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BUREAU OF FISHERIES
> Division of Fishes,
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ark.
Cardeg

REPORT

OF THE

UNFEED SLATES
COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1913

WITH

APPENDIXES

HUGH M. SMITH

Commissioner

aig pal Mu soo
—__ I

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1914

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CONTENTS.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30,
1913. Document 782, 78 p. (Issued January 27, 1914.)

THE DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR 1913. Appen-
dix I, 122 p. (Document 794, issued June 13, 1914.)

ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES IN 1913. Appendix II, 172 p. (Document
797, issued August 29, 1914.)

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.
By Frederick B. Isely. Appendix ITI, 24 p., 3 pl. (Document 792, issued
July 23, 1914.)

EXPERIMENTS IN PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS OF THE QUADRULA GROUP.
By Arthur Day Howard. Appendix IV, 52 p., 6 pl. (Document 801, issued
October 17, 1914.)

THE MUSSEL FAUNA OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA. By Charles B. Wilson
and Ernest Danglade. Appendix V, 26 p., 1 map. (Document 803, issued
September, 15, 1914.)

THE MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS River. By Ernest Danglade. Appen-
dix VI, 48 p., 6 pl., including 1 map. (Document 804, issued September 30,
1914.)

THE MUSSEL FISHERY OF THE Fox River. By John A. Eldridge. Appendix VII,
8p. (Document 804, issued September 30, 1914.)

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO FISHES AND MUSSELS OF THE MISsSIS-
sippr. By Robert E. Coker. Appendix VIII, 28 p., 6 pl. (Document 805,
issued November 11, 1914.)

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REPORT OF THE
UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING
JUNE 30, 1913

Bureau of Fisheries Document 782

CONTENTS:

Propagation and distribution of food fishes.........-.-.---------------+++---
Generilextemtiotthenwobke.: 2 oe. ear asa eee se aie ee ee
Siationsioperdbede= sams mae sa ee eene eee ae ec a =. = aoe tees
Fish-cultural relations with the States and with foreign countries... ...---
Review of tish-culltural operations. . 2-22 50-222 - 2-2-2 ie = ===

Biological investigations, surveys, and experiments. ..-.....---.-------------
Aiderothe oysterdndustty. -.s2c-= 225 ose ose ie oo Ons = Swim renee
Progress in mussel culture. .........---------------- 2-2-2222 e eee eee eee
Investigations of lakes and streams ..........------------------22+-2++--
Other investigations and experiments. ........--.----------+---++------
Work at the biological laboratories..........---.--------------+-++++-----
MEREASEALOTERIE CS ee as Saree ss lpasate ls cla ee Se cin ere teisrae Sie minis jaimiai ade,

Maciasiehiand aunindmstriess- <2 ss. 222 noes 3S se cle weee cre ieieigine se
Sllnaoiat SAAAIOS 52 be ene Slang seo nee odne Cah a eens aA eee ees sector
Hin sealeneriacenee eae ae ean Eee a sec nets -rinis sees = a= eyo =
Manor fur-bearme'animals. 4... 0-122... --. 222-2 e222 ain see eee

Commercial MHNIICT. W465 pee oadd bs noe oeeuse coud oour Gpeceeon ed geeadcunEed=
@ysten mmaustnyer santero tc Soe ce tric is a= sie ama
Vessel fisheries at Boston and Gloucester................----------------
item trawiiiShery, ects. soe aes ene ee eeiccie= Sein eee <= = ei se
Gill-net fishing for cod and haddock.......---.----- 2 See Aon a ee ae
PPaeiiicveoustpisiertcd tee)... 528 5-8 ase tats oe ats sors )-fel=icl na Siento sia
Shad and herring fisheries of Chesapeake Bay...--..-.------------------
Rassinpot the Sturgeon... <<. <-- nsec cine = ese s ence em ence erases
Florida sponge fisheries. ........-...-------------- +2222 eens cere eer

