= Steet > 0 NIX q Ke e 4 . 5 © Fa” — ae i) | y /] id id | Bor NES eG Afei\| |RSS 4a! Bl 1 | BA PSE neta is |i ; “gle = Gj KO = ny i st n le : ly SPA i ‘ fly SELF) OF a" | — A, . ® G - ee State of New York — Department of Agriculture. EicHtH AnnuaL Report OF THE NEW YORK WEATHER BUREAU 1896. Under the Department of Agriculture and in Co-operation with the U. S. Weather Bureau. CREATED AND ORGANIZED UNDER THE Laws oF THE State or New York — (Cuarrer 148, Laws or 1889.) REORGANIZED AND PLACED UNDER THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL- TURE — (CuapTerR 338, Laws or 1893.) LIBRARY CENTRAL OFFICE AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N.Y. | ‘ ———_$—$<—<— TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY 15, 1897. WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATHD PRINTERS. NEW YORK AND ALBANY, 1897. Socre OF NEW YGRK. INO:. ie IN ASSEMBLY, JANUARY 15,1897. EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Director of the State Weather Bureau. STATE OF NEW YORK: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Axrpany, January 15, 1897. To the Honorable the Legislature of the State of New York: In accordance with the provisions of the statutes relating thereto, I have the honor to herewith transmit the Eighth Annual Report of the Director of the State Weather Bureau. CHARLES A. WIETING, Commissioner of Agriculture. was rr ha y ue pit me vf, Patties: VOL + ' "4 isla he we oe ad. On, a ck Awe ‘ f mie 4 4 , ’ ~~ . ti * ‘ 5 , ey Bot) ey MN ieee OF CONTENTS. PaGE ieante:——ieport ot the Directory 222). acc se ak ose eis 9 toatl Winaneial Statement.) 0.2. Jc cha culs oe a Vole 24 Parr II1.—Meteorological Reports for each Month, 1896..... 31 Parr 1V.—Meteorological Report for the Year, 1896 ....... 319 iewnueoyi-—- Description of Stations... ....sc:0.s 20% obweeees 341 Statistical Table of Stations ...............- 384 SamipleiCrop ne port Fc. il Phiccs lew e's sinvens 390 fant Vl: The Climateot New York State. 2.222.880. ox 403 PART I. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE New York WeatTHeErR Bureau. Ri PON |, IrHaca, N. Y., January 1, 1897. To the Honorable the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of New York: Sir.—I have the honor of transmitting to you an account of the operations of the New York Weather Bureau during the past year, together with a financial statement, summaries of weather and crop conditions, and a report on the climate of the State. The routine work at the central office has been carried on efficiently and without breaks. The clerical employes of the State are the same as in previous years; and the National Weather Bureau has continued the detail of Mr. R. M. Hardinge as assistant to the director, which place he has occupied since 1890. The maintenance of extensive systems of meteorological, crop and forecast-display stations has necessarily occupied nearly all the time of our clerical force; a fact which is to be regretted in view of the pressing need which exists for climatological inves- tigation and experimental work in tr reOrolony: The service now comprises 112 well distributed meteorological stations, 81 of which are equipped with thermometers and rain-gauges and 31 with rain-gauges only. Daily readings of self-registering maximum and minimum thermometers are made at all regular stations; and in addition, about one-half the number report the temperature at 7 a. m., 2 p. m. and 9 p. m., which method gives a valuable check on the daily averages as obtained from the 10 EigHTtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE maximum and minimum readings. Observations of wind, cloudi- ness and miscellaneous phenomena are included in the scheme of daily records throughout the State. The precipitation is registered at the close of each day, and also, when practicable, after each storm, with notes of the time of beginning and ending of rainfall. Twelve new stations have been equipped with thermometers and rain-gauges this year, as follows: Canajoharie, Montgomery county; Catskill, Greene county; Dryden, Tompkins county; Elka Park, Greene county; Franklinville, Cattaraugus county; Little Falls, Herkimer county; Lockport, Niagara county; Lake George, Warren county; North Lake, Herkimer county; Prim- rose, Westchester county; St. Johnsville, Montgomery county; Straits Corners, Tioga county. In addition to these, the former special rainfall stations at Bolivar, Allegany county, and Ridge- way, Orleans county, have been provided with thermometers. Special rainfall stations have been established at Niagara Falls, Niagara county, at Watkins, Schuyler county, and at the Intake Reservoir near Little Falls, Herkimer county. The State is fortunate in securing the co-operation of volun- tary observers at three points of the Mohawk valley and at the Adirondack station, North Lake, in view of the difficulty hitherto experienced in obtaining observations from these sections of the State. Owing to a change of residence of observers, or to other causes, four regular stations have been discontinued this year, namely: Hamilton, Madison county; Turin, Lewis county; Ma- lone, Franklin county; and Varysburg, Wyoming county. The rainfall stations, Ellis and Attica, have also ceased to report to the central office. New York WEATHER BUREAU. 11 Fifty-five thermometers and twenty rain-gauges, purchased from the State appropriation, have been issued to new stations, or to replace those rendered unserviceable by accidents. All State property is issued to observers on the agreement that a full account shall be rendered of any breakage or injury which may occur. A tabulated summary of the observations at all stations is published each month, together with a general review of weather conditions and charts showing the average temperature and dis- tribution of rainfall over the State. An edition of 800 copies of the monthly review is published; and of the more complete annual review, 1,000 copies. A weather-crop bulletin was issued on Tuesday of each week during the farming season, or from April 25th to September 26th. The list of correspondents contributing information to the bul- letin includes ninety persons, representing forty important agri- cultural counties; so that a full and adequate account of agricul- tural interests, as affected by current weather, is presented week by week. In addition to the reports of observers and an editorial résume of general crop conditions, the bulletin also gives a brief review of the effect of current weather upon staple crops in other parts of the United States. The crop-bulletin, which as a rule is furnished only upon appli- cation, is now mailed to over 700 addresses; and further, is given a very general circulation through the newspapers of the State, more than 100 of which publish it wholly or in part. Display Stations.—A thoroughly organized system under super- vision of the central office now distributes the daily weather fore- casts to 700 cities and villages located in all the important com- mercial and agricultural regions of New York. The number of 12 E1iegutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE stations receiving the telegraphic forecasts from Washington di- rectly is about 100; but arrangements have been made whereby the messages are forwarded, in many cases by telephone, to neigh- boring points where the warnings are given publicity by flag or whistle signals. Two years ago a very efficient and inexpensive plan of forecast distribution was generally adopted by the State weather services, whereby a number of selected telegraph stations print the fore- casts immediately after their receipt, by means of a rubber- stamping outfit, and forward them by rail or stage routes to the postmasters of neighboring farming communities. At these sub- stations the bulletins are posted conspicuously, or are displayed by flag signals. In New York there are now thirty-five distribut- ing centers which communicate the warnings daily to 570 villages. Work at the Central Office— In addition to the usual observa- tions of a voluntary station, continuous records are kept at this office of temperature, rainfall, the direction of the wind and its velocity in vertical and horizontal directions, also of the duration of sunshine, the humidity of the air and amount of evaporation. An account of the instruments which automatically record these elements will be found in section V. Much of this apparatus is complicated, requiring constant supervision and frequent ad- justment. Modifications of the original designs lof the makers have been found necessary in some cases, and such work has been carried on under personal supervision in the shop of the College of Engineering. It is hoped to publish hourly values from the records of the several instruments during the coming year if time can be spared from the routine work of the service. A large number of requests for special data have been received this year from State and municipal boards and for individual use. New YorK WEATHER BUREAD. 13 The information called for has been gratuitously furnished in so far as it was obtainable from our records. In this and other directions the correspondence of our office is very large, and much of it is of a character requiring special research. More than 40,000 pieces of mail matter are sent out from our office annually, generally under the frank of the U. S. Weather Bureau. The routine work of the central office includes the examination and repair of instruments issued to voluntary stations; the crit- ical examination and reduction of reports rendered monthly by more than 100 observers; the preparation of tables and charts for publication, beside the extensive system of observations car- ried on here. In order to accomplish these necessary duties we have been obliged to restrict our field of work, especially in the direction of climatic investigation to a degree which I regret; but larger results cannot be expected unless another assistant can be employed for at least half of the year. It was hoped that a monograph on the climate of New York, which was published in our annual report for 1893, might be re- issued in a thoroughly revised form by the incorporation of the large mass of data recently accumulated from all parts of the State; but lack of time has made any material progress in this direction impossible. Meanwhile, a very large demand has nearly exhausted the first edition; and, in view of the urgent re- quests for the report which come to us almost daily, it is deemed necessary to reissue it at once, as a portion of the present annual report, although without the desired revision. A consideration of the character of requests for the data con- tained in this monograph is instructive, as showing the variety of interests which are practically affected by weather and climatic conditions, beside confirming views which I have previously ex- 14 E1cgHtaH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE pressed as to the proper functions of a State weather service. Among the applicants for information are to be mentioned, firstly, the agricultural experiment stations, whose recently awakened interest in soil temperature and the movements of ground water, as subjects of practical importance to the farmer, calls for meteorological data upon which these elements are dependent. The interest of farmers in these questions is also evidenced by the fact that they contribute a large proportivu of the most valuable reports received by this Bureau. Secondly, frequent requests for information are received from the large class of persons interested in medical climatology, in- cluding State and municipal boards of health as well as private practitioners, and invalids with whom climate is a matter of pri- mary importance in the selection of a place of residence. The remarkable diversity of climatic conditions to be found within the limits of this State, which will be referred to with more de- tail further on, renders it of more than usual importance that the peculiar characterictics of each region shall be fully determined and made accessible to the public. Our data is also very frequently called for by engineers, in nearly all branches of their profession, but especially by those having in charge the supervision of State canals and waterways and the water supply and drainage of cities. City engineers have rendered this Bureau valuable aid in the establishment of volun- tary stations, and (as in the case of the engineer at Little Falls) have entered on lines of special investigation promising to be of mutual benefit. In addition to the above, our records are in constant demand in the law courts of the State, for cases involving, often, large sums for damages to individuals, corporations and cities; also, New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 15 railway companies in the settlement of their disputes for injury to perishable material in transit over their lines; questions of inundation of lands by excessive rainfalls, or affecting the rights of cities to distract water from the lakes and streams of the State; various cases of disputes between riparian owners; dam- ages to individuals during high winds; matter pertaining to the insurance of buildings, and injuries to stock or other property on account of fire, as affected by the direction and intensity of the wind; claims upon town and city treasuries for injuries caused by slippery sidewalks, etc. Lastly, the climatology of New York is found to be a valuable ‘aid in teaching the subjects of meteorology and physical geogra- phy in the colleges and high schools of the State, in accordance with the growing tendency to seek illustrations of scientific facts in fields familiar to the observation of the student. The urgent demand for more definite information regarding our climate than has been obtainable hitherto, is due, in a measure, to the remarkable diversity of meteorological conditions existing within this State. In the first place, we find the distinctive brac- ing influences of mountainous regions among the Adirondack and Catskill ranges, and on the spurs of the Alleganies in southern New York; while the shelter thus afforded to broad lowland dis- tricts ponders it possible to cultivate successfully varieties of fruits and other crops which are generally raised only in more southern latitudes. The fact that our central and southern coun- ties are subject to the tempering effects both of the ocean and the great lakes, is perhaps of even greater importance; for not only is the climate of these regions thus rendered more equable throughout the year, but also in case of severe cold waves in winter it is shown on page 370, section VI, that in western New 16 EriegurTrH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE York the temperature is often maintained at a point fifteen to twenty degrees higher than occurs on the same parallel to the westward of Lake Ontario. The winters become much more rigorous in northern New York, where the air is, however, con- siderably dryer, the relative humidity in the Champlain Valley being lower than in any other section. The contrast of climate between this region and that of the Atlantic coast is very marked; an average difference of more than sixteen degrees obtaining be- tween the northern border and eastern Long Island in winter. Divergencies even greater than the above are found in the dis- tribution of rainfall, which however, occurs according to laws which are characteristic of the various climatic regions. The - maximum precipitation over the central highlands, occurs in mid- summer; on the greater part of Long Island in winter; while be- tween these extreme epochs there is a definite gradation over the intervening territory. A remarkable uniformity of rainfall throughout the year is a characteristic of much of the Great Lake region. The total amount of precipitation for an average year also varies widely in different localities; the normal values at sta- tions of Niagara county falling below thirty inches, while at some stations of the Mohawk and Hudson valleys and the coast region the total is fifty inches or more. | The distribution of clouds over the State has been considered as fully as practicable, but this subject still urgently demands wider observation and study. An observer stationed high above the earth would frequently see the cloud formation beginning over the Great Lakes, and thence spreading across much of cen- tral and western New York and the St. Lawrence valley; but shading off toward the southeast, and to a considerable degree, disappearing near the coast. Under other and less frequent con- New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 17 ditions, another class of atmospheric movements obtain, the ocean being the source of cloud formation; and there are also additional local variations and developments in the general cloud-drift which have an important climatic ¥alue. Thunder storms have been studied and their frequency and characteristic manner of progression in the various regions are now known with a fair degree of accuracy. The study of these storms perhaps bears most practically upon the distribution of rainfall, since, fortunately, this State has so far been quite free from disastrous local storms, or tornadoes. It is desirable, how- ever, to amplify the study of thunder storms on account of their direct effect upon many industries, especially the preservation of milk, and in the complex operations of brewing. RESUME OF THE CROP SEASON, 1895-1896. A noticeable feature of the winter of 1895-96 was the warm period during the latter part of December. Considerable plow- ing was done during Christmas week; winter grains made vis- ible growth, and buds started on the trees. On the other hand, | March was particularly a cool and stormy month; more snow falling in the southeastern counties during the latter portion of March than during the preceding winter. Wheat, rye, grasses, and at the beginning, fruit also, seemed to have passed through the winter in good condition, but in the southeast it was thought that peaches were winter-killed. The results of the season dem- onstrated that this was true, not only of peaches in the south- east, but of peaches and small fruit-trees generally in other por- tions of the state. Apples and berries, however, yielded finely, and grapes developed well. The crop season opened about the 12th of April, prior to which | 2 18 EieutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE date the weather was cold, and snow was still on the ground in the northern counties. At the beginning, the season was con- sidered to be about ten days late, but unusually warm spring- like weather, beginning on the 12th and lasting until the 21st, brought the frost out of the ground, dried the soil and fitted it for working, so that throughout the warmer sections farming operations were under way by the 15th. Plowing and seeding had become general by the 20th; vegetation had started rap- idly, trees were budding, early gardens were being made in the southeast, and hops were uncovered in Madison county. Dry, cool weather followed, with frosts on the 23d and 24th, which formed ice in many plaecs, but did little or no damage to vege- tation. The rainfall for the month had been light, and while crops in the ground were beginning to feel ithe drouth, the fine weather permitted spring work to be rushed; and at the close of the month the greater part of the oats, spring wheat and bar- ley had been sown and many early potatoes were planted. Gar- dening had progressed satisfactorily, early vegetables being al- ready up in the southeast. Maple-sugaring began early in the month, but progressed slowly until the warm period, making an unusually short season. The warm, dry weather which prevailed from the 1st until about the 25th of May, while very favorable for plowing, plant- ing and seeding, resulted in quite a serious drouth, injurious to growing crops; meadows and pastures being the chief suff- erers; while winter wheat and rye were also somewhat affected. Work progressed rapidly, and usually was about ten days ahead of the season. Plowing for corn was general at the beginning of the month, and a limited amountt had been planted. Hop- pole setting was completed and peppermint roots were set out. New YorkK WEATHER BUREAU. 19 On Long Island, early asparagus was in the market at this time. By the 10th wheat and oats were sown in most cases, and many potatoes had been planted. Fruits were in full bloom. Apples bloomed profusely; pears, plums, quinces, cherries, etc., rather lightly, while peaches seemed to have been killed by the Febru- ary freeze. The copious and general rains of the 26th and 28th terminated the drouth which had prevailed up to that time, but the rains came too late to insure a good hay crop, and at the close of the month farmers were generally sowing fodder crops. Delayed plowing and planting started with renewed vigor after the rains, and soon after nearly all of the corn and potatoes were planted and growing rapidly. At the close of May bean plant- ing was also well under way, tobacco setting had been com- menced, and a fine crop of strawberries was in market. Hops were thriving, and were considered to be ten days ahead of the usual stage of growth. A light frost occurred on the 20th, but caused no damage. The early days of June were dry, but the rainfall of the 6th and 10th was copious, and generally sufficient, excepting in some northern sections, the weather also being favorable for farming interests in other respects during June. By the 20th, early hay- ing was general, but with discouraging results. Wheat and other grains made good progress, oats especially promising a good yield. Garden truck was kept rather backward by cool nights. A drouth was threatening at the beginning of July, but co- pious showers began on the 4th, and were frequent during the remainder of the month. Phenomenally heavy rains occurred in the southeast on the 9th, and in the western section on the 20th. The weather continued rather cool through the first ten 20 EigurH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE days, after which higher temperature brought vegetation rap- idly forward. In the first week some winter wheat and rye were cut, and oats headed. Much of ithe barley had been cut by the 18th, and on the 30th the oats harvest was commenced. Hops were in blossom by the 10th, and with tobacco and corn, made very satisfactory growth. Grapes and apples continued to thrive. The army worm made its appearance the first week in July, and by the 15th, its ravages were general throughout the state, although many localities escaped them entirely. Great destruction was wrought to green crops, and more especially to oats. The pests began to disappear about the 25th. Most unusually hot, muggy weather characterized the first half of August; and while late garden truck, corn, buckwheat, pas- tures and after-feed on meadows made wonderful growth during this period, harvesting was much delayed, especially in the south- west, where light showers occurred almost daily, so that the fine oat crop threatened to become over-ripe before it could be cut, or after cutting became damaged in shock. Some rust also developed in oats, and there began to be much complaint of rot and blight among potatoes. During the first week corn was commonly in tassel and laid by; hops were nearly out of the burr and fruiting finely, and tobacco was very promising. Much fall plowing, also, was done during the first week, the soil being in fine condition. In some section of the southeast the oat crop was damaged 20 to 30 per cent. by the army worm, which, how- ever, ceased its ravages entirely before the middle of the month. The latter part of August was much cooler than the first half, and was generally favorable for completing the harvests; but drouth in some northern and central counties scmewhat de- New YorkK WEATHER BUREAU. 21 layed fall plowing. During the third week the second hay crop was partially secured, with prospects of its going far toward making up the deficiency in feed caused by the extremely light first crop; and it was often stated that the second cutting of clover was better than the first. Hops were being picked at this time, and much tobacco was housed. Apple trees were re- ported to be breaking with their load of fruit, which was, more- over, of excellent quality. Potato blight increased, and the prospects of this crop began to decline. Corn made excellent growth, and cutting began about the 25th, which was said by some farmers to be the earliest date for this harvest since 1854. Dairy products were on the increase, owing to the improvement in pastures. “Fall plowing was delayed considerably by drouth, until the general rains of September 5th. During the first week hop pick- ing was finished in many localities, giving a berry of very good quality; but the yield was rather smaller than usual. The weather continued warm and fine throughout the month, en- abling farmers to finish haying and late harvests, and to com- plete fall seeding under very favorable conditions. The sowing of winter grains was in many cases finished by the 10th, beans were gathered during the first week, and much buckwheat was cut by the middle of September, proving to be well filled and a good crop generally. Potatoes were gathered during the second week; the crop showing a continued depreciation from blight and rot- ting. Apple picking became general about the 20th, giving so large a yield that a market was found with difficulty. The first killing frost occurred on the 23d, but was severe in only a few localities. A West India cyclone which passed over western New York on the 30th was accompanied by violent winds in that 22 Report of tHE New York Wearuer Boreav. section of the State, and large quantities of apples which had not yet been gathered were blown to the ground and damaged. The first severe general killing frosts occurred on October 9th, but by that time crops were secured beyond injury. Respectfully submitted, EK. A. FUERTES, Director. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 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METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS FOR EACH MONTH, 1806. Meteorological Summary for January, 1896. The average atmospheric pressure (reduced to sea-level and 32 degrees Fah.) for the State of New York during January was 30.18 inches, being the highest value yet recorded by this Bureau. The highest barometer was 30.68 inches at Number Four on the 6th, and the lowest was 29.64 inches at Albany on the 3d, and at Erie and Buffalo on the 24th. The mean pressure was highest in eastern New York, and lowest in the Lake Region. The aver- age pressure at six stations of the National Bureau was 0.08 inches above the normal, excesses occurring at all stations. The mean temperature of the State, as derived from the records of sixty-nine stations, was 20.2 degrees; the highest local monthly mean being 28.2 degrees at Brooklyn, while the lowest was 11:7 degrees at Saranac lake. The highest general daily mean was 34 degrees on the 25th; the lowest being 7 degrees below zero on the 6th, which is the lowest value which has occurred since this Bureau was established in 1889. The maximum temperature reported was 53 degrees at Madison barracks on the 24th, and the minimum was 32 degrees below zero at Lowville and at Hamilton on the 6th—— The mean monthly range of tempera- ture was 58 degrees; the greatest range, 74 degrees, occurring at Canton, and the least, 39 degrees, at Appleton. The mean daily range was 15 degrees, the greatest daily range being 45 degrees at West Point on the 4th, and the least 0 degrees at Gloversville and Buffalo on the 25th—— The mean temperatures for the 20 EiegHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE various sections of the State were as follows: The Western plateau, 23.2 degrees; the Eastern plateau, 19.8 degrees; the Northern plateau, 14.7 degrees; the Atlantic coast, 27.2 degrees; the Hudson valley, 21.1 degrees; the Mohawk valley, 20.6 de- grees; the Champlain valley, 16.0 degrees; the St. Lawrence valley, 18.4 degrees; the Great Lake region, 23.1 degrees; the Central Lake region, 22.9 degrees. The average of the mean temperatures at twenty-seven stations possessing records for pre- vious years was 2.7 degrees below the normal value; deficiencies occurring at all stations excepting Angelica, Buffalo, Humphrey and Waverly. The deficiency of temperature was greatest in eastern and northern New York. The mean relative humidity for the State was 79 per cent. The mean dew point was 18 degrees. The average precipitation was 1.85 inches, as derived from the records of eighty-nine stations. The greatest general pre- cipitation ranged from 2 to 4 inches in western New York and the western Adirondacks; the least being under one inch along the eastern border of the State. The maximum local amount was 4.42 inches at Turin, and the least was 0.75 inches at Easton. A list of the heaviest rates of precipitation will be found in the table of meteorological data. A moderate and quite general snowfall occurred on the 7th, 9th and 15th, and heavy rain, turn- ing to snow, occurred on the 24th, the maximum amounts falling in western New York and on the coast. The average snow- fall for the State was 12.2 inches, as derived from the reports of sixty-one well-distributed stations. The total amount was about 12 inches over the Eastern and Western plateaus, 20 inches on the Northern plateaxa, 8 inches in the Hudson valley, 15 inches in the St. Lawrence valley and Great Lake region, and 10 inches New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 31 in the Central Lake region. The greatest local snowfall was 40.0 inches at Turin. The average precipitation at twenty-nine stations possessing records for previous years was 1 inch below the normal amount; deficiencies occurring at all stations except- ing Plattsburg, Potsdam, Buffalo, Fort Niagara and Rochester. The amounts were the least shown for January by the records of Port Jervis, covering 15 years; Setauket, 11 years; Albany, 23 years; Honeymead Brook, 16 years; Boyds Corners, 26 years, and North Hammond, 19 years. The average number of days on which the precipitation amounted to 0.01 inches or more, was 10.1; the number being above this average in western New York and below it in the eastern section. The average number of clear days was 7.0; of partly cloudy days, 8.9; and of cloudy days, 15.1; giving an average cloudiness of 51 per cent. The maximum cloudiness obtained in western and northern New York. The prevailing wind direction was from the northwest. The average total wind travel at six stations of the National Bureau was 7,788 miles; being below the usual values at all stations excepting New York city. The maximum velocity recorded at the above stations was 48 miles at Buffalo on the Ist, and at New York city on the 24th. Hail fell on the 3d, 23d, 24th and 29th, and sleet on the 3d, 18th, 19th, 23d, 24th, 25th, 29th and 31st. Solar halos were observed on the 17th and 28th, and lunar halos on the 2d and 22d. The weather of January was generally pleasant, with more sunshine and less rain and snow than usually obtain in the winter months. The average temperature was below the normal, a deficiency occurring throughout the period from the 2d to the 32 EigutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 17th and an excess over the normal on nearly every day there- after. The 6th was the coldest day which has occurred since this Bureau was established in 1889, and probably for a much longer period. The deficiency of precipitation was most marked in southeastern New York, and ground water was reported as very low in several localities of that section. The ground was generally free-from snow through the second decade and toward the close of the month; only ten days of thin sleighing being reported from Malone, while in the Great Lake region the dura- tion was rather longer. Lakes and streams which were open during the warm period late in December, were frozen about the close of the first week, and a heavy ice harvest had been com- pleted along the Hudson river and in other localities, before the warmer weather of the latter half of the month. Less than the . usual wind travel was reported from the western and inland stations, the maximum velocity being reached along the sea- coast. Eight areas of high pressure (approximately) passed eastward over the vicinity of this State in January, the respective dates being the 24, 6th to 8th, 11th, 15th, 18th, 23d, 28th and 31st. After the 2d of the month a nearly permanent high pressure system became established over western British America, and the drift- ing anticyclonic areas generally originated in that region. De- pressions of temperature accompanied all of these areas, but the only notable cold wave attended the second area, which traversed nearly the entire United States between the 3d and 7th. The low-pressure areas, nine in number, in most cases devel- oped over the southern and central States, or over the ocean, and generally passed in the vicinity of New York. Depressions passed north of the State on the Ist, 8d and 13th; along the coast on the New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 30) 10th, 17th and 25th; and over the State on the 9th, 19th and 25th. The maximum wind velocities accompanied the coast storms, while heavy rains, changing to sleet and snow occurred during the passage of the eighth area from the central valleys over New York. The precipitation due to the remaining storms was in most cases light. The rapid fall of temperature during the storm of the 24th caused a deposition of ice upon tree branches, and some damage to fruit prospects may have resulted, especially near the lakes. 3 : 34 E1igHtTtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Metrorotogican Data LOCATION OF STATIONS. STATION. Alfred Angelica Humphrey Arkwright Jamestown Victor Wedgewood Addison South Canisteo.... Arcade Eastern Plateau.. Binghamton Bloomville........ South Kortright -. Brookfield .....-... Hamilton. .--s6.- Middletown Port Jervis Cooperstown New Lisbon Oneonta Perry City WAVBILVS cues so. Mohonk Lake Northern Plateaw. Saranac Lake Gloversville Lowville Brooklyn Manhattan Beach. New York City... Willets Point Brentwood Bediord BAROMETER. HuMIDITY TEMPERA Fares Ale =| 84 Fa Weal = be | | Bi ae aes 43 Pa (et tsslSe County. & ele |e lee 55 = Seles = |5 Bs 2 ¢ 3 Bel rl ele 1 SRN = | 3 : & o = a A i= =| 3 Oo be oa 6/3 | ig — igis] 3] &/8 |S (Bs Bia | al ae ata! aaa le Jee SEO Sa OPO eee (ARIS eee a fees Perea eel coos soosal Asus! Asoo eeiar4hinl|tiizay Allegany..--. PY Me 5 ese Ea iScace atl Speloor ----|21.6| 21 5] 45) 29 peer sae OAU ecseee lee eles (ace a. Sa 22.2) 29.1] 43] 29 mien \ara’n te 1550} 30.20) 39.64| 6} 29.68)24/0-96).....].--.. 23.3) 23.2) 45) 29 CAIATATOTISSAITO5O|seeet acess celles veeene Sia all mm mere ere ernral | 24 O|| 4 Ad eG CHantanqua=- 1260 wen soe ee se sete loses} cellisecellecieee meme aes +24.0] 40] b oe Se SPI See Beat) pal econoes feel |eseo |S-Sonlaae soll bec: 25.6) 46) 29 Chemun's 26) 863|\2+ ac0!| ews ils Miedema omerltececleomnaleser 24.6) 45) 29 MAAN RCOM ea (58sec oe cee | (sell sama eae eta |ete le ae fae | rete 21.8} 40) 18 Cp Seo) Ges] eacetel Saeed lsdlloccsoc Rel aaa seesail-carol saor 24 9) 45) 29 Ontario <-..-- VBA he ec crallicreiele tere ent tates ot lee terete | SSreslosoo|lFerc 22.4! 41) 18 Schuyler. ...- PESO Seba erctee il Reece Nell eens itetetel is -- {21.0} 22.0] 51) 29 Steuben.....-. TO0O| acon cal ects 5 |SaSoceeee een Bee 80 19 |24.9) 24.8) 47] 29 Steuben.....- Ie espe sceced leellocoscallesilocecliadodallt ae ee 23.6] 47| 29 Wie (Oy ae Gy epee aes aeel ten einai el aollesctal sac 4 21.8) 21 4} 42) 18 SPAS ere Some sol ace oe teetlacc srs SERN Sago) ee se on nails oles tila nic ESS eIoe eta el meats lle 5685c5 ee See be) band eae aa eh By Broome ....-- S70) asm wicca acto ete | Se [eee eum S40 \lecooe 21.6] 21.0] 44] 29 Ghonan 207 52210550) .s2c caer ee eens ese | eel See ..-| 20 1] 40] ¢ Cortland -..-. gD) eee Rocsoe laa nection ae | Sein | erecta le erersel|(e E 20.0} 40} 29 Welaware ===. (1550) ~ 204) ee cee Daeeooe. | sacreteeee 6] 58) 16) 32) 29 il at |PUeshl [la eee letra liars wee el iavets aoe BEE nme meenncrer cen bos eiatncers ie =a 6) 61) 20) 34) 12 9) S197 OPS 13 MOOI (ORSS | Ease 24, 14.5) N. W. 6} 63; 14; 30) 29 4| af \17 9 5 14 1286) (O266)222225 py ees Jereeens- 6} 71; 19; 36) 12 6) 19) 0 4 )16 10 2.26, 1.01, 5.00 3 8.5) W. 6} 79) 22) 38) w CoH ECT a) | Mantel Fab Sea | Fa ec i | a ea en Ceo ponco.cticoomocee BA || Be avel ecicaes| ASST Kose secs oeseses (ee ee yp oi 6 12501) 0240|S2ose- 13) 15.0) S. W. 6} 72) 20) 37) vo 5| be! 6 9 1/16 14 2381) O225\eee 19) 12.11;S W. 6} 50) 14) 25) 11 2) 27{11 9 }11 G) L289) S04 Beco 24 8.5| N. W. 8) 48) 15) 28; 12 5} 19/10 |14 7 6 M65) 1062 |ecee 24 7.0) N.W. 6) 57) 14) 41) 12 2 114 4 {13 7 Me48 |) Ordsllseace 7-24) 12.6) S. 6| 63} 18] 38) 12 SOC omni thes 11 0.86} 0O 19) 13.00 Tl Loose Ge bs Ui sale te 5 FU eis al en are ves Perce: cl ha cress |bs panes fhe eestor kepcmenes me (aes me | ianereton a | etree 6} 60} 17} 33] 29 OI, 20) es Ne 9 10 V68I Ob44 | eo eee 24) 10.9) N.W. 6} 60} 18) 42) 16 2) 21) 4 |10 117 11 TCG iy Oeil Ree cet 24 9 2) S. (|) 189) SRE 8) 41 hk /10 |11 /|10 7 1.49} 0.80] 24.00) 24-25 AON Wee 6] 65) 15) 38] 16 0} 25) 5-6) 9-0)16-4 1322) 2-47) 1-30/e-5--- Ci eeecreey idee ter 5| 67) 19] 36) w 5] 24! 7 8 |16 17 AT | O22 eee 25; 18 4) N. 6] 59) 14) 29) 12 0} 25) 8 4 |19 13 EAT i Oxo ee ame 9} 13.9) N. EK. 6} 69) 18) 38) 16 4; 20) 3 |16 |12 12 PAsar Al BLAU le ase 24) 23.0) W. 6| 65) 12) 27) 29 3] 25) 4 |10 {17 12 S204) OS82 eae oe 1) 28.2) EK. 6} o4| 14] 25) 16 2} 19) 6 7 {18 12 APA Ofe aaa 3] 40.1) S. As | dee ne Ws a PEI Bs ON ee | ee SP | pe en NEES Be eA Lee a Pye omic | 6) 48) 13) 33) 12 3] bel13.6] 8-6} 8.8 Fayey 1) tea fay. Wh eee hee a as ses orci el room cae Geb) Tt), 220 2 3 1/15 |10 6 5 | 1.54] 0.95} 8.00 24 5.0) W. OS Ne ete RO etd Wipda Ta A Br iy 2250) 02001) eae. 10} 19.0] N. E. 6} 50) 12) 22 2 3} 19/12 Sra 6 TAS PO S93 pees 24 3.0) N W. r| 46) 14) 25 4 Co Nees: es ae Nsetaested bated tes 2 USO) OL7iGSeso5e 24) T. N. W. CS ip ai reeset | oe ch | xverwte ype foatets AACS ee fe) US Rr cg ere le Rel ren al ee ee ee scepary G6) 47) 10) 24) 12 Aeron) 8 |10 6 | They Pelee USOy Ue = 24 4.5) N. 6) 53! 19] 33) 12 4) 25 12 9 110 6 | 1.40! 0.69} 14.00 24 6.81 N. W. 36 E1gHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MereorotoeicaL Dara LOCATION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER, Houmipity TEMPERA | | aE | | 2 ) ae = | Caer | > BR imn| & ae) oO . OL a = % 5 STATION. | COUNTY. | 3 | we) 2] os las| oe oe a ws — Hele | Fi a | S| 8 “ela = + Pe S| Ee] eis |% ‘ % | 3 ; >) (a .| 3 os o Z | | ai is| & ijsi8/ 8] e128 [8 [als so s = |S! o |a/ & 2 © 1S. 1S levis | A) a] als Ala! &|]-ala le jase is Hudsow Valley = .2|cc-2-5224--25--]- 22) Sotdo:||s-oac: Zeilosesee ee eetae| see = --- |----| 21.1) 49] 3 AGA) t-s ose. Albany ..... 85| 30.22) 30.62) 6) 29.64! 310.98 83 15|----| 20 0} 40) 3 Lebanon Springs | Columbia ....| 930|.---..!.-----|- e eaaoce Ao eee I feeaee ---' 18.8) 381 7 Honeymead Brook| Dutchess -.-..| 450|------|------|--|------|--]- A esol ocicie 21.0 20.6} 43) 3 Poughkeepsie .-..} Dutchess ....| 180]----..|------]-.!.--.-- See emcee eens ---| 21.0) 44, 3 Wappingers Falls : oe Ae ---| 22 4) 42) 2 West Point. ...... Orange 2222. E 22 8] 49, 3 Carmel < <> 2.se-e'6 Putnam 2. .; oan) ZED na 25 Monmiwk WV Gieyco-|\oncosaat~ = 5-22) 35 eeoal eSopa an Socete) los epac 2. \See se eene 20.6) 48 20 Rom eee see eee Oneida .....-. AS5 |= saaloce cO=|'s>|eaeeee | Ones cl snore pee ---| 20.6] 48) 20 Utica.- 2 -ececeee. = UO Fee ed Ke ae oe ot ee os |e we conlzellactetel eae teen Reee lamar Sa ae Ohamplain Valley) ...--..-.------ Eel eesoms|eSoaae) | conse eal eee] eee | ee ---| 16.0} 39} 26 Plattsburgh B’ks.| Clinton ....-. (25) saaceulesteees BA eee haat ec Saas Rocees see 14 4) 37) k Saratoga Springs | Saratoga...-..|.. Balacdese|[aaaosa ee Be ar IA-e) nseioe eee [sear eeisec| |S ahees Glens Falls ....... Watren ..... 340) Reseea|aeoeee 8 Roe ae Spel no st inaes| bese 18.0; 17.7) 39) 26 RE RIEU ENOAEbaitetie es Meee, wine acc | to ce) snes cell ssooSol ts |23 soe | Sao eaeee ll see paan| bose 53| 24 Mislone soe aes Mrankiin==<-4 | Sl0lsseces| cosas. bs si|Seeps 5 ee eee tel eet 12.1) 12.2) 33; m Madison Barracks} Jefferson..-.. 266 |02255)atiewae || Aooee el Cal beaal emer eeeee ---| 16.1] 53] 24 Watertown ....-.- Jefferson... -. 486) 2202s] asso |b. ees eee le meee BA Sees (orl ae Canton ceac-ee se St. Lawrence.) 304/......|------ ee ee eet esse seco) ore 13.9} 13.2} 36] n Massena......---.- is PE PE eee (el etl n eel earl p eberel [eae eee tle t= = |North Hammond.| St. Lawrence.| 300).-....|-:---.}..|....--|-- Be AA Beal Beare 15 -3|*15-S|e- eee Ogdensburg....--. e Pa RA sto | (Cease lac eco |acoeg| le aacllesee 13.2) 41] 3 Potsdam==-2--2 =<. Le S00 3.24 [ect ole Eee eeeee leon meceetaeerss 11.5) 11-2] 34] 26 Great Ges cee ae | pee ee ne oe | a= ¢ | =o es ecose PY pee cl eee eS Fa Re 23.4) 48) 12 Dunkirk s-a-2 e- Chautauqua -| 590].-.-..|.----- os PERE ee emails leas | sae [interme Sel oul eee Westileld>: 227225. J "PSEA! |S a RIS sp By ea BPA | ches $7) 23|-.--| 27-7) 48-12 Buftalojsoevcsetee 19 C) See eee 690) 30.16) 30.57/15} 29.64/24/0.93 78 19}....} 25.0] 40] 2 Pittsford! ?.-2s5--2 LUE D TEC) = ie eee (eee eee “AS Sete Es | eee | shat | Sees eee a eter 40! p Rochester .....--. 1 OS ae 621} 30.16} 30 57; 6) 29.70/24,0.87 81 18}....| 23 0) 40} 29 Appleton -........ TSR CT eR |e RR PR Eo el Fo8| Ae) Bis oe ss foo 24.3] 39) n Fort Niagara ..-.. Niagara...... 28 aes Meee Joel bescea) AI [eSsc)jSenfjosce-lo< 35 24.4) 40) 3 Baldwinsvillecs-Oupnaara = —-'1 690||.-. 2. << >---|-2|2-5- j-14 AI 7 10° j--8 “194 eaelato =19"|-90'7 (238 a aes 21) 12) | eee 14 | 29 | 30 19 —7T |—3 | 17 18 18 26 26 20 —1 2 14 12. 24 | 24 | 26 24 32 | 37 | 35 32° 22 18 | 26 24 32 | 38 | 32 31 20 21 26 22 29 37 31 33 14 17 19 21 31 37 32 32 17 0 2 9 31 | 39 | 32 30 23) do es 20° 31 | 35 | 35 34 14 2 11 & 8 14 22 20- 19 30 B1 29 7] \—4 21 13 16 | 24 | 29 26 —2 7 16 6 19 30 30 31 2 |—2 | 15 & 22 | 27 | 30 32 —1 |--7 | 5 5 25 33. 32 34 0 \|—8 12 8 28 | 20 | 34 33. 11 2 10 16 20 | 30 | 26 28 8 8 | 20 11 14 | 21 25 20 20 29 31 31 8 13 19 10- 7 then er 22 13 12 | 29 26- 0 0 11 19 12 | 21 | 28 30 4 |-4 20 14 9 16 21 17 11 33 31 20. 2 11 17 10 16 38 24 26 4 7 10 1h 15 | 33 | 26 28: 4 | 16 8. defen ioe valeerane eee 20 33 | 28 23: 5 5 15 10 New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 41 THE Reaions, AND Datry Maxima anp MInmMaA For THE SraTIons. 15| 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 21 | 22 | 23 | 24] 25 | 26) 27 | 28 | 29 | 30/31 outhly mean. | | | 30 |32 | 38 | 41 |....- Sr CIh MAO MICO ea an| se 528 Meaning cell seeuedas. ocllacs aula’ : THT fee Farle a) Peale ia | eos | Se OA ea et] G8 etek |e fallen cella besos |S Sd Re erees 28 | 31 | 37 | 36 | 86 | 32 | 35 | 37 | 36 | 41 |/40 | 40 | 36 | 37 | 39 | 39 | 36], | 51/19 | 24 | 29 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 28 | 31 | 36 | 33 | 28 | 26 | 23 | 27 | 26 | 27-8 35 | 33 | 42 | 46 | 35 | 39 | 34 | 44 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 46 | 38 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 42]. 12! 3 '12 |25 | 24 | 25 | 92 | 24 |17 | 28-| 34 | 32 | 25 | 20 | 16 | 22 | 18 | 25-5 16/14 | 22 | 26 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 26 | 23 | 31 | 36 | 34 | 26 | 25 | 23 | 28 | 24 | ony . 297/96) 85 | 38)| 80, | 22 | 31,32 | 28. |.37, | 37, |.38 | 28 /].26 | 25. | 87 | a5) . ROMO CMneLe a M2 ete PaO | Oe CS.) 18. 1 84 ch $20 18 4).17 )-8 020 | 1a) 20-0 17. |12655| 861 381 321 36. | 32] 81 1.32. | 36. | 38-1 37 132, } 30.) 84 | BL | 34 ’ pea Som 22 22 20a 225 20a in| P42 | 3. | Ql 424) 42) 24 | 99° | te.) 18-8 ; 21 | 24 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 31 | 35 | 30 '35 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 31 | 29 | 32 | 36 | 27]. : SARE e te: (27 1°25 | 22 (ig | 19 | 26 |'as 132 | 22 |. 20.-\"78 "| 19 2! 4/20 © 26 | 29 | 33 | 36 | 34 | 32 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 40 | 37 | 37 | 35 | 35 | 37 | 40 | 30], o!—5 | 8 |15 | 23 | 93 | 21 |17 | 11 | 28 | 33 | 31 | 23 | 21 | 11 | 17 | 16| 22-0 t 25 | 27 | 33 | 35 | 39 | 35 | 38 | 35 | 37 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 40 | 38 g 3/5 | 8 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 28 |18 | 11 | 28 | 34 | 33 | 20 | 22 | 12 | 20 | 18 | 22-4 ‘ 31 | 34 | 80 | 31 | 34 | 84 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 35 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 35 | 35 | 38 | sly, ; 29 | 6 |10'|12 | 22.) 95 | 23 | 24 | 18 |18 | 32 | 32 ,30 | 22 | 10 | 15 | 18 | 22 7 24 |27 | 35 | 87 | 35 | 32 | 37 135 | 36 | 38 | 42 | 40 | 32 | 32 '38 | 36 | 33 : 42 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datry Mrans For THE Recions, anp Dairy STATION. 1 2 3 4 11} 12/13/14 ao a 2 i i] _ Sc St. Law. Val.(Con). 23 |33 |23 | 5 |42 jas |-s | 7 |-1s |as |14 | 33 |96 | 25 Potsdam .-.--....-. 54 (oa) 7) (ela {ro balers 213 ) 8) S| a) alae 9 Great Lakes ....... 2 |30 |25 |12 | 3 |-2 |10 | 15 | 22 | 22 | 2s | 30 | 22 | 22 MIOMEIEM neces el ies k He) o> lic tea omc eG ReUREI MEET] os adel se Salk onl ity 3a seed Oram 24} 45 | 40 | 42 | 12 | 22° | 35 | 38° | 40 | 29° |35 | 48 | 25 | 96. Westfield ....--..-. 13 |21 /15 | 6 | 5 | 38 | 3 115 |25 |18 |18 | 29 ! 149 | 90 27 |40 | 31 |12 | 9 | 9 | 23 | 21 | 30 | 24 | 29 | 38 | 20 | 24 Buffalo ...-.-.-:---) 9) | 93 | 36 | 7 | 1 |-4 |°5 |12 |19 | 21 | 19 | 21 |47 | 47 i rome eT oa eT ae eae tp ae ee ie 25 |35 |39 | 27 | 24 ¥ binatord |< --'2| 46 St 99 | Wid ak ce Shick etc Mele Mek we 19 |17 |21 | 18 | 18 25 |39 | 24 |12 | 6 | o | 20 | 16 | 29 | 293 | 25 | 37 | 19 | 22 Rochester ......... 19/94/20 Wa6 or! fee 0) N50 | 35g Ne Ty ean ah taNl an 27 |39 | 39 |19 | 11 | 6 | 20 | 18 | 31 | 25 | 29 | 36 | 25 | 26 Appleton ........-. 4° 192 |) 466 8) ot <2) |e} age) aes Wate || 20; lt tae ae nae 36 | 34 | 40 | 20 | 12 | 12 | 22 | 20 | 29 | 96 | 29 | 38 | 26 | 25 Fort Niagara ...... 20° }.92 tis 9 } 2a) 2 ieee) Ie | 198) 2oml tes leapt ae are 27 |39 |39 | 2 |10 |-7 | 7 | 15 | 19 | 22 |29 | 37 | 93 | 24 Baldwinsville. ..... 005 lB =e) [2g sao Need Bola Sho on Weegee eae PYTROMO) =~ eas eri Ss Ll sc |e LG all omeoye Se el Roel Scie bal ek, Or ngs om nial ROO 29 |40 |29 |11 | 2 |~5 |10 | 12 | 19 | 18 | 22 | 36 | 21 | 25 Oswego............ SOT ot leer =o og are 5 Non ltige Neds eden ito 18 a7 37-085 | 18.419 15 || se ho day cere ap sreeh aa gaa) coe Palermo -....-..-.. 29, [019 | 18) 6. (42 e390. [a8 | 0 1) eel eat al a0 | 18.) ae ae 28 |40 | 40 |17 |10 |-3 |19 | 19 | 30 | 24 | 26 |38 | 26 | 25 YOns -.------..--. o1 |22 |17 | 9 |—4 \-14 (4-111 I-46 | 20 | 21128 | 20 | 20 ry . 2 2 tirie Peunsylyemia aia 1 Ig 4.) 2) | Ae iow 19 a ok eae alot 93, alt Oentral Lakes ..... 24 {28 | 28 |14 1 4 |-8 | 8 | 10 |19 | 20 | 18 | 27 | 24 | on cae 27 |38 |39 |20 | 9 | 0 |17 | 17 | 24 |25 | 23 (35 | 97 | 24 [Sco cag- FT 19) 1S a C6 eat | 14) teh PS 13 gee oe 18h) deel nN WBE eS ge ieee ee ote caper pe 27 |39 | 39 | 21 | i0 J-i i916) 28° |'34°7]92""| 39°} 32° | 95 Romulus..........- 21,17 | 19 | 8 [3° Ki 4 i) 2° )3R 1 1664 18° 18 ane ates 27 |40 |39 |18 | 9 | 1 | 16 |14 | 24 | 23 | 21 | sa | 29 | 25 -sseeeseeeenel oy fag |g | 7 |-2 |as |-1 | 4 [13 115 | 14 | 19 | 21 | 17 ae ae Lda (ar) 6 Yo 7) 30] 6 (15 | 18] 15) a0 1) Boe *Mean of tri-daily observations. {Max. and Min. by the Draper Thermo New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 43 Maxima anp Miyrwa ror tHe Srarions — (Concluded). me 15] 16 | 17| 18] 19| 20| 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25] 26| 27| 28 | 29] 30| 31] = 8 (=) S| 8 |, 20), |LAbe |a9N aie PY We) eS any We 22 |28 | 30 | 26 | 23-4 BB (45. | 44 | 44) oon 95051 ot) 3a Algae lees 32 37 38 39 25.0 24 | 26 | 32 | 26] ~~ 26 | 40 | 31 | 35] 15 14 26 16 21| 35 | 33 |.38 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 29 | 36 | 33 | 36 | 31 | 25 | 27 | 40 | 26 | 84 | o9 9 14| 10 | 29 | 27 | 31 | 28 | 298 | 24 | 20 | 30 | 83 | 298 | 15 | 30 117 | 28 | 20 25133 | 32 | 36 | 32 | 36 | 36 | 29 | 34 | 33 | 36 | 33 | 27 | 32 | 35 | 35 | 30| o49 18/12 | 28 | 27 |.28 | 28%] 97 | 22 |.20 | 31-132 | 96 | 19 | 20 | 19. | 25 | 22 27 | 34 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 27 | 35 | 31 | 34 | 35 | 33 | 34 | 30 | 34 | 30 | 35 | 35! ogg 20/11 | 27 | 26 | 22 | 26 | 27 | 21 | 19 | 99 | 28 | 29 | 19 | 29 | 19 | 20 | 2 21| 30 | 34 | 36 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 30 | 20 | 35 | 39 | 34 | 30 | 23 | 23 | 30 | 33] q95 MATS odi 22) 23 278) 26. | ae | 12" a3. ioe. s|oe. | ie. | 3-12 | a7 || 3 a 22134 | 31 | 35 | 31 | 30 | 35 | 25 | 31 | 34 | 37 | 33 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 27 | 26/ 910 16| 9 | 24 | 26 | 30 | 28 | 29 | 18 |18 | 29 | 32 | 30 | 16 | 11 | 12 | 22 | 8| 21/26 | 31 | 34 | 35 | 30 | 35 | 29 | 30 | 35 | 35 | 33 | 30 | 16 |30 | 26 | 25/84 TOM Me eis 2d 1) FTA aT a) hg saeclge. 1 so )10 4p | 9 sae [34 24138 | 35 | 38 | 35 | 35 | 38 | 28 | 36 | 35 | 38 | 37,/30 | 27 | 40 | 35 | 37] 04.9 toy deu.| 28) 98) 1) 82.5132 a0. 120: 115 | 987) 35 | a | 1s | el te~|25 || 13 26135 | 34 | 39 | 34 | 37 | 35 | 30 | 41 | 43 | 38 | 32 | 31 | 34 | 46 | 44 | 431 O70 20/16 | 20 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 21 | 27 | 33 | 32 | 28 | 23 | 22 | 92 | 34 | 31 18 | 22 | 31 | 28 | 32 | 31 | 82 | 25 | 27 | 33 | 36 | 32 | 22 | 21 | 29 | 30 | 24 | 22-9 22/33 | 38 | 40 | 36 | 33 | 34 | 31 | 36 |37 | 38 | 35 | 30 | 24 | 42 | 32 | 34| 22-8 14] 12 | 27 | 22 | 80 | 29 | 29 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 33 | 28 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 24 | 12 24| 34 | 36 | 38 | 38 | 34 | 34 | 32 | 35 |37 | 38 | 36 | 31 |31 | 42 | 35 | 34 | 23.2 12 | 11 | 25 | 20 | 20 | 29 | 28 | 18 | 20 | 32 | 32 | 29 | 11 | 14 | 19 | 24 | 12 23 | 32 | 36 | 40 | 35 |31 135 | 31 | 34 | 36 | 39 | 36 | 30 | 26 | 42 | 35 | 35 | 22.8 15 | 10 | 22 |13 | 31 | 29 | 30 |19 | 18 | 33 | 35 | 30 ,18 | 15 | 13 | 28 | 14 16/17 | 25 | 22 |29 | 29 | 28 | o4 | 38 | 31 | 34 | 22 | 23 | 39 | 22 | 25 | 21| 20.2 graph. + Mean includes values of adjacent statious for the blank dates. 44 EregHtTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datty AnD Monruty Prectrr | | | | STATION. Loy: So) 44 pele lox sel 90] 10} 1x} 12 | a8 2 14 ae be ee ee eee Rae Tey Mee eee ee Western Plateau. ..| 0.05) T. 0.09 0.12) 0.06] 0.02) 0.12) 6.02) 0.17) 0.01) 0.01) T. | 0.02) .14 Aer en ee ree eos eo 20/6 15] COS ose 52 10) Se Oli 30 Sa Ol ge alee -02| .35 FA OL ee 2s Soe : eee tea et E26 Soo] eeie co |eeeeeteoe 0.5 LB FCT LS gael RS peepee! ees he Pe [ee hae | PO lens 2 Oe SS eee Bee ese Ses) eR. Cherry Creek...... aE heen 20, bal) 246 STO! STO 208)! 26e setae ce sees .02) .24 Jamestown ........ 16) 2>-~4 28) (230) =35}2- 253 2 S| 2 ie A J be ear (ee eg Lo C25 Mola eee See Le pf || AO a | | ee ea 246). 222 [0-3 Es Sees dl be t Letbind 0) 5 eae ae | | Po OZ) 0a; ROSIE Nese. 2 SN SPE aA ES || ee Pe ae HA a PANETT ae. oto Tl s-24 T Hb 4h of OG Gas Dee se Le cIgie ee T 03 JAG Ti Ce eee (12) BRS ee ae a |e De ihc wie SPL see og (S| nhl Woe [eee 2a) Peas a ARES ME oO MOnris: 2+... 2 ODIs eae eee BP) eee | eee S| ee | eee a See) ee aed cee 1 00 Neto 1) oe eee eee 10 eee Se S10)) .0nKS. 260) Ae ee tA er B05) etoleee LTC ee es ir ares, epee eee SIRE | ER | Me ae 206)--2-5 By) | Sae| epe | ae Sao ete WYSUGCE WOOL Js: 5c sy) ae ates = 02}. SOR EE Ue. 10/202)" 20 a2 ale see ale aes a a | PAMOIGON! (2122S. bei2 ccesees 2 O21) 204] Mahe see WOlPeeee 13) DE asec Alb-s-oleanee J ve PASIAN GALE W's A= <2 a) Sas aed eiccaleee cele ae one sale See | ceeme || ae |) era 04)... Sad Haskin ville. 4 2.2 4\-3 fl Sa) PE CT en Cee ey he SS Sou jacase al ewatee Ty OSOS conc ste sacs) ceieed Meter CON een e 20) OE. S10); pcO5|mezOliogh. jeans 02} 02] .20 Erie, Pennsylvania S07 |eaaae aS 07!) 305!) Det LOnSeces 1 2l) Cenliseeee Hie tea Col woe New York WEATHER BuRBAU. 47 TATION FoR J ANUARY — (Continued). 15/16/17) 18 | 19 | 20/ 21) 22| 23 | 24) 25) 26| 2% | 28! 29] 30] 31 ra S a + ine an| eapa ale Wage |uee, Pees... MTB Uitte sities IePheyc daze, [De Te See aes 1.10 ee pars eiimecmer. | | qodl ime |o.,cl tecluacc dines. a. otal ERed anode SRA SRSA) erent Seas LOS lees saleas cs lamellae 269 hae Od | seers |e erate tees site oral cree See 0) 0.00 .0.00/0.00) 0.00) 0.10) T.| 1. | T. | 0.60] @.40) 0,03) 0.02] 0.01| @.00| 0.00| 0.00; T | 1.07 BSC SaG4 Gee a Sena .09) T. Ts 3 US Leas SUZ Ie OSI OS |e eele ee Ileana 098 =e || oa eal ae ACT ele Si al BILL O|EN DM). co cehat as nacueler dt ae 0.87 G2 | ae ea Osea cee roe Eee BZN ks eaha ch “ces Mnyenscal| ae | oe 0.91 oy |S aaa Maing SBA TA AG (ee Sees ie Nias BOIS Aol secelhe Shc |oe seal ae T. | 0.88 2.2 6) | ARs) Se -20| .05)_. = Be afte} jue ee HTS erecta a [ere ee llerasvere P| 136 "01 re ete HOT mI [tee L ay lake A SBOE OME Loss) Lola st ae Tag co ie) ea Hae FC Ge Late Ea La EB | SH OTIe ORI neice fee leer sa lee || ee 1.09 =e ee 71 Co (el aaa ba 7 et rN PP Al 10 _ drat eT AOS | oer ete Ser Soa |b aA OER Par se WHE a ae 1.30 a ae Le Le Oldoealet seal yee t Sols pUiiG | alae ieieae es ay 1.30 Ree merci) eee ile meee lana hmm |p I gal oct oe [occ iieccsl Migs 0.00/0.00/0.00} 0.26 0.12} 0.04] 0.00] 0.00 0.21] 0.15} 0.12| 0.07| 0.06] 0.00} 0.00] 0.06] 0.23] 2.17 2a ee ae ee Ol archi Wa OL|erese|eloais 21 SLO LS POPE LOG Ne cratea|avomieral|teriaers .22| 2.17 .00/0.00) T.| 0.00) 0.10} 0.12| 0.00) 0.28) 0.35] 0.02| 0.14! 0.02} 0.00} 0.00] 0.00! 0.00| 0.00] 1.56 ea RET Mpa TS | ea -40| .70| .05|..... sTeeal| Se cea ote iI coal coer a 2.05 ite een ee eee agl ela letabe WI5[o. 25.105 5,lceo8l OB) o.alsccc.|vc... loses. (ele Aeon T. | T. |0.00] 0.08) 0.07} 0.09| 0.03) 0.01) 0.00] 0.26| 0.11] 0.18| 0.02| 0.00] 0.01| ‘T.] 0.00] 1.49 rut an awe Me A ogee. Milles leech Ol: (20) ye2R|| 08|cc... gl eee Sits 1.34 eel ae ee cE TTY gart | Broan fee RCH GD eae Te (ee I ey PR 1.05 eRe al. panics toscss| 90] s80| TD. [eagusles sete acee| cscs; ccnee Notas STs Neer oh Oils El 11,02) 204l eee e-ce 69), 02] > oles. c|/aee .05|..... (eases 1.40 = aicl| iT SSE Se Le Ee |e me ef, el ee + lo a FF BO rel vol 7a" | opi am |) c0B|. =10|) | 20 cece oy Bille O2leae 1.09 = deel ee emia aaa ee ert) ae (ee le :50| 02: S40) Sent iats aa SCANT a ell eae 1.80 0.03) T.{ T.| 0.07} 0.20) 0.03] T. | T. | 0.19] 0.82) 0.13| 0.05! 0.02) 0.03} T. | 0.01/ 0.11] 2.70 = 207/62 SARS Ee ae Bee (Sricicey ae racy fe Ae 1c) Eee Ceol maeo Ban SOB S| po ose) |eatoo eoney liane sliaaccs Bg 5 Co pati Bcass|amee (Nes sly sae, ROTI MENS Mat LOR |! se ssece seg teens T. | 200 ay ea 105} 26} 12 T. |... 42] 1.69] .23| ‘o6| T.| T.| T.| 1. |. .01| 3.28 2 | aN ee | ee S65 stale Tepe coaliy 24 |Sy 2, oleate 405/90. 08] T.| T.; .03| .23} .04) T. | coi] 49} .65/ .09| 04) T. | “aeel cis SOLE pale euler iseilnie new [eters dha eee 1.80 Liye eae eee D5 leeane | Os RISES. 3 E30 lees mrt ome iva aen |e cook | ras a 48| 1.82 Aa Sea BARS 18 (TN A Ds leeede las atoSaedclonses|(seees|eesod Baroda T 80; .04| T ae du ut 01) 1.46 ; fa ag ea i ce ae | Aina ee | 0.01) T.| T.} 0.05) 0.15 0.04| 0.01} 003} 0.12) 0.50] 0.09) 0.04 0.01| ONO) Ws wae 0.06] 1.85 ——— -——— the month incomplete. || Reports too late to be used in computing the averages. T= Trace. 4 50 EigHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Sratistics or TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAB.). 3S ra 7s i teed = 5 §/32 EXTREMES OF MONTHLY i) S x MEAN TEMPERATURE 5 = Ps re FOR JANUARY. STATION. COUNTY. | ef | e| E_. bre Ss =) . 5 HE a|sié eo ls mH = = = a ~ seein) PIE]? | og Se o;].2 co) nd i ES = ° =| co i) te 15 n + ~ a - c7) 4, 2 | w/S/15)]8/8 a a © B S 1818 (Si/ete. | 2 (8 loses A His l/aeiaia sa tH R be Western Pigtéaiuc.. 25) sees essen ees rb a) (ese ae PEE Rae et ae = el (RE lessee eas = Anivelioa tee 2 likes Allegany ..... 21.4) 13/1855)1896)22.1) +0.7|; 81-9; 1890) 12 9] 1857 Humphrey ........... Cattaraugus...) 23.4) 13/1884/1896/24.0) +0.6} 34.2) 1890} 15.9) 1893 Mimirae.ssese7 =. Soeeae Chemung ..... 25.3] 18)1851|1896)24.6] —0.7| 35.6) 1890) 13.5] 1857 aslerneP lated... =.| -<2---cmecceac, 22,58) © amia| Km sail ato LOS Olan | eae eee ee eee ETORO 4 eaters Chenango..... 22.7) 29)1828)1896/20.1] —2.6] 29.6} 1828) 13.5] 1856 Cortland 225022. one. Cortland ...... 22.8) 33/1829/1896/20.0) —2.8) 30.3) 1843 9.3] 1857 amiltaurcs + oo ent Madison ...... 22.4) 20/1827 1896/17 3} —5-1} 30.2} 1848) 15.6) 1844 Cooperstown.......... Otsego ....... 20.2) 43/1854/1896/17.0) —3.2} 31-6) 1880] 10.3] 1857 Waverly escesss Ssesns HOP R= osee en 23.2] 14/1883/1896/23.6] +0.4) 33.5] 1890) 17.2] 1893 Northern -Plateau-s.<.|\ ssnsssccestacse 19 2D). 52] cen -oo~ | LSA] — Be anials om hee oetoel| eae eee aes Howwville. 2-25, -2 35 Jct Lewis's o2sces- 19.1} 30 gi 1896 15.4) —3.7| 28.9 1843) 5.4) 1857 Atlantic (Ooast-cu-s=-,|ceeneoeeeee ee 30.4 Ae Bee Pale || a oro looea cca) dens New York City....... New York....| 30.4) 26/1871/1896/28.0] —2.3] 40.0) 1890) 23.8] 1893 Setauket. 232) Sulolk -2---- > 30.4) 11)/1886/1896 27.8] —2.6' 38-8) 1890) 22.5) 1893 ads ViGUbi coccoecs| acess cece oe seine 74 a) (oe (ea fore 2 be a tay WR al lose cn AV Dany. a-ak cco ke AlDarfyi ccs see 23.0} 23)1874/1896/20.0/ —3.0} 30-8} 1880) 14.6] 1875 Honeymead Brook....| Dutchess ...-.. 23.8) 16)1881)1896/20.6] —2.2} 32.4) 1890) 15.8] 1893 Wrest eoint: snes Orange ....... 27.7| 67|1826)1896/22.8] —-4.9| 40.1) 1870) 19.1/'44,’57 Champlain Valley....| ------.---..2-- ARO Ree neem Fee | (hee —— eG | mein iatnlai| ements ae Plattsburgh Barracks.| Clinton ....... 17.0) 43/1839/1896/14.4| —2.6| 27.4) 1880) 9.7/'75,’84 St. Lawrence Valley..| .-------------. Ue Cel ogee sae's\| 14-0] ——4-B) ocean on ceel | Geel eee Madison Barracks....| Jefferson ..... 19.7} 38)/1839}1896|16.1] —3.6) 32.2) 1880, 10.4] 1888 Wanton cre tase ces n- St. Lawrence..| 16-9] 34/1862/1896/13.2} —3.7| 29.3] 1880) 7.2] 1875 North Hammond...... ae --| 18.6) 18/1867|1896/15.3) —3.3) 27.4] 1889 6.7| 1875 Potsdam senses. ol ss. st .-| 18.0] 28/1828)1896/11.2) —6.8) 27.6) 1843 8.2) 1893 GIZA DRKES ee mosenscc.| -o-50seccecenee 7a Ae eRe Mosnllesae 2256) — Lil coos] came s| eee aealeeeeee Lies sea ee Wri. -2.ceeene 24.4! 26/1871/1896)25.0) +0-.6) 36.8) 1880) 16.8) 1893 Rochester. \--2.--.<--.- Monroe ....... 24.0) 26/1871/1896/23.0) --1.0| 36.5) 1880) 17.0) 1893 Fort Niagara......... Niagara ...... 25 8) 41/1842/1896|24.4) —1.4) 36.4) 1880) 18.7) 1875 Baldwinsville ......... Onendaga ....| 22.2) 21/1854/1896/19.5| —2-7| 30.2) 1858) 13.2) 1857 Oswego o2c se shen 2 25... Oswego.....-. 24.1) 26/1871/1896)21.0; —3.1| 36.2} 1880) 15.4] 1888 Palenmo = 2scicesc ee Oi Ss a Sestee 22.2) 43/1854/1896/18.4| —3.8) 29.4 11.6) 1888 Erie, Pennsylvania-...| Erie -..-...... 27.1] 23)1874/1896/27.0} —0.1/ 40.0) 1880) 18.0) 1893 Central Lakes 7s eA eis ct eos | ec bey | RS eee cc eec anes Ithaca 24.2) 18/1879/1896/22.8} —1.4} 34.7; 1880) 17.5) 1893 AV OLAL COD RNGUUG aie ea weide isan (a's<:-\| so aeae'l emia eae Gee mies NEA |ea we wall owe ene] cone ee eae [SE WO Se Ee a SS OS ee * 1863, ’80, ’92. ——o. —- New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. AND PRECIPITATION— JANUARY. 51 STATION. Western Plateaw...... PASH SG NCA een miele a= === Humphrey Elmira Oxford Cortland Eamiltoni9. <>-2=5 5-2 Cooperstown.....-.--- Horte eLvise..>-.-----=- Waverly vo rthern Plateau..--. LA Aw a ee Atlantic Coast.-.-...-- New York City...-.--- Setauket Hudson Valley......-- Albany Honeymead Brook..-. Poughkeepsie. ....---- Wiest Point..---.-.-.. Champlain Valley..-. Plattsburgh Barracks. St. Lawrence Valley... Malene Madison Barracks.... North Hammond...... Potsdam SBr Tat] Oersrcies siicintes sacs Erie, Pennsylvania... Central Wakess 22 css 2 Ithaca vs | °o Bin be oH COUNTY. mae gs eal tn S q r = Tab pe Ny ae ets aS Pett Allegany ..... 2.9 Cattaraugus -. 3.15 Chemung..... 2.23 poeeatasteraces 2.67 Chenango..... 2. Cortland ...... 2.68 Madison ...... 2.22 Otsego....----. 2.58 Orange -<.--.- 3.68 Tioga Aeewen oe 2-33 Se ea ice 2.51 IGG, Mi nosenoce 2.51 BAe eS eeie So New York....| 3-93 Suffolke se sces. 4.31 oe ne 3.44) A Dany cess 2.81) Dutchess -.-.-. 3.31 ce PSS ol tocee Orange ...----| 3-60 ISTE S855 4.20 LF Se eeise oe aee 1.80}. Clinton ....... 1.80 ee sca eae eee 2.13 Franklin -..--. 1.70 Jefferson ..-.-.- 2.26 St. Lawrence..| 2-83 ss Sai aees SEBEL SRE DOaae 278 TIC nee e csc 2.92 Monroe ..----. 3-15 Niagara .....- 2.00 Oswego ....-.- 2.94 BE anatase 2.46 TIC rse ses <2. 3 24 PSE eed ree, ais 2.21 Tompkins ....| 2-21 PRECIPITATION — (INCHES). Record ends. Record begins. Total for January, 1896. : | Length of record, years. -)----|2- 7|1896|2 32 Ree tesa! 18961 _ eae a eee tere 1896|0. 1896|0. 1896|0- 18961 - 1896!1- 1896 sAscitil 1896) 1 1896/1 1896)1- 1896)1 2 3 1896 1896 1896 1896 1896 1896 1.46 1879|1896} 1.46 [>] a EXTREMES OF MONTHLY PRECIPITATION FOR = JANUARY. (=e S oO «Of | GREATEST. | LEAST. 3 oe: ; =I + oI =| z Se hate 2 | « 5 I 3 FI $ A < H =" =ZONCS ae ese tee ace eet | eee —0.58| 4.45) 1894) 1.86] 1891 0.72| 5.02| 1890] 1-82) 19901 —0.67| 4.72} 1856] 0.62} 1893 EET 02 |beeane Pew) Ses A Ns —0.55} 5.11] 1836] 0.92] 1934 —0 82} 5.02] 1863) 1.30] 1851 —0-84| 4.57| 1836] 1-18] 1849 —1.10! 5.54] 1891) @.32] 1860 —2.13| 7.02 1891) 1.55] 1896 —0.67; 3.99] 1892] 1.20) 1887 EOIN ese eens ae |e —0.19 4.81) 1855] 0.55} 1842 SDT (| ae eee aes MRIS OK = —2.68, 6.15] 1882) 1.15} 1871 —2.83) 6.29] 1891] 1.48] 1896 aS Vara lS eRe eee | oases —1.83| 6.12] 1891} 0.98) 1896 —2.40) 6.89] 1891] 0.91) 1896 —2.38| 6.65] 1891) 0.45) 1849 —2.41| 9.95] 1841] 0.82) 1851 —3.11| 9.76) 1891] 1.09) 1896 ELV | oe en Rn foaee ose | AR +0.25| 4.30) 1892) 0.59) 1888 2) Pee am ee (eee See ES G836|Macceclecccse bencealeecees —1.21| 4.71| 1874) 0.20) 1888 —1.77| 5.94) 1870] 1.06] 1896 +0.06| 4.50} 1895) 6.36] 1836 Sno iso kl eel sien Nee Cee +0.36| 5.61] 1874] 1.16] 1871 +0 23] 8.05] 1878] 0.94] 1883 +0.80| 5.61] 1843) 0.53] 1879 —0 90) 6.49] 1884) 0.92] 1887 —0.46| 6.50} 1874] 0.16] 1884 —1.72| 6 20] 1878] 1.41] 1878 PE QUT | ateicelllconcee | Mexeee||eeaeoe —0.75| 3.78] 1892] 0.57| 1879 SAO ees | lene 4 | oe tee sees a’ Bes 2. “ 5 * ws \s m 1 4 rere ty Z mi aa i BS 7 * 5 r Me ’ Pen ' | ~~ a as sar amen aT rae ALCP a alinal Pn P NRA A he Prin gen MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1896 Kingston /f (CANAD IANI® Toronto (CANADIAN LG GZ fi f LLZ e por "Rocheste L u.s.) SCALE OF MILES S 7 b 4 =! umber ia an itehall Crn s i Brbckfieldy WK 4 é Wan tam¥tton- 7/ Croperstoyn' e. ( e ‘ eNe isb¢@ fine : P NewLondonge 4U.S 3 wet i Mortarisis: » ew ee wt, i 7 “to cw a MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION FOR JANUARY, 1896 é Kingston (CANADIHBN)I® 14 y Wy Sg om — Yi ~ O Abie ®@ A: } 7 nn oy] | AG Sos 7 Pa eS Ve ie PS TO ZF = Lf FEE OE, ES ES TI ¢ LES F720 AVG OND 2 5 SL PRE Ml. BESS ESS AS ©, i J p—A¥ wr eht Say 4} —_. —-—__/#*_—___- +} - ans- SB Ly (UE AM 0 eS LS aeSa , : Pe? =m mw SS WE Be a 5 GR fee PSST "a GEE (ee i EEE 3 S a : >| SO om 53) Ay ws = mn ae) = ~ aL e| oq = est lee Jems Pe cies) cc Sl) =e Pee r e ibis WS S rE la a | ele ao) ov se = ° ne ° C) o |e o oo) os a] A Hial yA Ala} a! ala ta | eiAa Western Plateau..| ..-..--.....-- Seas Ss Soe) ACE Set esl Steel fetal eersel eases il esi seas] 2454) Cl) 28 Allfredis..22 2-522. Allegany..... pM se S65 Sodoaa||sellbecrisa) ee see |[S5rceijoocue 21-7) 22.4| 53) 28 Angelica .-s--5--- Ser). Mrekia sis Ee esl Sol el laeectens eel coal ones! hsec 23-2) 23.5] 54) 28 Friendship ....... OP ee nian 1550} 29.94) 30.67/17) 29.01] 6)1-66).....].-..- 23.9) 25.2) 57) 28 Humpbrey ....... Cattaraugus. .|1950|.-----|------]-. BASSE Belseea eer ibaces 24.1] 24.2) 59] 28 Arkwright ....... Chamba meee | 260 eerste lee mira) | el oe retell ete alee tes arate lee ----|}23.0] 53} 28 Jamestown ....... : FBP o73 fepoeses Aocetocd Set lasceas| lee lersen| eae bSeonc ---.| 25.8] 61) 28 MIAN sn vase ses (CONS selh CB Estee a losdocaltealleseeccl fealleresloace Siideere ----| 27.2] 55] 28 PAN OM cane se ect cs EXVINPRLON 3085 |sesscet seamen ean cel las (eeey earn | nee ----| 24.8] 52) 28 Mt. Morris....... g BE 2 Pests eopmnal (eel sen. eciipscia| ameclco-oelaasr 26.6) 54/ 28 WAChOree ee -a-- Ontario esas se (22 5<\|asme ce | (eam on omer (val peered le eaten | ect eee 24.8) 54) 28 Wedgewood ....-- Schuyler ..... HEN lessecs|tecodec ee ea Ss ee) ee egal 21.6] 22.6] 49] 28 Addison .......... Steuben...... 1000 (2222 oe ll beeeee Pigs ne pee ...-| 80| 24/26.3] 26.2] 54] 28 South Canisteo...| Steuben...... IE EM eo ooss||sosbscl|sollbssosalise Shale 80} 18/22.9) 24.2) 51) 28 Arcade ~: 2.235253. AVA AR Sep tard acer 5 aaerscot oe! laSomse|)o5]|abelpmocel| |aomac 21.3] 21 8| 54/ 28 Varysburg ....... ce baal AAS el oere ares eetose |. age ae teal areal seve | svarstars | ee 24.0| 53) 28 SERGI APE LOLEMILE Wie eo scans es) sae | a2 clean onlececes Re alae Fea Dh kee 23.4| 54) 28 Binghamton .....- Broome 252.5 21| 870 |e cel lanwoem feo ioeoee cline soctllizcawelseas o(2ded | 2458) 502s Oxtord sees eee Chenango: 2 =| /550|ssecce=|esacee thal cece eal aw eral eee | ecto | eens 23.7| 48) 28 Cortland’ soseeces Cortland ..... L126) Jodo SE| eee Se eee ee se eee aeicel'eesal eee 22.2; 47] @ Bloomville........ Delaware..... 1550)... < L402 ee.4- iL 41.0] N. EK. —24| 17) 66] 14) 36) 7 2 7| 4.9) 7.7/16.4| 16.1) 4.54) 1.47).....- i es Pee see cise —j2| 17) 74| 13] 27] 7] 6] 6/10 9 110 i OWal Wa tes Nita Graco! CAgh |MOStae bas upas | — 9 17| 67) 12) 31] 18 4 kl O il 18 19 S02 el 20 eenee. 6 33.4) N. W —12} 17| 66) 16] 33] 18 2 TAR 6 114 15 48990! LASeese Ge |ooeeee w — 8} 17} 64] 13) 28) 18 4 Wave iota le 23 OST polo a eee 6 39.0] N. W —12| 18! 65; 13) 36| 18 4 Rho qf) ys) ily a2) en Allemieretern 6 77) S. Wi — 5 e| 50} 15] 29) 18 Fil Cx AM eee Peale CUE OTL IO B teeters 6 16.5| N. E —20 g| 70); 16) 36) 15 6) 23) 7 6 |16 20 G39) 02a 6 BPA Gasecitic --5 ete Bie oil variate orate feiae se Oe lore ea OOtc Ot eo Sool Socmocilontic ag) hosomsc —1$) 17) 65) 12) 29 18 4 7|\ 3 5 j21 21 A890 as Tile Osc 6 20.3) S. W.- —24| 17; 71) 14} 33] 18 sin Dh! 4 |21 9 Yel ie leg PAVE Bae 7 35.0) S. W- —13) 17) 63) 14] 32} 18 4| aa| 4 9 !16 14 A028) 0090) 83-2. 6-9 18.0) N. W — 7| 17, 70} 15] 32) 27 4 S[eaeseeelsealt 9 3196| ees Paso GPM eee. —J8) 17) 68] 15) 40) 16 5| bb] 6.0/10.7/12-3} 10.0) 4-19] 1-65} 21.30 Gat | Saeee eece —17| 17) 67} 16} 40) 16 6! be oj18 jLl 9 4.29| 1.07] 14.00 6 25.0! N. W. —I17| 17 68! A 29 lo 5 616 Wyle if DLOOl era oeetec 6 8.7) W —18] 17| 69} 15) 34) 18 5 Dy uss pk: 14 4.61; 1.65) 21-30 6 21.6) S. E. —43| 17| 69| 16| 50; 18| 0| 29| 6-7| 8.4/13.9| 14.2| 5.50] 3.98| 17.30] 29 | 25.3] W. A NE SESS thermograph. || Report received too Jate to be used in computing means. | The means from + Blank indicates that the duration is not shown in the original records, but it is within 24 hours. 18; (j) 16, 27; (k)7, 9; (m) 7, 14; (n) 6, 8; (p) 6, 20; (q) 14, 20; (r) 8,9; (s) 4,5, IL; (t) 1, 5, 8- (bb) 5, 6, 8; (be) 6, 21. 62 E1gHtTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TEMPERATURE — Frprvary, 1896, SHowinc Dairy MEANS ror | STATION. a3) 8 | 3 |-4 1 So) eel Silos a) Gi itsol-i1 | 12 nea ae Western Plateau...| 38 | 30 | 26 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 30 | 29 | 26 | 26 | 23 |18 | 28 | 22 ae 45 | 38 | 27 | 34 | 36 136 | 30 | 29 | 24 | 98 | 32 | 23 | 37 | 28 sececteeeee 33 | 20 |19 |27 | 27 | 30 | 24 | 21 |38 | 38 |16 | 6 |17 | 13 44 | 38 |29 | 38 | 4a | 41 | 32 | 32 | 29 | 30 | 29 125 | 39 | 28 Angelica ...--.---- Bbiaio2 | 2a) 20m ose aO a tne 25 eS O mM edTe oi) 126i 21 16 ; 46 | 40 | 33 | 41 | 40 | 26 | 32 | 34 | 28 | 32 | 34 | 26 | 40 | 26 Friendship -.------ 34 |24 | 22 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 26 | 24 |19 | 19 | 16 | 8 | 20 | 14 44 139 |29 | 36 | 39 | 36 | 30 | 32 | 27 | 32 | 26 | 34 | a7 | 23 Humphrey .....--- Se) aode oon nog 2 30 | 25 |23 | 19 | 22 | 14 7 | 19 18 } 42 | 33 | 32 | 37 | 38 | 34 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 32 | 30 | 24 | 37 | 22 Arkwright ...----- 23 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 28 | 31 | 25 | 28 | 18 | 20 | 14 | 10 | 20 18 a6 |36 |35 |41 | 43 |38 | 36 | 32 | 31 | 37 | 32 | 26 | 40 | 27 Jamestown ......-- 35 |27 126 | 32 | 30 | 31 | 26 !95 | 21 | 20 | 18 9 | 20 | 19 nied 46 |34 |34 | 42 |39 | 44 | 37 | 37 | 32 | 37 | 27 | 34 40 | 33 seeseceeeeee: 33 |26 | 22 | 31 | 33 | 33 | 30 |30 | 23 | 26 | 21 |14 20 | 21 oe 48. ea |e Aldo WAG Weel ee. Ae Aiea aie 34125 | 37 | 31 weencececeroes 814-28) -189! | 984i 80 | sc -cel cca cthga Hoe loclccael la. [a oe ae : 47 | 44 [34 | 42 | 44 | 42 137 | 35 | 33133 | 29 | 30 | 38 | 84 Mount Morris..... O25. | 20 28. 28) 18h 130) | Sit 2s a0) | e16) LON eye ent ate 45 |39 |28 |41 | 42 | 34 132 | 33 | 35 | 34 | 35 | 25 | 39 | 30 nae onneeenan 33 | 24 |18 | 27 | 30 | 31 | 28 | 24 '93 | 19 |12 | 12 | 19 | 18 41 |39 |25 |32 135 135 |33 |34 | 35 | 34 | 30 | 33 | 35 | 28 Wedgewood -..--.. 30 |17 |17 | 22 |27 |30 | 24 | 23 |17 |16 |13 | 7 16 | 14 ae 45 |43 |31 | 37 | 41 | 39 | 36 | 36 |31 | 35 |30 | 27 38 | 39 “peaumccncs 33 |25°|21 |25 |29 | 33 | 28 | 28 | 22 | 21 118 | 9 | 18 | 19 50 |39 |28 | 36 | 42 | 39 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 31 | 27 | 39 | 35 South Canisteo..--| 35 | o9 |1g !26 | 25 | 31 | 27 | 23 | 20 |19 |17 | 7 |17 | 12 eens 43 |35 | 32 | 42 | 40 | 35 | 31 | 29 | 28 | 30 | 30 | 22 | 37 | 20 emma ne seonm- 34 [17 | 18 | 28 127 |29 | 24 | 22 | 18 | is | 10 | 8 | 18 | 15 45 | 37 | 33 | 89 (31 |35 |35 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 138 | 38 Varysburgh ...-..- 34 {21 |19 | 30 | 29 | 30 |25 | 23 |319 | 19 |10 | 9 | 19 | 16 Eastern Plateau... 32 | 29 | 22 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 34 | 30 | 28 | 26 | a4 | 18 | 24 | 26 40 |41 | 33 | 34 138 |45 | 40 | a2 | 35 | 32 | 34 | 22 | 38 | 29 Binghamton -...... 32 | 22 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 33 | 29 | 28 | 23 |19 | 18 | 10 | 16 | 20 jie BE 37 |38 | 32 | 40 |39 | 40 | 40 | 37 | 32 | 37 | 32 | 34 | 34 | 37 ge te 26 |1s |14 | 22 | 28 |30 |25 | 24 | 27 |11 | 35 | 8 | 13 | 17 ahaa 40 | 40 | 26 ; 33 |36 |39 | 43 | 30 | 28 | 32 |'32 | 21 | 33 | 36 raseer ann 28 {20 | 35 | 21 | 26 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 23 | 17 | 20 | aL | 13 | 17 : 40 |39 |34 |39 |38 | 42 | 40 | 34 | 31 134 | 31 | 25 | 38 | 3 Bloomville ........ a7 | 17 | 14 | 23 | 30 | a6 | 27 | 26 | 23 [15 | 12 ) 8 | 8 | w7 : 40 | 39 | 32 | 38 | 41 | 4a | 41 | 34 | 32 | 33 | 31 | 24 | 49 South Kortright..-| 5, | 19 | 12 |18 | 96 | 3e | 31 | 24 |19 |14 |18 | 8 | 8 | 16 43 |34 |32 |34 | 39 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 32 | 26 | 34 | 41 | 39 Brookfield ......-.. 34 | 20 [16 | 20 | 21 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 20 | 8 | 16 | 20 | 28 37 137 ;27 |33 | 35 |42 | 40 | 32 |27 | 30 | 30 | 23 | 33 | 3: Hamilton -......... 27 [18 | 9 /19 } 29 | 30 | 25 | 24 | at is fas | | 7 | 25 ‘ 24 |18 | 20 | 24 | 34 | 36 | 39 | 40 | 36 | 34 | 30 | 25 | 28 Middletown ....... 18 | 16 / 13 | 16 | 18 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 24 | 22 | 22 | 45 | 15 | 16 2 34 ) 40 | 31 | 31 | 36 | 45 | 40 | 38 | 34 | 35 | 30 | 28 | 30 Port Jervis.....-.. 26 | 30 | 20 | 24 | 29 | 33 | 32 | 30 | 24 | 26 | 23 | Is | 17 | 22 39 |39 | 24 | 34 | 35 | 38 | 38 | 31 | 27 | 31 | 24 | 20 Cooperstown .....- 20 |18 | 15 | 18 | 25 | 32 [299 | 27 | 23 |16 |15 | 12 [13 | 15 : 36 | 38 |26 | 34 | 35 |41 | 40 | 31 | 28 | 29 | 32 | 22 | 34 | 26 New Lisbon....... 2 118 | 11 ;20 | 28 |30 |27 125 | 21 115 113 | 9 | 8 | 16 a ieite 43 |43 | 28 | 38 | 40 | 44 | 43 | 36 | 31 | 34 | 37 | 28 | 40 | 41 steseeeeees 29 | 21 | 16 | 22 | 30 | 32 | 29 | 29 | 25 | 20 | 47 | 14 J 15 | 20 ; 42 |38 |30 | 41 | 41 | 39 | 33 |33 | 30 |35 128 125 |4o | : Perry City..--.---. 34 {17 |16 | 22 | 95 | 33 | 26 |25 |19 |17 |10 | 8 | 15 a 41 |41 | 29 | 39 | 38 | 42 | 38 | 36 | 34 | 39 | 34 | 36 | 38 Waverly....-.--.-. 33 | 29 ; 24/30 |33 |28 |28 |25 |} 21 |18 | u |16 | 15 38 | 40 | 26 | 30 | 32 !42 | 44 | 38 | 29 | 34 | 29 | 29 | 36 | 37 Mohonk Lake -.-.. 20 | 22 | 14 | 18 | 26 | 28 | 28 | 26 | 23 | 18 | a7 | 18 | 14 | 19 Northern Plateau..| 28 | 22 |13 | 25 | 30 | 34 | 32 | 26 | 20 | 18 | 20 | 14 | 18 18 36 |19 | 19 | 33 | 33 | 38 | 32 | 27 119 | 28 | 24 | 20 | 141 22 Sarnac Lake......- 901-4 1 401 15 {| 801 80° | 9a ee ee a al ae 4 33 | 37 | 23 | v9 | 33 | 39 | 40 | 33 | 25 | 29 | 29 | 22 | 26 | 29 loversviliet 2.28. 47248." ef ego a7 aie 890 | oe trauelaad ay tgs) | ds ae New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 63 THE Reations, AND Darty Maxmma anp Minima For THE Stations. | — - ness 1s | 16 | 17 | 18] 19] 20] 21| 22] 23] 24] 25] 26| 27] 28] 29) = } ° | = 30 AON RES ReUE IGU GIT S 1 | 20), 83" | B06 1d. 20 laa) | 46e.| oomiaihe 44 28 5 |20 | 30 | 8 |12 | 31 | 40 |38 | 20 | 31 | 46 | 53 | 42 | 24-4 Tate ote Teil ten selon eG weds) 180 ml Mow lees | eT. 8e el 27 29.4 44 27 2 |.23 |15 |10 |12 | 30 | 39 | 40 | 21 | 38 | 48 | 54 | 42 fees a) -AGe|20%] Ge tL he (6) 284 Bd. ied 05 ea S87) 129) le ness 44 28 6 | 27 |25 |10 | 15 | 36 | 42 | 39 | 29 | 35 | 52 | 57 | 46 A SBN SEE al cep oe eS ae key aae 7) ate) 2 eye a net a 25.2 44 26 17-93 | 19. | 15 | 15° | 34’ |.37 | 36 | 21/338 | 52 | 59 | 47 pares. 164 Gal Os 23 bade ||) 7-280 | 20) 1 10)| 74 | 21640 .| 28 - | eae 42 20 3 | 36 | 20 |10 | 13 | 25 | 35 | 32 | 17 | 30 | 47 | 53 | 43 | Se eee 1 | anoT ON) FOUnILNO) eeSe|OSeelol7 hi) 25 (es less (43% 025 23.0 48 22 6 | 23 | 24 | 9 |18 | 32 | 38 | 40 | 26 | 36 | 54 | 61 | 42 pple ans teeere no lig eco ul ot gil, 26) 0), 1990) Bis |G.) || 26 nil heer cor 25.8 51 15 1 | 23 | 28 |18 |17 |38 | 44 | 40 |19 | 33 | 44 | 55 | 38 Sohal ean tee MG ubl| sail U6) nl) MGM LON S40 uS7 a lLO8 || Voip || 25) oven oS 27.2 40 28 4 |25 |29 |19 |.14 | 31 | 41 | 40 | 34 | 35 | 45 | 52 | 47 ee eae ey Gin | tse SES) Ulead 105 Jeo Seon 88)alh30 24.8 33 23 3 |29 | 30 |20 |18 | 40 | 45 | 41 | 29 | 42 | 47 | 54 | 46 15 o | -10 |-13 110 | 8 | 5 | 20 | 21 | 24 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 35 |! 30 26.6 43 26 9 |23 | 30 |}10 | 12 | 35 | 48 | 37 |18 | 37 | 48 | 54 | 45 16 One ei Tl 10] 3 wily eels 24 O01 PLO limes || 19)" 1400 [P30 24.8 45 22 4 |17 | 26 |14 | 13 | 40 | 43 | 43 | 19 | 32 | 40 | 49 | 43 ioe eens a7 ae 98) a eo | eee) e2 thar) eee 3 "|, 19. b321,-30 22.6 50 38 4.)o03 | 27 |'45 117 | 35 | 41 | 43 | 27 | 35 | 47 [54 | 44 Tepe ae 13a | 1 el |) ed I NOs [e277 vi leLOu NS 125) Sau ae 26.2 48 30 3 |18 | 24°] 9 ;15 | 34 | 45 | 42 | 21 | 40 | 46 | 51 | 45 Ma ew RTs all 207 e|) Seal STs | 05°) (Posie [One wes): 68) 1.20) te s5en |) 20 24.2 42 19 ON Oke Loge hes (2% (8841 4 eds ol S- | 46; [54> 43 Ta cton tea 28 | See ho Woo a5, 20 “as bet | 165 | 29 11. soNNl ior 21.8 44 21 vq | 23 | 24] 11 | 15 | 33 | 45 | 36 | 17 | 35 | 49 | 53 | 39 | ee Pe Oks AG Saou b Las [et | B80 tes | ek 48) | 88, | Sa eor toe 30 1evb| | 40%) | 184) 12 | 19 | 18’, | 29%) 82 /).45 | a2 | 28 38 °|.40 | 2, 48 37 Geet pl eB te (1s) | Bl 42) || 4a |) 251/28 | a |50r 147 -4 12 Cy fy SoS NS STB Ake Wee ees ya ee eine eh 24.8 44 40 5 | 26 | 28 |22 |20 | 29 | 38 | 42 | 24 | 27 | 41 | 48 | 42 6 | corse MEST tees Te TIS AN Gre | yy eS SII SE NEES | ett 44 36 o | 1s | 23 |13 |11 | 29 |. 42 | 38 | 29 | 25 | 38 | 47 | 47 11 OM eon ero 19)n| We uelabs) lets e104 eS) |) cao; es Sn — 1°80 29.2 43 37 | —2 | 20 | 25 ;17 |14 | 26 | 42 | 39 (24 | 22 | 35 | 48 | 43 16 al) Zoe Lae Nai bse ae WS eee kOe ES aie apy oY) Bi 23.2 44 31 0 | 21 | 20 |11 |13 | 25 | 43 | 49 | 28 | 25 | 37 | 51 | 48 TOMS eos OTe | Sen eeS ee PES eN In Od tiene ese hose eeon |) 10) || Teer |28!. |i39 23.3 41 99 |) 10 .}.12 | 81 | 340] 88 | 381 37 | 26-1 98-} 25 | 37 | 45 | 43 Gt 1gbal SOM eSoe Mat |) PS. ie: olde as 0, levi |, FO, |) 19. > BON 38 93.2 42 32 | —5 | 21 | 24 |18 |12 | 30 | 40 | 37 | 25 | 20 | 37 | 48 | 45 A We SR Sa Se | eee 3 iat ES sie |) gn) 21.2 43 24 3 |14 | 32 | 22 | 26 | 26 | 43 !39 | 20 | 21 | 36 | 48 | 49 19 a P26 Hes. ea. lo at Te 4] SS a BP a 22.5 44 27 9 |17 | 36 | 22 118 | 32 | 42 | 48 | 25 | 22 | 39 | 45 | 50 16 we |) see (See ee WOO NSO eis WTO) OE WEE IPED 26.0 41 ag | ep ie | ae Wake i pa Nee eee eed Wal |) eee |) a) NZS ie faa) Se ES NE ey 5G a Rae aa op I 20.7 42 35°] —6 | 19 | 27 (16.|11 | 27 | 39 | 38 | 24 | 20 | 36 | 50 | 47 13 ee Sen Dein ODO SES TIES NG 810 c|e2dee |) 83) 025) |laanome Ness 21.2 47 39 acl 97 Js 119 a 1.32.-1.40 | 43 1-47) 25 | 41, | 58)" ) 51 a | SB Ser SB WIA | NSO Re ee TSE ei) BEN I Sir 26.0 44 20 | —4 | 21 | 25 |17 117 | 30 | 41 | 37 | 19 | 35 | 40 | 50 | 43 Ren sn Pe cene = 7an etal eo alned) ClmGrl Sts 19r pul |= N90 ast 30 22.8 50 35 72 | 25 |27 115 | 20 |37 | 45 | 47 | 27 | 29 | 46 | 54 | 46 TP SO Se RON ee SE Ra Tae | ae alae AN ale ped re al eis 26.2 43 43 3 |17 |26 |17 |19 | 28 | 41 | 43 | 30 |15 | 32 | 44 | 48 17 Sel hata aan) AW oS le lN aS 28) hee ass [as (lady Oe sage 23.8 21 Seif 1s) (221 164) 10/12 {a2 oe 23 (4 Sel en || 36,40 a 83 5 | 282 "20 1295115 | 10 | 26 |36 131 ‘| 10 | 20 | 8a | 56° | 44 c Beg ea Rie ess 0/230 eG |=se al 10) alate ieee |=te |=18 nls Bl esh a e8h nag 15.1 42 34 | —4 | 14 | 25 | 19 |12 | 25 | 38 | 37 | 25 | 15 | 29 | 41 | 44 TaD ee e5 i 2k) Gh By li St By Log 250 bs 4 Oe] 8, | O87 20.1 64 E1gHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datty Mzxans ror tHE Recions, AND Daity STATION. 1 N. Plateau (Con'd). Howvillej--2------ 39 WG ooky 23 Number Four...-.-. 35 25 Turin..-..-.-------| ee Atlantic Coast ..--. 36 Brooklyn ..-.------ : ’ 2 Manhattan Beach..|°~~"~ New York City.--- Fah cea 4 45 Willet’s Point....- 30 Brentwood. ...-....|7 777" 44 Setauket ...-...... 30 Bedford ....-...-.. a Hudson Valley....| 29 TAD anNy se = aceaciee a= bs Lebanon Springs .-. a Honeymead Brook. Ee Poughkeepsie -.... af Wappingers Falls - 2 4 32 West Point.......- 18 Carmel ssi 5. 3. aes a Mohawk Valley...) 30 ROME cence eancets a Champlain Valley -| 22 Plattsburgh Bar’ks a Saratoga Springs..|°"""~ . ‘ 35 Glens Falls........ 25 St. Lawrence Valley| 25 Malone]. -en nc sabe - ; 9 Madison Barrracks As Watertown ........ eae . 39 Canton} 2a. 2 case 9 MAGSONA. 5-5 = gen|| eet ‘North Hammond... a Ogdensburg ....... co 44 POUBOAIN i206 te ating 10 3 | 4 23 | 33 0 | 21 26 | 32 1 | 20 28 | 30 31 | 34 26 | 24 24 | 26 31 | 33 26 | 28 "32° | 33 25 | 27 30 | 37 22 | 25 24 | 27 25 | 30 16 | 18 28 | 34 10 | 24 29 | 35 13 | 20 31 | 31 19 | 21 28 | 36 oer 41 | 27 20 | 20 3L | 36 24 | 26 20 | 28 25 | 31 16 | 25 17 | 19 28 | 16 4 | 6 26 | 36 10 | 17 12 | 20 13 | 22 3 | 9 29 | 40 8 | 13 5 as ie ngare|ogaedlegae 8 | 14 19 | 24 5 | 14 17 | 23 —1 | 10 New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 65 Maxima AND MINIMA FOR THE STATIONS. Monthly mean. | 28 | —4 | —3 7 12 11 14 15 2G e2on elo eau e2ar 2 53 47 13 26 39 19 22 35 48 | 50 | 39 | 28 | 38 | 49 18 13 | —5 3 19 10 12 13 22. | 84 | 15 3 | 19 | 18 49 42 15 27 39 25 24 32 49 | 51 | 38 | 24 | 34 | 53 27 15 | —5 7 22 13 14 15 28 | 37 | 18 | 13 | 23 | 29 50 45 14 33 38 24 25 35 53 | 51 | 38 | 20 | 41 51 23 13 |—8 | —1 15 8 11 il 24 | 37 | 16 8 | 16 | 24 16 6 | -21 | -16 1) 12 4 0 35 | 30 SC leds s| 526 42 40 1 19 31 200 te 20 28 42 | 46 | 31 | 23 | 33 | 46 14 1 | -13 | —8 7 8 ais 19ey 2ST. |p L0 Bie eon | 229) 45 40 11 19 35 | 21 26 34 43 | 48 | 34 | 19 | 38 | 47 19 9 |-11 | —8 3 10 6 4 yy bape apt 8 | 16 | 25 48 42 8 18 38 | 32 26 32 45 | 50 | 26 | 32 | 49 | 46 17 8 | -12 | —8 5 5 10 10 Ope Siew Sie (eo. 1226 35 51 23 | —1 18 35 21 20 SB 4S aise 1260 | O40 ale38 20 TOP cakie eh lea) er 9 10 11 Uy) Dye || PP Sia Oral eal 49 20 2 14 34 19 19 28 48 | 46 | 25 | 20 | 39 | 50 27 11 | —6 | —7 | -12 26 22 12 30) 40) EST 12) SSI 4s eae 6 || -25 | -23 | -25 | -95 8 eo BPR lob lata) ees 1 | 31 ; 34 13 7 q 2 21 2 20) \)31 9) 44 4a 20.8 iG een es 5 | 21 | 21 | 15 | 96 | 38 | 40 | 20 | 16 ; 31 | 50 | 48 eet eos eae) 27) @ ies8 (226 Sees) 11s 4 | 6) 8s) 92 |) 17-8 13 OM Petoe 223) rege sos hate ods | Ben, [Bm | 18) | ab eT [es 45 ona ain od | po% oo) Ng tl eal | eaNo to) [7 5812 AG! [38 |) 18s 66 ErigHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy Means ror tHE Regions, anp Dairy STATION. a) 30h Sa) ah oe ee) Sf oo! | 20 | 10 ee eae Great Lakes .......|87 | 30 |25 | 32 | 35 | 36 | 30 | 30 | 26 |28 | 24 |19 | 26 | 24 a See ero ca 1 aoae ne m panee cs Re Mo Fee a eritiak. tee 4s | 37 | 35 | 43 | 41 | 45 | 34° | 33 | 30 | 35 | 38 | 34 | 40 | 29 40 | 38 | 28 |37 | 38 |36 135 | 33 |29 | 35 | 31 | 25 | 31 29 Appleton ....-.-... og | 23 | 22 |27 | 29 | 30 |31 | 25 | 24 | 24 |19 | 15 | 20 | oy k 34 | 38 | 30 | 39 | 39 | 36 | 34 | 33 | 29 | 34 | 34 | 26 | 31 29 Fort Niagara ...... 22 |97 | 22 | 22 | 29 | 29 | 27 | 26 |} 22 | 22 |13 | 9 | 21 | 48 ae hae 42 | 37 | 27 | 36 | 41 | 40 | 30 | 34 | 32 | 34 | 33 | 25 | 31 32 Baldwinsville. ....- 299 |15 |15 |23 | 31 | 31 | 24 | 27 |18 | 21 | 14 115 | 18 | 19 SVE RDUBC ececeon ald CEST OLS, a ode Joc alPe ee dees, Wiens oer At ere a a 42 | 31 | 27 133 | 38 | 40 | 34 | 32 | 26 | 34 | 24 | 23 | 32°] 99 Oswego..---------. 2 | 25 116 | 22 | 31 | 33 | 30 | 26 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 17 | 19 18 featactts 38 | 36 | 27 | 33 | 37 | 40 | 32 | 81 | 95 | 31 | 22 | 21 | 30°] 27 BDH) 2a 00 ase 93 1100) | 117 | e2est 20. 82. 7/20 Neo aie ates elope ens 15 neg 45 | 38 | 28 | 40 | 41 | 38 | 35 | 35 | 29 | 35 | 82 | 24 | 37 | 32 YON Shas oc sels Seale 35 24 Is 728 | 34 | 34 [st 28 iee0 22" te te. 20 92 Oentral Lake ..... 38 | 32 | 24 | 28 | 34 | 36 | 32 | 80 | 95 | 26 | 24 | 18; | 28°) 96 FI 41 | 41 | 32 | 36 | 38 | 30 '35 | 32 | 30 | 81 ' 32 | 24 | 35 1 937 ET So agen S50 (20s eka ASealesd MeSSr s|a7 a oben| lO | Ae ito, anon dene 18 WiatKINs + oduccecse ae Baas Meas) eeny | aes eel gem orale aati PoeNlien eamtons sine eee 42 | 43 | 28 | 31 | 39 | 38 | 35 | 33 | 30 | 34 | 383 | 20 | 37 | 30 Romulus-...-------/ 35 | 91 | 19 | 24 | 30 | 33 |29 | 27 |19 |19 | 15 | 43 | 19 19 Ithaca 44 | 42 | 27 135 | 387 | 44 | 36 | 33 | 30 | 34 | 88 | 24 | 89 | 31 se gr eeet as Fis 34 | 24 | 21 | 24 | 82 | 34 | 30 | 28 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 14 | 18 | 20 Mean.-2!...-:. 32 |28 |21 | 27 | 32 |36 | 33 | 30 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 19 | 24 | 24 {Maximum and minimum by the Draper thermegraph. f Mean includes New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. OT Maxima anp Minima For THE Srations—( Concluded). ——d a 16| 17| 18] 19 | 20 | 21 | 22| 23) 24 | 25 | 26| 27] 28 | 29 es ° =| Sen ta Niel eas) laa.) aa lee |isa- las \ae: |ga0] sa | 4a | se || 22.9 aoe) is} 29 jess |) a1 Nita: | 93 |’40 | 38 | 95 \| 35 | 5a | 62 | 39) on 22|—5 |-12 | 10 8 4 5 | 10 | 30 |30 | 8 | 21 |25 |36 |297 | 28-8 apes, | 1°) 96h 20 | ta -|-15 | 30.39 | 35 | 20. | 34 | 55,1581 35 | 3. 1G, | a EL Ay ere hes 6 5 | 11 | 30/171 8 | 92°] 27 | 36 |-26 |) 2? 44.| 17 Beh desteiees ets 15 139,048 |.g6:|20~ 137), |ad. | ibd 48h | ice 05, | eet A es (a Pa 4 7 | 12 | 32 | 90 | 9 |12 | 23 | 40 | 30 | 2 42| 16 DN tea Pee eidall Tae il 315) 40% | 36/20.) Bee! 47) | 58, | 860-1 oe fea | 8" | Le.) a3 8 7 | 11 | 29 |19 | 9 |10 | 22 | 37 | 32 39 | 24 Oe ee a7 Nag ty Ise 29) | 39%) 370) 20) 1/36" | 40. |. 5B) 188! wage op 9 | 6: | 12 | as 9 8 | 11 | 27 |20 | 9 | 12 | 22 | 33 | 28 40| 2 Agel Pode ey led Ith 25.1 .80/-.|/380 |) 38 | 24° | BB | 48,45 | dee oo aee BM tron — os edo 9 8 | 10 | 27 | 23 | 9 |13 | 22 !30 | 26 | 24: Mi Sioa ed Nees a7 15.136) ).40. 36. b 25. | 220) 48 | 50,1 45 | oa peroee | ee. 1a || 11 9 Sloe ae sl cer | Se lis ote eso Sank ee ete i taesten tal |i) Slesacte vole (erate inie\||: mimlea ail) ‘elate/afs\|' fwiwmic\sll! ciaiais |) aa/s'eellwmlaiae cooo ese stl liggoodligrats | Sooad|looesss Baier) kota le De | 474) 20m) aie |i au | 36 }15 | 21) 88.1471. | 87 | oa'e eae. ade | 16 eae eas Mea ease |, 21.23 | Be | cael 19%) | Bealastaheees 37 | 13 Bete Woor 16" | a3.) //28) |. a8. | 862%.) 16. | 83 ('47 [43 IP oo 13 | —9 | -24 | -20 8 9 Hee i498) eh de Geel: ae. || 28). asa 45 | 17 # | oa; [a0 || A6 a7 | 32. | 44.7] 38" | 28, | 34] 40: | 50 | 46 lees Pele awe ia ore ets 10.) 1O2|, 46. |. 29. oe los. 112 | 241-89, | 88% lee 43.| 17 5 | 30 | 22 | 10 | 18 | 37 | 43 | 40 | 25.) 40 | 59 | 63 | 82 | 55 5 Sea, =, | 2 9 4 4 | to | 32 |25 | 9 | 20 | 27 | 38 | 28 33 | 12 | —8 6 eon ag toe) oy | 34) 924) 16] 18 | 30 | 43. |40 4.9 a |-sa | =t | 20 | 28 | 18 | 12. | 34 | 41 | 30 | 24 | 29 | 42 | 50 | 50 - ear ea e227 lWhl6 7 Bois ah | 2onhoow mel 5 19. 36 vasa la Rae ale op wes] cesses] cece] sesee] nee] eoees[enees[eecesfeceee|sceeefectee|eeerefeseee]ereees 47| 20 Peel coke eae hai.) 1otel 882 |. 420 | 400.) 26y)) 820 |°41, | SLM ATL on a Ae ebay a Ue 8 Dalat |o7 ios [9 | & | 20.slesd, | aE : 51 | 25 Oi 2t~ hee dee) 150) sR] as pat 124, | 90 | 41 | 50. | 46 4) oe See <6 [18 - | 49: |ete 8 Tel ort] 24): oak Be |e. | 20. ,| 37 Sao mes -_— ——E —— =a ised = ——— SS —eeeeeeeeee Soe Se | 26 | 10 | —8 al tigieh ise) ao |i | ae \30 | 5 ‘l\te ) 26 | 86.40" | one values of adjacent stations for the blank dates. 6S Eiegutu ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy anp Montuiy PRrReEcrIPITa ST AION. 1 } Western Plateaw..| 0.25 PRN TINGE ote coerce cine 215 Angelica ......... .34 IBHIVEDS saoncce se -26 Friendship --.--...- -13 Humpbrey..-...-. -14 Little Valley...... 2526 Cherry Creek..--. -24 Jamestown .....-- -14 MMM ee ac. soso -08 PineiCity, ¢- <=. =. -31 PAUENON tee o-oo R ce -52 PAVON 225-2. 2esbou .53 Mt Morris: =.=. - mar WHOHON occ's dete e wee Ae EBY TONG): seks se Bate Wedgewood ...... -23 IAdISON) 225 eee =L5 MAtilantac-s.se ese ee Haskinville....... -24 South Canisteo. -- -08 Arcades. eceee -50 AUbICS toe souicee yee stare Varysburgh ...... 80 Eastern Plateau..| 0.44 Binghamton ...... -68 Chenango Forks..| .-.-- Oxfords tees -70 Cortland... OO cat) wen lace! OT! Come oo! IH! SS POM: On Hoon: No We Say: od am! 10: HO BSI OM PUK SO: RORUFR COAT OM w: CO OTH Cy OO ie! SAanmnnwn eaAA BoN Clim wt omc: COREA AES: Lae on a 4.07 70 EriguHtTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datry anp Monrsty Precrier STATIONS. 1 Hudson Vatley..-.| 0.42 AUD ANG oa aneeere -33 Lebanon Springs..| .50 Honeymead Brook| -.34 Poughkeepsie ....| .46 Wappinger’s Falls| .25) . West Point ......- * Boyds Corners ....} .--- Carmel): S22... -46 So. East Reservoir| ---. Eagle Mills....... 1.00 Marlborough ..... Bee Hastion--n.s.cs- cs. saan Mohawk Valiey ...| 0.26 ROMO Wecon saves ce 26 (Ont eae as Champlain Valley) 0.25 Plattsb’h Barracks) -... Saratoga Springs.. Glens Falls .---.-- k “50 St. Lawrence Val’y| 0.26 PIMONO) os eae ae -16)° Madison Barracks.| ..-. Watertown ....-.-.. one @anton 225204255" -42 DeKalb Junction .| -41 Massena.-.----- =. oats North Hammond..| -30 Ogdensburgh ....| ---- Potsdam. 225: -<-- =) Great Lakes ....-- 0.35 Muankirke= 2 2-- <4 sis Westfield.-.....-- we Bra easels 45 Adams Centre ....| ..-. Pittsford ess. <6 55 Rochester ........| .55 Scottsville ........ et Appleton ......... .29 Fort Niagara..-... TT Baldwinsville..... 42 Skaneateles .....- 21 Syracuse ..-.....-. ie Ridgeway ..-..... 40 Demsten: osc. 26 aA GION 2 one ae eae 50 Oswepont.sce./2-. 32 Palermo! sca. Jnc2 |" 628 IPH PENIS oo nec 32 PiWOns ccesdesu ese. OT OSB Re ances wee 96 Erie, Penna....... 1] Oetnral Lakes..... 0.40 Fleming ...-..- PH | wae Sherwood ........ = wake NWSEUBATIE sa cjeienee'e a4 OMMINGS <2. 6 oe ae 79) Li Oy eae eee > 2 -50! weun Tan;--..... ne .| IAVETALE<.n0ns 9.33) 0.06 380/38 0.20] 0.06] 0.06] 0.92] 0.47) 0.09] 0.62] 0.12) 0.07) 0.10) 0.35) 0.16 -82| T. |..2..| 290] .2ky 1205] 1.24) TD. | 704] 712] 91) <2ae 31; .06/ .04| 1.20] .25] T Sri), Sey) alae ‘99; 112 10|) Pegi oslo 18 eee eee Ol eee | OL : 26) .36 09} .13] .03/ 1.15] .28] .01] 1.60; .20) .01] .04] .36] .28 103] .05| ....| 1.14] 12] % | 150] 02] T.) | a7] 08 Ft) is NRO TY] De By dae |) ure | T 10| .08 30] .10) .43/ 1.62] .20] T 80] T 20| .20| .20) .10 95 |e on 03| .60] .30] ... A) ee 02} .03| .40| .27 702] T. | &. | 293] 225] 22-.| “l2i| 205] “.01] "T. | .26] .03 eee eee ieaole 701) \.02|) coe 40| .04) 54) .07| 06 DO |pens 03| .50/ 1.40] .10| .90| .10] .60} .20/ .50/ .30 10} WeeO8| eealiod 47. 0.88|" 2n: 55) .04] .08] T 51] .L2 08] .14) .03| .10; 1.42) .10; .36] .30] .07/ .20)/ .30) .18 BoP 12} .06) .37| 1.50} ....| .17] .53! .05) .23] .20| .50 a 20 rae Oi) oc esl" 1220 90]. a, a 2 15 08} .03| ... OO) LIB se 70) = 208) Eis) dBi) 262 anos 68] .03| .03] 1.03} .07] .02| .60] .06! .02| ... 93] .06 0.22} T. | 0.06] 1.22] 0.17] 0.03] 0.57] T. | 0.03} 0.00] 0.30) T DO aes Oe) > 640i! =~ <1 RO |e cee) oe ee eames eee BO | mearetene 97. OBI 00|...05) 08h sO cech ect0lucce. 680 159) Meee ese ate)" 220) 0.2.1 t \$ mE) ee es .22 pee 1.65} .04| T. 82| T 03 17 “0.19! 0.17| 0.09! 1.13| 0.34] 0.04! 0.55] 0.10! 0.13| 0.06! 0.39! 0.16 * Amount included in next measurement. + Not used in computing the averages. t Record New YorK WEATHER BuREAU. TATION FOR FrBruary — (Concluded). 15| 16 |17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | e6 | ey] es] e9] = : Mian 4 0.00| @.04| 0.01} T. | 0.09 0.06} ©. | T. | 00.1! 0.01| 0.00! 0.04| 0.01 T. | 1.59) 5.95 T. B 4 Te LOT ES. he cee lk SON 4009 : DR ee Ices hal ats) ie Scr) sO" osen| loses 1.50) 5.47 Jog este ene 1-99 5.98 10| ....| ....| 1.25] 6.19 es eri” | eee heel ENG Bes [yet | cee (ae eta 12| 22-2] 222] 2156! 7/69 Peels oye -e Nee aarne TRAN ESPs Tao mates rales pee sai ii 0.30] 0.00} 0.00] 0.00] 0.28} 0.08] 0.20| 0.00} 0.30! 0.00) 0.05] 0.00| 0.00] 0.55) 1.05' 7.59 “ZN Cee ea Fe :28} 108] —.20|...... 30 tesee 05] cecclecees|? 225] 1-059 7259 tT. | 0.50} 0.00] 0.00 0.00} 0.88] 0.00) 0.00| 0.00| 0.02! 0.00] 0.00] 0.00 0.00 1.04] 5.81 Fit |P SFC eee Se Peer apa BOD ae se alee aele Tie 2 LOB |PS Sales ce ccle ss lle a6 etm mn enna MANN Sil er g| sak |cau see lec once toowns |) S(T es har ceg | ae a 0.34] 0.01! 0.00] 0.00; 0.03/ 0.19] 0.04! 0.05/ .20| 0.01) 0.08] T. | 0.00] 0.00) 0.08) 4.82 “Holey Rae ae ae a ASGle po ued HP OB |e oie cs toe. 2) eel aia ed | ramen MEP an is CA. too) okidecl aclu MUS ied |e eee oe es Se ell eaten S10 ie MMMM oe alia, INA Wiis Nancie lien leona cae [car |pcaccl co.cc) occult BOleacas Lhe ee (Ae een mualeeee: LOTIMNROG!: .c2O2l seo lweeeal ak livcec | Oa isaeee Siig femepmn aE SO IT Paps| Nile: PLOW Oat VOL). Ts |) cael sacO2l osccl -oap acodleseao {A ae a PO ec ae Phi ipoeeeemel eta an eecngl ae alee A Onl call ela ua grag 0.18} 0.08| 0.02} T. | 0.03] 0.21] 0.08] 0.01/ 0.08) 0.01] 0.01/ @.13| T. | 0.02] 0.20] 4.64 ee renee eam MN Gai hees ee Nes IN gel alc couP co. y ca dclic sealhe wales Beg) 75631) Otc nc Bil Pou ilp. chy ap ‘04| 01] ET. | 14) “T. | ".03] “"P. | 5.02 ‘TE Monee gee ee BOs) thal) aih 208 |e 32. 2. Ol Seesl eaolbenes|, eel eee| baton Fanl) 9'29a|-(8c15|...2 NOL Seta eer a0 Sask (01; - (01/ T. | (36, .-..1 ....| 08] 5.37 Sy vere mena te ogi node egihe cl) 02h oc cecl) Sach e8@l eal! o--c |) eOlleeiaS “Sl lg 17 a ms "03| igneeea palieres. FeAl eee eae lineal sea 2c heel ca ena .... Sea MS GISOM terete 22.4] 20) 1827) 1896) 21.2) —1.2/ 32.6] 1828] 14.0) 1836 Cooperstown ......... OSLO vensale 20.9] 43) 1854) 1896) 20.7) —0.2) 81.7} 1857) 10.5) 1885 WAVOrly)scccacceansaes MIOB Ar osneee 24.5) 14] 1883) 1896] 26.2} +1.7] 82.1] 1890) 14.8} 1885 Northern Plateau..... pimtera sfeioiwfovedststeteye OV Gi kievell terete rcs cients 1378 [a 1es lore teymier| iss yaveraiol| b tedetedell legaternras Lowville ..... ater ahtne Lewis ...... 20.3} 30) 1827; 1896! 18.8] —1.5] 31.1} 1828) 13.4|'48-’95 ATLANTIC COUSG esas de |Pasew faces esha BODO ciaf{ marae ete/slkete se BOEG |) OB lls aye tere! | te sebsaece)|- chats c= | oke het New York city........ New York....| 31.3) 26] 1871} 1896} 30.0; —1.3] 40.0) 1890) 23.1] 1885 Setauket ..... aitaateetinas Sirbitollighe aaah 30.5] 11] 1886) 1896) 31.3) +0.8) 37.6} 1890) 24.4) 1895 EDU ASOTUVOLLLCY, adie saretetell oisiorareisl «otk mieksia(e De | eeiel|ereie itera | Wiereneras 1D eal beret aye te||folese, areal (czereinvel| fete petate AUDA Y orc ay ete eet AT DM TLY. ss etarcin'e 24.4) 23) 1874! 1896] 25.0) +0.6} 33.0) 1884] 14.77} 1885 Honeymead Brook....| Dutchess .....| 24.9} 16] 1881] 1896] 25.2) +0.3) 82.6] 1890] 15.9) 1885 Wesb Point ins Se cces Oraneeners. 2BF5|OH8)) T8261) L896) SG a Drees sees] says 0.04] sleue, pues | fete letutes Cihanplai Valleys ncn ln deseo cleon tes NBD ste talliSiesares Ol \bieeretere 13 Oh sa etevevevell os rete 6,e:l staal eieamiers Plattsburgh Barracks.| Clinton....... 18.5] 43} 1839) 1894) 16.0) —2.5) 26.4} 1840) 7.2) 1885 SCA eOIDrence ViGULey wn|\sacerte aise hentee WB tiling ils cvsteyeise I atostotate Gy (rsa etategec ie > ecaini|(e elec | (ale tents 5 Madison Barracks....| Jefferson..... 20.7) 89} 1839) 1896] 19.7; —1.0) 80.7} 1840) 10.1] 1875 MIAUEOD wate or arcenes Wen St. Lawrence.| 18.1} 34) 1862! 1896].15.4| —2.6] 26.5] 1877) 6.4) 1875 North Hammond..... rs ..| 18.1] 18} 1867} 1896] 17.2) —0.9] 26.1) 1891) 10.4] 1875 POLSAAMI eure svete clove oe ..| 18.1] 29] 1828) 1896] 18.9] —4.2, 28.9} 1828] 9.5) 1838 GBieat Lakes i... snnt Qasenae eee : 1 Abo Baperda napaae 24-8) —01.5 | hcoallsaieee |. etecall eee : IBOITAIG?. wos s sane teas Erie... 5] 26} 1871] 1896] 25.0} +0.5| 32.6) 1882! 12.8] i875 Rochester....... M nroe 51 26] 1871) 1896] 25.0} +0.5' 32.7| 1882/ 13.7) 1885 Fort Niagara Niagara -1{ 40) 1842] 1896) 24.8] —1.3] 32.5)'77-’80/ 13.5) 1885 Baldwinsville ......... Onondiga....| 24.1) 20] 1854) 1896) 23.1) —1.0) 29.9/°89-°91) 16.8 1855 OBWOR IDS cc icicle ov ccocioie Oswego 5) 26) 1871} 1896} 28.0) —1.5| 32.4) 1882) 12.9} 1885 PAIONMO: oloceine saaeinaine WY .3) 48) 1854] 1896] 21.0) —1.3] 28.0] 1891/ 9.8] 1885 Erie, Pennsylvania ...| Erie......... | 27.8] 23] 1874] 1596) 28.0) +-0.7| 86.0) 1882] 16.0) 1875 CEUTA EAC vu 8 0chice) Vela sien. emer RINE | neta |etweraterell Save aves QB. 8) F2Or Leia ost eercaretel| letra | oteratre REC Aina care ccs Catan e siorers | Tompkins....| 25.2} 18) 1879} 1896; 25.8) +0.1) 32.7) 1891) 15.3) 1885. Average departure..| 2.100 sseserces| +s 4 wes Bat icaiiaies ers 0) is ois.» w|'» brnivie.n||'# ofayere|lleleimtere . eee ny _ ol New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. AND PRECIPITATION — FEBRUARY. 13 a fi += oS e | ¢ SSE | STATION. COUNDY S| | | 2 is | | S'o| =| bo Se} ay a) Co) Sy) oc wo| 4} 2 2) |\-t0o| & Se a) 9 eat sed WCities Jel QeWienoon|| japoobocnebooGeC 2.29 veeeee PANS QUICH ccfajaisieieiel sie!) “lei Allegany ..... 1.81] 14) 1856 lalblea) ostyo\ an oeeo aoene Cattaraugus .| 3.29] 13) 1884 ‘Baath s ColoooeegoddcooD Chemung..... 1.78} 16) 1854 IO DIAL ecgene|| Seance deccoone PALO? allnboac Oxaitorye San senoobeonacos Chenango....| 2.29] 26} 1829 Mortlamd aise. cts leels Cortland .... | 2.74) 17) 1851 Va GOM setercleisicivic'sys ef Madison...... 2.74] 20! 1827 Cooperstown ......... Otsego ....... 2.36] 43) 1854 [eferanUelas hones voouoeD Orange....... 8.56] 13} 1880 NVVELVOL Vac creleintereisicicverereve TT OP Betolefelatateiats 2.05) 15} 1882 Wortherl PLQtea 2.2.) cecceccces seven Patalegallbooaue UO WGA Lt ercjels: aicle «aioe Lewis ........ 2.66) 31) 1827 PA VOUELC COM St crsicieysiarslell iaialelela svateleroalel= nie ASL | otallferstseiaie New York City....... New York....| 3.87] 26] 1871 Setauket .............. Suitolikeerectenet 4.37) 11} 1886 ELE A SON VAGULC UY ares sis) ave\||) lala: state /a'eieisjsceleley= Siae-Bi od lnnooae Ppa wiy sate somee os Albany ....... 2.72| 23] 187. Honeymead Brook ...| Duchess...... 8.07] 16} 1881 Poughkeepsie ....... OO tenagoe 2.61) 21! 183 West Points: 0... Onangereasecns 3.43] 50| 1840 Boyds Corners........ Putnam ccc: 4.32] 26) 1870 ROTI DULUUNAGULEY iecs)|| isteisreisieleieiele oleie!s leGG ad (Bopoan Plattsburgh Barracks.| Clinton....... 1.55] 38] 1840 St. Lawrence Valley...) wc... .--. o«« QHOBI ta aN berate’. 3 WWIII Rah oKeonose Be Franklin ..... 2.84) 16) 1830 Madison Barracks ....! Jefferson..... 1.9 | 36) 18:0 North Hammond..... St. Lawrence.| 2.46] 19) 1866 Potsdam .......... nite me .| 1.81] 28} 1828 ME RCW LMI CUM EB: tacckereiore Koel) seisiclers oydieieveserevetels QA Gilera leieistanc ES UAT LO) cielateloieivieis'siciereiece IMVAKEGdarigciaoc 2.92) 26} 1871 FROCHESLED snjele cle eioiele (sisi Monroe....... 2.83} 26) 1871 Fort Niagara ......... Niagara...... 1.991 38} 1842 OEKWCEO) a epecogodnoecen Oswego ...... 2 64| 26) 187 AUST IML ON store rafolaicteveisiside Sls toterolete 2.34] 87] 1860 Hrie, Pennsylvania...| Erie .......... 8 80} 23] 1874 COPERTUAT OTA) ope eaeall Bo nCOOBOEAOE OC Oia aoalle@aoede UDINE GRR vet ieisteles revelers cieisveye Tompkins....) 2.16) 18} ©1879 Average departure.. Ce PRECIPITATION — (INCHES.) | Record ends. ee eeee © S EXTREMES OF MONTHLY 2) ~ PRECIPITATION FOR @ FEBRUARY. be g 5 ©® | GREATEST. LEAST. a = 2 balls) a es ae SU eS aes iis seh es 5 ao 5 © o S| ® S| © eB} A SSS Z Appleton bok WENN > | Afbione 2 port \ Loc 'Rocheste ° rel % Pane RYT LO, ° 10 20 30 40 50 60 79 80 30 100 SCALE OF MILES SOE kena ' Malone@ Vv é | iy ®b red 2 { ©) West Chazy ° ,LyomMountain ys Plattsburgh Turin 7—-—* onstalle ®yi}Je ee, Tookfield, ° ‘H am¥tton- 7% = Ceoperstowni : ( ® ‘ N ewLondon RP . “Brpok lyn 4 WA Naas New W fa () CU SH AKO \ \ \ A x a MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1896 Kings NAD) Of ae (CANO SITs iS ae FP OE GT =a WVyT aR gVyonsZ EP SAY hah = MOA Ze TIT 2 MLE I saa”, Opharkale SS Mat SEG -—{—Frienshtps 7 = ee F F awa OTTE Vai Wa PL Le LN Ce Wels r cy - ~ A K PAL LLL LOD ILI D LI A eS SS ee SS ee oe a a CLO L LPL ZA ZZ ZZ ZR ° 100200) gO" 40. 50 60 70 80 90 100 | SCALE OF MILES | : > Lot od pings DS ly OT EE MILI AD Br —— | Schuyler..-... NOSS \Weeeeee esata PERE. 0; 13], 54) 18) 30) 26 8 3/9 |10 {12 10 Apo elo LG |e aeee 19 32.0] N. W. -10} 24) 66) 21) 35) r 8 3) 9 9 13 15 ab2ih (0:98 i222 -5- 19 11.5) Ny. W- 424). 57 16) .26 TW! 1 .20)11 8 {12 9 8.09] 2.60) 22.00 1 27.0 Ww. —5| 14] 66) 19) 38) 2 0 es ta ba 8 }12 lu GrG0} 71888) 2se52- 19 24.0) N. W. —8) 24! 60!) 17) 35 25 Sekt LO 8 {13 a) ABTA NeO0| ene as 13 26.5 WwW. -15} 14) 68) 21] 41) 18 TO LF 8 @ 16 15 3-06) ies OF94 Saree. 19 28.2) N. W. —2| 24) 72) 21) 39) 18 7 Ceol Peool beorr aed Co) A793 m OL90 Re some 19) =| seston eee see —9| 24] 63) 21] 38 6 5 4) 6 6 |19 15 TOW sae tees 19 26.8} N. W -15} 13] 79) 22) 43] s 5 1; 8 {13 |10 18 SO SMe eae 19 20.8} N. W ai 24). 62) 17). 32). 20 8 8)14 2 -|15 8 TIO Tie e200 Ee coe 1 33.0) N. W -19} 23) 60} 19) 45] 24 Gitggi| We lle 2224) 1522) 8 5.39)) 1.59) o 2s — 1 oer lec sect —19} 23) 73] 24) 45] 24 7 29) 9 |1l fll 17 423A) A22 eee 19 35.0 Ww. —8| 24); 57] 17) 36) 25 6 9/11 5 15 16 6259) 51250) see. 19 32.0 WwW. -11} 24} G0} 19) 41] 24 6K 12/5 17 9 14 4.88, 1.46)..... 19 QO awe, -12| 24) 58) 20) 43 6 6 92 |13 |16 14 6:55) ink 5S Rea ee 19 50 4| N. W. —3| g 50; 16) 27) 25 6 3/10 j10 j11 15 4363) iy beoG\eeeeee 19 87.9] N. Lyf ay (Oa Sa Ty 25 8) 11}14.8] 5.9]/10-3) 13-4} 5.54) 1.90)...... Gh) Nes ese 14; 12) 51} 16} 29) 30 5) 23.15 3B 113 18 6514). 1 SO) Skee 16 40.0 Ww. eta aattheicana praianc latate thancas Peatare eens 3 10 9 4°48) Ppp (eese: 1 16.5) N. W. 13} Ah} 49} 14) 25 5 7| 10;12 {10 9 17 6213), 1290)2e22- 16 28.5) N. W. 15} «t} 48] 16) 32) 26 Oi eaLOiier eal 11 al, AB eee eu 1 26.5) N. W. Dee ool -20)9 39:25) 9b)? THO) a3 89 8 BXSO|) MUNOO Se aes 29 15eo | ENE Wie 15] 14) 45) 14) 25) fF 3} 11/13 % |b. 14 4.81) 1.00) 16.00; 29 14.0 Ww. 7) 14! 55! 20! 38] 18 8! 10/12 9 |10 17 7.03| 1.35) 16.00} 19 24.9 Ww. 2 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MeETEoROLoGICAL Dara LOCATION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER. HUMIDITY ‘TEMPERA | @ ete oa ea ea lt Ne SS ay UE SAS x o om a o |/2z/ < © o & o | oS = | H Al HX IAla!| a| ale ja |wia SEFARIS IAEA ELEY reas), Sain hem nie ete B= = | te aie etme oe PA eae ROSE focal sere Mess) Nyy eat Albany ..--. epee Albany ......- 85] 30.00) 30.66/24 29.23/19)1.43 80 21/....| 27.6) 58/31 Lebanon Springs ..| Columbia..... EBIUIE feel f= acne lise Brae allie |Gm m= | aa ctl Santa all mete er (DO Honeymead Brook.| Dutchess ...-. 450|Gsoc5]cencan) >= a3 BS esc! See 27.4 26.4) 57/31 Poughkeepsie --.--- Dutchess ..--. TS)| eee ||-weseelies Be (Gra [ee So é ---| 28.4] 63/31 Wappinger’s Falls. Ales ircacci ces /Haac63|/s55o6q) hee =)-3|)oe)|-eec ---| ----|---.| 31-2) 60/31 West Point ........ Oranges 22 bee 134 aS ee es 2 aes, peal FS a ee) het eee ards ted ieee Wt Marmel’:— =~ ces ve Patnam ...--. Ey ) Bae ee tsoe SA Se is seielpaiee 2B ZOOS teL MON MWE VidUeyeens|| on. .bo2s.ceee 256] aceaee| sete smell ae Ee ee Baca) pe --.| 24.2) 51/31 ROME se ew eke. Oneida......-. eG eae PSs (A eae Jeo once cool 24-2) 5131 MGI CR: Ronco aecceets i ges Se EEE Pree meteors | meets A egal oles =a soel eke nes mec oe Champlain Valley.| -.----..--..--. 3553 \Focandisadase|[e- Bavtellon| Mees sion!) osc j/aSee 23.2) 58/31 Plattsb’h Barracks.| Clinton ...--... 125) of UN Weesceils Be es |e eer ae see oe eke o) /45/a Saratoga Springs..| Saratoga...... Bro eeSeadileeeee 5:3 Gomal |oolisaae Ae ce se) ee ae See eee lioe Glens Falls ....... Watrren......-. 346|'-Soo25] seseeahes Ber ee Bee aca sono 12426] 24.8) 58i3l RE. arprence iV Gl y|\- oa. -earnecee\|(>= Sell eaters tee stelle needled pants S$46c\ soos lses- 21.4) 60/30 iIMaloné) 3.25. <5. Branklini=:2.- S10 Peer oe naseee lice Sepeloe meee ----| ----|19-5) 19 6) 54/30 Madison Barracks.| Jefferson -.-... 266) tees ociloce seals eenlesteeee eee ee ae 23.1) 55/30 Watertown .-....-.. Jefferson...... ASG) -f25—0|sS-5eqes Seek |sleeee Seal Bsicck le aot 24.7) 60/30 Carton Ga Sus ces<< St. Lawrence -} 304/---...|......]-- BScbl sche oe ---}| ---./21.0} 19-6) 51/29 Massena .---—--.--- a Me elle lanes eases lars cane deees Boel aed lean oom a BS North Hammond ..| St. Lawrence .| 300|..-.-.|......].- ae co sl yess cliten cs SL ea 2IZG tone Ogdensburg - ----.- sg A258) oeacina||| eae calles Sasa eal eee ----| ---.|22.2] 22.5) 51/30 IPOUSHaIN ee eemee see ue ...265 50 Onondaga..... ‘eel ed See ee etal ee elie 9 ee Salli Rc etec altel ere eee OSWeL0. 2... nase Oswego....... 304) 30.01) 30.67/24/29.28/19)1.39) 76) 19)....| 24 0) 50/30 Palermo. woot aces AS Taaaaess Deh A gS ie pe Bee EO |e) eee ee er Ihe eC Pera IV OMG sb saps = enat Wayne\.:-522- MOT eee ole meres | ote ais tel 22am we feos sali arel(eere cosa] Oni Erie, Pennsylvania] Erie .-........ 681; 36.07) 30.63)/24/29.44/19)/1.19} 79] 21)....| 28.0) 67/29 Oentral: Lakes. 22 5|\2.0cnnaeeane see lee 61/5 5458 Neos aes CRN | ese | eee Clee eS 25.1) 60\30 MIGMING sta. n> chee Cayuga....... NOOO | etae bell scene. |e - ai be econ se} 25 70 2458) 67180 WARING sess feeb cn Schuyler...... Lee Se es ee a BS ee Mean |i all Peas ae SRSOMIMI TIS ste oe cee y Seneca........ W10)| Seer eel ts BRAN Ws Fe) | A | 76 16|....| 25.2] 60/30 TEIROG setalas oo <5 22 Tompkins ....| 810} 30.03) 30.66 24 29 28/19/1.38 74 17/25.4| 25.2) 57/31 ts pela ee | SORE Mean 8 2) 30.02! 30.71/24 29 12'11/1.83| 76. 20|....! 24 8| 77/29 (a) 30, 81; (b) 1, 30, 31; (c) 25, 29, 80; (d) 29, 31; (e) 4,5; (f) 18, 14; (g) 15, 24; (h) 13, 24; (8) 12, 22, 24; (w) 21, 28; (x) 21, 24, 25; (aa) 8, 11; (bb) 3, 8; (ec) 8, 9; (dd) 3, 20; (ee) 11, 20; (fF) * Mean of the tri-daily observations. four hours. eesnka } { Mean of the maximum and minimum by the Draper tri-daily observations are derived by the formula, (7 a. m. + 2p.m.+9 p.m.+9p.m.) + 4. ee eS os New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. ror Maron, 1896 — (Concluded). 83 TURE—(IN DEGREES F'AHR.). SKY. PRECIPITATION—(INCHES). a |. | le Beit ace Ee | S n os 4 . re |e ea te ey oc Ben we eh Pe ech!) Es : &| 8 5 aie |o| Ss = 3 eo) .2 | | a Bi laetenll) Sex ii Ceres & = 2 eels | ie S |Ae| | 32 2 = Wiens a/f\3s| |2 SiSs"/ so | ae F | ¢ E | = b | a | = 5 =) (=) Se < B\S|e/ |e nia oa pase B lis a |e Cer] 2 res ig | le LPS ce ie ee Sy tes F = 5 BIS El|s\/Si/2ia/8)8 1/8 | | es] s Sy, [ees 2 gS 5 ela lel2)A ls) oa] 8) 5 |S =| Bo S m4 A oS ° = HIAlAIlA Si eae. Seine nea ne = Coys ee (=) a Ay —- | Ss | — | — )— | | — | h. m. —10} 14] 59) 19} 44) 18] 6] hh|11.8] 7-5)11.7) 13.4) 6.88} 3.80!...-.- ye eee 9 —3} 14| 61) 16) 30) 14) 6) 12/11 | 9 |11 | 15 ALGG ele tone esseler 19, 23.8) W. 8] 14) 58) 19) 35) 18) 7) Jj/11 | © |14 12 5e22|) 22260301) 119 21.5] N. W. =10) 14) 67) ° 18) 37) 18) 7) ke 9 10 121 14 5.34] 1.27 15.00] 19 17.4| N. —7|. 14| 70) 22) 43] 18] 10 W112 | 7 |12 il G26) 31 OT tenes 19 23.0] N. W. 3} | 57) 21) 44) 18) 6) 3/18 )9 | 9 15 7.84) 1-72] 17.00} 19 33.0] W. Motor eet Slersal| sau Me Tino deere lee ices. Tale |) TO.02| Sore] Meee ey ae ae INE We 7) 25] 51) 17) 34) 25) 7] 23/15 | 3 j18 13 6-90, 1.76) 14.00) 19 18/6) -.3- 42s —4| 23) 55) 19) 33] 26) 9] 28)....|.- eae 430) 474 OFGBi2 25 = Gi) Poo e eee —4) 23) 55| 19) 33) 26] 9) 28)....|.. a Va 4.74) 0.68]...... 6) te Sa ae ae. w<- “ae wes) Sl woclenee woe Sen ee ees en eee eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Pees | —8| 14) 58) 17| 47) 23} 7| 26] 5.0/10.0/16 0] 13.0] 6.52) 2.40]...... 19220 Pe taee| Reese es He eeneoo| Gl Ag) 23) Te Q0jecteeen\issoe| | 22 ? 1.25] 12.00] 2 28.4) 8. K. —8| 14} 66} 18) 36] 15] 8] d| 5 |10 |i6 | 12 | 6.52) 2-40|....../ 19-20] 32.0] N. W. 13) 24) 63) 20) 45) 24) 2] 12/11-0] 9.0/11-0) 102] 3.93) 1.69].-.... 20! jl, 2a 85 |e heen —10} 24) 64) 16) 89} 25) 2] 12/8 {13 |10 14 4.75| 0.71] 21.00} 20 29.3] W. eee BA AD (Bs 88s Eb 19 eee oe. 5 1296) 0262)-222 2. 26 14.0) S. W. ——o|| 24) 65) 24) 43) 24) 51) 1/7 (16 1,8 13 Hels 6 olee= =<. 26) \)esee S. W. —20} 24| 71) 21) 45) 24) 6] 12/10 | 8 {18 10 4.49} 0.96) 18.00) 1 23.0) S. W. —8} 24) 58) 18} 40) 25 8| 7 |10 |14 10 S234) Piles. = 1 12.5| W. ses oe OO esse ems! 191) Wor |1Ob |p so82.\t ecco eec cc |e sonc||ee = a1 18.2) S. W. —13} 24) 60} 19] 35) 24) °5} 12118 | 2 /11 9 iit lee eee Seeoe 24.0| S. W. —10) 24) 56) 15) 35) ww] 2| 2/10.2| 9.4)11-4| 12.0) 4.02) 1-.20].....- 1-19). 3 See aoe | 0] i3| 3) is] 85] 21| Glnmli9 |2 |10 | 7 | 2-58] 0-7i|......| 6 |2-----| EB. 5} 13] 54] 14] 30; 6] 5! 19/6 |16 | 9 12 3.61] @.91| .....| 26 13.4] W. Bieeed |e oo) o6) 35, an sols s3i08) 10) 112 13 ASM GALT |osnee 12) 8)|sssce Ww. 4) 13) 57| 15) 31) 21) 5) 19})14 | 6 ]11 21 (Re P Ge e-osee 12 45.1] W. 8| 14) 52} 14) 29] m) 3] 19/10 | 8 |13 9 2.65) 0.80|..-.-- 7 11.5| N. W. Seis siesta! 29 201 ai Ss oes ese 9 PT Cereal leceacea||lcosabal hecece N. —3/ 23| 54) 19] 32} 26! 10) 8116 | 3 |12 12 4159) Si 09/2222 2 28 3003| See ees 3} 24] 47] 13) 28) 21/2] 2] 6 |z0 15 | 15, | 4-79] 1-09)......] 19 | 18-2] N. Ww. 10} 24) 59} 16) 30) 24] 4) mn| 7/13 |11 11 3.67|.) 1. 00/22. -2 19 28.0} S. W. 3] 24) 50] 14) 26) 21). 5] 9]10 13 | 8 12 525 |e 20lee we 11-19] 42.0) N. W- 8] 24) 59) 15} 35) 28) 4] 10/5 |13 {13 11 341) Ol96)e222 22 ow iesnene Ww. —3} 24) 58! 16) 36) 21) 5] bb| 7-0/11.7|12-3| 10.7] 4.39) 1.54) 6.50) 19 |-...-.|....-.-- Pose) pelt SO! AQT) 7) Lsies, A18Y- 110 7 3.95| 1.30) 11-00) 19 31.0| N. W. Pea toSl elie 27 art) Gl) | AB Ts 116 10 4.47| 1.54) 6.50} 19 24.0; N. W. —3| 24) 60] 16) 36) 21) 5) bbI10 |10 |1L 15 4.75| 1.33) 17.00) 19 27.4) W. =i} 23! 59] 181 49! q! 0 9{ 9.91 9.2111.91 12-6! 5.021 4.00).....- 1 | 25.5] N. W. EE ae ae ae a Fog ap oe SU SD ea ee ee 13, 24; (k) 18, 24; (1) 24, 25; (m) 21, 25; (m) 6, 21; (q) 18, 21; (7) 18, 25; (s) 13, 18; (£) 20, 31; (v) 21, 3, 11; (gq) 3, 9,12; (hh) 3,6; (it) 7, 11; (kk) 2, Thermograph. || Report received too late to be used in computing means. * Blank indicates that the duration is not shown in the original records, 27; (Ul) 1, 9, 12, 19; (mm) 3, 8, 11; (nm) 9, 12. The means from the but is within twenty- 84 E1igHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TEMPERATURE — Marcu, 1896, Suowrnc .Darry MEANS FoR THE STATION. Western Plateaw.. Angelica Friendship Humphrey j Arkwright Eastern Plateaw.. Binghamton Cortlangd< 2-5. -- Bloomville..-.-..--. South Kortright--. Brookfield ........ Hamilton... = <><. 2: Middletown ...-.. Port Jervis..-..... Cooperstown Mohonk Lake.... Northern Plateau. Saranac Lake..... Gloversville 1 8 9 10 25 | 24 | 24 24 26° 4; °32 19 13 10 25 26 30 20 19 | 14 30) 4|'29) 432 20 13 | 14 24 | 30 | 30 14 Nz 15 25 27 | 33 20 | 18 | 21 30 | 34 | 41 24 | 22 | 23 30 28 30 23 28 19 32 | 33 | 33 18 19 V7 2913) 29) | a 23 19 17 31 29 | 33 20 17 15 32 | 30 | 30 24 |; 22 19 28 Sie 5); 88 21 16 13 23 24- | 27 18 16 15 27 30 | 29 20 19 | 10 26 24 24 27 25 | 31 17 18 18 35 | 33 | 37 22 18 ala 80° | 25 |. 30 21 18 17 28 26 || 32 20 16 | 14 30 27 385 18 14 10 28 29 | 34 18 19 20 80 | 25 30 14 15 4 35 | 46 | 35 30 20) ||| 22 36 | 34 | 34 BO 2 22 PAS Oem) 20 16 10 28 26 | 31 20 15 13 32 | 29 | 35 25 | 20 19 29 | 29 | 28 22 18 15 33 | 31 | 33 26 | 22 17 31 29 | 29 23 19 17 22 16 12 23 18 25 11 |—7 |-—8 29 | 24 | 28 19 18 9 11/12 20 | 13 21 | 13 12 7 21 | 16 16 7 27 «| 20 14 9 23 15 4 12 7 29) 8 17 6 26 | 22 22 | 13 23 19 18 12 31 20 12 i 26 | 16 16 7 21 | 16 13 6 27 | 21 17 3 25 | 17 15 7 AGT etal 10 5 20 | 17 12 6 22 | 15 30 -! 20 20 | 10 29 | 26 18 9 26 | 21 19 9 31 19 6 U 28 | 23 11 9 32 | 21 18 tf 24 | 19 14 7 28 | 23 20 | 14 28 | 24 27 11 21 18 18 8 24 | 18 17 8 30 | 24 19 | 12 24 17 12 7 30 | 21 21 | 10 28 | 22 16 | 10 14 9 20 | 12 4 |-—4 25 | 19 16 10 New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 85 Reaions, AND Darty Maxtmma anp Mina ror THE Srarions. Bb 15|16|17| 18 | 19 | 20| 21 | 22 | 23| 24) 25 | 26| 27] 28 | 29) 30| 31 25 og eal | a ia |21|23|30 |33 | 22 |23 |27 |17 |15 |31 | 32 | 19 | 29 | 48 | 48 | 44 | 24.5 22 |28|31|38 | 41 720 | 39 | 42 | 24 | 27 | 38 [45 | 25 | 40 | 53 | 55 | 57 |, egidaias bee 112 Weel s Pee teeet ia fis so ar. ge ies: Wan | 208 29 | 30 | 33 | 43 | 40 | 29 | 44 | 35 | 24 | 30 | 47 | 42 | 25 | 44 | 58 | 56 | 57 |, Dione is Woe (aa Hs ag ee eg og as ag Po Vaz 1 a68. as | cee 32] 31] 35]43 | 43 | 34 | 44 | 43 |.25 | 34 | 48 | 45 | 31 | 50 | 59 | 58 | Go |, Tule) eis (28 fia (24 ge 1s (7 fas fag aa |at | 39 a8 | 297] 24-4 26 | 82| 35/33 | 39 | 29 | 43 | 40 | 30 | 34 | 52 | 45 | 28 | 46 | 60 | 59 | 2 |, 12/13|13/28 |27 |12 | 7 |iz | 9 | 4 | 20/16 |10 |16 | 35 | 40 | 31 | 24-9 So eee =u spirits laa gees sp ee fae adele cg ge ---| 94.4 30 | 34 | 33] 40 | 40 | 32 | 39 | 42 | 26 | 30 | 50 | 47 126 | 50 | 77 | 56 | 60 | ogg 144) 9/11/27 | 380 | 14 |10 | 92 [15 | 5] 23 |18 115 |18 | 40 Jar | 3 32 | 28/38/40 | 40 | 26 | 50 | 41 | 23 | o7 | 42 | 45 | 32 | 52 | 58 | 65 | 60 | 4.5 15 | 17-21} 19 |98 |19 | 15 |19 113 | 5 | 23° | 25 | 13 | 2t | 40 | 42 | 36 | 28-2 35 | 38/31/43 | ....)32 | 42 | 42 | 25 | 28 | 47 | 44 | 24 | 38 | 59 | 57 | 54 | ogy mnt ee Wek Nae Pow lam Peg (oo Jaa lon Ms. has Lisi 36 | 80 32 | 36/37 | 48 | 39 | 33 | 48 | 35 | 44 | 33 | 52 | 43 | 81 | 46°) 58 | 62 | 61 | age euiston) 1 | be |e lds [os iio foe fos [a9 Port jar fas S35. |'38 | 36 | 38 | 34/33] 44 | 40 | 29 | 45 | 42 | 25 | 28 | 45 | 46 | 26 | 39 | 58 | 55 | 56 |... pieids ton Vee an “Va las by |e Pao ad Par Pas 85 | 37 1 30°) 2 22 | 32/36/41 | 42 | 31 | 37 | 40 } 24 | 39 | 38 | 42 | 28 | 39 | 48 | 64 | 60 | a5 Peiesitola6 25 ad.) @ to ss | oo laa lig’ 8 \33.-| 34: |’ 38; .].39 122 26 |.30| 36) 41 | 40 | 35 | 44 | 42 | 23 | 29 | 41 | 45 | 31 | 45 | 53 | 64 | 59 | oy eigen ie Pea pis hes pea ag hee a4 “has ea am ane ae 24| 35 | 38| 45 | 42 | 22 | 44 | 37 | 28 | 26 | 47 | 48 | 27 | 42 | 55 | 59 | 56 | oo g Pagaikio hes. ites ga pea im Reo Pg Wao Pe a” hes, N86 |, ah fe abe ne 301) 28:1 29 | 45 |88 | 13 | 4 [33 | 24 | 2— |50.[44 | 2m | 43.) 56 | 52 | 53 | 4 | cia as Pas ee ho Mae fae ies ja fae a3 | 9 yo | 38 uaa }a8rs) 2 31| 39} 36/45 | 38 | 28 | 45 | 43 | 23 | 32 | 51 ) 47 | 27 | 47 | 59 | 57 | 61 | o5 5 Rett yatta (ros lao |) Oo 1s |. br? 1h sletG: eS few ae ib S5 30m 16 | 24| 296] 24 | 36 | 26 | 24 | 31 | 17 ; 10 | 25 | 36 | 21 | 27 | 38 ; 46 | 42 | 245 24 | 28 | 32-] 43 | 48 | 40 | 38 | 42 | 22 125 | 40 | 48 | 24 | 45 | 49 | 59 | 56 | oy y ween | 6 |es (yo ls iis-|°s |} o faa | 2 113, f a5. |’37 | 38, | 99 : 32 | 35/40/47 | 48 | 40 | 42 | 45 | 27 | 30 | 42 | 50 | 26 | 40 | 45 | 55 | 53 | ogg sh aes cor og lao hae eo pes aa es: Mes bag ig lon | sa [apr toes 26 | 30 | 33 | 42 | 42 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 23 | 23 | 40 | 40 | 23 | 38 | 45 | 55 | 56 | o9 5 Srsais ee. oe ae leo Mig, f 5. ees Ma [a2 aa. Poo, ede laa fan 1 28 | 35| 31/42 | 45 | 39 | 36 | 40 | 25 | 22 | 37 | 47 | 23 | 38 | 45 | 52 | 50 | oy Sool 5 ea fos lag (io fan | 5. fen fis | bah tat (se: | 34 | 38°"|98 : 31 | 35 | 34/43 | 49 | 46 | 47 | 45 | 27 | 26 | 51 | 59 | 39 | 39 | 45 | 55 | 51 Jog g One ay H¢, tes (asefe faa Peg (Ze for sa fsa jad er Tiss, [955 44> 28 | 25/34/43 | 44 | 38 | 39 | 37 | 40 | 22 | 30 | 50 | 30 | 42 | 43 | 52 | 54 | ogg io) (3/12 | 23 28 | 1s | 15112 |16 | 4 | gs | 20 | 20. | 20 |127 | 34 | 34 : 24 | 33 | 34| 40 | 44 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 24 | 22 | 37 | 47 | 31 | 40 | 43 | 56 | 55 | og iis is a se laa io feo tye lata [2 haz too 4a bon || 36. \j95 : 26| 31/35/38 | 46 | 29 | 38 | 46 | 24 | 19 | 38 | 47 | 26 | 92 | 40 | 53 | 58 | og de | 21} 24! 16.) 22.198 145 | 92 | 19 | 1 | 17 | 24 117 | 20 | 28 | 32 | 37) 4 25/29/38 |45 | 50 | 34 | 41 | 51 | 32 | 30 | 42 | 51 | 36 | 49 | 40 | 61 | 61 | ogg 5122125] 8 |28 |22 113 |25 117 | o | 4 | 30 | 19 | 13 | 30 | 36 | 31 | * 24/26/30] 38 | 39 | 35 135 | 38 |19 | 21 | 40 | 49 | 25 | 36 | 49 | 52 | 50 | oo 9 OMe Te 1S 25) tae tal to: | ca) [eh os) ome at as [25.1 B21 30 = 23 | 29 | 34 | 38 | 46 | 38° | 33 | 38 | 21 | 25 | 39 | 48 | 23 | 39 | 46 | 53 | 51 | og gig li5|—3 Vos: lis Wa aie |) 2° ia f-3.] 93 | 10,11 | 26 | 33 | 25 : 29 | 33 | 36| 44 | 50 | 44 | 49 | 44 | 29 | 30 | 49 | 54 | 27 | 45 | 50 | 70 | 58 | ong Seco 21) 5) (aT tag) las | S10 || io) (eee; fear 22 a4 tbo. 33 | 88.1 29) | A> 30} 33 | 82 | 44 | 43 132 | 38 | 38 | 24 | 20 | 41 | 45 | 25 | 40 | 51 | 54 | 53 | ong ies oil og) AMiOl slo (rer 0). ee) he eae PAG YO [OB | B20 1 260) = 27137 | 39/45 | 46°|35 | 40 | 45 | 28 | 36 | 40 | 48 | 30 | 45 | 52 | 64 | 62 | ogy 1/20/19| 2 |29 | 17 | 5 | a1 | 8 [~s | 12 | 25 | 15 | 15 | 37 | 39 | 26 : 23) 27/39/38 | 45 | 46 | 38 | 45 | 33 | 22 | 36 | 44 | 33 | 39 | 39 | 48 | 54 | o¢g 11}17/21{18 |25 | 14 |12 | 27 | 1 } 2 112 | 28 | 15 | 17 | 29 | 34 | 32 ; 12} 22/24/98 |3at | eat {21 |25 | 7 | 8 | 24 130 | 16 | 24 | 34 | 41 | 35 | 19:9 32| 29! 33} 39 | 42 | 18 | 37 | 38 | 12 | 32 | 49 [44 | 20 | 37 | 43 | 54 | 44 | yr 7 Beets tt | Sou 7 le | aa (285) V9) 11a 85 a 4a dh 15 BG] Bh. oh ae ; 22 | 28 | 34 | 37 | 40 | 40 | 32 | 39 | 23 | 23 | 36 | 44 | 27 | 36 | 37 | 49 | 48 | 9 @ Zvare hag (5) 95 '\°97 | 70, |4e |!5) (8) 0 fas. an [a7 [26 ! 34 | 31 86 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TEemMPERATURE— Marcu 1896, SHow:na Damy MrAns ror THB | | | 5 | 6 Pals) ed 10} 11/)12/]13]| 14 STATIONS. 1 2 3 os ! | | i | bo =) —_ a =" =o a vs) w ~ i) =) to o to — nw , 3 |22 |13 115 | 20 Lowville...-...--. 299 {13 | 9 2ie6 (28 119 |e leo loo | 7. fees 43 (26 |}14 | 9 |16 | 42 | 37 |25 | 18 | 22 | 26 | 15 | 14 | 19 Number Four..... Beale: 18 oS faa aa ea ead. ba ee id 1 ee a 42 | 26 | 14 110 ‘15 | 33 | 35 |96 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 13 | 18 | 19 tee sa" sare 25 9 Sit @ 8 |25 116 | 14 1 4 5 a) 23 Atlantic Ooast....| 41 | 28 | 24 | 22 | 29 | 35 | 42 | 34 | 32 | 29 | 29 | 23 | a1 | 23 , a7 |'32 !32 |30 | 42 | 44 | 52 | 41 | 41 | 35 | 33 | 32 | 30 | 34 Brooklyn -.--..--- 27 [19 | 17 | 18 | 25 | 34 [31 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 92 | a4 | 15 | 18 Manbeneein oo oben ST ee hee ole Sue © aoe ee ae oats 5: 46 | 34 | 29 | 98 | 39 | 46 151 | 37 | 37 | 33 | 34 | 28 | 28 | 30 New York City-.-) 34 | 91 |19 |17 | 14 | 24 | 33 |28 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 99 | 13 | 14 Be oe 6. 45 |30 | 30 |30 |4e | 45 ;50 | 40 | 38 | 32 | 32 | 28 | 28 | 30 Willet’s Point ----| 95 | 19 !47 | i7 |20 | 25 |31 | 27 !26 | 27 | 20 115 | 35 | 16 a , Bi. | 37. | 31. | 08 [iat |e. se ae [39 en Wea foe: eon se rentwood.....-.. 36) 1.22) 1520) “ho. 48! 93! T33, Wog: eae eode po nay Dist ace: ih 54 | 37 | 29 | 33 | 33 | 43 | 47 | 40 | 36 | 32 | 33 130 | 26 | 29 CUAL KOU~~ == 0<= ~~ 36, 26 | 22 [19 | 19 | 25 | 35 | 31 | 28 | 27 | 30 | 21 | 16 | 15 ee 53 | 39 |31 |14 | 38 | 46 | 49 | 40 | 37 | 31 | 33 | 28 | 30 | 338 SLERUU SOS 37. 23) MO ea ie ees ales 50) i253 28) seed TS) WieO 7 4 5 Lebanon Springs | 3g | 17 | 44 6 7 144 Honeymead Brook a 20 | 16 9 | 12 Poughkeepsie : ghkeepsie ----| 34 | 93 | 20 |12 | 16 | 1s | 32 | 28 | 23 }21 | 20 | 16 |-4 |—7 : 15 2 PWappiresrs Valls:59° a8. [22 | 18) 18 20 82) 180 28 29 ee |B) eee Le ed 4 54 | 45 |33 | 31 133 | 40 | 41 | 49 | 34 | 35 | 31 | 33 | 27 | 2 Carmel ....-..--.. 37 |22 |16 114 | 12 | 19 | 33 | 20 | 22 |20 |19 | 14 |10 | 8 Mohawk Valley...)28 |18 |14 | 11 !15 |26 | 30 | 24 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 15 | 15 | 20 aie 7 |25 | 23 |16 | 24 |35 | 35 |31 | 30 | 28 | 30 | 25 | 30 | 27 Ohamplain Valley) 40 | 32 ; 22 '16 | 14 | 18 | 32 | 31 | 23 |18 | 16 | 16 | 12 9 4 Platts. Barracks. | 35 | 95 135 |°5 | 5 110 ; 21 |28 |16 |10 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 4 Saratoga Springs- Nee PSO ee he ee Te Pee eee Wee ee eee le Ae. as oe 44 | 36 | 31 | 96 | 25 | 25 | 40 | 33] 98 | 29 | 23 | 23 | 99 | 18 Glens Falls....... 36 | 20.146 (ie |.9 | ar [an [23 | 80 [anid 6 2 oe St. Lawrence Val.| 33 | 21 516 | 9 |15 | 90-| 83 | 24 | 19 |14 |10 | 11 | 7 | 12 aad 44 [33 117 135 | 17 |-38 | 39 | 98 | 15 115 |138 | 8 | 10 | 17 peCRO Reena l= <1 83, 1,410 W038 2 O28) tbe ere : a % _ a : 39 | 22 |18 | 21 | 34 | 40 | 37 | 34 | 97 2 ( Madison Barracks) 35 | 32 |10 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 29 | 21 | 19 2 $142 2 aL 35 | 26 | 31 | 22 | 39 | 41 | 42 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 24 2 Watertown ..--..- 80°14 110 AB. | al ale De | Be AROMAT |), i ncS all, Brule area ; 42 | 29 | 23 | 14 | 21 | 31 |39 | 30 | 23 | 20 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 22 Canton -.--.----.. 9. 142 [ot a a le Bo 87 eet ad ate Massena......---- 3 North Hammond. 9g | i9 | 10 | 2 | 2 |10 |98 |22 |16 | 8 | 4 | 4 |-2 | 2 40 | 81 | 20 | 15 | 20 | 28 | 388 | 28 } 21 | 19 | 13 | 12 14 21 \ ; New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. CO | Regions, AND Dairy Maxma anp Minima ror THE Srarions. 15|16/17|18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 2% | 28 | 29) 30 | 31 Monthly mean | | | | | | 96 | 32 | 30| 36 | 86 | 33 | 35 | 37 | 21 | 30 | 38 | 44 29 | 37 | 44 | 49 | 43 | oy 9 5) | Da Rey AUS Serre | ae 12. | 20 |—5 |-11 6 | 29 GPS O22 ESE AW 29 ores 25 | 29 | 28 | 35 -| 36 | 34 | 29 | 35 | 20 | 20 | 88 | 40 | 20 | 34 | 45 | 46 | 42 | gg SGoilomielo 16 25. je 0 15 |/—5 |-12 9 | 18 4 7 | 25 | 35 | 25 20 | 25 | 30 | 87 | 36 | 32 | 29 | 36 | 18 | 22 | 34 7 | 20 | 33 | 38 | 47 | 45 | i95 =—s | ton 1619 | 26 }) a4 12 17 3 |—2 7-|19 De sLG) i257 se 27 , 95 | 30 | 32) 31 | 41 | 34 | 31 | 40 | 28 | 22 | 29 | 44 | 80 | 36 | 41 | 44 | 49 | 32-4 88 EreutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Temperatore — Marcon, 1896, SHowrna Datty Means For | STATION. teh sclea dcehe dew ides (ho doar tech reel ne ivan Great Lakes ....... 28 | 20.).a9 a5. [ae bar tse |2e |o4-|-2a- |.ae- | adh | ae im Dunkirk ema eel See ass! ee eerste SH OSES SIO | ey nC eee ee ee ee ee er er ee fmeadenhs doth. | 40 |25 | 18 | 19 | 92 | 45 | 54 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 20° | 17 | 19 | 24 23/17/12 |10 | 5 |15 | 36 | 22 |17 | 20 | 14 | 8 | 0,]} 22 Brahe ek 31 | 22 117 | 16 | 22 | 44 | 43 | 29 | 28 | 26 | 21 | 35 | 16 | 23 a1 | a4 |12 | 11 | 10 | 14 | 28 | 20 |! 20 |19 |12 | 9 | 5 | 9 eS 31 125 |20 | 20 | 25 | 42 | 41 | 31 | 28 | 30 | 23 | 17 | 13 | 25 Bo Wad) ta hae igo. 45 bao ‘bee | oe baz fae |40 1 5016 Bicnediort nn Gate 32 |20 |20 | 1g | 26 | 43 | 41 | 28 | 27 | 28 | 24 116 | 17 | 23 tg We | 15 [14 |i | 43/16 [28 | 23 | 2 | ig | a6 Hel ee oe fees eT 7 4 123 119 |18 | 26 | 34 | 36 |31 | 30 | 28 | 23 |17 | 21 | 27 PP 2 7 15 113 | 14 |13 | 30 |25 | 23 |18 |17 |12 |10 | 8 ae eee 0 |35 |21 |19 | 25 | 33 | 35 29 | 30 | 27 | 93 | 20 | 19 | 22 1ag 20 | 16 | 14 [32 | 14 | 15 | 29 | a4 | 23 20 |15.110 | 4 | 10 paidetndeilic. =. 34 |27 |22 139 | 26 | 36 | 40 | 31 |29 | 29 | 28 | on | at | 25 ; . 19-12 hae (ocS. ik ide Was, lope We [eee ae eta OS ae ee SVT TED) SRG AR II IES) a iI hb (OR A (OO pS a Iie PaaS BRIE SS = ite me Lis coche nc elect Pas ace ogee Ries Mae ie hae 2c ae ae eo Geeeen ee: 34 |19 | 23 | 20 |.30 | 37 | 40 | 28 | 26 | 25 | 21 | 18+] 20 | 23 96 17 laa 8 hie <| ae ge lee: lon Sea las ees ah teeney “nt ee 34 |24 | 19 |18 | 24 | 35 | 37 ; 29 , 24 | 28 | 24 | 14 | 18 | 28 Ovi Nilsen lve eee teece ye in COrie CUE O Sy MCh aay era oe nl Oe ee 35 ;22 | 22 |19 |295 | 42 | 42 | 32 | 28 | 29 |; 25 | 18 | 20 | 25 ba (15 | 14 fis his {az |} 30 | 95 |23 jer fie | 41 | 9°] I Erie, Penn sylvania. 35 28 26 25 28 48 37 28 31 27 24 18 21 24 o4 | 92 |34 |12 |12 |20 | 28 |23 | 20 |23 | 18 | 9 | 8.11 Eaten’ Titties Shee! 30 |21 | 16 | 14 118 | 28 | 36 | 28 | 24 | 26 | 20 | 14 | 12 | 138 ¢ 34 |027 |20 117 | 24 | 42 | 43 | 31 | 26 | 33 | 24 | 19 | 20 | 24 Fleming ----------- PT eae (ar Ma ie i Pe: tps pe a ee a SS Pe SP Weaiicrnswes ee eclGace Wie IS We tee ala My lat aI ke ml tM ge 35 | 98 | 20 |i7 | 26 | 41 | 42 | 32 | 29 | 32 | 24 | 17 | 21 | 19 Romulus-.--------- Deere ais iid ieee fla SO) ula IeoO) Wien id 00 ene ees q 34 |26 |18 | 18 | 24 | 44 | 44 | 30 | 28 | 30 | 26 | 17 | 20 | 24 Ithaca ....--.------ 96 |15 113 | 32 |13 [12 | 80 | 25 | 22) 20 +) 16 | 11 Siniaat X 2 a aap 34.123 |17 |14 |17 | 26 | 34 |27 | 23 | 22 | 20 | 15 | 12 | 14 Taare New YorK WHATHER BURBAU. 89 Maxima and Minima ror THE Stations — (Concluded). em 15/16/17] 18 | 19 | 20 as 58 —_. |§ —_—S | ——— - | ————_ A 21 | 22 | 26] 33 | 31 25.4 3, |'98'|33 | ai | 4a 13 | 6/11 | 29 | 27 26.7 28 | 26 | 32 | 40 | 34 ia 15|11| 14] 26 | 29 25.0 30 | 30 | 33 | 42 | 35 12116|18| 24 | 29 25.0 2g |29| 33] 41 | 34 | 28 | 42 | 43 | 22 | 97 | 48 | 42 | 96 | 40 | 61 | 54 | 56 12| 21/18/25 |29 |12 |11 | 13 | 11 | 6 | 21 | 19 | 74 | 20 | 36 | 41 | 36 | 25-0 30 | 28 | 36/39 | 33 | 31 | 40 } 42 | 25 | 81 | 49 | 45 | 30 | 40 | 60 | 48 | 49 | og 12119 | 24/26 |30 | 17 111 |19 | 14 | 11 | 20 | 92 | 35 |18 | 33 | 33 | 31 | 26-2 30 | 28 | 31] 34 | 32 | 41 ) 44 | 32 129 | 50 | 46 | 39 | 31 | 41 | 61 | 55 153 | oe, 15 | 20/16/29 |16 | 12 | 21 | 16 | 14 | 22 | 38 | 22 | 34 | 21 | 33 | 33 | 35 | 2 33 | 35 | 35) 44 | 36 | 33 | 40 | 37 | 24 | 27 | 44 | 43 | 26 | 41 | 52 | 51 | be | yy 25 | 29 | 30 | 40 | 39 | 33 | 34 | 38 18 | 20 | 41 | 41 | 24 | 37 | 47 | 48 } 48 11] 5|20/16 | 28 117 |16 |18 | 4 |4e 1/13 | 93 111 | 12 |32 | 35 | 25 | 22-6 30 | 80 | 34| 44 |.37 |-32 | 40 | 37 | 21 | 24 | 45 | 42 | 24 | 40 | 52 | 53 | 53 | ogy 17/18 | 22]97 | 29 | 15 |14 |17 |12 | 3 | 20 | 21 135 | 21 | 37 | 40 | 34 #3 29/31 {37 | 43 | 36 | 26 | 45 |38 | 25 ) 31 | 55 | 48 | 30 | 88 | 67 | 52 | 55 | og 4 ie LON at 30h) 530m | Li) Wee | oe 15 8 | 27 | 22 19 | 23 | 47 | 4h | 39 DOM 22 2Oni ale noon yas 2a (28h fda 14 1 28) BU) Oe p 288 ).48) AB ab ee 5 et 29 | 30 |.83 | 43 | 35 | 33 | 388 | 40 | 24 | 27 | 41 | 41 | 24 | 48 | 50 | 57 | 54 24.8 Wl | 15 | 17) 22 | 28 | 12 ted) yy, UL 8 CH | ALC We aS Per calsy Ne Gy OE ais) i 3 2 | 29 | 40 | 42 | 26 | 38 | 5T | 60 | 58 | on > 12/12) 19 | 22 | 28 | 14 | 12 14 6 2 13 | 26 12 TS" | 35, 385 Pesala f 3) 20. | 42) 146 | 28) 142/60) 1) 56) 57 25.2 IW | BE NEPAL Sea te fecal aN) 4 17 9 |—3 P5220) 9 14 4 eB Se ies 19} 24 | 26) 30 | 33 | 25 | 25 | 29 | 16 | 13 | 27 | 33 | 22. | 28 | 38 | 43 |. 42 | 24-9 S0 EiecHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy anp Montuty Precipr STATION. 1 2 3 4 5 6 cs 5 9 LON Dish Rey KS | Ts Western Plateau ..| 0.30 bee 0.01) T. | T. | 0.07) 0.40) 6.08) 6.07) 0.05) 0.27) 0.18] 0.02/0.04 YAU eee -16 Pe AU Raa uy. 288/97 S15i) sec) O51) E50)-° £17) cee Te: ATIPOIICA Sa. scene -20 “25 OE eke ads Ti 264) SOE E1|| 286)) (:22)- 2.2218 IBOMVAN Sacn -cee ene = Py (3) (P| S| Pe RR Fee -65| .04 03 O04} 213)¢ 40). 382 04 Friendship -.---.--- Pee dale SOL2- 2. 412-50 T. EMG 0 DB Hy Be}? 228), Re ee Humpbrey .---.---- AU) 6740) (Seo) eeoe| feces BGI) Seah Gee oe -06; -.301 .08) .18).... TE Oe 2884 soon (esos locas! leases) eee eesoe eae | a5eM esses ie soe! leer | [Ree pei eS = Cherry Creek..-..-- 624) 9 3) AD A ee oe 209) .269|) (316) Iie S10} -2)) =38ir, 207); 208 Jamestown ....-.-.-. poo e20| 205) .225-)-c5-- 50), =60), y2s0) 7.201) 226) 73015 “20) 22 ieee Elmira 253- 2.5.5 SEE SY 5 Spe | Sa See PS ae SLB sees AS) | ae es ee A er) oe ee Pine City.-....-..-- LUA Et BER es bee ee |S DO) MEG ikea ae ioe |ip ee Pak TS | EE ETON soe wv aec ens PAG Mle anni nie <= AM a 7 -85]° -04| .03) .09) T. es ye Se Araneae ata) Lt. W\ists62 df VA See aL. 269 (Soe lees... T. 2401), Big ae |ae WE MMLOUTIN. cee om = nee | clea jamin~=]'> - = «|e emo Sin ainw a (U5) (a | 03 5Ol: eae see (ee TECH) 190) 6 ye | ome Scene) eidol Greer lsncine! orient mer. | Se ane Seimei! | soeese | Prete tree || n/a. MTCC) ee oe ee SE) I ees Senne Masraoe rset (sere tc omen Peres Sete lege: See (se pal |e A) [ee a! jac (nn (V6 ee Se eec] 5080) ocIgo) Seco! SSDS aco Isestsacl t= ore lascec lascocl lsacbel rcec|ncoaiiecc ost! aoe - Wedgewood .------ EPA) VT SES KBR oa) [ar oc eS2|| We80| ce 605) 2:50) 00| eee Addisons 2.22 == PAU) LORS | RS HER ee aA Rel es Se Bi Re aie ae | as be s041> 228), N38) % See ee JNGUAT a ee eee | Re 308) aes epee bees baose|(sosae! sence 602. See ae Soe ee 45 Haskinville........ AN ae 6 seme lSecer) asset 50} .04)° .02) -03) 112) .15| :10).-=. SonnOanstooees- ieee -O8io-2.-\co se) oo ae eae 240) aly S10 })-4250)) Sr esse ee ATCADC Feces tastes TO LEY O05) ease eee s 7: =28] .22) 02) -10} -15), 209} 303)/(05 DNC Be 8 se 6s) oso! | eng S| SOE eeeeo! esse | (Rane ammeter Se He Ser serge ee See Varysburgh --.-..- Asie OC| Loi) ee Weetemna| pees 82} .07; .09} T 22) -28) 2... Yu Eastern Plateau ...| 0-81} 0.15} 0.04| 0.01) 0.06) 0.07) 0.28] 0.10; 0.05} T. | 0.41) 0.25) T. | T. Binghamton -..-.-. en ckan) -O0])) ules eae 78 10K Ol Dg 740i) 30p. Bony. See Chenango Forks...|.-.-.-|-----|-----|-----|-----|---- {| Peeoclanare|senss |soce)(sesq lassie e—selaa ls Oxtonne@ se. cess. ESATO 9 GA) (RR SS te = 258]\ se2o|) MecO| Me. aoe {80/22 clase Cortland ....-.-...- rd 17296) 05) Senate 10} -04) * TGsreeee = 19; .34 62) ccs. Bloomville......--- E25) 2-10), 08/0. ae eealeee ee ESO) 26a see S| Se Bice ees. Ba s Eesae Paposite. -- see = ewes 205) (10). 5-7 = lemon eee eens 6 | Secor eee 10}. »;90])5.. S| oeee Southikortrigzht—..}) * |} f.30}-----|2 22.2 /G2--2 G38) Sec cclace al See bes 22 Tita ose |aeme Brookfield ----..... 201) 260). <2 eo 3. cl eoeaieees 328} '.50}) -°.30)--..~ 40). 60} eee Hamilton ....-:.-.. 250); -10)) \-@b)-_- 2) eee aleaece 43) 10+ .05)* 3-2 “15}) *.10) 25252 eae Lwin ihey seer sSsnesd esse ekes| aaa) BSc) eooed! aSsselttoceel Hadaellectdelleisbee teage4 peccellecacel|[eoc Middletown -.-.-.-..-- PHO OLA 0 | mass ackess| oe pen een eee le cctoleneas Par { +) emotes ei Port Jervis .-.-....- NSN eee eeeol Eyre. |lscono|[Sos-< e822 eee] sms ra £69): shel Sescs tees Warwick ..--...... fee eee eel eee eas Sr Us) eed Lia a ae | ee a | ey eee os be Cooperstown .-..... iN a) RE J Boe! Sane beeci 262(© 204}:2.205)52-.1|) S75] s eee lee eae New Lisbon ....... PALieeeSo|) .05|<:.. s/o acne| ener Bet) (aed eel eee 21S | Meteo wee Oneonta 2220 -.2-3 20 seen ace — fan cci| > ac onl) eSB eteme leeaee SQB) ea See {87 (tess |e Slee Perry City ~-o-25-.. SDa| rede |r|), «14 ee cee eee ae] el be 04) T. 700) WsO0l =. 50) (fem Newark Valley..-..| -75).--.- 1: oS Us [Bee hese 252) | Ce 02 CON AO ee nee pp avery peice Secee SAO ro) mOL), “ao oo | eee 102i) 302) 201), S05/ eosin Glee. 4s a AR a Se eric, seed Ciel ECR (eae RIPMISIY Peesrse) ercseae Lt meek Pere Pe |) SS eee (exnrse Mohonk Lake ..... AAP OS lessee ete seco etl oceoe d5] easels cece eeact WF iPLspOl econ sate Northern Plateau..| 6 64) 0.12) 0.02} T. | 0.00) 0.02) 0.45] 0.23) 0.02] @.00| 0.30) 0.45) 0.12/0.11 VedD ClHAZy Soest cee leea aiipinici= =| wei wa| c.0 aie] «oa oil's mae eee meena ete ee oe | en wn era eee Elizabethtown ...-..|.--.- =208. lon S5) PRESS) BAe ee BP orc siseel eases Meare Gees eteaclscoc Saranac Lake...... aio recU sORl hs) | 5.05 -10)" (- 19) 4208S aeons BB), S20) Tees Gloversville ....-.-.- LG ee LOIE Ly Nive ce |acace Aly 87| OS MAR aleee a. 46 (P| See -02 LOwyille!2 sec ccccs. TEU Ute 2 | | ee Peers BO!) < 20) eeewelices en 06!" 82) es— .03 Number Four...--.- NG Oca | Se] Ee a | Me o BB e280 aera tse call cn,« onl ouet -60) .30 AW hal Bee eerie 227 Wei) SS eee ee A be =38) L6)eeiateene * BL) Dee Kings Station...... My ea 40) Eee eRe) Peete 45; -05).....|..... 40| 1.20) 25. .c).-. Atlantic Coast..... 0.66) 0.38) 0.00) 0.00) 0.00) 0.00) 0.20) T. | 0.00) 0.01) 0.39) 0.09; 0.00) ? BIOOKIVT cs. --cs2y% eet feet i ect Ses | ee -27|. Renee hy 40)" SA0liwecwlicee ‘ Manhattan Beach. "| 1.55 0 Sse maleeealese solineeka belli a BT cp sel nae 405}) \A20}Soe Slee Mew Vork City....| 18! .92l....-......0...'.22-- Pie sal (8 a FOL! Be! ath oak. wee New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 91 tation For Marcu, 1896 — (Incuezs.) J 15/16|17| 18/19 | 20| 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26| 27 | 28 | 29| 30] 31| 3 = 0.06|0.04/0.01| 0.06 0.92) 0.27; T. | 0.01| T. | 0.60] 0.00! 0.27| 0.01| 0.01/ 0.16 0.03| 0.00| 3.52 Bee eds| Pere | 118] egelste ce) fee doco liac., Eo akg eee Ld ell pe 4.33 Seal T.|"02| /-.| 1.10] «.30|..2.-|..... Tied a Ra ‘peed 921 T. | .05|..... 4.21 P2) e wall aoa ee SINT Ro a i ein ai ne Gas 18} -06|.._.. 3.79 ag | t.).| 100] als... Miata Aiea ee ce 25] T. |..-.. Tp) esp ae a 3.45 Big p2\---.| 2. 95] a7|ls ot \coes. Se Sante als {feared pots Theale 3.33 eegaiaeiioal °°! “eal 36) 1.05) 106 T. |..-..|.2...| eal cor|.22..|. ele coe cele RR 71 50) ale Ween |) SiN Ba|e dee: PS) | ist) see eee 5.21 oly Te desl fg COE IRIE) [Ee i ae ea WA\9a2 a 13) cobalouees 3.22 <2 226)] rely tes leg DG NNR wy les a Je 4 | oe 3.16 SEBS i (SS Hae Ia) pe) TUR eae irae Au AP ey Ps |] ead) Gere 3.95 eeelien | hl) Jeol” \iaate._- rPD sle nies cApING ihe real 3 Béla aie [esas 3.23 Rapes” fee Oe) Ne (Ie Da au ar I ae Gc i Pra Decca 1G “(20| 20). -- 12| .10! T .03|....| .04 115| .08)--- T.| T.| T ear. |i 0.15/0.29|0.01 bi5) -40l.... “710| 18] 105 T. | -17|... .20| 15]... 710| .50|..- oi ee a ea ip | .05| 162)... Se pieem Mera gril mascetl liggl ge |. o> |. I ocaBlccesfeaccs| 280| -2kOle sees wevOS iso 57|.-..| 2... Teel alvaes: GS |PMG |. tase hayes Salt reall 70s. Aaa 6.60 | Ea aa BrOlmeOs od ise las ee 55 ae. Es 75 |: Seeieeae 4.86 BON. 38]....| -.<: 1.00] .25} .o2|.-... pera ligt acl oa RS 2 arate ee et rT) | ee 4.74 Bias soa) 221:| gal iios|- 302227 i cee eae 27| .02|..-.. PAs ya 3.96 2 ctl poll eral [eg PRET Da Dea pa eae re BEC BEle 28) ae 4.79 EOP 10|oo | oe cch 1.19] de@)oo2:: a | alae Pala i ype Wi as 3s 14) cdo see 3.70 7} sf) fe Oe ep Cs ie gl ie ee Mee Bal ee alee 30| T. |..-.- 3.98 10] .06| .61| -...| 1.41] .04|..... Ce (eae jee ea 9| at ee 32] .04|.-... 3.40 0 OT SE Ne ly a NPA | om ceo 0.08|0.20]0.02| 0.01 1.36| 0.48] T. | 0.06/! 0.00 0.00 0.02| 0.51| @.03/ T. | 0.31/ 0.07] 0.00] 5.56 meena)! G'5| 1.92) \.35} .02| T. |.....|.....| -10| /84| 205] "I. | .06)222..|-22.2 4.31 06] .36| .13) T. | 1.50) 11]... ioe ulerd Galois SOD. Let 562i) |e ee 6.59 __-. a a ee Their a a7 SD mal East aa eel Plead BONS de fl a Te CE ye. em eo5t T. | |-)-| 1.69) 100)... (en eee aie BS |) kon cope Br ee (i 6.55 “Vga ed Be 1.56] .36|.-... mE |i jewels sc el te Te Meld taal Oe nie) e06| eae 4.63 Ben eeapleey || i: "30 is Soe eee = ee Ria isha ee [ei “75 1B|ocol | 6.40 0.24|1.56]0.11] 0.04] 0.60) 0.14 0.00] 0.04/ 0.29] 0.09) 0.00] 0.04] 0.01] 0.01] 0.93) 0.07, 0.00! 5.55 -40|1.80| T. |... | Mee ‘03} .04] 10/..... '09| T. |.-..- -76| AB|e-..2 6.14 = oad fae ee 207 265]. 222. meal 4.03)) 9.30] oeloc soos nae 7B pe 4.48 2011.90] .26)..... ipa be a3 CY ee (| 04! 02|..... yy peel 6.13 Ericuta ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy anp Monrurty Precrpr STATIONS. \. 2 AS 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; 11),12;13)14 | ‘Atlan. Coast (Con.)| ’ Willetts; Point? 2224) 08a ses-i)--2c | - 5...) - nn. Be aye eee (Se sel ss ae Bs ere, pam * Brentwood ....-=:-|-.--- =) (30 OS RRS E ee 525 Ej) (aes PRS) (et 201 3% wae] Gee ee Seatauket ......--- “PES 0S Ge 9 a IS Ie - Eb eae a 202). -78]: 208} Lae diene Beatord - dep onda REGO ae ells olan] © = crete] oe oo so sees leet 1 )) ieee eee © de Se |e Hudson Valley ....| 0.86) 0.10} 0.07| 0.01 0.00} 0.04] 0.25) 0.02) ‘T. EE .0515) 0259); Fae Wibany )s-e-52 5-52: -44) .08} .02/.....|.----|---.- ay) fas Bg eed bo Eee 36) 65] oo eee Lebanon Springs ..|.--.- By Rees eee ecient) aeece J) (iit Nea Pd Br ee ee ae =D0|=caee c. Honeymead Brook.| .55| -14).---.|---.-|---.-|----- Ab) ere (Serioey (eae a 201) S| aces a Poughkeepsie -..-. 2263) a) S532 SESS (ba Ae | scsos ot | ee eee fe ean ae od Paes Wappingers Falls..| .75| .28} T. |-.--.|----- eile) Us |] eal cee Tl (250 eens |eeneul eee West Point........ S80 lea <= $35| secon |faaesl esos SOS S215) Casce | ee we ts he Tones Boyds Corners.....|----.|-----|-----|- Bee | beacon! oon) Scho oeccs|lesscchao essa sels | bie Nas Co) Eee eee SONS 0 Pook) etna | mts rl eretataal ote 71 BO (| Peet Sp 63) e.-scloae a Southeast Reserv’ir|.--. |---.-|-----|----- loeepic|aapoetatiec| sae cadees se ccs lljaeee pean. cl eee tee Maple Mills. .-22--|.22.-|--222|---=-|2---|emann| amma 365/23 cclensccpaeoeslnasee TRO0 ES aieeae Marlborough ...-.-.).--..|--- -|-----|----- IRE Seal otonc bbore Cosocihbaae cps! ptecaybon=-|etc sc 8. HMaston -.--.--..... Ay ABeeoe 228 aace]|eaenel aes ab | ete es] Cee ee ee Sie |i bie hn tne Mohawk Valley....| 0.20) 0.00} 0.00) 0 00; 0.00) 0.68) 0.30) 0.00; 0.00) 0.00! 0.55 0.09) 0.06,0.00 Peuie 02.6. 5228 1) PO eit (AG | AE BA | Nae ed | Pay pr i (55]..c0Dle one rene 1 Of A Ce: ee Ses a eis (eRe eee (roc eters) (or oie | OUo| aio ene Panes eaetl | a a Se Fer (eee | Champlain Valley.| 0.75] 0.22) 0-80) ? 0.25} T. | 0.42) 0.12! 0-00) 0.00} ? ? 0.06/0.00 +Platts. Barracks.| * |t1.25) * 7.40} .50) T. 1) age Peres fee ee ? Wai poet bse Saratoga Springs ..|.--. |-----|-----|-----!-----|-----|-----|-----}-----]-----|-----]-----|---+-]---- Glens Falls.-...-.--. UEAy SEPP AUER ESS Sesssilancs-. PU] teachers ees ey ea cia 7 Pet 4 Baas be St. Lawrence Valley| 0.72| 0.14) 0.05) 0.00] 0.00 0.00} 0.22) 0.03] 0.00] 0.00) 0.01) 0 22) 0.01) T. Malone sts - 2. s<- “08 i PRR es oser|lses sc 256) 08|sen ee cae ae ae <1 ee OO e LUM Wes Linh’ 0 eel Reel Geeess eee (Seceel Feises| ocbea| | Soarollaeees|IAEhe | Sse pacer Se ea ae Watertown .-..---- POO] S05 a sinrtey| oer etees | eetatere UT Ae ON Seee tess se e eal eee ee: Canton: -2o3es--eee BOG (8) FAO |= seme | sic acta | eer 228) Po LON FoSa]- sae. = 1.00} seas a DeKalb Junction BUS Oi). sce eel leetam al eet BST See Se oe (ear el ace aLitesas beks i EOS hee ee ae eon |S oe 2! Seed See (arenes (Bercrsel Senses! [ee ere (sepa s| (ae sae eee ai e)| ateences Metts heer North Hammond..| 1.17] -@1| -01].....!.--...|.--.. A Be fd Col ee Sak eke ye O3) 3 AOS ee ar Opdensburpee --2-- 5) -4---)|----= BRC a Sane locadel|soce-ctHetooacila-sool lance sls ses Seema sl) eas | = Popsdam!*.2c2cs.aee SE MesO | 2 secs | cictariet| wieivell aterm ra lL bye ree | 2 be Bra eee Pea Pe AS een he e's Great Lakes........ 0.40} 0.08] 0.01) T. T. | 0.11) 0.50) 0.05) 0.09) 0.02) 0.27) 0 51 0.0110. 04 mn kink =. oss ss eee eee ea.) = = =| tm wells winnrn | are er eee Deal se ke Be Ceo le ciote cll eee fee, WeentHolls os see eee aero eee os eassn|eadocs|'o dens TALIA et CAS eel ple pas eb 1.02], Bb | seed a Bote Boao. bas. cue ACY] | AC A | TRE SR SHO paeOlete || es .02} -06; -.09] T. : dams Contre see see ce ete iat ws | wate ef a min mopman | taper eetmtate baat sie rs'| | apatmrotell arabe gee meet Cee ee Pittsford’ --5-....- eda s|| EL. 1 Boe | Sees ye -03} .56] .05 BB) 200) 28] Teli ieees . BOE | neluse ene See OK CO ll|)- lek [NTL a é + ce LIL LLL LLL LLL —— id i ae ee eo Zig PZ Ft — an ie 90 100 SCALE OF MILES os, SSS SS eee 1, fe 77 2 ex Douwitte eS eS SS SS SS LLL Le OS === {fy-——+4 gS B/S) Me Whitehall ES Chak. a See nee eames ISCP ID IIB. Cara ae 1), ae, OTe = Y (a a ’ es IP OH (MMT Pr | $$ POD eA LOO pak eI i : Saree ——_, ————— ————¥ —— ye 2 a SSS So es Serer eee ; —_—_—_——__———¥ ——— es ee pa a a sear ae a Er SS = ST, EE WY Peta SY OSI .. |) 5 ES aan Sh (—— FS TS aS. Neworsy Se © to 2 inches. 2'to-4 4 to 6 6 to 8 8 to 10 10 to 12. NewLondon Scale of Shades. aera lS ee ey ise Pe aa ad ZL (¢ cs _ Meteorological Summary for April, 1896. The average atmospheric pressure (reduced to sea level and 32 degrees Fahr.) for the State of New York during April was 30.10 inches. The highest barometer was 30.62 inches at Buftalo and at Erie, Pa., on the 8th, and the lowest was 29.56 inches at Number Four, Lewis county, on the 3d. The average pressure at six stations of the National Bureau was 0.10 inches above the normal value, the departures being greatest at eastern stations. The mean temperature for the State, as derived from the rec- ords of 74 stations, was 48.0 degrees, which is the highest April value for the State during the past seven years, and the highest at the following stations during the period covered by their records: Angelica, 14 years; Humphrey, 13 years; Elmira, 18 years; Waverly, 14 years; Baldwinsville, 20 years; Ithaca, 18 years. The highest local monthly mean was 54.2 degrees at El- mira, and the lowest was 40.2 degrees at Saranac Lake. The highest general daily mean was 68 degrees on the 17th, and the lowest was 25 degrees on the 3d and 4th. The maximum tem- perature reported was 93 degrees at West Point on the 19th, and the lowest was 8 degrees at Bolivar on the 5th. The mean monthly range of temperature was 66 degrees, the greatest range, 76 degrees, occurring at Angelica and Bolivar, and the least, 57 degrees, at Manhattan Beach. The mean daily range of tem- perature was 21 degrees, the greatest local daily range being 50 degrees at South Kortright on the 15th, and the least 3 de- ? grees at Buffalo on the 10th. 100 E1cgHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THBP The mean temperature of the various sections of the State were as follows: The Western Plateau, 49.5 degrees; the East- ern Plateau, 48.6 degrees; the Northern Plateau, 43.3 degrees; the Atlantic Coast, 49.4 degrees; the Hudson Valley 49.9 de- grees; the Mohawk Valley, 48.5 degrees; the Champlain Valley, 45.2 degrees; the St. Lawrence Valley, 45.8 degrees; the Great Lakes, 49.0 degrees; the Central Lakes, 50.7 degrees. The aver- age of the mean temperatures at 27 stations possessing records for previous years was 4.5 degrees above the normal value, the departures being greatest over the Western Plateau, Central and Great Lake Regions, and least over the Northern Plateau and Atlantic Coast. The mean relative humidity was 73 per cent. The mean dew point was 40 degrees. The average precipitation for the State was 1.22 inches, as de- rived from the records of 91 stations. The distribution of the rainfall over the State was quite uniform, deficiencies obtaining in all regions. The maximum local precipitation was 2.90 inches at Romulus, Seneca county, and the least was 0.39 inches at Newark Valley, Tioga county. The average snowfall for the State was 3.3 inches, the greatest local snowfall, 11.5 inches, oc- curring at Malone. The average precipitation at 29 stations possessing records covering a period of ten years or more, was 1.40 inches below the normal amount. The average number of days on which the precipitation amounted to 0.01 inches or more was 6.9; the average number of clear days was 11.4, of partly cloudy days, 10.4, and of cloudy days, 8.2, giving an average cloudiness for the State of 48 per cent. The prevailing wind direction was from the southwest. The average wind travel at six stations of the National Bureau was New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 101 7,780 miles, the movement being in excess of the average for April] at all stations excepting Rochester. The maximum ve- locity recorded was 54 miles per hour at Buffalo on the 2d. Thunder storms were reported for the following dates: 12th at Jamestown, 17th general over the State, 18th at a few iso- lated and widely separated stations, 19th general, 20th at sta- tions in the Western Plateau, 21st general, 22d at New Lisbon and Brooklyn, 25th at Bloomville, 28th southeast of Bloomville. Light frost was general over the State on the 28d and in the northern regions on the 30th. Bedford and Binghamton reported killing frost on the 23d. Hail fell on the 2d, 17th, 20th and 25th; and sleet occurred on the 2d, 4th and 6th. Solar halos were observed on the 14th, 20th, 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th. Lunar halos were observed on the 23d and 26th. Auroras were observed on the 4th, 22d and 24th. But three well defined cyclonic storms passed in the vicinity of New York, the number being considerably less than the aver- age frequency for April. The general action of the cyclonic movements was to diminish in energy, spread and dissipate in their progress eastward, accompanied by very moderate pre- cipitation in New York. The first storm occurred on the 1st-2d, passing north of New York and developing considerable energy over the New England coast and causing heavy rainfall in that region. On the 14th a storm passed centrally well north of New York, accompanied by general but moderate rain in the St. Law- rence valley. The third storm passed centrally over northern New York on the 21st, bringing general and the heaviest rainfall of the month in this State on the 21st-22d. 102 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE The high pressure areas, like the lows, were few and of mod- erate intensity, the most marked being that of the 7th-8th lying over the lakes, spreading thence southeasterly to the coast on the 9th-10th. The maximum pressure in New York occurred on the 8th. On the 23d an anticyclone passed centrally over Penn- sylvania, moving eastward and remaining off the New England coast for several days, accompanied by a decided fall in tem- perature, causing general light frosts throughout New York on the 23d. The remarkable features of the month were the deficient rain- fall and the high monthly mean temperature. The mean tem- perature of the first decade of the month was about 5 degrees below the normal; this period was.followed by a rapid rise and protracted high temperature, giving for the second decade a mean about 15 degrees above the normal. The fall in tempera- ture accompanying the anticyclone of the 23d reached about the normal for this date, but the remainder of the month was warmer than usual, and the mean temperature of the last ten days of the month was about 5 degrees above the normal for the season. Notes.