. Y., S: Co., Baltimore, Md,, . Hist Boston, Mass., zer and Chemical Company, Bu any, Boston, Mass., . tural and Chemical Works, New a and Peruvian Guano Company r Company, Syracuse, N. V., . tural and Chemical Works, New Bro., New York, N. Y., . ufacturing Company, Fall River y, Amesbury, Mass., overn, Lawrence, Mass., . ' Fertil Fertil s .vc CI Broo ker J<: ander Wilc( Fertil rtilize [ieese ndall, Fertil Com] gricul ormul rtilize gricul ker& e Man Laver . McG Wintt ocker wker illiam entiss J. Ba cien S ander irling ad Fe hn 8. nj. Ri ocker Page ster A ipes F ad Fe ster A ^ t:.- a a oca;^?Hah:!H:!Oii^^^53l-;5S;::i3 E S :? -a K ges, etc., . •§ ' • -i -g « o |''i i n X ■< Compoimd Ferti hate for Vegetables, ack e Superphosphate (Am Superphosphate, . d Superphosphate, ack, nine, Fertilizer, il garden Fertilizer, . uperphosphate, pecial Fertilizer for Po tandard Fertilizer, n Guano, ted Dissolved Bone, « n 8 O Bo i Bone, e, . . . Dund Bone, ouud Bone, Ground Bone, Bone Superphosp Bowker's Bone-bl Ammoniated Bon The H. L. Phelps A. A. Ammoniatt Dissolved Boue-b Wilcox Potato Ml Darling's Animal Strawberry Speci Fish and Potash, Riindall's Market Vegetable Bone 8 Red Star Brand S Lister's Success & Iluanillos Peruvia Fish and Potash, Lister's Ammoni; Fine Pure Grounc Pure Ground Bon Lavery's Pure Gr West Andover Gi S. Winter's Pure CC^r-t-tOC-lOMCOt-Ou^O'Mt-uOO .^iOlBJOqBI -^OOOt-OroiMCO-^iCO^COt-OOCTi 270 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o C W O I I I < I I I M M^ I I (N O »0 CO O CO O ^1* 05 O ( T-i -M 00 to O 00 I CO ^ (O -^ C^ O r •tnnipaj^ 99JE00 •ranipaj^ •pnno^ CO r-< O 'M 00 i-l O I I I I I I I ' I I I I '' I I CD lOOSOOO^t— lOiOOOO ■^oi CO f-HiM,— 10iiOOC0001Ci»OCOCOiO»0 tO OOOr-*fO-*0'*r-('<*OOCDTl<000<00 C-l O O O -0 Ol C (M>0b-O-^t-C0C0i— iCDcOrH ' i-H CO rH <3l CD CD Ol iC (N .-I O O O CO CO t-rH t--i I I I 'T I iT I •* •* 'I' (M ;o M ^ t c5 o5 (N CO CO CO C^ r C-1 -t< i-l 00 CO IM . . . : : ■ I I ^ O O t- O CO rH rl t-^ r-l O CO 00 IN C^CO CO ^ CO CO CO CO O CI OD 35 00 O 00 O Ci C) CO 1-1 CO -^ >* CO CO rl rt IM (N •aaqran^ jIiO!>BJoqt!i -+ rt0 O 00 CO CO o •* 00 C<1 -M CO CO 00 lO O lO CO c^ ci IN e4 O CO C^ IM O O CO Oi O 00 515 1) » « «> .g 3 est* . 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 271 .9 %-= a o '^ "H *^ .S ' • ^ • .^^^ ^ O ^ (D • O "^ • OO.ti.ti.t;jS5oS«=!=!j"t>°°t ^ •? = § a-^ o o ^ . =3 e a ^_J a .-r" a >, a > o o ii a •" ^ oiii -^ •- :^ _-■ o o — ~ a i- .2 .2 ® _2 B a , a a ■» "a a .ji r^'i a -^^a-g"^ 2 5 3 o o .o a P.3 sg o OS'S o >.a a >> a o =s a ■3-2 a > ^_. ifc^ ■ a ij a _2 01 5^ aj SDa '^ « -iS -n 3 2i • ^ a ■- ■ OQ — . ^75 ak.; '^ ^ a a ^ a) " 1. ° 3 - aO N o .X o o a Sip gSad " .2 .2 a ■£ 2.-5 r*' 'a a J a" S^ ^ "" § '^ - ■;ISa^ 5>o_2ij 5>0_2_2 Stji^ . ■= = -3r-^ &a ) k^ W -J a, pT- -I . X «) o o •> o a a ^ o J ■•5 o • &^ ■ a-? i^" OQ ? a. ,C5o" ■2 § .S P5 i- S a o ja 2 3 o t: ._2 o S -a 2!^§>,a S 0 33 •f=^ • a.2 C a 5 to cb^ C3 &^ ■9 a af=iS§S§ .S c3 a >< vB.^~ §"51 a « a 03 Q> O ■5 5 J .a >.5 a ^ o 25 o£ a =r° .23 » a a a ro o Mffl "S3 -go. p. a a o O.2.' Jt a- a a ^ o o as aT -c-a a S ° s 2 o -ijCQ a a?5 Crs o o ^ - •a a aS a 3 a =5 a .2 o jIjOlBJOqB'J 0C0 OOi-ttMi-'^i-lC-l ■0000 CJ O « CI CI (N « -^ O t-t' 00 00 OO CJ CO o »o CO < 272 AGEICULTURAL EXPEIIIMEXT STATION. [Juii. '^ 0 w 5 Q P C 0 w " z; O H Pi ?5 O •a o a ca 3 4—5 1.6—2.7* 2-3 2-2.5 3* 2.25-3 7.5 7—8* 5—6* 3-4 2-3* 2-3* iJ ->! < < w o •ranipaj^ asaijoQ o oi • 3.34 4.25 15.00 •uinipapj CO O CO CO IN 222' i-iCOrH T3 D O 4.80 2.27 2.22 1.93 3.56 2.49 8.95 7.14 6.88 3.53 2.08 2.03 ■ainipajs aiiij CO CO ^ CO CO (Nr-<00 CD O C3S in r-l -aiC^CO •ani^ CO CO C6 COiO»- CO COCO* n o CM 0 0 ?: hH W z O P o <1 o 2 o n a< CO o a •paai -nB.lTJUf) 10-12 8-9 4—6 7—10 8.5—10 8-11 5—6 8—12 9—11 1 - c^ 1 ' ' •pnnoj: SotO[-»^Sc-JO-*cocoooSooiMOJ uo »-H rH 00 t' t- -*oscq CO osoo ooo CO t- 05 O O »« rt 00 O to OS (N 00 CO O 05 O •paai -UB.mnQ 5-6 10- U 8-12 9.5-12.5 10-12 10—13 5 9-13 6-8 18-22 10—15 11-14 s CI 1 CI CO -»i CD -t --■ r- M o; 1 1 •puno^ 00i-lc*5tD(yJOOI-tD'M0DOtOC0O00«O O rH ^ .ra ^ 0-. rH IM 03 t-- -XI I- CO — r^ lO (M (N OS -* C-! CO (Ni-li-i0-<^-l00 1— OlMl^l-COfMCOOJ-^OOi^C-JOirHC^ 00 CO OS OS OS ^1 oo' O t^ 00 C-)l-tOTlit-0'*rHCD mNiM'acOCO •aiqniog CO OOt-COt-OCC0 01>n'-iCO-+«3CO ■* ^Csas(Nt"*OOr-^-*00000--0 CO o >0 O CO rH * CO ' ' I-H CO ci cDcoco t4 xa t-^ to 2« " K . ^ c S a Z 0 O tJ iz C6^ O •paajuBJcnQ 3.30-4.12 5.77 1.2—2.05 1.85-2.68 1.65—2.06 5.77—7.41 8—10 6—7 1.8-2.05 3.71 3.30—4.12 8.65 . 4—5 2.06—2.47 1—2 2.5—3.25 T o (M OS Tj* 00 COM c-5 c^ 1 1 1 O) • •punoj[ 4.38 6.32 1.39 2.34 2.10 6.46 8 76 6.08 2.00 3.24 4.87 3.44 8.72 4.02 2.40 2.29 2.58 CO OS a S^ ° a« ^1 a o a Ph S p o Quinnipiac Pure Bone Meal, .... Pure Fine-ground Bone, Standard Ground Bone, Lister's Celebrated Ground Bone, Dow's Ground Bone Compound Fertilizers. Fish and Potash, Tankage (Prentiss, Brooks & Co.), New Rival Ammouiated Superphosphate, Bone and Potash (Bradley), . Reese's May Flower Guano, . Blood, Meat and Bone, .... Wilcox's Dry Ground Fish Guano, Blue Brand Excelsior Guano, Reese's May Flower Baker's Complete Grass Manure, Brightman's Fish Pomace, . Quinuipiac Market Garden Fertilizer, Reese's Dry Ground Fish, . Bowker's Lawn and Garden Dressing, Dow's Ground Bone Fertilizer, . Standard Guano B. D. Sea Fowl Guano •jaquin M" "^o^Baoqu'l CO CO t^ CO 00 B b 2 c-i 0) oi CO -r CO i'- U co 00 .ra 00 OS CO io CD o 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMEXT — Xo. 33. 273 •5 a « M- „_ p p -.2j:tn.2 ;; 2ii °^J3 i> «2 g. ^ cB J o 1-5 £ IB M a 5s ^ !5 S ^ ^ ^ tB M M M « ca a !2;!2J 1 :«« cs . OOQUOaa^jaSa'^glT. » ji £ a p T " Q ^ ^ c a ■' " ~. 9 ' oaca c^ =;^"-^ a a >> . a a a^ o>Ca t- a a 0.0 ,S 5 S>^ SO Op > o Or^Ori o o^ o .2 .2 « J^ o p fi, ^ ft, i^ fe &H P^ . .£^ c >* fe a "^ fe'a>>-3oocao,, y>., g u o:;:.^ r ^ * "S s "o 5--^o'*o ^ ;* cj amow •fefe-n 3 >.>) a ag-=g< J3 J3 m ^ £ o o o 5 o 4>-5l-tl"-5l-|l-S jJjoiBJoqBq "22 .£J s-c -a ^ o i, A a sH 'Hod t: a a g-a • o 1.2 £■■3 2 o a- a' S o . o oj o a . > „ U S = ac u 3 I, 3 a oi ^ BCi O ° "" a" s a !- — a=aaa °-5o - a . - I a V ^ ' M So a '^ ja g"^ -Ma:-?, o S o a -- " 2 «2S - - o£.a I ■= Ohh O a^ D a ^ ^ a o a,-^ a o a 3 o ;5 .i m i5 2 2" m '^ ■^ T3 = a XI - =J -^ -3 _ o '" J o a 3 2 a ^•a.2^ a =5! 5 MO o -; 53 •« 3 o o fc'3 2 ii a a ai rf cfl "^ rt o o .:i a a aj=;tj . S := . -t;^ aag-^ o a ^ •2^ u u o o aH OOGO^ fo ^^ « m t; a a a J3 M 2 2 « a ■^ *- >, t- 3 r\ OXl meocdcoooQb 274 AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMENT STATION. [Jan. o Mi 00 « o « ■-': CO to r-l-totoi— lOtOCO l-COtOCOOit'tO wR X 3 K5 o go B ^ S P C? CO rH to -flW n I— i-OOiCOQOINOOl t-CJOCOtOt-Oi to ■M CO CO to ,-H t-o^oo^Tcu^oj >*oioiNi-tOTr O H Ph !?! 1^ o CO .-1 .-IN O ^ •paai 05 -* cnoOOOtOt-l^ r-r-r-.r-IOO . . . 0 ►J -nBaBcio « to o o o C7 tOtO'-OiOtOO COOiOliCtO o OO > CO O OJ t- . •pnno^ CO INOO K ■* ■n ooo to 00 t0-*03t0-*i0-i< OJOOt-OOOt-00-* IN ^ •paaj i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M M 1 1 1 1 pa O ti. litO 03 o tOOt-OJt-tOt-tO OS-^OOt-rao C^ i-c Ol O 00 eq IN to to Ol CO 00 O to 00 CO to .I CO IN t-lN « •^ ■*rHIN>ra-*lNC3r-. -^Ot-INCO^rH O o 2 w " OS . z n "" to "f =?"? ■* CO •Tf -* CO CO -* ^ -^ t- -* IN ^ Ol CO O to Oi •PE 35UBJBn£) 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 H z g CO O 01 05 CO IN 11 CO IN ■^COC-liNCOCO^O COIN?^i-iC-^rt-*00 ■* ooo to o ^^ •panoj O O r- CO t- to r- CO U5 O O rH O 00 O) O) IN r- o C3 •o ■* CO '(5 CO IN ■^ CO CO C^ CO -t* ■* O 'il C^ C^ r-i CO iO lO OS m .n ajtiisiopi rf «• O) -^ to to O Oi 05 O O IN CO to CO CO to OS lO i-H lo ,_i PH '"' •■a • • f M-O S .5 5 a M .2 (5 im a • 3 g ,i;-5 2 -a c . t- . , "" • • o -jgn a5 • • ■ • S -^ • il i a J3 :^ a 02 s c c3 a o a o A^ v> Si5 ® '5 2 - • -Hi -;^M u .- £ £ o a n § a £ m o opa o o g 2 "" c •£ t; £( r o D a o ^ 6 tfefeUcSa o-S £ _j, =3 -2 •; oj g^ p o o ' a s .2 « -J t- 1. o "7" r< — »q — - o o ^ = = -t 9'^-va 1 >->»-. 3 3 ^ r r oo 5 5 gsagg 2 2... >>^«' *> S S 3 S SSfflBW o o c o. e. ." j^ . ^'^ = ££oo'l! .2.2 ^ I. ^^ij -- I. ^ ._ ._ .^ ^ jl £ m a nfcEL,Ci,"^-- 3 3 .-.._Da)a)2£ca COt^^E^OC"* — iJ i o .2 • ro M - >,3 O 3 2-=-o^ 5 2£/ O S D ° lU i a) <3 roaM K 0) " a :L^- =^ 0 • „rM .^ Cd 2; 3 1 -29 £ B 9 <= •a9qtnnj>j XjO}BaoqK1 •2 "3 . ~ D I; c ^3 • Is -c £5.0 o' sa g- "2 o 2 - a"* 2I Sea 2 o QS 3*^ • OJ o C t. oy □ □ a - a a 0) = 00, AS a • -'a 5 i a 3 £ - >>>. = .