Miscellaneous activities and relations of the Bureau........-...-------------
New stations and laboratories... -s-2--cb--c----e=--a0teceaeer sees sees
ventional ce rise see ose eee clanat qytnictere ©. te e0'ors Sryeacis ae S
(ApprOPrialiOUs sss ee 2. seal ee cic - 2-2 a eee seem o's
Fishery matters before Congress ....-...-------+---++------+--2eereeeee
Executive orders and proclamations affecting the fisheries..........----
Permanent International Council for Exploration of the Sea...-...------

AIM MIeCd SIO te ISCIVACE soe ocean ce tials ects tials alata cinels = See 2(oe!esint= sins seta 2s
New office building, with laboratories and public aquarium. ....-...-.----
Aelobster-nearine, plant. 2.5 qa cl00 <r o See - “es 2-22 2-2 Sess eo
Site cooperstdOm so sem 222 ae ene er en a emilee coset
A fisheries research laboratory on the Pacific coast... .------------------
Increased facilities for Alaska Fisheries Service ...5.....-..-------------
Relief from incongruous duties.......--..---------------- 22 eee eee reese
A fishery experiment station.........---------------+++++- 2-22 reer eee
Increased aid to the shellfish industries..............-------------------

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REPOR®

OF THE

COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,
BureEAv OF FISHERIES,
Washington, December 13, 1918.
Srr: There is submitted herewith a report giving an outline review
of the operations of the Bureau of Fisheries during the fiscal year
ended June 30, 19138.

PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES.
GENERAL EXTENT OF THE WORK.

In this most extensive and important branch of the Bureau of
Fisheries no material changes were made in 1913 in the methods
heretofore pursued, but the extension of the work into new fields
through the establishment and operation of inexpensive auxiliary
stations at advantageous points resulted in an output exceeding that
of any previous year, though the available expenditures were not
increased. In other words, notwithstanding the higher cost of labor
and materials the Bureau has succeeded in producing fish at a
smaller cost per unit than ever before.

The outcome of fish-cultural operations in any given field is gov-
erned largely by local climatic conditions prevailing during the com-
paratively short spawning seasons of the various species. Storms,
freshets, and drought prevent the ascent of river fish to their spawn-
ing grounds, rendering ineffective the preparations made for taking
their eggs; abnormal heat or cold, with sudden changes in water
temperature, may cause heavy losses of eggs and fry in the early
stages of development; still other natural agencies often interfere
with the most carefully planned operations. ‘The most serious con-
ditions with which the Bureau has to contend, however, are of an
artificial nature. The construction of dams without efficient fish-
ways; the operation of nets in prohibited waters or at the mouths
of streams, thus preventing the adult fish from reaching their spawn-
ing grounds; and the destruction of fishes and fish food through
water pollution, are some of the factors which nullify the fish-cultural
work of the Bureau in some sections of the country; while the failure
of some of the States to enact or enforce adequate protective laws,
and the disposition of others to appropriate to their own use fields
which have been developed and are already occupied by the Bureau,

tend to hamper and curtail its activities.
5

6 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

Despite the scope and magnitude of its operations, the Bureau has
difficulty, with its present facilities, in meeting the constantly grow-
ing demands from all sections of the country for fish to stock public
and private waters. Salmonoid fishes, which are propagated by the
artificial manipulation of the eggs, can be produced in sufficient
numbers; but with a fuller realization of the benefits accruing from
the maintenance of fish ponds on farms, as an inexpensive and ready
food supply for home consumption, the demands for the black basses,
crappies, sunfishes, catfishes, and other species adapted to pond cul-
ture, which are obtainable only through natural reproduction, have
increased out of all proportion to the annual supplies available.

Following is a summarized statement of the output of food and
game fishes during the fiscal year 1913. The total production, amount-
ing to more than 3,863,000,000, showed a substantial gain over the
previous year. More than 85 per cent of the product was distributed
in the form of fry, and over 10 per cent was fertilized eggs which were
either transferred to outside agencies for the completion of incubation
or planted on the natural spawning grounds because of overcrowded
condition of the hatcheries. The 45 species handled include the
most important fishes of the coastal and interior waters.