—Jamestown, ice disappeared from Chautauqua lake on the 15th. North Hammond, ice breaking up in the St. Lawrence on the 11th; navigation opened on the 16th. Glens Falls, Hud- son river at high water mark on the 17th-18th. Saranac lake, snow disappeared from clearings soon after the 5th. Turin, 15th, many snow drifts 3 feet deep, thawing rapidly, streams high; 19th, only traces of snow remaining, hepatica in bloom. Wappingers Falls, swallows appeared on the 17th. Waverly, 14th, apple buds started. Wedgewood, 25th, swallows appeared. Humphreys, 6th, wild geese flying north; 14th, blue-birds ap- peared; 18th, fruit and forest buds swelling. Brentwood, New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 103 peaches in bloom on the 25th; pears in bloom on the 30th. Cooperstown, since 1854, only 1870, 1878 and 1886 have given as high mean temperature for April, and 1863, 1866, 1872 and 1884 less rainfall. Honeymead Brook, maximum temperature (87 de- grees) for April in 16 years. New York city, maximum temper- ature (90 degrees) for April, dating from beginning of record in 1871. On the 18th ice went out of Lake Champlain and naviga- tion opened on the 20th. The crop season opened about the 12th of the month. Prior to this date the weather was cold, and snow still on the ground in the more northern counties. At the beginning the season was considered about ten days late. The unusually warm and spring- like weather, beginning on the 12th and extending to the 21st, brought the frost out of the ground, dried the soil and rapidly fitted it for working. Throughout the warmer sections farming operations were general by the 15th. Plowing and seeding had- become general by the 20th; vegetation had started rapidly, trees were budding, Madison county hops were being uncovered, and in the southeast early gardens were made. Dry, cool weather followed, with frosts on the 23d and 24th, which formed ice in exposed places, but did little or no damage to vegetation. But light rains had occurred throughout the month and while crops in the ground were beginning to feel the lack of moisture, the absence of rain permitted spring work to be rushed, and at the close of the month most of the oats, spring wheat and barley had been sown, and many had planted early potatoes. Garden- ing had progressed satisfactorily, and in the southeast early veg- etables were already up. Sugaring began early in the month, but progressed slowly until the warm period,—the crop was prac- tically gathered by the 25th. 104 E1igHTtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MerroronoaicaL Dara LOCATION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER. HUMIDITY TEMPERA. | ny a : a 2 | 8 | 2 pe =e +3. | 6 @ |= °| 55 y 2 OS ee | i= FSR] Se STATION. COUNTY. | $ | | ee) ¢ | les] 2 : js | S18] 2g | Aa 8 2 s ial 4 s ba Bl; a g a 4 Zz H 2, |° ei ir s A & eC ONRSE, a a ei el teileeas - a ° Pee | Sule e Ela ae PaaS Kee SP le iS ets hoy) elec to ees | a Be lal a faial a|] Alia la wiAa Western Plateau--|- --....-......- Ben esses eee i (elladaaca eet sae loeeseltoc aca trad 49.5} 89) b PATETO0G =. cusses an Allegany..... gh 4 ee pier emia 1 Bll pe See SP Bom eorallcone. 47.3] 48.2) 84) 16 Angelica FR haere 1320). HE 2 SAS See eas ey a ote 48.2] 48.2) 85| 16 OLN Deas aaa = ace ee eae a epee eens Sol lselloeoopollas 2 Sas] =imimiol||s mtu 47.0) 84 Friendship -..---. Allegany....- 1550! 30.10} 30.60! 8) 29.76,21/0.84)....-/----. 47.6] 49.5} 85) 16 Humphrey......-. Cattaraugus. .|1950)..---.}.-...- [el oeeteetell oe ee sinew 49.3} 49.0! 85) 18 Arkwright.....-.. Chautauqua. -/1260}.----.|...... B Seosno| ea Senos ante [oaacd soot $48 4) 76) 18 Jamestown ....--. ee aa BS aoe te Aen een eel eee een nel einer l Bed peuce| lanee 50.8] 82) 16 Himirancses ie. Ghemiun g's 5 3/6863)'2 sc eS Sapa Real ete Jownce]-----]e nae 54.2) 89/ 19 INC) ae A ee ie PiviNg ston =. -|| 585||s-cecni| seam lees eer eke) [ethos] oes 50.4! 85) 17 Mt. Morris..-....-.. Or sine | DDB | em occsll ergo ela aceon eee esse Posen loose 50.6} 59} 17 Lockport .-..-..-. Niagara.....- POY) aes gerne 7) Sale a aS aes clese celle get (Olea! 85) E83: Wichor ee eee Ontario ...--. BPP eee vena lion Lake lle es hes seer ceey = Sale [ns ce 85! 17 Wedgewood ...... | Schuyler. ...- T3850) sf SSa] TSP eee ta ec eres ed aed 47.9) 49.3) 87) 16: Addison .......... | Steuben...... LOO0| ds cele ee ae eee eee | 67 | 40 |49 8) 50.0) 87) Sonth Canisteo..... Steuben..--.- 1480 |e eee selector | eee eet| aaa 67 | 38 |47.5) 48.0! 86| d AYCANG 22H cccen == Wyoming =< <5) 15575 seme ae eae eer | ef epee | eee errr 47.0 47 8) 80) ¢ Varysburg..-...... a Laalbcs sea Rees chalk Peeilis Gace isil(e seas --.| 49.3] 85] e Hasterm Plated.) -s.-<--.cs--2- Set Soe etes| eee See oheeteta liceleta:< ..--| 48.6) 92) 18 Binghamton --..-.; Broome ---.-.-- S7Olsecdu | Ae EB RSS a et Weoees 49.5] 49.8] 87! 18: Oxtorde- sec. -- Chenango 2222) 550 | ay. oe eae es | eee | ee fee talinae celcers 47 2] 85| e Cortland <2. .5... Cortland ....- 12) | ae se eee BEE le | AIBA Gorecr naera® 47.6) 85) 16 Bloomville......-. | Delaware <7. |1550 ome sari sane eel amet etl |e eer eeietete tals 49.2) 50.4; 89) 16 South Kortright ..| as Pe te {0,0 eee scores Rees" aes seksel ar fereesl linet al eresetocs ---| 45.8] &6) 15 Brooktield ........, Madison ..... wot 0) eae ed Sa cs ae | | 48.2) 52.4) 87) 18 Hamilton >.<... | Madison 46.8) 85| 16 Middletown ...... | Orange 49.6] 86) 17 Port Jervis ....... ut 51.3] 92] 18 Cooperstown.....- Otsego 5.7| 46.3) 81) 16 New Lisbon ..-..-- ce 4 46.0, 84) 16 ON ttt) i a Ug 8.7) 49.9] 86) 16 PONT U MOLY o.- o's aisha Sobuylers- sc |1038 | ce.5.25| seek ey ea ees | ell eae een ere 47.2) 48.9] 85) f Waverly.....-.... Mi Opa tectes oe B25 fo. Re ea ee eee .-.-/49.9) 51.0] 90) 18 Mohonk Lake..... iGlster)s-.2-.- 1245 |e ool SS Aa cree | eel eee eae | ere pee either 46.8) 84| 17 VOTCRMION IE ACMONE eer w ene ads Woon c lode ne Aas ceo cll eee er kre ay ee eee leet call seater 43.3) 82 Saranac Lake..... dob ea ed Pee SS ee llocrolloaeclaneeol voce 40.2) 78) 16 Gloversville ...... Fulton ....... BOD) a cian | Se S| eee ree Sie cele eo 46.6] 46.5) 82) q DOW WAG scc.ch oe oa Lewis........ 900) 7 2cec ete sealed lean Be etal ammeter ol (crintc 44.4| 78 Number Four..... tb eee, Ce ase 1571) 30.08' 30 44! 8] 29.56 .3/0.88).....|--..- 42.5] 79! 19 Aly ig 1 DS See ee eae Fee Ae Bs a An Oe ees ats igecaey CA nce Mire SSSR Ral iSoct 42.7| 75| 19 ANUTAG CDBES: ca5|) Sas ccekp sc ceea|l. UN. c3cce] edocs Taso ae eae ee oe ee eee 49.4 92) 18 Brooklyn ......... MAD eats cess LOT | e550 oe .a cwcel| are] toate ell ae eres ltepetereteaT eee cen ee 53.0) 90! 16 ASTD TCAD SOMON 31 WOST is oe ooo ol w wall wm w Simos) siepo unl Hla Delageell etal eres | etebenete inte eet eta 46.8] 79| 19 New York City...) New York ...! 314' 30.13! 30.53) 9] 29.67) 2'0.86| 74 40 \e= b> 50.0! 90) 18 =— > — - - New YorK WEATHER BuREAU. — 105 - FOR Apri, 1896. TURE—(IN DEGREES F' AHR.) Sky. PRECIPITATION—( INCHES). 25 oo AS ee eee - A = . {ae E : ale aS) bat © 2 is a =| st linen : cial aed a 8 .| 8/8 Sp =| Boiss = S © a 3 =] Sig] 2 oS : ® = 2 es) S = op £ ea A “SI 3 = om ° 7} oO 2 i =| pte a 2 ws] Ble jose eal we eas * b ‘a 1 ‘s =) ge? re ~ — © 7 & = a ee See) ee iPS A oe ler | a ee Se] ee Wa © 6 C5) Q © gqo 3 a a o = p pele lee le e|Slele |Alpes| =| 2 he | 8] 8 |e See eal a Le et Sete pala |e ia a de = A a ey h. m. 8 5] 70) 22) 44) 20 5| a@a}10-.0/13.1) 6.9 DO) TST) 220s e2s00U 24) eee wee acte 12) 4) 72) 21) 383) 20) 8] 40/5 |14 |11 13 1.69} 0.36] 8.00) 24 6.9) W 9 4| 76} 25! 42) 16 7 3:11 110 9 9 1258), O48 |eeseac 24 Ge Cae ee 8 5| 76) 24) 42 r 5 DIGKGa Sse siesta 9 148. 0 Spe seas 5 Ie Rs eS eS als Al 70) 25) 41 r 9 3) 6 117 7 10 1581) (Ol4alibese ae 17 2.9) W. 14 a) Th QL), BO 23 6) va} 4 118 8 12 1.31] 0.50} 10.00) 24 7.0} S. W aly; 8) 59} 14) 28 2 GO| te ies tell scoters stereo ml ete oe PF pe aren ereecarte toe nne 16 3] 66; 20) 32) 20 5} 24) 3 {19 8 8 2.48] 0.91) 12.30) 24 7.0) S 19 3; 70} 18) 30 r 7; 10/18 4 8 5 (S¢t7A) XURY PAE Same 10) eee S.E 19 4| 66) 23) 40) 30 8 3] 6 |20 4 8 POS eee lee a = PSN eter site see oo 18 a} 71; 29) 38) 16 5] 28/15 113 2 @ || 0146) 0:25)s2c2. 21 10| N. W 15 3) 70} 21) 37) 30) 10) 10/17 3 |10 6 O240) OLI3 sconce 22 4 W. 18 j| 69 Be |e (IC Poe Pe Sen (Ok 5 ‘) 0-92) 0 38)-----. 20 0.2). W... 13 t| 74! 22) 32 8 9 10) 5 21 4 10 2 52) 2.05) 2.00) 17 157) Ne We ay, 4| 70) 25) 42 r| 10 1\14 {12 4 9 1.07} 0.43] 9.00} 17 0.2) S. W.- 12 4) 74) 27| 44; 20) 11) 24/16 9 5 7 25 ORS peste 24 2 Ww. 13 4| 67! 20| 34 12 5 Slee Oke ts 13 1.36] 0.36] 12.45) 17 DEON sciateaalere 12 Bi fo 2 wat 1b) LON TO 9s |T5 6 10 193) (0. 67a -02- 19 rae NSE Se ety 10 Bi Dl 24) 50), 15 4 9)12.6) 9.6) 7.8 6.4; 1.22) 0.87} 9.30 (ijl eeeadeosacs 17 4); 70} 23) 37) 15) 11} a@bill |11 8 6 0-63) 0.32)--...- ae 10| S. E, 15 ait et 26; 41 t} 17) a@ejll |11 8 6 OT) 0230|secene 21 1.0) S. 13 Tie 72) 20) 41) r| 10 4/16 7 7 8 0293) 0:36)-~-524 Dy inh acifdte N. W. 10 3] 79) 28) 44) 16 9) 25/15 ff 8 6 1.69} 0.47) 5 00 6 0.5; W if Sia hes) oOl) Vi) 13 NG aes a eee 6 1248) 0.44)... 2. ARSE oS Soa 24 8} G3) 27) 44) 18) 12 714 112 4 6 120) Oo Oiteea m= % 7.0| S. W. 14 Sie h7li 424) 40) 16 if 3}10 |10 /|10 8 0.901 0.34) 11.50) 21-22 1: 17 4| .69) 20) 42) 16 9) ad)14 9 7 3 1 40} 0.87; 93 6 430 eeeaas 20 Kk) 72) 26) 46) 13 8 712 412 6 5 1263) O27 eceae H/ 0.5) N. W. aL 3} 66) 18 31) 16 8} aell2 |12 6 6 P25 02492 5-5 = 21 6.0) S. W. 15 3} 69) 25) 43) 16; 10 4/10 tn NB 5 0 80} 0.39)-.-.-. 2 ESA 16 CUES AT) R24) MM 9 Hs We” Uses as a TSO OL SO) er =a CP ae Hie eS 15 470} 24). 377 9151) 20 3) 8 115 7 10 1.58] 0.84) 2 30) 21 1.1) N. W. 15 Bibevol 26) 49 13 9} 10/9 |12 9 8 L218}, 0235), (3 45) 2 3.0) W. 17 4) 67) 17) 31 u 4 2/22 0 be PU ee Cay mc RSienc te el Meret ees seit Pas tee ee G20 eect 10 3] 66] 21] 44) 30 6} 25)11-2/11 0] 7.8 9-6) 1.29) (0.65)---.-- Be ee Re ocr 10 3} 68} 20) 39) 19) 11 4/13 |10 7 10 hes7| 0226) ac. 22. 21 7.5) S. W. 17 4) 65) 22) 39 v 8 4/13 9 8 9 0.96} 0.33) 6 00 2 1.4| S. E. 13 6) 65) 24) 44) 30) 10 9 |14 i 9 0-80) 0 20)-..-.- 22 3.0) W. 11 4) 68} 23) 35) w 7| 28/11 en, 11 1.84] 0 29) 0 20) 18 11.2) N. W. 13 4; 62) 18) 33) 30 6} 25/10 |15 Hy 9 1.48) 0.65)..--.-- 3 | S. W. 14 4| 67) 20) 45) 18 4; af |\16.8) 7.3) 5.9 5.0) 0.98) 0 45] 12.00 To lew sees {reece ae 24 4| 66] 20} 34) 18 4 7|20 4 6 6 OxS7\|, Ofb0)eae— = 21 3 =e Gl eal hl soe 28|) lO] eA OSI Oa ae KG IAB ome ey ee ee oe | Mena | ac lh ce ere N. W. 223) 4| 67| 16! 38] 18 6 WIL, |18 6 6 ey US Oe 10) aS | 2 1.71 N. W 106 EiguHta ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MerrorotoagicaL Data LOCATION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER, ‘Humiprrr TEMPERA ——— 3 = |e |3 Eh ea Pe a =: . Biel ga we} 2 wicg| as = = & © © |35| Ka STATION. COUNTY. S |) ae | -ves)| oeset a ee (Mel Rese rebe ‘ I a = SPAES) Lai ee = ge 2 + 45 aa He) Sei a) eo" ls 8 " oO = me .| 4 i =| - . 5|2| = |g} & l$}e] 2) £/2 | 3 [als al Ss | Ala Ae Sy els Sle Atlan. Coast (con). | Willets Point..... Queens...-... 8) Ssseed lose so4||ae|Bssscri|se||oosa) {is oSs|}o050- ----| 48.8] 91) 18 Brentwood ....... sanolk -.2.22 [ SoeSoel Pea las) ee anal colbaScllocossllaace 46.4) 47.8] 90) 18 Setauket.......... Sanolkowes oc 4 )| See oe) Sac |e eee eae ae 71) 39)47.0] 48.7] 87] 18 Beillords.222<5.... Westchester | 290)---..-).-----|-)--0-..4/-- ae welll crise elses ---.! 50.5] 92} 18 SEIStGaON ViGUeYy) <2 =| oan: = 4s <2 Span Peer neces fee foeaces Beles ieecal loons - ----| 49.9] 93] 19 PIDENY wes ces Albany ...... 85| 30.12) 30.56] 9] 29.68! 3|0.88 73 40|----| 50.0] 88] 16 Lebanon Springs |) Columbia <= 22) 930) --..-: |. .c26-] ==) 225 s0len|(om ee |lemne =e ----| 46.1] 86) 17 Honeymead Brook] Dutchess -...| 450|-.----|------]--|------|--]----|-----|----- 49.4! 48.9] 87| e¢ Poughkeepsie ....| Dutchess -...| 180).----.|.-----|--|----b-|--|....}- oo |Ss6a- secu POO sa! Oey; Wappingers Falls 6 Tepe) Gee.) peeooe sees] eallveaccalisoll6 2a becasloades --- | 52 8] 90] 18 West Point....... Orange .<.... 167) 25-220) 025 eh ole bees oe sees sees emcee --«-| 90 3] 93] 19 Carmelics-2.-- eens Putnam ..... Bx 11) See (eee eal (es 4) ees lta eee lobinorocme sco] SOUS OB ane TEPC TE NOTE || 1c Berges eeOeBe lle sa) peceed eeeace|[aq|(scncas|foulleoca|) eacs\fecacs ---| 48.5) 80) 17 OMG6esecs. occ eeu, Oneida ....-.. GED) occ eee icceate [oni ameter eal eee! a eaieel eres ---| 48.5} 80) 17 (Witiearwc=.s see. ee ee. OE ok ell oe ewan om eons Cee alone Eas | Semel oleic |e Champlain Valley| ..--..--.------ Be cee) enact lloc||secos!||5a)|Baod| bs=snallaaae's ----| 45.2] 88) 17 Plattsburgh B’ks.| Clinton .....- De ERR OO esceictd lool ocaoallec\Icaor leasce||accas ----| 43.3] 88] 17 SAA TAR DIUNOM MINSALALOE A 22-25)". . 22] sa seel| sma =tel| el loca al eral tore yay beteterel ne al Bers beer sallcas| [see Glens Falls .....-. Wierren ....- BY (0) Rea (Pee IS Olce asc salibneal ce cem laaesa 46.7, 47.2) 86] 16 SEMLIALUTENGE SY CU a teria ce aia csc 0 a/a'] 2 21s)||4= ane e|lnecei || se Sata wioall (Se |emells cece |e cael scm (058 Gal wid Malone#. 22.2.2 Franklin..... =) (0) eens (Ome es 5 etait ba te SEI Se ee 44.2) 43.0] 79! 19 Madison Barracks) Jefferson..... 266) isce al Seeaee i ee meen ello, | Seer tee be | eee oe ----| 46.0] 79) 17 Watertown ..-..-.. Jefferson..... CCT] eee eee Pe eee Oe Hela eaoedl iy tee ----| 49.8] 83) 17 @anton 222 22--...- St:Wiawrenee:| 304). .2£--)sccced te loseneel|aaineealeeeon|eemce 45.0) 44.8] 79) 19 Massena.......-.. a ae he a | Se | a |e ee sere eect SUR Eee ateee North Hammond.| St. Lawrence.| 300|.----.|.----.|.. weceecllee|seeclouans ls o00 10.9) S0ER | TOllMia Ogdensburg....-.-. ss =) BSE SES eet eit oeeoe ees! Chapel leans 44.8] 45.2] 75) Ah POtKOOM oe feet ee ss 300--.---]------|--]en----|--]----/----- |----- 44.5] 44-4] 78] 19 GREGU GREE! soc cee | ose nitsac.s sc oe Bee Eee ees) (dl Anco (act hea oareee eee! iiSae 49.0} 86] 17 Dm Ar oe are sealers Chantaugda 2)%590) 2255) 2.5 Sho) se) Seema oll esate) ete ariel meine etebatel| reratetel ate ues Westfield......... us Hae Sel eo ccaal sam nenllle slesmamall ise lemersi| Sete ateceete| Beeee 50.8] 82] 18 BnialO es Hose ws HOPI O bets ernie ate 690} 30.10} 30.62} 8} 29.70} 1/0.92 76 40}....| 47-0} 78} 30 Pittsford... eae - Monroe ...... HA ee (eT ss reine sl h-25) ecoa| fencioeh || ocieac 49.7] 50.2] 84| 16 Rochester ...:..-- Pe Mar osca.s. 621} 30.10} 30 62} 8} 29.76) 3|0.84 72 40).---] 50.0} 82) 17 Appleton --....... Niagara See SAD PERSE eeepc We cc ocul’albsaale pelle See sole Ueord ieee} Fort Niagara ..... eins sco PIE Oe eee es ners [es\ecolracee eicimars ----| 47 6] 86} 17 Baldwinsville’ ss:.|-Onuondagar..2) 890)... 6. | 2.2 cae | (Sean mel|lnl|(metmel oe elem ne 49.8] 49.9) 84) 16 Syracuse ......... CNONGHPAY calls e | #2 © S le. ba lak = 3S sail 2 eile veal a = Sa & | 3 | & a Cae eee S mule = | st x n A = ro ee elec wecta tke |S Bi) e rs inn) s =] n ES = = Sele te ie we) ee ees aps ice |. | Ss Sesiee es |S lose Waals. be leelol va |e |B | & |S) pe ° 3 oS OF CI ro) ec 5) 5S |pES o ~ (a) 3S a) Se HI/AlAl[aAloG/AlsAl/Al4e |a4\4 Ela Ree | | RS ou h. m 24) m 67) 21) 44) 18} 6) 6/-.... Algae 4 1.13] 0.45] 12.00) 7 4.51 S, W. 18| n 72| 726) 45) 118)" 7), 7/20 2 8 5 0.73} 0.30) 5.00 1 -3] S. W. 24 4); 63) 19) 38) 18) 5 713 11 6 5 Ie O7 | 0240 occa. PA Meimeeo E 14 4) 78) 25) 40) 18) 6) 712 |9 19 5 0.91) 0.31) 11.30) 7 -8 18 68} 23) 41) ¢ 5] 2112.5) 9.2) 8.3; 5.9] 1.31) 1-10).....- eh Sosa Se| Foostiore 2| 24) 66) 201 38! 16 8} 4/13 9 8 7 0.98) 0.34)....-- i 3.2) S. 18| p 68] 25) 40) 16 8] bg |12 6 |12 6 1.86| 0.60) 14.30} 21-22 Uo VE 21; q 66) 23) 34) 15) 5) 2) 7 |14 | 9 i 0.83} 0 29) 19.00) 1-2 129 S amie ZL Ole COl e200 Allott, tI 9) 10 5 TATU DSB) Rees 7 4.5) S. 21; 4} 69) 26) 41; 13) 10); ag /|13 |13 | 4 7 1.18} 0.51) 10.00) 7 5.0) N. 2] Aes se 28 | AO eel 8 (hina) [bun | erecta | eter ee 3 Sy rae KU eee ti eos E. 20, 4) 68) 22) 37) 13) 8) 719 | 4 |7 6 1.20} 0.44) 13.00) 7 CEO) aesoecic 18) 3) 62) 22) 33) 2 WIC | AE 7.0) 1.25) 0 40)...... 1 EPA eoor) bcodace 18} 3] 62) 22) 33) 2] 15) ah apallec 7 1.25) 0-40)...... 1-21) ----2-|..-5---- 19] "4 68} 21; 41 19] i 69| 19) 40 20) 3] 66| 23] 41 10} 4) 65) 22) 46 12) 4) 67) 201 29 10; 4} 68) 21) 37 16] 4] 67) 26) 46 15) 4| 64) 22) 34 16) 4) 62) 21) 40 11 5] 64) 22) 32 13; 4) 65) 22) 36 ig; 4] 62| 16] 32] 19] 5] 3|10 |7 {13 7 1.06) 0.35).----. 3 5.0) S. E. 17] 14) 63) 20) 33) 27; 6) 3/15 |12 | 3 3 0.41) 0.30/.....- 2 0.0| S. W. 20| 4] 65; 18) 32) 30; 4 319 |17 | 4 9 1.02} 0.44]...-.- 18 TN Sar Oars | mOlneLS le W402i alien adOme laa ntti 13 1-46! 0-29).--.-- 26) |e --= Ww. 108 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MerrorotocicaL Data ] 7 | LOcATION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER. ‘HuMipiry | ¥ TEMPERA | ; ln |o | | ies os | | | ie 12 | | | Bierae ty 3/2 | a | | | } 3 | be iy S a \# | le | gl wlaa| 25) STATION. | COUNTY. | 3 ) (| 2) 8 esl wel bee | | | 2| S| = |Bs| e3| 18 as: V1 sib ae ml co] aie’ 38 “| me ‘ ate [er || A = = = o1|9 | @ LE) g Joe lél Bee he ae le pe ele is, 3/1 jf] & Se) se] bis |e |e 8 (28; = (|e Al 4a ala] s1 AA |e eA i ea ee as nee “Dian te 6 7S Teen eer ae ese lee ce Messe a eee | Eales BRA bees (seis 50.7| 87) 16 Hieming’:...-- 22.5 Caytga ...-..| 1000} ...... [aceite | eleemee Sy Sam La | a 50-6, 50.4 84) 16 Watkins. --.-..--- Schuyler ....| 737)..--.. fasectt [Ba|[ececs2 aos bere (seisee [oan | eee [ees | le | | | } | | Romulus.......... Seneca ...---- Ope eRe Jeo eee j--}----| 83} 42|....} 51.3] 87| 16 Milintaio22- =>. . 5. Tompkins. . - | 810} 30.10; 30 56) 8 29.67) a)0.89 70 41 50.4) mee 86) 16 Ure ee eer A |....| 30.10 30.62) 8| 29.56 3/0-87| 73 40 ....| 48.0) 93| 19 ' ' { *Mean of the tri-daily observations. { Mean of the maximum and minimum by the Draper the tri-daily observations are derived by the formula (7 a. m. + 2 p.m. + 9p.m.+ 9p. m.) +4. four hours. (a) 2, 21; (b) 17, 19; (c) 16, 18; (d.) 17, 18, 19; (e) 17, 18; (f) 16, 19; (g) 16, 17; (h) 16, 19, 27; (4) (t) 13, 15; (w) 17, 23; (v) 13, 16; (w) 16, 30; (xz) 19, 21; (y) 17, 20; (z) 13, 19, 27; (aq) 2, 3, 24, 28; (ad) (bd) 3, 7 28; (be) 3. 25; (bf) 1, 3; (bg) 4, 7. U New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. ror Aprit, 1896 — (Concluded). 109 TURE —(IN DEGREES FAHR.). SEY. PRECIPITATION — (INCHES). ee A | | | al = } : i | 2 1° 5 | ow lo a el =| | S | . |e! Rs Wes IP Liecdal B | | g ie be St 2 2g is8 | lens &|& |e 5 CT a ea res = z = a ‘3 I 2 =) "ox | | ea — Ale |e & BS [s/s] oe sh a= 5 es . A] 8 en a i ee 3 — =| = + = =) oS Oo |o 9 |oe5 0 ~ n I ed estan esa ieee alloca | ear soul la |ieeeae (ene | pe ree etl £ a : & 3 ent lerese isi SaaS ea ele ey eel yas & 5 2 = E S\N EA SI lap Pee sted eral a= = BSE | iS B Q = ° ms Ri/AFZlaAlOlA|H Alaa |4 la a o & A a 4 | |h. m. 18 4; 66) 20) 35) 15 8} 3} 9.3)12.3) 8.4 Dail eleva) ek BON O0=45h0 20) ee ae net 19) 4 65} 18] 28] 30 9 3, 4 |22 4 2 1.40 00, 14.00 6 Peeve vuie ee eed aafeminclamncleceo|n'cas cool cane | sees | ecw eee | cet ces | scacne| scones | comeas acumen |secasaas 18 4) 69] 22) 34] 30 9 3/14 5 jll 6 ae 1.30) 0.45) 21 | 1.0) S. 21) 4 65} 20) 35] 15 8 3)10 {10 |10 ; 9 1.02} 0.42) 4.30 1 dt S E. — — — _ OS 8 5| 66) 21; 50) 15 3) 10/11.4/10.4) 8.2 6 9 1.25} 2.05; 2.00; 21 3.4) S. W. thermograph. | Report received too late to be used in computing means. The means from TBlank indicates that the duration is not shown in the original records, but is within ewer 3, 4; ee fh) Sud 95 (m) 29 4; (n) 4, 6, 10; (p) 3, 4, 6; (q) 3, 4, 5, 6; (7) 15, 16; vene 16, 20; 2 28; (ac) 2 ; (ad) 3, 6; (ae) 3, 4 » 1; (af) 7, 28; (ag) 2, 7; (ah) 3, 20; (bb) 4, 21; (be) 5 6, 22, 29; 110 E1gHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TEMPERATURE — Aprit, 1896, SHowrne Dairy MrAns For STATION. Western Plateau. -- AMETOO ota =e ATIPeliCa.-<--<-..se SGlgar sores = Friendship -------. Humpbrey.-.------- t Arkwright....---- Jamestown .------- 15) (ae eae See Wictor..-..----=--- Wedgewood ..-.---- Addison ...---.---- South Canisteo ..-.. Arcade ....--s----- Yarysburgh .-.----- Eastern Plateaw-.. Binghamton -.-.--- MOX{0TGs.o-nc2c~nn => Cortland... ......-.- Bloomville....----- Sonth Kortright--. Brookfield -.--...-. RUIN e's on =~ Middletown ....--- Cooperstown ..---. New Lisbon ...-.--- Oneonta ..-.------- Perry City-:-. 2-2-5 Waverly -.oy------5 Mohonk Lake ..-... 1 wo it 2 12]/13]14 58 | 64 | 62 70 | 79 | 70 40 | 53 | *57 74 |79 | 73 40 | 44 | 51 75 | 80 | 7 39 | 41 | 50 77 | 80 | 75 40 | 49 | 47 76 |77 | 70 41 | 54 | 53 a7 | 78 | 9 46 | 56 | 56 71 | 79 | 75 53 | 51 | 68 73.|79 | 72 42 | 54 | 58 W8.\82 | 74 44 | 52 | 51 73 179 | 70 42 |52 | 51 70 | 70 | 80 40 | 41 | 42 65 | 81 } 75 40 | 50 | 53 70 | 82 | 75 40 | 44 | 44 69 | 80 | 73 34 | 44 | 49 76 | 74 | 65 42 |53 | 55 i7.-|79 | 74 42 |50 | 50 49 | 62 | 61 64 | 82 | 74 40 | 46 | 54 62 | 78 | 74 32 |37 | 45 @s | 81 | °72 34 | 43 | 49 66 | 80 | 74 35 | 46 | 51 62 | 79 | 73 98 | 42 | 45 56 | 81 | 74 34 | 37. | 42 60 | 80 | 72 30 | 46 | 50 76 |78 | 65 40 |58 | 54 67 | 84 | 80 38 | 38 | 46 50 |76 | 74 34 | 46 | 50 60 | 78 | 7 30 | 43 | 43 64 | 81 | 75 33 | 45 | 38 65 | 81 | 74 39 | 49 | 52 67 | 85 | 77 42 136 | 50 53 | 64 | 71 43 | 46 | 46 pee ” _— New York WEATHER BURBAU. bid ’ vHE Reaions, AND Datnry Maxima anp Minm™a For THE STATIONS. nS NORM RIES RE Be a a We Pee Laie es, 7610182" I) SL 81 79 | 74 | 64 | 54 | 61 | 51 | 64 | 70 | 68 | 71 | 75 | 77 | 5. | 45 | 54 59 55 56 | 42 | 52 | 36 | 32 | 46 | 50 | 49 | 52 | 49 | 54 | 53 |]? 30 | 86 | 83 84 89 | 80 | 75 | 59 | 65 | 60 | 66 | 74 | 72 | 70 | 73 | 76 | .4 4 ; 50| 56 | 63 | 60 63/55 | 61 | 38 | 41] 48 | 49 | 51 | 56 | 54 -| 55 | 540] 0: 80 | 84 Shi ReSON| ease TS ae Tosleose | |GL Mh SSwale + oe 64 | 7 | 72 | 63 | 76 | oy | AFA 60g. (G0) I) eb Te dhesea 46) \"54 038 BL \e48 sek: 36 | 43 | 54 | 49 | 36 82] 88 | 89 | 84 8) | 78 | 70 | 52 | 65 | 58 | 69 | 73 | 74 | 6 | 75 | 8 | po | 45| 50 | 63 53 62 | 49 | 52 | 38 | 36 | 30 | 38 | 41 | 44 | 60 | 60 | 58 THEA Ge Wes 85 80 | 73 | 70 | 55 | 64 | 60 | 64 | 65 | 79 | 73 | 64 | 82 | ,, 4 | 47) 56 | 58 | 56 | 64 | 39 | 53 | 37 | 33 | 47 | 51 | 41 | 56 | 56 | 50 | 44 76 | 80 85 84 FDR} SB pc Saeko 45.9 | 38 | 46 45 60 Gis Ri item Pasa EZR le Ce les I Ps ee te See alle Se La ys Boone) 85. 1) Si 83 | 78 | 70 | 54 | 62 | 55 | 62 | 68 | 65 | 64 | 68 | 69 | yoo | 50} 55 | 59 | 56 | 61 | 46 | 52 | 36 | 34 | 40 | 42 | 43 | 48 | 48 | 45 | 42 Bie TSM NS ain 87 a6 | 79 | 74 | 57 | 65 | 54 | G3 | 71 | 66 | @ | 71 | 71 | 5 Q | 39 | 45 | 51 BOW 5b) 4454 1038) se S038 ea5o | 4) e448" | 48040 80} 8 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 78 | 72 | 57 | 66 | 51 | GL | 73 | 66 | 70 | 68 | 70 | 4g 40 | 45 53 | 50 54 | 34 | 53 | 37 | 26 | 40 | 42 | 35 | 45 | 44 | 46 | 37 ] 74 | 80 79 | 80 76 | 72 | 62 | 49 | 59 | 53 | 61 | 67 | 68 | 70 | 65 | 72 | gg 46 | 55 59 | 56 | 54 | 45 | 48 | 84 | 30 | 44 | 45 | 38 | 49 | 50 | 46 | 42 : 80 84 85 85 77 WD. 65 55 65 65 63 70 76 70 68 79 49.3 43 | 50 | 58 | 55 57 | 52-| 47 | 36 | 30 | 48 | 48 | 57 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 43 61/ 66 | 68 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 60 | 46 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 54 | 56 | 53 | 58 | 55 | 48.7 79 | 84 | 84 8 | 8 | 7 | 72 | 57 | 61 | 59 | 71 | 71 | 68 | 58 | 73 | 72 | go g 42} 51 } 52 | 52 | 57 | 50 | 55 | 38 | 30 | 35°] 41 | 41 | 49 | 47 | 43 | 41 78.) 77 Say T Sb) 76 7s GS Geel Gd P58 KGS a69" nOLe 72, 0173) anes 47.9 37| 43 | 49 5@) 1) 46) | 52.1) 35>)1| 264), 29 |) 40\ | 35. |) 43 «|, 438 | 48) | 86.) 222: 79) (Spe) $8 |ye8t 83 | 75 | 69 | 63 | 59 | 60 | 58 | 69 | 68 | 57 | 69 | 71 | yg 38] 44 | 49 | 50 | 52 | 45 | 52 | 38 | 31 | 30 | 46.137 | 43 | 45 | 49 | 42 ‘ $2 89 | 87 | 88 | 82 | 78 | 72 | 56 | 70 | 65 | 50 | 75 | 64 | 58 | 77 | 80 | gy, 42] 45 51 Sea oto cote Sone Som USdan Alon aoe d4on een ospelnas 66 | 81 | 73 72 | 82 | 73 | 67 | 59 | 58 | 64 | 55 | 69 | 68 | 60 | 70 | 68 | ye, 36 | 35 | 45 | 48 | 49 | 44 | 49 | 32 | 25 [29 | 38 | 36 | 44 | 42 | 47 | 31 7 | 82 | 8 | 87 | 82 | 80 | 82 | 56 | 79 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 80 | 75 | 74 | 72 | coy 54} 56 | 51 Ddm gS | O2 NOON SSei|paoe aT ee4on hd 46) ede ade 46. eo 78 | 85 | 81 80 | 83 | 72 | 69 | 58 | 58 | 61. | 55 | 66 | 67 | 60 | 76 | 72 | ggg 42| 45 51 52 | BS 46a 52 28 eos Neste a39 a 38) 40 4b) 48. 136 Mery) Say | 86 4) 276) -)8 82 9 78 fh 70), 541) 65 | 590 | 52) | 5B). 54 1.55 || BB | 66 | 49 g -40 | 43 60 | 61 | 43 | 57 | 58 | 40 | 39 | 41 | 40 | 39 |41 | 40 | 44 | 42 86} 90 | 91 92 | 89 | 82 |7 58 | 70 | 64 | 54 | 72 | 70 | 59 | 72 | 70 | pg 44} 50 54 56 59 | 58 | 56 | 46 | 34 | 36 | 43 | 88 | 41 | 44 | 50 | 42 Wau 811'| 80 79 | 80 | 68 | 59 | 48 | 54 | 57 | 53 | 63 | 67 | 63 | 59 | 63 | ges 50 | 50 | 55 60 58 | 52 | 48 | 34 | 32 | 35 | 42 | 42 | 45 | 48 | 45 | 43 a7 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 83 | 72 | 70 | 52 | 59 | 60 | 52 | 67 | 67 | 59 | G8 | 70 | ggg 36 | 41 47 | 53 | 52 | 44 | 50 | 33 | 25 | 29 | 39 | 35 | 42 | 44 | 49 | 85 60 86 | 83 | 84 | 8 | 76 | 67 | 57 | 64 | 65 | GO | 75 | 72 | 64 | 75 | 76 | ggg 41] 45 52 | 60 | 55 | 47 | 52 | 36 | 31 | 33 | 42 | 40 | 46 | 46 | 52 | 36 781 8 | 84 | 93 85 | 7 | 71 | 57 | GO | 60 | 62 | 65 | 71 | 62-| 69 | 73 | gog E 41 | 58 | 60 52 | 56 | 41 | 51 | 34 | 32 | 33 | 43 | 40 | 43 | 48 | 46 | 46 ( 83 | 89 | 86 | 90 | 88 | 81 | 77 | 62 | 69 | 61 | 59 | 75 | 69 | 63 | 72 | 73 | 51 : 40 | 48 53 51 58 | 49 | 56 | 38 | 27 | 34 | 45 | 40 | 48 | 49 | 48 | 44 . 74| 79 | 84 81 | 79 | 72 | 68 |55 | 70 | 59 | 51-| 61 | GL | 52: |. 63 (59 | agg m 44! Go | 53 58 | 56 | 54 150 | 41 139 | 40 ! 40 | 39 | 42 | 40 | 39 | 38 : 112 EiguTrH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy Means For THE Reaions, AND Dairy STATION. 1 Northern Plateaw.. ; 2 40 |37 |25 |23 |32 |40 |38 | 40 | 40 | 54 | 47 | 58 | 71 | 6 Saranac Lake.....- 23 114 |10 |12 | 14 | 24 115 | 15 | 20 | 3e | 27 | 40 | 41 | 36 ; 41 |39 | 32 125 |39 | 41 |38 | 44 145 |50 | 49 | 57 | 76 | 74 Gloversville ....... 2% 125 118 |17 | 23 |19 |28 | 27 | 22 | 97 133 | 31 | 37 | 40 47 |39 | 27 | 24 | 33 147 |37 | 40 | 46 | 52 | 47 | 55 | 71-| 66 Lowville .....-..-- 19 |26 | 17 |14 | 22 113 |25 119 | 16 | 28 | 33 | 29 | 44 | 45 51 | 40 | 22 |21 199 | 43 |34 | 40 143 | 49 | 46 | 56 | 69 | 64 Number Four...... 2 190 |12 111 | 19 | 12 | 22 114 | 16 | 26 | 31 | 29 | 46 | 42 Rock: 40 | 37 | 24 193 | 31 |39 |31 | 35 |30 | 42 | 43 | 46 | 64 | 59 wateceeceeeee: 22 | 21 | 14 |13 | 21 | 16 | 24 | 23 |19 | 27 {33 | 30 | 38 | 42 | Atlantic Coast ..... 44 139 | 33 |30 | 37 |35 | 34 | 35 | 39 | 39 | 42 | 49 | 56 | 59 rare aie 52 | 48 | 43 | 44 152 | 53 |36 | 45 | 54 |51 | 54 | 60 175 | 75 YM ---------- 40 | 36 |27 |24 |30 | 31 |32 | 31 |32 | 34 | 36 | 44 | 43 | 47 61 |43 | 47 | 34 139 | 48 | 38 | 33 | 44 | 44 | 42 | 50 | 51 | 63 Manhattan Beach..| 49 | 37 | 97 |93 | 24 | 92 | 32 | 98 | 30 |34 | 36 | 36 | 41 | 41 53 | 48 |33 |39 | 46 | 42 | 34 | 44 | 48 | 45 | 48 | 54 | 75 | 76 New York city ----| 37 | 33 |95 | 93 | 30 | 32 |28 | 99 | 33 | 35 |35 | 43 |42 | 59 etal a} 50 | 46 | 36 | 40 | 48 |38 | 38 | 45°]52 | 51 | 52 | 58 | 71 | 65 Willet’s Point..... 3 2s | [ed | 2s | 32 | 30 [27 | al | 32 | 35 | 40 | 44 | 44 50 | 44 | ....)42 | 47 145 | 37 | 47 | 52 | 51 i. | 78 Brentwood ........ 30 | 32 |...) 18 | 27 | 18 | 30 | 23 / 19 | 18 | 24 | 42 39 | 44 53 |42 | 28 | 38 | 46 | 37 | 37 | 45 | 48 | 48 | 52 Setauket....--..... 36 | 35 | 26 tS 30 | 29 | 32 131 |97 | 28 | 34 | 42 | 42 | 48 = . 4 i | ee ee 55,43 |39 |38 | 49 | 36 | 37 | 47 |56 | 56 | 54 | 64 | 78 | 74 sci ik as eal 32 | 28 |23 | 22 | 28 | 26 | 30 | 32 28 | 30 | 34 | 34 | 46 | 54 52 | 45 !32 |26 | 309 146 | 36 | 42 | 39 | 58 | 5 Pel OMSPrings--4 94 Wap Ag ire Aan | 18 | 2 F Wy | 21 | 27 | 28 | 38 | 50 53 | 37 |33 | 34 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 43 | 47 | 51 | 53 | 62 | 73 | 79 Honeymead Brook-lion gp |-o1 |or for | 21 {op 28 faa pes! |i | se | 48>) 68 Poughkeepsie. .-..- Wappingers Falls - West Point......-. w g 3 | = w © 2 | ri) ots no : a) Se ieee ee . ae in + 09 a 13 = | rs tw no —) 3 | oi | no wo & oS a 2 -) ed wo s | i) ~ = | . wo 2 | e ww ~ | I ». 5 | wo i vu 3 | be | — on Bu > Champlain Valley.| 35 | 31 | 26 | 25 | 30 | 32 | 36 | 35 | 36 |.36 | 42 | 43 | 49 | 54 Plattsb’gh Bar'a’ks Glens Falls 44 | 37 | 32 | 30 | 44 | 45 | 44 | 45 St. Lawrence Val’y.| 31 33 | 24 22 | 29 | 35 | 32 | 34 | 35 | 389 | 42 |-45 | 59 54 3 7. r 7 : New York WEATHER BUREAU. 113 Maxima anp Minima For THE Srations — (Continued). | = | 15| 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20| 21] 22| 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27] 28 | 29 | 30| 2 | 2a | | | | = [| ae meacogeas (nt, Wh irr ae DT Shar FH Sy oe We Ta MDa | ik an. 55 | 60 62 61 638 | 54 | 50 ; 41 | 44 | 46 | 45 | 50 | 55 | 51 51 | 50° | 43-3 Peale love led \76 |) Gl. eda St W56 "57 S520 0" N72) 58.150, 65 . Seale ad) | Ao edde 1 37 leas a0 Nee IeB. a4 so, less. 4s) isai) 28) Ign, abe 75 2 82 79 80 TOMGle eos eel 59 51 1 65 | 67 | 60 | 65 | 63 fs 40 | 43 | 59 OMA eds alia eulsse weSS IRSBeea7meleOn yay lpdd.. (51 clean lcene 73 | 73°| 76 | 69 | 73 | 67 | 65 | 50 | 57 |-62 | 53 | 66 | 69 | 61. | 62 | 73 43 | 45 53 57 Ba leds. Nida OSD). 103A) Sie ete Umar ee7 e480. | 43). | 99.4 Maes 68 74 69 65 79 64 64 48 55 | 60 49 63 65 ite) 63 69 ote Relmsoalyso) 48) leds esd 48 30) weer on) ledoy S330) Inas |odt |i34, | S20 Mies | 74 1) 72 | 68 | 75 | 65") ee | 47 155 | 57 | a7 jie2 | 67 | 56 | 61 | 67 |). an MAD il e4Ou Ni taB ee bse ed7: 400 Sil Wsealisane lane ldo Pam las) | Say) eee AtONGSE lesa 6s les loe7) 060) lend 5i0) 53 (490 ledge lay haz, ('"5p, 150) 4924 30 | 90.| 86 | 86.| si-| 83 | 78 | 68 |.70 | 60 | 65 | 60° | 60 | 52. | 66 | 62: | Bail bG. | 62 | 52 | 62 | 68 1501 47: | 43.149 | aa ‘laa “| 40 143 | 4g" | 44.1 530 63! 64 | 66 | 74 | 79 | 74 | 68 ; 66 | 55 |58 |56 [49 | 47 | 45 | 5t | 64 ‘ 45 | 50 Bo eds WRT ng 5a) | de" aon- lay Wags Ina [-g9" | (Pan sb dd. [43> 46,8 76 | 8 | 83 | 90 | 91 | 73 | 73 | 54 | 69 | 60 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 65 | 54 | _ 63 | 62 52 52 60 | 61 | 46 | 45 | 43 | 46 | 42 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 47 | 43 | 50-0 73 | 86 | 89 | 91 | 62 | 77 | 70 | 55'| 69 | 61 (59 |56 | 59 | 53 | 66 | 58 49| 55 | 49 | 47 | 47: | 53 | 44 | 36 | 40 | 41°] 41 | 36 | 40 | 43 | 40 | 36 | 48-8 meeese | css. oo) | 7s) ime hrs 155° 70 és. oe 55 153)! 56: | 7241 65° | | CBee AAS walad5e seba) bo) dG) 38 a7 alse 7 hes) 35 | 30 | 40 | 38 | 38 | 47-8 m7 | g4 | 33 | 87 | 67 | 76 | G1 | 56 | 64 | G2 | 48 | 58 | 55 | 57 | 67 | 59 Aoiwesse less) less) lteaoy |e. | \643) kag a7 lai lay |e4o 3a 139 || den tlesgn sea Sse leat sodeleeT6 |e el N74 55.169 mao se) vee 169 55) | 74s, 66.) os © 48| 51 | 55 | 52 | 59 | 58 | 52 | 45 | 30 | 38 | 40 | 37 | 34 | 39 | 48 | 33 | 00-9 GaneoR Tiered) leo) 1e66) (e621 50) 47ec\e5) az 5a) -les3) 52) | 56 1058) INagi9 Bpaleesse | 87 i) 83° | ve |) 76 63, 53 "| ef 64 | 52 168 | 67 | 59. | 66 |.68| = 47 | 50 | 57 | 60 52 | 54 | 45 | 40 | 37 | 42 | 42 | 44 | 46 | 44 | 48 | 40 | 90-0 - 74| 81 | 86 | 80 | 76 | 70 | 64 | 51 | 58 | 65 |54 | 65 | 66 | 64 | 65 | 65.] .. Av} ai | 52 | 52 | 52 | 45 | 40 | 37 | 26 | 30 | 37 | 36 | 39 | 39 | 47 | 33 | 46-1 Hoole sae 87 87 |. 83) Jone | 76 50 | 61° | 68 «56; |%65_ | 65 6161, | 65%) 68 Mas | 5a | 54 | 55) |. 58 | 66 153 | 39 | 30 | 37 133 | 40 |'40 | 40 | 48° | 34 | 48-9 B84) 90 | 91 | 90 | 83 | 80 | 72 | 56 | 67 | 66 | 54 | 67 | 67 | 56 | 70 | 67 | 2 56 752 1 64 | 56 | 56 | 54 [24 | 30) 35 [933/38 )|40.\41 [46 (Pay, | 9022 48| 55 | 56 | 57 | 60 | 58 | 58 | 48°| 34 | 40 | 40 | 36 | 40 145 | 50 | 39 | 528 folaess il 91 |, 92) | 198) ez 2 |72 |55 | 69 | 66 | 53 | 63 | 65 | 55 | 72 50| 61 | 55 | 52 | 58 | 58 | 55 | 48 |35 | 42 | 40 137 | 38 | 40 | 41. | 40 | 50-3 go | s7| 88 | 88 | 81 | 78 | 73 | 56 | 65 | 64 | 51° | 69 | 66 | 58 ‘| 68 | 69 7 59 | 62 68 61 54 60 | 52 | 40 | 46 | 49 | 46 | 50 | 51 | 53 | 51 | 48 | 45.2 69 | 70 88 64 54 80 | 71 | 44 | 50 | GS | 55 | 55 | G1 | 65 | SL | 57 43.3 45) 45 48 44 40 40 | 40 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 40 | 42 | 38 | 45 | 41 | 37 81 | 86 84 80 75 73 | 52 | 47 | 68 | 60 | 52 | 66 | 63 | GO | 64 | 66 47.2 40 | 45 53 By) 47 47 | 43 | 37 | 38 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 43 | 42 | 47 | 32 fe _ 59) 64 63 59 64 54 | 46 | 44 | 46 | 48 | 46 | 54 | 58 | 55 | SL | 50 | 45-8 m2 | 78 70 66 79 65 | 65 | 49 | 57 | 54 | 47 | GL | 73 | 57 | 53 | GO | 4 9 m ol} 52 50 49 50 45 | 32 | 30 | 33 | 32 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 50 | 39 | 34 . me fl |) 75 79 73 77 70 | 62 | 46 | 58 | 65 | 59 | 6O | 69 | GL | 64 | 74 46.0 | 44 | 42 53 43 46 41 | 39 | 32 | 35 | 80 | 42 | 88 | 46 | 53 | 44 | 37 i 3) 78 83 72 82 69 | 61 | 63 | 60 | 68 | 56 | 78 | 76 | 6B | 74 | BL | 4g 8 me 48°) 62 53 58 55 40 ‘| 41 | 32 | 29 | 85 | 42 | 45 | 36 | 38 | 40 | 36 y | = - oO uo Oo i a >. 114 EricuTy ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy Means ror THE ReGions, AND DatLy STATION. 1 ~ | 3 4 5 | 6 vi 8 9 ha Lt | 12/13 |14 St. Law. Val. (Con.) INISARGNAS..9-< pr ater. 4 apa 3 ile F Bh esac || “asccee: |. aimee | puma NRF He eel eon fae a..| 38 | 40 |30 | 36 | 42 | 48 | 36 46 |50 | 46 | 56 | 64 | 74 | 68 North Hammond --/ 99 | 96 | 20 | 16 | 24 | 28 | 28 | 26 | 26 | 32 | 38 | 32 | 34 | 38 “Ae 39 | 41 | 28 | 28 | 38 |40 | 43 | 49 | 51 | 51 | 49 | 54 | 68 | 63 Ogdensburg ..----- 92 |98 |19 | 14 |11 | 25 | 27 | 97 | 28 | 32 | 32 | 35 | 40 | 36 34 | 40 |28 | 28 | 38 | 39 | 36 | 39 | 42 | 48 | 50 | 56 | 73 | 70 Potsdam ..-------- 24 |92 |18 |13 | 22 | 25 | 24 | 28 | 23 | 23 | 299 |33 | 40 | 40 Great Lakes ..-.--- 40 | 31 | 23 | 25 |32 | 35 | 31 | 34 | 89, | 41 | 45 | 54 |.65 | @1 Dunkirk-..-------- AN CESSES RAD al eral ere anh © make aka) eat | oe 58 | 40 | 26 | 30 | 3 39 | 85 | 43 | AT | 45) 1.57 | 7 78 | 68 Westfield. ....----- 38 | 20 |20 | 20 | 30 | 29 | 25 | 25 |32 | 35 | 40 | 45 | 60 | 58 : 55 | 34 | 24 |31 135 |35 | 35 | 44 | 54 | 38 | 51 | 75 | 71 | 57 Buffalo .----------- 32 | 292 |19 |18 | 23 | 28 | 26 | 28 | 31 | 35 | 33 | 44 | 53 | 40 Pagan 55 145 | 26 | 32 | 41 | 44 | 37 | 44 | 53 | 49 | 53 | 69 | 80 | 72 Pittsford ....------) 39 | 91 | 99 | 90 | 25 | 28 | 27 | 27 |25 136 | 40 | 42 | 57 | 55 ' t |28 | 27 | 31 | 41 | 42 | 37 | 44 | 53 | 47 | 52 | 70 | 79 | 71 Rochester --.------ 31 | 21 |20 | 19 | 25 | 29 | 27 | 99 | 32 | 37 | 40 | 44 | 58 | 57 ; 40 | 46 | 97 | 32.141 | 39 | 36.].41 | 45 |.45 |! 49 | 57 | 79° | 71 Appleton ....--.-.- 31. | 24°\ on an {)-29,"l96 jag og lor 37 jar lay) lsat oe ss 41 |38 | 97 | 34 142 | 39 | 37 | 40 | 49 | 45 155 | 78 | 7° [71 Fort Niagara ...--- BU 2a ase 20" 2G ose |houe a7 cog sassy. 63a. iabenae atts ele 42 | 41 | 28 | 29 | 37 | 46 | 39 | 44 | 53 | 50 | 52 | 64 | 80 | 72 EN ANS) AL 30° | 20-| 19 | 19 | 23 | 26 | 97 } 25 | 28 135 | 36 | 40 | 51 |) 53 Syracuse .-..-.---. SoC aP Se A aah ee ee Cae Sica lee Chg eal eh a wae 42 | 38 | 24 | 28 | 34 | 44 | 935 | 38 | 47 | 47] 48 | 62 | 79 17% BWOE OR einai 29 | 27 | 19 | 18 | 26 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 26 | 36 | 39 | 35 | 53 | 57 pu 44 | 37 | 24 | 24 | 35 | 47 | 36 | 40 | 45 | 48 | 48 | 58 | 77 | 69 ED ORE 9 9% 24 |) 182) i794) 190) |, Be 4 25) 20) sa) |'37° | 3h | 4600) 58 Lv 48 | 45 | 25 |32 | 40 | 47 | 37 | 44 | 52 | 50 | 54 | 66 | 82 | 71 BLS ee 30 | 24 | 21 | 20 | 26 | 30 | 29 | 30 | 27 1 37 | 41 | 42 | 53 | 57 iene 61 | 40 | 30 | 33 | 43 | 38 | 33 | 40 | 54 | 45 | 55 | 75 | 80 | 66 WILT OIECOT COG 34 | 23 | 20 | 23 | 24 | 380 | 26 | 24 | 25 | 35 | 87 | 35 | 64 | 54 Central Lakes ...-- 39 | 36 | 24 | 26 | 33 | 37 | 31 | 35 | 38 | 40 | 45 | 54 | 67 | 65 Flemi 48 | 44 | 28 | 99 | 38 | 38 | 40 | 43 | 50 | 48 | 51 | 65 | 79 | 71 SUNDA 5 90 20 J Se 3e | 33 119 119 | 22 | 26 | 24 | 23 | 25 | 35 | 38 | 41 | 54 | 60 Watkins.....-... po Wee a ee eee aoe dlecectin reas coal 7) (ls. | oe eal) Sea 49 | 46 |28 | 33 | 44 |54 |38 | 47 | 54 | 47 | 54 | 68 | 84 | 73 Romulus........... og |o4 | 19 | 18 | 24 | 28 | 25 | 26 | 25 | 33 | 37 | 41 | 52 | 55 Ith 47 | 44 | 29 | 34 | 41 | 49 | 35 | 45 | 5i | 44 | 52 | 65 | 82 | 75 ALOR OS ey 30. | 25.) 21 | 91 | 97 | 97 | 26 | 27 | 25] 35 |'38 42 | st. )| 57 i. ele a 38 |33 |25 | 25 | 31 | 34 | 32 | 34 | 36 | 39 | 43 | 50 | 60 | 59 { Maximum and minimum by ) y New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. ; 115 Maxima anp Minima For THE Sratrons — (Concluded). ba 15| 16 | 17 | 18 | 19| 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24| 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 Sq c} a aa| 76 | 78-| 70 | 76 | @@ |50 | 66 |60 | 66 )54 |68 | 74 | 60 | 58 | 64 en 44} 56 | 56 | 52 | 52 | 42 | 40 | 34 | 32 | 34 | 46 | 42 | 46 | 54 | 42 | 34 : 69) 75 | €9 | 66 | 75. | e5-| 60 | 54 | 62 | 56 | 50 | 72 | 75 | 67 | @1 | 59 | 4.4 4! 047 45 h.48, | ae | ase | 84.) | 39,0] 86. |' 88-1 39041404] 45. | 45, | 40° | a7 Se: 75| 77 | 73 | 69 | 78 | 66 | 58 |56 | 62 | 56 57 | 64 | 74 | 63 | 61 | 55. | yyy Saal etal Are dG | 0 451-1 1469 | Sten Shel 32) adil Boe [ed2e led. SL: | 39) 131 - 6a | 68 | 69 | 65 | 6 | 58 |53 | 44 | 47 | 50 |51 | 53 | 59 | 58 |-53. | 58 | 49.0 93| 77 |-80 | 82.| 78 | 67 | 65 | 46 , 57.158 |59 | 65 | 72 | 73 | 67 | 77 0 55| 66 | 52 | 55 | 55 | 42 | 45 | 36 | 34 | 49 | 4t | 55 | 50 | 538 | 47- | 48 | 59- o7! 69 | 62 | 74 | 70 | 62 | 59 | 47 | 60 | 56 | 51 | 67 | 72 | 67 | 64 | 78 | 4, 4g; 52, 46 | 48 | 38 | 37 | 39 | 36 |35 | 48 | 37 | 44 |52 | 50 | 49 | 46 | 47- go) 84 | #2 | 76 | 80 | 73 | 65 | 53 | 60 | 57 | 60 | 61 | 7L | 67 | 57 | 74 | 2g si} 57. | 62 | Go |.65 | 47 |.42 |.35 136 | 40. | 48 1.40, | 42. | 54,1 49 | 30 2 73 | st | 82 ; 7% | 79 | 72 | 64 | 55 | 60 | 57 | 60 | 61) 71 | 66 | 57 | 74 |,, 531; 59 | 63 | 60 | 52.| 49 | 39.) 38 |.37 | 45 | 47 | 42 | 50 |54 | a7 |'45 p0020 78 | 82 | 82 | 74 ) 79 | TL | 69 | 55 | 59 | 55 | 61 | 56 | 76 | @5 | 60 | 60 |, 4g|~50 | 55 | 52 | 45 | 43-1] 43 | 38 | 31 | 40 | 43 | 39 | 39 | 47 | 43. | 40 - “a | 30 | 86 | 76 | 79 | 69 | 68 | 59 | 60 | 58 | 64 | 63 | 72 | 69 | 59 | 57 47 |.45 | 56. | 46 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 37 138 138 | 39 | 37 }3% | 43 | 42 | 39 | 47-6 79' 84 | 80 | 76°| 82 | 73 | 66 | 53 | 62 | 59 | 56 | 68 | 72 | 63 | 68 | 72 51 | 54 | 68 | 62 | 47 | 53 135 | 35 | 40 | 43 145 | 48 | 52 | 50 | 44 |-4g | 49-9 7¢6| 77 | 79 | 73 | 80 3’ iso |'aa‘ isp | eo |53° \'sa [7 | 62 | 82 17 52| 54 | 6o | 48 | 48 | 42 | 41 | 34 | 37 | 42 | 46 | a1 | 48 | 50 | 45 | 46 | 47-0 77 | 80 | 7 | 72 | 80 | 67 | 67 | 50 | 5y |59 | 63 | 64 |71 | 61 | 63 | 72 45) 51 | 56 | -58 || 58 | 58 | 43 [43 |40 133 |43 | 36°) 38 | 50°) 40 | 44: | 47-4 go} 85 | 82 | 74 | 81 | 73 | 65/52 | 60 | 60 | 59 |'62 | 70 | 65 | 61 | 73 | ~ BP sfc \ ee} 60.) GO. | 51 | 43 | 35). Se. |4ty| 49° | ae ae )'54 1146 lag” | 50rd 73 | 7 | 78 | 81 | 78 | 75 | 64 | 4s |54 | 64 | 59 | 65 | 72 | 7 |59 | 73 |. 56 | 66 |'69.| 54 | 52 |°48 | 47 | 39137 | 46 | 44 | 46 | 49 | 54 | 41 [45 | 5L- 65 | 70 | 73 | 71 | 72 | 62 | 60 | 44 | 47 | 50 | 52 | 53 | 58 | 56 |'59 | 57 | 50.7 Ton e4 |) 80. |. 78. | Bis) 72 “05, } 54) 58 "lek 57 | 65. 69 \en" er" | 73" suibees. | 67 | 62 - 62 | 49.153 | 340/35 | 30. |'44. |'45 [50° \2500 |50 °\'45 gz | 87 | #4 | 84 | 8 | 76 |70 | 56 | 62 | 60 | 61 | 66 |70 | 62 | 71 | 74 ae 49.| 55 | 6 | 6o, | 63 | 47 | 538 1'35.|35 139 |46 | 41 745 | 52 (50 | 40 .| 2f- g1| 86 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 76 | 60 | 51 |59 | 60 | Go | 61 | 68 | Gt | 48 | 70! 2, 46 | 52 | 58 | 57 | 61 | 50 | 52 |36 | 34 | 39 | 46 | 43 | 48 | 50 | 49 | 43 |? 61| 67 | 68 | 66 | 66 | 61 | 56 | 45 | 47 | 50 | 49 | 53 | 55 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 48.0 the Draper Thermograph, 116 ErigutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datry anp Montuty Precrer rw) is) ee oO cor) =z ~ i=) STATION. 1 10 We 13 | 14 | ——— | | | | | | | Western Plateau..| 0.02) 0.13) 0.14) 0.04; ‘i. | 0.01) 0.02) 0.00) T. | 0.09) 0.06 0.03 : ACTEU = ee ee eee B05) e s22|)* lS - kop. = Ue ee LSE ciel AS so) 1h a Md hey = Angelica <= 22-2.) <=. 57-24 Na? fe HE) Ie Aly sO} eet come eo e201. Oe) yas rere Vee Se eee od ae pi Gadi 3 Peace ee ed | asec occ From), teats} ieneor : Bed to || ec Friendship ....... An See F265 01) Ee. = OD Bae see ices a BOLD) 07) SDL | oS Fats part Humphrey ..----- eOaleracol) slot” /O8ie. a O08}. OSU 2" Titpeow aleve eer lee esl eee | soe mle = el} ono fanine' seems 2 Cherry Creek..-.. A Sh 105 |9 AOR a: 01; .08 Jamestown -.-..-.-|----- “29. cou] 2B0)-2 esl Soe 185 PBI ee ate ace woo) sec = EROS Wah sealte see s02;ee aes | ‘ Pine City..--..-2- 8 24) Th | ee AMET Jeo Se 56] geteree eames] WAMU] Nid AR ert tL: AVON: Sere a tence oa. a(t) 41 o IS Sey et Sie se Ese MUGEN soe acs SOU Oc) Deen ecee. SLE tat ae a here) | id ban | Pat Nl Set) Sec PVTONG 2.5) s5= tain Siasoo lsaeee Se aes PsA (Ge53: SALA MSc cael er sl SS 5el) aSe4 | ess Wedgewood ......|---.- 513} | Me ped te eee Are AU Skee AeA Al ese) Sebel) gone) cose Addison ....--..-. 1s Of LT: SOL) Se cee | % TOL OU es) ema een te sO er atets |e ata eet AMANtA Soc cce ee |\-—- =i |-----)----|-c0-- Mee Sas Sask 5os Peg ae aaiciee=| Moe Seal Soseil ec HMaakinwille e-s=n=\-==-< LOW 08am aier' lio te leeictee|eeeiete ae SU ae SSA Seta fee South Canisteo...| T. | T. sib tee Olea cee pi ay bed EN Fa ete ed Be ALL en Geel Md PACOG CRO 5 ae bee 10}. 09), 1 03|/b eno Abe MOPS See ee| OL 7. Ole s tgrces ime Oe ASIC R eas oon neces s=b5|ea-- = ee si lasee ateasek| aces | Seer Ber (eee) RSet eer eee le eel tcc Varysbargh ......|---.- LG] 10] "= LOBE Le S| ae Pee ee ese Oo] er OS ieee 1a iene pele Eastern Plateaw..| 0.03) 0.20] 0 02) 0 04! 0.01] 0.17) 0.14] 0.00} 0.00} 0.03) TT. | 0.00: 0.¢0 0.00 Binphamtoni---es-e--20|-)-o2| T. | Te | oo.2: 510 | Sater Ae eslh Soe) beh Sees a aera GhenantoPoreees | ese re on == |---| ances | eee ol eer SEE Aad PRS |e OS lee Se eee Bers = Oxioraverss sce ene POR ar 20 | wk Oa cbs Nseceele ol Oey fern | A ee lS Seed De = a Meee dees ol COLPMsnds.5.-2--55 BO oth |iy 20S} neice eee LOT So eee | ers cre | eect Penne a ease | aes Pe Wepietnessosree ss eae = sje =| sonic cou alesene Lae SAL yesterd oh] Wea eietl (een nl ES coll eae tec Sonth Kortright..| * Teed Wee sea cee cateeetes Adee I) sess es asl CEs eel oil = sy Brook field .......-. eee fh se =||) « COE sone lsoaullec sa) We NS TE eee sallb hel 5scoodl|seecs Oxtordice enw acccncccca. Chenango..... 44.0) 29)1828)1896/47.2) +3.2) 51.6) 1844) 37.6] 1838 ortland yess eae ones ce Cortland...... 42.0) 83/1829)1896/47.6] +5.G]/ 48-0) 1840) 934.6] 1857 Hamilton. cosscesece. Madison ...... 45.4) 20/1827/1896/46.8) +1.4) 51.5] 1844] 38.9) 1836 Cooperstown.......... Otseco! sossecs 41.0} 43)1854/1896/46.3) +5-3] 51-6) 1878) 33.6] 1874 WaVOLly | .- fe, cave eke Mio gas 25n54<5- 44.9] 14/1883)1896/51.0} +6.1) 51.0) 1896! 42-0) 1885 Northern Plateau.....| .....-.--.-.--- dooce aN elon dated lees eee | aBoscal eee | acess Gowville .....5......- HS WIS wica-saee 42.9] 31/1827)1896 44.4) +1.5] 51.0, 1833) 34-3] 1857 PatOntte \Oodstadectee =|) --c-= aeons Soe, : 180) ‘ | [sere siows a Addi Police y 0 10) 20. 30 40) 50)eas0. arom SO © 100 ! SCALE OF MILES ¢V ry \ ‘ West Chazy \. ; ' Malone@ ° \ v ,Lyot\Mountain Y y Plattsburgn a . Scale of Shades. ‘Glovers 2ata'g8a6~ © to 2 inches, eville\ 1 2%6 4 NewLondon @ 4U.S ey Setauket Meteorological Summary for May, 1896. The average atmospheric pressure (reduced to sea level and 32 degrees Fahr.) for the State of New York during May was 29.99 inches. The highest barometer was 30.43 inches at Albany on the 7th, and the lowest was 29.54 inches at Rochester on the 28th. The highest mean pressure, 30.03 inches, obtained at New York city, and the lowest, 29.96 inches, at Number Four, Lewis county. The average of the mean pressures at six stations of the National Bureau was very slightly above the normal value, the departure at Albany being the greatest. The mean temperature of the State, as derived from the records of 73 stations, was 61.0 degrees. The highest local mean was 65.8 degrees at Brooklyn and Wappingers Falls, and the lowest was 58.0 degrees at Oswego. The highest general daily mean was 73 degrees on the 10th, and the lowest was 55 degrees on the 20th. The maximum temperature reported was 95 degrees at Middle- town on the 9th, at Poughkeepsie and Brentwood on the 10th and at Brooklyn and West Point on the 11th. The minimum tempera- ture was 29 degrees at Varysburg on the 6th, and at Brentwood on the 8th. The mean monthly range of temperature for the State was 51 degrees, the greatest local range being 66 degrees at Brentwood, and the least 36 degrees at Oswego and Erie, Pa. The ) mean daily range was 23 degrees. The greatest local daily range was 50 degrees at Watertown on the 14th, and the least was 2 degrees at Setauket on the 21st. The mean temperatures of the various sections of the State were as follows: The Western Plateau, 62.6 degrees; the Eastern Plateau, 61.0 degrees: the - Northern Plateau, 58.1 degrees; the Atlantic Coast, 62.8 degrees; the Hudson Valley, 63.3 degrees; the Mohawk Valley, 60.4 de- 126 EigHTruH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE grees; the Champlain Valley, 58.8 degrees; the St. Lawrence Val- ley, 59.3 degrees; the Great Lakes, 61.2 degrees, and the Central Lakes, 62.7 degrees. The average of the mean temperatures at 27 stations possessing records for previous years was 4.8 degrees above the normal value, excesses being reported from all stations. The departures were greatest in the Western Plateau and Great Lake Region, and least in the St. Lawrence and Champlain Val- leys. At the following stations the temperature was the highest for May during the period covered by their records: Angelica, 15 years; Humphrey, 13 years; Elmira, 17 years; Cortland, 32 years; Waverly, 14 years; Setauket, 11 years; Honeymead Brook, 16 years; Baldwinsville, 20 years. The mean relative humidity was 69 per cent. The mean dew point was 51 degrees. The average precipitation, as derived from the records of 93 sta- tions, was 2.52 inches. The maximum local precipitation was 4.70 inches at Bolivar, and the least was 0.80 inches at Eagle Mills: Generally the rainfall was evenly distributed over the State, amounts exceeding four inches being reported only from a narrow belt in southern Allegany and Steuben counties, and from Romu- lus, Seneca county. General rains occurred on the 3d, 8th, 15th, 17th to 19th (excepting in the Hudson Valley and Atlantic Coast where rains occurred on the 19th to 21st) and from the 26th to the close of the month. The heaviest rainfall for the State occurred on the 28th. No snowfall was reported. The average precipita- tion at 29 stations possessing records for previous years was 0.93 inches below the normal amount, deficiencies being reported from all stations excepting Palermo. The greatest deficiency obtained over the Western Plateau. The average number of days on which the precipitation New YorRK WHATHER BUREAU. 127 amounted to 0.01 inches or more was 9.3. The number of rainy days was very uniform over the State. The average number of clear days was 10.4; of partly cloudy days, 13.4; and of cloudy days, 7.2, giving an average cloudiness for the State of 48 per cent. ' The prevailing direction of the wind was from the southwest. The average wind travel at six stations of the National Bureau was 8,242 miles, which amount is considerably in excess of the usual values for May. The maximum velocity reported was 53 miles per hour at Buffalo on the 29th, direction from the west. Thunderstorms occurred on the 2d and 3d at a few stations in the Great Lake Region and Western Plateau; on the 4th at one station each in the Western Plateau, Hudson Valley and Central Lake Region; on the 5th in the Atlantic Coast Region and one sta- tion each in the Northern and Eastern Plateaus; on the 8th at four stations in the Western Plateau; on the 1ith, at New York city; on the 14th at five stations in the Western Plateau and at Brooklyn; on the 15th, at five widely separated stations; on the 17th, general over the State excepting in the St. Lawrence and Champlain Valleys; on the 19th, at six stations in the south- eastern sections; on the 24th at five stations in the Western Piat- eau; on the 25th, at four stations in the western sections; on the 26th, general in all regions excepting the St. Lawrence and Cham- plain Valleys; on the 28th, general excepting in regions north of the Mohawk Valley; on the 29th at four stations in the Eastern and Western Plateaus; on the 30th, at seven widely separated sta- tions; on the 31st at seven stations in the southeastern sections. Hail was reported on the 24d, 3d, 5th, 11th, 14th, 17th, 27th, 30th and 31st. eat Lunar halos were observed on the 19th, 21st and 22d. ; Auroras were observed on the 2d, 3d, 17th, 19th and 20th. 128 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Light frosts occurred on the ist, 2d, 3d, 6th, 7th, 8th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 16th and 20th. . The weather of May was characterized by the deficient rainfall, the rapid and great changes in temperature and the high general monthly mean. From the 1st to the 19th the mean temperature was continuously above normal for the season, the average excess being about 9 degrees. The period of greatest departure was from the 9th to the 11th inclusive, the warmest day being the 10th with station means ranging from 70 te 80 degrees and the general mean for the State of 73 degrees, or about 19 degrees above the normal for this date. A maximum temperature of 95 degrees occurred on the 10th and 1ith. The principal depressions of tem- perature occurred on the 20th, with general light frosts over the State, and on the 29th to 31st, the mean for the jatter dates being slightly below normal. The general mean for the last third of the month was slightly in excess of the normal value. The principal periods of rainfall were on the 17th to 19th and 26th to the close of the month, accompanied by severe thunder- storms, destructive hail in restricted areas, and high winds along Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence Valley. Though rain fre- quency was but slightly less than usual, the precipitation was gen- erally very light until the latter part of the month. About the usual number of cyclonic storms for May affected weather conditions in New York. With the exception of those which passed in this region on the 18th, 26th and 28th-29th, the storms were of very moderate intensity and all passed centrally north of New York State. The storm of the 28th moved rapidly from the southwest increasing in energy and passed centrally over the Great Lake Region and the St. Lawrence Valley, developing severe thunderstorms with general and the heaviest rains of the New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 29 month. The depression occupied the region north of New York, moving slowly northeastward with diminished energy on the 30th, spreading thence southeastward over New England on the 31st, with general moderate rains and falling temperature throughout this State. The warm, dry weather that prevailed until about the 26th, while very favorable for carrying on plowing, planting and seed- ing, proved quite a serious drought to growing crops; meadows and pastures being the chief sufferers, and winter wheat and rye being somewhat affected. Work progressed rapidly, and was usually about ten days ahead of the season. Plowing for corn was general at the beginning of the month, and some was planted. Hop pole setting was completed, and peppermint roots set out. Early asparagus was marketed on Long Island. Wheat and oats sowing was nearly completed by the 10th, and many potatoes had been planted. Fruits were in full bloom on the 10th. Apples bloomed profusely, pears, plums, quinces, cherries, etc., rather light, while peaches were extremely scarce, being killed by the February freeze. The serious drouth was thoroughly relieved by general and copious rains of the 26th and 28th, but too late to save the grass crop. Meadows and pastures had suffered severely, and at the close of the month farmers were busy sowing fodder crops. Delayed plowing and planting started with renewed vigor after the rains, and at the close of the month nearly all the corn and most of the potatoes had been planted, and early planted pota- toes wereup. Bean planting was well under way; tobacco setting had begun; and a fine crop of strawberries was being picked. Hops were thriving, and considered ten days ahead. The last week was cool and windy. No damage was done to vegetation by the light frost of the 20th. % 130 E1cHtaH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Merrroro.tocicaL Data LOCATION OF STATIONS. STATION. Western Plateau .- WAN fred (eee ose: Ampelicd --.---...- ‘(BOJIVAT 22 5--.)2== m5 Friendsbip ......-. | Humphrey -..-..-. Arkwright .....-.-- Jamestown ....---- ASOD] = beeen ae Mt: Morris: : 22-222 Goekport.-2-.- =. WACKOD 2 sake eae ae South Canisteo ... PRT CU oe Bee Varysburg ..--..-- Eastern Plateaw... Binghamton ......- (Oba ttt Eee ee Aets a seen Bloomville.......-. South Kortright-.-. Brookfield ........- Hamilton..22.-25-42 Middletown -....--.- Port Jervis...:-... Cooperstown...--.- New Lisbon....... Qneonta = 4-. 225-3 Rerry Citye-s- sass WAVY ¥ 52-5. 2scms6 || Mobonk Lake.... Northern Plateaw.. Saranac Lake...... Gloversville ....... LUD, <3 cis arn aia were Atlantic Ooast..... Brooklyn). --:s5 == Manhattan Beach.. New York City.... Willets Point.....- Brentwood.......-. Setanketeses- 42.242 ISOULOLG 3305.0 vedmnn | Highest. | Elevation, feet. | Date. Wyoming .... www ewe lew ween lee Westchester. . BAROMETER. Py ty e cS 4 Azz, oa | ae 4 Ala 29.71/28/0.63 Slee ess 729. 68 28)0.71 ‘ | Mean relative. | HUMIDITY. “74 Mean of tri-daily vations. an of maximum and Dew point (degrees). | Me AAA AAPAD Wwowr AIH wowuw On aw anu . oun ooc SAAD AAIAND TEMPERA- minimum. | Highest. | Date, l=} ‘~~ tw RS OrF tt aut an CONSS SCHOD o@ pa Oo RROoS 2OOS mwmwornN Pn) “ nw id a AaAan ocive mm wNonwe o ~~» a — i) aon CeO EED oS © or -—] wae amo 0 ae cas Ss > > o— hanes » © Co R Nao Caw eae CWMnMD ANOS Boe 20 ou rape Qe Oo FOUN FoR May, 1896. Th TURE — (IN DEGREES FAR.). New YorRK WEATHER BUREAU. PRECIPITATION — (INCHES). artly cioudy on ys. of days which 0.01 or more da inches fell. Number of p Greatest rainfall. | Greatest daily range. Number | Monthly range. | Mean daily range. | Teast daily range. | Date. | Total. on | Number of clear days. se | Number of cloudy days. w S Heoe “AIAN Aare) ; ww menor Site, aubarieaares no bo bin SERA OSONAN — Hee Ww _ oo 90 020 @reo anna moO wn aeHo Oo: ww : oor 7) yeu EE at fe et CNH oO rs) _ Mrmr NwwD WON mL Sate ii ' igh Ips eo panera Bas = Ow ho no bo ry a 5 bo bo bo ww) b “ — ’ on moor oo; ' — Oo - =" o — Sv) it oScoH occ HHO co eae tea ; i Sera ‘oan 5 nor co i ~ = —woo oO-1-1 bo bo bo Bwrp Eke Nite neo = or a ooo co [cote iid ow or ' = or | bm > CO DO Lh Hl a =) occre roo om ats . Scie ae ‘ Py Haar wwn pr bor bon —_s Mor: Total snowfall. Preyailing direction of wind. 132 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Merrorotoaican Data LOCATION OF STATIONS. STATION. county. | 2 a = e| g al = TGs OW VOUEY) 25) sooo eae ane eeer eee eee |= 2 2S pape asecerric Albany ...--- 85} 30.01 Lebanon Springs..| Columbia..... 936)-=--~- Honeymead Brook| Dutchess-.... 450) soe Poughkeepsie -.... Dutchess..-.-.| 180|.-.--- Wappinger’s Falls My See eet | |e West Point......- Orange-.....- VGH esexm= Marnteles. o--<-1- =) Putnam ...... B00 /22-——- MOTI GUC araim)| oe tetetn ee aint | SES eee ROMO =< ess soctece Oneida\..-.>- CV eseae OGUG Ale eat eee Ce ence Saleem cence ORainpigin Vialley|\ eos nss aes ana) es ame Plattsburgh Bar’k; Clinton.....-- jb | eee Saratoga Springs,| Saratoga ...-.|....|...-.. Glens Falls..-..-.- | Warren ...... 51: (0) Bee eae SL LIQAUTENCE SMALtal\ le senicits neem oa rillipeiare aa Malone) > -5---5- = Franklin ..... BlOlesos Madison Barracks.) Jefferson ...-- POU emece Watertown .....-- Jefferson..-- | 486}...... CANON soa there sere | St. Lawrence.; 304/...... Massena..-....... PRC NTE Raid | (pel (3h crepe North Hammond.-! St. Lawrence.} 300).....- Ogdensburg. -----. eg me | pee} | | ee WOrsnaies -o chase. ay olOlEa..<< UPCULTDUKES ches ae|| fon qer as densa) e BAS insite so. = rasa | Chautauqua .| 590}...... Westfield ........ 3 | ee al Bian eee 140 Caeser 690) 29.99 IPifishOTO!. > ='2 720. Monroe ......|. Ba Moosce Rochester........- Poe Wieee es 621) 29.99 Appleton ......... Niagara...... Fe [See Fort Niagara....- ah) wens oe BOS cece ex Baldwinsville. .... Ououdaga ....| 390)...... Syracuse. -....-.-.. OONOUUEP AS. <5|..4-|/s-<06- OSWAR0ss «i005 425 Oswego ...... 804) 29 97 PAleXMO -- - 2. s0-n0 he en 460)...... VOUS ween ken se WAYNE <2 -9- AOD aee.cs thy Cry) at: ees ee Eiripsaya6 as) 681) 29.99 Obi ITA LAKES Twas), bwoneaatnresav| a! (lignans YONI R bec pn ss Cayuga ...... TODO} des o's Romulus-2..5.-..2 Seneca....... PLSD ere Peete OAC vores ces 3 ian Tompkins....} 810) 30.00 MGA cto. doses]! an wen ls eomen | sae 29.99 BAROMETER. HUMIDITY TEMPERA a ie: a ie = | AOE & Vili & faa| 24 ' < = “aS | |2| 2] S\2sl ea | = = o |B Seas 2 | e = = Ae ee Ei elie e) Ble be hehe @ j2| 2/8! 8] Fig |e |e e mH Ala Ala|.A| Ala |e | Ra | RE Bee Ate A Ee SE I ERE RIE hay] 30.43] 7] 29-70 31|0.73| 65] 50)--- | 64.0} 91] 10 jae eS) peel (AN a a | I oh 159201871150 | Saat Ns. Jee alice sol escent Gea) RORe aS HLe [eel eee fee ites hs el ee “ak Le ee Fe ae ae een bee Cy LCE 17 Os ea oa en Ngee) I inc ray fend, ail S850) fee eee Pe ices. fiboaa| eho cal eSen MOA OOO HELO | | | ‘a Olea eee 2 cuellcaes 4] cot oleae | SOO MAES ienL 25 3G (OS Ree ae he 21 [eset | ocean eean OOss Poet He ate Tee Scarce | ects et ote || nd reed | ors ee sar DS: Bae ce oe eee |- || esata . | 58.4] 92] 11 ee Rein BS I RM oR NG Gwe ct. 2.te a ee = dln cal Seco leeesl | DES POO lela Teak i z...| Lue eall ss eet S eal peee neon mele see es |S, pee a oe BORE IG aD Aas BORON NS pee Sete fee Oe Wg oes a ee ..-| 60 5] 90) 14 Soe Bo) PS eee | wtlobes dl accce 58281 bSeo PRG IO SS be n> |onendhcnaen-alen gel ae ge) Nod Pea RE a] Leona LS Le 61.4] 61.2] 86] ¢ atte | et ere >. woo ecl ee | SQEDILSOe ue Ft 28 |e en Se saz [oc on 15726) Beee ae ce ees ecdene=e= 5 helio . | 61.2] 90! 9 Fh Al 2 ea Dag cee +222/°63.0| 84] a 30.32) 7} 29.57/28)0.75| 68) 48]....| 58.5) 83] 14 ee _|-soe-]--|.---|---- |. .+ .{6L.6| 62.2) 87) 10 30.34] 7| 29.54/23/0.80/ 64] 49]....] 63.0) 89] 10 4A id | el eat he a 12. 1 ab ol aoe o Spo eS eee | eid (eel Lier : .-.| 59.9) 90) 9 beh | A PR A 62.5, 63.4) 86] 9 sees ee eo. see ee as - “sewer eee a ee ee etme 30.34) 7| 29.62/26]0.72) 68] 47|....| 58.0) 77) 17 ejnih| fel ee ea Pes 8 60.2] 59 5, 82) 9 Sees les|deteen|=-|s2e|o¢s--|oncwn/ODeB I Oahet ameum 30.30| 7| 29.59/28)0.71) 68} 29] ...| 63.0) 88] 11 HL aye eect leg wows | Bac eleeeel NO2em WOR] 0 ER RAE) SS al eee Pe eg (ee 63.3] 62.6) 85! 10 Ald bed ated te--| 86] © 5gl5 22016804) 88) 10 30.32] 7| 29 58/28/0.74| 69) 52/61.8] 62 4| 86] 10 30.43| 7] 29.54)280.72 69 o1|....| 610 95] e ! * Mean of the tri-daily observations. {Meanjof the maximum and minimum by the Draper the tri-daily observations are derived by the formula (7 a.m. + 2 p.m. + 9p. m. + 9p. m.) + 4. (a) 9, 10; (b) 9, 14; (ec) 10, 11; (a) 14, 21; (e) 9, 10, 11; (f) 7, 16; (g) 8,13; (h) 7, 20; (2) 7, 16, 20 13; (v) 11, 23; (aw) 22, 24; (a) 14, 24; (y) 9, 26; (z) 18, 19; (ab) 18, 19, 22; (ac) 18, 31; (ad) 18, 26. (al) 22, 29; (am) 5, 10, 19; -(am) 2, 26, 31. New York Wearuer Burau. FoR May, 1896—(Concluded). TURE—(IN DEGREES Fah.). SKY PRECIPITATION — (INCHES). so | : e fs ls ee 5 = | l 3 et ean et =| ©. s els |= |e g Oo | | 3 Ss Ip a ze : = . | a0. 198 a0 aie | 1S = 5 Sle | 8 See) 6] a € r= x a] | ts al 3S \aa| 3 lea me £ 3S zs Piepiae ii re lai, dee te |e ine Bl ie Eee 3 Sle gz 2 Sieh) (ge ee 32 | 2 Bees oO . =) Fat a= . + c 2 £ = 2-48 ol — 3 c = w ESE ye me Wl Be | eee a he" || (el lar ee Pes Sheree dh, Sh Ne Seca So Heae lomet ll esi || Scone cesta lies Bose A is iH A a S 2 HAIAJF/SAlOIAlHIAl4Z A lA a er re eal a oy h.m 33; gj | 94) 25) 42) 14) 6] 21/11.2/ 9.56/10 3) 8.3] 2.57] 1.50)...... 28) |hezen jersose 42) 20) 49) 22) 34 9 6} 21) 8 |16 if 12 9o\) 0369) 2222. Pal ei Ss. 33) 7 54) 26) 40) 14] 12) 21/15 | 4 |12 7 1.50; 0.88) 6.00} 31 |.-...- Wi 40 1) 51] 24] 33 Dl ecsiap e ll Sp ne| Leoia (ess 9 Slip OM P12 G0) sol loess... SW 35} 1) 60) 28) 39) a 8) 21) 9 |11 11 6 200| OU85 ese a 2810 pee a N. 41{ 8 53) 27) 42) 14) 10) 21/12 | 4 /15 11 3.58) 0.92).....- 28 as. S. 35 Ep CO 26 |e 4 20)i" S|") 2a pee. tae 6 2.89) °1.50/....-. Z |lone See KE. 39) 25) 51] 24) 38) 13! 14) 24/15 | 7 9 7 2-7 1.31] 11.00} 28-29]...... S3no05 SS PO 260 24 ash we) 12) (22h pea 9.0! 2.85} 1.00/...... A Mistoeed||boacoc — 3S) 19)! AG) 24) 33) 12) 2) Ooo ese 9 Zen}. 100) oo.- oe rey ene Sen anc 35| k 57) 23! 40) 14) 10) ak] 7.0 12.012.0 S25) 16S Or Te aes APA Ree hella sec = BOM EeeLInRON Meso Sel) ON) CLOG plese Nee creyicet 8 1.85) 0.40) 3.30) 31 |.-...- S!W.. 35] &| 57| 24) 40] 14| i0| si] 7 |i2 |12°) 9 | 1.53] 0.47|-....-| 27-28|......| W. 32) m 48] 24) 50) 14 4) 29) 9.7/13.3) 8.0) 7.0) 1.98) 1.65) 8.25) 28 |......)-.....- 32) 2 50] 21) 32) 20 9) 29)11 9,12 8 L261 0 3a|p =o Ai Pe Sone Ss. W. 39) TaAlereO\ nod! e40!) a 13)) 6 te Sain eae 5 2.41) @.68]...... PE Ya) BES ee S. W. ‘ 35| 13) 55) 30) 50; 14 5) 2913 16 2 13 2.36) WIP} ccaess 7s ee Ss. W. 32) 13) 54) 24) 38) 13) 5! 29111 14 | 6 3 1.51) 0.84) 4.00} 28 |...... S. W. 35) 20) 51] 24) 44 a] 4) 29) 2 15 |14 7 278th igh 18-20|) Beene Ss 40 1; 40; 20 32! 14 t) 6)10 |13 8 f 210) 1-22) 12-15) 28 |--.-.. Ss: Wi. 36] 20) 47) 23) 34) 24) 14)am|1l1 1/13 Uf 6 1-46) 0.63)...-.- 2) || oeersioc SoWi 33) 13) 44) 19] 44 8 6] 18]13.7|12.4) 4.9} 10.4) 2.35 2.051 sosons Di 26 | oicia mat [etaienln ~ 43} 20/41) “ig) 28) 16) io|an|is |i0 | 3 | 7 | 1-94] 0.60] 6-00; 2 |......|S. W. 43) 3) 40) 15) 25), 20]. 6] 4/11. |11 | 9 12 2,01) 0292 | sone peeGe Wesabe Ss. W. 40 7 47) 21); 35) w] 11} 29/12 113 6 9 200 NOES isons WP oemince W = 44) 20) 45) 18) 28) 24] 10] 19/21 9 1 9 He) AE) | aecinele 20m olwea st io 38) 20) 51} 22] 43 8! 14, 18/12 |14 5 14 2.96) 2.05)...... 20-26) .-...- S. Wie 37| p 53} 25) 44 eh) led Pe ool sseniisse 9 PES) BIEGL | SeSane Pao) ee Sime ING Vie 43} 12) 43) .20} 30} 13 8} 29/14 /|10 7 11 2.70) 0.85)...... 18 |....--|------- ‘4i| 7] 36) i6| 25] 20| 6/" 29]11 |i | 9 | 10 | 2-46] i-o0!......| 28 |.-....|_W- 33] 13) 49) 22) 39) 13] 10; 29/19 |12 0 7 2.36) 0.95).....-. 26" |Peheer SS. Wie 43 7} 44; 18) 30! a 6; 19;11 |14 6 11 era) ACY Basen 28 |ssbass N.W 47) 20) 36] 14] 26] 14 5} 18) 8 |20 3 14 2.63] 0.56)-..-.- 26% |EEee se W. 38} 20) 47) 20) 36) 9; 9}ag_} 8.7/17-0| 5-6} 9.0) 3.19) 1-30]-...-- Ps Wee eey (Ss coeS = .- 40) 20] 45) 19} 30) 20! 9) ag | 6 |24 1 6 2.42) 0.7 S200 2S pear N. Wi- 40} 20) 48) 22) 36) w] 13] 29|10 |13 8 9 AT50 |e sO eee aes AE? Neeeeec S. 38} 20) 48) 20) 33) 13 9) 21710 13 8 12 OA OHO ilo s30)l0 2p oan (ees tet NaWie 29] q 51} 23} 50) 14 2 sine 13.4] 7.2} 9.1) 2.53 ee saseor 25-26).-2 <5 Ss. W. thermograph. || Report received too Jate to be used in computing means. The means from t Blank indicates that the duration is not shown in the original records, but it is within 24 hours. (7) 1, 20; (k)1, 2; (m) 13, 20; (m) 7, 14, 20; (p) 7, 21; (q) 6, 8; (7) 4, 16; (8) 7, 18; (€) 4, 7; (u) 9 81; (ae) 19, 24; (af) 19, 31; (ag) 21, 31; (ah) 2, 31; (at) 21, 24; (aj) 18, 21, 28, 29; (ak) 22, 29, 31; ErentaH ANNUAL REPORT OF THB 134 TrmMPrrRATuRE— May, 1896, SHowrne Dairy Means For | | 1 | STATION. 0°) SS Pe | pe eee hes ro far ae) ae ae Western Plateau...| 62 | 61 | 63 | 61 | 60 | 55 | 57 |64 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 66 | 63 | 69 higtea 6s |64 | 71 | 77 | 67 |e6 | 71 ;8i | 4 | 84 |81 | 71 | 76 | 21 red ..-+-----+--- 51 |50 |51 | 46 | 49 | 40 | 36 | 48 | 63 | 60 | 61 |54 | 43 | 48 ae 71 | 70 |70 |78 | 68 | 67 | 71 | 80 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 76 | 78 83 Angelica .......-- 55 |52 |50 | 39 | 49 | 37 | 35 145 | 48 | 52 |58 | 55 | 43 47 ee 71 | 67 | 72 | 78 | 69 | 68 |72 |81 |85 | 85 |83 | 75/78 | 82 teeter teense 52 |53 153 | 37 | 49 | 37 |35 |42 | 46 | 48 | 55 |56 | 47 | 49 72 |69 | 72 | 81 |69 | 69 | 74 | 82 -| 86 | 87 | 84 |75 | 78 | 85 Friendship ....-... 153 |52 |49 |39 | 48 | 38 |36 | 44 |50 |57 | 60 |53 | 45 |. 47 67 | 66 | 71 | 76 |69 | 69 | 70 | 79 | 85 | 83 |82 |76 | 79 | 983 Humphrey......--. 50 |50 | 51 | 45 | 51 | 45 | 42 152 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 56 | 50 59 pAriorright 2-=.262| ae a eee eae ok eee A\eesaalipesen|tans frees | 1 ee | baba al bes ae 71 |76 | 74 |78 | 68 |70 | 76 | 82 | 85 | 85 |83 |77 | 80 | Si Jamestown ...-.... .52 | 53 | 52 | 42 | 50 | 44 | 42 | 49 | 52 | 57 | 60 | 60 } 52 57 nantes 69 |66 | 75 | 73 | 74 | 70 | 72 | 72 | 91 | 89 | 87 |72 178 | 78 wteeeeeeeeee 57 |55.|56 |53 | 57 | 47 | 43 | 49 | 54 | 61 | 63 -|.59. | 52.| \ SL aoe 7¢ |76 |74 |79 | 67 |63 | 70 | 74 °|..... |37 |83 |81 |94 | 83 teeeceeeeeeees 53 153 | 54 [50 | 45 | 42 |57 | 39 |......62 |63 |54 |39 | 48 ' 30 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 92 | 82 | 83 | 99 | 88 | s9 | 88 | 90 BEE Morris: -~/->><-- 63 | 60 | 68 | 60 |56 | 53 | 46 | 64 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 58 | 62 | 45 72 |s1 | 71 |79 | 70 | 69 | 72 | 82 | 88 |85 |85 |73 | 75 | Be Lockport .......... 51 | 52 |50 | 47 | 41 | 46 | 44 ee 52 | 55 | 57 | 58 | 47 53 | NVEOLOD .- oo =| aoe [a Ie eI To Hes tie | aehte| Fr ie aes eee er a e070 Fe tal gaa | a 67. | 62 | 74 |78 | 72 | 69 | 76 |75 | 86 |8 |83 | 71 | 80 | 80 Wedgewood ....... 47-|49 |51 | 46 |51 | 45 | 41 | 52 |59 |65 |e5 |53 | 45 | 58 ! 67 |63 | 73 | 78 | 72 | 69 | 74 | 78 | 88 |87 185 |73 | 76 | 80 Addison ........... 51 |50 | 52 | 41 |50 | 42 | 39 | 46 | 50 | 53 | 63 |56-| 44 | 56 “ 68 |69 | 77 | 80 | 72 | 69 | 75 | 79 | 87 | 87 | 85 | 79 | 7 83 South Canisteo..... 48 | 52 |52 | 39 | 48 | 36 | 34 | 46 | 49 | 54 | 61 | 54 | 40 49 a Rs 70 |70 | 68 | 74 | 64 | 64 |70 | 76 | 82 | 81 | 78 | 73 | 74 | 82 tote tees eee 53 |51 | 52 | 43 | 49 | 41 | 40 | 48 | 60 | 62 | 64 | 58 | 50 54 m1 |77 | 7 | 80 | 72 |71.|76 | 83-190 | 89 | 87 | 76 | 81 88 Varysburgh -.-... 55 | 52 | 44 | 44 | 47 | 29 | 39 | 46.| 55 | 60 | 63 | 52 | 47 50 Eastern Plateau...| 66 | 56 | 61 | 61 |61 | 56 | 56 | 60 | 68 | 73 | 71 | 65 | 60 64 te /70 | 65 |72 | 80 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 75 | 86 | &8 | 84 | 74 | 81 80 Ep aOR acer 40 |48 |53 | 44 | 53 | 40 | 45 | 47 | 50 | 54 | 63 | 59 | 43 | 50 ae ae 67 | 6s | 76 | 78 | 75 | 70 | 70 | 73 | 85 |88 | 86 | 78 | 77 | 83 wtesteeeeeee: 42 | 47 | 50 | 43 | 47 | 37 | 38 | 40 | 44 | 50 | 54 | fo | 35 | 45 63 |63 | 74 |%6 | 76 |68 | 68 | 74 | 84 |86 | 81 | 75 |78 | 81 Cortland...........| 4 | 46 |52 | 40 | 52 | 40 | 40 | 45 | 47 | 55 }58 | 54 | 37 | 49 73 | 60 | 68 | 83 | 80 |70 |75 | 76 | 91 | 90 | 92 | a4 | 83 | 82 Bloomville......... 42 | 45 |51 | 46 | 50 | 44 | 43.1] 48 | 49 | 56 | 57 |53 | 41 | 48 | ~ | ; 61 |65 |70 | 76 | 70 | 66 | 69 | 76 | 83 | 86 | 83 | 74 | 79 | g2 South Kortright -..| 36 | 34 | 49 | 40 | 45 | 30 | 32 | 41 | 43 | 54 |55 |47 | 34 | 42 st |s0 |78 |77 |79 175 |73 | 78 |82 |81 |78 |76 | 77 | 77 Brookfield ......... 45 | 44 | 44 |41 | 43 | 40 | 38 | 46 |52 |52 | 46 | 42 | 37 | 48 Hike fiou 72 |64 | 73 | 76 | 70 | 68 | 66 | 75 | 81 | 86 | 81 | 70°] 75 | 88 nilton .......... 36 |47 | 51 | 41 | 38 | 44 | 48 | 41 | 50 | 58 | 59 | 48 | 32 | 43 . 63 | 59 | 62 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 90 | 90 | 95 | 90 | 86 2 | ol 81 Middletown ....... 46 |40 | 48 | 50 | 50 | 54 | 54 | 57 | 8 | 70 | 68 | 67 | @8 | 65 | \ 63 | 61 | 63 | 82 | 80 | 69 | 68 | 72 | 92 | 92 | 69 | 81 | 80 | 79 Port Jervis ........ 37 |47 |50 |53 | 50 | 46 |45 | 42 | 49 | 64 |67 | 5a |50 | 47 72 |e: | 66 | 70 | 67 |65 |61 | 69 | 82 | 83 | 78 |68 | 68 | 80 Cooperstown....... 48 |50 | 50 | 52 |52 | 45 | 45 | 48 | 52 |58 | 62 | 54 | 40 46 6s |63 | 71 | 74 | 69 | 64 | 66 | 7: | 83 | 86 192 | 72 | 78 | 80 New Lisbon ....... do |45 /51 | at | 48 | 38 | 37 | 39 | 48 | 52 | 52 | 48 | a3 | a2 71 |71 | 78 |79 | 72 | 69 |73 | 76 | 86 | 91 | 85 | 0 | 92 Oneonta ........... a4 | 47 |53.|45-|50 | 42 | 41 | 47 | 50 | 72 ha 53 |40 | 44 $ 70 |67 |75 |79'| 79 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 95 |e6 | 82 | 72 | 74 | 84 Perry City......... 45 |49 |52 | 41 | 46 | 43 [35 | 44 150 | 63 |63 | 50 |38 | 45 Waverly 69 | 64 | 73 | 82 |77 | 75 | 70 | 76 190 | 90 | 85 | 80 | 80 | 84 wteesecseee 49 6n 5a] age lat aee| too) aa” be | be 160 1be ae eae CT OO bee ae kate in| ae ao Paar Pad eR ae bee New YorK WEATHER: BUREAU. tHE Reatons, AND Dairy Maxima AnD Minima For THE STATIONS. 15 | 16 65 62 70 78 54 44 70 73 49 | 37 . 72 79 ) 57 3) 73 8L 5 39 75 80 55 45 68 76 55 40 89 85 59 50 Laine 79 = Steae 46 84 91 64 47 72 81 57 47 2 | Ty ets 55- | 52 76 &2 52 | 41 72 80 SL | 40 67 | 74 53 | 46 eel Ses 52 43 C4 61 74 78 60 44 75 78 46 40 72 76 57 43 76 8l 53 45 74 5) 51 41 75 76 . 45 45 12 75 54 42 82 80 52, 4) 52 &2 89 56 45 69 12 53 48 73 75 52 38 78 80 56 46 73 78 58 50 78 84 59 40 | LS 3) £95 20) 22 85 | 77 |"64 | 70 | 68 57 | €0 | 46 | 39 | 48 85 | 78 | 6 | 71 | 68 1-1 wOonre 64 63 56 12 70 | 61 51 60 47 76 7 64 9 52 48 75 73 | 63 45 51 | 46 76 76 66 73 TESS ANY 56 56 | 47 TO pi) TE 270 61 | 59 | 54 fo | 77 | 65 53° | 49 | 48 91 82 | 8 48 | 45 | 48 72 | 80 | 63 52 55 | 47 78 | 66 | 66 53 | 52 | 47 77 73 | 67 49 | 53 50 76 =| 74 =| 65 42 | 49 |. 47 72 | 74 60 52 | 53 | 45 75 | 74 | 64 47 | 50 | 47 62 | F6 | 58 75 | 68 66 ol} 47 | 50 80 | 67 70 45 | 42 | 47 73 | 65 64 48 | 44 | 49 78 | 67 fh 48 | 46 50 7 68 | 67 47 37 | 41 78 76 75 44 | 40 | 43 gpl 66 | 63 45 | 46 | 47 79 | 68 | 71 58 | 51 | 51 &1 | 67 | 74 53 | 48 | 53 70 | 65 65 52 | 44 | 50 74 63 | 64 45 | 39 | 48 it ee Gilet 7: ol 43 | 50 70 70 | 67 49 | 45 | 47 77 71 | 69 49 | 48 | 50 30 31 Monthly mean a i) for} rere : ’ , . ‘ ‘ oO o oO ao oom a eo ‘ = 136 ErigutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datry Muans ror THE Regions, anp Dairy STATION, Northern Plateau.. Saranac Lake...... Gloversville ....-.. Bowville:----..<-=- Number Four...-..- AuTi eae Sse conse Atlantic Coast ..--. PBLOOLYMiscemp oot <3 Manhattan Beach... New York City...- Willet’s Point. .-.-. Brentwood. ..-.-.--- Setauket ....-..... Bedford Hudson Valley.... Lebanon Springs -- Honeymead Brook. Poughkeepsie -.... Wappingers Falls - West Point........ Carm@lesaaneo esc = Mohawk Valley..-. ROME ae-s~-asteseud Champlain Valley - Plattsburgh Bar’ks « Glens Falls......-- St. Lawrence Valley Madison Barrracks Watertown ........ @ANTON saccade ce nteia 2 Massena<<......-5- North Hammond... 1 New York WraruHer BuRBAU. 12g Maxima And Minima ror THE Strations— (Continued). | Hepicen | | Bs 15| 16| 17 | 18 | 19| 20| 21| 22 | 23 | 24| 25 | 26/ 27 | 28 |29/80/31/ 38 ° . =| 60 |5s !61 | 62 | 52 | 50 | 56 | 63 | 55 | 54 | 60 | 6 | 58 | 52 | 51 | 53 | 54 | 58.2 55 156 158 |58 | 60 153 | 52 | 53 | 56 |55 | 43 | 51 | 58 | 58 | 59158 1| 60 | 6-3 gz | 30 |s4 | #5 | 81 !61 |55 | 76 | 73 | 60 |59 | 77 | 81 | 68 | 70| 70 | 75 or o o lor) w on a a Oo uo bo on pa oa is) ou = or o1 = i ~ o bo lor} or >) © for) So oO =~] o o for) vn Oo I ~ ~2 o fo 2} co 2 wo for) a ~) i=) or © @ ou ~ cu lor} - for) ro] ban | ~I ~1 ~~ ~) nm Re 1) ~1 i lor] © 60 |55 |56 | 60 | 49 | 42 | 53 | 55 | 53 | 51 | 48 | 50 | 58 | 51 | 55| 52 | 54 | 84-9 Ria Vesela V2 "ri viroa an Ian) 63, ier \aay ne || 7o: | Tei leTB 20a, res Oo 0.4) E1cGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 4 Dairy Means For THE Rectons, anD Dairy STATION. St. Law. Val. (Con.) Ogdensburg .-...--. TET G Eo ees See VOUS oaec ree esc Erie, Pennsylvania Central Lakes..... Bloming. (:2=.2-2=-- 2 (98 (eS Soy ae eto 4 ~ “4 ~ — w o ~ is/9) or te ~~) we oO 2 } Maximum and Minimum by the Draper Thermograph. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 139 = ! Maxima AnD MinIMA For THE Srations—(Concluded). Me ws 15 |16|17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29/30) 31 =e i=} a 72 74 77 72 62 68 72 76 67 69 75 78 65 62 62 | 60 | 62 59.5 50 5u 52 57 45 42 52 56 47 46 ol 53 48 50 48 | 48 | 45 46 50 | 49 |55 | 45 136 1.45 | 47 | 43 | 40 | 42 | 47 | 48 | 45. 41 |46| a4 | 58-2 Pots 48 | 50 | 55 | 51 50 | 46 | 54 | 52 | 50 | 50 | 62 | 54 | 52 | 53 | 50 | 51 | 48 eRe OE CE As Neti EGR Nara | 78 | 80 | 60 | 77 | 78 | 7 | 69 | 73 | 60} 69 | 64 62.2 56 | 53 | 58 | 59 | 49 | 41 | 48 | 55 | 43 | 42 | 55 | 64 | 53 | 50 | 49] 50} 49] COS TGs tee. 626 166! 7 7B PTS. Gli eS | TOP Ge) Gin Th 1868) | 68 | t62 63.0 55 | 52 | 51 | 60 | 48 | 44 | 53 | 57 | 50 | 48 | 60 | 59 | 55 | 54 | 50, 51} 49 ; 73 19) 77 73" | 64 | 60° | 65 |75 | 62 | 65 | 81 | 75 | 65 | 78) | GL |) 68) |, 65 59.9 48 | 49 | 55 | 59 | 49 | 388 | 45 | 58 | 46 | 43 | 49 | 59 | 49 | 53 | 491} 47 | 42 . 72 | 81 2) etd: 6S N64 eri Tite OME COM Mite enn tern 76 | 60 | 69 | 80 59.9 50) 50°) 55) | 52: | "50 | 38.137 | 6l | 49 =| 42° «| 49 «| 49 | 49 | 56 | 47 | 469) 45 |) > Ome etiiennGcen | Toan|sODs ete O8 9 (Sle GDh etoe KETO (SIL 72 | 69 | 60} 69 | 66 63.4 64 | 55 | GL | 57 | 44 | 49 | 59 | 5B | 47 | 54 | GO | 66 | 51 | 52 | 52) 52 | 47 : 62 | 70 | 77 | 67 | 56 | 68 | 67 | 72 | 55 | 68 | 75 | 73 | 62 | 64 | 54) 61} 58 58.0 140 E1gHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy anp Montraty Prectipr STATION. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 DLO | Ld] PRLS |) Western Plateau..| 0.02] 0.04) 0.03} T. | T. | 0.00] 0.00) 0.08| 0.00} 0 00; T.| T. | T. | 0.08 Wifved.,.-2s-0.65- TS Sse e Se a ae elles OB ee mee Xo |0) cea | i Pe ZUR es Sec ll eeenlneeeell aces ALO S aealeeeen | eee. |) - SE DOGS) Vins vem Ne | wie In URE RN We | 2 aan Maa mea) ITN | TS Ug a sve ce ay aa eed ete eg |b are a Humpbrey. ------ aisar Little Valley. ..--. eee Cherry Creek...-. sul Jamestown ....--- 8 elmira. <2ns= > oe as PATRONS i= Sea cee a3. Lockport): 22.252. “ir Wedgewood .....- 01 i Addison ..:--.--=- Ral los TyTONe) 226 oe ee : | --20) --= ae ee SPAN ee Bet pes ae are Se cas se jt oa (aaa ae 4 of ae eS a é ee Ss eee ied b = Get hye eel ees ielst| scalp Sac Be ee = .04 ATonta -L25-/5-m- oH 2 : ais 2 ae A Sccii| 2528 : eS Boe ae sol Wee ce Haskinville..-..-. As aim Z Bod ort Fee Pose a 5 Sa| Pavers as 20 South Canisteo-...| T. Areade:, -2--5-65- Os #0) ey eer eee Aa Pesci eet A =e ee eee : Be Wee no 0.03] 0.02) 0.00} T. | 0.05) 0.00) 0.00} T. | 0.00) 000] T. Eastern Plateau..| T. Binghamton ...... wma Chenango Forks..| .-.. CEC ese ane saece|| LQ Sec OS rsc2s | ome cls oe Gotere me mst tec Sccif, cn cara Me rere Wicereiate Bloomville.....-.-. be Deposit....-.-.-... os South Kortright..| .--. Brookfield .....-.-. vos Hamilton........-. oe AMNIIA che menoecn ae Middletown ....-- =a Port Jervis. ...-.- .02 Wrarwick:::225.-2. BAe Cooperstown ...-. aoe New Lisbon...... Saoe Oneonta .......-.. 04 Perry, City.--2---- sees Newark Valley...| --... AY 27) seca) Bec Reee eval tl - eral viata | Waverly... 2525/33 oe a ore | eae ae 07 a = O23 eat eae OG sees aes aes : a ore NS ae oe ema mse WE ARS Wiese bss PFE ees Mohonk Lake ....| --.- as = Py teers fess eo | Ga Se B. Rae eee caliiseck Northern Plateaw.| 0.00! T. | 0.02) 0.01! 0.04) 0.00] T. | 0.04) 0.00) 0.00 0.19} T. | 0.00} 0.00 West Chazy ...... Elizabethtown -... EA LOC) | MMM MDs a2) 5 | a REN Logue ENE eS A! A” Saranac Lake. ... SA ewies|) waa e| LB) as con eee | mem, mins | ote ce niet eerie | (eek Gloversville ...... | dies New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 141 TATION FoR May, 1896 — (IncuEs). 15 | 16).17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 0.06) 001) 0.11) 0.07) 0.25) 0.01] T. | T. | 0.00) 0.12} 0.06) 0.70} 0.04) 0.45) 0.01/0.27)0.29 AUN ee SR! ie HICH ert) bd crea eee] ect | eescacoesl (ein Id Ue IE}, AB -58| T. | .60)} .07 NE Secale NO CORN es) AER es ase ioore [tre te sO2Mae20 |i . ee ee PaO Blue 15] 4h r38| Sonne | yeh sc| eae ote hetepo tee |e seal ts. 2 Mie ee aan Ty) EA ET) OS aT EEE [OE elo SSP ASR EIN BENE) Pe 110) .47|3 22 25 EG [e S ee ° i i le} i ‘ i Q ‘ i i : rae ' to Bees) i ‘ © to : ' S a i—| ww ye} a 0.12) 0.00) 0.08) T. | 0.14) 0.02) 0.02) 0.05) 0.00) 0.04) 0.14) 0.75, 0.00) 0 66) 0.04/0.10)0.27/2.62 142 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THD Dairy anp Monrsty Precip1 STATION. 1 2 3 4 or (o>) <2 ® © LO 22) U2 | RS N. Plateau (Con.). Muorvins.o5-.2neca0 Kings Station .... Atlantic Coast .... Brooklyn ease sees Manbattan Beach. New York city --. Willet’s Point ... 0.00) 0.06) 0.08) 0-01) 0.02) 2? | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00} 0.03) 0.00) 0.00) 0.06 use Ree MASE oa cooac|) onto) eee coma leon a eee ares 206) i t2Olh ola) nama) cpetemiieerers tie ears meen ote * Seen] Aer STAN IRE Be UU): i eSceal| ope) esse) Sse)! oocl) Soe pas] eel] i! ms PN) |e ae ee iS Pe) MAP Er os | ete 8 le Sel eee be ee kacte eed fo i un Brentwood ....--.- S24) Beas eS Se eee ees Ae RA ee sie ssisal: saa eset | ececlleoacel) aos Setauket ......... ee eee LO ee Ne ce ec colt Sia Ki Metetee learerereee | epee eee | meee econo | ees Becton: s2-=-%-.<=- Pee eal SAL e. Yj ome-c | cad altace el ceecellh ce Semele teres rete | teers | ee ee Hudson Valley.... 0.05) 0.00} 0.00 0.90) T. | 0.00; 0.01} 0.00! 0.00) 0.00 AU bun. oye se oe aS S ecole ose oes Lebanen Springs..| -- me ctSe Sos cea tess eel lees. | Reeee eee aad ee Honeymesd Brook] ---.| -- -03| -- : eosl o---| a= AS) eect eidoa| oe Poughkeepsie ....} --- 42 02) soe : ae = : etal ye eiotel ee Wappinger’s Falls) --- ACA 3 5o8 2 E “ys Sass 3855 AD PSS Sas ke A West Point ...-... ane es a Tee 2 ac S| end S55] osee|) 255 se as Boyds Corners..-..| --- : Seca|}iAa E Sno dsc 3A : - 4-5 ma oe = Carmel! 22 2- 2s om are |e: a5 ee : a6 at AB Alidcssc % SoutheastReserv’r) -. ~aa|eooca)! Sasc} 452i ade crt eaten Beal) sos =26)| face) eoas|! oc Eagle Mills....... Se ee Sa\| Gor 30s os PalSoOel! noel) CoG Maco laos L Marlborough ..... E Ealiiai(s are Be 2 PEA ERDGe| icGe|b cao) eaaalueseay ade Easton ....... sancelt See Be ac cll oom. 5 ae decisis aa Ke Be Champlain Valley - Plattsb’h Barra’ks Saratoga Springs. Glens Falls......-. St. Lawrence Val..- Malone:-.cc02.c. Sol eee fe a JS see 5 Madiscn Barracks. 3 y. eee ge E DB se Serle ee Z e wee Watertown .....-- a2 01 02 O38 Voll see Ol aaa aamrel) otae os ae Be oe WAntonicasice' cok ae : AU et es ts 35) |"2)5,- ae er cpalreee ‘e DEA NMCMOM eee sac. |e see.| LOB) ysekn)) ise] sami CeO eens Mekal’ oo ceili hcere pee mere IMARSEND iS. - 545.0 - North Hammond.. Ogdensburg....--- Potsdam)... ..7..-- ‘uae Pee Ms Ma ROI MIM ei Eh a) a est Weel ry Se 4| ) ooo Wisco escne eee mscee Picco | sees) leeee | mcecl) accel) mcesol) ac\\ Goce Great Lakes .....- ee.) 0012))0:08}) 0/01). | 0.00]| 0:01) OsL2)) a, ea. eee iO OR cs a Ovo Dn kink. =1 mwR Rw eon S2S0nN oe ae < = w) seer] eeee|----]---- 2.93 ee x See eee ae MS é a “2 22 25 - 25 S\ose 0.80 T. | 0.00) 0.09) T. | 0.02) 0-00 0.05) 0-14] 0.00) 0.00} 0.16 0-43) T. | 0.88) 0.02/0.03,0.01)1.96 AUB} =o se)|] ate AUD GR Se Serial) cacal|| enti eel eel os Sig) a8 aie PEN ase eAil\ssnci theta ; PG eee als peer tbh cl ocsull BB Neon eons |y osc) ere siete® [heeled alwsinse) sacle crore eS aera [eater Wie ga ime a irrgg| on yee oC INO gainer sletas Maas, PEI s et eee eel eh oe Ziel se | pyle Me DR ec Sal AGT a Lea PY nN Pe aes TC ee ed Sie ee A emi) cael gee ey ea” le SOO we ael Ae gic. | Depo ee Ral Tron. sOdlac. | 03910 ASL Pam aa aeRO VC ttnl ee San GANA SMC OBI S01 OT ac08| oc 3 LekO 0 05|.0.01} 0.12) 0.07) 0.17) T. | T. | 0.02) 0.00} 0.01] 0.16) 0.62) 0.05) 0.55) 0.07/0.07\0.05/2.36 Geol ee loteallewe | pelt Tl)": .25/ 9. 51 hc Lal maaan : Beet = ea ie 04} ile Be 4 BIA aa ala gis see eall Seana agit: | og)" 690). 69) vasel Gal heaaae 4) 40 2 Rig eee tog ieee mas net lP ail sweet ec ler c@lltca se! es OB|. 38 coli ye i 4 Sos Peele sisi eee earl meine onl cotole sce eh EN. Ieee.) 060) th OCs Ome IOs 5 TL elliee cea S| 7 Ca a TAA ce Ma | ee “ 144 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE i Dairy ann Montury Precrpr STATION. “1h ioe aes a U3 i for) 2 ~ i) -_ —) i" i -_ wo -_ i) - ~ Great Lakes (Con.) | Phenix .......... eee ce | te | 3/85]. 2 “ous | pees See Od seca ahs eat Dae A (ie ese 2 ee | o |, 2. ieee eee Erie, Pennsylvania} .02} -.50) .02| T. 04) 22 32) tere eee eee 18) Aes | | Central Lakes ....| T. | 0.00) T. | T. | 0.00} 0.00) 0.00) 0.20} 0.00! 0 00) 0 00 0 00; 0.00 0.00 Plemingie =.= -e a= wictestely'winratethy Ne miedh Cw armiot)) “are ates etme ea tea | MEE rere eee cyl| s/o a' If Capita eee S| een Sherwood ......... S558 SEROe eee eee esene|h ssc Ss -s/) > ill) eee a(S ee EGY eel) 2 ok Rthindat ct. -224-- BPs| sez} 201|,\ 202|) Semopeemaalane alam NS OSs S. Average ........ 9 01] 0.02) 0.03] 0.02] 0.02} T. | 0.01] 0.06) T. | T. | 0.04 a. | TT. | 0.02 + Record for the month incomplete. ‘| Received New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 145 TATION FoR May—(Concluded). SO a eree linet eo pee oOl WOslmorecit ) “Oolteeemel\ artaliite | emeces he Ol! ) es | a = 2 3s = Seles aud -a |. 2 2 Rio 2 ® 1 5 z i os | ai 2 i) = | 2 a | = fas 5 | o | 2) s ai oe. 2 Baie ee ios een | lS elle F Zz 4| & mm | w|A q ~ p= | ie. Western Elateain sis. | Uchtesianeieedeae ENP ES lane AaReae CJC Nig idee) ss 8 Boe ote Heit lon oor BAPE MCA oicleicleisiclaisis ete’ Allegany ..... 54.4] 15] 1854) 1896) 60.8] +6.4) 60.8} 1896) 51.0) 1891 TAU DNC Vase siei Oilisisielllatisielsisiliaeaisie.s BOE) EB GIs oe: 5:all ems creel si sistetelf farmers Madison Barracks....| Jefferson..... 54.7| 387] 1889; 1896) 59.2) +4.5) 62.6) 1880) 50.6) 1882 arto ecawiss cle ss cis erie St. Lawrence.| 56.7) 35} 1862) 1896: 58.2} +1.5] 65.9) 1887| 51.6)’66-’83 North Hammond..... ue ..| 56.2] 18} 1867} 1896) 61.2) +5.0] 68.3] 1870) 50.3) 1867 PORE ATA senescence oe .-| 55.0] 29} 1828) 1896) 58.2) +3.2) 62.4] 1848] 49.3) 1842 GTCUE LACHES anc cln'o sie 0/0 210s 1s w-cisioiv ele’ #0 || OO= LL eo vi|niencine|is ee:.0,e UA] ie OG gr | a geen! fanccs| boot ‘ Buffalo..... Ba OGOOS ool b LO yt eSapoAnGoE 54.0] 26] 1871] 1896) 58.5) +4.5] 61.6! 1887) 49.3) 1882 RGCHEREEN. sees b xisie’s a's Monroe....... 56.7) 26] 1871] 1896} 63.0) +6.3| 64.2] 1880) 50.1} 1882 Fort Niagara...... vee | NIBZBEB o.0 005 58.9/ 88} 1842} 1896) 59.9) +6.0/ 62.9] 1880) 48.3] 1866 Baldwinsville ....... ..| Onondaga....| 55.3] 20) 1854) 1896) 63.4) +8.1| 63.4) 1896) 46.8] 1857 Oswego ........++++++.| OSWegO .-+..| 54.3] 26] 1871) 1896] 58.0) +3.7| 61.4) 1880) 50.4) 1882 < ae .eee.| 56.8) 43] 1854] 1896) 59.5) +3.2] 60.9] 1887) 47.5) 1867 Erie, Pennsylvania ...| Erie.........- 57.0] 28) 1874) 1896 68.0) -++6.0| 65.0} 1880) 51.0) 1882 RIP AU AAAICED oe viviecia's)! ice detnd sie wa ene Oca salaciscalie sjave0% 62.41) 4:48). secccaiietearere sil revere eres 7 Ithaca ....... seeeeeeee| Tompkins ....| 57.6] 18] 1879) 1896) 62.4) +4.8) 64.6] 1880) 52.2; 1882 Average departure..| ..... csccccese|s cnslecrlecdescl|secees cee] 54. B}lsvce ae lie tise sal | aielaoie| reomaie New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. AND PRECIPITATION — May. 147 PRECIPITATION — (INCHES). Sl |e 2 | exTREMES OF MONTHLY o = + PRECIPITATION FOR 5 a 28 MAY. - lor) a es : STATION. COUNTY. PES BM ie x So GREATEST. | LEAST. =8| 3| ¢ 5 | 6% |———____|- ee eas is Mae |i Soll Sule von) Be Slele [zl] ele |s 5 Sree peace isers (eS [ols Gy ta > Q 7) ov fo} o = o = oO <4 Ho) & (4 H/|A < al sya OMNIS: WE = p—\ NV Syracuse, \ 2 eee eS \ Aeetdid ‘ Freryy = s— SS I i .% ——Varys—t- 4 ZINE Le ee Eden \—_I* burgh — y te os ————} —- p WEE =) 65. ESE GS= \) FF A PI OE a Oa) ST SL mre abit SE an GS =a Daur. itnace toe PY ada Pe, en LE, SO ST i UE = Et Haye —t 14 T Wourch 2A URL) jae (a iz —1e Walking —__1)_-» 1 EES, EE BEE PAPE MEE OLGA: LASS 2 = 7 as RE UE TE =. ae af 7: Dy SRN We S a es pnryy | srr eae) 2, a a a. p> a Se ee SF RL LOY ES, ED NT SEE RINT Oe a> CMG MTS A A FF a ia Es CT VE SS 2d SEE 2 SS BP eh Noegikhkeyt ZiZZ1 SET as | RET, BATS as : tr SEMMISION ke CA —__t }__—_ a SS SN LD A) <0 FATE) VA FL heal Af ee a ra aN IIIT LL hgh highaagh harp hp -apanphag raping aR IGETF bt ee Fo eee), LE I EEE raetson oat ——_ oe x hn A ook “ ———— OS Nn aoa. EE lo . Gaara, \) fe} 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 6 100 SCALE OF MILES West Buecy = weunrelo / ~ Seer Z\ ; Saranac Lake ee om a x a ij Wy 47 Ny Whitehall DLN ss BPS OE PP | CESS SURE 0 PP 2a 0 2 OP J 2 ee 2 ie dive, _, PAgEvVT ive ~ Sere ESET eo , Scale of Shades. © to 2 inches. (ae (EEE SETS EE CE] EDT. 2 to 4 eR aT a ES ES EEL 1 PO EES ON IR SPOS Y ES CE SS ES, 1 EE ET (A EY OS 4 to 6 nS ? ' SEE ey GE. = i SSaSe easy Sy Garay AA al DE, O10] Te SZ Torwiat PER EBEI | NewLondon@ SS SN = a Se eral Sas i G wa. pO ae Sota ero Sie er a ee ee a Su ME ge 5 | ES ZZ ED WY EEN = EEF Crs, JS Broa! DEUS, Ge aN CD SELE, ea Meteorological Summary for June, 1896. The average atmospheric pressure (reduced to sea level and 32 degrees Fahr.) for the State of New York during June was 29.98 inches. The highest barometer was 30.33 inches at Friendship on the 3d, and the lowest was 29.52 inches at New York city on the 10th. The highest mean pressure obtained over southern New York, and the lowest near Lake Ontario. The average of the mean pressure at 6 stations of the National Bureau agreed closely with the normal value. The mean temperature of the State, as derived from the records of 73 stations, was 64.7 degrees. The highest local mean was 68.8 degrees at Brooklyn, and the lowest, 59.0 degrees, at Number Four. The highest general daily mean was 75 degrees on the 2 Jth, the lowest being 56 degrees on the lst. The maximum tempera- ture reported was 96 degrees at Mt. Morris on the 8th and at Watertown on the 9th; and the minimum, 31 degrees, at Arcade, South Canisteo and New Lisbon on the 3d. The mean monthly range of temperature for the State was 47 degrees, the greatest local value being 59 degrees at Waverly, and the least, 30 degrees, at Manhattan Beach. The mean daily range was 23 degrees. The greatest local daily range was 50 degrees at Friendship on the 3d, and the least, 3 degrees, at Brooklyn, on the 14th. The mean temperatures for the various sections of the State were as follows: The Western Plateau, 64.7 degrees; the Eastern Plateau, 63.9 de- grees; the Northern Plateau, 61.6 degrees; the Atlantic Coast, 150 E1igHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF. THE 66.1 degrees; the Hudson Valley, 65.7 degrees; the Champlain Valley, 64.4 degrees; the St. Lawrence Valley, 63.9 degrees; the Great Lake Region, 65.4 degrees; the Central Lake Region, 66.0 degrees. The average of the mean temperatures at 26 stations possessing records for previous years was 1.2 degrees below the normal, excesses being reported only from 4 stations of the west- ern and central sections. The mean relative humidity was 73 per cent. The mean dew point was 55 degrees. The average precipitation, as derived from the records of 94 stations, was 3.19 inches. The maximum general rainfall ex- ceeded 6 inches in portions of the southern tier of counties, while less than 2 inches were reported over considerable areas near Lake Ontario. The greatest local amount was 6.67 inches a Brooklyn, and the least, 1.52 inches, at Rose, Wayne county. The principal rain period of the month covered the dates from the 6th to the 9th, with a maximum amount of 0.56 inches on the 8th for the State. General showers were also reported on the 16th, 21st, 24th and 28th. The average precipitation at 28 stations possess- ing records for previous years was 0.27 inches below the normal amount. Excesses, which obtained at 9 stations, were greatest in the Atlantic Coast Region. The average number of days on which the precipitation amounted to 0.01 inch or more was 9.2. The number of rainy days was least in western New York and greatest in the eastern and northern sections. The average number of clear days 12.1; of partly cloudy days, 10.9; and of cloudy days, 7.0; giving an average cloudiness of 45 per cent. for the State. The cloudiness was very nearly uniform over the State. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 151 The prevailing direction of the wind was from the southwest. The average wind travel at six stations of the National Bureau was 6396 miles. The travel was generally in excess of the usual mileage for the month. The maximum yelocity at the above stations was 42 miles per hour at Buffalo on the 26th. Thunderstorms occurred at Humphrey and Jamestown on the 4th; at 4 western stations and at Honeymead Brook on the 5th; at a few stations of all sections on the 6th and 7th; generally over the State on the 8th and 9th; at Atlantic coast stations on the 10th; at Gloversville on the 11th; at coast stations and at Humphrey on the 14th; at South Canisteo on the 15th; in western New York and at Lebanon Springs on the 16th; in all excepting the northern sections on the 17th; at Gloversville on the 18th; at Wedgewood and Lebanon Springs on the 19th; in all but the northern section on the 2ist; at Jamestown and Bedford on the 26th; in western, northern and eastern New York on the 28th; at Lebanon Springs on the 29th. Hail was reported on the 15th and 18th. | Light frosts occurred in some portions of the highlands on the ond, 3d, 11th and 30th. The weather of June was generally pleasant, and for the most part favorable for farming interests. The average temperature was slightly lower than usual, the nights being especially cool. A warm wave occurred between the 3d and 10th, during which maxima of 90 degrees or more were obtained. This was succeeded by a period of deficient temperature lasting until the 17th, but thereafter growing warmer until the mean maximum for the month was obtained on the 20th. The average for the last week was slightly below the normal. 152 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE General rains were confined mainly to the first decade, the showers which followed being more local in character and rather insufficient in the east and north. About the usual percentage of sunshine obtained over the State. Thunderstorms occurred on 18 days, but generally were not very severe. During June the weather of New York was influenced by seven areas of high and five areas of low pressure; the number of the latter being about the usual average for the month. The first and second depressions, which were broad and ill defined, passed east- ward over New York on the 6th and 10th respectively, bringing general rains over the State. On the 14th a storm of marked energy passed along the Atlantic coast, accompanied by heavy rain and gales. The succeeding low pressure areas, four in num- ber, passed north of the State on the 20th, 21st, 26th and 28th, bringing thunderstorms and local rains, with rising temperatures, especially on and about the 20th. The most important high pressure systems passed over New York on the 2nd, 24th and 30th; the accompanying depressions of temperature being sufficient to cause light frosts in the valleys of the plateaus. | The drouth which prevailed during a part of May, and early in June, was broken by the abundant rains of the 6th to 10th, and thereafter the rainfall was generally sufficient for vegetation, ex- cepting in some northern sections and east of Lake Ontario. Dur- ing the third week heavy showers in the south caused a considera- ble damage by flooding. Early haying was general on or before the 20th with discouraging results, owing to the early drouth. Wheat and other grains were in fair condition, oats, especially, growing well. Small tree fruits were scarce, excepting in the New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 153 northern counties, but apples and berries were abundant. Cool nights somewhat retarded the growth of garden truck. Heavy rains occurring in southern New York on the 11th and 26th washed the soil badly in the hilly sections, and damaged bridges and other property along water courses. Four cows were killed by lightning near New Lisbon on the 8th. EriguTrH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MereorotogicaAL Data LOCATION OF STATIONS. STATION. Bolivar ...... 4Sn08 Friendship Humphrey. Arkwright Jamestown .. Elmira see eee Avon Mt. Morris Lockpert ry Victor Wedgewood Addison nme ee nee ene eeeree Beene wees South Canisteo ... Arcade Eastern Plateau.. Binghamton Oxford DWOVTIANG Oeaecc seers Bloomfield .. South Kortright.. Brookfield Middletown Port Jervis ween wet eeee Cooperstown New Lisbon Oneonta see eee Perry City Waver ly see Northern Plateau. Saranac Lake .... Gloversville....... LOW VUE laces. cscs s Number Four Atlantic Coast... Brooklyn seen Manhattan Beach. New York city.... Willets Point Brentwood Setauket Bedford Albany Lebanon Springs . 85 930 Albany. Columbia .... seen 29. 98) 50. id BAROMETER. AvMIDITY. prays be o qs zg |8 = re : bb 5 Zz COUNTY. | 2 ah Sls ee 3 -&) @/ 2|55 S|) See eles |e) 13S o) gouge isis) 2| 5 |e o| 6 ea ewe | o| 5 lo Al & Basie was) =.) Ale ilogany --. + | secal ean al aa reece =” Allegany ..... se Cattaraugus Chautauqua ‘ Chemung Giving ston. seolesente| eee eaencel ee alinse| «« 02) os vac| secon beta a RPE ee Gono | ee Ae a Pa co Niagaralrancecleeeines Soalloisceadl lol lanoton SG Gael Eee eee 67.4 Qntario !| s/eieiars|siewe 0 64.0 oS ta Mecenncaye DF OU eretetatal tatete atatell ied (orereteta val] ale: | visti] a: wvve.| aw .oss, allereseninl 66.4 Pranklin -.2.2|.22.1 (4 caehameenmbemimerenalss|....|s.ccslvsncel een HNTIGOMNY ips ic’. c SOR esate peaermie etal teva eal 6 n'|'v.8.¢:«.| 0 0-00) Src bie 63.4 LOWI8) . 5.000% 1240). ae.s'eia| aca ateres | es lta eesreteies|'s Bil tees el tozevaret ell taye xian TISeae #26 Gaetan 1571] 29.95) 30.28/25) 29.57) 9.0.71) 78 58 Kings ........| 107 La a larity New York.... Queens....... Sumolky snk Westchester.. a TEMPERA = | = 3 a | 2 | a5 ES aE} (2 4 2 / alo ae = ea ly 64.7) 96] 8 62.1] 85| 7 62.7| 87| 7 62.2] 86) 7 64.1] 89} 7 62.9! &6] 7 64.0) 80! b 64.4) 85) 7 67.7; 90) ¢ 67.0) 92) 7 67.4| 96) 8 68.4) 931 7 66.2 90 b 66.0} 92; 20 64.0 87) 8 62.1] 86) d 63.1) 86) 20 66.0) 90! 7 63.9) 92) 20 64.6) 88) 19 *63.8) 90) 20. 43.4| 89} 4 63.2) 90} 20 61.6) 88} ¢ 62.9, 86) e 67.8] 89} 20 66.2! 89) 20 1 63.3} ssi 21 60.8 S4| 7 65.0) 90! 20 64.5) 89) 20 65.0} 92) 20 62.7] 85] g 61.6] 88} 5 62.0} 88] 5 63.0) 87} 21 62.4) 84) h 59.0) 81) 5 68.01 91] 20 62.6! 891 21 New YorkK \WEATHER BUREAU. 1555) FOR JUNE, 1896. TURE—(IN DEGREES F'AHR.) Sky. PRECIPITATION— (INCHES). z | Ea n le v = e als |e|°s S | t BS ea fre = Nest lied ; So Ses } wo | 2 So w |B |Z los 3 5 = 3 |b 3/00 =: (3) 3) 5 Ss S ® |ky| © = ® | o£ s —t s = so iS ir) a 3 = a 3 (Sal, (oSa is s E/a|s 2 3 [es] 3 | os , | 8 5 3 2 S| S| a 3 Slee lacs #|3 a | 2 Ce hell eilray| & aria: 7a (2 2 Beal alice hoa: ive | a : P & | 8 } Sis 8 SA peel an Seli ae | ee sec lst Sees hs SaaS om lhe cy Z Sy SPN ey My ee TS PEN SU ean Ney ie a a wo = a i= Ay h.m. 31 Seat e225). 50] Bib Bila Se 71229] Aca) 10. TS 62) Bran BS OOl 1G Walks. celeialla ctetnetomae Z 36 3} 49) 22) 40 3] 12) 2416 |14 |10 9 4.07 35| 4.00 Dy a | etereerets Ss. W. Seieusieepal eon 440 Si) 12a OORT 6. lid: 11 Be ZO terme dentate skaotel lfovstehany dooccnllerotceen Soi ESIANDSIL 2ol) Abi on Asin Ole A 11 ca!) pee bats] eine Sh Neraectstal paket are 32 3 7} 30! 50 3} 20] 2 113 |12 Beh oe: RE22| 1 20 ie veiacate OT Re tietetts S. W 38! 2] 48] 22) 32] 30) 10/abd/| 8 |16 | 6 13 said Oar ae dene Biel Sereiciere Ss. W 43 2187) 14) 25 3 Hero sna (acid tora! aoeca ecaccal Steeda odacdad seencel lannr ise! ascde piatete 40 2] 45) 20) 35 3 8) ad} 8 |20 2 9 3539) (0-50) 8:00) 260 |) .5... 45) 1 45| 22) 35) 30 5] ae {21 1 8 8 syns Hey lis O23 (spree lere 8 oa) Sig Vis 37 Bimiba) -28)| 45 3} 10} 10) 9 {19 2 10 TE TH MOBSB io cotian 8: <)| Seoul Beasties 3 24 3| 62} 31) 48] 380) 19) 25)14 110 6 7 Ptse4) Alea bancice oul Banga Ww 43 3) 50} 26) 40 3} 14) af |2 "¢ 1 8 1.43] 0.36). PA Noeange W. 88] 3] 52] 26] 44) 3) 138] 10115 |12 | 3 12 CU) OSG Sane Bile lericieicle WwW 41; 3] 51} 24! 38} 30) 8] 24/6 |22 | 2 12 6.23] 3.45] 5.00) 16 [...... Ss. 7 36} Si) Dl 25) 42) 3} 11] 25/16 {12 2 12 5.78] 1.86] 19.30) 16 |...... 8. W Poi DD es 4>in si Loe hoe 5 12 (He) | PCE) BI) GO) Waeeae WwW 31 3] 55) 24) 45 3] 13) af |12 |12 6 10 3.19] 1.28] 15.00 GB) NNeielereteic;[leterstrnerets 9 35 3} 55) 25) 49 3 9 9/14 |12 4 7 GROG IP ele O|eersyejece Sys lessee’ tates. 31) 3] 52} 26) 48) 3] 8] 25)12.8/10.5) 6.7) 12-1] 3.60) 2.68]...... 8) || Sreraistera|euerseracene : 3 8} 52] 24) 40 By 553), 25) a a 5 10 ROA ee a1 | veleterst 9) aveases Ss. W. SA Si Sb Sli 45) 75) 15) TANS) She 4 9 206i) 1200/1 00h Sh Whence W. 34) 3) 55) 24i- 42) 4) 10|) 25/21) | 3) 1 6 12 Sn44|) Le roelarets Ob eaters N. W. 36 3} a4) 24) 43 3} 138) 1419 |14 7 11 3.0 LOOMIS 30} Te eeciee W. 3 Sil Db SOly ASI edie: 18 aon tresal| eens oa 9 Pa(t3)| | a Oets\ noone Wile || resets. wisi crete wonee SO Ee ea Meeetle Sole alle 22iaze |S) toe |UG 8 Cris: AleP Pee ge 9 nieveleietl Mises AD LS 4A On Or sO 4s QOS MSS ee 6 itil 6.43] 1.88] 20.00] 13-14]...... Sepia 5 43] 3) 46] 27] 36) 3] © 9] azj14 |10 | 6 13 Bec aa herfllogeaac ae eon e N. W Soe oles Gi Sole. oS Sik SHS: RSE Hy 10 ZNO)! PAHS OBaene BU reiret rs N 31 3} 54| 28) 46 3] 11) 25/13 8 |11 11 Bett! MePBilanocoe Sil esicrers SS) 36 oleae 280 45i— dle 1418 85 eal) AC Spe) Peale linesebe By lleteseseorell boeistareee tore : 33} 3| 56] 28) 44) 3) 13) 14/10 |15 | 5 10 Bor) O296|eOr45\P 16° |o.c.e Ss. W oe 3] 59} 26) 43 3} 10) 24/11 11 8 12 2.85| 1.038) 2.15 Se lances 48) 16) 37) 22) 35} 21) 10] 25/19 Le L0: 7 74.774) SSL -3KU Gacicc Da Seats S. W Sai 8149) 2440) eS) ve) -Si1OKOl13 2/1628) .AdO)e3203) 01-51) 184) 218) |). 6... cltestevastae 37 2} 51] 25) 40 3} 10), 25j12° 13 5 9 SACO LESel te wjais ate eal eeooe S. W. 40 Slay 22 S55 Sle FI (Btls 0 9 15 SUT) teste peed sel Gn ieee S. W. 36} 3) 48) 24) 40) 3] 8] 10111 |15 | 4 10 APSE NOVAS cc's a6 OU ease W. 33 3| 48) 24) 40 3) 12) aj | 6 |15 9 1uU QS tis OLS | terecistere Qi eke W. 40| mj) 40] 18] 41) 4] 98] 14/18.8] 7.2) 9.5) 9.0) 5.87] 2.86] 13.00) 14 |......J]....... fs DPMS esol ISI) 26) AL eS 4A 6) Malt 12 6.67, 2:86) 13.00) 4t |e oe.n Ss. W 50} 15) 380) 11] 23) 13 4; 18/18 3 9 5 Adsl HAs SO cretctelere 25 Sal batsmen ie DL iopeso lol ese Is 7 eso. ile i.” 11 (43'S) ieee) lec.ciodie ial tenaeraret N. W. 50) taal TSO" 18}, 25) aah’ BI V4 acai ace 9 GLOUPATE OPOC Peta | Eeeese S. WwW. 40 4) 51) 24) 41 4| 12) akj\17 4 9 of LOO | (ctareveredllisueverece’e||lotetstes ohet| maeieere Ss. W. 52) p| 35) 16) 24) w 5 8,10 9 /11 7 AAO ane) e ol presarere ae eek rae Ss. W. 40} 3) 49) 22) 36) w) 8] 28:12 | 8 |10 11 Ab eel 4 SO eed aige |e eas S. 1 36 |] 47| 22) 38 5 5 45 4a iced VicCe Yel 0) ECS Yak Ye a (COVE tenes ata | ES O11 5 ta R20) fea Fs Pe ae i 5 47 3] 44) 21) 31 3 9 810 {13 a 10 Zea Os EGG iverserete OWE aie Ss SOW jot) pow Solo See 5! JON ee Ws 9 9 CS) io tents) ladaere 10 raat 1 W 156 EigutTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MereorotocicaL Data LocaTION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER. Homipity. TEMPERA 2 |: gio |. iat 3 el). | & ls2| 85 oD to o a a — STATION. County. D = Bee ke cS KE es 8) 3S Beles a Be] @] 8/58] £5 S $ 3 me) sls | eA ~ ‘ 5 77 bs =) (>) S|) cage -| 3 2 a Slee | 2) = ig} E ge] eg) ee |e |e A | Se lesa S| als |S hee Hudson Val. (Con.) Honeymesd Brook) DUtCHessiits a2} /450) es cersi|| weve ois ell ote lostielerstei| aPelllelelare|| eivisisin|\sivte.e « 64.3] 64.3) 87) 21 Poughkeepsie..... | Be tO gaa) asi calldol loos Utalt Sot] soda) ooo aoe «».-| 64.6) 90! 7 Wappinger’s Falls | ue Ren teat aoaoeoleal sere. [cl accel ho deel eee (Mee 67.6) 91] 21 West Point........ Orange....... I Saal cosa foal ote ol od) acco socal IGE! Ro 66.4) 91} 21 Carmel] vacny22 .)2. Putnanr’ |o8 3 D KUN > | 2 ; 2 bo s|2 | 3 |35 a mae 3 ca tea) | 4 aS 2 B oS] 6 lao! a @ = bo ox faded | ‘st. | OS © a E = - = 6 lo°| 6 a ~ 5 5 ac 8 Be Vaal ae a | 3 5 ES slelel2e letsetelelilela g Dn (3) (=| =| ce 2 s Selelise] eis Sies S| 8 ® =) 3 D 3 CH ey Ie 3B |/s5. be =) a SHREW SRA ARLE tal ee eA Nec Ue AV ee a hm 3 " W111 ish (lal 12 2540) Le 200014 laces 5S. W. 3 9) 251138 110 ve 9 DFA PTO) a es 14 Ss. 3] 14 W138 Teo ehy) 12 3.52| 1.58) 14 Te Ee ere Ss. 6 5 dh ¢sal sant] beac 11 ALOT et, GO (eid S20 Ta ee crease S. E. 5 @| 11/15 3 {12 ual se eds OSE Lieis QU npek erie tare clels.«]|botierstetetetatere 28] 10 8}.. FA0| Mole 510 46ers Bish [Perera ayelllevesetete savays 98} 10 8}.. 1 1251040 | ane Bis Wierereiae lester cee 3 5 9/10.0/11.0) 9.0 820}, 2e90)) M64 eet os (OE fel | ncroiieesl lace 6 a i b) CHlitvee lectaalhaaths 6 BOE SO iia wesc tore | eveve re geal aia tocbre ail tetevevareys Ss. W. 3 7 8110 | 11 9 10 BEOT)) 164 ees os GAT ineaes We 4 "i 9/10.7]13.0) 6.3 ZA) 2.92 Qed rcrseres ietereee ote cs 5 8 819 {14 % u 4.57 i an ers e N. PW Mailzdll Gk es aollecodllact 6 1.54 Gor Gears 8. Hoh Agi SSB Or |rBenl Deshi terpal ialtsiees 5 Bil ate WwW 4 i 91138. 112 5 8 fate] aU) ee eae Sin disvecrerts WwW TAN Wl cabins Tee |i) v4 148188] 08d 48N 8 45N14 Boi \ieeesn (Aen | 4 vA 9116 {11 3 8 Zoot 1.54} 14.00 tor ects. S. W. 4; 10 9)15 9 6 5 Pet G)\ eelieliece sts = Diba: states S. W. 3 6} 22)/15.3]10.2) 4.5 S20) 2228 | eS Ie ec ee QW etare's dealfeiatecertassvet Bl Gama WBE Beak oP | esol MOIS MELISS pssencbe hs. : 3 7) 2819 |16 5 8 TAG Or Se ae cre 26) Wicsares S. W 3} 10) 10/16 5 9 vi PAAU | Dts Bale ages Oe erates W. 3] 121 17/19 Ue 4 8 keer WBN ls doae Qo eaves S. W. 80} 12] an]16 |11 3 10 160" aOR 89s sen Qe yateaia W. AS Oley 10) tesroloceae v4 5 W742) Bila lees 0) Ae taonoe N. W. 8] 11] 25/19 8 3 8 Wa49 | OLGL as one Be Widest etccoscr|everarerayarstete 19 8} 22116 vg Mt vi a5 OOD Were soe ical os aane W. 3] 11) 22/20 9 1 6 ep | emt OOl Ooo |e sO /)\'sseteretare Ss. W. 3 9} apj12 |13 5 8 Pats | Oe s) ecsae f¢ N. W. 30 6} 22)11 116 3 11 4567 Pe OR aes oo 26. Il\ee tosis N. E. 3 @| 10)/12.0)11.0) 7.0 FeO) ro cOTlaleO0)a. 1-380 8 | sey reed eeeiaere x SH LO | Pears: oil eves | ere 6 2.41} 0.85} 3.00 Bi aibarstrsvere N. W. 3 7) 10/11 g 7 4 Pye BAS (OE e ae Bo eyeteretets W. 3} 10) 25/18 |10 7 11 4.36; 1.00; 1.30 Givi eeretvens N. W. 3) 3 hs 14)12.1)10.9] 7. EF SG) nied) ties OMe One alr Ss. W. graph. || Report received t»o late to be used in computing means. The mans from the + Blank indicates that the duration is not shown in the original records, but is within twenty- (j) 20, 21; (kK) 8, 9; (1) 1, 2; (m) 8, 4; (nm) 2,10; (p) 2. 4, 11, 15, 16; (@) 8, 18, 30; (r) 1, 2. 3, 14, 30; (ac) 22. 24; (ad) 24, 26; (ae, 24, 25; (af) 10, 26; (ag) 14, 25; (aA) 1, 28; (at) 25, 28; (aj) 9, 10, 25. 158 EiegHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TEMPERATURE — JUNE, 1896, Suowinc Datty Means FoR THE STATION. Western Plateaw.. PAU RE) sara sisinsca/om Friendship -.----- Humphrey -.----- t Arkwright.-..--. Jamestown .....-- Mount Morris ..-.- Tockport)-----=-=- Wedgewood ...... Addison .......... South Canisteo -.. Eastern Plateau.. Binghamton ...--- South Kortright-. Brookfield ........ Middletown ..--.-.- Port Jervis....... Cooperstown -.--- New Lisbon ...... Mohonk Lake.... 1 58 79 63 New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 159 Recions, anD Dairy Maxima anp MrInImMA For THE STATIONS. 17 20 OI1 oo OK Mowwoa 5) He o> 1 85 29 30 Monthly mean a as to de ' ' er | (=r) ~l La ~ C—) for) oa bo 160 EicgHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THR Datry Means ror THE Reaions, anp Datry —— STATION. Northern Plateaw. Saranac Lake..... Gloversville ..---- Lowville.......-.. Number Four..-.. Atlantic Coast... Brooklyn -.---..--- Manhattan Beach. New York City-..- Willet’s Point ..-. Brentwood-..----- Setauket.......... Bedford: =3...-...2- Hudson Valley... TAU Repo 4b Lebanon Springs Honeymead Brook Poughkeepsie ...- Wappingers Falls. West Point..-..--- Champlain Valley Plattsburgh Barr's Glens Falls....-. y St. Lawrence Val Malone 222-25 ee. Madison Barracks Watertown..... awe Canton. -6/.--.-425- Massena.......--. North Hammond. Ogdensburg ...... Potedam.......... 1 43 s |9 69 | 66 73 | 71 61 | 51 70 | 80 63 | 61 80 73 64 | 60 76 | 71 62 | 59 67 | 70 83 | 83 64 | 63 66 | 70 69 | 64 74 | 78 63 | 61 73 | 83 60 | 60 76 | 83 64 | 62 65 | 81 60 59 71 | 80 62 | 60 66 | 71 71 | 82 62 | 62 68 | 86 56 | 56 71 | 79 62 | 61 76 | 82 62 | 62 89 85 62 63 68 | 71 57 | 63 74 | 81 6) | 65 55 | 58 60 | 72 50 | 44 61 64 65 | 60 50 55 68 | 83 61 | 60 68 | 62 70 66 62 | 55 79 | 69 60 | 48 88 | 79 63 | 60 78 | 66 61 | 59 80 | 66 65 | 56 68 | 65 60 | 58 72 | 62 51 ! 52 12 | 13 55 | 57 62 | 7 39 | 41 72 | 72 47 | 44 69 | 72 48 | 40 66 | 71 40 | 44 67 | 64 3 a es) 64 | 59 72 | 80 60 | 57 78 | 69 60 | 57 78 | 72 56 | 57 80 | 72 51 | 49 ICO Ck 57 | 56 CIE 50 | 50 63 | 63 75 | 76 55 | 51 72 | 63 47 | 52 72 =| 93 49 | 47 Tit 9) 4 47 | 45 78 | 76 55 | 58 76 | 80 54 ) 50 Tits | TO 53 | 56 61 | 66 75 | 80 47 | 52 59 | 59 62 | 62 50 | 45 71 | 73 28 | 56 60 | 6L 64 | 65 47 | 41 Thy | a6 48 | 57 79 | 78 43 | 44 74 | 70 46 | 49 80 | 84 50 | 50 74 =| 70 50 | 55 65 | 67 50 |! 53 New YorRK WEATHER BUREAU. 161 Maxima anp Minima ror THE Startons—( Continued). 15 |16|1%7|18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29] 30 Monthly mean 72 \78 |75 | g2 | 82 | 85 | so | 75 | 72 | 75 | 67 | 80 | 78 | 78 | 68 | 73 5 42-|44 |\48 | 5: | 59 |59 | 63 | 40 | 45 |.52 | 57 |59 | 59 | 5a | 39 | 50 | 82-9 65 | 76 | 72 | 79 | 83-| 8 | 87 | 77 | 72 | 72 | 60 | 80 | 78 | 79 }77 | 70 | Go q 48 | 45 |57 | 56 | 53 |53 |-68 | 63 | 4e | 46 | 49 | 58 | 52 | 54 155 | 45 - 7. |49° |\74 | 81 | 93 | 84 | 82 | 74 | 74 | 78 | et | 77 |-78 | 78 | 71] 90 an Wa 50" | a5 47 | 58 57 (56. 36) | 44 | 50) | 58 |'43) | 5a | 500}. 37 | 298 6. |63 | 64 | 67 | 71 |75 | 77 | 77 | 67 | 60 | 60 | 68 | 69 | 65 | 70 | 66 | 66.1 2 72 |! | 2 | ea") 90° | 89") VB) | 68). G5" | 82) | 92" |e, | 86) 79 | ag 511.58" | eo |e1- |-ai) | 68" | 70.) | Td) |.eB | 5a) | 55 |s6 | 60" |e) oes] “59 : 58 | 68 | 64 | 64 | 66 |\70 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 73 | 63 | G4 | 71 | 73 | OR | 7B | gg 50 | 54 159 | 60 | 60 |'6s | 67 | 66 | 62 | 58 | 54 | 52 | 60 | 6o | 6 | 58 : WS (BB. | 87) |e) 821 85. | Rw Br) | 72s eB ess (eT |" 1B) |, Be) 74 || ea 5. |58 |58 | 61 | 66 |68 |70 | 69 | 63 | 53 | 54 | 0 | 65 | 61 | 64 | 57 : 74 |72°| 68 | 76 | 84 | 89 | 88 | 89 | 75 | 67 | 65 | 79 | e2 | 66 | 81 | 77 | gy 56 |59 | 60 | 58 | 63 | 68 | 69 | 62 | 54 | 53 | 56 | 57 | 61 | Go | 56 | 56 ee ee) |e) |e) So. (e+ se | OL. | We. | 7B. |69> | SON anes EN | SRN ETI oe 50 '|51 |59 | 60 | 55 | 65 | 61 | 68 | 50 | 42 | 54 | 60 |.....157 | 59 | 59 ae ero) | ve Vee) | Be Br) Sa) | 7) eh) | 66 26) | 78) 6G) | 79 7B naan 52 | 52 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 65 | 67 | 69 | GU | 54 | 55 | 6) | 59 | 6O | 40 59 Die 70 | 74 | 66 | 81 | 86 | 86 | 9, | 86 | 74 | 67 | 62 | 80 | 79 | 88 | 80 | 7 | eyo 67 76 74 81 88 | 92 86 | 84 76 78 64 Rt 84 80 | 74 78 64.6 54 55 | 54 | 59 | 55 | 64 64 | 60 | 47 46 | 45 | 60 56 57 57 44 : 62 | 66 68 87 GR Ue |) 2 66 | 61 64 61 69 65 68 | 61 56 63 9 162 E1GcHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SHowrmsc Dairy Means For THe Reactions, AND Datty STATION. Great Lakes .....- PD WNEITE sot o.c'siae o's Westfield.......-- Brutal, -s-s se Pittsford... <:.== =. Rochester ........ Appleton ....-.--- Fort Niagara ..... Baldwinsville...-. Erie, Penns'vania. Oentral Lakes .-.. rev) . ' ' ' ' ‘ . ' ' . . ' ’ ' ' Metter 6 ON 65 | 76 | 80 | 86 | 80 | 84 | 85 | 80 | 64 49 | 89 | 56 | 55 | 63 | 63 | 65 | 59 | 53 57 | 60 | 66 | 69 | 70 | 69 | 68 | 66 | 61 11 12 | 13 62 | 63 78 | 76 52 | 55 70 | 75 56 | 58 70 | 75 51 | 48 74 | 74 53 | 55 75. | 71 52 | 51 77 =| 72 52 | 52 74 | 78 50 | 55 68 | 71 49 | 52 70 | 73 41 | 46 71 | 74 53 | 50 73 | 72 57 | 58 61 | 63 68 | 72 Bt | 49 76 | 79 49 | 54 72/97 51 | 47 61 | 62 ; Max. and Min. by the Draper Thermograph. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 163 Maxima anp Mrnrma For THE Stations — (Concluded). —— eo eS eee —— ~~ «| ¥: E1cgHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datry anp Montrurty Precip STATION. Western Plateau .. AVEO s 2552405 Ue Auvgelica Bolivar Friendship Humphrey Little Valley Cherry Creek.....-. Akron Avon ity MOrris.:.5-- .2: a3 i Lockport Victor Lyrone* =... 23h cee Wedgewood Addison (Aglantat 2224252555. Haskinville........ South Canisteo -.... Arcade Eastern Plateau -.- Bingbamton Chenango Forks... Oxford 220: eese = Cortland Bloomville Deposit South Kortright -.. Brookfield Apulia Middletown Warwick New Lisbon Oneonta Perry City Newark Valley.... WAVOEIG Reps cice a Mohonk Lake Northern Plateau. West Chazy Elizabethtown Saranac Lake...... Gloversville Dow ville... 5ce066. Number Four...... Kings Station...... Atlantic Coast..... Brooklyn Manhattan Beach.. New York City.... liming 226 236 t-..e- Oe ew ceneene 1 0.09 0.00 wane 0.00] 0.00] 0 05 Rea Oe ee ome Ly a al hoe a} Oe Sl ieay sce. 4. ag 0.00; 0.01 BOY ACS RY 0.00) 0 00) 0.00 0.00) 0.00 0-12) 0.21 -04) 45 -32| * w-2-| 021 48 os Caps eet ees bat 10 ...| 08] .18 ae el!) S03 a) a SY peeeleen | «06 ast 203 co eaeedl |. 05 Le Uel S| 545 BG | estp) Sal eee 08 0.00) 0.46) 0.32 soe] dee we--[) 210 "64 13 06 AP pers |h. al! ose) ) ke OU reee 0.00) 0.00] 0.01 «weal ae SPR NSE SA 0.89 1.07 * 53 1 16 -17 -54 1.15 1.385 1.20 1.15 -80 1.23 1.10 0.84 1.00 64 59 “187 56 1.10 10 1 00 2.68 1.23 1.10 -94 -90 1.03 -03 0.40 ea? 51 40 -29 -54 0.06 03 as -16 0.65) 0.08 1.35) T. T1.98 -99 1.20 -12 -46 "34 “46 -55 -21 -44 -20 2.47 -17 -22 0.44 1.12 “"88 1.15 -65 1.22 -32 -16 -10 -70 31 «ol -10 -18 0.56 1.10 68 -41 - 63 6.12 -16 -15 -26 i 11/1 a 14 2 o~ 0.00 0.00,0.00 0.06 Jt Be eee ae oe Weeebelescs |) Sane si RG Vat: oe. Pegs 2ee ek eet a “15 0 13] 0.00/0.03) 0.38 a ¥_ 60/7, 8225) Oa redlederehocisahieaa ae Be --| -45 ae : Bae aif 5: Sep) J 0.05 T. | 0.00/0.20) 2.18 siaseta\| | eietetatel| ete 2.86 <% * 11.05 Bo| esol 2.59 New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. TATION FOR JUNK, 1896 —(IncuEs.) 165 0.53) 0.14 -02 0.00 19 | 20 | 21 0.00) 0-02) 0.11 eae eel -08 -18 20 Bald oe -24 se [ots Vents sciecl) 40 ey le BEAR SIE s Z 52 ny |b aay te ue. ae -09 ce == -26 be oe Si) ae 10 0.00} 0. Sonal) adele vee) Socal! Gee cpdipock -09 0.02) 0.29 Seolb dee -51 Beall tocies -25 = Sc -21 Soe 55 - Haale Y. 0.00) 0.15 Saal) ich) Sool | He al IRY = Ac -O1 se aS -03 se ace at 5 72 - 2 -53 NEA ie LUBA isc , 0.00) 0.74 &: -85 howe oodeal) =k 0.02) 0.10 HT Meas ikapieee 50 So |rses a2 |noae 136 \veae “10 166 EicgutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datrty And Monruty Precipr STATION. Atlan. Coast (Con.) Willet’s Point. -.... Brentwood ......-. Seatauket -........ Bedford! --.-.--cie Hudson Valley ..-. ADS) S2< Soo- ses Lebanon Springs .-- Honeymead Brook. Poughkeepsie -..... Wappinger’s Falls. West Point........ Carmel 5 .06.0 see ose Great’ Lakes 222 -225- Buffalo .te5455-- Rochesten 25.2.40055- Fort Niagara Baldwiusville Ossevo.... Palienovs Ass cee Erie, Pennsylvania.. Oentral Lakes ..--.-- Ithaca Average departure. COUNTY. TEMPERATURE (DEGREES (FAHR.). © ttaraugus .. Chemung .... Chenango .... Cortjaud...... Madison New York... Albany....... Jefferson St. Lawrence. “ 1) Niagara ‘ nondaga .... Oswego te we aaa 3 |g : ee &§ A = aS se\s| s S pared RS eae gis | Be Tete ad Ol as ° J ray {=} as |<] 2 z S SAMIDE ie 3 © oO © aa We |i a =a = 66.1|)oal Rees © 64.4 64 9) 15] 1854) 1896| 62.7 65.2] 14] 1883] 1896) 62.9 68.2) 17] 1852] 1896! 67.7 64/iil|) See eee 63.9 64 2] 29} 1828] 1896] 63.8 2.0) 34| 1829 1896) 63 4 63.3/ 19] 1827] 1895!._.__ 64 1; 43] 1854) 1896] 63.3 66.8) 14) 1883) 1896) 65 0 68: Mi cnleeener lee se 62 4 63.1| 31] 1827} 1896] 62.4 67.9|0 hl seeehe | PE 65.8 68.9, 26] 1871) 1896] 66 0 66.9] 11] 1886, 1896] 65.7 684i 22) oo8.eeee ce 65.9 68 9| 23] 1874) 1896) 68.0 66.8] 16; 1881) 1496] 64.3 69.6] 67; 1826) 1896] 65.4 65S aleecer al heeeee 64.1 5.3] 42! 1839] 1896] 64.1 GSS NY Ne Oe ea ee a 63.8 64.9| 35! 1839) 1896) 63.0 66.4{ 35! 1862| 1896] 62 6 67.4] 19: 1866] 1596) 66.7 64.4| 29: 1828] 1896) 62 7 65.6). -\eaees _... | 65.0 | 64.9] 26 1871] 1896) 66.0 66.5] 25' 1871] 1896] 66.0 65 3] 39° 1842| 1896] 65.6 65.7| 19! 1854| 1896) 67.6 64.0} 26) 1871| 1896] 63.0 65.4) 40) 1857] 1596] 63.4 67.1| 22) 1814] 1896] 66.0 66.9 | eee 65.3 66.9 2 1879] 1896) 65.3 the normal. Departure from EXTREMES OF MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE FOR JUNE. Ba.) 34 CS a ed eae =: a ee 71.1] 1856) 60.8! 1855 67.7,'90-°95| GI 4) 1886 73-2] 1895| 61 2) 1859 70.4 1828) 57 9° 1833 G6 5 1858) 58 1) 1851 73 6 1831| 57.2) 12839 71.9| 1870) 57 3| 1863 71.2, 1895, 62.31 1885 ee Ga a 1831] 58.2) 1857 72 0| 1892) 64 2] 1881 69-8] 1892] 53.8! 1886 7375|""igaa) 65"0| i878 69.7)’82-'89| 63.6] 1886 72.4| 1870) 60.5} 1842 71.2} 1870) 59-2) 1843 73.9] 1870] 61.6| 1869 77.9| 1870 63.0| 1875. 69.4| 1895] 56.7| 1833 69.0) 1895) 59.6] 1881 71.0)'93-95) 61.0 188L 69.7)'76%1 59 1] 1842 72.0} 189%] 60.7| 1857 68 9| 1876] 58 2} ©18R1 71.6) 1870!) 61.) 1885 | 71-0| 1876] 62.0} 1881 70.4) 1892) 61.3) 1881 - Cooperstown - Setanket New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. _AND PRECIPITATION — JUNE. 169 STATION. Western Plateaw..-.- IAM PElICA csceemcckecs Hum phrey..--..----- Ton GA a ae oeees Eustermn Plateau....- Oxfordas.cses-—2 ssc Curtland’:-coces. eee Hamilton Port Jervis.2--.--25- AWiAVOLLYiceca=ssc65—=5- Northern Plateau. ... owwilless sees o== Atlantic Coast...---- New York city -.-.--- Hudson Valley .----. PANDA jee eee te Houevmead Brook... Poughkeepsie ----.-- West Point.-::-.---- Boyds Corners.:.---- Champlain Valley ..- Plattsburgh Barr'ks. St. Lawrence Valley - - Malone) <2. +=- 2-05 Madison Barracks... North Hammond .-.-. Potsdam>--- --2.----- Great Lakes. ..-.---. IBwiaoe ees cosceee oe mochester)-c.--ss-o5¢ Fort Niagara.......- OS WER0s ees skeen MGN ACA ems aoemaeeeie COUNTY. Allegany -.-.- Cattaraagus .- Chemuvg ..-. Chenango .... Cortland...-... Madison ....-.. Albany ....-.- Onangersseeoe Putnam Franklin ..-... Jefferson ..-.. St. Lawrence.. “ee PRECIPITAT;ON — (INCHES). ae ; 9 ‘ & | EXTREMES OF MONTHLY a a s PRECIVITATION FOR 8 Fy és 2 JUNE. a ie S = © a=) = es Saal Ss ¢ | 2 | GREATEST. LEAST. Pelee oe a ele eset eneerlll| pag m | o © Ses 2 Eas re +4 A eal aes aio a td I= = | i OL ° 2) = os ° & ° H Q cs) ) + By qa S Ss os - o o o ° o i= oO 5 o ep Sle s| e/g. ‘ : oe Ee) eS + ) . Oo Ves| o8 STATION. COUNTY. | ¢ ey) 2) S ls2| Ss . Pcl oaeul ibe [eal ee S ~ 3 a ir) = le El L; ete | 2 eo) th alma tee | ane Pa S|. e) [Si cele Weel at, |e alee 2 o OS Ss Teles © o |» ed =o a| 4 mH iAalek Ala] A| Al |a BIA Western Plateau.) -seccceencnes Reem aie ecm nrcn|eclose oecill ei) race eee] aeons | eee 69.6 96} b- Alfred).€2 52-0825 Ailegany..-.. Tepe Ea eo eee Elan ee Pecos ees (bee O7e41 BG me Angelica -.-.-..-: Be Maarere ate SAO stnse | oe | etl ees | ere ion [leone |e eee 67.6] 68.2, 89] 3 Bolivar cease eee AIG many emma Ses | docecs|.- 5508) cn ped ace! Salnean | peehel-nc)efoeee| see sees meee 68.7) 83] 2 Jamestown ...---- as BES) cn oa'=s|| coca c< |< aloetc nal eel eee een | ener eee 69.0 86} d@ Wlmiiva #22.5.5- ve at Chemun'ey 252/863 2-2-2] 55.02 ae. Pd eee | ee eee tal eae these 93} 3 ALY ON) osnciee sm IWIBESLON =} HRD) 2e2- ==). oan |i= lane oe Bare Sncom) jarieee, jesse 72.0 95) 2 Mt. ‘Morris: ---=-=- .» 555 bi)-s) Bees BEANO Ieee ORs) ici) | (35d loool les. 73.3 96) 6b WOCk pore sere eae IN EYED AD 8p 35 [SSS Eee ee el BeEee es] el BAeere he (eel bene --- |72.2] 73.2 94) @ Withop =] sesensseee Ontario -....- 5a; Soeees Eee Basco Sasa ctiase Seldon a Wedgewood .....- Schuyler. .... 15 Soft] ee St (eam fees HE ee ele Been ees 3 Addison ......-.--- Steubeo.....-. 101) RAE ete ete eel Is roe rey (esl Bese 74 ar South Canisteo.---.| Stenben.-..-.-- Te ese pee eee ea|enesocl foe! look 80 g ATCANGe+ =~ sobon= Wu payeevu tyre ge i304 eae ee Se | eg ee | EU ee 2 ne 3 Varysburg........ ee ePetare eee |= ain leys ol]! a wee oll al (a cecioteetel | Ren pee etcetera] eet 2 Hastern Platetu.-| --<2-6--2-.--- ie OMS Eee Pea Petes rnd ls 2 Se aS SR beget 3. Binyhamton .-.. | Broome --.-.-- BLO) psec waiece ccs] coileeersere eet meee ae 3 Oxtind) = ----.--ee= CIGNA e5 4 PU Eee) ese es) eacen al ers||accsalsosrs| tes: 9 Contland’=: =~ - Wee Cortland .---. Ui Et Sea) (ee Wi erent |e Te eae A 2 Bloomville ....-.. LOT Oy CieS a (Gh BASE Bese Il Barera esitsccde ( soells h Seuth Kortright .. ce Be OU anes = =| secs cols xsflene ate lletel | sera ciersetalla eens 3 Elka Park........ Greene......- BNO wivwinimey| na care|lss| ces msi|leel aise 63 2 Brookfield .....-... Madison ...-. Ab estar line ces Selb eens «|les] soe meee sees YY Middletown ......| Orange..-..-- (1H oat Seem Wal eeraa sol [saoc (shales. 3 Port Jervis ....... acetic MO easic'. hewis:.12..-. Ue anoee Fe Ie eee el eee oe see een: : 9 Number Four..... Be ele ee 1571, 29.98] 30.34|18) 29 74) a0 60} 81 3 Avlantic Odasty2..|\nseeerata kame ean emaw mel i cide call son auc | ese | damiaal | 2 els | & ey ee | ool Be = A} =| wo] oS H SC15,8| 5 | oo & s Fah lh ees et ia tH lS] oe | A ; = ep % =I Ts 9 ° iS) og - 5 ° A : Rea esi) (lee 3 mw Ila by HO = =| ol a EU Montes e rea ean | Sal) eset WS eau fa : = a z o/s |8)aerealal|s g.\g e | as a = 2 o 3 > + 5 5 Oo ~ 3 od aK) ~~ o ~ ~ oO ° 3 = Gg o a =e) [=| =) ° ra (a) os ° a SVTealala eo alata) ala | ae dH o me a 4 = h.m. 40} + 44; 22) 44 1 4) ak |10.5/12.1) 8.4) 13-0) 5.70) 4.24)...... 20). | eso eae ate 46} 17; 40) 20) 32 ] 4) 24) 5 |15 |il 17 4.49} 0.81] 5.00 Area) eecetaiet= Ss. W 42| +r 47; 22) 38) 18 (ae Uo Ports! Incl oe ctoec D266) lal O|poocas Dotem ieatiaatal|etetaniets 41} 17) 45] 22) 40 1 6) (24) 4 1-7 —|20 15 TCOW tL e29 beens fal See cl ae caseae 40| 50| 27) 44 Ps ea 20 eee less : 12 5A OTS | create 29... |esoN02 eee ss 45) 17) 40] 18] 28) ae 6) 24] 7 9 {15 12 T=50| bos sear = 20) eilsecsee Ss. W Sale wii oli ls) lie 1s A 20 ose |e BA SSS ONe ic nara Saoeca) Geeora Gbaeaal mcptipd| sence aac 49) 18) 37) 18) 29] af 6} al |} 7 19 5 12 1=9G6| L438 POE O0|h 200 lease ce S. W 49} 18) 44) 21] 33 2 8 5}24 1 6 12 5.55 7 iiontcaie Set ieee Ss. W 46] 18) 49} 23} 42] 18 9} 16)10 {19 2 16 4.8 MESO) esi as 20): ilee nae aaron Sere 45] s 51} 30) 42] ag 17 1; 4 |11 {16 9 4291) sl40 |e cos. 2012 )\ssoces W. 52] 4+ 42) 23) 37| 18) 15) 20/24 4 3 9 6550) 4524 | 2ote Se 20; eee WwW 2 Reciloadallbearlsece| soe acaa AoA rel | eastental|tobrerel| prictereteas (NLP oe meee lle eecaallbosooallencccollosoakiaea 50) 25) 42) 22) 35 1 BI 24 22) Ned 15 Hz02 0570) OZ 27 Nese 5S. W. AT et Ao 22°38] Set 8) Danae e115 18 4.45] 0.92]...... al eee Ss. W EO The CWA) Pie Bi 1 7) 24112 113 6 iit DON 00) erraterere a eee] ees Wie 44| 17) 45) 20) 30 2 5| 24) 7 |14 |10 12 Ci'39 | abs 75 sete. Usb ocolisacseas se 44) 17) 50) 24) 40, 18 6, 24/12 |11 8 12 DT ube8sieeaee 20) aa Sete etree 42) ¢ 44) 23) 46 1 A) 2a LOLS 1220822) LLST) 5-30) S280 Oye oes a ete ase 47| 17] 46) 22) 39 1 8} 20; 8 |16 7 13 3.85) 0-.90)....-- 140 iossoce Ss. W 44 1} 48} 27) 44 L220 lei tS 5 14 HSSii|e el a2 Maeeere 208" ZEeee S 45 8} 45) 23] 39 1) 11} 20/15 |10 6 15 Cay EE eo 20) sltemicees N. W 42 S24 vag el SPQ pbs 7 13 5.82) 1.95 42) 26) 49} 28) 43 2 CPA one eel lore 8 4.90} 1.02 47) 17) 38) 18) 28 1 8) 24) 5 |13 {13 12 7 .42|) 36 47| wu 46) 24] 34! o 10) 924-6 17% 9-8 10 3.29) 0.70 52| 19) 43) 20) 37 3 4) 20/17 9 5 9 SUOMI ep: BALA eoei Si) 3b 1 ZI 24) 9) 5s hy, 13 8.71} 3.18 50} 24) 35)' 15} 24 TS) 420)'9 13% +19 12 460s ABS iieeooes PAU al erase 5 43) 18) 46) 24) 40 1) 11} 20)11 Bes (12 il 5.12) 1.25] 4.00 CO ee 5 Asie dol 26) Sein 4) sleeet| wos oeoe |e Lo ACPA eh Pee Bue ile arses: aicietaeretare 51] v 42) 24) 37 DD 2a EL 8 12 13 4,18| 10:75 |2e 2255 ZOPeAl|e sake S. W 45| 18) 48) 24] 40 1 6} 20/10 113 8 13 Beste oe O0), (2205) eas a ars) 50) w 35) 23] 32 3] 12) 24/22 2 U 8 Beds |i) Ledellsansee Pa ees S. W 40} 31) 45) 21) 44] 16 6) 20] 7-5)15.5) 8.0) 13.8) 4.92) 2.88]...... DOE Dea =r | erelersteratons 40} 31) 50) 22] 35 2 6} 20) 6 18 7 15 A219) AyD 2B SSEE Ce pA ea Ss. W 49) 17) 41] 20] 33 2} 10; 20/12 j11 8 15 195). 208i 2923017 (20). 5) 225 22 WwW \ 44| 16) 47) 23] 44] 16) 9] 20,9 17 | 5 13 BB) ee ee) DO eee Ww. 43) 16) 41) 20) 30 g 7| 20/3 |16 |12 12 TOON b2e08)|\s15 20 =~ 20221 eeceee N. W. 48) 19) 34] 16) 34] 26 4) wam}14.8] 7.3] 8.9) 13.0) 4.68] 2.44) 16.00) 4-5 |....../....-... 58 DUE Bes il PAA Gy 7 24/11 9 |11 14 A.23)) 0.82) 222555 2m eee Wis Doe ese Lh AON a7, 4| an |19 6 6 13 BES CH oleR Sas BAe ieescee S. W. 59] 17] 30] 13] 23 1 4) 24/15 8 8 16 AvAaD 106 pacer 6 le2es5 Ss. W. 178 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THD Merzoro.toGicAL Data LOCATION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER, ‘Buiprry| TEMPERA he | lg s |2 |& = \° r= pS = : : : K foe| BE ~ oO fe Maisg! as STATION. COUNTY. | 3 | wo] 2! 3 ize! as Du a A S ins = = 3 3S 2 |=es| Bs ei : Ll a) A les > ES = = | 2 + eae |S |S. | oS | | Z ;| @ | 3 A Ala | Ay el eo ae S|) Fy Sieideee eB 1s) | a ee } 2 2 set =] S 3} o 2 o 2 o Pd | Gy | & a i 4s Waive dete a a =| SSS es —— a | a oe | ee Atlan. Ooast (Con). | Willet’s Point....| Queens.-..-.. NESS Sere eres Pcl seers) ey Lae se! Dee ee eee Me ere 1) Brentwood ....-.-. Suffolk -....- [O87 She eoecel ease ta locl meee su|l5 eae Rae [ates \70.7 73.6} 94) 12 Setauket.......... Pe aedeae | 40)------}--.---]-- [S8enc- --|-.--| 78} 66)72.4) 72.8! 88] 13 Bedinrdsecs cts Westchester .| 290].-----|------|-- SEA me PE eed ae |....1 71.5) 89] 29 Hudson Valley ...| .------.------- foal ec leh Ne | Jee -= --.| 72.7| 94] 12 AIDADY, =, 2 50005- 3 Albany ...... | 85) 30.00) 30-37 19) 29.62/15 0.75 73 63)|---.| 74 0) 94) 12 Lebanon Springs.} Columbia ....; 930).----.|------|-- ese oe ee eee eee eee =«=--| 70.2) 91) 3 Honeymead Brook| Dutchess ....| 450|--....|------]--|.----- se (ae eae a kG 70.9| 70.8) 89| 3 Poughkeepsie ---- as Be Et) eas en) eee Ie eae RS Pes Basan eo. Been || 72-5) 91 Wappingers Falls = BeAa|Pses|Sessa0l hese ei) eileen 3 Pace Bose let | 74 4) 92] 13 Catskill 22322525 Greene.-.-...- Pe ee oral pa see | oH aera RAISES A peepee ne os 73-8) 72.8! 91] 12 West Point..-.... Orange .....- nif eee Ieee |med (sees oF eno aeaaal eee Been | io23| ola Carmel 222525022 = Putnam ..... Tt) fee leas Seem nes Nees Be pa | [ae EF So |e 73.3) 90) A Mi ghaamk (athe ele ees: =<. 5 |e] oo et ee Sy Eset: By egy [epee ---| 70.2} 96| 22 Romes.ns...-soeee Oneida ...... 445) eae 5s lees rt eh a tee ----| 70.2) 96] 22 Oharnplain (yauley|-.-2-2-- 0s -=-<|\ 22 3| ses] =< obec ey eee nd ee ee ee ---.| 69.5] 9F] 3 Plattsburgh B’ks.} Clinton .-..-- 125 | Secea| sees sa loses sel eae oe eee - ----| 69.5] 95] 3 Glens Falls ..-.... Warren i>... 340) S22 ose 3. eee Sale Saetalinsiety. |. 2. -'Ieo~ - eee oil ee | St. Lawrence Val.| .---- Bee oete miele |laleel| ie earl teen sf [ote ed| a ae {54 5S oe .--.| 68.9] 94] Ie Malone’... case Franklin-.-.. 810) See Be Se Sacle ae uleeeeed Bee \67.8 67.6) 88 Madison Barracks! Jefferson... -- 266). => 34) vows =| eee “hes: eaees Bees j....| 69.1] 87| 1 Watertown -...-.-- Jefferson...-. 486)).ce 53.520 oe Bails Geeta jos ARS AS eee ..---| 68.8] 94] k anton: -228. 25-8 St. Lawrence.| 304/..--..|---..- 2a peeates eos Soe ee 67.9, 68.8} 90! JU Massena.......--- PAL 28) Basa. 4 fasaso = sali sas 3 254) S55e8 eree armel hye SAAS : | North Hammond.} St. Lawrence.| 300]-..-...|------|..|------ Bel rere = ata's = [nto a ie 68.8) 70.7) 90| m Ogdensburg... ..-- os 258) .sc sci 'seme esi oeleeese a Spal ak Ski eee won| 89:8) BT sep Potsdam. 7-se" g 300} -222%2] e-o-eeles [SoeSe% Beye eA] » aieininl) ote ----| 67.8] 88) 2 Greg lakes --2- 2s.) peer een -'= = BP ee coe Sansa caee a atta | te ald Pee .-=-| 71-0}; 93] 2 Wonkivk” 20) (33|" 18] = Jee.) 2-22-22 |-255 9 Aeris CE be cece 20) | ese N.W. 54| ac | 38! 20! 29| aj | 11] 19/14 |9 | 8 9 ZEB TE |Ge Seee 9075/2255 eee 54{ 18] 32] 14] 23) 1) 5] 23/8 115 | 8 15 5.89] 3.30).....- PI el Seber Ww. 48| 17| 44) 22) 39) 18] 9) 20/12 |15 | 4 12 EON) Paseesonee S01 ieee Ss. W. 56! i7| e2| 12] 22! is’ 3) 59 lle 6 ! Bil) Whe56) Boal usc aly, embale eee ee 180 ErigutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MerrorotoaicaL Data LOCATION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER. HUMIDITY TEMPERA sh = ee | | Sao ae 21°) Me oD |b 1 : : H Ito! 8a 4 +3 fs) . bo Saq\ as STATION. COUNTY. | 3 a} e| s\ts| 38] A 8) S| = [Bs 28} =| F om =a 2 2 3 Ls F bs a om feet = 8} 5 2 = TPC | (Ce ae Ne: S| @ igi let o's) ee ey) els | 8 leis 2 o eee z HS) o o a oS — — fo) o i oJ (ae Fe tlic Sail eailemcetinlameie etn} ete FGi eS Central Lakes -556\\eeteeiactioen= 2 ='-||\os=esoe a2 | cacets)|--sess cles ltees| Saeeeleeesiel es --| 71-4) 92) 2 Fleming ....------. Caytga ....-.. IR) ces Ise aoee loat eocoa ePsaoeSsadel|s.-cc¢ 72.1] 71.7) 92) 2 Romulus....-.-.-.. Seneca ....--- PIES ARCA ESceCallss\losseed [ssl SisSe 83} 61|....| 71.5] 92| 2 TGA CB seine elem aire Tompkins..-..} 810) 29.99] 30 33/18) 29.63)15)0.70 71 62/70.6| 70.9) 99) g IN GARR Raion). Ea csoetsceeeal ete 80.00) 30.40/19] 29.62/15)0.66 75 61|....| 70.4| 96| b *Mean of the tri-daily observations. { Mean of the maximum and minimum by the Draper abe LN alie observations are derived by the formula (7 a. m. + 2 p.m. + 9p.m.-+ 9p. m.) = 4. our hours. (@) 22, 24; (b) 6, 7; (c) 1, 2; (d) 2,13; (e) 3, 29; (f) 2, 3, 13; (g) 2, 3; (h) 3, 30; (%) 12, 28; (7) 12, 20; (t) 1, 26; (w) 7, 8; (vw) 1, 24; (w) 5, 8; (a) 18, 31; (y) 1, 18, 26; (z) 17, 19; (aa) 16, 17; (ab) 16, 17, (aj) 15, 30; (ak) 20, 24; (al) 16 24; (am) 11, 20, 24; (an) 11, 20; (ap) 7 23; (aq) 23, 24; (ar) 4,7; (as) SS New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. ror JuLy, 1896 — (Concluded). 181 TURE —(IN DEGREES F'AHR.). | Lowest. 4 | ee or Oo = oo 40 Monthly range. | Mean daily range. | Greatest daily range. © tel i=) 3 Aa) = =] ~ . ea oj ae 6| 24 Wy 24 in ee 6} 24 PA taney 4 SKY. je | a o ia) us) sn Ko ey Saleen oo |aB| aes ia] I i=] o Oo oO fei Fe} 2 gig | 5 |S i=} 4l4 14 9.3]14.7] 7.0 6 |22 13 i6L Te} [heyy | Lay eae | 10.3/12.3] 8.4) on or more Number of days PRECIPITATION — (INCHES). which 0.0L inches fell. Total. oy he nw oo lore) Ow ~ 4 o Greatest. + Duration. Total snowfall. thermograph. ; > mm) + Blank indicates that the duration is not shown in the original records, but is within twenty- 13, 27; (Kk) 2, 29; (0) 2, 12, 22; (m) 11, 1 18, 24, 25, 26; (ac) 15, 17; (ad) 17, 18, 31; A, 13, 19; (at) 7, 20; (aw) 14, 15, 24. 9 99 9 2 2 9 aay (ae) i, 17; (af) 1, 18; (ag) 19, 20; || Report received too late to be used in computing means. Prevailing direction of wind. The means from 8, 29; (7) 2, 12; (p) 1, 2, 12; (g) 7, 12; (r) 17, 18; (8) 16, 19, (ah) 1, 2, 18; (at) 1, 16; 182 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TEMPERATURE — JuLy, 1896, SHowrne Darty MEraAns For | b>] STATION. 1) @ulogalaa| 6 ,|.6-. 9. ee eo. | 10 | ae) ae ae Western Plateau...| 71 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 71 | 70 | 67 |65 |69 | 69 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 74 erica 84 |86 185 | 80 | 74 | 82 | 66 | 72 177 | 79 | 82 | 82 | 85 | 79 red.-..--------- 52 159 | 62 | 62 | 64 | 54 | 56 |52 |52 | 57 | 61 |58 | 65 | 65 By aise mao | 80:. (78, {oasis celke a, me) ake g. tb 2 cach eee Angelica...---.---. SU etal —|..62% |68° [Nek eaceh eG elime Wal oe cal. alle coal aaa a 84 |86 |s5 | 82 | 78 | 82 | 71 | 73 | 80 |79 | 83 | 83 | 85 | 81 EN CORO 44 150 | 55 | 89 | 67 | 55 | 58 | 48 | 58 | 58 | 54 | 50 | 57 65 Bis f 90 | 90 | 89 | 84 | ....|85 | 72 | 78 | 84 | 82 | 88 | 86 | 88 | 84 Friendship -------. 46. | 68 | 58 |58 | ....|52 |56 | 48 | 48 | 51 | 57 | 54 | 60 | 65 s2 185 | 84 | 77 173 178 | 66 | 74 175 177 | 80.] a1 | 84 | 80 Humphrey......--. 54 | 62 | 62 | 63 | 62 | 54 | 54 | 51 | 57 157 | 61 | 59 | 64 | 65 } Arkwright.....--. Ns eae Maa a ae Nag 8 cam ae oS ely 83 | 86 |85 | 78 | 76 | 80 | 70 | 75 |80 |78 | 82 183 | 6 | 81 Jamestown ........ 54 | 58 | 64 | 66 | 65 | 56 | 57 | 52 | 60 | 58 | 62 | 60 | 66 | 67 ae 87 |92 |93 | 85 | 92 | 84 | 77 | 74 | 81 | 86 190 | 92 | 91 | 86 “ee senestnnae 6o |59 | 61 | 65 | 74 | 62 | 63 | 62 | 53 | 64 | 62 | 73 | 61 | 72 Roe 91 |95 |92 | 88 | 77 |88 | 92 | 80 | 90 | ....| 87 | 89 | 86 | 82 seceeescecnee 56 | 57 | 64 | 61 | 64 | 58 | 57 | 53 | 60 | ....|64 | 66 | 70 | 6@ 87 |90 | 95 | 92 | 89 | 96 | 96 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 89 | 88 | g9 Mount Morris ..... 70 |70 |57 | 63 | 65 | 57 | 59 | 53 | 58 | 53 | 66 | 63 | 66 | 68 Ttkiont 90 | 93 | 94 | 86 | 77 | 87 | 74 | 84 | 90 | 8 | 91 |\92 | 87 85 port ..----+--- 59 |60 | 68 |65 |60 | 62 |56 |54 | 61 | 60 | 65 | 66 | 68 | 63 ae 93 |95 | 90 | 86 |77 | 89 | 94 | 86 | 83 | 87 | 89 | 91 | 81 | 84 oe eceerereees 59 158 |67 | 64 | 61 | 67 | 55 |58 | 55 | 6m | 65 | 67 | 68 | 62 91 |91 | 92 | 82 | 79 | 82 | 72 |79 | 78 | 81 | 98 |90 | 85 | 85 Wedgewood ......- 56 | 64 | 66 | 66 | 65 |59 |58 |53 | 58 |56 | 63. | 65 | 65 | 64 et 87 |89 | 89 | 84 | 80 | 82 | 74 | 76 | 80 | 93 | 86 | 87 189 | 81 wsenm=e===21 49 | 55 1 60 | 64 | 68 | 60 | 58 | 56 | 60 | 55 | 58 | 66 | 61 | 67 ue 85 |88 | ss |s4 | 78 | 84 176 | 74 | 79 | 81 | 8 | 86 | 86 | 81 South Canisteo -.--| 4 | 54 | 56 | 59 | 62 | 53 |58 | 49 | 56 152 | 54 | 52 | 56°| 63 eer ga | 87 | 99 | 84 | 73 | 81 | 67 | 73 | 78 | 79 | 81 | 84 | 85 | 81 teceeceneees 55 |57 | 63 | 64 | 62 | 54 155 | 51 | 58 | 57 | 62 | @1.] 62 | 65 90 ; 94 |; 92 | 86 | 77 | 84 | 73 | 81 | g2 | a4 | 87 | 88 -| 82 | 87 Varysburgh -.....- 51 |55 | 62 | 63 | 60 | 56 | 56 |52 | 59 | 54 | 61 | 58 | 64 | 68 Eastern Plateau...) 68 72 75 wie 70 71 65 63 69 71 ie 73 13 74. so |92 193 | 95 |79 | 84 175 | 78 | 78 | 84 | 85 | 87 | 92 | 81 Binghamton ....... 50 |57 |61 | 64 | 64 | 61 | 58 | 51 | 60 |56 | 66 | 58 | 60 | 68 Ae 88 |92 |92 |90 [77 |90 | 77 |77 |91 | 85 | 85 |90 | 85 | 86 ~neseceesenns 44/51 |58 | @0 | 68 |58 |55 | 48 | 50 | 55 | 59 | 54 | 57-| 68 : 87 |90 | 88 | 85 |76 | 83 | 73 | 75 | 78 | 83 185 \88 | 79 | SL Cortland......-----| 4g 155 | 61 | 62 | 63 |59 | 58 | 45 | 60 | 57 | 62 |56 |58 | 65 gs | 92 | 93 | 80 | 78 | 83 | 76 | 81 | 80 | 86 | 89 | 91 | 87 | 88 Bloomville.....-.-. 42 154 | 62 | 61 | 64 | 58 | 46 | 50 | 60 | 65 | 64 | 58 | 60 | 65 ; ss |90 | 91 | 86 | 77 | 84 | 75 | 80 | 94 | 83 | 89 | 87 | 86 | 95 South Kortright..-/ 44 | 47 | 59 | 57 | 60 | 52 | 46 | 48 |50 | 62 |55 |55 |56 | 62 s2 |85 |82 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 74 | 72 | 76 | 78 | 78 | 92 | 80 | 7 Elka Park......... 54 | 65 | 64 | 62 | 59 | 58 | 54 | 50 | 51 | 64 | Gv | 64 466 | 62 91 |93 | 90 | 85 | 86 | 89 |68 | 72 | 72 | 84 | 79 | 93 | 83 | 82 Brookfield -........ s7 | 59 | 58 | o1 | 60 | 61 | 47 | 47 | 56 | 62 | 59 | 61 | cs | o2 84 |87 |95 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 79 |75 | 79 ; 84 | 84 | 81 | 86 | 8 Middletown ....... 56 | 58 |58 |68 | 66 | 65 | 68 |56 | 69 | 62 | 63 | 6o | 62 | 64 87 | 87 | 89 | 86 | 81 | 82 | 76 | 71 | 75'| 84 | 86 | 88 | 87 | 87 Port Jervis........ 52 |59 | 62 | 68 | 76 | 62 | 63 | 56 | 61 | Go | 66 | 68 | 64 | 68 80 | 83 | 85 | 80 | 68 | 79 | 67 | 70 | 80 | 78 | 80 | 83 | 72 | 76 Cooperstown,...... 56 | 62 | 63 | 66 | 60 | 62 | 58 | 52 | 62 | 62 | 6O | 62 | 66 58 Pg 84 | 87 | 89 | 83 | 74 | 81 | 72 176 | 80 | 81 | 83 | 87 | 79 | 81 New Lisbon ....... 44 | 51 | 57-| 60 | 50 |55 | 62 | 47 | 58 | 58 | 60 | 58 | 57 | 59 aan 88 |93 | 93 | 89 | 79 | 88 | 80 | 80 | 85 | 87 | 87 | 92 | 85 | 86 ESIC CI 50 | 55 | 63 | 65 | 64 | 58 | 57 | 50 | 60 | 62 | 64 | 57 | 64 66 ee ss |93 | 92 | 86 | 82 | 95 | 71 | 76 | 84 | 84 | 87 | 88 | 80 9 Perry City......--. 51 | 58 | 61 | 63 | 63 |56 | 55 |59 | 59 | 53 |57 | 68 | 67 | 62 Wisc esti ss |93 | 93 | 87 | 82 | 85 | 74 | 80 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 91 | 88 | 86 Yos--+cereee 48 | 5 / 62 | 62 | 69 | 61 | 62 |.40 | 50 | 58 | 58 | 56 | 60 | 69 so | si | 83 | 72 |78 | 78 | 73 | 67 | 77 | 80 | 82 | 85 | 82 Mohonk Lake ..... 52 151 /51 152 |50 '51 !51 | 50 | 63 | @3 | ea | 65 | 64 | 64 New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 183 THE Regions, AND Dairy Maxima anp Minima For THE STATIONS. 16 22 23 29 31 Monthly mean \ 69.6 184 EigHrH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datry Means For tHE Recions, AND Datry STATION. 1 2 3 4 5 6 vi 8 9) 20 | 21) aes het Northern Plateau..| 69 72 wh 70 64 68 62 66 72 92 71 74 71 69 % Lak 85 | 90 | 77 | 77 | 67 | 84 17 80 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 77 | 78 EI ELT So 55 | 55 | 54 | 59 |55 | 59 | 53 | 54 | 65 | 60 | 59 | 62 | 62 53 : 85 | 90 |90 | 80 | 74 | 84 | 72 177 | 81 | 8 | 84 | 88 | 82 | 82 Gloversville ....--- 55 | 57 |66 | 62 |63 |56 | 57 |56 |61 | 64 | 62 | 64 | 64 | 66 eT 85. | 88 | 85 | 84 | 73 | 84 | 69 | 80 | 91 | 83 | 82 | 87 | 80 | 79 NL BUTS e770 55 | 57 |58 | 56 | 60 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 58 | 62 | 62 | 67 | 66 63 2 80.) 85° | 84.1 79ee| B71 68 6d ceaoee 7s | 78 178+) 8%. 73 awe Number Four...... 55 155 |54 | 62 153 |53 |53 | 49 | 57 | 62 | 61 | 55 | 63 | 58 Atlantic Coast ..--. 70 | 72 175 170 | 75 172 |72-|68 | 71 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 80 | 78 Brockir 85 | s8 | 89 | 82 | 8 | 80 | $2 | 74 | 81 | 88 | 89 | 91 | 91 | 88 EILES SC ooo eee 58) (| 61] 73a 6451 7, | TO eeeleee GL i) GC- 4] weal wien |) 74 72 10°), 73 toe ee etser| OL i wemeGeal 73. | T2ccer2ul sae (eso i ae Manhattan Beach.-| gy | g4 | 66 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 64 | 64 | 66 | 68 | 69 | 71 | 69 se ee 83 | 80 |a4 |75 |81 | 78 | 77 | 70 | 76 | 82 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 85 New York city ----| g¢9 | 65 | 65 | 63 | 69 | 69 |66 | 64 | 62 |69 | 70 |70 | 71 | 71 eee 85 | 82 |87 | 7 |85 | 75 | et | 72 | 82 | 83 |88 | 91 | 92 | 97 Willet’s Point....- 58 164 |63 | 63 | 66 |65 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 70 | 67 | 70 | 69 | 71 87 | 97 | 89 | 83 | 87 |8t 178 | 70 | 86 | ....| .---| 94 | 93 | 91 Brentwood ........ 55 | 57 164 | 65 | 69 | 67 1 64 | 64 | 60.| ....] ..5-| 62. 1.68 | 169 Biles g2 |82 |a7 | 75 |s2 | 74 178 171 | 82 | 83 | 85 | 87 | 88 | 84 Setauket...-.-..--. 59 |6@ |65 | 63 | 70 | 65 |68 |63'|63 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 72 |: 70 at ee g4 |86 198 | 75 | 82 175 |76 | 71 | 82 | 85 | 85 | 88 | 87 | $4 LE OSCE 52 |58 | 60 | 62 | 67 | 64 |66 | 58 | 61 | 70 | 6 | G4 | 67 69 Hudson Valley..... 70 |75 |77 | 72 | 7 172 17 |e6 | 73 | 77 | 27 | 77 | 79 | 75 wa 87 | 90 |90 | 81 | 79 | 84 | 79 | 81 | 85 | 89 | 89 | 94 | 88 | 85 ROCCO Ia 60 | 66 | 69 | 66 | 68 | 62 | 62 |58 | 66 | 71 | 70 Bt 70 68 : 85 | 87 |91 | 79 | 82 |84 | 78 | 80 | s8 | 87 | 83 | 89 | 90 | 84 Lebanon Springs.--| 47 | 56 | 59 | 60 | 64 | 56 | 58 |50 |6) | 62 |62 |56 |58 | 64 83 | 86 | 89 | 76 | 93 | 83 }81 | 73 | 81 | 83 | 85 | 87 Honeymead Brook. 51 | 62 i 37 | 89 | 90 | 77 | 84 | 8t | 83 | 73 | 86 |87 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 84 Poughkeepsie..-..- 51 | 62 | 65 | 64 | 70 | 62/59 |55 |63 | 68 | 67 |58 | 63 | 49 é 87 | 89 | 91 | 81 | 94 | 85 |83 | 76 185 | 87 | 91 | 90 | 92 | @8 Wappingers Falls -| 55 | 63 | 65 | 65 | 71 | 65 |66 |59 |65 | 69 | 70 |68 | 72-| 68 at A s6 | ss |90 | 80 | 82 |81 |75 |76 | x4 | 84 | 87 | 91 | 89 | 86 BEL esr G a 56 | 62 | 62 | 60 | 7) | 63 | #5 | 53 | 64 | 68 | 68 | 64 | 68 68 : 78 | 80 | 86 | 90 | 8 | 8 | 79 | 80 | 72 | 93 | 28 | 89 | 92 | 87 West Point..-..--. 54 |66 | 62 | 63 | 61 | 64 | 67 |58 | 62 | 65 | 68 | 65 | 78 | 64 Ban 85 | 89 |90 | 76 | 3 | 81 | 82 17 » 189 | 86 | 88 | 99 | 287 BUDO es Vac rece ae 62 | 64 | 69 | 66 | 64 | 59 | 63 |58 | 64 | 71 | 66 | 73 | 67 64 Mohawk Valley..:.| 74 | 77 176 | 74 | 68 | 71 |56 | 66 | 72 | 74 | 73 | 76 | 76 | 73 a e |90 |91 | 86 | 75 | 84 | 65 | 75 185 | 87 {68 | 89 | 90 | 86 || Rome..-.-.-..-.. 58 | 64 | 62 | 62 | 60 | 58 | 48 | 58 | 60 |60 | 58 , 63 | 62 60 Champlain Valley.| 64 | 70 | 75 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 66 | 65 | 66 | 68 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 69 : ; 77 | 80 |95 | 70 | 67 | 68 |.72 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 87 |85 |91 | 78 Plattsb’gh Bar'a’ks) 59 | 69 | 55 | 52 | 57 |58 | 60 | 55 | 56 | 60 | 67 | 70-| 65 | 60 Glens Falls........ Seat ee ata |e eae Par "yy Se] tang a area aN SUE Fane) Venki Ea St. Lawrence Val’y. ie 76. | 66 | 64 | 66 | 69 | 64 | G7 | 70 | 72 | 73 | 75 | 71 69 New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 185 Maxma Aanp Minima For THE Srations.— (Contiuued), D>. 15/16/17] 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24] 25] 26| 27 | 28] 29] 30] 31 =e 3F 66 | 59 | 61 | 64 | 68 | 67 | 73 | 72 | 62 | 57 | 64 | 66 | 68 | 71 72 |.72 | 62 | 67-7 Se G2) toa Slony e | TO 84 1 86" 6h | 67 it W809) fo 182) 1) 83... 83) TO 66.8 46 | 52 | 46/ 58 | 63 | 64 | 60 | 58 | 45 | 53 | 51 | 61 | 52 | 58 | 65 | 50 | 40 5 $3) 70) | 7480) | 79) 73) 0 BE 85: Th 64. 775 |, 80) 5) 80) | 84) 87. 85) 72 69.8 58 | 54 | 49] 50 | 58 | 63 | 69 | 62 | 59 | 52 | 55 | 50 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 66 | 58 i 80 | 88 | 75] 81 | 76 | 73 | 83 | 87 | 72 | 6 | 76 | 80 | 76 | 83 | 87 | 85 | 76 69.2 52 | 44 | 50 | 46 | 60 | 64 | 76 | 59 | 58 | 51 | 54 | 59 | 64 | GO | 57 | 6 | 52 i oa\ Glial 1: | 2 3) 69) 79) 8h it) 3) 62h 072 OTS GL a 79) 82. .| 79 79 | 65.9 52 | 43 | 50 | 46 | 59 | 62 | 62 | 59 | 56 | 45 | 50 | 46 | 62 | 59 | 55 | 6 | 50 Fs ASaiisaios | 68 Ga. \ Wn wea O72) NGG: 169) 70) Ta a 8 8 | 2) 7320 88 | 88 | 78 | 81 | 79 | 82 | 84 | 80 | 82 | 73 | 80 | 83 | 87 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 81 | We = SECON es Oye ee NSO San meri | GOUT) 82) Sly 86) UP Son Sie ars 73.2 G6) | 605) S957 .| 63: | ak 69) 70) |) 61 62) 58) |) 65) 68) 67 oi G7 68) a7 i 93 | 80 | 84 | 84 | 7 87 4, 90) fF B41), 79) 2), 79) 1) S20 Bat) -89) |) 90 eaa-|) ON --| 73.6 65 | 65 | 55 | 51 | 48 | 56 | 70 | 64 | 65 | 54 | 56 | 50 | 65 | 67 - | 68 : 62 | 62 | 64 | 68 | 70 | G8 | 76 | 78 | 61 PAN Aa ETAL AVES erat Ab Wd 66 > for] on Co i oO on ) for) = lar} to for} _~ for] —) oO bo onl DO bo b uo (=) a uo > bo for) bo [or] o or ou o = =] or oo - lor) J -~] ou ~1 co ioe) f=) x — >=) oS ie.2) o o-1Sn COUN > 1 o ic 2) Co ie.) ou ~i on io a) ~ io) ive) E1igHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy Mean For THE Recions, AND Dairy STATION. St. Law. Val.—(Ct). Massena-..---....- North Hammond.. Ogdensburg sence =i Potadamt.<-4)-=;-° Erie, Pennsylvania. Ventral Lakes a dae nr ad 11 13 |14 78 | 80 68 | 60 78 | 80 64 | 58 79 | 74 63 | 55 75 | 72 Bz, | 180 72 | 68 76 | 82 69 | 65 ae | 77 69 | 63 80 | 78 67 | 66 82 | 75 66 | 63 85 | 77 69 | 66 pao ilae 66 | 65 79 | 74 65 | 65 81 | 80 63 | 62 84 | 78 72 | 68 75 | 73 79 | 77 71 | 67 80 | 82 69 | 64 81 | 81 69 | 66 75 | 73 * Max. and Min. by the Draper Thermograph. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. Maxima anp Minima For THE Srations — (Concluded). 187 15/16 18 24 | 25 66 | 82 52 | 52 67 | 78 55 | 61 70 | 79 63 | 54 61 | 66 68 | 75 53 | 52 65 | 70 56 | 58 63 | 77 56 | 55 65 | 79 59 | 57 76 | 80 56 | 54 70 | 82 59 | 54 68 | 79 56| 61 66 | 73 57 | 58 64 | 79 Sagi 51 65 | 77 58 | 56 64 | 72 57 | 56 60 | 65 64 | 75 Bik 55 ma | 71 55 1.56 61 | 76 56 | 57 61 | 66 27 | 28 | | 86 | 90 58 | 66 80 | 85 64 | 63 77 | 80 65 | 66 73 (| 74 sacle 82 | 83 67 | 68 77 | 8 68 | 68 80 | 83 68 | 65 79 | 83 67 | 67 80 | 80 66 | 64 86 | 83 68 | 64 80 | 87 65 | 66 | 74 | 78 66 | 64 77 | 84 64 | 62 80 | 85 69 | 66 81 | 79 66 | 69 76 | 76 82 | 86 69 | 65 85 | 86 67 | 65 83 | 86 67 | 65 73 (| 74 29 | 30 90 | 84 60 | 66 85 | 80 63 | 65 76 | 82 58 | 54 Lit On ea 88 | 83 69 | 68 86 | 85 71 | 70 89 | 86 65 | 67 90 | 87 68 | 68 82 | 85 66 | 65 86 | 84 68 | 65 91 88 68 | 59 84 | 84 67 | 67 86 | 86 63 | 62 88 | 87 62 | 70 86 | 82 69 | 72 76 | 76 88 | 85 66 | 69 89 | 81 65 | 66 87 | 87 64 | 69 76 | 76 | Monthly mean 188 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy anp Monrnry Precri STATION. 1 2 | Western Ptateau...| T. | 0.00 Alfreds. 2522+ enue Sait.) |P-stersre Aivehicg: =f. ccsnie- OS ae eae ‘Bolivar eos. sae soe BO 5O! Wena Friendship ...-.--- Sees ee Humphrey ........ Ae eee Little Valley ...... SA |e S58 Cherry Creek.--.-.-- esol ee Jamestown ....-.--- oahalnASs inirasscss-+-e- miele freee Pine Gity.-.....-.- Je aa|emes ALTON case e ae aa == AeA arora PARC OMe = setae bicee at's cree a lt taetera Mt. Morris ...-...-- S500||yo Bee Lockport .....-...- sane lPesee EVACTOR Jose detc ca =e Ore (nese Tyrone .....-3..--- 4p5r|} ose Wedgewood .....-. Betas etn Addison <. - 2. 22.5 Zetec |i elie ATIANGR so 2oaeene else Varysburgh ....... eae eee Eastern Plateaw..-.| 0.00) 0.00 Binghamton ...-.... eres « Chenango Forks...| ....| ---. (Ope (0 ee SaaS aac Lael eee Gortlandie=---es-5, Bee | xara Bloomville....