£= _Q^ _^ tn a 3 3 f,^ - - af 3 S & X3 ti.K. - 3 . o ■n T- ; „ 3 0) o illll a -ja" . ■o O ° o >2^2 o a ja 3 a oaaxfesasMl •<3 o ori^ o o^ i: a a-g a •c-o a-o a a Q; a a c-2 = cs « O CJ 5 t— 00 »0 O Tf CO 276 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION [Jan. & a O IS O n>'rJi-j*0 CO CO >0 C-l O C-l CO « ) f-" CD CI OD -t" O M< C-l iM Oi G-1 O Oil— I OD f—* Oi 0>0>cOf-Hi— ir—cD I I ' I M ■ M I M M 0000 (Cost' t'«Oin05'MOO»0 t r I I -III •pnno^ 0-*00?D«-'OTCOQO-t*00(M'^(D (D-POl-CSO-f-^IMt-OiOt-OO 00^--*OCSt'O^OOt~-0'MODO III -11 •paai ^ • -P i— CO ^ —I -f rH 00 O^ i-H i-H r-i ^ ^ t-t I ' I I I M I I ' I Cl 0 i-liH •pniio^ ^- Oi O IM >0 CO c »' Ol C-1 o oo I I I I -III •pai.iaAa'jj •aiqniog e^oj^i-i 'rHF-^COC^-OC^ i-ico III -III ■"OCO^-OiOOh-OCOCOCO-^COC I I I I -III C00C00O»'C0(NC0'fS^^»rt00i"'00 COoOOt-OCOrH-^OSOeOi-iOCO W5 O CO CC CO eO CO Tj* «0 CO CD t- CO I I I I -III ^ s ^ z a *~' e: r. Q DO w z a p o « W o H H u< Jz; Z o •pano^ C^ OOlCCOi-HOOOOOiOOt— COr-i -+COoicOCOTt'C^r4r-i-^C^icOi-'-^ I M I I I 1 i I I lO^^-rt^oOt^CJCOCOC-JCO ? CO I I I I I I I I I IOOOOp-OOOOOCO co" ooMC^icocqt-! '•*c^c> co o CO -+ o o 00 »-< oo CO ^1 -r lO CO 'O COOOO(MCOCOt-i005000if^-tJ'-t CO«M OOCOCOCOCO'-ii-I'^C-ICOt-HCO III ■ • r I I OOCOO-ra-fCOOr-ft'COCDOOCOOi 'M0050SOO-*'Mt-»OasCOCD*Oi-l -MCOiCCO^COiOt-CO OOi— 'iCUOOOt— cot— CO OOi-Hf-IC-Jr-lt—rHCOi-i O O Oi CO i-Ht-co >n rH CO rl ?;0 1^9 c=.S § oO .— C3 s a . 1,T3 O S - !2 ot3 p = . o >- a S 5 08 ," ,* 61) 3 affl _2 _o H g D 13 T3 TJ > :3 OKmlz;;;E CP5-. O X x S o o lai ■a g.Sa. « 1-1 m -rt ; a) 5"^ c! 60 !^^£ss r • ° 2 • 2a ! -OS O ) « - S cf T3 O ° O >2«2 <1 . 'J3qmn^ jCaoj«.toq«T; COCO'^Lee. 2 11.96 3.51 8.45 Skim-milk. 3, 9.42 0.63 8.79 J 4, 13.21 3.90 9.31 Millbury. 5, 12.74 4.20 8.54 Lee. 6, 9.24 0.28 8.96 Belchertown. Buttermilk. 7, 11.18 2.92 8.26 Lawrence. 8, 9.81 0.20 9.11 Tully. Skim-milk. 9, 12.72 4.23 8.49 \ Amherst. 10, 11.94 3.16 8.78 11, 13.28 4.17 9.11 j 12, 14.19 5.10 9.09 13, 12.84 3.85 8.99 14, 15, 14.10 13.28 4.54 3.79 9.56 9.49 > Warren. 16, 13.18 3.87 9.31 17, 13.98 4.73 9.25 18, 15.76 5.95 9.81 1 19, 14.47 4.30 10.17 1 20, 21, 15.93 16.68 6.40 6.75 9.53 9.93 \ Worcester. 22, 16.64 6.92 9.72 1 23, 15.39 5.85 9.54 j 24, 13.64 4.43 9.21 1 25, 12.38 3.27 9.11 1 26, 12.67 3.79 8.88 \ Warren. 27, 13.85 4.38 9.47 28, 12.99 3.94 9.05 29, 12.46 3.89 8.57 30, 14.14 4.75 9.39 31, 13.17 3.65 9.52 32, 13.14 4.33 8.81 . Warren. 33, 12.84 4.61 8.23 1 34, 11.95 3.62 8.33 J 35, 13.10 4.22 8.88 36, 10.58 2.79 7.79 37, 13.52 4.73 8.79 >Barre Plains. 38, 12.21 3.85 8.36 300 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOX. rJan. 6. Miscellaneous Analyses — Concluded. Analyses of Milk, etc. — Concluded. Number of Solids Sample. Solids. Fat. not Fat. 12.19 3.63 8.56 13.65 4.65 9.00 13.35 4.42 8.93 U.24 4,69 9.55 13. U8 4.17 8.91 12.38 3.19 9.19 16.87 6.37 10.50 15.16 5.81 9.35 16.46 6.76 9.70 16.00 6.51 9.49 15.41 6.13 8.28 16.61 7.33 9.28 15.31 5.58 9.73 16.05 6.40 9.65 13.04 4.63 8.41 12.72 3.83 8.89 11.10 3.27 7.83 11.28 3.59 7.69 11.68 4.78 6.90 11.15 3.91 7.24 13.32 4.62 8.70 12.29 4.56 7.73 15.23 6.92 8.31 13.25 4.25 9.00 Locality. 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, .53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, fil, 62, Belchertown. J. Barre Plains. \ New Bra aintree. k Barre Plains. Xorth Adams. iSTorth Adams. Northborouirh, 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 38. 301 II. Analyses of Water sent on for Examination. [Parts per Million.] m D es q 0 a a < a < "2 o .a ce a "3 a o as a O o 6 o o £8 o ulQ 0) K •a a> Pi o Hardness (Clark's Degree). i Locality. 1 .084 .116 24.00 86.00 56.00 2.60 None. Billerica. 2 .096 .144 16.00 80.00 50.00 - - Upton. 3 .120 .128 10.00 94.00 54.00 - - Upton. 4 .080 .136 5.00 12.00 6.00 - - Upton. 6 .112 .296 36.00 308.00 152.00 - - Upton. 6 .072 .104 4.00 86.00 60.00 2.86 None. Amherst. 7 .052 .828 Trace. 36.00 20.00 1.27 None. Sunderland. 8 .026 .070 8.00 98.00 44.00 1.27 - Methuen. 9 .060 .108 Trace. 50.00 20.00 .95 None. Cooleyville. 10 .088 .168 144.00 606.00 214.00 8.86 None. North Amherst. 11 .020 .060 16.00 96.00 36.00 3.90 None. Amherst. 12 .088 .092 34.00 150.00 96.00 2.60 None. Plainville. 13 .640 .328 20.00 112.00 8.00 3.90 None. Amherst. 14 - - 56.00 - - - - Amherst. 15 - - 24.00 - - - - Amherst. 16 .052 .136 Trace. 82.00 72.00 .16 None. Westford. 17 .060 .140 Trace. 100.00 36.00 1.95 None. Amherst. 18 .092 .204 Trace. 74.00 56.00 2.60 - Amherst. 19 .140 1.480 48.00 322.00 48.00 5.29 None. Weston. 20 .172 .176 12.00 146.00 26.00 2.60 None. Amherst. 21 .050 .080 Trace. 56.00 26.00 1.27 Present. Cooleyville. 22 .068 .072 Trace. 58.00 30.00 1.27 None. Leverett. 23 .144 .120 Trace. 44.00 24.00 .32 None. Westford. 24 .080 .148 28.00 314.00 154.00 6.00 None. Natick. 25 .060 .052 20.00 154.00 86.00 4.57 None. Amherst. 26 .108 .156 20.00 254.00 90.00 5.00 - Agawam. 27 None. .030 14.00 120.00 50.00 3.25 None. North Amherst. 28 .040 .140 14.00 84.00 14.00 3.90 None. Amherst. 29 .120 .080 8.00 80.00 50.00 1.27 None. North Amherst. 30 - - - - - - Present. North Amherst. 31 .21)0 .172 10.00 - - - - North Amherst. 32 .120 .072 Trace. 80.00 46.00 3.25 None. Amherst. 33 1.680 .096 60.00 364.00 74.00 6.71 None. Sunderland. 302 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. II. Analyses of Water, etc. — Concluded. S a o a a < o < a < 'o .S =« So 3 O < «5 c 'u o d o o a CQ a O 3 . ■p Qi ■a Locality. 34 .112 .140 12.00 90.00 80.00 5.25 None. Amherst. 35 .112 .180 46.00 210.00 80.00 3.25 - North Hadlcy. 36 .076 .118 Trace. 40.00 10.00 1.27 Present. North Amherst. 37 .296 .240 20.00 314.00 74.00 - - Amherst. 38 .016 .264 Trace. 88.00 10.00 1.95 Present. Graniteville. 39 .014 .140 12.00 58.00 16.00 2.60 None. Athol. 40 .020 .088 8.00 20.00 6.00 1.95 - North Amherst. 41 .100 .070 2.00 90.00 20.00 2.60 - North Amherst. 42 .010 .066 4.00 32.00 6.00 .48 None. Cooleyville. 43 .016 .132 8.00 130.00 70.00 2.60 None. Sunderland. 44 .074 .098 6.00 50.00 6.00 1.95 - Amherst. 45 .020 .066 170.00 608.00 378.00 12.56 None. Amherst. 46 .012 .066 2.00 258.00 176.00 14.84 None. Richmond. 47 .040 .084 9.00 174.00 84.00 6.00 None. North Had ley. 48 None. .106 4.00 62.00 16.00 .48 None. Ahiherst. 49 .108 .180 4.00 130.00 70.00 1.95 None. West Brookfield. 50 .140 .120 27.00 216.00 116.00 6.00 None. Foxborough. 51 .040 .230 16.00 170.00 74.00 9.57 None. Amherst. 52 .010 .066 Trace. 90.00 54.00 2.99 None. Amherst. 53 None. .084 20.00 2.52.00 72.00 4.. 57 None. Amherst. 54 .112 .140 7.00 136.00 56.00 2.60 - Blackstone. 55 .120 .120 11.00 170.00 70.00 5.29 - Amherst. 56 .128 .160 4.00 126.00 46.00 3.25 - Amherst. 57 .038 .150 4.00 84.00 24.00 2.60 - Hadley. 58 .024 .092 8.00 94.00 54.00 2.60 None. North Hadley. 59 None. .200 2.00 46.00 20.00 .48 - Hawley. 60 .096 .128 6.00 130.00 30.00 1.95 - Amherst. 61 None. .170 Trace. 160.00 90.00 1.27 - Moore's Corner. 62 .018 .098 13.00 180.00 90.00 6.71 None. Springfield. 63 .014 .070 3.00 34.00 20.00 1.95 None. Rutland. 64 .060 .148 6.00 114.00 44.00 1.95 - Westhampton. 65 .004 .100 4.00 116.00 40.00 .48 None. Belchertown. 66 .990 .440 15.00 164.00 54.00 2.47 None. Weston. 67 .080 .270 9.00 105.00 45.00 2.73 None. Weston. 68 .260 .964 34.00 237.00 130.90 - Grafton. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. ' 303 The analyses have been made according to Wancklyn's process, familiar to chemists, and are directed towards the indication of the presence of chlorine, free and albuminoid ammonia, and the poisonous metals, Iqad in particular. (For a more detailed description of this method, see " Water Analyses," by J. A. Wancklyn and E. T. Chapman.) Mr. "Wancklyn's interpretation of the results of his mode of investigation is as follows : — 1. Chlorine alone does not necessarily indicate the presence of filthy water. 2. Free and albuminoid ammonia in water, without chlorine, indicates a vegetable source of contamination. 3. More than five grains per gallon* of chlorine (:= 71.4 parts per million), accompanied by more than .08 parts per million of free ammonia and more than .10 parts per million of albuminoid ammonia, is a clear indication that the water is contaminated with sewage, decaying animal matter, urine, etc., and should be condemned. 4. Eight-hundredths parts per million of free ammonia and one-tenth part per million of albuminoid ammonia render a water very suspicious, even without much chlorine. 