Summary, BY SPECIES, OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fish Eaes DuRInG THE
Fiscat YEAR 1913.

Fingerlings,
Species. Eggs. Fry. yearlings, Total.
and adults.

(Gini) Be Seana Se Baas e SEE Bo ade ceos sorieeaseueoeod | jieumcmancecocd |senoacoupanccons 62, 446 62, 446
CAT P ie ewan be seen menace etn ne wislele = ele elete seit =P | slate viele (=)nlm minim ole | nein in mlmlmlnt totale niall 79,160 79, 160
SBUifhal o fiction seen ie Seema ke Meg ae ee mre mee ere seerereeee 3,080, 000 4,212 3, 084, 212
GyivVola jas AS Nie Sao ee nee deEcacERbOnDeooEce 3,394, 000 133) 944) 850) |foeeeeecees 136, 638, 850
Wl leo see ooeeosceceaseooeuc onooobodascacr 73, 720, 000 393; 880%000)| Pee cemeseeee 467, 600, 000
Wakomherringe. sess sso e see ec nine eer see mister arate aic=inlainysin(e A 7304000) |Saccenccee ce 4, 730,000
Silvorsalmoneresscesnee eee e seceae oe ece = 102, 000 14, 184, 283 69, 800 14, 356, 083
@hinoolkssalmonies see. ceer- eee er e=- eee ee 38, 583, 873 33,319, 423 97, 760 72,001, 056
BltiebackisalmoNeeeneeee sees assess sees 2,000, 000 80%340) 902) se saeeeeceee 82,340, 902
Humpback salmon........-.------------+-------|--- rere r ere ee 1535680) Sac ceccieeeee 153, 680
DOP SALMON Ss ee cece ce ee ase ee ae lei e aia naam lnfelnia ale OFA 79} OOO Baseecetiee 19, 479, 000
Steolheadiitroutiae.ceeeescoeeese eae eee eee eee 980, 000 4,300, 225 138, 410 5, 418, 635
vain pO wabtloUllseeeeme sar ee anos eee eee 1,106, 000 901,370 | 1,150,957 3,158,327
Atlantic salimonsea seas se eciete ites aoe eletiate | tars teleta terete 3,492, 464 4,304 3,496, 768
Wandlockedisalmoneecesenscereseeeeeeeeeeee ae 224, 000 253, 546 80, 196 557, 742
Black-spotted troultes- 2 c-<s sees eee ee 13,305, 000 766,950 | 7,174,060 21, 246, 010
IDA ID Nall HRD nano es aeacoooEcoorbooTs cad edecedasdenond|pcaobosouccoanss 75, 200 75, 200
Walkcortrowlies- see ce nels cose anissaie eee elatatetet-tae 6, 612, 000 20,594,600 | 3,024,924 30, 231, 524
IBTOOKsbnOUUs see oee eee ete e eee eee ee tea-eeeaaree 1, 239, 000 5,280,452 | 6,014, 645 12,534, 097
Giraylin Pees ene sere nee eases soe ee ee ee tele 903, 000 25618 0000 Se eeteee eens 3,516, 000
Shane hiesspacodeeaeodadoosa= Gas toqsoooaeoaue sec 4,500, 000 1, 850, 000 27,000 6,377, 000
Pikeandipickerelis-- eee eeee-= == Sede 3. Oh eee aC eset coteeece 9,004 9, 004
Crappie and strawberry bass. -..-- ae AeBacosaageaooac 79, 279 79,279
Riocksbasssaee a acete oe cise sents alba ESET See Ma Saeee emote case 64, 743 64, 743
Warmouth bass.....--- Ae OS (St es a ae 1,390 1,390
Small-mouth black bass Falesse i 234,300 107, 641 341, 941
Large-mouth black bass eae Baa 26,250 | 1,231,052 1, 257, 302
Sunfish (bream).......- BR | CE BE Be EE errr Sy a= 203, 623 203, 623
Pikeyperchies oe esee- ae 46, 200, 000 1485910) O00) | Seec emia 194, 710, 000
BViGllOwaperGhessnae emcee asec eee sete = otael= 11, 000, 000 365, 723, 000 25, 132 376, 748, 132
SWihtite percha eee i eee an nets eens 20, 000, 000 449, 120, 000 721 | 469,120, 721
Sinot oe] oe Cee oo eee on acear ane nonanorboocscseec |peacceusssocec Mig 2345 OOO | referer ereresie se 7,234, 000
NellOW. DaSS acne ccc cb oclc stein oc perme icee ee cleterall msteve e natatorate eleatall aiaelaelntelaralateteyolotal= 255 255
WOG a ake Cc cen Soren a emnee wachelace seen 6, 800, 000 221 OL2SOOON Se erent 227,812,000
Pollock eee mree ne cece ceet eee ease aascreeraes 133, 739, 000 4305060; 000) | Posen <0 o6 563, 799, 000
TR AA AO Cas toes Be ne cioiwie oie le lobiejetcierarete minister araisicre-s 57, 868, 000 GB 25 7000S aceaen eles 126, 125, 000
Watches sont eee teas tne eee ce eo dane oe eee eee 809; 2705000) |e se se 809, 270, 000
THODStOT SE cetera oe orale acd oie oiniare che rayeiele Sate Sere lcemeerare eter aemere 199, 680, 000 200 199, 680, 200