-.-.- Senn eee BOS iene = Daa hear South Kortright...} ....| .... Hka\Parkzs:; <2 52-~ 324 Were Brookfield ...-..... CA ie eee Hamiltonic.cscsee a= SSC aoe Middletown.......- Se Lee Port Jervis -....-.. BAA brome Wiartwick at sscece. Ree (eee Qneonta ........... Seco Seis Perry Citvie- ross) cet |eeees Newark Valley. .2:|\seralneeme VG OLUY a went sisin'o)]) oa Brel Viateiere IB ececeec cess te sates Mohonk Lake ..... Ror piel| etatare Northern Plateau..| 0.00) 0.00 West Chazy ......- Feel bi aeoee, Elizabethtown..... Shaul ieee Saranac Lake...... Saal Wana Gloversville ....... tS eS DOWNING 02 n:5 nc 2 eis | (Rereers Number Four ..... AES ee Kings Station -.-... se aeluwne 0.20] 0.64) 0.04 -02) .81 Ate -75 -77| 1.29 ALS ose -42 omit eA rr Ae gee (38 “34.62 -02 #275 0.08) 0.10 -O1; .25 Saar) cite} 0.13] 0.25 see ae Or: 9 10 At Lee T. | 0.01 -- --- 0 02) 0.00 30) es 13 | 14 0.31)0 07 -11} .90 New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. TATION For Juty, 1896—(IncuEs). 189 16 |17|18 | 19 | 20] 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 0.24! 0.00] 0.00) 0.00) 0.07 5g pea fi RUBS Sackll| sacelliaesell) wast Pangea asus S08 Ci as ME la EA 25 eh cA REEA i Ae A a U3} hee aS eeiieee "ART hl Se le 0 EN Io nour 26 | 27 | 28 |29 | 30 190 STATIONS. Atlantic Coast..-.. iBrooklyn---- s+ ee Manhattan Beach . New York City..-- Willet’s Point..--- Brentwood:........ Setauket........... Bedford <..-.22..-: Hudson Valley .--- Abanyicee ose. 2 Lebanon Springs... Honeymead Brook. Poughkeepsie ...-- Wappinger’s Falls (Chaya) Re eee West Point.---.... Boyds Corners..-.. Warmel 2.22/52 Southeast Res’v’r.- Eagle Mills........ LOPY EFI) NOSE Psa Sere oe Mohawk Valley... FROM By 24 <2 -iytecrane Champlain Valley. Plattsburgh Bar ks Glens Falls.....-. St. Lawrence Val’y. Maloney). vhs a2 Madison Barracks. Watertown........ Canton ees cos Ss o i : 2 : i bo or o ‘ i) i} S a o o i} tS. oI oR TIA BOQ Sh WO i) i) Ss = or ‘ ' ' ' ' ' _— i > wm Sc or to ie) or = an a A ia bo ~ A ' ' feo) no ' uo VENA wo _ ~ bo ' ' i=) bo ‘ ni ’ ' ' cS o ww as bo a oS or : ' le} i, Pen woe ' . ' ' ’ ‘ rote . = ~] Lea! So rs ‘ ' oS o ‘ ~ WwW em ow em Ol ie oe Citi tate rae fi Na oo hNo-1C -100 aon 7) eee ed apes ace Ree Raney ©) eee te? = lee eel ee [Pape ea ee ds Yi 6: iN BSE RG) TCA FA ta ma uae (PS a ; yl] AE aa Dil RA RAT 7) CM | DW js ST RR 2 ttl Pi | PAN er OF (a ww rq ' ' : . : ’ ' _ i ee : ' no oO ' ' Gann an w ’ . . w = . ' ' o ' ’ ' ' rs i) ad ae Ub at een) Gas oS ‘ . tr) ' ny cot Biers Pl eS) bor on ad ' rae eee ont om fon in ‘ . ' ii) bo O60 5 on peers Chordie 0 . Aen Ho — on ‘ ' 1 w i) _ ' 1 bt l=) i—) _ 70 ew or ' sr ad ' ' ’ ' ' ' . . ' . ’ ' ' ' ' ' ‘ ' ‘ ' ' ‘ ’ . ' ’ ' ' tor . ele or eee Ole . - 8 ' -— Q-: ‘ mo car) ' A 0 io . ‘ee ’ ' a4 oi ww or ' o ow ' ' ’ i" oo sO _ _* © ry i) ’ ’ ' for) _ ao oS or : ' ' ' . ' ' ' ' , . : ' ' ' ' ' ' ' mow own wn: , ' : : : ‘ : : ' : ' ' mp9 con pee ouco 35141 ' ’ i—J we i) bo le . . . , , i) o . ’ ’ rs 4) © bo os . wm woo w ‘ woo 7A RSA Sal Ree Ia | ge [AEN ese EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy anp Montuiy Precrer STATION. Erie, Pennsylvania. Mlemin gece seteee Sherwood.......... Watkins. ~.pcsec- Mthacatssees es. cee 1 0.00; 0.00 0.06 stimedte dell 03} .30 Gobic\ oz! -08) .53 0.25) 0.21 0.16 -20 12 30 01 0.14 S688 eee -80 0.10) 0.45 ae |i) 84 ile ee |. 70 eal) 268 0.06| 0.27 0.01 0.00) 0.00 ee 22]. } Record for the month incomplete. | Received too late to be included in the averages. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 193 TATION FoR JuLY —(Concluded). 15 |16|)17/]18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | Total. 0.31] 0.12) 0.25) 0.00) T. | 0.03) 0.03,0.28) 0.34/0.00 4.58 AGT LAND ADP a|) MOLI 006). 021 .90| h2Tl eanaean 194 STATION. Western Plateaw..... Angelica....... ayeteleatete PGI HTOH, scteroce ce njo.e 0.0 SHAISYVI TEs sive peek esis ae Eastern Plateau...... OZTOTO OS teyecan sive pie (Cora Fy c¥o WAAR aac inpamer PVAINTGONG: 5s ot oot srclerce IWISV OILY ss icesisne esctente Northern Plateau.... DOWViIO oo. 66scjeceieie ct Atlantic Coast........ New York City........ SOtAWKeh 1c cise cofcicisle Hudson Valley........ PAN DANY ies 5 clove nietelante Honeymead Brook.... West Point..... GIOADAD Champlain Valley.. Plattsburgh Barracks. St. Lawrence Valley.. Madison Barracks . WANTON Mccain ores North Hammond..... Potsdam...... ahaishe'sieie's LetagioaAnngadacd ieee Rochesterss: occas cscs ! Fort Niagara . ....... Baldwiusville......... TEMACH ras vcaciscmecments ErigHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNTY. ee ey Allegany ..... Cattaraugus.. Chemung.... Chenango .... Cortland ..... ee New MMOLE + 5/0. Suffolk ....... Albany ....... Orange....... ey Jefferson..... St. Lawrence. oe ee Beem eee ewe Niagara...... Oswego ...... oe Secor ees een eeee July. lorRorkorkor} sees | Length of record, years. Sratistics oF TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHR.). |ExTREMES OF MoNTHLY g MEAN TEMPERATURE 3 5 | For Juty. ae ae gee i ) ! a 5 Eee & a Eb} ce a0 us) lend o =) re © Be | Os 4 s ss “|S "a = ke a a on ro} 4 A e ° ° = Ss a a o ts o S S a va 3 3 oS a) o o oO = oD o o for Aa es aie q al = t BS hens tiaras TRC Rea cl Iaheecien (trail teratees] Pera 1854| 1896) 68.2) +0.4) 72.7) 1854) 60.9) 1891 1883} 1896) 67.5) —0.3] 75.1! 1887) 62.8] 1884 1851] 1896] 73.4) +1.9] 75.6) 1854! 66.3] 1851 Aoabadllosasac G65 9) Le Otel lence scale tent eeeleers 1828] 1896) 69.6) +1.4] 72.1\°47-'54| 64.0) 1829 1829] 1896} 69.2) +2.8] 70.9! 1830] 63.2) 1860 5 tsi-7 4 hae bot’ )2) aol loarte 70.8) 1831) 68.9! 1829 1854] 1896) 67.8! —0.2] 76.0; 1868) 62.7) 1860 1882} 1896} 71.0) +1.9] 74.5) 1887) 65.6/’84-"91 aerojeraral llereteiiens 6932 [OG Ie al icgrcic a leemell ee ee 1827| 1896) 69.2} —0.6) 71.8) 1847) 62.1] 1891 bis istatela! |e otioters OES FOB ie terete avec erate chee 1871} 1896] 73.0) —O.4| 76.7) 1887] 70.1] 1884 1885} 1896} 72.8) +1.0| 75.4) 1887! 68.9] 1891 onic aie POR tO ee anil a ayaa aie siete rote alas 1874| 1896] 74.0) +1.5) 76.6) 1887] 69.1] 1891 1881} 1896] 70.8) +1.1] 74.0] 1887] 66.8] 1891 F826), A896 | TS ssl Oralese. cc. cori] wetepellemieniee AST Oeo SOB OOC COD Ona ees o-o-efecovall Meare pall rere ee 1839} 1896) 69.5) —0.2) 73.8/'47-70| 65.2} 1891 erdtatalerell leereae CO AO oc\as nil aveigthts ll totaal dinate ee 1839} 1896] 69.1) —0.9|) 78.2) 1887) 65.1) 1884 1862] 1896] 68.8) —2.1] 78.2) 1868] 68.6) 1865 1866) 1896) 70.7; —O.7| 79.4) 1568) 65.1) 1891 1828} 1896] 67.8} —0.4] 73.6! 1838] 63.3) 1833 Ado nb vonspec AGO USI cs cr. listeria mecreatt metas 1871| 1896] 70.0) +0.1| 74.9) 1887| 64.9) 1884 1871} -1896) 72.0) +1.5] 74.2) 1887) 65.1) - 1884 1842) 1896) 72.8) +2.0) 75.6) 1887) 66.4) 1884 1854] 1896) 72.6) +38.1) 73.6) 1894) 64.6] 1865 1871} 1896) 69.0) —O 3 74.5) 1878) 64.5) 1884 1854} 1896) 69.9) +2.2) 79.1] 1868) 62.9) 1884 1874) 1896) 71.0) —0.2| 76.0) 1887) 66.0) 1891 ajacoraishel| iv'elertrepe TO LOWEL NL avamsnl asta onl em eilinat tem 1879| 1896) 70.9) +1.1| 74.8] 1887) 66.0) 1884 Rael ICRA neon met) staforee'lia eta /eie.ci) eieraw tall aeatatatete New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. AND PRECIPITATION — JULY. STATION. COUNTY. WHCSCENTECELO TCO (elatcleic'| i tsiaie'eraisialdicisterels'’ PANTY S GHC Ai ctaseie/clcieicieis ielers Allegany ..... HUMpPHrOy se. -s <1 ees Cattaraugus.. HINT AT sealers oelesiniere eins Chemung .... EASTER PLGUC AB. « sialelel|| eisisis's scixiv stele ere Oxfordrsacecscas setae Chenango .... Cortland foes mses Cortland ..... AMON ar cisic cies clele Madison ..... Cooperstown ......... Otsego........ IROLE JEEVIS’ s:.. 2 a ov o | Zan ( ei} | : x t Sa Sa Sy FeWict J pane ON rt Py irtet aie, \ Mh / ] A \ Qi----- omnis \ \\\ | ¢ 1<-- t ahe ( SS Se: Hii M ---ASh wi (Kd i mat sve SAe-3) ; PAWN cake aren Ue ° SeWatki : ae Te he SS vane § 70° “foe SCALE OF MILES Y . Y Turing aoe le- Sys. } ey) wy 3 (as sTbOk field oe ° ie Je” \ ‘ To dg e t.-7 le Hon- 7 West £h97y JLyos Mountai “)° Plagftsburg hf ' Malone@ \ v A | 66° @) \ Meacham: , 1 eLake;- NK | ee x Saranac a’ Lake@s, & wy | Keene ' Valley\, A 7 ‘ Croperstgwn' Athitehall NewL endone U.S MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION FOR JULY, 1896 Kingston fA Sad (CANAD IBNI@H CIWS MES VG A Ze. VST We Zee COL CRON ZZ Toronto (CANADIAMLO y Tr SIN. DN hick Dghagk Me ZDIZA BAL A A Ao eR RR FSA A Lhhinkadial A Af = = Jae PD en } VIDAL NI eorsS SdaMal LALLA LL ALLL LA hel \—" SAV EZ XZ LL LALLA Tap iurthy 27 ZT AAZ ZZ} , wee OD KARKM ierenl Lf —— Bre) je LE oe Z| er ELS IN LEA LALLA TBA = KR? “ an LA BA is ITO S OM, cs i Le e/ yy Ze e Ss. 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> 9} Le fe PoInt PG "4 NewLondone {U.S “AB —— Shitpgpas EI as BESS GE TI ie ip & Sol Meteorological Summary for August, 1896. ' The average atmospheric pressure (reduced to sea level and 32 degrees Fahr.) for the State of New York during August was 30.02 inches. The highest barometer was 30.40 inches at Erie, Pa., on the 28th, and the lowest was 29.70 inches at Oswego on the 380th. The highest mean pressure, 30.04 inches, obtained at New York city and at Erie, Pa., and the lowest, 30.00 inches, at Oswego. The average of the mean pressures at six stations of the National Bureau was 0.03 inches above the normal, excesses occurring at all stations. The mean temperature of the State, as derived from the records of 72 stations, was 68.9 degrees. . The highest local mean was 74.2 degrees at Brooklyn, and the lowest was 63.2 degrees at Number Four. The highest general daily mean was 79 degrees on the 9th, 10th and 11th, and the lowest, 57 degrees, on the 19th. The maxi- mum temperature reported was 98 degrees at Bloomville, Dela- ware county, on the 6th and &th, the minimum being 33 degrees at South Kortright and New Lisbon on the 29th, and at Friendship on the 20th and 29th. The mean monthly range of temperature for the State was 49 degrees, the greatest local range being 60 degrees. The mean daily range was 21 degrees. The greatest local daily range was 46 degrees at South Kortright on the 26th, and the least was 4 degrees at Erie, Pa., on the 23d. The mean temperatures of the various sections of the State were as follows: The Western Plateau, 67.5 degrees; the Eastern Plateau, 67.9 de- 198 EiegutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE grees; the Northern Plateau, 65.8 degrees; the Atlantic Coast, 72.3 degrees; the Hudson Valley, 71.4 degrees; the Mohawk Val- ley, 67.8 degrees; the Champlain Valley, 68.0 degrees; the St. Lawrence Valley, 68.0 degrees; the Great Lakes, 67.9 degrees; the Central Lakes, 70.2 degrees. The average of the mean tempera- tures at 24 stations possessing records for previous years was 1.3. degrees above the normal, deficiencies occurring at only three scattered stations. At Waverly, Setauket and Baldwinsville the temperature was the highest for August during the period covered by their several records. The mean relative humidity was 74 per cent. The mean dew point was 59 degrees. The average precipitation, as derived from the records of 97 sta- tions, was 2.98 inches. Along the eastern border of the State, and over small areas of the western highlands and the St. Lawrence Valley, the amount exceeded 4 inches; while a considerable terri- tory near the southern border received less than 2 inches. The maximum local amount was 5.95 inches at Plattsburg Barracks, and the least was 0.72 inches at Appleton. The rain periods of the month were as follows: On the 2d and 6th to 7th, general; from the 9th to 12th showers in western New York; and on the 13th, 14th, 16th, 18th, 22d to 23d, 26th to 27th and 31st, general rains occurred. The average number of days on which the precipitation amounted to 0.01 inches or more was 9.3; the rain frequency being least in central New York, and greatest in the northern section. The average number of clear days was 12.9; of partly cloudy days, 13.5; and of cloudy days, 4.6; giving an average cloudiness of 41 per cent. for the State. ee New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. ; 199 Thunderstorms were reported as follows: At 2 stations on the 1st, 1 station on the 2d, 4 stations on the 4th, 5 stations on the 5th, 13 stations on the 6th, 10 stations on the 7th, 3 stations on the 8th, 15 stations on the 9th, 4 stations on the 10th, 1 station on the 11th, 5 stations on the 12th, 5 stations on the 13th, 4 stations on the 14th, 17 stations on the 16th, 1 station on the 17th, 12 stations on the 18th, 1 station on the 21st, 2 stations on the 22d, 8 stations on the 23d, 1 station on the 24th, 1 station on the 25th, 4 stations on the 26th, 1 station on the 30th. Hail fell on the 9th, 12th and 18th. Light frost occurred in some of the colder sections on the 20th, 25th, 26th, 28th and 29th. The most noteworthy feature of the weather this month over the greater part of the United States, as well as in New York, was the term of excessive heat covering the dates from the 4th to the 14th. In the region of the upper Mississippi Valley some of the highest temperatures on record were obtained; while in New York where the temperatures were not so extreme, the prostrating effects of the hot wave was due more to its long duration and the high humidity which prevailed. During the second half of the month the weather was generally cooler than the seasonal aver- age, light frosts occurring in exposed localities, as already speci- fied. | The rainfall was deficient over the greater part of the State, generally falling during frequent thunderstorms, alternating with bright weather. The cloudiness was rather below the usual aver- _ age for the summer months. Five areas of high and six areas of low pressure, approximately, passed in the vicinity of this State during the month. The depres- 200 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE sions, which in all cases passed over or beyond the northern bor- der of the State, were broad and ill-defined, especially during the first half of the month, when the weather conditions were mainly determined by nearly permanent areas of low pressure over Can- ada, and of high pressure over the southern states, bringing a steady inflow of hot southerly and westerly winds. The most marked depressions were nearest New York on the 2d, 12th, 16th, 23d, 26th and 30th; the first, which traversed a portion of this State, giving the heaviest general precipitation of the month. The remaining lows were also accompanied by local electric and rainstorms. The principal high pressure area of the month passed to the southeastern and gulf states on the 2d, and remained in that locality for ten days following. During the latter, or cooler half of August all of the three highs passed over the northeastern states to the coast; the low temperature accompanying them being mainly felt on the 19th, 25th and 28th, when light frosts occurred in the valleys of the highlands. The sultry weather and frequent showers of the first half of August brought growing crops rapidly forward, grass and after- feed being especially benefited; although in some sections of the north and east the drouth still continued. Rust and rotting developed to a serious extent at this time, and hops were some- what damaged by heat. Haying was about finished in southern New York at the end of July, and the second crop was cut in the southeast about the third week of August. The oat harvest began on the 3d, beans and the Worden grapes were gathered on the 15th, and at the end of the month hop picking was well under way, and half of the tobacco was cut. The corn harvest began New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 201 unusually early. Apples were abundant and sound, while peaches were generally scarce excepting in the orchards of Long Island. The observer at Humphreys reports several barns fired and 3 cows killed by lightning on the 10th. On the 6th, 18 buildings were struck by lightning near Lebanon Springs; and on the same date many trees were prostrated by high winds at New Lisbon. 202 E1igHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MerrorotoeioaL Data LOCATION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER. Humipiry| TEMPERA ly = is | q ay a oe 2 Fae: Ales af + o) 3 Lisa os a i) te ro) et ls o| 4s STATION. COUNTY. | 2 al b| Sie ge = ra = = ba sH AS = + FS eye | 5 |S SF) 3 o =| 2 a) aes -| 3 = aa a ai = . = a 6 | 2 | eee se le 18 | Boe oe A} a | ew Ala Ala] 3) als ja [ee WEST RELICO SA | soe icant oon t hs|-ss<| ovens | seecee eee eee aece||o sete eeeeele ‘a 67.5| 96) @ BUlfred os eencnst et Allegany-.-.. 1824) 0 oooh. Sone Ppel Meee ne leew. lscealseeee 64.6, 66.0) 91] 5 ANP CICK 52 50c2% ae aXe ans 340] sciss oem eel a eee ee lites lobe ocleeses 64.9) 65.2) 90} b | IBOLIVAT 2 cm acne Allegany ---.|----|- a 28 rcll e eee eee eee OP eee scan ----| 66.0] 90) 5 Friendship -...... ss i TSO | a eis cell ee | ean ee Nh Se reel fae ei ---| 65.6] 93) 5 Humphrey ....... Cattaraugus. |1950) 22 ea see eeeeleeeseelae al] See ees 65.2! 65.6] 87) 6 Arkwright ....... Chanutanqua-<|1260|2e--—0)| seeeeeee eee -- ook ol aae sel peeeele ---|{66.0| 87! 6 Jamestown ....... S BEL} eee salads 5:5\}oa| ocean eee NY) (a EP en ---| 66.9} 89] ¢ SGlmira 222-2655 ='- Chemung 2... !0863|sesnee| peereaea se sece| =| - Be tea aan ess : 71.6] 96) d Ropers oe) Livingston...| 585).....-|--.<-- | ae 2. | eee --.| 68.8] 95] 6 Mt. Morris.....-- = 2 | 525 Seon eee te 3 \ao eae esl le es eee eee ---| 70.4) 95] 6 Lockport ......... Niagara Sos2s|=2os|Pscooemeeeee 5) Seen Be ee Beal sosee 68.7 70.4} 92) e Waictoriceos stn 3: Ontariovs-2 35 2| owe eee a ee eee batioscchc [acs cea rneeeeces | Peteetee | ace Neier aatliaes Wedgewood .....-. Schuyler ..... 1350 |Saeeeeeeee S| ee eee 2'23|e eee eee 68.4; 70.3) 96; 5 PAOGOISON S SSe been Steuben...... TOO eeeeealeesese| == [5505-2 Se 73| 57\66.0) 68.4) 95, 6 South Canisteo...| Steuben...... I ee secial|-ssee6) ae] See eT a5 79| 57/64.4! 65.9] 92) e¢ ATCADO 2h. soe Wry omin a 225/107 acral ere oc|=2| 52 oe eee a5 eaeee \65.0) 65.2) 90) 6 Varysburg ....... ce Bea hyssal|-o—35| RES Eo See BPS os po ened noes ----| 68 0] 93) 6 UStENE LP IALCA |) saasa~ comes ae See pean eee (> |-scaac,| =| cme eeeeel eeeee ==.| 67-9) 98)) Ff Binghamton ...... Broome B70 baw eeel sce ccs aoe es Ae ke ee 7.8) 68.1) 95) 5 Oxford: = 220-2242 Chenano-=- A "550 sence ones ea) =-|2--celeate esa el ---}| 67.4] 95) 6 Cortland.......... Cortland ..... Tab) ee ee Plea ae AN eg | ence | EO ---| 67.6} 93] 5 Bloomville....-... Delaware..... NGH Set 55) Senos es eee fee Be ee eelietens 68.8 70.0) 98) Ff Southekortright:-|*Delaware..---|1g0|seeresineas «=| < fel de | é a= bale Sa eae 3 Ne Tod ol Ghee! Pe tes 5 | 3 & 1 ie lo | oe = 2 S\e|e| |g ges\8| 28 a | Be a |e | rd A © |ae| so | se 4 a | os Ble(s| |B] |sis"|s [se Sa & Eliane é bila | + oi |e ty are ca = =| #2 = Aes lite =] ® |e 2 | os o 3 a | o . prey q PS) . » “ 2 | 2 2s a = i < i 3 So) rf eh], PS erst 8) 8s & 3 S a) a i S ey} ° oe PH o o 3 5 |S 5 Es ° a j=) oj i) = See 2G wei Wen aaa ean a oe a A a a h. m.- aR 44 t) 46] 19) 28 tj} 11) siit2 |18 6 10 AS S5 eel Oe GO htt aon ecisias= S. W 46 1} 50) 21) 31] ae} 11) 31/19 9 3 10 2-28) OAGhiebasO0) MTs joc. N 42; 29) 54] 20] 35) 29) 12] ddj15 {12 | 4 10 QraG| ee Opell eOOloelOn lean a= Ss 48} 29} 45]; 19] 26! af| 10) 27/10 (|14 Us if! OSU AOD) SECO adie |eeec oc Ss 47{ 20] 50] 21) 29 1 | 23)... Waee 7/ 1296i0.S0) sean Qe Wectetions S.. Ww 45) 20) 48) 20) 27| 29 9} 31)21 2 |8 b) AC32|PteAg 400) Lan. |eeecmalten soe 43) 28)) SL 24 aa) 24) NG) 2215 oon. thaw SEO el 92\- 0246 )(5--25- PA}. logocsolle eee 43] 28) 51l 24) 33] 24) 16) 22 ei eet 8 Vi92 0246) 5° oc55 PA WSandes| hee seae 43 t} 48] 22) 35 1} 10 CLOOMLSLO GeO) EO aeS8 | 70 Sao ees Ecmerclleee ere 44) 30) 48) 21) 30) ag) 10 Giiser= . 12 DSS sO lee |) eer ulll eretstetece S. W 43 t| 49) 24) 35 A) aS 23100!) 5) 4146 10 PPO OLGR | elalOl eG emcee Ss 40 »| 48] 22) 41) ah Tiel LLeONl4 Sivosol WLOr4 WeoeSQle OD) = aaSOlin 20K relist seem ses 41) 29] 47; 20) 31) a@el 12 5/10 |13 8 14 32636 10200) |4-aer~ PO Naeese WwW Soslodéciescod|igace Seer lseeeficcee fe Pe allonde) lars if SEO LeOO) satan OL deen ee Ss 40} 20) 54) 28) 41) ah| 15) 16)11 {19 1 11 BL26in 1 a0ai GLO) LG) Pecan S. W 40] 25) 52] 25) 38 3} 14] 16/13 /16 2 8 3-89); 1-30} 2200) 16° |--.-.- Siw 48 w| 44] 21] 30! bb] 10) ee] 5 |16 |10 11 4°06)" L210 Rosca WG) \lscenec s 45| 29) 46) 18; 29) 14 7| de|12 |14 5 12 Zar WIESE) eR PLS eecoce Ss. W ) 43} 29) 46] 22) 34 ee I} Sls) WL 5 10 32510284) 1500) UG | -E S; W 44 ‘| 45! 18) 34) 26 4) 23}12:8/13-6) 4.6) 105). 2-81) 1 69)..2--. Gm alert eae = | Wag tves i oileig|anene| Ge aio 7 (eV Ni aO5l Lleic-ceee| 18) |eaee |) Bh 50) 28) 35) 14) 22! 26 5] 23) 2 |19 |10 14 3-68!) 0260-45 TO Newco WwW 44} 29 “il 20) 34) 26) dal) 16\L7 110 4 8 Beoe el 24000) en Ole ollerstekre)= W 46 t; 46) 20, 29) 29) 11; 13/13 /;15 3 12 Patil. UEPAlesoe cc Cy alisecoca S. W f 44) 20) 46) 20) 33) 15) 11) 31)12 |12 7 9 0.7 U5 Secboc ZO R=2ialiaetiat= = Ww ; 45) 25) 48; 20), 33) 15 Gy} OPAU Si sBellaSaallean 8 1209/2 10:40) cence PAS eRe ioc N. W ; 47| 28) 47) 21); 26) bd| 15] 13/19 |10 2 10 3:06) 0.99)... -- 26 |-+e2e-|eeee-e-- h AS) 29) (42) 4a 27) 15 5} 31/14 9 8 12 BeO0 |S uC29 2) yo < = Gy blesses S. W )- AV 29) ho) 23) 93715) 13) “efi21 110 0 11 Zeta} J0;80(=-2--= (OH coos S. W i 46; 29) 47) 18) 27| 15 8} 13]/10 |20 1 10 aay) | Ub Nees (@) |iber ees Ss. W i \ 49| 20) 43) 13] 21] 10 4; 23] 9 |20 2 13 Be fil) Wea) eee Zt eect Saws fe, 4 1 29) “49, 20; x33) 2 11| dgj10-3)15.7) 5-0) 7.0 Dar Aye Wen Cie meesse Di. | tees) Pa ere \ 46| 29) 47| 18) 28) 29) 11| dg) 4 \24 3 6 | RFPs SSC WN ae =F Oa Gacese INS Wie y ‘ 48] 20) 47) 22) 29 6| 14) 23)14 8 9 5 | Batizly UUs NOH Rees = fA MW esecine WwW Al} 29) 53) 21). 33) 29] 14) 31133, |15 3 10 2.43] 0.98] 3 00 De) Vela otel ata S.E i 33) ¢| 49| 21| 46} 26} 4| 23|12.9|13.5| 4.6] 9.8 | 2-92] 1.7] 5 15] 17 |-.-... W | Thermograph. || Report received too late to be used in computing means. The means from the + Blank indicates*that the duration is not shown in the original records, but is within twenty- (j) 9, 10, 11, 12; (%) 10, 11; (m) 9.12; (nm) 7, 11,12; (p) 12,13; (gq) 6, 10, 11; (7) 8, 15; (s) 6, 8. 10; (ab) 6, 9, 10; (ac) 7, 10, 31; (ad) 7, 31; (ae) 1, 15; (af) 29, 30; (aa) 16, 25, 27; (ah) 14, 15; (bb) 3, 23; (ed) 14, 22, 23, 24; (ce) 18, 27; (cf) 23, 31; (cg) 2, 13, 17; (ch) 22, 24; (dd) 2, 24, 25; (de) 5, 16; 206 ErigHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TEMPERATURE—AvGuUST, 1896, SHowinae Datty MEANs For STATION. 1 |'2 | 3 | 4:\ 51 env ls |e | 10.| 12) 12) 18144 Western Plateaw...| 62 i “67. 68 72 UT 79 A TT 78 x 79, ran 76 (i) 69 | ~ 68 ees 71 |74 179 |81 | 91 | 80 | 84 |88 |87 | 85 |84 | 84 | 79 | 80 beeeeeenes vo] a7 | B9 4 | 58 | 65 | 60 | 6 | 64 | 69 | 68 | 62 64 1/56 | 51 : 74 173 +79 | 84 | 90 | 90 | 85 g7 |s7 |e |sr |76 | 7 snl Set a8 46 |54 | 53 | 58 | 61 | 66 | 64 | 68 | 67 | 62 | 65 | 68 | 57 | 52 even 73175 |79 |88 |90 (90 |85 (87 | 87 |85 |s4 |85 | 70 1 7 teeeeseecee os 46 | 62 | 58 | 54 | 59 | 63 | 63 | 65 | 68 | 65 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 52 3 eas 74 |e7 | 84 |86 | 93 | 92 | 90 | 90 | 92 | 86 | 89 |88 | 81 | 82 Friendship........-. 45 | 47 |50 |52 | 60 | 62 | 60 | 64 | 64 | 66 159 | 60 | 57 | 52 “1 173 |78 |81 | 86 |s7 | 82 |86 |*5 | 83 | 82 | 83 | 74 | St Humphrey ......... 50 | 60 |54 158 |65 | 70 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 64 | 62 | 68 | 60 | 55 tArkwright mete la totate eo ae ee a one eee eee eee eee . o* +. * . . “oe . : 72°'| 33°°| 79°"| 83°°| 89 | 89°] 88° | 87 | 88 1 85 | 851 85 | 74° 1 80 Jamestown......... 53 |63 |58 ;61-| 67 |69 | 67 | 67.| 71 | 67 | 64 |.65 | 64 | 57 ee 76 | 78 | 85 89 93 |96 | 90 | 91 |94 196 | 91 | 88 | 7 83 sec ereeeeeeras 58 |6s |57 |58 |65 | 70 | 71 | 69 | 74 | 69 | 70 | 65 | 69 | 68 Avon 8 | 77 | 82 | 86 | 91 | 95 | 88 | 91 | 89 | 89 | 87 | 8 | 80 | 80 ste seeeeeeeeess 50 | 60 [57 61 jor fm | to | 66 | at jm jer | er | or | 55 . 85 |e4 |85 188 194 |95 | 90 | 94 |89 | 90 | 89 | 85 | 81 | 82 Mount Morris......- 47 | 48 |58 165 | 70 | 68 | 64 | 71 | 68 | 66 | 66 | 57 | 54 | 55 Pivege tae 84 | si | 84 |90 | 90 | 92 | 91 | 90 | 92 | 90 | e8 | 84 | 82 | 81 BED OED te ce ieitaieic sie 54 | 63 | 58 Ne 69 | 72 | 72 168 | 68 | 71 | 69 | 67 |62 | 60 ‘ el cell ceslige loa Jog (es. | 91 | 65 188 Ver | 86) | 78 | 80 ViCtOr ...-..e sees ees cin-| sooo] eaee] BB. | 68 | 66 | 68 | 72 7% | 72 | 68 | ....| O¢ | 58 =~ ; 5°'| g0°'| 87°"| 90 | 96 | 94 | 98 | 91 | 98 | 94 | 98 | 88 | 83 | 85 Wedgewood........ 82 | 57 | 57 |6o | er | 67 | 70 | 66 | 10 | oF | 6s 67 | 59 | 88 ; 7 | 77 |81 |a7 | 94 |95 | 89 | 92 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 87 82 Addison.......+.... BI 63 | 56 | 56 | 62 | 64 | 69 | -66 70 6s | 66 | 68 | 62 | 59 ‘ 74 | 77 | 80 |85 | 92 | 92 | 90 | 89 |89 | 88 | 89 | 87 | 81 | 82 South Canisteo....-| 44 | 59 | 50 |53 158 | 63 | 63 | 61 | 66 | 67 | 61 | 59 | 51 | 51 ae® vw |ro | 73 |g2 | sr |90 | 80 | 88 |84 | 85 | 80 | 8t |v | 7 BUC.» 2-50 “s143 | 59 | 57 | 59 | 65 | 66 | 65 | 66 | 69 | 66 | 63 | G4 | 59 | 53 oe * 78 Sf 82 85 92 93 85 90 85 89 -| 84 &E a 83 Varysburg.-.-++..- 48 |¢60 | 54 |59 | 63 | 67 | 67 | 65 | 69 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 61 7 Eastern Plateaw...| 62 67 68 val ui rs 78 ie vi 78 $1 ue "3 %3 . 75 ted 80 86 95 94 90 92 93 90 91 87 83. 85 Be enters 50 | 63 | 54 | 56 | 64 | 70 | 68 | 69 | 71 | 68 | Gr | 64 | G3 | 64 Oxtord s0 | 73 | 83 | 88 193 | 95 |91 | 91 |93 | 90 | 93 | 88 | 85 | 85 reeeenlenendene 46 | 58 | 58 |.58 | 59 | 65 | 66 | 64 | 65 | Go | G1 | G4 | or | oR 74 |75 | 79 187 193 | 91 | 86 | 90.189 | 89 | sx | 85 | 80 | 82 Cortland............ 49 | 58 | 53 | 55 | 61 | 66 | 68 | Gr | 69 | G8 | 66 | 6B | 58 62 76 |77 | 85 189 |95 |98 |94 198 |95 | 95 | 97 | 94 | 90 | 91 Bloomville......... 4g |59 |53.|55 | 62 |67 | 68 | 67 |65 | 70 | 65 | 67 | Ge | 64 Dae 7 |\77 |83 186 |92-\93 | 83 |89 | 92 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 87 | 82 South Kortright....| 49 | 57 | 49 | 52 |52 |63 | 58 | 63 | 61 | 66 | 66 | 60 ob | 60 = 68 69 74 82 87 88 86 83 88 86 84 85 (0) vi Elka Park.......... 46 | 56 | 54 | 61, | 6r | 70 | 70 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 66 | 68 | oI 77 |73 | 85 | 91 196 | 94 | 92 | 89 | 89 | 92 | 93 | 92 | 9 Brookfield.......... 55 |51 |61 | oe | 67 |68 | 72 | 71 |66 | 70 | 69 | 66 | 67 | 64 Middletown aR ee wee "* ene of eee eeee of * eater of eee eee oe ; 7 | 78 | se |98 |90 | 98 | 90 | 89 | 92 | 90 | 92 | 90 | 86 | 81 Port Jervis.......... 50.163 | 58 | 61 | 66 |69 | 72 | 70 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 70 67 65 73 |75 |77 | 83 |87 | 89 | 82 | 84 | 86 | 85 | 86 | 83 |81 | 8 Cooperstown........ 48 | 60 | 55 | sr | oz | os | os [si | 65 | 69 | or | os 9 | 58 ; 7a |79 |84 |90 | 9 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 86 | 83 | § New Lisbon.......-| 4g | 53 | 52 | 50 | 57 162 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 67 | 68 | 64 | 57 | 59 as Oa 79 |80 |85 | 89 |95 | 96 | 90 | 93 | 92 | 93 | 98 | 89 | 86 | 86 Aine oe sie ae 4s | co |53 |55 |62 | 66 | 68 | 66 | 66 | 68 |! 66 | 67 |! 60 |! 66 76 | 76 | 81 | 86 | 98 | 93 | 87 | 89 | 93 | 88 | 90 | 84 | 78 | 88 Perry City... -.----| 46 | 4g | 53 |55 | 63 | 63 | 68 | 64 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 62 |57 | 56 Waverly 78 | 82 |86 | 90 | 96 | 98 | 93 | 98 | 95 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 86 | 89 seseeeesveeel gg | gg 156 155 | 64 | 68 | 66 | 70 | 71 | 68 | 70 | 64 | 61 | 68 erden 7 | 74 180 | 868 | 92 | 98 | 88-|89 |80 |88 | 89 | 88 | 79 | 81 ‘i ES ner 60 60 | 54 | 55 | 62 | 70 | 69 | 67 73 67 87 68 65 61 70 |75 |78 | 88 | 87 | 89 | 86 | 84 R Mohonk Lake......! 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 )55 | 55 154 | 55 154 | 54 162 |72 J} 73 ! 64 —S ee ee ee a eS eee =_—* New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 207 THE Regions, AND Dairy Maxima AND Minima For THE STATIONS. bs as 15 |16/17 | 181/19] 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26! 27] 28 | 29 | 30| 31 S2 g A = 72 71 59 58 57 56 63 67 2 65 66 66 59 56 57 63 56 |67.4 84 Xs 638 65 64 70 72 80 5 76 ii 78 69 68 73 79 67 66.0 56 | 66 | 44 | 46 | 47 | 38 | 53 | 50 | 66 | 54 | 44 154 | 42 | 41 | 38 | 52 | 52 83 | 80 | 69 | 64 | 67 | 70 | 72 | 82 | 79 | 76 | 7 | 80 | 66 | 67 | 70 | 73 | 64 lee g 90 | 86 cick 81 | 86 | 83 | 80 | & | 86 | 86 o> 6| 84 | 82 | 7 70.4 67 | 47 Gad 9) (6B) 58) 0) 450 5B 144 1) 4B) BB) 89°48 87 = 8&8 | 82 | 7% HEY NGG) SEZ) HCSr NSB: GA aor TOP ABS, Ureb Gas ioe |e 66 70.4 GOP 69). AE 9) BZ) SL 45) 1158) 455) || 7 56 | 48 | 58 | 46 | 48 | 46 | 58 | 53° |' 7 fi 71 7 Cis) | eee wa) ieal 77 72 | 69 | 7% | 8 69.8 52 | 49 | 48 | 45 | 55 | 57 7 | 5d 56 | 48 | 41 50 : @ S Se — ~ Rey td So for) lee) ~ ~~ a loz} Oe a = Jt 2) 3 = ~ ies) ~_ Je) - ~ rae 3 es le 2} oO to for} Or ite) 89 | 87 | 83 | 78 | 76 | 79 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 77 | 75 | 73 | 74 | 72 | 69 | 71 | 69 rae MTS aetel NAT TO) 4 eA MTL 5201 Fer beam WPM (RB |B yes NS. 928 1 EB Nde 6 81 | 80 | 7 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 72 | 7 | 81 | 75 | 7% | 76 | 65 | 66 | 68 | 75 | 66 long es fr |i | es |@s |71 | 70 | 7 | 79 | 76 | 76 | 7 | 68 | 67 | 70 | 77 | 70 |g 86 | 78 | 75 | 73 |70 | 76 | 74 | 82 | 82 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 73 | 72 | 75 | 82 | 74 |og 4 86 84 MOM 66)) 650) 70" 117 81 | 82 80 | 76 SBI WP BLN al te dshe WSs) 66.8 SBP E84) E75 670) LO, re 9) 7 84 || 84 | 8 1) Sl 81 1 75 82h re 80) 75 70.2 SOMmeS TOON MBOcmInOo mie Maran |nSor(iiSe, vie lee WeSie | 0) NOt oly woes 68.4 79 74 | 74 | 68 | 67 | 68 | 67 | 69 | 75 | 76 | 7 73 | 73 | 71 | 69 | 71 | 69 67.2 208 E1cgHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datty Means ror THE Reaions, AND Dairy STATION. glee fee [a |os low lor bie [oe bao }-11 | 22 |as fae imionraow Ge B/E E/E SES IEIE @ BS @ 2 cuemvite. at |e | foe |S | a 8 fae Le ISS 8 1 | : Ww \7 5 9 18 ~ | aA Gloversville ........ 45 |59 | 57 157 |65 | 69 | 70 | 68 | 63 | 72 | 67 | 67 | 64 | 66 see 76 |74 |78 185 | 89 |88 | 87 |89 |88 186 185 |85 | 81 | 88 ee ee ale ee |e lee m | | 7 St 9 | 69 Number Four...... 41 |54 |52 |60 | 65 | 62 | 62 | 55 | 65 | 65 | 63 | 60 | 55 | 57 CR RA ee ee teiagtig’ ce levied 7 3 | 8: 4 1 BIGGIN YN wet cicece ees 60 67 | 66 | 69 ie 2 2 um 5 é 7 | 79 7 * 79 | 72 | 82 | 7% | 88 3 | 5 |90 | 87 |8 87 Manhattan Beach.. 60 66 65 69 70 v2 2 7 73 75 ral 5 75 72 . 1 | 80 87 | 89 1 | 92 1 |94 | 92 | 88 | 80 New York City..... 65 | 63 |68 | 67 |) 70 | 74 | 68 | 73 | 75 | 77 176 | 77 | 7 70 re Coe 74 |81 | 83 | 90 | 93 | 82 | 93 | 98 | 93 |95 |95 | 94 | 92 | 86 Bee Re a Cee He ee ee Lee eee cr nie ge 1) 0 Hae 1 | 8: 4 4 |92 |.95 | 9: 5 Brentwood......... 45 61 54 64 65 69 68 69 70 73 70 66 al 69 4 81 | 85 3 |90 | 88 | 91 | 89 | 9 1 | 87 | 97 Setauket ........... 59 | 64 | 62 | 66 | 69 | 68 |69 | 71 | 72 | 75 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 69 ead 7 |79-|80 | 86 | 90 | 85 | 91 |89 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 88 | 91 ST hs rice 48 | 62 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 69 | 68 | 70 | 70 | 73 | 70 | 72 | 70 | 68 Hudson Valley..... 64 | 66 | 70 | 76 | 79 | 828 | 80 | 80 | 88 | 88 | s2 | 82 | 7 76 Mies 78 |s0 | 83 | 91 | 94 | 94 |91 | 94 | 92 | 95 | 94 | 93 | 84 | 86 RRS: me le le fas |o8 (92 lao lor lor ios | oo [oo lor | oe = o ‘ Ghee ee tee ee Se Re pee ee Sa fi 3 | 7 5 7 Honeymead Brook.| 4g | 61 | 55 | 62 | 65 | 70 | 71 | 67 | 68 ! 70 | 67 | 67 | 69 | 66 Poughkeepsie ...... Sie Go Pe HS: A ma LN PR Me bee cl p28 c] pobel | gees ; 79 | 80 | 83 |90 | 93 |95 | 92 | 95 | 94 | 98 | 95 | 96 | 89 | 89 Wappingers Falls../ 53 | 6g |59 | 66 | 70 |73 | 72 | 74 | 73 |80 | 76 | 73 | 69 | -65 Cait 75 |76 | st |s8 | 92 |92 | 88 | 91 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 83 | 84 Pe eed ee ee aa : 1 |76 | 82 1 96 | 9: G West Point......... 52 | 67 |58 | 63 |67 177 | 70 |66 | 71 | 75 171 | 78 | 7 69 eine 76 | 77 | 83 |88 |91 |90 | 92 | 91 | 88 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 88 | 81 tteecenceaees 61 |60 | 63 |69 | 73 | 78 | 69 | 71 | 76 | 78 | 74 | 73] 7 64 Mohawk Valley....| 68 | 65 | 68 |74 | 81 | 81 | 74 | 74 | 76 | 78 | 78 | 73 | 7 | 70 ine so | 75 |80 |86 | 94 | 94 185 |85 | 85 | 88 | 89 |86 185 | 84 sesevsevsveree] 56 | 56 156 | 63 | 68 | 68 | 62 | 62 | 68 | 68 | By | 60 | 61 | 55 Cre a aay te. || Ge cen eee ee | e (68 -| ge aoe weee eel tee (ie) ‘ PA ‘ Plattsburgh Bar.... 45 55 60 65 655 60 6 65 | 70 67 70 70 60 60 ; 80 |78 | 80 | 87 | 91 91 | 90 | 90 | § s | 82 Glens Falls......... 45 |60 |56 | 62 |64 | 66 |69 | 65 |65 | 68 | 69 | 65 | 65 | 64 St. Lawrence Val..| 62 | 67 | 69 | 7 (ER 5) W800 Be Ween ated 7 ne 74 |73 180 |83 | 72 | 80-184 | 86 185 | 87 | 88 | 81 [77 | 7 BODO +o veiseeeecers 43 | 58 | 57 | 66° | 60 | 60 | 70 | 60 | 68 | 65 a a 58 2 78 178 | 76 | 78 | 98 | 86 | 84 | 90 | 86 | 85 | 82 | 84 | 84 Madison Barracks..| ‘4g | 52 | 59 | 57 | 62 |68 | 69 | 61 | 72 |7 i 64 60 56 85 | 82 | 84/88 | 92 | 90 | 92 | 94 |91 | 90 18 2 | 88. Watertown ........ 46 |58 |59 | 62 | 68 | 70 | 70 |59 | 71 | 68 | 68 | 66 | 59 | 51 past 80 |79 | 81 | 87 |91 | 87 |89 | 90 | 92 | 89'| 89 | 88 | 82 | 83 sh TOC OG Ori Si 48 | 48 | 43 | 65 | 63 | 62 | 68 | 58 | 71 | 67 | 7 65 | 60 51 MIR OBON AS ono) aiee ll Adobe We Rael, debe dl cof cl «40's ol odie ol ¢coanca aby acl cadet ct aala kaalh MG Meet. APN 4 Vi 80 | 88 | 86 | 86 | 88 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 92 | 90 | 90 | 86 86 North Hammond ..| 4g | 6 | 58 | 64 | 68 es 7 | 60 | 76 | v4 | %O | 70 | 62 | 56 77 | 79 | 77 | 82.172 | 85 | 89 | 87 | 90 | 85 f Ogdensburg. «..+«.. 50 | 61 | 60 |68'|65 |63 | 71 |65 | 74 | 72 | 73 | 70 | 62 | 61 hike 73 |76 | 80 |86 | 75 | 78 | 86 | 86 | 88 | 87 | 89 | 84 | 79 | 84 OtSdAM ......+ 100 44 |58 158 | 60 |! 62 |59 '69 | 68 '73 | 67 ! 68 |! 68 159 | 56 New YoRK WEATHER BUREAU. 209 Maxima anp Minma For tHE Stations — (Continued). 15|16/17|18 | 19 | 20] 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29] 30)| 31 EigHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Snowrnae Datty Means ror tHE Recions, AND Datry ee ed ee ee ed ee ee ae ee ee eck rr eee er rary STATION. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Great Lakes........| 67 | 69 | 71 | 7 | s0 | 81 Dunkin: s 22s. ce ame medrese tena eees 80 7 78 86 87 93 Westfield: ...5.5.5..5. Bi 64 62 | 66 | 71 74 fi vi 75 fk: 81 83 Buialois cs. eects 38 61 63 “ 73 7 A 5) 8 85 1 91 IPIGESEOXO caine cares 54 |60 | 60 | 63 | 7 69 ly 79 76 81 86 92 92 Rochester ......... 56 | 61 | 61 67 | 70 | 70 81 7 83 88 90 90 Appleton........... 52 63 56. | 65 68 7 3 Fort Niagara....... Os : 4 Pe es 0 3 Baldwinsville ...... ON tig SEIN es eed i V7 7 7 84 90 89 WOSWOLOM ie. ae oe cicins 56 | 60 | 61 | 65 | 69 | 69 Palermo ....ccc...foottpttettoeeeefeeeesferees fees 76 43) 80 87 93 93 IE VODS Pe scenes) el sini a5 62 65 63 70 “1 if ve 6 Oye Je obrc abadccs 61 64 | 60 | 67 | 7% "3 Central Lakes...... e, 67 a ae a ah 7 {i le Fleming.......... =| 55 | 62 | 62 65 ra 74 7 {i 80 95 9 PROMAUIUS |. caiieva cine Bt | Be 60 63 | 69 65 i) 76 87 93 TEMGCH y istolea s/n cielo: 52 «| GI 57 160 | 67 3 Mean...........:.| 64 | 67 | 70 | 74) | 78. | 78 ie re ee i i od ee nies errs se ew ele crestor eselererveleeser [recent |sevasiesce t Maximum and minimum by the Draper Thermograph. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. Pia XIMA AND H 70OR THE Srations — (Concluded). Maxima A MiIniMA FOR THE STATIONS Concluded ian) | rps | 15| 16/17/18 |19/ 20| 21 | 22/23] 24/25) 26| 27/ 28 | 29| 30 | 31 [SE | EE wai) | es | en) 0) 60 | 6 | 70 | 7 | 6z | 64 | 70 | 61 | 59 | 60 | 68 | 61 69.7 BNO fence Scnicie ceinion imran mining icin \Goeiccy tanigiog incr cl Gonnullaaao a joonbollooooal|iooddollpoctos ‘84 | 78 | 69 | 67 | 65 | 68 | 71 | 80 | 79 | 73 | 75 | 82 | 68 | 65 | 70 | 80 | 75 lego ez |65 |57 [51 | 50 | 48 | 58 | 60 | 58 | 57 | 60 | 52 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 53 | 55 8 | 78 |69 | 66 | 65 | 70 | 72 | 82 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 78 | 67 | 66 | 71 | 74 | 66 logo ev |63 |54 |51 | 53 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 69 | 61 | 56 | 56 | 50 | 50, | 50 | 62 | 52 g5 [79 | 71 | os | od | 71 | 7 | 82 | ae | 76 | 79 |.86 | 7 | 67 | 72 | 80 | 68 jog | ‘ wear e low ec el perce | seces (sce cale cscs (eccce sete t|sesecleccer|esassl[eescsiccsesi(eunseiscver|seces ovale e)ei|ipaiarele [is ss efe)| | == «s\| c,eela s)|\n ecelere)|'n'6 aajalfie s.%/0\*)|\ele ereje| so sie ele | see elsflesisjie cfs ste }eelsjeie| “.- eile sea |in cee || Received too late to be used in computing means. a ee eee Ee 7 = —- ew < 212 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datty anp Montuiy PRecrirx STATION. Western Plateau... seen ewww eee Seen Humphrey........-- Little Valley ....... Cherry Creek Jamestown a Mt. Morris.......... Lockport Victor er Wedgewood....... 6 AGGISONG cecweccicce AT IANCAN Ea cto aeeieaee Haskinville......... South Canisteo..... ATCANOlpicaccie caer Attica Eastern Plateau... Binghamton........ Chenango Forks. Oxford..... Cortland....... Bloomville.........- Deposit.........ceee South Kortright.. Elka Park..... Sad Brookfield. Hamilton........... ADULIB sc sces cine vslvics Middletown ........ Port Jervis.....00. IW STWICK > sire sets 008 6 Cooperstown ....... es New Lisbon........ Oneonta....... Perry City Newark Valley..... sewer WAVED Vise couse cae Dryden...... nis oleae Mohonk Lake ....,- Northern Plateaw.. West Chazy Elizabethtown...... Saranac Lake...... Gloversville......... North Lake. cccesss Lowville Number Four...... Kings Station...... ee es Atlantic Codst...... Brooklyn...... ari Mavhattan Beach.. New York City..... here 0.01 105 05 ay 0.00 0.00 “\01 “106 li “110 0.00 0.06 12 “14 0.01 12)13 |14 0.01| 0.24] 0.03] T. “106 m8) 78 102 -12 Saaalh Pla) 33 ia sepross 201) Sars 07 02 “02 rer Der es 0.00] 0.03} 0.11}0.08 ys weve] 08 oes] saa ame ane ...| °48} 1.58 sce sage ee een 2 ae tere leans cool veonle a ‘30 0.00] 0.00} 0.00}0.61 syal, wate OER Heteiige ko sane vee Se erm New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. TATION ror Avcust, 1896—(LIycnEs). 0.00) 0.18 {Boats Seal) 02 BOR se 0.06) 0.01 Ab ene 40) .... esse] Le 0.31 108 114 0.02 “04 0.03 0.00 0.00 fo Nch=| t)5 (lel 0.09 “114 05 "105 ‘11 10 0.00) 0.45 pabol! edd eel | Co or 0.05 218) ese LO}! ties "183 28 sore 10 wperf on 102 03 0.00 : +23 gull . : 0.01 Ba Ieee) Re Si] 4 T. |1.85 sees] cove] .d0|L-36 o| se -10/4.29 coool « ../2.18 eaee 142)... (2.51 wo wee) 2012.19 St ae nes |eag Selsie'||eisiore||| (allalesace E1icHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy ann Montuty Precrrr STATION. | 1 Atlan. Coast--(Con.), Willet’s Point ..... Biggie) Brentwood....... ‘sNoretersre tines OHO Setauket ........... 73 BEGLOrd).c casmadeee "3 Hudson Valley. ...| 0.00} 0 77} 0.00} 0.00 JAD EUEDY Gers ceiaie disjie ew ACG | ee Acie) ee arc Lebanon Springs... .89 Honeymead Brook. 65 Poughkeepsie ...... BS) Wappinger’s Falls. 45 GRtAR irre cis cats ee -82 West Point... ..... .80 Boyds Uorners..... ae (Ory atts) tai 8 ei nanee 1.13 Southeast Reserv’r. afore Eagle Mills... .... 1.00 Easton..... Pare aera ata 1.26 Mohawk Valley....| 0.00} 0.45) 0.00) 0.00 MOM G niahitee sisiase a BG, | ee OA ep | Uneee Champlain Vailey..| 0.00| 0.49} 0.00) 0.00 Plattsburgh Bar’ks.| ....| .20] ....| .... Glens Falls......... Sree St. Lawrence Val’y.| 0.01) 0.03) 0.00} 0.02 MalOne’.coescccsces Afiod| | MeclUrg Ws) | soul) Madison Barracks..| ....! .... Watertown......... BP ae Cantons sere desea. . DeKalb Junction... Aye IMGHRSENS sets sca ue: tee Bicine North Hammond... sles 01 Ogdensburg....... .08 -02 Potsdam...... eager petit fe Great Lakes........ T. | 0.80] 0.00) T. DOT's 1) hE Se Basal Moca | iocs WiOSUMCIG:< 5). tears TLACORA eae ee : BOBO Re eres Latetne T -42 T: 7 Adams Center...... Egil usvexerei| haere LALO te; csclte iT. -28) . Bochester’:c.5.¢<0. Tr 20) ; Scotisville.......... seein: 30; Appleton........... -O1} .04 Fort Niagara....... i 1a ee .06 Niagara Falls...... Ty, 09 -01 Baldwinsville ...... 49 ae Skaneateles........ 1,07 Ridgeway .......... 03) «407 ; Demster ...... aneure 20, 5 MMLGON ccs aieen satan -23 P Oswego......... FER eal 14 PALOVIMNO we co dots os 08 1040) b a ag 83 ESV ONG ceca dis, ounce : ONO araine Adteicies cides 7 26 Erie, Pennsylvania. -82 5 G 0.06) T 56) T 0.00| 0.16 sae cete 0.35| 0.32 "70| 65 0.35] 0.17 .49| .31 Be | da” 71] 114 13| 34 50| .43 55| T. 43| 10 T. | 0.42 ~Sttaes 1.40 PPP A Pea bbe: 4g Ft 02 “48 Fi dis OO 04) .03 ht ae 7 92 0.00) 0.00 0.00} 0.00 0.00) 0.03 agsell aU 04 -12 0.01} 0.07 104 02 10 “110 UL), KZ 0.00} 0.00) 0.01 i “i8 oe 0.00} 0.00) 0.00 0.00) 0.30) 0.18 EO iterate (6 T. | 0.00) 0.03 Pes ial LAC 21 AN ae -02 0.05} 0.03) 0.24 “'b6) ia] i62 .02} .16} .31 Te Wels -O1 : nO Fiestas bi bila Pies ie tile gg *eUlliew sis .02) .39 +29 .50 19 si VAR fut bn a (ee -661 03) 1.35 01 ae) es teeelenee weer lewee New YorK WEATHER, BUREAU. 215 TATION FoR August — (Continued). 15 | 16/17/18] 19| 20 | 21 | 22]| 23 | 24] 25 | 26] 27] 28 | 29] 30/31 a | - Z| 2 STATION. COUNTY. | Sali a ae .2/8| 2 | #| 9° 6 (| ® = n | g ~ : Sees al: Neel (diet lia! v 5 = oe; ré SSH Geel eae we |. 5 5 Stee Sealy lo ecltas Sus > o i?) o [o) o i=} o | o =f WShi) tee ia a A < al 4 H WWESterTULELALEC/U et elias cisierale cise nel 3.87 Wee Rapcaiee O69 =e |vedal chee eal ccs tenets . PAM CTC A eetorn creie )lolie ar Allegany..... 3.90] 12) 1856; 1896) 2.63|—1.27) 6.72) 1890) 1.83] 1856 shri boleh sosepeonuooEe Cattaraugus..| 4.45) 1 1883} 1896) 4.49\+-0.04/10.11] 1885) 1.63) 1889 } Islisibty aagoneoDoNeecao Chemung ....| 3.25 1851} 1896) 0.94/—2.31|) 6.45) 1860) 0.94) 1896 SHAESLCTINE EE UOUCE OU a Suffolk ....... 4.39] 12} 1885) 1896) 2.385/—2.04] 6.65) 1893) 2.35) 1896 JETER! VROH grdoonol| agnor joasaonsooe tia! looelogodvell sapoos 5 y9 0 bey AS | leon aec aan AID AMY: & oe,<0'essie> eaiel|) ALD ELTN ii lefatalolets 3.96} 23) 187 1896) 2.25/—1.71] 7.58] 1885] 0.53; 187 Honeymead Brook ...; Dutchess. ...| 4.20) 16) 1881} 1896) 4.48/+0.28) 8.55) 1885) 0.96) 1894 Poughkeepsie......... COE T Nhucas 3.72) 21] 1880) 1896) 2.28)—1.44) 8.67) 1831} 1.04) 1894 WIEStHP OIG cliceitacess Orangver-s.s-. 4.721 49| 1840) 1896) 1.96/—2.76}11.75]- 1868} 0.05} 1876 Boyd’s Corners ....... Putnam ...... 4.64] 26) 1871 1896) 4.60/—0.04)10.33} 1875) 1.20) 1876 CRM PLAIN VU ey vaire\\) vaistatolsleseleiviselsicts\s Cis eS ll5e canellanenoo Hea (| — A EAS |Past l Pocarctstom| [arersieyal| (ohecolerste Plattsburgh Barracks.| Clinton....... 3.13] 37) 1840) 1896) 1.70/—-1.43) 7.18) 1892] 0.387) 187 Meaawrence Valley! seit «te -0/s\ 02.0010 esis alle sen Aon GHEE UG rdldgaxn|lacseadlsesadllocaadc WEAIOWMO)... itis) are’cuaieielsinraste Franklin ... .| 3.51] 16) 1830) 1896) 3.63)/+-0.12 Hailatbiareigtal ligsatgnate! loacetaietate Madison Barracks ....| Jefferson..... 2.45) 35] , 1840) 1896) 3.70)4-1.25) 6.14) 1871) 0.47 1881 North Hammond ..... St. Lawrence.) 3.63} 19] 1866} 1896) 4.06/+0.43)/11.78| 1892] 0.37) 1874 IP OUSC AMM cislete oat eistelatiocle ee .| 3.66] 27) 1828} 1896] 3.31/—0.35) 9.92] 1893] 0.31) 1845 (CarQoys TOOT REDD GdaoG saaal|Ledeoanooo maple eso dlloronod||joagepe 2.77|—0.07)..... se eobbellaveanc SUPT ALOY oielaye oo: feiereiics ] Dc oe Se nes 2.63) 26] 1871) 1896) 3.68/+1.05/10.63] 1885) 0.05) 1876 ROCHESTER: = .:6 2 1-1 Monroe......- 3.05] 25} 1871) 1896) 2.71/—0.84! 7.26) 1886] 0.36] 1876 Fort Niagara ......... Niagara...... 2.54) 38} 1842) 1896) 1.00/—1.54] 7.21] 1849] 0.33) 1876 ORBWELOVN fe) -sercis celeie\~ Oswego....... 2.68} 26] 1871] 1896) 3.00/+0.32] 6.47] 1893) 0.29) 1874 IPAIOEMNO tancfostcricltisiae = Se anaes BROOM BG] wl SOO! e eOo |e etell eis cerel| letersi 1892} 0.41] 1866 Erie, Pennsylvania ...| Erie.......... 3.38) 2 187 189€) 3.47/+-0.14! 7.45) 1885] 0.54) 1894 CET CL UGE Sts aia ere cll ecsisioice aieieisiessie(e = EB Ul /Baalabedad (ecqcoc PADS had) thee dlacoscslbooed| Miceode MIPEXED, oagoegodanodacar Tompkins ....| 3.30) 18) 1879} 1896) 2.43|—0.87| 8.14) 1885) 9.39) 1881 Average departure..| .............5. eae hore Sa coct Wan coe Ries —0.81 qo me Seimleyer sll rersratall ereteretsie ead &. hen | ae =, oh * ais He ‘ ™ ch rs . eh aog | ? SIA AR 2SMaT » Sot rey A * i ae hon N OT, ee MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURES | FOR AUGUST, 1896. Kingston _/f Fp, ‘Game : Ose Lay. “4 ort Niggara SCALE OF MILES Code \} yy West Chazy TAN hi e oi \\ MOtutrwain /) W\ iy Plattsbu A onstalWle- - i Ss TN << Jae ee : e sib. eT ee MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION FOR AUGUST, 1896. : a Kingston So Pi (CANAD 14N)@QE SCALE OF MILES Wi . PIII LLL LAA LAVAS Coan aoe SEA OS LL Lh FF FH LN peeseee Za —— LALIT TT TR EZ aE EE FF: CELE fff of fA GG ALLE TE EE A. PLL hnkuh-pbihuok fA AAAS Yt ff fF AW 2D ER EEE E> PSM ALA at Arie PLE ALE SF oP? LS TETAS TICES NEA fp hfe fk Ci Ke ALIZELEL ELL OO. a lone@ ye V ZZ DE eS fp A Nar [LL AA Affe — PEE Va LITT TOS Mo Oe A eee NV OUR) etary VL LL AYR LI me 1 PLP ELE LP LF" OLED SEBO WELLL NOEL: ES SF SEs SEMEL ENTIAL SLE Fh Wie 204 OSB Ure Die FS LE I LB I | al LL LCALLAI PM OO PIE OS AE te DAG | DIS VERVE TTL, IE lS LF AG LF OF FF bs 2 Saath yo : DISET, GOTTA Tf EOS SEB AL TS LT, EEE ONE GLI SF ISI OP IN IN We Chie NM fk Kf 5—}——__t 4 peacnam: 9 (7 77LZ ZL Se = ; Mie Bl Re STATION. COUNTY. © oo x re |..-2| af i 00h =P Jone ny | t= Y= a eet ie epm= eR St = | 2 a5 5 | be ? 3 Fe oFl +s | Sil) ceil Ae Wes digg [yell pryah ea ie 5 coeeeteeiats | 6 sie. | s aca | SS el | ves ie ee) Western -Platea o2| 9522.2 ees oo 22 le ee | pees ee = ai «--]----| 58-8] 95)/11 JNIHRCG So acdegesese Allegany ..-... 1824) 5222 sal eeeeree So Live ---|05.6] 57.5) 89/12 Angelica .-.-2..--\- a Pee 1380). eee pases seieele ees. r are ---|56.3] 56.9) 88)12 IROMU Ses em ciscaa em Allegany: \- 3) 523) | Pewee ese eta lee esl sc aisfboas aod epec) meal Iss Friendship -.-...-... ree nee 1550) 30.07| 30.39}23/29.67/29/0.72) .-- .---| 58.2) 90}11 Humphrey .-.------. Cattaraugus -2))1950|\- sess |\a-oeealole 4-1 =~ a5 57.8] 57.4) 90/12 Arkwright .--..... | Chautauqua ..|1260|......!..-..-|- 25361 (oe eee --|$57.5] 8012 Jamestown .....--- | a 13ag Cereal kT A th | ed Pa a ..-] 58.8] 86/11 19) bp AS eanees Chemung ..... 863) 2st eel ocean ee = 3808 Been ---| 61.8} 91/11 L070 ses S55 526 Paving ston: 22585 | peeera eee eels berae||'~- || == we ---| -- | 58.8} 90/11 Mt.) Morris... =2: a 525] case Sul Cae eae ae el eee o Se] fem cete eee (60241) O21 MOCK POL sce mse cr INTa gard. 22s |e eee lace eelee 33a SBE a .--|58-9] 60.0} 87/12 Victononce- cose nce Ontario=:2.---)22e2 Bets) (as'| oo =" BEN ocodiiacaal coal alii Wedgewood -..-..- Schuyler. ....- eee leas ---| ----|58.5] 60.8) 95/11 PANLCH ON ee saete t= Sienben|so--. e000 se-eecimescee sel) sos.) = ae 72) = 5058.7) 59.7) 90}11 | South Canisteo ..-.| Steuben ..-_.. SABES Geese Se -.-/56.5) 58.0] 90)11 ATOMIC > - ccc e sae os IW SOMin ge ~ 32-1557 sesess | eaeeelee ei ==!|/~-|-<110 : --.|95.5, 56.9) 86} 11 Varysburg ..-....-. ue mae rata | etl ne cet ---| 59.0) 91/11 WO RLONI ELOLLCOAL 3 = oN Ac aiate cw eros Sale isa ete ee en eeeetce Ge] Baia : eelas—i| OSs OO TLE Binghamton -.....- Broome.....-- STO se ce tales ate ae ---|60.5| 60.4) 94)11 OTOLO saeco nce Chenango’ :-uNppDi seco ee eecemelied see ikes lice 2 ee eA Se 58.2] 92/11 Corntlangesceesas- Cortland...... Te ee selec sol lath aeees at ease Shean el oeee 59.3) 91/11 Bloomville..--..--. Delaware...... TSO ee eee eee al wee al ssi[ca ce --.|59.8) 61 4) 95/12 South Kortright...| Delaware -.... 1700|S2ee salt eceee lec Salle] BAe4 eee Se A 57.1] 88/11 Elka Park.....-... Greene........ PLA) Ib at a esate (EE SoS none 86; 54/57.1) 56.8] 82/12 Brookfield ..-.-.--. Madison...... L350 Soe te Bec eealee ee] Balleeee ---| ---./56.6] 56.7; 93/11 Middletown ......- Orange)... . 522 Gp e6aso) S554) 22) ese Se Cee cepacia women IPOLt Wervis. =... Orange 5265) (470 acne eee ee =sloa] ore .|----| 61.4) 89}11 Cooperstown....... Otsego........ I800/ES ssanleereceles = SA ee ae -(56.3) 56.5) 85)11 New Lisbon....... aie Meson 1234) cs ccolessee el oe Belles liseis © .|55.3) 56.2] 89] @ Qneonta, se Great Lakes Dunkirk Westfield Baffalo Appleton ........- Fort Niagara..... Baldwinsville..... Oswego ...--.-..-- ISTONS os cewt ae ees Central Lakes..... Mleming sow... -256 Romulus)... osscn ene TCRACA Yt mece chee wat BAROMETER. HUMIDITY TEMPERA . a co r?) i=] D2 ij oe Cia Fa ES oil late A A a | % | ¢| 2 \45| ne COUNTY. ® = 2 O/25| 3G al a Gey ~ |e 8| g-a a & a s ~ Pp i A) oe : ix) ws) ea | ‘eg re 21512 lol sla ol @&la la beele Ee; 8} = i E eel 8] lg |e Se i = H ial a Ala = A lA a lA BOCES see Pesce pessoa ase. S/S 2 Aes Eee ee 61-1) 92) 11 Albany .-..-- 85) 30.05) 30.37) 2) 29.61/30 0.76 UW 53].--.| 62.0) 90! 11 EO ees ae See A seen a Got ec | SSGrs Seen (ene 58.8) 87] 12 Dutchess.-.... PIG bs eh eee 2a see el stemelcepcelanw.e 60.0 59.7) 85) 11 ‘Ss ea 180| ceo hace ol ee Le 60.7| 92| 11 \ de | emery Peed) ae so pa) Me 12S Gas sess! Sece 60.6) 87} 11 Greene. - 3-2 > |S-2|Seeece|ens-== Fe eee acta Se ome eames 62.4) 62.2) 89) 11 Orange-......- aiid Pees WS See rol ee Ney ree | tere ef erm 2 allamia'e 63.0) 90} 12 Putnam ..-..- SOO eb SS cee Se ithe etree leper = Norte olla ata 62.2) 90) 11 Pascgdct poscealap sclbeaoec lseanied a) Seen eo eee eer =H Ss SB SO I SBel Gk: Oneida ..22--- CVG eee ae call Se eal Se etal srianinil ee «0% erin 58.9] 85) 11 5 SRE) esol |-Aceo| aosence: le senc4 easel SS Scee ieees meteh CUIGET The fb j 5) Ae ea eee iss | Sasa fs] |5 55'S SSsaes| ened (eee 57.1) 85) 3 Warren ..---- ALM) Soe Sel |eaneise fae) Betoere [eel aiasl| mm, |inie.'a. 58.3) 58-8) 89) 11 b ARPS Sees! | oes (ae BE cleats tea Geea Se .--| 58-0} 88] 11 Jefferson ..-..- 266) ee seo Ak cee eral eerie leieec aces | boer Shenter 58.6] 87} 12 Jefferson..--.| 486)......|. eee Ne ee eel allot ae liciecta|le aa 58.1] 88] 11 St. Lawrences|304| 5228 se | eee a Ra eeeeties tacts iwc <'| mina oe 56.8) 56.2) 86) b St: Lawrences} 300|222 62. eoeesieeietecealcetons loss an'llnemmc 58.3) 58.8] 88) 11 sf Pa Nea | (OR eee ee a Eb! | iS OO ee ene (eee Vhs 59.1] 86) 11 EE ceil CO) no semen aeetsmemtial == le calico ¥ le aetee 57.9] 57.3) 85} 11 Seb ctee owde cadet clot | ee are eel eel tee ol =m [iclew =| charo-o ai] eerste reene 59.9} 93] 12 Chantaugua 217590) ace seeal eal eeecw sl cca Gen = one mea eee eter ers ete ee Tage ete Pea to CU a a | a la | 60.0) 87| 11 jive GS Be RaSoes 690) 30.02, 30.36/23) 29.58/30)0.78 71 51|.---| 60.0) 81] 11 MEONTOG ‘on fs Saye eect al eee eee eeee ad oN ree eee ..-./58-7| 58.6) 90] 11 Monroe eI 621) 30.03) 30.34/23) 29.55/30|0.79 73 50|..--| 60.0) 92) 11 Niagara... .]2.3.||-cocealmeeeeeelacl tenn + « sal se oll See eee 58.8) 88) 11 Niagara...... 6B) se roe emer iael certian =| =") conc cis ieifemee man meron 60.8) 91) 11 Onondaga...-.<|''890)225 2. |e eee eeliecc=- Jal oes) See 59.9) 60.3) 89) 11 Oswego ...--.| 304| 30.02) 30.29/23} 29.52/30!0.77 74 50)...-| 60.0} 90) 11 “| amenen 460). ccuc)conceee 3) SSSA od Bees Ieee acc 60.1} 59.6) 93) 12 Wayne --..--- PUA Sasa Roa || 2c! | See Oe Sen Dnetemes bee 59.3] 60.3) 90) 11 0) CES ae 681) 30.03, 30.37/23} 29.47|/29 i, 75|- 52)..-.] 61-0] 87) 11 Sense Or RSP Pee soll! (oe ol ee ene arse reel Matai h tibet Cayuga ...... OUD |e cee SS EE eta | <1 |\o0:2]'s stave eee 60.4) 60.8) 91) 11 Seneca ....... 61) Peer hs el el ee 83 BAe cs |e a 92) 11 Tompkins..-..| 810) 30.03) 80.30/23) 29.14/30)1.16 71 51/59.5| 60.6) 91) 11 Soom ee betes Glee e 30.04) 30.39 23) 29.14|30/0.79 77 §2|....| 59.4) 97) 11 * Mean of the tri- daily observations. { Mean of the maximum and minimum by the Draper the tri-daily observations are derived by the formula (7 a. m. + 2 p.m. + 9p. m. + 9p. m.) + 4- (a) 11, 12; (b) 10, 11; (ce) 23, 24; (a) 5, 23; (e) 21, 23, 24; (f) 10, 24; (g) 11, 25; (h) 2, 25; (1) 9, 13; (uw) 3, 30; (v) 14, 29; (w) 18, 19; (a) 12,17; (y) 2, 30; (aa) 13, 19; (ab) 13, 17, 29; (ac) 18, 28; (ad) 3, 29; (cd) 13, 28, New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. FoR SepremMBeR, 1896—(Concluded). TURE—(IN DEGREES FAHR.). 25 thermograph. | Monthly rauge. | | 3 le |e ~ -_ >. -} = io] a8 BR S16 J pol) 3 i 19} 28 : 23) 34 ; 19} 29 25| 38 pels Voll 1g\P 27 21| 32 20) 34 21] 34 21| 34 92| 33 21| 42 22) 33 21| 34 91| 31 93| 32 92| 41 19| 34 19| 31 92| 31 16| 43 “16| 29 16| 23 19] 36 18} 31 17| 29 18] 43 20| 29 14] 28 15| 28 17| 30 12} 23 19! 49 18| 28 19| 42 20| 37 20 47| | Date. tos rm Tn ou ww thom po | Least daily range. mo oo oo ow ADD Sky. gle |s i} fs) = Saale oS Za = 2 las) s oc |x] 9° eee ° ° ° i] ue ~ oO oO vo 2 |S => B/B | & Ania ae 13/11.6] 9.4) 9 0 TSS CONN es 20/5 |13 |12 28] 8 |11 {11 28/12 |10 | 8 23/14 {10 | 6 28)10 |12 8 29) pisaratlie oc |\noee 17/19 1 |10 TU h Sal ees 14 Dee eee 13}11.0] 7.0|12.0 i3lit_ | 7 12° 6.5/11.6|12 5) 30 | ee See see D5 emer wen |e ante 19} 7 |15 | 8 27/1 113 |16 19 9) 12 19} 9 | 7 |14 15\10 9] 9.1,10.0 24/15 | 3 |12_ 1S! ay 8 |13 9 13} 8 |11 {11 10 |10 |10 23/21 |3 | 6 19/10 6 |14 ey AR Ee Ty 15} 6 |14 |10 5 | 8.0/13.7] 8 3] 4 |22 14 5/12 6 |12 13) 8 |13 | 9 5/10 3/10 1] 9. PRECIPITATION—({INCHES). a5 =| n a) ; ao = ae & qe ete 2 225 2 : a 33 Eee) 3 = Bey Sialic os coe ° = Z bi eerl e h.m.| 7.8| 5.65) 4.28) 21.00 9 Beall) PWee8loc nea. 4b 283-222) leases 8 7 21) 4 28) 21.00 5 5.70} 3.84] 22.00 9 7.01| 4-21] 22.00 8 5.24) 2.36) 22.00 Uf 5.74| 2.40) 17.00 9 5.18] 2 66) 12.00 145 Ole a Orta Orcs eee 14 Aen OPTS ear ee 125) B=83)) eo lee ee 11 2.85) 0.60) 12.60 12 428i) | P75 |ccenn 113 }) 4.83) (US66).25 2. 10 5US4r W2a|iooae. 11 B45 \ UALS |e enter 12 6.46)" 1266)---2-- 12 4260) 11554) 52225. 13 Ba: Yn Po ea 10 5.10} 1-01] 22.00 LAS S99) 66 ) 64 | 55 «| 74 | 68 | 70 | 72 75 eo 57 | 44 43 49 | 44 38 | 46 | 40 | 26 | 40 | 46 | 48 | 45 | 46 | 44 | 43 64| 64 | 66 | 69 60 57 | 67 | 59 | 50 | 63 | 71 | 72 | 67 | 59 | 69 | 70 | ee 43 | 37 | 48 | 44 50 ay |) CEU ES || Day IES i Ie Ney eet) Wei Il By 66 | 64 | 64 | 70 62 56 | 66 | 54 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 72 | 60 | G4 | 66 | 68 | -ng 50! 44 | 52 50 54 40 142 '42 | 32 | 46 | 46 156 /54 | 46 | 46 | 54 234 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE : Dairy Means .ror THE Regions, and Dairy STATION. 1 2 | 3 4 5 6 7 3 9 LO?) LEAVES ALS sae | St. Law. Val. (Con.) Ogdensburg ..----- Great Lakes ....-... Dunkirk. 3.25.22 SHAR ALO) Store oon ais Bittatord).2.. 25. --> Fort Niagara .....- Baldwinsville.....- Central Lakes ..... MiSmMingm.. ss sco. nce PROMUING 222 cee ons TCHQCH 2252 cdeen's 49 | 45 | 57 | 47 | 45 | 58 | 53 | 50 | 49 | 52 | 6 | 65 | 62 58 63 | 74 | 76 | 61 | 64 | 63 | 64 | 72 | 73 | BL | 87 | 76 | 69 73 51 | 51 | GL } 51 | 52 | 55 | 55 | 53 | 58 | 67 | 72 | 6D | 62 62 57 | G1 | 67 | 56 | 55 | 66 | 62 | 62 | 64 | 6 | 77 | 74 | 87 70 64 | 74 | 75 | 60 | 62 | 73 | 69 | 70 | 74 | 81 | 91 | 82 | 70 79 48 | 46 | 57 | 49 | 45 | 60 | 55 | 48 | 52 | 53 | 69 | 65 | 61 62 67 74 | To" 166 |) 62 72) TO me AT «1°82 | 92. | 85-178 78 50 | 60 | 57 | 50 | 54 | 63 | 55 | 58 | 59 | 40 | 54 | 6S | 63 58 65 | 74 | 78 |} 64 | 62 | 72 | 69 | 73 | 75 | 8 | 91 | 84 | 71 78 48 | 40 | 58 | 50 | 42 | 58 | 52 | 45 | 46 | 48 | 65 | 6 | 62 63 55 | 58 | 64 | 55 | 54 | GL | 59 | 59 | 62 | 68 | 74 | 72 | 67 66 t Maximum and minimum by the Draper Thermograph. ee ee New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 235 Maxima aNnp Minma For THE Srations — (Concluded). i | Pairs eel | 5 i=} 15|16| 17 | 18] 19| 20] 21 | 22/23 | 24{ 25) 26 | 27 | 28| 29| 30) 88 5 | | 5 S | F | | | Waianae wrt Rive dplienee [vice Boer) ou {| aba ic... es |o7 | oz | 66 | es | os | 63 | 61 | 52 | 62 | 70 | 71 | 6 | 66 | 65.) 71 | 54, 50 | 53 | 50 | 50 | 54 | 40 | 55 | 40 | 30 | 47 47 | 58 | 53 | 45 | 40 | 55 - 6. | 67 | 66 | 66 |59 | 67 | 63 | 58 |59 |61 | 69 | 72 | 6 | 68 | 67 | 73 | ,, 5 a7 |39 | 48 | 48 | 52 |47 | 45 | 36 | 28 | 42 | 44 152 | 53 | 40 | 39 | 52 | 57 63 58 63 62 61 bl 55 50 45 | 54 | 61 65 61 65 60 58 59.9 TOE OF Ses aeiaey Pa tae (are [es ante eee» het MRA § Pte ees 1 ear ati Pee ening 68 | 66 | 7i | 70 | 68 |58 | 65 | 55 | 52 | 53 | 74 |71 | 67 | 63 | 67 | 67 | gy, 58 48 58 52 48 44 45 44 36 44 i 49 59 54 48 53 49 7% 70 |68 | 70 | 69 | 60 |58 | 62 | 56 |55 | 62 | 73 | 68 | 66 | 61 | 71 | 67 | gg 55 51 55 by aie) 41 53 40 35 Do 1) 54 58 51 45 51 §2 % es |os | 74 |73 | 63 | 58 | 64 [53 | 5t [61 | 75 | 77 | TL | Go | 7 |e |. 55 49 54 49 ; 46 41 42 | 41 31 41 | 46 41 52 49 49 52 3 Bicoge 68 |e7 | 71 | 72 | 59 | 58 | 64 | 54 | 53 | 68 | 74 | 76 | 68 | 61 | 70 | 66 | Qo, 56 | 52 | 53 52 46 42 45 40 34 42 1 46 | 6L 52 50 52 49 5 70 |@5 | 71 |68 | 63 | 60 | 66 | 56 | 54 | 67 | 73 | 72 | 62 | 59 | 70 | 64 | og 60 52 54 49 49 43 43 46 36 38 | 44 57 54 ; 49 49 52 ‘ 7o | 71 | 70 | 70 | 70 |63-| 66 | 61 | 60 |61 | 74 | 71 | 65 | GL | 60 | 62 | 57 54 | 53 50 60 45 48 44 45 51 57. | 57 52 50 59 48 ‘ 71 | 66 | 74 | 7t | 61-|6v | 66 | 56 | 52 | 68 | 74 | 79-| 73 | 65 | 70 | 67 | oo 5 ag |52 | 52 |54 |46 |44 | 48 | 36 | 39 | 43 145 158 | 51 | 50 | 54 | 50 ; 65 |60 | 70 | 69 | 60 | 56 | 64 | 53 | 50 | 62 | 74 | 76 | 68 | 60 | 69 | 70 | gy 59 50 54 59 54 44 44 46 | 41 i 43 46 { 58 56 50 51 53 5 65 60 70 69 64 55 63 55 50 62 | 73 74 68 59 69 66 59.6 59 50 53 59 55 44 44 48 | 40 42 46 58 56 50 51 56 BEE 68 65 72 71 63 58 64 57 | 51 | 67 72 76 67 61 69 66 60.3 54 49 55. 53 47 45 43 44 40 50 45 58 56 52 52 53 a 67 | 65 | 68 | 69 | 61 | 58 | 64 | 56 | 52, | 62 | 74 | 70 | 66 | 60 | 69 | 54 | gg 64 52 60 53 50 45 47 { 46 | 42 46, |.52 | 62 56 49 56 50 | : | | | | | | 63 56 64 6) 58 51 55 50 44 53 | 59 | 68 65 56 59 61 | 60.9 69 65 74 2 64 58 65 59 | 59 | 66 | 75 | 81 75 60 68 68 60.8 55 45 55 52 51 43 45 43 | 36 | 41 | 48 58 55) 49 53 53 7 70 |69 | 73 |72 | 65 |59 | 66 | 57 | 52 68 ; 73 | 80 | 72 | 64 | 68 | 67 | go 56 | 43 | 55 |50 | 46 | 42 | 46 | 43 |36 |39 | 43 |56 | 54 | 49 | 48 | 53 3 70 | 68 | 74 | 72 |72 |59 | 66 | 55 | 50 | 69 | 74 | 78 | 77 | 63 | 6 | 7 | gg 56 | 46 | 55 | 50 | 49 | 44 | 41 | 44 | 37 | 37 | 43 | 57 | 56 | 52 | 51 | 52 64 158 | 60 | 60 | 50 | 52 | 54 | 50 | 44 | 51 | 57 | 63 | 62 58 | 58 | 61 | 59.4 || Received too late to be used in computing means. 236 Eiguta ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datty anp Montuty Precrer STATION. 1 z 3 4 5 6 u 8 LO | Ree ess ee Western Plateaw..| 0.00] 0.00} 0.51) LT. | 0.41) 0.12) 0.01] 0.00) 0.00) T. | 0.00; T. |] T. | T. PA Tresee space eee meee) esp Lili secace ||, freA forcrceall lie crmierett aneteeeey | atevenert bh ncy a= sity’ a ety (reyeaeea | ameter Anvelica i... sccm Sana 6 anc We acre aSe) Meee ices lesces|) Sco) Sbea| Meaog meesd Goel | Sool Ssoc PBOLLVAL, See ctel= setae TSEC eae FESeSe AREA Sess Seca ocee|! Soo] |/SSe5q) Mecon Mepoa| coco) Sescie ssa. Humphrey ..-.-.-.. 3955| ABE eee 24 Ageo Wem eta |) sae] ence Seer iter Se 65) saaelh pik JOR aa oe S| eel ee Se BESS Ree eos. Secsl). d55¢]! caso! Nices 4| Sos Be Pal lt eee Cherry Creek...-. eee eect! ks40| cciae|| OG Mele MUS tetaieil liaise |) oie Se ot 2 hai feats Jamestown ......- Be ot |lgere ale by See AHUIE )) RE I 2636 RS el RSE eS a Bitter TOIT Re seccic wanna Io sc 25) sac! deol Sas 45) coe Sic 2 Bed)! sas)! s65c| isos Ping City. <--.<--- Ssoolepaoes ciliescal AO elit) Seéci) ooGsl ieee os Bos|| Mol Gebo Woon AUccone sects ees ce BE oelllice = <1] eas |p eles FAO endian mercies sissy occnl||s moma) aknen Nie ets | eee PASVOM Secor sjate ae cine Sell eat HE cosas eee - SDh asad] o== POA omea moral asoql|, ABS alls asc Mt. Morris........ ee EAP e rst Nee el Oca Gell A sell seeset eneenen Mime 154 Tere ear Pe aT We .) Ye cs Lockport ..----=-.- Soeaecoor ps BN Sasol eet Gell) Se5]] coeelleees -- weet nee -06) =aos WaGtOT Pe ooc nese =s PPAR sed o-sealliicecall ooaelh sooc\h oooall pecs ieee =. =e siafsil eo er MSV TONG: sec cise sie - BB es (EI) Soc5|| >ooo|enas : 555 aatell bare eters || etree | eee Wedgewood ...... Bef iocoe DO |peme spel) 9206) von 264|! Bacall esc] se5el! S5e B55) see PRGOHISON ea cie Bee OCS OL aah galt agents or! C wot wreaeaies or A) > oF i | SecA seca Sed) eS ME ee Weal) b (7) ' . bo =) wi Ge cor 4 So . co a » 1: ' ‘ , ' ' AA ‘ of Oo: a: ~ bo to — i) CUS Hm OD Ke - ' AA: —_ re + be: ) _ ip ©) o G5 > CO bd wwu 1 mo wWOWwn oe -~1 Oo DARS = Oe 109 o = ' ' S r=< le l=) oo . ' ' : ' f—) oo ' ' : ' ‘ ' ’ eS bo a eae a ‘ (Jt) o aR a Aw hm bIWw UO w We CO ac ' le} = o . ste co. rh . nt rss ~ ‘ bor oO oO ‘ oe 0.04] 0.01) 0.23) 6-18) 1.00] 0.09) 0.00] 0.05) 0.00) 0.00] 0.00) T. | 0.03] 0.15] 033] 0.41 5505)| odac a I hese ie 7c leesol ecesal leased | moose) hese lesesel | cael Mecrsolfecieesel i kl 4 i aget’| i ees : —s Oe a ne . ‘ ‘ ' : ' . ' . f—) bo io} or o a : ’ Le : ' i ’ ' ’ ' ‘ . ' = ic.) ’ ' aw rs i) one a bet it) o) Oe Q: @e-I ul aoa ano scan) 626 25) 1.40 BGlscme |) oem) Sarria 2oo)| ose se sco) orcal) ZHAO) soes|) 7 ascoj| ese 43 020 |e Ane Sretallp splnsesrn |yesetee|| eae Se me -10) .06) T. | 1.97 ' ' . ' ' ' . ’ ' . . ' ' ' ' ‘ ’ ’ ’ . Rie Peena oe togint “api Lugs | Nees PRMe le WIOcR elem alee nely-ckatnce aly 2am). ece0) Seon eelem 0.09) 0.00} 0.72| 0.00] 0.74] 0.53] 0.00] 0.20| 0.01| 0.02] 0.00] 0.06] 0.18] 0.20] 0.03] 0.33] 5.24 =n el | aebilee sede ne ae ----| oe i eat el | eae cadel) sens 22 aeA5 Me oadall eaaal) Ori AO Ate Sea SOPy) SEBO Serato ie) eels 2) oA) See] AU OM) Besal eS US Ua AC SE See Tt a ee eae) | meee (Rae EL | 1.36] 6 “A acon! wlaRO Sécallscebae LT oasellseoalltooapl meee tcecd|laeaeen ite erence ir Eel oe) BOG! erases SNOW Ses SH) ARO osenhy e2Ol cecal OO esosl| hoses UE] er osbal) ae) Sk 19 rl a274) (apie basece Nee OU Seal chisel mel ieosall seer] |e aac os | gail aE Gace) LGU! Ao Sel) CS SE CEP es ree ee eel SSeel ty cereal oii! tasty @ 238 E1cgHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dainty anp Montuiy Precipi STATION. 1 2 3 | 4 5 6 7 s 9 | 10) 21 | £2. | fs) Ae Atlantic Coast ..-.| 0.02) 0.00; 0.62) 0.01) 0.50) 1.35) 0.00) 0.00) T. YT. | 0.00) T. | 0.01] 0.00 Brooklyn:....-.- =. Seen) mceetl Oe ecee RON | hae eae Were Meson) sis ae), p< salh ennai eee ieee Manbattan Beach.| -.14) .--.| * : y |e | ee es eel Laas. 2 ; INO WieMORK CIUY one] tetae| cece AO Oe ead ea pete rece e erode tel oie otal esa Peta Merete WWalletie Pomt)sdea) ssa) sec |e OD) =a Seon Lag Oleeeeet tetce | Locteal sSeie|pen tefl Us | oe Brentwood ......- Besse | ack : Setauket ......... AOE Pace Pees) We | Siz) il ieee | a REO es De Uae Ui Inet] 2-5 Bedford)..2s. =... cee Shes. ]> WoO S| etl) lari eee tected ta, aim ccc mece | Olli!) --O2l eee Hudson Valley ....| 0.02} 0.00} 0.18) 0.11} 0.17) 2.64) T. | 0.00] 0.00) 0.00! 0.00) T. |} T. | T. cAlbanyy: =s---=--=5 SSP ees ses lees) ed be SO een eee meal coal atc] sae]. y's Lebanon Springs..| ----| ---.| * CAL Ce | eae aI) ee) i | |e a) bd Le eee Honeymeagd Brook s 22.4) 5-22))) D0) haees |) eon Oem ieee Meme! ciara) 52) 240) 18-72 0.02! 0.30) 0.12) 1.07/ T. | T. | 0.12} 0.00] 0.00} 0.00) 0.02] 0.31) 0.40} 0.26) 0.52] 4.55 By ole 11.23 Hee ek MPa eee oe ER: 1.20 eel leet eset 10 AN ae le Teles Bek (tui [MTN see rors tare clin za (dps Rae 10) 225) 4.33 stil, eats WL? dae nal PARE Ulta a HEN 89| T. 89) 5.10 av 11) |.03 OD 02a: TVS Nite eateece ie) Sane 03| .69) .35| .30| 3.84 eo Dae Oe a eb SAR Ale cea omg CP SERe IFAS OUND ates ed | ONT PNT aed ces ye EH eae 0 12] 0.06] 0-31| 0.12) 0.87] 0.14) T. | 0.16) T. | 0.01] I. | 0.04) 0.20) 0.17] 0.19) 0-50} 4.63 | ee eee ee * Amount included in next measurement. + Not included in computing averages. 16 242 STATION. Western Plateau Angelica Humphrey Eimira Eastern Plateau (Ors (NW L==S54o5ecSR css Cortland Cooperstown Waverly Northern Plateau Lowville Atlantic Coast...-...-. New York City Setauket Hudson Valley....---- Albany Honeymead Brook.... West Point Champlain Valley.... Plattsburgh Barracks. St. Lawrence Valley.. Madison Barracks.... Canton North Hammond Potsdam Buffalo Fort Niagara-.. Baldwinsville Oswego Palermo Ithaca tee ew meee E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNTY. Allegany Cattaraugus .. Chemung Chenango New York.... Suffolk Albany --..--- Orange Peet “ Niagara BAwe Onendaga .... Oswego ase es for the month of September. Normal 2 — S' 58.2! He >? OV teers WH bo AAA ABH “DOrmw ow We r= Oo 0D . ‘ 1 oe aOrnoreo oor ’ bo bo AaIanan BOHR CNNNE SS FORBOMHSOwM BMwWeND : ADRAAIAAAND aon _—— | Length of record, years. Sratistics or TEMPERATURE a ee Ee id TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHR.). Record begins. | Record ends. 14 1896 /1839 1896 1839, 1896 1862/1896 1856 1896 1828/1896 1871/1896 5|1871)/ 1896 1842/1896 1854/1896 (1871/1896) 1854/1896 1879/1896 o —=-1% 00 | Mean for Sept., 1896. mb MorKemww. opMon 56.4 4/1895/6: 1896! ouooo NDOAO=~1 ANMAADAMAM meococecooo an ’ QR ORONMSON WHnNwan the from normal, Departure | _ i ' mH ow | os ' t Pe rae) (— Fe nord) h alee) EXTREMES OF MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE FOR SEPTEMBER. z 5 ee et es) l= ort v ° © = al ra) 61.3 1894) 53.6) 1871 64.5) 1884; 52.7) 1883 a 1891) 57.6) 1860 66-1) 1846) 63.9) 1839 62.6) 1846, 52.5) 1848 66-7]. 1881] 53 .3)°60-'63 67.2} 1888) 55.7] 1883 61.9 1846, 52.5| 1829 72.4] 1881) 61-2) 1871 67.8 '91-’95| 61.6) 1887 71.0} 1881| 58.5| 1875 65-1) 1891 56.2) 1893 65-3)°4381| 54.8| 1893 70.4) 1881; 56.3) 1842 70.4) 1881] 54.1) 1863 67.4) 1869} 55.1) 1866 63.0) 1846; 52.6} 1893 71.5} 1889| 57.7) 1883 1.4) 1881} 56.7) 1871 71.0) 1881) 57.5) 1883 65.5) 1881; 56.0) 1863 70.3} 1881) 57.2) 1893 65.1) 1881; 54.5) 1883 71.7) 1881] 58.6) 1888 71.2| 1881] 56.4) 1883 — | a ee ee Ye eS ee Oe New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. AND PRECIPITATION — SEPTEMBER. STATION. COUNTY. WEG Ja TU ceed), Gocecceceesosee PATIO Ol Gale ser stetee seen Allegany ..... Humphrey ..-..-..--.- Cattaraugus -. MIT ae asetee ccm = sia Chemung..... astern Plateat. <2 .-|| soso -0so-< >= MORTON Sass aicinie/s scree Chenango..... Wortlandes se es-c2-s0 Cortland .....- Cooperstown. .-...-.--- Otsego. ..-.-.. Port Jervis......------ | Orange ......- Wiavenlyesccc-osc. sce (Moraceae cscas PVOMDETs ECabeQl. =,..-< |) Sx sieec ccs ce WO wiville 4 .ci\5< < ce Nice SEPTEMBER. Aaah | bo Tl Sie: | wails | a 4 |S) qrearear. {| xeast. eigen | Fo) sige fal S | =2 oe ) = so oF Eee (ean no Sa be z < Ene = | S a|& 2 FS = Ae bd Boi llecellecml eas = 3 A S < AiR) Se | a < H MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK ‘SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1896. Kingston (CANAD 1BN)@; <2 ioe OLE Appleton s . _i.~7 |Afbione ° e ] 7, = Ala am NRoty He ; Rok ite ; ewe \-— RW. SCALE OF MILES } West Chazy \ ? 1S \LyohMoun 496 : \ f WG \ ' Ne £lattsb o \ atts wre ay | Ymi : Hy} ji hitehall ‘Sarat \ _S Glovers eville i pa Croverstovnt { e + { eNe | Lisb¢ “ Serial 64: cante Fh as oe Bloonville NewLondon US, New Ayven® 4 GGEY ap ee ; y tee aye one i r; A } oi i MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION FOR SEPTEMBER, 1896. Kingston (CANAD 15 N)@) LZ = Cam OE LY SS LCi aK WZ SSR EN lt ee SOE pen 8) 01) we acai atl) Fa) uffalo. US PaO: ngelic ae YZAZ. Zi LA ' e , ae ' “AP rho y a SCALE OF MILES Z PRD ZZZZALZ SS Sa oS | EE JZ LRA LALA LE ei Bo y LL LAZA ZA je LS AAA AMyaAgne 10) COPD SOOO MEE | p86: EN CL LILA RL CL Le LZ Ax a aD SoM aor vad 7 fa\) tf AOS CLI TE AF a ae ree. OP TY Ate 2 ~ é VEDI ILS aU Ne Zhe ALLA PI ZIDL LB LIL Mae LD Ze ee AV AS "wale Pol en | {] LIL LLL ALE Lgl Ff fp pA aes % taper ZZ erry LL LLDPE LATTE LALIT LIME PENS BOPP LLL TLL TL DAZ ERELZ MLA LLASTLTILD AIAN TITTLE LL Cg eee ware LZZVNZLLL AR Sa NSA COO SIE ME | ZZL) ZZ pipe ke FOWL i wae MPACHSS Ze ZY 7 Ze __# Lake NY La Tar iteiail - Scale of Shades. oa a iSaratge 6 D Ny upeaby bh oe “Cloverss™ = © to .2 inches. PROT KR? \ Sa Bele 20 4h Ae 4 to 6 ss + 5 4 =e ra em 6 to 8 AG AF va AMO: AOS DLS i | Ke > SiiA S “L es - Meteorological Summary for October, 1806. The average atmospheric pressure (reduced to sea-level and 32 degrees Fahr.) for the State of New York during the month of October was 30.06 inches. The highest barometer was 30.64 inches at Albany on the 10th, and the lowest was 29.60 inches alt New York city on the 24th. The mean pressure was highest in the central and southwestern parts of the State, and lowest in the northern section. The average pressure at six stations of the National Bureau was 0.02 inches above the normal, excesses oc- curring alt all stations except Oswego. The mean temperature of the State, as derived from the records of 70 stations, was 46.1 degrees, the highest local monthly mean being 52.9 degrees at Brooklyn, and the lowest, 41.7 degrees, at North Lake. The ‘highest daily mean for the State was 67 de- grees on the 30th, and the lowest, 37 degrees, on the 19th. The maximum temperature reported was 79 degrees at Avon and Perry City on the 29th, the minimum being 17 degrees at New Lisbon on the 26th. The mean monthly range of temperature for the State was 45 degrees; the greatest range, 58 degrees, occurring at Penry City, and the least, 34 degrees, at Potsdam. The mean daily range was 16 degrees; the greatest daily range being 45 degrees at Brentwood on ithe 21st, and the leasit, 2 de- grees, at scatitered stations on several dates. The mean tem- peratures of the several regions were as follows: The Western Plateau, 44.8 degrees; the Eastern Plateau, 45.4 degrees; the Northern Plateau, 42.7 degrees; the Aitlantic Coast Region, 51.4; 246 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE the Hudson Valley, 48.5 degrees; the Mohawk Valley, 45.2 de- grees; the Champlain Valley, 44.6 degrees; the St. Lawrence Valley, 44.6 degrees; the Great Lake Region, 47.1 degrees; the Central Lake Region, 46.8 degrees. The average of the mean temperatures at 26 stations possessing records for previous years was 2.5 degrees below the normal, deficiencies occurring at all stations: The mean relative humidity for the State was 77 per cent. The mean dew point was 39 degrees. The average precipitation for the State, as derived from the records of 96 stations, was 2.57 inches. The greatest general pre- cipitation occurred to the southwest of the Central Lakes, ex- ceeding 5 inches, while the least was under 1 inch over a con- siderable area bordering Lake Ontario. The greatest local amount was 6.49 inches at South Canisteo, and the least 0.58 inches at Rochester. A list of the heaviest rates of precipitation will be found in the accompanying table of meteorological data. From the ist to the 3d scattering showers occurred; on the 4th and 5th moderate rains in the southeast; on the 6th and 7th, general, but heavy only over the Western Plateau and Central Lakes; from the 12th to 14th, the heaviest rains of the month, excepting in the St. Lawrence Valley; from the 16th to 24th, scattering showers, with a light snowfall in the colder sections; on the 29th to 31st, showers excepting along the coast, heaviest in the northern section. The average snowfall for the State amounted to only a trace. No snowfall was reported along the coast; but at six stations of the plateaus amounts varying from 1 to 2 inches were measured. The average precipitation at 27 stations possessing records for previous years was 1.00 inch below the normal; excesses being reported from only 5 scattered sta- ae New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 247 tions. The rainfall was the least recorded for October by the Weather Bureau station at Rochester. The average number of days on which the precipitation amounted to 0.01 inches or more was 8.9. The rain frequency was, as a rule, greatest in eastern New York, and least in the west. The average number of clear days was 8.4; of partly cloudy days, 9.0; and of cloudy days, 13.6; giving an average cloudiness of 58 per cent. Over the Western Plateau, the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence Valley and the Atlantic Coast the cloudiness was below ‘the general average. The prevailing wind direction was from the northwest. The average wind travel at six stations of the National Bureau was 8,201 miles; with a maximum velocity of 48 miles per hour at Buffalo on the 20th. Light thunderstorms or distant lightning were observed at 5 stations of western New York on the 29th, 30th and 31st. Killing frosts occurred at some northern and highland stations on the 8th, and were quite general on ithe 9th, also frequently dur- ing the two following weeks. Hail fell on the 3d, 7th, 8th, 18th and 21st; and sleet fell on the 21st and 22d. A solar halo was observed on the 28th, and a lunar halo on the 19th. General features of the weather.—The temperature was below the normal continuously from the beginning of October until the 27th, the greatest deficiency occurring on the 9th, when killing frosts were generally reported, being the first of the season at many stations. The weather was much warmer after the 27th, and on the closing days of the month the excess of temperature amounted to nearly 15 degrees above the normal. 248 Eriguta ANNUAL REPORT OF THE The precipitation was unevenly distributed, being quite heavy in a few of the southern counties, while in areas bordering Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence Valley and other scattered localities, it was unusually light. The greatest rain frequency and cloudi- ness obtained during the first and a portion of the second decades, after which the weather was generally pleasant. The first fall of snow for the greater part of the State occurred on or about the 15th. | The severe frosts of the 9th injured some garden truck, but crops were generally secured from damage. The rainfall was rather light for fall seeding in most localities, but the drouth was severe only in a few of the northwestern counties. Some dam- age to property was due to heavy rains on the 18th along the Canisteo river. On the 20th buildings were unroofed and other damage caused by high winds at Baldwinsville. Five areas of high and nine areas of low pressure influenced our weather this month; the number of depressions being rather above the average for October. Four disturbances passed along the coast in a northerly direction about the 2d, 6th, 12th and 18th; the storm of the 12th, which was of tropical origin, being the most energetic of this series. Disturbances of a second class, originating to the westward, passed over the Northeastern States or Canada on the 6th to 8th, 21st, 23d to 24th; and a fourth low had moved eastward as far as the upper lakes on the 3lst. No general storms of notable severity passed over New York this mionth. The high-pressure systems were, in most cases, large and well defined, their general path being from the Northwestern to the New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 249 Central States and coast, and thence northeastward toward the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Their influence was mainly felt in this State on and about the 5th, 9th, 19th, 22d and 25th, which dates also mark the principal cold periods of October. The fact that the low areas frequently passed off the coast, until the last week, in large measure explains the cool weather which was felt on the dates ‘between the passage of the anticyclones. 250 E1cgHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MerrroroiocicaL Data LOCATION OF STATIONS. STATION. COUNTY. | 3 i = S| ¢ s| 8 a| A WEStEMM IE LALA. ese -ce- cece oe Aired eae. sam se Allegany ...-|1824 Angelica ........- . ...|1340 BouVvar-.-t-sc5 <8 “ sae Friendship -...-... Allegany -.-.-..|1550 Franklinville ....| Cattaraugus -|---.|.---. Humphrey ....-.-. s 1950 Arkwright ......- Chautauqua. .|1260 Jamestown ....-.- Chautauqua. .|1328)...-. SOIT. ao see oae es Chemung ....| 863)....-- ASV OMe einem ee Livingston...| 585)...... Mt. Morris ....... x e.|\(b25) secs Moekport==2 5... Niagara... 2: bigs | tice WiaetOt an eee ces cs QOntario------|-- slpoore Wedgewood ...... Schuyler ..... 1350)-->--5 ‘A ddisony-s--4-5e% | Steuben.--... 1000)5. 225 South Canisteo...| Steuben....-. 1480).....- ATCA Gases tees Wyoming TOT eseeee Varyssburg. .....- « Seeleceee RASLETID PUALCOA = o|- a= 5 cee =: See|(Saacac Binghamton .....- Broome ...... BO) Faces Oxitordeees-2e- Chenango..-.| 550|...... Cortland) -20).-.2.- Cortland ..... 120 eee Bloomville.......-. Delaware ....|1556).....- South Kortright..| Delaware .-.../1700)...--- Brook field .......- Madison ..... 1350|\2=ese5 Middietown ...... Orange ...-.- 660}...-.. Port Jervis....... ee S55a50 A70\ nace Cooperstown...... Otsegos 2-2. 1300|esee= New Lisbon...... Sol olesteee pat Ue ae Oneontay..---- Seok teen 1100) ceeces Perr Citys..-.--. Schuyler ..../1038/...... Siraite Corners-..| Tioga... <2.) s-a<\\eoenns Wiaverlysocs..---2 a eee B20\aoneee VAG nee we Tompkins.....|--0-|-ssees Mohonk Lake ....| Ulster ....... 11245) once Northern Plateaw.| .-.+.-:---<---- | Soc wares Saranac Lake ..../ Franklin ....|....]...... Gloversville ...... Walton | acme seiel| Siwteie'| ei ee BGP eae Stilo: |e Os685e) Al Bee 2 .../43.8) 44 8] 63] 31 Saeed letdlmeme ne |\a's|oae = cael Sion! Gene] Lee |Get ane ISON 2) EC , en vee Sie tl latete 43.4) 67| 30 30.53/10; 29.61/24 0.92 89| 36]....| 41.9] 62] e enol is ES) a ee SFE ese 51.4) 77) 31 Ae el en Sold hy abate s Toate eran aoa 52.9] 72] 31 perk Sh rr Oe Ons) "hae | seul eed eee renee 30 53/10, 29.60/24)0.98 79 44)....| 52:0] 72) 32 Aerie tr cd el creek bse Miereiiie Siilse nel ooLeG| “OPoL Brentwood.......- SURG ewwse 10) cco een eee se eee be elie el) < ie : -. {61.5} 50.4) 72) 31 Setanket.......... Sunorksscsss 5s BO) seme alate Besa lacie sik wie!| bal oars a 77| 44/51.9] 52.5) 73] 31 IBOGLONG cvodvacen's Westchester 2} 290|S2eecales cece lea bon wesieoloen dx sill ood aox cL CORS iiiogn: “ ee wee ewww mele wwwwe wala wwwnn walewens New York WEATHER BUREAU. FoR Ocrosper, 1896. PRECIPITATION—(INCHES). Greatest rainfall. Re boo eden t tl) wr joo Dees eee ET coo ’ TCRE—(IN DEGREES FAuR.). SKY. eS Ao Bayh) BR CAS : reaellNes om SH So =| re) 2) ae Sarees oo ee a Re at é a r= 2 oe -| + i=] Ss =| 5 2/8) Se eS) e|'i8 12 188 Q| 3 mG ALR IA Sly et | HE et penuee | RECT Hudsons alley =. 52) .t-csss6 seceen|- = BA essed qosoo| Sal |esadel ale oA BAS Sod acts 48 2b) MIG) ek Aillbanws. 5. c- Chantanqua..|'590) <<. 75} osceeiioa! eee. |oe\l. = By Ao ane lactic (ork Ss Westtield ..-....-. ae acell Pere ek SAB A] le ermal | ped erence re ste Sc --| 47.5] 77), 36 Baffalo. = 22 ...2-- 5- Brie: <2) Joce = 690) 30.07| 30.52] 9) 29.68)30)0.84) 70) 37 48 0} 73} 30 Pittetorilys..-.--84 Monroe 2.22.2 e- Soho ko ella epoca een peters Siifecisti| oot |Seime SOSIPAG IO MT OINeo Rochester........- ORE AW erite 621] 30.06) 30.52/10) 29.68/24'0.84 74 38|....| 47.0] 76} 29 Appleton .......-. Niagara.....- FOr reise Ke Boe al|os\la scorer er ee au|\ es | Memon een On Gin nO: Fort Niagara....- Niagara...... pAb eae ee {eS een ed & ork sellicwed| 40, G6) 75) 80 Bald winsville.. +s) Onondaga....| 390) ..2.-c | eeeceeeleeees Palic bx. oe |, oe NABER A725] TS 20 OsWe LO nos see Oswego...... 304) 30.04) 30.56/10) 29.62)/24/0.94 74 $825 ./4720)) 18h 29) PRlOLMOscceeece ese Oswego ....-- AGW oct 0G CPE cen ethno]. os. woe] 6c2- (46.8) 46 21-76) 5 TOUR a, ap aaoses Wayne....... 407) <5 .205)|cccmenn pelle « Ae) e30\| ere ../47.2) 47.4] 73) 29 re Pa: coeds He oer eee 681} 30.07) 30.41] 9) 29.71 23/0.70 69 28/....] 48.0] 78] 30 Oentral Wakes) 224 cae iaee hoon cs B fal i] ie bina Eat Lae | eee ‘ ... | 46.8] 75} 29 Blemim piss acu. Cayuga ...... 1 VA Ser ic)l |. lhce--ietcy en eee 46.8) 46.5) 75] 29 HOMUIMS i's... 7. Seneca....... VOI haa: < a's | 5 are arene | eee certs Balt er: 80} 38]....] 47.1] 74] 29 thas... gars: n= Tompkins 810) 30.07) 30 57/10) 29 63 24 0.94) 76) 39/46.1] 46 7} 74! 29 Meanopidiet) oul ts ee 30.06) 30 64/10} 29.60/24/0.89| 77 39/....| 46.1! 79| 29 * Mean of the tri-daily observations. the Draper thermograph. +9p.m.) — 4. + Blank indicates that the duration is not shown in the { Report received too late to be used in computing means. The (a) 29, 30; (b) 15, 31: (ce) 28, 30; (@) 1, 29, 81; (e) 15, 28, 30; (f) 1, 2, 31; (g) 1, 31; (a) 30, 31; (i) 23, JO, 15; (t) 10, 25; (w) 9, 26; (v) 19, 20; (w) 10, 19, 22, 26; (a) 16, 27; (y) 26, 27; (aa) 12, 13, 24; (ab) 13; (bf) 6, 14; (cc) 5, 6; (ed) 1, 7; (ce) 1, 7, 25; (cf) 8, 18; (dd) 4, 8, 12, 13; (de) 5, 8, 12, 18; (df) 6, 8, — a. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. . FoR Ocroper — Concluded. PRECIPITATION —(INCHES). TURE —(IN DEGREES FAHR.). SKY cia a b: Qe oO n |o® sis | Plas ee aac} = eS o| 5 2 FS ane ees Eo 5 a 4 ty ad. (eo 2 lane 2 = ole a |e ae | ss A 3 |hel| so |SF B/2)e) |2] [sie] sss : mb | 8 | 2 3 em |e bree aaa ee a ae eal ag Beatve Woe 1c (erie) ee Fal Sipe Ss | Syl Se 2) Be | a ese! s Se SSP aa ao cdo Wada Me) eB ls 5) Seleoehenieatl Loven So) a aoa A |Z a 20| 26] 46] 16] 36) 26) 3] 6/8 1) 6.5/16 4) 10.9) 2.62 29} 23} 38) 15] 28] 27| 4| 14/8 | 4 [20 14 1.538 DOaeezG) 47) 16) 30) 26) Sie 27ir4 7 4120 11 3.07 23] 26, 46| 16) 28) a 5 woolen wal Tanta 16 2.96 931 26| 52] 20] 36! 26, 3) 6/9 | 9 {13 7 2 66 Pemevg) 44 7ies2ie Bolen co Souls a/L5 13 3.34 | Gee |) 421% 15. 80) 27) o 4) AST ale N16 9 2.39 QSPIG | 48 esse 28) |) ele. alec eee S 2.36 24 96| 48] 16] 32) 26] 5] be 14 | 3 /14 9 2.63 Soy moa ee SO 16s 22h OT na | @Ste- aa) see 8.0| 1-90 Dra 39] AMG 22a 2Tl 02) B8i recalls : 8 1.90 22 26/ 46] 16] 32] 27; 2% 6! 9 0| 6.0)16.0] 1t.0 2.66 PISS tet | AMER aI SAP STS PENG eee ie Sool See lee) 1.68 Dee 4a liy Sele ov nal TAINO 9 6) iG 13 3.65 18, 20] 41] 18] 37: 15] 4] 18] 8.0/13.6) 9.4! 63) 1.37 AS| || MEO AOS SEH TTI ls) MRE Dae fe AL Ne 228 18} 20} 51) 22) 37) 15). 12) 24/7 114 110 10) He lene 25] s | 43) 19) 36) 15) 7| cd | 8 |l4 | 9 4 | 1.02 | | | ' 96) 26| 38] 14; 30} 15] 4) 18/3 |22 |6 | 9 | 1.35 27; 24] 38] 16) 27| 15} 6) ce |13 | 9 | 9 7 0.73 25] ¢ | 34) 19) 28) 10) 10) 3)9°|9 {13 4 | 1.14 23| 93| 43] 14) -31| 26! 2| 24/39] 8.5/13.6/ 8.e| 1 49 "32| wu | 45; 16] 30) 26] 3| 1114 |6 [11 | 5 | 1-40 BAO 39) A Te On a BT ol ge tile 9 1.90 QS eas TSM saSle Sites Bi a8 7 1.19 30) 19] 46] 14) 29) 26) 4, 3/6 | 8 |I7 8 0 58 OTleetS | aT Ae |) PoOl R265 wo] cern ILO8 on, (6 7 hl} VOLO PAG Tole COLD em Glew Mie ter| woe -Wiese i 1.37 30] 22) 43) 16] 27) 22) 6] 13/14 | 5 12 7 2.07 30] 26) 43) 11), 80) 26] 5) 5) 7. | 5 119 13 45 323) 231.158) 17)) 30) 26) 7) 98)/6, |13 112 14 | 2.02 31] & | 42] 14) 29] 26) 4! 13) 6 14 {11 9 1.26 32} 19] 46] 11} 24] 26; 2) 24/10 | 9° /12 11 2.01 27; 23| 46| 14) 31] 26] 4|dd@| 6-6/11.3/13.7|. 7.6} 3 59 29] » | 46) 14) 29] 26; 5] be | 1 {19 |11 5 3.10 29) w’| 45| 16} 31) 26) 6] I3}11 | 5 415 5 3.30 27| 28] 47) 13) 29) y 4| de|6 |10 {15 11 4 37 17| 26) 45| 16] 45] 21] 2| df | 8.4) 9.0/13-6] 8.9] 2.49 Greatest rainfall. — An Oe eh} HoH C=) [—) ooo co~_ ta ‘ or 3.50 Prevailing direction of wind. Total snowfall. Of8/ PONE 0.5| S. W, agree N.E. alone Ww. ENS Ww. ae id, Ss. W. ee i SNe ee N: E. EN ere ary es 2, S. E. oes SSE Wh oT V. a Ree .W. 5 SN, svc’ Ss: Ts N. W. Tt. | N.W. a ea EY ia a EE I A TS tMean of the maximum and minimum by means from the tri-daily observations are derived by the formula (7 a.m. + 2 p.m. + 9p. m. original records, but is within twenty-four bours. 26; (j) 19, 23; (&) 10, 23; (m) 19, 23, 29; (m) 25, 26, 27; (p) 20, 21; (gq) 10, 20, 26; (7) 10, 11, 26; (s) 9, 1, 12; (ac) 12, 13; (ad) 12, 14; (we) 3, 13; (af) 13, 14; (bb) 10, 12; (bc) 5, 12, 13; (bd) 5, 13, 17; (be) 4, 13, 24; (ee) 11, 26. 254 EI1gGHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE * TEMPERATURE—OcrToBER, 1896, SHowrne Dairy Means For STATION. Western Plateau... AN PONCR eas. ses a - BON vat cone sne == Friendship abdotene Franklinville....-- Humphrey..-.-.---- Arkwright -.....- Jamestown ....-.-.- MGMMTA. seo. P sacs oe Wedgeweod .....-- Addison ....-.-.--. South Canisteo ..-. PATCANG ce ocmen= Varysburgh ....-.. Eastern Plateau... Binghamton ......- South Kortright-.- Brookfield -....-.-- Middletown .....-- Port Jervis.....--- Cooperstown .....- New Lisbon......- Oneonta 5055 400.0% 53 58 4 5 49 | 46 51 | 47 42 | 42 54 | 52 42 | 37 64 | 51 43 | 37 50 | 53 40 | 39 53 | 56 41 | 36 60 | 56 51 | 46 56 | 53 46 | 34 58 | 60 48 | 42 57 | 52 44 | 39 56 | 50 43 | 44 15) 52 47 «| «48 56 | 52 43 | 44 48 | 49 39 | 35 52 | 50 Sour} 37 49 | 50 58 | 57 46 | 47 53 | 55 42 | 43 55 | 53 46 | 46 46 | 45 52 | 54 38 | 40 53 | 56 37 | 40 58 | 58 47 | 48 50 | 50 46 | 46 BL | 54 39 | 43 54 | 57 45 | 45 47 10 | 11 42 | 45 57 | 60 26 | 32 57 | 60 23 | 26 63 | 62 24 | 26 59 | 63. 30 | 35 60 | 62. 33 | 36 55 | 62 25 | 34 52 | 57 30 | 27 56 | 56 31 | 32 55 | 56 25 | 29 58 | 60, 27 | 34 57 | 59 25 | 30 58 | 59 95 | 29 56 | 57 29 | 35 63. | 57 25 | 29 | 40 | 43 58 | 58 25 | 30 57 | 58 21 | 27 55 | 56 24 | 31 27 | 33° 53. | 50 19 | 29 46 | 53 32 | 34 Gand Bie 27 | 38 51 | 51 36 44 54 | 61 22 | 29 60 EE 42 57 37 13 |14 44 | 47 46 | 50 40 | 40 42 53 40 | 35 43 | 55 41 | 42 46 | 51 39 | 39 46 54 42 43 45 45 39 40 47 52 43 44 49 51 42 40 47 50 41 40 47 55 42 40. 46 47 54 48 42 42 53 47 39 40 49 48 41 43 43 45 50 51 37 41 54 58 36 40 50 54 43 46 49 48 44 45 50 48 41 41 53 52 44 47 —" NEw YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 255 THE Recions, AND Datty Maxima AND Minima For THE STATIONS. E, 3s 15 | 16| 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28/29/30] 31] 23 5 ye ade id y = BO ag elaam magn |vodel| 40 |eaanl | sqilssh i az) (Ase) 43 Sag! | tail 2| 61 | 54 | 44.8 62 |52 | 45 | 37 |37 | 49 | 48 | 46 |50 | 38 | 45 |58 | 65 | G4 | 73 | 69 | 61 SF USCS EMIRSOMINoA SL NSS NDT (e258 27) Wan) [3 41 | 51 | 57 | 43 | 48-7 62 | 53 | 50 | 39 | 3 50 | 47 | 49 | 47 | 38 | 45 | 58 | 66 | 66 | 711 69 | 67 OT | Ceovemesle | 23) 9200138 | 37 | 9013017623). 20., |) 26: a8 lat Pagelanpe3-0) Sie PSOE CO MN polled) 23) So sul Sa OR | Opmalhos, log lead: lg 30 45 45 | 40 | 43.6 35 | 36 | 34 | 36 | 31 | 35:|38 | 28 | 24 | 32 | 32 | 23 ’ 30 | 32 | 48/ 48| 54 | 44-3 59 | 53 | 44 | 43 | 47 | 47 | 53 | 47 | 53 | 46 | 37 | 54 | 62 | 62 | 68| 63] 63 | 4. 33 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 27 | 27 | 32 | 94 119 | 27 | 24 | 17 | 24 | 29 | 48] 40] 37 | 42° 65 | 56 | 50 | 47 | 46 | 52 | 50 | 49 | 57 | 50 | 43 | 57 | 66 | 64 | 71] 67| 72] yoo 38 | 36 | 36 | 38 | 31 | 33 '40 | 32 | 95 133 | 31 | 24 ! 30 | 33 | 50/451 52 47- ; 256 E1igHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ; i Dairy Means For THE Regions, and Dairy | ‘ STATION. Doe es: lek bes ier eee Wesiae? Netou) ax |} eal asa: East. Plat.—(Con.) Perry City..------- 44 138 | 43 | 44 | 45 [42 | 38 135 | 27 | 22 | 26 | 40 | 40 | 40 Strait’s Corners..-. a RE cece! eee] ene] eee] eeee] 222+] +--+] ---- RL Av SOY, ---tee--pr 47 | 40 | 47 | 46 | 48 | 48 | 45 | 38 | 30 | 23 | 28 | 42 | 43 | 44 Dye sees sone Z Sars -- wae] ----] --- == oe BY heer ae ohh tke ete: 62 |58 | 56 | 52 | 52 | 58 | 55 | 48 | 48 | 50 |-48 | 53 } 52 | 51 Northern Plateau..| 52 | 48 | 46 | 46 | 48 | 49 | 44 Saranac Lake...... Gloversville ....--. 62 | 56 | 55 |53 | 54 | 62 | 52 North Lake...--.-.| ©2 | 61 | 50 | 49 | 50 | 53 | 58 | | + | 59 153 |53 | 51 |56 | 54 | 49 | 43 | 45 | 57 | 60 | 62 | 51 | 56 SU a gia 4g | 40 | 41 | 4t | 43 | 38 | 42 | 33 | 32 | 23 | 25 | 35 | 38 | 38 oe x ee 56 150 | 49 | 50 |58 |55 | 46 136 | 44 | 56 |58 | 58 | 54 | 55 sae sgt heen 46 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 39 | 35 | 31 | 28 | 37 | 31 | 36 | 36 | 38 j | Atlantic Coast ..--. 62 |58 | 57 | 55 | 52 | 54 | 55 (47 | 45 | 46 | 49 | 50 | 48 | 51 ek an 69 | 64 | 65 | 57 | 56 | 61 | 62 | 55 |} 55 | 56 | 53 | 53 | 50 | 54 57 | 54 | 52 | 58 |51 |51 | 50 | 42 |38 | 40 | 45.| 47 | 46 | 48 Manhattan Beach..| 72 | 65 | 62 | 62 |57 | 54 | 59 |61 | 52 | 52 ; 54 | 53 |53 | 49 Speen eee ee Mes Mer se (60 | 50° | 51 lp4t.- a6. [oe7) (oda) lca7> (rae lies New York City....| 68 | 6l | e@1 | 57 |54 |60 | 59 |50 |53 | 53 | 52 |52 | 50 | 53 es y 65 | 53 | 52 | 50 | 49 | 50 | 47 | 41 38/42 | 43 | 46 | 44 | 46 Willet’s Point ..... 6 | 64 |e | 58 | 55 ,60 | 62 | 54 | 54 | 57 | 54 | 52 | 55 4 re 55 | 51 | 54 | 52 | 50 | 50 | 42 | 38 | 39 | 42 | 47 | 46 la7 | 43 ret ae aoe An be 70-168 | 65 | 61 | 59 |-63 |65 153 | .-..|54 | 56 | 56 | 52 | 62 Gj 53 |53 151 | 53 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 36 127 | 29 | 46 | 49 | 46 | 48 Nae ee ee 66 |63 | 59 |58 | 54 | 58 | 62 |.53 | 51 |56 |55 | 56 | 52 | 54 59 |55 |53 | 52 | 51. |50 |51 | 45 | 39 | 39 | 48 | 49 | 45 | 49 Bedford . 122.28... 64 | 62 | 60 | 55 | 53 |-57 | 60 | 52 | 55 | 56 | 51 50 | 47 54 56 |52 | 49 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 48 | 40 | 29 | 30 | 39 | 44 | 44 | 46 Primrose ---------- st] eeecl ee wee| ceee| eeee) we eel oe = Se heen ae Hudson Valley ....| 60 | 56 |55 | 5: | 51 | 54 | 53 | 46 | 42 | 42 | 44 | 49 | 48 , 48 Hr 6 |57'|58 |55 | 55 |59 |58 | 50 |52 | 56 | 56 | 62 | 51 | 52 ee ee 54 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 48 | 48 | 45 | 41 | 38 | 30 | 88 | 46 | 47 46 ; 6 | Lebanon Springs.--/ 51. | 46 | 45 | 40 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 38 | 32 | 26 | 34 | 40 | 45 | 44 ot 63 | 58 | 59 | 52 | 52 | 58 | 60 | 48 | 47 | 53 | 53 | 55 Honeymead Brook.| 52 | 50 | 44 | 45 | 47 | 47 148 | 36 | 28 | 27 | 32 | 42 | 42 | 44 uo bw uo — Poughkeepsie ..-.. 51 |49 | 47 | 46 |47 |55 | 42 | 38 | 28 | 296 |32 | 43 | 43 | 45 oe) he : Wappingers Falls.-| 55 | 51 | 54 | 48 | 48 |51 | 44 | 40 | 32 | 30 | 38 | 42 | 43 | 45 Catskill..-.-.------ 55 | 49 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 49 | 46 | 41 | 39 | 30 | 34 | 44 44 7 ; 76 | 66 |63 | 63 |59 | 54 |59 | 60 | 57 | 54 | 58 | 53 | 54 West Point........ 52 |53 143 | 49 |47 | 48 | 50 |39 | 31 | 31 | 38 |43 | 43 | 42 i lh 68 | 62 |66 | 54 |55 | 61 |57 | 51 |52 | 56 | 52 |52 | 44 | 55 NT ee 53 |50 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 50 | 49 | 88 | 31 | 34 1 40 | 42 | 39 44 Champlain Valley.| 62 | 51 | 47 | 48 | 46 | 5L | 49 | 45 | 41 38° | 41 48 | 47 44 Plattsburgh Bar'ks! 54 | 45 | 40 | 40 | 37 | 48 | 42 | 39 | 32 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 36 | 3 Glens Falls.-....... ms Lake George -...--.. ~ New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 257 Maxima anp Minima ror tHE Srations — (Continued). - mean. 15 |}16/]17|18|19 | 20 | 21! 22 | 23 | 24) 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29| 30) 31 Monthly 62. | 58 | 62 | 55 | 54 | 56 | 70 ---| 63 | 56 | 53 | 55 | 65 | 61 | 68 | 68/72] | Some on W400 46m ote nwo. leo. 26 | 40 | 30 | 23 | 30 | 34 | 52] 45 | 45 59 | 66 | 56 | 53 | 49 | 58 | 66 | 51 | 62 | 59 |; 47 | 56 | 66 | 58 | 67) 72) 73) -. - AqeaeAs p48) nua, 89) iso) 4S dO SS. dd 18S W338 W430 dd | bold [58 1 a Gomoo ozo Wee W495 Wor) OL W528 57 «(57 [649% be. | 7Ls | s6ai5 | <700|| 7 |hae f 63 59 | 49 | 47 | 47 SL 55 | 49 | 54 53 | 44 57 64 60 | 63 | 66 | 67 48.0 43 38 | 40 | 40 34 34 | 40 34 29 | 38 33 30 | 36 | 36 5L | 44 | 49 1 58 57 48 | 48 | 50 | 48 | 51 48 | 47 | 50 | 43 50 | 44 159 | 62 | 67 | 64 45.2 40 | 30 | 31 31 29 23 37 30 | 24 36 | 27 | 20 1 39 | 33 44 | 44) 51 ea b 61° | 61 | 49 | 45 47 | 52 57 50 | 53 | 53 |.46 | 48 61 58 65 | 68 | 69 46.6 ; 39 | 33 38 | 36 | 29 | 28 Bo | 30 27 | 39 | 35 23 33 | 33 | 44; 52 | 52 . 65 | 65 | 49 | 44 52 53 59 | 54 56 | 58 51 59 |) 6%) Wy6L 71 | 66 | 75 48.2 36 2 | 37 | 36 | 29 27 | 34. | 28 | 26 | 38 29 23 3 | 32 |.49 |) 48 | 48 > i) 58 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datry Means ror THE Recoions, and Dairy STATION. ates seta il Sel? uae 9 rol 1 | ae eae | | St. Lawrence Valley| 53 | 49 | 50 | 47 | 47 ey 44 | 41 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 46 | 44 49 ae : 67 | 59 | 61 | 58 | 55° | 51 |56 | 50 | 47 | 52 |59 | 62 | 57 | 52 Madison Barracks.) 47 | 49 | 49 | 38 | 40 | 32 | 36 | 34 | 33 | 28 | 98 | 29 | 36 | 37 60 | 56 |53 | 58 | 60 | 60 | 50 | 47 | 52 | 62 | 64 | 60 | 53 | 66 Watertown ..--.... 42) 140. \4ts. 38. 1°36: |b8e Wayeelis4 | ’30° 130 og ea" Ihar 2 oohs 57 | 52 | 49 |52 | 51 | 53 | 45 | 43° | 46 153 | 54 | 55 | 53 | 60 EU SISO OY 50 | 42 | 38 | 33 | 35 | 84 | 38 | 35 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 35 | 35 35 Massena.....-.---- Bel Reet | Aad Re el) |) 5) ae al Te 62 | 54 |54 | 54 156 | 56 | 48 | 44 | 50 |54 | 56 | 60 | 60 | 62 North Hammond --) 45 | 4g | 46 | 46 | 44 |44 | 40 | 38 | 32°| 30 | 28 | 88 | 98 | 44 53 157 | 59 | 54 153 | 52 | 54 | 44 | 50 | 59 | 59 | 56 | 56 | 62 Ogdensburg .-----. 52 |40 | 42 | 45 | 43 | 40 | 38 | 36 | 30 | 32 135 138 | 36 | 48 ron. 56 | 55 |57 | 51 | 56 | 57 | 53 | 55 | 57 |53 155 '57 | 55 | 58 DEAE OG Roo 42°°1'40 847) 1184. |eSde NSCaiso 133 | 31 | 25 sO" esi iegs 35 Great Lakes....--- 54 | 49 | 49 | 50 |50 | 50 | 46 | 43 | 41 | 45 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 49 Dunkirk.....------ aaa ee ad | ANE | cielo |) 5 a Pee IR Pd af PT I 0 2 56 | 57 | 54 | 57 | 57 | 58 |50 | 46 | 53 | 60 |58 |50 | 50 | 55 Westfield -........ 53 | 37 |38 | 35 | 38 !38 | 40 | 41 | 32 | 25 |36 139 | 43 | 35 tea 55 158 |53 [53 |55 | 57 | 47 | 45 | 49 | 61 | 57 | 49 | 49 | 54 Rego sQoonnioe 47 | 43 | 46 | 45 | 43 | 41 | 39 | 37 | 35 | 34 | 89 | 44 | 45 44 Se ae 59 | 54 | 52 | 55 | 53 |-57 | 49 | 43 | 47 | 56 | 57 | 52 | 49 | 55 a attaen 47 |40. | 46.41 133 heap, 42 433 | si. |'oe 32 | aa fap p46 53 (53 |52 |55 |51 |58 | 48 | 43 | 47 | 57 | 58 | 52 | 52 | 55 TIE PS teN ER eeree as a5 da | 4s | as }43 | 42 | 38 jaa | 35 | ae | aa | aa | a7 | a8 eae 157 | 52 |55 | 56 | 55°56 | 50 | 45 | 45 | 54 | 52 | 49 | 53 | 55 PE renee chore. 148 | 42 | 40 | 43 | 41 | 35 | 43 | 40 | 34 | 32 | 33 | 43 | 45 | 44 ; 153 |57 |55 |58 |56 |59 |50 | 49 | 48 | 56 |55 |50 | 53 | 56 Fort Niagara...... 49 | 46 | 44 | 46 lao (a5. | 44 | 40 | 85 | 32 1 36°) 43 aa | oat tren 62 |58 | 54 |56 |56 ,59 |52 | 46 | 49 | 55 |58 |58 | 51 | 54 Baldwinsville...... 42 |43 | 47 | 48 |48 | 47 | 39 | 38 | 31 | 32 | 41 | 42 45 | 40 58 |53 |52 | 54 |53 | 53 | 51 145 | 44 | 54 | 56 155 | 50 | 54 Oswego..-..-...-.. 50 | 46 | 46 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 43 | 39 | 36 | 32 | 38 | 45 | 45 | 46 ioc 6s |55 |55 | 70 |76 |62 | 55 | 51 | 54 | 54 | 57 | 57 | 58 | 55 seaeseeoces 50 | 40 | 40 | 45 | 48 | 47 |-46 | 43 | 82 | 26 | so | 39 | 41 | 42 fests 61 | 55 | 52 |55 |55 |58 | 51 | 47 | 44 | 56 | 57153 | 50 | 55 ODS - <-ven--250 48 | 42 | 47 | 40 | 44 148 | 40 | 38 | 85 | 31 | 86 | 48 | 46 | 47 Erie, Pennsylvania.| 49 | 4g | 42 | 49 | 42 | 42 | 40 | 40 | 36 | 40 | 42 | 45 | 44 | 48 Central Lakes..... 54 | 47 | 47 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 46 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 47 ahi 58 | 54 | 50 | 52 ) 53 |53 | 51 | 45 | 45 | 56 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 51 Bere rs 49 | 40 | 44 [47 [47 [45 | 41 | 36 | 36 | 30 | 36 | 42 | 44 | 42 61 |55 |53 |55 |53 |54 | 51 | 45 | 50 | 51 | 59 50 | 53 EI: coe 47 |39 |45 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 42 | 38 | 35 | 99 | 32 | 41 | 44 | 49 Fite 58 | 54 |52 |55 | 52 | 52 | 50 | 43 | 46 | 57 | 58 | 48 | 48 | 49 Baa drhiets can 49 | 42 |46 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 42 | 39 | 34 | 29 | 35 | 44 | aa | 44 Mann 3 be) 56 | 51 |50 | 50 | 49 | 50 | 47 | 43 | 40 | 42 45 | 48 a | a7 + Maximum and Minimum by the Draper Thermograph NEw YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 259 Maxima And Minima ror tHE Srations — (Concluded.) 2g 15 | 16/17/18] 19| 20| 21| 22 | 23 | 24] 25]! 26! 27 | 28 | 29! 30! 31 a3 cS =| 47 | 43.38 | 39: | 36 | 41 | 42 |.40 |\44 | 40 | 38 | 41. | 47 | 46 | 52 | 53 |'54'| 44.6 59 (65 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 52 | 5u | 51 | 62 | 66 | 54 | 44 | 56 | 59 | 68 | 65 | 67 99 | 39 | 32 | 32 | 34 | 38 | 39 | 37 | 41 | 39 | 30 | 98 | 37 | 34 | 42 | 41 | 50 | 462 66 |58 |52 |46 | 45 | 46 | 52 | 48 |53 | 44 | 56 | 59 | 64 | 69 | 67 | 67 | 68 é 29 | 32 |30 | 30 | 24 | 18 | 34 | 32 | 33 | 32 | 34 | 37 | 36 | 38 | 54] 52 | 43 | 49- 61 | ....] 46 | 44 | 44 | 50 | 53 | 46 | 53 | 46 | 40 | 55 | 58 | 56 | 62 | 68| 68] yo 25 |....) 27 | 31 | 26 | 33 | 32 (28 | 30 | 27 | 26 | 29 | 38 |31 | 42| 42 | 43 | 42: 62 | 44 | 40 |38 | 44 | 44 | 42 | 46 | 50 | 44 | 42 | 54 | 56 | 60 | 60 | 64 | 60 ees 33 | 38 | 32 | 34 | 28 | 38 | 36 | 36 | 38 | 34 | 28 | 26 | 40 | 34 | 40 | 54 | 48 64 | 50 | 49 | 47 | 46 | 51 | 53 | 44 | 54 | 47 | 40 | 55 | GO | 55 | GO| 62 | 65 | 46 4 37.301 29 | 33 | 29 | 38 | 38 | 33 |34 | 27 | 34.| 32 | 40 | 35 | 45 52 | 47 59 | 45 | 44 | 45 | 43 | 56 | 49 | 45 | 53 | 43 | 42 | 44 | 45 | 50 | 55 | 54/56/49 36 | 33 | 31 | 28. | 27 | 30 | 31 | 28 | 30 | 31 | 25 | 29 | 30 | 32 | 29 | 30] 32 51 | 47 | 42 | 39 | 38 | 44 | 43 |-4e | 41 | 39 | 39 | 47 | 50 | 54 | 63 | 64 | 56] 47.2 60 | 50 |53 | 46 | 44 |53 | 51 | 46 | 48 | 45 | 47 | 62 | 62 | 79 | 75177 | 68 Neue 46 | 40 | 38 | 33 |33 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 38 | 35 | 32 | 43 | 49 | 58/60 | 45 | 47- 59 {51 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 52 | 49 | 45 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 55 | 60 | 67 | 67 | 73 | 57 | yo o 47 | 40 | 38 | 36 |35 | 38 | 36 | 34 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 42 | 49 | 52 | 57| 56 | 52 G4 | 54 | 45 | 44 | 45 | 50 | 52 | 48 | 52 | 45 | 45 | 61 | 64 | 68 | 76] 73 | 65 | yes 38 | 37 | 37 | 32 | 30 | 35 | 32 | 32 | 28 | 33 | 32 | 30 | 37 [38 | 56| 53 | 45 | 4°- 66 | 52 | 45 | 43 | 42 | 50/51 |! 47 | 51 | 43 | 44 | G1 | 64 | 67 | 76| 74] G6] 4, 38 | 39 | 39 | 32 | 30 | 38 | 33 | 32 | 38 | 35 | 31 | 32 | 40 | 43 | 56| 60 | 49 | 47- 64 | 55 | 47 43 | 44 | 51 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 44 | 47 | 60 | 55 | 58 | 73| 74] 60] yg B50) 42) «| a8" | 3899/2714 38 88 | Biel 30 | 82.) 33..| 30, | 36 | 87 | 52'|-52.| 4 tee 68 | 58 | 48 | 46 | 47 | 54 | 46 | 49 | 51 145 | 48 | 61 | 57 | 55 | 73] 75| 70| yo g 39 | 43 | 37 | 36 | 29 | 36 | 39 | 31 | 34 | 31 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 37 | 49 | 54 | 50 | *!- 62 | 50 | 46 | 43 | 47 | 52 | 53 | 57 | 55 | 46 | 45 | 60 | 62 | 64 | 73 | 68| 65] 4. Aloge38.36u | Sts) 82). 46h 34 ich 30% lead (nae | 300] Soul 394) 400) BI GLI) Aeneas 56 | 48 | 44 | 44 | 44 [52 | 46 | 46 | 52 | 44 | 41 | 60 | 55 | 63 | 73| 66 | €4| yo 4 45 | 42 | 36 | 38 | 35 | 34 | 38 | 36 | 31 | 34 | 34 | 30 | 39 | 43 | 54155) 50] *(- 57 | 50 | 45 | 43 | 40 | 48 | 50 | 45 | 51 | 41 | 41 | 58 | 59 | 64 |.63 | 63 | 63 | 46 o 31 | 39 | 34 | 36 | 32 | 30 | 35 | 33 | 23 | 31 | 30 | 28 | 30 | 39 | 50 | 50| 46] 7° 64 | 54 | 45 | 44 | 45 | 49 | 50 | 49 | 53 | 45 | 45 | 61 | 62 | 64 | 73 | 67 | 64] yy 39 | 42 | 39 | 36 | 32 | 37 | 35 | 33 | 31 | 37 | 33 | 32 | 39 | 42 | 55 | 56] 49 62 | 52 | 47 | 42 | 43 | 52 | 50 | 46 | 48 | 42 | 48 | 62 | 63 | 69 | 74| 78} 62 | yo 9 43) 46. |.40 | 38) | 32 |"40 | 88 !°33° | 35. |'40'| 36 | 38" |-48 | 50 | 59") 61 | 49 1.2? 49 | 47 | 42 | 40 | 37 | 42 | 44 | 41 | 42 | 41 | 37 | 45 | 51 | 54 | 64 | 61] 58) 46.8 60 | 53 | 46 | 44 | 45 | 51 | 50 | 48 | 57 | 45 | 41 | 61 | 63 | 65 | 75 | 67] 6 | yg 5 34 | 40 | 36 | 34 | 29 | 29 | 35 | 33 | 30 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 41 | 46 | 54 | 57] 53 64 | 54 | 47 | 45 | 45 | 52 |50 | 49 | 56 | 56 | 45 | 60 | 65 | 66 | 74 | 69] 67 | yoy 38 | 41 | 36 |'36 | 29 | 34 | 38 | 32 | 29 | 36 | 33 | 29 | 38 | 47 | 52 | 49 | 46 | “'- 61 | 52 | 47 | 43 | 43 | 53 | 52 | 47 |53 | 44 | 42 | 59 | 64 | 65 | 74] 66} 65 | yg > 39 | 42 | 39 | 36 | 30 | 33 | 40 |.34 | 27 | 33 | 32 | 30 | 35 | 39 | 54] 57] 50 | “?- a9 |46 | 42 | 40 | 37 | 41 | 44 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 38 | 41 | 48 | 50 | 56| 57 | 56| 46.1 || Received too late to be used in computing means. E;cHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datry anp Montary Precrer STATION. 1 {Franklinville ....| .--. Humphrey. ------ sea Little Valley...--. s Cherry Creek...-. Jamestown -.----- MAT ace = 2 t= 5 PNM 6 Se encis re os Wedgewood Addison SATAN TAS ee ata = South Canisteo - -- Arcade ATHGH 2 -=: . Varysburgh Eastern Plateau.. Binghamton Chenango Forks.. Oxford). 228-238. Cortland Bloomville.....-.. Deposit South Kortright-- Brookfield ........ iP HaMUtON Ts a. e-nic ote IM pnlias serene A Middletown ..-.-- Q Port Jervis BAe as Cooperstown New Lisbon...... Oneonta Perry City.....--.| 1... Newark Valley...| .12 {Straits Corners .-| .... Waverly Ronee tereys Sein DTA sea. Ses seas ais Mohonk Lake ....| .... Northern Plateaw. West Chazy Elizabethtown .-.. Saranac Lake. -. 0.11 Gloversville North Lake Lowville Number Four....-. Kings Station .... Ba ees) ee eAal\ 280. tees 04). Bae alee es! Noes 0.03 -02)| eee 1 | ces ae a eas - ve eal Ng abet | Lay See NS Te 0.02| 0.04) 0.01 bs ay noel oni mee PC: a | Oe es) ea SEY) Bet sare 0,02 Beal tie aac -08 9 0.04) 0.00) 0 00) 0.00 09 #62| _... _.) Sac See 2 ee ee 2 deeds kad DG Fen | eee Gat a | Eat Bish w er * Be | bap #) Lael tes eal ees | iy AE ee fone Boe 7. | 1:95 | ee 5 | SGaT | es) eo “1 3.50 Rs 1.33 pele | ken 0.00} 0.04| 0.22 rae | tee! Vea ie Re eke ae ‘65 a 16), - gl tae oa A Bee aN Reel eT es Rei a Os, Se Pee R acl saatiodad “18| .06 0.00 New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 261 TATION FOR OctoBer, 1896 — (IncuEs). 15 |}16)17)18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29| 30) 31 T. | 0.01] 0.08] 0.01) 0.04] 0.10) T. O205)\) 1 ealoy reali -02|.° 01) (04D | is. 7 | iy td ne 02, ast ft cael OM ce fp eh ee BON WO is Slice sopalpe wh LO k4 i les | eee AWA) ooeell Bods|) cece WES |) cosh! VOB) pece|| tO PUN oasaltraeell Sane soe see calle Beacot Ia a ICAET OI Fr Ip Nl ae Va Te a 0.03] T. | 0.00! 0.22] T. | 0.12 0.02) 0.00) 0.21| 0.05/ T. | T. | 0.00) T. |o.01/0 o9/0.01| 3.08 ay AUB Cee ti os 2) Been ee Nyce | Ped asl tbat ON Ie YOS| Loss| (aes ol x22] be 01) .02]... | 4.90 Beare ie ol eae We 280) 1G!) Mens 180 Sat Se a ied We ef fess ann 1. 0.00} 0.12) 0.02] 0.08] 0.15] 0.03) T. | 0.06] 0.00 0.00| 0.00] 0.00/0.30/0.10|0.17| 2.85 soos fT SESS TiS PSEA Gyo /2 er PEs ea eae A a se V1) U2 1 31 BOS IepHT | tse) lal) 08)" o<121 406) (Te! Be |) 0alesa-| eso.| -2es]) Ss.) 200 OBReea| ev0e eal| aaeel| seosl|) “SUN Seeol) aR) Ssaalhosoal| eosnl| abecl| once ecmel|) Socal|Sore -50]| .48} 2.90 a PS] eenO8 eels | yee nO Saas etererall) leteratall Wrarearell Ole Oo tena lear le Me ees cogl 21% 40) 60) 2ce lh LOB «220 sxc)! fo af ce talinakea| ISOM secelndaes 262 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datry anp Montuty Precrp1 STATION. 1 2 3 4A or a ~7 ~ ve) -_ i) _ = _ ” -_ ee 14 Atlantic Coast.-...| 0.00) 0.00) 0.01) 0.80) 0.10) 0.02) 0.07) 0.00) 0.00; 0.00! 0.08) 0.09 Brooklyn .....---- See eee | ee 209) [a aeeel||, Sana] tee lel eee! rom, | ES 7.21 Manhattan Beach] eas) ees) eee-| 1202) «2d 0|| -Saelie Oem cl! coc. Oe t.20} .32) New ork City =~ -]io<—-|) oe]! eee 208) 202) Sect: sO emer! Metre.) ata: 03} .11} .72| .04 Walletis:Point --- =| eon), mona] wesi-|) | LO) foetal) | «Lele eel neem! (coe. |) eB OI ree imeles Brentwood. ....--. enol} scons) ie LSE ROE ESAS eos 5! nal) SSee eee ecco) secs HANH) oil) SEtAMKeL. oa. -sc ce eee Seoel| 666). 63) 08) Soe hetoleeee|oee | occ | OSI) Ds 88 =.05 Bediords =)... --44 ee eee Ol OSes RG reese] | teraca | vera] meee) cdo} Bolen es PVIMTOSC.<2/-5 == reise peicremil|, ease |) -= =| Sto scarp eee NEE eicee | cicjc cls leetm lll teraetelll ieee ieee es Hudson Vatley....| 004) T. | 0.01 0 04) 0.14) 0.01) 0.26) T. | 0.00) 0.00) T. | 0.03) 0.97, 0.12 Albany. cst cs. SLO Mer : Lee Lebanon Springs .| .-..| -- Honeymead Brook| .02 T. Poughkeepsie ....| ..-.| -- Wappinger’s Falls} T. | ....| ---.] .21| .06) T. SAO) eee || = atekill 2-22. .cec0 MUS Pee || mace] Sea) teal ames 5G) en Boyds Comersyeccsoe eas ees|| ose] ===) i= =| eee eee ie ete Carmel: cea. ate 2 Sco) POOR eee (Reser Mem ls s-|)° Sill) Res a ee ee een etitie See = SOs HAs RESOrvOlriie cal) Goce) eon eosc| winele Eagle Mills....... SUB) datall eae8 | saeel| sse- : 15). Piastonz.o-c=. s-<<< BDA ||Piziss| caerc|| fe cae|)) Ree] eee ERAT ict! cro.) me oenell meine | Neen eae Da eee Mohawk Valley ...' 0.00) 0.40) 0.00) 0.00) 0.00) 0.31) 0 12} 0.00) 0.00! 0.00 0.00] 0.00, 0.75 0.08 ROME). ce cen cass Soysel[heis es] assis] festa]! felelerei| OMI Mme erm Sai |) fe oia.c)|? Perec] eeetne | eaevevere Nh rete SLIAMOUMAVINLG Se eaisese| iewcc|! is ca] sesce| tomer Geen MM Poe Se) asa All sepeorcl Mayeeenel| ireotenel| | peterare Champlain Valley| 0.30) 0.08) 0.02) T. | 0.04) 0.00; 0.52) 0.22) 0.00) 0.00) 0.00) 0.00) 0 Platishibh Barracks s35|) .210) (05) 090.) Da eee ese medal oor]! esis) eel ene x Glens Falls ....... E2Gli > cOG), er ial eae ROUSE eCIRMEC OU lesa | ic osal eesee|ieremee |lerrere |e Lake George ..... Berle; fs'w mel fixe «\|[hpeaietel| (ikectora eee ete sl Necacie'|| Jee | Nebel] Matera tate St. Lawrence Val’y| 0.04] 0.01} 0.00) 0.00) 0.00) T. | 0.33) 0.02) 0.00, 0.00) 0.00 0.00) T. | 0.00 MAMISOMIBaTEaCke io oe | Gl. | cao] Me lemiell Mott 2 eT ROMO le sell ca cians cnc ayo eee ete hol edged haem Watertown ...-...- Siete | iaimrnie | focle ni]! mimeo || xtaimtal reel USAT |e OO). forpmin' | fase [lore ef pa telat tena i Canton 2.222.625 fi) 5 ae EA PSSA RS Scolli Socal) cals eel I Se ere | oSscSMERl| Sse sote Makalbaounction|\\°.13)! (22) 5.0] oa femme cell Neel cdcce | Recor | poets ||) teriecsy| greiner IMA SHON sac ox .-1s=- SE A BO ee tel inercoll, sce-|| Secale Sarl ease Worn ammonites! jaca! woes] 6.cc) conte) Oscises Me MMU Wie COAT cen], Ltt b erereell tetera eereerell aeetere MO PCONSDUT Oe a e|eicaism||| = eins |) acoe| -oocceeal ieROsiMeROD) oye singe Pee Potsdam. -2.2..5--- PRGA oes) ee See Sesell so -is|) 1280) sel) CR eee Soo ees eee ee Great Lakes ..-..- 0.12; T. | T. | T. | 0.00) 0.18) 0.44) 0.06) T. | 0.00: 0.00: 0.09) 0.27) 0.11 Don Binks 2. -=-5e+ Biman Westfield......... Sepae Pe GON aye ee 08 (AMAMIS| COUULO:- pen MAA Tp cn} 2 see wwee Oe seers Se el i See eee el ea sf A Sess) excel eee Per Ose G00. om... Bese: beacl teecc| Pees) canst RRR EDOa eC | See 0 eerie on CODEC OR PALOLMOy.< 2n0 ues || Mole a Weel A : -- New Yor« TATION FOR OcTroBerR — (Continued). WEATHER BUREAU. El Bein oes “ 790] .08 0.00} 0.00 17 | 18 aes) (ne 8a S25 28 sase||) aR} 19 | 20 Eas A502 pelea?) 21 cw) rw) 24 14 “202 29 | 30 0 Aa nd 16]. -21; .20 » -20) 04 =B0l sam 2 50.00 0.00 “107 15 now ee oO one a ‘foie o pasa | Total. Wee wo ee et foal Woe RADE ANS WeERWO w aocuwn ld OD 1 co 1.90 1.90 2.66 1.68 3-65 ae — i imatine ema a ee ' om 4 oot =e PWwU: We or Oe =] soo aon — Le) None E1cHTtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datry anp Montuiy Precrpr STATION. Great Lakes (Con.) Phoenix <2) eae ces Miemiinm et seeesaa Sherwood ........ PWiatkinsecse es se. 0.01 i [Ol ee08| eee Lat gg rey 93 95! 125 | Maem eee | sc] see DO) Debs ime i) aS £30 |e SET |e eg]! 22) STG aT i) ee 38] 43) Mea) ee z 58) ¢ 14)" 22 | T. | T. | 0.14) 0.43] 0.05} 0.00) 0.00) 0.00) 0.08] 2.25) 0.25 Bee ee nee [eek || OU) ene ee Me Cees Rc A i Son) er 56) S10 eee! Boos] ees] See] Pea oa aes el oe all ce cell | el eee |) oe os oll eel en Ra Re eed PAS | “aT ROD ee: 222) 25.1) SEA S191) S001 aS 0.01 0.04) 0.05) 0.13) 0.33 0.06) T. | 0.00) 0.01) 0.15) 0.87] 0.19 * Amount included in next measurement. +t Not included in computing averages. New YorkK WHATHER BUREAU. 265 TATION FoR Ocroper— (Concluded). 15 | 16| 17) 18) 19 | 20| 21 | 22) 23 | 24) 25 | 26 | 27 | 28] 29 | 30) 31 | ws = | Total. -26 . % ’ . , ‘ , a4 >: a. ey S o's) ' a oS ' ’ ' 0 0 ow on ’ ’ ra) a w (SS) wee a ao 0.00] 0.00] 0.05| 0.18] 0.00] T. ‘| T. | 0.00] 0.00} T. | 0.00] 0-00] 0.00) 0.08) 0.01/0.03/0.07 ' wwe ne eae —_ f—) MMI ot) cee eect CL ee wh See ce Mee mel lp) ealgeae eis Be BKC) | Reece 1) ied We QoS ee oe ed BS Seal ae SAl Vessel GASS O01) -06| .27|4.37 0.02} T. | 0.01] 0.13} 0.03] 0.05) 0.08) 0.01) 0.06; 0.09) T. | T. “0.01 Abs 0.09 0.07 042.57 4 Record for the month incomplete. { Received too late to be included in the averages. 266 ErigHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Sratistics oF TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAguR.). ~ a | Ae es EXTREMES OF MONTHLY | 3 a = = | Mean TEMPERATURE AP a = ¢ | FOR OCTOBER. [= a ¢: I STATION. COUNTY. | *#/ ¥} ie ame ane oe | = | | « WeeSeaN lesa ee ° {= ae SS) 0] F a pia ee 5S aah peo =) ODS EO Py ls 5 eB] & . a eH =| pain ee) a + [ee es ae ee ee i 5 al oO ° Sc SL a = a 2 va} ® 2) 2 = oe ° 5) A | Ams Ala Sin = i | Western blitette-2-0| aces a2sceose== AMPS) 22) 522353) |22 552% | 44 8) 2.5) 2.) ----..} .22f asec ATE GNCR scee~~<25- =< Allegany -.... 45.4) 14) 1854) 1896) 43.0) —2 4) 49.5) 1894] 39.6] 1889 Hianiphrey.--------- Cattaraugus ... 46.8) 14; 1883) 1896) 44.2) —2.6] 51.7) 1894] 42.4) 1895 iO bin (i ne Chemung A 49.7) 18; 1850) 1896) 47.2) —2.5) 58.7! 1894) 45.0) 1859 astern LUCA == 01\)) sanceciocecctectse 46.8 Bi th) aa 44.9} —1.8] ---..|..--.- Bae fee Oxford ese 22s\c sen Chenango ...., 46.2) 28, 1828) 1896) 43.8) —2.4) 54.1/ 1846) 39.8) 1836 Oortidnd: 3). -5-<<--- Cortland...... 45.7| 34; 1829) 1896) 44.8] —0 9) 51.2} 1835] 38.4) 1836 Cooperstown.....-..- 5) 48; 1854) 1896) 44.3] —2.2) 53.3! 1879) 40-7| 1865 WYMVOLLY:> 255. pc ccwess 7| 15) 1882) 1896) 46.8) —1.9| 57.6] 1888] 42.9) 1889 Northern Plateau..-. (ll) Ball ocane= ae CK eee) eel Bese Fnac |eseae HOw WillO ose sce cee 7| 30) 1827) 1896) 43.4) —2.3) 51 4] 1835) 40-6) 1841 MgiaegOoust cent eons i we Pe Pe. eo ae Bea pes et) | eel ee Eon (Sar Ge New York City..-.-.. New York....| 55.1) 26} 1871] 1896) 52 0| —3.1| 60-1] 1879) 50.0) 1876 Sotanketss- 5-5. -sa-- Suftolk’.sacme 53.2) 12) 1885) 1896) 52.5; --0.7, 55-9) 1893) 50.0) 1888 Hudson WV atleyrcsncee|| 2--sa=-—o>s ce DUE] | a boee =| eee 48/3) SEA Wore oneal et rel ere AID ANY 2225225 uislne'ee Albany: <-i32 50.7) 23] 1874] 1896) 4X.0| —2 7) 55.8] 1879) 45.6] 1888 Honeymead Brook ..| Dutchess -.-.-. 48.7| 16) 1881] 1896) 46.6] —2-.1] 53-1) 1882] 44.6) 1895 Weat Point.......... Orange -.....-.- o4 Tb at S26)" 1896) 518) — 223) each cee cll oes eee Ohamplamn Viale s..| cossse stu. s sce 46-9\ 923) eeee loans. CS Bad Wears so (ere a breed) MR Sel Sed = - Plattsb’gh Barracks | Clinton --..--.-- 46.9; 42) 1843, 1896) 43.7) —3.2) 53.6) 1879] 42.0/' 1888 St. Lawrence Valley.| .......-....--- Ph AG) foal | ee 44 0|) —Sa6 Ween o| pee ee eae eae Madison Barracks...| Jefferson ..... 49.1) 37} 1839, 1896) 46 3) —2 8) 59-6) 1879) 41.4) 1889 Cantos e-ce eee aos St. Lawrence. 47.2| 34] 1862| 1896) 42.8! —4.4! 59.2) 1874) 40.2) 1868 North Hammond .... 2 . 47 6) 14) 1866) 1896) 45.2} —2.4) 54-3) 1870) 41.5) 1889 Potsdam: 22. .s222=--- He - 46.5) 29) 1828) 1896) 41.9) —4.6) 52.0] 1835) 36.9) 1836 GTA BARES Benen sero) aeoceackone es 49 75| call eee : 47.3) —2.5] --. |....- Seog oscars: Buffalo ----- 255.92 5.2- 1) ere 50 2) 26] 1871) 1896) 48.0) —2.2| 58 3) 1879) 45.0) 1888 Rochester\s---tes5--- Monroe......- 49.8] 26) 1871) 1896) 47.0) —2-.8) 57.6} 1879) 43.9) 1889 Fort Niagara........ Niagara ...... 50.4] 41] 1842) 1896) 47.6) —2-.8| 59.1] 1879] 43.4) 1856 Baldwinsville ...-.-- Onondaga ....| 48.3} 18] 1854) 1896) 47.5) —0.8) 52 4) 1894] 43.5) 1865 OSWef0-o2-s-.--eso- Oswego ...... 50.5] 26] 1871) 1896) 47.0] —@.5| 69.8] 1872) 43.9] 1889 PalermiG =. ses sjoeeeac GO ie et 47.3] 43) 1854] 1896) 46.2} —1.1| 53.9) 1879) 41.8] 1889 1 i 24 ee HTIG aw nts eiareies 52 1] 23) 1874) 1896) 48.0] —4.1) 60.0) 1879 46.0)’89-’95 Centrat Lakesccesner!| nas 2-2-2053 492): 2) seem ae - 46.7 es Sss0/ Nodes panes | ocean TGhaACA ) ce o| 2 io) HW | 4 “= ae ine e ecae a : & of 5 5 SB Ss ° uy 5 H Beier ling WS. ee cla aah eae eee 4 4] 4 H1A 4 al 4 ral Westenmeriated. 2 osoos||oa-iac Abany os22s05-s-5-< ADA Yeon see- 2.85) 23| 1874, 1896) 1.53/—-1.32| 7-86) 1877] 0-27) 1882 Honeymead Brook.-..| Dutchess -.-.-. 3.30] 16; 1881} 1896) 2.96/—0.34) 6.43) 1890) 0.92) 1892 Poughkeepsie ..-..--. ie Veet 3.68] 21; 1830) 1896) 2.66/—1-02} 8.64) 1833) 0.89, 1892 West Point.-......... Orange ...-..- 3.87) 49} 1840} 1896) 2.36/—1.51/10.25) 1855) T. | 1692 Boyds Corners....--- Putnam 325-4- 4.06! 26) 1870) 1896) 2.21/—1.85}) 8.38) 1877) 0.92) 1892 Ohamplain Valley...) ..------....... QUSS ea wisestetssesse5 NAH = as ose lsseae= say's Plattsburgh Barr’ks.| Clinton -...... 2 83) 37) 1840) 1896] 1-68/—1-15|) 7.64) 1850) 0.46) 1879 te AROV ENCE. VALUER |) acnawace csacees SUSU rs resmctall ses aes 1G} 3) EGS enol Goasoe |lGeeeelleacsoc Walon Oy 256 65-5 coc- Mrankdinie ses. POD PIG LGou lm NS95| po seats enis| Semeallseee ee 22s. |\eaeeee Madison Barracks...| Jefferson ..... 5.08] 36] 1840! 1896] 2 24|—2.84/12.39| 1850) 0.92)°79-’82 North Hammond .-...|} St. Lawrence..| 4.21} 14) 1866) 1896! 1.35/—-2.86] 9.21] 1872) 0.76) 1895 oisdamls sae ces s .-| 3.02] 28] 1828 1896! 1.14|—1.88] 6.11] 1843) 0.73/ 1895. emery Okes 5 -/a)sinell) st sicrcreicys so oem ee Beall eas See | Haeeree 156) — TAG teresa (eit itl ate tele ereeretete ] BUA Ol. 2 Vaasescsicce i .62) 26] 1871] 1896] 1 90}—1.72) 7-33) 1881) 0.74) 1879 ROCH OSLER = =.s\a1a0 -rel 3} 26] 1871] 1896] 0 58|-—2 25) 8.67) 1873] 0.58) 1896 | Fort Niagara.. 41) 1841] 1896] 1.37;—0.87| 5.25) 1864| 0.69) 1892 Oswego...-.--- 26] 1871) 1896) 1.45)—1.75| 7.55} 1878] 0.50) 1882 Palermo 2.-s:.--<-- 37| 1860] 1896} 2.02/—1.36|] 7-90] 1862) 0.30) 1882 rien bacsscses occa cs 24) 1873] 1896} 2.01/—2 00} 8.17; 1885) 1.18} 1879 Central Lakes HOG) Seeiee Seo lene ee PWS (eles (229 Uae | leet beeoae MGHAGH ae a2 cases Seats bs ats Je 18] 1879) 1896] 4.37|+1-31| 5.26) 1885) 0.81, 1879 Pvora ce dopanbures|y ene aeesesesce| teece enc | oeesecileeesce losses == 100 |e 5sal eae | socer eats ee ——————————————————————————" wo eae ee ri iy ie ai bP tp Creme berate. QRAASy ry alg OT ot faa A - ap a a tall Gite arty ats : ¥ Fc | a Ne i am r 4S) i = 2" , * ee AS > = = MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1896 Kingston rv (CANAD 1HKNI@SZ Toronto (CANADIAN ~ SN) ’ SS === iyg Fa eae aa —s \S = fe a Appleton SS “se Pe, | Afbions pe Port Look "Rocheste *portl [eee 48°. 0433 Lecmearcdy ° Ald am > e _f Auburn) Hetero ; i Romiflus ] ‘| a A Gant SCALE OF MILES : ibe . West gary aie 42 Malone® Vv \ sLyomMountai i Y » } Pla Sburgh \ ve \ ig Meee om Lo Oi, : ‘Turing onsta Me -) 5h b Y voll if dae } agevill “sone ne Glovers m2"'yg | 440 Suber, ar = i ~.Stillwa ¢ ey — a Lic Si LL PE = YA © Setauket ] er ree, -t fy. hs eo) pee ee eee ee heer ie esas) ln a7 ~— a TP? + be = tas « te Ss 7. “ie ‘ iret a MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION FOR OCTOBER, 1896 jones WU ANS TA AAAI, SOS SWAY) WNIT SST Ue el Ts SAN oe, port - tRocheste pee Sipe LETS owt IIT OU LL peo LLL LAL A IX ELS LP Fs PZ YSIS 72 = ‘ YF ———_— MAL ZALFEL LLL ALLEL AS 7 LILIA fe Go SEN OMIM Oa FLEE OS LS AY “uae 2 SSS OMNI DAA. a ae. a — PN LL hahahah hk AMY gh ohh Adee ° 10 20 30 40 50 690 790 80 90 100 SCALE OF MILES A MaSkena Dee West Chazy . ° ‘ Malone@ ,LyomMountain \ v et Are Ne | Plattsburgh ie Meacham: }——$f SE GA 277 Ft Ey 2S PUN FO KEOCP IF |} Eas em —— [S=——y Tu UGS CLL LL Ol Gama. opreTts—— 5 ag wp ee res een wg 0 ACT WOS2 1. URE ees ; Sefer vi = ees eee ——==New he NewLondon@ ~ ar a (RE (SSS) EAI EN MY Sf TATA SS Cl ay | eee FS = CRS a Ld er SESE, SW oh eee La ee 7 NY SS SSE eee ES SSE J 3, 20 FSS EE ES ao, ee eee 0 Ee GE GE 4") OS LEP 7A Per 2 (a thitehall PRN OSI ae a iS a taal, TT mn = VEE Se Seta Scale of Shades. . © to 2 inches. i2tO 4 4:40: 6x) oe 6. to.8a9 “* DE EERO [ITT Git TA. * L—— FOG ZL 2S gee Meteorological Summary for November, 1896. The average atmospheric pressure (reduced to sea-level and 32 degrees Fahr.) for the State of New York during the month of November was 30.17 inches. The highest barometer was 30.80 inches at Albany on the 23d, and the lowest was 29.40 inches at Buffalo and Oswego on the 5th. The mean pressure exceeded 30.20 inches in southeastern New York, while along the lakes the average was about 30.14 inches. The average pressure at 6 sta- tions of the National Bureau was 0.10 inches above the normal value, large excesses occurring at all stations. The mean temperature of the State, as derived from the records of 74 stations, was 41.9 degrees; the highest local monthly mean being 48.7 degrees at Brooklyn, and the lowest, 35.8 degrees at _ Saranac Lake. The highest daily mean for the State was 58 de- ~ grees on the 27th, and the lowest was 26 degrees on the 30th. ‘The maximum temperature reported was 78 degrees at Water- ' . town on the 26th, the minimum being 1 degree below zero at Canton and Saranac Lake on the 22d. The mean monthly range of temperature for the State was 53 degrees; the greatest range, 67 degrees, occurring at Canton, and the least, 40 degrees, at Setauket. The mean daily range was 17 degrees; the greatest daily range being 45 degrees at Canton, on the 23d, and the least, 2 degrees at Angelica on the 13th and at Primrose on the 28th. The mean temperatures of the several regions were as follows: The Western Piateau, 42.8 degrees; the Eastern Plateau, 42.4 degrees; the Northern Plateau, 37.5 degrees; the Atlantic Coast Region, 47.2 degrees; the Hudson Valley, 43.4 degrees; the Mohawk Valley, 39.1 degrees; the Champlain Valley, 40.1 de- grees; the St. Lawrence Valley, 39.6 degrees; the Great Lake Region, 43.1 degrees; the Central Lake Region, 44.2 degrees. The average of the mean temperatures at 26 stations possessing records for previous years was 4.7 degrees above the normal, excesses occurring at all stations. The values were the highest 270 E1cGHTtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE recorded for November at 13 widely distributed stations; while at Oswego and Honeymead Brook equally high temperatures occurred only in November of the years 1877 and 1888, respectively. The mean relative humidity for the State was 76 per cent. The mean dew point was 36 degrees. The average precipitation for the State was 3.34 inches, as derived from the records of 99 stations. The greatest general precipitation ranged from 4 to 6 inches or more over the northern- central portion of the State, while the least was under 1 inch in ‘a small area southwest of the Central Lakes. The maximum local precipitation. was 6.21 inches at North Lake, Herkimer county, and the least was 0.83 inches at Addison, Steuben county. A list of the heaviest rates of precipitation will be found in the accompanying table of meteorological data. The first general rains, and the heaviest for the month, occurred on the 5th. On the 8th moderate rain or snow occurred, mainly in western and northern New York; on the 11th, general, heaviest near the Great Lakes; on the 13th, moderate general; snows from the 17th to the 20th, a light rainfall in western and central New York; on the 21st, moderate rain and snow, heaviest in the western and central sections; on the 22d, light general rain or snow; on the 24th and 25th, moderate rains over the northern and central sec- tions; on the 28th, rain on the coast and Lake Regions; on the 30th a considerable snowfall along the coast, with lesser amounts in northern New York. The average total snowfall over the State was 2.9 inches. Appreciable amounts were measured at all stations, the maximum for northern New York being 13 inches at Lowville, while the greatest value for more southerly stations was 9.9 inches at Humphrey. Generally, the lightest snowfall occurred in eastern New York north of the coast region; the storm of the 30th bringing the total for the latter section above the general average for the State. The average precipitation at 27 stations possessing records for previous years was 0.23 inches below the normal; excesses being reported from but 5 stations, generally located on the northern and eastern plateaus. New YorkK WEATHER BUREAU. 271 The average number of days on which the precipitation amounted to 0.01 inches or more was 10.8; the rain frequency being greatest, on the average, near the Great Lakes and over the northern plateau, and least near the Atlantle coast. The average number of clear days was 5.9; of partly cloudy days, 9.5; and of cloudy days, 14.6; giving an average cloudiness of 62 per cent. The maximum cloudiness obtained over the Northern Plateau and the Great Lake Region, and the minimum in the eastern part of the State. | The prevailing wind direction was from the southwest. The average total wind travel at 5 stations of the National Bureau was 9,173 miles, the totals being in excess of the usual values for the month. The maximum velocity reported from the above stations was 72 miles per hour at Buffalo on the 6th. Thunderstorms or distant lightning were reported from 6 sta- tions of eastern New York on the 5th; from 3 stations of southern- central New York on the 6th; at Number Four on the 17th; at North Hammond on the 17th; at Mount Morris on the 29th. Hail fell on the 13th, 21st, 28th and 29th; and sleet fell on the 21st, 25th, 28th, 29th. A solar halo was observed on the 20th, and a lunar halo on the 9th. General features of the weather—This month ranks among the warmest Novembers on record in this State, the mean tempera- tures exceeding any previously obtained at one-half of the sta- tions possessing long records, among them being Cooperstown, whose observations extend over 44 years. The fluctuations of temperature were notably large and frequent, especially during the latter half of the month. The values were from 3 to 10 degrees below the normal during four brief periods, central about the 10th, 14th, 20th and 30th. Between these dates warm waves were felt, the most marked occurring on the 17th and 27th, with excesses of 20 and 25 degrees respectively. It is also of interest to note that the mean temperature for the State on the 27th reached the highest value which occurred during October preceding. me 272 EiegnutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE The precipitation, which averaged slightly below the usual amount for the ‘State, was quite unevenly distributed, the amount in the northern-central counties and the southeastern highlands being abundant, while drouth conditions obtained in the region between the Central Lakes and the Genesee Valley. This dis- tribution of rain is in marked contrast to that for October, when the heaviest fall occurred in the southwestern counties. An ap- preciable snowfall occurred in northern New York and in Chau- tauqua county on the 8th and 9th, but in the central section gen- erally the first considerable snow storm was on the 13th to 14th; while near the coast the largest amounts were recorded on the 30th. The snow melted quickly, leaving the ground bare during nearly the entire month. The maximum depth reported was 7 inches at Lowvilie on the 30th. The number of fair days this month was about the usual aver- age for November. No disastrous wind storms were reported in the interior, although the total mileage registered was somewhat greater than usual. A severe gale occurred on Lake Hrie on the 6th, Buffalo reporting a velocity of 72 miles per hour on that date. The thunderstorms reported from several stations on the 5th and 6th were in most cases of small intensity; but at Tivoli, Dutchess county, a storehouse, lumber yard and church were fired by light- ning, the damage being estimated at four thousand dollars. The month appears to have been favorable to farming interests, mild weather permitting plowing to be carried on until the 28th. A’ drouth prevailed in portions of the southern tier of counties, but apparently did not injure winter grains. The atmospheric movements during November showed a de- cided increase in frequency and energy over those of preceding months. The number of high pressure areas which affected our weather conditions was 7, and of low pressure areas, 11; the latter number being in excess of the usual storm frequency for November. The common path of the depressions was from the Central States northeastward over the Great Lakes and thence to the Gulf of St. Lawrence; the dates of nearest approach to New York being the 1st, 5th, 8th, 11th, 17th, 18th, 21st, 24th and New YorRK WEATHER BUREAU. Dla 27th. \]\», 6s «)|(oielurotall aneretere 43.1} 44.4) 71) 18 i Dao (GR aaasaban Atfejrs}o) Vet oaAallodthal faeeoac aoc bcc Il. olla eel eg eee orcctlo ofan AMSG ENSON OC re Mohonk Lake..... Misterccs vase AB Sess cre os] teactarereeed eared etter !118. 6 |'s sia a! |larmretetcll Syomerere 141.7) 48.8) 64) ¢ Berd ain ON LOA 1) 8 RRR PBOACOTAG (acral cerita o.oo oH seranral Ol eetal Raesric | (are bec) [o o..| 37.5) 66] 26 SAVARD AC LIBRE oir LBL (0:0 60:0 | ve siul]voreie ct eleillecateretetelieeitieraieie cere | soils eire|iaetelare syfosse| Od-8] 65] 27 Gloversville....... MIEOR 35% Se Creasey hee ciccal| <5] SOO) eel CI peor sl foes 38.9) 39.6) 65) 27 North Lake....... 1S) di 0 eC) aga! (Siresel Gmecnal hrocc oo lke cleanses eo Gee leon aocoe 36.0) 61 28 Lowvillescc isis. TAWA Auelcsncs GOO | eintevccuietl erates oketftsictere's it's IW Asc cata! kta 39.0) 66) 26 Number Four..... a AN tayc ls sis her 1571} 80.16] 30.68/28] 29.60) 5)1.08).....].....].... 87.2) 63) vw Bh he hy ited Gfo(6 1 | BAe WAT OD COCILOE TOON OOO IED IE ocd [llcrscral bso) Oe OaCe) Gel ERG ran clloootallaadr 47.2) 7 t Brooklyn sicccs se eG yt sah igneicn fie Md aneicesal occa. 2l| AS aeat BONAR aS Oboe aioe 48.7) 72) 27 Manchattan Beach. TID catelereevere! |lera/atel| bss: vera ARNT ie sien |” .*loutecvelavereamal Sautare 47.8) 71) 1 New York city....| New York 814) 30.21] 80.76/28) 29.60] 5)1.16) 79).....].... 48.0} 70) 27 Willets Point..... CUUGGNIS |. ahierstanc]| sale ai] avaie’s )| is aR reKH veil praators o'|'a:6)] «0 occlliwarareeelterecererslltgmete 47.1) 73) t Brentwood....... SiO Eat ssi 101} crac Teal Racrecyn |b Et (IPR RO| ICRA [eRe es 47.1) 46.2) 72) 27 Setauket .......... Sumo foeesn BU lgnie'sialas| «totter call @atere srailibted|ia seas 76| 41/47.8) 48.4) 69) 17 BGOLOTO iso cissescja Westchester sel BO iss toremil sate meenlieih | iateoce io lteti| a's (ics) ocstavwtbs aden racets 45.4) 74) 17 PLINITORO as bed eo oe ee ail stata etashiviete ass invereicll are Sis eit | Raa erased le wniese tankers soe 45.8) 74) 2 i) =I Ol New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. ror Novemper, 1896. TURE—(IN DEGREKS FAHR.) Sky. PRECIPITATION—(INCHES). = cm SoC i i 5 i | =o = sate als |a|"s ro | ig gi2 |S (08 3 Pe sete = je | hs fer) Sle 5 |} @ ae it } Sony pa) coal bo | £ eo Epics - 36 2 S je Ea tt ae Ei | = q be ete | ee ls lel s les S = a] by |S Db hey lea ce |S | > o ln A Sem MSS | Sy SS FS = 3 = = ry 3 b> | 3 e C3 eee ir Bh aw 3 ES 2 = mie eee to Wembes See eet el | a 5 cis ieiaigis/2)\/s\ele ieless) 2) ¢)3)8 | 5 5 in lees S o es S 3 | Ses 53 |\5 5.5 6 ea 3 Shel o ahs |S sSiiia batt Sr ete lec) & le Seca et | eh eal nae hom. Hae SO) oll th) = ALP Ole 2s 13) ig l5) O44)" 96) e227. WO2i.. ..... USO OHO al ieee noeac 16] 30) 51) 17) 38) 19 5} 30) 3 |12 |15 15 lel C49 tneetsine 11 4.5 | S.W 18] 30] 50 (etsy ah!) 2) 13) 7 {12 {11 8 2.08} 0.86]...... 11 SHOW We mislosterecs 17] a 51} 20) 37 2 8 17| ay: 6 1/42) 0.58)... EE acocne Ww 18) 30) 51} 20) 37] 19) 8) 30/4 |15 |11 9 QEOOMMOESDlaaaeee 11 1.6 W. 17) 30| 50} 18} 37) 19 4) 17 8 6 {21 12 S18 i), O90 esas: 11 4.6|S. W. 16] 30] 55; 16) 32) 28 6) 1%) 4 8 118 11 2.93) 710d)... 11 9.9| S. W. 19] 30] 46! 12) 22) 19 Ail’> GA icy pail Vstotovel cox cect lhsporsith ota ct svepexers flaxaveve-s, oil @rekaieRe's [ise clecocs Keeteac loodoceetcn 18] 30) 49) 15) 33) 28 Bl) ven} Qe 12" 116 12 C.7 0.86) 9.30} 11 70/|S. W 22) 30| 51) 16) 37) 19) 3) 2918 | 2 /15 5 PAO O65 leceene A astase N. W Ws} 7 52} 18] 40) 19 6| 30) 5 |10 |15 8 WBZ) NODS erecta: li, ||tavesavajorss| lobes tociese tote PASAle sere LO sins en tiken 8 2.60} 0.80} 8.00) 11 Gti N. W 18} 30; 50) 15) 31) 28, 5) 21,13 | 6 11 8) 2.12) 0-72)... -... 11 De Ww i7|‘g'|" 52] 20|-40] 19) "10) 25° [16 "}9"" | 42°" | 2-03] "1:00; 28-30]'°425" | "2:0 |S. Ww. 20) 2 56} 20) 38] 19 6} 17; 9 |11 [10 9 0.83} 0.41) 15.00 5 0.2/S W. 14) 30] 56} 23) 40}; 19 8] 29) 8 4 |18 11 TeS2 Oe Do lance- 5 2.1 W. 16} 30! 51) 16) 41} 19 4 17,5 |10 |15 10 3.68] 1.00) 15.00) 21 BT ixerectonan ee 10| 24} 51} 20) 43) 24) 3) @ | 6.9) 8.4)14.7] 10.7) 3.09) 3.28)...... Bh lhc corel caer eren 19} 30) 50} 18} 39) 19 | 380/10 4 |16 11 2.66} 1.382} 20.00 5 1.0 S. E. 19| 30) 50) 17; 41) 19 5) 20) 8 9 {18 Ee eeltcti OFS) emis te legqdnee W-N.W. 16) k 49} 21) 38) 19} 10) 2916 9 |15 11 VAG] dedtdillseiciecc 5 AN W. 191 g 49) 17) 31) p 4) 2712 8 10 13 Sil ala eoS ads 5 0 N. W. 10} 24) 60} 23) 438) 24) 10) 29/8 6 |16 13 3.42) 1.48) 33.00) 4-5 0.2 | Ss 13) 20) 54; 19) 35) 19 OL FBO otal hates tai ltaterere 6 EGO isl Ullasisieiere 5 LON (eases Ite PLO SSH | ESS IGy | eS h eaks) 5] 25/11 3 /16 10 Ses 0| 5 lie Senliserarers (5) 0.1 S- 14 3) 54) 20) 39) 19 8} 29) 2 9 |19 10 POG malisie Sl sveisieters 5 2.5 S: TOs SL 19s S49) 5 Gla SOW ea salen ets Eye 9 2:20) (Os89)aeeene Bey (disse, eee 14] 14| 53) 19) 40) 19 TAM Us CAE Tats yakr¢ 11 Qs OnStar cise 5 6.0 | S. W. 18} n 49} 20 Zale abe) 81 29) 7 CO es il S295). 150) okie 4-5 4.0 Ss. 18} g | 53} 21) 39] r 9} s|5 {18 {12 16 2.58] 1.46] 22.00} 4-5 | 38.3 | N. W. Beal cash ieiceat ial eo Faber go aia cease —1} 22) 59! 16) 43) 23) 4) w | 2.5] 9.2/18.8] 13.6] 4.87) 3.00}...... iim eee lo dsedo a; —1| 22) 66] 17) 43) 23) 4) 29'2 |9 1/19 15 2ESOOnbd lene cele 5 8.5 W. TO Mesias 16) #33) 19) 5) 13) 6 5 119 14 nsavd|) Wealaloneeds 5 1.0 | S. W. GAS ea LG OO eat gee ke llesyere 8 GP) OO Saoc 5 2.0) 5. W 4) 23) 62) 16) 32) 26 i 9} 1 |14 |15 16 Baza), LedO eects 5 13.0 Ss. Wi 23) 56) 16) 42) 19 41 wi/1 9 |20 15 BD |) LOG lteter: 5 ahh bes} Ss. 17; 23) 48) 17) 42 2 2} 28) 8.9) 7.7/138.4 9.0) 3.29 See llamaedc CS esori ns. naa 28] 28) 44) 13) 23) a 4, 30) 8 Rie Lo 12 3.06; 1.19) 19.00 5 5.0 W. 26) 28) 45) 138) 28) 20 6 4| 8 alia) 8 QUGO AG eres 29 6.0 | N. W. 27| 30) 43) 14) 27) 28] 4| 30/9 | 6 {15 10 Drie ie Oe oll raster 29 3.8 | S. W. Olea aed W cel Sia 20ers lO iar 4s cectell ase 'etai| rave 6 6 2.62} 0.84) 5.00) 5 0:3'| N. E. 19} 15) 53] 22) 40 2 6) 30) 8 9 |13 8 5.10} 2.00] 10.00 5 5.5 | §. W. 29 15} 40) 14) 25! 15 6) 2] 8 |10 412 11 8.21) 1.40} 24.00 5 3.0 | N. W. 7| 28) 57) 20! 36 2 6} 30] 8 |10 |12 12 4.69) 3.29) 20.15) 4-5 4.0 Ss: 18] 23' 56: 19! 42 2 2! 2813 5 112 5 PAE Bla losdoa0 5 TR AM tet scicie ere E1GHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MeErerorovogicaL Dara LocaTION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER. HumiIpity,, TEMPERA = | - —— (BE (| Fa eats Meee | C 2a Sicha STATION. County. | $ | 2) eae ae Mga a} 3 Rese) SS! 5 e | S| eee) Ea) is 2 “ a ie = 8a rsa 2 | Sel eeee (ole | alee alee So) oo Sales (s| 6] S) Bie |p A) 4s Gil Ala] & Ass |e |/a/a FEPUEG TV GLLC Yih) fe vale ror= nia slorcisie S) ctejele Bae len cae Is ea)" |. aia 43.4] 77) 19 Albany. 2's «iss. «ci Albany iiids...< 85} 30.20} 30.80/23) 29.52) 5/1.28 44.0) 67| 17 Lebanon Springs..| Columbia QBN ere eter | ceeeotetel eal cia ever [oee!l steve 40.6) 65) 27 Honeymead Brook} Dutchess..... Bae cosl[sscewelloe Heseieress : 41.8) 69) 17 Poughkeepsie..... zs 180) /eepcererel lefeterererall at eitonde | 43.2] 71| 17 | | Wappinger’s Falls| Dutchess.....}....)....cc}eecece]-o]eeeers Walle ool lac Anellee ton! |sac0 45.4] 77| 19 Catskill S22)... 5. fe Greene yess jee a] acelvetestohel emrecatsied cialis ieisie 2e'] Et oneal eles 44.3) 44.2) 67| v West Point........ Orange....... IGS Sascal|soreos (sal Gaeedal pelo ollosooellsooaslooos 44.0} 73) 1 Carmeliiie ic ccbeat Putnsnal a. 3%.) SU Shoarillaaco aol ed Meee eke lrtied [oie nel ene 43.6] 70) 17 Mohawk Valley...| .......+0-+--- FeS2ail6 ooo aol angers a Eee ed Resse! ate isa 39.1] 64) 7 St-Johnsvilless . Mont eomenys aise eee ereciciese | +l ess:+sts-«1|)) | oeee teal eearetete | eteterore listeranl eters etelie ae ROTOR oe ateloisers sie Qneida:...... [acted eteretaterel lave civte‘s)|/-\=)]\ (o1e/ oiel[zzeilla tara] lebetetetei eieieveas)| aievers 39.1) 64) 7 Champlain Valley| ........... -- Sw3llo36e SNe dob So! dl SEE bal beicel Socdullouces . | 40.1] 68} 18 Plattsb. Barracks.} Clinton....... Es eee tel terstece /cs|(010\] a.0'e,4(s) ogel| eleiers Pesca leteetes -+--| 39.0) 6s] 18: Glens Falls........ Warren... PUA erates ate retafe if o\ | foxes amy al evi] peatel etemeteeen| Pete ree 39.2] 40.2] 66) 27 Lake George...... + ed cele femme |eerene|cccereler| coeesfar 40.3) 41.2] 66) v | St-Gawrence Vali.) tise seewsdisiawe FP aoe ee ee no eee Cee 39.6] 78] 2 Madison Barracks.| Jefferson..... | Odo eats 5 RSE GER RECERE EI ha] leo Gal bon Settle Sage Gere 41.2) 69] 27 Watertown.. ..... a ee O ee il 2\]|« ctensvera etal] teee ell okelee [stereo 37.0} 87.0) 66) 27 Massena ........... St. Lawrence stra «= |- => -1-)|/*] -1+- a mfletsiiaiaienn srelete 6 f(siale 6.215 awl tas oct oat tee North Hammond. rR) 3.05 Sae Saeopioe! aig eocrs.cey rolloc oo) focoenl ltaee 40.8] 41.1] 64] 27 Ogdensburg........| CARDS cleteinelc||| + y0:0,0jnief] a isil ieietranetall Oke [ow .|40.8} 41.2] 67] 18 INV ONMB ioe sa fase ete Wayne’... .2- AUS riledeievals || s'eceievesolfisisll tehetete Gall atetell en el ein inies 43.7| 43.8] 70} 18 BYi6y PGii5%n 2.0! 1 EOr1@. 0101.15 eee 681| 80.15) 30.60/22} 29.56) 5/1.04 v0) 35]....| 44.0) 70) 26 Central Lakes ....| staal te ‘cisions SPREE (fot etats | le 0 anh |f/0\ afl intapetemeral allt sio.0 «lie v.0)| Med ly Clee OF BMGTOI IE. Becetole nse Cayuga .....4 MEAN teisva rs |, «(0:s%e-n,0}- 01a efetatete eae Cal feietacbille piste ce:| Arovalete 43.2) 44.0] 70) 18 Romulus.......... Seneca....... cé |) Bere! Seer ed eco) ios .-+.| 80} 85]....] 44.2! 70) b Ithaca ......... ...| Tompkins....| 810) 80.15) 30.67/23] 29 44 5/1.23 74) 37143.8] 44.7] 69] 18 Mamet savas SN cin peeerale ...| 80.17] 30.80/23] 29.40] 5I1.15| 7 wa. 41.9| 78) 26 * Mean of the tri-daily observations. four hours. (1) Voluntary Observer. + Mean of the Max. and Min. by the Draper Thermo tri-daily observations are derived by the formula, (7 a.m. + 2p.m.+9p.m.+9p.m.) +4. (2) U. 8. Weather Bureau. (a) 10, 30; (b) 18, 26; (c) 8, 18, 26; (a) 17, 30 ; (e) 17, 29, 30 ; ( f) 20, 22; (g) 20, 30; (h) 6, 27, 29, 30; (t) 2, 17; (w) 7, 12, 29, 30; (v) 17, 27; (w) 12, 30; (@) 20, 28; (y) 5, 21; (z) 14, 20, 30: (aa) 7, 16; (ab) bo =] =] New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. For NovemBer — (Concluded). TURE —(IN DEGREES FAHR). Sky. PRECIPITATION — (INCHES). 3 » | algo a a |S | mlos 5 oO ete) Cs | ap a l= oa |nag rs] 6 |e D OH ee ele bar I|Ee , £ Be ne |e bp eile.| 3 \3s = ; a &|a|2 3 2 52] © = = z Sur hte aes te © jaa] © (SS5| é ; : e £|2|c S S [se] S| oe = 8 E be : a liner 3 Paiies 2 = 2 Soe Bul Se eae seg eee) Me es. NPs bee lhe B Beas e eae ar hal Soe (at) SEs) Bile [a | oS ih Bidaig hee Nise a eee pts) Wes: hlete | ayn lies ray a a do) Be ey he A, h.m 12) 23] 52] 18] 43] 19] 4] 21] 6.4/10.6/13.0| 10.1] 2.98] 3.80)...... 56 | Paoe uit Spm O8 eral 1420 eG One| eealez) HAO ianaluersie lune SO OSGI iene ltus 0.1| S. 12| 28) 53] 18, 29] 16] 8] 38/3 | 9 [18 Che || Seva sal oon 5 2.0/8. E. 15) 23/54] 47' 99) 2). Sl So) 4 5 lit el) ANNO laaanne 5 2.0| SW. 16| 23| 55] 20/ 37] 2] 6 30/.7 110 13 Gi (ede EONS eee 5) ons ; 20| 23| 57} 20) 43] 19) -4| 2117 |12 |11 | 18 | 3.17] 0-88)...... 5 0.2) N. 20] 23) 47] 16] 26laa| 5] 4/4 |15 111 OY || CEA PEG nope 5 0.8] S. E. S| PEI GP HE al Pl GI Gill SESS ERS ac) Ub otaestallbe Gdstalleg na 5-61 0.8] S. W. 17| 23} 58] 18] 30] 15] 7 21/18 |3 |14 Gy || SEP eee 45 |... .2)0|.ence 11| 19] 53] 16| 28] 19] 98] 2o]....1....].... 12.5| 3.76] 0.90]...... 5 vinkincel zaeeeter Aten | Seiad aide Beil aaa is TB) he OYE OG oeouanll| os 1210 | PANNE es rot TN GE aay Weel aN PED (lea sallbonalloeee 12 | 5.06] 0.90)...... Bi |ay, ae eee 6] 23] 56} 17| 381ab]| 5] ac/ 8.5] 5.5/16.0) 11.0] 4.31) 3.05)...... BEB (eae eal Wace 6| 23] 62| 17| 38] 18] 98] 7 Aen 10 | 2.19] 0.95 6 | T. |W. ASWeesi wos Tel sile 19 45) aelkG) We IMOn lead ch Ses5l) BeOBlh oie 5-6] 1.0] Ww. 1B}] OB BEI aii AGE a GD CRpoU EG |i) ae) Weare] -OLGP ae gon 5 2.0| S. W. —1} 22] 61) 18] 45] 23] 4] ad/ 3.8/14.2/12.0] 10.5) 2.92] 0.73)...... Ba Glad, | eee He resi caries 34) 27) es!) eadleawlee 9 || 2.96) 0073). 0.0. 5-6| 6.1] S. W 13| 28] 65| 18] 43] 19] 4] 29] 4 l14 [12 | 14 | 4.42] 0.50! ..... 6 wines Ss. WwW —1| 22| 67] 19] 45] 23] 4) i4/1 19 |1 10/0) SS26MOLG2 loco ak 5 5.0| S. W 121 23} 52] i5| 44) 23] 4) ae | o |21 |9 | 41° '|' ‘2/31 0.68/02...) 6 35] we | 11| 28) 59] 39] 387] 18], 6| 2118 |10 |12 | 12 | 2.58] o.3B/....., 11 4.41 S. Ww. 3| 23| 66, 19] 42] 19] 5] i4/6 | 7 (17 ail woogie Ost llssaee 6 3.0| 8. W. 13} 30} 51] 15] 39] 19] 93] af/| 4.8] 8.2]17%0] 12.8] 3.05] 1.00)...... G1 el Cian alyenes aioe Shop| RO! THOM Te MesEll esol eals 2olea’s lrg jj9ai lng’ | agin ool ol 3.5| 5. W. 18} 30] 50; 13] 23] 23] 3/ 9/2 /8 |20 | 17 | 3.39] 0.75l...... Billie W. 18} 30] 53} 18] 38] 19] sl 2916 |7 l1i7 | 12 | 2.98) 0.69) ..... 21 4.0] «S. W. 18} 30] 53} 15] 29] 18] 4) 29/3 l12 15 | 18 | 9.49) O.58l...... 21 5.5] S. W. 20| 30| 48} 16] 38] 19] 5] 2914 |6 |20 |° 12 | 2.00] 0.58)...... 11 2.5. S. W. 20} 30] 50] 18] 36] 19] 98] 25|. Sy latetal OG jasete 11 2.4] N. W. 13| 30] 56] 17] 30] 18] 7 22113 | 4 13 9) | NS207 he O88hnoce Tem AE Nya gS 20| 20| 50| 14] 27) 18] 5] 12/2 |7 |e1 | 15 | 3.95] o.87\...... 11 5.6] S. 18} 20! 49] 16] 33) 19] 6] 14/5 lat |1a4 | 14 | 3.60|' 0.99]...... 11 2.0| S. W. 21! 30| 49| 16] 89} 19} 5] 29/5 |14 |11 | 11 | 3.24] 0.98]...... 10 1.5| S. W. 20 30) 50} 11| 24) 5) 3] 13/4 H10 |16 | 15 [° 2.90] 0.59]...... rile eee S.-S.W. 18] 30] 50] 16] 39] 19] 5] bb] 4.7/13.0/12.3| 8.7] 2.60] 1.11/ 13.00] 5 |......]......0. 18] 30] 52] 16] 37] 19] 7] 27/..../21 | 9 5 | 2.88] 1.11] 13.00] 5 2.0| N. W 20} 30] 50] 18] 38! 19] 8] cl10 | 5 115 0 Me Ouralllbaaane 21 3.219 22] 30) 47| 15] 389] 19] 5] bb| 4 |13 /13 | 13 | 2.00] 0.88] 14.301 5 | T |S.E —1| 22] 53] 17| 45] 98/ 2/ 6d | 5.9] 9.5|14.6] 10.8] 3.31/ 3.80]|...... 5-6 | 2.9] S W. graph. || Report received too late to be used in computing means. The means from the + Blank indicates that the duration is not shown in the original records, but is within twenty - (i) 8, 29; (J) 18, 27; (k) 23,30; (m) 5, 17, 27; (mn) 15, 23; (p) 7, 155 (q) 14, 153 (r) 15, 195 (s) 27, 30; 18,19; (ac) 8, 23; (ad) 14, 25, 29, 30; (ae) 25,30; (af) 9, 13, 29; (bb) 13, 14; (bc) 13, 27,30; (bd) 13, 28. 278 E1igHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TEMPERATURE — Novemser, 1896, SHowrne Dairy MEANS For THE =} a ~ S -_ p= _ ww - ow -_ rs STATION. Be i ES OP RB eo Western Plateau..| 51 48 | 52 53 a4 41 44 38 33 32 | 45 40 | 32 30 Alfred 60 | 63 | 67 | 57 | 63 | 44 | 58 | 44 | 35 | 40 | 52 | 44 | 34 | 32 SS eee oy 40 | 36 | 36 | 51 | 40 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 26 | 19 | 36 | 34 | 25 | 24 Aaeatten 61 | 63 | 65 | 62 | 65 | 49 | 50 | 39 | 36 | 44 | 53 | 46 | 32 | 34 Saar pes aaa 35 | 30 | 42 | 46 | 49 | 37 | 34 | 29 | 28 | 19 | 34 | 30 | 30 | 25 Biltsaek. Beet 6l | 64 | 67 | 60 | 65 eeepes: || 88> [44 po eeaS Chek . Franklinville.....| 60 | 63 | 67 | 59 | 62 | 44 | 53 | 48 | 36 | 42 | 52 | 46 yaar ; ee | | | Hig phrey; ieee. | et 6s | 71 | 58 |60 | 38 | 57 | 39 | 38 | 89 | 51 | 45 | 34 | 38 ‘41 | 38 | 44 | 48 | 39 | 81 | 32 | 27_| 24 | 21 | 35. | 83 | 25 | 23 { Arkwright Tee SSS} )) C10 =e | acon) & soci cstidlh Sono) Meeod PcoIers| | spit) Cece Soria] tet pw ike 60 | 64 | 66 | 60 | 63 | 40 | 54 | 38 | 36 | 46 | 52 | 45 | 36 | 35 la i aa ea 41 |36 | 41 | 50 | 40 | 93 |.32 | 29 | 296 | 23 | 37 | 36 | 24. | 27 TAA ee |68 | 64 | 65 | 61 | 63 | 53 | 61 | 46 | 44 | 45 | 53 | 49 | 42 | 38 | 50 | 37 | 38 | 52 | 46 | 40 | 31 | 36 | 30 | 25 | 40 | 38 | 24 | 28 BART TPN Ace eon oe | 64 | 56 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 54 | 61 | 49 | 47 | 88 | 54 | 47 | 39 | 36 | 37 | 31 | 32 | 83 | 54 | 39 | 28 | 31 | 20 | 30 | 39 | 38 | 380 | 22 Mount Morris ....| ---:| --2:] ---+] 2=-7] 2-2°| 2---| -22°] see] coe} sone] ooo tees] seqchi sere eekparkies sass: 61 | 57 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 49 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 56 | 44 | 40 | 38 39 | 34. |.41 47 46) 38 | 82 | 32. 1°32) 1/80 138) | 85 | 29 | 29 Victories. teams wesc] vee] ee ee| S54 | Peon See ARS Ales Seal) Sess] Sa sciessa Mt ssel) asec Wiedsewod:. <2: 66 | 60 | 66 | 58 |65 | 44 | Go | 50 | 43 | 44 | 49 | 50 | 38 | 39 3 S8inieaSeuomiedds. 34. | SU [cS osea2ONe Sb eso oo emeel RAdiRG Thee 64 | 67 | 67 | 60 | 67 | 49 | 61 | 52 | 42 | 44 | 55 | 54 | 4t | 36 40) 33eleaaaaon|.47 | 87. | 28 Sou Ool eal 39) | Sue) Siestog SouthiGanisteoe | 620 Gt eipeOeaGl 9168 9] 48 | Gly 4m eae SS a Silas aoa 39 | 380 }345/ 44 | 45 | 385 | 27 | 33 | 23 |46 | 29 | 30 | 28) | 25 TG ati (ee 58 |59 | 64 | 59 | 64 | 42 | 57 | 40 | 387 | 42 | 51 | 43 | 33 | 38 37 | 87 | 42 | 49 | 41 | 33 | 31 | 20 | 27 | 19 | 387 | 33 | 24 | 24 Eastern Plateawu..| 59 | 47 | 7 | 49 | 58 | 47 | 46 | 43 | 35 | 34 | 44 | 40 | 35 | 29 Binghamton (1)...| 61 | 63 | 62 | 57 | 67 | 57 | 62 | 52 | 40 | 45 | 54 | 45 | 40 | 32 40. |-86yalnepencat | 55. || 36° | S0ussdemese) 1) 20) 7/40) Woo NneOe jeae Binghamton (2)...| 62 | 62 | 64 | 59 | 67 | 47 | 61 | 50 | 40 | 47 | 52 | 46 | 39 | 32 a2- | 96: ab 48 | 48 | 39\| SL) BB | BB 27 || 410 | 3a ee ee Oxford 2232 ee 60 | 60 | 60 | 55 | 68 | 58 | 59 | 50 | 43 | 45 | 50 | 47 | 40 | 35 84) 128% WeSee4O. || 48. \\3BY | S27e eso 125! 1620) TINS | 2Sie) oe as Cortlandiss.-sescee 61 | 50 | 68 | 57 | 66 | 63 | 61 | 54 | 39 | 46 | 52 | 48 | 387 | 33 39 | 83 | 34 | 44 | 53 | 39 | 30 | 37 | 31 | 20 | 38 | 31 | 80 | 24 | | Bloomville........ 64 | 69 | 63 | 56 | 64°) 57 | G2 | fd | 52 | 50 | 52 | 49 | 50 | 53 Ata S8y sep al. | 45 | 39 34 | 30 «| 24 «| 86 | Qt | 26 | 85 | BL South Kortright..| 56 | 55 | 59 | 57 164 | 61 | 56 | 52 | 40 | 42 | 54 | 50 | 39 | 85 87 | 35 | 25 | 33 | 50 | 34 | 31 | 84 | 25 | 20 | 34 | 29 25) 08 Brookfield ........ waes| cscs] s--5] tok Ae é u Be 33 é ev 2 | vee ones ae =c,) - - - «so ece . ee Middletown ...-.-- , = | ai i Weccal| 2 ec = | = aie wa . = | oe Port Jervis.......| 66 | 66 | 60 Cooperstown ..-..| 56 | 53 | 42 New Lisbon ...... 58 | 56 | 6t | 66 | 63 | 60 | 56 | 51 | 89 | 48 | 50 | 44 | 36 | 28 33 | 99 | 98 | 36 | 52 | 38 |30 | 30 | 25 |19 | 35 | 30 | 27 | 17 Oneonta .....----- 66 | 5R | 63 | 60 | 67 | 64 | 04 | 56 | 44 | 47 | 5a | 49 | a1 | 34 41 | 40 | 33 | 42 | 55 | 42 | 36 | 95 | 32 | 26 | 40 | 25 | 34 | 25 Sahih am 60 |52 | 64 | 60 | 66 | 46 | 57 | 48 | 40 | 48 | 52 | 47 | 34 | 82 APD LD (ICOIOES. 40 | 30 | 30 so /46 | 35 | 27 | 81 28 a8 35 | 31 a u Se oe cates rene WINBO diBR. MARGE BiG Bd) 1/48 | BT ol SB Ake ladiielasOiaa eee 44 Strait’s Corners --| 32 | 34 | 33 | a9 | 45 | 37 | 27 | 29 | 26 | 19 | 30 | 23 | 29 | 22 ee 2 65 |70 | 69 | 60 | 67 | 62 | 64 | 48 | 46 | 46 | 53 | 50 | 42 | 41 VY seeeeeees 39 | 32 | 33 | 41 |55 | 40 | 26 | 35 | 29 | 20 | 40 | 34 | 32 | 18 61 |64 |55 |50 |62 | 54 |56 153 | 42 | 40 | 52 | 50 | 40 | 28 Mohonk Lake....| 49 | 47 ae 44) 44 (42 ' 49! 38 | 34 | 32 147 | 30 ! 33 | 27 New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 279 Reaions, and Darry Maxma anp Minm™a For THE STATIONS. | | | i5 | 16 | £7) | LS | 19) 20) 21 | 22 | 23) 24 | Monthly mean a2 |58°|57 | 60 | 42 | 26 | 36 | 33 | 32 | 44 | 45 | 59 | 61 | 45 | 26 | 22 | 42.3 52 |61 |59 | 66 | 61 |27 | 46 | 40 | 40 | 49 | 57 | 66 | 64 | 62 | 26 | 22 | Q, 29 | 46 | 58 | 50 | 23 | 18 | 27 | 21 | 19 | 32 | 29 154 | 56 126 | 20 | 16 1 53 63 61 68 54 30 YS A WE 4) 40 46 58 67 63 60 29 26 99 | 43 152 |50 |23 |19 | 29 | 24 | 19 | 32 | 29 | 53 | 55 | 29 | 22 | 18 | 42-6 52 | 61 | 61 | 68 | 35 |31 | 48 | 44 | 41 | 52 | 58 | 67 | 63 | 54 | 31 | 27 t os | 39 153 |50 125 |20 | 30 | 22 | 19 | 33 | zs ‘50 | 55 | 28 | ar | a7 | 414 54 |63 | 6L | 69 | 64 | 30 | 48 | 41 | 42 | 53. 60 | 69 | 6s | 63 | 32 | 26 31 | 40 | 51 |51 | 27 | 20 | 99 | 93 120 | 32 30 | 53 | 54 | 28 | 21 | 18 | 42-2 Boenivaie sl aomalter fer sitoobn| asia Pagmalashlll's3>/ S00 |"G7|785.. /64). 198 |, 22, re og laa 55 (50 8 27) 20097) 99: | 20 | 39 4n | 46. | 55e 98 | an.) 17 | | 51 | 63 | 59 | 69 8 | 28 Ria AOA se SI lame One! 64911760) \\/28 24 me) \eass lisa (lisa, |e. [P90 |e" 26 | 23) |a7 | 33 [isa 5a fies | 207} 016) aes | | | =Balese realtee le Sat Sopa ae Vgc acdene bopse loess | 49.1 52 | 62 | 60 | 67 | 62 |'32 | 47 | 40 | 44 | 52 | 58 | 67 | 65 | 60 | 27 | 28 | 4, 31 [46 | 55 )51 | a0 | 24 | a2 | a1 | 27 | 42 | 36 | 54 | 56 | 27 | 22 | IR 2.8 RS UNNGHE 6205 TO) ||| Gare| 34 470 a| Sot 48) ala) 52. eas, P68! 65, "| 30 30 | ao | 42 |51 | 49 | 2x | 24 [28 | 2x | 24 | 40 | 42 | 54 | 59 | 34 | ov | 92 | 45-2 53 | 64 | 65 | 70 | 65 | 33 | 39 | 42 | 46 | 51 | 54 | 56 | 68 | 62 | 32 | 25 | 4s 4 2 | 39 | 45 | 59 | 25 118 | 20 | 18 | 19 | 37 | 38 | x9 | 53 | 32 | 23 | 19 | * Ae RGOeN GOs (sGsen| 36) ||PSoha\voie || 36) 8 |,ole lon) 420 9(k69) a /76 1) 33 27 BOmnPAdew e5Q | Adee Moen SON SOR RORRE Eades 7. Hesd aI) INS 37 | 48 56 57 | 45 | 27 33 35 29 | 43 41 54 | 61 48 | 31 24 42.4 54 65 | 67 69 | 66 30 44 | 438 | 40 | 54 52 67 | 68 | 68 35 26 43.6 26 | 35 55 | 49 27 20 27 30 22 35 | 36 | 48 57 35 | 26 19 =F 54 65 | 65 | 69 65 28 44 | 42 39 | 54 53 68 | 68 66 | 33 26 440 33 38 | 55 53 | 24 23 22 | 27 22 39 36 49 | 60 | 33 | 2 19 50 | 60 63 65 | 62 | 35 | 38 | 42 37 48 | 44 64 | 65 60 | 35 30 40.1 18 | 25 | 40 | 45 | 24 17 23 raf 16 | 3L 28 40 50 2 25 16 5 54 63 62 68 | 64 32 | 43 42 39 49 | 48 66 | 62 | 63 34 27 42.8 23 33 50 | 49 | 32 19 25 31 22 37 34 46 | 58 | 33 24 19 i 38 64 | 65 | 64 | 62 45 $3 44 39 | 53 51 65 79 | 64 40 36 43.0 25 31 52 50 | 30 | 23 18 | 24 12 10 34 | 43 51 38 30 21 : 48 59 | 61 2 | 60 | 3l 42 | 42 37 48 | 45 62 | 67 | 43 36 26 39.8 920 Eigurua ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datry Means ror THE Recions, and Datry STATION. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LO | 1h | 22,7 13. |) we Northern Plateau. aah hit “39 Mah. gp) | haar az | 40 |33 | 34, “a0 "38 32, 26 Saranac Lake.....| 33 | 27 | 39 | 41 | 99 | 35 |36 [30 [99 | 32 |38 | at | 30 | 0 Gloversville .....- ae fae (30 [a4 (ae (40 | ge fae fat | as |os | as | ae | os North Lake .....- a5 | a1 | 20 |30 |as [aa | 34 [a6 jor |a6 [os | a3 [a0 | io Lowville...---.--, 33 {as |28 | 43 {50 |36 {25 | 36 [a0 | 29 | a4 [ay | a0 | ot Number Four.....137 | 33 |S) [4a [a7 [3s [as | ar |oe | a7 [33 [ae [a6 [ao Atlantic Coast..-.| 55 oo [sO 52 58 52 50 50 43 42 | 47 |} 51 42 35 Brooklyn -----+-- Se] eee | toe (Re ieee ae em a | S01 Ra alae Maniatian Boooh.| 72 [$2 | 49 [58 | ao [2 [as Jan lee | as | 4 [ae | se [48 New York City:..| 5 | 27 | 47 | 60 | a7 |aa |e [ae lar [oy jas las os [ae Willet’s Point...) 49 | dt | 45 [51 | 45 | 40 | 39 | 45 [a2 | 32 | 30 | 40 | 32 | 28 | | Beton] t80 | 40) a | 00 | | Ser eel Ae al Setauket.......-.. Be Wet ier lap. en get | eeaemite A (Sd (eae Tee Bedford.......-... ta [a3 as [a7 {se laa [ao [aa [az [oe [ae [ao fo | 36 Pim SBR BB ES BR hg Hudson Valley...) 52 | 5! | 47 | 48 | 52 | 52 48 | 46 | 39 | a7 | 45 44 | 38 | 32 Albany ....--.---. ia |e (‘36 (aoe lou far. |e iemel ae 1 \ae [ae | ga. | BB Lebanon Springs | {9 | 32 | 38 [a7 faz (si [ao (a9 [28 | 22 [a0 | a3 jos |e Birheyaapstd Brgotk| BA| 90 s| 20,| Be) 147 | oe eee mliny Ay | oe | gece agile Poughkeepsie ....! 1) | 33 | $1 lao | 52 | 41 135 [at a8 | 24 | 33 cE: 136 | 33 | Wappinger's Falls| fo | as [da | ag] [go | a8 \aa | as |e |e lao [ae 1038 Catskill...--..---. Pare al leap saber Gh (Cl am HOM epee ers 6 West Point....... Te atiel’sart| aor "so: | aRte amet: 1°3y. ‘Sec: (49) anal eed in Carmel ....--2:--.| $5 | $9 [43 [az 40 | 39 (4a [39 [ay loa 139 | 99 fee oe | | | | Mohawk Valley. ..| 50 59 52 AQ | 49 40 46 | 36 36 #6 | 44 40 ad | 34 Beppmmevilie ss 22)-°5) 2705)