5. Albuminoid ammonia, over .15 parts per million, ought to absolutely condemn a water which contains it. 6. The total solids found in the water should not exceed forty grains per gallon (571.4 parts per million). An examination of the previously stated analyses indicates that Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 13, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 49, 50, 54, 55, 56, 60, 66, 67 and 68 ought to be condemned as unfit for family use ; while Nos. 6, 9, 12, 16, 17, 22, 36, 41, 44 and 64 must be con- sidered suspicious. From this record it will be seen that over two-fifths of the entire number of well waters tried proved unfit for drinking. Heating waters to the boiling point removes not unfrequently immediate danger. Parties sending on water for analysis ought to be very careful to use clean vessels, clean stoppers, etc. The samples should be sent on without delay after collecting. One gallon is desirable for the analysis. * One gallon equals 70,000 grains. III. Compilation of Analyses made at Amherst, Mass., of Agricultural Chemicals and Eefuse ISIaterials used for Fertilizing Purposes. Prepared by R. B. Moore. [As the basis of valuation changes from year to year, no valuation is stated.] 1868-1892. This compilation does not include the analyses made of licensed fertilizers. They are to be found in the reports of the State Inspector of Fertilizers from 1873 to 1891, contained in the reports of the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri- culture for those j'ears. C. A. G. 306 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o o ^ CO to o •aajjBj^ 3[qniosni ' >o 1 1 1 ■c to Tf 1 ci §? to 1 1 1 00 1 ' 1 1 •ppY oinoqjBO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 irt lO to •^ t^ ■PPV ounqding 1 to 1 ■^ 1 1 1 ^ Tf CO CO -* •Bapixo oru o <35 o -iraniY puB oiua^ '-' lO o o a> Ol o ai O .o •eisaaSBj^ 1 o> CO 00 1 ' CO o CO 1 C4 -; f^ oi to to e5 o o CO •epog to ■* QO t- ta CO to CO ' ' •ppy 31-ioqd -Boqj 8iqn[osai •ppv ouoqd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - s 0 q J p^'iaaA8>i •ppy 1 1 1 1 , , 1 I 1 1 1 1 Duoqdsoqj a[qniog o a ^. •aSvisAY I 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 CO o CO iJ o •ranratniji 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • o 2 HW •tuniiitxBj^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o CO (N .* oo e^ o> «i- «!l- •aSBjaAy lO «*• CO OJ ^ oo in * CM *M W m ■n CJ OJ to to Hi C-1 ^ •HianimiH to 1 1 ^ ' ^ ' 0-) Ol Pi -* ) ^ ^ !i5 •aSviBAY 1 r 1 1 1 1 C3 CO in in 1 1 1 a •ranramiH ' 1 1 1 1 1 H ^H 00 o ^ ■n o CO •uiaraixB]^ J 1 1 1 ^ ' '-' IM •qsy 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o o o •9jn}sioj^ CJ IM ■* CO ' ■<* ?3 (M .a QQ c2 M O M s 32 [z; ^ 3 QQ m 12i ^ O <1 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 307 ■n -+ CO CO o o t~ t- .ra cq t- CO CO to O • PO ■^ •"• t^ *^ rv] to 00 CO ■^ o to C<1 CO rH IM o 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 (O V.- t- o t- lO CJ ' ' ' ' ' 00 ' ' s c^ »- o to C/D o> t- to . 1 1 to ' ' c^ >o 01 p C) C^ I— < ' O ' ' ' ^•^ I-, L.- -h rH ,—1 o CO CO i.- CO . C-1 1 ' i-H ' '-' -* 't 00 c^ CO to to o o o o> >» o> Ol C5 o 00 lO i CO «*■ o> **■ ._ ,_ O) CO CD m 1 e^ OJ C^ ' 1 1 1 ' 1 1 ' ' 1 1 1 o 1 CO ' ^ 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 I t 1 ■ ■ o f-H I ^. 1 o 1 1 I ' m (^ l.^ CO CO «* CO ^" ' »- CO — 2C •^ »o ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ^ c^ ,—1 -Tf t— . ' * ' ' ' ' ' ' QP ^ fc— to i o '* CO t;^ 1^ (N 1^ to Oi lO (N l_t C-l ' . • ■ • • • * „ >, ■S o < o g. • . • o m .M U4 ^ ^ 2; aT 2 1 O u 3 o a "3 a o o a rS m* ■a o o a 'S, 0) 3 m" a s aT m ja C3 CS « o" o □ cS 3 S ,Q P. 3 S C3 i ^. a O c;':, a a bB ■6 a p CS •a o o c3 a o CS ■a a; ci O an -i C3 bfi CS a o .a SB o 3 1 > 3 o p C3 3 60 o a CS 3 cS a a .Q a _CS M "3 c3 SB s < C3 0) 1 a O C8 B a 3 C3 cS 3 CS O O 308 AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. -f lO o j CO tM •ppv CO ouoqdsoq,! aiqniog s o e^ ^ 1^ ^_ Oi ^^ •aSBiBAV oo «* 04 ^ CO ** e-1 CO CO «* °l «*; 1 Oi to n ►J o 1 ^ 1 ' f go c^ CO r_, t. m ,^ CO HW •tanoJtxBj^ o 00 1 to 1 1 ' 1 CO CO •a§BJ8A-V 1 1 , 1 , , r 1 1 •mntninipj 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 O P4 ■tuntuixBji 1 1 1 1 ' ' 1 ' 1 CO •aSBJOAy 1 1 1 1 m CM o M •tnnnjiuij^ 1 ' 1 1 00 1 1 ' 1 E-i ^ •tantnixB]^ 1 1 1 f 1 1 t^ (M •qsy 1 ' 1 r t- 1 ' § to 1 Td 1 lO ira lO •aaniBioj^ r-( IM I- IM t- ■<* •^ |^^ lO 00 s I— •sasjSiBuy •n §3 e^ t-l •^ (M o '-' 1-1 -* '-' i-H '-' iH "6 . . . . 73 =1 a o 1 (U ' « .a p. ' _ .S ' ■ B g. o .a p< M o cS a .a o P. g. O ^ J i a eg a> n o x> a ca as 3 oT o s e s 6 O o C8 13 o 6 a a J3 O ^ -a o _o 13 '3 60 a 3 a Qj ^ 3 2 C8 > o o o •o -C3 a a < a ^^ 60 a o ^ O s !?; H CU 0 m o <] A O 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 309 ^ o to o o o t— O 1 CO CI 00 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I cj 1 — I 1 1 1 1 1 o 1 ■ 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 o Ol .o 1 o 1 1 1 ' ' 1 1 1 1 ' CO IM m 1 " C-l o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ?i 1 1 ^ 'rf C-. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 ' CO ac t— CO lO o ' ' o •o CO '-* 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 CO oo 1 I 1 1 1^ lO IM •M ,_< ir^ t^ 1 1 1 1 1 ' -^ ^ 1 1 1 "TrS" CO CO «* \n oo CO ^ m c»* C4 >3- '- CJ '- CO CO — oo ■^ to CO e>4 ex CO o to o CO lO CO en o M -- n; s '- o -* CI '- r-l ' 1^ t-. CO '^1 CO CO (N lO !M CO (N CO in (M 00 »-H 00 CC C-1 CO c-t ^ o> c^ o> . . . O - CO * '- - - CO Ol 1 ' o ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 1 CO CO 1 oo . . . . o CO rH ^ ^ a> * ^- CO ««■ CO 1^ m ^^t- «* «* -* o g (N ■^l rH OO iM CO CO o ,_, ^_, ■ Ol OJ f^ -^ CO -r c-» ' ' o ' r-i TO c o O O o -* ^ CI irs o T^ ■cj< 00 r-l t-. o J^ •— • »-• "o " CO O O o Cl -r)< CO Ol ^ >o o Oi »- »- ^ CO CO *- CC ^ s s § s Ol :2 '^ o o CO o o »c I—* CO o t^ CO •^ 1— o to ■c ' (M c-> t» "* o Co " " ^ '"' i ^ • • ^ c a a> a •a ^ u a S a) cS ^ •a a o & "o •a a a S t4 >> Km rs "rt "S ■a o> S a" 1 "3 cS tin 5- m tin bn a s 4> u S o o o 3 5 Si a 0) 0) a a s. o a a o rf a a a a 0) o V . o ^ ^ ^ . . r. 01 a 01 a •n \t •a a a o o O a 1 310 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. *• s •innojiaijj 1 1 ' ' ' ' o IM S to •cnncuixBj^ 00 -< ' '^ ^ C3 ^ e»j CO »*■ OJ C<5 e-j in ^ e-i CO K ^ •aSBjaAV" e^ - e^i - - o C-- o K H •rantuiaiH ' ' Oi o 15 •ranmixsj^ o CO la to o t-H O -* o •ajtusioji -* 00 CO CO o CO o 00 t/i CO CO '-' *"• ""^ CO •89gXiBav o ^ CO '"' ■^ ""■ ■^ '•^ '"' (M "^ ■^ ■"* ■^ ■^ '"' "d • •a 3 • • /4 a 03 fl t>. iti a o 1 • o 1 5 % s • o J= -; a e a 0) £ o iii ^ ^ ^ ja T3 3 ^ C3 JO H a s p. C3 a a u M M O o Q o o 0 ^ w W 3 OQ W « « 3 >-3 ^ 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33, 311 00 o ^ o CO C) CO c-1 CO CO f-t t-H o o o ■<# '-# to o to lO ■^ CO -^ I I I I T*< d 1-H CO 00 -^ I I 1 (O CO Ci r-i t- O Ol CO C5 Id ^ ««*■■«* ej 03 c*j ea b- **• CO ta try ^ lO i-H ^ oo CO rl I-( iH Cl r-( O IM- rl i-H C^ rl •3 "C 5 ii S IB «j = =5 s fe S Pi H >> <" "O r^ cT «r p3 CM rt w IV. CoMPILATIOlSr OF ANALYSES OF FoDDER ARTICLES, Fruits, Sugar-producing Plants, Dairy Products, etc.. MADE AT AMHERST, MASS. 1868-1893. Prepared by R. B. IMoore. A. Analyses of Fodder Articles. B. Analyses of Fodder Articles with Reference TO Fertilizing Ingredients. C. Analyses of Fruit. D. Analyses of Sugar-producing Plants. E. Dairy Products. F. Insecticides. 3U AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. •(aSiMaAy) oifEa '« '« '^ ,d 00 « s g ^ SS 00 CO Oi o ot 00 ?§ •a o t- s <1 ira O r-( CO •* ^ to o I- to '^ o '^ o o »~ 03 5 s CO o> 5 ° CO CO CO CD CO CO CO s :: 5^ ^ u C>1 CJ CO CO CO CO CO CM l£3 CM CM CJ5 CM CM CO s S3 CO CM CO CM P" ^ to § 00 ?i ?) o o O) o (M o {; to 1 M >{ t-. S3 ;^ o CO (M CO o C^l •A O a O CO 01 CO CO §§ CO CO a> (>t CO CO CO CO 03 m CM CO ^^ cn in CO s If) C» CO CO OT 05 CJ> CM IS m a ■ to s ? CO IfJ CO Oi * CM lO CM try 5 S lO lO 5 * 5 < § § tb CO j:: ;i; 8 o s 00 S5 o o 00 H C3 2 f' i ' "* ■* ^ S g ^ § s ' o ' o P3 >< I-H at to CO s 5 CO 00 § § o § CO CO lO CO o K C3 s to s o o o CO 5 g s 5 ■>»1 (2 u 5 oo CO s «* CO CO 5 CO S CO CO CO 5 5 CO CO s CM m if> ^- CM CM CM ^- .