TN Get SSR eee ely aw 422,275,873 | 3,421,591, 295 | 19,726,114 | 3,863,593, 282

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 7

The distribution of this output necessitated 641,250 miles of travel,
123,394 of which were performed by the Bureau’s cars and the re-
mainder by detached messengers. All transportation was paid for
with the exception of 12,314 miles of car travel and 81,355 miles by

messengers.
STATIONS OPERATED.

The permanent hatcheries operated in 1913 numbered 34, and the
subhatcheries, auxiliaries, and egg-collecting stations numbered 102.
These were located in 30 States and Alaska. The hatcheries may be
conveniently classified as follows:

Location and character of operations. Number.

Atlantic rivers, for salmon, shad, striped bass, yellow perch, and white perch.................. 4
Paciicmivers Moncalmoniand steelhead ttroubis ss sa- ce ane sees a enisecee sacences nese anmensene 5
Great Lakes, for whitefish, cisco, lake trout, and pike perch -........-....--.0...--s---2cces--s 4
Initerionaweaters i onbassssuntisha crappie trollt elC=. eel pese sence mene acest cee eee ccees tee ccn eee 18
Atlantic coast, for cod, haddock, pollock, flounder, and lobster..................--------------- 3
PLO Lal Omen ae ae Ske aera Rae cieiartee Deiat ow avec meres a cee oes eae ees seas mae saetens 34

A full list of the hatcheries operated, and the subsidiary stations
under each, with the period of operation and the species handled, is
here given. The main stations, arranged in alphabetical order, are
those for which a superintendent and other employees are provided
by law. The subordinate stations, which are sometimes as fully
equipped and important as the others, but have no special superin-
tendent and often no permanent personnel whatever, are arranged
under their respective head stations.

Fiso-CuLTurAL STATIONS OPERATED DuRING THE FISCAL YEAR 1913.