| 41° 28 | 22 13 as | } | D264) 62) A 70525 | 82) .| 40) )835) 43) | 490943) 70 |) 66 53 eM etiy 430 BAGM AP enaaease leoTen OA) HOG OGL olitade Te4O M96) Wade 155) 1933) | 25 21 fF DRMIMG Ie ROOM OT ea|G2e | ROOuleabe aoe || 40 ods 38 | G6 | GL | 56 3 27 41 BB 34-45) -| 44° | 29 | 18 | 22.) 26. | 21. | 38 | 30. [36 | SK | 8B. | 24 20 | ES 55 | 65 | 65 7u 65 3 42 40 | 43 50 49 | 68 64 | 59 1.31 | 29 43.8 Sea PaCamleA a a5 hOGea 2s leon | Sh ul 7 il 2) osG) sledge (138) (3, |) 26 Oh Wola a cakek ts 56 | 64 | 62 | 70 | 37 | 32 | 44 | 88 | 52 | 51 | 63 | 70 | 69 | 35 | 29 26) | 4s 0 BGhe tae Pb T- 6) [S227 +1933. 35.8) 8 [aor 8 59 | 48 | 31 | 24 0 a | Ama ODM Tam OOM WM4AGy 0/29) led6u (Moen hoe | 44eniedde (N58. 1162 e48ny Ie 30 24 44.3 56 | 67 | 62 | 70 | 62 | 31 | 42 | 43 | 41 | 49 | 52 | 69 | 6 | &3 | 33 27h Le 27 | 45 [53 149 | 295 119. | 25 | 29 | 24 | 3 Selene | Sines toed 18 56 | 65 | 63 | 70 | 66 | 41 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 49 | 49 | 70 | 66 | 63 | 35 28 rig) Pies 43s OO" ARS Baa30n 26) | Ry 25. PSE Sb 42) 1058. 082i) Weds 20 # 56 | 65 | G3 | 69 | GG | BL | 45 | 45 | 40 | 51 | 54 | 68 | 66 | 63 | 34 28 44.7 SWAG Hey (UDI (MO Lad|M2Ten eet 30s | Olle /OGu ll e4On eBTe Midis ete lead | 27 22 38 | HOM 4 e547 OTe eS Ln POON eA eal SON el 50 158i ./e4 Qin) SIL 26 41.9 | too late to be used in computing means. 284 E1GgHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ; Datty anp Monrurty Precrr1 STATION. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10/11) 12/13) 14 Western Plateaw..-.| 0-00) 0.00; T. | 0.06) 0.33; 0.03) T. | 0.02) 0.01; T. | 0.59) 0.01/0.11} 0.04 JNU eee cee ocne eSSc\\o5e\ jmesael he ke = A0)|\ cit all eee peatorar- Ol] <2.) 649) 2eo 1 208. 10 Angelica ...:.-..-.- Sag) eae Pescel wes | oles ose) 25 l) See) Mey Bl eesooie catelipes ssi) st}! a5 Bolivar 2o-----p.- ape s|| eo | Nozee) ecia-]|| DO a mer eee eees| sc.) Stell) eee emer See eaiets Friendship ..-...--- ee yee|(teaete ci] iret | £38|\ cen al selene icce ec |° EI ceeell ARO) eel ed eect Franklinville...-.... bys) Little Valley .....- eee ca) Sala ee ee rr Cherry Creek...-.- ate =n eee |e Jaca ee eee : é Jamestown --...--- Saami frassc os!) lth; BS ONG eee cil! etsiac| cei =| temeah SO! eeere|| seed me) Wedgewood .-.-.--- OSSC\sSedallesecel| VB}; 7) SSRI NR BBLS 52 ING GUC) pear eecce STARTS TA We ode AT CAGG =). 5% o2 came Seal eee IATA). oS seese eects ees Wee eters Eastern Plateau ...| 0 006 Binghamton (1)..-.| .--- Binghamton) (2).---|-..--| ---- Chenango Forks...| -.-.| ---- (Ob-0%0) fi Re peer ocd: Pal (ees oe Cortland ))-22- 5.22 eect eyes 3 ic z 460} saa. |) 08 06 Bloomville..-...--. Sie] Beier ae SEAS oe.\|\ -o-. |) eDleeee : 57) Seals ae . Deposit.-<..-. SON COCA heere Glia crsO5|| fo 208 ||o 4c -e) Reese Ree a Bless ¢ B Pr (Sea) eed s04 [Pe See South Kortright --.| ----) ..-.| --- Sens Baill se * 63) =: -19 10\ ver" Brookfield -..-..--. Zarevell woes aja eee = ssa 2 . VAM OM bewia-' BP Ecereeeana|| Scs2l| ocd eee eee Misses || Coed Meters leina| ine sealle sel pose PX eatin Genre serse SAS eOeOOl leOCe.| |p Goal hacrcx) Weed eRe rocieval lSeseol whet acect fheoeicin| asec nse ‘tice Middletown -.-..--- eee] pote aes areas Mee eee || werw.cie || coe eel] tee Ea ene ee Port Jervis=-..---- Deel es cellos fee Peer le Sb 16)! ... 20] Rea eer ere nda) ee et sal resoe IWHEWIGK score secce Ee call tela) ostetetel| ore LEMON 340) occ) ceB2 een festa af oO ON) Omi natarass Cooperstown .-..-- sapol|"eess|fonce|| S2o-)| Uc Soaa|Beroelh otk scodl| sess) ead aers| Web cos New Lisbon ....-... Sets) Teccmtey ustema MERE MLCT O fees, =e OS seen see PN seg eal tr Pea Oneonta ...-..-..-. Pees Weert 24 ae eee Mammen Meme Cele Ret 1 i bl ee a bee cae Perry, Cliveccec- oe Sata (Cetatecl reotee tl RERAIMEET CRY vahmicza|) “T's lip chert Mecteee! ie euecesslf Preah 7.e(cere eek | era Newark Valley. sci) cece] sce! cee PALONMLC ZO! ‘cea <,<\<0/lyoumelmeel| teererciuy re @O|\e aren mee iain Straits Corners..... sararo|oeers | eee MONT SAG)! IS)" 2) 1) eee iesass|| le msm | os OO meds fe | WiAVGLl¥ic80c0-2cn ee Bee Memeaiteees|| 3 SIsy) aa eT) Us Se ee ee a eal Sitayh ele DUPVOGHecrwesaso. se Be POSER Leis! | ccs tt ese) emer fineness! 54a Z wee + | eterall Umea Mobonk Lake ..... eS ere ace.) (coc) PC Ae4 a Ieeeci lacs Northern Plateau..| 0.00) 0.00) 0.00) 0.01) 1.84! 0.06) 0.01) 0.22) 0.03) 0 02) 0.53) 0.00,0.08 QT. West Chazy ....-.. cisian| rete Mem alll (sa |) eel | eee ees siexta Elizabethtown ..... SER al | Nelacctoi| racmtared| Uretererel eter Srero||'. vacaiars/|/cactetell We ceteyee |e olaif | catseraeh| lave cee Nt abies sheer pct Saranac Lake...... dooall Sececal|! dateret!| Meee vOOl OG) .ceciimeeeely sO6l ils SUT || otal LOT eas Gloversville ....-.. social aoa tecteeMORe 56), 218) aeslO |e nnl| cee) 268 lesa ete Onl te Om North Lake......-.. BES ers trer rect tec tC ES) Re Ween (oc ccet hieeescs | aleridl|omnecs.t4 Pests esta! fe cect - TOW VING 5c. cwcsnc wa cp eic|Vapee| osamlenmOe| 00]. 9.10) “LOC ene) dO eet) ceo ee nel ak Ot easete Number Four...... wede|lecen| ence meee aledo, * FoLG | eaIS weet) EI CON ects eG treet Kings Station...... Roa esd Peomellneee ee SeOU Sack alg cclie ae R el ermeet meet] pOBl ome tte reel latent New YorK WEATHER BuREAU. TATION FoR Novempgrr, 1896—(IncuEs). 1) oi 15 13). 02] .-- -04 0.00 0.00 21 0 49 0.04; 0.01 -I1 -05 = 03 mae -O1 2 24: ae -14 0 04 -03 -05 0.33 28 0.09 > ~ 9 | | | | 0.01 -05 -<-4-- seeeae 286 NIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Dairy ann Monruty Preciri 7 = STATION. 1) yee bes: a psa e) Meee ayes | 10 Waal (ale ens) |e | ee ee ee (eee ee EE ES eee ot AR Atlantic Coast..-... 0.00! 0.00) 0.00) 0.07] 1-37] 0.01] 0.00) ‘TT. | @.00} 6.00) 0.17) 0.16 0.06 0.02 Brooklyn\.-2.---- 5 Shi] ees nite SALTS | eas Sel tetra! icc af someilt ecen me Sul eateries Manhattan Beach..| ..- J a S22] TOO en ees 33 * T2Z2\S20)) ce Now: VorkiCity- 5.5]; 2.- 2 zt =i2 oP Aoi Oe ieeteratel LSet | eo’, 20 | \arets 215|-<08)ea 3) Willet's Point. ....] ... Sreeil teret BY Ue et) Ue aay eel) 2 «ae Seales dO leur ein Brentwood ...-.... POA eta serra ea ROU SFE Ja|\ee50\ e600 hae Setanketees-os.-- aN eel ects ES ea eee Beye alle @eiets | eseene ee SIS eee IBedtord isn aeces <<: ae 2 me) ed Boal ins} ptt eee -01 = : a2), NOL titan. IPFIMTOSE) << << <4. --- st A eelesroe | Wlerille 552 Aa)) 2ts 2s 2 = 20 | ae tel line eres | Hudson Valley ..- T. | 0.00] 0.00) T. | 1.25 0.18} 0.00) 0.29 0.04| 0.11] 0 03/0.06 T. PAMIDAN Ys sina cicoce ces miaeke Sek Se mre 256 Ma lcaGlt xiao Bae net = -08} .01 03, iy Lebanon Springs .- : 145 249) 27 20 = -09) Te amie kos Honeymead Brook > . 40s S68) 2p 0 -< 18) Sees erate E16) eco ieee 0) pee Poughkeepsie -..-.- é é = EG eee 1 ee apy abe) Mite | ise Wappinger’sFalls.| T. 3 Sa td te 382lhesOo| set = 22 OM eae =1'8}). (02), 24) oe. Catskillecs ce. -2 32 Sate A mote’ \o:k15i| ee Oe 5 er! ees =: 13 |e 208) Abe. West Point..-..... ae ae e.. * 173.80) .-.- * 20S 2 (04) a [eeCe Boyds Corners..-- 2 2 = g <6 (ae utile eee ie 224||- 505} o55c Wanmel oe ao ccki=ee E : Le | 1293|eee got | ea ele a Gp ake Seaton Southeast Reserv’ir 2 2 =sci| eretalkrec aA ge Be 0 eae el Meee Le | 5 Eagle Mills. ...... 2 1.00 oe 45 sera Ld esacewse as Maston'..<-4:.02]) wo. Dil Re | eee ire aed ieee Ogdensburg ....-.. Sete « De Seal gSSln ac .).|-'2--Gleeee Sa eBb lke cets|e Oelwads Potsdam, 222-.-.-- ae 4 eos = o £ ae - -20 weee[eee Ab Great Lakes........ T. | 0.00) 0.00] 0.08) 0.35] 0.04] T. | 0.02] 0.08] 0.11) 0.64) T. 0 13 0.04 Duonkirks. see. 2 os Pea eres (ieee | soll. re Be Neerss|( toe ease! oa) me ah Rete IWiGCRTHOLA 2 once en. . eS HOE eter!) « D: | OO pete eno 3 a og eee IBUHALO emecccccenais oa. -06) .29) .07) .0)/ .13) -09} T. -69} . OZ) mee Adams Centre..... x aS ain geaicte!s'| MeL) Meee lia cio csi] > a! o)| aml 24) = .56 ai) eae eae InAtisford 2, peecce oH tn ta -29 Oe ol). 2 ree ae 60) Boal bs 34 Rochester ......... es 20K) evaCeesOm ove. ti) Osi) vo T. -54) .-- e265] | ctalti | Scottsville ......... Mie oe a 4 Ae 3 «sc ellee meat eee eee ae a A Z Appleton ......... ae =o |) 2081 208 merece 2 02) 0s em .58 14/ ... Fort Niagara...... a pe saee 210 ease 2 a. aes bpd et 50, Revs 05) ae Niagara Falls...... ate 5 06/0, Uae Obese 10} <= oe ° 2 [2] m ug 45 : o | 5 + ota | SS uo} oy S c S | g2so| + he he = col 3 . =| . | ww) 9 ° 3 xs iy u io} be | @ = 3) (3) mS Qa = 3 a > a! @ d oy ee & D | ® ag oi pailieeea Nh ea lh en |e 2.90} 23) 1874) 1896) 1.80/—1.10] 5.40) 1886! 0.91}. 1893 Honeymead Brook...! Dutchess..... 3.00) 16] 1881) 1896) 2.24|—0.76] 4.86)°89 92) 0.80} 1890 Poughkeepsie ....... WT Ssonbac 3.11) 21) 1830) 1896) 1.45)—1.66) 7 00) 1830) 0.80) 1890 Wiest Pointiossscacnece Oranpererae 4.04) 48} 1840) 1896) 5.10)41.06]10.02} 1846) 1.05] 1844 Boyds Corners........ Eutname oes 4.16] 26) 1870) 1896) 3.96|—0.20] 8.45] 1889) 1.12] 1890 Cham platens ieee sci ceistester: OBR urlteneletna|llasteraste E19} —OPI care ialie eicsree fis stein [sree Plattsburgh Barracks.| Clinton....... 2.38] 37| 1840} 1896) 2.19/—0.19| 4.39 1885) 0.54} 1882 St. Lawrence Valley..| ...... Pee issrel| Morello. ail teteystel tsieiavelere 2243 |— Os BT leseters ab BI leer |sSoooo||faoualacaods us ; ‘ ; “ghee avtupe sein ge wre sate tne sme ntileee rs hha Py ‘eh tin. aay Deemed aes ek Wes a een teats ohse otek AE \, fj 4 (AFA) 9A eT et ea ae WOFTPATS i + ( ; my ba aiaeet® a S ‘ * A 9 9 eS | 7 j * ie; iy Sols ieee va iA | way | ee? , , nate : thiiere ott! yuh a . f mer, P 5 ) ee ll oe Seen ey ipa te Yer ‘ : GP) aay ss iat aed . xP) se pry . Cee yn Fade ring? PEA mith f ) ' , ” we Ayia vin nis v ‘ tbe A bays wt é * ; 4) A a4 vat A ‘ hrs ee See oy i i gts : “atom 0h DAT ( oath ms ' fA | tathie a Ae] vey menia 4 i” " Dae BMY Win a Se iy 8 cae cab CNH yad th fl eacd nt ; Ts dae eee apy ee Vere gpheort Pan a ye tr cs He Ley OE ewes ORME Lerma Bae Payal ret ARRAS MRE Ge OL enh. GY Les iy ee pnei-« CRITE? RF AD, OMe UA ; ‘ ' ; r Us reer Pea STR bs y Od TN x Pie ‘ ' avjiagh eget N48 ok CHANGER Fire ; d wipe a eh “ghey tank hathoat ; Re 4 ah A paket 4 adhd Pin « yy ee AP one a senha» ; : bo Le a a Wie ps iu n nel , * mab ackss sae tronntes sel hpi neem Lead ee ees HO men Oe ne treenten axle heed dear 0 peng hn sm tim i a i lt fed linge ett ob i * aye MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1896 Toronto (GANADIA © = ——yy ee Raid ins M e tlle in \Syrgcuseg N SCALE OF MILES 42° -44° iy Utica® NES M4 ~ y \ llion z_| ~~ Stillwatey’ A aa Witeat dow L.—F ae Tookfield, } K “A, e i. FE a ton Peo ne vile ( {Ne : ‘d f a Se yas \ LZ} tig jn Bloongville “en ‘ NewLondong fU.S ph fe he RN ‘~ hy tel ’ ey < ee ao enbieie aw Pox ges y 4 Ms 5 * 2 ee hep Peek Pee, tm Leeget LET aot Pat fete uaty YD | ? Uy i" MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION FOR NOVEMBER, 1896 ; = Kineston AG Ff (Caneel » HO} Tag EE hh BE A, ESTA EE = a —<—— — YG oT a es eee Oa ae area = ERR SSS SSN — Fz ppieton ~*~ —__ iro ck- SSeS TN Teer ea LN IR ip BE OO, A Kg Z| Atbionre—— pg port NS ee Sy SE SS SN SS Kary FETA AINA TT ae NL NO aAuSe x iS NS A IS, 1 CELLET ETD Es WE 7 AE GALI) LU 7 5) AP TY EEA ES SINS AS pees = - 1 eR I A el 2 LTS ETT 30 310.9 A BR I Re RI FA 2 Ne RY I EEO | ES ESN WW I a ———— aon | SESE, WE TLE A a —~s—aMroumans=e— Siem | er wea ae Ss a —— Zz SiSSS x IE GELS SSSI SEE BS ERS I Se A imphrey_\ ____rurtredgyy—) ae Ne ee ae Ponermanyy a EIA) BE SCALE OF MILES _- Re owe Ti I EE ED SEE DIP Smee LV 2 LL 1 dd Le MET OS Sa ——— a ee ae Cf ARAL AR Lp DD a oe i = = LIFT I AL AV EA LLLP LI Me ’ LI LVALLLALLLAZANA LALLA SSK Hy ) > JIZANAALLLALLLUENLZLLL Die \ H VIAL AL ALA AAA pl tif fpo Aurel \ 7 Le MUNDO TTI LAA LLLM LE LA TIAL LA GKRIMALLAADZLA J Lb BOWS Pee G her i FA 2 he LLL MLA ALAA LLALLLELINALL ALLA LDLA fy aoe ag an\' . 2 a LIMIT IIT NA eo Hoy Whitehall LIZ LM LLL NLS — . aT OSA a j vl a a wee re Scale of Shades. a Se, ay Lid A A.A Did A Agia ALA oS © to 2inches. COE hauhaahh hud Mh Mod chr ), MY TP ME me CNL AL LANL fh OL LSI PM Nea Ie 2 to 4 ra okohead SEHR —___— Seo Ca4 A = © “ha EP” SED SN i | SA HC AY A PP ce Np ldo MODELSLOAWI ~ EEE EES | VaIeTrTaaas Soe See —————S SS ee SS Sa SS a on SONNE ny =, ay, OO EEO 1S ETS SF SLI DSL FS GD) AS LN . — Si Le DTI LE ES GLI DP. SY COR | 7 LEAD VIiLAAALAA ALM ILI L 2 A “ERE RL LAMDLAAAgYUAZAVY LAL OUD K havhavhurh Lei hak -U Lae Male.2 2 mr SL AZ I SLL Lihkhet A MIE Wintel ALLA p AWA ZZ el “nro PAD MRE ILS | Bares Baduie a = isk ; S ne CO OI OY [Zoeken LL LON Dknd ‘“¢ SSR i Ay ven® gU.S) b aA =a LAL OZ LALOR IS 2A a e= DB CLAS IZ eben tort ——_-—_ Beas (Ey CAf RN OE" eee AS ey, LP (a EP en,” SI NNT FF, FE = WZ = aS TE OE a ANY) 4 Zz aw Baers ~ 4 Al (ea LTA SS Zn of EI StS TD GS | 0) FTE ESA 1)... TERI eer eRe ES IU ISS TE —s FERN SS lewNotka gS FAT WN - gD a +t+—_hOERrogklya\_) Saas, Meteorological Summary for December, 1896. The average atmospheric pressure (reduced to sea-level and 32 degrees Fahr.) for the State of New York during December was 30.18 inches. The highest barometer was 30.96 inches at Albany on the 27th, and the lowest was 29.44, also at Albany, on the 9th. The highest mean pressure obtained over the eastern-central sec- tion, and the lowest in the vicinity of Lake Ontario. The average pressure at 6 stations of the National Bureau was 0.10 inches above the normal, the greatest excess being 0.13 inches at Albany. The mean temperature of the State, as derived from the records of 75 stations, was 25.3 degrees; the highest local monthly mean being 32.8 degrees at Setauket, and the lowest 16.1 degrees at Saranac Lake. The highest daily mean for the State was 41 de- grees on the 6th and 13th, and the lowest was 5 degrees on the 24th. The maximum temperature reported was 69 degrees at Waverly on the 6th; the minimum being 20 degrees below zero at North Lake on the 22d, at Saranac Lake on the 25th, and at Wap- pingers Falls on the 26th. The mean monthly range of tempera- ture for the State was 58 degrees; the greatest range, 80 degrees, occurring at New Lisbon, and the least, 44 degrees at Arkwright and Erie, Pa. The mean daily range was 15 degrees; the greatest daily range being 50 degrees at South Kortright on the 29th, and the least, 1 degree, at Brooklyn on the 23d. The mean tempera- tures of the several regions were as follows: The Western Plateau, 27.5 degrees; the Eastern Plateau, 25.9 degrees; the Northern Plateau, 19.3 degrees; the Atlantic Coast, 30.4 degrees; the Hudson Valley, 25.3 degrees; the Mohawk Valley, 24.1 de- grees; the ‘Champlain Valley, 21.8 degrees; the St. Lawrence Valley, 21.8 degrees; the Great Lakes, 28.9 degrees; the Central Lakes, 27.9 degrees. The average of the mean temperatures at 294 E1igHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 26 stations possessing records for previous years was 1.7 below the normal; excesses being reported only from 4 stations located in western New York. The mean relative humidity for the State was 76 per cent. The mean dew point was 21 degrees. The average precipitation for the State was 1.43 inches of rain and melted snow, as derived from the records of 98 stations. The greatest general precipitation ranged from 2 to 4 inches to the east and southeast of Lake Ontario, in the extreme southeastern counties, and over a small area of the highlands near Lake Erie; while over a narrow strip extending from Orleans to Chemung counties less than 1 inch fell. The maximum local precipitation was 3.82 inches at Demster, Oswego county, and the minimum was 0.35 inches at Eagle Mills, Rensselaer county. A list of the heaviest rates of precipitation will be found in the accompanying table of meteorological data. A moderate snowfall occurred near the Great Lakes on the 1st and 2d, but the first general precipita- tion of the month occurred on the &th and 9th, falling as snow in northern New York, and generally as rain in the remainder of the State. A considerable snowfall occurred along the coast on the 16th; in western New York from the 18th to 21st, and throughout the State on the 23d. The average total snowfall for the State was 8.6 inches. The maximum amount ranged from 10 to 17 inches in the coast region, and over a large portion of western New York and the Northern Plateau. The greatest local snowfall was 17.7 inches at Bedford, and the least, 1.5 inches in the Cham- plain Valley. The average precipitation at 27 stations possessing records for previous years was 1.39 inches below the normal, de- ficiencies occurring at all stations. The precipitation was the least on record for December at Humphrey, Elmira, Port Jervis and Buffalo. The average number of days on which the precipitation amounted to 0.01 inches or more was 6.6; the maximum number occurring in the Great Lake Region and the least in eastern New York. The average number of clear days was 9.1; of partly cloudy days, 9.8; of cloudy days, 12.1; giving an average cloudi- New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. n DOR ness of 55 per cent. for the State. The greatest cloudiness ob- tained in western New York, and the least in the southeastern section. | The prevailing wind direction was from the west. The average total wind-travel at 6 stations of the National Bureau was 8,973 miles, being above the usual values at all stations. The maxt- mum velocity reported from the above stations was 56 miles per hour at Buffalo on the 9th. No thunderstorms were reported this month. Hail fell on the 6th, 9th, 10th and 15th, and sleet fell on the 15th. Lunar halos were observed on the 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th. General features of the weather.— The average temperature for December was slightly below the normal, sharply defined cold periods at the opening of the month, and from the 15th to the 28th, alternating with unseasonably mild weather. ‘The total precipitation was exceptionally light, especially in western- central New York, and the ground was generally bare of snow for the greater part of the month, although in portions of the Western and Northern Plateaus a week to ten days of sleighing was reported during the latter half of December. The number of fair days was somewhat greater than usual for the winter months. Five areas of high and nine areas of low pressure influenced our weather conditions this month. The number of low pressure areas was somewhat less than the usual storm frequency for De- cember, and few of them attained great intensity. Five depres- sions passed eastward beyond the northern border of the State on the 6th, 13th, 19th, 26th and 30th, on all of which dates a marked increase of temperature occurred; but the accompanying precipitation was light excepting at the time of passage of the third low, when a moderate snowfall occurred in western New York. A cyclone passed northward far beyond the coast line oa the 3d, coincidently with a decided fall of temperature in this vicinity. On the 9th to 10th a depression formed over New Eng- land, developing rapidly, and giving heavy rain and high winds over New York. A second severe storm passed along the coast 296 E1GHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE on the 16th, giving a considerable snow fall which was badly drifted by high winds. Finally, a low area of moderate energy passed eastward over Pennsylvania on the 23d, giving an appre- ciable snowfall throughout the State, and cold northerly winds. The most noteworthy anticyclones of this month, like those of November, were offshoots from nearly stationary areas over the western part of the continent. The first high moved eastward to the Great Lake Region on the 2d and 3d, bringing a severe cold wave of brief duration. The second high area was confined mainly to the southern States and coast, and tended to raise the temperature over the northern States. The third anticyclone de- veloped to the northward of the Great Lakes on the 14th, bring- ing a decided depression of temperature which was continued by a series of waves of high pressure spreading eastward from a strongly developed high in the northwest. The pressure increased over nearly the entire continent until the 27th, when the area moved off the coast, while a general rise of temperature occurred in its rear. The last anticyclone developed in central Canada, and the colder weather due to it was beginning to be felt in this vicinity at the close of the month. Reports from 39 stations show that only on the Adirondack Plateau was there an appreciable covering of snow on the ground on the 15th. On the 31st the depth ranged from 1 to 6 inches over portions of the Northern and Eastern Plateaus and along the Atlantic Coast. Over the greater part of the State there was not sufficient snow for a week’s sleighing during the month. Reports on the closing of streams were received from the ob- servers at Binghamton, Cooperstown, Wappingers Falls, Cald- well and North Hammond. The Susquehanna froze over on the 4th, was clear on the 6th and closed again on the 18th. The Hud. son closed on the 24th and the St. Lawrence on the 25th, teams crossing on the ice on the 28th, but opened again on January lst. Lake George closed on the 24th. On the 1st to 3d, Otsego Lake was covered by ice for a distance of two miles from the foot of the lake. | New YorK WEATHER BurRRAU. 297 The observer at Perry City, Schuyler county, states that winter wheat appeared in good condition at the end of the month. The severe cold wave which occurred in southeastern New York on the 25th and 26th deserves special notice. The maxi- mum temperature on both dates was not much lower in south- eastern New York than elsewhere, but at night intense cold de- veloped throughout a strip of territory about 30 miles in width, and extending along the eastern portion of the State from Rens- selaer county to southwestern Connecticut, and beyond to central Long Island. The minimum 20 degrees below zero, at Wap- pingers Falls, was much the lowest temperature in the State on the night of the 26th. E1gHTtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MerrorovoagicaL Dara. LOCATION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER. HUMIDITY TEMPERA. All = sale : 4 aa 2 | B= a e : © lsn ue! = STATION. COUNTY. | & | &| Break es 2/2) elf |# fee" 2 3 a Ooo alee esate jal « eae Gs =| 3 = aaa ee A Oo} 3 | eg mw» [8] ele} 8] s)] Fle | s rales |< a arti Byes [IS | 2 o |s © =| 3 | BR, aAl] = Sle AlAal| ALAA A | eA = el Wap = el Cc fe =a Pere cal |e? sol lamas | eae mea noe Western Plateaw-..| ..-.-- gesthcce Lars) Sessa lociscrn| tcl Zoe. Cbd lee) Ismet ackanel esoces) Ie 25 pots 163!) 6 ANiredeice ase sss t Allegany...-. pW pea ele B=, |55}/95556)55) Bape seas ---|25.5] 25.5] 54] 13 Anrelica 2s. -2222. Sond seeee 11340 |< Sa | ere ae ee eee roi ie tie |iShisSelloeeee 25.6] 25.7] 53) 12 Bolivar .......... abn fs i? es Hed eee =| 28534 ae Vase ee .--| 26.8] 55| @ ! Friendship ....... Allegany..... 1550} 30.20] 30.92/27) 29.66/13/1.26).....|---.- ----| 27.4) 55] @ Franklinville ...-. Cattarangus:s| 25. 2!222 3 | Sees ol |sacaseneel a eieie| seta Sees a-2|) 26261 52/13 Humphrey-.--.---. bs ofl LODO wan ml| erent Al pecs ate bodlaeoes||ocecc 28.5] 28.2 56| 13 Arkwright---...--. Chautauqual-|1260).2-= ni \ecemee)| as | eee oi /= == Epo soea|\aaciocl |= --.|{28.8 52) 12 Jamestown ..-.--. Chanutauqua--}1328|o-- seem ere aie =< \--!| = Bel eaeen\oecsolecce 26.6 54| 2 MImIra)= Seo =a Chemung © -:|°863) 2. -- =| 2222-1\=-)\- ue S55 laceoe|| 65> 2\laac- 30.0, 60) 13 ANON ns102= sie Sac ce IGTVAING SONS = =| 580) eset | eer eel eetare: == [=~ = Be ein ons laser 27.8! 55) 12 Mt. Morris.-....-.- uC : 525 | \-c2 5 | eee ae Mieco wads eae epetaiens| everett |---|-- 2 | Lockport 5... 225: INGA DARW o ee |e 4) ee eet ee [tees we lol SSSR ore eens 30.6] 30.3; 54} 12 Wactor= cco set see Ontariol-eesee Mee lesa satel Hee s3 Sail ci] 0 SR creel eemteel (es ASA pes Ae Wedgewood .-..-.-- Schuyler. cs |LSOO| Sacer tester eel ler (=: oil —5i| mse erevetarsl| ie 25.3) 26.4, 62) 6 SAG OTSION: sears pe)oscae Steuben...... 1000 28524 eaaeee =. ||Eeaeee 72 | 22 |26 0) 28.8 57) 13 South Canisteo. -.- Ly ag 1480)’ 2228) |Goemen Beil lareieie ci 72 19 |26.9) 27.1) 56) a@ AT CACO ham wnisee e IWiyoming 22 -7.|(U007| sere meee 55) SEER Pes eeaal esos seca 25.6) 25.8 51) 12 EUSTON IE ULLEOM sa aera: mica = Sine | Ses 2)| ee EN eee ee | =e = o=|\22'llceme|pemee emer “fe 25.9 69| 6 Binghamton (1)...| Broome -....-- S70 cee eeeeeelealicce= (2 al ee ree Soe 26.8) 26.9} 58) 13 Binghamton (2) .-. ene | en 30-23) 30:94/28) 29 67) 9/1.27)... .|.-..-]- “ie 27.0) 56) 13 Oxtordeesee=ceaca- Chenanso 3255/1550 | sense pets e's ae nl aa = zfalleyeta sellers ---| 24.0) 53) 13 Cortlandie-- cee o.2 Cortland ...-- 1120 || Saal eee | 2S s1e'| 2a eleanor seme 26.2) 56) 13 Bloomville.-.....-. Delaware: .s22| 1550) ssecsell eee ae ese <<)" .i\\- sonra] ee wate a eee) ke ef Peet South Kortright .. us Bs WAU) Secon lee cinco) (Sa Baers Bd SHEN A SEA ---| 23.6) 52) 13 Brooktield .....-.. Madison ..... 1350 Face elect nail sn oe ancleeaculteeeacke Bite eee Be Middletown .....- Orange......-. 660/22 eases. |L5| 004... Soalitecealieeeeliee ae eee alee aie Port Jervis ....-.. ND ABSA PY (Uesee ol |onvocel Iaal See Jedi terse) Heres neta pe te COSA LS } } Cooperstown....-- Otsego ..----. 1300]. See i Ped th 124.2] 24.0) 53) 13 New Lisbon .-....- WE FO AS Screnals DBT eed sce el Re Meee ree Sc llepiaa aoe /23.2 23.0) 65) 9 Oneanta = co cs28 ih RG ate LOO eee mereslicclcesccc a rere Se Woe 28.8) 28.5) 55) 13 Perry City......<- Schuylenseac= L088) 22 seal eee |e los oh.) 55] ¢ Scala wtSemde 25.4) 25.4 54) 13 StraitsiCorners:..-|. Tioga. <, ..ce +> Monroe’: 22522 (accesses eee Be lige al she [Me ravas| Sas oan | eeetate 29.6] 29.0] 55} 12 Rochester ........ Sy, My BER SA 621} 30.17) 30 84/27) 29.53) 9/1.31 72 21)....| 29.0) 55) 12 AYPISLOM ssh. 52. Niagara...... SOS <|| Sonim cf] eee Ral iar in Siclllot cas | jeer orate ----| 29.6] 53] 12 Fort Niagara ..-.. Niagara..-..- 263|\. 22 en |e eae meeeee PA aa RS be ...-| 31.0] 56] 12 Baldwinsville ....| Onondaga -..| 390|......|.--.-- A ee ES PRC RA8| fic -|26.7| 26.3) 58] 13 OSWOrO nasa esce as Oswego ...... 304] 30.18] 30.91)27| 29.54] 9/1.87) 79) 20)....) 27.0] 53) 18 Palermo: .-, 2. <4. Oswego ...-.- Pt Teese Pe ll -si[ cceyry- 54 gee) sets | ace 24.0] 23.6] 49) 13 WsVONBL ilo ac cee Wayne....... VAS eee |) ose wersllanels il eeu el2Qep | 2om0 hog ede 6 Pa sesess sees Hee oe 681} 30.19] 80.80/27! 29.64/13 1.16} 80 26)....| 32 0] 58] 12 New York WEATHER BUREAU. 301 FoR DecemsBeEr, 1896 — (Continued). TURE — (IN DEGREES FAHR.). SKY PRECIPITATION — (INCHES). = ae = = — = a | in - |ao E | lie yaar ee a Veit na | 3 le ule |e 5 | re | ee | San a eco 8 1 |ol@lzl || je e.868 |] |e Bee Soest yy [eel poste te ie Eealhake ell ers) | 2 | 2 |aal SS 1Se5 5 oF = | Fa a | = | | ls Ise] se x 2 E y D i SS | bs | bh = 7 = aS = $2) BU enbeite: | elie) ese \erigosh) Beso) So) | en Peete ie ue eh lanl ale (eel eaeel seve | 5) 2) Ste o| s ~ 3 © a, = = = 3 Fe > =, > oS S = SjAalaljalolal\y~lalala |2e Ec ee (| ey | ey ne |r sea aed icra | aaa | US| lapatacoe | ese ice | a comrade gs | | he om Fit eos 20 25) bl) 2118.8) a0 4 IL), Oe besan= 16 125655 Wie silee SizHl4 |] oe Fey are EA rg a) sh een Fa a SMT) || BAL N. E. —9 25] 62| 23, 40 28) 8) be 18 |5 | 8 4 | 2.70] 1.20) 22.00] 16 | 17.0) N. w. | | | | s| 24) 48/13, 21| ¢| 41 2li7 17 19 5 | 1.62] 0.52] 2.45] 15 | 11.0] W =12} 28] 70] 21) 46] 28] 8] 218 |9 | 4 5 2 18} 0 90] 21.25] 22-23] 17.7] N. W —9, 28] 63] 19) 39) 28) 4) 2/8 |14 | 9 3 e4F ROL Ol eees 16 NEN) bos smnsne | | | 20, 25] 60! 17) 44) 251 5/ 16/11.3/10.7/ 9.6| 45] 1.47| 0-94/....-. 935) |e toy | sae —7| 28] 57| 14] 30| 29] 5] 16/6 /13 {12 3 0.73| 0 50|...-.. 23 5.0| S. -11} 28] 59/ 18] 37| hk 9} bd | 8 |10 |13 4 0.91] 0.50] 21.30) 9 5) N. W. -11| 25| 60] 16] 34] w 6| 2/9 |13 | 9 5 1.47| 0.90] 17.00} 8-9 5.7] S. W. aera} 291) '60|/) 18] 35| 29)" bl 2a) TON 7 5 1.67) 0.68]...-.. 8 6.5| N. | 20) 25| 70} 20) 44]. 25) 8, bd |13 112 | 6 6 19S OEOd ee en 23 12.5) S. W. —9| 28] 58] 16) 28] » 6} 16) 9 |13 | 9 2 1.35) 0.70) 16.00] 9 6.5, N. W. —2| 28] 55] 16} 29] w FA iY-c eet less spepeae| le eats 162) MOL G5 |saeeee 17 10.7; S W.. —-7| 28] 58] 16} 29] a 6} bf 20 | 4 | 7 6 2.10} 0.69} 14.00) 16 1300) eee -10; 28] 58] 15) 29] 29) 6] bg | 8 0/15.0] 8.0] 11.0] 1.19] 0.57]...... OW | Seceea senor -10] 28] 58] 15) 29] 29} 6] bg/8 |15 | 8 li E19 |N O85 7|secees 9 5.5] W. T0230 | Te 22| ee 26|) A6l (SO) ce lencalacee 9 DU5 2 rslee 1) pee el eee pel Baseene | —6] 24) 53] 15! 35] 27] 5] bh |13.5| 4.5/13.0) 3.0] 1-07] 0-90].-.--- al eae eke | x Si) | Bi) A ay ro | a 3 OFST| OCS seegen 29 ae | AW Sy ON EPA GS) rq) BY dle ae NZ} Sue 29 |S 0 |eeeeee peene) 5 | ONeoE =| a7. || 52) 15) 26). 31) 5) 7] 13 | 5 118 3 1.06] 0.83] 13.30, 9 1.5] S. W. | | -17| g | 61| 16) 38 2] (1715 8/13.4)11-8] 6-5]. 1218)) ‘0.93)....-- TO) ‘iceser leseiamie oe =10|)24|) 60|\ 16) 38 |eeoT 2h elalen= 6 1.61] 0.76] 8.30) 14 4.7| W. -10} 24] 61) 16) 34) 27, 5] 2313 195 9 1248110293 beens: 10 2.4, S. W. -17/ g | 66} 18] 38) 28) 6led@|s8 |11 {12 6 0.80} 0.20] 12.00) 20 8.0| S. W. 8) n | 58] 14] 30) 19) 4| ce {0 | 6 \25 | 7 | 1-02] o-5e|......| 9 | aca) Ne -12|/ 24] 62] 18] 33] 26) 7] ef | 14 |12 | 5 8 1.06} 0.40} 9.00) 9 9.3) S. W. -12/ 24] 61] 16] 32} 18) 5) ¢g)4 |13 |14 3 0.83] 0.46].--..- 18 6.0} S. W. ~10} 27] 50} 12] 35) 26] 2] 19) 4.5) 7.5/19-0| 10.4] 1.69] 0-86|-...-.- Bi lees lncesees Soliia7| 4g) 14l) 32) (99/ 2l' as 7 No: las) | 6 | 1.36] 0.62|......| 20 | 13-5] S. W. 8] 24) 49) 11] 24| 28! 3! 30/0 | 9 |22 11 02840823 |2ose2: ya eee W 3] 28) 52] 13) 32) 28! 5! ch| 3 [12 (16 8 Qu04l) (Ost leee ase 23 10.0) W. 8] 24] 47| 12] 25] 28) 4) 19) 4 | 5 |22 15 OED Tin Ona san = 23 13 9) S. W. Sg 45\ a 25|) 28) eal 15) on jon 11 ett On 3G|eeeens 8-9 | 11.0] S. W. 10] 24| 46} 11] 29} 28; 4] 15).. aie 4 ORD 6| One dee 8 1.0) N. E sl) 26) 59). 15) 85| 26) 5) 7113") 2) 16 8 Te 72 |) 1OeS6| neers 8 3-3)...2222- —1; 24) 54) 13) 23) 26] 6 11/3 17 |21 19 SEG OonO|eecnee 9 19.6| S. E. -10| 27) 59) 14) 27| y 8 Aes Nee Nit 12 2.36| 0.60| 19.00) 9 11.8| S. W 4) 27) 51) 11) 23) 28] 4 7] 5 |10 |16 10 TGA SOW esace 8 7.5) N. W aS eaa EO OSS) 35 e7|p20 9! 220 11 1.56! 0.441...... Srulseoeen Ss. W 302 EiegutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Mererorotocicat Dara LOCATION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER. HUMIDITY ‘TEMPERA 1 on a = i c =! A ~] | | } | -. 2 H a So =| oie | =e l= | S01. | gpa teeea aes STATION. COUNTY. | 3 | eye ca fae =) eee fo ie | =| = |Bs| €8! = ? | E = yearn] Bs dies poe +4 ; pay 2 Slo apa = Bee eee et eH 1/8) 3 |g! 2 git] | el8 |8 ais hyo Oy ae hos 2 NO S|) Dall see o | & = (A) a | B A) 4 Ala] a; aa |s |e Raat: | Oana ae Oentrat wiskess=..| 922-225. ccs ache \saece 5) Jaen 5 eee ol ROR Re fh |....] 27.9] 59) 13 Memmg2-7--=---- | Cayuga 2222.2 1000] .....- | eee Be eee fee[-ne-] = non. |.----|27-4] 27.4] 59] 13 | | | Romulus....-.--.. | Seneca ....... cel ees [socio [ed eee |.-|----| 76] 19}-.-.] 28 6) 58] 13 TEHACH = -5 -eees a Tompkius.--.] 810} 30.18, 30.90.27) 29.55) 9/1.35) 75) 21/27-7| 27.7) 58) 13 —-// = i |— | —— eae 1 ea Y ee puns | pe 30.18) 30.96/27! 29.44] 9/1-30) 76) 21)... 25.3, 69) 6 | { | ea | | ? | *Mean of the tri daily observations. +; Mean of the maximum and minimum by the Draper the tri-daily observations are derived by the formula (7 a. m. + 2 p.m. 4+ 9p.m.-+ 9p. m.) = 4. four hours. (1) Voluntary observer. (2) U.S. weather bureau. (@) 12. 13; (0) 7, 14; (ce) 7, 13; (ad) 6, 13, 14; (e) 6; 13; (f) 5, 13; (g) 243% 27; (h) 27, 28: (7) 24, 28; 28; (w) 25, 28; (v) 14, 28; (w) 6, 27; (x) 28, 29; ty) 3, 28; (z) G, 11, 18, 22; (aa) 11, 19; (ab) 7, 15, 16; (bd) 2, 16; (be) 3, 23; (Bf) 2, 9; (bg) 9, 10, 16; (dR) 7, 12, 17; (ec) 12, 17; (ed) 9, 10, 11, 30; (ce) 5, 9, 10, a oe New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 303 FoR DxecemBer, 1896 — (Concluded). | TURE —(IN DEGREES FAHR.). | SKY. PRECIPITATION — (INCHES). = & | ello [eS | be aie |e&|°s | S | | | @ | ese yee Nh econ eee = | | =| | _| | SR or) edt | | 5 Ae 2 4 Seles) |) es Nici | | a SiS? la of Pes. hae ers | : 2 Sle |e | 5 he ett eas ie | = Ag 5 = i= Nal a So ee stots | co rS od Pat al B et ls} we | oom : H SB a el = = So (on jv Des ‘3 2 So = q hm] S|] oo mole H | am = = = = ~ ss i] Ss o |e 9/050 + = wo = Al a Ae be | eames - || ee Koya WBS wat] tonal s F BS =) Pere ues ven Sot Sa 2 ee bee | eS) MB Pe ne Sts 4) B 5 = iS o Pa = S | = ieee eS |B FS i) me Woe oC S) a S/A/2I4/5/O/R1A|4 lA | 4-4 a ‘o + | A Se) ies —.s — —_ — ———— — | — | — | —— —Ss | ——__ |, ——_- | —— | | = | | | | | | | |h. m —3| 27] 60) 14) 32) 28> 5/11) 623)13-0 1127 AOS) cd G} 20 96h ove 9 eee | xe Secrets 0) “h} 59), 14) 32) 28) 5) 11) 6 1/17 | 8 1 0.40) 0.40}.-...- 23 4.0 | N.W | | | | | eoolia7|", 60|) 15|) 129) 97]. 7] 1i].8 12 a | 3 (2 0s) oL96l: 2.2: 9..{ 5.00) 8. —3} 27) 61) 13) 26) 28 Do} ck) 5 | 116 9 1.00, 6.64 17.00 8-9 3-6) SE. oa | eas bee =| -——| eal ar dl ae ee OS St ee ce es a Sa A | (pea (eel he -20| p| 58 | 15} 50; 29 1} 23) 9.1) 9.812-1 6.6] 1.41) 1.20, 22.00; 16 | 8.6) S. W. ike | thermograph. || Report received too late to be used in computing means. The means from + Biank indicates that the duration is not shown in the original records, but is within twenty- (Kk) 22, 26; (Ll) 24, 25; (mm) 25, 27; (2) 21, 22, 24; (p) 22, 25, 26; (g) 17, 28; (7) 26, 28; (8) 5, 8, 9; (&) 4, (ac) 1, 25, 30; (ad) 6, 22; (ae) 1,11, 15; (af) 7,9; (ag) 2, 8; (ah) 28, 31; (bb) 10, 11, 30; (6c) 15, 16; 30; (cf) 10, 30; (eg) 5, 30; (ch) 2, 14; (ck) 7, 11; (ee) 10, 22, 23. B04 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TEMPERATURE — DercemBer, 1896, SHowrnc Dairy Means For STATION. Western Plateau... Alfred's oes aeons esto Friendship -.--..--. Franklinville ..... Humphrey.....--- Arkwright....-.-- Jamestown .--.----. UMIT haa oe = see or Wedgewood ....--. Addison ........--. South Canisteo ..- INNER Bones Eastern Plateau.. Binghamton (1)-.-.-. Binghamton (2).... OS CO Re ote Cortland.........- Bloomville......... South Kortright-.. Brookfield ......... Port Jervis........ Cooperstown ...... New Lisbon ....-.. NOOR a aowes oonce Parry City....:-..- Strait’s Corners.... VAVERLY 00 a.ceas nc Mohonk Lake ..... 1 “ bo no | Ln) Noe wAIwOaonmrown nm on ~ uw 10 11 12 13 | 14 44 | 32 54 | 35 35 | 22 52 | 38 38 | 24 55 | 34 26 | 25 55 | 43 35 | 22 52 | 40 37 | 27 | 56 | 35 34 | 24 51 | 37 37. | 30 60 | 35 42 | 28 53 |° 50 37. | 33 47 | 38 34 | 26 60 | 38 36 | 18 157 | 38 30 | 28 56 | 39 32 49 | 34 34 | 22 44 | 34 58 | 42 36 | 25 56 | 40 39 | 22 53 | 47 27 | 20 56 | 55 38 | 29 52 | 46 37 | 22 64 | 43 28 | 32 53 | 40 a5 | 2D B4 | 41 25 | 17 55 | 45 39 | 25 54 | 38 2 | 18 54 | 37 29 | 24 6. | 43 35 | 25 51 | 49 33 | 30 305 se at cal L aA “3 15/16|17] 18 | 19 | 20| 21 | 22 | 23 | 24-| 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29| 30] 31 =e ; og A = > 14} 40) |) 18-92) | 12)-|: 19 133. | ssh essecnovea 20 | 13 | 22 | 27 | 26 | 35 | 39 | 40 | 42 | ye. 4 Oe elOmeatden == 6 5 | 29 | 84° | 24 2 20 | 13 | 23 | 29 | 23 | 35 | 39 | 41 | 40 | 5.7 De eel) oe ||==6) i —=70- «|| 28> al eoaeeu leer as 15 | 16 | 23.| 29 | 23 | 36 | 39 | 41 | 43 | ogg Seeds Ise | tld | =O (OSes SSeS 26 | 16 | 25 | 30 | 23 | 37 | 44 | 44 | 44 | og Deo aaa oly H=2Te 13) sO). -|eSoee [Naas 22 | 10 | 20 | 23 | 27 | 39 | 38 | 40 | 46 | ogg 7 2 lal ae Sayer ye pay is Fay b \lo= 21 | 18 | 20 | 28 | 30 | 44 | 37 | 40-150 | 4.4 5 4 |13 | 16 Fe ATI. | 301.|e Bs leak alles: Se oma Saeed ceva boreal teas | Oo Won te a eae eB & QGP liso 210m 2984] BL Ste | Stor NaOeeAS ‘ 23 |19 | 32 | 36 | 26 |85 | 39 | 40 | 40 15 | 7 |20 | 26 | 12 | 18 | 34 | 36 | 27 | 30-3 22/15 | 33 | 30 | 30 | 32 | 42 | 44 | 41 | a, Bet oa (ase | oer | oeesrad ine 231.19 | 27 | 33 | 26 | 32 |-43, | 45 | 44 [one 1h ed eal a iG E18 al ee | el OD) al aden ny = 21 | 19 | 26 | 31 | 28 | 35 | 43 | 46 | 44 |, Fo aa Ne (fen Palssam age ee! el oyna peeps sl) = : : BO |/d2|iaes |-oe- | 92-1135. | 39) |r ayaa ee Ses eli alot a lene ale Oral eS0n [e2eaelsos = 14 | 6 | 16 | 20 | 8 112 | 25 ! 37 |.34 | 25.9 | 2214 | oe | Bt] 22 [99 | 38. |43) ane fae Geakee bese. I” Bech 26 |e kare easn eed a 21 [10 | 95: 31 | 16 |-g0 | 38 | 42 | 41 | og f 4 | ae seer) | 17 | 07 9) |) 35. 2 « 23 | Ja] 227 9580-118 a7. 1585. |-40 5) SBral nae Yd SG) oh a] EUS 71s eee aa een Sayfa oP : 2 23 {da | 22 | 30-| 23 | 23 | 32 | 40 | 36 | og5 TONG Oe Wigs Ne. By |p e heal bys | OB LIaaE 20 | 8 | 25 | 28° | 28 | 29 | 40 | 41 | 40 | og ¢ 22 8 | 28 | 82 | 17 | 32 | 41 -| 42 | 42 25-4 6 |—2 8 | 14 |—8 | 15 | 20 | 31 | 23 7 22. |.22 | 27 | 29 | 17 T. listen Shea 25.0 8 6 5 9 |—6 |—5 | 13 | 33 | 26 ; Dei. 25.8 1938 2s) BL | 2T sae aa eda as 286 10 |—6 |—4 8 |—5 | 10 | 18 | 34 | 28 19 | 17 | 31 | 29 | 31 | 80 | 41 | 46 | 49 27.2 5 0 6 !' 14 0 5 116 } 34 | 24 ee So eg ee dat ei Vk 7 Seat Piper? ote . " See rp Pn ~'s Se oe ae ene : > EigHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Be * oe. es “Sa ae Dairy Means ror tHe Reerons, anpD Dairy | STATION. % Re 2 st) aise 2 __.| 5.) ee Northern Plateau..|16 | 7 | 8 |17 | 29 | 28 | 33 | 298 |32 | 32 | 30 | 32 |35 | 2 tS. a 8 as, | 14 | 90 131 |.41 | 46 [33 | 93 | 32 | 327] 32 | 410) 42°] 25 + Saranac Lake...-.- 3) 8 S-[13. [BL-718800 Pa ewes 26- [OL [22ers 2 a . 23 | 22 | 24 |30 | 36 | 54 143 133-129 |37 |-41 | 44 | 50 |> Aiea Gloversville: ~-.-- i7 | 9 | 3 | 16 | 25 | 31 |.33 | 95 | 32 | 33 | 31 | 27 | 27 | 24 sa 23 119 |15 |177| 30 | 36 | 44 | 34 | 39 |32 | 33 | 30 | 35 | 44 : North Lake....--.- 12 |-1 |-6 | o | 5 | 30 | 28 |22 }25 |29 | 25 | 20 | 21 | 22 ” eS 23 |15 | 22 |27 | 36 | 43 | 39-] 35 | 36 | 37 | 34 | 43 | 50° | 4b 1°30) “someon a 18 | 16 | 16 | 26 | 34 | 42 | 43 |35 | 35 133 | 31 | 40 |.46 | 35 e. Niniber Hour------ 1247 |21. | 2% ek ieee eee aera 27 9] 29.01 37") aie 4 Atlantic Coast -..-. 26 | 22 |-22 | 25 | 35 | 40 |43 | 40 | 46 | 44 | 40. | 39 | 44 | 41 q Sean 31 |25 | 27 | 38 | 42 | 47 |53 | 47 | 49 |50 | 46 | 48 |53 | 46 : Bt DUO DUS AS OOO eae 284.18. 13. °| 20 \)930 Sears gea gk: 43) 142 | 3RF ad ea 38 + “se 31 | 29 | 22 | 26 | 41 | 43 (49 | 53 | 51 | 50 | 52 146 | 48 | 54 Manhattan Beach.-) 53 | 59 | 18 | 18 | 22 | 32 | 40 | 34 | 34 | 42 | 38 | 36 | 38 | #38 | dd ese W899" (682. (36. J'sa eseease les. (3450/86 9 eral ee 2. | 92 | 24 | 28 |37 147 | 48 | 40 | 42 | 40 | 49 | 42 | 58 | 52 | 87 Erie, Pennsylvania. {7 | 47 | 90 |19 | 30 | 40 | 37 | 37 |34 | 36 | 88 | 42 | 37] 28 Central Lakes ..... 21 |19°| 18 | 23 |34 | 47 | 40 | 37 |39 | 38 | 37 | 43 146 | 33 ein aih 2 | 22 | 28 | 31 | 41 | 55 | 41 141 | 44 | 40 | 38 | 52 | 59 | 48 Bee e 115 |13 |12 |17 | 18 | 39 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 33 | 34-| 40 23 23 |27 |31 | 22 | 42 |56 | 53 | 41 | 45 | 42 | 40 | 50 | 58 3 Romulus. ..-.....-- 15. }14-] 18" }-18° | 29. |°36 =| 4or [£32 492° | 34e | 38° aan a7 a ee Aer los |93 | 97 |32 ; 40 |56 | 89 | 43 145 | 42 | 40-151 | 58 | 48 Seah |18 }14 | 8 |16 | 31 | 98 | 34 | 84 | 35 |35 |35 | 34 | 41 | 28 Ss Se ee ee | ee eS eae Means Sosa. 121 |16 |16 | 23 | 34 | 41 137 | 34 /38 [38 | 35 [38 jai | ae } Max. and Min. by the Draper Thermograph. _ || Received too late to be + A AND Minima For THE Stations — (Concluded). le x. te | 47 18/19/20) 21 aS (ee _ awe 310 ErigHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Datty AND Monruty Preoirr » STATION. 1 2 3 4 5 66 ef 8 9 | 10/11] 12/13/14 Western Ptateau...| 0-06 0.01) T. | ee ed 0.01 0.23} 0.38 Alfred tocotoee es | Gees he EN ts Aalto 2 Pees | peed PBolivarslcs-.. 2526 Pee eS. 269 jeide |iuiwcage all) koe oes mellOl) meee Friendship -..-....-. S08) ec ay aL. Deo] he sel heel ane ae ea T Angelica .........- Sie eee eT if Go| oe | aes], Ca eg Franklinville.-.-.-... SUB ese. |= SOW 01) S|) S48 See 05) a Ort ere -08], 23 eee Humphrey ...-..-. =] UP ears Vee am amd Le) Vee ee Pte Le 28) <<52] S5c2 | Memrete eens Little Valley ...... ee Ol Nese Weel Meer trotc cle sSoc\\coee ae a ai|| oreo Cherry Creek..-..-- 238) T.:]. -04) 206) 2252), S22 seo al 217 °290] Aa See eee ¥ Wiron\..-2220--.2- ond Ti) TEA fos a eos] ar] cba! eh) 48) ee a PAWOW Aon cfc etince BE ere N beens | ee | eee RG We feed Be ION 0 S|) S28 | eee oe eee Mt. Morris .......- ee) AMER a ser seta) eae : : Hhoeckport'..2..:':.-< De) otek |* So eeenteges SILO LOE Seen sao we poe) Scureloseatlees MEVTONG es a!tee sma t= FE) aes Mise --c| moa 5o| cee) Meera Ieee peers Mae Iie Wedgewood ...-.-.- te Bo beers) pcs yee be ASSES WM be j 3 Addison. {22 82: 2.25 SON. SSH Ree ee SN cee eB eo ace eale RL cue tere een P Atlanta’.-.--..-.-.. ety Meera Matric | te See cy Rees : : Haskinville-...-.-- Se meses sae We od) eee : é Ae ge See South Canisteo = s25) Ts) | PRs |h sec] eae] ct es| nse] Seecel Op) a) 07)” Wee "ATCADEG £2 - <= sen cinm =20/0) 01) SR.) AR. | soos] seeep eS0) 58] pee an|) es) ieee a eee ‘ ANGE Se Se cea Peele especies] czas] Sec) secc]lases| c= seeleec os) cmeel) ee—.| eeee ieee Eastern Plateau...) T. | T. | 0.00; T. | T. | 0.00) 0.01) 0.27) 0.32} 0.08) 0.03) 0.00) 0.00/0-00 Binehamboni (Ll) eaes| scale cecal see | So-c]ssc8] seeelaeeasle BOS) 44> 9-04). 03) Ao e eee ‘ inp iamtone(e) cso. iy es0eh obec): emcee] IRS | deel eee! Selon meeOn cme S02) Su) ees eee i Oxtord=<.2722-2-<-2 Te css: ||, 8 6-| 202) 222. ]e sae Ael eget 265). 6208). 20) ee sere ees Bloomville....-....- SSE oe eee Wee teens SPP enna semclle Ase] watmel) aml ernie elects aoe siechih tens . Brookfield ........-. be Rb a Scec) Chto e sell eee SS) Soca]! 2a ee ee Middletown........ PEAS ee Port Jervis ....-.-- PG eee What wick pease. 2 a eee New Lisbon ---.---- EEA SR HR ff LURE fi, eee oe Wneonts,-->--..-... 2 el OSS O ecto Mocs Perry Oity: << ess. Ar Per Pal ARO PSE MoewarkevValley.cs--| L.5| s---]-> Pranegnn-s-.-'2 cis-~. TDP ahs Leeds lis. Sats arcs 10/72: 10|Esece 2|ie-3 3 eee soNnGtion..| 522] 2284 seccttves ee} oe ns {04 |j 3232 S2i ct cts] a iee!| ates nag Miachend...=2-.2.2.. SP are || aes cent i trellis 52: See Lae neers caret eee : North Hammond.. yaaa Sie Waele al Seas sO aera SOG er LUI cts 2 {Se Ogdensburg ..--.-- AS ene feseo Al les Melee Ge ACN Se a Oe elimoer S| AS = A = Lp i wie ase f-atotens| Provereag || ste sl inviras meine | nee Ueto -23 fe = aoe Great Lakes.......| 0.13 0 02) 0.01] 0.02) T. | T. | 0.06] 0.30) 0.38) 0.05] 0.04) ‘. Tense LUO al “ee | acer aN ene oF ales be ae teen pasate eee a Westfield.......... -06 Tees oe Re facet 3 Ieee Buffalo Ps > Adams Center...-. _ Pirtsford Rochester Scottsville Appleton - Fort Niagara...... “5 | | ee 2 Niagara Falls...... Seett metal. suits = Baldwinsville...... a Wee cdiecdical eokx |) 86] .25] .15] .. de] S" Skaneateles......-. nee Mane eed ceieiatey "ancl, sian fins b 2 ; A is didgeway....2..... Wes DBit cast | sels 08 5 T1084)" 40) Se TO ere ne RIERA AD as a stomererte| “Le(0|\ minal ce aa | MeO 0| fae wa| itm callie cps) #0 Ol OQ Ii oe OS mete liL yeaa a I ete Sema oo ita PPece mel keveastal Mees | eater ee Os S8)) 268) eal O ives cele. a Oxswego........ STO Lc 5 10]; Seles -10)— 520) 270.08 EB | see : Palermo:!..:.....- MB] LOL AS Decadal a atatinnsuher LA), 101 SO Prats) irate Sake hae See, tee r 01 05 2h 67> TL 14) .. a4 Al = : 44) .30) ... 4h tates T. | .0 00} T. | 0.29} 0 33} 0.01] 0.12) 0.00) 0.00 oi : oS 1) | eet eS : pe tee +.56 eo Reesaleeealeecsit 2 OG),, ECL ieee Atle aouola aks SoU oGle e- Onli Ollsare eee. 0202) 0-18] 0245) 70.04) O04) Des TT: 14 t Record for the month incomplete. || Received too iate to be included in the averages- Ti? nee 17 | 18] 19 | 20| 21 | 22 | 23 | 24] 25 * STATION. PAP GRICB are’, « suniao inravae Humphrey Elmira Oxford Cortland: siden cee Cooperstown Waverly ry Northern Plateau.... LOW VIO ek ocianlceces os Atlantic:Coass.2:. 2. New York City........ Setauket... cecccsscus Hudson Valley........ Albany Honeymead Brook.... WHOSt*EOMti rs csaavecee er ed Champlain Valley.... Plattsburgh Barracks. St. Lawrence Valley.. Madison Barracks .... Canton sacesesckees FEOPNOSUGIc oa 5 acneis oi Fort Niagara . Baldwinsville Average departure.. TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHR.). Oo |g ala ae ee bs county. | £3/¢ oS) c| a S6/ 9! a : o| 2] -« w Bo - aL oO | Co| & i<3) eS | nels ° 2 o f/m S| 8 Baer S| 3 | a | [a APOC Se ona 27 fal ry Sb poet BOLO Allegany . 25.8] 14] 1854) 1896) Cattaraugus. . 27.8) 14] 1883). 1896 Chemung..... 28.8} 16) 1850) 1896 SG DE RISO ADO: HO). 5 oo llossecl ease | Chenango. 26.0} 29) 1828) 1596 Cortland ..... 26.4] 34) 1829 1896) OtsezO seccc0% 24.9] 43) 1854] 1896 Mora vices’ 29.0] 15) 1882) 1896 Rieisislnitistee merits P80 ees perso) See Hie wisSivecseesc 23.3] 31) 1827) 1896 Saab rutoadomce SAED siete |icice + olieces New York....| 34.2) 27) 1870) 1896 Suffolk .......| 85.4} 12] 1885} 1896 Bevan pinalas earetele 2 BRS) ee eee Albany ....... 28.5} 23) 1874] 1896 Dutchess.....| 28.4] 16) 1881} 1896 Orange.......| 31.4! 68) 1826] 1896 Bent tone REO rales cal estas Clinton ..... .-| 22.6] 41] 1839) 1896 state ietaaia’picit'ais' ee» 2a VR I Pia Jefferson Ses 25.5) 36; 1839) 1896 St. Lawrence.| 22.6] 34) 1862) 1896 23.2] 18) 1866) 1896 os 22.2] 29) 1828) 1896 acne raisin cee OTB acl ssmras|| sieves BIB. kes son 29.7| 27] 1870) 1896 Monroe.......| 29.9) 27} 1870) 1896) Niagara ...... 29.6) 41| 1842) 1896 Onondaga,...| 28.0) 18) 1854| 1896) Oswego ...... 29.2) 27) 1870) 1896 omar ICR 25.0) 43) 1854| 1896 HGPlOsccvc veces. sbi 23) 1874] 1896 ABO AE OEIC QO BT eerAT cin’ sie) eceiecere't Tompkins 29.7, 18) 1879) 1896 5 Bz ‘ | Mean for December, 1£96. —onnrsc | = ta] ~ 2 wr Mow 2 ror) WW BMWOW WO @ | ExTremrs oF MONTHLY | MeAN TEMPERATURE 5 FOR DECEMRER. S 52 Fa =] re) . 2 nh i F Bl ee o Be | Bost Se is) |) wm re 0.5]. .:c0'o|| «cise se] oe eee ee —0.1| 34.3] 1889} 18.8 +0.4) 37.0} 1889] 20.3 +1.2) 38.2) 1891) 28.5 Se UR) IRIN OI ice asiieccan —2.0} 34.2) 1829) 15.3 —0.2| 34.1] 1848] 20.3/38,51, 54 —0.9} 33.6) 1891} 14:7 18 —0.4| 35.6] 1891) 22.3 —— 8 Si aera PAPE) eT ee oo —3.1| 32.8) 1829) 11.8 Ql ccwis |ivccwa sare bee| ans eer —2.2| 42.0} 1891) 25.2 —2.6) 41.8} 1891] 30.6 St) MEE ses Odin Goce soo —2.5| 38.6) 1881] 17.4 —4.2| 35.4) 1891] 22.5 = Bs BO}. cic allies Patel orca —=B 4 ou. oe inese’s ere ie oleate] alae nate —8.4) 38.4; 1891) 11.3 2.1] sé 0 0 «[iernS arlellle crcanell als tereamrae —3.3} 36.0) 1891) 15.4 —2.8) 36.5} 1881) 9.2 —0.4| 34.2} 1891] 13.1 —2.0| 33.9] 1891) 11.0 —1.4} . . ceils oaiele o'] Sele en ete +0.3) 37.4} 1889) 19.4 —0.9| 36.6! 1889) 19.5 +1.4] 89.2) 1889) 22.5 —1.7| 36.6) 1889) 22.4 —2.2| 37.2) 1842) 20.4 —1.4| 84.0) 1891) 15.7 —0.6| 41.0} 1889] 22.0 BD ise cells dee'dc:|'b'e,0 01m] eee —2.0| 39.2] 1891] 22.0 ae T | \elowellse cord Miokiw . New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. . AND PreocrpPiTaTIon — DEcEMBER. 317 PRECIPITATION (INCHES). . Me ° a = & |EXTREMES of MONTHLY a 5 ce eS PRECIPITATION FOR = i w é December. STATION. county. | £8/¢ 2 ae 52/8) 2 @ | 2S |qrearesr.| east. zo] 2| ¢ a o | a °°: a = Alo oO] w v =| ra oA| ° 2 © 5 s yey yey two | da] oc se) ee | S a oe) Fa a = 2 : 2 : a | 9° ° a| 3 iS) bet } u co) =| ° ° pe) i) g Ss g 3S > ® o o ° D © o 1641 ON afererelemicrae s ||ntalnie'sl| siere'aloia PANIES SUID Y ele detsvaitio aiaressis's\e:0 Albany....... 2.65| 23} 1874| 1896] 0.73|/—1.92] 6.16] 1878] 0.71} 1877 _ Honeymead Brook....| Dutchess..... 2.97| 16] 1881} 1896] 1.47\—1.50| 4.63] 1894] 1.03] 1892 Poughkeepsie......... Eu 3.08| 21] 1830] 1896) 1.67;,—1.41| 6.46) 1847) 0.95) 1843 MVESCEOINGs ficice sees Orange ...... 3.56| 50| 1840; 1896! 1.63/—1.93| 6.25] 1840) 0.83] 1867 Boyds Corners....... Putnam ...... 3.90] 26) 1870) 1896) 2.72/—1.18] 8.7 1878] 1.11] 1892 CHOMPICEN, VAM EYs.<.<.0|. viwicied oe 0s os)0si01 AA GG fevers | eerabeteted | ere tas (W874 5 th Pano (paeoeal Heap allcagcos Plattsburgh Barracks.| Clinton ....... 1.99] 37} 1840] 1896] 0.87/—1.12] 7.25] 1850} 0.17] 1886 pemmciurence Valley...| sstccenesivceens PIS Neel Ato. ql Ocooe Ae] — LH ve erot || exasatevarall (etarehe\llerapatelets -_ Madison Barracks....| Jefferson..... 2.27| 86] 1840) 1896) 1.61/—0.66| 6.28} 1878) 0.35} 1874 . North Hammond..... St. Lawrence.| 2.79| 16] 1866] 1896! 1.02/—1.77) 6.11] 1866) 0.94) 1874 OtSGAM,.....%...'.. Baits . 1.76| 28 1828/ 1896] 0.83|—0.93| 4.89} 1893) 0.46) 1841 GREUEICONCS ic «s)s00s 0% See neces nel Soe br(logey laneetes ees ol 678 | LS (oy eres ate |leleretareZei| sjemisteillnlatnle Ne PEE ALO icc iare erclajeleiere 00's EGELG) cj a/e\evorsteistowe 8.41| 27} 1870] 1896] 0.84/—2.57| 5.86) 1881) 0.84) 1896 ROCHOSLCT ais cce’s cise ae Monroe....... 3.35} 27] 187 1896} 2.21/—1.14| 6.17] 1888) 1.00! 1874 Fort Niagara ......... Niagara...... 2.07| 41} 1841] 1896] 0.56/—1.51; 4.13] 1878] 0.31) 1845 RES WOOP cies oie/oice vicies Oswego 3.38] 26] 1871] 1896] 3.16|/—0.22/10.49) 1878] 1.02) 1876 ERIGTIUO ats eh iccie ols e100 e's Sh he MS ga4 3.68) 37] 1860| 1896] 2.36/—1.82| 7.95) 1878) 1.35 1892 Hpi es SeAetee Py aises. cs 6 LNG) se oconooas 8.15] 24| 1873] 1896] 1.56.—1.59| 6.44) 1881; 0.75) 1876 __- Central Lakes..... RP eer stststn seo eat iaiatelors OTSA ORS lat asert eoes Th (0) st le Pl = oul lees eallogocullacascc CEG agama ........| Tompkins ....| 2.32] 18] 1879] 1896] 1.00|—1.82] 4.75) 1881] 0.85) 1892 Average departure.| ...... Seren oiaets' |loatereas ae padodnl Wetec Ss —1.39 beak Dell alatatst oral | eissotohel agerenetete ee ee) ee | eee oa bt bitex% Sahat aes PF 4 ‘ y Lue ps ‘ a >i s-. vr aw £ j i. - eh ey ty} ee ty ae 4 Alii eb Ly) t MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER. 1896 (Can koraci oe LF) (EZ FF : far ZARS YS Toronte (CANADIATAO®D / z ee < geo Wy; es ZZ 5 == SSS a ; YY cis / LZ ee SN = ————Y Myf P GS SSH2 Applet SN ATE, ‘ SSS aw pete bck "S\ pa N) Aer NE S ort Nidgara i [A ione port | B bh ~ = ae = | ‘ ator) ® Al . : Rocheste { Baldwins- U.S) ©) SA : Ba 7 Y; ul Ro @ ° 10 20 30 40 50 60 79 80 30 100 8° SCALE OF MILES Sy H 18° { , ao West Chazy { Nie we e ANS ,LyomMountaj SSS Sye Plattsburgh PDO KE gh NY x p Glovers a7a'782e0 s Ufica® tf eville\ ’ : ae oa Brookfield, e pan Hon: 7 Hudson 4 j wag pi njge got. set es S og . a Sega odie AE NBs, West Port’ AGarcieg ui m: es NewLondon @ _/ My Peckgsk 4° > New Nuene eS ’ \ 2 Bedlory 2 | EEE O* "eB EFA KE C GIF Le - up ¢e hem), ‘ye @ %, . { PVP’ MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE PRECIPITATION FOR DECEMBER, i896 Kingston CAD ” (CANT fesiir Toronto (CANADIAN, SSS = saa 1 fan SS - pone 6ckA SS SO Nae |A bione e Pp —_ —— ‘)° ort Niggara eae ‘ *pertl tN. soe to Ne ‘Alabang Z Patrrytad 1 yol > e : y, » Saat: Bae aN dian a | eR <. ORa| wedetes lee men al eee a earner | aera ---| 47.1] 72.0 | July SS 5 Sal | sale oral ateta sy rome emery ace Eel eae 73.3 | July INT HO ATA oe calles le aie oan lnee ears ae ey Sere ES ane 73.2 | July Sebuyler...-.. 1350| be seen|| cere eacoss eee ae ieee oes ---| 46.8 | 71.0 | July Steuben...... GNIS SS) anil oa ae See ele ae -o=~| 47.5 | 70.0) | duly Steuben...... 1480) Cece cients. alles tees | ate Sahat ---| 45.7 | 67.4 | July WWivOMino Saas |1707 ses soelasa nacre ell eet eee --.| 44.7 | 68.1} July | CRA Boric peo emer ince pasos cee leteeee 69.8 | July De Sic cern sia |'s dais (necie ss [macee ech Sere | emerentel| eee --.| 46.0 ; 69.7 | July Broome ....- SiON se eal eeeoel ans se eres eee ---| 46.9 | 71.0 | July Chenango ==) | so 50 - se nelesina see alee eee --.| 45.2 | 69.6 | July Cortland ..... A120is ees | es ees AAS Ae [eae ---| 45.5 | 69.2 | July Delaware...-. Ue ee S| LSSeS5 ees (Sel ee a eee eer 70.6 | July ne HON Ese ES Bio) a es | eee esc ---| 44.0 | 68.0 | July Madison ...-. URS 1) eB =| ESS 55) ees Ne pee el Ae BS eeiecen ze ben) dizths Orange...---- A W Saric a) eer) A ee se es! eee es 4 =4|/52525¢ 71.6 | July Orange.....-- 490) soso a) eostncel|bee oe ates Saaaee ---| 48.3 | 72.2 | July Olsezocsicee: SOD |e aes Oe ee a Pee wa0:| 44.1 | 67.8 | duly. Hn = SE S52 MBE Eoeoe ti lescdan hee] Raseoel Ra ---| 43-1 | 66.7 | July Oak ener 1100 Ss seaie eee eet ae ow cc ---| 47.9 | 71:2 | July Schuyler ..... 1058-55 sac-m leone Be ercae --| 45.3 | 70.1 | July MHOLS onc. - oe G20 see tea eeseelee eee acess aor ea eee 48.1 | 71-0 | July istensos > ja) ieee meyer .--| 46.2 | 67.2 | Aug. 45 Seca ns aul ab ace el eat aera arate moll ve neh | atone OID] MOT Tal Oey, rear Be Sata 3 Shins) | ate om | eon eee ae ee eee ---| 40.5 | 66.8 | July Fulton ....... S02 Eo ccahoae ee al eases | ee =\| ene ---| 44.3 | 69.8 | July TOWiGjs<<- <==. 1240) Saco seer all meee lle ale 0 | ermine ----| 43.0 | 69.2 | July ats te et, 1571} 30.03) 30.19) Jan.| 29.91) Feb-11.&3) 40.8 | 65.0 | July <3 de ee geo Stas [od uae [eet Oe a] a ae ee Tn a8 20 el cl LGC ae LOT a5 5 ass) 's'co'm te oma aietal| cle etal emt ---| 62.4 | 75.5 | July J Pe og ee te eee ese 5 otic lens tee lace, Siete (Soe ea =| Cee July New York ...| 314 0-08) 30.21] Nov.| 29 90} Feb |2.28) 51-1 | 73 0 b Queens..-..-.-- cel OY (oe A POY eee fos oa 50.7 | 73.2 | July Bittolk’.os.. MB Cemces|| telaia os lls ae 13) ones mel) Oe wae eleaetes 73.6 | July a eed Miewereee CA ee ened eed eA ey (ees oe ---| 50.9 | 72.8 | July Westchester = P2800 cece |aeenes (ence en| aoen es lense et seme 49.3 | 71.5 | July ‘ . MetrorouoaicaL Dara - New York WEATHER BUREAU. 327 THE YEAR 1896. TURE— (IN DEGREES FAHR.). SKY. PRECIPITATION — (INCHES). == wate Ss | alg. als | sles mls Ss E oO 5 Ih Sa rsa : elaie | es] €) 2 Sis |e |e2l 21 ee) > | 8 BS BE wm) RF lo lee PFlae 2 2 S RB : FW ese] ete cies Seal) ey to = + Set Semele SS (coe a |B E EB =| =) H H KS ° a8 x S =| = ah eta ee meee ae yee ES z 2 = a|ja|s{a Busses. it ses 3 =| 7 = 3 3 = A; eo| eis |S! 3 3 H S é ° 3 = = 4|/A|A4/4 Al| 4 H do) =| ras =| a | pS aca tf Sec 96 | —24 | 120| 19 | 113| 129/124) 126 | 37.37| 5.64 | July |1.36| April|...... 91 | —18 | 109) 19 67 145) 154) 165 | 37.95) 5 04 Sept |1.11] Aug. 99 5 96 | —22 | 112/ 18 |....].--.|---)...--. 37.28] 5.66 | July |1.23| Dee- | 86.5 Li ee PS 56a eS Sorel lonet Boece) eerie LetR | Uilye\(Sare|) soso |lSoe see QS OU LG] 2a erat (> satel - 124 | 36-34) 5.65 Sept. |1.40| Dec. 66.9 90 | —16 | 106) 18 67| 185,164) 139 | 43.47) 7.50 July {1.31} April} 115.0 Bie — LOE eae Beach a to:2!| a ninlnlas)lletmrein 98 | —32 | 130] 21 | 120) 127/119, 131 | 38-62) 5.41 | July |1.17| April]...... Ganie— 19) | PTA) 20 eee, i oo wane | == cin oem e Sood epcaes lpsoeus 95 | —25 | 120) 25 86| 166|114' 131 | 37.08) 5.56 Mar. |0.77| April] 66.7 93 | —23 | 116] 20 | 187} 96, 83, 155 | 37-02) 4 54 Mar. |0-93| April|.----- SN) BB CT 2a Ee ate OS 8 fecal Ise so) eae! eeooee) Wliremmicis sol! Geecoe lbscace = sy Pe Cie BG} ee SS eed eencen loses looact ts | ioceacr Sec) Saodeth | |ecccss OTe BIT Seale A ae as ee el Bore oeeaol jeecmccc Beall eocgso. \losoes 5 CMallecaascqln ee cllae HESS SS25) heel eee Shae sey eae beecoeor Se ate Sarai | rere \ 93 | —11 | 104] 20 | 138] 150) 78} 113 | 51.34) §.71 | July |1-14 Dec. 53.5 89 | —23 | 112] 16 | 143] 94/129} 119 | 39-28) 5.36 Feb. |1-21| Dee. {iueal 91 | —26 | 117) 22 97| 108|161| 124 | 34-76] 5.12 | July |0-80| April} 73-7 C21 | Go HI) 4 lA se oeeces eeeccol lcecmee Sees) eteisces laced Se 93 | —20 | 113] 22 | 91] 126/149) 134 | 36.62) 4.18 July {1.40} Dec 74.1 97 | —17 | 114) 23 97| 150)119} 139 | 35.01) 5.81 July |1-01 Dec 53.8 “Ga52 Vee a eaalSo collaneslleea| Caneel (Coboos| reseac) | oonecen! erp) moon 77-5 92 | —38 | 130] 20 92) 139135) 150 | 43.26) 6.36 Feb. |1-19] April|-..---- 90 | —38 | 128) 21 | 103} 143)120) 149 | 34-02) 4.75 Sept. 1-11] Jan. | 124.9 92 | —25 | 117| 19 | 133] 81/152} 162 | 45.17) 6.59 Mar. |0.96 Apu 85.5 91 | —32 | 123)°20 79| 184|103} 144 | 34.47) 5.23 Nov. |0-80| April 110 8 85 | —31 | 116) 19 54| 148/164) 144 | 50.64! 7.93 Feb. |1-84) April| 184.9 95 | —12 | 107| 16 | 154! 104/108] 109 | 42.10] 6.63 | Feb. |1.12 April AS 95 | — 3| 98] 15 | 150| 100)116| 124 | 42.15] 6.67] June |0-87) April 73.5 02) eaeee= .-.-|----| 209] 68) 89 85 | 36.46) 4.91 June |1-46 Dec. 60.1 94 | — 6 | 100) 14 | 134] 118/114! 124 | 37.99) 6.38 June |1.24) April] 58.4 95 |— 4} 99) 18 | -..| - : 86 | 45.35] 7-98 | Feb. |0.90} Dec. |.----- at ee (| ae a pie ee Pt |e 2 | 2 22a £2) [ced eae 91} —5 96] 15 | 139) 113/114) 106 | 37.28) 6.46 Feb. {1.02} April] 39-5 94 | —42 ' 106) 20 ' 189) 118|109' 129 | 51.87) 9-51! Feb. |0.91! April! 75-9 Aas he 98 er Ar atti? , i ° : ‘ee re or rsh §- wites > F ~« YAR Dee pel et ae 328 E1icHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Merrororoeican Dara LOCATION OF STATIONS. BAROMETER. TEMPERA FE F z . : : e 5 > od : | tah : ail ee STATION. COUNTY. S R = Ce & | 8 = a a } | A S 3 - = =) ° a] ¢ =I g. |e apa : Ee, Ele ie =e a a a ee Re} sf Bo) SA) est. ee IEEE TE PNY SC ea a eee one [tantee lean oun peace iculhae ease ee 4s.1| 72.7| July IDEA, 2a sack ee Albany. ....-. 85| 30.06) 30-22) Jan.| 29.90) Feb.|2.22) 48.4) 74.0) July Lebanon Springs - | Columbia-.-.- O80 [EE cece somes |e meee | eee ---| 45.2} 70.2) July Honeymead Brook.| Dutchess ..-.. BIO | orate illo tela iarel etete eet ce eteeeleal een --.| 46.6) 70.8) July Poughkeepsie -.--. Dutchess ..... 0:17) Se al ae el ee ee tlio a 3 : “vg 72.5) July Wappinger’s Falls. We SS OaE Sega|lonaasa| |oosesallpsoe Sale ce Sreiesasce 49.8 74.4) July West Point ..-...--. Oranve\.. 32252 GAS Se ges| eo saal esc jesoeel eoneok --.| 49.4) 73.3) July Carmel ss ces. sees as Putnam ...... CWS Seal sonOSaliaen saath sh esees ----| 48-7} 73.3) July Mohawk Valleyn- || 2c. tease sec ||o= =| Selsisers|ceooeclece Sal lasograllecee a -- | 45.3) 70.2) July RROMO\.s sooo earn Oneida. ....... AND) cro etas||eatelae ol |alteeicla ls eerie aeete ----| 45.2! 70.2] July Champlain Valley.) ..---...--..--- Pailecin eo sallseton [acess eRacoel sooo ---| 44.0] 69.5) July Plattsb’h Barracks.} Clinton ..-.---. 25 heaet tel | eens | cen So ll ye ee ia ---| 42.8] 69 5} July Glens Falls ....... Wiarren:..---.- 340 eee see |ste casas ctece || seeteta ere sec Sis 'e maim milo ee St. Lawrence ValVy| ..-...-..--.--.|-- Bo Seesn||5ecds||Geoecs| tea sctleceose Ne ---| 43.4) 68.9} July Walon. fe tees Franklin ..... SUG seen nae eal nemo [emetettet ames male te = || ee eee ee Madison Barracks.| Jefferson -.--. AN? (es caleasecl ieeeealoserssilecseoe Pabilerbad 69.1] July Watertown ..-...... Jefferson ...... oO fee er ees col andi y acmaeies uber sein = laier ete 70.3; Aug. Canton) .2f 225525." St, Lawrence a) 304) 222555) \cse~ cms caees|icceces|soccee ---| 42 1] 68.8) July North Hammond .. ut 34) OSONicmetel semtece lace tetetanr vay|ae smiee ---| 44.8}. 70 7| Jaly Ogdensburg . .-.---- ft Ee 208 xis tel enetees | erecta = cmmeniel | imee es ---| 44.2} 69.8) July IPotsdamyeseccccec ee 2/300 lRae Sas |pemewelle enn (cemees not ace ---| 41.7) 67.8] July CREM OAR ES. Je ctal i enccee teas «ills 52 5i| sorte, ati tise sie |laeatnre gt] te s'o.=/= | Sie cre ere --.| 47-4) 71.0) July Westfield .-..-...-.- Chantauguan:=|"5a-- gears | Semeeel | comer clewennn | asece ---| 49.0] 71.6) July Buittalo 2: veeet icon TIO ascse cout Dee 70 0) July Pitisford) seco. wee Monroe 70.4) July Rochester ..--.-..--- Monroe.....-.- 520] 30.04} 80-17) Dec.| 29 89) Feb./1.89) 47 7) 72.0 July Appleton ....-..-- Niagara....<:- SO le ewersal sees cree [close ore | ee elle --.| 46.9} 70.2; July Fort Niagara ...... PORTS i ae DOB eeemaleeteee (ss cee ico soe] orp ee eee 48.1| 72.8) July Baldwinsville..-... Onondaga: O20) 5890 Pesca lease. - |S 002.520 nl ace setae 47.3] 72.6) July OSWOL0. a caeaacna = Ogwego.....-- 304! 30.03} 30.18] Dec.| 29.87) Feb./2.02| 45.0; 69.0) b Palermo .:..:.-...- fhe (atau ae Ks\0) S72 elt Caan eerie cies se, |G. 45.2) 69.9) July VONS! ces 22. - 2-06 Wayne ....... AON atesaa||sa+ 5) scm ecs)| ame mi ee emer meta | etre] Oncaea Erie, Pennsylvania] Erie ......._! ’.| 681) 30.06) 30.19] Dee.| 29.93] Feb.}1.68| 49.0) 71.0) July NTARLT GU DKES w ctn o's || oe toe Sa eseee 2 eS BE a neces | seaeeallestae 47.8) 71.4) July LUC Thy eae Cayuga. ....-. NGOO letra,» loos o> = |< ome sn eet streets limes 47.7| 71.7| July Romulus.......... Seueca........ TANG Woe eee | alee oo]. Shon Ieee eepnretel eee 48.1] 71.5] July PUDNCRS ee ses = ate Tompkins 810} 30.05) 30.18) Dec.| 29.90} Feb.|2.12] 47.7} 70.9} July ride Ae eet at MCN aE _...| 80 05| 30.18} @ | 29.90| Feb.|1.93| 46.1] 70.4| July table. (a) January, December ; (b) July, August; Norg.— The annual mean temperatures and average total precipitation, also the extremes wo} = LPT a red PSS Grr Ow? ae, oie ie ois Oe _ ss) Sys ~. Sere CY Ce ae ee Ne New Yorx Waavner Bureau. et _ 829 +7 a 7 zi _ — = FOR roe Year 1896 — (Concluded). = - TURE—(LN DEGREES FAHR.). Sky. PRECIPITATION—(INCHES). es o | | ec I oP ili rece - $ Be 4 =| = % a ae dies eerie ers | |) bs a |2| Slee zl es] 2 | 2 3 a Seki 2 lah Ol prt pace 3) 3S a = a a} A | > lak o| £2 Co) I = s Be : A) Ble les] elas a g ~ = g A 8 a] Belely Sey SSeye| i x 5 S 4 a = i=! eee a is Psalm es So nD “ | i a : oa a FI =| Ss = aye ||P) = 2s Se oD a Be “S| 2 ae OD >a q = = = =| | SS =) a ~ = ~ = sas A ¥ a ll) so eisl S| Si Ek 5 a a a = SS = S a land Fe eal Pe ell) Saks 5 a = $ S S op EEE a Al aA |4+/A|4/4 14/4 a w = 4 = a * ARE Nel evaities: oN | ae ey Rsetent ee SN | EE - 21.17) Jan....| 97 | —21 | 118) 20 | 131) 110/125 114; 41.98} 6.14) Mar LOM dian |saceee wee} 95 | —16 } 111) 18-] 118) 128/120 130} 27.88) 4.66) Mar 0 73) Dee.. 54.5 93 | —21 | 114) 21 97} 111)158 104! 40.56] 5.83} Sept. (0 87| Jan...| 64.0 91 | —18 | 109).19 | 93 a 127 129) 43.95} 7.60) July .-/0.83) Apr...| 47.3 sete 96 | —11 | 107] 22 | 144) 110/112 87] 36.47| 6.20) Mar...|0.88] Jan.. 63.3 see} 96 | —20 | 116] 21 | 137} 123/106 137} 46.98) 7.84) Mar...|/1.18] Apr.. 85.2 14 | La Se | | (ee 98} 45.90} 12.02} Mar TELS toast 93 | —10 | 103} 18 | 198) 139)129 110) 44.20) 7.69} Feb 1-10] Jan.. 54.4 Soler oG se ——1 9 | oh 5) 20! 3| (eye seit eie ke 189, 40.26, 7 59) Heb. -|1225| Asprses|s2es2 ee SOM = TOMA Tey 20 |lare celle marci eae 139) 42.12) © -7:59)) Feb... |1-25) Aipr.=-|---22- 95 | —25 | 120] 18 |....]... 104) 40.51] 6.52| Mar.../1.02| Apr...|..---- 95 | —25 | 120) 18 |-.---|--- POA Ne Sere lhe See, eeeiowe essa le Sheer 85.5 Sean —16 Pal EGA cool tee eee ae) 41.38) 16.52), Mar 1.08} Jan...| 68.8 --| 96 | —43 | 139) 20 | 101) 135/130 89| 34.62} 4.94) Sept~.|1.10] Dec-..}.----. Bem Rie sjs (5) call base Cec (etsallomrscl tae Baeiniey xine SSIS Rae aa ea |Sepoeotallo sabes Bias eA OAT iol weiml| 2m illota = 75| 33.01) 5.84) Sept ..|0 38} Apr 80.2 weer se wid Cl} aecGaolss est secid| ooo Sea toate Searicts lc mocerctel (eee (neers a dl lore rs ans in....| 92 | —43 | 135] 21 | 104] 153/109]...-.-.. 37.43} 5.46} Sept -.|0.80} Dec.-..| 107-0 92 | —36 | 128].--.| 38) 148/180 111} 29.74} 4.50) Sept -./1.02) Dec 68.7 Pee eee —aen lh LAO) 19M VAS BS) OO n ota) =ssee- [ec assh ese os eck Seta llevciseiakelee 73.3 -.--| 89 | —31 | 120] 20 } 134) 102/130 82} 31.39) 5.10) Sept -./0.83} Dec...| 97-0 -|. 98 | —80 | 128) 16 | 113) 109)144 136) 35.24 4.91) Jaliyr 10289] SAcpre=s||ses= =e .2.| 98-| —12 | 110) 17 | 168) 73)125 92) 34.71 4.73] Sept ..|1 22} Apr...}.----- 86 | —9 95) 14 61) 187)168 152} 37.29} .6.35) July.../0.84] Dec---|.----- We pee. 91 |e Aol atc lheo Sel taal See eee | ec amneg ame Lee NL 3 92 | —10 | 102; 16 | 122) 121/123 173) 36.84) 6.32) Mar...|0.58) Oct . 127.0 90 | —12 | 102] 16 98] 108/160 133} 28.41! 5.27) July...|0.43) Apr. 56.4 93 ; — 5 ste foiteh 1 leesese beeen |e 104) 24.98} 3.77) July.../0.51| Apr. 22.9 94 | —22 | 116) 18 | 172; 75}119 126} 39.23) 6.39) Feb...|0 71) Apr. Sua -| 90 | —20 |} 110) 14 91) 93/182 166) 38.32} 5.89) July...|1.06] Apr. 83.2 96) ——30) 20 Peale eee lee se 124} 33.57; 5.13) Feb.../0.41] Apr. 88.0 alba eo a a lee BS eg | oes eal Sobre | acta eee eae See eee 90.0 92 | —7 99} 13 76} 157/133 152} 36.81; 5.50} July...|1 46) Apr.-.-|------ -e--| 95 | —18 | 113] 17 | 112] 115)139 147) 37.30|" 4:58): dubly..-|1-12|' Dee. 2) <2-5-5 ee eet — tte | LL Ole 07am nero x 68) 34.59) 4.93) Sept../0 40] Dec 80.0 ---}| 95 | —17 | 112) 18 | 133) 93/142 83} 41.79} 5.10) Sept -./2.08] Dec 49.9 94 | —18 |. 112) 17 93) 137) 136 143) 36.17| 4.75) Mar ..|1.00) Dec-.-| 59-5 ies = a a | ee } — —___. «---| 98 | —43 | 14!) 19 | 117} 121)12k 124)" 39.13} 5.52) Feb.../1.22) Apr.-.| 78-2 January, Mareh; (da) January, February, March. 4 he regions and for the State, are derived from the monthly values as shown in the succeeding 330 E1gHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE f ¢ Montnty ann ANNUAL TEMPERATURE LOCATION OF STATIONS. STATION. RATER: seo nee ne ceases aeecce Bolivar Franklinville Humphrey PATE Wwrirhty cc. cc. sccssees Cherry Creek.......-...... Jamestown Elmira AMET ON oa a doses coe Ae seeds Avon PYRO re 2. keene ca ee Wiedrewoods. 23. 22 32.2055 5 PAACIBONS oo. eu cn es ose e Atlantad-s2t- eo. cess foe eae Haskiniville.c...cetoes ese South Canisteo Arcade Eastern Plateau.........-- Binghamton (1) Binghamton (2)............ Oxtordes2t: top ecst: case Deposit MIASP avi. ~ 42° secesse eH Brookfield Hamilton Middletown Port Jervis Warwick Cooperstown....--......... New Lisbon Oneonta Perry City Nowark Valley.-:...-..-2- Straits Corners Northern Plateau....-...-.-- Saranac Lakes.cs2ss22- 2) Gloversville > vo 2..0hcosceee North Dake, .i.. 544. oaatat COUNTY. B y= 5 3 a 23.2 21.5 22.1 232 Cattaraugus ........-. aoe iS Mit peiceckee ees 24.0 Chautauqua ..... .... 24.0 BE A se ee eee ee s s Chautauqua .-..-...--. 25.6 Chemung *.-=s-se.-5-- 24.6 a Terese eee ee nae ne Livingston -.....-..... 21.8 Gi ees 24.9 NGAP Ara ae oes on soe Orleans ye eee es: 22.4 Schuyler.2:-.-2--2-22- uss Del wa lar eae aes 22.0 Steuben: >-2--2:4s-c0-8 24.8 Steuben ®.. 222-22 . | 20.1 Cortland. -s.c.a.2-2620 20.0 Delaware’ -asees-- -2- 18.1 Belge wap os) 17,0 Greene: <5 cece.- 3s 50 Bn 2 Madisonit 32-33-25 -5< *18.1 Mt ae oe nace 17.3 Oranges. seee-e cea: 21.3 Ne We eee etn se os 21.8 Otsero.et.pe-s---sss, 17.0 ho toate aaa siecle. 17.2 cern 6 So oe de 21.9 Schuyler™ ¢-ss-5-neue> 20.7 Diggs See ee awamew eee oe oe PROB De os ic wate ie sare os Ge 23.6 Tompkins)... --ese~-s- ave: WIBtOr 235. .bSee cone 20.3 CA? Ae Oe 14.7 Wranklinvesccs< cesses 11.7 nl tony. soc. sees. a 16.6 Herkiiner iss: wfsnease AB ne ans | February. Yall Ses , oe ‘ nop bo a ‘ bo I> Ding ~~ se TEMPERATURE— ee” Ce = ae . Bs a ee eg my to te Ae “y ind ee os * % 3 New York WEATHER BurREAv. 331 ~aND PrReEcIPITATION, 1896. DEGREES (FAHR.). PRECIPITATION—(INCHES'. g FE H i a ales 7 rs : = Bie ek aie | eR 2 | 4 vg Sieesataes Som eaee eS atic) elas |My a) | @) | sie oes 2 Se i 2 e = = 9 | td 2 a) 2 5 ® 2 oO s =a b O° =| = u Bb = b: on 2 ° > ) = Sipser ee een abe e |S) Seb Sl B | a] Ss 1. BB) eee mem mean cle leoa. | ses ee) elle tin ee Hs | et Boh Sel eaieiies 58 6| 448| 42.3| 27.5} 46.6] 2.31) 4.14) 3-52/1.36| 2.79| 3.48] 5.64) 2.48| 4.59 3.49] 2.19] 1.38137.37 57.7| 43.7\e41.1| 25.5] 44.9] 2.51| 3.28) 4.33/1-69| 2.62| 4.07| 449| 1.11] 5.04| 5.02| 2.15| 1.64|37.95 56.9] 43.0| 41.6| 25.7] 45.1/ 2.34) 4.16] 4.21/1-58| 1.99| 3.26| 5.66] 263) 4.96, 3.18] 2.08| 1.23/37.98 56.4| 44.0| 41.5| 26.8 1.95| 2.93| 3.79'1 48] 4.70| 429| 7.75| 1.25] 4.86) 003| ....| 1.38|...-. 58.2| 43.6|.422| 27.4] 46.1) 2.03 3.23) 3.45,1-58| 309) 8.22) 454] 1.83| 5.65 4.03) 2.20| 1:40/36.34 Pines ates OGG eee. |- 3, | nec ie vs cee ae 3i8|1°6ilssaee 57.4| 44.2| 41.6) 28.2| 46.0) 2.43] 4.83| 3.33]1-31] 3.35| 3.63| 7.50) 4.49] 5 05| 3.00| 293] 1.62/43.47 tala | 42.1 | 928:8| 461] 228 clone. et Si |e ie ee Spee wio.| c2..| --.-| -22.| ----| 3.60] 5.62] 4.29/2-69] 3.29] 2.93] 5.29] 3.63| 4.64) 2.54) 4.09| 2.97/45.44 58.8] 45.8] 42.8] 26.6] 47.2| 3.08] 5.57| 5.21/2.48| 3.77| 3.29] 7.96] 3.46] 5.48 2.17/ 3.70] 2.63148.80 61.8] 37.2| 45.2| 30.0| 49.7| 1.56| 3.40| 3.22/0.77| 3.14] 3.31] 5.55| 0.94| 2.73| 4.86] 1.43] 0 61(31.49 Beeman) eel et | y89], cad 3.16(0.97|--.-.| s---|cezcl 2 2-.| 3035) 5104) “orgs Lorseleoee 7 Pel ee _..| .---| 3.08] 3 02| 3.95/1.04] 1.96} 2.32] 5.45] 3.29) 6.03) 1.80| 2.53) 1.26/35.73 58.8} 45.3| 412) 27.8] 471) 197| ....| 3 2311.05] 1.98] 1.97| 4.87] 3.92] 3.82) 1.48] 1.89] 0.79)..... Ter | aera ae | 2.60) 5.35) 1.92/@.46] 1.66) 2.82] 4.91| 1.85] 3.94| 1.41! 2.60) 1.50'31.02 G0.0| 47.2| 42.6| 30.3) .-..| ....| ....| ....{0.40| 1.15] 1.43] 6.50| 1.36] 4.45| 1.27) 2.15] 1.35]...-. Stale cle ees l reel oav7a| ee sn. 10/99|°2.93|..2:05| ..--| 4.99]. ..|-@Ll-c sacle anaes meres |. gec| 2-1 -1.69|°222:| .-2-|2025| 1.90)" 8.20) 4:73| %.18).3.78| £021 -2..) LOR 60.8] 451] 422] 26.4) 46.8] 1.72| 5.62| 3.432 52} 298] 6.23| 5.02| 1.54) 5.02| 4 42| 2.03] 1.42/41.85 59.7] 46.0| 44.3) 28.8| 47.5) 147| 3.18) 3.05/1.07| 4.50] 5.78] 4.45| 077| 3.67| 5.73] 0.83| 0.88|35.38 Pees | elit ss. | 2.031.950) 9241|2.-, |---| 2.) o.--|°2.61| 2.66|" 3.42| 1.82) Ossinees . 5 25.2.6 k ec. Me Ds AP hd eres ES 14.2) 17.3) 22.5) 45.2) 59.5) 64.8) 69.8) 69.0 POAT ectes, eae Soe ee: coe) Note RS epee at ao 11.2} 13.9] 19.1) 44.4) 58.2) 62.7) 67.8) 66.6 Great Lakes........ RE Ee ae 23.4] 249) 25.4! 49.0) 61.2] 65:4) 71.0) 69.7 PRUMUEINK (osm Se es oe Chautauqua ........- Masa fo al Aone wene| vant eee AES: CLAY Ts Eee Sa ae eal Moe a fers claatos Sela 27.7| 28.0} 26.7) 50.8) 63.0) 66.5) 71.6) 69.0 BNO. vis. eee ee rare BBiA peste ta Doce cites cero 25.0} 25.0} 25.0) 47.0} 58.5) 66.0) 70.0) 69.0 Adams Center-.... 2. 1... Jefferson: .:.-.:2.--2- Fellas sere oil | beskio-all Mier alll Recstrescll | eee. Sillaee CRS Nae IMIOLOUG se. os te oe eae Monde vest ee eoee ee ---.| 25.2) 25.0) 50.2] 622) 65.4] 70.4] 68.8 EPMOR OBLON lu, . Pac cl acte Se Pe eee re ee as 3.) 23.0} 25.0) 250) 50.0) 63.0) 66.0, 72.0) 70.0 MeOtEVINC.... 22050 '.. ae MOnYOC iy sense nd nae Soo teeeee|| Bema) aeethe al ee an We |e Seton. ase eke Nis S are. i vatdsccew de. 24.3) -24 9| 26.1] 47.7) 599) 64.1] 70.2) 69.2 Fort Niagara.............. AS NEP RGAE I Peed 24.4] 24.8] 26.4) 47.6) 59.9| 65.6) 72.8] 71.8 Niagara Falls ............. £0 RATE See ERR! Sete BA Oa ee Doe] weed Octet gees lem Baldwinsville.............. Onondaga ............ 19.5) 23.1] 24.1! 49.9} 63.4) 67.6) 72.6) 71.1 (DEGREES FAHR.). ® wy H m eee, | abe s -< 2 | EI elite = D Bl 3) ‘oe: -3 n (o) A =) 56.4] 43.4] 39.0] 20.2 54 3) -41.9] 37.2] 18.5 51.4] 47.2) 30.4 529] 48.7) 31.5 51.2] 478! 30.4 52.0] 48.0} 32.0 51.6] 47.1) 31.6 50.4} 46.2) 28.6 52.5| 48.4) 32.8 49.2) 45.4) 28.5 425 |, 45-8) 28,2 48.5] 43.4] 25.3 48.0] 44.0) 260 45.2) 40.6) 23.6 46.6] 41.8] 24.2 48.2} 43.2) 23.2 50.0} 45.4 25.6 49.0} 44.2 26.6 51.8) 44.0 27.6 / New York Weatuer BureAv. AND Precrriration, 1896 — ( Continued.) PRECIPITATION — (INCHES). | Annual mean. 49.0) 43.6) 25.8 -~ ~1 a we ran ’ oo: wo = © ~ aay (—} i: Be) 2 i © i=} | January. He 1D rm oe — Pm Ow our eee rh ood onone moonce oS ' oOo o 8 February. ou — Neon BOoOwowyw Cor wow 1 Om! on Clot & OT : for} e2u—-a& Pe: HH opmoss o emabow ve wom Eo. a) 3 PENT Ow: oO wee ‘ or on ton » boo . March. | April ore ore mo OT wD oOownunm ae oe Mm poo ao- De Do — 0 OO Oo 1 Sd Rema wren * m= bow me wo IDO ' se bo oro 1 oo-) cr ~) ‘ins i Oe -or-o— vee fied MO! bt bon meow oo 00+ peor Ms bp oO _ ao oo ae rat for) oe ee Ce deine d / ODO ee =) rc = ~ _ , bo: bo ws ra Ek. ie 1s om = Or: ' _=—oe Uekenogr.v id Se 2] / Oo | as Pees oi: ~ Ze, H = is) =~ |. |. 3): 8.) Se) Scleeeeas Bejeci lon | | S| 2 lean pes} =] =) =. © Se rc vy a = 5 | 5 4 n Oo | A Qa 4 aS) SRE 2.03] 1.83/-3.50| 2.45] 3.09] 2.15, 5.23] 1.46/34 47 2.16] 2.81; 7.05) 347| 5.01] 3.44) 4.75) 2 59150.64 DGG | eects aes eral. [ok el teeen ase 3.47| 2.21| 4.30) 2.19] 6.79 4.25, 6.17) 1.17/45.00 2.48] 5.37] 4.68] 2.85] 4.48] 2.40) 3.29] 1.71/42.10 2.31/ 6 67) 4.23) 3.22) 449) 173) 3.06) 1.70/42.15 1.94) 4.91) 3.59) 2.92} 437] 1 64) 2.60| 1.46|36.46 2.01] 6.38! 4.45] 246] 304] 1.71] 2.12] 1.70/37 99 2.66] 6.01) 5.79) 164] 5.68] 2.43) 2.62) 0.90/45,35 2.18] 5.00] 4.70) 4.20) .-..] 4.10] 5.10] 2.70) .. 3.10] 4.10] 2.74] 2.35] 3.62] 2.87] 3.21] 1.62|37.38 3.16] 452] 7.29] 3.14] 5.69! 2.35! 4-69| 2.18)51.87 Sec haan es AT a Bel ea rere bl are aL es 2.52| 3.52) 4.88] 397] 5.52] 2.63] 3.13] 1.81/41.98 1.55} 2.49) 3.57| 2.25] 3.31] 1.53] 1.80) 0.73/27.98 1.50] 4.49] 4.26) 448] 5.8%) 3.07) 3.15) 0.91/40.56 3.17| 2.40) 7.60] 4.35] 7.21) 2.96) 224] 1.47/43 95 2.50] 2.71} 3.33) 2.28) 5 70) 2.66) 1.45) 1.67/36.47 3.58] 3.52| 5.40] 246/-7.01) 334] 3.17] 193/46.98 ----| ----| 5.09] 2.30] 5 24] 2.39) 3.54) 1.85) ._.- 289] 4.07] 2.50} 1.96] 5.74) 236] 5.10) 1.63'45.90 3.48} 3.47| 3.98] 4.60] 6.54! 2.211 3.96; 2.72149 89 2.79) 3.32] 3.54] 4.32) 5.18) 2.63) 3 43] 2.10/44 20 2.93) 4.00] 4.28] 3.74] 5.17] 2.39) 3 38] 2.03)44.68 0.80) 4.75} 3.23] 3.17) 4.04] 283) 2.00) 0.35/33.20 w---| ----| 5.76] 3.78] 5.30] 3.17] 4.30] 1.20] 2... 2.85} 1.51|- 6.04] 1.92) 457 1.90| 3.86) 1.86140.26 SS et eae eee | | A ee 2.85) 1.51] 6.04] 1.92] 457| 1.90 5.06] 2.52/49.19 \- 1.69} 2.90) 476] 4.38] 3.83) 2.66 4.31) 1.07/40.51 1.85} 2.80] 5.00] 5.95) 2.85) 1.68) 2.19] 0.87] __.. 1.53} 3.01} 4.53} 2.80) 4.81] 3.65 5.55) 1.29141.38 Meee Sel Gen as ene | aan ee oS] SLOG mene | | 1.96} 3.22] 3.85] 370\ 4.94] 1.33] 2.96) 1.10/34.62 Te26| MANS eS uTL DVOB leer le al estig toe age 241] 1.54] 4.02] 3.70] 5.84] 224] 2.96] 1.61/33 01 2.36} 3.28] 3.71| 3-26] 4.43| 1.72] 4.42) 1.48] 22 1.51] 339] 3.25] 3.89] 546] 1.02| 3.26] -0.80|37.43 1.84) 5.31) 4.56) 3.03] 5.61| 1.08) 2.76) 0.91/34.89 2.78] 2.36) 2.43) 4.06] 4.50) 1.35| 2.31) 1.02/29 74 2.10| 2.57) 3.98] 4.76] 3.64| 0.73) 3.01] 1.06] .... 1.46} 2.76] 3.13) 3.31] 5.10) 1.14) 202| 0.83/31.39 2.36| 2.27] 4.91] 2.71] 4.20] 1.71] 3.13) 1.72/35.24 Peas O9|e ats fi oocc| asso eae ee eee 1.94) 2.90] 3.07} 4.05] 4.73) 1.40} 4.81] 1.36/34.71 2.51) 1.46] 6.35| 3.68] 4.39] 1.90) 3.32) 0.84/37.29 1.90) 1.88] 4.33] 2.60] 3.66] 1.77| 2.89] 1.65] ...._ 2.05| 2.07] 5.04] 3.34] 3.73] 1.19] 2.28] 2.04] .... 1.64) 2.80] 4.75) 2.71| 3.50) 0.58) 4.49] 2.21/36.84 1 44| 3.08) 4.24] 2.44] 3.36/ 0.59) ....1 ....)._.. 2.96) 1,60) 5.27| 072) 4,17) 1.15) 2,00) 1.11/28.41 2.36) 1.79| 3.77] 1.00) 3.71] 1.37] 1.86] 0.56/24,98 Soe. |see0-| sone Q:11\ 3,981 29108 eo:Geletrag mes 2.70! 1.49| 4.34] 3.06] 5.63] 2.67] 3.07! 1.72|39.93 L — <* Sew Vere Se “ae ~ = te Bi ee 334 ErieutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Monruty and AnnuaL TEMPERATURE LocaTION OF STATIONS. TEMPERATURE — STATION. COUNTY. e | ob E Bo Sal saul | : | ee ee) Behe |) ee EH aes | at lie BM fe ek ee 5/e| al] da} ales wa 4 Great Lakes (Continued). Skaneateles ....-..-....-.- Onondaga ............ Sore see Al ee Sa ase 2a v-355|p eee PRO POW a7 cee adiniss Seesmic Orleéans=-—-.--eeeee ae ee\tees si ae os zc BS oars BIO R COI © ope sete ania one =a OSWORO ene e- cee Del eee 5 = * ane 2 ae Lin Ze She necseraneseod OR cele ae eee ee eens “ Ball erecta Ee OB WecOsreoseae + 2a oe Ss eeesnstaee seo 64 21.0} 238.0, 24.0) 47.0] 58.0) 63.0) 69.6) 69.0 AON Geers =.= ves os see OSWG20) <-fas--eseetes 18.4] 21.0) 22.6) 47.4) 59.5) 63.4) 69.9) 694 THIET 564 ae Gye pete teeta aes Ax Ae aeee ee san] pees LLY oto gaSeos SoBe boSBoE AVY VTC rarer tale ieee meeate 24.2] 25.8) 26.2) 50.7) 63.3) 66.1) --..| 70.0 “NSIC ee abe pee ee Sees WOE saqhade scesecs Cees ead geet ate ose |e ee BIO Wea ona inot ss 2c scie TDI. essen a sewer ae 27.0] 28.0) 28.0} 51.0) 63.0, 66.0, 71.0} 69.0 { Ci SECS CRAB OS eSG) NB OR DED EOSCG 42 fake Coot 22.9) 24.9) 25.1) 50 7| 62.7) 660) 71.4) 702 Ioana Se pe ee ee Cayuga eee teeeces 92.8] 24.6] 24.8] 50.4) 62.6] 66.4! 71.7] 70.4 SIDS a 0 Oe oe be Geeaeeeas hb Wino Ain me cSeAte ones Fen Wao Poorellscsea| 2. MSDE SCR OCU ARIeaeioc Schuyler =e sessetee see ae | eer: ee IN erie Mes aricl | Le = 1st) (in We ee pene ce Senecis ce secs eecek 4: 23.2] 24.9) 25.2) 51.3] 63.4) 662) 71.5) 702 MHA CBR coe ie cic acaie. oisajoe Tompkins <= 2-.--2= 22.8) 25.2 25.2) 50.4} 62.4] 65.3) 70.9) 69.9 STS ie ae i al | Soe eae One 20.2| 22.8| 24.8} 48.0 61.0| 64.7] 70.4] 689 * Mean temperatures are derived from tri-daily observations. (2) United States Weather Bureau. +Mean temperatures are de — All means not otherwise indicated are derived from maxi Note — The mean temperature and average total precipitation for the several regions are - ATHER BUREAU. -anp Prerorprration, 1896 — (Concluded). ES (FAHR). ~ PRECIPITATION — (INCHES). y- November. | December. February. | September October. | November | December. | Januar | April. June Tr) pen wails Cie hen ' eocoe, ot Se owo Clim co Dow “100 0 Oe oO: Cie ww Se oO on rko We OT CO 60 aoc Diem ts were Sy or MS) 0S) om) SeAacse NmwrnN So POR OO 1 0. 3. 2. 3. 2. 0. 1 2. 1 ail 4 0 0) 0 0 fee Come POTS mow OOnnn oe wo-] gAoDnmw eHRooo.e. Aonkag Aaonof, moO Ob Orbs = O00 He 0O bO crkR~10 Aanwone NN ee ae hig METI propo or Oo Aw rk ow ae See Pope peyoe G0 do BOD mwy DA acw % 4 47.1 46.7| 44.7] 27.7 46.1 41.9) 25.2 46 1) 1.85) 5. : 5 2.52! 319) 4. 2.98] 4.63] 2. Sf! 1.49/39.13 He How 0|36.17 on ca Bee ote red from maximum and minimum by the Draper thermograph. (1) Voluntary observer. um and minimum by the ordinary self-registering thermometers. rived from the monthly values for the regien. * i T ea 3 “ic ea 336 Eicurn ANNUAL Report oF THE . ; nm Fis . x ae Sraristics oF TEMPERATURE- TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHR.). i . vi , ‘q | EXTREMES OF ANNUAL g S = | MEAN TEMPERATURE. By = 2 —— = u = ° STATION. COUNTY. a hak geil Gate ie a|§| s | EB ajo 2 a fyi! 5 ro x ‘ a 2 P= fal jxe)| Pedi =) 5 mw] & : : aa rest Oates D 3 < @|s| & (S oy hes 2 : a ; ‘=| ob (.) ° =| oS a he Osi aes BBS 1-8 o] Sle Be Sess aaa Setauket ngcoopuaMea| asioeeaoll on ann 46.78} 11| 1886; 1896) 37.88|—9.40} 58.94! 1890) 37.38) 1896 ‘ ; TUCSON, VGUeYie. or || oiccce ce venues COREE alate oa llaaean AQES2| OF Gio siete ell de duce eile sioieerellts Et ‘ PNM oi Na eee o bomen Doe Albany. ..... 35.60) 23) 1874) 1896) 27.88|—7.72] 49.37, 1878) 25.84/ 1891 a Honeymead Brook.| Dutchess..... 40.20} 16) 1881) 1596} 43.95)+3.75| 48.67) 1893] 34.48) 1886 a - Poughkeepsie...... CO eas 35.80) 20] 1830|° 1896} 36.47|--0.67| 49.63) 1881] 28.67] 1849 Me 3 West Point... Orange....... 47.41] 41) 1840} 1896) 45.90/—1.51| 63.56) 18538) 28.37) 1844 4 2 Boyds Corners..... Putnam. sir... 48.44] 26) 1870) 1896) 49.89)4+1.45) 63.51}, 1888] 88.52) 1880 -! Champlain Valley.| ........ ...0.. Dre ede allies cr | SG e00 |B 22 | acu ncmace Rae bee {Plattsb’gh Barr’ks| Clinton.......| 29.72] 35) 1840) 1896) 36.00|+6.22| 43.90) 1850) 18.91] 1887 ; SEM OWTENCEV GU Y|| Yi osi0njs.0\s.scte 03 OBB alanl| csestere See al) cil isotes alec (US ay SllGbcposdl|inonsec Peesc _ Madison Barracks..| Jefferson..... 80.12) 26} 1841] 1896} 33.01)/+2.89) 55.7 1889} 22.26) 1879 '_ - North Hammond ..| St. Lawrence.| 36.94) 11) 1867) 1896) 29.74|—7.20] 46.71| 1867) 27.00) 1874 IPOtSMANT & 5). .0 2 iss 4 xs 31.27) 26] 182 1896} 31.39)/+0.12] 52.39) 1889] 18,54) 1836 ME Greut Lakes... ....| savers vuscvess st ee eee unas SA ed Gupil as 2 Te cease tree | eee , SUITE}, siz socio s.wsele« YPIG) oe crepes oes 88.05] 26} 1871) 1896} 37.29|—0.76] 60.24) 1878) 30.44] 1874 y mochester. 5... Monroe ...... 35.06} 25| 1871) 1896|-36.84}+1.78] 49.89) 1873) 20.30] 1887 . Fort Niagara....... Nia ara. 27.26] 32) 1842) 1896) 24.98)—2.28) 40.82) 1878) 16.71] 1884 a OS WELO! ciclec clonic ss ois Oswego ...... 85.15] 26} 1871] 1896) 38.32)/4+3.17) 55.83) 1878) 23.41] 1887 ‘ IAB T UNO alt preiereielteye |e Mies 8 8 tei oe 86.50) 87| 1860] 1896] 38.57)—2.93] 49.40) 1864] 24.19) 1884 Erie, Pennsylvania.| Erie.......... 41.01) 23) 1874) 1896] 36.81|—4.20] 55.28} 1878) 30.24) 1891 et emer Central Lakes... .+..| os.ecaccsecvees BACAM tects Wart oats Berit ett Wats eerie ener aeeresalin cic Pag » ~ Ithaca............. Tompkins....| 34.41] 18} 1879} 1896} 86.17/+1.76) 46.39) 1890) 19.74) 1879 Aver’ge depart’re| ............... panes ne Sekareleiel| eters sell el eeenns = OG | lecegstertrallleyeteverorel | fexeroreienel veteran J ic t One month interpolated in total] for 1896. ; : 22 ae MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE MEAN TEMPERATURES Kingston (CANAD 1 BNI @ TS FOR THE YEAR 1896. LA AS ZB Zi SS —— ——, ( # “\ Row Hus 1 - ° \ . °K ay Y — \ Cc Nah Gea Te y} “Fru as-Ulthaga | SCALE OF MILES Sena _ ‘Malone Mer ev. Agr 740°. 7 Ss | { Vv } Fe S| - Stillwatd Erbokteid, SRQaAJ os Ela yy HEC wie Ckoperst { e | Ne 7“ / j Sabor To ford ) Po y aptg MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE TOTAL PRECIPITATION : FOR THE YEAR 1896. Ki ff SAS Dt (Cc AN SOI gy) BGs p Py WZ 1 za ———— GTR FR ZIAZY SAFEST ZZ 7 SSSI LY SH NM Ie CL AMK A LAS aes oe CLA Lhe FM TLS a A WAL es th ALLL LEX i OC gh | eee LLL 2 = =s a NS. pe entistee Mm, ‘eect ee. FA GS ES a = SCALE OF MILES MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE RELATIVE CLOUDINESS it iv FOR THE YEAR 1696. i Reha os , Toronto é ({(CANADIA ee LK ~ ——— a $e on C—O OSS SSS cas er nS — yaw) ak “ty K eS errr e e Y pF Jermingss AWN Se —= 1 SS Ntass——_! <> a ee eS LE | a ; -—_—_le—itetacay\ frumans- ss UIT AIS Noy Se SSS eee. Sees © 0 ae SS eS EEE SSS SSS SS SS ee Eee eee SCALE OF MILES 1 a AS ite ————— or A ———————— 5 Sg ————-— = —— 4 _——— 221 OT Se ———— 40 to 45 per cent. DST a SE SE Tel ) no (SY Salat 45to5o0 “ a | ROS. EE SIHOK VETO —\y Pr —_4 —— ee a + 0 to 55 cS ae, 9 a n [ y 5 ——— SS aan Be jo TOY — Zamirton—¢——cseperstywm, “eile + {453 im 55 to 60 Sa oe POSES psib Be, eer me xi WL WA) ) & ) Wt TEMPERATURE- DEGREES , FAH (a) : HH H i ail allie oH is tt B i a AVERAGE. DAILY TEMPERATURE. January | Fepruane oe Mareh [ec April [jc Myioee | (aie es 5; 25 a 14 24 | 4 14 24 |3 13 ia PA ry jaesirer(ns|e= | = ae eset oe Fai MV te 40 er wSelooes en sO ee OY ea CSL , fe eed tal ot Day of Year 30 45. 60 75 30 105 120 135 150 165 20S ee ee ee op) 18 See Se ee ee ee Ld : ES a a Cd Se ee a Se 16 aca fe a | Pes ee De ae eS OS a \ 2) Ge Fa | pee] a Resa Sans ee ed eS © | au EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE REE EE = 2 a a at es ee ee ee ee ba eS a Pa a Sl a ar MT ls 1.0 lo a le ae SS ae ae a ee ee a ee a Se = a ea Sl es 2 ee ee eS ee Se ST Wor! im ba aaes = Se Sake |e ae a (GS a a a as al min mim Sltais (ie a a ee << 06 SS zal el oe a ee Le aS bas rR DIU ae SSS Sas ieee _ 4 aia See [el ee a pe Se) I ae a eS eI ie Ss CE 0.4 | 1 i [vee Ce a 1 A Aa Un Pane SE Tt =x (02 4 rs ee ees et Pa ei [Test | ib | ee I ee WSS i | Bid Be f= 00 bea She ed ce] oe oe re ee) Pe ee ere a Pe " noe | | oie | to ft Sy Haan HT 9S) 0 Nat” 29 AS PRESSURE - INCHES Day of Year 30 4S 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 - 165 ECIPITATION OVER THE STATE 1896. jul E September] October | November | December | Peer aly 27 gt m5 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 c G 1896 (810 FEE. 6 16 [eee (SSSR URE aie ewe ei | [\ Un on ACY i Wy A HA i SS as Va A LZ i i LT a a a OL A a ca asc [cos [a fear sf ff] | Bye ig Re ae I. Description oF STATIONS. Il. SraristicaL TABLE oF STATIONS. III. Sampie Cror Report. fhe . be “ce a PSs Fete 4 a (ae te ite j,i % bar i *“: Ee a a ee Te) ee OLE eee Te Oe a aire ee a ee ee eS ie Ei ay ae ie : $ 3 = | ‘ ie yee 2 Description of Stations. WESTERN PLATEAU — ALLEGANY COUNTY. SratTion, ALFRED — IN CHARGE or Mr. LAURENCE LA FORGE AT ALFRED UNIVERSITY. Established in 1889; latitude, 42 deg. 15 min. north; longitude, 77 deg. 55 min. west; elevation, 1,824 feet. The town of Alfred is situated near the upper limit of a valley which opens, in a northeasterly direction, toward the Alfred sta- tion of the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad, 2 miles distant. The station is located in the town, half-way up the east- ern slope of the valley, on both sides of which the hill rises to the heights of from 100 to 200 feet. Until the latter part of 1895, the observatory was equipped as follows: ; A standard Green barometer was hung in a room (heated in winter) on the first floor of a house on Sayles street. The maxi- mum, minimum, wet and dry thermometers, with a Draper ther- mograph, were located in a louvred shelter of a pattern of the - United States Weather Bureau standard. The shelter is 7 feet - above the ground, and 35 feet from any buildings. The rain-gauge was 28 inches above the ground, and 30 feet from ; buildings. The station has been very recently completely equipped with an anemograph and anemometer, a thermograph and a’ sunshine recorder, also soil thermometers; and systematic observations for the determination of the climate of the locality are being made. WESTERN PLATEAU — CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. Station, HumpHrey — Mr. CHARLES E. WHITNEY, OBSERVER. Equipped (by Signal Service) 1885-1886; latitude, 42 deg. 12 min. north; longitude, 78 deg. $4 min. west; elevation, 1,950 feet, as determined by aneroid readings; no data have been previously obtainable, and consequently the height given in the report of 1889 is very much in error. The station is about 10 miles northeast of the Great Valley sta- __ tion of the New York, Lake Erie and Western railroad. It is near 342 E1gHTtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE _ the summit of a ridge of hills, 350 feet above, and on the north- ~ west side of a stream which flows into the Allegany River at Great Valley station. The hills in this section rise to an average height of 1,900 or 2,000 feet above tide, and are intersected by numer- ous deep valleys. Mr. Whitney’s station is situated between two knolls, toward the east and west respectively, whose summits are from 50 to 80 feet above the station. The dry and wet bulb and the maximum and minimum thermome- ters are placed under the roof of a piazza facing toward the south, in an angle formed by the main portion of the house and a wing on the eastern side. The height of the thermometers above the ground is about 7 feet; above the floor of the piazza, 54 feet, and below its roof, 3 feet. The width of the piazza is 4 feet. The thermometers are hung several inches away from the wall of the building. The rain-gauge is situated about 45 feet north-northwest of the main portion of the house. Two or three dwarf fruit trees are at a distance of 12 or 15 feet, and are the only obstacles to a free cir- culation of air in the vicinity. The top of the gauge is 4 feet ahove the ground. : An anemometer placed at this station is mounted on the south gable of the house, 7 feet above the ridge and about 30 feet above the ground. WESTERN PLATEAU — CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. Sration, ARKwriIGHt — Miss Erra L. Witcox, OBSERVER. Established in August, 1890; special temperature station; latitude, 42 deg. 25 min. north; longitude, 79 deg. 15 min. west; elevation, 1,260. This station is situated about 6 miles east southeast of Dunkirk, on the range of hills which borders the shore of Lake Erie. The writer’s observations of an aneroid barometer give the elevation of this station as approximately 685 feet above the level of Lake Erie. The thermograph is located at the house of Mr. E. I. Wil- cox, which stands on the northern slope of a ridge rising above the New YorK WEATHER BuREAU. 343 general level of the hills to a height of 200 or 300 feet, half a mile in the rear of the station. The ground falls away from Mr. Wil: cox’s house toward the north and west, so that there is an unob- structed view toward Buffalo plains and over Lake Erie. The station is somewhat sheltered from the south winds by the ridge mentioned, but air currents from all other directions have a free circulation about it. The shelter of the Draper thermograph is placed at the eastern end of a northern piazza, at a height of 44 feet above the floor and 7 feet from the ground. The eastern and western ends of the piazza are formed by wings projecting about 7 feet from the body of the house; the thermograph being placed about 1 foot distant from the outer side of the piazza. The rays of the sun are excluded from the shelter and its vicinity at all times, excepting possibly for an hour in the late afternoons of sum- mer. WESTERN PLATEAU — CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. STATION, JAMESTOWN — Mr. N. D. Lewis, OBSERVER. Established in November, 1895; latitude, 42 deg. 06 min. north; longitude, 79 deg. 16 min. west; elevation, 1,321 feet. This station is situated in the city of Jamestown, on the crest of a hill extending in an easterly and westerly direction. The sur- rounding country is hilly, mainly a moraine formation, intersected by short valleys. Maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed on the east- ern side of the house, at a height of 15 feet from the ground, and are protected by a piazza roof. They are exposed to the sun’s - rays only at sunrise in mid-winter. The rain-gauge stands on a level surface, and is 15 to 20 feet from the nearest tree or buildings. Its top is 9 feet above the ground. — SP RAE SE hes an pe On oe ey eee v i a - 344 ErigutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THD WESTERN PLATEAU — CHEMUNG COUNTY. Sration, Ermira — Mussrs. W. 8S. & C. R. Gurity, OBSERVERS. Established November, 1888: latitude, 42 deg. 06 min. north; longitude, 76 deg. 56 min. west; elevation, 863 feet. The city of Elmira is located upon the broad valley bottom of the Chemung river, at its point-of intersection with a deep depres- sion extending northward from Pennsylvania to the valley of Sen- eca lake. Beyond the city limits the hills rise abruptly from the flat lands to the higher levels of the Western Plateau. The meteorological station is located near the center of the city at the business house of Messrs. Gerity, on the southeast corner of Lake and Carrol streets. The thermometer shelter projects from a window on the north-northwest side and second story of the brick building. Its dimensions are approximately 3 feet in width, 2 feet in depth and 3 feet in height, the thermometers being se- cured near its center at a distance of 18 inches from the window, which is always closed. The sides and front of the shelter are closed, the provision for ventilation consisting of an open bottom and air spaces between the top and sides. . The thermometers are 18 feet above the pavement. WESTERN PLATEAU — LIVINGSTON COUNTY. Sration, Avon — Mr. W. G. MarkKHAM, OBSERVER. Established in August, 1895; latitude, 42 deg. 55 min. north; longitude, 77 deg. 47 min. west; elevation, 585 feet. This station is located in open country of the Genesee Valley bottom, 23 miles south of Lake Ontario, and is about 100 rods east of the Genesee river and 25 feet above its highest level. At high water the valley is carried over an area 1} miles in breadth. The surface is gently undulating to the east, while westward, hills rise to a considerable elevation. The valley is broad and open toward the south. Maximum and minimum thermometers are attached to the north end of a building, their height above the ground being 5 feet. They are protected by a hood 6 inches deep, open toward the north, and the rays of the sun are excluded at all hours. New York WEATHER BUREAU. 345 The rain-gauge is mounted upon a post, its top being 4 feet 8 “inches above the ground. The surface near by is quite level, and the gauge is at an ample distance from obstructions to free air circulation. WESTERN PLATEAU — LIVINGSTON COUNTY. Sration, Mount Morris — Mr. J. KNAPPENBERG, OBSERVER. Established June, 1890; latitude, 42 deg. 42 min. north; longitude, 77 deg. 56 min. west; elevation, 525 feet, (approximately). Mt. Morris is situated in the valley bottom, on the borders of Dansville creek. The course of the stream in this vicinity is toward the north, hills of moderate elevation rising on the eastern and western sides. The general surface of the neighbor- ing country slopes rapidly from the high hills, further south, toward the plains of the Great Lake region. The maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed on the north side of Mr. Knappenberg’s barn, and are said to be shel- tered from sunlight at all hours, and also from moisture. The rain-gauge stands freely exposed in the yard. WESTERN PLATEAU — SCHUYLER COUNTY. STATION, WEDGEWoopD — Mr. O. F. Corwin, OBSERVER. Equipped with standard instruments in December, 1889; latitude, 42 deg. 25 min. north; longitude, 76 deg. 56 min. west;.elevation, 1,350 feet. This station is situated on the high hills which rise abruptly from the valley of Seneca lake, and is about three-quarters of a mile west of Wedgewood depot of the Fall Brook Coal Company’s railroad. The ground rises gradually to the west and south of Mr. Corwin’s house, where the instruments are located, but slopes away from it in all other directions. The temperature and rain- fall at this station should fairly represent the climatic features of the highlands near the central lakes. The thermometer shelter is about 30 feet west of the house, and is supported on posts at a height of 4 feet above the sod. Its 346 EicgHutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE dimensions are about 34 by 24 feet at the base and 3 feet in height. | The sides are of board (unpainted), with a door of the width of the shelter on the east side. Ventilation is obtained by spaces about one-eighth of an inch in width between the boards, and by a large number of holes bored in the sides at such an angle that rain is excluded. The top double, with an air space, and has a slight slope. The thermometers are hung near the center of the shelter. _ The rain-gauge is placed on a post 44 feet above the ground, that it may be above snow-drifts. The only obstacles to a free circula- tion of air in-the vicinity of the gauge is a hedge of shrubs 20 feet distant and about 12 feet in height. WESTERN PLATEAU — STEUBEN COUNTY. Sration, SourH CanistrEo — Mr. JAMres E. WILSON, OBSERVER. Equipped November, 1889; Jatitude, 42 deg. 12 min. north; longitude, 77 deg. 34 min. west; elevation, 1,480 feet. This station is situated in the valley of a creek, 5 miles south- southeast of the town of Canisteo. The hills rise abruptly from the valley at distances ranging from 100 to 200 feet on the eastern and western sides of the station. The high ridges of the surround- ing country are separated by deep valleys similar to the one in which the station is located, opening northward toward the Canis- teo river. The highest point in the neighborhood is the“‘Swale,” about 3 miles east of the station. The dry and wet and the maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed under a piazza of Mr. Wilson’s house, 5 feet in width and facing the northeast. The thermometers are secured to 4 window of the house with air space between. Canvas is spread along the front of the piazza to exclude the rays of the morning sun from the instruments and also from the piazza floor. The thermometers are 5 feet above the ground. The rain-gauge is 20 feet distant from the nearest building 10 or 12 feet in height, and about as far from a few small fruit trees. The height of the top of the gauge above the ground is 2 feet. 9 =4". New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 347 WESTERN PLATEAU — WYOMING COUNTY. SratTion, ArcaDE — Mr. J. D. Tat, OBSERVER. Established April, 1890; latitude, 42 deg. 32 min. north; longitude, 78 deg. 26 min. west; _ elevation, 1, 707 feet. This station is located near the eastern side of a ridge of hills which lie west of a valley extending from Arcade to Sandusky. The valley of Arcade is about 2 miles west-northwest of the sta- tion. Toward the north the ground slopes gently from the’ station to the valley bottom, 140 feet below; while toward the west and southwest the ridge rises to a height of 100 to 200 feet above the station. The surrounding country is very hilly, some of the higher summits reaching an elevation of more than 2,000 feet above tide. The dry and wet bulb, maximum and minimum thermometers areexposed out of the north window of an unheated one-story wing of Mr. Tate’s house. The sides of the shelter are the window blinds, which are secured in a position at right angles to the wall of the house by a wide board forming the top of the shelter. The thermometers are 9 feet above the ground, and facing outward, are reached by steps. The front of the shelter is open, while a wide board at the bottom cuts off radiation from the ground. The rain-gauge is about 40 feet northwest of the house. There are no trees or other obstructions to a free air circulation in its vicinity. The top of the gauge is 26 inches above the ground. WESTERN PLATEAU — WYOMING COUNTY. STATION, VARYSBURGH — Mr. H. C. Orr, OBSERVER. Equipped with maximum and minimum thermometers in February, 1893; latitude, 42 deg. 45 min.; longitude, 78 deg. 20 min.; elevation not known. The town of Varysburgh is situated in the Tonawanda val- ley, which extends nearly north and south through western Wyoming county. The station is located within the limits of the village. i 4 - ‘. r ~— SS ey Ae, ° 7 ’ .' . 7 Ny ot « . 348 EiagutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ; 4 The thermometer shelter is built substantially after the specifi- © cations of the United States Weather Bureau, having louvred sides and a sloping shingled roof. It is 24 feet southeast of the nearest building (a barn) and is not affected by any artificial heat. The thermometers are 54 feet above the ground. The rain-gauge stands on level ground, 30 feet south of Mr. Orr’s house and 12 feet south of a small fruit tree. The top of the gauge is 2 feet above the ground. EASTERN PLATEAU — BROOME COUNTY. StTaTION, BINGHAMTON — SUPERINTENDENT OF STATE HOSPITAL; Mr. J. J. EASTMAN, OBSERVER. - Established (by Signal Service) October, 1889; latitude, 42 deg. 07 min, north; longitude, 75 deg. 55 min. west; elevation, 870 feet. The instruments are located on the grounds of the pumping sta- tion of the State hospital water-works, on the northern bank of the Susquehanna river. North of the station the ground rises ab- ruptly to the hospital grounds, over 200 feet above, and beyond the hospital the ground continues to rise to a much greater eleva- tion. The station is at the outskirts of the city of Binghamten, which lies oa the broad plain toward the south and west. The dry bulb and maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed in a louvred shelter, built after the signal service specifi- cations, and is supported at the height of 12 feet from the ground on a skeleton platform. It is 90 feet west of the pumping station, 100 feet north of the river bank, and about 30 feet above mean water level of the river. The rain-gauge is 90 feet west of the water-works, and there are no obstructions nearer than this to interfere with a free air circu- lation. The top of the gauge is 8 feet above the ground. ‘ . ne uh kes New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 349 EASTERN PLATEAU — CHENANGO COUNTY. Sration, Oxrorp — Mr. Joun P. Davis, OBSERVER. Latitude, 42 deg. 26 min. north; longitude, 75 deg. 40 min. west; elevation, 1,000 feet; location changed to Oxford village in 1893. This station is located at Mr. Davis’ residence in the town of Oxford, on the western side of the Chenango river valley; the sur- face being nearly level in the vicinity of the station. The maximum and minimum thermometers are secured 6 feet above the sod, to the north side of a barn. They are protected by louvred wings at the sides, and by a closed board roof. The rain-gauge is situated in the garden, about 25 feet distant from the barn. Its top is 2 feet above the ground. EASTERN PLATEAU — DELAWARE COUNTY. - Sration, SoutH Kortricut — Mr. D. C. SHarprr, OBSERVER. Established (by Signal Service) in 1888; equipped by State Service, February, 1890; latitude, 42 deg. 20 min. north; longitude, 74 deg. 43 min. west; elevation, 1,700 feet. This station is located in a deep valley of the Catskill moun- tains through which the western branch of the Delaware river flows in a southwesterly direction. On the southern side of the val- ley the mountains rise to a height of about 1,000 feet, and to a somewhat less elevation on the northern side. The valley at this : point is about one-half mile wide, the station being located near its center. The maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed in a doorway about 2 feet deep, on the north-northwest side of Mr. e Sharpe’s house. The instruments face toward the northeast, and are never reached by the direct sunlight. The hall into which the door leads - is unheated. The walls of the building are of wood. The ther- - mometers are about 8 feet above the sod. - The rain-guage is 20 feet distant from the south side of the house. The top of the gauge is 2 feet above the ground. 350 E1igutTa ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU — DELAWARE COUNTY. STaTIoNn, BLOOMVILLE — Mr. F.. J. CAMPBELL, OBSERVER. Established in August, 1895; latitude, 42 deg. 20 min. north; longitude, 74 deg. 49 min. west; elevation, 1,550 feet. Bloomville station is situated on the flat lands lying on the western side of the Delaware river; and is one-fourth of a mile from the terminus of the U. and D. railway. It is surrounded by high hills, excepting toward the north and northeast. The maximum and minimum thermometers are placed, at a height of 54 feet above the ground, on the northern side of the house. They are sheltered by a hood 3 feet wide and 4 feet long. Neither the thermometers nor the adjacent walls are subjected to the sun’s rays or to artificial heating. The rain-gauge stands on level ground 50 feet from the nearest building (which is about 20 feet high). The top of the gauge is 4 feet 3 inches above the ground. The winter climate is not considered severe in this vicinity, the ground seldom freezing to a greater depth than 1 foot. EASTERN PLATEAU — MADISON COUNTY. Sration, BROOKFIELD — Mr. D. B. STILLMAN, OBSERVER. Established December, 1889; latitude, 42 deg. 48 min. north; longitude, 75 deg. 20 min. west; elevation, 1,350 feet. The town of Brookfield is situated in the deep valley of Beaver creek, a small stream flowing southward into the Unadilla river. The hills rise abruptly on the eastern and western sides of the town to heights ranging from 200 to 800 feet. The meteorological station is located at Mr. Stillman’s house which stands a few hundred feet east of the creek, the ground in its vicinity rising gradually toward the eastern hills. The dry and wet bulb, and the maximum and minimum ther- mometers are supported by a horizontal board facing the north window of an unheated hallway in the second floor of the building. t heds i. New YorkK WEATHER BUREAU. . 351 The roof of the house projects over the thermometers, affording a 2 _ partial shelter from rain. The walls of the building, with the 3 high eastern hills, shade the instruments until late im the after- 2 - noons of summer, when they are exposed to the rays of the sun — foraboutan hour. The thermometers are about 12 feet above the : ground and 1 foot distant from the window. 4 The rain-gauge is located about 40 feet from the western side of ; the house, its top being 2 feet above the ground. 3 F. E? Tae EASTERN PLATEAU — MADISON COUNTY. SraTion, HAMILTON, aT CoLGATE ACADEMY — Pror. W. F. Lane- WORTHY, OBSERVER. ee Pe een Re ee On Established June, 1894; latitude, 42 deg. 49 min. north; longitude, 75 deg. 35 min. west; g ‘ elevation, 1,000 feet. 1 Colgate academy is situated at the outskirts of the village of Fe Hamilton and has practically the free exposure of the open country. The station is located on the broad valley-bottom; hills 2 of a moderate elevation beginning at a considerable distance from a the academy. % Dry and wet, maximum and minimum thermometers are placed 3 in a louvred shelter of standard dimensions and construction, a which is supported at a height of 2 feet above a board platform, = and 12 feet above the ground. It is about 100 feet distant from Ef the academy in an open field, and there are no obstacles to a free air circulation. A rain-gauge is secured to a corner post rising above the plat- form and is about 13 feet above the ground. 352 EricutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EASTERN PLATEAU — ORANGE COUNTY. STation, MIDDLETOWN — IN CHARGE oF SELDEN H. Tatcort, M. D., Dr. ALLEN AND Mr. EWER, OBSERVERS. AT THE STATE Hos- PITAL. ; Established January, 1890; latitude, 41 deg. 25 min. north; longitude, 74 deg. 25 min. west; elevation, 700 feet. The State hospital is located about 1 mile southwest of Middle- town, and is about 50 feet above the city. The ground slopes rapidly away from the station toward the north and east, but southward the country is nearly level with the station, or rises slightly above it. The dry and wet, maximum and minimum thermometers are ex- posed on the northern side of a wing of the hospital, one and one- half stories in height. The instruments are secured to frame- work facing the window, 2 feet distant from it, and 10 feet above the ground. The thermometers are about 4 feet below the roof, which, extending 4 feet beyond the wall, is utilized as a shelter. The rays of the-sun are entirely excluded from the in- struments and the sod beneath, in the morning by the high wall of the main building, which extends for 170 feet or more toward the north, and in the afternoon by a northern extension of the wing. The window is only opened for the purpose of moistening the wet-bulb thermometer. The room within is unheated but the corridor in the basement beneath is warmed by steam during the winter. The thermometers are about 40 feet distant from the main building. The rain-gauge is exposed on a lawn east of the main building and about 100 feet from it. There are no obstructions to a free air circulation in the vicinity of the gauge, other than a few orna- mental shrubs 30 or 40 feet distant. eS ak. © ‘ See Pe en ee ee d . + . indians willie adit ¢ New York Wratuer Bureau. 353 EASTERN PLATEAU — ORANGE COUNTY. SraTIon, Port JERvis — Prorussor Joun M. Doupu, OBSERVER. Established November, 1889; special temperature station; equipped with a thermo- graph in December, 1890; latitude, 41 deg. 21 min. north; longitude, 74 deg. 40 min. west; elevation, 470 feet. i = Port Jervis is situated between the Delaware and Neversink rivers, at a short distance north of their point of junction. The valley of the Delaware makes an abrupt turn at this point, from the southeast to the southwest, the Neversink river entering from the northeast at the bend. The surface rises gradually toward the north in the vicinity of the station, which is about 50 feet _ above the river surface. But beyond the city limits high hills close in abruptly about the valley. The thermometers and thermograph are exposed in a louvred shelter built substantially after the pattern employed by the United States Weather Bureau. The shelter is about 20 feet from the northeastern side of the house, and 3 feet above the ground. The rain-gauge is placed upon a post at a height of 4 feet 8 inches above the ground, between two low buildings whose roofs rise above the gauge to a height about equal to their distance from it. EASTERN PLATEAU — OTSEGO COUNTY. STATION, CooPERSTOWN — Mr. G. Pomeroy KEESE, OBSERVER. Established 1854; latitude, 42 deg. 41 min. north; longitude, 74 deg. 57 min. west; eleva- - tion, 1,300 feet. Cooperstown is situated in the valley at the southern end or foot of Otsego lake, hills rising abruptly on the eastern and western sides of-the town. The stream flowing south from the lake through a narrow valley, forms one of the principal sources of the _ Susquehanna river. The meteorological station is 200 feet south- west from the shore of the lake, and is sufficiently isolated from the buildings of the town to admit of a very free air circulation. _ The hills on the eastern and western sides of the valley are re- ig spectively one-half and three-fourths of a mile from the station. 23 z i te See OT SE Bee One Pe ET Ga ae Oa Sate tee Ss bot EiegHTaH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE The dry, wet, maximum and minimum thermometers are se- cured to the side posts of a northern piazza of Mr. Keese’s resi- dence; their distance from the ground being about 9 feet, and from the piazza roof, 5 feet. The sun reaches the piazza only near the hours of rising and setting, and at these times one-half of the piazza is always in the shade of a projecting doorway; hence by moving the thermometers from one side of the piazza to the other, they are kept shaded for several hours _ pre- ceding the time of observation. The walls of the house are of brick, from which the instruments are separated by at least sev- eral inches of air space. The rain-gauge is 60 feet south of the house, and has no obstacle to a free air circulation in its vicinity. The top of the gauge is 4 feet above the ground. Mr. Keese’s record of temperature was kept during 36 years from readings of a Green standard thermometer, with which the instrument furnished by this service early in 1890 was found to agree closely. The rain-gauge in use for 36-years was the Pike “conical” form, which, as compared with the gauge of the New York Bureau, is found to give a slightly deficient registration. The exposure of the instruments has been substantially the same during the entire period of the record. EASTERN PLATEAU — OTSEGO COUNTY. Station, New Lisson — Mr. G. A. YATES, OBSERVER. Established November, 1892; latitude, 42 deg. 35 min. north; longitude, 75 deg. 13 min. _ west; elevation, 1,234 feet. This station is situated in the open country on the rolling lands of the Butternut Creek valley, which is here about three-fourths of a mile wide, the adjacent hills being of moderate elevation. Maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed in a louvred shelter of United States standard form and dimensions; their height _ from the sod being 6 feet. The shelter is 30 feet northeast of Mr. Yates’ house, and is near, but not directly under, a fruit tree. The rain-gauge is supported by a fence post at a height of 6 feet from the ground. A barn 40 feet away is the nearest building. ep a ae. New York Wraruer Bureau. 355 EASTERN PLATEAU — OTSEGO COUNTY. : StTaTion, ONEONTA — Messrs. Forp AND Forp, OBSERVERS. 4 Established August, 1894; latitude, 42 deg. 27 min. north; longitude, 75 deg. 6 min. west; elevation, 1,000 feet. The town of Oneonta is situated in a valley of the eastern high- jands, at the junction of the Susquehanna, Charlotte and Schenevus rivers. The maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed in front of the drug store of Messrs. Ford, on the north side of Main street. The instruments are 6 feet above the sidewalk. Direct sunlight is excluded by an awning; but the pavement is liable to become heated in the early morning and the late afternoon. The rain-gauge is mounted at the center of the flat tin roof of the business block, at a height of about"40 feet from the ground; the bottom of the gauge resting upon the roof. EASTERN PLATEAU — SCHUYLER COUNTY. STATION, Perry Ciry — Mr. W. H. JEFFERS, OBSERVER. SO ee NN ees eee ee See REO TS ee STR Fe 6 Bae, . yd oa { i \ Equipped with standard instruments in December, 1889; latitude, 42 deg. 03 min. north; longitude, 76 deg. 44 min. west; elevation, 1,038 feet. This station is located about 4 miles west-southwest of Trumans- burgh, on the hills west of Cayuga lake, from whose shore it is about 6 miles distant. Mr. Jeffers’ house is situated on the west bank of a brook which, after flowing southward 50 rods, meets a ~ larger stream emptying into Cayuga lake; the ground rising grad- ually from the valley of the creek toward the northwest and south. Ata distance of 8 miles to the south is the range of Newfield hills, whose summit reaches an altitude of 2,100 feet; and a similar high tract of land lies to the west of the station near Seneca lake. The valley in which the station is situated, with others opening out of it, form an irregular depression extending through this western range of hills. 256 Eriguta ANNUAL REPORT OF THE The maximum, mininum, wet and dry bulb thermometers are exposed in a shelter built on the north side of a low wing of Mr. Jeffers’ house. The bottom of the shelter, which is about 44 feet above the ground, is constructed of slat work, which cuts off radia- - tion from the sod. The sides are louvred in the manner adopted | by the Signal Service, and a slanting roof and a door opening toward the north are provided. The rain-gauge is about 80 feet east of the house and about 30 feet south of acorn house. The gauge is 2 feet 9 inches above the ground. ! EASTERN PLATEAU — TIOGA COUNTY. STaTIoN, WAVERLY — Mr. T. P. Yates, OBSERVER. Established by Signal Service in August, 1887; latitude, 42 deg. 01 min. north; ‘longitude, 76 deg. 34 min. west; elevation, 824 feet. This station is near the northeastern limits of the village of Waverly, and its surroundings are more like an open country than might be expected from its proximity to the village. The station is about two-thirds of the distance between the gradual slope from the Susquehanna river and the hills a mile away, which form the * northern boundary of the valley. The elevation of the hills in this vicinity, on either the north or south side of the 2 alley prob- ably does not exceed 300 to 500 feet. The dry and wet bulb and the maximum and minimum ther- mometers are exposed in a shelter 40 feet east of Mr. Yates’ house. The shelter consists of a double unpainted box open at the bottom having an air space 1 inch in width between the sides, and with slat work at the top opening to the ventilators in the ridged roof. Some additional ventilation is also obtained through a few spaces from one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch in width between the boards at the sides of the shelter. The dimensions of the shelter (outside) are 2 by 3 feet at the base and 24 feet in height, exclusive of the roof. The thermometer supports are secured to a board near the back or south side of the inner box, and the door of the shelter opens toward the north. The height of the thermometers above the sod is 44 feet. cee ye So ae ere "i + \ to-d Sele a fe @ eet Bee ee, ‘ e re “A Ae Ph oan & aM \ eo >a 4 - we ¥ (i ee ‘ ¥ The rain-gauge is 6 feet north of the shelter, 45 feet from the house (which has two stories and an attic), and about 35 feet from the branches of a large fruit tree. The top of the gauge is 6 feet above the ground. EASTERN PLATEAU — ULSTER COUNTY. ' Sration, Mononk Lake, at THE MountTAaIn Hous—E — Mr. A. K. SMILEY, OBSERVER. Established in November, 1895; latitude, 41 deg. 47 min. north; longitude, 74 deg. 09 min. west; elevation, 1,235 feet. This station is situated about 12 miles west of the Hudson river upon a mountain ridge separating the Shawangunk and Wallkill valleys. Immediately east of the station the ground falls away precipitously for several hundred feet to the valley lands, and _ thence, more gradually, to the Wallkill river, between which and — the Hudson the surface is comparatively flat. There is also a sharp descent from the Mountain House to the valley on the northwestern side. The summit of the range is a ridge of rocks rising a hundred feet or more from the eastern border of Mohonk lake; the Moun- tain House being situated in the northwestern side, and com- manding an unobstructed view over the valley in that direction. The dry, wet-bulb, maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed on the southeastern piazza of a small building belonging to the hotel, and fronting toward the lake. The instruments are secured to the side of the house, and are protected by the piazza roof, which is about 17 feet wide.’ They are exposed to the rays of the sun between the hours 8 and 9 a.m. Their height above the ground is 10 feet, and above the water surface 18 feet. The rain-gauge stands on a floating boat wharf at a distance of 150 feet from the nearest building or woods. The top of the gauge is 3 feet above the lake. New York WeEAtrHER BuREAU. 357 : SS Zi wt bi “ 1}, = we # # fe pik ANT ea ga ae 3538 E1igutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NORTHERN PLATEAU — FRANKLIN COUNTY. SraTion, SaRANAC LAKE — EpwIin R. Batpwin, M. D., OBSERVER. Established November, 1893; latitude, 44 deg. 19 min. north; longitude, 74 deg. 08 min. west; elevation about 1,500 feet. This station is situated in the village of Saranac Lake, one- eighth mile from the Saranac river, and 75 or 100 feet above its surface; the ground about the station being very nearly level. A hill rises about 100 feet above the station toward the north- east, and at a considerable distance north and northeastward is a range of the Adirondack mountains. Maximum, minimum, dry and wet-bulb thermometers are placed in a shelter having louvred sides, its dimensions being 26 inches in length, 18 inches deep and 28 inches high. The shel- ter has a peaked shingled roof, and is painted white. It is located in the rear of Mr. Baldwin’s house, over turf, and is 50 feet from the nearest building. The thermometers are 44 feet from the ground. The rain-gauge stands near the shelter, and is 2 feet above the ground. NORTHERN PLATEAU — FULTON COUNTY. STATION, GLOVERSVILLE — Mr. L. W. CHAMBERLAIN, OBSERVER. Established (by Mr. Chamberlain) December, 1883; latitude, 43 deg. 5 min. north; longi- tude, 74 deg. 30 min. west; elevation, 850 feet. The city of Gloversville is situated on the southern slope of the Adirondack Plateau, near the upper limits of a valley tributary to the Mohawk; the city being about 600 feet above the Mohawk Ae a ene se Nene ee abet: river. The station stands on the city hospital grounds, which: slope sharply upward at the eastern border of the city. The instrument shelter stands on the slope west of and below the hospital building, 38 feet distant; and there are no objects nearer than this to obstruct the air circulation. The shelter, con- taining a full set of thermometers, is constructed after the specifi- cations of the Weather Bureau, and stands 5 feet above the sod. The rain-gauge is located on the same slope 20 feet north of the shelter, and at about the same level. Mr. Chamberlain has made careful and systematic observations upon the weather for the past 15 years. New YorkK WHATHER Bose 359 NORTHERN PLATEAU — LEWIS COUNTY. SratTion, NuMBER Four — Mr. Cuarues FENTON, OBSERVER. Established by the National Service in December, 1888; equipment completed by the State in December, 1889; latitude, 43 deg. 50 min. north; longitude, 75 deg. 12 min. west; elevation, 1,571 feet. The station, Fenton’s Number Four, is 18 miles east of Lowville, near the western limits of the Adirondack wilderness. The sta- tion stands on a plateau which commands a view of Beaver lake, about one-half mile distant, and also a considerable range of the surrounding cotntry in all directions. Since the hills in this sec- tion are much lower than the peaks of the eastern Adirondacks, the air circulation about the station is nearly unobstructed. eae RN Bk Pa att he onic ak Eo a ag , , : 7 : 4 a y ? pT: ca 1 Psa Ny ta 5 } in pe Ny ty ae Aa - ). The dry, wet bulb and maximum and minimum thermometers - are exposed near the northwest corner of Mr. Fenton’s main build- ing in a single-louvred shelter of the Signal Service pattern. The ‘ shelter is about 11 feet above the ground, and is reached by a nar- now platform extending out about 10 feet from the piazza of the house. It is exposed to the rays of the sun until about 9 in the morning; but during the remainder of the day the shelter is shaded by the main building. ck a ial rk A Ti The rain-gauge is situated on open ground, free from obstacles to a favorable exposure. The height of the funnel is about 3 feet from the ground. The barometer (by Schneider Bros.) is hung near the window of an unheated room on the first floor of the building. NORTHERN PLATEAU — LEWIS COUNTY. STATION, Turin — Mr; R. T. CHurcH, OBSERVER. Established by the State Service in October, 1890; latitude, 48 deg. 38 min. north; longi- tude, 75 deg. 25 min. west; elevation, 1,240 feet. This station is located on the same terrace of “ Tug Hill” range already described with reference to Constableville; but the pla- teau is not so wide as at the latter place, and the hills rise much more abruptly westward from Turin toward Gomer Hill (the high- est point of the range) whose summit is 2,100 feet above tide. A consideration of the very heavy rains or cloud bursts which have | 360 EigutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE occurred during past years in this section, as well as its ex- ceedingly severe winter climate and deep snows, indicate the ex- istences of peculiar meterological conditions well worthy of fur- ther investigations. This station is situated about one-fourth of a mile west of the village of Turin, and is but a few hundred feet from the base of the steep hills of the range. The dry and wet bulb thermometers, and the maximum and minimum, are exposed out of a north window on.the first floor of Mr. Church’s house. The afternoon sun is excluded by wings from the eastern and western sides of the window; and over these a Slanting board cover is placed, forming a shelter from rain and snow. The windows are always closed and the rooms are un- heated. The sod immediately beneath the instruments is pro- tected at all hours by the house and a fir tree at its northwestern corner. The dwelling is a frame house. The rain-gauge is located in an open field 100 feet distant from the house. The height of the mouth of the gauge is 5 feet above ground, COAST REGION — SUFFOLK COUNTY. STatTion, BRENTWooD — Mr. W. H. Ross, M. D., OBspRvER. Established February, 1891; latitude, 40 deg. 45 min. north; longitude, 73 pee 14 min. west; elevation, 75 feet, This station is situated 1 mile northeast of Setauket post-office, at a distance of one-fourth mile from the Hotel Austral. The maximum and minimum, dry and wet bulb thermometers are exposed on the north side of Dr. Ross’ residence, about 6 feet above the floor of a veranda, whose roof acts as a shield from the sun and weather. Their height above the ground is 7 feet. The rain-gauge has a favorable exposure upon an open plat of ground. New York Wratuer BUREAU. 361 COAST REGION — SUFFOLK COUNTY. STaTIoN, SETAUKET — Mr. Seuau B. Strona, OBSERVER. Equipped with State instruments in January, 1890; latitude, 40 deg. 57 min. north; longitude, 73 deg. 05 min. west; elevation, 40 feet. This station is situated 1 mile northeast of Setauket post-office upon a neck of land projecting into estuaries of Long Island sound. ‘The Oldfield light, a prominent point of the northern coast of Long Island, is about 1 mile distant toward the northwest. Mr. Strong’s house stands on ground 40 feet above sea-level, with an open exposure on all sides excepting the northeast, where a cedar grove stands on a slight elevation. The instrument shelter, containing a full equipment of ther- mometers, is fastened to a window casing on the north side of the . house. Itislouvred on three sides, with slat work at the bottom; . the side facing the window being open. The dimensions of shelter are: Width, 20 inches; height, 24 inches; depth, 10 inches. Its height above ground is 6 feet, and the HSU from the window 4 - inches. The roof of an open piazza preyents the rays of the afternoon sun from reaching the shelter, while a grove toward the east has _asimilar effect in the morning. The rain-gauge stands upon nearly level ground, and is well removed from obstructions to a free air circulation. Its height above ground is 12 inches. - Observations upon temperature and rainfall have been made continuously at this station since 1885, Signal Service instruments being used until 1890. COAST REGION — WESTCHESTER COUNTY. SraTion, Beprorp — Mr. Witiiam A. Hype, OBSHRVER. Established in March, 1894; latitude, 41 deg. 11 min. north; longitude, 78 deg. 39 min. ' west; elevation, about 290 feet. Mr. Hyde’s residence is situated in the hamlet of Bedford Centre, having practically the exposure of the open country, which is a rolling plateau in this vicinity. me eich, NS Nain ® ae Pa hana ie y > no A ae Nee i othe eS ne fas 4 ares ST ide 362 ErgutTa ANNUAL REPORT OF THE The maximum and minimum thermometers are located under the roof of a porch, on the south side of the house. They are se- cured to a post, at an elevation of 6 feet above the ground, and 5 feet above the piazza floor. Rays of the sun are excluded from the instrument by maple shade trees and by a screen over the ther- mometers. ; 1 : 7 4 : 4 : The rain-gauge is mounted about 4 feet above the ground, on the fence of an open lot. The exposure is very satisfactory. HUDSON VALLEY — COLUMBIA COUNTY. Station, LEBANON Sprincs— Mr. ArrHur K. HArrIson, ‘ OB- SERVER. Established in March, 1892; latitude, 42 deg. 29 min, north; longitude, 73 deg. 20 min. west; elevation, 930 feet. “ 4 Te Oy ee Ee Tey ey Oe ee This station is located on the eastern side of a narrow valley which runs nearly north and south through the high hills of eastern Columbia county. The maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed on the northern side of a building under a “ hood; ” their distance from the walls of the building being 5 or 6 inches, and from the ground 5 feet. The rain-gauge is exposed in a slightly sloping, open meadow. - Its height above ground is 1 foot 4 inches. HUDSON VALLEY — DUTCHESS COUNTY. SratTion, WAPPINGHR’S Farts — Mr. H. C. TOWNSEND, OBSERVER. Equipped with rain-gauge May, 1590, with maximum and minimum thermometers in February, 1893; latitude, 41 deg. 35 min. north; longitude, 73 deg. 56 min. west. This station is located at the eastern edge of the town of Wap- pinger’s Falls, in the valley of Wappinger’s creek. The surround- ing country is broken, one of the higher hills rising about 300 feet west of the station. The station stands on a point of land extend- ing into Wappinger’s lake, a body of water 1 mile long and about half a mile wide. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 363 The maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed on the northwestern side of a small wing of Mr. Townsend’s house, and in a shallow angle formed by the wing and the main portion of the house. They are protected by a shelter 3 feet high, 3 feet wide and 1 foot deep; its top and back being of solid wood, and the front and sides of lattice work. During the summer the sun reaches the shelter for about an hour in the morning and afternoon, but at other seasons it is entirely shaded. The thermometers are 5 feet 2 inches above the ground and 8 inches from the wing wall. The room within is not heated. The rain-gauge is 50 feet from the house, and at ample distance 7 from trees and buildings. Its top is 7 feet 4 inches above the ground. HUDSON VALLEY — DUTCHESS COUNTY. STATION, HONEYMEAD Brook — Dr. James Hyatt, OBSERVER. Equipped April, 1890; latitude, 41 deg. 51 min. north; longitude, 73 deg. 42 min. west; elevation, 450 feet. This station is situated about 1 mile southeast of the village of Stanfordville and is about 4 rods distant from the track of the N. D. and C. R. R. The valley through which this road passes opens toward the south-southwest into the Hudson valley; hence it is thought that the meteorological conditions of the station are similar to those of the Hudson valley north of the Highlands. The general surface rises for several miles east and southeast from the station to the high hills west of the Harlem valley, while in its immediate vicinity the ground is broken by numerous irregu- lar hills having a comparatively small elevation. . The dry and wet bulb, and the maximum and minimum ther- mometers are placed at the angle formed by the northeast side of the main portion of Mr. Hyatt’s house and the northwest side of a wing projecting about 4 feet from the main building, the instru- ments thus fronting toward the north. The thermometers, ex- cepting the maximum, are sheltered by board sides and bottom, and a sloping roof, the front being wholly open to the northwest, 364 EricgutTaH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE and the back half open. The maximum thermometer is placed near by, outside the shelter. The wings of the house exclude the sun at all hours. The rain-gauge, which was constructed by Mr. Hyatt, is 70 feet southeast of the house. Its top is 44 feet above the ground. Its readings agree well with the gauge of the State service. HUDSON VALLEY — DUTCHESS COUNTY. STATION, POUGHKEEPSIE, VASSAR COLLEGE OBSERVATORY. Latitude, 41 deg. 4i min, north; longitude, 73 deg. 53 min. west; elevation, 180 feet. This station is located on a plateau 180 feet above the Hudson river and about 2 miles from its eastern bank. The country is rolling and quite flat in the immediate vicinity, giving an open exposure. The thermometers are placed in a louvred shelter of standard pattern, about 50 feet from the college observatory, and not far from a clump of evergreen trees. The shelter is exposed to sun- light excepting in the early morning and late afternoon. The thermometers are 5 feet above the sod. The rain-gauge is a copper bucket, 10 inches in diameter, made by Badger & Sons, furnished by the New England Weather Ser- vice. It is about 40 feet distant from the observatory. HUDSON VALLEY — PUTNAM COUNTY. SravTion, CAarMEL — Mr. THomas MANNING, OBSERVER. Date of establishment not known; latitude, 41 deg. 25 min. north; longitude, 78 deg. 40 min. west; elevation, 500 feet, This station is about 1,000 feet east of the village of Carmel, near the foot of a gradual descent from the village. The surrounding country is much broken by abrupt, irregular hills, probably not exceeding 300 or 400 feet in height above the general surface. Naw YorkK WEATHER BUREAU: 365 ‘The station is equipped with a maximum and minimum ther- Pe ovictor owned by Mr. Manning, and a rain-gauge of the pattern used in the Croton aqueduct system. The thermometers are ex- ___ posed on the northern piazza of Mr. Manning’s house, at the height - of 5 feet above the floor, and at about the same distance below the g roof. Theinstruments are about 15 feet from the western or near- Bats est end of the piazza, the roof of which (8 feet in width), with the ill westward, probably shields the thermometer from the direct rays of the sun at all hours. ‘The rain-gauge is on level ground, about 100 feet south of the house, and has an unobstructed air circulation about it. The fun- __ nelof the gauge is about 12 iiches in diameter, and its height above = the ground is 12 inches. oa ae a . HUDSON VALLEY — SARATOGA COUNTY. ration, STILLWATER — Rev. R. G. THompson, OBSERVER. 3 ee, Established May, 1893; latitude, 42 deg. 57 min. north; longitude, 73 deg. 45 min. west. _ This station is located in the town of Stillwater, in the Hudson river valley, which at this point is about 1 mile in width, high the station. The maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed on a ~ northern piazza, on the northeastern side of the house in summer, . e and on the northwestern side in winter. They are 5 feet from the prick wall of a room heated throughout the year; being mounted on a backing of inch board, with screens of the same material at the top and sides. In winter the sun strikes the back an d end of the shelter for a short time in the afternoon, but in its summer position the shelter is shielded at all hours by the house and by ground. ‘The rain-gauge is placed on level ground 25 feet from buildings, and 10 feet from a small fruit tree. The top of the gauge is about 14 inches above the ground. eu NS 2 hills rising on each side. The river is about 40 rods distant from. MS ape — PARE GEO SC RVO ED TL | a ea cP ae ee tae eee - apt ae oe 366 ErigHTtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MOHAWK VALLEY — ONEIDA COUNTY. | Sration, Romp — H. C. Surron, M. D., OBSERVER. Date of establishment not known; equipped by the State Service in October, 1890; lati- tude, 43 deg. 11 min. north; longitude, 75 deg. 28 min. west; elevation, 445 feet. Rome is situated at the western extremity of the Mohawk valley near the summit of the water shed separating the Hudson river system from that of the great lakes. The valley at this point is broad and flat, opening westward toward Oneida lake and the great lakeregion. The exposure of instruments has been changed several times during the two years past; but at present the maxi- mum and minimum and dry and wet bulb thermometers are se- cured to the northern post of an open summer house, whose roof affords a protection from rains, and, with buildings towards the east and west, excludes the sun at all hours. The rain-gauge is located south of the summer house at an ample distance from buildings. Its top is 12 inches from the ground. CHAMPLAIN VALLEY — SARATOGA COUNTY. Station, Saratoga — Mr. W. H. Hatt, M. D., OBsmRvmER. Established October, 1890; special temperature station; latitude, 43 deg. 05 min. north; longitude, 73 deg. 48 min. west; elevation, 270 feet. The general surface in the vicinity of Saratoga is a plain, bor- dered on the west by the Palmerstown range of hills, and on the east ridges of lesser height separate the plain from the Hudson river. The station is, no doubt, subject to the conditions of both the Champlain and Hudson valleys; but the character of the topography of Saratoga county indicates that the prevailing air currents are from the north rather than the south. There are no records of previous systematic meteorological observations for Saratoga covering a period longer than one year. The thermograph was removed in May, 1892, from the location described in the report of 1890, and is now exposed out of the north window of the tower of the High School building, at a height of 50 feet from the ground. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 3867 x. - CHAMPLAIN VALLEY — WARREN COUNTY. STATION, GLENS FALLS — Pror. C. L. WILLIAMS, OBSERVER. - 5 Established October, 1891; latitude, 48 deg. 19 min. north; longitude, 73 deg. 40 min. west; elevation, 340 feet (approximately). Glens Falls village is at the southern border of Warren county, onthe bank of the Hudson river, which at this point flows eastward § through a broad valley. The country is nearly flat toward the 4 south, and also northward as far as the French mountain range on _ the eastern shore of Lake George. s The station is located at the Glens Falls academy, No. 60 War- ren street. The shelter is secured to the northern side of a wood building, 10 by 10 feet, which is built against the brick school building. The shelter is 30 inches high by 18 inches deep by 24 inches wide. Its sides are of wood, free air circulation being ob- tained by slits at all the edges, and through the wire screen in front. The height of the thermometers (dry, wet, maximum and minimum) is 4 feet from the ground. The rain-gauge is placed 2 feet above an open plat of ground and 60 feet from any buildings. ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY — FRANKLIN COUNTY. SratTion, Martone — Mr. A. B. JOHNSON, OBSERVER. Established in the town in November of 1889, and discontinued in the summer of 1890; the present station was established in November, 1890; latitude, 44 deg. 57 min. north; longitude, 74 deg. 19 min. west; elevation, 810 feet. The town of Malone is at the base of the lower foot hills of the Adirondacks, from which the ground slopes gradually and uni- formly to the St. Lawrence river, 18 miles distant. The station is located on the summit of a rise of ground 14 miles south-south- west of the town, and.about 200 feet above the tracks of the Ver- _ mont Central railroad. The station commands a very extensive 4 + view of the St. Lawrence valley toward the north and west, and of the Adirondack mountains to the southward. The dry, wet, maximum and minimum thermometers are ex- posed about 15 feet from the northern side of Mr. Johnson’s resi- dence, in a shelter built after the specifications of the United States standard. The rain-gauge stands in an open space 90 feet distant from the nearest buildings and 3 feet above the ground. 