— r- CM CM ^- CM CM * fi < PS 0 C-l 5o c5 o cn S o ^ CO o OJ Oi f:: <1 a ■^ '-' ^ (N iH '"' •"' rH '-' (>) '"' c^ c^ « o •* o o g to S s 00 CO o •^ 00 a to to CJ CO C^ (N •^ r-i d CO cq CI 00 S3 o c^ CM 5 «* s <>J S CT» c> CO m CO r^ CO CO C^J O) CO CO oo O) f-, CO <; '^ •— ^— r- *~ r— ^ i> o to CO to C-l 05 IS rH » o o CO 00 zl H O « Pi '~ ■° *~ .o "^ ^ o to e» t- 00 oo CO o OP oS to a> g rH O o -* 00 to o> I-H c^ ;:; 3 o «~ rH f-t to o C<1 «) o ?3 a h— ^- OJ CO CO CO 03 a> T— 03 C>4 oo t^ < CM CM '- CO CM CM CM CO CM CM CO CM -- — CM a CO C-1 CO CO a> to 00 o J:; ■n CI cn -* a o CO Co ^ CO s C0C^COcO-i*WrH00tO •eaSiC|BnY W 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 315 00 00 GJ Oi 0\ Oi rO r~i f>i W Ol CO t' ir> o> r— ■*■ <;^ ^ OO ^ ? oo CO o> CO en CO oo CO m CO >* CO CO en CJ 5 OS CO oo CO CO CO CJ CO CO CO m ej CO CO S5 55 CO CO e» CO CO CO CO ^ CO CM CO 55 CO s c5 55 s ?1 ?J c3 s^i s s c5 CI o CI CI -* CI o CI s CI CO 3 CO tO' C) CO CJ ?i to Ic s g s 00 o s g s 05 ■N CO s CO CO CO CO •o CO CO CO o CO to CO d CO §! ? CO CO CO C3 in to CO CO s in CO >d- «*• CO s 5 CM m <* CO c^ CO CO §: s U5 m S tn 5 ¥ ^ CO ay <*• ir> CO at ¥ CO E m 5 CO -* rt g o CO s o § s o -Tf* CI ^ CO -* Tl< o o ^ ^ CO CI oo CO CO -* g OS S3 ::? c<> CI 'Jl 2: to CO s t' s lO o 00 s -* >» s 3 •» 5 CI o c> o lO s CO 5 s CO CO C4 CO CO m oo s OO CM CM OJ CO CO GO ro C3 ©4 03 CO C^J CM c^ C>J CJ CO e>i "- C-1 CM — CM — C4 — CO — ca ex C4 CM ss § to o o> g CO o ■^ s o ^ to g ■^ IM ■^ (N ?H •^ C) c< '^ '"' '-' CJ CT> s K § s o to rt ;3 o SI to C-) (M tncoo>^r>»> t- Cl GO lO CO <^ CO e^ o> r*- ^ o> CO CO 03 •— CO CO CO ^- C3 «^ m m lO O) CO CO in m CO e^ CD ^ ^- _ CM *— CO *— •— ^- c^ CO ^ •" '" "" CO CO CO CO as 03 OJ C3> o> 03 0> OJ en o> 03 o o '^ 1 § lO to to d CI CO 00 o g 1 '^ CJ s T-t to s s ro § s 00 o d ' o o s s o> o CI o T Sj CI X, s f-i o> O) § CO <3> to o> CO Ol o CO CO CI 1-1 IH o ■^ to •* CI -* >o tX -i« i-H - - l-H O to - I-t ■ ^ ■a -i- W v-5 ^~^ hJ ^-^ hH ■~ I-; K s < IS ^ 6b 8 1 a g tj Si •£ ?! « a. 1 s: >a 1 C3l a, "S 1 00 N !? ^J o a Si C3 C3 3 2 up >> C3 C4 O 1 BO O a o i 1' o :^ M « (usii-ajScSScscS db 3 O O 316 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. •(aSBjaAy) a o '^ ^ ^ C0i-IOCSC00>0Sr-4O *— r* CM OJ — lO CO •— CO e>l <73 52 «* CO ^ CO " CO ^ CO O r-l 'O O CO >o to LO o> ^ CO ^ IW CM ^ ^ CO CO «— .— ^- c» a> GO O) CO 0> OS 03 •— — CM *— r* OS 03 CO 03 s e^ CO to ■>ji 00 O 00 CO OS d^ 03 od •sog^lBny rH l-H t to i-H K5 iH IM IH i-H a. ■« Ph ft O W^lftOHlia^^^tgM 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 317 1^ CJ 0 0 ^_^ Tf 0 CO -<*< OD ** 0 0 01 I Til -* 1 Til 1 CO ' IH CO I ' " 00 CO 1 1 CO ;^ CO 0 '^ iH IH tH iH r-t iH iH rH r- '"' i-< Oi f^ lO t^ 0 CO CD 00 0 (N 0 e^ C3 0 CO M 0 0 00 to en CO '~ 00 00 CO m 05 ■0 t- CO •* U5 ^ CO 00 U5 05 0 f-H (^ 10 t^ O) 5 tn cn ^- «— in en ■* CO CO 00 •— CO CO GO en *— ^ en ^ ,_ e*j ir> , ^ £-) CO ,_ CO CO CO iTi CO ^ CO f^ f,^ C4 CO CJ CO CO CO t'3 *d- "* to *" CO to CO 0 CO 0 cq 00 0 ' ' ' ,-H ' ■* t-. * crj oo IM s C^ •^ ■* CO 0 a> «o in »o CO 0 ' 0 ' CO IC- 0 CJ ' (N M CO CO l-^ !«. CO r«.. in C3 e» o> en en ';^ * »*" CO 'i- C,,. >r> «* «* ^ ^ CO «!• CO «i- CO >* <*• UJ in •d- ^ ^ •"■ CO ~r 0 00 ,^ ' ^ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' CO ,_j ■* ^ •^ ■* ^ ' 0 (N ■* CO Cl CO 03 ,_, ' ' ' a-. ' ' ' ' ' ,^ ' "^ Tl» CO «* 1^ m eo 03 10 CO CD CO ^*' »*- CO 00 CO eu CO «*• '- OJ "- d ^ ea '-" — CJ CM *- CO CM *- "- C3 c^ ,—1 t^ CO a OD CO to to 00 CO CO 0 »o t— IN iO CO " 10" ^1^"" ~m ~co^ ~ai~ -Q — ^- en CO CM «»• CO oo ^ ^ ^ ^- CM ej 0 CO ^ CO ^ CO ^ Oi 12 CM CM '- a> 10 '^ CM ^ en '^ 10 ex 2 C3 CM iOt CD -^ i-t Tf CO t-. t^ t- ' r-t l-H CO t" t-. CO r-* *^ t- ■* ■* 00 CO o> (^ ' j^ ' lO ' »- • ' ' ' ' ' ' X3 t- 04 ' I— 1 ^ 3 CO ^ ^ m ^ ir> ^ ^ CO CO CO j^ CO f-^ «* •" ^ C>4 10 ^ Csl <— > CO ^ *-~ ►^ OJ ^ ^ ^ ea OJ ^ «*• ^ C3 1^ ^ ^ CO 00 ^_ ^_ ei <*• OO 00 o> UJ OT _ I lO CO ^ t- ■o t- . »o . 1 . . . 1 1 . 1 i~" CO ' t. 0 t^ ,_, ' UJ l/J '"' (N 00 0 0 C-1 U5 CO 0 (N ,^ T)l CO Oi Oi a> rH ■^ (M CO CO l-H CO ^ (N T-i (M '^ -- - - - - - - '- ;=! CO - . ^ h3 K S ^ :S - . e £ 3 0 ^ 3 hJ ^ •- . f^ H or (« « ^ ■o _ 2 a e V:^ s ^ Go ^ cs S ^ ? ^ -ii B « ■V* 3 -q fq » 1 8 E §s ^ 5 •3 0 u lU -a ■a 0 M "g ^^ ,a -2 G a. ^ 0 3 O a C3 cf 0) "3 s > > d 0 0 -a a cS a a 0 a a '3 p C3 a 1 a ^ •^ •a a 3 •S 0 >> ^ '^ >> S ja J3 0) ^ S a =3 a IB oT p ■3 •2. '5" OQ 0 g '3 a 0 0 0 GQ > 0 m C3 QQ ^ ^ J ?* « 5* •-5 0) m ■5 a) n 318 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. o O 8 S CO CD t^ »n -* CO C-? • (oSejaAy) "^J '°. Cl (O oijcy s CO o 1 s O) ■f! I CO ' CI C^ ' ' OAiiujn^ ^ rH ^ -H ^ r-i ■^ •^ r-t lO l^ t_ ,_ CO CO ,_, .^ QD lO j^ —^ ja t- •^ 1^ r-< CO Cfl 00 CO "^ o "M ""■ '"' C^ M lO -^ '^ CO ^ CO CO OS m C3 ^ «*• CM ^ ^ O) »~ . '^ •— 40 P- ^. ,— O} e>4 CO ej r^ ©4 GO CO OO ^ ^ i < •~ •" CO r^l lO ,—1 -* CO a '"' ■^ •"; .o 1 B >{ p; O ■^ '-' CO IH o »c "^ h C-1 lO < « i^ lo CO ■* iC CO a CO iM o CO 1^^ * ' Ir- ' ' o o oo ? l.^ m ^ ^. 5 ^ m m m CO 04 cn ^ 05 H H > to CO ^ **• .« c^ m 1^ H a • < CO lA CO m ^K 1^ T-( -t^ <-^ CO t— r-( :^ z -< a a> -* CO '^ W K P\ »ra 1^ ' rH ' ' ' lO ' CO 0 es H CO H M lO CO OJ lO (N cn ■* 00 ^ o K 00 o CO * t. ,_, ' ' * CD ' fei to t- UU 00 ^ f^ i^ cn lO , < Pi > ^ ^ m «f ^ ^ Q ^ << OJ O K 0 7-, a ^ ' -^ ^ CO lo CO rH t- OO S o J CO CO •^ CO 1— ( o ■M CO C-1 e> in ^ C»i CO ,_ _ in ^ f^ CO lA n ^~ 09 CO ^ C4 CM ^ CO CJ c» ^ ^ > ._ CJ oo CO ^ ^ CM ^ CO ^_ CO o ** tn ^ < ■" "" "" "■ LO *" l^ OD IM Ol ^1 CO m w a (M Ol TP CO iC i>- B S t^ l. C3 o o> oo ej OS in «^ 1,^ < re n '^1 °i 1 °l "J "5 I 1 , a o (M CO o « o Oi c» o> o r-< I— t P ^ C-l IM f^ ,_( ' ' ^ ' rH IM (N Ol Ol oo •sosjSibuv CO CO ^ r-( o oo C3 m «* CO tn *" OS 09 O o to ■* (M to o o to 1-1 £0 >o oo 00 to •^ i-i CO l-l CO ■* (M o o ^ i-( '^ ■« '"' "^ _^ — ^ .« l,^ oo c» !>«, o e^ CO * •^ '"■ UJ to CO eo <* lO oo CO ^ ^" in *" «*• O) «;*• ,_ |N^ CO ej «*• in OJ ir> r^ r^ CO 1— •~ "^ Oi Qi t>. 1^ o ■C"- 1^ C-I o y^ to iH o CXI •— ' 1 . CO CO T " to « o o\ CO Cl CO CO to CO lO o> o C-1 CO CO o t— o TP o rt" ■o * ^~ 03 ^" f^ f^ ^" *" *-> ^_ ^ e>i ^ CD CO o> 5 r^ CO r^ CO in e^ r. CO •" •" ^" CJ ■" "" *" •~ c? t- t- -* c» o 05 ' ' to o o lO to .ra U3 to kC CO 00 t- C-4 r~t 00 c» to o Oi ' to ,_, ' ,—1 ^_, 00 ' * ' ■^ "^ r-i '"' CO r«^ o> CO ir> «*• m CJ ? CO CO CO o> CO in m ^ c» CJ m CD CO m m ^ m V— ^ CJ ^ OJ cn ay 1^ oo CO €=> o CO OO ID oo 03 oo CO en 03 o> en oo OO OJ r-i Ol l-H CO ' 00 ' ' 00 00 to t^ • ' ' 00 CO (M CO U5 (M CO o> CO O o 1-i ■o ' ^^ ' ^ t^ ' ' (N ** CO c^ O r-t ' ' ' 00 OJ IH CO 1-i tJ -* CO '^ -^ ^ o ■^ C-l CO to (M ^ rH CI r-c iH •> • e C^ !^ s ■a •« e s ^ » cS 8 ■^ tc* m .2 S; "S 0) 1) O ft o ^ 2 o CO ■T2 SO r- »i ^ to a 4) □ cs 3 13 •a "3 !^ i a "3 a a >> — 2 a (3 O rt «1 o cS o •a a ci a o a •a (0 bo a ■3 •a a C3 60 ■a "cs q 1 a a ^ 0) a a a o o o g c! 0) o n n o C5 Si D a a 0) o 60 ft ^ o O w ^ M 01 5 o ^ ^ « tf M C5 :^ o 320 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATI(3N. [Jan. t3 S3 O ^ TS '« « 'l^. s 0 if^ • (aSBjaAy) o> ■^ "^ oijBa ' ' (M ' S aAi}uinjs[ ■^ rH IH CO CO 00 ^^ to ^_, ■^ ,_, 'r*^ ,a CO 00 0 * CO «d- m ITS ej 00 ea 00 00 03 > r^ ^_ t£i <* ej CO OJ r- <1 "" ^to^ >o n 0 . (M , 1 0 •<* CO >5 h 00 t^ 0 C5 1 1 1 en 1 1 to 1 1 CO I >3 ■^ UJ ,^ 1.^ CO CO CO 00 10 K H 01 CO ^ ay a> CO Irt = ""; H CJ CO O) ^.^ < CO 10 ^ «!• «a- *" 0 S a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 0 f- CO J:- a ft 0 f. . (^] UO CO C -* • j^ ^ ^ CO m f.^ CO J m «* OJ '^l- eJ CO m f^ CO CO g <1 OJ "^ oc 0 (4 0 0 H s ' ' ' to ' ' ' ■^ CD 0 CO 0 XI •"I T-< s ' ' CO ' 0 ^^ ' :a CO . CO V— CO CO c> ^ C3 C3 r^ ej ^ s CO 10 CO »— 10 ^ K >> CO CM cs CM ^ a> «* ^ ^ 00 E4 <1 00 OS 00 ^— '— <1 n 1 0 lO '^^ , P5 :^ §0 CO s 0 t 1 1 CO 1 1 (M 1 •easXivny ^ - T-H rf ^ - IM IN tH ^ •=(1 ^ •6 •a 3 0 0 1 • u 0 a 'A a • JA 0 J3 a 'S 3 0 s § 0 0 0 0 61) a _o a g 0 a H r* ft 0 0 a a Cli Q 2 0 0 ■a a g a a 0 a) a 0) ft 5 0 0 0 0 a> r^ 0 0 "^ 0. ft C3 a s ft ^ s> 0 0 0 cS W > « 02 0 m 0 <\ <5 CQ 0 ^ 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 321 spanojoOO'S sad noi^Bnic^Y, aiqnioani ■ppv ouoqdsoqtl •apixQ oijja^ o o to i GO CO 1^ r^ lO «*• — o C3> I— t~. •- .^ r- to c« ^ ^ 04 •ajnjstoj^ to -- — »0 iO CO i-t '-' Oi >o o oc ir:) 00 CO 00 ^ l-H I- to t- •eas.^lBay CO r-l rl r1 cq r1 rl ■2 B 3 « £- S P^ pc< U OQ a 3 a > a o Eh a 322 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. ■spnnoj 000 S .-I ri o CO (D CO CD C^ CO W CO 1-1 1-1 T-1 (M (N r-l o •ppv ouoqdBoqj •apixQ 3f-w8>i •apixQ raniaanScj^ •apixQ lunpiBQ •9PIX0 mnipog C^ Csl CO CO C-3 CO O CO ■<1« »-l 00 00 GO o o a o <=> o o o o o o o o o o o o o CO 1 t- s r- S ?! i CO ■Tl i CO 00 •* ^ o o S ^ CO -rji lO i o5 CO CO CO i s 1-t g o o o 00 •* o> e-1 o o 5 o 2 Ol !:; ^1 § 1 s k; •apixo innt9SB}oj naSojjjii •839.?IBnY 1— OJ C4 CO cj r^ c^ •* C^ 00 Oi 1* to C*J 1— 05 C»J 1— 1— 1— CTJ CO w CO lO (M «± C0 CO I- 00 r^ O 1- lO O UO I— C> CO O^ C-1 -f CO C^l iH CO iH I- CO rH r-l = .^ i; ;s -5 jq — HA WKhCHri^OafHwCQ 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 32^ ra O t^ IM a> J^ ^ to to to f_( CO CO OS d oo to 'l' (M ,_( CO t"- 00 OS 00 ■* C^ IM 03 en 00 00 00 o en 00 00 o a> c^ >o CO IM 3 to OS a to a> Oi o <= ^ (N - CO o o ^ CO CO ^ ^ m * ^ J^ e>j ^^ ir> ^ 1^ irj e»j CO ? 03 • - ^ n. ^ 00 « o CJ >o to 00 to o 00 uo CJ 00 ^ rH Tjt o <= ^ to ^ to 00 X ^ •o „ ^ -a- ^ CO IN ^ CO •^ - to c^ ■* CO CJ ^ rH i-<0SC0^-'-t«0>Ot-OOt0C0'n00CCtD -*oouD^ao'ri«toa>(N^oit~--^a>toco i-,T: 324 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. •spunoj 000 S ouoqdsoqj to CO CO B •S '♦a n o &5 ■a? •apixQ oijjaj; 05 05 lO 03 •apiXQ O 1- o -- •apixo lunpiBQ in .