Designation. Period of operation. Species handled.
Avoonak Alaska csc. caccateces NGG Ry Cale eee see cece nacre Blueback and humpback salmon.
Eagle Harbor, Alaska........ May 30=JtmesOee es eeseencaee see Blueback salmon.
Uganak Lake, Alaska........ UME wl — MINE BOs ans eet ceee ace Do.
IB AIT Cal besa sic ab otideee see Hnitineny.caleee eee eer p eee ee cee Chinook salmon.
Battle Creek, Cal............. OG iV eee ees tee seers asee oO.
Hornbrook, (Ot eRe ae ae OGte May Aatercee tee nec Silver salmon and rainbow trout.
Mialli@reek; Cals 222s. Och Janeet es eee e peer nee Chinook salmon.
Baker Wake, Washo ssscesencesese! HMO Cane ee ten eee aeneaoe Chinook, blueback, and silver sal-
mon and steelhead trout.
Birdsview, Wash............- Nee eee Gots eee aad aap me Chinook, blueback, silver, dog, and
humpback salmon and steelhead
| trout.
IBTINNM OR MAW ASD) yoke eee ese |S eects GO eRe ee nso eee as Dog salmon and steelhead trout.
Darrington; \Wiaslsecscseeeessloeece COMER a. cee Genincoe Silver, chinook, and dog salmon and
steelhead trout.
Duckabush sWiasti-oce. 2 <0-|o=--- (0 Ko eat Sera Re etek See mae eta Chinook, silver, and dog salmon and
steelhead trout.
Elwell Creek, Wash.......... Sept —June SO seseeee ease see | Chinook and silver salmon and steel-
| head trout.
Illabott Creek, Wash......... MLN W Cate a oem an co eee eee Chinook, silver, and dog salmon and
| steelhead trout.
Gm Cane SAW as Wesacesieee sees: |hacee GONE ree cities naeteeeniog Silver and dog salmon and steel-
head trout.
IB URIC ANG NIG Ses eee ee ee ee MaviG—Ma72oseeasesecieecenerees | Yellow perch, shad, and white
| erch.
Boothbay Harbor, Me............ Mtinewyeabe oe een secre eae Cad: flatfish, haddock, and lobster

PortlanGeMels sass on aeons July 1-Nov. 30; May 5-June 30..! Lobster.

8 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

Fisu-CutturaL STATIONS OPERATED DURING THE FiIscaAL YEAR 1913—Continued.

Designation. Period of operation. Species handled.
Bozeman Montes----oeeeeeeeer ee Entire years ce teee els ccciccecels Brook, black-spotted, rainbow,
peeelieay and lake trout and gray-
ing.
O’Dell Creek, Mont........ e|| Acpry 1=Mayeloniecee ts sae eros Grayling.
Red Rock, Monta. cel May 1—Junes0 Ree eeeeoeenee 0.
South Meadow Creek, Mont..| Apr. 1-June 26................-- Grayling and rainbow trout.
Yellowstone Park Wyo July 1-Sept. 10; June 6-June 30..| Black-spotted trout.
Beaver Dam, Wyo. ee caluly-Q3—Julyi Dien eee see ee Do.
Clear Creek, Wyo........ DuUlyso—IuwlyA2enees ee eee teen eee Do.
Columbine Creek, Wyo...| July 9-July 19..................-. Do.
Cub Creek, Wyo......... Duly75—An e200 Sees eee ee Do.
Lake Camp, Wyo........ July 1-Sept. 10; June 6-June 30. . Do.
Thumb Camp, Wyo..... July 1-Aug.17; June 12-June 30. Do.
BryanuPoint pNideesee seen ee Heb mll=May02 0 eneen ee ae Yellow perch and shad.
CapeViin cent NG Yan. eee nese cee Hmtinesyear see sce seeeece seen Whitefish, cisco, lake, brook, and

rainbow trout, pike perch, yellow
perch, and landlocked salmon.

MurdiCreekwiNinwcceeeeacesees NG 0) array ee temas aes SiR yk ME Pike perch.
Three Mile Bay, N. Y........ NOVES ono aan is renee ae ...| Whitefish and cisco.
Clackamas }(@reeiene- cesenceneeee Wntirenyeareee mcs sapere eee eee ee Chinook and silver salmon, brook,

rainbow, black-spotted, and steel-
head trout.