368 Eriegura ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY — JEFFERSON COUNTY. ae Sration, WaTERTOWN — Mr. F. M. Porter, OBSERVER. Established October, 1890; transferred to Mr. Porter in July, 1894; latitude, 43 deg. 57 min. north; longitude, 75 deg. 54 min. west; elevation, 580 feet (approximately). This station is located at Mr. Porter’s residence, 154 State street, about 14 miles southeast of the business center of Watertown, its exposure being practically that of the open country. The station stands near the summit of a ridge, being about 100 feet higher than the former station in the city. The thermometers hang in a shelter 2 feet 8 inches long, 12 inches deep and 3 feet high, with louvred windows and a glazed doorinfront. The roof is sloping; the bottom and back are closed, the door opening toward the northeast. The shelter is situated midway between a low wing of the house and the barn, 30 feet distant from each. It is secured to a post at a height of 5 feet above the sod. A barometer located in a room on the first floor of the house was found to be out of adjustment and was returned to the central office for correction. The rain-gauge is fastened at the back of the shelter, its top being well above the roof and 7 feet from the ground. ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY — ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. Station, Norra Hammonp — Mr. C. A. Wooster, OBSERVER. a Established (by the National Service with a standard thermometer) in November, 1888; and completely equipped by the State Service in December, 1889; latitude, 44 deg. 30 min. north; longitude, 75 deg. 40 min. west; elevation, about 340 feet. P The station is situated in the open country 6 miles north of the Hammond depot of the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg rail- road, and about 1 mile from the St. Lawrence river. Northwest- ward from the station the surface of the country is nearly flat, with a gradual slope toward the river; whilst toward the east, and 300 feet from the station, the general surface rises some 30 or 40 feet. There are no high hills in the vicinity of the station. Wee Ried Shes gon te - ie. y wae.’ ee ee New York WrEArTuER BUREAU. 363 The dry, wet and maximum and minimum thermometers are ex- posed on the northwestern side of a wing of the observer’s house, and under the roof of a piazza 5 feet wide. The instruments are secured to the wood work of the wing 6 feet above the floor and 9 feet above the ground. The room within is heated throughout the year; but as a check, a standard thermometer located in a shaded position away from the veranda is read at each observation and thus far the results have agreed very closely. The sun’s heat is excluded from the piazza until late in the afternoon, when the floor and the walls are liable to radiate their heat to the instru- ments. Efforts have been made to remedy this defect. The rain-gauge is located about 35 feet west of the wing of the house (14 stories in height), and a distance from a low outbuilding equal to the height of the latter. The top of the gauge is about 5 feet above the ground. ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY — ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. SraTion, Porspam — Mr. G. W. F. Smiru, OBSERVER. Established December, 1889; latitude, 44 deg. 40 min. north; longitude, 75 deg. 01 min. west; elevation, 300 feet. This station is situated on Leroy street, Potsdam, at a distance of 1 mile north from the center of the town, and well removed from - other buildings. The station is about 100 feet above the tracks of the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg railroad, on the summit of a knoll which is the highest point within a radius of a mile. The ground slopes gradually away from the station in all direc- tions. The surrounding country is flat as far as the Adirondack foot hills, nearly 10 miles distant. The dry and wet bulb and maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed in a shelter which is built out from the window on the north side of a low, unheated building attached to Mr. Smith’s resi- dence. The shelter is louvred at the sides and front, and in the rear a small door gives access to the instruments from the interior of the building. The dimensions of the shelter are about 3 by 2$ 24 \ She ‘ave Ge : , nr ew 370 EigutuH ANNUAL Report? or THE feet at the base, and 3 feet in height. It has a slanting double roof and slat bottom. The rays of the sun touch the top of the shelter at noon, but are excluded from it at other times by the walls of the building, and also by a pine tree west of the house. The walls adjacent to the shelter are of wood. The height of the thermome- ters above the ground is 6 feet. The rain-gauge is located 70 feet north of the house, and about 25 feet from a few small fruit trees. The top of the gauge is 5 feet above the grourd. ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY — ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. STATION, OGDENSBURG, AT THE St. LAWRENCE Strate. HOSPITAL. Established December, 1889; latitude, 44 deg. 43 min. north; longitude, 15 deg. 30 min. west; elevation, 258 feet. The State Hospital is situated on a broad, open plain, within 100 rods of the St. Lawrence river, and about 2 miles from the center of Ogdensburg. The thermometers*(which belong to the hospital) are located on a third-story balcony of the administration building opening towards the west-southwest. They are exposed in a shel- ter 24 inches broad by 30 inches deep, and 6 feet in height, louvred from top to base (which rests on the piazza floor). The shelter is painted brown. The dry and wet bulb and maximum and min- imum thermometers are located midway between its sides, being 5 feet above the floor and 386 feet above the ground. The piazza becomes heated from the direct rays of the sun in the after- noon; and hence the maximum temperatures indicated may be somewhat too high. The rain-gauge is located 75 feet southeast from the nearest pbuilding, upon a lawn. Its top is 9 inches above the ground. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. OIL ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY — ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. ~ SraTIon, Massena — Mr. A. J. NELSON, OBSERVER. Established in 1890; re-established July, 1894; latitude, 44 deg. 55 min. north; longitude, +477 deg. 54 min. west; elevation, 200 feet (approximately). a Massena is situated at the extreme northern border of the State, onthe broad and nearly level country adjacent to the St. Lawrence _. river, which is 8 miles distant from the village. The maximum 5 and minimum thermometers are located at the store of Mr. Nelson, g on Harrowgate street. The instruments are secured to the rear or western wall of a shed 12 feet high at the back of the store; the ee height of the thermometer above the ground being 8 feet. The 3 shed is rather loosely boarded on all sides excepting the south, 3 ~ which is open. The temperatures indicated may be somewhat too high, owing to the heating of the adjacent unpainted wall by the sun. aw __ The rain-gauge is placed at the rear of Mr. Nelson’s residence on — Glenn street. Its distance from the house is about the same as the height of the building. i’ The present location of the thermometers is one-fourth mile . B rorth of the former station. wi _ ‘$1. LAWRENCE VALLEY — ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. Station, Canton — Mr. C. W. Boiron, OBSERVER. 4 : Established November, 1889; instruments transferred from Prof. Henry Priest to present observer in March, 1894. Latitude, 44 deg. 35 min. north; longitude, 73 deg. 12 min. west; a elevation, 304 feet. : ~The meteorological station is located at the summit of a slope , a on the north side of the Grasse river, which is about 300 feet dis- _ tant. Although within the limits of the village, the station has a .., open exposure. _ The thermometers are secured to the northern wall of a frame _ building, at a distance of 3 feet from the northwest corner. A "screen toward the west cuts off all direct rays of the sun; but to ie prevent direct radiation to the thermometers from the ground in QN« aa “at? & i Be dak, 2 1ST, oie ErigutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE the afternoon, a shelter having louvred sides and front, with a solid top and bottom, was to be placed around the instruments. These are now placed about 53 feet above the ground. The rain-gauge is located about 30 feet from the house, and is also about the same distance from the barn. The height of por- tions of these buildings adjacent to the gauge is about equal to their distance from it. _—— GREAT LAKE REGION — CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY. STATION, WESTFIELD — Mr. G. SCHOENFELD, OBSERVER. Established in October, 1895; latitude, 42 deg. 21 min. north; longitude, 79 deg. 37 min. west; elevation, 758 feet. This station is situated in the open country, 2 miles from Lake Erie, toward the north, and 2 to 8 miles from the main ridge of - the Chautauqua county hills toward the south. The surface isa plain slope from the lake toward the hills. The thermometers are exposed on the north side of a building, 2 feet from its walls and 8 feet above the ground. They are pro- tected by a hood or roof and by lattice work sides; the dimensions of the shelter being 2x2x3 feet. They are not exposed to . direct sunlight or other source of heat. The rain-gauge stands on level ground, 35 feet from the nearest ~ building. Its top is 8 feet above the ground. This locality is not subject to autumn frosts or very severe win- ter weather, a week of continuous sleighing being rare. There is less rain and dew than on the highlands. Brisk winds are fre- quent. ———__——_—_ GREAT LAKE REGION — MONROE COUNTY. STaTION, Pirrsrorp — Rry. G. H. Gompu, Osserver. Established in June, 1895; latitude, 43 deg. 05 min. north; longitude, 77 deg. 34 min. west; elevation, 515 feet. The land about Pittsford is slightly rolling, with a general slope in a northerly direction into the Irondequoit basin and Lake On- tario. The station is situated at the western end of the village. bis at New York WEATHER BUREAU. ° 313 The maximum and minimum thermometers are exposed in a shelter built out from the north window of an unused second-story room, their distance from the ground being 15 feet. The shelter is built of window blinds, and is about 18 inches deep, 2 feet 6 ‘inches wide in front and 3 feet 6 inches at the rear. The bottom and top are open, but the cornice of the house, 6 feet above, affords partial protection from weather. Direct rays of the sun are ex- eluded at all hours. The rain-gauge stands on nearly level ground, and is 60 feet dis- tant from any trees or buildings. The top of the gauge is 6 feet above the ground. Interesting notes as to the course of thunderstorms in this vicinity are furnished by the observer. GREAT LAKE REGION — NIAGARA COUNTY. SratTion, ApPpLETON — Mr. H. A. VAN WAGONER, OBSERVER. Established, August, 1889; latitude, 43 deg. 20 min. north; longitude, 78 deg. 41 min. west; elevation, 270 feet. This station is situated in the open country, on the broad plain of northern Niagara county, at a distance of 1 mile from Lake Or- tario. The dry and wet bulb, maximum and minimum thermometers are mounted, under a hood, ‘at the northern end of Mr. Van 'Wagoner’s house. They are shielded from the sun’s rays at all hours; in the morning by a wing of the house and also by a canvas screen, and in the afternoon by a building a dozen feet to the west. The instruments are about 5 feet from the ground. The rain-gauge stands between the house and barn, being about 50 feet distant from each. Its top is 4 feet nine inches above the ground. 3t4 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GREAT LAKES — OSWEGO COUNTY. ’ SraTion, PALERMO — Mr. E. B. BartTuerr, OBSERVER. Observations commenced in 1854; equipped with standard maximum and minimum ther- mometers (by Signal Service) in July, 1887; fully equipped by State Service in February, . 1890; latitude, 48 deg. 24 min. north; longitude, 76 deg. 20 min, west; elevation, 460 feet. This station is situated in the open country about 6 miles south- . southwest of the town of Mexico, Oswego county. The surface of the surrounding country is rolling; the ridges, which are gener- ally low, extending from northwest to southeast. A hill, said to be the highest point in Oswego county, lies 34 miles southeast of the station, but no marked rise of ground occurs until within half a mile of the summit. The station is situated on the northern slope of one of the ridges mentioned. The ground rises rapidly for a short distance at the rear or south side of the station, but falls away from it on the eastern and northeastern sides, thus giving a free circulation of air from the east, north and west. The thermometers are exposed in a shelter of the dimensions and pattern used by the United States Weather Bureau. This shelter is 6 feet above the ground and 17 feet from the north side of Mr. Bartlett’s house. The rain-gauge is 50 feet from the northeast corner of the house in a clear space. .The bottom of the gauge is 1 inch above the ground. Details as to the manner in which long records of temperature “and rainfall were obtained by Mr. Bartlett may be found in the report of this bureau for the year 1890. GREAT LAKES— WAYNE COUNTY. Sration, Lyons—M. A. Vuupmr, M. D., Opsurver. Date of establishment not known, but prior to 1888; latitude, 48 deg. 06 min. north; longitude, 77 deg. 00 min. west; elevation, 407 feet. Mr. Veeder’s house is on or near the summit of the gradual slope on which the town of Lyons is situated. The ground falls away gently from the station to the northeast and south, but toward the west is nearly level for a quarter of a mile, to, the base of an abrupt New YorK WHATHER BUREAU. 375 _ ridge, extending in a north and south direction, and 75 to 100 feet in height. The general character of the surrounding country is q that of a plain, broken by numerous isolated low hills. The ther- _ mometers are exposed in a single-louvred shelter about 34 feet in width by 3 feet in height, which is placed out of the window of an unheated room on the second floor and north side of the house. _. The shelter has a sloping roof and its bottom is closed. ‘The front f and sides are of single-louvred work, while at the back the raising ; ’ of the window-sash gives access to the thermometers. In the early summer the shelter is exposed to the sun up to about 9 a. m., but is shielded from solar rays during the remainder of the day. ¥ The rain-gauge is placed on a roof having a southeastern ex- posure, and is 12 feet above the ground. A second roof rises about 6 feet above the gauge, at a distance of 18 feet from it, and 16 feet : : toward the northwest a roof also rises about 10 feet above the gauge. ae f y —7, ==, . , ' CENTRAL LAKES — CAYUGA COUNTY. , : STATION, Fremine — Mr. Ropert WARWICK, OBSERVER. z - Established December, 1889; latitude, 42 deg. 51 min. north; longitude, 76 deg. 36 min. r west; elevation, 1,000 feet. This station is situated in the open country, on the ridge of land 3 lying between Cayuga and Owasco lakes, its distance from the latter being about 24 miles, and from the city of Auburn 4 miles. b - The surface in the vicinity of the station is quite flat, but with a 7 general slope downward toward the north. & The thermometers have recently been removed from the shelter 4 _ deseribed in the report of 1890, and are now exposed in a corn- 3 house, whose north side is of open lattice work. The thermom- a eters are suspended on the north side of the house, 3 feet from the ] lattice and 6 feet from the ground. 3 The rain-gauge is located about 100 feet west of Mr. Warwick’s Se house, and is well removed from obstructions to a free air circu- . lation. 376 E1gHtTa ANNUAL REPORT OF THE i CENTRAL LAKES — SENECA COUNTY. SraTion, Romutus — Mr. J. H. CoryELi, OBSERVER. Instruments transferred from Mr. B. E. Hicks September 7, 1891; latitude, 42 deg. 43 min. north; longitude, 76 deg. 56 min. west; elevation, 719 feet. This station is situated in the western part of the village of Romulus, near the summit of the ridge separating the basins of Cayuga and Seneca lakes. The high southern plateau terminates in a somewhat abrupt descent at Ovid, 6 miles south of Romulus, north of which a comparatively flat country extends to Lake Ontario. The thermometers are exposed in a single-louvred shelter 20 inches wide, 36 inches long, and 30 inches high, with a hinged bottom, and a drop-door in front facing the west. The shelter is located at the eastern side-of the house, and is exposed to the di- rect rays of the sun only from 10 to 12 a.m. The instruments are hung in the center of the shelter at a height of 5 feet 6 inches above the ground. The rain-gauge is 30 feet distant from any buildings or trees, the nearest of the latter being small shrubs 8 feet high. The gauge is 30 inches above the ground. CENTRAL LAKES — TOMPKINS COUNTY. SratTion, IrHaca — AT THE COLLEGE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Cor- NELL UNIVERSITY. Established 1874; latitude, 42 deg. 27 min. north; longitude, 76 deg. 29 min. west; eleva- tion, 810 feet. This station is Steed on the hill bordering the eastern side of Cayuga Lake valley, its disthnce from the head of the lake being about 1 mile and its elevation above the lake level 400 feet. South of the city of Ithaca, which lies immediately below the station, the valley divides into two branches, the first and main branch extend- ing through the hills toward the southwest, while the second forms the narrow channel of Six Mile creek, which flows from the high- lands southeast of the city into Cayuga lake. The meterological station has an open exposure toward the main valley on the west, New YorK WEATHER BURBAU. ht while eastward, after a slight rise near the station, the surface is nearly flat along the course of the Fall creek; but numerous hills arise to heights varying from 3800 to 500 feet above the general level, at distances of a mile or more to the southeast of the station. The instrumental equipment of the station is as follows: Barometers.— These instruments are placed in the basement clock room of the engineering college. 1. The standard, a Fuess normal siphon barometer, is so con- structed that any error due to the presence of air at the top of the mercurial column may be detected and approximately corrected by varying the capacity of the cistern, and so making the column occupy more or less of the vacuum chamber at the top. The press- ure of any gas in the vacuum chamber will increase as the space is diminished, so that, under these conditions, the readings will not agree. 2. A Draper barograph furnishes a continuous record of press- ure. The cistern of this instrument is suspended upon long spiral springs, while the main tube is fixed. The proportions of the va- -rious parts are such that a rise of pressure forces the mercury up _ into the tube from the cistern, which then rises; and a decreasing pressure produces a contrary effect. The record is made by a pen attached to the cistern, which bears against a record sheet moved horizontally by clock work. ‘Since this barograph acts by balanc- 4ng the weight of the mercurial column against the weight of the atmosphere, the correction for the temperature of the mercurial column is very small, falling within the limits of other errors of the instrument. The latter seldom amount to 0.01 inch. 3. A Green’s Fortin barometer of the ordinary pattern, having a fixed zero point, to which the level of the cistern is adjusted, is used for purposes of current comparisons. Thermometers.— 1. Standard dry bulb and maximum and mini- mum thermometers are mounted in a shelter of the Weather Bu- reau pattern. The shelter stands about 40 feet east of the college building, upon a grass plot sloping downward toward the west; the height of the instruments above the sod being about 6 feet. 378 E1gHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 2. A continuous record of temperature is furnished by a Richard thermograph placed in the shelter. The pen tracing the record | is attached to an arm whose position is governed by the expan- sion or contraction of a metal tube filled with alcohol. The record- ing sheet is carried by a cylinder, revolved by clock-work, at the rate of one turn per week. This thermograph, which is very accu- rate when properly adjusted, is checked by comparison with the adjacent standard thermometer. , ; Hygrometers.— The shelter also contains a hair hygrometer (Richard’s), whose registering mechanism is similar to that of the thermograph; but in this case the pen arm is moved by the expansion and contraction of a bundle of hairs which are rendered very sensitive to the action of moisture by a special process of the makers. The index or datum of this hygrometer is liable to change somewhat during prolonged wet or dry periods; but gives very satisfactory results when adjusted from time to time to agree with the values of humidity indicated by the whirled psychrometer. (See “ Instructions to voluntary ob- servers ” for full information regarding the latter instrument.) A Richard dry and wet bulb recording hygrometer has also been used at this station, but thus far has not proved as satis- factory as the instrument just described. In principle it con- sists of two Richard thermographs, one of which has its alcohol tube moistened constantly by muslin dipping into a reservoir, while the other tube is kept dry. The instrument is so con- structed, however, that the records of both dry and wet bulbs are | traced upon the same cylinder. Evaporometer.—An evaporometer (Richard’s) is located beneath the shelter at a height of 2 feet from the eround; direct sunlight and driving rain or snow being excluded by louvred sides. The evaporometer consists, essentially, of a pair of scales, one pan of which carries the water, whose evaporation is to be measured, and a pen attached by suitable mechanism to the scale arm, which records on a rotating cylinder the rise or fall of the scale beam as the quantity of water is diminished or increased. : ; ’ fy New York WEATHER BUREAU. 7 ee Actinometer.—An actinometer or sunshine recorder (Richard’s) is mounted on a shelf out of a south window of the col- lege. The intensity of solar heat is measured by the differ- ence in temperature between two glass bulbs 4 inches in diameter, placed side by side, one of which is coated with lamp-black while the other is silvered. The two have the same temperature (nearly) when the sky is overcast, but the black bulb absorbs the heat of solar rays more rapidly than the bright under a clear sky. Each bulb contains a coil of copper tube filled with alcohol, and communicating with separate tubes similar to those of the thermographs, each of which has its recording lever and pen, whose tracings are made on a cylinder rotating once in two days. The differences between the temperatures traced by the two levers indicate the intensity of the solar radiation. Wind Registers— Two sets of wind registers are in use at the central station, each set furnishing an automatic record both of velocity and direction. 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Po Wangua coon aes ‘tress saryduroy, ™ ry 390 EigutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SAMPLE COPY OF THE CROP BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK STATE WEATHER BUREAU, ISSUED WEEKLY | DURING THE CROP SEASON, IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE - WEATHER BUREAU. Vol. VIII. For the week ending Saturday, June 6,1896. No. 7. CorNELL UNIVERSITY, IrnHaca, N. Y., June 9, 1896. The following information is condensed from the reports of crop correspondents for the week ending Saturday, June 6, 1896: Albany County (Albany)— Home strawberries in market. Some injury to grapes by insects. ‘Rain, 0.69. Allegany County (Bolivar).— Grass looks better since the rains, but crop will be very light. Old! meadows very light. Apples looking well. Rain, 1.11. ; Broome Counity (Chenango Forks).—A majority of old meadows have been plowed up and sown to corn and millet. Pasturage very poor. Cattaraugus County (Humphrey).— Oats on fall plowing look fine, but on spring plowing rather weak and uneven. Worms working in oats in places. Corn looks pale and sickly. Grass nearly all daisies and weeds. Frosts and the recent drouth killed nearly all old meadows. New seeding rather thin. Rain, 1.19. Little Valley — Light hay crop even with favorable weaither, as drouth, frosts and grasshoppers of last two years have perma- nently injured all old meadows and most pastures. Some new seeded (will be good. Rain, 0.20. Olean— Apples good. Not many cherries or plums. Grain never looked better. Grass is | variable; high land meadows and old meadows generally ‘very poor, and much new seeding is also very light, but some well cared for and top dressed after last cutting will produce excel- lently. S Mohs = New York WeaTHER BurmaAu. 391 Cayuga County (Cascade).— Grass very light; clover and timo- thy heading’ out and not a foot high. Pastures fair. Barley and oats improved; corn fair. No fruit except apples. All berries promising. Rain, 0.53. Sherwood — Many meadows very short for this time, while others are good. Stock does well, as the grass is very nutritious. New meadows very light. Clover so short and thin it will be hard to gather, but timothy may grow under favorable conditions. Rain, 0.35. Chautauqua County (Cherry Creek).— New seeding of clover and timothy doing nicely; old meadows poor. Grapes: much dam- aged by high winds. Not in many years have oats, barley, corn, etc., looked se vigorous as at this time. Cut worms damaging some late planted crops. Rain, 1.21. Dunkirk—The drouth has affected the grass crop. More frequent rains back in the country will cause a better crop than along the shore. Rain, 0.50. Poland Centre — Strawberries ripening finely. Timothy heading short and thin. Chenango County (New Berlin Centre).— Oats,and' potatoes look well. Rain, 0.15. Columbia County (Canaan Centre).— Rye ini blossom and doing pretty well. Grass very short, and hay thin and weedy. Very dry. Lebanon Springs — Soil dry and dusty. Meadows look badly; grass thin and short; some are plowing up grass lands and sowing toiforage crops. Corn looks worse. Rain, 0.88. Clinton County (West Chazy).— No rain, and very much needed. Poor prospects for hay unless rain comes soon, and then it will be light. Some new seeding was winter killed. Dutchess County (Bangall)— Pastures and meadows will be deficient. Unusual large sowing of fodder corn and grass seeding in progress. Troublesome pear and apple blight, and plant lice. Rain, 1.01. Wappingers Falls — Grass and hay improving on the lowlands. Uplands very thin; little or no clover. Quality is unusually good. Upland grains of little good. Oats extra fine. Hops to top of poles; potatoes véry good. Rain, 0.46. Erie County (Buffalo)— Rain is badly needed in this vicinity. Rain, 0.14. aad > . 392 EigHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Franklin County (Malone).— Showers not as beneficial as ex- pected on account of cold, dry winds, which checked growth. Potato planting finished; cultivating corn begun. Hay crop in critical condition, and if rain does not come soon crop will be light. Pastures getting short. Rain, 0.17. Jefferson County (Adams Centre).— Early sown grain looks well but late sown is spotted and weak. Barley and oats is hardly fair. Winter grains are in very poor condition. Pastures very short. ‘Many meadows being plowed up and sowed to corn and millet. Peas never looked better. Very dry; no rain. Antwerp— Meadows making slow growth. On clay ground grains are poor and uneven. General outlook bad. Corn grows slowly. Car- thage — Copious rains ‘of last week refreshed pastures and meadows, but hay as a crop is very poor and weedy. Red clover in blossom two weeks earlier than usual. Orchard grass is head- ing and June grass will be ripe during the week. Lewis County (Lowville).— Large part of last year’s grass seed- ing plowed up, and what is left is generally thin. Old meadows not recovered from last year and are very poor. Pasturage short and milk decreasing. Rain, 0.06. Livingston County (Avon).— Grass and hay are light and brown. Timothy will not head out unless we have more rain. Oats fair and good; corn good; wheat fair. Rain, 0.55. Madison County (Bouckville)— Grass growing slowly, and under most favorable conditions cannot be other than a very poor crop. Much corn and some millet drilled in to supplement the hay crop. Corn makes little progress; potatoes doing well. Strawberries just beginning to ripen. Rain, 0.25. Hamilton — Cultivating corn and potatoes the main work. Grass improves little and is very poor. Monroe County (Pittsford).— Clover is short and light; timothy is headed out and is less than one-half the usual height, and is rusty at the bottom. Pastures turning brown, and being plowed for sowed corn. Rochester — Rain, 0.25. Montgomery County (Canajoharie)— Hay is injured beyond recovery and the crop will be very poor. Many meadows sowed $e. oe 4s P “ New York WraAtTHER BUREAU. : 393 to fodder corn. Hops, grains and potatoes are looking well, but rain badly needed. New .York City.— Rain, 0.33. Niagara County (Appleton).—All crops need more rain, hay and grass especially. Hay is quite poor, but may be improved by timely rains. Bean planting underway. Some corn rotting. Rain, 0.05. | Oneida County (Deansboro).— Meadows in poor condition, the recent rains being too late to improve them. Pastures short. - Hops, corn and oats in fair condition. Wheat indicates small yield; many fields showing considerable smut. Onondaga County (Baldwinsville)— No rain, and very dry. Spring crops looking well, but little improvement in grass. Clover is scarce. Several pieces of tobacco set this week. Oran — No rain, and soil very dry. Wheat heading very short; meadows are beyond much help. Some corn and potatoes re- ported as dried in the hill. Some potatoes yet to plant. Ontario County (Phelps).— Potato planting mostly finished. Most spring grains beginning to look weak and yellow, and is not stooling well. Old meadows going back every day; some not as good as ordinary pastures should be. Clover blossomed out so short that little could be raked if cut. Rain needed. Orange County (Chester)— Grubs and wire worms and the drouth playing havoc with onion fields. Acres plowed up and seeded to carrots, potatoes, etc. The onion grub has made its appearance in every kind of a vegetable patch. Early cherries an entire failure. Hay is a failure, so reply farmers. Low meadows will cut some hay, but high grounds will not make a cutting growth. Pasturage is good now and milk a surplus. Orleans County (Ridgeway).— Grass in very poor condition. Last year’s seeding nearly all killed by the drouth. Rain, 0.06. Oswego County (Demster).—No rain. Oswego — Fine growing week. Strawberries and string beans in market much earlier than usual. Rain, 0.07. Palermo— Many acres of last year’s seeding have to be plowed up as there is scarcely a clover plant to be seen. Corn, oats and potatoes doing well, but pastures have begun to fail. Rain, 0.07. Parish — No rain. Much sweet corn 394 EricHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE rotted and will have to be replanted. Meadows very poor, and much of last year’s seeding mostly sorrel. Pastures are pretty fair. . Otsego County (Cooperstown).—Another dry week. The hay crop must be light; many meadows sowed to corn. All crops doing well except grass. Rain, 0.02. Rensselaer County (Eagle Mills)—Rye is heading very short, a large per cent. winter-killed. Oats small, but growing. Grass and pastures very short. Rain, 0.85. Saratoga County (Kings Station)— Crops need rain. Rain, 1.15. Schtyler County (Perry City).—All spring grain looks very well. Meadows improved but still in poor condition, Wheat im- proved but a large per cent. killed in spots by ice smothering. Some blight on apple trees. Rain, 0.27. Wedgewood — Grass light, short and thin, an occasional piece fairly good. Pastures short. First clover cutting on the 5th. Rain, 0.31. , Schoharie County (Hyndsville)—Very dry. Hops grow fast. Grain very short, especially winter grains. Oats in very poor condition. Some plowing for buckwheat. Steuben County (Addison).—Rain too late to overcome effects of drouth on hay. Rain, 0.15. Atlanta — Last year’s clover seed- ing very thin and sbort. Old meadows very short and light. Rain, 0.77. Haskinville —Potato planting well under way. Frost of 3d slightly damaged strawberries. Rain, 0.70. South Canis- teo — Some early oats quite foul. Corn doing finely. It now looks as if not much more than half the meadows would be cut. On uplands meadows seem to be thinning instead of taking on growth. Rain, 0.75. St. Lawrence County (DeKalb Junction)— Timothy heading’ and only about eight inches high. Rain, 0.60. North Hammond— Vegetation has progressed finely, but meadows will be light. Grain looks very promising. Planting all done. No rain, and much needed. Suffolk County (Setauket).— Pastures in fair condition, but rain too late to give a good hay crop. Strawberries fine. A few early peas in market. Corn looks good. Rain, 0.54. \ New YorkK WEATHER BUREAU. 395 Tioga County (Newark Valley).— Pastures and meadows very short. Dairymen feeding grain; and sowing corn for fodder. Oats doing well; cut worms damaging corn. Rain, 0.50. Wiaav- erly — Wheat winter-killed, and injured by the drouth. Rye in poor condition. Late rains cannot help the grass, which is very poor. Rain ,0.47. . Washington County (Whitehall).— Oats, grass and pastures much improved by rains of Ist. Grass however is very short and a very light hay crop expected. Westchester County (Bedford).— Meadows and grass improved by recent rains but still short and thin. Newly seeded meadows better than old. Oats much improved, and look fine. More rain is needed. Wyoming (Arcade).— Plowing is suspended for want of rain. Cutting rye is begun. Hay crop in extremely poor condition; clover being the worst. Rain, 0.56. General Remarks. The showers of the past week were very unevenly distributed, many sections getting none at all. Consequently there is much complaint of drouth again. The fore part of the week was quite cool, with light frosts ‘on the 3d in the exposed localities which in parts of Steuben county slightly damaged some strawberries and nipped tender garden vegetables, but the weather rapidly warmed up and, with the exception of a few extremely dry lgcalities, the week is reported as a good growing one. Notwithstanding the dry weather spring grains as a rule con- * tinue to grow nicely, but the protracted drouth has seriously affected winter grains and the hay crop, especially the latter. _ Wheat and rye are heading very short, and possibly are ripening prematurely. Some rye has already been cut in Wyoming county. Under the most favorable conditions hay cannot be other than a poor crop. Clover is in blossom, and some has been cut, but like timothy, ete., it is extremely short and thin, and in some places the fields seem to be sowed with sorrel instead of grass seed. Throughout the state but few report even some lowland - meadows as in fair condition, while many upland meadows and clover fields are hardly worth cutting. 396 EricutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Farmers everywhere are plowing up many old meadows and _ sowing to forage crops, usually corn. In many sections, but prin- cipally in the eastern Ontario Lake vicinity, last year’s seeding also is of little value. Pastures are in much better condition than meadows, but are short, and in some places dairymen are obliged to feed grain. Farm work is well advanced, and with but few exceptions corn and potato planting is finished. Early garden truck is coming to market in the more favored localities. Hlops are vigorous, and newly set tobacco seems in good condition. Berry bushes of all kinds set unusually full, and fine straw- ; berries are being picked. The fruit prospects remain unchanged. The onion crop of Orange county is greatly reduced by insect — pests, combined with the drouth. The onion grub, which hereto- fore has confined its ravages to that tuber, is particularly numerous and has attacked other vegetables as cabbages, carrots, etc. Many acres have been plowed and re-seeded to potatoes. The following is extracted from the national bulletin for week ending Monday, June ist: Corn planting is now practically finished in the more northerl y corn States, except in North Dakota, where it is still in progress. In the central corn belt the crop has made rapid growth during the week and is generally in excellent condition. Winter wheat harvest is well advanced in Texas and Oklahoma, and has begin as far north as the southern portions of Kansas, Missouri and Illinois, and wheat is ripening rapidly in Indiana and Ohio. Spring wheat seeding has been finished in North Dakota, but some remains tio) be done in extreme northern Minnesota, where seeding has been retarded by wet weather. The week has been exceptionally favorable for transplanting tobacco which has been nearly completed in Kentucky and Vir- ginia, and has begun in New England and New York. EK. A. FUERTES, Director. R. M. Harpinen, Assistant Director. iy F , 4 Men on age sc = as Pes a 3 ee ; Sie ( © ‘ = a = las o> a Ps ie: ® : ina . Y Aone Sr Ag . New Yors Wearuer Bureav. List or Srations 1n New York DisphayinG THE OFFICIAL FORECASTS. STATION. County. Name. — Coeymans jwacece SCE CSCS oEes Allbanyes seat eae S. H. & E. J. Sherman. Be South BoimlehemMas=~.\.5= 22> Clea aga e a tarsal G. H. VanVeghten. “Andover ..------------------ Allegany <=. =..2.- Andover State Bank. Spam = 5 on S'r wiemnials <2 a0 CP ee ee ae Sem W. Ingleby. > FOOSE ESE E aces se pe eae 5% Sas Underwood Bros. Reese eos eae es =u eee) |b ostmaster: 2 UL A ee COPE ea ae W. W. Thomas. GIR AG eae eae SOE = eee ea ties E. W. Barnes. BimohamMbton)-o.-sses-- 2-22 =~ IBIOOMes= -e=e(s5-5 Postmaster. 2 eS Basser Cattaraugus.....| H. D. Sibley. Pees ee on eee aa sc sc .----| Wm. Rathbone. “EP URIS Re SBS poceseeeeene Oat a5 ot 2s W. L. Brown. 2D MO ee eee Cayugas. 252 ose W. H. Meaker. sak Phe. ai el en ee es erence Stanton & Ballard. be | pork PMEORE cock laser an c/aiac ti ae eee Theo. Billinger. RE HONY Tsetse enim mes a Chautauqua. ...- ¥2 MCs i Jamestown » Cae Ser Epa eoe Ane e Postmaster. BIVETBONGCKG feo 2. 22% acne sc i Sees) od in sera Me eae aa cae ses oa aie Chemung.....-..| Gerity Bros. rs New SOT ee Sie oe ora oe Fa: Chenango ....---. John Conery. eencrwich a Sa ee Lee! eres Reed Campbell. sa *Plattsburgh - Seah oe eee Olintony <2 22.5, W. A. Crooks. Reames eo) Sa ee cs 355 Columbia. cso: John Streeter. Be konderhook .......,..-.---- sera eek ae | J. S. Hasford. ~ -_PRinderhook StS eae ee a OG Sate Sree A) Geo. W. Wilkins. Bee Roe a Sapa fe aa Sin 5 Cortlandi 2 =. W. H. Clark. “ORE i SSiptd —e ceiave aoe Postmaster. ES Sas ee CC rs aes ert oe Dr. E. M. Santee. BAMO DOD o2 6 ole ae, nas, 2 a ene UGS TR feet ee Muller Bros. “Grand GoLreeto-caceeeseeeces Delaware ....... Postmaster. ~ South ortright= 2: £22. a2sss2 COS Re D. C. Sharpe. epee all ote. 5) Se: Dutchess .----.--- Dr. James Hyatt. saa Ee sbinebeck, Nett RS A ae A eae Ue < Se Ee ane Postmaster. _ *Wappingers Balilsy2s22 22% cus Bed Se Ses Postmaster. Brats Hock=2-.:.... 2... 226 LD) eee Pratt & Letchworth Co. StOseS Mee SESE meee ees ele Onn Metzeer. Eugen Center ..:...-.--...... LC a eae are L. E. Boutwell. “ - Gardenville ee ae re Te Re a EEL re Ed. Obertrifter. meliuke View o.2- .=-s-5---- 205 OCs ae eek te Sea F. W. Cook. # a Rey eo ee 252. 6a So IRISSO MA e ee ee C. W. Lansing. *Port 15 IG Nae es oe ee ee Tews sd cae ea yas Postmaster. _ Whallonsburgh Ses ee eet CO fin ere he ae G. H. Whyland. MRE 22-205. - hae so sk2- Se rani binesse 5S SOR oe Postmaster. PANDYON hoc siete cero e ebiciee Shiss sc Orleans sean Prof. F. A. Greene. SAUDION Mi esiee ck emeerice one « tS ete Postmaster. MEXICO)-i nase cesar oe cee see am ORB WELO "sae meme Oswego County Asylum. MOvthe SOLID A: om on oe sepeein eee LE tiem ae se EK. J. Lawton. ENBOIX 22.02.3595. cere eee ae Se EE ee ee C. J. Fuller. MEAL A SK wine's totes WORT MAE Soroee L. Mitchell. CooperstowD densa - ee cease ESOP Orcs netivems G. Pomeroy Keese. SINCONUA: sore so.vigrecc nem eere Pa Fi ete ee Editor ‘‘ Star.”’ Maphockaway wiscc..2sss--s QDeens sae assae en 8. J. Ellsworth. Bivoosick Falls \. <2. < a. aces Rensselaer ...... Postmaster, 3 Kiet oe irate ty D New York Weratuer Bureau. 399 : List oF Stations, Erc.— (Continued). STATION. County. Name. MUM Oapeaess Ghee soaa ocd aaeee Rensselaer ....-. A. M. Church Co. “CRW Bee ces aaobedeseeeece St. Lawrence.-..-| Postmaster. OUVORGCUT ene ta-- 2 =~ . aol eC. ROgers: MASSER Semen e ac). 2s e~ = “ meni Ae de Nelson. pPealistoni spas. sesso. ---2—>-- Saratoga ........ Frank Jones. -Mechamievilleii2 2252-12252. pekigtgt SNe sar Postmaster. BNchenectadiy.- 6. le= > oo ms Schenectady ....| Reeves-Vedder Co. JGHIGTS ON Soe SOB Sea Sea AS Schoharie -....-- Geo. M, Proper. Worth Hector: -235./s.. 22-22 Schuyleri2s--- 2: - Geo, Predmore. (UGGS hss Sa bbs Adc sseecosrer Ue eee Sees F. J. Prentice. ONE ae aac tanewnlektess< SENG CA eseace ane L. C. Pitcher. WY ALOLIOOL =e =~ cere es = ase Rieti o isote Woolen Mills. HORnelSyvallOleneosaea-6- 5 s=se Stembenesc-—asa- The Times. (MPMI Sos) Pace eecace. ses = Asay ete 2 ta oto Hl. E. Lobeck. WV@oUlinlly =a o2 eerste oe. aero Setanta eee R. C. Park. CECI POMG eM maes crs cln= ches ate 0% Suteki soceecsan Fred. Terry. Manhansett House........-... De | Eee H. K. Motley. Salome ee ects secs sl oie Stale chee eens Francis Hoag. \WengGid bees ae Ro See ee aar MOP Bie peeee ses Postmaster. OW EO O ees obese cos crt See Set ee ae The Record. BOWEL O Mae sar scat e shett eoerssed SO an eee Postmaster. Mislier@ apes = Sa ete oie, acim ee, oneie. = Tompkins ...-.-. Cornell University. NUaCAqeeesee ne ese a8 See bee ier oe Treman, King & Co. MMM ACKE sees eee tatoo thee Oa eee tae D., L. & W. Car Shops. MLiACaLroemayss-s eae taee hose ff ..-«--| Rothschild Bros. Serhonksolrssee Soc shes Wisterseoce cack J. J. & M. Wilkinson. AMP CLiCSt ss eic.s--'= 6s as BOOS esc Sirota cee Dawes Brothers. Glenget alls (= sek eects oe eee Ming So See R. W. Sherman. Taylors on Schroon...-..-.-- Se Re H. V. Parsell. EWiatlensbUrl. vesnscfseee ca A oaecene Geo. W. Davison. BS alemeses ce seo sees soot Washington -.--. Postmaster. WVOUSE A. so 206505. sccesets cee IWiaiyMOre- ss sesce Zimmerlin Bros. MIR VORSi 1s iaae ce chen Sem s cise pence eer eee Postmaster. PNOLUne OSES. Se": 2 Ser ask ease ents 2 sae Postmaster. (COO CRS a Seeeee cose eee TO eet Ae J. C. Howk. WOR Gwe arc is cis sb istics secses Use | BScneeeeee I. L. Wright. MAC Obst ase was ao econ Soe (Ge aaa J. C. Seaman. reldhome: seoi22 2252s. 55e.% Westchester. -.... C. DeP. Field. PEMEVIN TON: ssi2<5'=- 255 S-= S- - fe -----| Postmaster, IDEOTEELOSG'= SScc-ek tas se ela SOM Sg LS J. F. Bushnell. eGKSkillea Ae ticees Saeccse Hen es aise F, A. Smith. Lena sth Bae cee eee agRaosee i arm C. H. Curtiss. SMOMIKCTIB se noe ewes Meee oes Serer Se eeny SEs P. A. Deyo & Son. HORDE Ove ts scien ee aoe Sg Wyoming ...--... Frank P. Hulette. Piel Gal Sts es eer. = su Sees a 22 Serie eye eee Ed. Volckens. SULVOR -S PLING Secs acc ae ds .re oc SEA er J. M. Duncan. \NCDISE WN (eee en sae MRS oe 22 L. E. Lounsberry. WamyA URC sass. 2-2: oo ce oe deer sn aes 5 HAC Ore: LPG iTa SEB Cie a ee eae eae Watesioe sseceecttc Hallowell & Wise. * Distributing center. bulletin, the forecasts, About 575 postoffices receive, by mail from distributing centers, and || Display cold-wave and frost warnings. +Whistle signals. 400 ErcutH ANNUAL REPoRT OF THE List oF Crop CoRRESPONDENTS AND SPECIAL RAIN FALL OBSERVERS OF THE NEw YorK State WEATHER BuREAv — 1896. STATION. Al baity: .5- ote tee etoec ese An DeliGa’ ssccse sem eee. <1 Bolivar jo soe wae: aya Briendship Aeossne ects -ace =~ Binpharmtonis.s--<-)5-=. <<. <2 Chenango Forks......-....-... COMEWAN EO sa. pe = seia'<. 5-1 HMMM AVOY) <5 5 s1250 2-5. 35225 tletvalley ys 0... so0c'-sem OLG El ee ee PEETAVOOGs Sac ccde Ste loetn ee oe Gherny-Creeks-..--,222siiacees IDEM Kpectiie = ati were nian bps RPineiG ys wast.cdaeoaceisesees STISHEN. sccccioec cw dsisuctes sees Wiest Chazyes esse foc te aee Canaan Centre: 2s-cesescsoees Wortlandiecee scone k 2c aaakios a: WENOSIi chee sone teehee Honeymead Brook..-..-....... Wappinger’s-Falls. .......... AKMOny. © o/c Rkiae eee ae case UM ALO ease ci pee ek om Saas NSION Cs sci ious ce estoeoe ee PO UTISUOW Nos ote ccesie eo eee OU ISR ere ce stages San saree oe OT ee Pe ee ee CAmINACE Fars sso. S25. 4he. LOR Ai ce es oe La pallies 2k eg MLO REIS cenee ti. oc etn 8 Cavastotaewee-.o anes .cnisces Bonck ville aceceeeus been. ~ 20% Plamilton’ :2.7-beeteer eer st oho. Pittsfordhs 2272 se oe County. Albany 52. 2—2es Allegany .--..--. se «ae Broome -s-.- Broome se--.--- Cattaraugus .... ve ac ce “cc Chemung ..---.. Chenango ....... “ec Columbia sees Cortlind <.2oes. ce ‘e e iGWisiass eco cee be F Livingston ...... Midisonseeeeeo Midisonics.. o25- “ee MONTOO tase eee oe “ec “ec Name. U.S. Weather Bureau. Prof. J. P. Slocum. *Dr. Dorr Cutler. H. J. Davis. F. H. Haskins. *Dr. Z. A. Spendley. O. H. Phillips. Chas. E Whitney. *EK. Sweetland. F. N. Godfrey. Alton E. Banks. *W. F. Searing. *W.S. Blaisdell. Maxwell Seott. Mrs. Ellen Cheney. *H. M. Darling, M. D. Geo. W. Lenderson. W. H. Bagg. *W. H. Robinson. C. E. Cadalso. Arthur K. Harrison. *Frank Donegan. M. H. Gztes. *M. R. Hulce. *F, J. Campbell. James Hyatt. H. C. Townsend. *H. A. Wilder. U. S. Weather Bureau. M. B. Davis. Albert B. Johnson. W.S. Comrie. C. W. Carrier. *A. EK. Cooley. H. N. Howard. C. P. McDonald. Dwight W. Miller. Charles 8. Rice. J. Knappenbure. Fred M. Keeney. L. W. Griswold, *A. J.. Tracey. Rev. G. H. Gomph., U.S. Weather Bureau, *Tsaue Budlong, * Special Rain Fall Observers.” New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. List or Crop CoRRESPONDENTS, Etc.— (Concluded). 401 STATION. @aniaj Oharieasesee eer ee News Vonks Citypesecsei= ane 3 2 ane — TP .97 to fe ‘ * Are Via; PPC ViIMATE OF NEW YORK STATE: The Climate of New York State. By HE. T. TURNER, C. E., METEOROLOGIST TO THE NEW YORK WEATHER BUREAU. The first edition of this monograph, published in the Annual Report for 1893, is nearly exhausted, and immediate and pressing demands require its reissue at this time, pending a thorough revis- ion which is not now possible, owing to pressure of routine work at the Central Office. | E. A. FUERTES, Director New York Weather Bureau. ay af Se : | a) ee divs aha) ania i ee ates | enol NC During the past seventy years a very large amount of data has accumulated, bearing upon the climate and weather of New York; the efforts of the Smithsonian Institution and the New York Board of Regents having awakened a general and practi- cal interest in these subjects early in the century. The system of observations organized by the Regents in 1826 at more than fifty schools and academies in the State is noteworthy as being the first important attempt made in this country toward the investigation of local climate. The general scheme of work adopted at the outset was very similar to that developed within recent years by the local weather services of the various States ; while the methods of observation were approved by competent meteorologists of the time. The Regents’ system was finally dis- continued in 1863; but thereafter records of the weather were maintained at several Military Posts as well as by numerous inde- pendent observers; and between the years 1871 and 1874 five stations were established in New York by the United States Sig- nal Service. The State Meteorological Bureau, which was organ- ized in 1889, has also furnished valuable data from more than sixty well distributed stations. ; The preparation of this report required a criticism of nearly all of the voluminous records thus obtained, and which have apparently been accepted without question hitherto. This fea- ture of the work is described in some detail in section VI, and the considerations are there given which led to the exclusive use of recent observations wherever practicable, especially as regards temperature. The results of the Regents and other early obser- vations have been, in part collated and summarized in the valua- ble essays of *Hough and ;Coffin, and are aiso represented in the + A Letter upon the Climate of New York, by Professor J. H. Coffin. Contained in the “ Natural History of New York State,” Albany, 1843. 408 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE treatises of *Schott and ;Blodgett. The statistics of climate in the vicinity of New York city were consolidated and employed in special investigations by Dr. Daniel Draper, Director of the New York Meteorological Observatory. The accompanying tables and charts are intended to give in themselves a fairly complete account of the climate of the State, the text dealing mainly with the causes of the more important features thus shown. The relations of climate ta plant growth and to sanitary: conditions are barely touched upon, as results ef value can be expected only from a thorough treatment of these subjects by specialists. Some topics which properly ‘belong to a description of local climate are also necessarily omitted, or but briefly considered. Thus, no satisfactory account could be given - of the irregularities to which rainfall is subject or of the rates of flow during storms, since the work of several years will be re- quired to collect and properly discuss such data for the entire State. The writer desires to express his indebtedness to Professor E. A. Fuertes, Director of the State Meteorological Bureau, for the use ‘of records and results on file at' the Central Office, and ‘also to many persons named in the body of this report who have con- tributed valuable data in response to inquiries. Special acknow- ledgment is due to Mr. I. W. Brewer, who provided copies of a large number of manuscript records used in this ‘investigation while on duty as an officer of the State Bureau. I. GENERAL CLIMATIC INFLUENCES. Before proceeding to deal with the climate of the State proper it may be of interest to glance briefly at certain general meteoro- logical influences to which our local conditions are mainly due. The prevalence of westerly winds is the most jobvious and per- manent feature of the atmospheric circulation in the middle lati- tudes of the globe. This movement of the air masses in a measure communicates the conditions of the continental interiors to the * Atmospheric Temperature and Precipitation in the, United States, by C. A. Schott. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 2 vols., Washington, 1876 and 1881, + Climatology of the United States, by Lorin Blodgett, Philadelpbia, 1857. New YorRK WEATHER BUREAU. 409 eastern coasts, while in the same manner the influence of the ocean is extended well inland along the western coasts. During the twinter heat is lost from large land surfaces by radiation much more rapidly than it is gained from the oblique rays of the sun, and consequently in high latitudes regions of intense cold are found within the continents. Over the ocean, on the other hand, radiation proceeds slowly as compared with the rate on land gur- faces, while vast quantities of heat are gained from equatorial currents. In summer the increased heat received from the sun is absorbed more rapidly by land than by water, so that the thermal relation between continents and oceans is the reverse of that which obtains in winter. The (result of these conditions, so far as temperature is con- cerned, is shown plainly in the following: TABLE 1. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. West Coast of America. TEMPERATURE. Nortb STATION. latitude. January. July. Deg. Min. | Degrees. | Degrees. 50 60 PAVE ATICISCOs Callltactecetereisictectislavsiniclclele/sieielew slo sisieieiereideiae s/acalsiee 37 48 5 Portland, Or ....... «|. 445. 82 38 68 Olympia, Wash .... sea 37 38 63 RiuKa AL ASlea a tr ceeicateen tee niebiaiseeciviecic, iocicsiees a= vaisieciels 57 03 Q7 54 SSD AATL SP VLUEATL cyoists oflasteiareverele sinters sYaterrelelotersiatatatel isiers sis\cialelsiele/e cisions: 44 58 8 72 SSC eRVITLCOLIE TIVLANIMA s cretssutelarei a eleinvers cierto laiersis eicicinictsieislere) sseic(e siaveisiwieie 48 56 —10 65 Fort Simpson, British AMerica........c....eceeseeneees = HaGOG 62 07 —i 59 East Coast of America. INO REO Ve nVielie rates cralaleieyelaraiatel ey ccara si sleieiwisvereistelcreit svels,clere sls, siscelelaie etbielore'e 36 51 40 79 WSC s IDR CH + dennoanndos darn o405 adap apOOneOnaoo cod couG 38 53 32 77 BNEW VOD PIN apne rsteicle cyoscle elerstalote siete euticiateiele aleisc crewisjejeieevesiclaeces 40 43 30 74 feria rh IME. oo on doo OSC COS NOC OU HOB OOP Co TAD DOO OOUDOOD BROODS See 42 21 25 71 ONULANG AMG) cutsnac eee ata cine taalaiaiels oletntetelcinre © alerscle/eueisie stersle's stele 43 39 22 69 West Coast of Europe. PROWMOUSE eH CATCH balers a elstejeicis ciavelctarcialelaiatsssietsia(o\eve:eioléle\e/=(aieye/siais/s(elers 43 37 89 j 70 HZEUDI So UTE COL eeyete tis nis, clits eieterninieietetelets!a(e,e picisiatelele| sie wie!s/srere.e\elelars.e) vies 48 50 36 65 ERELGLOD EET LRTI areretciealoleleinieralelsieisiateleisiaicicieisiaie’e e[eleis sivie's\olsle.sieleis\a.e 51 33 38 64 ODTINGIATIAN NOGWAY, Jel aciciere civisicte aloe ste ecoleinveiefelsibie'e,o/eietn’e 8%s)o;e\sivie/= 59. Bb 23 62 PPATHIMOTLES UH EMLATIO cee icstscciicisloesicieltelsteeysiels cic valais eleieielanisseisie 70 42 23 54 410 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE From this table it will be seen that the westerly winds from the interior of America give the northeastern States about the same mid-winter temperature which prevails in western Europe at the arctic circle, while at our latitude the mid-summer heat of the two coasts is nearly equal on ‘the same parallels. In general, north of latitude 40 degrees the annual temperature of land sur- faces is less than that of the oceans. A more detailed account of the character and climatic effect of prevailing winds requires some consideration of the distribu- tion of atmospheric pressure. Air masses are forced out from regions of high toward those of low barometer, and, owing to a deflecting force due to the earth’s rotation, these outflowing winds in the Northern Hemisphere also tend to circulate about the center of high pressure in the direction in which the hands of a watch move. The winds flowing ‘toward a center of low pressure revolve about it in a direction opposite to the move- ments of watch hands. The principal permanent high pressure system to be consid- ered in connection with our own climate is the vast area stretch- ing across the Atlantic between latitudes 20 and 40 degrees, moving somewhat northward from the average position in sum- mer and autumn and to ithe south of it in winter. This area forms part of a belt of high mean pressure which extends around the globe near latitude 30 degrees north. A permanent area of low barometer is found over the north Atlantic, with a minimum pressure of 29.5 inches to the east of Greenland in January. The depression is much less intense during the summer, but nevertheless controls the winds of the northern Atlantic and northeastern America throughout the greater portion of the year. Thirdly, the intense winter cold of the land surfaces in the interior of ‘the continent causes a contraction of the lower air strata and consequently an inflow at higher levels from surround- ing warmer regions. Thus the mass of air becomes greater over the cold area and the barometric pressure increases. In summer the oceans become, relatively, cold areas, and hence a New YORK WEATHER BUREAU. 411 reversal of the above process takes place at that season, making the pressure over the continents lower than over the oceans. Lastly, there is the very important class of shifting areas of low and high pressure known as cyclones or storms and anti- cyclones, respectively, and to these are due the abrupt weather changes common over the central and eastern States. Areas of this class present all gradations of size and intensity, in some cases controlling the winds and weather over the greater part of the continent, while in others their courses are barely traceable. Cyclones and anticyclones alike have a general eastern motion across the continent from their point of origin; the former usually bearing northward to the vicinity of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence valley and Gulf, while the average course of the latter is southeastward toward the general high pressure region. of the Atlantic which has already been referred to. The rate ait which cyclones traverse the continent ranges from 600 to 900 miles per day; while the average velocity of anticyclones is slightly less. The climatic effects of the several pressure systems mentioned may now be considered; and first with reference to the condi- tions which obtain in winter. At that season the high pressure area of the central Atlantic extends also over the southern States, and is joined to the “high” which develops in winter over the interior of the continent, and whose maximum pressure of 30.2 inches is found over the northwestern States. On the other hand the low pressure area of the north Atlantic has reached its greatest central depression of 29.5 inches, while the borders of the system cover the great water areas which indent the eastern coast of British America; and, acting with the con- tinental high pressure, gives strong northwesterly winds along the entire northeastern portion of America. The frequent pas- sage of cyclonic storms over the lower lakes and the St. Law- rence valley also brings these regions into the low pressure sys- tem; the line of demarcation between which and the high pres- sure system of the Atlantic and southern States is found to pass in the vicinity of this State. Thus, although our prevailing 412 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE winter winds are northwesterly, a moderate variation in the in- tensity of the southern high or the northern low pressure area is sufficient to modify their direction very materially. For ex- © ample, in January, 1890, the average pressure over the south- eastern States was 0.2 inch above the normal value, while to the north of this State there was about an equal deficiency; and con- sequently the prevailing winds were southerly, raising the mean temperature for the month 10 degrees to 12 degrees above the normal.* Every cyclonic storm which passes over or north of the State causes an increase of temperature, due, in part, to the southerly winds which flow towards the depressed area. Such events occur, on an average, five or six times during each of the winter months; so that by platting the temperature of the State for each day, a curve is obtained similar to that shown in plate 1, which represents the actual condition of pressure and mean daily temperature which obtained during the year 1893. The cyclonic systems give northwesterly winds in the rear of the storm cen- ters, so that a considerable fall of temperature usually occurs after ‘their passage; and this effect is frequently increased by the anti- eyclonic areas which follow, bringing masses of cold dry air from the interior of the continent to the eastern coast. The average difference between the extremes of mean daily temperature occurring in advance and-in the rear of winter storms passing north of New York is about sixteen degrees, as determined by an exami- nation of fifty individual cases; the variation being greatest in the northern and least in the southern section of the State. Storms passing to the southward of New York are also usually preceded by an increase of temperature in the region of the Great Lakes, and the southern and southeastern sections; while north of the Mohawk valley only northerly winds are felt, and therefore no rise of the temperature results. A depression which passes eastward over the center of the State may cause a great difference between * An opposite effect is produced by an unusually low pressure over the north Atlantic, when in conjunction with a strong development of the continental ‘‘ high;” in which case the northwesterly circulation is strengthened, and the low temperature of the interior extends to the eastern States. on ae : he. ed yes a AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE An Sees eee ees ee se NITE TTT SME UIT TL HEHEHE SHH Tere TTT Terre TTT x! Hantias=a\ 00H HLAALELEELL THAIATETITOGH/ GU ABHOTOOABBHOORIEEE ETT | | oa > HOFGGPGGHPOASescHaTAOATOMHAOIFOWTGTLGRTL PAURADEREURETRERESE ig HEAL ssuth SHHRALEEL Cee SAUKEREEERELOEDE hel CUTTS TT ARESHERELIGUL DRUUGHRERRARDREOREEE MTCCECCCCEETEE REPEC CECE ear S ATGAUHERAAFGATEVS=aUGAHtGAATFOAIGOLEE RELIC he z ALLELE THT NCEE PCE ee SPU OTTTRSEESC CEC HCCC ERASE CCE) EC suk ee TT Olt tT CE Ce eg P)HLAUEGHTSREGATLGOHOOT ia veS=SHORTRRUTSEHSN GHB BUARERUARBRAEL STH ert SEH CC Gee COTTE res hol OT = TOTCTCPECCET TEE GEBe EEE CEES dl, ALESURELEGLESHUGRHER: =SUSNURIISRSIESAL SR BBBERRRABBBEREC == ===; HR HTT HEHE Es F See TT HHT Hageeett TE CECE fala cad ee IUHAMUNOULGREREIGOLUNBEseaze ca ==aGHMHOOL 7 RBRREERARR EASA en, SPELT eeeeeit ECE Le) y et 3 saeaeates SUHAAHEAHATHOAAAILGL tt 1SInnna fet tCCECTECLTh PEP SIMU TT TST Clo LEI SC ee a oO 5, Eee id LERUERUROGHOUOUNOUERONERESS=crcnsnnadB@0bl= SROEAEEERRREREEAEEEP® @ R 3 Bo SG oe eee a i eS NCoanotTNO YHYd ‘S33UDZ0-3uUNLVuadWSL ‘SAHONI TFIVANIVY ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURES RECORDED AT 1 SRRGORRRbe SECT 9 HTT ese TS April Hite RROEOROUE HT Ree IS 25 genuar ‘SSHONI 3YHNSS3SYd eee December = Hi SH ew HE aie 1m =n Pai ea November pave ee [er sett ea id Aes SI (a CS eS eS ES Se Be SS See esal es A SSS ae ees YO Th SAT TT YT LT SAYS October 14 24 MINFALL OVER THE STATE, 1898. Jul LL Het | GnIH maaan eae gle Ce seat LHEEAL raareunnnnaete SNIIT HOI SHBRERSUERGREOEG HE a ET PEELE THEE of PEELE iritail SAT SURHEIIBEEREREEE SuHAHELLLAEAL AREAAARE CUES CEE sutttaal SRGGUAREGGE AS RRSSEEED il EATRRCEHEEEHEE HET PAAIAOEATK: MORRO RSE PCC, Coe HAISHTN HTNHEOHNSBEBERUREREE: HEHSEEEE EEE HOEHGGAAULLLOE Ce 1 AVETSHAGHORGGUGGAAAG CCC) CECE ere BISHAGIIITEL. HERE RAUSEBUREREAENES® COCs pane eT an iene CCC CCE CUCPeeeecre ee) CC COE Ae SUALATEERERET WOU | 16 26 December 6 i 16 26 E+ November PHAR YT AY med: Sa SS Sate mes [| August | September _| October SA DURING 1893. (REDUCED TO SEA LEVEL.) ee Fy New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 413 the temperature in the northern and southern sections. A remark- able case of this kind occurred on January 11, 1890, when the mean daily temperature of stations in the St. Lawrence valley was fifty- three degrees lower than that obtaining near the Pennsylvania border. During the average winter month two or three storms pass north- eastward along the Atlantic coast. These are usually preceded by an increase of temperature in the southeastern sections, and by a decrease in the western and Great Lake regions. There exists an intimate relation between the character of the air circulation and the precipitation of moisture over the State. Our northwesterly winds are essentially dry, owing to the lack of moisture in the continental interior, and also, in winter, to the cold- ness of the air, which gives it a very small vapor carrying capacity. Hence precipitation during the winter occurs almost entirely in connection with storm areas passing in the vicinity of the State, and which mainly derive their supply of vapor from the inflow of moist air induced by them from the Atlantic, or from the region of the Gulf of Mexico. The heaviest precipitation accompanies the Atlantic storms and those ‘passing up the Mississippi and Ohio val- leys to the Great Lakes; both of these classes of storms being characteristic of the autumn and winter rather than of the summer months. Hence, while the winter is the dryest season of the year over the greater portion of New York, it brings a heavy precipita- tion of rain and snow in the vicinity of the Atlantic coast, the southwestern highlands of the State, and the region of the Great Lakes. Over the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, the winter precipitation is exceedingly small; and this characteristic is shared by the St. Lawrence, Hudson and Champlain valleys and the central plateau of New York. The supply of moisture from the region of the Gulf of Mexico appears to be nearly exhausted before reaching the Canadian provinces and the St. Lawrence valley, although the southwestern Adirondack highlands receive a con- siderable rain and snow fall from southwesterly winds; while the moisture from the Atlantic is largely precipitated over the moun- tains of New England and northern New York. 414 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE During the winter months elongated depressions, or “ troughs” of low pressure, are frequently formed over the eastern States; their longest diameter commonly extending from the region of the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes, and including portions of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. Such systems often derive their moisture both from the Mexican gulf and the Atlantic; and many of the heaviest rain and snow storms of the winter are due to con- ditions of this nature, especially in the vicinity of the lake region and on the highlands adjacent to the Atlantic coast. The character of our winters depends very largely upon the number and general course of the anticyclones. As previously stated, the usual course is somewhat south of the east across the States toward the permanent Atlantic “high;” but in many cases the intense cold waves originating in British America move directly eastward along the Canadian border to the coast, and thence pass southward. Under such conditions the northern part of New York experiences the full effects of the cold waves, their severity in the more southern sections being usually some- what decreased by the influence of the Great Lakes. Statistics as to the relative frequence and amount of temperature changes in various parts of the State will be found on pages 463, 464. In the spring, and especially during April and May, the in- creased amount of heat received from the sun brings about a rapid modification and shifting of pressure systems, which are then less sharply contrasted than at other seasons. The winds decrease greatly in velocity, and their direction is variable, al- though the southerly component which is characteristic of sum- mer becomes well defined during May. The pressure conditions of March are essentially those of a winter month, the high pressure systems over central British America and the southern Atlantic coast being still in force, while the cyclone of the north Atlantic continues to give northerly winds over eastern Canada and the adjacent States. In April and May the pressure has decreased over nearly the whole extent of North America, the barometer being relatively higher over the central and south- eastern States, thus giving a condition similar to that described New York WEATHER BURPAU. 415 below for the summer season. A marked decrease in the num- ber of cyclonic storms occurs from March to April and May; and the frequent showers which commonly occur during the latter months appear to be, more than at any other time, the effect of admixture of air currents having different temperatures. An inspection of pressure charts for the summer months shows an area of low pressure over the northern interior of the conti- nent in place of the anticyclonic area which was present there during the winter. The depression over the north Atlantic has decreased in intensity, while the high pressure system of the central Atlantic has become stronger, controlling the winds over the ocean and on ‘oth the European and American coasts, be- tween parallels 10 degrees and 50 degrees north. A western branch of this area also covers the southern and central United States as far as the Mississippi valley, and thus the southerly wind system of the western Atlantic is extended well into the interior of the continent, increasing to a marked degree the sum- mer temperature of the northern States. (In southwestern Europe the Atlantic “high ” produces an opposite thermal effect, since that region is on the eastern side of the anticyclonic center and hence is subject to northerly winds.) In summer, as in winter, any increase of pressure over the southern States tends to raise the temperature in the region to the northward, and when such an increase occurs in conjunction with a dimunition of pressure over Canada, a “hot wave” usually occurs in the northern States. The average path of cyclonic storms is more northerly than in winter, and comparatively few depressions pass to the southward or eastward of New York until August. The Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean contribute large supplies of moisture to the air currents which move northward over the States in summer. Hence, although cyclonic depres- sions are less frequent than at any other season, the rainfall accompanying each storm is apt to be heavy, and over the greater part of the country the maximum total precipitation for the year occurs in the summer months. The local showers and thunder- storms characteristic of the season usually accompany the pas- sage of low pressure areas near the State; but such a condition is 416 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE not necessary to their occurrence, especially in mountainous sec- tions, where only a moist air and the convectional currents pro- duced by high temperature appears to be necessary to local thunderstorm formation. The relative frequency of local showers in different parts of the State, as bearing upon the distribution of summer rainfall, will be referred to later. Considering now the pressure conditions of autumn, we find that in September the anticyclonic area of the Atlantic has moved northward and that the maximum pressure, 30.1 inches, extend westward over the central Atlantic States, maintaining southerly winds along our coast. The western limits of the anti- cyclonic system are found beyond the Mississippi valley, and dur- ing October the pressure remains high over the central and south- ern States, while diminishing over the ocean. The transient anti- cyclones of October and the early days of November show a strong tendency to drift very slowly over the region of average maximum pressure extending from the middle States to the central coast; and under such conditions the warm southwesterly winds and bright weather of “Indian Summer” prevail in the northern States. The rainfall of September is usually light in the region east of the Upper Lakes, although no marked variation from the normal distribution of pressure characteristic of the month is required to bring about a heavy precipitation. For example, in Septem- ber, 1890, the anticyclones moved to the northeastern rather than to the central part of our coast; and in one case, such an area, acting with a depression to the westward, gave easterly ‘winds and, phenomenally heavy rains over Central New York for several days; the pressure over the State being meanwhile unusually high (30.4 inches). The maximum general rainfall of the autumn season occurs in October, accompanying the shifting of prevailing winds and a decided increase of storm frequency which obtains during the month. The northern winter commences soon after the middle of November; at which time the continental high pressure area ard the depression of the North Atlantic are strongly developed, and northerly winds again prevail over the eastern States. MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING ELEVATIONS OF THE SURFACE | ABOVE SEA LEVEL. FROM OATA OF GEOLOGICAL AND STATE SURVEYS AND RAILROAD LEVELS. SCALE OF MILES. lew Londo) rinefie§d > < oO ” e ; a) a ae tee s,s i aan an New YorK WPHRATHER Burravu. 417 II. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF NEW YORK. The following outline of the orography of New York is sub- stantially as given by Professor Arnold Guyot. Further details are exhibited by the accompanying relief map. The mass of the State is a triangular table-land, elevated 1,500 ~ or 2,000 feet above the ocean, and may be considered the north- eastern extremity of the plateau which, in this latitude, forms th: ‘western half of the Appalachian system. The natural limit of this belt toward the west and north is the large depression of Lakes Erie and Ontario, and which continues down the course of the St. Lawrence river to the ocean. In the east the table-land is terminated by the deep valley occupied by Lake Champlain and the Hudson river; while southward the highlands extend with- out interruption into Pennsylvania. The eastern edge along the Hudson and Champlain valleys is formed by a series of mountain chains more or less isolated from each other, and bearing the highest summits in the State. They are: The Highlands which cross the Hudson at the limit of the coast region; the Shawangunk and Catskill mountains on the western bank of ithe river; and the system of the Adirondacks covering the territory between the St. Lawrence and ‘Champlain valleys. Within this eaistern wall the true mountain chains cease; but the remainder of the plateau is indented by numerous valleys, the bottoms of which are generally several hundred feet below the common level, and which are sepa- rated by high ridges. A remarkable feature jis the deep trans- versal cut which forms the valley of the Mohawk and Lake Oneida, opening a channel from the low country of tthe Lake Region to the Hudson valley, and thus dividing the main plateau into the distinct masses of the Appalachian and Adirondack systems. A subdivision of the central or Appalachian highlands is due to the deep channel of Seneca lake, extending from the plains bordering Lake Ontario southward to the valley of the Susque- hanna. The two sections of. the ‘highlands thus separated are here designated as the eastern and western plateaus; the former extending from the central lakes to the Hudson valley, iand the latter westward from the central lakes to the depression of Lake Erie. Zi 418 EigHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATIONS. County. Western Plateatt ......ccccses Mitch ||| \cicvererovelelersvtoereeretantere Meretite SHELMAN ss cg cscehe Mebietcee less p,s%0:6 Chautauqua............ Humphrey c.cwo. tence cee Meare ett Cattaraugus ........... ATEr Gd! COntre aicrecaieieevisietersyeis'<.6 0.01005 ATE ay iieciteistaiec ceisler « Angelica’... tiie. cs SCO SSO DUGUAOR SLPS Riagipitetetdieittieve.s © OUCH CAMISTCO we craltivis!oa\cleisie's emilee SPOUMeM ermeael eels se « AUC GIN OMe iereed ee misieieheinlelerctels wialelsisis\s YO Cah Aonngmag aeieiele HLM Ina yanwrtiawteies civics s(eieie's ¢ creole Chemung ..... ietaielalpiniele WEAZOWOGUI ia oh o> onic ole ine visits Schuyilervarnptelse sr eisisisi: PANNPEG Co pestterertatetaieietetele siare)vix'> 1 (s cielwieisin's Wyoming....... ainateteres® AIAN, ceisicisiclole.» «feietess ois atcielete's Genesee.......; pate rine Pendleton Centre and Lockport...| Niagara .......e.eeeeees ENA CLON TENE VOTE QU. aie oreo ciateteieloiatctel| Walerelefeletslaie a uaterntn Rlelaeeleeha e's Middletown ............. ofateaafotetenstae Orangeycccieceenie: 54 MVECEYTIG RV SEG. fayeicials wich cielcletecaie/slovefeteters Ulster ..... sletieleieteteretefeiote MMOLE Veer iate oie, seis ctarerevore olors clniere Siete ere SULT WANN cree cre terenictotetetorere South Kortright ........... nibietemrenn Delaware ieiicccescstecse Quaker Street Schenectady ...... Greleiere Middleburgh........ Schoharies: 22.55.00 Cooperstown. ...... Otsego..... 4 ORTON ecient iaiereistetoieisiotsisie/siovatne siete Chenango ccecmue sins Bin2Zhambon Giiacmem cereiees sicekieie ste BLOOM i eromaseetereleleteas WIAVEN Ys ease siisttierretctc ae ctcltelseie PRIOR Al arstavesstavelaveretniels Welsieiele Iskoealcieh nooo soqetnaed erafelele nus teneter eet Contland ae iatehmerprecae Brookfield. awe 2. on jeonl6 Shocas Maidigon’{s. =. ctie/art etek PORN OAL yee s.clastsersiiletorne eteielorsiersion Siow pers adoonadgacoudus VOR GLO IEA LOLLCO Uw crcisisroldinierele is ersi-iniatlinl clsletsve ei /aleieietatonstaletalaiolwtetatalats iD eei CEN Non SenrAgeOUCON LI De CH BEON wele sramtteniots) stelle NEP ORI OU erreaialaccleiejaratemie Meleisrerers Lewis....... soceucen daw Constable villeznen iste saicem ne clareiepie® Cans oleic evelecete Soutranead PALL OUNLIC {COGS Uarcrcicke eicis alclelelelevnse eletsseiel|| ielelsie rele vicle(efelel yarns 3a0508 Blocks Telamady RMUER ainsalcieic clercteleletecvell) ts. ai eictaiofe lovee vie rataeiaterelaistapeisis = BOtaAUK CL: 5/2 sc.caieisisiow aclomeielelssisictesis Suffio keer ereatlrersreieleive« @éntrall Park: teen «bnicieee ciaelccis sted New Works ireateness «ss New York city........... poossaoade BPE Aboh booted abd TUOSOM VAC Yine « atcla's sisicle's Soonhbaudl ieciaoucaeuoTos alaroieisiei sye:<10 Garrisons or Ardenia............. LAER Hes yo NAROROORD Stanfordvilleor Honeymead Brook| Dutchess.......-....... COM FAI VIO: fei: ts nine eje;e tae’ este 18 .| Orange... All DBrriyaiereitareteiererare ale ia 60: CTT PTONTE VOU C Y's pad cee sista.o\cielel| ncalsteteiaratultveteistars\eleieracw ciels)s ty mintebiren 13t: ihe ‘4: Bama adoooderie Clintatieeient si ilek cence PSUMELLUTEMCE IV GLLEN wis! ce latclele's:c/e'> oes ||| Weleralaeietataeteletnetet sisters \c\0'eis 6 COP EGO)? “Ay, CBSA RDG ORD ODODE aaa St. Lawrence........... North Hammond..... Meese Rone einn we Re MUMN ET sires /a\s\ersie'e.s Oswego ..... SiuieYeis\siateve PAIELMO fa. sipateee aatmnsolvielass Reales ss Safaris Cen wisve ais TSVODS 6 oc) cisicieisicienlsjaikianipls »Wieivie seis 4e'e WAYNE ciiisciicecevrccces ROCHOStEr |, snes) sieceaanpe SCOR A GORD MOnrOG: ccicmlendietsincn's ens Hess ROR files scsacoitee viesiins ot,0 NIASATA. «helices sie a0 Buttaloss cacsees seca eaenensy 6 FD PIG:,ssotscee ontene aor nto DUMBIPE. (2280 ce hs na Wellin ste niereles Chautauqua........ as Erie; Pennsylvanias cs scum! saievi-scciv eee Ren an die Elevation above tide, feet. Length of record— years. rx] oo 09 S13 00 co co ~2 0 ew 5 | III. Tem TABLE 2.—AvERAGE MoNTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERA From-to 1890-92 1884-92 1889-92 1889-92 1884-92 1888-92 1854-60 1889. 92 1890-92 1890-91 1889-92 1890-92 1890-92 1854-60 1890-92 1890-92 1889-91 4871-92 1854-92 1890-92 1889-92 1883-92 854-63 890-92 1889-92 seer ewes ween 1871-90 1883-92 1883-86 1886-92 seen 1871-92 1884-92 1871-92 1889-92 1871-92 1889-92 1874-92 1890-92 1888-92 January. ~~ wnwwnwmnwne wo www mMmorc ——~ Wr DW WWWWHWDWWHSWD are he DODD eorcocwco bth pte ite Sito AMM NOMS FOS OS SHMNDOOMOOw AANMMSSN S50 ee pn»wmwwere NYA wWSBROWDOHOH ANIODNNt SH Wome WDwWWdHNWvwnwndseH DH Peete SOMHMHOMTOR SEOOHES New YorK WHATHER BUREAU. 419 perature. TURES, REDUCED TO THE 22 YEARS PERIOD, 1871-1892. tg B BH Hi cS Z 2 = 2 3 = g a — 8 FA 2 g E E = i) rt c i.) b 2 ° oO (9) mest ie 5 e | 3 a = 3 5 oF lines cs = < = 5 5 a R fo) Z a < 23.6| 28.5| 41.7| 54.8| 64.3| 68.6] 66.6] 59.3] 47.3| 35.5] 26.7] 44.8 24.0| 28.0) 40.0| 53.0] 63.0] 66.5| 64.5] 58.0| 47.0] 35.5 7.0 | 44.0 24.0| 29.0| 42.0| 56.0] 64.0] 69.0! 66.0] 59.0] 47.0| 35.2| 26.6] 45.4 23.0| 28.0| 41.0] 55.0| 64.5) 67.5] 65.0] 57.5| 46.0] 235.0] 26.0] 44.1 23.0} 28.0| 41.5] 54.51 63.5] 68.0] 66.5| 58.5] 46.5] 35.0] 26.0] 44.4 26.0| 30.0} 44.0| 56.0] 66.0] 70.0] 68.0] 60.5| -48.5| 387.0| 28.0] 46.5 94.8| 31.5| 45.0| 58.0| 67.0| 72.0] 69.0] 62.0] 49.0] 36.5] 27.5| 47.9 93.0| 28.0| 41.5] 54.5| 63.5| 68.0] 66.0] 58.5] 46.5| 35.0| 26.0] 44.7 22.0| 26.5| 39.5] 54.0] 640| 68.0| 65.5 | 58.0| 47.0] 34.5) 25.5 | 43.6 93.5 | 29.0| 42.0| 55.0| 64.5| 69.0] 68.0] 61.0] 48.5 | 36.0| -27.0| 45.4 22.5 | 27.5| 40.0| 53.0| 63.0| 69.0] 67.0] 60.0| 48.0| 335,5| 27.0] 44.4 22.5 | 28.6{ 42.0| 55.6| 64.8| 68.6] 66.3] 61.5| 47.2{ 35.6| 25.9| 44.7 98.0 | 34.0| 46.0| 59:0| €8.0; 72.0| 70.0] 63.0| 51.0] 39.6] 29.0] 4g'g 23.0| 30.0| 42.0| 55.0] 64.0|° 68.0] 66.0] 60,0] 48.0] 36.0\| 25.5] 45.0 21.3] 27.4| 41.2| 55.4] 64.5| 68.21 66.4] 59:0] 46.9| 34.7] 25.4] 444 91.0] 27.0] 41.0|~ 55.0] 64.0| 67.0] 65.0] 58.0] 46.0] 35.0] 26.0] 43.8 20.0| 27.0] 41.0] 55.0| 64.0| 68.0] 65.0] 58.0| 46.0] 350] 24.0] 43:5 25.0| 31.0| 45.0| 59.0] 68.0| 70.9| 68.0] 61.0| 50.0] 38.0| 28.0] 47.9 21.3| 27.8) 41.2] 55.3| 64.6] 68.1| 66.4| 58.9| 46.9| 34.7] 25.8] 44.1 21.2| 27.4| 40.8] 54.5| 64.0; 68.1] 65.6| 58.2] 46.5] °34.9] 24.8] 43.8 21.0) 28.0] 41.0| 55.0] 64.0] 68.0) 65.0] 58.0] 46.0] 36.0] 25.0] 43.8 25.0| 81.0] 44.0] 57-0] 66.0] 70.0| 68.0] 61.0] 49.0] °37.0| 28.01! 46.6 22.0 7.0! 41.0] 54.0] 683.0] 68.0] 65.0] 57.0] 45.0| 34.0) 25.0] 43.8 21.0 7.0| 41.6| 55.0| 64.0] 68.0! 66.0] 59.0| 46.0| 84.0| 25.0] 438 23.0 | 28.0] 41.0] 54.0] 64.0] 68.0] 66.0] 58.0] 46.0| 35.0] 26.0] 444 16.8| 24.0] 36.8] 51.8| 60.3] 63.8] 62.5] 55.0 3.2 | 98170) |-_ 2152) | Sages 16.0| 24.0] 36.0| 50.0] 59.0] 62.0| 61.0] 54.0 3.0| 31.0| 21.0] 39.6 17.0| 24.0] 937.3| 52.3] 60.3; 64.0! -62.5| 55.0] 48.0] 30.5] 21.0] 40.2 17-5 | 24.0) 37.0) 63.0] 61.5] 65.5| 64.0] 56.0| 44.0) 31.5| 21.51 41.0 31.6 | 35.9] 46.7 7.6 | 67:0) 72.8) 71.14. 65.3] 55.1 3.9| 34.51 50.8 31.5] 85.0| 48.8| 52.3| 61.6| 68.8| 68.1| 62.7] 54.3] 45.7] 87.2] 49.1 32.0] 36.2| 47.0| 58.0 7.0| 72.0) 71.0] 66.0] 56.0| 44.0] 34.5] 51.9 31.2] 386.1| 48.3] 60.7| 70.9| 75.0] 72.9| °66.4| 54.6] 42.7 | 988.4| 51.8 31.7 | 386.3)) 47.9] 59.3} 68.8| 73.5] 72.4| 66.0| 55.3] 43.4! 84.0°) 51.6 26.9] 38.2] 46.2| 58.8| 68.1| 72.0] 69.6] 62.8! 50.8] 39.0] 285] 48.4 28.8] 84.7] 48.2] 60.2| 69.2| 73.2] ° 71.4] 68.6) 51.6| 40.6] 29.5] 49.8 26.4] 82.8| 45.1] 57.6| 66.8| 70.3] 68.3| 61.9] 50.0 7.9} 28.0] 47.3 27.9) 33.2] 45.3 | 57.4 et T2100] 6805, || 62504 5083 |) 88:61) 28-7 (mR 0 4.5} 32.0] 46.0| 60.0| 69.5 | 73.6] 71.1| 68.7| 51.6] 39.1] 28.0] 48.4 17.5] 25.9] 40.8| 55.2| 64.7| 69.9] ‘67.5| 58.6| 46.9] 34.5] 21.8] 43.2 17.5| 25.9] 40.8] 55.2]. 64.7| 69.9 7.5| 58.6) 46.9] 384.5] 21.8] 43:2 17.3] 26.5| 40.4] 55.5| 64.2| 68.2] 65.9| 584| 49.7] 33.2] 22.2] 42.8 18.0] 26.0} 40.0] 55.0] 64.0] 68.0] 66.0] 59.0| 46.0] 34.0] 22.5] 42.8 19.0) 28.0] 41.5| 56.5] 65.0| 69.0| 67.0] 60.0] 47.0] 34.5] 24.0] 44.1 7.0) 26.5| 40.5] 56.0] 64.0] 68.0] 65.7] 58.0] 45.5! 88.0] 22.0] 42.6 16.5] 26.0] 40.0] 55.5 | 64.0) 68.0| 65.5) 57.5| 45.0] 32.5] 21.5 | 49.3 16.0| 26.0) 40.0] 55.5| 64.0| 68.0] 65.5 | 57.0| 45.0] 82.0] 21.0] 42.0 24.31 29.9] 42.0] 54.8] 64.9] 69.8; 68.11 61.1] 49.3] 37.8} 28.4] 46.0 19.5 | 28.01} 40.5| 55.0] 66.0| 70.0] 68.0) 61.0) 48.0] 35.0] 25.0] 44.6 23.4] 29.0] 40.8] 53.8| 62.6! 68.5| 68.0| 61.0] 49.5] 37.0| 27.5] 44.8 22.0 | 26.8] 39.7] 54.6] 64.5] 68.4] 66.4| 58.9, 46.5 | 34.5] 24.7) 48.9 24.5] 30.0| 43.0! 56.0] 65.0] 70.0] 68.0| 61.0} 49.0] 37.0! 28.5 | 46.3 25.0} 380.3] 48.8] 56.4] 65.9] 70.5] 68.8 2.0| 49.8| 37.5| 28.5| 46.8 23.51 29.5| 42.0] 52.5| 64.5] 68.5 | 67.0) 59.5]. 48.0] 87.5 | 28.5 | 45.38 DAa SOO mada) le sae7 6423010 69:91] "686 | 62.0) SOeze|) sS8:0)|\s 292en aes BiG eeih | eagion|| 55.6)| 65.5, |sae7t.0|' 69.1.) 62.5:). 51.4 "| 80.771 Sieg agg 2u6"|) 1826 tedden 65.6 | 65.57! 7.0! 69.1-| 625! Si.4l. aovm) eSt.G:leagio 420 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE III. Tem TABLE 2.—AvERAGE MONTHLY AND 5 | es | at. bs STATIONS. County. Zoo | ¥8a |Fromto| 3 oe 2 oO 2 rs) =| ts ohh 5 2 ow 3 ; 3 aba tar) Central Lakes... ied He OOO laste so 24.2 Ithaca....... 840 14 1879-92 | 24.4 Geneva... 450 16} 1854-92 | 24.0 Mohawk Valley.. GOO | hres sate «| elecateoratats 21.0 MICE ica aeirCnee celdicnniee cs 537 5 "4888-92 21.0 Hamilton College at Clinton 900 7 | 1854-60 | 21.0 Tlion...... uiateteelsteiatsisielatdicwis cise sane 480 2 1889-90 | 21.0 Average Temperature of the ten Regions.......eseeesees Wi) ogoaes eles ae 21.6 Notre.—For an account of the method by which averages are reduced to the 22 years period, see pessible. *Normal taken from ‘‘Monthly Weather Review.” . THE TEMPERATURE or New Yorw REOUCED TO SEA LEVEL. JANUARY. THE TEMPERATURE oF NEw YORK REDUCED TO SEA LEVEL. JULY. = omo a ‘Tenuay |} SSS e219 O ‘Ioquiadeg | SAR Pree ‘Iequmeaon | SS5 : OAS z Spee as =| & eae eta} > aequieydeg | mes is) Bs S |ses a ie pie Sts _ wS S B oS Jere Ee ~ ‘Ane |SSE . | | el a ene Ss sp eune | $38 mM SI e i=] e019 S > E cey | BES a eo Sy ee g Indy | $33 5 | ee fe = i Yue | Sas ad =) | e 2 12S ee O & || Aveniqed | 6-315 : a 4 |) Suse section IV. Averages have been corrected for hourly variation by McAdie’s tables when 422 E1cgHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE III. TEMPERATURE. The temperature conditions which prevail in the vicinity of New York, and the general influences to which they are due, have already been referred to in section I. The local variations of temperature and their effects within the State itself are shown in detail by the accompanying tables and charts, as regards both average and extreme conditions, dates of frost, and periods of navigation in lakes and rivers. In referring special features of temperature distribution (as exhibited by the tables), to their proper causes, the effect of altitude alone upon the normals of the various stations should, in the first place, be eliminated by reducing the temperatures at all stations to sea-level. The results of such a reduction are shown by means of isothermal lines drawn.for the months of January and July respectively, in diagrams 1 and 2. For reasons which will appear further on, it has been assumed that the temperature is lowered at the rate of 0.38 degrees F. per 100 feet of increased altitude in January, and 0.4 degrees per 100 feet in July. The rate of decrease is probably not perfectly constant for the entire State, but must be assumed to be so for purposes of comparison. The first point to be considered is the variation of climate which may properly be attributed ito differences of latitude within the State. The average temperature of the globe at the latitude of New York’s southern boundary (40 degrees 40 minutes north) is for the year 55.6 *degrees; for mid-winter (January) 38.9 degrees, and for mid-summer (July) 72.5 degrees. Selecting the normals of New York city and Malone as representing the actual conditions which obtain at the northern and southern boundaries of the State respectively, the following deviations from strictly average conditions are shown: At New York city the temperature (reduced to sea-level) for The year is 4.0° below the average of Lat. 40° 40’. January is 9.0° below the average of Lat. 40° 40’. July is 1.5° above the average of Lat. 40° 40’. * The values here given were computed from the determination made by Ferrel, ‘‘ Recent Advances,” p. 152. New YorkK WEATHER BUREAU. 423 At Malone the temperature (reduced ‘to sea-level) for The year is 5.2° below the average of Lat. 45° 00’. January is 14.2° below the average of Lat. 45° 00’. July is 1.3° below the average of Lat. 45° 00’. These departures, although considerable, are not greater than might be expected between restricted local conditions and an average which includes the widely different thermal states of oceans and continents. bo0sdeoSono sOSdLOnNObOROe BOUOSICGORONUADUOUDDOD 66.0 73.0 Sepa St Geasno6 gs loodssadasob coo DOdar 3G0005 90000 JOCONS OOBOROOUDRCDAO™ 60.5 63.0 RO COMIOL Gi rereretstete tetris iorevoratelre atetsinietaia eyarciels| clctsievs spele eie'is/eleia’e.s/a\¢/<\s'ese eiswpis\sivinielele 53.1 42.0 PESTON OT Ul Siereieiarete intone ictertercretoreclors ctelataieiatersteleletclsveleisiejeieietatctote\ejelels,ars.oyetace’aisYose)whate 45.7 41.0 eee ee 432 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE The low temperatures recorded in May are attributed to the melting of ice in Lake Erie, Professor Dewey stating that the lake frequently is not clear of ice until about the middle of the month. “ Owing to its shallowness, Lake Erie is frozen over to a large extent nearly every winter from December to March or April, whereas the main body of Lake Ontario is sufficiently free from ice to permit navigation even in the severest seasons.” Local southwesterly winds prevail throughout the year on the southern shores of both lakes and over much of the territory between them, a result due in part to the deflecting influence of the hills of southwestern New York, as will be made ap- parent by an inspection of the accompanying relief map. ‘The southerly component is especially prominent in summer, giving lake winds at Buffalo and land winds at Rochester, with a slightly lower temperature at the former than at the latter place. Thus, Buffalo may properly be selected to determine the maximum thermal effect due to the Lower Lakes, and for this purpose its monthly averages were analyzed by the method re- ferred to in connection with the temperatures at Block Island. The results are given, together with those for St. Louis, as an example of a continental climate; Cooperstown as equidistant from the lakes and the ocean; Block Island and the State for the purpose of extending comparisons. Progress of *Epoch temperature; of first days later component. than at St. Louis. STATION. 7) i) W011 1) Ae a ee a ee Cooperstown.... Ce Probably somewhat more than the difference in epoch here shown between Buffalo and Cooperstown may safely be attrib- * The cosine formula T—A,-+-A, cos. (a—e) is used here. +t Value as given by Ferrel. +The eriodic formula for New York State, from which the curve of plate 1 was constructed, is as ollows: T=45. 9°+24.4° cos [t—(202° 56’)] +0.76° cos. [2t—(311° 30’)] +0.45° cos. [8t—(5U° 50/)]. The mean monthly temperatures for the State used were the averages of the values at Humphrey, Cooperstowr, Lowville (Regents’ record), New York city, Albany, Plattsburgh, Canton, Oswego and Ithaca, The mean annual temperature thus derived for the State is 0.5° higher than that of Table 2. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 433 _ uted to the influence of Lake Erie, owing ‘to the greater distance of Buffalo from the ocean. The retarding influence of the lake will exceed the average value in the spring and autumn and will fall below it after the formation of ice in winter. Lake Ontario exerts its principal thermal effect in tempering the cold waves of winter, which usually approach the State from the northwest. A single example will serve to illustrate this. On January 19, 1892, an anticyclonic area passed eastward over Canada, giving northerly winds and very cold weather over the northeastern States. The following temperatures were obtained on the northern and southern shores of the lake, respectively: fu NortTH SHORE. SoutH SHORE. DATE. Kingston.*| Toronto. | Oswego. | Rochester. PUA AiaVeeh De OU A~ SM vio clels) / cisrs/oic\e\aicis's\eleys's e)a/siere a a)ate +2 +4 +12 +16 SE SUYAENCRT¥ p91) P2 Moi lavaie is atnie,ore(oie: eivsateidie sia ale’s v.cl0\e Gis Gy 0 + 8 +12 RU MTECAT Va CONS TA MAS ofan isle. /eldicicin.ais *, a ABER cuits s'oae Reese teat Can sack oe ee ushe meee 2 15 15 +0.108 3 ~ PAS WA HOLM or eis cctahisls tines visto aeasoaete Shiaceieeee 2 8 15 +0.162 » BR BMEHOUCNEASL ticles. ccies sacs ved teenie vise eats decdesle 2 15 45 +0.146 ‘ = DOMUNEHAL DVIOBSUs s:lclotah'éssraeie sls staclano heii theo ties 2 13 15 +06.114 SA GMURBASY ce verse townie a castle SOP OMSGOOC eonOn SAGO. 2 17 29 : +0.140 2 a. * POMMEOB SIO VSROULIN co sie’ ey oa evince icles coterie miele 4 3 8 +0.145 5 PONGR-AOUDNEASL icine 2c.os as 8 neem decade’ a oeoeite ff 4 14 +0.138 ee RUSTLUMPEECASD crores cree ais wcineis « slaelttee ce ents het omeeee 8 7 31 +0.161 - BOULRY A eitscne Lob cit bee ae alee dataree apa aacete 20 40 0 +0.314 of 3 BOUSIU DY WORE nonce otic es ceeawasiices paccuctes Meiees | 21 4 45 +0.177 : A’ BIPMEH-SOUMMWESLo Ante... a ose cee ese it cbinwiacnm deen : 22 6 45 +0.162 Om abe BIONUH WESb Dy PSOUEHs ss. ocieels cates cc hase Sete meee 22 16 380 +0.065 2 np UO WERL i= creel Mssc’s ce ocnede> tae aisle B neem 29 12 15 —0.018 x =" : BOULUWESL DY WeStacccattecccu sd estes secs. ateeneee 25 21 30 —0.055 << eZ PROSE ROULDWESH ss oes sree posh oyin cs ths ties clear nee 16 23 45 —0.018 f . BRCB DY BOUL sts coscea nts aie ok wos one eines 13 6 0 —0.081 > ae SUNIL Dtet ols'ss.2 Fels 6 a.s\cis ot opis'ele aleve ch ane vale pape ete 17 5 45 —0.063 iis DIR TENT NN OY CEL cols cia.c'e:n oh eielo'etcie ty gine nln o ciate resins ene 11 14 m —0.069 a= BMPR MOLGNWORBbs ts 50 are. ca\s coe Meow since semea asics males 8 19 8 —0.252 ae POUL MONT DY WESE 000d iow eee crehaeoees ee cape 9 8 53 —0.281 ee MUISRIVOR Ls cian cis)s td edo» vin'e \aaclece ta cna a eee aie en 8 20 38 —0.322 Ss PEM ORIN VATIOLUD ic'e 0 0:0: o's'a.aie sian -atoreinietasetsiverie seeath 9 15 37 —0.306 ? Fons PU MRISSMICATIEILUV ORL is c)e'.\s.0j0;00 6s. aio es aves seee me eieesle 8 2 15 —0.276 Am : HSECP IE AMIAVAROGIL ciP ore ip’s)e\s. xe Sis «ou ove sss do etiaiciomatn alee 6 9 46 —0.236 : £ ge. t a Norr.—The broad surface of the St. Lawrence River somewhat modifies the temperature in = its immediate vicinity, and its influence is especially beneficial in preventing early frosts in 3 > f autumn, The coldest part of the region, on the other hand, appears to be that near the foot- $ hills of the Adirondack mountains, as in the case of Gouverneur, Watertown and Madison ; Pa. \ Barracks, which stations probably owe their extremely low minimum temperatures to the a nightly down-flow of cold air from the highlands. ; ia ; 4 i) oa ; ely ae P ay BS) be : y + New York WHaAtTHER BurwAv. 439 _ The following table furnishes a comparison between the tem- perature of northern New York as a whole, and other points of the globe having similar conditions: TABLE 5. TEMPERATURE. January. July. Annual. Range. <4 Degrees. Degrees. Degrees. | Degrees. Northern New York.......... Pete 16 68 43 5 Shea! Minn a cmeecte et ca uate Nec 10 ie 43 62 POLLING De io aie cfecs spss 58 atte 17 7 49 60 Bee trelena. Mont... 555. ..% dene Ane 15 67 43 53 - St. Petersburgh, Russia eee - THe MoHAwk VALLEY. 4 The prevailing winds of this deep depression between the high- lands of northern and central New York are almost exclusively easterly and westerly, following the general course of the valley. Its temperature conditions are but little known from observation, excepting at Utica, which represents the cold section of the region. The winter temperature is here considerably below that at points of the Lake Region to the westward having substan- tially the same latitude and elevation, and differs but little from that of the highlands toward the south. The explanation of this peculiar condition lies partly in the exposure of Utica and its Vicinity as far west as Palermo to northerly winds which have not passed over any portion of Lake Ontario; and also in part to ferred to later. The summer temperature of Utica is, very nearly, ‘that of the Lake Region. Statements which the writer has received from persons familiar with the region) of the Mohawk show that, in passing eastward, no substantial variation from the above conditions is met »with until the valley broadens’ out in the central or eastern part of _ Montgomery county. Here the temperatures are similar to those ‘of the adjacent portion of the Hudson valley; the latter being ap- parently rather the cooler region in summer, owing to its greater exposure to northerly winds. ' the nocturnal downflow of air from the adjacent hills, to be re-_ ae + ' F 7 P ‘ a 3 440 EriguHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE : It may be remarked, as Coffin has already noted, that the tem- 2 perature of the upper Mohawk valley is very near the average for the State as a whole throughout the year. Tur CENTRAL LAKE REGION. From a climatic standpoint this region may be taken to include Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca and Cayuga Lakes; the lesser dimensions and greater elevation of Owasco and Skaneateles Lakes classifying them more properly with the plateau region. The basins of Keuka and Seneca Lakes are prolonged in nearly open channels, extending through the central highlands from the plain of the Great Lakes on the north to the valley of the Sus- quehanna on the south; the valleys of Cayuga and Canandaigua, — on the other hand, being closed by high hills toward the south. The winds follow quite closely the direction of the valleys, es- pecially in their southern portions, and hence must traverse a large extent of the lake surfaces. The average annual temperature of the Central Lake region does not differ materially from that of the section bordering the southern shore of Lake Ontario, the annual range also being nearly identical in both regions. The temperature conditions of Seneca and adjacent lakes were closely studied several years ago by W. D. Wilson, D. D., of Hobart College, Geneva, whose conclusions are as follows: In comparing the influence of the lakes upon Ithaca and Geneva, respectively, “ Ithaca has the advantage of about half a degree of latitude and fifty feet of elevation, which, combined, make scarcely so much as one degree of temperature in its favor. » * * The lakes are much the same in size, about forty-five miles long, with an average width of two or three miles. Cayuga Lake, ‘however, is much the shallowest and freezes over more extensively than Seneca.” “The point of contrast, however, is chiefly this: The one (Ithaca) is at the south end and the other (Geneva) at the north end of a long body of standing water. * * * In winter, while the water is warmer than the air and is also giving out heat by — Fae GS ee ee Re we “77 2, 2 2 ” a 2 . ys ah 8 a.) a ot ap ay ey PaaS ae Pi a ieee ik ade ek, ae) le bet Ly) i ie a , ide Crain 4 441 the formation of ice, the prevailing winds are the polar winds from the north; consequently they are warmed by the lake be- fore they reach Ithaca, while these cold winds pass only over the land to convey the heat away from Geneva. But in summer, when the prevailing winds are the return current from the equa- ‘tor, those winds for Ithaca come from off the land and are not cooled by the lake until after they have passed the town.” Ob- _ servations are then quoted, showing that “ the influence is quite “manifest in winter, producing a difference of 3.3 degrees in favor of Ithaca, their average being 29.4 degrees, ours 26.1 degrees. In summer the difference is slight and is in their favor until the last half of August. For the first half of September their average is _ 62.9 degrees, ours 63.3 degrees. For the last half theirs is 56.1 degrees, ours 57.6 degrees.” _ “During the whole of summer Ithaca’s return current comes from over a tract of land which is quite uneven in surface and _ has a mean temperature considerably lower than Ithaca itself. ~ During the first part of the summer, until about the middle of August, our return current comes, not from the lake at all, but from a point of the compass too far west of south to have been influenced by the lake. After the first of August we have a much larger proportion of southwest winds, and then we begin es, . to feel the influence of the lake, and while the influence is in the se 4 a <" ae eas 2 “seas ~ *4 - A t. ri - > ¥ a b. L ES ; if ~ : direction of cooling during the day it effects a retardation of the _ process of cooling during the night, and thus, as I presume, while the average for the twenty-four hours is greater than theirs, our days are cooler and our nights are warmer than at Ithaca.” Making due allowance for the cooler exposure of the present University Station at Ithaca, which is four hundred feet above that referred to by Dr. Wilson, the normals given in the general table of this report are in substantial agreement with the above Statements, which will also hold true of the Central Lake region asa whole. @ - : Pie Se ey al Tia Pee ae -* Reba x y pd te ra eesenn > re % . . : a " . 442 ErgHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE THE HIGHLANDS oR PLATEAUS OF NEW York. The rate at which the average annual temperature decreases” with altitude is usually given as 1 degree to 300 feet of elevation, the rate being somewhat below this value in winter and above it in summer. The rule is subject to considerable local variation, however, and it was deemed best to make an approximate deter- mination for this State. Owing to the variety of local influences which had also to be considered it was found necessary to make a trial of various factors of reduction and draw isotherms repre- senting the results, accepting those which reduced the effects of altitude toa minimum. The rates of decrease in this case are 0.3 degrees per hundred feet of elevation for the winter and 0.4 per hundred feet for the summer, agreeing well with the usual values. For the mountains ef Northern New York however, a factor much smaller than 0.8 degrees appears to hold for the winter months; but the latter was adhered to throughout in constructing the sea-level isotherms of plates 1 and 2. The highland districts of Central New York are substantially alike in their temperature conditions, as these are shown ‘by obser- vation and also by the character and seasonal development of vegetation, and hence only a general account of their climate is re- quired. The Adirondack Plateau has some distinctive features needing a separate statement. In computing the temperature normals of the eastern and west- ern plateaus, it was found that closer comparisons could be made between Cooperstown (chosen as the standard of reference) and nearly all other stations of the plateaus, than between the latter and low level stations of the coast and lake regions. In fact, the thirty-eight year normal of Cooperstown may, without much error, be taken to represent the temperature of the plateaus at the alti- tude of 1,000 to 1,500 feet throughout the central portion of the State. The western plateau shows, in winter, a slight excess of temperature (about one degree) over that of the eastern region, which may be attributed in part to the influence of the Great Lakes, and in part to the gradual manner in which the surface Nw YorK WEATHER BuRRPAU. 443 declines toward the north; Dr. Hann having shown that the pre- vailing air currents are generally less cooled when passing up a gradual incline than when the vertical gradient is large. It has already been stated that the thermal influence of Lake Erie is distinctly noticeable in the spring and autumn over the large tract which slopes toward its surface; and that a difference of about one degree is thus brought about between western Wyomireg county and adjacent stations in Allegany county. After the freezing of Lake Erie, the coldest region of the plateau ap- pears to be the ridge separating the system of the Genesee river from that of Lake Erie. Lake Ontario, remaining open through- out the year, can not fail to temper somewhat the winter climate of the region as a whole. It may be noted that Humphrey, in central Cattaraugus county, has a higher temperature than might be expected from its elevated position and the character of the surrounding country. This sta- tion belongs to the upper limit of the Ohio valley, and it seems possible that special climatic conditions may thus be introduced here. Southerly winds are found to occur at Humphrey more fre- quently that at adjacent stations to the northward; but whether these belong to a general system, or are merely local, must be decided by further observation. The general equality of temperature over the eastern plateau is rather remarkable when the extent and irregular surface of the region are considered. ‘The sea-level isotherms in the southeastern portion show the influence of the ocean to a small degree; but in fact this effect is masked by the high altitude and mountainous character of the section, excepting at Minnewaska, which overlooks the plains toward the southeast, and iis fully exposed to air cur- rents from that direction. Middletown, which occupies a sheltered position still further southward, may for climatic purposes be properly classed as a station of the Hudson valley, to whose influ- ence it is mainly subject. The narrow valleys of the highlands are found to vary but little in average temperature from the adjacent hills; while in case of the broader depressions more heat is gained during the day than Pea Nn) Ses A ise ‘ eles PONE tty Ee Br racine eat ohh te Disk i eS = SP nk a Be ent ren gle, ss rie fi e ro ak i a s 444 E1igutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE is lost at night by the flow of cold air down the slopes. Thus the mean temperatures of Binghamton, Waverly, Elmira and Addison, in the main branches of the Susquehanna valley, are but little over a degree lower than those of the Central Lake region, although the difference is greater in the spring and fall, owing to the retard- ing influences of the lakes. No statement can be made here as to the climate of the Catskill mountain region, owing to the lack of any adequate data. The Adirondack Plateau is subject mainly to the same influences which determine the climate of the St. Lawrence valley, excepting that the central and eastern portions of the highlands are not reached by the lake winds. A very broken and heavily timbered surface offers great obstructions to the circulation of air currents, and hence the summer temperature, although the lowest in the State, is somewhat higher than would otherwise be, due to the elevation of the region. The normals given in the general table can not be considered to be fully established, depending as they do upon a few brief series of observations. If even approximately correct, however, they represent a true anomaly of temperature during the winter, since the average values at some of the mountain stations are then higher than those recorded at stations of the St. Lawrence Valley, more than a thousand feet below. In order to investi- gate more fully the existence of such a condition, several dates were selected when the region was subject to anticyclonic areas and their accompanying cold waves. An inversion of tempera- ture was found to exist in a considerable number of cases, but most decidedly on December 8, 1890. The isotherms of the ac- companying chart represent the average temperatures for that day in northern New York, as reduced to sea level by applying the factor 0.3 degrees for each 100 feet of elevation of the various stations, the accompanying figures showing the actual (unreduced) temperature at each station. Keene Valley, whose temperature (—6.5 degrees) was the lowest of the series, is located at the bottom of a deep mountain valley or gorge in a position to receive the downfall of cold surface air from a large INVERSION OF TEMPERATURE IN NORTHERN NEW YORK, DECEMBER 8th, 1890. 3k fica@> | ce Ilion 5 ae oat : Brookfield» = Isothermal Lines show the mean daily temperature as reduced to sea level by deducting 0.3° from the actual temperature for each 100 feet of elevation. Small figures show actual tem- peratures. [The mean temperature at Keene Valley was—6.5°. ] 1. FLUCTUATIONS OF NORMAL RAINFALL. Ww = 9° 2 | i Central Platead.—Cooperstown. 39 years. Upper Hudson Valley—Troy Waterworks. 65 years. im un ut i ttt ill Lower Hudson Valley —West Point. SRT pase ni AT years, ileal Fort Columbus. 49 years 7 yeals.* | Setanket Block Island. 13 years Atlantic Coast, — * Averages obtained by comparison with adjacent stations, 7 aw x sale i ey ae ony oh ar FLUCTUATIONS OF NORMAL RAINFALL. 2. i sea TA i il ce H { eC a fe = t an RES — TAU ILIA it i ee itl quit SNAP ) Le INCHES 27 years emo. 33 years 60 years. Buifalo Pen Yan. 58 years. Rochester. 7 St. Lawrence Valley.—Gouvernenr. Central Lakes.— = = (ae) Ss — = = = — — i a> (=) Sl — — = — — a =) | a ~ = Great Lakes. — RELATION OF RAINFALL TO STORM FREQUENCY AND TEMPERATURE. Annual Fluctuation of Temperature in New York State. {The vertical lines represent the middle days of the respective months. ] Continental Fluctuation of Rainfall— Cooperstown, ‘Maritime Fluctuation of Rainfall— Block Island. Combined Types.—Palermo, (Lake Region. ) Monthly Storm Frequency in percent- ages of the total yearly number. DEGREES F. INCHES. INCHES. Pern CENT. if ti | tt i i i | ( i i TATI IHN IAIN te | 1 | ITTATTT il r NC NIUE = Zz —— VU IT 1A ; oa ei i y u i , ae hie ae Ae rT | - "7 BS Me eee a et ay 4 cs fat he His Bay NS s bite ak ma ¥r es ve Oy * oh Aik Tt. = climate here appears to be colder than in the highlands of central. a be found on page 470. New York Woraturr Burwav. area in the vicinity. The distribution of temperature at the - remaining stations, and especially at Canton, Lyon Mountain and Plattsburgh, is such as would be due to a rather rapid gain of = warmth with increased elevation in the mass of the cold wave. ee itself. Evidently, no very frequent recurrence of such a condi- tion would be required to equalize the average monthly tempera- za 3 we ture of the valleys and highlands. Re So far, then, as present records show, the whole of northern New York has substantially the same average winter tempera-— __ ture, excepting as certain deep valleys are subject to a local cool- ing through an accumulaition of the colder and denser air. In | summer the warmth of the highlands decreases at about 0.3 de- grees per hundred feet of elevation above sea level; and the ay- - erage temperature of the Adirondack region at that season is thus, reduced to nearly the same value which obtains on the sea coast- ead of northern Maine; the days, however, being warmer and the nights cooler than in the coast region. ms The New England Green Mountains.—A third highland region a of the State is that belonging to the system of the Green Moun- tains of New England, and extending over the New York border = in Rensselaer, (Columbia and northern Dutchess counties. The : o - New York at the same latitude, but no definite statements can | be made, as observations representing this section are lacking at _ oy present. Some data which have been obtained upon frosts will : Sea Hectehit ae OF MontTuty AND Bey A | Fort Columbus. Record ey = JANUARY, ~ | FEBRUARY. MARCH, APRIL. May. JUNE. - i q | 4 eae q | 1g eee 4 . . to io eal Eni Eni gx " q Beye | Pt b Rye & > ae : | Ba. |) See eee Meee aL cena ae edd evant ee Pr P 5A 3 la | g BA 8 gA @ BA g gA a Jhon & mp Ie bole wm |e Sn = bh |e m “ oo 18— hres es 39.6 90 | 41.3] 28] 44.6] 42|53.6| 44, 71 | 66.6 38.5 80 | 39.2} 90] 53.9] 591] 52.9] 30, 68 | 64.9 Warm months..|/ 37.0 70 | 38.1] 42] 43.7] 25 | 52.4] 22, 65 | 63.8 36.5 43 | 37.3 | 67 | 43.3 | 65 | 52.1 27 | 63.2 26.4 89 | 37.2 | 34] 43.2] 72 | 52.0 29 | 62.1 : 19.6 57 | 21.5] 361729.5| 85 | 42.3 74 | 54.4 ; 22.5 56 | 22.5| 68] 30.3] 43] 43.3] 57, 75 | 54.6 Cold months....|{ 23.8 40 | 23.1] 85 | 80.8 | 56 | 43.7 52 | 55.0 24.0 27 | 23.3 31.5 | 88 | 44.1 50 | 55.3 |. 24.2 67 | 23.9 |55,56 | 31.1] 72! 44.3 36 | 55.9 Rochester. ¢ 36.5 80 | 84.5; 84) 40.3) 59) 54.3 30 | 64.3 72.1 22 Ng 32.7 90 | 34.1] 57] 40.1] 78 | 52.7 33 | 62.4| 87 | 71.4 54 bn Warm months../4 32.6 58 | 32.7 82 | 40.0 31 | 52.5 44 | 61.9 33 | 71.1 58 oat 31.6 |38,43,76 | 32.2 | 40| 39.8] 42 | 52.4 78 | 61.7| 81 | 70.1 58. ane 31.0 31.5| 90| 89.0] 71 | 48.0 40] 61.5] 59|70.0| 81,76 | 15.0 57 | 13.7| 8520.0] 85 | 35.4 74 | 49.0] 67 | 60.2 39 ya, a 17.1 88| 15.0] 75 | 22.8] 72 | 37.2 $8 | 49.1 | 50 | 60.7 42 “ Cold months....|4 17.4 56|16.4| 88| 23.3| 43 | 38.6 5v | 50.2) 82 | 61.1 ar ae 18.3 | 75, 84| 17.4] -55 | 24.0] 83 | 38.9 75 | 51.1 | 49 | 61.5 62 a 19.5 40| 17.6] 891 24.6| 88139.9| 41, 50|51.3| 61] 61,9 47 By % . x ia % Potsdam. Record of 21 Years, 1828-1848, 27.0 43 | 28.9) 28) 85.3) 45) 56.2 39 | 62.4] 48 | 70.5 70 us, 25.6 41| 28.4] 34] 35.1] 934 | 52.2 44 | 60.1 | 54 | 68.9 880) ead Warm months..|+ 24.7 55 | 25.1 40 | 34.8 46 | 51.1 30 | 60 0 : Py ee 23.8 38 | 23.9] 61] 34.1] 42 | 47.9 46 | 58.8 22.8 28 | 23.8| 67 | 33.6] 38 | 45.8 40 | 58.5 7.4 87| 9.5| 88] 16.2] 73 | 37.0] 41, 47 | 48.0 8.6 40 | 11.0 | 33] 21.5] 63 | 37.4 68 | 49.3 Cold months.. 9.1 44| 11.4 | 86 | 23.4] 69 | 37.5 98 | 49.5 10.6 54] 11.7 | 68.) 24.1] 70 | 87.7 62 | 49.6 10.9 67 | 13.2] 29 | 24,9] 36 | 38.1 38 | 50.8 * Bas rotest Burlington, 29.9 80 | 28.4 |40,77 | 85.9] 78) 49.5 44 | 64.9 28.0 43 | 28.1] (57 | 35.8 |42,71 | 49.0 78 | 61.3 Warm months..|} 26.9 89 | 26.7 | 72] 35.4] 59 | 48.4 86 | 61.0 - 26.1 76 | 26.6| 42| 34.1] 45 | 48.2 89 | 60.2 25.5 90 | 26.0] 61] 83.9] 46 | 47.7 46 | 60.1 9.9 44] 11.8] 68] 19.8] 85 | 83.5 74 | 49.2 10.5 88 | 12.2| 85] 19.8] 72] 37.5 |47,68,75 | 49.8 OOS mMonthses-/4 19.6 67 | 12.9| 43|20.6| 68 | 37.9 59 | 51.4 11.2 65 | 13.8| 75 | 22.4] 83 | 38.5 64 | 51.5 12.2 | 40, 67|14.8| 49] 22.6] 69 | 38.9 62 | 51.6 : EXTREME RANGES OF MONTHLY Fort Columbus.. 20.0 19.8 15.1 11.3 12.2 12.0 , Rochester....... 21.5 20.8 20.3 18.9 15.3 11.9 Ye Potsdam and ; ae Gouverneur,.. 20.2 19.4 19.1 CON oem | 18.8 Fin eg pasion, Vt.. 20.0 16.6 16.6 16.0 15.7 9.80 : Sy. * January, 1857, was the coldest month on record at Philadelphia and at New Bedford, agg Be H ne poate > 4 + The coldest J uly at Philadelphia since 1771. sy 72.5 40; 66.0 91 | 54.7 79| 43.3 49) 34.8 91 | 48.5 91 71.6 90| 65.4 81 | 53.3 82] 41.3 46) 34.7 81 | 47.6 89 70.5 |41,88,91] 65.2 84 | 52.7 78) 40.4 50| 31.3 89 | 47.5 78 70.4 45] 65.0 89 | 51.1 | 45,51] 40.0 9} 30.3 52 | 46.2 77 70.1 42) 64.7 46 | 50.6 81| 39.8 |47,60,77| 30.0 48 | 46.1 84 ‘| 60.1 66| 53.1 71 | 40.8 65) 28.0 73) 14.5 67 | 42.0 68 63.0 55| 54.0 64 | 41.3 89| 28.6 71| 14.8 90 | 42.1 66 63.1 56| 54.5 60 | 41.9 76| 29.4 | 75,80) 15.9 76 | 42.8 67 63.5 | 69,74] 54.8 63 | 42.2 59| 31.6 9} 17.3 54 | 42.4 56,62. 64.2 57| 55.2 59 | 42.5 64| 31.7 68) 17.8 45 | 42.5 65 f AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE, : ies seb : 8.9 12.5 15.6 12.9 19.1 . ; : 11.2 15.2 16.6 19.7 20.3 ao d : 9.9 11.6 15.1 15.3 20.4 eam 12.4 12.9 13.9 15.3 20.3 oe ‘ds of these stations extending over the past 75 and 78 years, respectively, : Temperature. Deg. F: Temperature. Deg. F. 73. 7 73.0 72.3 71.6 71.4 62.5 63.3 64.3 65.5 65.8 SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. Temperature. Deg. F. ore ors or ADOAD=) HANAAD wluqa»ne wWNoHwnwn OCoANCK : Temperature. Deg. F. WaDwo nnoean NOVEMBER. Temperature. Deg. F 51.1 30] 41.3 48.6 70| 41.1 48.4 22) 40.4 48.2 46,49) 40. 46.7 81) 39.3 38.2 23| 22.2 38.8 73| 25.9 39.2 42| 27.4 39.4 75| 28.3 39.7 271 28.4 46.7 49) 36.5 46.6 30) 36.2 42.7 46| 36.1 42.3 55,58) 34.6 42.2 50) 34.4 27.0 73| 16.2 32.1 38] 18.5 33.0 39| 19.7 33.4 71! 20.5 33.7 75,80| 22.6 1861-1873. 40.4 30] 32.1 39.8 46] 28.8 38.9 28) 28.4 38.1 66| 26.4 38.0 47| 26.1 25.1 73] 11.7 26.1 T1/ 12.2 29.0 27| 14.5 30.0 43) 14.7 30.5 41] 15.4 DECEMBER, Temperature. Deg. F Seanwy ARooe ANNUAL. coe Go —t. as 5 448 E1regHtH ANNUAL RPPORT OF THE EXTREMES OF MoNnNTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE. The accompanying table shows the warmest and coldest months -and) years which have occurred during a long period at four rep- resentative localities of the State. . At Fort Columbus, in New York harbor, the observations of the entire series have presumably been made under conditions which would not cause discrepancies exceeding a degree in the mean values, so that the differences shown may be attributed to actual variations of weather. At Rochester the records ‘were kept by voluntary observers prior to 1871, and at the Weather Bureau station thereafter; but the normal derived from the two series do not differ by so much as 2 degrees for any month, while the variation for the year is but 0.8 degrees. There is some local variation between the conditions at Potsdam and Gouverneur, and a small percentage of the differences shown in the table may be attributed to this fact. The record at Burlington, Vt., has been maintained without change of method or exposure of instruments for fifty-two years. The thermometers, although selected {with care, were not standardized, and it seems probable that an in- crease in the mean values for the summer months observable dur- ing the latter part of the record may be due in part to instru- mental error. In cases where the extreme values did not depart very widely from the averages, a considerable diversity was found even among adjacent stations as to the seasons of greatest heat and‘cold, and the best that could be done under these circumstances! was to examine several records in each section of the State, selecting the dates in ‘which there was substantial agreement. The values given for these dates are, however, those observed at the standard stations of the table, excepting in a few cases where these were found to be obviously in error, when the average was interpolated from adjacent stations. It may be of interest to compare the extreme conditions in the vicinity of New York city with the normal temperature of quite different climates. The warmest January at Fort Columbus—40 degrees, The average January at Norfolk, Va.—40 degrees. ; New YorkK WEATHER BUREAU. ~ te AS The average J. anuary at Atlanta, Ga.,—=43 degrees. ‘The average January at Jacksonville, Fla.—=55 degrees. eee The average January at San Francisco, Cal.—50 degrees. The average January at Portland, Ore.—38 degrees. The average January at Paris, France,—36 degrees. ae a The average January at London, England==38 degrees. Bee . The coldest January at Fort Columbus,—20 degrees. ez The average January at Portland, Me.—20 degrees. tae Whe average January at Chicago, Ill.,—25 degrees. Soa Ree The average January at Milwaukee, Wis.,—19 degrees. oS : The average January at Spokane Falls, Wash.,—20 degrees. == The average J anuary at Christiana, Norway,—28 degrees. eo) The average January at St. Petersburgh, Russia,—16 degrees. ; 2 a : pe The warmest July at Fort Columbus,—81 degrees or 79 degrees. 2 ¥ % The average July at Baltimore, Md.—79 degrees. ea _ Mhe average July at Jacksonville, Fla..—83 degrees. i. The average July at St. Louis, Mo.—79 degrees. The average July at Alexandria, Egypt,—80 degrees. The average July at Madrid, Spain,—76 degrees. ae Fs The average July at Rome, Italy,—77 degrees. z , e Notes descriptive of seasons of extreme heat and cold which have occurred in the vicinity of New York are given in section V. DaiLy FLUCTUATIONS OF TEMPERATURE. a ay The following average daily amplitudes or ranges of temperature ia oa are given by Mr. A. McAdie in his work on “Mean Temperatures ee, as 4 a, and their Corrections in the United States”: eS Taste 7. Dairy Ampxitupes or TEMPERATURE. es S as & CsI B Hi ¥. | P| og ue pecaeleabes |S = SS (=| a cool a 5 FI iS FI | é = im iz co k oO ® " a al ke (ett |= le (=a = ste a, hee Seb eit 4 joe |S los 4 4 (2. | ole aero a Deg. | Deg. | Deg. | Deg.| Deg. | Deg. | Deg. | Deg. | Deg. | Deg. | Deg. | Deg, E Za 7.0 8.0 8.4 | 12.2} 14.2 | 13.6] 14,6 | 14.4] 14.4 |] 11.2 7.1 5.5 : ; 68| 7.5| 9.5] 11.0| 11.2 11.5] 11.0] 10.2] 100) 98| 82, 67 99. 33|48| 58| 79| 90} 81| 80/103] 99] 73| 54|] 237 a 44| 54| 6.3 | 10.0] 11.6] 125] 12.0] 114] 112] 95] 68] 40 ae ’ tees a < 4 * 450 -Eignta Annuan Report oF THE 6 ‘At each of the stations, with the exception of Albany, the daily ‘s amplitude is decreased by proximity to the Great Lakes or the ocean; the effect being most marked at Buffalo, where the prevail- ing winds come from the lake. The large percentage of cloudy weather which obtains in the Lake Region also tends to reduce the values at both Buffalo and Rochester, while New York city is less _ affected by this cause. The absence of large bodies of water near Albany, its position on the lower slopes of a broad valley, and a lesser degree of cloudiness than obtains in the Lake Region com- ’ bine to make its range larger than at the three remaining stations. — But one determination of amplitude has been made for this State in addition to the above. This is for the station Mohawk, situated in the deeper portion of the Mohawk valley, and hence represent- ing conditions somewhat different from those at any of the Weather Bureau stations. The amplitudes, as given by Schott, are: | Jan. | Feb. | March.| April.| May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. Nov. | Dec. Deg.| Deg.| Deg. Deg. Deg. | Deg. Deg. Deg. Deg. | Deg. Deg. | Deg. 7.2 9.3 10.5 13-7 16-1 18.0 15.1 15.8 14.9 | 11-0 6.5 6. The cloudiness is at a decided maximum in winter at Mohawk, and hence the range does not then differ greatly from that of Albany. The large range which obtains in summer is such as would be expected to result from the rapid heating of the quiet air of the valley during the day, alternating with a downflow of chilled air from the highlands at night. As shown by McAdie’s tables, the time of the maximum tem- perature at the Weather Bureau stations does not vary substan- tially from 3 p. m. during the year. At Mohawk the maximum occurs, by the tables, at 4 p. m. during April, May and June, and varies but little from 3 p. m. during the remainder of the year. For the State generally, the minimum temperature may be expected to occur at about the time of sunrise during the summer, and from one to two hours before sunrise in winter. At Mohawk, however, / ns Jocated on hill or mountain tops, whose results as regards — daily amplitude of temperature it would be of interest to compare — with the foregoing. The records do not, however, much exceed a year in length, and hence can not give even approximately correct ues of daily variations. The mean daily ranges are given here- th (page 452) for three of these stations, in connection with the 1es for the same months at ie in eels se Tres Eaopiitides the excess, however, being approximately the e for the stations of each pair. od ¥ P'S 09 To Le o'r e1g ‘Tt eee eee eee eee ee ee eer ey soousIe yi 6° 9L SOP S21 re) § Pst core § 008*T oe lo er | ew {2 | ates Pep est loner. Wereseltere Pd | per | ser Wisteeeereeeseeeseeeesereesees HoOUg pReUILeNOH ust | Lor See eeeeeeeeeteeeee seeeeeeeeeererees BYSBMOUUNT | ss ST PG oP Lae 0‘6L O°9T GAL 10a “1B Tor ght g6r 6°21 OST : LSI Ll SPL 9°St @’9L 0S oP e'gt 6°81 LI6‘T . painia.ciehe'eccisiniel® t Soe Wt 50" 1'9r 9°81 se sinisicie'sisisicis.aiais ois els sls Pues steps s Al iG OTTO TONTITT Ce sreeees BINGSHVI 2 3 c 2 13 A onl _ 3 as | e°¢ on Pare 89 99 LoL ‘eq. oe es eg OFL Ft iteteeeenenes seeeeeeeerseeeees sQndQromC, ss G83 €°98 Cs ra 63 2°08 8°83 P'S. OL. OL. be i Nimes maniept eerie’ gia(e fin? Sn ep: a es Vn sen aa ea : LAT rant @°61 P6L BIg “0% 0'8T 6° FL Lr Lr 080 ‘2 Peet teen re seeeneneeeseeecesesreeeeeeeens TET ATBIT tet? ‘Bod ‘daq | ‘dsoq | ‘soq | ‘seq | ‘seq | ‘Boq Seer ‘seq | ‘d0q ‘Boq | ‘30q “yoo at ' m ‘00g ‘AON | “900 | ‘deg | “Sny | “Aqne | ‘oung | ‘Avy | udy |'qouey} ‘qog | ‘uve | ‘opnqyTy ‘SNOILVLS ; ‘SNOILVLG ADTIVA GNV TIP] LV sHONVY ATIV NVA] ‘8 ATaV EL ie . K ener te b 5 : ‘s = H 3 3S _- STATIONS eA SS Sack ae et eR ee pte =| i 2 t=] © iS 2 & ° © C) & = a) q 2) mb a as of 2, > > o 3 C7) Ss a S 3 3 5 ® 3) ° ® s 5 & = < = 5 5 4 n cs) A A aa Albany... waite sts 15.8 | 16.1 | 13.9 | 16.8 | 17.5 | 17.9 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 16.3 | 16.2 | 13.1 12.9 Block Tsland coieran 13.9 | 12-8 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.2 | 11.7 11.5 10520) 10st 1120" | Shes 12.4 5: It will be seen that at Block Island the mean daily range owes. its principal component to the irregular temperature changes which takes place from day to day, since the range is at its maximum during the months of greatest temperature vari- : ability, when, on the other hand, the small amplitude proper is at its minimum. : % a The fact that the instrument shelters at National Weather = Bureau stations are located at a considerable distance from the > ground (the average height in this State being over 100 feet) may n part explain the lesser range at these stations as compared with some of the values obtained by the State Bureau. VALLEY WINDS AND INVERSIONS OF TEMPERATURE. — During clear nights, both in winter and summer, the ground ‘ ned by the intense anticyclonic Dditons which often occur ring that season; while in New York the rapid radiation which et. y* “es pe SE ery + ee ee * > i j e 5 ‘ “ 4, Das ag Pe al 2 yw a oy : , 454 EiegurH ANNUAL REporRT OF THE At Ithaca, in the Central Lake Region, the night wind usually commences from one to two hours after sunset, blowing from the south down the channels of the two principal streams flowing into Cayuga lake. At first a light breeze, it increases in force during the night and attains a maximum velocity probably not i less than eight miles per hour. The current in the main valley Py at the head of the lake (as observed by means of small balloons) i. is from 50 to 100 feet in depth before midnight, and no doubt becomes) greater before morning. This volume of cold air grad- 4. ually increases until sufficient to overcome the heating effect of / the lake waters, reaching the northern extremity of the valley toward morning. The essential features of the night wind, as thus outlined, are common to all highland districts, although the contour of the ‘land surfaces near Ithaca (and also the presence of the lake) give ae it rather unusual strength. As an additional instance, the case of Utica may be mentioned; the phenomenon being there more marked than would at first be expected from the character of the : surrounding country. ‘The relief map accompanying this report i shows the valley to open both eastward and westward from Utica; the highlands, however, rising mainly towards the north- , east and southeast of the city. The following observations upon the winds during the winters and summers of two years were 4 found in the report of the Board of Regents (second series). Hours AND NUMBER OF DIRECTION OF SEASONAL WINDS. ee Ne 6 A. M. 2p.M. | 10P.M. In summer: Number of observations of easterly Winds .........ceeeceeeeeeees 116 44 47 Number of observations of westerly windS....... sscsccesceevees 93 160 59 In winter: ah Number of observations of easterly winds ............eeeee eee ees 97 98 Ce Number of observations of westerly windsS........sccsseeceseeees 81 127 108 ed New York WEATHER Buruav. — * he prevailing westerly winds at midday, Sale ‘mainly due by: o the general atmospheric circulation, must be considerably one _ strengthened by the updraught of air on the heated hill slopes. ie eAt night, when the motion of the upper currents is mo longer — imparted to the surface air by convectional action, the downflow from the hills proceeds unchecked; but, owing to the distance BS of the city from the highlands, the easterly wind does not become Se fully established there until after the evening observation, and is much more apparent in the early morning. The large per- i centage of cloudiness in winter evidently tends to decrease the ae ; frequency of easterly winds at that season. ‘The valley winds have a considerable climatic importance, since they bring a cool and refreshing air at night which is not tit on the plains or upper hill slopes. Also, in the antumn and winter the same condition gives earlier frosts and lower noc- 4 ae eA} , Tix - turnal temperatures in the valleys than obtain on the hills or plains, as long as the AIieS remain clear. a ‘The following temperature readings were obtained at hill and valley stations of central New York during the clear weather a et Sa a a> : me" accompanying anticyclonic conditions in January and February, s ~ 1892: | TEMPERATURE (FAHRENHEIT). : aaa JANUARY 9. | JANUARY 10. | JANUARY 20. | JANUARY 21. | FEBRUARY 6. y Se aw LOCATION eS i r te Lo} - . . O . oe =) ‘ cal Sia PN illees s fe Bele sle) slele] ele] es] eyaial el]e 4 ie = E , 3 at pouekseld above the level of Oxford. The distance between the stationsisabout thirty _ iniles ‘ 3 The i inversion of temperature which occurred in northern New fey S York on December 8, 1891, has already been described (page 444). ; ee Th that case there was apparently a cold stratum of surface air ; and a slight increase of temperature with vertical height within — the mass of the anticyclone itself. Such a condition must be less re likely to occur south of Lake Ontario, as ithe surface air for the time being loses its intense cold in passing over the water. ‘Report oF s » - > RECORDS OF MAxIMUM fe ee Se : ne ATLANTIC COAST. Hupson VALLEY. EASTERN CENTRAL | WESTERN LAKES. | PLATEAU. — Bangall New or Hon- York eymead Albany. & Brook. HH awoor rary wonrow . Sie | ry | MODE OOWONS aiid iy 5 Toten ae WratHer BuREAv. ‘New Yor oe = AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES. St. LAWRENCE CHAMPLAIN Great LAKES. VALLEY. VALLEY. ; _ | Platts- | Burling- eae dam, [umn | ton, Ver ° * |Barracks.| mont. 5 5 6 2 2 6 8 4 1 2 2 3 5 6 2 0 1 0 0 9 1 RY tiegrs te + te ; er . ‘. 2 Se Pe 4 nee : ‘ Eicuta Annuat Report oF THE ~ EASTERN CentraL| WESTERN ATLANTIC Coast. HUDSON VALLEY. PLATEAU. LAKES. | PLATEAU, ree GS sen (EP pe | cas Peelers Bae foun oc Mak > =n Fort peel News| oneo a Park or Hon- Pom- | Hamil- Hum: "a5 Colum- 2: York Albany. Ithaca. Ss New eymead ey. ton.* hrey. bus York City. | Brook. z eed oo Ss) 8) Stes] Sy) ape la) Bee Pe ee oe eee é aie) A) Se |e be Se ad Se SS le | oe | eee es ee TSBR ecnecher cl oe 0| 96 0/96] 2]| 96 |—14" 92 |—10 |.. |....]....].... 96 |—15 | 90 | —12 4 ASBOS fas sad ke 91 itp ey 8| 90] 2] 92 |—41 92 |—5)|.. ]....|....]..-- 92 |—12 | 87 | —16 | PLDs gig crassa =| LoL 8 | 98 TOS BGR ee G2! iia OR day cet A asible orafell larcte 9 |\— 3) 92|/—4 Usdivensadsace| Ot], 40-) (98 9}94} 9] 92 Oe OB I — [Bis Uso Minin <’e\flartare laretere 92 |— 2] 92|—1 - Means..... 94 3 | 95 1|94/ 1) 94 |—10 |§93 | §11 |88 |—11, 93 |—20 |494 | 411] 90 | —11 Extremes..|104 |—12 | 101 | —6 |100 |—5 | 97 |—19 |s98 | §18 |91 |—18) 96 —31 |196 | #20 | 95 | —24 © $ wt SSS SS SaaS *In the town of Hamilton, Madison Co., to be distinguished from the station Hamilton College of Ae and extremes derived from second series, 1860-1873. § Means and extremes derived from second following were obtained from self-registering instruments, and under standard conditions, B Ree ae a! . e ; \ SN tas We ‘ > ay . a eh sl bo ob ‘ =~ eee | \ d fsa ye een aS TE 7 poe ae Laon \ ‘ i ‘ ‘ New York WeatHeER BureEAv. ) Mintmum TeMPERATURES. St. LAWRENCE CHAMPLAIN E ES. Guiae GAKES VALLEY. VALLEY. a | Y . Platts- | Burling- Sees Gouner burgh | ton, Ver- - S Barracks.| mont. | Min. iL 1 —4|i92| 16 | 193 |K—7| 92 4—27| 91 |—23| 92 [17 | 90 | a7 | ! —32 | 100 |—46 | +95 |4—40)| 96 |—34| 100 lee 96 | —32 --23 | 490 |+—27) 91 |—23] 92 / general tables. +Means and extremes derived from second series, 1879-1891. + Means es, 1874-1891. || Means and extremes derived from second series, 1872-1881. A Records ‘ds from self-registering instruments. 460 EigutH ANNUAL REpoRT OF THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE. _ Table 9 presents the statistics of temperature during long periods at several points representing the prominent climatic region of New York, and also exhibits the highest and lowest values which have been recorded in the State. The accuracy of the maximum temperatures (excepting as — marked with the reference A) can not be vouched for, especially as regards the records kept prior to the establishment of Signal Service standards and methods in 1870. Maxima of 100 degrees or more within this State are to be accepted with caution. Even in cases where the values appear to be systematically too high, at however, they may give relative results of value when compared ~ with others of the same series. While a slight defect in the exposure of the thermometer may cause too high a maximum reading, the minimum reading is not likely to be too low excepting as the result of defects in the scale of the instrument; and hence the minimum values given in the table are subject to less error than the maxima. The lowest value (-46 degrees) does not appear improbable, in view of the minimum of —35 degrees obtained under standard conditions in 1889. Mercury is several times reported to have been frozen at points not usually so subject to extreme cold as the station in question. (See page 504.) The lowest temperatures in New Yorke have thus for been obtained near the upper limit of the St. Law- rence valley, between the north eastern shore of Lake Ontario and the Adirondack highlands. Owing to the fact that the in- struments of Weather Bureau stations are usually located on the roofs of high buildings, such stations are not credited, in table 9, with the standard conditions of exposure used by the stations of the State service. In table 10 will be found the maxima and minima observed at a large number of stations provided with the standard thermom- eters of the National and State Weather Bureaus. Although the observations extend over only four years, the results are valuable for purposes of comparison. The maxima in a few cases appear to be affected by an imperfect exposure of the thermometers. EATHER BUREAU. wY VV ork Wi ‘punog ‘TT avon (1H “Weld OAS aeou ‘ATTRA ‘adol[s “SOTA ‘edo[sg THH ‘edo[s TWH “AOUTBA “ASTIBA AOUIBA “URED ‘oyB] Ivou ‘Aa[[BA : “AOTIBA “ASTRA, “AOTIVA “THE “AOLIBA THe ‘edojls LOTSA “edolg TUH : Ul’ d ; “AOTIVA fe “(TH , *AOTTRA. “AOTILEA — | —$—$_ 4B OP FOr OFS‘T LI6‘T SIO‘T ‘OFGT TAG‘T OFS ‘T 008‘T G28 OF9 8&0 ‘T £16 008‘T OLF ocs‘T 00L°T OSs" 0L8 080°% LGS‘T O8P ‘1 000'T ose‘ T 919 CBS 0g6‘T Ore‘ #28'T | *9O00T ‘eply eaoqe moOneaaly “UAL “xe CUTAL as 16 er. 26 16 06 ‘xe PS see eens 46 (5 = Co Cites Co Vile eon seeeees STOING DOCU CROP ONES 1G), MON MABOTO IC OG 4G Tei b: feast ee et SIMO'T BUD IOOCOSDOOIDBO Fay yivahy BdoobhooucUaD NON emf igl BOODUGECORDOO DUO +5 fay rp DOOUUEHODODOT=} 6 (10 (on 1 Tee arte ISAT TOS treeeeess KyoeqooueyoS = Scicieiiefeielatlels OORT GC) DODO DSIDOOOSOGO Gini c(G) a Sisislersisisteisishel™ eT OS TDI, tt ereecee 86 OTB BIO ++s+ss*s OSuBueyO POND UGABOIOOS Sy g oloy (ey GUPBDEDEE COI OCG sia ¢ DDO OGOSHOOS fayarncohyi DODO OTE E OO ye so patois DO OUEST OUOOY else] du de ee eee eene WOISSUTAVT teeeeeees sngneieqyed POD DODDOGOOLEN Wiehe} | Aree! DDO DOIN o rely his *satqUnoy — SOOO CCSD OO OOoOS | "qT ‘(PURIST HOOT rr qoxnBjag tee e ences eensceres Ka MIOK MON ‘uoiwbay WSV0O sees treeeecsseescowerT OBUBIBE sees were sees ees ulequnoy, uoATT AVT[VA VASO SOR panaly, rresseeees INO JOQUINN Vee veeeeey sees s -QTITAGTOBISUOR see eee eee ‘ND2PD)T UloyLON +ereeeeees TS MqolPPI Piet rere nesses eneeee RU ATO Stresetseeeeee ess eraggigg 1OHBNe pApdeaneas rrsess oss EMO ISIEdOO/D O VOODUEE TA ip UNO E Tse slsielseisisile ooo OOIET @iele-viete qu stqIoy qynog GOUCUOT ch Coy b:4@) SOOO UDCUSOOOOOUGOUUN oltongcisrsheits | ‘NDALD IT Wlaysoay bessrensis ese a vies ielasekeipleverelel pe. Ayeyy toot et etre treet sete renee ONBOLY trseereesreseeessogqgraeg WINOgG “**** TOSIDPV SUBUBO DARDS OSU IUGCOL forays) ey\ seeeeee seen TOdYOOT “SLILONM “IIL seeee *+ ouqduon weer ei eeee Boiesu orate civigninen see is QnqmoG) POdITy, ‘MD9} iq U.19}82 AA s oie tS ie a 52 cs Dea SN i “ ’ J , 4 MO Jocp eee “ hee er ees . ‘ : ——-*ffuo Lavnaqeg pue Lcwnaep coz vunratyy » ‘adols | 0F8 9— hi 96 fy Neal hiedas ‘odors 6SP s— 6 96 reloens OLB [*1o ttt thee esee es see des eBAQHaK) “Ule[d 000‘T g— a6 96 p— 8 | Beandkey Sr Cater nie ekae egies <= SOT ; “SaYDT 1D4QUAD ~ omc | ie 2) oa mo oD | fer) o a3 al | #6 oesina’ teas leseesereceeeree a+ Ory [aceeree serreececreewcites mor toring yy’ 6 2— 26 tH oeeesereeee es OTLB AL Stee ececceseeseceessseeeess SOA : ‘ on See eee O39MSO cae sae? sale ees © > OMT eel! &6 c— 06 pane sslse9¢ 08 OSGMEO, Bi eeeeceeereceeeeccecress OSIMSO ¥ ween eee steno sete es Bsepuoug ee a tee 2 OTL ASAT DIES 06 z 6 6— 16 tteeeeeeeerees BIGSIBIN thrsereresess TOTUBIG SPROY SSoH o— CG 6— 26 teeseeceeeoesgoruOyy [ttt teesseeerss+*** IOAgOTOON 0I— 68 [Bes hee se ees eee en se neeeereccesccccceeceesss Qing F ‘sayD'T JDALD . oudIMBT 49 ere er pal tee Meteo AE Nee go ca lt Ba 2e— +6 treresss QQUOIMBT JQ trttressssss+ puoUMIEA WON ‘ ce— 26 THerees QOMQUMBT GQ Cotter teeter gogaRS Ox] Weou AOE A 99% — sees ij 26 6L 93— 26 veeerereeeers TOsIogjor | ttttttssss** SHOBIIVG UOSIPSTT IH | O18 eI— 18 i 68 Neeser | teeeey | eeeuee | tees leeeeeueeeeees QUIMUBE GT [TUT tteteetesteeteeeeeeeess QUOTBTT , *fay]DA VUaLNDT “15 g ‘adolg | L0P 0 “edols | 09F 8I— ‘aye wou ‘edojs | 0g s— 16 ‘— 0 | © for) “SOOWN =x o oS | fon ie?) “UleId | 068 ‘Uleld | 088 “Uleid | [29 — 6 ‘ON Bl Weou ‘ure[d | 069 Can pS for] for) MORON CHRS Je] o OF * ‘Ure , “Ule[d OFS se eeee ¥6 ween seeeee eee wee eee “ulvid | Fk Is— [cers |er— | 6 gI— | ¢6 y ee T S =) o 12 A el | oO ror) Ba) oa Re) i] | S a Report AI “ONR] AvoU “{IET tr eeeeeeee evcces aieie sieie c— #6 ZI— 16 sI— 68 SOCORIOGEEL s(-) ole Lis (@) te aisise See eseesega ‘OI SuTIne { ; 4a “ONR] Avou ‘ATV A OST oI— 96 6— 16 ZI— aa eeeoes RIOD ORC He ea IN (oh e 4 4 fg fel fe OO Os * ysangs3eid +e ‘fava ujdunyo : =< “Aare A | OSF Me Tecate insaces i ataja oiarad SHUMataTas tues stall Pn niereiates ll @vateceieVeeaet | aratetainiced 0e— £6 treseeeeeees JQUIDPIORT [ities testes coc eeeeeeeeeeesegony . y “AOTC A LEG 9¢— &6 ¢— z 0I— CG eB— 0OL BOOB ISOCUOCC CH Fe) sh1 0G) joie sinfaiaieie aihiaie Wie sia\si Nai ieee eae a “haya ynvyory , [aol “KoTIeA 00g 0 6 I 16 ajelafa‘oie euraisis’e Tinta bitrn Niece [eeeveereos eee BON [tr tsteeeecserecccseetnes on TOT IBD aS) ‘adolg OSI iW— 86 L— 66 teeeee whee tena tee svicie.boi9 0 le S18 ARO TOI sore vie rnin secs sme eee yusnOy ac) ‘adolg | cap mas 66 0 c6 Shae SPs | G6 = &6 srteeeeeeseesssoqojnd ‘"yoo1g pveurseuoy JO [[vsoneg : | “AQTIVA cs G— 96 G— CG $— 96 c— 26 * AUBQTYV Wels aay Oe eee eo’ ACEO y, . 99° . ‘hayoA UospnyT uoH™s Jo uoHeNAS |Tonexory | UW | xeM | une | xen | une | -xew | cone | “xe oe | ‘sorunop ‘SNOILVIS aa ‘SUUVNAY * G68I ‘T68T “O68T “688T | ei An n wba record po ener has been n Kept ae ee We Bs Lee as the highest temperature of the entire period, degrees on July 3, 1868, and as the lowest, -30 degrees on uccessive days, a method which eliminates the nearly constant diurnal variation. General A. W. Greely gives in “ American Pico For the eastern central section the mean ig ava in January | 7. 6 degrees. | Sei : For the Atlantic coast region the mean variability in January 5 degrees. ing the same month the variability on the coast of Cali- nia is 2 degrees; on the south Atlantic and Gulf coasts 6 rees to 9 degrees; and in the region of the upper Missouri ee from 9 degrees to Ae degrees. The greatest ae s a pavts of the State ina cae different manner from 3 above: ad 464 EranutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ; ahr i TABLE 12. Dirrerences Between tHE Man TEempERATURES OF CONSECUTIVE Days For AN AVERAGE WinvrER Month. DEGREES DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONSECUTIVE AYS. STATION AND SECTION OF STATE. Tee LEee eeEreee- Q Se = op ae Denrees: Number of times of occurrence per month. Canton (St, Lawrence Valley)-...-....---.--. 7.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 Zep: Hess Roads (Great Lakes)....-.--.-...-...- 11.0 5.0 2.5 0.5 0 x Honeymend Brook (Lower Hudson Valley). 8.0 45 825 5 0 Setauket (Long Island)..................--- 10.9 6.0 2.0 0.5 Ou2>* These values are derived from a total of nine winter months observations at each station. A longer series might be expected to modify the averages somewhat, while changing the relative é values but little. The mean values were, in each case, computed from tri-daily observations. The most obvious feature shown here is the excess of large 3 ranges in the St. Lawrence valley as compared with the } remainder of the State. The tempering effect of the Great Lakes © | is Jacking in that region; and moreover, there appears to be a Se ld general increase of variability in the direction of the Eastern Canadian Provinces. A graphic representation of the variability of temperature in New York will be found in plate 1. ~ ; ; 465 New YorRK WEATHER BUREAU. *poynduroo A[Mou 4So1y SUIT[IY ISA JO OJSC “4SOIJ AUST] YSAY JO VV} SI ‘gggt ‘MOTACY 1OUIVOM “S 'Q O44 Ul UOAIS ‘qIgT JoquIE}dog ‘oR¥p OTL x ee OE ISOS SOOO 58 p ‘£r10q Aq UU0D ‘UAOJ[PPI Tee eeeeeee cee sergcpH ‘qSIOqUy DOR OOREDDOOO GOGO SER pa ay eta] teres. O1BIING Sein.e e siiieieleie (aisle ssi TOTES TOON pecoheiasaciainselsieisCo\e\eishaie!=)= SOUT TO TATA Fee eee e nae eenne "++ OSaMsO "saynT 1DaLH ‘esereeees DUOTIUIBH WMON ‘fia}]0A auatmnT 79 Vteeesereeseees CagaTy ‘fay0 A “Uospny Sc ciciee recive vievee AIK) HIOK MON “‘ucitbagy 4Svo0p #998 ga £10308, 10 A[IOAB AA a seers MO IEdOOD “ND2IDII Ulaysoy Ci i ee ay Aoaqduny NDAD] I UL9IS9A4 “NOILV.LS IZ "990 08 “Ssny eg ‘gdog re ey eee ee eeee eee eeweee 9% “"QggT ‘MOTAOY TOTIVAM ‘g ‘a ed BB "490 OL ‘qdeg z 490 eee eee tenes ee eee ee eee eee eee eens 63 “"QQQT ‘MOTAOY JONIBIM 'S eee eee ree ee "en eee ed 8 490 OL ‘SnV fe ‘qdasg sete ew eeee seer ee eeee eeeeeeneee LP **Q9oT ‘MOTAOY 19IBO AA (S| fay Ce P ‘ood |G 00 | 08 «= 900 | 2 AVI | 98 MOTB | es Wady | gL |*°****** sqtodoy voMIO TBURIG [vss sss Zr ‘AON | £3 9deS | st «900 | 66 «= ABI | OF GOrRW | OF THdy | gf |°°°°°°** Sqaodog OOUJO [BURG |e OTA [etttt tsetse eee p “AON | 9% “9099 | St “990 | 40 API] IL Wdy |g Avy | st j***''*** sytodey eonso [eusig |--***' ++: e010 I “AON 12 “qydeg aL "790 eee eee ena oe ee er ey €g eueioveretesels: once SAAT LG Cy | “7 eielereleicie.sie}\/()3O MS) g ‘AON | 8G ‘snWV/ CE 990 | 2o ABIL | 9@ Your | Fe Tady | gf |°**'''"* Syzodoy eoWO [vusyg |***"'***** OZaMsO eI "AON I ‘qd90g OL ‘190 Cy Cr oe ey Ce FI satejeioiessiexersieisiei*\* S TOISOOAKC Vash) ***"*90T0IMBT 4S Iz "AON 9% ‘qdog (oa ‘490 ee eee neeree €L Tudy SI tresses SQIOdOY BOO [BUSS BULCOUOQOOCH LTO Ass ee 3% AON | 20 0990 | G AON | 260 AVI | GE GOUeT | Et [dy | gf | **°'*:* sqzodey aoyjo reuadig |**** -° yIOX MON 0g 490 ¥S 30Vv L "490 ee ee eee wee. eee ere e eee 06 tresses Q00T ‘MOTAOY JOQIBOM siraloleizie'sie) sees IOUT, 22, 490 (a ‘qdag 4% “qdeg eee ee wnwne ee eee re eeeee og see rese QOQT ‘MOTAOY 10789 Ce ed 039510 ee 2 490 | If “3deS | Fo deg | 9s Aine | ge ABI | FE OUML | OF [rerrss sees KOMI “WO | '*** SNSnvIeIBD ; © ‘o1ep ‘e1ep ‘ayep ‘oyep ‘ouep ‘aqyep ES 48078] 4solpleg OSVIOAY 4soqB'T 4solreq eseBloaAy | & = *AVIOTING *Aqunop as : "NWOLNY AO LSOUF ONITIIY LST ‘ONIUdG AO LSOUY ONITTIY LSV'T n “SLSO ‘ST ATaViL i=) ine) 466 EicguHtTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TABLE 14. Dates oF Frost AS GIVEN IN Recents Report. x First KILuinc Frost or AUTUMN. STATION. County. Be = Average date. | Earliest date. | Latest date. Western Plateau. Dale or Middlebury..... Wyoming...... 