-I oo as •apixQ rampog •apixQ uinissBjoj e^ CO OS r~ <;h C3 — 0> CT> CO e»i — lO ^ .— — »- c^ •qsy •na3oj}!^ CO CJ CO » — tn CO CO OJ Oi CO Ol 05 CO CO CO (N l-H il r-l r a c j: ■2 S? c w ^ ca a. o ii fqa33HOP^Ili<1 O O OD rt 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 325 r-( 1-1 CO c» CO m I O 1 o CO en en ^- ^- 04 e»j O CO O 'M CO t- m O C-l i-H O CO CO'QOlOiOOtCO O O ira 00 Cs r-" CM CO OD t- t—^tOOO(MCOO O Cl CO -^ CO t-f o> i-H CO —' ^ i-i o — 03 oj esj CO CO CO CO CO CO -H iM (N ^ CD CI CO en CO ^ r*- m h* o •— lo »— ea •— CO iTJ — CO CO m CM C3 — »— en CO CO a> r^ CO en CO en c^ C^ CO CO CO O CO O CO r-l O »0 »0 rH CO COt-QO-^OSC^COCOl-^O rH o o § aiqniosni •ppv oo GO CO CO ^- eo ouoqdsoqj " ■ 00 a «- s •apixQ ouja^ 1 o o o o •apixQ s <» ^ ^ CO tunisanSBj^ •apixo o lO !>• ninioiGO ■ •9pixo tnmpog •apixo -* CO CO s cunissBjoj -' - ^ .o •qsv c^ CO 1 ^ ^ ^ •naSoaiiN '~: * o as ^ o •ajnisiojv "? •^ •sasiCiBay c C-) « - 1-1 T3 n3 3 "o a o O i 1 . H c^ la "^ < ^ 1 «) oT oo" 3 ^ "3 a i J2 O o o i-, o 1 it O. a a o o a o <1 O fin M 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 327 C. Analyses of Fruits. NAME. Date. u 0) a 1. do a o %.^ ■ Iff a a 61) 3 "5 •-5 a 0 0 0 3 5 a I 3 S3 0 .i I i c-n'3 01 ^1-3 ^ 3 n — ■ 0 1; 0 = 3 OQ 0 C K - 0 •C T3 0 0 Orl to 1877. Per ct. Perct. Per ct. Per ct. c. c. Apple (Baldwin), . Sept. 1, 20.14 1.055 12—15 3.09 - - - Apple (Baldwin), . . Oct. 9, 19.66 1.065 12—15 6.25 - - - Apple (Baldwin), . Nov. 2", - 1.075 12—15 10.42 - - - Rhode Island Greening, . Sept. 1, 20.27 1.055 12—15 3.16 - - - Rhode Island Greening, . Oct. 9, 19.68 1.066 12—15 7.14 - - - Rhode Island Greening,! . Nov. 27, 20.25 1.080 12—15 11.36 - . - - Pear (Bartlett), . Aug. 31, 15.00 1.060 12-15 4.77 - - - Pear (Bartlett), . Sept. 7, 16.55 1.060 12—15 5.68 - - - Pear (Bartlett), . Sept. 20, - 1.065 12—15 8.62 - - Pear (Bartlett),}: . Sept. 22, - 1.060 12—15 8.93 - - Cranberries, . 10.71 1.025 15 1.35 - - -§ Cranberries, 187S. 10.11 1.025 15 1.70 - -II Early Yorli Peach (ripe), . - 1.045 25 - 1.92 6.09 45 Early York Peach (nearly ripe). 10.9611 1.039 25 - 1.36 4.12 42.3 Crawford Peach (nearly r ipe). - 1.050 18 - 2.19 7.02 85.6 Crawford Peach (mellow) , . 11.36TT 1.055 IS - 1.70 8.94 76 Crawford Peach (not mel ow), - 11.881T 1.045 22 - 1.67 5.92 64 * One part Naj CO3 in 100 parts of water. t Picked October 9. J Picked September 7. § Free acid, 2.25 per cent. II Free acid, 2.43 per cent. IT In pulp, kept ten days before testing. 328 AGEICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. C. Analyses of Fniits — Continued. [Wild and cultivated grapes.] NAME. Date. ■> cS 6 s "3 s. 6 o . S. V H '3 •-5 a o o 3 5 a . si 03 '-- •" " Oct; "^ *^ o ■n-c o O ir-l 1876. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. C.C. Concord, July 17, 1.0175 31 8.30 .645 7.77 - Concord, July 20, 1.0150 31 8.10 .625 7.72 216 Concord, Aug. 2, 1.0200 25 9.94 .938 9.44 249 Concord, Aug. 16, 1.0250 28 10.88 2.000 18.38 229 Concord Aug. SO, 1.0500 25 15.58 8.620 55.33 120 Concord, ...... Sept. 13, 1.0670 23 17.48 13.890 79.46 55 Concord, Sept. 4, 1.0700 18 19.82 16.130 81.38 49.2 "Wild Purple Grai>e, July 19, 1.020 31 9.00 .714 7.93 204 "Wild Purple Grape, Aug. 4, 1.020 28 12.25 1.100 8.98 246 ■Wil 1 Purple Grape, Aug. 16, 1.025 28 12.48 2.000 16.03 233 Wild Purple Grape, Aug. 30, 1.050 26 16.58 6.500 39.81 147.6 White Wild Grape, Aug. 31, 1.050 26 16.48 9.260 56.18 98 Hartford Prolific, .... Sept. 5, 1.060 22 17.39 13.89 79.87 8S.8 Ives' seedling Sept. 6, 1.070 26 20.15 15.15 75.14 88.6 lona, Sept. 7, 1.080 21 24.56 15.15 61.68 144 lona (mildewed), .... Sept. 7, 1.045 26 15.41 6.25 40.56 204.4 Agawani, Sept. 11, 1.075 20 20.79 17.24 82.92 94.8 Wilder Sept. 11, 1.064 20 15.53 13.67 82.69 56 Delaware, Sept. 12, 1.080 24 23.47 17.86 76.09 74 ( 'barter Oak Sept. 12, 1.080 24 15.98 8.77 54.94 168.3 Israella, Sept. 16, 1.075 23 19.67 9.20 46.77 89.8 Bent's Seedling, .... Sept. 20, 1.080 21 20.65 16.13 78.11 181.8 Adirondack Sept. 20, 1.065 21 15.11 13.17 87.16 68 Catawba Oct. 16, 1877. l.OSO 13 23.45 17.39 74.16 82 Wilder, Sept. 11, 1.065 23 16.41 15.15 92.32 60 Charter Oak Sept. 12, 1.055 23 16.22 9.80 60.42 96 Concord, Sept. 13, 1.065 24 15.90 13.16 82.76 102 Concord, Sept. 26, 1.075 24 19.34 15.43 79.78 70.8 Eumalan Sept. 24, 1.065 16 19.62 13.16 67.07 73 Wild While Grape, Sept. 5, 1.050 22 15.57 7.20 46.24 140.8 Wild White Grape (shrivelled), . Sept. 20, 1.060 16 20.02 10.00 49.95 130 Wild Purple Grape (shrivelled), . Sept. 20, 1.045 16 16.69 8.22 49.25 104 One part of pure Na2 CO3 in 100 parts water. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 329 C. Analyses of Fruits — Continued. [EflFect of girdling oa grapes.] NAME AND CONDITION. Date. 1 8 a- m d S so SO a u o 'a . So o i 3 1-5 .5 V o 5 a . gs 02 S''5 3 ill an "" * Hartford Prolific, not girdled, 1877. Sept. 3, 1.045 19 Per ct. 12.85 Perot. 8.77 Per ct. 68.25 c.c. 111.4 Hartford Prolific, girdled. Sept. 3, 1.065 19 17.18 12.50 72.76 100 "Wilder, not girdled, Sept. 3, 1.055 19 15.41 10.42 67.62 108.2 Wilder, girdled, .... Sept. 3, 1.075 19 17.24 14.70 85.26 88.4 Delaware, not girdled, . Sept. 4, 1.065 19 15.75 11.76 74.66 101.2 Delaware, girdled Sept. 4, 1.075 19 19.14 15.15 79.16 94.4 Agawam, not girdled, . . . Sept. 4, 1.060 19 16.60 11.37 68.48 128.2 Agawam, girdled, .... Sept. 4, 1075 19 18.45 16.31 87.42 114.8 lona, not girdled Sept. 6, 1.0625 22 16.60 13.51 68.31 131.4 lona, girdled, Sept. 6, 1.085 22 21.48 15 63 72.76 125.6 Concord, not girdled, Sept. 6, 1.045 22 13.46 7.46 55.42 182.4 Concord, girdled Sept. 6, 1.070 22 17.53 13.88 79.18 102.8 Concord, not girdled, Sept. 26, 1.065 22 17.63 13.70 78.27 86 Concord, girdled Sept. 26, 1.080 22 24.47 19.61 80.13 76.8 Concord, not girdled, Oct. 5, 1.075 12 20.92 17.50 85.37 42 Concord, girdled Oct. 5, 1.0S5 12 - 17.86 - 54 Date. 100 Parts or Gr_ A.PES CO NTAINED — 3 "o 0 o 3 5 Tartaric Acid. 1889. Concord, not girdled, Sept. 23, - 54.69 6.24 .75 Concord, girdled Sept. 23, .42 53.00 8.13 .35 Concord, not girdled. Oct. 8, .53 54.51 6.09 .48 Concord, girdled Oct. 8, 1890. .37 2.69 8.50 .50 Concord, not girdled, Sept. 25, .47 6.49 7.36 1.15 Concord, girdled, .... Sept. 25, .48 4.93 9.29 1.17 Concord, not girdled, Oct. 9, .53 5.39 7.67 .71 Concord, not girdled. Oct. 9, .59 8 5.11 6.65 .51 Concord, girdled, .... Oct. 9, .54 8 5.15 9.12 .74 * One part of pure Naj CO3 in 100 parte water. 330 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. C. Analyses of Fruits — Continued. [Effect of fertilization upon the organic constituents of wild grapes.] • -^ 1^ '> •=>% o 1 2 S IS *3 3 *i<1 NAME. Date. c3 1^ t- (11 Remarks. >. s . u* t-, o. OJQ a fi OQ H^ hM Ch 1877. Wild Purple Grape Berries, . Sept. 20, 16.31 - - 8.03 - Unfertilized. Wild Purple Grape Berries, . " 19.5.5 - - 13.51 - Fertilized. Wild Purple Grape Juice, . " - 1.045 16 8.22 9 840 Unfertilized. Wild Purple Grape Juice, . •' - 1.035 16 13.51 1.149 Fertilized. Wild White Grape Berries, . " 20.02 - - - - Unfertilized. Wild While Grape Berries, . " 21.65 - - - - Fertilized. Wild White Grape Juice, . a a o • Soda solution re- quired to neu- tralize 100 parts ot Juice. ."5 o 1879. Per ct. Per ct. C. C. Perct. Aug. 15 No flower stallss in sight, * 4.2 27 2.48 None. 6.8 7.93 Aug. 16 No flower stalks in sight, * 5.8 24 4.06 None. 9.0 11.10 Aug. 20 Flower stalks developed,* 7.9 24 3.47 2.15 7.0 13.00 Aug. 24 Flowers open,* 8.7 23 3.70 3.00 4.0 14.07 Aug. 27 Plants in full bloom,* 10.0 25 3.65 4.13 10.0 15.48 Aug. 30 Seed forming,* 9.5 30 4.00 3.81 9.5 16.14 Sept. 2 Seed in milk,* 10.7 27 3.85 4.41 9.5 15.85 Sept. 9 Seeds still soft,* 12.1 22 3.21 6.86 9.5 26.13 Sept. 9 Stripped on Sept. 2,* . 12.8 22 3.77 6.81 9.5 26.75 Sept. 18 Left on field without stripping,* 13.2 22 3.57 7.65 - - Sept. 18 Tops removed,* 13.8 22 3.16 8.49 - - Sept. 18 Tops and leaves removed on Sept. 9,* 11.5 22 3.16 5.85 - - Sept. 18 Tops removed ; left on field 9 days,* 12.8 22 10.00 .60 _ - Sept. 21 Juice from the above,* 13.0 21 - - - - Sept. 23 Juice from the above,* 15.0 18 - - _ _ Sept. 25 Left on field 3 weeks, f 19.8 21 11.91 6.27 _ _ Sept. 28 Left on field 3 weeks,! 17.8 12 16.60 _ _ _ Oct. 4 Left on field 3 weeks, f 16.1 17 8.02 6.16 12.0 - Oct. 7 Freshly cut. Ground with leaves,! 16.7 20 4.16 9.94 6.8 _ Oct. 8 Freshly cut. Stripped two weeks, t 12.8 17 5.16 5.27 7.0 - Oct. 9 Freshly cut. Stripped two weeks,-f 18.4 17 7.57 - 10.6 - Oct. 14 Several weeks oId,t .... 18.2 15 10.42 - 10.4 - Oct. 18 Several weeks old,t .... 