Applegate Creek, Oreg....... Sept: L0=Ma ysl anes eee anes Silver salmon and steelhead trout.
Be White Salmon River, | Aug. 1-Feb. 28............-...-- Chinook salmon.
ash.
Bagle and Tanner Creeks, | Sept. 1-Oct./31..-..--.-...---.-. Do.
reg.
Eagle Creek, Oreg.......-..-- ADEN JUNG 20 erecta esac eae Steelhead trout.
Tlinois River, Oreg.........- Septh lJ amyl os: hae seme yee Chinook and silver salmon.
Eras we Salmons River, 1||-Hntine year jrses ae-e ose Chinook salmon.
ash.
Lower Rogue River, Oreg....| Aug. 15-Mar.31................- Do.
Rogue River, Oreg.....-..... Bntire year se oss aeecee nance Chinook and silver salmon, steel-
head and black-spotted trout.
Upper Clackamas River, |..... C6 Kn eS iatae irears eae ten SA ae A Chinook and silver salmon, and
Oreg. steelhead trout.
Willamette Falls, Oreg...-.-.| June 15-July 15. ...-............ ad.
Cold'Springs (Gass esseeseeee core WMCING ty CAT ajesicee on eer eeoeere Large-mouth black bass, sunfish,
and catfish.
MarrissPond Gace ces se sasee| eee Ose scenes scceececeeeee Catfish and sunfish.
Craip Brooks MG see cer soseeeecelaeeae BO aij siswe Secon Seem cwccaen Atlantic, landlocked, and chinook

salmon, brook, rainbow, and
Scotch sea trout, and hybrids.
Upper: Penobscot; .Men.---2--| Nan -JUNCs os comes sec cecncmeetes Atlantic salmon.
Dulvthe Minne er Entire year. .... EARS eOSAE GORE Dh Lake, rainbow, brook, and steelhead
trout, whitefish, pike perch, and
landlocked salmon.

Grand Marais, Minn.......-. Sept. 25=Det see. cs-eaemeenieeeerr Lake trout.
Grand Portage, Minn.......-- INOW2:0= DOC NI 2 eect et ciosoneicioe Do.
Isle Royale, Mich...........: OctrT=Nove lOk aceseneeeee sees Do.
Keweenaw Point, Mich.....- OctH6—Octy22 ee eee eee onsen tee Do.
Le Claire Point, Minn........ DUlyM=OCTAS ae aeons toe ene Sturgeon.
Little Brule, Minn,.--....... Nove i=DechGasetcassncccosecee Lake trout.
Marquette, Mich............. Oct wil Novelslayesee eee oeeenee Do.
Munising, Mich.............- Octi4=Novel0sseesceeeeene nee Do.
Ontongron Miche seo ceescers | emer Gt ase en ee eee Do.
Edenton; Ne iCsso see ees Se oe Mntirehycars sano s tena eee Shad and black bass.
Weldon Ne Coeccasccesccee ce Mar5=May 1 5seeoc cee oeee sacs Striped bass.
Hrwink Penns so... secie scene MGITGRV CAT eters se tees eee Rainbow and brook trout, large-

mouth and small-mouth black
bass, rock bass, sunfish, yellow
perch, yellow catfish, and carp.

Gloucester, Massscceacstee === alee Oe wecitaacees ose Cod, pollock, haddock, flatfish, and
obster.
Boston; Mass! -- sec se- eae Oct. 11-Nov. 15; Apr. 20-June 30.| Lobster.
Portsmouth Ne He seen eseeee May 1-Jumers0ie. Sect e soo eee Do.
Rockport, Masss----2- scence Octwl=June!30)ess soe eee Lobster, cod, and haddock.
Green” Wake} (Me. 22-625). aceesen HNtiresyeanee nee ene eters Landlocked salmon, brook trout,
lake trout, and smelt.
Grand Lake Stream, Me.....]..... Opes = Sal ubs aceasta eee Landlocked salmon and brook trout.
omen Minne os eisemee coer leeone (Cc REE eee ctorenenntenseae Rainbow trout, buffalo-fish, catfish

yellow perch, large-mouth and
small-mouth black bass, crappie,
sunfish, and rock bass.

Wa Grosse, Wis. socceacce semoclee see (0 0 Oa ae eee rer ere oy a Buffalo-fish, catfish, yellow perch,
large-mouth an small-mouth
black bass, crappie, sunfish, and

rock bass.
Leadville \Colo:c sc-jc2s-c seek ces|eease O¢ wsisdt. a einasesanese seater Brook, rainbow, and black-spotted
trout.
Cheesman Lake, Colo. .....-- Apr. LO—Mayel Gis enc eccrine eee ee Rainbow trout.
Edith Lake, Coles e Octa15-Now.20 ieee 22s eee Brook trout.
Eldora Lake, Colo...........- OctiT5=Novil8es gacescaccse see Do.