17 | September 23 | August 27 | October 15 Prattsburg..... Rsue ciee | PMLOUDOD.. sievis o'sc 10 | September 26 | September 9 | October 16 Eastern Plateau. Goshen...... Risafesiniaterareisie)| MOAILS © eo) cvereininte 9 | October 4 | September 2 | October 12 Montgomery...... sass es|| OFAN occreis ciel 8 | September 24 | August 30 | November 2 IAG WAGE nee ce cass > a cel) OFSEZO .. ccc cves 13 | September 22 | August 3 | October 21 Cherry Valley..........; OtSeZO easel 12 | September 17 | August 20 | October ia) BLOM se cchicecs ccs secss Chenango....... 16 | September 15 | September 3 | September 30 Cazenovia ...i.cc.0- vee] MEAGISON cine cece 19 | September 13 | August 3 | Uctober 3 Hamilton.......... siatevetoral|) WEACISOM: ceieh eee 15 | September 11 | August 2 | October 13 BOLI DOV Micescnsacviiccws Onondaga...... 15 | September 20 | September 3 | October 15 Onondaga.......... «ee-.| Onondaga...... 15 | September 21 | September’ 6 | October 19 PEOMUCY ssisisiejainis «cvs cue bioeieie Cortland ....... 17 | September 29 | August 3 | October 16 Northern Plateau. JOHNStOwn........e00. So MESO ey Ne Succ 13 | September 18 | September 2 | October 12 Fairfield........ squander Herkimer ...... 18 | September 13 | August 28 | October 12 EO WV AVANT Ge arctetelninte atcielnreioleie’ | MLM WWA Se ctsa cla)sfatelsie 17|| SCDGCDIDEEs LGR) lasiateissatazate eels (e's eon ASdcaceod Coast Region. East Hampton.......... 15 | October 20 | September 28 | November 27 Piatbush .....0...«« aTeisinte 24 | October 4 | September 13 | October 26 JAMAICA -ceccscs ccc SaGC 24 | September 29] September 2 | October 28 Mt. Pleasant...... eeeeee| Westchester.... 9 | September 28 | August 3 | November 3 North Salem ............ Westchester.... 19 | September 19 | August 3 | October 11 Hudson Valley. NGWDUPED eek cseinte cee n| OLANP Oi. s cic ssic 15 | October 9 | September 23 | October 23 KANE SO. cclee cs sie'e eroieisicl| MULES LOI laieicle's aia 15 | September 28 | September 9} October 17 Poughkeepsie....... Peele QELEGHOBEemaniriele 14 | October 1 | September 10 | October 16 SIMSON creep coceei teen Columbia....... 17 | October 6 | September 10 | October 20 Kinderhook. ...<.c%s000. Columbia....... 16 | September 22 | September’ 1 | October 9 BAD ANY caylee lniels\ctas naire ce] PALO AILY, seen) cisleje 19 | October 9 | September 9 | October 28 Cambridge......... ++...| Washington.... 8 | September 27 | August 24 | October 13 Salem se cio'-'s osiecieie +-.---.| Washington.... 9 | September 21 | September 8 | October 1 Granyillere. ch c.menn .....| Washington.... 12 | September 27 | September 12 | October 26 St. Lawrence Valley. Potsdam ..........6.....| St. Lawrence... 22 | September 7/} August 4 | October 7 Gouverneur...... voseess| Ot. Lawrence... 12 | September 16 | August 24 | October 1 Great Lakes. ATU. aac ic'sce Aieisiele eels nial) CASULA scsreraisielcie 20 | September 380] August 4 | October 28 Rochester......... ented) MONO s.sterccse 18 | September 26 | September 11 | October 24 Lewiston....... Matsia tential | ONG AL Ee sieielciels 17 | September 25 | August 3 | October 11 IEC OMLA scutscv.cic sleon'e'ee .| Chautauqua.... 16 | September 29 | August 28 | October 25 Frosts. Table 13 exhibits the average and extreme dates of the last killing frost of spring and the first of autumn at nine places in New York and at Erie, Pa. The date for Palermo,* Humphrey and North Hammond were furnished by Messrs. E. B. Bartlett, ©. E. Whitney and C. A. Wooster, and for the remaining localities — *It may be noted that dates given for Palermo, in the U. S. Weather Review for 1888 are those of the first light frost of autumn. The error fs here corrected by means of a second series of observa- tions kindly forwarded by Mr. Bartlett. ? New York WEATHER BUREAU. 467 were derived from the reports of the Signal Service. Some data hitherto published have not ‘been included in the table, owing to uncertainty as to the severity of the frosts reported. ; The dates of table 14 have been computed from the observa- tions of frosts which were obtained under tthe first portion of the New York Regents’ system (1826-1850). No information could be obtained by the writer as to the severity of the frosts reported; but, from the evidence of the records themselves, it appears prob- able that both light and killing frosts were included in, many cases. The results have a value, however, in fixing the earliest average date on which killing frosts may have occurred during the periods which they represent. Efforts to obtain records of frosts from numerous additional points in the State were mainly unsuccessful; but several of the persons applied to kindly forwarded general information which may properly be included here. The Hudson Valley.— Dr. James Hyatt, of Honeymead Brook, central Dutchess county, jstates that “ injurious) cold waves and late spring frosts likely to damage fruits and crops are those which, for the most part, in this locality, come in May. In April a cold wave or frost is not liable to do so serious injury. June frosts are extremely rare and August frosts perhaps equally so. In 1816 there were frosts every month in the year. The crops of Indian corn were all destroyed, and seed for the next year’s plant- ing had to be brought from a great distance. * * * Serious damage there is unlikely before September 15th, while after Octo- ber lst frosts are generally harmless, since the crops are secured before that date. During the past nine years we have had sev- eral injurious or killing spring frosts, but no autumnal ones of a disastrous nature.” It is stated that a very unusually late and injurious spring frost on May 30th, 1884. Mr. H. C. Townsend, of Wappingers Falls, Dutchess county, furnishes a list of killing frosts during seven years, 1886-1892. The average date of the last killing frost of spring was May 9th, the earliest date being April 30th and the latest May 20th. The average date of the first killing frost of autumn was October 12th, 468 EigHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE being three days earlier than at Palermo for the same period. The earliest date of the record is September 7th and the latest October 25th. These frosts were observed in the valley of Wap- pingers creek sand are probably earlier than the average of the region. Immediate proximity to the river moderates the severity of frosts considerably, according to the observations of Mr. H. A. Stone, of Rondout. Tuoet CENTRAL LAKE REGION. In the absence of adequate observations upon frosts the follow- ing dates of beginning and ending of freezing weather at Ithaca may be found useful. During the past fourteen years the last freezing temperature (52 degree) of spring has, on an average, occurred on May 6th, the earliest date for the period being April 9th and! the latest May 29th, The average date of first freezing temperature im autumn was October 10th; the earliest occurrence being September 26th, while in one case 32 degrees was not re- corded until! October 31st. Temperatures of 32 degrees in Octo- ber or even the latter part of September are not likely to be in- jurious to crops then exposed, while considerably higher air tem- peratures in May do not preclude the possibility of great refrigera- tion and} disastrous frost near the surface of the ground or in val- ley. bottoms. Dr. J. Hyatt, previously quoted, notes cases in which injurious frosts occurred late in May, while the temperature registered 40\ and 41 degrees at a point 12 to 20 feet above the general level. Data from the grape region of Keuka lake were furnished by Mr. H. O. Fairchild. From 1880 to 1892 May frosts damaged grapes somewhat in four cases, in three of which the injury was. confined mainly to the valleys. The earliest instance of a killing autumnal frost was on September 22d, and in three years some damage was sustained on October 11th and 12th. The only case of October frost in addition to these occurred om the 27th. Mr. Fairchild states that a temperature of 28 degrees is usually in- jurious only to the foliage of grape vines. New YorkK WEATHER BUREAU. 469 The Great Lake region is very fairly represented in table 13 by five stations ‘well distributed over the region. It will be seen that the conditions are here very favorable as regards the occur- rence of frost, and especially so in the section of the Chatauqua grape belt represented approximately by the record of Erie, Pa. The following information concerning this region is given by Mr. 8. S. Crissey of Fredonia: “The first killing frost of autumn for the past twenty-five years has not occurred until the last week in ‘October or ‘after October 25th. The one notable exception was the autumn of 1891, when it occurred on October 12th. In several years it has not occurred until in November. I now speak of a frost or freeze of sufficient severity to injure ripe grapes exposed on the vines. I have had a Concord vineyard in bearing since 1869, and have . never (until last year) had a pound injured in autumn.” “As to the danger from spring frosts: The vine begins to leaf out here May 10th, and we rarely have a severe frost after that time. I have never suffered in my locality, which has a high airy exposure; but some vineyards unfavorably located were injured in 1889 and 1891 by frosts about May 17th. Where lands lie facing the lake or with a northern slope they rarely, or almost never, suffer from frosts after May 15th. Of course, frosts before May 10th would do no injury.” * * * “The most serious injury to vineyards in this section during the past twenty-five years occurred in two cases when winter came on with the ground in unusually dry condition, giving a ‘dry freeze” * * * To guard against this condition, which occurs about one year in ten, vineyardists in the dryer localities have abandoned fall plowing of their ground.” Mr. J. Ryckman of Brockton furnishes statements substan- tially similar to the above, adding that the total extent of grape vineyards in the Chautauqua belt is now about 30,000 acres. The Central Plateau.— The early dates of frosts at Coopers- town and Humphrey, as compared with those of other stations of the table, are explained by the high elevation of the general land surface in their vicinity, which is also intersected by deep 470 E1cutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE valleys very favorable to the occurrence of low nocturnal tem- peratures, and hence the dates at these stations may be consid- ered to represent nearly, or quite, the earliest occurrence of frost in the central plateau region. Waverly, on the other hand, is situated in a very broad depression where, as has already been seen, the effect of nocturnal cooling is much less marked. Mr. A. K. Harrison of New Lebanon, in N. E. Columbia county, states: “ We often have frosts in August, and a few years ago (in 1889 or 1890) there was frost during every month excepting July.” The data furnished, although mot sufficient to establish am average, makes it apparent that frosts occur earlier in the eastern highlands than in the main portion of the Central Plateau. Northern New York.—In commenting on the dates of autumnal frosts at North Hammond, in the St. Lawvence valley, Mr. C. A. . Wooster states that their late occurrence (as given in the table), is in part due to close proximity to the St. Lawrence River, two miles wide at that point, as well as to several other local condi- tions. At Hammond, six miles from the river, frosts occur some- what earlier. So far as can be learned, frosts occur in the southern portion of the Adirondack region proper about three weeks earlier than in the Mohawk valley. Mr. C. A. McCoy of Sageville, who fur- nished this estimate as the result of many years of observation, places the average date of the last killing frosts of spring between May 25th and June 5th, and that of the first of autumn between September 1st and 15th. In the mountainous section of the northeastern Adirondacks the last frost of spring occurs near the close of May and the first of autumn about September 20th, as stated by Mr. J. H. Bailey of Keene Valley, Essex county. New YorK WRATHER BUREAU. Periods of Navigation in Lakes, Rivers and Canals. TABLE. 15. Dates of Opening and Closing of Navigation in the Hudson Reever at Albany. 471 [Dates from 1646 to 1888 were obtained from the *‘ Climate of New Jersey,’ by J. C. Smock, The records from 1888 to 1892 were furnished by the State Engineer, Albany. ] YEARS. | hiver open. LGAB 5 jeforete| axe eesiavore. sisteiavets 1675-6 February 26 TSO ateyorelale March 23 Iie angadalla keaous anboaaee UGGU sieletersts March 27 7 Od eere are March 17 IYA874s nin to onkoo datooden i Bia vooae March 6 Co ay eee ween eee we Peewee eee eenes eee e eee ee nees seer eens were were anne Fete meee ere oee Bate e eee mene February 26 March 20 February 8 April 1 March 15 March 15 March 25 March a1 February 21 March 25 April 4 March 28 March 19 March 21 1840......| February 21 River closed. Number of days open. YEARS. River open. River closed. November 25 Feb. 8 (1790) December 8 December 8 December 12 December 26 Jan. 12 (1795) Jan. 23 (1796) November 28 November 26 November 23 Jan. 6 (1800) Jan. 38 (1801) Feb. 3 (1802) December 16 Jan. 12 (1804) December 13 Jan. 9 (1806) December 11 Jan. 4 (1808) December 9 Jan. 19 (1810) December. 14 December 20 December 21 December 22 December 10 December 2 December 16 December 7 December 14 December 13 November 13 December 13 December 24 December 16 Jan. 5 (1825) December 13 December 24 December 25 December 23 Jan. 11 (1830) December 23 December 5 December 21 December 13 December 15 November 30 December 7 December 13 November 25 December 18 December 5 285 288 Averages March 24 4 February April 13 March 14 February 24 March 15 April 6 March 22 March 19 March 9 February 25 March 28 March 21 March 17 March 20 April 10 February 27 March 20 Mareh 13 March 6 Mareh 5 April 4 April 3 March 11 March 22 March 20 March 26 March 24 April 5 March 31 March 12 April if April 16 March 19 April 13 April 1 March 30 March 14 April 4 March 5 March 21 March 8 March 29 March 25 April 7 March 30 April 9 April 5 Mareh 19 Entire winter March 22 March 31 March 20 December 19 November 29 December 9 December 11 December 4 December 15 December 24 December 27 December 25 December 17 December 13 December 22 December 21 December 8 December 20 December 16 December 27 December 18 December 10 December 14 December 238 December 19 December 11 December 12 December 16° December 15 December 8 December 5 December 9 December 17 November 29 December 9 November 22 December 12 November 29 December 2 December 31 December 20 December 20 November 25 Jan. 2 (1882) December 4 December 15 December 19 December 13 December 3 December 20 Not closed... December 3 December 4 Sr ie ri) December 16 2 eres Ars Novte.—The Report of the New York Regents (1850-1863) gives a record of dates of closing of navigation at Hudson city during 54 years, 1817-70. The average date of closing computed from the series is December 18th. 472 E1GgHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TABLE 16. Date of freezing over of Lake Champlain at its widest part opposite the city of Burlington, Vermont ; also, date of open- ing of the lake, with duration of we each year from 1816 to 1892. {From memoranda kept by John Johnson, Joseph D. Allen and Charles E. Allen of Burling- ton, Vt. (Width of lake at point of observation is ten miles.) } aa B05 ao m3) - Broad lake | Broad lake | D4 = Broad lake Broad lake | Se YEAR. closed. open. ae YEAR. closed. epen. a? b & ba ee So ele aS February 9 | April 5 56 A855... February 4 | April 20 75 January 29, April 16 V7 || 1856. ...| January 22] April 18 87 February 2) April 15 UT BS aS shine January 15, April 9 84 er ; | April 17 44 || 1858..... HSDEUBLY, 12 | April 6 ot ebruary 1859..... anuary 11 | April 2 1 March g | March 12] 38 || 1860... February 2] April 2} 61 January 15 | April 21 96 || 1861..... January 23] April 14 81 January 24 | March 30 65 || 1862..... February 5 | April 23 V7 February 7 | April 5 Sy aa) ie slop See February 4} April 26 81 January 22) February 11 20 || 1864..... February 17 | March 13 25 February 9 | April 1 51 || 18655... January 17 | April 5 %8 February 1 | March 24 51 || 1866.....| January 30] April ll 71 January 21 | March 31 69 || 1867.....| January 20 | April 8 78 Not closed ...| ....... sYevoraterasall tereverstets January 7 | April 15 99 January 30) April 4 64 January 19] April 20 91 TSO cei eee January 15} April 12 87 February 25 | April 12 46 January 16/ April 10 84 January 24 | March 12 va February 6 | April 17 71 January 8 | April 22 | 105 February 2 | April 6 63 January 29] April 25 83 April 14 | April 21 ff February 1! March 27 54 January 10 | April 12 92 January 16! April 30 | 101 January 27 | April 21 85 Februury 2, April 24 82 January 15] April 28 | 103 January 15]! April 5 80 February 2 | April 18 70 January 29 | March 1 30 January 25 | April 6 71 January 29] April 22 32 January 25 | February 20 26 || 1880..... February 2] March 28 34 February 18 | April 26 67 || 1881.....] January 19 |} March 22 92 Not closed ...| ...... Bisleisraiursiel|lafeveletetel|l| MGs wie January 23 | March 4 71 February 26 | April 23 66 || 1883..... January 26 April 23 86 January 25 / April 11 77 || 1884.....| January 8 | April 19 | 101 February 38 | March 26 51 || 1885.....| January 24] April 25 91 February 10 | March 30 48 || 1886..... January 24] April 15 80 February 15 | April 24 68 || 1887..... January 8 | April 30} 111 February 13 | March 81 47 || 1888..... January 22] April 24 91 February 7 | March 30 51 || 1889..... February 7 | April 11 64 Notclosed: os.| i .ieteerce sersesleeeeeel! 4909 { February 10] February 11 1 February 1 | March 30 47 a February 21 | February 28 7 January 18) April 21 93 1891 January 27| January 31 4 January 28) April 10 72 aa February 14) February 27 13 January 28 | April 11 73 || 1892..... February 14 | April 8] 47 Averages| January 30] April 7 | 66.8 ~ New YorK WeEaTHER BuREAv. TABLE. 17. Time of arrwal of first boat at Plattsburgh, 1848 to 1891. [Record of the “‘ Plattsburgh Republican,”’ furnished by C. F. Bixby, Editor and Proprietor. ] YEAR. Arrival. YEAR. | Arrival. YEAR. Arrival. YEAR. Arrival. Sec aaeaollvadtl Pie {I alelstec caine April 22 || 1869...... April 26 || 1882......] April 5 184 a ewialsinte April 19 |} 1857......| April 10 || 1870......) April 19 || 1888......] April 24 UY Ge Mon ane April 1 |) ae oogcas Avot (|| alerdleccoos March 17 || 1884...... April 28 TBAG re rercciete April Wal SSO rere arch ot || 187250. April 24 |) 1885...... April 25 1 YS oroded May 1 || 1860......] April 1 || 1878...... April 18 || 1886...... April 19 ite Oe Gonobe April Lp P1861 25 3... April 15 || 1874...... April 6 || 1887...... April 30 184 eciciis April 8 || 1862...... April 30 || 1875...... May Lu) 1888 ere April 25 its'AOG8G5 50e March 25 || 1863...... April 27 || 1876... April 25 || 1889...... Apri! 12 Isis acod ..| April Sa ABGSre eee Aprile saint oimerecents April 13 |} 1890..... April 12 Bb 2 iis aiets April 24 || 1865...... April 6 || 1878..... PATIL Wl LSOT yee. April 9 LB DS ere clereieel [MADEN ie Melon! it BOO sislcieres April 12 || 1879...... PATHS Ili pL SOR sre sterwisl| s eielersteeranteiee 1854 eccecie)|( April: ~ 19)))|| 1867.0)... April 7.01 S80. fe rcisiere iNepeths Vil ———— TSSD cleerei ADCO 20 ELSES sree. April 17 || 1881......| April 21 || Average.| April 15 TABLE 18. Lecord of sleighing across Lake Champlain on the ice, between Plattsburgh and Burlington, from 1868 to 1883, inclusive. [From the “ Plattsburgh Republican.” | YEAR. First trip. Last trip. January 9 | March 17 January 23 | March 27 February 10! March 30 January 23 | March 8 January 9 | March 9 December 30 | April 5 February 4 | March 14 January 6 | April 1 AVOTALC cin ctelsisiaisisiaiviaie mictetninla(ufutalcTats/siatelersvelelelaieietole TABLE 18a. The following table of water levels of Lake Champlain is fur- YEAR. First trip. Last trip. LSTGiaretereteieetere February 4 | April 3 Usilooncoongo0c January 2 | March 26 isi fel wRNaecddaooT February 9 | March 6 ert bendéaccnoac January 27 | April fe TER OME erate: February 17) February 26 itt Bo GoasGoUT January 17/| February 19 sec ogasauedo February 1 | March 2 iE Sgosodo0de January 23] April 10 sieitieiets seoeeseees| January 23 | March 19 nished by Mr. Bixby from the records of the Plattsburgh Repub- liean. Highest Lowest Highest Lowest YEAR. rise. fall. YEAR. rise. fall. Ft In. | Ft. In Ft. In. | Ft. In. LOMA yyaynvs’slateterelersvelSiersreioiai< i 8 | 12 10 NEEOMeterareiiatlereeveitieverelsiele 9 6 13 86 1875..... gcoorcenaas Abcoll ts) 6 | 12 8 Ustelleseuahosodcanoe bn 8 9 13 24 SB mrerereherclajeroterereuctetors socall e OV is 3 LSC Asteveteral stapeisersistaieletacstors 9 5 13 246 TST Renee janine 8 LOR MISE, COPS PIGSO ae ine deliecae amit tama |S 316 LB YS reo: ctorsveleleceaiciaisretsysioiate 8 5 | 12 4 USSaemidistccisivielesieistelsloleis 7 3 13 26 MEO seit) citornielererisseere q 0} 13 4 ifs Ganeocodaa cna sod6o6 is 0 11 il 1c RANE EOE <8 7) 108651909 | nate Average for twelve years...... aicleiats avis eis(slutocera/ love. 4;aisjs/aislelo(eyeresayatetohelateters 8 OF amililic 0 474 E1igHTtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Regents’ Reports. Customs, Ogdensburg. TABLE 19. Dates of opening navigation in the St. Lawrence river, at Ogdens- burgh, from 1882 to 1892, and dates of closing navigation from 1832 to 1870. Records from 1832 to 1870 from New York Remaining records from the Collector of YEARS. Navigation| Navigation opens. closes. YEARS. ictal icin ioate December 20 || 1868........... weve April 12) December 21 || 1864....:.......... April 2} December 17 || 1865............... April 4 | November 28 || 1866............... April 520) DECemMPOrRTalRG sine sc.c00scmse ee April 20 | December 20 || 1868............... April 12! December 7 || 1869............... April 11 | December 26 |} 1870............... April 1.) December one's. . ccc scarce April 16 | December §8 || 1872........... ote March 24 | December 1 || 1878...........000- May 3 | December) 20) || 1874.........00cs0e April 6 | December 16 |} 1875............... April) Gl | DEcemPErwon MIST... 0s secs Aprils 167) Decemberioan|PMSi tec. seeecennes April 20 | December 8 || 1878............... April 4 | December 25 || 1879............00 April 14 | December 21 || 1880.............. - March 30 | December 12 || 1881.............6- April 5 | December 16 || 1882............... April 5} December 25 || 1883............... April 4 | December 21 || 1884............06. April 13 | December 18 |} 1885............... April 21 | December 17 || 1886...... gascanwos April 29 | December 22 || 1887............... April 25 | December 29 || 1888.............0 April 8 | December 7 || 1889..............- April 12 | December 17 || 1890........... ac April 9 | December 18 || 1891........ BAS ab 5c April 12 | December 9 || 1892............... April 11 |} December 13 Average...... Navigation opens. April April April April April April April April March April April March April April April March Navigation closes. December December December December December December December December feeenee or . seeeee oeeeee ew neen see eens sees . rs ry eeee seen eee eeweee ween ewww eee fuer se eeee ereeeeeee seme e ewe weeene ste eeeee December 16 New YorK WHATHER BUREAU. TABLE 20. 475 Dates of opening navigation on Lake Erie, at Buffalo, from 1807 to 1890, and dates of closing navigation from 1871 to 1890. Records from 1807 t0 1871, from New York Regents’ Reports. remaining records from reports to the Chief Signal Officer. | 5 |Navigation & |Navigation a Oo = opened. | Ss opened. 1807 June i |! 1828..} April 1 ASOB Wins | tilocte .--. |} 1829..] May 8 i811...| June 4 |! 1832..| April 28 US Ulan |r folotalctarctevese 1833 April 24 1814 April 19 || 1835..| May 8 Kelsall ocuacodées 1836..| April 27 1816...|; May 16 || 1837..| May 5 1817...| April 29 || 1838..| March 31 1818...| April 21 {| 1839..) April 11 1819...| May 6 || 1840..] April 24 1820...| May 1 || 1841..| April 14 1821...| May 13] 1842..) March 7 1822...{ April 15 || 1843..]| May 6 1823...| May 3 || 1844..' March 8 1824...) April 28 || 1845..| April 3 1825...) March 12 || 1846..} April 4 1826...) May 23 || 1847..| April 23 1827...) April 21 || 1848..) April 9 Navigation opened. March 25 1887... 1888.. 1889... 1890... Navigation opened. April 1 May 5 April 29 April 18 May 12 May 10 April 20 March 16 April 24 March 19 May il March 26 April 25 April 22 May 2 April 15 April 17 April 28 April 12 March 31 Av’ge| April 7 Navigation closed. December 27 December 18 November 28 December 5 December 11 December 17 December 13 December December 14 December 8 December 30 December ] December 7 December 6 November 9 December 7 December 14 December 6 December 14 December 9 476 EIgHTtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THB TABLE 21. Dates of opening of navigation on Lake Ontario at Oswego, from 1835 to 1892, and dates of closing navigation from 1871 to 1892. Records from 1835 to 1871, from New York Regents’ Report. Remaining records from the collector of customs, Oswego. Navigation Navigation Navigation YEARS. opens. YEARS. opens. closes. ith a Bieapa cance c ae ncadiane April 2ai||l LOG deals emmtaatelets (seins) 0.6 April PP lParam ote =r. O8e = TSBG oc cine onic ns narnnndoas April PO ele Seb cicad ange enone April Oy beiinersaiaistetrs aan TeSateaciteiede geass es April Pen vTSGSseetmeets U3 Lee April 1 Nomen toate otlebie TOSB sacs citeerisien a a's ...| April OU TSGG anemic retcls'« s.s/cs March Wiel Ppabboo ors idoda'c TBSO Sciictssisincicisie's'v.e » Goins April © | pLOOdretapereinpatstetsie tistels sie s/c) April Gilancccayee ea cenaae AGAO cciiscoserceseseves | April 4 1868 ieee sere sands neOnee April el ledanbtarcrooGcare MESA crataietaseleicte e's ass) «\kislolels April Git) TOO b eet ccs <5 April nh enemas einiGe oe pene wieitin woistetsle'sia/aje\o Glale crs | March nts) Good iodctide saeeene April 6 | December 19 1:3 S Ga gpoobooooEbopooge April Sit LBidieeenteites scleo, ss. March 20 ; December 13 Sea Acree cielere ere staveroleypis's’s | March TB)||| WS waereates inte sre esis. s.< April 13} December 12 RAE erste clvicle’ers/aishoietie'e's March 28) ||| LOMO cekis cece « April 7 | December 6 BAG. o7 ciccisie eo. vie'sje +eeee| March ra Oe acodoaedtedepane March 31 | December 4 BAT sisiele ales /cieieie oie ahs -+e++| March Pah iiss sc s00dcqneeeeeauD April 13 | December 9 1848 ; January. 18h StGrepm ec 0 TOM ORIOTIC April 5 | December 28 eee ee ae April bya Pals /C/onda oon cormpoepooed (messed! | 14 | December 26 BAD Si seann cae ecuiere ...+»| March 225) | LOMB Seema neneettelsieie ts > < March 11 | December 10 ABO) aie viejelsislsiers sip 'ale’sisinie © March oR W ANS is orice Soonedaagoaoad April 9| December 16 SBI Ss Siete woisie'e aielolperste/e « March 205|| BBO meteteratertc! t= +\sie1e,015/s March 10 | January, °81 24 HBB nace tidelelstereisieatelixets .-| April pO TSS il cactionsonnggepeees April 2| December 5 1853 ; March Walle 5) scald Goandammduee March 22 | November 30 CERO COC BCE OR Eo January 19) || SSS amen cs. sess April 6 | December 11 1854 5 DANUATY) 187 || We saemrettawels es cic cise so April 5 | December 12 i Ca A Dae H@DRUBrY; (2) i\idSSoanientin bss oes oc ee | LEY: 2| December 15 1855 ; January oats Sts 50 oc bagonces Opn April 1 | December ff CSI Se eon Webruary 18) ||| 18BVsiuiseets ssc. sees April 9| December 6 ERG Gi sial (ose steiseisicnse eveees| April AD) | (LOB MemtmattsieierG lec: ei0.c vis 010 April 14 | December 11 PUBS Ea dey siijetarala/ajeleiaveteterstaretelete April Gi) NSE)S + 56 o0gs eOUDoOOD April 4| December 18 ihe ade poacee sleterateleise!| APIS SLO US SP eterraevepeete are 2s 00010 01 March 25 | Januarv, '91 17 ODO siaicicnaceteisioteiciatarorstertere April Des ESO ereenttievriers wie's, 0's, 0:e [0 April 4 | December 28 MBSEOD cree Arcus arerslerefojecaltoetoie March Oc ee statavetueart is teielo's 0.6 &/ere.0'= April 5 | December 21 ROO lina nteielecieisisiate cfs Sacbod April 1 MD batsisivieeisietvieisicleeattiviets April 2 IAVETAE Osc cifsis 0.000 March 28 | December 16 New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 477 TABLE 22. Dates of the opening and closing of Erie Canal. Records to 1871 vbtained from the New York Legents’ Reports. Later records Furnished by State Engineer. °° oH . fo} . £8 28 = Canal Canal s Canal e+ YEARS. opened. closed. ies a WHABS. Canal closed. g & oS opened. an 63 og Zz A December 4} 219 December 5 238 December 18 | 243 December 18} 241 December 20 |; 269 December 17 | 230 December 17 | 242 December 1 230 December 21 241 December 12 | 238 December 12 | 240 November 30 230 November 26 | 216 December 9 | 234 November 25 | 228 December 16; 241 December 3 228 November 30 | 221 April 25 | December 12 232 December 10 224 December 10 224 December 9 223 December 8 223 1 1 1 0 1 | December 12 226 1 6 4 6 December 12 226 December 20 229 December 7 217 December 10 218 10 | December 10 214 24 | December 1 220 13 | December 1 202 15 | December 5 205 5 | December 5 215 18 | November 30* 197 4 | December 1 211 8 | December 7 214 November 28 | 222 15 | December 7 237 November 30} 214 8 | December 6 212 November 26 | 222 16 ' November 21*} 220 November 29 | 228 12 | December 8 211 November 25 | 224 11 | December 7 241 November 30 214 7 | December 1 208 December 9 | 223 6 | December 1 209 December 5 219 11 | December 1 205 December 11 234 1 | December 1 214 December 5 | 235 7 | December 1 208 December 16 | 239 10 | December 3 207 December 20 | 245 1 | November 30 214 December 3 217 28 | November 30 216 December 10 | 224 5 | December 5 215 December 4 214 oT hata sieyateve sonean'||ooaud December 15 | 223 December 8 | 225 Average | April 27 | December 6 224 December 12 242 * By ice. 478 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TABLE 23. Date of disappearance of ice from Otsego lake, furnished by Mr. G. Pomeroy Keese. YEAR. | Date. YEAR. Date. YEAR. Date. YEAR. | Date. April 24 || 1869....... April 21 April 6 April 26 |} 1870*...... April 16 April 26 April gy yGo ibs aie ceil tices ois006 April 22 April (5) Weitere... April 27 April 26 March 30 || 1878....... May 4 April i4 April) 7) $8@enn. May 5 April 28 April (14 PST i see. o. « May 7 April 30 April 22 || 1876....... April 26 gee ,010,00 Dutchess: saemumenl mars asc. 15 1830-70 | 3.34 | 2.08 | 3.22 Honeymead Brookt............ W: City Ne 425 9 | 1884-92 | 3.95 | 2.66] 2.81 ELEC ELOO iis vais nae ale elas ets sas feiss oe eS aes BA) OCSOee 11 1880-42 | 2.86 | 1.54 2.89 Kingston......i..006 estar hanes Ulster ..... oN cA. 188 19 | 1830-49 | 2.92 | 1.93 | 2.74 L BAIT (270): RA SREP PEAS 90 his hoe Columbia......... 150 15 | 1880-70 | 2.87] 1.97 | 8.22 Kinderhook...... sigeienie rete on ROA 125 17 | 1830-46 | 2.21] 1.53 | 2.48 NDB vee feller dslaviar vere esc PALDRMY. .n 20 vests 85 19 | 1874-92 | 3.07 | 2.60 | 2.87 Troy Water-works*......ssssee Rensselaer ....... hose 65 | 1826-90 | 2.55 | 2.19] 2.48 Cambridge .......... did @isiciestslaera Washington...... 500 18 | 1827-39 | 2.55 | 2.19 | 2.48 Champlain Valley........... C5 SOR ICC OD erate | lalet SOd SHHAGH “TOPUT AM ROHWDS *O KPOKROCOCKRDOROWORHIND DKELEEAM +OR CRDROSCSANDH DHNSCrCWRAOHOKOMrME ini OHOWMAY mre mr rT mn ei -_ re | smrnore -o SOISOOMEYARRAWORW WOROWOSSYW ERWO SOI RMOMRMLOMHOMINID MOW BWROWOH HARSH (BD RAGHRESSHALOHNM ASOMSRRHT HBOSCHRASKADON MNDHDSSHADHOGSS Dat WHomen mumany | WAODWW *$K ABRODDRGSCABDKHOHDHWD SMARMMWOORM BHOMNSGHORSOHS BOSCHASCKLODGNHNGAD DOD APBRWNOG b | Veal mre mr _ rns Se oe oe oe) =r b on | - -_ | | eisai @Oto BSoedttondtmornis BRW SOMGRSSSS HSSSOSOMAOMWG QRRNMOHMNowArgy Aw wMiINgASr. SMOGHRRD BSSOMSwMWSH waa DSSCHHOOSGRS NGOOAEYRDSM GOSLTHONSCHRAGH HAR GanMnor AQWIUINS SHROSSCORAS BHROMHRRGGHHARMRHO SCMHORHEKRAIN RADRRNRNAHAMOH BAMONMHOANNHH GAD Aroorea mr ree rm vet Bn oe On Doe oe Dh oe oe Dh mr rnrnnr ~ mr renner Bo ce Oe oe Oo Bo Boe oe | nrnnr b oe | nner | ape tHe 2d HOM MDEERAPHOOMRH KRODHINSO -SO DHROKK MONONA MOOMAHORASHMH HR AxtHOON | IDDOOGR RA DOOHOLOANHOA RAH THORBOM& (RE ADOROBELOMSI RRSOMSHOHDOOAHDO WHA ONAN suidg OSRKREK HO DKK AHDGBOOKHGKSKR BHASKAK (GAS HASCSCNASSCGHHKNS AHMAGDHDHHDHDHHNH GOS PROKDMO | nm Dl Sal hand 5 nl m _ nnn morn nme COHHORH -D NMODDHDOHARMDAHONDNOM VOMHBKOSCSOS MACOHHROLHO OME MMHANOCADADH BHO RMOKMOS WAKA H 25 GCHAR SGHOHANMAGCHES BOGWHGSSMA BLADLHARVONMA ROPHVbAANGHERe SOm wWSOHSHe yenuay IDIDSOHARN 10 SM HRIWDDOOOMMOHSOH DOMDOABAD BTLOMMSEAMNS BMwOOHHMMOHNODS CAH Mawnrea | COMM TD ADCIID +39 SCDSD AAA HODA COM HAVA GSO MAN HATHA AOHHOM comMMoMHhorcdarcarca caged cdcrencecaa OORMHNRQ $O NOMOHRERNREOMNHWI-RW SGOHHRBSSOSO HRESMHLKOMM ADRMMMSK AMMAR RQRHK RHOHHOM *19q UI900q ee eae ed Se dre El cee SO 8 NN NL a oA er ae a a er VOD MACIGNGL CV NDAD SAID HAAN NAIA Rr CIGNEWIrI God CHodad MAA Ga W aed CLEDCDANADGVGRADAICERNC’ rind ARNricog WDOIOMO 1H PRASCKLEDEMNHOSOHOHDH DOMHDKHOSOOSD VPROOMOHMNDOO WMOBNWDOKRKRANRM wiere nOMMoOn *IOQWIAAON Soe eee ee ee ee el CS IE SS TIN IESE. SUS WIS Ce Pe MOOR art SERIE SIG ACN el Coie Sule ebb CoS. GUD VEGA CV AN AAAI AD HDA GVEA AVEVENGA STADIA SVEN HI MO MAI A Midd «ADHDAD ATED AD ENCDGRGRGDNC AR Arce ORMMRHD §S WiNWOHHONOHOIONMO KROHOOSSOS MOMORNRKKLRODNH RMHnAHAMnAMOHAD ROK HHMdSHD 1940300 I a TRIE SBE oes SENS ES NSE NS Ce a OC ah ORT et Se aS) Sheers eNO SIO ES MONE eS SSO Spire NEN SR CHiN eye Cel Cellos CDEDCLEI OIG $99 ODCVADAVEDAD GIADA GAH SISTED GIWSIODOERALGDID AMOI cdADED HEI MH ODED ADadaDEDGRAaHaDaDEDED aDekED adaa WD AVED SOMAHD DOD ADHAMODNGDNHORDMND BSRMDNSSSOCD BHKROOMMAHDN CBNRMAHOMOMHMEE MIND OMRACH ‘yaquieydag DPISDOCVWI +0 BLIGROHDWAMASTOSM MODSKSSTM MDRROHHSOGSHHRH BSOAHMBHBGRAMDAH CwH RALAdSeK CUA VARNA $V AID ACN AT AIG NH OSA NAAN’ MRNA MEDcdED ADedoaHanasanarcdI wed CRADEDGRCRADGrCNERaRDCdSD MDarGD MDaDcDaDCrE? MOAMINSIDD DiORQMONMOKLAMDDSOAAN SOMMRSCSSSO BWHRONAMHOOIN ANADHDMHOIMNMRR Ano weWDnSS “qsn3ny et SS UE ISIN ACIS COS ICA OS CICS Sater) Meo Sere see MOAB Shs Lone AC oa cle aie oe (EAC NO Ne) belle) Pepa aCe COHEN ED GD GD ICRA HHH A ODED AAD ED CDH ODODOD MAAN WHO IDH HIN HOH MA MOtAMAMRMHoA come MaARan WOSHOSEIQ HODORMPMHOLERADRA BORTROSSSO SGMNOSLOHMORD BWHDOMOHRMOMDOO WRN MORMON “snp a2SSnaSHS SOMOORNNDRAWSRRAH SHOGHRASSHD RNASSSOHHSARS AWW HSCARHLSHBRSOS AMA HnNSSaM CD OD SD HOD ODNED HMSO HA Hodedod Hes Med Mido HHO OID WORM AAHHiNIDINH HHH Minto HH ceed MCLEOD HEN CO WDIMSMWHORNwe OMSRMWOMININLNINHOHH DOORMOSSSD MOWDSKLAMSODR WRASMOARASINMMIN CSH wWORDnOH ‘oun RS ec ae eae eta ar Nee tS cE Ra eC LOE 0 SID (6600) eS TC CC ROO gaa aes ace SHADED CDAD HOD HHI HAIDA HoH adi Hed HOD MMH HHA DRAMA OMA RaMetMeNeD eDeReD MERE ODINED CORMOHNS 1D HOMLMMHNSCOMOMDS MOMMHAS (OD DHODOMOMORND MNDHOANMNNRAKOO MIN MEKROO “LOW DAARSS +O DO OMAIDOIO SRA DHOR RON D RS SBHORAAODNOS BERDSAOPSTONM Soe HUN COHCVOVEICD =H CIGD A Hod mHOdcdED HADERATAD GITCVADCNGR -Od9H MDMDEdEdCD ADO HedINH EDOM Hadad aEDEDEdaTEDGD GRE aVcdoDGrcd i aos: = 2 a Dr OHOID TMD SHRORNMMMONARiCMDWHN ODHARMS (OD OMROMM-LOODH NMNRSBi-HtHNMKASS BEM nwA-HDSOm We OOO MRNA +00 DADO SOHOONSRSEN CRAFTS ISS MOGRSmMoaRLeN DeHSWAGHAATERE DOD RrESCESH RONRNARN OD RRNRNRNGNMGHRNAAHDA AR’ RNORNNINN -NGW MAYA Wad Eda cd ADED RNGANRNONRNRNRRRNRN rr NAMA 482 E1gHTtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TABLE 24 — Average Montraty 3 | 6 BS | sk Bel OES STATION. County. BO.) tS From-To| & 3 Ke Lo 20 5 = fs) a2 | 3° a |2 |ia he > le |S ‘ Feet. | Yrs. GREE PUG e Re OLGID mcleiniarslels sis sle)|| Uceeisics o\sicienis veaNlate AOE | scree 'ss Rieleletslsjeis 2.63 | 2.388 | 2.55 Madison Barracks........ Eeieans|| WOMOFSOM ss ss /ecies 262 34 | 1840-92 | 2.88 | 1.92 | 2.58 Pierrepont Manor .........++++ SS Dadian Hee 617 23 | 1849-71 | 2.25 | 2.10] 2.80 Oswego.......... sandbooonesoudr Oswego..... oodac 250 35 | 1856-92 | 3.19 | 2.76 | 38.10 Oswego (WU. S.)'F oe cele vee nie So SP eeaiatte eeveletats 304 22 | 1870-92 | 3.01 | 2.50} 2.75 LW eine Gedgan- caso b deo onodoe SSS Locaiate eel euaieiets 460 33 | 1860-92 | 3.20 | 2.95 | 2.89 Syracuse ¢ Brteitiaitiele nieleieteriatare a Sainte 407 9 | 1840-52 | 2.26 | 2.10 | 2.68 Auburn... 650 28 | 1827-89 | 2.56 | 2.20 | 2.24 Rochester 500 60 | 1831-92 | 2.60 | 2.68 | 2.67 Rochester (U.S.) t SBacO 621 22 | 1870-92 | 3.21 | 2.68 | 3.02 NUT AUS H ato ts wialetelovels a cislo,ejsie[eiat's 600 Ci es Foe Oe Arve, Sb nee lo ceece WAG WARBOM): vi cic(ccicielvicb ein incised olo.0'oi] PNNA PALA eR nee 280 14} 1880-50 | 1.88 | 1.80 | 1.54 Fort Niagara........ cs Metlelstetars 262 386 | 1841-92 | 2.02] 2.01} 2.18 TUT ALOU GS) stikers sleleisile/elajeisioieie.e ALII@ ss ots eteitierate ced 690 22 | 1870-92 | 2.95 | 2.79 | 2.64 Ljricd oe | a ee sG oer Uetenieteterree TOF wa letave ateraetatore 600 39 | 1832-92 | 2.79 | 2.56 | 2.91 Fredonia ...... dedcbbaclsisleljee acc] ONRUtATG US tee 715 16 | 1880-64 | 2.04 | 1.84} 1.99 BOG (US) hie ete loicie icicle !> aiv1e ssi] sfep> atutnsn el oieteter SU Acane 681 20} 1873-92 | 3.61 | 3.40] 2.91 Central. Lake: Region «.ccceusss|| lovdeceesccisene 5080 G90) i\feterwiets\c!|litstata sietatets 2.25 | 2.05 | 2.24 Ithaca (University) ............. Tompkins........ 800 14 | 1879-92 | 2.28 | 2.09] 2.23 MGMACA (CILY)) ois \ncselrinieisiois/wielele alu’ RE Bsciceae 417 19} 1830-74 | 1.81 | 1.76 | 2.51 Geneva....... aistaterois (eisiels ejere(aibseie:e Ontario ...... a ale 567 20} 1841-68 | 1.60 | 1.12] 1.76 Wiaterburgn's Sieccsiier enisieselele|) CROMMDIS tielaisyeriic 800 9 | 1874-82 | 3.22 | 2.41 | 2.87 POTTY a cloinivieefela.cie\s loieterare’e «| Yates.......ses00. 740 58 | 1829-83 | 1.59 | 1.60 | 1.77 Canandaigua .....ceee-...eeeeee) ONtATIO.......005. 813 7 | 1880-87 | 3.00 | 3.43 | 2.31 Mohawk Valley ..... Gdde|| isoocaggenaas 745 |ocs0ce Role’ sivietols 8.20 | 3.70 | 3.54 jUinteE Won dapopane aieisiaisiaterets 3 i ; x 500 88 | 1826-92 | 8.384 | 3.10] 38.07 South Trenton ......... “3 ae 835 10 | 1863-74 | 3.90 | 5.90 | 4.94 Hamilton College........... 900 11 | 1850-60 | 2.85 | 2.11] 2.60 Mean of the ten Regions.......| «+. dasanuiooodosdane GSOI)| erste terete! betel errs 2.65 | 2.45 | 2.74 * 4 series consolidated from observations at Troy, Lansingburgh and Albany. Investigation U.S. belong to the + Averages for stations having less than ten years observations are cor New York WeEatHER BuREAU. 483 e ANNUAL AND Seasonat Precipiration — (Concluded). 3 pales . a ea 2 hy 77 fae N= a | ti g 5 5 3 - o ra o ° Oo cs) 5 g | 5 =) cele eee pe ei) 2) 2) aol eile 2 MORESO SS 9 | EH iets i (a = 4 BR R < = 2.26 | 2.97 | 3.29 | 3.19 | 2.91 | 3.24 | 3.61 | 3.24] 2.88 | 35.17] 7.78] 9.86] 10.11 | 7.99 1.80 | 2:51 | 2.57 | 8.01 | 2.63 | 3.14 | 5.44 | 3.09 | 2.49| 33.51 | 6.84| 8.21] 11.67] 6:7 2.60 | 3.36 | 2.66 | 3.42 | 3.14 | 3.66 | 4.05 | 3.60 | 3.06] 36.20] 8.26| 9.22] 11.31] 7141 2:61 | 3.12 | 3.42 | 3.58 | 2.88 | 3.20] 3.56 | 3.70 | 3.56] 38.63| 8.83] 9.83] 10.46] 9.51 2.04 | 2.65 | 3.61 | 3.33 | 2.54 | 2.79 | 3.88 | 3.83 | 3.29] 35.16] 7.44] 9.48] 9.45 | 8.80 2.11 | 2.56 | 3.20 | 3.81 | 2.63 | 3.18 | 3.54 | 3.70 | 3.70 | 37.06| 7.56] 9.14] 10.42] 9.85 2.81 | 3.16 | 3.66 | 3.53 | 2.58 | 3.62 | 3.911 3.39 | 3.10] 36.75] 8.65| 9.72 | 10.92] 7.46 2.93 | 3.36 | 3.59 | 3.59 { 3.87 | 3.14 | 3.41 ( 3.01 | 2.72 | 35.42] 7.83] 10.851 9.56 | 7.48 2.58 | 3.02 | 3.19 | 3.21 | 2.81 | 2.95 | 3.24 | 2.95 | 2.69| 34.49] 8.22] 9.21| 9.14] 7.92 2.46 | 3.07 | 8.40 | 8.04 | 3.04 | 2.84 | 8.04 | 2.95 | 2.75 | 35.00 8.55] 9.48 | 8.33) 8.64 Ba Taal ae helo REC Cl ops Oe A oa | ea ee PON (A Loon Pass te yias |, a2 5 eel bape) 1.64 | 2.19 | 2.72'|°2:97°| 2-40 | 2:68] 2.44 | 1.69] 1.15} 23.10 | 5.87] 7109'|'"'6.81'| ‘3.83 1.87 | 2.39 | 2.48 | 2.71 | 2.41 | 2.94 | 2.30 | 2.47 | 2.02 | 27.75] 6.39] 7.60| 7.71 | 6.05 2.37 | 3.30 | 3.58 | 3.87 | 8.28 | 3.28 | 3.73 | 3.61 | 3.30! 38.15] 8.31! 10.18| 10.62] 9.04 2.30 | 2.90 | 3.18 | 3.26 | 3.08 | 3.20 | 3.58 | 3.49 | 3.17 | 36.87] 8.11] 9.47] 10.27] 8.52 1.93 | 3.32 | 3.83 | 3.34 | 3.78 | 4.46 | 4.31 | 3.27 | 2.93 | 37.04] 7.24] 10.95] 12.04] 6.81 2.57 | 3.73 | 4.27 | 2.87 | 8.45 | 4.10 | 4.21 | 4.35 | 3.20] 42.72] 9.11] 10.36] 12.90 | 10.35 2.56 | 3.47 | 3.65 | 3.43 | 8.13 | 2.86 | 3.16 | 2.39-] 2.22 | 33.41] 8.27] 10.21] 8.411 6.52 1.98 | 3.88 | 3.81 | 3.85 | 3.45 | 2.76 | 3.40 | 2.59 | 2.41 | 34.65] 8.09] 11.11| 8.75] 6.69 3.00 | 3.54 | 3.88 | 3.81 | 2.99 | 3.40 | 3.25 | 2.87 | 2.27] 34.54| 9.05] 10.18] 9.52] 5.84 3.25 | 3.36 | 3.12 | 3.05 | 3.89 | 2.72 | 2.99 | 2.17] 1.87| 30.40] 8.37] 9.56] 7.88| 4.59 2.41 | 2.23 | 4.00 | 4.25 | 2.60 | 2.98 | 3.60 | 1.80 | 2.42 | 34.79] 7.51] 10.85] 8.38] 8.05 2.32 | 2.90 | 3.89 | 2.81 | 2.88 | 2.51 | 2.58 | 2.11 | 1.77 | 28.23] 6.99] 9.08] 7.20] 4.96 2.42 | 4.91 | 8.74 | 3.80 | 3.47 | 2.83 | 3.13 | 2.82 | 2.56] 37.92] 9.64] 10.51] 8.78] 8.99 3.64 | 3.88 | 4.62 | 4.85 | 4.03 | 4.04 | 4.21 | 4.10 | 3.76 | 47.62] 11.05] 13.55] 12.35 | 10.66 2.83 | 3.68 | 4.28 | 4.62 | 3.71 | 3.54 | 3.44 | 3.85 | 3.68 | 43.09 | 9.53] 12.61] 10.83 | 10.12 3.66 | 4.22 | 4.69 | 5.46 | 4.63 | 4.29 | 4.73 | 4.23 | 4.05 | 54.70] 12.82] 14.78] 13.25 | 13.85 4.42 | 3.78 | 5.04 | 4.47 | 3.76 | 4.29 | 4.46 | 4.23 | 3.55 | 45.06] 10.80| 18.27] 12.98 | 8.01 2.70 | 8.86 | 8.71 | 8.79 | 8.47 | 3.22 | 3.50 | 3.11 | 2.81 | 37.52] 8.80] 10.96] 9.84] 7.91 shows that the series may practically be considered as continuous. + Stations designated U.S. Weather Bureau. rected by comparison with adjacent stations possessing longer records. 484 E1GHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IV. PRECIPITATION. ANNUAL FLUCTUATIONS OF RAINFALL. The fluctuations in the average or normal amount of rainfall from month to month do not occur in a uniform manner over the entire area of New York, but must rather be classed under sev- eral quite distinct types depending upon atmospheric conditions which have already been summarily described in section I. The character of various types and their important modifications are shown in considerable detail by plates 2 and 3. It may be noted that the irregular lines in the diagrams have no meaning other than as connecting the points on the ordinates or verticals rep- resenting the average monthly rainfall. A close approach to the continental type of rainfall, with its early summer maximum, is found over the central plateau re- gions (including the eastern and western plateaus and the south- ern Adirondack region) as represented by Cooperstown. Pro- ceeding eastward to the central Hudson valley, a July maximum is found which extends through the Champlain valley and over the Province of Quebec. In the southern Hudson valley the maximum varies from July to August, while south of the High- lands the August maximum obtains almost exclusively; also ex- tending over Long Island to Setauket, but disappearing at East Hampton and Block Island. The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence valley show a June or July maximum, which, however, is sec- ondary to that of autumn. Autumn rains.—Over the State, generally, a large precipita- tion obtains in October, as compared with the months immedi- ately preceding and following. This constitutes the principal maximum of the year at several stations of the St. Lawrence valley, the central part of the Great Lake Region, central Long Island and beyond the limits of New York, in New Brunswick, ‘Nova Scotia and Ontario. Within this State and October mini- mum is found only in the vicinity of New York city, but is a feature common to the coast south of that point, and also ob- tains at several places in the interior of New England. A rela- New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 485 tively light rainfall during September is characteristic of the State at large, whereas in the Upper Lake region the general autumn maximum occurs during that month. Erie, Pa., shows a November maximum, which feature also prevails in the Ohio valley. Over the greater part of the interior of New York the precipita- tion during the winter is the least of the year. Block Island on the contrary has its annual maximum at that season, while the coast stations generally appear to be about equally subject to continental and maritime influences, showing but slight seasonal variations. This is also true, in even a greater degree, of the region bordering the Lower Lakes, and Rochester may be taken as an example in which an annual fluctuation is almost’ wholly lacking. Oswego has a principal maximum in June, and a secondary in autumn and early winter, but the latter becomes predominent at Palermo a few miles to the eastward, and attains a remarkable intensity along the ridge running parallel to the lake in Lewis county. In the spring a March maximum is very pronounced at the Atlantic coast stations, and is also observable inland in a lesser degree. A diminution again occurs in April, after which the curves of the continental type rise towards their summer maxi- mum, corresponding to the change of prevailing winds from northerly to southerly which occurs in May. The distinction between a continental and maritime rainfall may admit of the following summary statement: Since precipita- tion is largely the result of an upward motion and consequent cooling of air masses, it will occur on the continents in summer when a high temperature renders diurnal convectional processes most active, and the prevailing winds also are such as to afford an abundant supply of vapor. Over or near large bodies of water, on the other hand, the daily convectional process is weak, and hence such regions are mainly dependent for their rainfall upon the powerful updraught of air within cyclonic storms, which are most numerous in winter. These conditions are sufficiently illus- trated by the accompanying figures in which Cooperstown repre- 486 EriegutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE sents, approximately, the continental type, Block Island the mari- time, and Palermo, in the Great Lake Region, a maritime type varied by a secondary summer maximum. Tor AMOUNTS OF ANNUAL RAINFALL in different sections of the State are mainly determined, first by proximity to: sources of vapor, vapor-laden air currents; and secondary, by the character of local topography. In the case of New York State a more definite and substantially correct form of the latter statement is that, under similar conditions, the precipitation is roughly proportional to the altitude of land surfaces. This rule does not apply to the central and southern Atlantic States, whose mountain ridges are parallel to the prevailing direction of vapor bearing winds. As has been stated, the Atlantic Ocean furnishes the principal vapor supply of the northeastern States. While passing inland with easterly winds the moisture is, in the first place, largely precipitated over the mountains of New England, as is rendered apparent by the extraordinary rainfall on Mount Washington, averaging over 90 inches per annum. A similar effect is no doubt due to the Green Mountain system near the New York border; and hence the lowlands to the westward, including the Champlain and upper Hudson valleys receive a somewhat deficient supply as compared with that of the State as a whole. A marked increase of rainfall is again found in the Adirondack highlands, and beyond these .a decrease in the St. Lawrence valley. Sea-winds from the southeast find no obstruction on the imme- diate coast of New York; but passing inland meet the abrupt hill ranges of the southeastern counties, and probably give to each a copious rainfall as compared with that of the intervening valleys. Very few observations of rainfall have been made on the eastern side of these ridges; and the above statement rests mainly upon a two years’ record of the mountain station Minne- waska, which during that period obtained an excess of fourteen New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 48ST inches over the largest value at any low level station in the vicinity. Liberty, in the mountainous region of Sullivan county, also shows the direct influence of the sea wind both by its large annual precipitation and by a pronounced secondary maximum in winter; the latter feature disappearing at stations further northward. Western New York receives an appreciable portion of its vapor supply from the Gulf of Mexico, judging from the frequent south- westerly direction of the rain-winds; and also from similarities existing between the rain types of the Lower Lakes and those of the Gulf and the Mississippi and Ohio valleys. The total pre- cipitation over the depressed area occupied by the lakes is rather below the average for the State; but wherever the surface rises abruptly from their shores the amount rapidly increases and eonsiderably exceeds that common to equal altitudes in the in- terior. The winter maximum jppears prominently in a large snowfall over the southwestern highlands and still more so through a section including the hills of Lewis county, the uppre Mohawk valley and an adjacent spur of the eastern highlands in Madison county. The rainfall in central New York is generally abundant, although somewhat less than that of the southeastern and south- western highlands. A deficiency, as compared with the average for the State, exists in the principal valleys of the Susquehanna system and also into the depression of the Central Lakes. No records exist to establish, even approximately, the amount of rainfall in the central Adirondack region. The brief series of observations obtainable from points near the eastern and western limits of the plateau have been carefully analyzed by comparison of individual monthly values with those of the adjacent stations in the Champlain and St. Lawrence valleys, the highlands show- ing a marked excess in all cases. The amounts of rain in the interior shown by the accompanying charts were estimated from the data of border stations, somewhat modified by the character of local topography. 488 EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE THUNDERSTORMS. Summer rains in New York occur to a large extent as thunder- storms, and generally the regions showing pronounced summer maxima are very subject to these electrical disturbances. The summer of 1892 was remarkable for the frequent occur- rence of thunderstorms over the northeastern States, and an in- vestigation which was then undertaken with the aid of numerous. voluntary observers has furnished information of value as bear- ing upon the distribution of rainfall over New York. A prelim- inary study of the data has shown, first, that thunderstorms develop most frequently in the broken or mountainous sections of the State, and especially in the highlands near the Pennsy]- vania border and Lake Erie, the Catskill and adjacent mountain ranges, and in the eastern portion of the Adirondack plateau. Regions of less frequent origination are found near the shore of Lake Ontario, in the St. Lawrence valley and on the Atlantic coast. In all parts of the State the storms move in a generally easterly course, showing, however, considerable divergencies from this direction which are in some degree characteristic of different regions of the State. Thus, in western New York and the St. Lawrence valley the usual] movement is toward the north of east, in the central part of the State nearly east, while in the Hudson and Champlain valleys, a southerly component is more frequently found. The average rate of motion of thunderstorms in this State is abowt thirty miles per hour; the maximum velocity thus far observed being about fifty miles per hour. The storms which originate in the southwestern section appear in most cases to die out on the middle slopes of the western plateau, and do not often continue their course to the region of Lake Ontario. Hence, the region stretching from northern Erie county eastward to the lower ends of the Central Lakes is one of minimum storm frequency, and has a light annual rainfall. The central part of the eastern plateau, on the other hand, appears to derive a considerable proportion of its storms from the section south of the Central Lakes and near the Pennsylvania border. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 489 Disturbances originating in the Catskill and adjacent mountains usually move across or down the lower Hudson valley, which is therefore a region of great storm frequency; and similarly the storms of the eastern Adirondacks often pass to the St. Lawrence valley. The whole of the interior of the Adirondack region, with its high mountains and numerous streams and lakes, also appears very favorable for the development of thunderstorms, although a sufficient number of observations are still lacking. SNOWFALL. The data upon snowfall are very meagre for the State as a whole, and only the most general facts relating to the subject can be given here. The following measurements of the total depth of snow falling each month during the three past winters are derived from the report of the New York Meteorological Bureau. 490 E1igHtH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TABLE 25. ToTaL SNOWFALL Durinc THREE WINTERS. | DEPTH IN INCHES AND TENTHS. STATION. County. 1889-90. | 1890-91. | 1891-92. Western Plateau. 12Gb dein PAcicacgos ena OOMnODaCC aon. Cattaraugus........ 59.5 94.7 119.8 IG RAINY... 0 os + ne 28.7 *60.0 73.8 SEIT OOM e's :0,e15 o:0'«,e/o 0.0 47.2 85.7 80.5 Hastern Plateau. WGDPerslowmn 2 5.2- =U lens ites sees REESE tosiets)aca's\s/nlele'o ole 87.2 110.0 59.5 EPO DAOMM eieyocaseis tary ora io't v0 c's cae ee MUAIROT es csvapicjee sailisissemtaee 145.0 83.5 Muaker Street. 5s /= S er EARLIEST. LATEST. STATION. County. ae oh A Month.| Day. | Month.| Day. | Month.| Day. 4 Atlantic Coast. i East Hampton .........- Suffolk ........-| 16°} Dec... 3 | Nov... 14 | Dec;.. 29 New York City (U.S.)...| New York......| 13 | Nov... 164| Octiie\) 115, Janes. 4 DRIDHICE raccisisislcnisivie’s we ss Queens......... 22 | Nov...| 24] Nov... 4 | Dec... 18 North Salem......... ..».| Westchester ...| 19 | Nov... 16 | Oct... 41! Dec... 2 Hudson Valley. ANP REON (a oasis elslcr Ulster seacseeint a8) | Nove. | 19)| Octo) 125 Dec. 15 Poughkeepsie .| Dutchess....... 16 | Nov... 20 | Oct... 12 | Dec... 17 Jaypee (86 ts) hosecaepnda AIDANY scree 12 | Nov... 3 | Oct... 11 | NoOwn..< 22 Great and Central ae: PALE EMP atsicfetsttalelataintelalesiarate Cayuga... 2). 20 | Nov... 2 | Sept.. 28 | Dec... 17 Oswego (U.5.).. slesiee | OSIREZO Me esteiaters ‘ i3)| Oct... 25 | Sept.. 19 | Nov... 13 Rochester U Ss ee OC Trcaieto Monroe......... 18 | Oct... 29 | Oct... 5 | Nov... 13 Buralo (US) ease == +5 |) HNO Rese aen ene 13 | Oct... 25 | Oct... 6 | Nov... 13 Fredonia......... eager] Chautauqua.... iv] Oct... 30 | Oct... 14 | Dec... 4 pie PAS (U.S. \cseioscie cn | Melnemraisteeetoeeleeee 13 | Oct...) 257) Oct... 6 | Nov... 13 TGA CH etcle care ote cierointetrieie Tompkins...... 15 | Nov... Ba Octee. 5 | Dec... 16 Mohawk Valley. WIR eddenedaoge scosnebnc Oneidaeencceree!s 2! || Nov... 1} Sept..| 28] Dec... 3 Central Plateau. Middlebury or Dale...... Wyoming ...... 7 | Nov... 1| Sept..| 27) Nov... 29 Leib ives (rol etingu aa spacodeaae Madison ....... 18} Oct...1 15] Sept..} 22] Nov... 12 CAZENOVIA 2% vlc. n ne nee' Madison........} 19] Oct...| 26) Sept..{ 29] Nov... 23 Northern New York. Fairfield Herkimer ...... 17 | Oct... 18 | Sept..} 28] Nov... 15 Lowville TSG WIS tiene alesies.> 19" Oct. 5. 29 | Oct... 15 | Dec... 19 Potsdam St. Lawrence 20 | Oct...| 80] Sept..j 27 | Nov... 26 Note.—Records designated (U. S.) were obtained at Signal Service Stations after 1873. Other records were obtained between 1826 and 1850. NEw YORK WEATHER BUREAU. ‘ 493 FREQUENCY OF Ratny Days. The accompanying table shows the average frequency with which a rain or snow fall amounting to one one-hundredth of an inch or more occurs, during each month, at six stations in New York and also at Block Island, R. I., and at Erie, Pa.; the former station representing, approximately, eastern Long Island and the latter southwestern New York. The rainy days are here expressed in ‘percentages of the total number of days in each month, following the method of the Signal ‘Service charts, from which the values at all stations excepting Ithaca were derived. The period of observation covers eighteen years at Buffalo, Rochester, Oswego and New York city, sixteen years at Erie, Pa., fifteen years at Albany, thirteen years at Ithaca and eight years at Block Island. TABLE 27. PERCENTAGE oF Ratny Days. ; Es : J eal eae aa ol bh 3 -|@ | o | 2a STATION. Pl 3 g/B/sS/8128)| 83 = zai o a basa t= Ba Pa j= SN So hte) ee] Belg hs Bot ie, $|2)/9o]8¢ 3 o a} 8 5 = =] © 3) ° Cy) ° Hilel/aelia ll SlRl/S [dala olasalya Blockislangd, Rebs wis cstemeds tees 47 | 44 | 39 | 35 | 88 | 82 | 36 | 29 | 29 | 385 | 39 | 41 135 ING Wie MOEKk CLL ar teclelsmciaoTelsionicianierets 39 | 39 | 388 | 37 | 34 | 35 | 86 | 382 | 31 | 31 | 34 | 36 131 ZN cy Aonaaeripdore Jagorcbooccbu scoot 45 | 43 | 44 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 39 | 31 | 34 | 35 | 43 | 44 146 OBWEPO Rui sacccenoaeebeccce tes 55 | 49 | 40 | 89 | 37 | 36 | 32 | 26 | 35 | 46 | 56 | 55 152 IROCHESTOR aaa sieaislaincisateaision saweeias 65 | 58 | 57 | 42 | 88 | 39 | 37 | 32 | 38 7 | 53 | 61 171 IBUELGION. ces nce fey onan onaiae oeleere 59 | 55 | 55 | 41 | 39 | 89 | 35 | 31 | 88 | 46 | 55 | 59 17 TG spibehe care reiavarover sare oietelelelereierete etereieterere 65 | 58 | 57 | 44 | 89 | 41 | 33 | 32 | 41 | 51 | 57 | 65 1:8 MGRACS: 6. cisin epreug Seg gBaO YG caaao Soe SSN NE S|) | (49) woe OO eee ee a) 9A ‘UOjSUILNg CPLDIS XO) S trees Piclehcse:®) sisiseis/ PANTS) TUE a a NE Se hah gO OM OOE/ NT XO | er os BUC DOORO OCU LYNG A Lah! Se ee te ae ae Me De TIO O Cl BE ORIO I OOT ACY, MON Srreleteseleitieelsio cic cle tem cies AO IOX MON ee UO OOP SSS “‘Y ‘puis yoolq ‘NOLLVLS BOSC OOO, a ‘eld sees Creag ““esaqooy 496 EigutH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Block Island, R.1.... New York city.,..... PAT ATLY: weetsiate sive /sieininis's Oswego Rochester Buffalo STATION. sete een eee eee eee eee eee County. JANUARY. 14.2] 8.4 12.1/11.8 12.7/12.6 1] 7.1]22.8 1.3) 8.8/20.9 1.3] 9.4/20.3 2.1/10.1]18.8 FEBRUARY. C| FIO 14.0] 5.2 11.0 10.8} 10.2 8.5/16.6 9.5 11.4/14.1 10,6}13.2 10.8) 13.2 MARCH, TABLE NumsBer or Crear, Partiy Cioupy (Fair), APRIL. CAE sO) Les ea Oune May 13.6 13.8 13.1 9}11.1 11.6 12.7 12.3 7.4)11.6)11.6 9.9) 8.2112.0 11.6} 8.1/11.3 16.0} 6.7/10.6 15.7] 7.4/10.3 6.5 6.9 13.4| 11.7 14.1 13.3 6.8] 10.4 9.8} 9.3 10.6] 9.2 12.7] 9.1 12.3] 8.7 11.8} 9.1 9.8/10.7 Notre.—Periods of observation three years less New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 497 29. AND Overcast Days at NAtIonAL STATIONS. JUNE. JULY. AUGUST. | SEPTEMBER.| OCTOBER. | NOVEMBER. | DECEMBER. | ANNUAL. COPE NON e Ha OMe VRE TON MCy TROL Creo Ore WEN Oo esi Ral On Cie KO: —-— | |} |] Sf | |S | | |S | | | — | | — | — | 13 4/12,0]4.6/12.4/14.6] 4.0) 9.6/16.8) 4.6/12.0/12.3) 5.7/11.0/11.7| 8.3) 8.8]12.5) 8.7) 6.8)14.7| 9.5)124/161) 80 8.3/14.9/6.8] 7.9/15.8] 7.3) 9.8|12.5] 8.7)10.1/11.7) 8.2)10.4/12.7] 7.9) 8.8)11.4] 9.8) 6.0)13.5)11.5)101/155)109 9.3/12.8/7.9| 9.2|14.7| 7.1)11.5]12.7] 6.8] 9.9/11.8| 8.3] 7.9/12.3}10.8) 4.4]11.1]14.5) 3.8/11.3)15.9) 92/148/125 8.6/12.4/8.6| 9.1]14.9] 7.0) 9.7/18.8] 8.0} 7.5/12.0/10.5) 5.8/10.3/15.4] 1.3] 6.4/22.3) 0.7) 5.5)24.8) 66/125/174 8.2/12.3|9.4! 8.6/15.0| 7.4/10.1)13.4! 7.5] 8.4/13.0) 8.6] 6.5/11.1]18.4) 2.4] 9.0/18.6} 0.9) 6.7/23.4) 66/136/163 8.4/13.6|8.0] 9.1]15.7] 6.2/10.3/14.0] 6.7} 8.7/12.6| 8.7) 6.7/10.3/12.6) 2.3) 9.2/18.5) 0.7] 8.2)22.1) 73/141/151 9.9|13.2]6.9/10.4/15.3] 5.3/11.3/13.8] 5.9] 9.3)12.2) 8.5) 7.5] 9.2/14.3] 1.9] 8.6/19.5| 1.4] 6.8/22.8) 80/138)147 than those given in table of percentages. 32 498 E1gHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Chart 14 exhibits, approximately, the annual percentage of cloudiness for all sections of the State; the values for the Adir- ondack Region, however, being somewhat uncertain, as they de- pend wholly upon observations at border stations. The main features of the map are based upon the averages given in the table, with such modifications as have been sug- gested by comparing and charting the results obtained by numer- ous voluntary observers during the past three years. The first series of Regents’ observations were also found useful when com- pared among themselves. The nearly uniform cloudiness over the State in summer is substantially the same in amount as that of the Great Lake Region and the north eastern States in general. It is about five per cent. below the average of the middle Atlantic coast, and from ten to fifteen’ per cent. above that of the Central States. In winter there is a general increase of cloudiness from the Gulf of Mexico northward, and especially in the region of the Ohio val- ley. The Great Lakes also become an important source of cloud formation at this season, the entire region from Lake Huron to western New York, being subject to more than seventy per cent. of overcast skies, which is the maximum amount for the United States, if a small portion of the northern Pacific coast be ex- cepted. Eastward and southward from tthe Central Lakes the cloudiness decreases, and on the Atlantic coast the amount is over twenty per cent. below that of the Great Lake Region. There are many interesting and peculiar features of cloud dis- tribution within New York; but local observations, still inade- quate in most cases, have not been sufficiently discussed for pub- lication. HUMIDITY. The following values of Relative Humidity (or percentage of moisture relative to saturation) were derived from observations at seven stations of the Signal Service from the opening of the stations (in 1871 in most cases) to 1886. New YorK WEATHER BUREAU. 499 TABLE No. 30. Relate Humidity (Per Cent). c B Ble STATION. 2 (ee Nae slzeie/2\4 a 5 P| n 5 =| s z = zy Sal (ites 4 © pe eH r=) co) ® u Fe feel eM tea Vt rma = fl cara VaR ey Wend Ls hes Nh Bi eOe nS Sale Siler es | oul enon home Hl l/el/alel/R Al al alolazjalpm Blocks Slane Hie larccteiscisaats)assteisieyalelsi- 76 | 78 | 75 | 76 | 83 | 88 | 82 | 82) &2 1] 7 Ould 79 Gin Wéonl'e (Ot ~ogoganeddonoocse bouade 74 | 73 | €8 | 65 | 66 | 69 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 70 | 70| 73 | RUD RY aarctaislelcisteyelsleielejaletolelevelnisleleinieieialstajals fo | 7 71 | 63 | 62 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 72 | 72 | 741 %6 70 OR Glan dooadcdooonnocdonodnocescuoDds 74 | 74 | 73 | 68 | 67 | 70 | 271 | 71 | 71) 71 '| 71 '| 76 vel Rochester 80 | 77 | 76 | 67 | 64 7 | 68 | 68 | 70 | 72 | 76 | 80 72 Buffalo: oj .22. 50): sient. BO ZB5) ia S68 eT eae le 7 V3 | 76 | 79 74 BYuie 12a Gconoddenoadudodquoncmogoadoue ui 73 | %6 | 7 66 | 70 | 7 RON 21 72) | 75 | 73 ‘Although the absolute amount of moisture in the air is least during the winter, the percentage relatively to saturation (the relative humidity) is then generally at a maximum. At Block Island, however, the northerly winter winds ‘have traversed a lesser expanse of water surface than the southerly or ocean. winds of summer, and this circumstance, with the more moderate degrees of heat and cold to which the island is subject, reverses the rule applying to inland stations, causing the maximum humidity to occur during the summer. This is the case also along the south shore of New England and probably over the greater part of Long Island. The maximum humidity at ithe Weather Bureau Stations within the State is found at Buffalo, which is subject to prevailing winds from the Lake. ‘The region of least moisture, on the other hand, appears to be the Champlain valley, as shown by a two years’ record at: Plattsburgh. The conditions are here very dis- similar to those of stations at the same latitude in the St. Lawrence valley, the latter region showing substantially the same humidity which obtains near the Great Lakes. Definite values of the relative humidity at stations of the State Service are omitted here, owing both to the brevity of (their records and to the fact that the hours and methods of observation generally employed by volunitary observers give results which can only be compared with those of the National Service by tak- 500 EigutTtyu ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ing full account of the manner of observation in each case. In the course of preparation of this paper a careful examination was made of the records of humidity published by the State Bureau; but, aside from the facts mentioned regarding the Cham- plain and St. Lawrence valleys, no local peculiarities in the dis- tribution of moisture were found of a sufficiently marked char- acter to warrant publication until more extended observations can be obtained. In general, there appears to be the usual slight increase of humidity with altitude over the plateau regions, in summer; but otherwise, the values given for the Siynal Service stations may be considered to hold true also throughout the adjacent territory. GENERAL CLIMATIC DATA AND NOTES. Resumé or Crumatic Erements at New York Cliry. (Values derived from U. 8. Weather Bureau records, unless otherwise specified.) NorMAL TEMPERATURES: Annual, 51.6°; January, 30.6°; July, 73.4°. ‘ 100° in 1881, U. S. station. Maxima: Average of annual maxima, 94°; highest........... 101° in 1881, Central Park. 104° in 1825, Fort Columbus. —6.0° in 1875 and 1880, at U. S. station. Minima; Average of annual minima, + 1°; lowest. ) —6.0° in 1880 and 1882, at Central Park. -12.0° in 1866, at Fort Columbus. Daily variations: Mean daily range: Greatest, 17.0°, in June; least, 13.2°; in December. Daily periodic change, or amplitude, greatest, 11.5°, in June; least, 6.7°, in December. Average variability of successive daily means, in January, 6.5°. Precipitation: Average annual, 45.31 inches; greatest average monthly, 4.77 inches, in August; least average monthly, 3.05 inches, in May. Number of rainy days: Greatest, 39 per cent, in January and February; least, 31 per cent, in September and October. Cloudiness:; Annual percentage, 50.5, greatest, 57 per cent, in January; least, 46 per cent, in September. No. p’tly cl’dy d’ys, year.. 155.0 | No. cloudy days, year.. 109.0 No. p’tly cl’dy d’ys, Jan.. 12.1|No. cloudy days, Jan... 11.3 No. p’tly cl’dy d’ys, Sept... 11.7 | No. cloudy days, Sept... 8.2 No. clear days, year.. 101.0 No. clear days, Jan.. 7.6 No. clear days, Sept.. 10.1 Mean relative humidity: Annual, 70 per cent; greatest, 74 per cent, in January; least, 65 per cent, in April. Average date of first snow, November 16th; average date of first killing frost, November 5th; average date of last killing frost of spring, April 13th. Average velocity of the wind in miles, per hour: Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. 110) © 11 sa>** 1G 8.9 7.9 Weis 7.4 7.3 8.0 9.6 10.7 °°-10.9) 9/86 New York Wrartrser Boreav. 501 Resomeé or Crumatic Erements at ALBANY. WorMAL TemeErRatures: Annual, 48.4°; January, 23.0°; July, 73.6°. 98° in 1890, U. S. station. Maxima: Average of annual maxima, 93°; highest......... 5 100° (2) in 1820, private record —18° in 1875 and 1878, U.S. station. Minima: Average of annual minima, —11°; lowest.... ; — 98° in 1840, Regents’ series Daily variations; Mean daily ranze, greatest, 17.9°, in June; least, 12.9°, in December. Periodie change, or amplitude, greatest, 14.6°, in July; least, 5.5°, in December. Average variability of successive daily means in January, 7.6°. Precipiration: Average annual, 38.80 inches; greatest average’monthly, 4.18{inches, in July; least average monthly, 2.54 inches, in February. Number of rainy\days: Greatest, 45 per cent, injJanuary; least, 31 per cant, injAugust. Cloudiness: Annnal percentage, 56.0; greatest, 7) per cent, in December; least, 48 per cent, in June and July. No. clear davs, year.. 92.0] No. p’tly cl’dy d’ys, year.... 148.0] No. cloudy days, year... 125.0 No. clear days, Dec... 3.8| No. p’tly el’dy d’ys, Dec.... 11.3] No. cloudy days, Dec ... 15.9 No. clear days, June. 9.3] No. p’tly cl’dy d’ys, June... 12.8] No. cloudy days, June.. 7.9 Mean relative humidity: Annual, 70 per cent; greatest,276 per cant, in Decembar; least,? 62 per cent, in May. Average date of first snow, November 3d; average dato of first killing frost, October 23d; average date of last killing frost of spring, April 15th. Average velocity of the’wind in miles,§per hour: Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. Juue. jJuly. Aug. Sept. Oct. {Nov. Dec. Year. Jaro rarieathe my itts) 6.7 GEzy ME5. OF ee uok6 5.0 a ae ROI Me! | oH) Resumé or Cumatic ELementrs at RocHESTER. Normav ‘TEMPERATURE: Annual, 46.8°; January, 24.1°; July, 70.5°. . A Son 98° in 1881, U.S. R d. Maxima: Average of annual maxima, 92°; highest ; ieee a 1845, yee ard private records. SST Oons B 7 Ss. s. Minima; Average of annual minima, -6°; lowest. ; Bie a a ee UR ate sonia, Daily variations: Mean daily range, greatest, 19.5°, in June; least, 14.5°, in January. Daily periodic change, or amplitude, greatest. 12.5°, in June; least, 4.0°,in December. Average variability of successive daily means in January, 7.4° (approximately). PRECIPITATION: Average annual, 35.06 inches; greatest average monthly, 3.32 inches, in June; least average monthly, 2.43 inches, in September. Number of rainy days: Greatest, 65 per cent, in January; least, 32 per cent, in August. Cloudiness; Annual percentage, 61.0; greatest, 83 per cent, in December ; least, 44 per cent, in August. : No. clear days, vear.. 66.0| No. p’tly el’dy d’ys, year... 186 No. clear days, Dec... 0.9] No. p’tly el’dy d’ys, Dec.... 6 No. clear days, Aug... 10.1| No. p’tly cl’dy d’ys, Aug.... 18 .0| No. cloudy days, year. 163.0 .7| No. cloudy days, Dec.. 23.4 .4| No. cloudy days, Aug. 7.5 Mean relative humidity: Annual, 72 percent; greatest, 80 per cent, in January and De- cember ; least, 64 per cent, in May. Average date of first snow, October 29th; average date of first killing frost, October 15th; average date of last killing frost of spring, May 5th. Average velocity of the wind in miles, per hour: Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. 13:8), 12.% A252 11.2 10.0 8.8 8.0 79. 9.4 10.4 111.8) 992-1 10.68 502 Erantu AnnuaL Report oF THE Resumé or Crmatic ELtements at Burra.o. NormMAL TEMPERATURE: Annual, 46.3°; January, 24.1° ; July, 69.9°. Maxima; Average of annual maxima, 88°; highest, 94°, in 1887. Minima: Average of annual minima, —4° ; lowest, —16°, in 1875. Daily variations: Mean daily range, greatest, 15.4°, in May; least, 12.2°, in December. Daily periodic change, or amplitude, greatest, 10.8°, in August; least, 3.7° in December. Average variability of successive daily means, 7.4° (approximately) ie PRECIPITATION: Average annual, 38.14 naan ; greatest average monthly, 3.93 inches, in October; least average monthly, 2.48 inches, in April. Number of rainy days ; Greatest, 59 per cent, in January and December ; least, 31 per cent, in August. Cloudiness ; Annual percentage, 62.4 ; greatest, 81 per cent, in December; least, 44 per cent, in August. No. clear days, year.. 73.0 | No. clear days, Dec... 0.7 No. clear days, Aug... 10.3 | No. p’tly el’dy d’ys, a 41.0 | No. cloudy days, year. 151.0 No 5 ‘dy cl’dy d’ys, Dec.. ie: 2| No. cloudy days, Dec.. 22.1 No. p’tly cl’dy d’ys, Aug.. 14.0| No. cloudy days, Aug. 6.7 Mean relative humidity : Annual, 74 per cent; greatest, 80 per cent, in January; least, 68 per cent, in May. Average date of first snow, October 25th; average date of first killing frost, October 15th; of last killing frost of spring, April 30th. Average velocity of the wind in miles, per hour: Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. 1aeS) Ast Ls Nate teat 8.6 83 8.6 9.1) LOLGR 18-5) 140i O ros V. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF THE WEATHER IN AND NEAR NEW YORK. The following statements are derived mainly from Blodgett’s Climatology of the United States; and from the statistics pre- sented by Mr. J. C. Smock in the Climate of New Jersey. (Data from the former source are designated by the reference (B.) and from the latter by (S.).) 1717. In 1717 the “ great snow ” occurred, which is often men- tioned in New England history of that date. [It continued for several days, February 19th to 24th, and remained five or six feet deep on a level at Boston, and over all the settled parts of New England. This winter is the most conspicuous, if not the only one noted for extreme cold prior to 1740. (B.) 1740. The winter ‘of 1740-41 was distinguished both in: the United States and Europe for intense cold. Jefferson speaks of it as having been in Virginia only less severe than that of 1779-80. The Boston News Letter of March 5th says: ‘ We ‘hear from Stratford, Conn., that the Sound is frozen over three leagues —-- New York Wearuer Boreav. 503 across, so that people ride every day thence to Long Island.” In a subsequent number'a certificate of several persons appears, tes- tifying that they had crossed the Connecticut river on the ice and with horses, on the 1st of April. (B.) The following is from the diary of Col. A. Hasbrouck, of Kings- ton, N. Y., extracts from which were published fin a recent issue of the New York Times: “In the year of our Lord 1740-41, that winter began ‘the beginning of December, and continued to the last of March, 1741, and we rode over Hudson’s river with horses and sleighs * * * to the 20th of March.” 1754-5. Winter unusually mild. Troops sailed from New York to Albany in January and February. (S8.) 1780. In 1780 the most signal and severe depression of tempera- ture ‘occurred belonging to our entire history, excepting, perhaps, that of 1856. * * * Webster remarks an immense snowfall in New England; “for six weeks no snow melted. The Sound was entirely covered with ice between Long Island and the main, and between New York and Staten Island.” (B.) “The winter began the beginning of December, 1779, and con- tinued to the latter end of March, 1780. A very deep snow, above three feet and more, and driven up in heaps, in many places) six and seven feet high * * * and so severe a cold for most part of the winter that the like has never been known by the oldest living in this country, and continued to mear the latter end of March, 1780.” “People did ride with horses and sleighs from New York to Staten Island, * * * and from/New York to Paulus Hook and Bergen and also to Long Island, and did ride upon the ice from New York to Albany, and further, and also crossed the Sound upon ice from New London to Long Island with carriages of burden, which has never \been known to have been ~ done before. The snow was not as deep as in the hard winter, so called, in the years 1740-41, but much colder and of longer continuation.” (Hasbrouck.) 1784-5. “ The winter began about the middle of December, 1784, and continued to the 15th of April, 1785, so that the fields were yet covered with snow and people rode across the Hudson river at 504 EreutH ANNUAL Report OF THE the mouth of Rondout kill the 5th day of April, 1785, with horses and sleighs upon the ice, and men walked across upon the ice until the 9th of April.” (Hasbrouck.) 1805-6. An open winter; Hudson river free from ice February 20th. (S.) 1810. Hudson river open until January 19th. (S.) 1812-16. From May to September, 1812, each month was from 3.6 degrees to 7.2 degree below the average (at Cambridge, Mass.) * * * a refrigeration equaled for two months only, June and July of 1816, which were 5 degrees and 5.8 degrees below. In the Northern States snows and frosts occurred in every month of both summers; Indian corn did not ripen; fruits and grains were greatly reduced in quantity or wholly cut off. * * * Im Eng- land, 1816 was almost as extreme as in the United States. (B.) 1820-21. In New York the winter of 1820-21 was also “ one of the four during a century in which the Hudson between Paulus Hook and New York was crossed on the ice. (Caldwell.)” (B.) 1826-35. “ On February 22d, 1826, mercury solidified at Platts- burgh, N. Y., a condition requiring a reduction to -403$ degrees, and in January, 1835, mercury froze at Lebanon, N. Y.” (Hil- dreth.) ‘In the winter of 1835-36 the thermometer was below zero on twenty-six days.” (Fisk.) In many parts of New Eng- land snow remained uninterruptedly from December until May. * * * Long Island Sound was closed by ice. “ The summer months of 1835 were nearly as severe as those of 1812 and 1816.” (Ey mW 1852. In January the East River at New York was closed and crossed on the ice on the 20th and for three days following. (B.) 1858. A warm year * * * winter of 1852-53 one of the warmest on record and very wet, the winter rainfall at Newark having been 15.85 inches. (3.) 1856. In 1856 a period of severe cold continued for nearly three months, the greatest refrigeration occurring between the 25th and 28th parallels. Long Island Sound was closed to navigation from January 25th to February 27th and the harbor Se ee ee New Yorx Weratuer Bureau. 505 of New York was much obstructed by ice, which several times made temporary communication across the East River. (B.) 1857. An excessive cold January and summer. On January 24th the temperature at Troy was -33. nicl (It has been remarked that it is impossible to use the state of the riyers and harbors at the present time as any measure of the relative strength of cold, when compared with early records, owing to the breaking up of the ice now effected by steam craft.) Mr. John Hulburt, of Arkport, Allegany county, N. Y., has kindly furnished the writer with extracts relating to the weather from a journal kept by him continuously since 1846. The fol- lowing notes will be of interest here: 1841. The first fall of snow for the year was on April 20th- 21st. 1842. An open winter and early spring. * * * Frost June Ist, killed all fruit. 1843. Snow fully three feet deep in woods. 1844, A very prolific year. 1845. May 30th, ice three-fourths inch thick. 1846. Winter very cold, deep snow which lay on till March. Killing frost May 22d; corn replanted, giving a fine crop. 1847. A very cold and backward year. Not a leaf to be seen on May ist. A fine fruit year. 1849. On the 28th of December two feet of very wet snow fell, blockading all roads. Sleighing remained until March. 1850. Hard snow storm May 28th, and very cold. * * * From July 14th to August 9th, rain fell every day. All the wheat sprouted in shock. No such harvest weather known about here \before or jsince. 1851. Cold and fair; sleighing all winter. 1852. June 5th corn all cut down by frost; ice one-quarter inch thick. 1853. The summer of 1853 was noted for the “ great drought; ” no rain to speak of for three months, May, June and July. No frost from April to September 29th. The winter of 1853-4 was remarkably mild, with only two weeks sleighing. 506 Eranta AnnuaLt Report oF THE 1854. For twelve days in July the mercury stood at 95 degrees and over in the shade, and for eighteen days it was over 90 de- grees. That was the hottest summer I ever knew, * * * It was followed by a cold fall and early snow. 1855. The “‘ heated term ” of ’54 was followed by a remarkably cold February, the mercury falling below zero fourteen mornings out of the twenty-eight, and fine sleighing till March 6th. 1856. Opened cold and kept it up all winter and well into April. Sleighing good from January 5th to April 3d. On the latter date I find this record “south wind and rain, the first drop in 100 days.” Several times that winter the mercury was 30 degrees below zero; the 14th of February, 32 degrees below. It was a winter long to be remembered for extreme cold. August was very cool and September very warm till the 29th. 1857-58. Plows ran in January, in fact some farmers about here plowed every month that winter. 1859. January and February were noted for absence of snow and mild weather; roads very dry all through March and much plowing done. On April 23d I find this record: “ Snowed hard all day, and wind blew a hurricane—more snow fallen to-day than all winter—and plump eight inches deep to-night.” May 7th, 90 degrees at 2 :p. m., a remarkably warm month. June 4th, cold, with rain and snow; June 5th, ice one-quarter inch thick. The forest leaves were almost full size, and before noon were a butternut color. Early wheat and corn cut down. ‘Another hard freeze on the 11th and a still harder one on the 12th, but nothing left to kill. 1860. A mild wintter, plowing all done in Appril. 1861. August 2d, thermometer at sunrise 80 degrees, 94 de- grees at noon, 100 degrees at 2 p. m.; the warmest day I ever saw. A remarkably warm fall; December 9th and 10th thermometer at 80 degrees.* Sheep in pasture (till December 21st, which is unprecedented. | * The temperature on these dates were remarkably high throughout New York, the maxi- mum noted at stations of the Regents’ system being 64 degrees.—Ep. New York Wearuer Buregav. 507 1862. The record of April Ist is: An immense body of heavy snow on ground two feet deep; three months good sleighing. 1868. Very hot and wet summer; fine crops. 1864. Very hot and dry in July. 1865. Cherries in full bloom April 27th. A warm and dry summer. 1865--6. No snow to make sleighing. 1867. One foot of snow January 20th remained till March. Rain fell on ittwenty-eight days in May. Summer months fine for grain—wheat never better. 1868. The average temperature for July the highest I ever knew. No rain to reach potatoes till August 20th. 1868-9. Good sleighing all winter, and until March 24th. Coldest summer and most rain I ever knew. The coldest Novem- ber on record. | 1870. Thermometer at 0 degree ‘but three mornings all winter. Only ten days sleighing. A very warm spring and summer. Plowing till December 16th. 1871. February 5th, 30 degrees below zero at 6 a. m. and 10 degrees below all day. Early spring. 1872. Great drouth in’May, and very hot and dry all through June. 1874. A very open winter, with but little snow. Temperature below zero, several days in April. A ‘hot summer followed. 1875. Begins with thermometer at zero and keeps very cold all winter. Ice-houses all filled after March 20th with ice over two feet thick. Year closed with the thermometer at 80 *degrees. 1876. New Year’s day the warmest on *record. No snow till February 15th, and then only a flurry. Very warm in July and up to August 21st. 1877. January 14th: “Scarcely a day since Christmas that it has not snowed; snow four feet deep in the woods, and very solid. A great many roofs falling in.” A fine year for corn. 1878. A very warm March. Cherries in bloom April 23d. * Maximum temperature at Ithaca on December 31, 1875, was 59 degrees ; January 2, 1876, 64 degrees. — 508 Exauta ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 1879. Cold winter and good sleighing. Cold, backward spring. 1881. Cold until the middle of April. Very dry until October, and then very wet and warm balance of year. 1882-83. Heavy snow storm November 26th, lies on all winter; very cold and backward spring. 1884. From August 4th till 21st the thermometer was 90 de- grees and over every day. December closes very warm. 1885. April 1st: “ My thermometer has marked zero and be- low forty-five times since January Ist.” May was.a warm, lovely month. 1885--6. A remarkably mild winter; plowing mostly completed in March. 1887. Fine, open winter; no sleighing. A hot July on an aver- age, but winter clothing necessary on the 10th. Very open weather until the middle of December. 1888. A very mild winter; severe blizzard on March 12th and 13th. 1889. A mild January and very changeable weather in Febru- ary. Grain all sowed in March. May 29th, thermometer 26 de- grees; grass, garden stuff and potatoes all cut down. J une Ist, water two feet higher than I ever saw it on the Canisteo river and another flood June 17th. 1890. The year opens warm, and January closes with a tem- perature of 68 degrees (the temperature obtained also at the Weather Bureau station at Erie, Pa. Hd.). The warmest and wettest winter on record; not a sleigh seen all winter. 1891. A winter of frequent rain and snow. 1892. Good sleighing nearly all winter. A remarkably fine year for farmers. The following remarks of Dr. J. Hyatt, of Dutchess county, have a bearing upon the question, “Is our climate changing?” “Tt is important to note that killing frosts and all sorts of quick or extensive ranges of temperature or precipitation (including, perhaps, in a lesser degree, pressure changes) have greatly in- creased within my own adult experience of fifty-five years, and that these injurious effects have advanced in full proportion, if OO New York Wratuer Bureau. 509 not more, with deforestation. In this locality there is not more - ‘than one-half the tree and forest growth standing, compared with what existed fifty-five years ago.” VI. DERIVATION OF TEMPERATURE AND RAIN- FALL NORMALS. The temperature and rainfall data given in the preceding pages were derived from the following sources: 1. Observations taken at various academies of the State be- tween the years 1826 and 1868, under the supervision of the Board of Regents of New York. The results were published in two volumes, the first covering the period 1826-1850 and the sec- ond from 1850-1868. 2. Monthly and annual normals given in Nos. 277 and 353 of the “Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,” published in 1876 and 1881. The data presented in these works were derived by Mr. C. A. Schott from all available sources, including the first series of New York Regents’ reports, the records taken under the supervision of the Smithsonian Institution, the U. 8. Army and the U. S. Patent Office. 3. Records of stations of the National Signal Service and Weather Bureau. 4, The reports of the New York State Meteorological Bureau, issued monthly, 1889-1892, from Cornell University. 5. Miscellaneous records published in the United States Weather Review or furnished to ithe writer by independent ob- servers. TEMPERATURE NORMALS. Owing to the large differences which obtain between the tem- perature of the same month in successive years, reliable average or normal values can be derived only from records extending over along period. Such records are not numerous in this State; and few of those which exist have been obtained under pre- cisely the same circumstances from first to last. Satisfactory 510 Eicuta ANNUAL Report oF THE values can, however, be determined for a few points in various sections of the State and the normals of adjacent stations may be derived from these by comparing the shorter with the longer records month by month, since the differences between the tem- peratures at adjacent stations are much more constant than the temperatures themselves. But before using this method it is necessary to ascertain the limits of distance within which the temperatures have a similar variation, especially in a region sit- uated, like New York, near the usual path of storms. For ex- ample, a cyclonic depression passing south of this State may give a warm wave over the southern counties, while anticyclonic conditions and extreme cold prevail in the northern section. Further, the inversion of temperature, or decrease with height, occurring within anticyclonic areas, is frequently the source of deviation from the usual thermal relations between highland and valley stations. 511 New York Weaturr Boreav. aeioeree Riera ernie eictererere atelaterace avarntacn aL eT oon “8 O'R see eee eee eee etwas OSE CE SG OS CSC OR OLB tems KOVACS A 06°0 gé°0 36° 0 89°0 89°0 ibe 61 8ST oS L°& & 00 4 rP (0) Pine eee pecans Heute otme pie comme ge mee PURE IN WLIO od 61°0 Fa 0 om) 69°0 49°0 UT PT an 26& \egag FG 99 Sl | OP 0 Faget cepa cotiph es sapere care get: nae SELLE 02°0 CFO IFO £6 0 PL OL rare 0's oP 9'¢ SI 1a BL | ue Gp |ircitrststeeeeseeeseeseeereeeeeeeesee@tOpay 2 91°0 248°0 OPO #90 69°0 Or 8°36 ao OP PP 8& Aas) My) Ip CS ee a NITEM OE CRN G10 (oXofQy 1s) 610 ce" 18°0 910 1L'0 O'L eT 9'T 0'F ne 0g FG 4, | 9¢ Bp [ici ec rt eteeeeeseeeeeeseeereseresegtaouazey *g 1e°0 18°0 IF'0 £20 80 eT ST On 9° ce Ll £0 6 | TL Gp [trite rt tses veeeserereseseseeesees GOISEMOTT F G'0 e6°0 630 4°0 IL'0 PT OT ol 8°S 8's 1G GP dh 80 Bin, | Seed pee aa cas, me ncaa ce LOT SOU OO Meng 810 ez"0 080 29°0 08°0 80 iL a OF ep 08 0g o | oF Gp [oc citetett cree eeeeneeees cress eee STTTAMOTT 2 020 86°00 OF0 08°0 08°0 I'l ar 0°2 ep op 12 10 ce), | oF ne tse ULepSs}Og “T FEYa soq | ‘seq sod Soq “30d ‘Soq_ =| ‘sod ‘sod ‘sod ‘Ul, “Soq | ‘aI “seq . See eee ete wee Pee pet rte) are 5 a e 3 g 5 4 a 4 a |r n Ss © : Da S 2 wn oe = a st ia q 4 “A N g * > & |epngisaoy | epnyney NOtN as ; “LIMANRUBV,T a 1VNUON YO NVA AO UOUUNY wIAvaoug SUaUDA NI ALIMAVIAVA NVIY ‘anwioduiay uboayy jonuuy pun hpyzuoyy fo hyrprqvisn 4 ‘TS “ON WIAViL E:igutuo ANNUAL REpoRT OF THE 512 0 seine sc ts cg st tec et eee tt ane Mei dielepres liv vine’ reseee | org 920 5 veel esee lor lez | gog one ez 80°0 T3°0 '3'0 G30 61°0 FO eer |b |S er e0eer= 1 0r £% 91°0 £3'0 °C 830 16°0 a Oi Ve) lf a Si toe So) Sa a ch] 09% 13 oro a8°0 98'0 P8°0 680 OM Ie | eee yee a beteiey cs IPE (alels 89 St 9t°0 P80 2t°0 &8°0 4t°0 9°0 PT 8°0 con § 4°0 | 009 OL &I O10 P30 80 G3"0 b3°0 POP Gs0) Si ea0 et, | OcCm FOSP §8 I 06°0 a8" 0 28°0 OPO PPO JES bee Vales be Ne iSorey Wai thee nO SLB 1% 910 LP°0 B80 16°0 99°0 OOM Gah ies heiO ke elec OGG OPT ot 80°0 90 21°0 080 8t'0 $0 |9°0 | 40 | OF | 8°0 | 02 cL SI oLo él 0 6L'0 6t0 80°0 G0; | 9°0 | 9:0 | 9:0 | #0 bs 99 St oL'o oL’o PLO 82°0 P3°0 CObe EGOle er OnaiSe0) al aO |) ane 69 L 80°0 110 9t°0 St'0 PLO Pe On |) QaOl nee OnicanO) ip dO! 08 Zz PLO 8l°0 4°0 9L'0 6L°0 Rc OREO se On0) Oc Ole aco L G 8 b& ‘Soq “20 “20d “Bod ‘seq | ‘seq | ‘seq | °30q | ‘seq | seq | 404 | ‘SOT fl a -aee Wese e fe s ee te) ee S| ReeBoa Be) ee | Boe eee i lee oleate Sa tae a S 5 s 4 5 3 e a’ SF : g ; a 5 6 BS | 8” . oI @ ® Si Ko] fo} ae) Bo 2 er gine | te ‘SHONTUAAIIG: AUG *‘SAONTUMIAIG s. a oS -VuIdNUL, NVA] Jo uouug wlavaoug | suOLvUaANAy, Co ALITIAavIUVA | 8 e 5 DOS OUCODD EEE ME TGC Oe IO TGC LL Contd | ang — 41vg [814u980 . Sisislsia\@isie1a/e'sis\¢jsja'sis(1e[erehe/Uiaiciuininiaisieiwiein =" TOISGMO0M — aw [elguey) eee eee ees eesens teecesecesecccsoerefripa AlIOGO — Aodulog soe eceeerenecrecesevecscecesccsccsssesss MIAQUOZBH — AGdUIOg eceeceeeeeereccesccssssessocesscosesss TIMOISIOMOO) — BOBOIT toe eeeceeceneecccsceccecsscccecoccssooecs sTBNSIOT —YSNGIeLa Saja iaie:a1€ u\Aiahe) €:Bis}ais.0\8\¥/0i@,n\0)e: (a(n. o> ete dale cisoecinuse eee 509 Cioudiness, average over New York............---- obsia ine eiseteeiyeit cele 494 Coasis: temperacure of continental eeceeasenee caso askin soc acme teanlsaeeeaee 409 Opin, J. H., INVeSstigation OL CliMatOMmereteds «ca0's- 00s o> > -sonn peewee 407, 438 old-waves tempered by Great Wakeserscessces «.-2c-0 o> acisseneeeeeeeneces 433 Continents, temperature of interior and coasts........--.- --20 +--+ --0- woe 409 Cyclones, eilect'of upon temperature-tecace~--«.- ~~ .---<5 voeeus Eanes 411, 510 D Daily fluctuations of temperaturesses ooo. -- == cs cacs seca seeeee eeoeee 449 Days, frequency of clear, fair and cloudy.............~--.--.------ eee 496 frequency OL Tay. 22 2.~ceemeeeeeberios< cc soe Sonpenteecun seater eras 493 Draper, DreOaniel, “climaticwonk Oleseeecic 0. +. .sscceeeeeemeeeeeeeasecers 408 Dronths wn asus Vears ="... c/225 see comtente eee oc wae wc <2 eeietenaee sialemin'ate 502-509 E Biastern Pistenn Geseribed .... 12.2 p.sceedeew awe d ncan whe oenaeen sity eeme 417 Elevation, decrease of temperature with..........--.....2..-02------- 417, 444 Ofstations, tADION tae es a+ +--+ sn clahes conc «cee ppabeebe den emuwes 418, 480 Erie Canal, periods of Navigation in... 2.06. ...5-5c--ueaisens> sent eapeibaee 477 Lake, periods Of NAVIP BION AM en con nsec ueenescan uaseeeiss daueee men needs 475 temperature Of. J. cnceee eae Kian se sso catenin anew Suen caw acta tieee 432 Enrope, tomperatures I) 7-s Jes caaneeereiene loc s sn Can tan ean ee payee agid oy 423 Extremes of monthly and annual temperature........-...---- -- ene ee ee ees 446 [npEx to Part VI. 591 F PAGE. ores ts Clinint cee) OF natn) cnjsic/-\0\cnac eace'la dn aciccsa ances cece ae eos iosse509 Freezing of lakes and rivers, dates of........---...... sinsieeucice se ueiaee 471-479 RGM Soniye nme Gh Kelen rete telsslam =e weve ans ccs ebaeaseciccescuccicccdaau see 465-470 OCCULLBHCEOMINSTOLMERVYCALS.\\0<-0 cles coe eeccicens seccce eeeuiconeeee 502-509 Fuertes, E. A., letter of transmissal.........-........ a oaloeeare calcio eS eeere 405 DINE CLOUROtE State OULO Aes calc asin cocci doe cce couw ca claelcoccecteeon serous G Gradient Of TempPeratUle see crn. cocces ences ceases anccealencone cacene= A417, 444 Grape belt of Chautauqua county ......--.- 0222 nena cecens coee nee cee-s 434, 469 Greatmakesy thermalemnbuencerOly «2 2 .<2s-- conus cicecimeceleees, coc sent secre 430 rom Piae Ne pIGUmeILONUS WIM occe) 2. 0a oaca/s acieivnisie calcieieciosisn/manaisenalsris=e4 Oo. HOMO MUAY MO besa aatslaeye eiaieie octale Selon cs Soe teneaisinleisi se ele ates Meee 417 Varia UTbyAOtoeMpPeravure AM (<6 2 -ceo o- ae ole cats aieleleeistele Stpeenids 464 Green mountains, effect of upon climate.........-.....-.2-.---5---265 413, 486 GultomMexicowasisource Of MOIStULO. ..<-2 5-- <6 -<2-ce oes c ssiesicciss sels 413, 487 Gulf Brent CHeCtOLPUPONMLETMPe LAUUNG soto e ctels ola) socal a)=alainketayen eee 425 Fe Harmonic analysis of temperature.... -... 62.226 cons cose sans mone ence ee == 430 Binaleaghs OF Wen? Wows CERO slo asaneenes eeceeooc bo5po5 coce ones Oacn acne 417 HhernmralecOm abl OUStOLen sec sepecisisiecleinaisca.ssn'e'cie saa iiee ceils ae) oaieieicie melas 442 MEAN TA MEO e ee Saccatee ees eiciayac wis cwisis;s eblneeloe aeineune resietnieteias 480, 491 Fis tOMewenoniGeror weabherecas cece scicjeicie nie cecinjeeccicislanininsieqnie= ce alasce 502-509 iaueuwebesessay, OF Climate... sce ..c005 -neece oeerica es eeme aaa) bo~- 407 ind SOM IVeN dates Off frOO ZING) sree scene cee) a1 scenic cela et le === 471 famdsoneVialloy. GesCribed 2-1 cicce ce mces on = [een cme cinem malo siein sain 417, 435 TESTER EM Sets ta ae Atenas carta aa oa ajecipin scence de soa\elem alae bia nianeets 467 MAMMENCUGTILO OF 2554) ectaiclnelaaccicicins sowieiecs'c sone)etae mass cim= ins ss ea em 435 TATA Cec SGSsiaGeeee be GS BOC BSS Sn BEE LEE EERE SE DeeESorcemaerraciancc 486 MIN WEES etc) soca / Sonia Soe miaciostavca a oawedielece cos cea ecee ence nseris 498 Hurlbut, J., climatic data by .--.. 2-2. ---2 --00 wo ne wenn e cen cone ane roan 505 Hyatt, Dr. James, climatic notes...... ..---+ ---- 2-20 eee nee ee eee cere eee 509 Ii, Ice, formation of, in lakes and rivers...--..---0+ ---- 22-2222 eres sees 471-479 J. @apan, temperature in..-... -.20 --ee0e encene access sacs ceice ne edce nauaaecens 423 522 Inprex To Parr VI. K. PAGE Mevica Liske,/ 106 00s o2.36 salve aelccials 5000 Jaco en Se a< os! natal ee eee eee 479 L. LAKSS, perieds Of NAVIPRTION IN)... 5 — seen e ne. « cota ween once ceee came 472-479 Lakes Erie and Ontario, water temperature ......... --.. 2202 coos wees once 431 Gatitude,-variation/o£ temperature withteessecs «<< -'- «cua coccae se nceesceens 422 Tone island fomperavure Of . <2. = pce ema oo) cloo cone saneies some 426, 464 aim aGOWer fies = sate ce cle Soot SEM wie win. a iaiaia'sicha ol cereieerene ee eee 484 NOU NOLES: OD IreeZIN OVO! st aseemetemen sists. ccce ees mae seem nme ene 502 M. Maritime tem peratures) ss acets-canneaeeeeteee = a~to cide Cee ba od eae ease eee 426 Maximum and minimum temperatures in New York...............----.---- 456 Meteorolorical records) criticism Of sbeaman2 > ~0-' 4 Joese es cclcoce cess cose 408, 509 Mohawk Valley, described 2:52.) seeeetees eos Css Mee eae eee Sas Zee 417 bGuiperatuve Of «00/2 s.821) MMe occ Oe een cmmicinefenare peeeee 439 MOIStUrEIOF AIIh cohesion nna ose cu Selec etae te eeeaaeeee 480-500 supplied by, ocean and’ MexicaniGmiltic--...-. 2... 2-scce seen ceee cesses 413, 487 Mountain, chains-of New. VoUky.saaeeemeite =o - + secede eee eee tes 449 he sumtne MeN MOnkMOAndhOha=sa.eecs sn 5c cio cave csceecesesenesocce 407, 509 Relative humiduby, account of normal 2:5. 2022502052258 002fceccee soso cee 498 ROCHKeslerAeenoraelimaic data dOn. sc. sh~2 25 6cc. 2 ccc de etee woods cease 501 8. Steuawrence hiverqdates.Of treeziNe 5... 26). s. <2 oe hee cle atanese eoeceiss soak ATL Stelsawrencesalleye describedeemer trac tseasjcicp sere occ semeecmtte Us ome ey see he oe 417 ATT NO kas ays eye ee EN AA ets oo iors cme fare COS Lene 418, 484 HELM aly CONGITIONSIOl seamen eee sore oh ees ns A ee IE Ae a eb: 437, 444 Schott, C. A., meteorological tables of ........ bie oe ie erecta RNC eRe ane ees 408 Sea-breeze, general account of...-.........-.- PRE SEER rsa Sioa 428, 509 Senecaplalconcdura tion ot acevo ae peel ns enema dixctes cys Geant 479 (HAVEN dN EL CoS Ry CURRAN SS le SO es eRe oe a Ne pet eR 440 Sansom ln stibublOM 2266 se Pomme eh fo NC es eRe ee 407 SrnO che) @. pe CliNttl COLES OY ee sare cic cla eiole! Sols iis else we a.n'n wieiein, 2 = Sian mince ena 502 Browtall eneralaceount: Of Ness oa ssc lone cie aca eeec : oo 8ee Snel deacea ese 489 HISCOnICA lM OLCe smo hme sete Almac eaves ails oreieivid cet easels ale oeiciet eee 502-509 SUIMINEL | Climanl CRCONCITLONS Ofe we wee iieceae ccc saocsecisee ae cee een eee aee 415 TEEN ClTY. Con aSUl be eHOE RE COGE GHEE aC more paErencd oacuaccendloccne 484 Sosquchauna Valley, temperature of 1.2... - 2 sein ancien ene sae eee 444 524 InpEx to Part IY. Tr. PAGE. Temperature, effect of altitude Upon.... .20. senna -2 2222 ceeeee wane -=-- 417, 444 eitect of latiinds pons. -..c sccclenienementenee ss = eee sce een rae e eee aes 422 annialmMarcnOltene a sces|- 4 cick See eee n= oss «2a eee eee 432 OEE De 0) 8s onto HEC OGO SEIS OD010 3030 DISEBROIPS SOC DIOG00 BeSs SOFIE 444 normal daily amplitudes Ol. .css occ = omen laren eeeeaieeies 413, 480 of the; Mohawk Walleye. cceeeteeeeees son c2 vecmcsiee ec saciesc eon meee 439 OL morihermiNe ws? VOnk. ...<2 seen be « oo cas acmenee ecciee saree neon aes of St. duawrence, Valleyi-.- >. 2oeemeeemes +6 ~~ 32 Jen seep ee ewe ee ieee 437 of highland svalleys--o.:-3)- eee eee b= + cere eeatee oe hen meet eine 455 of maritime THPiOns.co cose eee ~ a 2<= se ejesanscnewaqsae= eee eee 426 Thermal infiuence of the ocean.-........-- oS e winns ald gaemae ee une ceteneee eee 425 PRAWN COSrSstOrMs:. .s...2ca- cackicasaleeoneeee ts ce ~ Coaa eee eee eee enewae 415, 488 Popevraphy. of New . York ..2scccesemsasiecad.s--o00lebce Menemeenlneee == venee eae PPD OT MeN lina aos a0 p's ance e ese eer ines« «<\o eth See eeeeelee es 6 eee eco 405 V. Valleys, thermalveuantions Of... seatew sen <0 sas Sn e weN elses howe eae eee 435 WADOF, BOULCOR Olas e setae bcos cckoemonbods savsibembeser =. ceieeeaneas 413, 484 Warlaility Of TEMMCERI Meio ata =. o-'cac neue cucwavesudenienwdlsscamaeeied-oRuee 463 WwW Water temperatures + <<< 2.52 cedkskteseesussioaccad vaca ssaacueeaesenss eeOy eee Weather, historical notices Of cs. wate natoes sie naschtsaé panes Seeeremeee 502 InpEx to Parr VI. 525 PAGE. \Woaniiern 12 Puen ales lied 6 ceo doeson S5goun SOOb SE BEE onmase oaccos oscons Geer 417 Winds, general systems of.--.--..---.--.--------0 2-245 +--+ + eee - =e 408-416 nocturual, im valleys .--.=.-..---------- ------ ---5 4 - += wee eee en ane 453 TOlALION OLN LON PRECUPMUADION otice ols) min icine me wee eS ee wenn oi ein een 413-434 Winter, climatic features of. .--.---. ----26---- 2-20-02 -- ne wees we nee 411 precipitation during...-.. .--+ +. ---- ---- eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 485 istonedl Moncela@t Mematle WC ees mee an alan ainciwnlawe we den oon enlao oes 502 Wilson, W. D., climatic studies by...--. .---...<-- 0---2. 2-2-2 - eee ee ee eee 440 1, ev det ‘ y {e.o7 ad F wy crc rot eps a MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE NORMAL TEMPERATURES. FOR JANUARY, Kingston (CANAD 15 NI® Toronto (CANADIAN SCALE OF MILES 460 EY e€ ZEA ee ' Malone® ie Zs na \ Vv . v, Lyom®Mountain 9) ye Platfsburgh & ei Meacham. eLake/« s) ) a. yn ‘a Wb Os LIE S (EZ < = SSE IZ @ Setauket 3 OES SS TE OF NEW YORK 4 A ~ E MAP OF TH SHOWING THE NORMAL TEMPERATURES: FOR APRIL, Kingston (CANAD! o) SS e port ochestey (U.S) eed Toronte (CANADIANY SCALE OF MILES L.—§ a Tookfield, } eville\ ‘Saratoga overs ~ ° = BRS SE Ww ere pn + Dey at ert) 4 7 &@ MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE NORMAL TEMPERATURES. FOR JULY, > Cake ghee PAG GN ae » = ae ; y - — ——s

te iT 4 A SSN REE d ck. WX Cae : 2 port | ~ of 2 Ay S ‘Rochestep3 i) : ‘ aie Baldywt LoL U.S) ! i ay ‘ | re pee 5 © Cae Q SCALE OF MILES LF Ko Whitehall Rendap Ne i} | Mitine- Le waska bertye MAP OF THE-STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE NORMAL TEMPERATURES. FOR ‘THE, 2224. Kingston (CANADIAN ' SCALE OF MILES .2) v ® ; A Lyo Mountain . Keene, " Valley. | n we \ aN IF 7%, rr on Brookfield, Fe a Brooklyn . a Roemer et MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK > SHOWING THE AVERAGE PRECIPITATION FOR ss CAPFESZS Row FE . ROaCS eT CZ Ag Kak MM B=. ZT ‘SEZ aa bs Ah SIT TI LLL LL LL A = SWS FZ EE A BDA ASD J p22 Mibions___)_ pOte 4 =I te ? 1 ew wet _l Surakuseg II IDS ST IV TIGL I LAN PA PZ AA LLL RAM AS LDA CER GY of SAA 7 bee AZ A NN ZZ LIZLLALPLILE ALIS LRA LN LAZZB PAV Abeer Ayo 55 a ee fe ZA Z ee LD A 7 i FV LIZBDLZVIALZVALLLLAALALA LA Akodbohi ded NOAA A — FX ARots fre GED GTI ALAN fh 2 ESE AT ALZ ZZ ALLA AEG A AEE tt SF WIEN XL LA ZL DULIZA LDL LZ : EB SY g bad ol SZ / Y VaTvy’ vw et a, SPEED ||) Uf se he iphoto PCY a AN : C22 £ ALLL WY ZL AVL J YAS Mormnag—_42—_2__—_ om" LZLL ALLA LS Vin PIII XS ABET A Sy BBD BOE Os HES i — : OMIM CLF 2 MGS 7 Die eE a A —s ES SF VT ST a a ed Em ? LIES EEG | GATS SCALE OF MILES zz LET, —, ELLA eee} SAF XZ AAALLLL LA LIE ILIL LL LEFT ERI TT i} if KK KA Wy Ws LE LFF LF [_ ML 5d, CDMA TM: x DPA ALLL Z\ ZLAZL Zt 4 We LLLLLZER YG ; 2 KE LLM a OPO KK) i Z \\ r eee red fe — sh) = NT ge g : LSI (“A C7 PN ZZ ZZ AIOPNIOG “wae IY We — AEE TI RESETS FIGS 14 /Piartspivgn Ai PRI TIO PVN SMeacharn COE, VIZ LLANE PI Zz a. Y__gyr - 7 7Canton—* VALLI LLL, ary La x va 4 Ne $tYIER ZEIT Z ZL LGA ear IZ My aa CL SLL AA ALLO eS £7 — ih See OTT PS, LK Lo ROE ASSP ‘¢ SER EN Nar | NN a LL du NAR 4 uu HI I $ f : APT Sop i aA : i i piel yp ON IIR STIS fal ria PLL ZALZ LOE LOA 3 = D —— aaa OM, Soy (r7 —j— SZ Middie fo 47 ZZ] 24 oH Zd 7 A 2 yz iZ2 cZ Wa ——— an LPT swam LI He Sao, a & pure nN zy roy Zo ditehall Scale of Shades. «e a6 4¢ ZL LZ ———7 OPA "@, = —S LIED, a, = SS SS SSS SSS ALT AEE AEA SSS ——" S————— NM LO LEE Te OF Aa —_——S_ ——SSSS—_—_—>’ LS SS Car EL AZCOPP TCS ——— SS ma en 0: LF IF PP. SSS Sa LLLLALL Ys NW Aarcreaith ja mse Wasori< FS Pa ————S aumers= 4 SII LIED V 77 i$ ———F PSUINETS= SS = 7 LLAL AA Oo eek Zs et F oe —4 ZZ SS SSS Aan ve EL a IAD, h rf 2 KS Bo a ~ (US) SBE Ott He oS =e he — he ———__—_ $7 Opners——— 1 F ff A 2 eee ee 46) NewLondong U.SYy 4 {Ses A adieu... fT » ae - + » = ‘ MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. SHOWING THE AVERAGE PRECIPITATION FOR THE SUMMER. ‘ Kingston f/f (CANADIA O's Toronto (CANADIANLO OF Al Sa a | “ TA \ =} t RR \ uf =. rm a) 0 a PH SCALE OF MILES WAR A 7 vii ZO ee I N\/// iA i, ZA Canto LL hi AL ee PME AZ ZZ aS A bakes @ at Vy hoe WS he AZZ [7 ZL to 6 inches MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE AVERAGE PRECIPITATION FOR THE AUTUMY Kingston f/f eo we Toronto (CANADIANA LO¥ - ax A « POLE TZ Mees } RZeZ AWN ZV ZN ZZ ZZ ZL ZL ASS ZZ fC Oy) psye- CALA iff WY SZ LASS LL RY LZ LAMZ Zs (ZZ ZL LN LL LL ROMMTS” 77 7 IF 7 DAP LLL dT || aa X awa ols AYU ZL ZZ ZOOS ame a C8) OY ZZ Le la ae AN, SS RL LAL LA Zi 7 254 Vath Maer 7 2 ae POL LI COLE OE LX ZZ ZL ASMA TE A HHS A De IAS IZ 2 LL LLL RELL Vas ai Vs i PK KE ZLIVIZLZO ZR Wrote epure ty 77 LZ ZF LATA TLR LAL BLL pg Xe Nt LLL DG KA e Kee ef PAwmaOde \ VALKIAS OO ee Savo 7 haan AZ LALLA LN Lek A ZL EX LLRSD KITES hy PRES LSE a A ASA LZ OD PLL DA LEZEN RD Z LLL. es A dot AK AA LAY OL Loe XZ HEE IOs U7 Agnl Lgbal, , L iG idison — 4IZ2 SoM “WS Oe siueeacegss t 23 PFE LDP SEB a aE LT seesassatsoccesessesracesssncsssdssnease soe a = a TNT LOL Lee E ee D 10: 20 (go) s40m50. 6o..70 80) So) 100 | SCALE OF MILES , . WLZDTIZIAALALALLALLALL IL Lo LL fAEZ LLL en ae ML TILL ALSIP LIL ae eae a A /) a Pa EEE STE a LLG ZZ GLIA? mr BIT DLL NV LET LGD OF an CI ESS BN RE LL JE a haan es OA TERE i a CL G4 fDi pe Ph dipoghiagk hi AHA AM< LCS ZAR Sa DIB At Sz Lowvite——= ITLL PLEIN T TOYA LITT ITD EES, —j3AZ 2 LT LF LG LF LEG LF}! SEI LY [FLT LG LPF LE SSS SS OLLI TELAT TT TTL TM OIA ITD ID I A LF FF LF j fp) NTL, 4. i voataa LG a Zs = FE 4 to 6 = I$ NLA LL EL AA cp hie Lh LAA AML ALAALLILL SS erm pens Barats Zag 77 qZ2 6 to 8 48 to 10 fete ALLL AY LALLA LLL SZ —— Gf) TT pat NS eee fe AA 410 to 12 ae 7 7 TROP erst Nh eat v7 ae PTL IIIT el PL PT TB LLL LLL LOL OMA! CLI LIA LF ee ee ST OS c Y¥ ZV 2 LY LL} f——-3> -/ PIG ILL 12 to14 NewLonad Si MY priteed Goo apes sauna onG@ Scale of Shades. inches. “6 ts a ae MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE AVERAGE PRECIPITATION FOR THE YEAR. Kingston _{f Saye (Canton NIG, BELLAS =n Sy Toronte [~~ A (CANADIAN Le =, b WT EPL eS IPT Ae gy aE A= oA aS SSE TEs 72 ¥, (—— {Seer LAX : ——— Se i LF 40 50 6u SCALE OF MILES ==, ‘ov, ISy\e> = \ MY 2 SERS es is ee pewter! Scale of Shades = gevylle tr 94 : : CAF 7 fe = WELL ZZ ZZZZ ZZ AAA pA SIDR ER EEE TE® Vea s Bi LLL AZZ oa ae ee = 7m) 7 AAR Se = A re SSS LG LEE ot rn Fs 661-9 PQ tether — rst —* ory iS, SLES ae Fz ae Tx — eR os “Dt _ © MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE AVERAGE CLOUDINESS, FOR “iff YEAR. Kingston (CANAD IA, 1® P See A et SLL A a A Ol fe _——_—_ ee et a \i-ler ————- Lye 2 ——— SSR) | er OMICS ft \ t on = Sw —————— ——— oo FON SEE REE 0 as ns ~ ——2 ee IN nn es we tr te —— oS p= ity ey! —_—_— Se Scale of Cloudiness. ee OE YF TT - —SSSSeT ae / Th tic al@oteeent J AECABSC™ 45-50 per cent, 5o-55 55500; ta 60-65 A i NewLandon / Cornell University — Agricultural Experiment Station. NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IVA Peles ee re ea 1896. TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY, 15, 1897. WYNKOOP HALLENBECK:CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS, ALBANY AND NEW YORK oh 1897 Stare OF NEw VY ore INO: sta: IN ASSEMBLY January 15, 1897. NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Agricultural Experiment Station of Cornell University. STATE OF NEW YORK: DeparTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Apany, January 15, 1897. To the Honorable the Legislature of the State of New York: In accordance with the provisions of the statutes relating thereto, I have the honor to herewith transmit the Ninth Annual Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell University. CHARLES A. WIETING, Commissioner of Agriculture. pice Per One. Irmaca, N.-Y., January, 1897. ! To the Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany, N. Y.: Sir.—I have the honor to transmit herewith the ninth annual report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Cornell Uni- versity, in accordance with the act of Congress of March 2, 1887, establishing the Station. In addition to the general report of the director and the spec- ial reports of his scientific coadjutors, this document includes two appendices, one of which contains the bulletins published by the Station during the year and the other a detailed state- ment of the receipts and expenditures. The Experiment Station of Cornell University is supported by an annual appropriation from the Federal treasury. But under chapter 437 of the Laws of New York for 1896 an appropriation of $16,000 was made to the Station to be expended in horticul- tural investigations, experiments and instruction in the Fourth Judicial Department. This work has been the leading feature of the year, and the staff have been greatly encouraged by the growing interest which it has awakened in the rural population. The labors of the staff have been unusually arduous, and some of them have suffered in health in consequence. [If it is the de- sire of the State that this work of university extension in agri- culture be continued, the authorities of Cornell University stand ready to undertake it, though some improvements in the organi- 6 AGRICULTURAL Expgrm™ent Station, Irnaca, N.Y. \ zation of the Station staff will be necessary in order to meet the constantly increasing demands which the work of the Station has already called forth. I have the honor to be your obedient servant, J. G. SCHURMAN, President of Cornell University. Report of the Director. To the President of Cornell University: Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith my ninth annual report, with those of the treasurer, the chemist, the botanist and the plant pathologist, the entomologist, the agriculturist, the horticulturist and that of the assistant professor of dairy hus- bandry and animal industry; together with an appendix of eighteen bulletins, covering the year ending December 31, 1896. Also a detailed statement of the receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1896. The reports and bulletins give, in brief, an outline of the work undertaken and accomplished, with suggestions as to future op- erations, together with the results of the year’s work, so far as they have been published. In addition to results reached by ex- perimentation, much valuable information has been secured by studying the condition of various branches of agriculture in many localities throughout the State. In so large a State as New York the conditions as to climate, soil and tillage vary so widely that only by a study of growing crops in various localities, and where serious damage to plants occurs, can the most satis- factory results be secured. Chapter 437 of the Laws of 1896 provided funds to be expended in the Fourth Judicial Mepaccneut in “ Conducting investiga- tions and experiments in horticulture; in discovering and rem- edying the disease of plants, vines and fruit trees; in ascertain- 8 AGRICULTURAL Exprrment Station, Irmaca, N.Y. ing the best means of fertilizing vineyard, fruit and garden plan- tations, and of making orchards, vineyards and gardens prolific; in disseminating horticultural knowledge by means of lectures or otherwise, and in preparing and printing for free distribution the results of such investigations and experiments, and such other information as may be deemed desirable and profitable in promoting the horticultural interests of the State.” The Fed- eral law, known as the “ Hatch Act,” passed March 2, 1887, has a much wider scope and permits investigations to be carried on in all subjects related to Agriculture. The funds provided by the State for carrying on this work have been expended, in part, in publishing information believed to be both desirable and profitable, though such information was not secured entirely by our own scientific investigations. An effort has been made to awaken an interest in rural pur- suits by imparting instruction to both young and old by means of schools and lectures at central points. The value of this work has been so heartily appreciated by the people, and so many have joined the agricultural science reading courses, that provision should be made for continuing the work. To do this a special corps of instructors and investigators will have to be provided, as the work has outgrown the provisions which have been made for carrying it forward. The present force can direct and sim- plify the work, supervise the expenditures and the publications, and select expert assistants to perform the major part of the work, but the staff, as now constituted, is unable to meet the demands which are made and which are increasing day by day. Neyer before has there been such’an awakening or such an earnest desire for instruction in rural affairs. The people of the State are calling for help in all lines of Agriculture; they de- Se es 2 ad i ea J Report oF tHE Director. 9 mand facts which may serve to give direct help, and instruction as to the best methods whereby desired results may be reached most economically. Within the past few years much has been done, and well done, to instruct the rural population in those subjects which are di- rectly related to the production of animals, the cultivation of plants and the betterment of rural homes. Thousands of pub- lications are sent out by the Station annually, and we have rea- son to believe that they are read with pleasure and profit. Hun- dreds of letters are at hand which give evidence that the publi- cations are highly appreciated. It is found that many persons residing in the cities and villages own land which they either farm or control. These persons have shown unusual interest in the investigations which have been conducted and in the Station publications. It is believed that the interest shown by this class, who have a natural love for rural pursuits, is stimulating the country people, who have had fewer opportunities for study and research. The eighteen bulletins published during the year contain 522 pages. About 12,000 copies of each issue have been sent out, or more than six million pages, embodying the results of investi- gations and observations made by the Station staff. In addition, some 700 bound copies of the complete transactions of the year are forwarded to other stations and to libraries. Herewith appended is a list of the bulletins published since the organization of the Station under the Federal act of March 2, 1887, a copy of which is hereunto attached, and also chapter 437 of the Laws of the State of New York, passed May 9, 1896. Bulletins of Cornell University Agricultural Experi- % Go ya SO es, COS ment Station, 1888 to 1897. Experimental Dairy House. Feeding Lambs for Fat and Lean. Insectary of Cornell University. Wireworm. Growing Corn for Fodder and Ensilage. Lean Meat in Mature Animals. Fodders and Feeding Stuffs. Influences Affecting Sprouting of Seeds. Different Rations for Fattening Lambs. Windbreaks in their Relation to Fruit. Tomatoes. Saw Fly Borer in Wheat. Apparatus for Drying in Hydrogen and Extracting Fat. Leaching of Farm-yard Manure. Strawberry Leaf Blight. Sundry Investigations of 1889. Growing Corn for Fodder and Ensilage. Cochran’s Method for Testing Milk. Experiences in Spraying. Condition of Fruit Growing in Western New York. Cream Raising by Dilution. Tomatoes. Grain for Cows at Pasture. Insects Injurious to Fruit. Clover Rust. Sundry Investigations of 1890. Egg Plants. Farm Manures. Forcing Tomatoes. Cream Raising by Dilution. Influence of Electric Light on Green-house Plants. * Edition exhausted. Report oF THE Drrecror. Forcing English Cucumbers. Tomatoes. Wireworms. Dewberries. Combination of Fungicides and Insecticides. Grain for Cows at Pasture. Sundry Investigations of 1891. Native Plums and Cherries. Creaming and Aerating Milk. Removing Tassels from Corn. Steam and Hot Water for Heating Green-house. Electro Horticulture. Trouble of Winter Tomatoes. Pear Tree Psylla. Tomatoes. Mulberries. Feeding Lambs and Pigs. Spraying Apple Orchards. Sundry Investigations of 1892. The Bud Moth. Four New Types of Fruit. Cost of Milk Production. Edema of the Tomato. Dehorning. Green-house Notes. The Production of Manure. Rasberries and Blackberries. Four-Lined Leaf-Bug. Does Mulching Retard Maturity of Fruits. The Spraying of Orchards. Sundry Investigations of the Year. The Japanese Plums in North America. Codperative Test of Sugar Beets. On Certain Grass-Eating Insects. Tuberculosis in Relation to Animal Industry. . 11 * Edition exhausted. 19 "6 "7 "iis ip *T0. a ~ » Aarrounroran Exrrriamnr Sravion, briaca, N.Y, Teat of Cream Separatora, Some Recent Chinese Vegetables, The Cultivated Poplara, Hinta on the Planting of Orcharda, The Native Dwarf Cherriea, Apricot Growing in Weatern New York, The Cultivation of Orchards, Leat Curl and Plum Pocketa, Impressiona of the Peach Industry in New York, Peach Yellowa, Some Grape Troubles in Western New York, The Grafting of Grapes, The Cabbage Root Maggot, Varieties of Strawberry Leaf Blight, The Quince in Weatern New York, Black Knot of Plums and Cherries, Experimenta with Tuberculin, A Plum Scab in Weatern New York, The Recent Apple Failures in New York, Whey Butter, Spraying of Orcharda, Dwarf Lima Reana, Karly Lamb Raising, Meeding Pigs, The China Aater, Recent Chrysanthemuma, Feeding Bat to Cowa, Cigar Case Bearer, Damping OF, Winter Muakimelons, Forcing House Miscellanies, Sntomogenous Mungi, Cherries, Rlackberrieas, Evaporated Raspberries tin New York, * Edition exhausted, : ( Reroxr ov run Dixnoron, 18 F . 101 The Spraying of Trees and the Canker Worm, ) — *102 General Observations in Care of Fruit Trees, : *103 Soil Depletion in Kespect to Care of Fruit Trees, : 104 Olimbing Outwormes in Western New York, a 105 Test of Cream Separators, , é 106 Revised Opinions of the Japanese Vilums, ‘ 107 Wireworms and the Bud Moth, by “108 The Vsylla and New York Vlum Seale, ! | 109 Geological History of the Chautauqua Grape elt, b 110 Extension Work in Horticulture, i" 111 Bweet Peas, | 112 The 1895 Chrysanthemums, t | 113 Diseases of the Potato, | / | 114 Spraying Calendar, ‘ | 115 The Pole Lima Beans, 116 Dwarf Apples, , 7) Fruit Brevities, ” {; *118 Food Preservatives and Butter Jncreasers, j 119 Texture of the Soil, a 120 Moisture of the Soil and Jis Conservation, . as 121 Suggestions for Planting Shrubbery, i 122 Extension Work in Horticulture, 2d Keport, 7 123 Green Fruit Worms, mv 0 — — a AOT OF 1887 ESTABLISHING AGRICULTURAL EXPERI- 4 ! MENT STATIONS, 4 Aw Aor to establish agricultural experiment stations in connee- tion with the colleges established in the several States under the provisions of an act approved July second, eighteen hun- ie dred and sixty-two, and of the acts supplementary thereto, y j Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Kepresentatives of the f _ United States of America in Congress assembled, That in order to aid in aequizing and diffusing among the people of the United Eee Se: 2 mE ee ee oe | * Pdition exhausted, be , “a a ht i 14 AGRICULTURAL Experiment Sratron, [rnaca, N.Y. States useful and practical information on subjects connected with agriculture, and to promote scientific investigation and experiment respecting the principles and applications of agri- cultural science, there shall be established, under direc- tion of the college or colleges or agricultural department of col- leges in each State or Territory established, or which may here- after be established, in accordance with the provisions of an act approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, entitled “An act donating public lands to the several States and Terri- tories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts,” or any of the supplements to said aoe a department to be known and designated as an “ agricultural | experiment station:” Provided, That in any State or Territory in which two such colleges have been or may be so established the appropriation herenaticn made to such State or Territory shall be equally divided between such colleges, unless the Legis- lature of such State or Territory shall otherwise direct. Sec. 2. That it shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations toconduct original researches or verify experiments on the physiology of plants and animals; the diseases to which they are severally subject, with the remedies for the same; the chemical composition of useful plants at their different stages of growth; the comparative advantages of rotative cropping as pursued under a varying series of crops; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation; the analysis of soils and water; the chem- ical composition of manures, natural or artificial, with experi- ments designed to test their comparative effects on crops of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plants; the composition and digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic animals; the scientific and economic ques- Report oF THE Direcror. 15 tions involved in the production of butter and cheese; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricul- tural industry of the United States as may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective States or Territories. Sec. 3. That in order to secure, as far as practicable, uniform- ity of methods and results in the work of said stations, it shall be the duty of the United States Commissioner of Agriculture to furnish forms, as far as practicable, for the tabulation of re- sults of investigation or experiments; to indicate from time to time such lines of inquiry as to him shall seem most important; and, in general, to furnish such advice and assistance as will best promote the purpose of this act. It shall be the duty of each of said stations annually, on or before the first day of Feb- ruary, to make to the governor of the State or Territory in which it is located a full and detailed report of its operations, including a statement of receipts and expenditures, a copy of which report shall be sent to each of said stations, to the said Commissioner of Agriculture, and to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Src. 4. That bulletins or reports of progress shall be published at said stations at least once in three months, one copy of which shall be sent to each newspaper in the States or Territories in which they are respectively located, and to such individuals actually engaged in farming as may request the same, and as far as the means of the station will permit. Such bulletins or reports and the annual reports of said stations shall be trans- mitted in the mails of the United States free of charge for post- age, under such regulations as the Postmaster-General may from time to time prescribe. 16 AGRIcuLTURAL Exprrment Sration, Irmaoa, N. Y. Sxc. 5. That for the purpose of paying the necessary expenses of conducting investigations and experiments and printing and distributing the results as hereinbefore prescribed, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars per annum is hereby appropriated to each State, to be specially provided for by Congress in the appropria- tions from year to year, and to each Territory entitled under the provisions of section eight of this act, out of any money in the Treasury proceeding from the sales of public lands, to be paid in equal quarterly payments, on the first day of January, April, J uly, and October in each year, to the treasurer or other officer duly appointed by the governing boards of said colleges to re- ceive the same, the first payment to be made on the first day of October, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven: Provided, how- ever, That out of the first annual appropriation so received by any station an amount not exceeding one-fifth may be expended in the erection, enlargement, or repair of a building or build- ings necessary for carrying on the work of such station; and thereafter an amount not exceeding five per centum of such annual appropriation may be so expended. Src. 6. That whenever it shall appear to the Secretary of the Treasury from the annual statement of receipts and expenditures of any of said stations that a portion of the preceding annual appropriation remains unexpended, such amount shall be de- ducted from the next succeeding annual appropriation to such station, in order that the amount of money appropriated to any station shall not exceed the amount actually and necessarily required for its maintenance and support. Src. 7. That nothing in this act shall be constructed to impair or modify the legal relation existing between any of the said col- leges and the government of the States or Territories in which they are respectively located. Report oF THE Drrecror. 17 Suc. 8. That in States having colleges entitled under this sec- tion to the benefits of this act and having also agricultural ex- periment stations established by law separate from said col- leges, such States shall be authorized to apply such benefits to experiments at stations so established by such States; and in case any State shall have established under the provisions of said act of July second aforesaid, an agricultural department or experimental station, in connection with any university, col- lege, or institution not distinctively an agricultural college or school, and such State shall have established or shall hereafter establish a separate agricultural college or school, which shall have connected therewith an experimental farm or station, the Legislature of such State may apply in whole or in part the appropriation by this act made to such separate agricultural college or school, and no Legislature shall by contract express or implied disable itself from so doing. Src. 9. That the grants of moneys authorized by this act are made subject to the legislative assent of the several States and Territories to the purposes of said grants: Provided, That pay- ment of such installments of the appropriation herein made as shall become due to any State before the adjournment of the regular session of its Legislature meeting next after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent of the governor thereof duly certified to the Secretary of the Treasury. Src. 10. Nothing in this act shall be held or construed as bind- ing the United States to continue any payments from the Treas- ury to any or all the States or institutions mentioned in this act, but Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or repeal any or all the provisions of this act. Approved, March 2, 1887. 2 18 AgaricuLturAL Exprerment Sration, Iraaca, N. Y. An Act making an appropriation for horticultural investigations. by the Cornell University Experiment Station. The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. The sum of sixteen thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be paid to the Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell University, to be expended in the fourth judicial department, in conducting in- vestigations and experiments in horticulture; in discovering and remedying the disease of plants, vines and fruit trees; in ascer- taining the best means of fertilizing vineyard, fruit and garden plantations, and of making orchards, vineyards and gardens prolific; in disseminating horticultural knowledge by means of lectures or otherwise, and in preparing and printing for free distribution the results of such investigations and experiments, and such other information as may be deemed desirable and profitable in promoting the horticultural interests of the state. Such experiment station may, with the consent and approval of the Commissioner of Agriculture, appoint horticultural ex- perts to assist such experiment station in the fourth judicial department. Such experts may be removed by such experiment station in its discretion, and may be paid for their services such sum as may be deemed reasonable and proper, and as shall be approved by the Commissioner of Agriculture. All of such work by such experiment station and by such experts shall be under the general supervision and direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture. The sum appropriated by this act shall be paid by the treasurer of the state upon the warrant of the comptroller, to the treasurer of Cornell University, upon such treasurer filing Report or tut Director. 19 with the comptroller a bond in such sum and with such sureties as the comptroller may approve, conditioned for the faithful ap- plication of such sum to the purposes for which the same is hereby appropriated. Such sum shall be payable by the treas- urer of Cornell University upon vouchers approved by the officers or agents of such university having charge of such experiment station, and such vouchers shall be filed by the treasurer of Cor- nell University in the office of the comptroller of the state. I. P. ROBERTS. Report of the Treasurer. The Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station in account with the United States Appropriation, 1895-6. Dr. To receipts from treasurer of the United States as per appropriation for fiscal year ending June 30, 1896, as per act of Congress approved March 2, MSD dinas gages eel tone da ares coat MER e. do «5.0. oa ena $18,500 00 Cr. RS aR ALATTOR tinier ats ss « vistas tse REOEMEEETS 0 6. «ws: + 0 slimy og $8,405 98 NEAITRD Cos ce foe ser Wy gta wae SRT RMMERNEIEN A > Gree a'6: 6 ood llage 1,098 29 EAU M TOUS aie s) . 24 ste ees eI ne 8 ~ oo Sine a eee 793 74 PAR ARe ANG sALALIONElY «2.0 ater sale os sso bis.earshs 257 46 Freight’ and €xpreéss:. 2... 2... 00a PRM Er ss o.0 ofa 6 2 easton 32 20 PIP OG ANG WALLET. «'so 0 Pemeaiein~ ss 5 + sieve) Siruaxs 5 36 SSHOMNIGOANRI PIES §2 05... oe ste renee ty oss'ts ss 'o"o bata ais 312 65 Seeds, plants and sundry supplies................ 600 73 WICTENIIVICL RS 2 ees’ ls'ss 0s oa RIE «Sipe ee ' 148 74 PCA ONUUELS Vip oh ecco oso 8+ 2 Scie SERENE © 0+ opp ee ntti’ 157 13 MADLAT Vera siete Sp arene es 5 aes A io) SOA Sa 80 94 Tools, implements and machinery............+-++5 96 46 Furniture and fixtures..........ceccceeeeeeeeees 394 13 PCIENTIAC APPALATUA 7c. ss ewe ehnperee es o'r 00 o-ur0f » 276 18 Seiya atocks oy70 ag he ele a weiy Bact ete ela a aie eine 20 00 Report oF THE TREASURER. Ot PLR AMO BO ME RENINEN G4 ane)... Sic0dirioytin ae oe wd we Ne alae $146 45 POmtiMeeMiPERpenses . 56! ieee aes <5 wee wim espe es ole 10 00 TEPUEM AG Tete en 18 Sy 0 oS Ia 663 56 $13,500 00 We, the undersigned, duly appointed auditors of the corpora- tion, do hereby certify that we have examined the books and accounts of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1896; that we have found the same well kept and classified as above, and that the receipts for the year from the treasurer of the United States are shown to have been $13,500.00, and the corresponding disbursements $13,500.00, for all of which proper vouchers are on file and have been by us examined and found correct, thus leaving no balance on hand. And we further certify that the expenditures have been solely for the purpose set forth in the act of Congress approved March 2, 1887. H. B. LORD, R. H. TREMAN, [L. s.] Auditors. Attest: Emmons L. WILLIAMS, ; Custodian. Report of the Chemist. To the Director of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station: Sir.—One hundred and eighty-four samples were analyzed in the chemical laboratory of the Experiment Station during the year 1896, as follows: Five samples of milk, for fat; four samples of manure leach- ings, for fertilizing value; fifteen samples of manures, ditto; four- teen samples of grain, straw and chaff, ditto; six samples of soil, for nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash; six samples of clover, for nitrogen; complete analyses of eleven samples of straws, grain and chaff; sixteen samples of corn and five samples of beans, for fodder value; sixty-seven samples of soils, for mois- ture; nineteen samples of grapes, for sugar and acid; three samples of Paris green, for arsenic; four complete analyses of fertilizers; four samples of sugar beets, for sugar; one sample of corn, for moisture; and one sample of “ Callerine,” a food : preservative. Investigations are in hand on the urine of the horse, the re lation of the composition of celery to its quality and the estima- tion of the pentosans. G. C. CALDWELL. Report of the Botanist. To the Director of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station: Sir.—Since the presentation of the last annual report from the Botanical Division several changes have been necessitated in the organization of the staff of the department, owing to the resignation of Professor Albert Nelson Prentiss on account of prolonged illness, during last February. Professor Prentiss has since died and it seems fitting here to call attention to his long service in the University, and to his continued interest in the , advancement of the work of the Experiment Station by promot- ing the investigations of these botanical subjects which are pecu- liarly related to Agriculture. In the reorganization of the Division the Cryptogamic Botanist was appointed Botanist. Dr. E. J. Derren the Assistant Cryp- togamic Botanist, being transferred to the instructing staff of the University, Mr. B. M. Duggar was appointed Assistant Cryp- togamic Botanist of the Experiment Station. During Dr. Durand’s connection with the Division of Botany* he made a special study of a serious disease of current canes which had been called to our attention from various localities in New York. These investigations have occupied considerable time owing to the desirability of tracing the life history of two different but closely related fungi which are parasitic on the canes. This has been done by the aid of pure cultures in arti- 24 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration, ItHaca, N.Y. ficial media. The bulletin is now ready for publication. _it treats of the general character of the disease, the structure of the fungus, its development, and suggestions for treatment. The fungus belongs to a genus which contains several very injurious parasites of plants. During the last year I have given considerable, time to the: investigation of the diseases of timber trees, and a bulletin on this subject is nearly ready for publication. Also a bulletin on anthracnoses of plants which is the result of several years study will be ready for publication before very long. Mr. B. M. Duggar, the Assistant Cryptogamic Botanist, has. conducted a number of investigations with remarkable vigor- and has already accomplished a considerable amount of impor- tant work, though he has been connected with the department for only six months. Besides the work which he did in the- Horticultural Schools of the State during the summer and au- tumn, I would call attention to the following investigations by him. He has nearly ready for publication a bulletin dealing with a serious trouble of stored celery. This rot of celery is caused by a species of Septoria, which during the summer is the: cause of the so-called spot of celery. He has been able to demon- strate that the same fungus carried into the houses in the autumn in storing the celery spreads there on the plants with entirely * different appearances and effects. He has also in progress an investigation on several different kinds of rot of celery grown in houses during the winter. This will in the future be pre- sented as a second bulletin. Another very important piece of investigation is that of the pear and quince leaf spot, which owing to the long period required for the complete development of the parasites connected with it, will require a longer time for- ahh 9 PRA cules ~work. Report or tue Boranist. 25 its completion, but there is scientific evidence now on hand to indicate that important information can be published concerning these diseases when the investigations are completed. Besides these definite lines of investigation Mr. Duggar has others in progress on several other plant parasites, all of which in the future will contribute to the knowledge of the life histories of these low forms of plant life, which it is desirable to know in order to determine rational! methods of treatment. Mr. Duggar has also conducted considerable of the correspondence, answer- ing the letters of inquiry about plant diseases. I cannot close without acknowledging the important aid which Professor Rowlee of the Botanical Department has given in _attending to the correspondence upon subjects with which he is familiar. Considerable additions have been made to the apparatus in a the department which aids materially in the prosecution of the GEORGE F. ATKINSON. Report of the Entomologist. To the Director of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station: Sir.—As the carrying out of the Entomological work of the Station has been performed during the past year almost entirely by the Assistant Entomologist, I have requested him to prepare a report on it, which I hereby transmit. JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK. To the Entomologist of the Cornell University Agricultural Experi- ment Station: _ Sir.—The year 1896 has been an exceedingly busy and inter- esting one for the Entomological Division of the Station. So far as insect pests are concerned, the year has been rather a remarkable one in New York State. The codlin moth, plum curculio and other insects which can usually be depended upon to harass the fruit-grower every year were noticeably mucb less: destructive. But the year was marked by the appearance in. injurious numbers of several insects that had not attracted se- rious attention anywhere in our State for more than a decade; they were thus new pests to many farmers and fruit-growers. The army worm (Leucania unipuncta), the green fruit worms (Xylina sp.), the pistol-case-bearer (Coleophora malivorella), and the peach twig-worm (Anarsia lineatella) were these apparently “new” insect pests that have ravaged New York crops during the past year. Our notes contain considerable new information Report oF THE EnToMOLOGISBT. 27 about all of the above insects and several others, and this knowl- edge is being put into the form of bulletins as fast as possible. The following bulletins were issued from this pfaigion during the year: No. 107. Wireworms and the Bud Moth. No. 108. The Pear Psylla and the New York Plum Scale. No. 123. Green Fruit Worms. Another on the pistol-case-bearer is ready for publication, and our investigations in 1896 resulted in sufficient material for at least three more bulletins which we hope to have ready for publication before next spring. In these three bulletins we ex- pect to discuss the army worm in New York State, a currant stem-girdler and a new raspberry cane-magot, and the codlin moth. The first will contain many new figures, the second much new information, accompanied by new illustrations, and the third will embody some very important, as well as new, facts regarding that apparently best-known of all fruit pests—the apple worm or codlin moth. Some important results have been obtained in our extensive peach borer experiment, and new ideas suggested by these are now being tested. We shall continue the experiments another year at least. Considerable work has been done by this Division under the auspices of the so-called Experiment Station Extension or Nixon bill. The investigations undertaken resulted in material for Bulletin 123 and for the police on the pistol-case-bearer, just completed. The Assistant Entomologist spent over a month in giving instruction in the horticultural schools held in different parts of the Fourth Judicial District. The correspondence of the Division continues to increase rap- 28 AGRICULTURAL Exprrment Station, Irnaca, N. Y. idly, and now occupies a large share of our time. But, believing that this is one of the most valuable and important phases of our work, we continue to cheerfully give to every correspondent the latest and best information at our command. Nearly 800 letters of inquiry regarding insects and their injuries were an- swered during the year; 125 of these answers were prepared for publication and have appeared in the columns of agricultural journals. Several technical articles have also been written for entomological journals. M. V. SLINGERLAND. Report of the Agriculturist. To the Director of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station: Sir.