15.1 23 7.57 _ _ _ Oct. 19 Several weeks old,t .... 15.5 15 9.22 _ 13.6 _ Oct. 22 Several weeks old,t .... 16.2 16 8.30 _ _ _ Oct. 23 Several weeks old,t .... 18.3 17 11.30 5.5 14.0 _ Oct. 24 Several weeks old,t .... 16.6 15 8.63 - 9.0 - 100 Parts of Cane contained — 1889. October, October, October, October, October, Early Tennessee sorghum, mature, Price's new hybrid, ripe, . Kansas orange, green, . New orange, green Honduras, green 77.43 77.80 80.67 78.30 77.55 1.79 2.92 2.38 2.96 3.08 3.21 3.78 3.63 5.00 6.70 6.01 6.81 * Raised on the college farm. f Raised by farmers in the vicinity of the college. 336 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. D. Analyses of Sugar-prod^icing Plants — Concluded. [Composition of the juice of corn stalks and melons.] "5 2 VARIETY. 5 S 2 a, o 3 3 Si ■= c !3 1 Northern corn,* .... 1.023 27 Per ct. 4.35 Per ct. 0.28 Per ct. 15.18 Black Mexican sweet corn,t . 1.048 27 2.06 7.02 17.44 Evei'green sweet corn,f . 1.052 - 4.85 5.70 20.38 Common sweet corn,^ 1.035 - 6.60 None. - Common yellow musk-melon ,§ 1.040 26 1.67 2.65 - White-flesh water-melon, 1.025 18 2.91 2.16 - Reel-flesh water-melon, . 1.025 22 3.57 2.18 - Red-flesh water-melon, . 1.025 19 3.84 1.77 - Nutmeg musk-melon, II . 1.030 19 3.33 2.11 - Nutmeg musk-melon,^ . 1.050 20 2.27 5.38 - Nutmeg musk-melon,** 1.030 19 2.50 1.43 - * Tassels appearing, f Ears ready for the table. \ Kernels somewhat hard. § Fully ripe. II Not ripe. IT Ripe. ** Over-ripe. 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 337 ^, ^ o .-n ■^ o •qsy o CO lO CO CO ^ cq o CO •* ^ •aScjaAY 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' ' H * „ •mnoitaij^ ' ' ' ' ' OQ »r5 •mnniixBjj to ^ CO ,^ ^ CO <*• •aSsaaAV ' ^ m a CI OJ CO CO CO CO K •^ . 1 . s •tunaiiaipi ; ^ ai •rantutxBR ■ ^ lO ^ .* ^^ J^ in .»■ * •aSBjaAV ^ CO ^J «i- ^J CO ^^ in 03 ^ " oo CO OJ " ~ " 00 o 1-1 CO ^ f-H <: •nmtniuij^ ^ ' '. 00 .m o Oi o •mnniixBK •^ ■^ o S 1 Q CO ^ ^ «*■ ^ „ ro in en Q m CO ] •83BJ3AV CO oo cjj e>i •* e>J f^ CD <*• ^ OJ a OD CO o o .1 ^ M •rannimi;^ ^ (N 00 ^ o to .n •ranraisBjj 2 o ffi S § o (n ^ -* ^ ^_, ^ ^ ^ ^ •sesXjBav t-t t # M # SO * •3 a St c -5 5 -a ~ -3 IE a ■^ « ^ — — X — ai O 2 3 ^ ^ ? o ^ c> O J3 o X J p >. >. o CJ a ^ L. 5 ^ ^ o t. u j^ t. ■3 o o •a c3 Ci ^ c^ s C3 -a ^' ^ '^ ■n •3 TJ ."^ CU OJ FS o 0) ^7) = S s s -id « >J * ^ ^ ^ ^ C t. o ^ ^ ^ .121 fl bt r^ .^ :;:2 ^ •^ rt O .a .a c a a s S o 1) ^ . ;as ^ s f3 P s fl n^ M " r^ o O o o O s ^ s a ^ i- 3 ^ ^ ^ ^ .^ .a DU W u S O u O O O O 338 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jim. ^ ■a ^ «. a - = o >>5 •noijBuiniBxa joj uo jnag aiqniosni •aiTsqding O O • 00 CO O I— 1 c o o 1 1 §§ 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 0 0 tunisaaSej^ !2; •ajBqding o o o o 1 r- 1 1 1 .re ro 1 1 1 r CI 1 1 O CO CO o 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ranipog to ireo -^00-TfClOt^Ot- •apuoiqo nmisangBj^ 0000i-l(M0>-it-00000 o •apijoiqo lunpiB^) o <=;'^;^ i-~-o or-H o ■a}t!qd|ng (Mo-ra'-oooirao ocot-t- o> 0-*a5CC'i"»-'eO — rH,— CiCO ninpiBQ .ir-l T-l,-lr-li-(rH •-< ,„ •apuoiqo nmipog CCCOOu^oOOr-icOtDl-tDcCOO — p C>C1030>Oi05C100iOiOOiOiC5 CI OIOIOICJCT. cnj-3. 01010>CT> •a oOOt 'aanisioj^ CO rt O ^ CO C5 C-l O I— -^ t- t^ -M «ra to MUCO^T-ICOOCOOOCO^ ■^ 0 0^ rJ5 ■ 'r-^-- r ^5^- - i^i^i' I ■^ lilt--- ^ i J ^m^ .. ■jf ^^ - y. 0 -gr i 1= rCS ^--^-^'-= r -^ ■|<.^ ■ ■ e Ans a, San ga,N g Vail V Vail Coun boiled ijoiled boiled It, As It, . 2(i, I. 26,11 Cl a •= s ^ .... •-"?-; 5 csv> — -j-c-s 2 =2.£ 2 fl t, sent on alt (.-ent a factory t, sent 01 t from K( It, . r salt, salt, salt, salt, Eureka s er refined t of Pet ; of Nej t, Onon t. Hock t, Sagin ; from ] t, Linco fine an fine an fine an d table a d iry , Bullet .Bullet -3 Rock sal Kock sal Solar sal Solar sal Solar sal Solar sal Solar sal Common Common Common Dairy an Onondat, Fine salt Fine salt ■3 iry sa hton s ondat, iry sa ck sal yal sa celsio nesee nesee adley ggins' orcest s 0 ■apixQ ranpiBO 18.60 17.76 3.07 1.47 4.45 41.18 •auuoitfo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 c^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 d •ppyounqding 4.73 4.. 35 0.48 49.66 •anqding 00 CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 "^ "^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tf CO •.{juojapi 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •aujioai^ 2.12 0..53 4.55 4.82 •ppv oi^aav 3.10 3.90 3.71 3.93 3.94 •apixf) jaddoo 32.84 33.20 33.10 30.40 33.35 33.45 2.61 1.05 0.33 ■apixo srvoinasJY 62.55 61.40 61.15 59.92 61.25 61.21 0..57 •ajn}siop{ 1.30 1.41 1.40 1.15 1.34 1.31 1.40 2.95 95.81 37.71 40.89 10.00 1.65 I'aris green, I'aris green Paris greeu Paris green " Death to Rose Bugs," Tobacco liquor, Tobacco liquor, " Nicotinia," Hellebore, " Peroxide of Silicate," 340 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. METEOROLOGY. 1891. The meteorological observations have been continued as in previous years. The temperature, the force and the direction of the wind and the amount of cloudiness are recorded each day at 7 a.m., 2 p.m. and 9 p.m. During the summer months the reading of a wet-bulb thermometer takes place at the same times. Records are also taken of maxi- mum and minimum temperatures, rainfall, and of casual meteorological phenomena. Monthly and annual reports are sent to the headquarters of the signal service at Washington, D. C, and to the New England Meteorological Society. During the summer months partial monthly reports have been furnished also for the use of the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. At the beginning of the year there were nine inches of snow on the ground. The total snowfall of the season after January 1 amounted to fifty-eight inches. The heaviest snow-storm during the time occurred January 25, measuring thirteen inches. A storm giving twelve inches of snow occurred on the 3d and 4th of March. The last snow of this part of the season fell on the 2d and 3d of April. Sleighing was good most of the time until the 10th of March, A snow- storm on the 26th of November amounted to one and one- half inches. The snowfall during December was very light. The precipitation of moisture (rain and snow) during the year was below the average and unevenly distrilnited. The largest amount of water falling in one month was 6.61 inches, January: the smallest amount 1.98 inches, November. The heaviest storm of the year occurred from 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 341 the 2d to the ,4th of June, with 2.92 inches of rainfall. The largest amount of rain falling in any one day was 1.73 inches, June 2. The rainfall during April and May was light, otherwise the early part of the season was favorable for farm crops. The large number of rainy days during eTuly and August interfered to some extent with haying and harvesting. The rainfall for the months September, October and November was much below the usual average. A scarcit}^ of water was seriously felt in many localities of this vicinity. The last heavy frost of the season occurred on the 19th of May; there was a slight one on the 5th of June. No frost was noticed in the autumn before October 10. The mean annual temperature for the year was 47.62° F., which is slightly above the average. The monthly average temperatures did not vary much from those of former years except during September, which was considerably warmer than usual. The highest temperature for the year, 93° F., occurred June 16; the lowest, — 5.5, February 15. The prevailing wind during six months of the year came from the north-east. It was north-west during April and May, south during July, and south-east during September, November and December. During the year there were one hundred and forty-five days recorded as "cloudy," seventy-nine as "cloudless." The greatest numlier of cloudy days, fifteen, occurred in January, and the greatest number of cloudless days, eight, in Novem- ber and December. 342 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMEXT STATION. [Jan. 00 O 2Q _^ ja .a o 06 •a C-. .a J3 T1 — .3 3 ja '-' CO 1 1 IM .a -> o CIP ^i y j: § t^ rS" ja b ,_, ,_( t_ 01 to (» 0 00 «o fin « ^ CO (M c> I-H T*< CO rj" B ^ Eh a *^ '- O) 00 t- ^ t>. a • ^^ .n ^_^ CO Wo ft« 1 1 ' o r^ ' 1 0 ^ 00 ■* ^ to 00 M^ CO to ^ ^ 1 o t- •^^ 0 i- -tj^ 1 - 00 0 0 00 0 \ f_« Ul •* • u u >. a 1-5 a 2 ^i' c3 a '-5 3 "-5 M 3 g a. « a: .0 0 0 .0 s > 0 a ft d 0 02 a 1892.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 343 Miscellaneous Phenomena, — Dates. 1S9I. January, February March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, K^ovember, December, Thunder- storm a. Lunar Halos. Solar Halos. 