Engelbrecht Lake, Colo -...-. OctsO=NovenlGercansseeceeeeee as Do.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

9

Fiso-CuLTURAL STATIONS OPERATED DuRING THE FiscaL YEAR 1913—Continued.

Designation.

Leadville, Colo.—Continued.
Miklick Ponds, Colo. .....----
Musgrove Lakes, Colo..-...--
Seven Lakes, Colo.......-.----
Smith Ponds, Colo.-.-.-.....---

Mammoth Spring, Ark..........-

riars/Point, Miss!-.--..2.-:

Marked ‘Tree, Ark...) <=.

Manchester, Iowa......----------
Bellevue; lowas-s=-c-ececss-'<

North McGregor, Iowa......-
INS BIS SIND GELS 5 5 clajsicjeiarsicisie me =-xis:sie

INGOSHOWMO'meac 3 atic mincis case sinie

Northville: Mich=.-2-=-..--..--..

PA SONA CrIMiCh esses sone sea.
WALI Sable Mach’. ayia. coco o--
iBayiOity, Mires woes osseses ee
IBellesle Miche «22. 5255. 2ce-
Charity Island, Mich........:
Charlevoix, Mich... .2.2....-
Cheboygan, Mich._...2.-.....
DEtOUT MICH 2 ee coe ocosce
Wetroit Mich sess sees ne

Rainport sy MiChe- 2... ees oe
Hranktort; Mich. 222202. .02..-
Grand Haven, Mich..........
Grassy Island, Mich..... :
Great Lake George, Mic we
Manistique, Mich............
Port’Huron, Mich: .2.2......-
StaJames Mich! 2222525 222-5:
DiewWOSOPhyiMich sme. seen oes
Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.......
Ut-inksB ay, OHIO. <5. 2 405-ceece

Kellys Island, Ohio..........
Middle Bass, Ohio...........
Monroe Piers, Mich..........
NorthEBassObIO. cs cc- cee nse

Port Clinton, Ohio
Moledor Ohio 2s: 252552 eee eee
Quine ye Wee Sejc mice mciccicienee

RissOnNSDULY,..Vibe-eo--ceeeces ces

Darling Pond) Vij. ccc. ss2-< 2
18 Ko) Coss oy At eee ae eae
Lake Mitchell, Vt............
Lake Wantastiquet, Vt......
OpleanssiWitie saccceeccnciteee:
Swanton, Vt
San Marcos, Tex

Spearfish S) Dakss. cs. odeesc <3
Schmidt Lakes, S. Dak......

Sand Creek, S. Dak..........
Ue LOnMaSS) 2 See he Tee

Rosedale; Miss. ass ceconceeses

Period of operation.

INOW Sears e wince Sole cc coat Soe eee

NeW G—Iarliys U5 oc ees eceeeeeee
Octl26—-Dec: 6. <<<. se eecemeere
IT GING) VGA. ese sles eee

May o-Junee0eee- scce ese eset ee
Abily HESey oR IS Saoseeasecnocade

IAT Reo Wo Seapconeera sees eeee
July 15-Sept. 1; Apr. 1-May 17..

July 15-Aug. 1; Apr. 25-May 15..
IEMPITO VCaTn ajersceisieeese ccc emacs

Nowe 5-Nova oho scene lgescedeeee

Nov.5-Nov.22; Feb. 17-May 10.
OctelS-NoOviGte eocce te eene eee
OCtBI4“NOVi Os iscssaseesaces ee
HINT OVVOGE« sats sme soeeosiee nae

Oct. 17-Nov. 16
Oct. 28-Nov. 21
Mave Mayslien = tc. 5 Sale i5as oe
INOW SL -NOWG 22 sso nceee ec naeeeee

Nov. 12-Dec. 7; Apr. 17-May 8..