—I submit herewith the report of the Agricultural Division of the Cornell University Experiment Station for the year 1896. The larger part of the work has been along the lines of deter- mining the effects of introculture upon the production of farm crops and investigations with reference to the conservation of soil moisture. That there is need for investigation and dissemi- nation of knowledge along these lines is shown by the low aver- age yield of the staple crops throughout the State compared with what might be secured were better methods of tillage more gen- erally practiced. Interesting and valuable results have been secured with ref- erence to potato culture and the production of forage crops. A comparative study of some leguminous plants to determine their nitrogen storing capacity has been pomiierues and will be con- tinued during the coming year. The hay crop and the permanent pastures throughout the State have been so affected by droughts during the past few years that it has become a serious question with many farmers as to what they shall provide in their place or to supplement them. To throw light on this subject experiments have been inaugu- rated with the view of determining the best crops for green soil- ing and how silage may best be preserved under different meth- 30 AGRICULTURAL ExprermMeEntT Sration, [rHaca, N. Y. ods of treatment. Many experiments commenced in former years have been duplicated and results verified. The subject of the leaching of manures has received considerable attention and there is now material at hand for the publication of several bulletins upon the subjects which have been under investigation. Lime and its action upon acid soils, its value as a conserver of moisture and the beneficial action it exerts on the physical con- dition of soils are all questions now under investigation and to be investigated during the coming year. It is proposed to com- mence a series of codperative culture experiments. Such marked results have been obtained at the Station by improved conditions and by increased tillage of farm crops that in order more fully to verify the results obtained and awaken interest in the work among farmers, an extensive codperative experiment in potato culture will be inaugurated. In general, the work of the Division will be largely along the lines of securing increased crop production by better methods of tillage. L. A. CLINTON. Report of the Horticulturist. To the Director of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station: Sir.—The past year has been altogether a most prosperous one for the Horticultural Division of the Experiment Station. Its endeavors, however, have been somewhat dismembered, owing to the experiment extension work which has been asked of it by the Legislature. The work might be roughly divided, there- fore, into the.two categories of home work, or station work proper, and the extension or itinerant work. The later has consumed by far the greater amount of our time and energies during the past year, as, in fact, it did in the two preceding years. In reporting the condition of my Division to yourself early in 1894, I took occasion to suggest that one of the means by which the Experiment Station could help the people was through State aid, which should give us facilities for publishing more informa- tion and which should allow us also to hold horticultural meet- ings or schools for the purpose of popularizing and disseminating the horticultural knowledge of which experimenters are now possessed. At that time I had not anticipated that the recom- mendation would find such complete and speedy fulfillment. It was in that very year that we were asked to undertake the ex- tention of our horticultural work, and this endeavor has now been prosecuted consecutively for three years. The full results of this work, so far as they can be indicated at the present time, 32 AaqricuLTturAL Experiment Sration, IrHaca, N.Y. are set forth in Bulletins 110 and 122. I need, therefore, say nothing more respecting the extension feature of the work of my Division. At the present time I am as anxious that the Horticultural Division of the Station may return to its original type of labor as I was three years ago that it depart therefrom. My reason for this feeling is the fact that this extension work has now grown to be such a large and responsible enterprise that it should no longer be confined to one division of the Experiment Station. It should be placed under the management of a separate division, and there is every reason to believe that it would be more useful to the State if applied to other branches of rural effort that to moricalcars! In the home Station itself, there have been com- paratively few changes, and these have not all been for the better- ment of the Division. One of the Experiment Station forcing- houses has been entirely rebuilt and is now an ideal house for certain lines of experiment. The orchards have now come to bearing age and have occupied so much of our small area that we have very little left for conducting experiments in vegetables and other annual crops. A year ago, a considerable area of my Divi- sion was demolished by changes in the grounds of the University, and the entire collection of grapes, of native plums and many small fruits, to all of which we had given much attention, were entirely obliterated. In order to repair this damage in part, we have, during the past year, fitted up a new piece of land and have set thereon a small experimental vineyard. The loss of the native plum orchard is practically irreparable, however, because it contained many varieties and seedlings which are not in the market; and the same remark will apply to some of the small fruits. Considering the limitation of our area, and the variable Report oF THE HorricuttTurRIist. 33 character of the land, we can not make extensive studies of fruit plantations, and we must give increasingly greater attention to subjects of intensive gardening. The greatest needs of the home Division at present are still greater facilities in the forcing of plants and extension of the experiments in ornamental plants and decorative gardening. ‘The extensive commercial fruit plan- tations of New York State afford ample facilities in which to study the question of fruit-growing in its fullness, with the simple exception of the testing of varieties, an enterprise which, however, we have never undertaken as a leading role in our experiment work. But in some of the finer and intenser kinds of ‘horticultural work, as the forcing-house industry and others, there is a great need, it seems to me, for increased facilities right here. One of the next lines of effort which we must undertake, and which is yet new to the experiment station research of the country, is a line of studies in the forcing of fruits. Our ex- periments in the forcing of vegetables, whilst not yet concluded, have, nevertheless, reached the point at which we are able to give rather definite advice respecting the commercial aspects of the subject. It gives me the greatest pleasure to express my gratitude to yourself and to all my associates for the most generous help which has been given the work of my Division during the trying responsibilities of the past three years. ; L. H. BAILEY. Report of the Assistant Professor of Husbandry and Animal Industry. To the Director of the Cornell Uniwersity Agricultural Experiment Station: Sir.—I have the honor to transmit a brief report upon the work of the Dairy Division of the Agricultural Experiment Station for the year 1896. The work of the Division has progressed along the lines pur- sued in former years. The most extensive experiments for the past year have been in relation to the quantity of milk as effected by changes in the food of the animal, and in this work I have had the assistance of graduate students in the College of Agri- culture. Material is now in hand that will be ready for publica- tion at no very distant date. The records of the production of our herd that were begun some five years ago have been continued during the year and have added materially to our facilities for work. We have also been able to test the weekly production of several herds of thoroughbred cattle in various parts of the State. In conclusion I can not refrain from again calling attention to the need for an assistant in this Division who shall give his whole time to the work of the Agricultural Experiment Station. AH. WING: BULLETIN 106—January, 1896. Cornell University—Agricultural Experiment Station, ITHACA, N. Y. BRORTICULLU RAL DIVISION: REVISED OPINIONS OF THE moon Nee i Pl) UM Burbank. Page 46. By L. H. Batzey. ORGANIZATION. Board of Control—The Trustees of the University. STATION COUNCIL. President, JACOB GOULD SCHURMAN. TONS A? DP. WHITE cn ot cae cbc a een otee eens 2b. o Mrslee OF tel mapercstr EROKESSOR, L.UP; ROBHWRDTS.- 22.5. 2.224" President State Agricultural Society. IPROPERSOR oh, sb O lie TS: cous 2 coe 2 CRORES a aul cole eoiun ceéoe '. Agriculture. TRUE KSSOS Ge Ca C ALD WiHISL .-%2 oo pao ese ses eee seeee Chemistry. PROMESSOR (ANUBIS HUA W 520.8 ot eee es od oc coerce Veterinary Science. PROBEASORMACIONG: Lao bN DISS 24 5 ~/2eicemeemeine cote: otis slate fone cee ieee Botany. PROMESSOR Gp bls COMS TOC Kise) eae 3) oe rece e Same see Entomology. PRORESSOR, 1. EH. BATE 5205. Hoe eee ee occ coe a trftlstalapa ete Horticulture. PROWHSSORMEL.Y EH. WING. 222). 28-0 neeeteen.” => Saccimae seme Dairy Husbandry. IPRORESSOR GE. “ATKINSON: 22 ce asemeeea.-ce =< lente Cryptogamic Botany. OFFICERS OF THE STATION. Le SER C1 O) of hs a ae See Serra, 2!) ee ee See jc, seh Director ple WDE TAM Sabo a5. Tee cic - ais oc he) teeee eer eione Treasurer. ELV = BOUL Ee, J Soe aco fete co AES, «ons as acl stoieintayae ss Soe ae Clerk. ASSISTANTS. RE 2 LENGE Riva ND 222). 2h) Soa sees as «S58 eee enon nee Entomology. Aes eA Wiss CUASVUAIN FAIL GEL co Sat Rote 2 eee ois) 2 dio o clnk oe epee eee eye Chemistry. Bhs GBT OB MUAIN oe. 2 = rae a Re tea alo aaa ciajca aration aes Horticulture. Beg DURAND ie eee oct BAUS oc ep eum dire aNobii | LSE k Botany. Office of the Director, 20 Morrill Hall. The regular bulletins of the Station are sent free to all who request them. In 1895, the following Bulletins were issued : 84. The Recent Apple Failures in Western New York. 85. Whey Butter. 86. Spraying of Orchards. 87. Tbe Dwarf Lima Beans. 88. Early Lamb Raising. 89. Feeding Pigs. 90. The China Asters. 91. Recent Chrysanthemums. / 92. Feeding Fat to Cows. 93. The Cigar-Case-Bearer. 94. Damping Off. 95. Winter Muskmelons. 96. Forcing-House Miscellanies. 97. Entomogenous Fungi. 98. Cherries. 99. Blackberries. 100. Evaporated Raspberries in Western New York. 101. The Spraying of Trees; with remarks on The Canker-Worm. 102. General Observations Respecting the Care of Fruit Trees ; Weeds. 103. Soil Depletion in Respect to the Care of Fruit Trees. 104. Climbing Cutworms in Western New York. 105. Tests of Cream Separators. BULLETINS OF 1896. 106. Revised Opinions of the Japanese Plums, — ea Corne_u UNIveErsIry, | Irnaca, N. Y., January 1, 1896. Honorable Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany : Sir.—The following account of the Japanese plums is submitted for publication under the Experiment Station Extension bill (chapter 230, Laws of 1895). There is a universal interest in the Japanese plums amongst the fruit growers of western New York and it, therefore, seems to be wise to publish this bulletin, as a sort of report of progress, even though the subject is very much confused. It is hoped that the bulletin may tend to check further confusion, by bringing into one report an account of all the varieties which are now before the public. In making these studies of Japanese plums, Lhave depended quite as much upon the information which I have gathered in many plantations about the State as I have upon our own tests. EATER Ye Nore.—The illustrations in this bulletin show the fruits full size, but the reader must bear in mind the fact that pictures always look smaller, to the un- trained eye, than the objects which they represent. + Otte etter en ~~ Bass ) See page 41 ( J. ’ iel Roberts, Keyport Abundance, from Dan 1, Se (See page 49,) 6.—Chase. Revised Opinions of the Japanese Plums. Two years ago this station published an account (Bulletin 62, *“The Japanese Plum in North America”) of the Japanese plums as they were then known in this country. Our knowledge was very fragmentary and imperfect at the time, and it was not ex- pected that final conclusions could be reached respecting most of the questions which were uppermost in the public mind. Yet the confusion in which the whole subject lay was so great that it was thought better to publish such conclusions and facts as we pos- sessed rather than to allow the perplexities and the entanglements of nomenclature to increase. Many of the varieties which were passing under indefinite class names were renamed, and the new nomenclature has been widely adopted by nurserymen. The interest in Japanese plums is unabated, and it now seems to be wise to again report upon the subject, adding the experiences of the two past seasons. It will be many years yet before the difficulties of nomenclature can be wholly cleared up, but an occa- sional report of progress may be expected to hasten the final outcome. A few varieties are now fairly well understood, and descriptions of these are printed in large type in this paper. I have attempted to add descriptions of all other varieties, in smaller type, for the purpose of bringing our scattered knowledge together for convenient reference; but many of these varieties I have not yet seen in fruit and I cannot, therefore, vouch for the accuracy of the descriptions. In my former report, I said that “altogether, the Japanese plums constitute the most important type of fruit introduced into North America during the last quarter of a century, and they should receive careful tests in all parts of the country.” I am now more fully convinced of the truth of this statement than I was at that time; but some persons seem to have read it so carelessly as to have obtained the idea that I recommend the Japanese plums as superior to the old domestica or European types and to the 40 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, ITHAcA, N. Y. natives. The latter classes were already well established a quarter century ago, when the Japanese sorts first came into the country, and their value is not lessened by the introduction of the Japanese type. Wherever the common domestica plums will succeed, they are still the most valuable types, but some of the Japanese sorts ean be added for variety with profit. The Japanese type is adapted to a much wider range of our country than the domestica plums are, and they introduce certain features which are invaluable everywhere. The peculiarly desirable features presented by many of the Japanese plums, in various degrees, are earliness, great pro- ductiveness, almost complete freedom, so far, from black-knot and leaf-blight, Jong-keeping qualities and beauty of fruit. In quality they are generally inferior to the domesticas, although several of them compare favorably in this respect with the Lombard. The only other foreign species of fruit which has been lately introduced into this country and which approaches the Japanese plums in im- portance, is the kaki or Japanese persimmon; but this fruit is con- fined to the fig belt, whilst the plum thrives from Canada to the Gulf. ee see a eee ee eo 2'=) od oe bates weieee see et Director. Bele eV LISA. Scie soho eee meena aw co acweumememeem eee same Treasurer. ED Wieg NET ches ict oth sk Seto ce, 3. Caudalscementot the wireworm of wireworm, and figure 26 (although itisof Menk” Otay “on. the closely allied species JL. eribulosus) es. rere will serve equally well to show the principal features of the whole worm. The insect spends at least three years as a wireworm ; one specimen lived in our cages for nearly two years. The change to a pupa takes place in earthen %6.—The cora Gells during July. The pupa is white and tender, and Sieaipenas changes to a beetle in about ~="™= diameters a month. The principa bes). characteristics of the slend- er, glossy, dark brown beetle are well shown in figure 27. They remain in earthen cells in the soil all winter, emerging in May. The secret of the rest of their life remains with na- p< ture. 4. Drasterias elegans, Fabr. This species of wireworm is widely distributed over the country, and has been reported as exceedingly abundant 27.—Melanotus communis. the adult, aha ; i enlarged four diameters (after and injurious to young wheat in Forbes). Indiana. We have found it quite abundant in sod land here. Its life-history.— Notwithstanding its abundance, comparatively little is known of the life of this insect. It is one of the smallest of 90 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, Irmaca, N. Y. the wireworms, measuring from 9 mm. to 12 mm. in length when full grown. Its body is considerably flattened and of a light waxy-yellow color. Figures 28 and 29 well illustrate its characteristic features. (It is described in detail in Bulletin 33, p. 268). They undergo their transformations in earthen cells _ in the soil, the change to a beetle taking place about July Ist. The beetle is of a general rusty-brown color with black markings; it is shown natural size and enlarged in figure 30. We were unable to de- termine whether they emerged in the fall or passed the winter in the earthen cells. Professor Forbes has recorded considerable data on this point which leads him to conclude that it seems probable that they emerge in the sum- mer and early fall, proba- bly laying their eggs in SS ; eal part the same season; that d See it hibernates in sheltered places and continues abundant until June of the following year, doubt- less breeding meanwhile ; , \ 1 : it lives two sea- 28. — The wireworm of and that it liv 29. Caudal segment of the wire- Drasterias elegans ° - i f Drasteri 1 h ra 1re- wormo rasterlas 6@legans, mMuc enlarged “eter aie sons in the earth as a wire rr een “ worm. 5. Cryptohypnus abbreviatus, Say. We met with a few wireworms of this species in old sod land. The beetle has been known since 1823, and it is not uncommon throughout North America. It isa robust beetle, about one-fourth of an inch in length and of a brownish-black color with a greenish-bronze lustre. (For detailed de- scriptions see Bulletin 33, p. 270, of Trans. Am. Ent. Soe.,'1891, ‘p. 7): The wireworms are from 7 mm. to 9 mm. in 30.—Drasterias ee./@Ugth when mature, and closely resemble the Ban ee et young worms of Asaphes decoloratus (Fig. 22). natural size and y palatecd. They are of a dark waxy-yellow color and consid- WIREWORMS. 91 erably flattened in form. ‘The caudal seg- ment and some details of the mouth parts are shown in figure 31. (For a detailed description see Bulletin 33, p. 271). 31.— Wireworm of Cryptohypnus abbreviatus. a, b, c, details of the mouth-parts; e, the caudal segment —all enlarged. The Bud Moth. Tmetocera ocellana. This bud moth has come to be recognized by many of the most extensive apple growers of western New York as the most injuri- ous and hardest to fight of any insect now present in their orchards. It works in the opening leaf (Fig. 82) and flower buds 82—Work of the bud moth in opening leaf buds. (see frontispiece), and often nearly the whole crop on many trees is destroyed while yet in the bud. It is also especially destructive when it attacks recently budded or grafted trees and nursery stock. Besides apple, it also feeds upon pear, plum, cherry, quince and peach trees and blackberry buds. Thus, fruit growers have to fear in the bud moth a pest which is capable of literally “nipping in the bud” a prospective crop of fruit, a graft, or a budded stock. Tot Bup Mora. , 93 Irs History AnD Disrripution. As the insect has been known in Europe for more than half a century before it was recorded in this country, it is, therefore, no doubt an imported species. It attained economic importance in Europe about 1840, and was first discovered in this country in 1841 in Massachusetts, where it was doing considerable damage; by 1869 it had become to be “the most injurious enemy of the apple-tree, next to the canker-worm, in the State.” The same year it did some damage in Pennsylvania, and in 1870, plum trees were attacked by it in Canada. The first record of the occurrence of. the insect in New York State is, in 1880 in a Union Springs nursery. The previous year it was found at Washington, D. C., and by 1885, it had reached Nova Scotia. In 1887,it was quite injurious near Rochester, N. Y., and in 1888 and 1890, apple and blackberry buds were injured in Maine. Throughout Massachusetts, New York and Canada the insect appeared in very destructive numbers in 1891, and in Mickigan in 1892. It has been found in Missouri, and two or three years ago was introduced into Idaho. The bud moth is thus widely distributed over the New England and Middle States and Canada; it occurs as far south as Washing. ton, D. C., and as far west as Idaho. ' How Ir 1s SpreEAD. The active moths doubtless fly readily from orchard to orchard and thas the pest may slowly spread. But a much more fruitful source of infestation is to be found in nursery stock. We have seen the insect at work in several nurseries, and it is claimed that it was introduced into Idaho on stock received from one of our New York nurseries. Its manner of hibernating makes its dis- tribution very easy on nursery stock. Irs Name AND CLASSIFICATION. The bud moth is closely allied to the codlin moth, and resembles the latter in size and form, but differs in structure, in coloring and in its habits and life-history. A spot, somewhat eye-like in appearance, on each front wing of the moth suggested its name— ocel/ana — which was given to it in 94 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StaTION, ITHaca, N. Y. Austria in 1776. The popular name—eye-spotted bud moth — first \used by Dr. Harris in 1841,is now in common use. The moth has been described under five different names, and has been placed in six different genera. The genus Zmetocera (“cut- horned,” from the notched appearance of the base of the antenne of the male moth) was established in 1859 for the reception of this insect which still remains its only representative. How Its Presence 1s INDICATED. The caterpillars of the bud moth are astir early in the spring, usually about May 1st, and soon begin their destructive work on the swelling and opening fruit and leaf buds. They eat into the buds, and often so check and disfigure a small tree as to spoil its symmetry. More often the caterpillar does not begin its work until the buds are nearly half opened. It then feeds upon the central expanding leaves or flowers, tying them together with silken threads (see the frontispiece, and figure 32). Some of the partly eaten leaves soon turn brown and thus render the work of the insect quite conspicuous; one correspondent wrote that his trees looked as though a fire had swept quickly through them, as so many leaves had turned brown. This tying together of the opening leaves and flowers and the brown appearance of many of them, are the most characteristic indications of the presence of the insect. Its APPEARANCE. The caterpillar.—lt is in this stage that this insect is familiar to fruit-growers. It appears on the buds in the spring as a little brown caterpillar, about .16 of an inch long, with a black head and_ thoracic shield. In June, when the caterpillars are full-grown (Fig. 33) they are about 88,—Caterpillar of the bud moth half an inch in length and are of a cin- about three times patural size. nomon brown color; the head, thoracic shield, and true legs are black. The body is sparsely hairy, and bears five pairs of pro-legs. The pupa.—This quiescent stage of the insect is passed in the nests in the latter part of June in a tube of dead leaves. Two lid fhe Tue Bup Mora. 95 views of a pupa are shown in figure 34. It is about .27 of an inch in length and of a light brown color; the dorsum of each abdominal segment bears two transverse rows of small tooth-like processes directed caudad. The moth.—The moth (Fig. 35) measures about three-fifths of an inch across its expanded wings. It is of a general dark ash-grey col- or with a broad cream white band across the front wings. Dr. Harris saw the resemblance to two eye-like spots in the arrangement of two short horizontal black dashes - fol- lowed by a vertical 34.—Pupa of the bud moth; a, ventral e q view; b, dorsal view—enlarged. streak of lead blue near; the anal angle of the front wings, and in the three or four similar black dashes, also followed by a streak of lead 85—The bud moth—the adult f insect, twice natural size. blue, near the apex of these wings. Its Lirg-Histrory. ~ Although the caterpillar and pupa of the bud moth were known more than eighty years ago, its true life-history, as observed by Mr. J. Fletcher, the Canadian Goverment entomologist, and the writer, was not recorded until 1892 (Report of Entomologist for Dept. Agr. Canada, 1891, p. 195). fts appearance and habits in the spring.—The date of the emergence of the little brown caterpillars from their winter retreats varies considerably in this state. They seem to time their ap- pearance by the date at which the buds begin to open. Thus the earliness or lateness of the season or of the variety of the tree in- fested will vary the time from two to four weeks, ranging from April 15 to May 15. In some cases the caterpillar appears before the bud has opened sufficiently for it to readily enter. It is then forced to eat its way into the bud. Once within the bud it revels in the very ten- 96 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTion, ITHaca, N. Y. der growing leaves or flower buds, tying them together with its silken threads, and thus forming for itself a well protected nest within which its destructive work goes on (Figs. 32 and 36), It does not confine its work to one or two leaves or!*flowers, but seems to delight in devouring a part of a leaf here or one side of a developing flower there. So that nearly every leaf or flower in the opening bud is forced to contribute to the greed of the little creature, thus greatly increasing its destructiveness. It is especially destructive on young trees or nursery stock as it then most often attacks the terminal buds, sometimes burrow- ing down the shoot for two or three inches causing it to die, and thus greatly inarring the symmetry of the tree. The later work of the caterpillars in the opening leaves has been well de- scribed by Professor Com- stock as follows: “The larva settles on one of the more advanced leaves, of which it cuts the petiole half through either near its base or close to the leaf so that it wilts. Of this half dead leaf it forms a sort of tube by rolling the edge of one 86.—Characteristic nest of the bud moth eaterpillar ; Qj : and several of the curious eggs, greatly enlarged, side more or less down and laid by the moth. fastening it with silken threads and then lining the inside sparsely with silk. If the leaf which it has selected as its final home should become too weak at the place where it has been cut so that there may be danger of its falling to the ground; then the larva goes to work and either strengthens it with silk which is fastened to the twig and petiole or ties the apical portion of the tube to another leaf or cuts that part Tup Bup Mors. 97 of the leaf which contains its tube from the rest of the leaf, so that either the whole or only that portion which contains the tube hangs suspended from another leaf.” The larva lives in this tube most of the time, only coming forth to feed; when disturbed it retreats into the tube out of sight. In feeding it draws other leaves, one after another, toward it and fastens them with threads of silk, thus forming a nest (Fig. 36). Some of these partially devoured leaves soon turn brown and die, thus rendering the nest quite conspicuous. The caterpillars continue to feed in the spring, mostly at night, for six or seven weeks, and probably shed their skin three times during this time. Pupation.—W ithin a tube, usually formed in the nest by rolling up one side of a leaf or by bringing together two or three half devoured leaves and securely fastening everything with silken threads, the full-grown caterpillar retreats and lines the interior with ‘a “thin closely woven layer of silk. This forms the cocoon within which the caterpillar is soon to undergo its wonderful change toa pupa. Thedateof this change varies in this State from June ist to 25th. About ten days are spent as a pupa, then by the aid {of the tooth-like hooks on its back, it works its way nearly out of the cocoon, and its skin splits open to allow the pretty little moth to emerge. Habits of the moth—The moths begin to appear as early as June 5th in our State, and often all have not emerged by July 10th. They are most active during the night, remaining quiet during the day on the trunk and limbs of the tree, with wings folded roof-wise; in this position they closely mimic the bark. They probably live about two or three weeks. Lgg-laying.—Three or four days after emerging, the moths be- ein to lay eggs, working mostly at night. They are laid on the leaves singly or in small clusters slightly overlapping each other. They are curious objects (Figs. 36 and 37). In fact they so closely resemble minute drops of water or a fish’s scale on the leaf as to necessitate the use of a lens to determine the egg char- acteristics. They are very transparent and will reflect the prismatic colors like a drop of water. if 98 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, DPrmaca,. N.Y: They are disc-like, very much flattened, usually oval in outline, a few are circular, and measure .8 mm. by .7 mm. A flat outer rim -2 mm. wide adheres closely to the leaf, leaving a central slightly elevated rounded dise in which the larva develops. About nine days after the ‘ eggs are laid the developing greenish caterpillar PiRtiowiag: Hao doveloning lying curled up in the central portion can be greatly enlarged. plainly seen through the shell. The ege-stage lasts from seven to ten days. Summer habits of the caterpillar.—Soon after emerging through a hole near the edge of the central portion of the egg-shell, the little greenish caterpillar begins to feed upon the skin of the leaf, usually upon the underside. A few hours later it makes for itself a tube of silk open at both ends and usually made alongside the mid-rib. From these silken homes the caterpillars sally forth to feed upon the surrounding tissues, protecting themselves as they go by a thin layer of silk spun over their feeding grounds (Fig. 38). They feed upon one epidermis and the inner tis- sues of the leaf, leaving the net-work of veinlets; the ¢¥ opposite epidermis forms the floor of its feeding grounds. The veinlets and the epider- mis soon turn brown, thus 88.—Leaf showing the work of a young caterpillar rendering the summer work a oar of the insect quite conspicuous. Rarely more than one caterpillar works on a leaf. The caterpillars continue to feed in this manner during July and August, and a part of September. Soon after the third or fourth moulting of the skin, they cease feeding and seem to know in- stinctively that they have reached that point in their develop- ment when it is necessary for them to make preparations to go into winter quarters, even though it be several weeks yet before the leaves become unfit for food, or fall from the trees. Hibernation.—Our observations in 1891 and 1892 definitely showed that the bud moth passes the winter as a half-grown caterpillar ed Tun Bup Morn. 99 snugly hidden in a silken case on the tree. Figure 39 represents a twig, natural size, bearing three of these hibernacula at a, a, and 0. These little winter homes are very inconspicuous objects as they are scarcely more than an eighth of an inch in length, and are covered with bits of dirt from the bark or are sometimes made under some convenient piece of dead leaf or bud-scale. One must be very familiar with these hibernacula to be able to find them, even on a badly infested tree. The caterpillars begin to go into winter quarters early in August and all are snugly tucked away before the leaves fall. They instinctively build their winter homes near the winter buds on the twigs so they may be at hand to nip the bud upon its showing any signs of opening in the spring. The life-cycle is com- pleted with the opening of spring and the appearance of ° ° 39.—Twig showing the position of the winter homes the little brown caterpillars of the caterpillar at a, a, and b, natural size. on the buds. Number of broods.—There is but one generation of the insect in a year in this and more northern latitudes. The moth appears and lays her eggs in June or July, and the caterpillars feed upon the leaves until half-grown, in which stage they hibernate. Possibly two broods may occur further south. Irs Naturat ENEmIEs. In Kurope, five parasites are recorded at work upon this insect. Three parasites (Phytodictus vulgaris, Pimpla sp. and MMicrodus laticinctus) have been reared from it in this country; the latter species seems to be quite common in some localities. Besides these parasitic enemies, the bud moth is sometimes eaten by birds in Canada, and we also found a large wasp (Odynerus catskillensis) storing its cell with the caterpillars which must furnish delicious morsels for the grub of the wasp when it hatches. Doubtless all of these foes aid considerably in keeping the pest in check, but it has now become so numerous and wide spread that its enemies are insufficient and the devices of man must be called into action. 100 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, ItHaca, N. Y. Meruops or PREVENTING ITs RAVAGES. This insect is proving an exceedingly hard one to combat. It cannot be effectively and practicably fought while in the adult or ege stages, and there is but little hopes of reaching the cater- pillars in their hibernacula during the winter. Although the caterpillars work under a silken covering on the undersides of the leaves during the early part of the summer, it may be possible to kill some of them with a Paris green spray, but we doubt it. The pupz can be reached only by hand-picking the nests during the ten days in June which the insect passes in this stage. Thus, so far as we now know, the most vulnerable period in the life- eyele of the bud moth is during the last half of its caterpillar life when it is at work upon the opening buds, leaves and flowers. We once saw a case where hand-picking could have been profit- ably practiced. A block of young pear trees had become badly infested and each caterpillar’s nest was rendered conspicuous by one or two brown dead leaves. All of the then nearly full-grown caterpillars could have been quickly killed by collecting and burn- ing their nests; this would have effectually prevented the appear- ance of the insect another year One man could have thus exter- minated the pest in that block of a thousand or more young trees in a very short time. This method may prove practicable in many cases where nursery stock becomes infested. The nests should be gathered before June Ist. Although hand-picking is the surest method of checking the insect, it is impracticable on large trees, and besides, by the time the work of the caterpillar has progressed far enough to render its nest conspicuous, it has done most of its damage. Fruit growers cannot afford to wait until after the developing fruit and new growth are “nipped in the bud” before placing any obstacles in the way of this insect. We believe the pest can be reached with an arsenical spray applied frequently and thoroughly. It will necesitate at least two thorough applications before the flowers open If possible keep the swelling and opening buds coated with Paris green so that the little caterpillar’s first meal in the spring will be a poisonous one. In order that the spraying should be thoroughly done at this time, fruit growers should realize that if the insect is not killed before Tub Bup MorTH. 101 the blossoms open they will not have another chance to do it nearly so effectively until the next spring. . If the trees are usually badly infested with the apple scab or other fungi it would be well to combine the Paris green with the Bordeaux mixture, and in this case using about one pound of the poison to one hundred gallons of the fungicide; the poison will adhere longer if applied with the fungicide. If Paris green only is applied, use about one pound to two hundred gallons and always add two or three pounds of freshly slaked lime to prevent the burning effects of the free arsenic in the Paris green. Take especial pains to thoroughly wet the buds on the smallest twigs. With at least two thorough applications of Paris green before the flowers open we believe this insect can be effectively checked for the season. Do not spray when the trees are in bloom as many honey-bees may be killed. The limited time during which this bud moth can be reached by sprays renders it an especially hard insect to fight. It will require thoughtful, intelligent, and persistent work early in the spring to hold it in check. MARK VERNON SLINGERLAND. BULLETIN 108— January, 1896. Cornell University—Agricultural Experiment Station, ITHACA, N. Y. ENTOMOLOGICAL DIVISION. THE PEAR PSYLLA AND Pe NE WoVORK PLUM SCAT By M. V. SLINGERLAND. ORGAN AA TTON. Board of Control—The Trustees of the University. STATION COUNCIL. PRESIDENT, JACOB GOULD SCHURMAN. EEG N AD WW EUR DB. 230 Fee he eee aise moo oo ain Trustee of the University. PROFESSOR I. P. ROBERTS..--.---. - Bae srere President State Agricultural Society. PROWBSSOR Lo bh OBER DS re. see eeeeeren nara cc imac nus acecceateees Agriculture. REOUESSOR'G. (C; CAT DiWihiiiiees ssemmerne ss a <51s- aedeceas ctepeeeee Chemistry. ORES) ES oo ACVIRS 9 il AN WY 2 eee eee ee ors oo 5 ccla.c cise Veterinary Science. ROR ENSOR Ano b hE LSSeeeeEeeee ee enc owt om hoo aces eeeee Botany IPROWESSOR: J. Ll. COMST OCR parame eines = 250-62 dene - seer econ Entomology IPRORHSSOR Mise Ah ewe eee: ook roe eiciceaieietne Horticulture IPROBESSOR Hs JE, WENGE 222 eerenmeeeeree ss c= esis see eee ecies Dairy Husbandry. PROBESSOR (GF ATKINS ONG ceseiee ee etstieis soa wie we crer ae Cryptogamic Botany. ape ROBB RIDES 22225 3) con jaee ee see ceeealiacies ca oss, «cet ace cosnecee Director AW LA MS 2 25 2 Se Cie aa eee wc ones Gaia Siaael seis Treasurer EE Wie SMUT 2 2 sia '2 ican a: oo oes at ocee cee Agriculture. PRORESSOR (GC: CADW Eiiipe ee eee bo 2 oo. soe oc eens Chemistry. PROBESSOR: JAMES WA Wet eeeeeeterine ass 2 -se5 cece decece Veterinary Science. IPROFESSOR,A..N.. PRENDISS22eceae nae somsies === . spec eee Botany. PROKESSOR di.” EL. COMSTO QKee sarees. -o 2 =. 32h oe nooo ee aes Entomology. IPEORESSOR LL. Hi. DAVE BD Veeeeearemeene tens oc. 6-2-5 ao oeen eee Horticulture. IPR ORESSOR: cel. SEC WiUNG Soe eee lone = oo Sos ele Dairy Husbandry. IPRORESSOR) Gib. AKIN SO Neat erences 2 -\ -\- 22 see Cryptogamic Botany. OFFICERS OF THE STATION. Teer ROBE RAL Sas sees ate pee eaten =o )s'so'- cone ooeannainels eae Director. SLE WANED UW IS eS ieee ase e206 sonc.o¢ S655 c Eee oA osc OSO ones Treasurer. TET VW iS DSN es re a as, we 3 wnn 30 0.3 oe eno ee Clerk ASSISTANTS. MeV ou SEIN Geb) EL Ly AUN eee eee clintn ap sae cc's come eee Entomology. eV ie EAS CAUNU ANE) Gl ese EIN oe elaleye aia =o = =o) )2\='s lois ote wager aie Chemistry. BGs OD HIMUAIN: Ss 12 oe eee Serie ano o ais = a ones cee Horticulture. [Gig Wag (CLOG DO) Re ed At 5 SSS eee eae ee Agriculture. .E. J. DURAND ........---- .--------- -----+ +--+ -- +--+ Cryptogamic Botany. Office of the Director, 20 Morrill Hall. The regular bulletins of the Station are sent free to all who request them. BULLETINS OF 1896. 106. Revised Opinions of the Japanese Plums. 107. Wireworms and The Bud Moth. 108. The Pear Psylla and the New York Plum Scale. 109. Geological History of the Chautauqua Grape Belt. 110. Extension Work in Horticulture. 111. Sweet Peas. 112. The 1895 Chrysanthemums. CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHaca, N. Y., February 8, 1896. Honorable Commissioner of Agriculture, albany : Sir.—This account of our cultivation of chrysanthemums in 1895, is sub- mitted for publication under Chapter 230, of the Laws of 1895. In our former report (Bulletin 91) of chrysanthemums, made nearly a year ago, we took the opportunity of a fly-leaf to explain our position upon the vexed question of the testing of novelties. We made the following statement: ‘ We refuse to test varieties simply because they are new. Our basis of study is the monograph—the investigation of a particular subject, rather than the indiscriminate growing of things which chance to be put upon the market in a given year, and which have no relationship to each other aside from a coincidence in date. When we take up a cer- tain group of plants for study, we endeavor to secure every variety of it, ‘old or new. These varieties are studied not only in the field, but botanical specimens are invariably made of every one, so that the experimenter has specimens before him for leisurely study when the hurry of field work and the excitement of bug-catching are done. We are always glad to receive the seed novelties of any year, but we do not agree to report upon them or even to grow them. If we were to attempt to grow them all, we should simply be making a museum of curiosities, and we should have no time left for investigation and experiment.” This seems to be plain enough to allow of no mistake as to our position, yet we have been half accused of an unwillingness to aid dealers and buy- ers in the determining of synonyms and the discarding of duplicate and unworthy varieties. This is exactly the opposite of the truth. We are so desirous of aiding in this direction that we have refused to make any effort except when we believed that we could really accomplish the pur- pose. Wezsare free to say that we have no sympathy with the ordinary “variety test,’ which simply grows a lot of things and then sets down a few unrelated measurements of them. One must make a comprehensive and detailed and prolonged study of his subject, with all the factors before him, before he is able to judge of such an apparently simple thing as the merits of varieties. All estimates of varieties must be comparative. One can not grow an onion, and then say that it is or is not the same as others, nor can he likely give any accurate measure of its comparative merits. for he has no other varieties with which to compare; and he can not carry even such emphatic subjects as onions in his mind from year to year. One can not file away specimens of all garden varieties, as they grow in all soils and ali seasons, as he can dried plants and bugs. If the station officer is to be able to identify and to judge all varieties sent to him, he must attempt to grow every variety of plant every year. And even if he should grow them all, he would likely gain little, save exper- ience, from his effort, for the subject is too large for instant study. In 1896 we expect to make a study of Brussels sprouts, dahlias, sweet corn, chrysanthemums, cannas and tuberous begonias, and any person who has varieties of these things which he wants tested may send them to us. Of these things, especially the ornamentals, we should receive the novelties in advance of their general introduction, if possible. In this chrysanthemum study, I have been fortunate in my associates. . Mr. Miller is a special student in horticulture, a graduate of the University of Michigan, and has given most enthusiastic attention to our chrysan- themum test. Mr. Hunn is a gardener of much experience, well known for his long and earnest connection with experiment station work. L. H. BAILEY. 1K 86,—Chrysanthemums grown for specimen blooms. The 1895 Chrysanthemums. I. Sunpry REMARKS UPON THE SUBJECT. It is charged that the rapid popularization of the chrysanthe- mum is mere fashion. It may be so; but if fashion were hence- forth always to produce so many beauties as it has in the chrys- anthemum, it might be forgiven its endless record of follies. The transcendent merit of the chrysanthemum lies in its almost limit- less variety of form, texture and color of flowers. There is no plant known to American gardens which approaches it in these respects, not even the rose. Such variety of form is possible only in compositous flowers, in which each floret is a distinct element and capable of independent development. One cannot feel the truth of these remarks until he has an opportunity to study a large collection of varieties growing together. He will then see that almost every form of compositous flower which the mind can picture has here arisen. Yet, various as the chrysanthemums are, there are limitations to the development of the species in certain directions. For ex- ample, it is idle‘to look for a blue chrysanthemum. This is not because of any assumed or theoretical incompatibility of the blue and yellow series of colors, but simply because no true blue vari- eties have ever yet appeared, to our knowledge. The only guide in the breeding for particular characters is experience, or the ob- served behavior of the species. The chrysanthemum has been cultivated for some thousands of years, but amongst all its de- partments it has given no blue flowers. It is reasonable to ex- pect that if no hint of such variation has occurred in all this eventful evolution, we can have little hope for its appearing in the future. The same remark will apply to the much-coveted but ever-evasive blue rose. It is a fundamental tenet of plant- breeding that the operator must put himself in line with the natural tendencies of the plant and work harmoniously along 260 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. with nature, rather than to set himself against her. Man’s power lies more in improving or augmenting tendencies which already exist than in creating new tendencies. There is a tradition, to be sure, that a blue chrysanthemum was once produced, under political pressure, in the orient, but there is no exact knowledge of the matter; and if the King of Japan really did receive such a tribute, I am willing to believe that some one connected with the transaction forestalled the modern flower “ artist ” and dyed the flower. It is possible, of course, that a blue chrysanthemum may appear, but the probabilities are all against it; and if it does come, it will probably originate as a sport or bud-variety rather than as a definite attempt thereat on the part of the operator. One must remember, too, in this connection, that the heavy colors of chrysanthemums are nearly always associated with heaviness and gracelessness of habit. We have no pure deep red with the cut of Mrs. Rand, for example. But even the same form, particularly if it inclines strongly to regularity, has a heavier appearance in dark colors than in light ones. There is no more fertile field for the development of new types than in the combining of light and grace- ful forms with dark colors. , Bie Berane, A word about the culture off clirysanthemums.— Our own tests of chrysanthemums have been made for the purpose of obtaining specimen or exhibition blooms. The plants are, therefore, trained to a single stem and a single flower. Fig. 86 shows our house as it looked last November. When so many varieties are grown, the house is not at its best at any one time, but there is a progressing exhibition. The house therefore, lacks the full appearance of an ordinary commercial house. These plants were made from cuttings taken the pre- vious spring, the plants having been grown in pots until late July, when they were taken from the pots and set in the bed. This growing of the plants to a single bloom does not produce the most decorative or satisfactory results. It simply gives large specimen blooms. I much prefer to grow from three to six Tue 1895 CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 261 blooms on a plant, and shall do so this year. The plants may be flowered in pots, or in a solid soil bench. Very good small plants may be brought to perfection in 6-inch pots, but the best results, in pot plants, are to be obtained in 8-inch or 10-inch pots. If the plants are to be used for decoration, they should, of course, be grown in pots, but the best results for cut flowers are usually ob- tained by growing in the earth. In any case, the cuttings are made from the tips of basal or strong lateral shoots, late in Feb- ruary, to May. One form of cutting is shown in Fig. 87. It is inserted in the soil to the point C. If the plants are to be flow- ered in pots, in which case they usually mature earlier, the cut- tings may be started as late as April, or even June; but if they are grown in the soil and large plants are desired, the cuttings should be taken in February or March. The plants which are flowered in the soil are generally grown in pots until July. The grower must decide how many blooms he desires on a plant, and then train the plant accordingly, bringing up the different branches so that they will all bloom at the same time. A well- grown chrysanthemum, in an 8-inch pot and bearing five or six perfect blooms, is one of the most decorative plants which the florist can produce. Reflections upon nomenclature, classification and variation (Mr. Miller).—There is need for reform in three important matters re- lating to chrysanthemums—nomenclature, synonomy and classi- fication. New varieties of chrysanthemums often bear absurd, bombastic and vulgar names. Many are named after society leaders and prominent persons. There are always practical rea- sons why novelties are named after popular men and women, and these reasons are often unworthy ones. The poor quality of cigars named after election candidates is notorious. Those who buy new flowers, because of the attractive names, usually feel de- frauded of their sympathies. The criticism is often made that our monthly magazines are dealers in attractive titles; that the mat- ter is rarely as spicy as the caption. The disseminators of new horticultural varieties take advantage of waves of popular enthu- siasm. They name flowers after actors, base-ball players, barons, saints and society leaders. Almost is realized one of Dean Swift’s dissonant combinations, “lords, fiddlers, judges, and dancing 262 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. masters.” The only consistent course is to aboiish the whole system of naming varieties after living persons. So long as this system continues, the element of disappointment and bad taste will persist. It is a constant reproach to horticulture that the art lacks dignity. Need it also be pointed out that we seem to be deficient in imagination? The reform would be sweeping if made all at once, but there is a preliminary step in this direction that can easily be taken. All such titles as Mr., Mrs., Miss, General, Judge, Count, Baron, etc., should be dropped. These titles cause endless confusion. What makes the case peculiarly hopeless is that the National _ Chrysanthemum Society of England, in its Official Catalogue, has ~ set the example of indexing varieties according to these titles, in defiance to the established rules adopted by librarians, indexers and cataloguers. It frequently happens that the pater familias is not the only popular member of the family. In verifying varie- ties by English catalogues (whose methods have been tamely copied in America) it is often necessary to remember which is Miss Blank, and what are the first names of the other daughters. Label-writers are usually careless, and their “ M” may stand for Mr., Mrs., Miss, Monsieur or a Christian name. According to the trade journals it is not uncommon to order a “ Miss” and geta “Mr.” The use of titles ought to be discontinued. There are other problems of nomenclature which are coming up constantly. Many of them have been considered by societies devoted to other flowers or to fruits. The only real attempts to solve any of these problems have been made by the American Pomological Society, and, for vegetables, by a committee of Ex- periment Station horticulturists. The Pomological Society has drawn up a set of rules, but, unfortunately, the other societies do not follow them, What is really wanted for progress is a na- tional horticultural society in which professional growers of plants, amateurs and botanists may work together. The socie- ties devoted to the culture of a single flower could codperate with the national society. Of course, a society, as such, might not deal with problems of synonomy and classification, but its members could do so either as committees or as individual students. Ree- ords of hybridization are worth keeping, as well as many other THE 1895 CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 263 data for a study of the botany of cultivated plants. It is a pity that we have no horticultural society of the dignity-of the Royal Horticultural Society. The American genius for organizing ought to be able to create a better society than this for our own needs. Commercial men could supply materials for history and science, and botanists could instruct plant-breeders at almost every point of their work. There is this distinction between botanical classification and horticultural classification: The world can wait for the first; the second has a daily practical bearing. Prizes often do harm in this—that they encourage production of flowers that conform to arbitrary and fallacious standards, and discourage informality and freedom. This is strongly illustrated in the case of the Mrs. Alpheus Hardy chrysanthemum. The hairiness of that va- riety was no novelty in the western world. It had repeatedly ap- peared in England and had been patiently, if not sorrowfully, re- pressed. The florists did not want a hairy flower, nor was it absolutely new, and the success of the florist who sold it for $1,500 and the dealer who is supposed to have made $10,000 out of it in one year, must be explained in some other way. The lesson of this is that conventional standards and horticultural classifications are often tyrannical. It is-certain that in 1886 no hairy chrysanthemum could have won a prize before the National Chrysanthemum Society of England. If florists want a good example of the tyranny of classifications they can examine the centenary catalogue of that society and see the ten artificial sec- tions that the English have made and Americans too often fol- low. The English have more rigid classifications, a more severe system of scoring by points, bigger prizes and less individuality in their flowers. The danger of suppression of individualism can be averted for the present, so far as the American Chrysanthemum Society is concerned, by a more liberal interpretation of what “ incurved ” and “Japanese” may mean. The Japanese section should be made broad enough to include most types which do not fit else- where. The English “inecurved ” chrysanthemums are compact, round, formal and regular. The florets are carefully arranged in mathematical order by means of forceps. The “dressing” of 7 8 9 10 11 2 13 14 15 16 88.—Forms of chrysanthemum florets. (See pages 265.) Floret inecurved, 13, Floret reflexed, 2, Margin inecurved, 7, 10, Margin revolute, 2, 15, Ligulate, 1, 6, Tubular, 12, 13, Various degrees of tubularity, 7-13, Incurved and cupping, 4, Incurved and hooded (cucullate), 5, Laciniate, or cut, 18, 14, Twisted, 15, 16, Hairy, 4, 5, Quilled, 11, Doubly curved (Z. e., twice curved, not ‘* recurved *’), 3. Tope 1895 CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 265 petals is unpopular in this country. The guard petals of exhibi- tion carnations in England used to be pasted down on cardboards. There are perfectly estimable people who still take pleasure in the stiffest incurved chrysanthemums. Indeed, it is the wonder and the glory of the chrysanthemum that it can be varied to suit all tastes. This variability is a thing inherent and essential. It is the peculiar genius of the composites. Asters have it, dahlias have it, and chrysanthemums most of all. It is capable of reflect- ing the fleeting frivolities and fashions of the age as well as cer- tain deeper and dearer things. Chrysanthemums can be formal as well as fanciful, but we have plenty of other formal flowers. Incurved chrysanthemums were popular in a hoop-skirt age, but the Japanese are truly fin de siecle. They are informal, fanciful, quaint, odd, individual, and, therefore, a more complete expres- sion of the times than single, incurved, anemone or pompon- flowered sections. ' Descriptions of the florets (Mr. Miller).—The greatest confusion exists in commercial catalogues as to descriptive terms for chrys- anthemums. For example, the word “recurved” is. used by some dealers to mean twice curved or doubly curved, 1. e., the sec- ond curve being in a direction opposite to that of the first. (See No. 3 in the plate illustrating different types of florets, Fig. 88.) Botanists, however, use “recurved” to mean a single curve of greater extent that that expressed by “reflexed.” Descriptive catalogues are hard to write and harder still to order from. Illus- trations are preferable in this day of cheap mechanical processes of engraving. A “half-tone” gives one an idea of the bloom which no words can convey. Sometimes, however, the individu- ality of the floret needs special notice, and it is often impossible to tell from the loose description of florists whether they are describing the blossom or the floret. Illustrations are needed to give general effect, and botanical terms to describe particular effects. No descriptions can convey the idea of the form, com- pactness or looseness, regularity or irregularity of the blossom so well as a picture does. The floret, however, can sometimes be described by words that are helpful to the imagination. “ Os- trich plume” is a fanciful and attractive name, but it has no place in botany. “Hairy ” is the proper term. A head of florets 266 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. like No. 13 (Fig. 88) gives the general effect of hairiness, and it takes a second look to determine that the individual florets are irregularly cut, but do not have hairs or trichomes, as do florets 4 and 5. Cataloguers should distinguish between a floret and its margin. For example, a reflexed floret may also have its margins reflexed ry Bio 2p i * Sap? CN ae Agr 89.—W. W. Astor. Four-fifths natural size. (No. 2); an incurved floret may be ligulate (No. 6), tubular (No. 13), or have its margins incurved (No. 7). Unfortunately, it is impossible to indicate such various degrees of tubularity as are successfully presented by the florets No. 13 to 7. Nos. 12 and 13 are properly called tubular and No. 11 quilled. The ligulate form of petal is conceived to have been originated by the splitting Tar 1895 CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 267 of a tubular form. This theory is well illustrated by florets 13 to 6. In No. 9, half of the floret shows the tubular origin, and half is ligulate. Whether the opposite tendency for ligulate to produce tubular forms exists, is a question. Possibly Nos. 7, 15 and 16 might be regarded as transitional forms from the ligulate to the tubular. It is often important to distinguish whether a floret is ligulate or whether the margins are incurved. For ex- ample, single, intense, vivid colors are probably best displayed by a ligulate floret. Crimsona (No. 6) is a case in point. The color of Miss Helyett is a similar shade, but the general effect is ruined (for some at least) by a distracting element: the margins of the florets are turned in so much that florists would say, “ it shows the under side.” Various types of chrysanthemum florets are shown, natural size, in Fig. 88. No. 1is a ligulate floret which was incurved in the bloom; No. 2 stood reflexed in the flower, margins revolute; No. 3, floret doubly curved, is cupped at base and top and high in the middle; No. 4, incurved as it stood in the flower, hairy- tipped, cupped, but the character not showing well in the cut (Mrs. Higinbotham); No. 5, incurved in the flower, hooded and hairy-tipped; No. 6, ligulate floret (Crimsona); No. 7, tubular below, broadly ligulate above, the margin incurved; No. 8, greater part of the floret tubular; No. 9, to be compared with No. 7; No. 10, a partially tubular floret, with very slender base and strongly involute blade; No. 11, quilled floret; No. 12, tubular, straight (Iora); No. 13, tubular and curved or hooked, the apex cut or laciniate (Mrs. R. W. E. Murray); No. 14, deeply cut or laciniate (Mrs. W. H. Rand); No. 15, broad at base, twisted above (Ezeta); No. 16, floret twisted throughout (Shavings). Color problems (Mr. Miller).—In consulting catalogues of chrys- anthemums for the purpose of verifying new varieties, some very perplexing color problems were encountered. Much of this con- fusion can never be straightened out, because color is a sub- jective phenomenon. It exists in the minds of men, rather than in nature. But there are certain practical suggestions which can be made to flower dealers, and it is to be hoped that some general principles can be educed. Cataloguers of new varieties should not attempt to make very fine and subtle distinctions, nor should Natural size. 90.—M. Georges Biron. Tur 1895 CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 269 they use such seductive phrases as “soft dove colored,” “fawn colored,” etc. Men who write of colors,should be examined for color blindness, so that they may know their own limitations. The great practical reason against using words expressing fine shades of color is that these words mean very different things to different persons. It is hard enough to get people to agree on such staple colors as red, blue, green and yellow. What the flor- ists of the country need is a cheap chart of colors, containing simply the common names and the common colors. This matter has been agitated for several years. Mr. F. Schulyer Mathews, a well-known artist and colorer, prepared a chart for the use of florists, which was published as a supplement to the American Florist of August 17, 1895. It is an excellent and worthy at- tempt, and is a distinct gain to the profession; but it has the fault of containing too many uncommon and unimportant colors and names of colors. “ Dull ultramarine (blue, grayish).” is too long for ordinary use. Even if the florist were capable of dis- tinguishing between Mr. Mathews’ “salmon,” “salmon pink ” and “reddish salmon,” these names would never be attractive names for the description of flowers. It is very doubtful whether people would care to distinguish lilac and light lilac. Horticul- turists ought to agree upon twenty or thirty common names of colors and then secure the preparation of a chart to correspond with these common names. We need colors for the names in common use. People must not expect too much of color charts. They should realize (as Mr. Mathews does) that pigments cannot compete with the colors of nature. Pigments are dead, petals are alive. More- over, neither pigments nor petals correspond with the colors of the solar spectrum. It is doubtful if Mr. Mathews is warranted in calling his colors “absolutely true.” They may be correct from the pigmental or chemical standpoint, or from the stand- point of technical or trade nomenclature, but it is a question if these are to be the standards of absolutely true colors. The fact is that there is no absolute standard of color. Lapis lazuli and bichromite of potash may furnish very stable and constant pig- ments, but these materials and all others have decided limita- tions. These limitations must be understood, or there will al- 270 AGRICULTURAL EXPHRIMENT Station, ITHaca, N. Y. ways be disappointment, no standard in common use, and the consequent mutual charges of dishonesty and color blindness. There are one or two suggestions which I offer in the hope that they may be of some practical help to those selecting varie- ties. The first suggestion is intended for those who grow chrys- anthemums on a small scale, who wish the best of the new 91.—Madame Carnot. Half size. varieties, and cannot afford to experiment with many. This: suggestion is that such growers select of new varieties only those which have a single color. It is early enough to get those varie- ties containing combinations of two or more colors after they have stood the test of a year’s experience with the market. Peo- ple like strong, vivid and highly individualized single colors in Tur 1895 CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 271 chrysanthemums. There are only two sides to the question when a single pure color is considered. People either like or dislike it. But when two colors are combined there are infinite possibil- ities for difference in taste. For example, here is a list of eight recent chrysanthemums, all of which have combinations of only two colors—Fred Walz, Mme. O. Mirabeau, Mrs. Potter Palmer, Genevieve, Sunset Pink, Mrs. C. Harmon Payne, Edith Smith and Burt Eddy. Now, who is to decide which one of these is an inharmonious mixture and which a happy combination? But the problem is even more complicated than this. Let us suppose that the variety Burt Eddy contains seventy per cent. of red (to avoid confusion I shall not attempt to describe the shade) and thirty per cent. of white, on each floret. Do you suppose that this pro- portion can be maintained year after year? Florists know that combinations of colors are very unstable. I do not mean to con- demn these varieties out of hand. Some of them may prove stable as to their proportions, and artistic in effect, but the ordi- nary florist can afford to wait a year. The point is, that these are typical of a class which it is safer for him not to buy while they are new. Other mixtures of doubtful value are Gilt Edge, Evening Star, Miss Sylvia Shea and Mrs. Moses Wentworth. To illustrate how variable the amount of color is, the case of the new variety, Miss M. M. Johnson, may be cited. This is adver- tised as a pure yellow, but some of the many blossoms grown this year showed varying amounts of red. Radiance is another yellow that should be made “red proof” before being sent out as a pure yellow. Secondary colors appear with age in many new varieties that have only one color at their best. The pink that comes with age to Crystallina (white) is attractive, but that which spreads over Miss Georgiana Pitcher (yellow) makes a melancholy spectacle. Often there is a chance for difference of opinion. In any case, would it not be well for disseminators in their introductory notices to state the fact of secondary color ap- pearing with age? An analogous case is that of varieties which show the center. Mrs. J. M. Parker, Jr., and Mme. Carnot are two of many new examples of this latter class. The center is objectionable in one; not objectionable in the other. It is a mat- 272 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. ter of dollars and cents to cut the flowers of the former and sell them before the center shows. But such judgments are essen- tially personal. What buyers want is the fact. If the center shows, the disseminator should state the fact. A blue chrysanthemum is not impossible. It was formerly taught that red, yellow, and blue flowers could never be gotten in the same species. Scientistsno longer believe in the incompatibil- ity of the cyanic and xanthie series of colors. A blue chrysanthe- mum may arise either from seeds or “ sports.” As far as seedlings are concerned, one would naturally be tempted to»save the seeds of varieties approaching purple. Blue is perhaps most easily reached through purple, but when the blue is once obtained the difficulty is to keep out the purple. Probably we shall never have an azure- blue chrysanthemum. Even the fringed gentian, which is the standard for azure-blue among wild flowers, is not always free from purple. The tendency among chrysanthemums is to sport towards white, instead of away from it. Of course, sports, like men of genius, have a way of disregarding prophecies, but the tendency is worth pointing out. The story is often repeated that in the year 386 A. D. the King of Corea had to pay to the Japanese Emperor a tribute consisting of red, white, yellow, blue and black chrysan- themums. Even granting that the tribute was actually paid, what proof have we that the Japanese word for blue has meant the same thing for fifteen centuries? Moreover, how does the average per- son know that the Japanese word is properly translated? If those who are striving to produce a blue chrysanthemum, are also cher- ishing hopes of selling it for $1,500, they should be reminded that the public may not care for it when it is obtained. A green chrys- anthemum was very rare, but’ when the two plants of the pink variety Viviand-Morel sported to a green simultaneously in differ- ent parts of England, the coincidence was barely mentioned in a British horticultural journal. Fragrance (Mr, Miller).— Can chrysanthemums be made fra- grant? Yesandno. Nymphwa is fragrant, but it is a small-flow- ered variety. There are at least half a dozen others. How much these can be developed is a question. At any rate, the large- flowered varieties will certainly never all be fragrant. They are valued for other things. If odor is associated with hereditary constitution, the chances are small for making the genus chrysan- Tue 1895 CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 273 \ themum a fragrant one. People are not looking to the chrysan- themums for odor, but simply for form, color, and texture. Fra- grance would have to be very emphatic to make any impression beside a Hower six or eight inches in diameter. And besides, what- ever odor the flower might have would be overpowered by the heavy scent of the foliage. Yet there is nothing really incompati- ble with the development of odor in the large chrysanthemums. Nymphea has been forced to grow flowers four inches across. Il. Test or Nove tizs. In judging new varieties, we have this year divided all the chrysanthemums into very good, good, poor, and intermediate. The word intermediate does not appear in the list, however, because it was thought best not to try to describe the shades of merit between “‘ good” and ‘‘ poor.” When, therefore, there is no com- ment upon the merit of the variety, it is to be understood that, in our test, the variety seemed to be only intermediate or indifferent in quality. There are so many good and very good chrysanthemums on the market that it is necessary to measure new varieties by a high standard. If the present judgments seem to imply a rigorous standard, it is certainly not so severe as the test of time. It is safe to prophecy that most of the new varieties of 1895 will not be for sale five years from now. The most complete adaptation to current wants is found among white and yellow chrysanthemums. There is great room for im- provment in pinks and dark shades. There are plenty of quilled and hairy pinks, but the Japanese incurved section possesses no pink of the size and beauty of Mrs. Henry Robinson (white) or a dozen yellows that could be named. The trouble with delicate shades of pink is that the color is rarely evenly diffused and it often fades out. The lack of single, pure colors other than white, yellow and pink, is very noticeable. Dark reds are very popular, and yet there is no section in which so little improvement has been made as that represented by Cullingfordii, Geo. W. Childs, John Shrimpton, and Mrs. J. H. White. In the description of varieties below, the name in the parentheses following the name of the variety signifies the dealer who sent us the cuttings; the name at the end of each description is that of the introducer, so far as we are able to determine from the current 18 274 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration, IrHaca, N. Y. literature. The varieties are arranged alphabetically according to the customary rules of library catalogueing, except that whenever a name consists of two words, the first of which is an adjective, the variety is indexed according to the first letter of the adjective, —e. g., Latest Fad is put under “L” and “ Autumn Leaves” under “A.” Varieties named for persons are catalogued under the sur- 92,—Crimsona. Four-fifths natural size. name. All those varieties which were first introduced to the trade last year are marked “1895.” Those few without dates are such as we have been unable to trace to the introducer; but they are all very recent. There are several matters of great practical importance which an experiment station cannot determine for the forcing-house industry. Florists must decide amongst themselves the shipping TuHp 1895 CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 275. qualities of different chrysanthemums and the length of time cut flowers will last. These matters are of great practical and momen- tary value, but of little scientific or permanent importance. The depot for such information should be the trade journals. It is surprising that greenhouse men do not supply these lists to their trade papers with greater frequency instead of going on year after year making avoidable mistakes, and purchasing experience dearly. The following varieties described in Bulletin 91 have been grown again this year with results similar to those recorded last year. Elizabeth Bisland, Georgienne Bramhall, Charlotte, Maud Dean, Golden Wedding, Mrs. Chas. Lanier (better than we said), LP’ Enfant des dewe Mondes, Mrs. Geo. J. Magee, Mayflower, Mutual Friend, Nweus, Mrs. Howard Rinek (worse than we said) and Miss Florence Pullman. Some of the older varieties, not mentioned in Bulletin 91, have been grown again. Of these the following have done well: Callendreau, Dr.—Similar to Miss Georgiana Pitcher. Comley, Jas.—A very good late variety, dark red, changing to carmine and white. Lora.—See Fig. 93, and page 234. Lippincott, Mrs. Craig. Queen, The.—Midseason, white. Shrimpton, John.—Type of Cullingfordii, and the best red mum. Sunderbruch, F. £.—Early yellow. Vwiand-Morel.—The standard pink of its class, and still to be excelled. The following were intermediate in merit: John Bunyan, Geo. S. Conover, Miss Heylett, Eva Knowles, Sautel’s White. The following were poor or bad: Irs. Jas. Hadie, John M. Kupfer, Mrs. C. H. Payne, Sylvia Shea, Yellow Queen. The following descriptions and estimates of varieties are made up from notes taken by Mr. Hunn, Mr. Miller and myself. The dates in the descriptions indicate when the flowers were at their best. 1. Abbott, Marion (Smith*)—Flower 6 inches wide, pink, “ color of La France rose,” ineurved, and slightly hairy. Stem 46 inches, long jointed. Nov. 20. (Spaulding.), 1895. ) * Nathan Smith & Son, Adrian, Mich, °76 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, ITHaca, N. Y. 2. Astor, W. W. (Smith)—Good. (See Fig. 89.) Flower medium sized. The single row of ray florets white, edged with pink; disk flowers yellow, forming a high compact centre. Stem 36 inches, leaves small, deeply cut. Claimed to be an improvement in size. This belongs to an unpopular class. Considered by gardeners as of no value for commercial purposes. Keeps well. (Rob’t Owen, Maidenhead, Eng. Introduced in America by Hill and Smith, 1895.) 3. Atkins, I. L. (Smith)—Flower 6 inches, Florets reflexed. Stem 40 inches, close jointed, leaves long and pointed. Considered by our gardener a good midseason white for commercial purposes. November 16. (Pitcher and Manda.) 1895. 4. Autumn Leaves (Smith)—Flower 6 inches wide; a combina- tion of white, red and yellow, the yellow being confined to the tips of the florets. Habit half dwarf, stem. close jointed, foliage thick and leathery. The combination of color is considered a pleasing one by our gardener. At best December 12. (Spaulding.) 1895. 5. Bigelow, FL. M. (Dorner*)—Good. Flowers 5 to 7 inches, with general appearance of a red dahlia. Florets stiff, a few outer ones reflexed. Stem 50 inches, close jointed; leaves large, heavy, deeply cut. Considered by our gardener a fine, showy variety of a color that is searce among chrysanthemums. Late. (Dorner.) 1895. 6. Biron, M. Georges (Beckertt})—Good. (See Fig. 90.) Flower 6 inches in diameter, bizarre, showing chiefly the reverse side of florets which are strongly whorled. Inner sides of florets maroon, reverse amber-colored. Stem 42 inches, habit slender, leaves long and deeply cut. This eccentric appearance may be incident to development or confined to rare cases, as the flower is advertised to belong to the Viwiand-Morel type. This is recommended chiefly for its oddity and the attention it attracts. November 16. (Calvat.) 1895. 7. Black, Miss Louise D. (Beckert)—Flower 4 to 5 inches in diameter, regular and globular, orange-red. Florets small, semi- tubular and tending’ to incurve. Stem 36 inches, habit slender. A good variety for its type and color. 1895. 8. Bloodgood, Helen (Hillt)—Good. Flower 7 to 8 inches, pink. Florets mostly incurved, the outer ones irregularly reflexed. Stem * Dorner & Son, Lafayette, Indiana. t Beckert & Bros., Glenfield, Pa. } E. G. Hill & Co., Richmond, Indiana. THE 1895 CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 277 52 inches, stout and short jointed; leaves deeply cut. An improve- ment in pinks. The shade is pure, and the color is quite evenly spread over the florets. November 10. (Spaulding.) 1895. 9. Borel, Pres. (Smith)—Flower 8 inches wide, loosely arranged, a striking combination of purple and silver. Stem 56 inches, long jointed, leaves long and narrow. Nov. 18. A French novelty. The colors are either liked or disliked at first sight. (Calvat.) 1895. 93.—Iora. Four-fifths natural size. 10. Brigand (Smith)— Flower 6 inches wide, deep crimson, slightly reflexed. Florets show yellow reverse. Stem 34 inches, close jointed, foliage large and light green. At best Dec. 12. (Spaulding. Raised by Hill.) 1895. 11. Bronze Giant (Smith)— Flowers 6 inches, compactly in- curved. Florets yellow, shaded and splashed with dark red. Stem 278 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, ITHaca, N. Y. 30 inches, long jointed, foliage scant. At best Dec. 5. (Spaul ding.) 1895. } 12. Bryant, Mrs. W. A. (Pitcher & Manda*) — Flower 7 inches, yellow. Habit very tall and slender; stem 5 to 6 feet, long jointed, and strong though very thin; ratvee small and very un- healthy. The color and form of the flower is similar to that of /H. L. Sunderbruch. Nov. 27. (Pitcher & Manda.) 1895. 13. Carnot, Madam (Smith). Very good. (See Fig. 91.) Flower very large (8 inches wide), loose and free, the florets being very limp and graceful and ligulate, pure white. Outer florets reflexed or hanging, the inner ones variously placed. Very tall (4 ft. or over), the stem long jointed, and foliage rather scant. A long keeper and a. most graceful and excellent white. Nov. 10. (Calvat, 1894. Introduced in America by Smith.) 14. Carnot, Mademoiselle (Becker). Good. Much like the last, fully as large or larger, but shows the center, although this defect is not greatly objectionable in a flower of this class. White. Stem 40 inches, long jointed, the foliage rather scant. Nov. 27. Vari- ation of No. 13? ‘ Burt, Hddy. (See Eddy, Burt.) 15. Chipeta (Smith)—Flowers 7 inches wide, closely incurved, showing only the reverse side of the florets, the color of which is compared to that of ripened oak leaves. Stem 46 inches, close jointed, leaves large. At best Nov. 16. (Smith.) 1895. 16. Compton, Miss Georgie (Spauldingt)—Flower in color and shade suggesting a double yellow tulip. Stem 40 inches, close jointed, leaves deeply cut, held well from stem. Nov. 10. (Spaul- ding.) 1895. 17. Crimsona (Beckert)—Very good. (See fig. 92.) Flowers 6 inches wide, dark crimson, the intense color well displayed by the ligulate florets. Stem 40 inches, close jointed, leaves large and deeply cut. Remarkable for the vividness of its deep color and the velvety finish of the florets. Reverse light colored. At best Nov. 27. (W. Jarvis Smith, Pittsburg.) 1895. 18. Crosby, Emma N. (Smith)—Flower 5 inches wide, ae Florets slightly hairy, the outer ones reflexed back to the stem. Habit dwarf. Nov. 20. (Spaulding.) 1895. * Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N. J. t T. H. Spaulding, Orange, N. J. Tap 1895 CHrySANTHEMUMS. 279 19. Crystallima (Smith). Very good. Flower 5 inches in diameter, globular and distinct in form, pure white. Florets are crisp, firm, and stand out radially. Stem 36 inches. At best Nov. 10. This is recommended for its earliness, purity of color, distinet- ness of form and keeping qualities. A secondary color appears with age, the pink being evenly diffused, and not displeasing. (Vaughan.) 1895. 20. Darville, Camille (Smith)—Flower 5 inches in diameter, same+form as Ezeta, pure white. Stem 42 inches, short jointed, foliage light green. At best Nov. 10. (Spaulding.) 1895. De Galbert (see Galbert). 21. Diavola (Smith)—F lower 6 inches wide, dark red, white and light yellow. Reverse of florets silvery red. Florets very wide and thick. Stem 40 inches, close jointed, foliage very thick, and dark green. At best Dec. 12. (Spaulding.) 1895. 22. Dinsmore, W. B. (Pitcher & Manda) — Flower 6 inches in diameter, regularly incurved, golden. Stem 40 inches, close jointed, leaves deeply cut. November 16. Midseason. (Pitcher & Manda.) 1895. 23. Eddy, Burt (Smith)— Flower 6 inches wide. Florets ligulate, purple and white. Stem 28 to 30 inches, very close jointed, foliage small. At best Nov. 16. (Vaughan.) 1895. 24. Hoyptian, The (Hill)—Same as Wellie Hilverson with us. (Hill.) 25. Elverson, Miss Nellie (Hill)—Good. Flowers 6 inches, incurving, showing the reverse. Inner side of florets dark red, reverse bronze. Stem 44 inches, close jointed, leaves large. Nov. 25. A good exhibition flower. (Hill.) 1895. 26. Hvening Star (Beckert)— Flower large, 6 inches across. Outer florets reflexed, the inner ones spreading and whorled, show- ing the center, semi-double; color old gold and salmon. Stocky, 30 inches high. Nov. 16. Odd. 27. Hxperiment (Smith.) Flowers 6 inches wide, white, very loose and spreading. Florets narrow and twisted at the apex. Stem 46 inches, leaves small. Advertised “delicate shrimp pink.” Dee. 23. (Spaulding.) 1895. 28. Hzeta (Smith.) Good. ‘An improved Rohaillon.” Flowers 5 inches in diameter, pure yellow, and distinct in form. Stem 59 inches, close jointed, leaves large and thick. At best Noy. 16. The form of the flower head is globular, the general effect is one of 280 AcricuLTURAL ExppRIMEent Station, IrHaca, N. Y. regularity. (See Fig. 88 floret No. 15.) Recommended for earli- ness, purity of color, distinctness of form, and lasting qualities. (Smith). 1895. 29. Falconer, Jennie (Smith) Flowers 6 inches in diameter, lemon yellow, globular. Florets broad, margins incurved and cupped. Nov. 25. Considered by our gardener a very good mid- season yellow. (Spaulding.) 1895. 94.—Northern Lights. Three-fifths natural size. 30. Fitzewygram, Lady (Beckert)— Poor. Flower 4 inches, white. Half dwarf. Not equal to advertised merits. (H. J. Jones.) 1895. 31. Galbert, Mile. M. A. de (Beckert) — Flowers 6 inches, pure white. Florets broad, incurved, a few outer ones reflexed. Stem 40 inches ; foliage scant. Nov. 19. (D. Calvat.) 1895. Tue 1895 CHrRYSANTHEMUMS. 281 32. Gardiner, Mrs. John (Beckert) — Flowers 5 inches, yellow, incurved. Stem 32 inches, long jointed, leaves small. Early. Nov. 3. (H. J. Jones.) 1895. 33. Genevieve (Vaughan) — Flower medium in size, 5 inches across. Florets straight or slightly reflexed, tlhe inner ones white and the outer ones splashed with pink. Stem 30 inches, weak, the foliage small. Nov. 10. (Vaughan.) 1895. 34. Gilt Edge (Smith)— Poor. Flowers medium in size, 5 inches across, the florets very narrow. Color yellow tipped bronze. Stem 30 inches, close jointed. Nov. 19. (W. Jarvis Smith, Pitts- burgh, Pa.) 1895. 35. Gold Dust (Smith)— Flower 8 inches wide, pure yellow. Inner florets incurved, outer ones reflexed, and somewhat hairy. Stem 28 inches, short jointed, leaves deeply cut and of rank growth. Not as hairy as L’ Enfant des deux Mondes. Nov. 20. (Hill.) 1895. 36. Haggard, Rider (Smith)— Good. Large-flowered anemone. Flower 9 to 104 inches. Ray florets light pink, disk florets a darker pink, the inner ones tipped with yellow. Habit very tall. Stem 60 inches, leaves small. Nov. 10. Recommended for its striking oddity. Mrs. F. Gordon Deuter. (Picture on title page of Bulletin 91 gives an idea of the form.) This is not a new variety, but the size has been greatly increased. Attracted universal attention among visitors and much dislike. (H. J. Jones.) 1895. 37. Halloween (Smith) —Very good. Flower head 7 inches wide and flat. Florets incurved and quilled, the tubular portion a lighter pink than the ligulate portion. This variety has as much individ- uality as Vorthern Lights, which has similar colors, but asomewhat different development. Nov. 25. (Hill) 1895. 38. Heacock Esther (Smith)— Flower incurved, yellow. A sport from Ada Spaulding. Stem 30 inches, close jointed, foliage good. Nov. 10. (Spaulding.) 1895. 39. Hersylea (Sunset Seed and Plant Co.)— Flower large, 6 inches across. Outer florets slightly reflexed, the inner ones upright and cupped. Color good golden yellow. Growth rather slender: foliage oak-leaved. Stem 40 inches. Nov. 16. (Sunset Seed and Plant Co.) 1895. 40. Higinbotham, Mrs. (Smith) — Good. Flower 9 inches wide, incurving, showing the center, hairy, pink. Florets ineurving, cup- ping, and even more hairy than those of Louis Boehmer. Stem 40 282 AGRICULTURAL EXPHRIMENT Sration, IrHaca, N. Y. inches, close jointed, leaves large and very dark green. A gain in size over L. Boehmer. Nov. 16. (Spaulding. Raised by Hill.) 1895. 41. Hole, Dean (Smith)— Flower 8 inches, white and pink. Stem 36 to 40 inches, foliage large, drooping to stem. Nov. 26. (May.) 1895. 42. Hurley, Mrs. Wm. H. (Beckert)-- Poor. Flower large, 6 inches across; florets slightly reflexed. Color buff. Growth slender, the stem 20 inches high. Nov. 10. (Graham.) 1895. 43. Jora (Smith)-- Very Good. (See Fig. 98.) Not a new variety. Flower 6 inches in diameter. Florets tubular, pink. The color is a delicate shade evenly diffused throughout. Recommended for exhibition and pot culture. Nov.16. (Smith.) 1894. 44. Jayne (Smith) — Flower 4 inches wide, dark rose color, the shade of Mrs. Murdock. Stem 30 inches, long jointed, leaves nearly entire. Nov. 27. (Vaughan.) 1895. 45. Johnson, Miss M. M. (Hull) — Very good. Flower 5 inches in diameter, loosely ineurved, gobular, golden yellow. Florets wide, incurved. Stem 24 inches, foliage good. Recommended for purity of color, earliness, and dwarf habit. Nov. 5. (Hill.) 1895. 46. Lager, J. £. (Smith)— Good. (See title page.) Flower 6 inches wide, bright yellow, irregular in general form, and irregular as to florets, which show varying degrees of tubularity and are irreg- ularly reflexed. Stem 40 to 45 inches and stout, leaves good. Recommended for earliness, and keeping qualities. This is not as good as Mrs. W. H. Rand (see Fig. 95), an early yellow of the same class. Nov. 23. (Pitcher & Manda.) 1895. 47. Latest Fad (Beckert) — Flower 8 inches wide, yellow. Florets tubular, the outer reflexed. Stem 30 to 36 inches, close jointed, leaves small. Dec.5. Considered by our gardener a good variety for growing single blooms in pots. (Spaulding.) 1895. 48. Leech, Katherine (Beckert)—-Good. Flower very large, 7 inches across. Florets loosely reflexed, the central ones erect or spreading. Color clear buff. Strong, short-jointed grower, 25 to 30 inches high. Nov. 16. (Graham.) 1895. 49. Masse, Marie (Beckert) —Flower medium in size, the florets reflexed. Color pink, with a purpletinge. Very early and dwarf. Stem 12 inches. Oct. 20. English, 50. Meige, La (Beckert)—Flower 5 inches wide, white. Florets Tun 1895 CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 283 broad, waxy. Stem 28 inches, close jointed, deeply cut. Very late. Dec. 26. (Calvat.) 1895. 51. Millbrook (Dorner)—Very good. Flower 7 inches, tubular. The ligulate portion of florets a bright red, tubular portion a salmon bronze. Stem 40 to 55 inches, close jointed, leaves large and held well to flower. The combination of colors is unique and attractive. Nov. 20. (Dorner.) 1895. 52. Mirabeau, Mme. Octavie (Beckert)—Good. Flower rather large. Florets long and loose, color a delicate shade of silvery pink. Stem 30 inches high, long jointed. Nov. 28. Very attrac- tive and odd. 53. Molin, Mme. C. (Beckert)—F lower 8 inches, loosely arranged, pure white. Outer florets reflexed. Stem 40 inches, close jointed, leaves light green, long. Nov. 25. (Calvat.) 1895. 54. Mortillet, M. de (Beckert)—F lower 5 inches wide, incurved. Outer florets red, inner bronze and yellow, reverse buff. Stem 44 inches, foliage unhealthy. (Calvat.) 1895. 55. Murdock, Mrs. S. T. (Dorner)—Flower 6 to 7 inches, incurved, pink. Stem 36 to 40 inches, very short jointed, leaves large, deeply cut, dark green. Nov. 25. (Dorner.) 1895. 56. Murray, Mrs. R.W. FE. (Beckert)—Very good. Flower 5 inches wide, 4 inches deep, white, loosely incurved showing centre. Florets are cut or toothed in such a manner as to give the general effect of hairiness. (See Fig. 88, No. 13.) Stem 46 inches, close jointed, leaves small. A good late exhibition variety. Recom- mended for purity of color, individuality of form, and lateness. Centre not objectionable. Stands test of close scrutiny as well as that of general effect. Not to be confused with Mr. R. W. E. Murray. (Syn. Mrs. Geo. W. Pullman.) (H. J. Jones, England.) 1895. 57. Noisette, Paul (Vaughan*)—Flower of medium size, 4 inches across. Outer florets reflexed, the inner ones ineurved. Color dull yellow. Dwarf (15 inches high). ‘The foliage small. Nov. 10. (Vaughan.) 1895. 58. Northern Lights (Beckert)—Very good. (See Fig. 94.) Flower 8 inches in diameter, quilled, pink. Stem 46 inches, close jointed, foliage very good. Midseason. Nov. 25. Recommended for distinctness of form, and keeping qualities. The spiral condi- * J.C. Vaughan, Chicago. 95.—Mrs. W. H. Rand. Five-eighths natural size. THE 1895 CHRrYSANTHEMUMS. 285 tion of development shown in Fig. 94 is succeeded by stages of growth that are perhaps even more attractive. (W. Jarvis Smith, Pittsburg.) 1895. 59. Nyanza (Smith)—Good. Flower 6 inches in diameter, high built. Florets incurved, cherry red, reverse golden, very broad and strong. Stem 45 inches, close jointed; leaves finely cut. Suitable for cutting Nov. 20. In fine condition Nov. 27. Striking form and color. Keeps well. (Smith.) 1895. 60. Oakland (Dorner)—Good. Flower 6 inches in diameter, dark red or terra cotta, very double and spherical. Outer florets reflexed, inner ones slightly incurved, the margins revolute in every ease. Stem 50 to 60 inches. At best Nov. 5. Good Nov. 25 Recommended for distinctness of form and color, earliness and keeping qualities. (Dorner.) 1895. 61. Octoroon (Smith)—Flower resembles Vellie Elverson. Star 40 inches, close jointed; leaves dark green, think and stiff. Dec. 5. (Smith.) 1895. 62. O Farrel, Miss Elma (Dorner)—Good. Flower medium sized, very evenly reflexed, magenta red. Stem 36 to 40 inches, close-jointed, leaves deeply eut and drooping to stem, held well up to flower. Dec. 12. Recommended for those who desire a dark red, late in the season. (Dorner.) 1895. 68. Orange Child (Beckert)—Poor. Flower medium in size, 4 inches across, zinnia-shaped. Color dull yellow. Half-dwarf; foliage small. Nov. 16. (W. Piercy, Forest Hill, London.) 64. Palmer, Mrs. Potter (Hill)—Flower 7 inches wide. Florets incurved of heavy texture, rose pink with silver reverse. Stem 46 inches, long-jointed, foliage dark green. A show variety with good keeping qualities. Nov. 16. (Walz.) 1895. 65. Parker, Jr., Mrs. J. M. (Hill)—Flower 6 inches wide, pink, showing the centre. Outer florets somewhat tubular. Stem 30 inches. Must be cut early as the centre is a decided disadvantage. The shade of pink is equal to that of Viwiand-Morel, but scarcely better. Very early. At best Nov. 8. (Spaulding.) 1895. 66. Pauckoucke, M. (Beckert)—Flower 10 inches, lemon colored, loose and sprawling, the outer florets drooping to the stem; inner florets twisting toward centre. Stem 44 inches, very stocky, close- jointed, leaves large. Nov. 10. (Calvat.) 1895, 67. Pauckoucke, Mlle. Theresa (Beckert)—F lower 8 inches wide, pure white. Stem 46 inches. Dec. 12. (Calvat.) 1895. 286 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. 68. Philadelphia (Hill)—Good. Flowers 6 to 8 inches in diameter, light yellow, loosely incurved and whorled. The color changes with growth toward creamy white, the tips of florets being somewhat darker. Stem 36 inches, stiff, close-jointed. Nov. 16. Recommended for its class. (Graham.) 1895. 69. Pitcher, Miss Georgiana (Pitcher and Manda)—Very good. Flower 6 inches in diameter, globular, loosely incurved, bright yellow. Type of Golden Dragon. Stem 36 inches, unusually stout, foliage broad, thick and rank. Nov. 10. (Pitcher and Manda.) 1895. 70. Ladiance (Hill)—Poor. Flower 6 inches in diameter, golden, loosely incurved. Florets wide. Habit dwarf. Stem 24 inches. Early. Keeps well, but is by no means pure yellow as advertised. Much red is irregularly distributed. Nov. 10. (Hill.) 1895. 71. Rand, Mrs. W. H. (Hill)—Very good. (See Fig. 95.) Flowers 8 inches wide, pure yellow, looking like a mass of tangled yellow thread. Florets show much irregularity especially in the degree of laciniation and tubularity. Stem 24 to 30 inches, leaves small. Recommended for earliness, purity of color, individuality of form, and remarkable keeping qualities. Comments on the form ranged from “informal,” “free,” ‘ pleasing,” and “irreg- ular,” to “odd,” “fantastic” and “eccentric.” It is worth noticing that the individual florets are far more irregular than the flower head in its general effect. Compare J/. /. Lager, title page. Nov. 10. (Vaughan.) 1895. 72. Reynolds, Maude D. (Smith)—Flower 9 inches, high built, canary yellow. Outer florets reflexed irregularly. Stem 38 inches, close jointed. Nov. 25. (Spaulding.) 1895. 73. Robinson, Mrs. Henry (Beckert, Smith)—Very good. (See Fig. 96.) Flower 7 to 9 inches in diameter, globular, incurved, pure white. Florets wide. Stem 36 inches, foliage good. Nov. 10. Recommended for great size, purity of color, earliness and keeping qualities. A popular vote of visitors would probably have given this the first place over the entire collection. (Pitcher and Manda.) 1895. 74. Rieman, W. H. (Hill) — Flower 6 inches in diameter, in- curved, very high built. yellow. Outer florets often tubular. Stem 30 inches, close jointed, foliage well up to flower. Nov. 24. (Hill.) 1895. Tue 1895 CurysANTHEMUMS. 287 15. Shavings (Smith)— Good. (See Fig. 97.) Flowers small, only 3 inches in diameter, unique in form. Florets twisted and curled, inner side reddish, outer bronze or straw colored. Stem 36 inches, close jointed, foliage good. Midseason. Nov. 16. Recom- mended solely for its novelty and oddity. (Vaughan.) 1895. 76. Smith, Mrs. A. W. (Beckert) — Flower rather large. Florets reflexed. Color shell pink. Of Viviand-Morel type of color. Four feet high, close jointed, the foliage deeply cut. Nov. 19. (W. Jarvis Smith, Pittsburg.) 1895. 17. Spaulding, Mrs. Gladys (Hill)— Good. Flower 4 to 6 inches in diameter, high built, white, incurved. Stem 32 inches, long jointed, leaves small. At best Nov. 10. Good Nov. 25. (Spaul- ding.) 1895. 78. Starin, Mrs. J. H. (Smith)— Good to very good. Flower large, about 6 inches across and 5 inches high. A few outer florets reflexed, the remainder incurved. White. Stem nearly 4 feet, strong. Nov. 25. One of the best midseason and long-keeping whites. (Pitcher & Manda.) 1894. 79. Sunrise (Smith)— Flower 9 inches wide, showing centre. Florets broad, of heavy texture, terra cotta, reverse old gold. Stem 40 inches, close jointed; leaves large and thick. Nov. 10. Same class as Hua Knowles. (May.) 1895. 80. Sunset Pink (Sunset Seed & Plant Co.)— Flower large, 7 inches across. Outer florets horizontal, the inner incurved and making a high center. Color pink. Stem 40 inches high, short jointed. Nov. 19. 1895. 81. Thalia (Smith) — Flowers 6 to 7 inches in diameter. Florets lavender, opening loosely, but incurving to a firm head. Stem 40 inches, very close jointed, foliage large, drooping, completely cover- ing the stem. Nov. 10. (Smith.) 1895. 82. Trilby (Smith) — Flower 6 inches wide, pure white. Florets of very heavy texture, the outer reflexed, Stem 36 inches, close jointed, foliage large, dark green, drooping to stem. Dee. 10. (May.) 1895. 83. Troy, J. H. (Smith) — Flower 5 inches in diameter, incurved Japanese, pure white. Stem 40 inches, close jointed, foliage scant. (Advertised to be ready for cutting Oct. 5 to 9.) This would rank very high among the early, pure white, incurved varieties if it were not so much exceeded in size and form by Mrs. Henry Lobinson. Nov. 10. (Pitcher and Manda.) 1895. 288 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Srarvion, IrHaca, N. Y. 84. Valleau, Marie (Smith)— Flower 6 inches in diameter, globular, light pink, slightly hairy. Florets broad, heavy texture, the outer reflexed. Stem 40 to 45 inches, short jointed, leaves large, deeply cut, and held well from the stem. Nov. 20. (Spaul- ding.) 1895. . Np » N 1 t Hy i] poss \\ SS ay ——— S Za — Vass 1) Sehnert ta hf 96.—Mrs. Henry Robinson. Half size. Se Nigh Pet : Y : set ele stax 85. Wakeley, Dr. A. W.(Smith)— Flower 6 inches in diameter. Florets wide, incurved, loosely arranged, light red, with light pink reverse. Stem 24 inches; leavessmall. At best Nov. 20. (Spauld- ing.) 1895. 86. Walz, Fred (Bock) — Flower 5 inches wide, pink and white. Reverse and tips of inner florets silvery. Stem 30 inches. Nov. 16; (Bock.) 1895. Toe 1895 CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 289 87. White, Mrs. J. H. (Hill) — Flower 6 to 7 inches, reflexed, crimson. Stem 30 to 40 inches, short jointed, foliage very thick. It seems doubtful whether this is any improvement is the much de- sired dark shades of which Cudlingfordi in the historic example. There was considerable variation among the specimens as to time and manner of blooming, color and stature. Neither was “ extra dwarf.” 1895. 88. Wynne, ose (Smith) — Flower very large, 7 inches across, loose, silvery pink. Stem 3 feet, very stout and close jointed, and of distinct appearance. Nov. 16. (Rob’t Owen, Maidenhead, Eng., 1894. Introduced in America by Hill, 1895.) 89. Zipangi (Smith) — Flower 6 inches wide, very high built. Outer florets reflexed showing dark red, inner ones incurved show- ing buff reverse. Stem 48 inches; leaves large. Nov. 16. (Smith.) 1895. 90. Zulinda (Smith) — Flower similar to that of Holloween, but smaller. Stem 384 inches, very close jointed; leaves large, very dark green. Dec. 5. (Smith.) 1895. Mr. Miller’s synopsis of varieties— The names of the varieties in the following selection are not arranged in a fashion that is de- signed to be complete or systematic, but simply helpful. The arrangement aims to save persons of limited time the labor of read- ing through a long list of new varieties alphabetically arranged. Florists, gardeners and others who visited our forcing-houses were constantly asking such questions as these: ‘‘ Whereis your biggest blossom?” ‘*Have you any good pink varieties?” ‘‘What new colors are there in hairy varieties?” ‘ Will yougive me the names of some good quilled sorts?” The following list attempts to answer just such questions: Varieties of great size.— Mrs. Henry Robinson, Rider Haggard, Mrs. Higinbotham, Helen Bloodgood, Mrs. W. H. Rand, Northern Lights. Varieties of single, strong colors.— White.— Mrs. Henry Robinson, Chrystallina, Mrs. R. W. E. Murray. Yellow.—Mrs. W. H. Rand, Miss Georgiana Pitcher, Ezeta, Miss M. M. Johnson. Pink.— Helen Bloodgood, Mrs. Gamer Crimson.— Orimsona. Dark red.— Miss Elma O’Farrell, Oakland. 19 290 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. Good combinations of colors.— W. W. Astor, Millbrook. Early varieties.— White.— Mrs. Henry Robinson, Chrystallina. Yellow.— Mrs. W. H. Rand, Miss Georgiana Pitcher, Miss M. M. Johnson. Light yellow.— Philadelphia. Pink.— Mrs. Higinbotham, Marie Masse. Dark red.— Oakland. Midseason varieties.— White.— F. L. Atkins. Yellow.— Ezeta. Crimson.— Crimsona. Late varieties.— White.— Mrs. R. W. E. Murray. Red.— E. M. Bigelow, Miss Elma O’ Farrell. Tall. — Rider Haggard, Oakland. Dwarf. — Miss M. M. Johnson, Marie Masse, Paul Noisette. Hairy. — Mrs. Higinbotham. Quilled. — Hallowe’en, Northern Lights, Millbrook. Tuer 1895 CurysANTHEMUMS. 991 Tubular. —Jora, Mrs. R. W. E. Murray. Keeping qualities. —Crystallina, Ezeta, Oakland, Mrs. W. H. Rand, Mrs. J. H. Starin. Good for exhibition blooms.— W. W. Astor, M. Georges Biron, Crimsona, Crystallina, Mrs. Higinbotham, Millbrook, Mrs. R. W. E. Murray, Miss Georgiana Pitcher, Mrs. Henry Robinson, Mrs. W. H. Rand, Northern Lights, Shavings. } Strong individuality of form. — Crystallina, Ezeta, Shavings, Mrs. W. H. Rand, W. W. Astor, Hallowe’en, Northern Lights, Millbrook. Large Anemone. — Rider Haggard. Varieties showing the reverse colors. — Miss Nellie Elverson, M. Georges Biron. Velvety finish of florets. — Crimsona. Odd, striking, fanciful, eccentric, ete. —W. W. Astor, M. Georges Biron, Rider Haggard, Mme. Octavie Mirabeau, Mrs. W. H. Rand, Shavings. Mr. iUunn's choice of varieties—It is a difficult matter among so many varieties of exceptional merit to name those possessing the greatest number of valuable points, as different methods of growing and varied soils will often so change the character of a variety that one is compelled to constantly revise his opinion. The following list is not an arbitrary selection, but it simply gives the results obtained here in 1895: Waiter. Early. Late. Mrs. Henry Robinson, The Queen, Madame Carnot, Mlle. Carnot, Crystallina, F. L. Atkins, Miss Gladys Spaulding, Mrs. J. H. Starin, Mrs. R. W. E. Murray, Pink. Tora, Northern Lights, Helen Bloodgood, Mrs. 8. T. Murdock, Mrs. Potter Palmer, Marion Abbott, Mrs. J. M. Parker, Jr. Marie Valleau. © 292 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, ITHaca, N. Y. YELLOW. Mrs. W. A. Rand, W. B. Dinsinore, J. E. Lager, Jennie Falconer, Miss Georgiana Pitcher, Ezeta, Louise A. Black, W. H. Rieman. Mrs. M. M. Johnson. Rep. M. Georges Biron, E. M. Bigelow, Mrs. J. H. White. Nyanza, Crimsona, Miss Nellie Elverson, Millbrook, Diavola, Hallowe’en. Mr. Bailey’s choice of sia.— . Mrs. Henry Robinson (Fig. 96). . Mrs. W. H. Rand (Fig, 95). . Crimsona (Fig. 92). . Lora (Fig. 93). . Madame Carnot (Fig. 91). . Miss Georgiana Pitcher. oO OF RH OF ND eH In this test of 90 novelties, we thought that the following twelve showed superlative (“very good”) merits (excluding the varieties which are simply odd or curious) . Madame Carnot, Crimsona, Orystallina, Hallowe’en, Iora, Miss M. M. Johnson, Millbrook, Mrs. R. W. E. Murray, Northern Lights, Miss Georgiana Pitcher, Mrs. W. H. Rand, Mrs. Henry Robinson. L. H. BAILEY, WILHELM MILLER, C. E. HUNN. BULLETIN 113—February, 1896. Cornell University—Agricultural Experiment Station, ITHACA, N. Y. HORTICULTURAL .DEPARTMENT. iS eo >, OLS i Gi fZ dA LA j Ss, 7 \\' fk if f| ft |) H AN) Hen, Hus T11 KI By E. G. Lopeman. ORGANIZATION. Board of Control—The Trustees of the University. STATION COUNCIL. President, JACOB GOULD SCHURMAN. HONORABLE ACD WELD Eis cn cemeeeeeises cis +s\cete ~~ Trustee of the University. PROFESSOR 1) Pi; ROBERTS ~~ 22522 eee eee President State Agricultural Society. IPRORESSORAL > ROBE RLS i eseeeeeereeenciccc « «cc ces oon aac ieee Agriculture. IPROKESSOR G. ©: CALD W Elliee-seeo eee pins. --'-= 0--- eecocwccee Chemistry. PROEESSOR DAMES VA W).\.comeeeeeeeiemeritiacm:- <5 secs once Veterinary Science. PROWESS OR WAG IN a ER EIN HLS Oo e eee ee miele ainpa.cra ais 2h «sini, Seemeeneletsinte Botany. IPRORESSOR cL. COMS TOC Keren eaten serena are 12) == e105 omer Entomology. PRONESSOR li. EH. BAUD Neeser eeeeeaieeacio= 3 << ccs occlecinaiesan Horticulture. PROFESSOR VE, OH, WING soos ste eee sekeanie~ ais « m-jccyooee Dairy Husbandry. IPROPERSOR G.BaAT RINGO Noe meee ae Sinan os oc.cne- Cryptogamic Botany. TP RO BERD Sect secon cee eee eee ciccie cas sscaenisewoceemeces Director. Te WAU DAMS san spec eee scl clcincvos's cle nleeisiciesisieinetaani= Treasurer. V5 (aN ets 0 tf ble (oe i Sco bos (OBE > SEC nee ete BOO ISO Sr ara i- Clerk ASSISTANTS. MM. Vers uINGHRIGAIN Dio: ae eerie ee adectocie's| <2 sisinn oecinjea sane Entomology. GSW oh CASVFAN ANU G Eley ee aoe esee teleiintaatiaisisin qinie losis sina sie a) se eves ereher ale Chemistry. AG OD HMA N 222s. senate ae eee cee aio= ones scales sees Horticulture. A ACE ON ees. cc eee eee I Sok aioe o ane ove See a Agriculture. Bd a eee po AN ele ie Oia a sn \sin bis) v'aconin sidwr\a'swaimane s\iieie Botany. Office of the Director, 20 Morrill Hall. The regular bulletins of the Station are sent free to all who request them. BULLETINS OF 1896. 106. Revised Opinions of the Japanese Plum. 107. Wireworms and The Bud Moth. 108. The Pear Psylla and The New York Plum Seale. 109. Geological History of the Chautauqua Grape Belt. 110. Extension Work in Horticulture. 111. Sweet Peas. 112. The 1895 Chrysanthemums. 113. Diseases of the Potato. Cornet University, Irnaca, N. Y., February 20, 1896. Honorable Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany: Sir. — For a number of years the farmers of western New York have been asking for light upon the insidious and serious diseases of the potato crop. A special effort has been made during the past season to study these troubles, and although the season was unusually dry and therefore not very productive of some diseases, the results of the investigations seem to be so useful that they are submitted for publication and distribution under Chapter 230 of the Laws of 1895. Loe BATLEN SYNOPSIS. Part I. Fungi. Pages 297 to 321. A. Descriptions of the fungous diseases, 297 to 312. 1. Potato rut, late blight, or downy mildew, 297. 2. Early blight, or leaf-blight, 302. 3. Potato scab, 309. B. Treatments of the fungous diseases, 312 to 321. 1. Potato rot or late blight, 312. 2. Early blight, 312. 3. Potato seab, 318. Part II. Insects, 322 to 324. 1. Potato beetle, 322. 2. Flea-beetles, 323. Part III. Machinery for spraying potatoes, 325 to 328. Summary, 329. Hisrortcat Norres on tHE Porato DIsEase. ‘The most easy way to scourge the land, and force it to yield speedy returns, was by growing crops of potatoes, which are largely productive, but at the same time specially exhaustive of the mineral wealth of the soil. An average crop of potatoes robs the soil of the seed constituents of between three and four average crops of wheat. The tenants were too poor, and if they had been rich had no inducement, by the tenure of their land, to restore to the soil, through adequate manuring, the heavy demands which had been made on its fertility. At the time of the famine in 1846, nearly one-fourth of the land undercrops was devoted to potatoes. And even now, out of every 100 acres devoted to green crops in Ireland, 71 are still given to potatoes —a proportion nearly three times greater than that in Scotland, and six times greater than that of England. * * * “The striking deterioration of the potato produce in Ireland deserves much more attention than it has received, but can only be slightly alluded to in the present essay. From 1601, when Raleigh introduced it into Ireland, the erop grew steadily in favor with the Irish peasantry until 1845, in which year the largest amount of acreage was devoted to it, and fine crops of six and seven tons to the acre were habitually and persistently attained. The famine came, and, as Irish agriculturists assert, the nature of the potato was altered by the disease of 1846, and its produetive power was lessened ; at least this is given as the explanation of its present low position among Irish crops. It is no longer the potato which is the farmer’s chief source of profit in Ireland.” (‘‘Recess Studies,” edited by Sir Alexander Grant, pp. 250-251.) “Tf, then, the loss to Ireland is £3,500,000, we should be glad to know how mucb the total loss will have been when the destruction in England, Wales and Scotland is taken into account. To place the latter at £1,500,000 is no very ex- travagant assumption ; and if so, this country has lost five millions of money by the potato murrain.” (Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1846, pp. 217.) ““ Copper Smoke a Preventive of Potato Disease.—In the district about Meath and Swansea ‘wherever the copper smoke prevails,’ was the expression of an intelligent inhabitant with whom I fell into conversation, the potatoes are sound, and the same person informed me it was also the case last year. I can verify the fact so far as the present appewrance of the crop, as seen from the mail-coach roof can be considered a verification ; but Istate it with a view of in- ducing more particular inquiry into it. You are, I dare say, aware the district I speak of is crowded with copper smelting furnaces.”’—( Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1846, p. 582.) ante. Fong A. DESCRIPTION OF FUNGOUS DISEASES. 1. Porato RoT; LATE BLIGHT; DOWNY MILDEW (Phytophthora infestans, DeBary).— The fungus causing the common potato.-rot is an old offender. It was undoubtedly introduced into Europe with some of the early importations of the potato, and has in certain years proved so destructive that famines have resulted from the entire loss of the potato crop. Such occurrences eventually lead to thorough study of the organism. As early as 1846, the fungus causing the trouble was very carefully described in an English publication,* and since that time other observers have given the disease much attention. It has spread to all regions in which pota- toes are extensively grown, so that both scientists and farmers are very familiar with many of its characteristics. The most interesting feature connected with the fungus is undoubtedly the wonderful energy which it exhibits, under favor- able conditions, in the destruction of the potato plants. It some- times spreads with such rapidity that a crop may be ruined in one or two days; and unfavorable conditions, or the total destruction of the plants, formerly appeared to be the only effectual agents in pre- venting or checking the spread of the dreaded disease. This rapid decay of both the foliage and tubers is perhaps the most distinctive of those characters which are commonly brought forward for the identification of the disease. It is almost invariably accompanied by a strong, disagreeable odor which is easily recognized by all who have once experienced it. When large fields have been attacked, the smell is particularly strong; it then arises entirely from the foliage, and is not produced by the tubers. The conditions which favor such rapid decay are, as a rule, not generally present throughout this state. The fungus makes its *Rev. M. J. Berkeley, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, Vol. I. 298 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. most rapid growth ina temperature of about 70° F. when much moisture is present in the atmosphere. Cloudy days, with occa- sional showers, and a close damp air are especially favorable to its growth ; and if such periods occur during August and September, the disease may appear at any time. But, on the contrary, if the season is dry and hot the fungus is unable to develop, and little or no injury of this nature can appear. It is for this reason that the potato rot is not a regular visitor in most parts'of the state, but is more generally confined to certain localities. These are found in the more northern potato districts, in the regions near the sea coast, and in some parts which havea high altitude. In such places the fungus may develop regularly every year, and the severity of the attack will be modified chiefly by abnormal atmospheric con- ditions. The fungus causing the late blight of potatoes passes the winter in two forms. The mycelium, or vegetative portion of the parasite, may retain its vitality until the following spring, when growth may again begin and further attacks of the fungus take place. These are followed perhaps by less serious results than those which result from the other form. This second method of surviving the winter is effected by means of a small fruiting body known as an oospore. It is surrounded by a comparatively hard covering and is able to resist considerable extremes of temperature and moisture. The spores are produced in the fall within the tissues of the potato plant, and here they remain until the following spring or summer. By the gradual decay of the surrounding tissues these spores become liberated and when dry may easily be spread over wide areas by means of winds and other natural agencies. Those which even- tually rest upon potato foliage soon germinate under proper condi- tions, and reproduce the fungus at the new point of infection. Here the development of the parasite takes place so fast that in a very short time such places become centers from which the disease is rapidly disseminated. The manner in which the germ tube of a spore penetrates the tissues is interesting. It is now generally believed that the ends of the tube secrete a ferment which has the power of dissolving the walls of the cells comprising the outer layer of leaf tissue. When such an opening has been made, the small thread of the parasite enters and it then rapidly extends to other cells, and soon DISEASES OF THE POTATO. 299 the entire’destruction of the leaf may be accomplished. A stoma, or breathing pore may also serve as a point of entrance. The rapidity with which the fungus advances within the leaf tissues depends very largely upon external conditions, and the appearances of the affected parts is also modified to a very consider- able extent. Unfavorable conditions frequently render the identifi- cation of the parasite a difficult matter without the aid of a glass, but under such circumstances the disease may be fairly widespread and still cause little injury. In serious attacks, however, many characteristic symptoms may be easily recognized. The colored plate represents a leaf which has been entered in several places by the fungus causing late blight, or potato rot. The growth of the parasite has been rapid, and the illustration may be considered as a typical example in which the normal development of the disease has taken place. The following points should be noted : The diseased areas are of considerable extent, and possess a rich brown color, They may be situated in any part of the leaf, but the edges appear to suffer more from new infection than the more cen- tral portions of the leaflets. This is probably due to the fact that in case of rains these portions remain moist for a longer period than the center, since the water drains to the lower parts of the leaflets, and collects there in the form of drops of greater or less size. Itis to be expected that under such conditions a fungus could gain an entrance more easily than in drier places. The de- cayed portions are inclined to droop; this is especially true in cases of rapid invasions, for at such times the parts do not dry so fast as the parasite advances. The rapid decay also prevents the edges of the leaflets from curling, although this takes place when the air becomes warm and dry. The distribution of colors over the affeeted leaf is very sug- gestive. Under normal conditions, the unaffected parts retain a deep green color, while the diseased area may be yellowish-brown, dark brown, or nearly black. But whatever the color, each area is sharply outlined. Thereis no gradual merging of one into the other, but a distinct change of color marks the progress of the disease. Occasionally another peculiarity may be noticed. If the leaves are closely examined it will be found that the green and the brown areas are not directly in contact with each other; they are 500 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. separated by a narrow strip in which the green has been destroyed, and the brown has not yet appeared. It consists of a colorless or at most a very pale yellow line in which the growth of the fungus is probably very active. But during periods which are unfavorable to the development of the parasite this line cannot be discerned, and the green and brown tissues are apparently in contact. Under such circumstances the identification of the disease without the aid of a microscope is an exceedingly difficult matter. Let us suppose that the fungus has succeeded in gaining an entrance, and that it has ad- vanced a limited distance in the leaf tissues. If at this time the weather should turn dry and hot, the development of the parasites would be checked, and the result would be the formation of a small brown spot or area perhaps near the edge of the leaflet, and if several such spots exist the injury might be ascribed,without careful examination, to what is commonly known asthe early blight fungus. The name “downy mildew” has been given to the potato rot disease from the fact that there appears, under favorable cireum- stances, a downy or mouldy growth upon the under surface of the leaves. This is white in color and may be of considerable density. The upper surface of the foliage does not show it, but whenever this frost-like growth appéars on the under side, it is almost certain that the potato rot fungus is present, especially if the other conditions mentioned above are also present. This external growth consists of spores and of the parts bearing them. The spores, or conidia, mature very quickly, and have the power of immediately propagating the fungus. They are small and light, and may be carried long distances by winds. It is largely owing to these bodies that the progress of this potato disease isso rapid. They are produced in countless numbers and are very energetic in attacking healthy tissue. It appears to be very probable, also, that these conidia, or summer spores, are the cause of the rotting of the tubers. After maturing upon the leaf, some fall. to the ground and by means of water and other mechanical agents they are brought in contact with the tubers growing under- neath the surface of the soil. Here they germinate and effect an entrance in the same manner as occurs above ground. The color of the affected parts also changes, a brown, dry rot taking the place of the normal white color (see Fig. 98). The more slowly the tubers decay, the less is the amount of moisture DISEASES OF THE POTATO. 301 present; the contrary is also true. The decay does not take place in a uniform manner, but its progress varies in different tubers. In some it is mostly the parts near the surface that are affected, while in otbers the disease may advanee rapidly towards the center of the tuber, causing the exterior to show a much smaller amount of disease than is ac- tually present. The discoloration, however, generally presents a uniform appearance. Although it is by no means impossible for the mycelium to reach the tubers from the leaves by means of the stems, still it is the gen- erally accepted opinion that infection does not take place in this man- ner. This belief was was held many years ago, for in some of the earlier writings recom- mendations may be found in which very high hilling is advocated so that the spores may be washed past ,the tubers and away from them, and not through the soil directly to them. There is still another feature of the late blight which it is well to bear in mind. The disease generally appears during August and September, although earlier and later attacks are not very rare. Coming so late in the season, all the earlier varieties are comparatively free from attack, but the later ones are especially (Plytophthora infestans.) 98.—Potato tubers affected with dry rot, 302 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTION, ITHAcA, N. Y. subject to the disease. This, however, is not necessarily due to the foliage of such varieties being more susceptible, but rather to the habits of the fungus. I have not observed that the age of the potato plants has a marked influence upon the spread of the disease; nor that the young foliage of the plants is less subject to the disease. It appears as if the parasite is able to thrive upon all potato foliage which is in a healthy condition at the time of the germination of the spores, and that old and young foliage or plants suffer practically to an equal extent. This mat- ter is here emphasized because it will be considered again in con- nection with the early blight of potatoes. 2. EARLY BLIGHT; LeaF-BLIGHT (Macrosporium Solani, E. & M.).—It is only within the past five or six years that the early blight of potatoes has been recognized by scientists and farmers as a distinct disease.* The trouble has been known during a longer period, and its general character fairly well understood. But the attention which in former years was given to the potato rot fungus caused this second disease to be overlooked, or at least to be regarded as perhaps a peculiar condition resulting from the attacks of late blight, or from certain conditions unfavorable to the growth of the potato plant. But since 1891 the fact has been clearly established that two distinct evils have preyed upon potato foliage, and since that time the second trouble, or, as it has been popularly called, the “early blight,” has received considerable study. The one character which was probably the most valuable in distinguishing the two diseases is the fact that plants having the early blight do not necessarily have rotten tubers, but on the con- trary these are almost invariably perfectly sound, although small. The slow progress of the disease, and the peculiar discoloration and shriveling of the plants also made it apparent that there were two distinct diseases affecting the crop. But the real cause of this trouble has not been found with equal readiness and certainty as was the case with the potato rot. Al- though at first it appeared as if the entire trouble could be laid at “For bibliographies of the earlier contributions concerning the early blight of potatoes, see Jones, 6th Ann. Rept. Vt. Agric. Exp, Sta. 1892, 66 et seq. Also Sturgis, 18th Ann. Rept. Conn. Agric. Exp. Sta. 1894, 127 et seq. DISEASES OF THE POTATO. 3038 the door of the fungus Macrosporiwm Solani, yet later investiga- tions have shown that the matter is not so simple as at first ap- peared. It is true that this fungus is almost invariably found in ‘plants affected by this blight, and that the life of the plants is shortened perhaps to a considerable extent by the fungus, yet it may be doubted whether the whole trouble should be ascribed to the one organism. But, before entering into detailed discussion concerning the cause of the early blight of potatoes, it may be well to define as clearly as possible the trouble which is generally designated by this term. Upon referring to the plate it will be seen that the leaf upon the right differs considerably from the one which has thus far been considered. This illustration also was made from a typical leaf in order that the more essential features of the trouble might be the more clearly brought out. It will of course be understood that many variations occur, and that these are so great that fre- quently it is impossible to distinguish with the naked eye whether the phytophthora or the macrosporium is present. Such cases are by no means rare, and I have seen a single leaflet suffering from the attacks of both fungi, as was proved by cultures, yet the two diseased areas were practically indistinguishable. Neverthe- less, the following characters will be of assistance in determining which of the two fungi is responsible for the trouble. Perhaps the most striking differences between the two leaves lie in the size, form and position of the diseased areas. In the leaf- lets affected with the early blight, it will be seen that these areas are small as a rule, and that they are almost circular in outline except where several have coalesced, in which case the entire area is of irregular outline; but all inequalities have rounded outlines. It appears as if infection occurred at a great number of points, instead of in a few, as shown in the other figure. And it is also interesting to notice that these many points of infection are, with but comparatively very few exceptions, placed along the outer edges or periphery of the leaflets. Although the same is to a cer- tain extent also true with the other disease, still the fungus caus- ing the potato rot does not confine itself nearly so persistently to the edges, but as soon as it is established it extends rapidly to all the softer tissues of the leafiets regardless of whether these are in 304 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, Irwaca, N. Y. one part of the leaflet or in another. It may also be stated of the early blight that frequently the leaf tissue situated along the larger veins succumbs to the disease more slowly than do those portions which are further removed from the veins. If these diseased areas are very carefully examined, it will be found that it is a very common occurrence to find numbers of slight elevations or ridges arranged in circles about a common center. These may vary slightly in color, but they are perhaps most noticeable on account of their apparent elevation. Since such ridges are absent, so far as my observations go, in areas affected by the late blight, their presence is of considerable value in determining the character of the disease, the more so since the general color of the parts destroyed is very similar in the different cases. When the colors of the green and apparently unaffected tissues in the figures are compared, another marked difference will instantly appear. The leaf affected with the late blight shows sound healthy tissues up to the region penetrated by the parasite. The leaflets appear to suffer only in those parts actually invaded by the mycelial threads of the fungus. Yet what is the meaning of the yellow color which pervades almost all parts of the other leaf? No parasite appears to have reached these portions, and yet they are manifestly unhealthy. Two explanations might be advanced; first, that the presence of the fungus has an injurious action extending beyond the parts in which it is growing, a supposition which may be said to have but very little support; and second, that the yellow color is due to a natural weakening or maturing of the plant, this in turn being brought about by untoward circumstances or by age. This point will be touched upon more fully under the causes of the early blight. In the illustration, the edges of the leaflets are shown as having curled to a very marked degree. Such curling is not necessarily an indication of early blight, since whenever the leaf tissue dies, especially at the outer extremities of the leaflets, the tendency seems to be for the leaf to roll upon itself, as shown in the figure. Yet this character possesses a certain significance. In order that a leaflet should assume the position of those here represented, it is necessary that the death of the tissue shall occur more or less DISEASES OF THE POTATO. 305 slowly, and that the change shall take place from the outer por- tions toward the center. As already stated, such conditions may or may not appear during an invasion of the late blight, and for this reason the curling of leaflets affected by early blight is of considerable value in identifying the present disease. In addition to the characters above mentioned, there are sey- eral other factors which appear to be clearly connected with the early blight of potatoes. As the popular name of the disease implies, its appearance may be expected earlier in the year than the late blight; but from this it does not follow that later attacks may not take place as well. The growth of the fungus does not seem to depend so. much upon the season as it does upon the con- dition of the plants exposed to infection. The writer has occa- sionally seen potatoes of the same variety growing side by side, but which were planted at different times, but were unequally affected by disease. The earlier plantings invariably showed much more injury than the later ones. In some cases the differ- ence was so marked that it would scarcely be exaggerating to say that the younger plants were entirely free from disease, while the older plants, or those first set out, had lost about 50 per cent. of their foliage area. Other modifying conditions were sought, but no other conclusions could be drawn than that in these cases at least, the entrance of the fungus depended upon the plants having reached a certain age. A similar circumstance has frequently been noted in various parts of the state, with this difference, however, that the plants growing side by side were not of the same varieties. The effect was especially marked when late and early varieties were grown in the same field. The earlier the potato the sooner did it show the effects of disease, the later varieties remaining free for a long time; or, in case of late plantings, the foliage may have escaped the trouble to a marked extent. A large number of fields have been examined with these points in mind, and such observations have led to the conclusion that young, vigorously growing plants are practically free from the disease, while those which have almost completed their growth of foliage, and are rapidly forming tubers, are much more subject to attack. 20 206 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. The time of the appearance of early blight may, therefore, de- pend upon questions of plant physiology fully as much as upon the season, or even more so. Since fully developed plants, re- gardless of variety, are more subject to disease than the younger and more vigorously growing ones, it would seem reasonable to’ conclude that conditions which would cause the plants to ripen prematurely, or that will check the normal growth, will at the same time favor the appearance of the early blight. Facts tend to support this view of the case. It has been my observation that plants grown upon dry soils, those which are naturally warm and “ quick,’ are more subject to the disease than those grown in moister places in the same field. That is, the early blight appeared first upon the high and dry knolls, and it is here also that the tubers mature the ear- liest. Seasons of protracted drought, therefore, might be sup- posed to have a similar effect, and the testimony of all observers bears out the supposition. It is in dry weather that the early blight progresses most rapidly, the late blight requiring a moist atmosphere for its best development. The falling of rain upon a field in which the tops are gradually yielding to the invasion of early blight has a tendency to freshen the plants and apparently to give them a new lease of life. Water seems to be the one thing most needed. Upon lower land the conditions are different, and, as arule, such lands suffer less from drought, and the potato crops less from the early blight. A curious exception to the above may here be noted. I have many times seen potatoes growing under trees in dry fields where all the potato plants were suffering severely from the early blight except those protected by the foliage of the trees. Asa rule the thicker the foliage upon the tree, and the nearer the branches came to the ground, the less was the injury from blight to the potatoes below. This may be explained by supposing that the spores of the fungus (assuming it to be the sole exciting cause of the trouble) are unable to reach the plants, a scarcely warrant- able belief; or, that the spores which do succeed in reaching the potato foliage are unable to germinate on account of lack of moist- ure. There are several arguments forming the second supposi- tion, for, with the exception of the more or less complete absence DISEASES OF THE POTATO. 307 of direct sunlight and rainfall, the plants growing under the trees are in practically the same condition as those growing within the area occupied by the feeding roots of the tree. They have about the same amount of soil moisture and of heat, and they also suffer to nearly the same extent from injurybyinsects. But theyescape the moisture of light showers, and they are also free from dew. It appears probabie, therefore, that the secret of their immunity from disease lies in this fact. Although the character of the season exerts a great influence upon the prevalence of early blight, it is not the only great factor which has the power of seriously reducing the vitality of potato plants. A second agent is a small organism which often appears in countless numbers. It is generally known as the flea-beetle, on acount of its quick movements when disturbed. The injury done to the foliage by these little beetles is greater than was formerly supposed. They feed upon the tissues of the leaves, _ taking out small amounts at different points. Very frequently sufficient material is removed to cause the formation of small holes which extend through the leaf. The diameters of these holes are scarcely larger than that of a pin, yet a leaf is often riddled to such an extent that its vitality is seriously affected. In the plate the leaf affected with early blight shows the results of the work of these insects, yet only the more serious part of the injury could be represented. If a fresh leaf is closely examined it will be found that there are many places in which the beetles have begun to feed, yet when the epidermis of the leaf has been penetrated, and only a few of the cells underneath have been de- stroyed, the insect changed its base of operations, leaving scarcely a trace to bear witness of its presence. It is true that often when a leaf has been partially pierced, the color of the spot becomes much lighter, but the intensity of the color depends very largely upon the amount of injury done, and in certain cases the change ‘can scarcely be distinguished. The results of such repeated attacks of the flea-beetle cannot be otherwise than disastrous to potato foliage, and I have heard several growers maintain that the work of the flea-beetle is more to be dreaded than that of any other organism which injures the plants. In localities where these beetles are numerous, such 308 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, ITHAca, N. Y. statements do not exaggerate the matter, for the vigor of the entire plant is frequently much reduced by these insects. From what has already been said regarding the physiological effect of other injurious influences, it would seem very probable that the work of the flea-beetle may also be considered as being a means of reducing potato plants to a condition which renders the development of the early blight fungus possible. This supposi- tion is supported by facts. If a potato leaf is examined when the first traces of early blight appear, it will probably be found that the first browning of the tissue occurs about the edges of holes made by flea-beetles, or in places in which the tissues have been but partially injured. This is perhaps not always the case, but it has proved to be so in the vast majority of the leaves which I have examined. A reddish-brown zone of varying width is formed about a central point (see plate) and this gradually enlarges until other similar discolorations are met, and the grad- ual uniting of several of these originally distinct areas, causes the more or less continuous destruction of the tissues at the edges of the leaflets. When the discolorations start nearer the center of the leaf, they generally remain isolated for a longer period. The later stages of the disease are well known to potato grow- ers. The entire leaves gradually assume the brown and shrivelled appearance, and the stems in turn become yellow, dry and brown, so that nothing remains of a formerly green and flourishing plant except a few withered remnants of foliage and a number of small, partially developed tubers. These do not rot, but owing to the death of the tops they remain small from want of nourishment. It follows from the preceding remarks on the early blight, that the fungus which is commonly held responsible for the injury is not a true parasite; that is, it will not attack healthy tissue, but only succeeds in obtaining a foothold after the potato foliage has become weakened by age, by unfavorable climatic conditions, or by mechanical injuries chief among which is probably the flea- beetle. This places the most effective lines of treatment upon a different basis from that generally followed with other fungous diseases; instead of preventing the entrance of the organism by means of protective substances, the constitution of the plant LHOITG 4AVAT-OLVLOd *uole3S JusWtedxg Azisuonlur [jeus0D 40} asNYeN Woly PolojoD pues uMBIGg “AN “OO 3dALINOIOD LHDI1A ATAVZ Ko, - SLING ERIGAIN Dox citar eetnic clos coc ocle cls ceeeaeee Entomology. GaWeaGA VAN AU GIRL 4. 2. 252 does eee na dicis wceiadis a seneiese ee Chemistry. BG. ODE MAN se 5252 clos ck oaee nia ae CORO Ree e rie s nciece! Sas Salsa Horticulture. reat CSUN LON Sse ace eee a See oe RIE ee wists sacs ce Laateeesieette Agriculture. Peg PDURAND oo 52 aren sjtaee cai oeeeeeeeee ere cies -os cles see Cryptogamic Botany. Office of the Director, 20 Morrill Hall. The regular bulletins of the Station are sent free to all who request them. BULLETINS OF 1896. 106. Revised Opinions of the Japanese Plums. 107. Wireworms and the Bud Moth. 108. The Pear Psylla and the New York Plum Scale. 109. Geological History of the Chautauqua Grape Belt. 110. Extersion Work in Horticulture. 111. Sweet Peas. 112. The 1895 Chrysanthemums. 113. Diseases of the Potato. 114. Spray Calendar. Spray Calendar. In the preparation of this calendar the most important points re- garding sprays have been selected and arranged in such a manner that the grower can see at a glance what to apply and when to make the application. The more important insect and fungous enemies are also mentioned, so that a fairly clear understanding of the work can be obtained by examining the table below. When making the application advised, other enemies than those mentioned are also kept under control, for only the serious ones could be named in so brief an outline. The directions have been carefully compiled from the latest results obtained by leading horticulturists and entomologists, and they may be followed with safety. Noricr.— In this calendar it will be seen that some applications are in parentheses and these are the ones which are least important. The number of applications given in each case has particular refer- ence to localities in which fungous and insect enemies are most abundant. If the crops are not troubled when some applications are advised, it is unnecessary to make any. It should be remem- bered that in all cases success is dependent upon the exercise of proper judgment in making applications. Know the enemy to be destroyed ; know the remedies that are most effective; and finally, apply them at the proper season. Be prompt, thorough, and persist- ent. Knowledge and good judgment are more necessary to success than any definite rules. See Bulletin 101. APPLE. Scab. (1. Copper sulphate solution before buds break); 2. Bor- deaux mixture when leaf buds are open, but before flower buds expand; 3. repeat 2 as soon as blossoms have fallen; 4. Bordeaux mixture 10 to 14 days after the third; (5, 6, repeat 4 at intervals of about two weeks). See Bulletin 84.--Canker-worm. 1. When first caterpillars appear apply Paris green very thoroughly ; 2. repeat l after 8 to 10 days; (8, 4. repeat every 10 days if necessary.) See Bulletin 101—Bud-moth. 1. As soon as leaf tips appear in buds, 336 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. Paris green; repeat 1 before the blossom buds open; (8. repeat 2 when blossoms have fallen). See Bulletin 107.--Codlin-moth. 1. Paris green immediately after blossoms have fallen; 2. repeat 1, 7 to 10 days later; (3,4, Paris green at intervals of 1 to 3 weeks after 2, especially if later broods are troublesome). Paris green may be added to the Bordeaux mixture and the two applied together with excellent effect.—Case-bearer. As for bud-moth. See Bulletin 93. Bran. Anthracnose, Pod-rust. Bordeaux mixture, when first true leaf has expanded; 2, 3, ete., the same, at short intervals to keep the foliage covered by the mixture. BEEr. Leaf spot. 1. When 4 or 5 leaves have expanded, Bordeaux mixture; 2, 3, etc., the same every 10 to 14 days. CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWER. Aphis. 1. Upon young plants, kerosene emulsion or arsenites, when worms are first seen ; 2. if plants are not heading repeat 1 when necessary ; 8. when beginning to head, hot water (130°F.) or hel- lebore; 4. repeat 3 when necessary.—Cabbage-worm. 1, If plants are not heading, kerosene emulsion or arsenites; 2. repeat 1 at intervals of 7 to 10 days; 3. if plants are heading, hellebore, or water at 130° to 185°F.; 4, 5, ete., repeat 3 when necessary.— Plusia. 1. Make very thorough applications as recommended under cabbage-worm. For Root-maggot, see Bulletin 78. CARNATION. Anthracnose, Rust, Spot. 1. At first appearance of disease, Bor- deaux mixture thoroughly applied in jine spray ; 2, 3, ete., if plants Spray CALENDAR. 307 are not blooming, Bordeaux mixture; ammoniacal copper carbonate to avoid staining the flowers. Keep foliage covered with a fungicide. Red spider. Syringe freely with clear water; kerosene emulsion. CELERY. Leaf blight, Rust. 1. Ammoniacal copper carbonate at first appearance of disease; repeat 1 to keep foliage protected. CHERRY. Black-knot. See Proum.— Rot. 1. When buds break, Bor- deaux mixture; 2. when fruit has set, repeat 1; 3. when fruit is grown, ammoniacal copper carbonate. — Aphis. 