19, 1, 5, 14, IT, 1, 11, 12, IT, 18 18,25,27,29. ■ 22,29,31 T, 8, 9, 20, 26, I 1,3,9,10,16,17 18, 21, 25 3, 4, 8, 9, 12, 13, 21 10,12,16,17, 24, 25, 29, 30. 3,4,5,7,8,13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 26. 1,12, 13,28, 29. 2,3, 11,14 6, 15, 16, 21 4, IT, 18, 19,21 22 4, T, 8, 18,24,28 29, 30 4, 5, 21, 22, 23 24, 26, 27 5,6 7, 8, 13, : 26, 10, 11, 16, 17, 23, 26, 27, 28 4, 7, 15, 16, 22 23, 24, 26, 29 30 15, 18 11, 26 15, 25 7,12,15,18 28 13, 29 20 15, 19, 18. 6,28. 27, 31. 9, 19, Amherst, Mass. C. A. GOESSMANN, Director. 344 EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. '9 2. ANNUAL EEPORT OF FRANK E. PAIGE, Treasurkr of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Statiox, For the Year ending Dec. 31, 1S91. Received. Cash on hand from last ye^r, Cash from State Treasurer, appropriation, . Cash from fertilizer account,. Cash from expense, Cash from farm, $343 8G 10,000 00 2,250 00 325 00 978 71 Expended. Cash paid salaries, .... Cash paid laboratory supplies, Cash paid printing and office expenses. Cash paid farmer and farm labor. Cash paid farm supplies, Cash paid incidental expenses, Cash paid construction and repairs. Cash paid expense of board of control. Cash paid fertilizer account, . Cash on hand, .... $5,243 31 738 43 680 75 2,330 24 1,505 47 528 66 138 77 138 63 2,590 00 3 31 $13,897 57 $13,897 57 SUMMAIIV OF THE PuOrERTY OF THE ^MASSACHUSETTS StATE Agricultural Experlmext Statiox. {Dec. 31, 1891.) Farm : Live stock, $821 00 Tools, implements and machiner}', 935 95 Produce on hand, 607 20 Fertilizers, 72 67 Chemical Laboratory : Laboratory inventory, 2,740 27 Office furniture, 1,617 00 Agricultural and Physiological Laboratory : Furniture, herbariums, library (first floor), . . . 734 75 Instruments, apparatus, etc. (first floor) 691 20 Furniture (second fl^or), 394 52 Instruments, apparatus, etc. (second floor), . . . 369 90 Buildings, land, etc 32,202 00 Total of inventory, $41,186 46 Boston, Mass., Jan. 14, 1S92. This 18 to certify that I have examined the books and accounts of Frank E. Paige, Treas. urer of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, for the fiscal year ending Dec. 31, 1891, and find tliom correct, and all disbursements properly vouclied for, with a balance in the treasury of three dollars and thirty-one cents, which is shown to be in bank. W. R. SESSIO^rS, Aitditor. INDEX TO NINTH ANNUAL REPORT, 1891. PAGE Adzinki beans, analyses of, 318, 324 Alfalfa, analyses of, 316, 323 Algse, analyses of, 311 Alsike clover, analyses of, 315, 323 Ammonia, sulphate of, analyses of, 306 Ammonite, analysis of, 308 Analyses, compilation of, prepared by R. B. Moore, .... 313-.326 Apples, analyses of, 318, 324, 327, 331 Apple pomace, analyses of, 320, 326 Ashes, cotton-hull, analyses of, 284, 285, 306 hard wood, analyses of, 281, 283, 306 lime-kiln, analyses of 307 logwood, analyses of, 307 from blue works, analyses of, 307 from sea-weed, analyses of, 307 mill, analyses of, 307 peat, analyses of, 307 pine wood, analyses of, .307 railroad tie, analyses of, 307 spent tan bark, analj'ses of, 306 Asparagus, analyses of, 331 Bakery refuse, analyses of, 104, 320 Baking powder, analyses of, 299 Banana skins, analyses of, 297, 310 Barley, analyses of, 103, 317, 319, 325 Barley smut, treatment for, . 245 Barley straw, analyses of, ,317, 323 Barn-yard grass, analyses of, 31,5 Barn-yard manure, analyses of, 311 Beets, fodder, analyses of, 317, 323, 324 Beets, observations concerning, 195 Beets, sugar, analyses of, 297, 317, 323, .332-334 Blood, dried, analyses of, 308 Board of Control, members of, ,5 Bokhara clover, as a crop, 189 Bokhara clover, analyses of, 316, 323 Bone ash, analyses of, 308 Bone-black, analyses of, 288 308 Bones, ground, analyses of, 288, 309 Bone soup, analyses of, 309 Brewers' grain, analyses of, 71, 98, 309, 320, 325 346 INDEX. PAGE Broom corn meaJ, analyses of, 319 Broom corn seed, analyses of, 318 Broom corn waste, analyses of, 320, 325 Buckwheat, as a crop, 190, 191 Buckwheat hulls, analyses of, 326 Buckwheat, Japanese, analyses of, 316, 322 Buckwheat middlings, analyses of, 319 Butter, methods of analysis of, 84 Butter, analyses of, 337 Buttermilk, analysis of 168, 337 Cabbage, club root of, 230 Cabbage, observations concerning, 196 Carnallite, analyses of, 306 Carnation pinks, analyses of, 296, 331 Carrots, analyses of, 318, 324 Carrot tops, analyses of, 317, 323 Carpet bug destroyer, analyses of 339 Castor bean pomace, analyses of, 309 Cattle foods, method of analysis, 105 Celery, blight of, 231 Celery, observations concerning, 196 Cheese, analyses of 337 Chestnuts, analyses of 319, 325 Chestnut, anthracnose of, 234 Chicago gluten meal, analysis of, 99 Chicago maize feed, analysis of, 98 Clover, analyses of, 316, 323 Clover fungi, 232 Cocoa dust, analyses of, b20 Cocoanut meal, analysis of, 104 Corn and cob meal, analyses of, 101, 123, 315, 324 Com, as a crop, 192 Corn cobs, analyses of, 320, 326 Corn, for ensilage, 207, 208 Corn fodder, analyses of 73, 126, 208, 314, 316, 322 Corn germ meal, analysis of, 319 Corn kernels, analyses of, 318, 324 Corn meal, analyses of, ... . 29, 55, 70, 97, 101, 145, 169, 318, 319, 325 Corn smut, treatment for, 246 Corn stover, analyses of, 59, 100, 127, 316, 322 Cotton hulls, analyses of, 320, 326 Cotton-seed meal, analyses of, . . . . 56, 99, 103, 104, 285, 309, 319, 325 Cotton waste, analyses of, 290, 310 Cotton dust, 310, 325 Cow-pea, analyses of, 314, 317, 321, 323 Cranberries, analyses of, ., 327, 331 Cream, analyses of, 83, 84, 337 Creamery record for year, 73-86 Analyses of cream and butter fat 83, 84 Articles of fodder used, 76, 77 Average quality of milk, 78 Conclusions, 81,82 Cost of skim-milk 81 Fertilizing constituents of fodder articles, 74 Fodder rations 78, 79 Value of cream, 80 Value of fodder articles 73, 74 INDEX. 347 PAGE Crops raised on station grounds, 217 Cucumbers, another disease of, 227 Cucumbers, powdery mildew of, 222 Currants, analyses of, 331 Daidzu bean, analyses of, 319, 325 Dairy products, analyses of, 337 Daisy, white, analyses of, 317, 323 " Death to rose bugs," 339 Digestibility of fodder, 91 Eel-grass, analyses of, 310 English hay, analyses of, 99, 315, 322 Ensilage corn, analyses of, 100, 126, 147, 314, 321 Ensilage of corn and soja bean, analyses of, 58, 314 Ensilage of apple pomace, analyses of, 320 Farm crops, summary of, 217 Feeding experiments with lambs, 128-147 Analysis of fodder articles used, 145 Character and cost of fodder articles, 129 Conclusions, 137 Cost of feed consumed, 137 Cost of fodder articles, comparisons on, 136 Cost of fodder rations, 134 Cost of lambs, 129 Daily fodder rations, 132 Detailed statement of experiment, 139-144 Financial statement, 138 Gain in weight, 134 Mode of feeding, 131 Raw wool secured, 135 Weight of lambs, 128 Yield of dressed weight, 135 Feeding experiments with milch cows, introduction, 14, 15 Feeding experiments with milch cows, I., old-process linseed meal vs. gluten meal (Chicago variety), 15-30 Analyses of fodder articles used, 29 Analyses of milk produced, 21 Average quantity of milk, 20 Conclusions drawn, 22 Cost of fodder articles used, 18 Description of fodder articles, 16 Detailed feeding statement, 24-28 History of cows, 16 Live weight of animals 22 Mode of feeding, 17 Net cost of milk, etc 28 Summary of cost of rations, 19 Total cost of feed, etc., 26 Valuation of feed, • 19 Feeding experiments with milch cows, II., gluten meal (Chicago) vs. cot- ton-seed meal and old-process linseed meal, 31-59 Analysis of fodder articles used, 55-59 Composition of milk 43 Conclusions, 44 Description of fodder articles, . 31-35 Detailed feeding record 45-54 History of cows, 31 Live weight of animals, 43 348 INDEX. Feeding experiments with milch cows, etc. — Concluded. page Mode of feeding, 36-38 Net cost of milk, etc., 53 Quantity of milk, etc., 41 Total cost of feed, 49 Valuation of feed, 38-41 Feeding experiments with milch cows, III., green feed : vetch and oats, soja bean and fodder corn; grain feed: corn meal, wheat bran, brewers' grain and gluten meal (Chicago) 59-73 Analyses of fodder used, 70-73 Analyses of milk, .... . . ... 69 Conclusions drawn, 63 Daily fodder rations, 60 Detailed feeding record, 64-69 Fertilizing constituents of fodder articles, 62 History of cows, 62 Introductory remarks .i9 Market cost of fodder articles, 61 Net cost of milk, etc., 68 Total cost of feed, 66 Yield of milk, 62 Feeding experiments with pigs (thoroughbreds) , 148-170 Analysis of fodder articles used 167-170 Animals, breed, weight and where obtained, 148 Composition of fodder rations, 149 Conclusions, 156, 157 Detailed statement of third experiment 158-165 Nutritive ratio 150 Summary of experiment I., 151 of experiment II., . . . 