1. Kerosene emul- sion when insects appear ; 2, 3, repeat at intervals of 3 to 4 days if necessary. — Slug. 1. When insects appear, arsenites, hellebore or air-slaked lime ; 2, 3, repeat 1 in 10 to 14 days if necessary. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Leaf-spot. 1. Bordeaux mixture, or ammoniacal copper carbon- ate at intervals of 10 to 14 days, to keep foliage protected. CRANBERRY. Fire-worm, Fruit-worm. 1. When larvee first appear, arsenites, kerosene emulsion, or tobacco water; 2, after 10 to 14 days repeat 1; 3, repeat if necessary. CurRANT. Leaf-blights. 1. When injury first appears, before the fruit is harvested, ammoniacal copper carbonate, to avoid staining the fruit ; 2. After fruit is harvested, Bordeaux mixture freely applied; 3, repeat 2 when necessary. — Worm. 1. When first leaves are nearly expanded, arsenites; 2. After 10 to 14 days, hellebore; 3, repeat 2 if necessary. E@Griant. Leaf-spot. 1. As soon as plants are established in the field, Bordeaux mixture ; 2, 38. repeat 1 at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks till first fruits are grown; 4. ammoniacal copper carbonate, repeat when necessary. GoosEBERRY. Mildew. 1. Before buds break, Bordeaux mixture; 2, when first leaves have expanded, Bordeaux mixture or potassium sulphide ; 29 end hed 538 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. 3, 4, etc. repeat 2 at intervals of 7 to 10 days, if necessary through- out the summer. Avoid staining the fruit. — Cwrrant-worm, see under Currant. v (TRAPE. Anthracnose. 1. Before buds break in spring, sulphate of iron and sulphuric acid solution; 2. Repeat 1 after 3 or 4 days to cover untreated portions. — Llack-rot. (1, as soon as first leaves are fully expanded, Bordeaux mixture). 2. after fruit has set, Bordeaux mixture; 3. repeat 2 at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks until fruit is ? grown; 4. ammoniacal copper carbonate when fruit is nearly grown. 5, 6, etc. repeat 4 at intervals of 7 to 14 days as. required. — Downy mildew, Powdery mildew, the first applica- tions recommended under Llack-rot are of especial importance. See Bulletin 76.—ipe-rot, apply very thoroughly the later applications recommended under Black-rot. — Steely-bug. 1. As buds are swell- ing, arsenites; 2, after 10 to 14 days, repeat 1. Ho tiyHocr. Rust. 1. In spring, when foliage expands, Bordeaux mixture; 2, 3, ete., apply a good fungicide at short intervals to keep new growths covered. Nursery Stock. Fungous diseases. 1. When first leaves appear, Bordeaux mix- ture; 2, 3, etc., repeat 1 at intervals of 10 to 14 days to keep foliage well covered. Pracu, Necrartnr, Apricot. Brown-rot. 1. Before buds swell, copper sulphate solution ; (2. Before flowers open, Bordeaux mixture); 3. When fruit has Spray CALENDAR. 339 set, repeat 1; 4. Repeat after 10 to 14 days; 5. When fruit is nearly grown, ammoniacal copper carbonate; 6, 7, etc., repeat 5 at intervals of 5 to 7 days if necessary. For Yellows, see Bulletin 75. PEar. Leaf-blight or Fruit-spot. (1. As buds are swelling copper sul- phate solution); 2. Just before blossoms open, Bordeaux mixture ; 3. After fruit has set, repeat 2; 4, 5, etc., repeat 2 at intervals of 2 to 8 weeks as appears necessary.—Leaf-blister. 1. Before buds swell in spring, kerosene emulsion, diluted 5 to 7 times—Psy/la. 1. When first leaves have unfolded in spring, kerosene emulsion diluted 15 times; 2, 3, etc., at intervals of 2 to 6 days repeat 1 until the insects are destroyed. See Bulletin 108.—Slug. See under CHERRY. Pum. Brown rot. See under VPracu.— Leaf-blight. (1. When first leaves have unfolded, Bordeaux mixture); 2. When fruit has set, Bordeaux mixture; 3 4, etc., repeat 2 at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks, use a clear fungicide after fruit is } grown,— Llack-knot. 1. During first warm days of early spring, Bordeaux mixture; 2. Repeat 1 when buds are swelling; 38. During latter part of May, repeat 1; 4. Repeat 1 during middle of June (5. Repeat 1 in July). See Bulletin 81.—Cwurcu/io, spraying is not always satis- factory ; jar the trees after fruit has set, at intervals of 1 to 3 days during 2 to 5 weeks.— Plum Scale. 1. In autumn when leaves have fallen, kerosene emulsion, diluted 4 times; 2 and 3. In spring before buds open, repeat 1. See Bulletin 108.— San José Scale. Thorough applications of kerosene emulsion as recommended under Plum Seale may prove effective if followed later in the season by others, diluting the emulsion to avoid injuring foliage. Porarto. larly blight. 1. When vines are % grown, Bordeaux mixture ; 2 and 3, repeat 1 at intervals of % to 3 weeks (only partially success- ful).—f?ot. 1. During middle of July, Bordeaux mixture; 2 and 3, at intervals of 1 to 3 weeks, repeat 1.—Scab. Soak uncut seed potatoes 14 hours in solution of 1 ounce corrosive sublimate in 8 gallons water.— Potato beetle. 1. When beetles first appear, arsen- ites. 2 and 3, repeat 1 when necessary. See Bulletin 113. 340 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. QUINCE. Leaf-blight, or Fruit-spot. (When blossom buds appear, Bor- deaux mixture); 2, when fruit has set, repeat 1; 3, 4, ete., repeat 1 at intervals of 2 weeks until fruit is ? grown; if later treatments are necessary, ammoniacal copper carbonate. See Bulletin 80. RaspsBerry, Biackserry, Dewserry. Anthracnose. 1. Before buds break, copper sulphate solution, also cut out badly infested canes; 2, when growth has commenced, Bordeaux mixture ; 3, 4, ete., repeat 2 at intervals of 1 to 3 weeks, avoid staining fruit by use of clear fungicide. (Partially suecess- ful.)—Orange-rust. Remove and destroy affected plants as soon as discovered. See Bulletin 100.—Saw-jly. 1. When first leaves have expanded, arsenites; 2, after 2 to 3 weeks repeat’ 1, or apply kerosene emulsion (unsatisfactory). Ross. Black-spot. Spray plants once a week with ammoniacal copper carbonate.—/ildew. Keep heating pipes painted with equal parts lime and sulphur mixed with water to form a thin paste. Spray with copper fungicides.— Aphis, Leaf-hopper. Kerosene emulsion or tobacco water applied to the insects’ bodies at short intervals, is effective.—Red spider. Spray as for Apuis, or with forcible streams of clear water. Lear-Biicut. Leaf-blight. 1. When growth begins in spring, Bordeaux mix- ture; 2. when first fruits are setting, repeat 1; 3. during fruiting season, ammoniacal copper carbonate; 4. after fruiting, or on non- bearing plants, Bordeaux mixture at intervals of 1 to 3 weeks. See Spray CALENDAR. 341 Bulletin 79.— Sawfly. Spray plants when not in bearing with arsenites, repeating application if necessary. Tomato. Leaf-blight. 1. As soon as disease is discovered, Bordeaux mix- . tur ora clear fungicide. 2, 3, ete. repeat 1 at intervals of 7 to 10 days.— /eot. Spray as directed under leaf-blight (unsatisfactory in many cases). VIOLET. Blight ; Spot. 1. When disease is first seen in summer or fall, Bordeaux mixture; 2, 3, etc., repeat one at intervals of 1 to 2 weeks, using ammoniacal copper carbonate to avoid staining blossoms. (Not always satisfactory as good culture must also be given.) Remove affected leaves. FORMULAS. Paris GREEN. JE BRIS) CeO A feos oe rr 1 pound UC UEC Se NE ORE beso «6, 4 Sic) rk ree a ine 150-300 gallons If this mixture is to be used upon fruit trees, 1 pound of quick- lime should be added, and repeated applications will injure most foliage, unless the lime is used. Paris green and Bordeaux mia- ture can be applied together with perfect safety. Use at the rate of 4 ounces of the arsenites to 50 gallons of the mixture. The action of neither is weakened, and the Paris green loses all caustic proper- ties. For insects which chew. Lonpon PURPLE. This is used in the same proportion as Paris green, but as it is more causti¢ it should be applied with two or three times its weight of lime, or with the Bordeaux mixture. The composition of Lon- don purple is variable, and unless good reasons exist for supposing that it contains as much arsenic as Paris green, use the latter poison. Do not use London purple on peach or plum trees unless considera- ble lime is added. For insects which chew. NorMaAt or 1.6 Per Cent. BorpEaux Mixture. Mapopemsmip hate ents aciis: css Sc vic as oat cise, 4 eave chee 6 pounds Perictatina ens MR sry eee se sth ss, 6 «vibe dal aire een a eastern 4 pounds VA) EHCEIP SG Bre eng aad Ae sate ERE RE SS 40-50 gallons 342 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. Dissolve the copper sulphate by putting it in a bag of coarse cloth and hanging this in a vessel holding at least 4 gallons, so that it is just covered by the water. Use an earthen or wooden vessel. Shake the lime in an equal amount of water. Then mix the two and add enough water to make 40 gallons. It is then ready for immediate use. If the mixture is to be used on peach foliage it is advisable to add two pounds of lime in the above forumla. When applied to such plants as carnations or cabbages it will adhere better if about a pound of hard soap be dissolved in hot water and added to the mixture. For rots, moulds, mildews, and all fungous diseases. Iron SuLPHATE AND Sutpauric Actp SoLvtion. Miatee (not) <2 een a ee he oats 100 parts Tron sulphate, as much as the water will dissolve. Sulphuric acid (Commercialeemeere ss. ......5.-semeceene 1 part AN) AD af vow Ly wip Wi aah ey Wh f Oe Ne ; al ne The solution should be prepared just before using. Add the acid to the crystals, and then pour on the water. Valuable tor grape anthracnose, the dormant vines being treated by means of sponges or brushes. Porassium SULPHIDE SoLurion. Potsisetriinn She clad een EN eh, 6.2 5 oon woh cu Manes 3-1 02 Water ).'.\,, nurs eaeiter (DS 1S). oe. aaa hl 1 gallon This preparation loses its strength upon standing, so should be made immediately before using. Tarticularly valuable for surface mildews. Spray CALENDAR. 343 AMMONIACAL CoprpER CARBONATE. RE OPDEr CAR MOUCOR ECan Nei. oc sit Ss aussie eee ae eigen em az Ammonia, enough to dissolve the copper. VGA etree can pret narar i reese ti o5 oa vc Swe eg AI Oe 9 gallons Before making the solution, the ammonia should be prepared as follows: Use 26° ammonia, and dilute with 7 to 8 volumes of water. Then gradually add the necessary amount to the copper carbonate until all is dissolved. It is best treated in large bottles, and in them it will keep indefinitely. Dilute as required. For same purposes as the Bordeaux mixture. Coprer SULPHATE So.vTion. AC GOT. SU PUALOR eRe pete eels sya. ss a 3 hehe ae Niegwamoenaaens 1 pound AEN Tere ome Rint sy cs ds oc ad a PRESET rg OT 8 15 gallons Dissolve the copper in the water, when it is ready for use. This should never be applied to foliage, but must be used before the buds break. For peaches and nectarines use 25 gallons of water. For fungous diseases. HELLEBORE. si spelen ate ea i 1 ounce PVN aGST I. ./.). 022s SPURTE EE tc Us 6 ee. ost! ret nal Metab are mae 3 gallons Apply when thoroughly mixed. This poison is not so energetic as the arsenites, and may be used a short time before the sprayed portions mature. For insects which chew. KrrosENE EMuULsIon. Mlard) SOs: <2 ere ele eies= == acs «lc ahsia. ois mri ater shen tet fe $ pound Boiling, Water (erates 2 = -12/4)--- ie" cdslanrctelnieteneicraye els 1 gallon Crs em ey ae ree arch 2 ot ole. «def Geeeeneyanaabeenepeget eve’ 2 gallons Dissolve the soap in the water. add the kerosene, and churn with a pump for 5-10 minutes. Dilute 4 to 25 times before applying. Use strong emulsion for all scale insects. For such insects as plant lice, mealy bugs, red spider, thrips, weaker preparations will prove effective. Cabbage worms, currant worms, and all insects which have soft bodies, can also be successfully treated. It is advisable to make the emulsion shortly before it is used. ° Topsacco WATER. This solution may be prepared by placing tobacco stems in a water-tight vessel, and then covering them with hot water. Allow to stand several hours, dilute the liquor from 3 to 5 times and apply. For soft bodied insects. ean 4 Pe f y ‘i ed) (eect od bade ) Piltus Siieicuy ated Nog Neti i BY 4 “i i ‘ : f hau oF Seta W, yatta a) tly m . 7" , al, easel lad An ; le intel vt : Wa *y, Saree: is er, a tay sci i‘ LS 4 7 ‘ « 2 af ‘ ine ‘“aahs Pern nik? 2 7 A, ae bskancin Depirive bh). Beh r Me 5, ives et eG i Deft ve’ Peat Y it irae * on on: sa UN OWN $i — cA i ‘ a ie te if Ve Wynn Fj ; ’ Fi ’ mee i Mout ia nee ray a ‘) , NTA i » ‘ 4 4 , hit? i) a a TAs BULLETIN 115—February, 1896. Cornell University—Agricultural Experiment Station, ITHACA, N. Y. HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. etre eld . oe coco se ec ccme Chemistry. PRO REAS OR. AM Bis LAN Walaa cess taere aioe eee a = 3 ~in\ cis =imterar Veterinary Science. Proressor A. N. PRENTISS, Emeritus..3-: .:-. 2.222, 022. ---..-...... Botany. IPROSESSOR! J), HH. COMSROCK 322 nap seeeeeaise oxi) - Soe owe eie aa Entomology. IPROKESSOR lu, EL. Bean 2 2ce ec ce i eeeeeresie=.- = =~ B65 Sbon.coee Horticulture. ROMESSOR, EL. JEls WVIUNG fe ote oe an See eee eee ce = = cee eens Dairy Husbandry. PRORHSSORAG.7 Hv A RUIN SOND. 25. a eer a acisc cot eae emeen ieee Botany. OFFICERS OF THE STATION. Ie. oOBHWRTS 2253 ssctesec a Set eee ce - - cos woe eae sem aeons Director. Bis rege WALANG aetehe a eetise ao. oto Cree NE ole otic See eee’ ae omerees Treasurer. BRAS Bs CPP eee feck Beets 2: 32h Bees «b's bin toa 6 scamineeepaers Clerk ASSISTANTS. MeRVins LUN GE RIGAN DD) 22.6 occ Hele e eee. [oc pleat ee meee Entomology. Vie LC ASV AUN ANU GUELs = fo ae 5 oo aon 2 SEC hs m= soo ahaa ere a mete Chemistry. See Gree OU DIBYIVICAGIN = = oo amr oh oh ee ic 3 an oid Siete emeeteiniee Horticulture. PAC COMIN) Neaeens si! SoS ek ces eee tne’ os wine ti ecimeee le mes Agriculture. Be Mia WIG Genes c= So ee s/s 3 ae nica thi cis. Cryptogamic Botany. Office of the Director, 20 Morrill Hall. The regular bulletins of the Station are sent free to all who request them. BULLETINS OF 1896. 106. Revised Opinions of the Japanese Plums. 107. Wireworms and the Bud Moth. 108. The Pear Psylla and the New York Plum Scale. 109. Geological History of the Chautauqua Grape Belt. 110. Extension Work in Horticulture. 111. Sweet Peas. 112. ‘The 1895 Chrysanthemums, 113. Diseases of the Potato. 114. Spray Calendar. 115. The Pole Lima Beans. 116, Dwarf Apples. 117. Fruit Brevities. 118. Food Preservatives and Butter Increasers. 119. The Texture of the Soil. 120. The Moisture of the Soil. 121. Suggestions for the Planting of Shrubbery. Corne.y University, Iruaca, N. Y., September 1, 1896. Honorable Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany : Sir.—The writer hopes that this paper may contain some sugges- tion for the betterment of home grounds in rural communities; it is therefore submitted for publication under Chapter 437 of the*Laws of 1896. bE He BATLEY: | } i i j fe [ if . 4 y & cae ; . ; } iu «j & t ; f > " ‘ 156.—An effective piece of planting. See page 513. Suggestions for the Planting of Shrubbery. I. Some general considerations. The trouble with home grounds is not so much that there is too little planting of trees and shrubs, but that this planting is meaningless. Every yard should be a picture. That is, the area should be set off from every other area, and it should have such a character that the observer catches its entire effect and pur- pose without stopping to analyze its parts. The yard should be one thing, one area, with every feature contributing its part to one strong homogeneous effect. juni | | | Ne | | uta ! 150.—The common or nursery type of planting. These remarks will become concrete if the reader turns his eye to Figs. 150 and 151. The former represents the common type of planting of front yards. The bushes and trees are scattered promiscuously over the area. Such a yard has no purpose, no central idea. It shows plainly that the planter had no construc- tive conception, no grasp of any design, and no appreciation of the fundamental elements of the beauty of landscape. Its only merit is the fact that trees and shrubs have been planted; and this, to most minds, comprises the essence and sum of the orna- 504 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, ITHaca, N. Y. mentation of grounds. Every tree and bush is an individual, alone, unattended, disconnected from its environments, and there- fore meaningless. Such a yard is only a nursery. The other plan (Fig. 151) is a picture. The eye catches its meaning at once. The central idea is the residence, with a warm and open greensward in front of it. The same trees and bushes. which were scattered haphazard over Fig. 150 are massed into a framework to give effectiveness to the picture of home and com- fort. This style of planting makes a landscape, even though the area be no larger than a parlor. The other style is simply a col- lection of curious plants. The one has an instant and abiding pictorial effect, which is restful and satisfying: the observer 151.—The proper or pictorial type of planting. exclaims, ‘‘ What a beautiful home this is!” The other piques. one’s curiosity, obscures the residence, divides and distracts the attention: the observer exclaims, “ What excellent lilac bushes these are! ” If the reader catches the full meaning of these contrasts, he has acquired the first and most important conception in land- scape gardening. The conception will grow upon him day by day; and if he is of an observing turn of mind, he will find that this simple lesson will revolutionize his habit of thought respect- ing the planting of grounds and the beauty of landscapes. He will see that a bush or flower-bed which is no part of any general purpose or design—that is, which does not contribute to the mak- ing of a picture—might better never have been planted. For ee) 152.—A native mass of shrubbery, of elders, hawthorns, brambles, and the like. 506 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration, IrHaca, N. Y. myself, I had rather have a bare and open pasture than such a yard as that shown in Fig. 150, even though it contained the choicest plants of every land. The pasture would at least be plain and restful and unpretentious. It would be nature-like and sweet. But the yard would be full of effort and fidget. Reduced to a single expression, all this means that the greatest artistic value in shrubbery lies in the effect of the mass, and not in the individual shrub. A mass has the greater value because it presents a much greater range and variety of forms, colors, shades and textures, because it has sufficient extent or dimen- sions to add structural character to a place, and because its fea- tures are so continuous and so well blended that the mind is not distracted by incidental and irrelevant ideas. A couple of pictures will admirably illustrate all this. Fig. 152 is a picture of a natural copse. It stretches across a vale, and makes a lawn of the bit of meadow which lies in front of it. The landscape has become so small and so well defined by this bank of verdure that it has a familiar and personal feeling. The great, bare, open meadows are too ill-defined and too extended to give any domestic air; but here is a portion of the meadow set off into an area which one can compass with his affections. This mass in Fig. 152 has its own intrinsic merits, as well as its office in defining a bit of nature. One is attracted by the carelessness of its arrangement, the irregularity of its sky line, the bold bays and promontories, and the infinite play of light and shade. The observer is interested in it because it has character, or features which no other mass in all the world possesses. He knows that the birds build their nésts in it, and the rabbits find it a happy covert. Now let the reader turn to Fig. 153, which is a picture of an “improved ” city yard. Here there is no structural strength to the planting, no defining of the area, no continuous flow of the form and color. Every bush is what every other one is or may be, and there are hundreds like them in the same town. The birds shun them. Only the bugs find any happiness in them. The place has no fundamental design or idea, no lawn upon which a picture can be constructed. t bushes, inen impert é » Retry ty lot cramped and crowded by i le ypica 53.—A t 1 ‘payeary A[PBQ INQ PEATeouOd [JOM — FET THE PLANTING or SHRUBBERY. 509: This leads me to say that if a landscape is a picture, it must have a canvas. This canvas is the greensward. Upon this, the artist paints with tree and bush and flower the same as the painter does upon his canvas with brush and pigments. The opportunity for artistic composition and structure is nowhere so great as in the landscape garden, because no other art has such a limitless field for the expression of its emotions. It is not strange, if this be true, that there have been few great landscape gardeners, and that, falling short of art, the landscape gardener too often works in the sphere of the artisan. There can be no 155.—The three guardsmen. rules for landscape gardening, any more than there can be for painting or sculpture. The operator may be taught how to hold the brush or strike the chisel or plant the tree, but he remains an operator; the art is intellectual and emotional and will not confine itself in precepts. The making of a good and spacious lawn, then, is the very first practical consideration in a landscape garden. This provided, the gardener conceives what is the dominant and central feature in the place, and then throws the entire premises into subordi- nation with this feature. In home grounds this central feature “y[BM IvOI B OPISAUOTS PUB[PIeA O1941| V— LST THE PLANTING oF SHRUBBERY. 511 is the house. To scatter trees and bushes over the area defeats the fundamental purpose of the place—the purpose to make every part of the grounds lead up to the home and to accentuate its homelikeness. Keep the center of the place open. Plant the borders. Avoid all disconnected, cheap, patchy, and curious effects. It is not enough that the bushes be planted in masses. They must be kept in masses by letting them grow freely in a natural manner. The pruning-knife is the most inveterate enemy of shrubbery. Pictures 154 and 155 illustrate what I mean. The 158.—A front yard before planting. former represents a good group of bushes so far as arrangement is concerned, but it has been ruined by the shears. The atten- tion of the observer is instantly arrested by the individual bushes. Instead of one free and expressive object, there are several stiff and expressionless ones. If the observer stops to consider his own thoughts when he comes upon such a collection, he will likely find himself counting the bushes; or, at least, he will be making mental comparisons of the various bushes and wondering why they are not all sheared to be exactly alike. Fig. 155 shows how the same “artist” has treated two deutzias and a juniper. ‘Bunuvyd 10938 (gqt “314) pad yu0s3 ores on. —'6si THE PLANTING OF SHRUBBERY. 513 Much the same effects could have been secured, and with much less trouble, by laying two flour barrels end to end and standing a third one between them. I must hasten to say that I have not the slightest objection to the shearing of trees. The only trouble is in calling the practice art, and in putting the trees where people must see them. If the operator simply calls the business shearing, and puts the things where he and others who like them may see them, objection could not be raised. Some persons like painted stones, others like iron bulldogs in the front yard and the word “ welcome ” worked into the door-mat, and others like barbered trees. So’ long as these likes are purely personal, it would seem to be better taste to put such curiosities in the back yard, where the owner may admire them without molestation. 160.—A good combination. I do not mean to discourage the use of flowers and bright foli- age and striking forms of vegetation; but these things are never primary considerations in a good place. The structural elements of the place are designed first. The flanking and bordering masses are then planted. Finally, the flowers and accessories are put in, in just the same way that a house is painted after it is built. Flowers appear to best advantage when seen against a background of foliage, and they are then, also, an integral part of the picture. The flower garden, as such, should be at the rear or side of a place, the same as all other strictly personal appur- tenances are; but flowers and bright leaves may be freely scat- tered along the borders and near the foliage masses. Fig. 156 (at the beginning of the bulletin) is a model in this respect. 33 - 514 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, ITHaca, N. Y. What kinds of shrubs and flowers shall I plant? This is a wholly secondary and largely personal consideration. Be sure that the main plantings are made up of hardy and vigorous spe- cies, and have lots of them. Then get the things which you like. I like bull-thistles, lilacs, hollyhocks, burdocks, rhubarb, dog- woods, spireas, elders and such careless things. But others have 161.—A ‘fill’? in a back yard. better tastes. There is endless merit in the choice of species, but the point I want to emphasize is that the arrangement or disposi- tion of the plants is far more important than the kinds. It should be said that the appreciation of foliage effects in the landscape is a higher type of feeling than the desire for mere color. Flowers are transitory, but foliage and plant forms are abiding. The common roses have very little value for landscape planting, because the foliage and habit of the rose bush are not THE PLANTING or SHRUBBERY. 515 attractive, the leaves are invet ‘rately attacked by bugs, and the blossoms are fleeting. Some of the wild roses and the Japanese Rosa rugosa, however, have distinct merit for mass effects. Wild bushes are nearly always attractive when planted in borders and groups. They improve the appearance under cultivation, pee they are given a better chance to grow. In wild nature, there is such a fierce struggle for existence that plants usually grow to few or single stems and they are sparse and scraggly in form; but once given all the room they want and a good soil, and they 62.—The same “fill” four years later. ee i ie 516 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, ItHaca, N. Y. become luxurious, full and comely. In most home grounds in this state, the body of the planting may be very effectively made by the use of bushes taken from adjacent woods and fields. The masses may then be enlivened by the addition here and there of cultivated bushes, and the planting of flowers and herbs about the borders. It is not essential that one know the names of these wild bushes, although a knowledge of their botanical features 163.—The beginning of a back yard. will add greatly to the pleasure of growing them. Neither will they look common when transferred to the lawn. There are very few people who .know even the commonest wild bushes intimately, and the bushes change so much in looks when re- moved to rich grounds that few people recognize them. I have a mass of shrubbery which is much admired, and visitors are always asking me what the bushes are; yet I dug the roots in the neighborhood. THE PLANTING OF SHRUBBERY. 517 Wholly aside from any artistic value, a simple collection of common wild plants is always full of interest and merit. Fig. 157 shows a plantation which answers the double purpose of a wild garden and a border mass-planting. The area is about three feet wide and ninety feet long, and lies along one side of a small back yard (Seen in Fig. 164). The soil was originally a most tough and obstinate clay, so hard that even yet annual plants can scarcely be made to grow in it. Plants have been brought from the wild at odd times and set promiscuously in the border, and it now contains over one hundred distinct species. Every day from April to October there are flowers in it, and every spring it renews itself with scarcely a care on the part of the owner. To be sure, there are some weeds in it, but then, the weeds are a part of the collection! A well grown bull-thistle in such a place is worth more than a bushel of potatoes. These plants have been lifted from the fields in the most careless fash- ion. A noble plant of the pink-hearted Spiraea lobata was pulled from a swamp in July when it was in full bloom; the bluebells have been stolen from cliffs without regard to time or season; some of the roots were carried in the pocket for hours before the opportunity came for planting, and this, too, in the height of summer. Of course, some plants have resented this treatment, but the border is a happy family and it is all the better and more personal because it is the result of moments of relaxation. I have spoken of this choice little weedland to show how simple and easy a thing it is to make an attractive mass-planta- tion. Just set aside a bit of ground in the right place, spade it up and make it rich, and then set plants in it. That is all there is of it. You will not get it to suit you the first year, and per- haps not the second one. You can always pull out plants and put more in. I should be sorry if it did perfectly suit you, for I should then feel that you had lost interest in it. I should never want a lawn-garden if I could not change it a little or plant something new each year. A word should be said about just how to make a group. Dig up ihe entire area. Never set the bushes in holes dug in the sod. Spade up the ground, set the bushes thick, hoe them, and then iet them go. If you do not like the bare earth between ¢ 164.—The same back yard (Fig. 163) four years later. RY Pe td THE PLANTING oF SHRUBBERY. 519 thein, sow in the seeds of hardy annual flowers, like phlox, petuia, alyssum and pinks. The’person who plants his shrubs in holes mn the sward does not seriously mean to make any foli- age mass, and it is likely that he does not know what relation the border-mass has to artistic planting. I have said to plant the bushes thick. This is for quick effect. It is an easy matter to thin the plantation if it becomes too thick. I should generally plant all common bushes as close as two feet apart each way, especially if I get most of them from the fields so that I do not have to buy them. : : TAT i 165.—Diagram of Fig. 164. 50x90 feet. Il. Some specific examples. All these remarks will mean more if the reader is shown some concrete examples. I have selected a few cases, not because they are the best or even because they are good enough for models, but because they lay in my way and illustrate what I desire to teach. We will first look at a very ordinary front yard. Fig. 158 shows the yard as it looked before the shrubbery was planted. The large tree seen in the foreground at the left, and the spruce, were removed. A little sprig of exochorda had been planted the year before and is now carefully guarded by stakes. Four years later sees the yard as shown in Fig. 159. The little ‘OPVUL O18 SUO[[NG [[aIOH 1OJ SAUIMBAP TOL M AL UIQRO peraAod-oUIA OY,L—'99T THE PLANTING oF SHRUBBERY. 521 exochorda has now grown to be the large bush in the very fore- ground with the child’s tricycle behind it, and the porch founda- tion is screened and a border is thereby given to the lawn. The length of this planting from end to end is about fourteen feet, with a projection towards the front, on the left, of ten feet. In the bay at the base of this projection the planting is only two feet wide, and from here it gradually swings out to the steps, as al ) or Ane, of Bp ke ~e 2 ‘ “ bd SOE = PAL Ses - a8 rea Ge (nes &. . asats Ga ke Oey ae Ip: es Basi . SN HBSS AS ee a LAY Zz ca ae we : gs . Zo Ae N dn (°F Se \ el. ot! Be Sf ka Jina f Mitt at We, Ml, i h ue t A : Ve, ek i i 4 , = hi, . f.'hy = Sate TNR 4 a wee H ~~ y ; ee at [t th eee? E: en “5 < “ - ‘ng Wiese: &/| cf ’ NT EG. | Why 1) ; nc | as, Yj SW) \ = BE Yi, EMA NINN —— / vp ih Uy Whi), iV WAN Y etek 167.—A ruslic corner. eight feet wide. The prominent large-leafed plant near the steps is a bramble very common in the neighborhood, Rubus gdoratus, and it is a choice plant for decorative planting. The plants in this tangle in front of the porch are all from the wild, and com- prise a prickly ash, several plants of two wild osiers or dogwoods, a spice bush, rose, wild sunflowers and asters and golden-rods. The promontory at the left is a more ambitious but less effective mass. It contains the exochorda, a reed, variegated elder, saca- 522 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTion, ITHaca, N. Y. line, variegated dogwood, tansy, and a young tree of wild crab. At the rear of the plantation, next the house, one sees a tall pear tree. The best single part of the planting is the reed (Arundo Donax) overtopping the exochorda. The photograph (Fig. 159) was taken early in summer before the reed had become conspicuous, but Fig. 160 shows it as the artist saw it in September. It became necessary to fill a little “run” ina back yard. Fig. 161 shows how it looked. The soil was the hardest clay. Rubus crategifolius was planted on the bank, which it soon covered with an impenetrable tangle. Wild osiers, some asparagus 168.—The central open space and the mass-flanked sides. plants, sedges, a sumac bush, and other common things were put in, and the aspect changed to that of Fig. 162. A person had a back yard shown in Fig. 163. It was an un- promising subject. The clay was of the vilest kind. The owner wanted a tennis court, and the yard is so small as not to allow of wide planting at the borders. However, something could be done as shown in the sequel (Fig. 164). Upon the left is the weed- land border, shown from the other end in Fig. 157. A diagram (Fig. 165) will show what has happened. In the first place, a good lawn was made. In the second place, no walks or drives were laid in the area. The drive for grocer’s wagon and coal is seen in the rear, ninety feet from the house. From I to J is the weedland, separating the area from the neighbor’s premises. Near I isa clump of roses. At K is a large bunch of golden-rods. THbp PLANTING OF SHRUBBERY. 523 H marks a clump of yucca. G is a cabin, of which I will speak later. From G to F is an irregular border, about six feet wide, containing barberries, forsythias, wild elder, and other bushes. D E is a screen of Russian mulberry, setting off the clothes yard from the front lawn. Near the back porch, at the end ne the screen, is an arbor covered with wild grapes, making a playhouse for the children. F : i on 7 \ y &e id ir ays ‘ . j z: 3 ; /A A +" “wy nat 5 : A 7 ‘Me tM) ae Pett, ray vs di > ia : ‘ ; ee ny he Sele, ek a s a Me iw or oe ee a Pe aai » a Dat! il jel ais Sees os ' é t é 7 Peas Ny Te) Fok dave mays ae 7 eh. te “We , a2; 4 Wi ; , ‘ . Mi ma etn. Gk a), ‘ 3 a a ' * i ee, ao uh i, Mog SS ay! 4 fy ‘ ae : Cae hy : eth i — i Ke i Me et Maes. . ry ,, us fh el . a. resty, | vi Va: tye! oe es: ys BULLETIN 122—December, 1896. Cornell University—Agricultural Experiment Station, ITHACA, N. Y. HORTICULTURAL DIVISION. SECOND REPORT UPON Extension Work in Horticulture. By L. H. Barry. ee ee ee) ORGANIZEAFION. Board of Control— The Trustees of the University. STATION COUNCIL. President, JACOB GOULD SCHURMAN. Hon. A. D. WHITE. ..........52--+--= eee __-. - Trustee of the Unwersity. Proressor I. P,. ROBERTS ....---.-.-2aaee President State Agricultural Society. Proressonr LP: ROBERTS. ..-. --- ees == -- = ---- eon Agriculture. Proressor G. C. CALDWELL .-- ..-2 see; -----. ------ aces Chemistry. PROFESSOR JAMES LAW ...-.~--- =. —- See eos ---- ee Veterinary Science. Proressor A. N. PRENTISS, Emeritussi222---- ..---. -.-.---- --------botany. PROFESSOR J. H. COMSTOCK .... -. 22 eeso-- ------ ---- ---- Ptomology. Prov«sson 1. Hi. BAILEY. . 222-2 225 eee = = 2 cone ween Horticulture. PROFESSOR H. H. WING_..--.--..-- Spee 3 ee Dairy Husbandry. Provessorn G. F. ATKINSON. 2...) ouee ~~) ---- ---. --- = OFFICERS OF THE STATION. OE. ROBERTS | ~. 2225. 222 so 2a 3 3 mw - ooo one woes sees Director. Body, WILDTAMS «22° 22 222 5. . = == = oe ones emcee Treasurer BAL EE LER 553225322. 2 I~ 9 oo one cone none Clerk ASSISTANTS. MY. SLINGEERLAND. ..:-.. ..-- 3 Seen ---- eee ee ane Entomology fw. CAVANAUGH. ..-_..__-._- 222 ee. ---- 0 ones Chemistry. jG LODEMAN ..-....-<....-=-=5 see = =n oo oe woe eee Horticulture. i527: 130), ee. Agriculture. BAM DUGGAR ~-2-2: 2222525250502 eee == ------ Cryptogamic Botany. Office of the Director, 20 Morrill Hall. The regular bulletins of the Station are sent free to all who request them. BULLETINS OF 1896. 106. Revised Opinions of the Japanese Plums. 107. Wireworms and the Bud Moth. 108. The Pear Psylla and the New York Plum Scale. 109. Geological History of the Chautauqua Grape Belt. 110. Extension Work in Horticulture. 111. Sweet Peas. 112. The 1895 Chrysanthemunis. 113. Diseases of the Potato. 114. Spray Calendar. 115. The Pole Lima Beans. 116. Dwarf Apples. 117. Fruit Brevities. 118. Food Preservatives and Butter Increasers. 119. The Texture of the Soil. 120. The Moisture of the Soil. 121. Suggestions for the Planting of Shrubbery. _ 122. Second Report upon Extension Work in Horticulture. Extension Work in Horticulture. The Honorable Commissioner of Agriculture, Albany: Sir.—About a year ago (in Bulletin 110), I made an official report of the progress of the work which had been undertaken by this institution in furtherance of the purpose of the Experi- ment Station Extension, or Nixon bill. That report was made at the expiration of the second year’s work under that law. A third year has now been added to our experience, and we have also made some departures in the character of the work; and since the undertaking has now grown to such proportions that it can no longer be handled by any of the regularly organized departments of the College of Agriculture of Cornell University, it has seemed to us to be worth the while to address you another report of progress. 1. GENERAL SCOPE OF WoRK. In the former report, it was explained that the work of extend- ing the influence and usefulness of the Experiment Station has research or been thrown into three more or less separate lines, experiment, direct teachings, and the publication of the results of investigation. The animus of the entire enterprise has been an attempt to inquire into the agricultural status, to discover the causes of the rural depression, and to suggest means for improy- ing the farmer’s position. This attempt has been specifically directed to a single great branch of rural industry, horticulture, in pursuance of the provisions of the law; but what is true of the horticultural communities is essentially true of other agricul- tural regions, and, moreover, these two types of agricultural industry cannot be separated by any arbitrary lines. The work, therefore, has practically resulted in a broad study of rural economics. We conceive that it is impossible to really extend 034 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTion, IrHaca, N. Y. the Experiment Station and University impulse to the people in such manner that it shall come to them as a living and quicken- ing force, without first studying the fundamental difficulties of the farmers’ social and political environment. It is not necessary to the present report that I make any discussion of the agricultural status. I may only say that, as the result of the most painstaking study which I have been able to make, I am convinced that there is no agricultural disease. That is, there is no political condition which is peculiar to agri- culture and which can be remedied by legislation. By reason of their inherent conservatism, the agricultural people have not yet adjusted themselves to the recent social and economic move- ments, and they have not fully assimilated the knowledge and impulses of the time; and I am also convinced that grave errors have been committed in forcing the development of western lands. If these general conclusions are sound, then it follows that the solution of our agrarian difficulties is to be sought in better education. By education, I mean literally what I say,— by means of a general waking up, a shaking out of all the old habits of thought, an injection of new conceptions of life, an intellectual stirring up of every rural community. I do not mean the simple giving of information, the cramming in of care- fully assorted facts. We need to shake out the snarls and kinks of prejudice and indifference before giving great attention to the dissemination of more direct information. There is already enough popular knowledge of better agricultural methods to greatly improve our rural conditions, if only the farmers would assimilate it and apply it. This knowledge is of little account when it is a mere extraneous possession. It must be worked into the fibre of the man until he is not aware that he possesses it. In this extension work, therefore, we have sought not so much for new facts as for some way of driving home the old facts. We have tried to set forces at work which would silently extend themselves when we had left them. Fortunately, we have been greatly aided by the hard times and the multitudes of EXTENSION WorkK IN HorricuLture. 535 bugs and special difficulties. These things have driven people to thinking and to asking for information. The agricultural com- munities are thoroughly aroused, and now is the time to teach. When one is thoroughly prosperous in his business, there is little chance—as, in fact, there is generally little need—of teaching him other methods. I must hasten to say that the agricultural status in Western New York is not such a deplorable one as my reader may sup- pose, or as he may infer from my preceding remarks. Those farmers who grow various and difficult crops are wide awake, intelligent, aggressive and for the most part contented. The man who grows only a few and staple crops is very apt to fall into stereotyped ways of thinking, which may mean that he drops behind the times. Just as fast as more varied farming is forced upon the agricultural communities by the inexorable struggle for existence, will the farmer’s horizon and sympathies enlarge; and with the progress of this broadening and educative impulse— which now, fortunately, is rapidly rising—the farmers will find themselves in position to correct whatever minor faults of leg- islation that may have occurred, and to direct and control the social forces with which they are concerned. We might classify our efforts to reach the people, in the pro- gress of our work, under five general heads. These efforts have all been experiments in methods of extension teaching as applied to horticulture. We have tried to ascertain the value of: . The itinerant or local experiment as a means of teaching. . The readable expository bulletin. . The itinerant horticultural school. . Elementary instruction in the rural schools. . Instruction bymeans of correspondence andreading courses. Unless all signs are deceptive, the greatest good which has yet been accomplished has come through the bulletins. We have wished that we might be able to make bulletins which would interest the reader aside from the information which they con- tain. We should have liked to put juice into them, for pemmi- can, whilst exceedingly nutritious, is difficult of digestion. Oo BP & be 536 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTion, IrHaca, N. Y. Aside from the reporting of definite experiment work, these- bulletins have taken the form of surveys of the status of certain industries; and an effort has also been made to give a new flavor to country life by writing upon subjects of floriculture and orna- mental gardening. Whilst it seems to us that the publications. have been useful in furthering the work which we have had in mind, we are nevertheless convinced that an unlimited issue or even a very large number of such expository bulletins would not be proportionately useful at the present time. There are stilla number of horticultural subjects which we desire to treat in this. spirit; but it is evident that the real fundamental work of exten- sion teaching must be prosecuted along other lines in connection with publication of a distinctly didactic kind. It may be said, before leaving this subject, that the entire number of bulletins. thus far published under the auspices of the Nixon bill, including the present report, is forty. The experimental and investiga- tional work which is still going forward—of which there is con- siderable—will be reported in forthcoming bulletins. For the present report, it is only necessary to explain the work of direct teaching which we have undertaken during the present year, and to draw certain conclusions from the general work of the Nixon bill. 2. EXPERIMENTS IN EXTENSION TEACHING. During the past season, we have made an especial effort to determine the best methods of reaching the rural communities by means of personal teaching, and our work has fallen into three general lines. In the first place we have carried forward one month’s work of consecutive teaching by means of the horticultural schools which we have heretofore held and which are somewhat fully reported in Bulletin 110; we have made another experiment of a month’s duration in teaching nature- study and object lessons in the rural schools of the Fourth Judicial Department; and at the present time, we are endeavor- ing to carry forward the instruction which has been thus begun by means of correspondence and an attempt to establish reading. courses in the various school districts and rural organizations. EXTENSION Work IN HorvicuLrure. Tey The horticultural schools held during the month of September were as follows, the names of the teachers being in italic: i. oo te & 10. one 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Wf 18. Aug. 28, 29, /, S. Jamestown, Chautauqua Oo., Y. M. C. A. Hail, Batley, Slingerland & Lodeman, Roberts Powell & Cavanaugh, Clinton. Aug. 29, S. Ellington, Chautanqua Co. Case & Frisbee’s Hall. Lodeman, Slingerland, Powell. Aug. 31, Sept. 1, 7, 7. East Randolph, Cattaraugus Co. Hall's Opera House. Clinton, Cavanaugh, Powell. Lodeman & Stingerland, Bailey. Sept. 2,3, W.. Zh. Cuba, Allegany Co. Fireman’s Hall. Bailey, Cavanaugh, Powell. Slingerland, Powell and Clinton. Sept. 2, 3,4, W., Zh., F. Brocton, Chautauqua Co. Even- ings only. Lailey. Lodeman. Powell. Sept. 4, 5, “, S. Lyndonville, Orleans Co. Methodist Church. Lodeman, Cavanaugh, Bailey. Clinton, Powell. Sept. 7, J/. Romulus, Seneca Co. Romulus Hall. Lode- man, Clinton, Loberts. wept. 1,8, 22, 2. North Rose,Wayne Co, J. O.G. 7. Halk Powell, Duggar, Cavanaugh. Slingerland, Bailey. . Sept. 8,9, Z., W. Williamson, Wayne Co. Grange Hall. Powell, Duggar. Bailey, Slingerland, Cavanaugh, Clinton. Sept. 10, Zh. Webster, Monroe Co. Lodeman, Cavanaugh, Clinton. Sept. 9, 10, W., Zh. Hilton (N. Parma), Monroe Co. F. W. Baptist Church. Lodeman, Cavanaugh, Powell. Slingerland & Duggar, Bailey. Sept. 11,12, #, S. Dansville, Livingston Co. Grange Hall, near Stone’s Falls, Friday; farm of H. R. McNair, below Woodsville, Saturday. Basket picnics. Barley, Lodeman, Roberts. Cavanaugh & Duggar, Clinton. Sept. 12, 8. Wyoming, Wyoming Co. Powell & Slinger- land, Roberts, Powell. Sept. 14,15, /., 7. Le Roy, Genesee Co. G. A. R. Hall. Powell & Duggar, Clinton, Bailey. Cavanaugh, Mrs. Comstock. Sept. 15, 7. Dundee, Yates Co. G. A. R. Hall. Lodeman, Clinton, Slingerland. Sept. 16, W. Hiall’s Corners, Ontario Co. Lodeman & Slingerland, Clinton, Lodeman. Sept. 16,17, W., Zh. Skaneateles, Onondaga Co. Library Hall. Powell, Cavanaugh, Mrs. Comstock, Clinton, Loberts. Sept.17, Zh. Fayetteville, Onondaga Co. Powell & Dug- gar, Cavanaugh, Bailey. 5388 AGRICULTURAL Exppriment Sration, IrHaca, N. Y. 19. Sept. 17, 18, Zh., # Oswego, Oswego Co. Court House. Lodeman, Slingerland, Powell. Roberts, Cavanaugh. 20. Sept. 18, 19, #, S. Mexico, Oswego Co. Town Hall. Lodeman, Slingerland, Clinton, Cavanaugh, Powell. 21. Sept. 21, 22, MW, 7. Lowville, Lewis Co. Court House. Powell, Duggar & Slingerland, Bailey. Clinton, Cavanaugh. 22. Sept. 22, 23, 7, W. Poland, Herkimer Co. F. B. Chureb. Bailey, Duggar & Slingerland, Powell. Clinton, Cavanaugh. 23. Sept. 23, 24, W., ZA. Trenton, Oneida Co. Grange Hall. Bailey, Slingerland & Duggar, Powell. Cavanaugh, Clinton. 24. Sept. 24, 25, 7h., #. Clinton, Oneida Co. Scollard Opera House. Bailey & Slingerland, Mrs. Comstock & Morrill, Bailey. Cavanaugh & Duggar, Powell. These schools were designed to impart specific horticultural instruction, and, more particularly, to awaken closeness of ob- servation, and careful reasoning therefrom, upon the part of the attendants. These schools were arranged for in the various places through a local committee which was appointed by the person who applied for the school in that community. Posters were distributed some time in advance of the meetings, the subject matter of one of which is presented herewith: A SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE WILL BE HELD IN THE Y. M. C. A. HALL, JAMESTOWN, CHAUTAUQUA COUNTS. Y., Friday and Saturday, August 28 and 29, 1896, beginning at 10 o’clock, sharp. This school is held under the auspices of the Experiment Station Extension, or Nixon Law, which, for three years, has given funds for the promulgation of horticultural knowledge in Western New York. Its territory is the Fourth Judicial Depart- ment, comprising twenty-two counties, of which the eastern- most are Jefferson, Lewis, Herkimer, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Yates and Steuben. The demands of this law are met by conducting experiments, by publishing the results of these researches in bulletin form, in sending agents or experts to ex- amine orchards and plantations when advice is needed, and in the holding of schools in which the various matters of science EXTENSION WorK IN HorrTicuLTuRE. 539 and practice pertaining to fruit-growing, gardens and green- houses are discussed. The force of instructors who take part in these schools are Mr. George T. Powell and teachers in Cornell University: Teachers upon General Subjects: Professor I. P. Roberts, George T. Powell, Professor L. H. Bailey. Representing Spraying, Vineyards and Small Fruits: E. G. Lodeman, Instructor in Horticulture. Representing Entomology: M. V. Slingerland, Assistant En- tomologist in the Experiment Station. Representing Tillage, Conservation of Moisture, Farm Tools, and the like: L. A. Clinton, Assistant Agriculturist in the Ex- periment Station. Representing Chemistry, Plant Foods, Fertilizers: G. W. Cay- anaugh, Assistant Chemist in the Experiment Station. Representing Plant Diseases and Botanical Matters: B. M. Duggar, Assistant Botanist in the Experiment Station. Instruction for Children: Mrs. J. H. Comstock. Some or all of these persons will be present at every school. These schools are free to everyone. It is especially desired that the women and young men should attend them. Each ses- sion will be devoted to one general subject, and all questions upen that subject shotld be reserved for that occasion. It is the purpose of these schools to awaken an interest in rural affairs and to inspire correct methods of observation and thinking, quite as much as to give explicit direction for horticultural work. It will conduce to the interest of the occasion if the citizens make displays of flowers, fruits and vegetables. Participants are requested to bring in all specimens of insects, diseased plants, and the like, concerning which they desire information. Come prepared to learn, not to criticize. Bring note-book and pencil. If forty or fifty earnest persons are in attendance at all the sessions, the school will be a success; but it is desired to reach as many people as possible. A course of reading will be laid out, at the school, for all who desire to take it up. The local rural societies should further this work. The value of the school will depend greatly upon the extent to which it stimulates further reading and study. Whenever practicable, it is desired that one session, or a part of a session, be given to the children of the public schools. Please circulate this information widely. For further information consult the local committee: Newell Cheney, Poland Center; A. A. Van Vleck, Jamestown; W. C. Gifford, Jamestown; M. Wample, Jamestown; Or address L. H. Bailey, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Programs will be ready before the school opens. 540 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Srarvion, IrHaca, N. Y. One of the most useful exercises in connection with these schools, and which we have uniformly employed from the begin- ning of our work, consists in observation lessons. Some small object, like leaves or roots, flowers or seeds, is put in the hands of all the attendants, and, after they have examined it for a few Minutes, the instructor begins to ask questions concerning it. This exercise drills every participant in observation, in the draw- ing of proper inferences from what he sees, and the exercise has always been productive of the greatest interest and good. A sample program of one of these horticultural schools is herewith submitted: Everyone interested in Rural Affairs is invited to attend a SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE TO BH HELD IN SCOLLARD OPERA HOUSE, CLINTON, ONEIDA CO., Thursday and Friday, September 24 and 25, 1896. The school is held under the auspices of the Nixon, or Experi- ment Station Extension Bill, which appropriates funds for the dissemination of horticultural knowledge in the Fourth Judicial Department of the State. The work is in charge of Cornell Uni- versity (Ithaca), and the instruction is given chiefly by teachers in that institution, under the immediate supervision of L. H. Bailey. Local Committee: E. P. Powell, Clinton; T. T. Thompson, Clinton; H. B. Sykes, Clinton; Ira F. Ellenwood, Clinton; J. H. Marvin, New Hartford. THurspDAyY, 10 a. M. (Smpr. 24). Lesson upon Flowers — (Conducted by L. H. Bailey). M. V. Slingerland — Insects: What they are and How they Live. Illustrated by specimens and models. After this exercise questions may be asked about spraying. THURSDAY, 2 P. M. Lesson upon Leaves — (Conducted by L. H. Bailey). E. P. Powell — Orchard Culture: How to secure healthy trees and healthy crops. Mrs. J. H. Comstock — What bright-eyed children may see in their walks. Illustrated by original colored drawings. It is hoped that the school children may be present at this latter exercise. EXTENSION WorK IN HorvTICcULTURE. 541 THuRSDAY, 7:30 P.M. Lesson upon Branches — (Conducted by L. H. Bailey). L. H. Bailey — The Philosophy and Practice of Pruning. II- lustrated by specimens. This exercise will consider certain phases of evolution, as well as of the pruning of trees. Fripay, 10 a. m. (Smpr. 25). Lesson upon Buds — (Conducted by Professor Morrill). A. D. Morrill — The Leaf-bud and Budding and Grafting. B. M. Duggar — Fungi: What they are and How they Live. At this point persons may ask questions about diseases of plants. Fripay, 2 Pp. M. Lesson upon Matches — (Conducted by George W. Cavanaugh). George W. Cavanaugh— The Chemistry of Some Plant Foods. Illustrated by chemical tests. George T. Powell — How to Pick, Pack and Export Apples. Will some one bring in a barrel of apples properly packed? Be on hand promptly at the opening hour. Time is precious. Bring note-book and pencil. Bring all the family. The introductory lessons will be espe- cially interesting to children, and there should be a good turnout. Come prepared to ask and to learn, but do not come to criticize. The school is intended for those of an inquiring mind, not for those who wish simply to be entertained. Each regular attendant will be enrolled as a scholar. Printed synopses of each regular talk or lecture will be dis- tributed. Bring in specimens of fruits, insects, plants, and whatever else interests you. It is more needful to learn first to think correctly than to perform correctly ; for all accurate labor is the child of accurate thought. {= Bring this program with you. We have taken up this experiment in teaching with the same spirit in which we would take up an investigation in natural science; that is, we have not attempted to prove any preconceived notions but have wished to seek for the truth. We have desired chiefly to know what is the best means of reaching the farming communities with the new educational impulses. In respect to these September schools, I may say that they were uniformly well received by the communities in which they were held. As 542 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, IrHaca, N. Y. an experiment, all of them are considered to have been success- ful, although it should be said that one of them was not held because of a conflict with a county fair. These schools have drawn a limited number of participants, ranging all the way from twenty to two hundred. I presume that an average attendance would run from forty to sixty. The participants have almost uniformly been the most influential horticulturists and farmers of the neighborhood — persons who extend a wide influence and who will give great popularity to any work in which they are interested. In distinctively fruit-growing regions, and especially in those localities where farmers’ institutes, grange meetings and other like assemblages have been held, these schools have been immediately worth many times more than they have cost. In certain other communities, however, especially those in which farmers’ meetings have not been held energetically, and in graz- ing regions, these schools have, in my opinion, been of too tech- nical or special character to produce the greatest amount of good. As a result of the holding of many of these schools, I am now of the opinion that they cannot be used as primary factors in uni- versity extension; they are capable of accomplishing a great amount of good when the community has been awakened by simpler and more elementary means. I should therefore con- sider that they could serve their best uses when they are given as a reward to those communities in which the greatest amount of interest in reading courses, in horticultural clubs, institutes and such other public factors has been developed. There are centers enough in New York State where such schools can be held with distinct advantage at the present moment; but they should be rather the culmination of a series of extension teach- ing efforts rather than a primary or preliminary means of awakening the rural communities. During October a series of meetings was held in the school- houses of various parts of the Fourth Judicial Department. These were under the immediate supervision of Mr. George T. Powell, who was assisted throughout the month by Mr. John W. Spencer, of Westfield. These meetings were of the type which EXTENSION WoRK IN HORTICULTURE. 543 had been so successfully inaugurated in Westchester county a year ago under the auspices of the Committee for the Promotion of Agriculture, a work which had been carried to its practical demonstration by Mr. Powell. The itinerary of the October meetings, together with some statistics thereof, are herewith submitted: Oct. 1. A.M. P. 2. A Dee 13. Be M. -M. M. . M. 5 Wile . M. M. M. Charlotte Centre, Chautauqua Co., Geo. R. Mathewson, teacher; 36 pupils. Sinclairville High School, Chautauqua Co., Pro- fessor F. L. Hannum, principal; 165 pupils. Thornton, Chautauqua Co., Bates District, Blanche Stone, teacher; 37 pupils. Ellington, Chautauqua Co., High School, Pro- fessor E. W. Storms, principal; 130 pupils. Kennedy, Chautauqua Co., Mrs. Millie Lathrop Williams, teacher. Ashville, Chautauqua Co., D. H. Findley, prin- cipal; three departments; 60 pupils. Blockville, Chautauqua Co., J. C. Smith, teacher; 34 pupils. North Collins, Erie Co., High School, L. L. Shore, principal; 180 pupils. North Collins, Eugene Willitt’s District, Eliza- beth E. Kingsland, teacher; 23 pupils. East Aurora, Erie Co., Jewett District, Miss Luella Malon, teacher; 18 pupils. Youngstown, Niagara Co., Henry Lutts’ Dis- trict, Cora A. Bradley, teacher; 27 pupils. Youngstown, district near Model City, Eliza- beth M. Berkley, teacher; 29 pupils. Knowlesyille, Orleans Co., Graded School, J. F. MeNall, principal; 85 pupils. Millville District, Orleans Co., Ernest A. Roll, teacher; 34 pupils Spencerport, Monroe Co., Graded School, F. W. Hill, principal; 170 pupils. Medina, Orleans Co., High School (Evening), Adams Basin, Monroe Co., W. H. Clark, principal; 50 pupils. South Livonia District, Livingston Co., VF Arthur Turner, teacher; 47 pupils. Livonia, Livingston Co., High School, W. H. Cone, principal; 200 pupils. East Palmyra School, Wayne Co.; 14 pupils. 544 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, IrHaca, N. Y. Oct. 14. 16. 19. 20. 21. 1 Eg A. A. re ie - M. - M. . M. - M. ° M. - M. M. M. M. M. Palmyra, Wayne Co., High School, Professor S. D. Arms, principal; 600 pupils. Evening lecture. Conesus District, Livingston Co., S. L. Me- Ninch, principal; 90 pupils. Foot’s Corners School, Livingston Co., Jose- phine Stalee, teacher; 21 pupils. Boughton Hill District, Ontario Co., Miss Mary T. O’Neil, teacher; 30 pupils. East Victor School, O. Smith, teacher; 23. pupils. Victor, Ontario Co., High School; 300 pupils. (Evening.) Naples, Ontario Co., Naples High School, Pro- fessor W. C. Noll, principal; 225 pupils. Phelps District No. 2, Ontario Co., Miss Emma Saulsbury, teacher; 27 pupils. Phelps Union School, Ontario Co., Professor D. D. Edgerton, principal; 330 pupils. Canandaigua, Ontario Co., District No. 17, Lu- cretia Adams, teacher; 22 pupils. Canandaigua, District No. 15, Mabel Merse- reau, teacher; 11 pupils. Canandaigua, District No. 14, Cora Parker, teacher; 20 pupils. Reed’s Corners School, Ontario Co., Julia C. Caplise, teacher; 31 pupils. Geneva School, Ontario Co., Miss Ellen Beach in charge; 40 to 50 in room. Fayetteville, Onondaga Co., Union School, Professor T. J. House, principal; 338 pupils. Manlius Union School came to Fayetteville, Professor E. Neeley, Manlius, principal. Dwight Stone’s District, Oswego Co., Mrs. Francis Gilbert, teacher; 25 pupils. Lansing, Oswego Co., F. D. Bradley, teacher; 60 pupils. Oswego Falls, Oswego Co., Maud Marden, teacher; 87 pupils. Fulton, Oswego Co., High School, Professor P- G. Clapp, principal; 1,000 to 1,100 pupils. Volney District No. 7, Oswego Co., Mrs. Flora. S. Davis, teacher; 27 pupils. Volney District No. 4, Lilian Hollunbeck, teacher; 19 pupils. EXTENSION WorRK IN HorTICULTURE. 545 Oct. 21. a.m. Volney District No. 3, Mrs. Anna Fraden- burg, teacher; 30 pupils. 22. Mexico, Oswego Co., High School, Professor A. W. Skinner, principal; 300 pupils. 23. A.M. Allendale District, Adams P. O., Jefferson Co., Clarence Pitts, teacher; 35 pupils. p.M. Adams, Jefferson Co., Miss M. J. Salisbury, principal; 250 pupils. 24. Watertown, Jefferson Co., Horticultural school. 26. a.M. New Hartford, Oneida Co., District No. 10, Leon E. Jinks, teacher; 33 pupils. p.M. New Hartford, District No. 7, Miss Augusta Light, teacher; 14 pupils. 27. A.M. New UHartford Union School, Professor G. Spaulding, principal; 300 pupils. p.M. New Hartford Union School. Hornellsville, Steuben Co., District No 12, Miss Cassie Cunningham, teacher; 20 pupils. 28. a.m. Arkport, Steuben Co., High School, H. W. Har- ris, principal; 150 pupils. P.M. Canisteo, Steuben Co., High School, Professor W. D. Hood, principal; 500 pupils. Evening. Hornellsville High School, Professor W. R. Prentice, superintendent. 29. a.M. Rheims, Steuben Co., Pleasant Valley District, Miss Minnie E. Pierce, principal; 60 pupils. p.M. Hammondsport, Steuben Co., High School, Pro- fessor E. L. Monroe, principal; 300 pupils. The plan of effort in this teaching was to visit two schools during the day, one in the forenoon and one in the afternoon. The arrangements were made in advance with the school commis- sioner or the trustees, and the fact that the speakers were to be at the school-house was ordinarily announced some days in advance so that parents and friends could visit the school at that time if they chose. The teacher was in every case willing to omit the regular exercises for an hour or two in order that our instructors might take up the work of object teaching with the children. The motive in this work was to find out just how the pupils could be reached by means of object lesson teaching, and just how much interest they would be likely to manifest in agricultural matters in case it were ever found to be desirable 35 546 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration, IrHaca, N. Y. to introduce such teaching as a part of the district school work. The instructor would first explain the reason for his coming and give the school to understand that no new text-books were for sale and that no new classes were to be required at the hands of the teacher. He then ordinarily took up some simple object lesson. It might be in one place a stalk of corn which be had in his hand and the process of growth of which he would explain from seed to harvest; it might be in another case the germination of a bean or a pumpkin seed; it might be in another case the habits or structure of a potato bug or some other insect; it might be, again, the reasons why there were knots and knot holes in the woodwork in the school-house; it might be a very elementary talk upon the different plant foods which are in the soil; it might be in other cases a very brief sketch, with charts, of some fungus; and so on. These exercises were uniformly well received by both the pupils and the teachers and this work has, I think, awakened more inspiration in the minds of our instruc- tors than any other attempt which we have yet made to reach the people. The teachers in the schools have without exception expressed themselves as willing and desirous of taking up some such simple exercises as a rest for the pupils two or three times a week, if only they themselves could be instructed in the proper methods of carryiug on the work. In order to afford this instruc- tion to the teachers, we are now proposing to issue a series of experimental leaflets on object lessons and place these in the hands of the teachers. There is no doubt of the necessity for work of this kind with the children. The love or antipathy of the farm is engendered at a very early age in the minds of the young. This has been demonstrated in these October meetings when we have asked those children who live on farms and who still desire to do so to raise their hands, and we almost uniformly find that the num- ber who desire to live on farms is far less than those who actu- ally do live on them. With these children, ranging from six to fifteen years of age, the question of pecuniary profits upon the farm has appealed very little, but they are influenced directly EXTENSION WorK IN HorricuLtrure. 547 by the environments under which they are living. These en- vironments must be improved; and if they are, there is every reason to expect that children wili love the country better than the city. We have thought, therefore, that it is eminently worth the while to instill the love of nature and the knowledge of a multitude of living things in the minds of the children; and by so doing we are fully convinced that we shall also be spreading the very same knowledge and impulse to the parents of these children. In fact, all the instructors whom we have had in the field during the present year are fully convinced, I think, that the fundamental method in improving the agricultural status is to begin with genuine and attractive nature-education in rural schools. As soon as a genuine interest in these matters is awak- ened in the children and teachers, school gardens, cabinets of plants, insects and minerals, and other enterprises will cluster about the school-center, and the influence thereof will spread throughout the country side. A report of this October work by Mr. Powell is herewith sub. mitted: “That the agriculture of New York state has been seriously depressed for several years, there is no question; that this has affected the condition of the rural population unfavorably is also recognized. It is, however, difficult to see wherein legislation can be obtained that will materially change the present condi- tions, except upon some educational lines that would enable ‘those engaged in agriculture, through greater knowledge, to more successfully meet some of the difficulties attending produc- tion, the interests of consumers being here closely connected with that of producers of food supplies. “There has been a belief that our educational system, excel- lent as it is, could be made of greater value to the individual by helping him to obtain a closer knowledge of some of the forces of nature which contribute so largely to the necessities and com- forts of life. While our country schools have instructed children in the common and higher English branches, and, in in- stances, have taught some of the principles of natural science, but little attempt has been made to give science instruction with its application made to living things or to those pertaining to the active affairs of life. “Under the auspices of the committee, known as the Com- 548 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. mittee for the Promotion of Agriculture, organized in New York in 1895, for the promotion of agriculture and of agricultural edu- cation, the experiment was tried of giving a course of lectures on natural sciences applied to agriculture in the district and high schools of Westchester county. The work proved of practical value, and a demand came upon this committee to extend it to many other sections in the state. It was thought by the New York committee that Cornell University, having such a complete equipment for scientific instruction and able teachers in agri- culture, could render valuable service to the entire state by ex- tending this line of instruction, and combining with its experi- ment and investigation work that of instruction in some of the principles of agriculture on the University Extension plan. “ During the month of October, 1896, this work was given to a aumber of schools in the different counties comprising the Fourth Judicial Department, under the provisions of the Nixon bill, for the extension of horticultural knowledge and instruction. Two classes of schools were reached: those in the rural districts and the union free schools. |}] > >--0”x+W»+—+"-—-”O.OO2O-—-—6—-—->—6060—0-—.-—-0—.0—-0—”—-.2-—0—=0—@—0 © OO—0 00 SS _——— 550 576 AGRICULTURAL EXPPRIMENT StaTION, ITHaAca, N. Y. The above table shows that the adults have appeared in some localities in August, but most of the records agree in giving Sep- tember or October as the months when they are usually seen in the fall. he fact that the moths hibernate, as*“shown by Mr. Devereaux’s captures during warm spells in winter at Clyde, N. Y., explains the records of captures in March, April and May. In some localities or seasons, perhaps all of the moths of this species do not emerge in the fall, but hibernate as pupe. Our breeding experiments, however, indicate that all emerge in the fall, differing in this respect from X. laticinerea as will be shown later. As was stated in the general discussion of the life-history of these green fruit worms, doubtless egg-laying takes place early in the spring, and the young caterpillars feed upon the buds and leaves until May, when the fruit is large enough for them to eat. The further life-history of this species follows closely the gen- eral account just mentioned. The caterpillar of this species is figured, natural size, eating the apple, on the right in the frontispiece, and twice natural size, both lateral and dorsal views, at f and g, plate 1. It is of a light, apple-green color, sometimes yellowish, with the head of nearly the same color, and the venter darker. As the figures show, the hair-bearing spots are white and very distinct. A narrow mesal cream-colored stripe, slightly wider near the middle of the body, extends along the dorsum; there is a slightly narrower, but distinct subdorsal stripe of the same color that is somewhat broken toward the extremities; there is also a wide, stigmatal, cream-colored stripe, mostly below the spiracles, with its lower or ventral edge sharply defined, but with its upper or dorsal edge much indented with the body color and irregularly extending to a much broken, narrow, lateral stripe of cream-colored spots a little above the spiracles. Most of these characteristic markings are well shown in the figures at fandg, plate 1. The caterpillars spin a very thin cocoon of silk about themselves in their earthen cell before they change to pupe. The brown pupa, shown enlarged at ¢, plate I, resembles in size and general appearance that of X. laticinerea shown at ¢ and d, plate 2. But a close examination of the caudal end of the pupe of these two species reveals striking differences. These are well GREEN FrRvuir Worms. 577 shown in the enlarged figures of this portion of the pupa at d, plate 1, and e, plate 2. 2. Xylina laticinerea Grt. This green fruit worm was represented among the specimens received from each locality, and, in one or two instances, it seemed to be equally as numerous as the preceding species. The moth of X. laticinerea was first described and named in 1874 from a Massachusetts specimen. The insect is illustrated on plate 2, figures f and g representing the moth, natural size and twice natural size, respectively. It seems to differ from the moth of X. antennata in the ground color of the wings being of a more decidedly ash-gray color and the markings are possibly a little more distinct; a comparison of the figures of the two species, shown on plates 1 and 2, will show that they are very similar. There may be antennal and genitalic differences in the males also; having bred no males of laticinerea, we cannot verify this. Nothing has been recorded respecting the life-history or earlier stages of this species; the caterpillar described by- Mr. Edwards (Papilio, III, 135) as belonging to this insect, was certainly an- other species, probably X. grotei, as we shall see later. Our ob- servations show that the caterpillars appear in May with, and have the same habits as, those of X. antennata. Pupation takes place in earthen cells in the soil about the same time in June. But the caterpillars of X. laticinerea spin no trace of a cocoon. The insect remains in the pupa state until fall, when some of them give forth the moth, but in our cages most of the pup are now hibernating; one moth emerged September 26th. The fol- lowing table, made up from the recorded captures of the moths this species, shows that they fly both in the fall and spring, many of them deoubtless hibernating and others not emerging until spring. PLACE. Dates. Schenectady, N. Y.... --.006 ceecveeccsseeteeee September 29, 30; October 4, 6, 10, 19, 21, 25, Saranac Lake, N. Y......cccvcceccssccccesssvess April. yell ties (0) 11 io spepoocaooptoolodooUddn sOeospaoddons September 15. St Catherines; Ont, «ciagyste) yeiee stasis *fe'c oipisiaie inate October 8; May 2. Newton, Mass. .a SHonoOndad". Urn tae eynizietejere e/erelsisie September and October. I yeinsivory JUROR Aa Socobbecoocs! “sabscceanoon logs November and April. : ; WII SSO ba eae wieiaso cea: ee lokelsyslelore sisinielsleieteleraisiotalsia/si4iers September 16; October 3; April 21, 22. 578 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration, IrHaci, N. Y. A comparison of the figures of the caterpillars of this species at a and b, plate 2, with those of the other two species represented on plates 1 and 3, will at once show that it is quite different from either of the others. It is of a light apple-green color, some- times with a slight bluish cast; the head is sometimes a little lighter, and the venter is but slightly darker. The whole body is very finely mottled with minute cream-colored spots, and the hair-bearing spots are small and not very distinct. There is a narrow cream-colored mesal stripe on the dorsum, wider near the middle of the body; the narrow light lemon-yellow stigmatal stripe, widest toward the extremities, runs just above the spira- cles, except in the case of the spiracle nearest each extremity, where it runs below; there is also a very narrow, much broken, sometimes quite indistinct, cream-colored stripe midway between the mesal and stigmatal stripes. On some specimens the yellow stigmatal stripe was bordered above with a blackish shade, as shown on the parasitized caterpillar at a, plate 4. A com- parison of this description of the caterpillar with that of Mr. Edwards, referred to above, will show that they cannot apply to the same insect; for the lemon-yellow stripe is narrow and above the spiracles, and not broad and below, as in Mr. Edwards’ de- scription. The pupa of this species is not formed within a cocoon, and also differs from that of X. antennata very strikingly in the structure of the caudal segment, as is well shown by a comparison of the en- larged figures of this part at d, plate 1, and e, plate 2. Otherwise the pup are quite similar, as the enlarged figures at c, plate 1, and d, plate 2, show. Although the moths of X. antennata and X. laticinerea are dis- tinguished from each other with considerable difficulty, the above descriptions and the accompanying figures show that the cater- pillars and pup of the two species are quite distinct and, can be easily separated. Thus both insects are distinct and valid species. 3. Xylina grotei Riley. Only a small percentage of the green fruit worms sent us proved to be of this species. . PLATE II1.—Xylina grotei Riley. a, the moth, natural size; b, the moth, twice natural size: c and d, the caterpillar, dorsal and lateral views, twice natural size; e, the cater- pillar at work, natural size: f, genitalia (right half,) of the male Xylina grotei, much enlarged; g, genitalia (right half,) of the male of Xylina antennata, much enlarged. d PLATE IV.—Some of the enemies of green fruit worms. a, caterpillar of Xylina laticin. erea from which the parasitic grub of Meteorus hyphantriae has just emerged and is spinning its cocoon, natural size ; b, two of the curious suspended cocoons of Meteorus hyphantriae, enlarged; c, the adult parasite (Meteorus hyphantriae), much enlarged ; d, a caterpillar of Xylina lacticinerea killed by the parasitic grub of Mesochorus agilis which has spun its cocoon beneath the caterpillar, fastening the latter to the leaf, natural 81Z€, GREEN Fruit Worms. 579 The moth was first described as XY. cinerosa in 1879, from New York state specimens. In 1882, Dr. Riley pointed out that this name could not be used, as another insect belonging to the same genus had received the same name years before. He suggested the name X. grotei instead, but thought the insect was only a variety of X. antennata. Nothing has since been recorded about the species. A comparison of the figures of the moth at a and 8B, plate 3, with the figures of the moths of the other two species on, plates 1 and 2, will show how remarkably similar the insects are in the adult state. The moths of YX. grotei have a much brighter ap- pearance and their markings are more sharply defined than in either of the other two species. The ground color of their wings is much like that of X. antennata, but there is a decided differ- ence in the male genitalia of these two species, as is shown in the enlarged figures at f and g, plate 3. Our specimens of the moths of X. grotei emerged from the 18th to the 26th of September. We have found no recorded captures of this species. Doubtless its life-history is very similar to that of X. antennata. The caterpillars of X. grotei so closely resemble those of X. antennata that we did not notice their characteristic differences until the moths which appeared in one of our cages were deter- mined as two distinct species; and until we had seen the only cat- erpillar preserved by Dr. Riley when he studied these green fruit worms in 1870. The caterpillar at the left in the frontispiece (the same one is shown at e, plate 3) is of this species; figures ¢ and d, plate 3, are reproductions of photographs taken twice natural size, from Dr. Riley’s preserved (blown) specimen. Compare these figures with those of the caterpillars of XY. antennata at e, f and g, plate 1. The difference between the broad stigmatal stripes is readily seen; in X.grotei, both edgesof the stripe are quite sharply defined, while in X. antennata the upper edge is much broken or indented with the body color. Anothr difference readily seen on the specimens, but not so evident in the figures, is that the subdorsal stripes in X. grotei are not so continuous as in X. antennata, but are made up of three or four irregular spots on each segment. Otherwise, as regards general color, size, etc., 580 AGRICULTURAL EXPPRIMENT Station, IrHaca, N. Y. the caterpillars of these two species are practically alike. Dr. Riley’s description of his green fruit worm agrees with his pre- served specimen of XY. grotei, and he states that the moth of this species (a variety, he then considered it) “ heads his series.” Mr. Edwards described a caterpillar of what he supposed was X. lati- cinerea, but his description applies to the caterpillars of X. grotei, and not to those of either of the other two species under dis- cussion. The indications are that the caterpillars of X. grotei spin slight cocoons within which they change to pup, as in the case of XY. antennata. But we cannot say whether there are any dif- ferences in the pupz of these two species or not. NATURAL ENEMIES. Fortunately for the fruit grower, these green fruit worms have several deadly enemies. One correspondent reported that red- winged blackbirds had been seen either catching and eating the caterpillars or carrying them away to feed their young. Doubt- less other birds which frequent orchards also include the worms in their menu. The indications are, however, that the caterpillars suffered much more from the attacks of at least two minute foes among their own kind. From the material sent to the insectary, we bred two minute hymenopterous parasites. Apparently the most nu- merous and efficient one of these little enemies is shown much enlarged at e, plate 4; they are only about 1-5 of an inch in length. It was named Meteorus hyphantrie by Dr. Riley in 1886. That year it did valiant work in checking the fall web-worms (Hyphan- tria cunea). Its method of working is to deftly insert an egg into the body of an unwary and defenceless caterpillar. A grub hatches from this egg and proceeds to live on the internal fats and juices of its host—the caterpillar. The host leads a linger- ing existence, and finally, a short time before death ensues, the parasitic grub bores its way out through the skin of its host and proceeds to spin the curious brown cocoon, shown natural size at a, and much enlarged at b, plate 4. Just how the grub manages to make these suspended cocoons is not known. Apparently it GREEN Fruit Worms. 581 first spins out the large suspending silken thread, and then, at the end of this, holding on in some manner (perhaps by its jaws), it proceeds to spin about itself a coarse, loose cradle of the same kind of silk. When secure inside this cradle it lets go its hold from the suspensory thread and spins its soft, dense, fine- threaded cocoon. These cocoons are attached to any part of the tree and the threads which suspends them vary in length from one- half an inch to four inches. From ten days to two weeks (in June) after the grub spins its cocoon the transformation through the pupal to the adult stage takes place. The little four-winged foe then emerges through a round hole made in the end of the cocoon, by deftly gnawing around the lower end and thus detaching a neatly fitting cap. The other little enemy of these green fruit worms is about the same size as, and looks something like, the one just described. It also works inside the caterpillars in the same manner, gradually sapping out their life. But instead of undergoing its further transformations in a suspended cocoon, it bores its way out of the caterpillar, and crawling beneath its host, it proceeds to fasten the latter down to a leaf with its cocoon. This state of affairs is well shown at d, in plate 4. The two-thirds grown cat- erpillar is pinioned to the leaf by the cocoon of the grub which caused it to die a lingering death. This little parasitic foe is known to science at Mesochorus agilis. Doubtless the efficient work of these little parasitic insects and the birds has been one of the main reasons why these green fruit worms have troubled New York fruit growers only at long in- tervals. How tro ComBat THESE Fruit-EarinG CATERPILEARS. It is to be hoped that these caterpillars will not often visit our orchards in destructive numbers, for the past season’s experience has shown that it is a difficult matter to check their ravages. It would seem at first thought that the pests might be readily killed with a Paris green spray. But several of our correspondents, who have a reputation for thoroughness in spraying and who success- fully check fungi and other insects, reported that all of their 582 AGRICULTURAL EXPPRIMENT Station, ITHaca, N. Y. efforts in this line did not noticeably diminish the crop of these caterpillars. Some sprayed with the poison three or four times during the time the worms were at work. Mr. Albert Wood, Carlton, N. Y., collected 60 live worms and placed 20 on each of three large branches loaded with young apples; the branches were cut off and nailed up somewhere. One branch was sprayed with kerosene emulsion, one with arsenate of lead and the third with hellebore. Two days after the worms were all lively and well, and had kept on eating apples. The orchard from which these worms were taken had received three thorough applications of Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. It is possible that one or two thorough applications of Paris green, made before the blossoms open, when the caterpillars are small and feeding on the buds and leaves, might kill many of them. However, the concensus of opinion among our correspond- ents seems to be that they cannot be effectually reached with a spray at any time. It is probably true that it is practically im- possible to sufficiently coat the outside of a young apple with a poison spray, so that one of the caterpillars would get enough to kill it when it eats into the fruit. For this reason we concur in the belief that the worms cannot be effectually checked with a spray of any kind after the fruit gets large enough for them to feed upon it. But the young worms must feed upon the buds and leaves for a time before the fruit gets large enough, and it seems plausible that a Paris green spray, thoroughly applied at least once before the trees blossom, must result in the death of many of the worms. We would like to see this tried, but there is one difficulty which will always arise; that is, one can rarely, if ever, tell whether the insects are present in his orchard in destructive numbers until they begin to eat the fruit. It is always a good practice, however, to spray orchard fruits at least once (where bud moths or case-bearers are thick, twice) before the blossoms open with the combined Bordeaux and Paris green. One correspondent writes that the caterpillars were the most numerous in a cultivated orchard. This does not agree with the observations of Professor Comstock made during the outbreak in 1877; he states that the fruit was injured most in those orchards GREEN Fruit Worms. 583 which were not cultivated. This fact led him to recommend that many of the insects could be destroyed by the cultivation of the orchards during July and August, while the worms are in the ground undergoing their transformations. We believe that thor- ough cultivation during the summer will tend to greatly lessen the crop of green fruit worms for the following year. _ The fact, as reported by several correspondents, that the cater- pillars will at once drop to the ground (not spin down as do can- ker worms) when the branch upon which they are at work is un- naturally jarred, affords a vulnerable point of attack against them. Why not jar them off into sheets and then killthem? We saw this successfully accomplished last spring in an orchard near Geneva, N. Y. “ Curculio catchers” were in daily use to catch this most serious pest of stone-fruits, and hundreds of the green fruit worms were being caught at the same time, thus “ killing two birds with one stone.” On young trees this is the most effi- cient and practicable method of fighting these caterpillars we can suggest. Three or four good thorough jarrings ought to ef- fectually check their ravages for the season. Of course, on old, large trees it would be a big undertaking to jar them, and when there was such a setting of fruit as we had last spring, it might not pay to doit. But with a small setting of fruit, it might mean the difference between a good crop and no crop at all, in which case it would certainly pay. In brief then, our recommendations for fighting these fruit- eating caterpillars are to always spray the trees at least once with Paris green in the Bordeaux mixture before the blossoms open, to kill some of the worms while they are young. Later sprayings, after the fruit is large enough for them to eat, will avail but little. After the fruit sets, the only successful and practical way to fight them seems to be by jarring them off into sheets or “curculio catchers” and killing them. Follow this with thorough cultivation of the soil during the summer, and thus kill many of the insects while they are undergoing their transformations in the soil. They are difficult pests to fight, and it is to be hoped that at least another nineteen years may pass before our fruit growers receive a third visitation from destruc- tive numbers of them. MARK VERNON SLINGERLAND. APPENDIX EH. Detailed Statement of receipts and expenditures of the Cor- nell University Agricultural Experiment Station, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1896. RECEIPTS. From Horticultural Division. 1895. duly. 12.’ Productsisold:: ...) esvesa sas coke meee $59 35 Gv. ys) LL. Prodnersusold’s . 0).. 4 sect k eed Ree eee 138 96 Dec. 2: (PrOGUCtsSOLd'..:.. ccs Race ee ene 22 88 1896. Jan. 4 Products sold. :.. 02 ss sccestege cts eros 6 32 202 PTOOMEUSHSOIG. os... acta aude re aaa 26 33 Feb. ii SE TOMUEESISOIGs, .5\0;< ec. ackyere eet seeks 28 25 EPammaae oa. ...'....0 spas saenepeee ede 18 04 Marehi (3. Hanlimorcoal’.:., . +... 1.0.0 cietnblole hua Sears 37 25 April) ol.) Elaine seo : 51. (316003 eas iepeaa ae teins crak se 32 41 Miamlimeyeoal .. 3 s.: 22) oieransres ote tate 5 72 $250 51 From Office. 1896. Beb.); 8. Eighty, bulletins. 2.2... 0... cone es oo $4 00 25. Forty bulletins.........--60+.-+++--++-e: 2 00 586 AGRICULTURAL ExpprRIMent Station, IrHaca, N. Y. 1895. July 31. I. P. Roberts, director, one month..... Aug. Sept. 30. Oct. dl. dl. EXPENDITURES. For Salaries. H. H. Wing, dairyman, one month...... G. C. Watson, assitant agriculturist, one G. F. Atkinson, cryptogamic botanist, Misi anne I. P. Roberts, director, one month...... H. H. Wing, dairyman, one month..... G. C. Watson, assistant agriculturist, ODE WOW... . ... spe 6 os es G. F. Atkinson, cryptogamic botanist, GUE MONE . . . .. EMME we a els G. W. Cavanaugh, assistant chemist, one month. ..... . 1. cee 8 8 ke we H. W. Smith, clerk, onemm@airn......... I. P. Roberts, director, one month...... H. H. Wing, dairyman, one month...... G. C. Watson, assistant agriculturist, ONE MONCH .-:...: /Tem ss ee G. F. Atkinson, cryptogamic botanist, ONE MOD. «.\.:.:./< sete es wes e's G. W. Cavanaugh, assistant chemist, One Month... 2... creel. os a H. W. Smith, clerk, one month......... I. P. Roberts, director, one month...... H. H. Wing, dairyman, one month..... L. H. Bailey, horticulturist, one month.. G. F. Atkinson, cryptogamic botanist, OQEMMONEN, i RS «se ccs ek G. W. Cavanaugh, assistant chemist, ONE WHOM EM ence IE al iv wie ss o's $125 104 100 00 16 00 66 66 00 66 00 66 66 2 50 00 16 00 66 66 62 50 5 00 66 66 66 66 1895. MOCt ok: Nov. 30. WeGae aL. 1896. Sane. oh: RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURBS. M. V. Slingerland, assistant entomolo- gist; ome month: \-.hr.3Aeee oie ste pape EW. Smith, clerk; oneanonth. #5. -... S. H. T. Hayes, assistant agriculturist, twenty-seven days... 0... ee eee tee I. P. Roberts, director, one month...... H. H. Wing, dairyman, one month..... L. H. Bailey, horticulturist, one month.. G. F. Atkinson, cryptogamic botanist, GIVE STMLOMUNAS +e ose-s-5:ah-fasteta et ee teke setae ate G. W. Cavanaugh, assistant chemist, CLUE TING ihe ee de ceccde by cGieds bajo M. V. Slingerland, assistant entomolo- gistone Month. :.-..=p7 see a eae H. W. Smith, clerk, one month......... S. H. T. Hayes, assistant agriculturist, H. H. Wing, dairyman, one month...... L. H. Bailey, horticulturist, one month.. G. F. Atkinson, cryptogamic botanist, OMEMIMOTHCIN. 6.0: 1.cj2i- tore Retoeaae tele nedel eee G. W. Cavanaugh, assistant chemist, one Month..........eeee eee eee eee ees M. V. Slingerland, assistant entomolo- gist, one month..........-....0.000s H. W. Smith, clerk, one month......... S. H. T. Hayes, assistant agriculturist, twenty-six GayS.......-.- sees eeeees I. P. Roberts, director, one month...... H. H. Wing, dairyman, one month...... L. H. Bailey, horticulturist, one month. . G. F. Atkinson, cryptogamic botanist, GUEUMMON EW. Ws . sales we eee oir eles wheter ne we G. W. Cavanaugh, assistant chemist, GME TOMES 2K. TAT Aachen © ole wee 587 $125 00 62 50 67 50 125 00 104 16 166 66 588 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StaTIon, IrHaca, N. Y. 1896. Jan. 31. Feb. 29. March 81. April 30. M. V. Slingerland, assistant entomolo- fist, one month. :... . MMI a... -.. H. W. Smith, clerk, one month......... L. A. Clinton, assistant agriculturist, CU - I. P. Roberts, director, one month...... H. H. Wing, dairyman, one month...... L. H. Bailey, horticulturist, one month. . G. F. Atkinson, cryptogamic botanist, ONE MONE... . 5... jG as ses Slee G. W. Cavanaugh, assistant chemist, TOME TMOWEN...... 5. 2 oes cia so 0 oe M. V. Slingerland, assistant entomolo- ist, Gneaonth.”.\)/oeeeie eo. os. sac H. W. Smith, clerk, one month......... L. A. Clinton, assistant agriculturist, ONG MOWthe.... .:. PMR iss ss ss eis I. P. Roberts, director, one month...... H. H. Wing, dairyman, one month...... L. H. Bailey, horticulturist, one month. G. F. Atkinson, cryptogamic botanist, One MON. (5. ss Ne a SENS G. W. Cavanaugh, assistant chemist, ONE MONE. 6.1.35) EMME os oe ass M. V. Slingerland, assistant entomolo- gist, one Month!) . Sew ces. ses L. A. Clinton, assistant agriculturist, ONE MOUs) hs Se se el I. P. Roberts, director, one month...... H. H. Wing, dairyman, one month...... G. F. Atkinson, cryptogamic botanist, One MOUTs w,).):/.) nae ee viii. she G. W. Cavanaugh, assistant chemist, OME MOWED iis ni NE oe se L. A. Clinton, assistant agriculturist, ONE MONLY, 46 ti,h i kwh es 83 50 33 00 1896. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. May 31. I. P. Roberts, director, one month..... June 30. H. H. Wing, dairyman, one month...... G. F. Atkinson, cryptogamic botanist, OMESTMVO MEIN I At As Sad Sn gn Pane ae hoes G. W. Cavanaugh, assistant chemist, OWE PNT CHAE YR 5 ol ESE OP as teak L. A. Clinton, assistant agriculturist, GHE MONEE BARI Eee K. A. Butler, clerk, one month.:....... I. P. Roberts, director, one month...... H. H. Wing, dairyman, one month...... G. F. Atkinson, cryptogamic botanist, OWS CMOMGHT : 5.) 7NF RAS conse ee G. W. Cavanaugh, assistant chemist, OMS TONE. os. oo. rch PA setatthe a Rhee eereeene L. A. Clinton, assistant agriculturist, @me TO my 1S. cI RY oe tea ORs Lee ais Rotale forssalarves sae setae ere For Buildings. 2. Labor, painting insectary.............-. Femmnbpercsaiad: 1a OL2"..s:. 2h-voppatsleres cs iieiaee1 he . Paint and sundry. su ppliesetibr. a. : teens . Labor, painting imsectary.............. . Fifty-two gallons.oil....0....2.....5..- => eslunmmmbomiere. )s |. atid ONE: ee eed ae arotecs Mou TOL OUI aoe 5 stick Cooke wie ar ete For Printing. . U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... . U. S. Express Co., expressage........-. . U. S. Express Co., expressage........-. . Franklin Engraving Co., electros....... Or $0 32 5 590 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration, Irmaca, N. Y. 1895. July 11 25 Aug. 13 27 3 Sept. 7 30 Get") 21. od Noy. 8 21 29 Dec. 9 Nov. 238 30 Dec. . Franklin Engraving Co., express on TIBOEOR (Lu... 3 c)-, AcE sso one . U. Siiixpress Co., expressage.......... . L. V. BR. BR. Co., freight.and cartage..... . U. 8. Express Co., expressage.......... . W. F. Humphrey, printing Bulletin WORN cia hs: . 2 itso Lisl oo) 5's . U. S.,Express Co., expressage......... . I. C--Chandler, drawinggmgmp. .......-:. . U.S. Express Co., expressage........... . U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... . U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... . George Small, lumber and labor........ . Lovejoy Co.,’ electros. Sagem... 20. , Lovejoy Ca:, ielectros)., 7pm )s's sass . Franklin Engraving Co., electros....... . Franklin Engraving Co., electros....... . U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... ; U. S. Express Co., expressage........:.. . U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... . L. V. BR. R. Co., freight and cartage..... . W.. F. Humphrey, printing Bulletin No. i) SPeRCo oo. Uae . National Express Co., expressage...... . U.S. Express Co., expressage.......... » Lovejoy. Co., electrosJiizgmsn 5 6s .+--- . W. F. Humphrey, printing Bulletin No. NOMeand. INO; VOSi i eriepitteteds 6.0 0.0 2001s . L. V. R. BR. Co., freight and cartage..... we.G. Hance, cartage...iigue..---.-..- . National Express Co., expressage...... . National Express Co., expressage...... . Lovejoy :Co., electross: dude 2.tes ss)... 05's . U. S.: Express Co., expressage.......... . U. 8. Express Co., expressage........... . New York Engraving Co., electros...... * 101 45 113 05 339 50 8 00 1896. Feb. >. 29. March 10 14 1895. daly 1: 15. 24. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... . U.S. Express Co., expressage.......... . U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... , Koyejoyt Co. nelectross hg. tes wit lancttee . U.S. Express Co., expressage.......... » aG., Hanes Caktag@e.\.\433 05 oh eat ees . W. F. Humphrey, printing Bulletin No. Gar Hance Cartage snc... asic is deel . S. Express Co., expressage.......... Potal FOF Print e sas rp-s-kj emake seeds For Office Expenses. National Express Co., expressage...... ‘Andrus & Church, stationery.......... Andrus & Church, stationery.......... . Tosa Buck, rubber Stam pss s seid sau ( ee Ver ialoney, labone sac em -nimete es . G. F. Atkinson, expenses to Denver..... D Wisk Barnes, labor su: <5 5 apicuenialo =e «pe . U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... . W. O. Wyckoff, stationery...........-- Andrus & Church, stationery........... . Rural Pub. Co., subscription Rural New WIOEICC Es) soe aies 058 pas a ee les . L. V. Maloney, labor... ..........6...- . M. Ay Adsitt, stationery... : 065 +..is 0 . L. V. Maloney, labor..........--++++-- . Andrus & Church, stationery........-. , Ithaes Gas: Co., gas... c= a aeieiaale ais . Andrus & Church, stationery..........-. . Andrus & Church, stationery.......... 591 60 25 $719 20 108 50 592 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, Irmaca, N. Y. 1895. Oct. Novy. 18. 30. 31 1896. Jan. Feb. Jan. Feb. 10 © oe U. 8. Post Office, stamps....'.:......... U.S. Post Office, stamped envelopes... . RV.) Maloney, Manor. 2. nee... . Popular Science Monthly, subscription. . . M. A. Adsitt, typewriter ribbons....... -konpca Gas Co., cama ewe fo. ad . Andrus & Church, stationery........... » Le Wee taloney,. lal Graeemtieins oo 0 cies eile . M. A. Adsitt, typewriter supplies....... > U.cS-sPost Office; postagewen ee. 0... oc . Andrus & Church, stationery.......... - Andrus & Church, pencils............. 9. U. S. Post Office, postagemie se... ... 1 e thaca Gas Co. cas. jee ss os ela es » M.A. Adsitt: 1 doz. cartgommee. sss... . U.S. Post Office, postal cards.......... | U.S. Post Office, stampeeemee......... 2, Vi. Maloney, labor.,.aepee . .'s .. a. ©. Stok labor: ... Oye es . Andrus & Church, stationery........... . M. A. Adsitt, typewriter supplies...... cima Adsitt, stationeryaeen..-..-... sichaea: Gas ‘Co., cas.) ee es sts pee ALC. & KE. §., feces - ss... 7 Urs. Post Office, stampsemee..-...... . Andrus & Church, stationery.......... Sula Ver Maloney, labor. umes. ess ss Praca he MLOUC, lAbOr! «eens ©. ess 5s Andrus & Church, stationery.......... Pees CLOSItt, Carbon oem... eee Pewee Opt Office, postageammems.......s . Andrus & Church, stationery.......... . Ithaca Stamp Co., rubber stamps...... agave Maloney, labor. sccm sa ss bo Oot & 37 1896. March 2. M. A. Adsitt, stationery............... $1 7. Andrus & Church, stationery.......... 5 13. M. A. Adsitt, stationery............... 3 ol MA Butlers labore sc. ee Pee 12 ive: Maloney, labors’, ose. iet ea tae 39 April 2. Balance on typewriter, M. A. Adsitt.... 62 Kthaca ‘Gas! COs) cas... 9... seer a eee (. Andrus é& Church, ‘stationery .1 257.4. 5 tii AC Ast, Statonery. <2 atpeeipee 4 22. L. V. R. R. Co., freight and cartage..... 24. Tichenor & Son, repairs on typewriter OS era, oo, aie safes Me cheat om eran 28.) 1s. Mew eral, inoleumicy sc. jc0 cscacaue apenas 45 Library Bureau, book-case............. 17 302 Le VieMaloney,,..laborccrgeps)s sori eevetens 39 Andrus & Church, stationery.......... Be May Ls Wi Ree Mlorey,: CATA 57. tee ost oie: leads oe 20, Mary Miller, labors, «2 7c)cyyternevasset stats eke 22. I. P. Roberts, traveling expenses....... 20 U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... Andrus & Church, stationery.......... 8 June 27. U.S. Post Office, postage.............. 8 May 26. Ithaca Gas Co., gaS..........-2..000-- 30. Li. VereMaloney, labors. s iekaseste es ws 39 June. 3. Bowe Hall) door mati .i6 2% 2 0+ + ae 18 75 Dec. 20. Bush & Dean, cheese cloth............ 30 1896. Jan. 18. D., L. & W. BR. R. Co., freight and cart- Tes lll 51 23. Andrus & Church, stationery.......... 4 13 11, US. Post Office, postagemmar.......... 1 00 17. Farmer’s Fertilizer Co., fertilizers..... 2 50 ol. FP. Hatch, labor. . soa + een 5 25 18. E. G. Allen, periodicalgije.......... : 8 70 May 2. dame. "3; 1895. July 2. June 29. July 13. Zils Aug 1, RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. - National Express Co., expressage...... . U.S. Post Office, stamped envelopes. ... . U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... ; DM. Thorburn &'Cos seeds. .2)..4.. 22 . Farmer’s Fertilizer Co., fertilizers... ... . National Express Co., expressage...... D., L. & W. R. R. Co., freight and cart- SE Cre scan latsavagevanchave a rclctacels se aberetay aie eae seu I. P. Roberts, traveling expenses....... AD J5eN e GN Is 5 cele) eee eas SL eb 8 One OUnsOn, laborhs) ee a eels AD OF.': 5. oh gates ea ee . National Express Co., expressage...... L. V. R. R. Co., freight and cartage..... OSS aM ay: 5, 5,5 ness ya ete eye ce eerie dose Brown, Mule Aas. oa ee 2 ee speed, labors 2 ierise : ux, 9's ve eee - Bea tier, tobacco plantas ss. sets . Jo Medohnson; labor’ s))secee si oe eee . National Express Co., expressage...... SH Eeodee™, Labor... -:.-.te eee . R. L. Speed, labor....... ee aa tape Farmer’s Fertilizer Co., fertilizers....... emma, labors: (steak the arte Aig Seoul, laDOL sic aioe hereon Cabeetatlby, labor. ..\iccto cere wea eee Gr weelailby, labor: oi aac ee ae Total for Agricultural Division.... For Horticultural Division. American Gardening, subscriptions..... James;Seaman, lumber.t. 2. -a..0% vs Driscolesros, lime. 2... ca stale alee a Masses ten, (1A DOM.|.\. 2 aeteteeria et tare tales TeasGrover.labor....0e. aeepete ue 595 596 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, Irwaca, N. Y. 1895. July 1) George: Small, lumber. .2227.1%...2..'.. 1896. dan: \Agas00) Co:, furniturelteeemes sees... 1895. . Aug. JslmernaGrover, laboreameeers. esse li. : June 27. C.J. Rumsey & Co., hardware.......... Oct. imeeerover, labore: si. ates. sss Bept. SZ wes: Dept. Agr., mdegicards: : 2... 2... Oct. 21. U.S. Express Co., expressage.......... 28. National Express Co., expressage...... NOY; teiranGrover, labor... sees’... . sss. Oct. 12. Andrus & Church, stationery.......... o--Wennison Mig. Co., tages... 0... ae Aug. (9G, EH: Stethert, publicatiatines..<.....'.. Oct. 15. Andrus & Church, stationery.......... ANS ieee, ol MCGOWAN, OAS. . scene es... sos Sep, ooo! @o., frames: .. 5. somes ws. oo ss Nov. 15. L. V. R. R. Co., freight and cartage..... 2. Phoenix Nursery Co., trees............ Oct. 8. Jamison & McKinney, plumbing....... Woy. sO; ra Grover, labor. .:. (commemince ».- >. 11. G. V. Nash, botanical specimens....... Oct. 5. American Dry Plate Co., plates........ Noy. 20.) Selover & Atwood, planisy............. 25.0 ennison Mfr. Co., glueveemea........ 1896. Neb. -2ipandrus & Church, tags. =... --- > 1895. Dec, 7 shee lis, Lay... . «ccs ss s+. ws Oct. OT MOTIBCOLL BrOS., LIME: . .\2 nes ee + 6's. 0s Sept. 28. Slocum & Taber, sundries............. Nov. 3. Fall Creek Milling Co., feed............ Dec. 14. U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... Sept. 29. Hook Bros., baskets and seeds......... July 2. Geo. Rankin & Son, glassware......... 1896. Jan. Lineetrover, LADO. .’.).): ceeeere ices ate «5 OT on bo Cl 23 48 37 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. 597 1896. Jan. 9. U.S. Express Co., expressage.......... $0 60 14. Fall Creek Milling Co., sacks.......... 96 1895. Dee. 21. John Reidy & Co., sundries............ 4 30 19. George Small, lumber and labor........ 1 75 31. E. & H. T. Anthony, printing frames... 1 40 20. C. J. Rumsey & Co., hardware.......... 69g 21. Pritchard & Son, wagon repairs........ 27 70 1896. Feb. Lira sGrovers Labor 3is,ti-c1cc.aeeista sede 37 00 AS Wa Urences Nay’ .!s dishes s) - ate eate ee Bae leet = 15 58 Jan. 27. U.S. Express Co., expressage.......... 25 PEG. Allen; periodicals oe. faekeeee 9 85 2. 1. D. Sturdevant, seeds in. jis ci tanias cons 1.15 Hebe, 29. -lravGrover,. labor sisi esis esos ee 37 00 28. U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... 30 26. Slocum & Taber, sundries.............. 5 95 29. L. V. R. R. Co., freight and cartage..... 50 March. 7. U.S. Dept..Agr., index cards............ 2 00 Jan. 7. Reynolds & Lang, steam fitting........ 108 24 July 26. Rothschild Bros., netting.............. 40) Feb. 25. Burns Bros., horseshoeing............. 30 75 15; 0S: ig Bushy, sats): 21% ita: bein ha eels 42 98 Marche 25: We His Hay... «.. ......v0sis eae eb siete seers elas 15 00 April 14. Repairs. ... 2.2.2... eee cece cece eee 34 33 May 4 lira), GEOVEL,..LADOL =. tlde setae ie =lethane ete 37 00 June 29. Barr Bros., hardware..........-+-+++++- 70 30. Seaman, labor and lumber.........-.-. 356 37 Driscoll Bros., lime and stone.........-. 25 25 J. B. Lang, labor and fittings........... 98 95 Total for horticultural division... . $1,516 05 For Chemical Dwision. 1895. July 8. Eimer & Amend, watch glasses and STUNG G 5) 5 cs 6 le are wl weds Hale oO ls $1 58 598 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, ITHAGA, N. Y. 1895. Nov.) 4: J. K.. Haywood; labores nieve 6s... July + 26. Treman,. Kine & Conipamseee ves... 2s Oct. DAL gBush & Dean, towelimeen made wesc. 6 ks Nov. 30. JK Haywood, labor sew ete 1896. Jan Sue oglks ALLY WOOG: Menomena Ri ewleiwteiscs 664s Rebs), 8.3K. Haywood, lateoreue: 5.0. La. i March 3.. J.1K..Haywood, labors. 900A... April 1.3. Haywood, ‘laters. «0a. fale es ae LA, GRGDAAES oye his « + oneiee eee: och ake May 2., J. dk. ay wood, laborers. < 614s) %.. 5. Eimer & Amend, retraction cartridges. . 11. Rothschild Bros., linemeeeee ey. 216. dune. 3.0. K. Haywood, laboreepeieeein: «jek Dz PAUP PUTER fo see so soso s,-« 6 MEN «elo 0 Sd as 23. Eimer & Amend, chemical supplies..... Total for chemical division........ For Botanical Division. 1895. July 26. White & Burdick, chemicals........... June 7. Reed & Montgomery, book binding..... mug. 10, Bush & Dean, muslingie meets... 6.6 os Sept. 2. Campbell Bot. Supply Co., books....... Noy. 1. U..S. Express Co., expressage.......... Sept. 25. Reed & Montgomery, book binding..... Aug. 19. G. E. Stechert, publications........... July 17. G. E. Stechert, publications........... Noy.’ °8) Bo Stoneman, dabor eee... 8 mug, 19.-G. HE, Stechert, publichmotem:'......... Nov.) 18. Mr Ay Nichols; labors. 6 sks aes G. R. Chamberlain, drawings........... Oct. 381. Richards & Co., botanical supplies..... 29. Enz é& Miller, stationeryras..>>......5 15. Bool Co., lumbercamdiaboreic. ...... 5. May 20. Bausch & Lomb, chemical supplies..... $26 2 20 bo 10 92 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. 599 1895. Aug. 21. E. McGillivray, photo supplies......... $14 42 Oct. 5. Botanical department, repairs......... 34 80 Noy. 16. Treman, King & Co., hardware........ 8 40 Dec. 10. Botanical department, repairs......... 23 90 Oct. 5. Jamieson & McKinney, plumbing....... 41 36 17. Eimer & Amend, chemical supplies..... 46 66 Dec. 10. Reed & Montgomery, book binding...... 1 00 Nov. 29. G. E. Stechert, publications............ 3 08 1896. dan. 18. HyG:*Allen, publications.) teetea.. me. 1 48 Feb. 28. Cambridge Bot. Supply Co., books...... 5 00 June 20. Bausch & Lomb, botanical supplies.... 69 75 . U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... 65 . G. E. Stechert, botanical supplies...... 126 72 . Corning & Co., alcohol....... ye AIS GR 21 88 U..SsPostOffice, postage. :)s. 7 ..ae 12 00 . KE. McGillivray, prints and photo sup- POE ease) sein: ois: ais: ala le elepetnay einen eb etn a desea 56 91 Bausch & Lomb, glass vials............ 4 50 Rochester Optical Co., photo supplies... 87 60 Booly@oz cabinet :CASGAK 1 By. ert cleletee) = 25 00 Eimer & Amend, glass tubes and express. oko Richards & Co., chemical supplies...... 11 40 Total for botanical division........ $735 35 For Entomological Division. . U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... $0 50 (Eau, labors... ts eaatee sem ae ss 1 20 . E. McGillivray, photo supplies......... 4 14 . Rural Pub. Co., copy of article......... 1 00 7. C. J. Rumsey & Co., wheelbarrow...... 3 00 . U. S. Express Co., expressage........-. 1 30 . Cramer Dry Plate Co., photo supplies. . 4 13 . E. McGillivray, photo supplies......... 10 15 . M. V. Slingerland, labor..............- 1 00 600 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station, ITHaca, N. Y. 1895. ; Sept -21.°G.,\W; Herrick, laborsickg .qas cif. 283’. . 30. Peter Henderson, plants............... 18. Andrus & Church, stationery.......... Aug. 26. Treman, King & Co., glass, etc........ Oct: 18. G.-W. Herrick; laborasne Wes ws J. 17. Treman, King & Co., hardware........ 29. E. McGillivray, photo supplies......... Nov. 12. Andrus & Church, stationery.......... Oct. 2. Jamieson & McKinney, plumbing....... Dec. 17. U. S. Express Co., expressage.......... 2. Treman, King & Co., hardware......... 18: Lawton & Co., supplieseieeerc .. 0 act 14, G. Cramer, photo platesc@criaic. . ..'. si 23. G. We Herrick, laboridimieiss os)s..-is,.:5.6 18. E. McGillivray, camera and supplies... 21. Blongren Bros., cuts and express....... t A..BUBTOOKS, Griggs tates: |» ss Sei 1896. Jan, 27, G: W. Herrick, labortagaeme..': 2. 26 st April 13. C. J. Rumsey & Co., hardware.......... Jane -29.\D. B. Stewart & Conpoweweme.... 6. its Reb: 22: GW. Herrick, dahomgpeaes...... . at March 6. M. V. Slingerland, labor....:.......... iAG.W. Herrick, laborer... . +. 505 4 16. M. V. Slingerland, laboraie-...'........ April 7%. G. W. Herrick, labor.................. 14. Andrus & Church, stationery.......... Platt Drug Co., draesivgee-..--.....55 27. Bausch & Lomb, supplies............. May 4. G. W. Herrick, labor.................. 5. Treman, King & Co., hardware......... Bowker Fertilizer Co., fertilizers....... 11. Cramer & Co., photo supplies.......... 19. G. W. Herrick, labor.................. June 9. G. Cramer & Co., photo supplies....... W. Tetum & Co., aquariuMS............ Taylor & Preswick, book............... RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. 601 1896. June 9. Treman, King & Co., hardware........ $0 BoolhCo: furniture. )., 2 oscee eae 23 15. Eimer & Amend, camera and fixtures... 26 16. G. Rankin & Son, glass jars........... 14 (OE GeO. erricki labor snseeeieee. Oe ie 10 19. Library Bureau, furniture.........2.... 15 27. James Seaman, lumber and labor....... 92 DOMGAOW. Elerrick, labore.2:c ese aati 5 SOs Curtis, sChemicals. 2 s1!tcme sue ere 12 Total for entomological division.... $489 S UM Magieey. The Agricultural Experiment Station of Cornell University To receipts from treasurer of the United States as per appropriation for the year ending June 30, 1896, under act of Congress approved March 2, ‘June S 2 2 © * © SS slesmes © pc. 6 2 0 6 © © 0s x RUREeEm De® |S, © @ 00 © 0 8 0 30, By SaIAEIER 5... ... cg oe oon By buildimes......... sees «aes BY PIMs. .... ae 8 so as By Offf€@/@Xpenses... . J-cmege .s--- 255 Equipment, labor and current ex- penses: 7 Magailigi Sel HlOrticultares. «. . cs Ps ane in account with the United States Appropriation. 1896. $18,500 $7,934 40 719 1,059 527 1,516 478 735 489 $13,500 00 98 25 20 51 46 05 11 35 09 00 78 51 00 29 29 GENERAL INDEX Page. Act, making an appropriation to Cornell University Experiment Station, 18 of 1887, establishing agricultural experiment stations..... Seria 5 nine MG Adalia bitunctata, am enemy; to’the peas psylla. occ cess ss ccc cleesleeclele 113 PUUeTies Oxo deep QUOLEOs cle.s'ainis/<-0 sis ec Seaa a Wier eof tares eNO aIS TCI acl e Atal eee 215 Agriculturist, report of, L. A. Clinton...... Te cekeotorater ate daeelete avagsiovshatieta renee 29 WMeriotes smaneus Say, the wheat wite-wOrmd, 25.250. sse sess cues ear 86 AMES MO MWabl sDiUlletitLiG:..< . vii se ce cwiee se siete s ose aise d's niale sale winter tia wie 373 Appendix ll, financial Statement. (5. sss sis ols ss es ue islatnln' a [kien e'eleiaiatels 585 OPEONMAtOMs: “ODJECES: Of i.e 2 ss/cle eect aoe ssls's ce ardwente oar cele w mteleiai ae 7 federalwam dius tateeyaw crac o ccaveySersimicser chore aera roveraia reuacereranetansler oluefete/eiete Rarstiateyis 5 PNG ITES | ECOLALUS | SAY a's'e's'c's a's v o's '0 a's ale nletateheta wit 's!mi¥ e/u'aielaine Sisia)si din Rie) esas 87 Atkinson, George F., report of botanist... ......ece eee cece ce eeee cena 23 Auditors certificate of, to treasurer’s repOrt....... eee ee ce eeee Sacre 21 Austin, James, packing shed described...........seeeeeeeeeeeeeeercens 416 Babcock, E. F., mentioned. 3.2... 4....5..5 ed Beat a eltianeictaarelorate eis ienvers iets 43 Bailey, L. H., work mentioned .....--.-------- ----2+ eee-ee terres cer ec recess 310 bulletin, revised opinions of the Japanese plums........++++++-++s 35 bulletin on chrysanthemums...........-.+++.+- fstctatstataia Neve endianoreeurerns 255 bulletin 117, fruit brevities............+- Mchcoor SARE ee sete roses 405 bulletin on pole Lima beans .....-------------+ -----+ e222 sere cert erceee 345 bulletin 110, extension work in horticulture.........eeeeeeeeereeees 159 bulletin on the texture of the sOil.......e. cece ee eee eee ee te eens 5 bulletin 121, suggestions for the planting of shrubbery.........+++++ 503 bulletin 122, second report upon extension work in horticulture.... 531 a brief of the evolution of plants. ........e eee e ee eee e teen nese eeees 195 the philosophy and practice of PUNINGS cove Gs cba ces owe se unaene wae 196 the management of orchard lands.......+.-++seeeeeeeereeeenereees 197 and A. P. Wyman, bulletin on sweet Peas......sesereneeerecreeees 207 Barry, Patrick, opinion on dwarf appleso.dvls.c. svave vs de ccvsenee tnuas 376 Bartholomew, E. S., grape growing in Northern Ghattauqua.:.setee.> 200 604 GENERAL INDEX. parker. Mirehael, mentioned ;: j77.. See Ok eos s «oben eee 163 Beans, pole nia 2nd. = 3-55-2352 soni eee t= opi - = ecole Bee ES Berchinians 6. suentioned «62 sce ise ec Derav.s esc voueeae 43, 44, 53 Berver- Hew eer. Go:, -mentionedaseetinene in cles ss 6 ace 45, 59, O61 BlackeGovarbrank-S* letter) of tramsmittaleee ccs. cles. + os cee cs Seer wha Botantsttreportaoiny George: Hy Atkansomere ce. ol. civic cs olerl avert ries ore 23 Bridsenan= iiromias”: Quoted. ....cot seeeiinels © ore cis a > a oa a:0,0 ac mislolae cleat 215 Bulletins, ustiotcissued: 1888. to, T6G7 ae eens «estes asco os « days oo ee alas ae ke 10 Burbank, Luther,, mentioned. ... ... essere ic43;-45,. 405,475) 5450505575 aoe Butter increasers, Bulletin 118, by Geo. W. Cavanaugh.........¢...... 457 Butter acreasets Chase’ S$. '. « <'..aievecin\s see ok W's 0 ++... ass caer ene 425 Chase's butter INGECASET <<... 6 5.sc.cjeisls SRM ¢ =<» + «6.0 cept sig aia 463 Chautauqua grape belt, geological history of, bulletin 109, by R. S. Tarr, 123 ancient beaches ....... APO ii noo. 7¢ CEB Btocrys76 shper 144 | oats tole) Chere aa SANE RSE oe 05 oc oO meee ooo cen Scar 129 Climatic COndiHONS iy. Nec. sche oe SERCO =. «0.5 s.cul en On 136 letter of transmittal, by LL. Fis; Basieveages--.... .. .sangeiiene nies 125 MOdeL. DEACHES. (6. o::0ic). c.5, ieee ENDER Teo oo 0 + + ove cle lanaraenanaenets asta 139 most favorable places for the location of vineyards..............0- 156 résumé of the geological history. Seememeeseeen = ---- ------ .scueebeeencas 150 Shale gravel. ..o:c «ou c's:s0<5 Coles aise oc co ce ss ieee 138 GENERAL INDEx. 605 Chautauqua grape belt — (Continued), Page SOMES Ii sane at egepeteer reise FC «2a Nin s 4a Ee Ie SN ee gC 129 SOS ere lALiVemValite, Ol. testers... cones cohom eee ic en 138 POOR LAP EY Ms Wee sro sloleneuluto s sro eins hres we how veuee cS aE ee 128 Vaklations, im, they cravel Tid Ses. od) aiink ook Sees ma kee See 147 Sollerne, the ideal. io0dpreservative.|. tk. .h.. Soa Ree 461 Cavanaugh, Geo. W., bulletin of food preservatives and butter increasers ... ___. 457 Chemist, report of, Prof. G. C. Caldwell Sra SAR NOE DEAT ee ian Rei Sako 22 Chrysanthemums, the 1895 bulletin 112, by L. H., Bailey, Wilhelm Miller ALO gee EASA Eafe ach cs ck cro: stb, sw a alex alg HERS TERR As Dee = ae 255 classification, reflections upon, by Mr. Miller...................... 261 coloniproplenis: ivir: + Millers 30.55. 33/2 eee as Me ce ee cee 267 florets; wGescription of, (Mr: Miller sj; snc... ccs sonics ion «ese eee 265, Pe beeanees tit ww NED es... v4 d'sisle steven dns Cuca aoa SERA ed Es ee 272 letters of. teansmiptaly by; L., Hi yBaileyos. jot ceteek us. soe 257 nomenclature, reflections upon, by Mr. Miller..........:.........- 261 MOV CMEIES RECS tHOTede eis cse's, <.isieiaeue tae cets ses eere nce BEE eta etnie Sere oiaieds : 1273 sundry, remarksyupom the Subjectetesaccdesteaes ae ieee eee ee cake ioe 259 varieties grown, named in alphabetical order.....................- 275 Wamlettiess Vinamllaramuse Ch OICEsiieie cis estevcielesic elec oe Gael erecta econ 291 BartleyssmChOtceno fe SiX «:s:o-b0.0 cies aval are eevee Oe She wierletehelate Risrateteers 292 variation, reflections upon, Dy: Mrs Millenia sere crace seyeictois oerelars creaeens ote 261 Clinton, As bulletinvon) the moisture:of the soils>.c.. «1-0 alee 475 LEP OLEMO LRA CGICUIEITASE tra cine stete/aoeie sioicls oteleis ctaelenela ctotololcial ele) el cteeiers tate 29 Coates, Leonard, in California Fruit Grower, quoted.................- 54 Comstock, J. H.; entomologist, report, Of. . 0. 0). .cictiw’sa oc aiansiae e's oom wens 26 Conditions of climate favoring the grape, from transactions of the Chautauquashoneicml ciara) SOCLELY 1 stele aiaererste plerna'sy siete 439 Doryphora decemlineata, Say .... -.cime.. ------ -----cleeemes o--- sanieee sans 322 Drasterias ‘elezans,, Vabr_-.---.-- eee 3-5 S202 see els =o a eee eee 89 Duggar, B. M., appointed assistant cryptogamic botamist..............- 23 Duhamel, quoted ion Rennette: apmicmees......... cismmaweeetse sclacecere 388 Durand, E.J;, transterred to 10iveggiee si... ... «.. sleitiebinnies'+ dis citlelessiele 23 the nutritionyot. plants. ..'. . <1 eeeeeeies s- ccee . eee eee 188 Pollen; What itais and what it docsaeeeee..........-seeeee saa. -ssemece 188 Dwarf apples, bulletin 116, by E. G. Lodeman...................e00- a73 commercial yale of dwari appleswememencc...... ssn autanmis sc cslecesie 396 Daticin Apple -ciew wets cis o's «id MPMI acel> «oe « s CREME ICeMs 2s cud Ca 387 Gwarhne 11 Senefal. oe... sn ead Soc oe CORES GOL ances eon caoc 377 dwarfing the apples:..........+ Janes - 0 COREG bn. bab On GED 382 effect of checking the movement of sap........ 0 0 0ale Be eae eer 377 fruits SfOwn dS Gwaris, ........00c0ee SOR nee 381 letter (of transmittal, by. L. H. Batlegosmepacs.........ccislesaceccre 375 Opinions of dwar apples... .. ccc os oo 00 ok elnclaenieenaieen 376 DAaradise Apple, the. i... oss cies Uae es. se Js cc ceuwetunem eum 383 propagation. of dwarf apple stocks) fammmeecs . 6.055 oo bella oles elseleels 389 TSTIMIANTA sw S clcvn'cse'e0'0re-e! ein vin \a\a!a'e*cletets eae MMMMMTATS «0's so 0 el ol wletmigiarmtantnaans 3890 RREUMARE. APDIS. 24 o's oss cle'ele noche 0 8 eID 6 0 oo ow ele wo stalbiinerstahs 388 Stimumiatys Or: the evidence: «osc 0c sa EMMA 6 6's c's clo c elabls we hinmareleiele 404 Vanieties suitable for dwarfitig. COUFSES: Asc cele de Me Meena be eee os amek Mee ee erie wees 552 SUMMPESHONS: LOL cy oon ire dade wale bc ee ESE E eh ee ole sae orate ey 553 school-house meetings, list of, held in October, 1896............... 543 teacher’s -leaflets; ‘sample ‘copy Of fo4..0'5 os S2. E 556 testimonials of teachers in regard to the work..........ccceeceeeees 551 the work: classified oo2iGi he ou eh. a Fes ol DO PAS APPT AR 535. Food preservatives and butter increasers, bulletin..118, by Geo. W. Cavanaugh: «> sree ie a t4 one et ee Mode ID, SUSIRO RM 457 Callerine, the ideal food preservative. ...c..ccescecececececcuncens . 461 formalin -or :formic: aldehydes: #220. 97a, BS od ee BRS 461 preservitas, a special cream preservative. i... .... cece eee ee owweee 460 Financial statement, appendix II]... 0.0.0... cee ee eee ee nd at orate wove er 585. Summary: of 7 PU a hd 8 oe CSM PAL EO EO WINGoz Formalin: -or ‘formic: aldehydéi t,o. Ue. SOS SL a VER 461 its *efferts por digestions: 7 5:35 .'.% Poe ame es es OS HS ae ee 462 ~ Fruit brevities,< bulletins117; ‘by: ‘Ler ‘H+ Batleywe ne. 5s eo ee ee ee 405. apricots: winter killing ‘of! si scccircrrhsdemeeee oo ose773 eee 450 dewberries,: botanical ‘types of: :2 200 Se% See es ee Re 440: are’ tiey Wort (RCOWINE : 25 t2 Ph 22 tenes vs ks ss oe Sata SP 45. Crimson: clover ‘i vorchards. 2 faites COPS RE eee 451 @wart ‘cherries, ‘effect Of winter’ Upon? ccmecs sc. occ ete css woe Ee 451 CVELVETTING 'TASPDEITY “Ponta vere cc ule's covet matapineretch c's oc ota e eam ielene ceeretere 42I history of the Ohito raspberry sccacscsetcdbdsiesscecscsedsie GOW. 420 letter ‘of transmittalleo ss 4s. ees F 7. UN. bees 8. SSR AR 407 mistletoe’ disease'of the blackberry HI seas clause. ud le allele ara ee 424 Packing’ houses ‘for ‘fruit: ss issstscssc ce eewtad sss cscs ae MAUR 409 peaches, and the treatment of injured fruit trees. ..........eeee eee 448 Oluims; “winter Killing’ Of 0). 0S 04d TR. OA, Oran 449 Taittiall “at ‘Cornell ss fiat os ss neta eae Were bok) Neer oat 445 FOSt-Galis') wckse es hss a5 ok 088s Ce lees oes MU Danie 425 summary of evidence on dewhberrieS. ...iccce cc ccecececcsececcccces 439 the ‘winter myuities! OEP IOs, A iad oWiitie e's sss ale wigeipiae ebee atte 444 Gotten tre aoe sais ee Ce eee SE te ts oes} be UN 442 Grape “belt; * Ghautanqua.: ssa eee oe bhite tess. 10. PSR wee 123 GENERAL INDEX. 609 Pages Grapes; developement of methods on large “areas 0s. cee.. peeeeieb os 198 Grape growing in Northern Chautauqua, by E. S. Bartholomew....... 200 Green fruit worms, bulletin 123, by M. V. Slingerland...............--. 565 contents: ofsbulletininitsadteeeeeeee a crchastnniteiewe: aie alee betas Ia 568 habits and food of the caterpillars and Moths. siwetestee eklealaeeae ee 570 history .and \distribstioneaitc..s s.1hsss dee Bea ee ee 571 how to combat these fruit-eating caterpillars........ 2... -c0 coos cencee cone 581 ATLER GCL CELO ties eerctorelatetone stolen avarapebotars (sfeyatvenets J arbcdia/eiusavclalete’ ake she lovaeteet eee 569 Hafe- History iw s-cccisrerstences arofatote i tovarerater egos staicfel'etel arstataherahevenovoner are anare Ne eee RnR 572 Matra MEME|MMMIES bercrerereredere! ove vers orev stevens = shlbrab verte SOHO nic Sidhe TMS 580 SPECIES RGISCH SSE sie sesarore acids Se taMblaMte raieies SIC Sia 6 aloe 0. nis idfosmpialate yas RMSE Ihecanium:4ueiaudisr Bouche. ,., -e(see le ieeeine arate 297 BIA EE EN pI eC AUIOME Gis 10. crates aie! sve. e's. «ie stat stenOeIette/ staves 6.0 0 bicrote epncharetevererate 45 Planting of shrubbery, suggestions for the, bulletin 121, by L. H. Bailey, 499 PemeralsSigeestiOms eves eMlec cics civecscierere Adon OSS a so.etede to et setae hetero hs 503 SOME) SHECING (EXAMIPLES ce. a:+ os cioveovatctershatetaieie in s.0\«s\¢ a s's'p lw SbalatRaeTe etalon 519 Plums, see Japanese plums....)....cc.eesseese 0 FOODIE OCG ode ii ieeruns 35 Pole’ Limajbeans, bulletinar15; by L: Hi. -Baileygapeeree- - +5: - jo. eee eben s 345 black orsearlyiblackWimas.). .)..j220— sCesteaeeeeieee= » ..-- «dese menieaiae 351 ROMS ene NTI, cs. 0:15.4 s\0ls 0's ieysix sxe pe EMME ic ale 0,0 oliscote eMC ev anaee 362 prowling lima beans in New York. - =.) eoeemeee icin. « waohicbe cimteceeeteeins 365 in C@alitOriias circ sre ceaicesccmeete Cc) Ob SOCCER ig Sonmiorcntetents 368 Horficnteural Wiria... ..-. 2.220: SoS gees «Ska caese eee Ree 361 ATIC EXTOL DUUIELIM ILS: cia cielerencer cree rene “0 OD CREDIT Cec daebjidermateen 372 DEVAS mUNe ees. cic = <0 os oa asia Eee 351 Potato, disease of the, bulletin 113, by E. G. Lodeman........ Simid ae cee early blight, treatment (0) HORS DAG co doco) COCA EEAE EE RP Se early blight, leaf blight...... ravevetate Acco DAO Soe o SRaleleinates ecole ge a USDC CLICS ¢ one's vv ores onic a 0inta'ainleemNINS)S vcs 0s ot os neheeeine AeaE 323 RUD UG RTC less oi sia.s c'e es overelalorieeane RTRETET I iisls%e «. . sale ante 499 suggestions for the planting of, bulletin 121, by L. H. Bailey....... 503 Slingeriaid yous LEPOTL . DY... oe wie nose MIO ARIAS woces # oxo via ee Peles 26 explanaforyamote. by, in -bulletimbmo7acmeemersenine of. «lcci celecteteiete sare 71 bulletin by, on wire worms and bud moth (No. 107)............26- 69 bulletin by, on the pear psylla and New York plum scale (No. DOS). pu ee eee Ge idisinccc § soo 9e sa RETERIMIE o » o nin Peele ese « (0.5 et eeeTeree 103 bulletinj123;-onseneen fruit WOrmSsecrrtesue co +s cysicleeci «tts « Ouleicierlels 565 CUTE, cn ciewie de Citic be cn's ns «0s cc e'e.s 5A SRE aie oicKlaly Wold ote Bale eee 425 INSECTS ANA TINSECE EMEMIESS & ./'s/ te Reese cles dieters sisleelele o aeaecentte IQI AEVCTU AOC Cy muvee te x teuer caste ao.ap,.0: =. =.0y0. «| 0) 05s PAP TET eieicvejs\ ere o/ale sels « pivvclemeenerays 163 Smitty, Na WC, Pie MUPSEDYs corp os sss 0 s'eeEitioe sins 6 oire.n Greet = ae QI W. E., paper on root-galls, in California fruit- grower, reprinted... 430 Snow, -Geo..C., his: packing-house describedigaer sales. ce .s ousnis ann clo nls 410 Soil AaMOISEUTE | Ole.cre oo eco ctole Bid. o'e. 0.2 ict 6 whoksle CORMMORES clare. © 5 Te ie levee ob areleiepeLataie ts 475 LEREMES TOLL vic lcternase sctalevereyers, 04's a\'0:¢:as2) sss ePOREPIM ENS a: « 0.0.0 0 cl opakershePmeretnets 465 Sorauer, “ Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten,” quoted................ 427 Ssencer |. Was MMENtONE J, «....... 24021010. 1 SEEM S's. «a e's vac eicenttnesalaisaste 542 TR ONOGU DY: 4 Nuc nica, fon 2:6!6,01'a:0Np.0 64/08 oe i eeEMRNRa ee o's 0 \'0(3 Sa eek rea 560 PACKMOWIEMSMEM ES cicre:cyere, sols oie 100 co eloiorerele MTOR T ee Ts eo) & 0) avoleleRenecroe Re oeniers 127 Spray. calendar (bulletin 114), by E. G. Lodeman...........e00. 5s ssn 333 BOGIES SCAB | (o's cle aie stabeersiremateys 330 celery leaf. blight and rust... siicecs cclck we cbas cess cccevesienatecacas 337 CHEESY IGE KNOL. a «ais un-o.d. x elalee oct RO RIEMEENERTS 2 6 vee sold ia/etaie alate tetas 337 Chirvsantmeniiins: Leak Spot Olt a sie/alleteleleaameteitiensle\'ele\0's! sie: a chelentanerthereterers 337 cranberky; “ite worm, fruit WOrmotsneepiiemttis + 6. + e's.» ove steltarerstere 337 Ctirrant; leap DliShts Of s <<: stcieln avs cr RO MTTET Oe 6 ve' 0° 0s «.0ie/8/dieremaumerlels|e 337 Egg) plants sleatespOtOf: sc s. 32% Ue eereneenenetets s/s so sve ois .c > oletetnatatete ate 337 woosebetty, mildew ‘Of... hock vee sles Vos oo otal annals 337 grape, anthracnose, black rot, downy mildew, powdery mildew, ripe TOE; SLES aU Ny <5 iis Titi Stele MRRL RT NATS a e's! oib'o/ete'sis 0 e/atetanevonetents 338 Jaloldhwelele) 75's MMS AMEIGMEIDE atic oot 0 bo OG OOO ROG ERREIg OE ccc oc 338 GENERAL INDEX. 615 Spray calender— (Continued), Page Lerten to litestatteaete stat ita tstotetetove eis tarerore Sha icaghe Ben actos eae cen to aiate AS cla ee 340 NUTSEryastoeks Miungous diseases. sctecomtoe olde ec wale eles oa came ee 338 peach nectarine: apricot.§bDrO will TOL /OLaces acess see eee ottes oa eettane 338 pear, leaf blight or fruit spot, leaf blister, psylla, slug.............. 339 plum, brown rot, leaf blight, black knot, curculio, plum scale, San OS Sas Cal Cheite a iasa- rs hve retest tae eave tase wre Brae ateyw sore tole erm oteotenroteare otis eietete 339 potato; seatly, blight cot scab! potato: DEetles + «0. «2 ale eee 20 Wing, H. H., report of, assistant professor of dairy husbandry and ani- TIN CUI STULL LTaysite vet cpatateya\ie:ere:cvs.ia cus evo coe dele oe CO RRERERMC als sss « site isbelenststiere Eee 34 Winterciniiriesmo init trees: .2)s 6 sic sce ete tee. «+ © o/s o cle(slelemeianals tia 444 Wire worms and the bud moth (bulletin 107), by M. V. Slingerland.... 69 budemothethe, see table of. ‘comtentssmmmrmmeietns.'« »- «son elenteieeieiersenels 72 explanatory note wen te cclen seein sn'ain a mieMabieiileis nee ve cteneveneaenus nein 71 wite: worms, see table of contents... cmeaani ss +0 ++ +55 a ciewinntualae 72 WH GrinS OCCUR tte ics lois. o's so v's a'uuielniahes CE dio Scie oe 565 Wyman, A. P.; and L. H. Bailey, bulletin’ onisweet peas. ....s.accs one 207 Wyman, Mr., a student’s opinion of the sweet peas........ceeceseccene 228 POV IINIA ATITON ALAS AVE cen alee 0) =~: a 'nie cin n'ai SESE ea )~ a) = oe «)alaia tee iefene te eel 574 laticinered, (Griteste nc. apiecs sais ose pees Ue SCR EEER TS cso c0 anes Same eens 577 grotel, Riley... wns c ences once en cece ne cee meneMmen mass cee eee ce cewenacess 578 Weomans, oe nogotedion Taspberryn ciel is’e 6.0 >» on) sinlelclelamstalerels 421 Yeomans, T. G., & Sons, packing-house described. ..........cececveres 418 BN DE XO "CUR: Page PRUSSEUATICE SP TITINS® ta: 's 's"slots'e"a aleve loo 'cto's a's a 'e"elole ale olaateielslereYehstahtes/c Saad eetat's 38 PAD iTi GAUSS splCiiaa METER ri. Jats slave le era's we aloe ‘a ee lee ete ee eee ake Stelstonere seme 42 mecorier draped with whoney suckle, « s.. . ic. wees see eek. velen eee astern 529 EMME BECLESS (COLTON ihe «o's Ts sickle "ulm sss wi'a'e estate's ate siatele oh erarh 'e oleole onlene oe oleae 528 Paned awe PUNCLALAT MNOS. Sees 36h. t pSose Soest eee ee eee eee ee eens 113 Poti limi miranback yardhisnc cc acs tlek ee cele eee ete ee ere sole uinteie aarereeiee 514 Aginontiayards before planting 4.7. ouster cie es ns lsrorte cote ie icles ois cate eteomiae 511 NGO OUR COMDIAL OM cre cis visto chores 2 ee loeteete sie nie cre aitrei eis a etalete rotate ele oteraretata 513 INGTTOLCSETMATICHSHACUli enlanroe Ca cite tian vters actus foie vleielcletaleletrie erties aleteteniele 87 emitienweedlandvaloneside:a ‘rear walks smc: = sue clecin a clelelsic ele eieieiniciots miele 510 RNID e=[OSSO MMA ISWIECL MD EAs sists wa ste siereletisi sles sictsere ete eloneleivtere mie crvimteiers 231 PetativenillassnOimsiGuUbbery.s sk uc2g20 cheese eeieewe Lacie oem aetias aatemieeets 505 PPemectivenprece tol planting. . 2.53.55. kes eek: ce ckea ccte ssn cee meee nt 502 A newly-made landscape garden ready for the border planting.......... 523 five years’ growth upon the area shown above..............seeeees 524 PRETHStICHCOTMEL SER ATTA e rere oes cleanin b baile ce cinvelelet eee ever elciere/auelerererets ccatens 521 saphes decoloratisedatva or, efilargedi. sec... cccleew «ssc secs. sie Oe Ganda sooimeatmoOlnlarvad. csi sac sattcn cates esse caste ater s ue seein 88 DOT Ceara eats 1 CLM eee tal oet areca ace reser tarave eietece’s oie lets lelere(niele/ate/aiel eis alsraie Wieentate 88 EVD ICAlM CLEMO LM seo ain «cc's cletsre aicle cictaissleie'cfalerels'e sts a veluywiels sein vielsie't 507 A water piece’ welll planted... 00.0.2... sce ccc ccc cc ccccccccccscpesces 526 A water piece devoid of effective planting..........ceceeeeeeceeeneees 526 [2 eye Fed Pypene) Ba Aaa. Sood. Sole aa de cane aounrarint neice Sr 351 meianche Ferry. aamewect “peas ssi is. od tees se tess secaqsckeseccennemts es 234 ESCM Cii a DOA MEER aia oc wo core Sak diel odie ainis a siogialsrete s owidis © outeiMie o Vielnis 353 Bud moth, work of, in opening leaf buds..........sseeeeeseereecevees Q2 Caterpillar’ Of cecce bore c sss. cc oc cde saevalness avisees vcs seennnag venn« 04 Bilt OL? Sete See aie o.0 coset Je bade Chee e@ ene rane ss sets sh keen ewes 95 UAE bE. 0-50 SOR OTTTRRTATI Ortee Ona o's oF ark wlea ae eiomiere ye wieleilcle Je ea CR bireiicic 905 Mest) ANGMEPES Glew ack. cc cto us eetane eh evabceesevssoap ne Cumann su ans 96 egg of, showing developing caterpillar. .........eseeeeceeeeeeeeees 08 618 InpEx or Cours. ; Bud moth — (Continued). Page. leaf showing the work of the young caterpillar.................... 98 twig showing position of the winter homes of the caterpillar....... 99 WOPKOOL SMEROREISDICCE) . . os s.o.s vaccine MERRIER Cae s os ewes Sie atta tales 69 Burbank: plomsaqcontispiece to bulletinnoG) eas ao.tsce ma. osc oe peceeeaee 35 Br banike pitas... +. 2... Seaman sce he eich mas «s «ale MOM IGIES 46 Burbank teecmeeracic css +--+ ye oss a mhcemieeibire ee «eects Rates icik.a ners ite tina eenere 47 SED Utteriy. aSWEED PCA... oss ence RRMA ia isso ata tenste tang, wate ‘evore mata we iatahs ae CADOL DIME meets sos. ss occ ccasvesilaene Per ati obchic as ain aarieiaintes 48 CSHASE PURI U eee ce ces 6 0 oe ves wainte nae Re bere chess wis "ens ci ovexapecepe eee ep RNS 38 Ghaneneerdienarambeanl. .. .. .. . .s.s0j5 eames Sis beled e's eo crs Mie peiaee 358 Chautauqua erape belt \(irontispiece)\. i. swkimneee »:<.alaicieis wla/eiele evetsserstae bis 123 Chickasaw. Lima or Jack bean.......... Wate paresis) oxevoler sve s,sketalieso Syanekays 362, 363 Chrysanthemums grown for special blootisan. +5 .<-..sisics + . s+ adenarnneeme 210 Gresteorsmodermpeach at Barcelonac. cctemeteeieiic « « s+ a.» sleoeefeersetomvaete 140 CrimGontars CumyvSaMeMem th « . «os \sscvaie ls SPOMMEPRIataia’ © 0.0 0 0.6) o:eleiatcislbhemniee 274 GCrossysectionsvompeacn and bar.\.’.\\cs scaeeieeienitie’s s » 0 +s «disp slapiaeratmieis 142 Cryptohypanus abbreviatus, details of the mouth parts of the larva..... QI Development of the squash plant........ Pe a tao.« (a 0 « (aie esereyavorabat eke 557, 558 DONDE Mea CP ORIENOL. «... s.< «cls ceisikibig teenies a,» +0) 0ibetepinin auaks 222 ID sthege-barderay gy, eho or 0, er Sea. eer eile le 519 Diagramyshowienelevation Of terraces. ncicieismteimisisynia+.« « «,0'-/a anionic iteisiatre 145 Drasterius, elegans, adult, larva and caudal segment of larva (Figs, 28, 29, 30)-. 90 DFeer IMPrOVed MOMMAIEAN os. | 0-0, n1o.c pee Nm = +0, = ue o alineinin eigenen 357 DGwDErriesmOmmamware: SCLEEN «.<.. os sjelels aatee iMMMEINIBEN te (o,.01.0 0,0. clegnselelexepembiersreers 437 Dwart Ben) Davisrapple ‘tree. ...'. 3 c.ccctalbaMitiieletals|s » 0.0 e.0.0.0 0 e(elnimieltls aisles 390 AGED PUTIN cies vas se ac vais s coleinin og eMMMRRIR ern 0 010s» ov pie aul msl neD 392 Bektords Henureanocttatt Of... . «ca cc seeeeMeepeaberatere, » 0, 's (0 0 «/nuajcteterepeinnetie 213 InpEXx oF Cots. 619 Page Morms oly chiaysantheni tit, fOrets..../..cswisclen'ets Sede eee e. aneebten a cere 264 Front face of lower beach terrace, just west of Portland................ 147 Prontispiece: (bulletin 117), strawberries.:.../:1\,[viesdace oa dee voke es wees 405 Ppontispleceytompulletin: 122]... da feats ceteeiee moteclnee ahedatelea aie news 531 GeOTrsesOmp ities otareieraje's'ciersieistalateletele laisse eva osishais oretace ena onnve tals eine eee 51 GEO TRESOMM ELEC sictelersla\v:c's's stalele'elaleisie' a's eis'aTeialere einie bislelola, chelhaleiere nO Oana e EM 52 GOO CubeanesOoiltpvercterstercie)cfsistehcleletstarstesssetove scalaeiete atele eoteicioloese nieve ee oeteeetee 468 OnetCultinallenletriaay yD CAL inate ci \sistelcleisrcictets ol cletalelaheielsletotetctete enciote stars stetenterets 360 Ralenip eric etaNaSWeet! Ea’. .\./ajeiete-siecelavel stele eheleis rejelarerel estore ronstorenetclereteroisiats 241 fora (chnysanthemiuma) | soacisetce cise c amas lasiaalsaiccte scteeian esc eetene see een 277 jee wager (chrysanthemum) frontispiece). 252555 ssce\nc-sieeece™ ae eae meee 255 Kerria mcamna and wind sunflower .-.\.) ricci owe Satlcele cists’ s e's SoA ei 527 Wadv=poeebecties: spina larva SIimS (OL. .cic'ea ole +/n'sietelale wlelotalelelalciatal arate 121 eat of Mammoth kidney-shaped Lima bean... .3..5025...003.0.cccccue 355 Weaiore Neweabxtiram arly mlei1iay Dealers cmrcteisiele clelerrereleleleielstalereteicrelel-eteletets 354 IL@ai oe Whilllonyeleah Ibiiiey lxeblga once cooocadoodgoddoupusUCD cS oO Kor 352, 353 Maa beans, New extra Barly. .c0 os cce ccc cc cctc cscs cweace sce sinsniesis 348 MEWICEGEIAl CEWDEEIY Vets cc cn: sods te since se celcleleiars cic sleisale sins ia\e ala’ winieisieliis 438 Lucretia dewberries trained to stakes. ..........cccccccccecsecsetescesss 435 SEMIN Mten cl cinriee Gatti O tie eer terete cio wien a.c sl eiorpiece creer snsiele erstelerele eietele ieictolel stele lolerehelntelore 270 Mammoth Kidney-shaped Lima bean.........e.eeseeceeececeeereeeces 357 Map of the region in the vicinity of the grape belt...........++-+++ees- 130 Maps showing the average temperature and rainfall of the grape belt... 154 Miarti pita” sec ceric es satis ce ce cca eseu ose sisiness ein ei¥ «nee mslsinsiy sielemne 57 Melanotus cribulosus (Figs. 25, 26 and 27), wire worm of, caudal seg- ment of larva and adult insect........ecececececceccececececereeeers 89- “M. Georges BirOm 2.2.2... cs cece esse cccs cc cn cence ssnsccessscccens 268 OMe de tase sein so s\> oie sleie.e'ae'sis ale ele \cleleinialn win)eisiw a s'e(sinie/s s\n 61m Gislinle 73 “ Mistletoe’ of blackberry.........sceecceccececsercs sere ceeeesencess 424 Modern beach at Barcelona, showing the crest in the background...... 138 Mrs. Henry Robinson, chrysanthemum. .......eeeeeeeeseereceeeeeeees 287 “ Mrs. Gladstone,” a SWEet Ped... .ceccccerccecececesenrserensssscees 246 Mr. Snow’s packing table. ...... ccc cece eset eee cc cet ceescsssesescncens 413 Mrs. W. H. Rand, chrysanthemum.......eseeee esse eeceeeerrerereceees 284 260 "Mirum cutting half Size. ..... 02. ceecce ce cccseecscceercnssseerccouseehs 620 InpDEX oF CorTs. Page Neglected dwartiapple tree. . .\sej.c. s c.cvs-,cleisbeteeiels re SSG OORERE coc. Sores 304 Niagara escarpment, profile of............00. MEG a kis o's « 0, che tea aerate 128 Niagara Srapeemelta location Ofs.. casas Rebsbieee «+ e'.« se Oaeibelnte 128 Northern Lipimsmchrysanthemiuii. cassisyare stereieratciraietaieie's) 0) 0 « 6 sid guaiyelapeeioree 280 Packine-Dowceememincorge C. SiOwat 7 cemeiiaies ss. +. seiplele wepaemtr 410 Packing-homsemmreny.: W. Petittccppctivs cc sc celeste. 0... sah eee 412 iPacking-roommpimvires Petitt’s houseceetriis cin cicicis cles e «> dayaeeersieerts 414 James Arustitiimerieic.«. 66.4 serene eRe PR es ovehai ole ey cievtusl » 0:04 Sale otaeterneh aronees 416 (nit GS WIC OMAR SINCE OOM. o'savei ohn ate Mereaievels vlcipvaiel sie la Acie tee eietoreiote 418 Peat :psylla(imomesmrece).... .. . «eas oe Peete «6.0 s. «4 « eis naan doen 103 fis lS OWA OL oo 0 + +. 0:0'n' aio Sel tetebeeietatiae ilts/ifs) ao: aoe a bintoaier mae etiansioteon 108 BGLUIE IS CR eReteslelelo civ 0 5 0s « «:»\n:0/0\otoiteMmmbetareyaii: W's, aje iaju stasayayehs aepepeieeataees 108 CS OL Te TPT ye ea bo aiove y ave 0a latevaT cM MEMEMEPS atthe love volnveus ora vetdepatetenabayeueies 109 ‘ newly-hatched MTD: Of o:-+:0aia! «'a aide SEER aL ais 0, 2 se wiguhemmenhe eagle 109 Pebbles oimthesmodernepeach, at Barcelonatemene ss... 2. «- + cciiuacetietens 143 Pere nindalllan Gar cee tereetevee cievs's.e's » se vinie ole ea RRR ere vorcialle «Teididle ela teehee O17, Photograph showing the pebbly nature of old beach terrace, near SNakeraolehae 2s GBS oslo O Co eR EREER CLG > 0c cine ORRARIAEMOR Anion n ns dacicrie 144 Phimmscalemsintestedmbranches’:. 5). 2.2/4): a Vane ete « a)s.a\e, couse iterate 118 Rotatousprayie tamil Cama de. .2:2,c 6:+ 0.0005 ere) ASNT eve"