152 of experiment III., . 153 of the three experiments, 154 Feeding experiments with steers, 107-127 Analysis of fodder articles used, 123-127 Cost of fodder articles used, 110 Daily fodder rations, HI Detailed feeding record, . . 113-123 Fertilizing constituents of fodder articles, Ill Introductory remarks, 107-109 Record of steers in pasture, 117 Results, 109, 110 Summary with one-year old steers, 117 Summary with two-year old steers, . 123 Felt refuse, analysis of, 308 Fertilizer analysis, methods of, 277 Fertilizers, analyses of official samples of 265-276 compound, sent on, analyses of, ... . 293, 294, 280-300 inspection of, 250-253 instructions to dealers in, 257 law regulating sale of, 255 manufacturers of, 259 trade value of, 253 Field and garden crops, 187-197 Field experiments 172-217 Field and forage crops, 187-193 Fish, dry ground, analyses of, 289, 309 Fi.sh chum, analyses of, 290 Fish hatchery fungus, 232 INDEX. 349 PAGE Fodder analysis, method of, 105 Fodder and fodder analysis, remarks on, 86-95 Fodder articles sent on, analyses of, . 101-105 Fodder corn, analyses of, 126,208,314,316,321,322 Fodder corn, green, analyses of, 73 Fodder rations, remarks on, 88 Food constituents necessary for animal life, 87 Fruits, analyses of, 327-331 Fungicides, caution concerning, 242 experiences with, 242 formula for, 237 how to apply 239 quantity needed, 241 when to apply, 241 Fungous diseases, prevention of, 235 Garden crops 193-197 General farm work, report on, 216 Glucose refuse, analyses of, 310 Gluten meal, analyses of, . . . 29, 57, 70, 103, 124, 146, 167, 170, 319, 325 Grapes, analyses of, 296, 328-331 Grasses, experiments with, 180-186 Grass land, experiments with, 209-215 Guanos, analyses of, 307 Gypsum, analysis of, 286 Hay, analyses of, 30, 99, 105, 315, 322 Hay, yield per acre, 212-215 Hen manure, analysis of, 311 Hellebore, analysis of, 339 Herds grass, as a crop, 184 Hominy chop, analysis of, 101 Hominy feed, analysis of, 325 Hominy meal, analyses of, - 319 Hog feed, analyses of, 104 Hop refuse, analyses of, 310 Horn and hoof waste, analyses of, 309 Horse bean, analyses of, 314, 318 Horse bean straw, analyses of, 317 Hungarian grass, analyses of 314, 315 Insecticides, analyses of, 295, 339 Insect powder, analyses of, 295 Introduction to report, 9-11 Italian rye grass, analyses of, 315^ 322 Jute waste, analysis of, 310 Kainite, analyses of, 306 Kelp, analyses of, 310 Kentucky blue-grass, analyses of, 315, 322 Kentucky blue-grass, as a crop, 183 Kibi, analyses of, 314, 321 Kieserite. analyses of, 306 Kohlrabi, 196 Krugite, analyses of, 306 Lactate waste, analyses of, . 291 310 Letter of transmittal, 9_11 Lettuce, observations concerning 195 Lettuce, rotting of, 219 Lime, gas house, analyses of, 307 Lime waste, analyses of, " 307 350 INDEX. PAGE Lime, burnt, analyses of, 286 Linseed meal, new-process, analyses of, 98, 319, 325 Linseed meal, old-process, analyses of, . . . 30, 57, 98, 125, 146, 319, 325 Lobster shells, analyses of, 309 Lotus villosus, analyses of, 317, 323 Lucerne, analyses of, 316, 323 Lupine, as a crop, 190 Lupine, white, analyses of, 315, 321 Mangold roots, analyses of, 100, 317, 324 Manure, barn-yard, 311 Manure, hen, 311 Manurial value of feed, 28, 53, 68 Manurial value of fodder articles, 93 Maize teed (Chicago), 319 Map of station farm, 7, 8 Market cost and food value of fodder articles, 93 Marls, analyses of, 293, 307 Meadow fescue, as a crop, 184, 185 Meadow fescue, analyses of, 315, 322 Meadow hay, analyses of 315 Meat mass, analyses of, 301 Medium clover, analyses of, • • 316, 323 Melilot, analyses of, 316, 322 Melons, analyses of, 336 Meteorology, report on, 340-345 Mildew, powdery, of cucumbers, . 222 Milk, analyses of 299, 300, 337 Milk, method of analysis, 84 Millet, analyses of, 314, 315, 317, 321, 322, 325 Millet seed, analyses of, 319 Mix, analyses of, ^14, 321 Moss, Spanish, analyses of, 315, 321 Muck, analyses of, 292, 311 Mud, analyses of, 292 Mussel mud, analyses of, 311 Nitrate of potash, analyses of, 306 Nicotinia, analyses of, 339 Nitrate of soda, analyses of, 286, 306 Nitre salt-cake, analysis of, 306 Nitrogen, combinations of, on rye, 172-179 Nutritive ratio 91, 92 Oats, analyses of 314, 315, 316, 321 Oats, smut of, 244 Oats, smut of, treatment for, 24a Oleomargarine refuse, analyses of, 308 Onions, analyses of, 331 Onions, smut of, 247 Orchard grass, analyses of, 315, 322 Palmetto root, analyses of, 320, 326 Paris green, analyses of, 295, 339 Parsnips, analyses of, 318, 324 Peat, analysis of, 292, 311 Pea, forest, as a crop, 190 Pea meal, analysis of, 319 Peaches, analyses of, 327 Pears, analyses of, 327 Perennial rye grass, analyses of, 315,322 INDEX. 351 PAGE Peroxide of silicate,.anal}'sis of, 339 Peruvian guano, analysis of, ... 307 Phosphates, analyses of, 201 Phosphates, market cost of, 201 Phosphoric acid, different forms of, in farm practice, .... 200-206 Phosphate, acid, analysis of, 308 Phosphate rock, analysis of, 287, 308 Phosphate slag, analyses]of, 308 Plaster, analyses of, 286, 307 Plum, black knot of, 234 Poplars, rust of, 233 Potash, muriate of, analyses^of, 286, 306 Potash, nitrate of, analyse8;of, 306 Potash, sulphate of, analyses of, 287, 306 Potash magnesium sulphate, analyses of, 306 Potato bulblets, Chinese, 191 Potatoes, analyses of, 318, 324 Potatoes, effect of phosphates on, 200-204 Potatoes, new disease of, 226 Potatoes, fertilizing constituents removed by, 204 Potatoes, observations concerning, 196 Potatoes, yield of, 204 Poudrette, analyses of, 311 Prickly comfrey, 191 Red top, analyses of, 315, 322 Report on vegetable pathology, 218 RockAveed. analyses of, 310 Roots, mangold, analyses of, 100 Rotting of lettuce, 219 Rose bugs, death to, 339 Rowen, analyses of, 58, 99, 147, 315, 322 Ruta-bagas, analyses of, 318, 324 Rye bran, analyses of, 319 Rye, experiments with, 172-179 analyses of, 316 fungi 228 Rye grass, English, as a crop, 183, 191 Rye grass, Italian, as a crop, 184 Rye grass, perennial, analyses of, . . . . 315 Rye grass, Italian, analyses of, 315 Rye middlings, analyses of, 319, 325 Saddle beans, analyses of, 318, 324 Sainfoin, analyses of, 316, 323 Sainfoin, as a crop 189 Salt, analyses of, 338 Salt hay, analyses of, 315, 322 Saltpetre waste, analyses of, 291, 306 Scotch tares, analyses of, 317, 323 Serradella, as a crop 188, 189 Serradella, analyses of, 315, 317, 321, 323 Sewage sludge, analyses of, 310 Skim-milk, analyses of, 168, 170, 337 Small pea, analyses of, 317, 323 Smuts, account of, 244 Soap grease refuse, analyses of, 309 Soja bean, analyses of, 72, 314, 316, 318, 323, 324 Soja bean, as a crop, 188 Soja bean straw, analyses of, 317, 323 352 INDEX. PAGE Soot, analyses of, 311 Sorghum, analyses of, 314, 321 Spanish moss, analysis of, 315, 321 Spinach, observations concerning, 195 Sponge refuse, analyses of, 308 Stachys tubers 191 Starch refuse, analyses of, 310, 320 Station staff, 6 Strawberries, analyses of, 331 Sugar beets, analyses of 100, 125, 193, 297, 332-334 as a crop, 192 fertilizer on, 333 Sugar-beet pulp, analysis of, 320 Sugar cane, analyses of, 335 Sulla, analyses of, 316, 323 Sulphatine, analysis of, 339 Superphosphate, analysis of, 288 Sumac waste, analysis of, 310 Sweet clover, analysis of, 316, 322 . Tankage, analyses of, 289, 309 Teosinte, analyses of, 316, 322 Timothy, analyses of, 314, 315 Tobacco, diseases of, 234 Tobacco leaves, analyses of, 291 Tobacco liquor, analyses of, 295, 339 Tobacco stems, analyses of, 310 Tomatoes, observations concerning, 196 Top-dressing, grass land 210 Treasurer's report 344 Treatment, hot water, for smuts, 246 Trefoil, as a crop, 190 Turf, analysis of, 311 Turnips, analysis of, 318, 324 Valuation of feed stuffs, 94 of fertilizers 253 of fodder articles, 73, 74, 96 Vetches, as a crop, 189 Vetches, analyses of, 317 Vetch and oats, analyses of, 72, 314, 317, 321, 323 Vinegar, analyses of, 297, 298 Vinegar mash, analysis of, 298, 320 Volatile acids, method of determining, 85 Water analysis, 301-303 Weather records 342, 343 Whale meat, analyses of, 309 Wheat bran, analyses of, . . . 18, 56, 71, 97, 102, 124, 145, 167, 169, 319, 325 Wheat bunt, treatment for, 245 Wheat flour, analyses, of, 325 Wheat kernels, analysis of, 318 Wheat middlings, analyses of, 97, 319, 325 Wheat straw, analyses of, 317 Wheat, effect of phosphates on 204-206 Wheat, as a crop, 191, 192 Wheat, yield of, 206 Woods (plum), analyses of, 296 Wool, raw, analyses of, 309 Wool washings, analyses of, 309 Wool waste, analyses of, 290, 309 i