Nov. 10-Dec. 7; Apr. 8—Apr. 29..
Apr A pta salsiacsaieeeciacee cee
ENUIne) Veal emdeceeeercncecces ee

Ulivi 9SD eC! Geese stscociccmcse ses
HN TILOMVCabaaeneceseeceteacce ces
SED Ua NOVaoOsaereneeeeceeeeeee
SeptalG=Decia ase a sccesceecnesc
“AD reil G-MayaAl 6soeeeeecemeeeneee
Miarisl2—M a7 23 nen aeeces ncaa eee
PNtIrOwyCaNs.sesscoeeeee once cee

Oct: 20D beh 20 ls sat ecessneeeees
Och) 20 Jamal oper acne ore
HAUILCW CATs siciceniscicceccoeeecsae

Vly DSC 2 ieee ianctee[e asm sce celelelcle

Species handled.

Brook trout.

Do.

Black-spotted trout.

Brook trout.

Small-mouth and large-mouth black
bass, crappie, catfish, sunfish, and
rock bass.

Large-mouth black bass, catfish,
and sunfish. .

Large-mouth black bass, crappie,
sunfish, catfish, pickerel, and buf-
falo-fish.

Brook and rainbow trout, small-
mouth black bass, and rock bass.

Black bass, sunfish, catfish, pike,
crappie, and buffalo-fish.

Black bass and catfish.

Brook, rainbow, and_ steelhead
trout, chinook salmon, and small-
mouth black bass.

Rainbow trout, large-mouth and
small-mouth black bass, rock bass,
crappie, sunfish, and carp.

Lake, brook, and rainbow trout,
smallmouth and _ large-mouth
black bass, crappie, catfish, and
yellow perch.

Pike perch,

Lake trout.

Pike perch and yellow perch.

Whitefish.

Do.
Lake trout and whitefish.
Ueke trout.

0.
Whitefish, yellow perch, and pike
perch.
Lake trout.
Do.
Do

‘| Whitefish.
D

0.
Lake trout.
Pike perch.
rare trout.

0.

Whitefish and lake trout.

Whitefish, pike perch, and yellow
perch.

Whitefish.

Do.

Whitefish and pike perch.

Whitefish, pike perch, and yellow
perch.

Whitefish and pike perch.

Pike perch.

Large-mouth and_ small-mouth
black bass, rock bass, pike perch,
yellow perch, sunfish, catfish,
crappie, buftalo-fish, and carp.

Brook, rainbow, and steelhead trout,
silver and landlocked salmon,
and small-mouth black bass.

Brook trout.

Brook and steelhead trout.

Brook trout.

0.

Steelhead trout.

Pike perch and yellow perch.

Black bass, rock bass, crappie, and
sunfish.

Brook, Loch Leven, rainbow, black-
spotted, lake, and steelhead trout.

Brook trout.

0.

Large-mouth black bass, rock bass,
sunfish, warmouth bass, crappie,
catfish, and yellow perch.

Large-mouth black bass, rock bass,
yellow bass, crappie, sunfish, eat-
fish, and white bass.

10

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

Fiso-CutturaL STATIONS OPERATED DuriING THE FiscaL YEAR 1913—Continued.

Designation. Period of operation.

White Sulphur Springs, W. Va...| Entire year

iWioods Hole; Massa. -52-2-- sec eos GO sicters eee eeeiccie eerie
Noank:,| Connie csccicce cise Mar./8-Mare 20 metecsert cess
Plymouth WMass'o\..s22-.s 205 Nov. 19-Mar. 25.............
Sagamore;!Mass\ - osc. oem ce} ees WO nie:csarsstie Seemieni cieweicies
Waquoit, Mass... . 5.22.65 Jan. I3-Mare2oleeeee cence
Wickford, R.I........2...-.- Feb. 19-Mar. 25..........---
Wytheville; Viadececissese sonore HntireyyCalneeeens ence ee eras
Wes Bay, Alaska << cc ssaces oe 4|eeisie Os ja.eveais's'e6 Satcte wisi sieisieinors

trout,

Species handled.

Brook, rainbow, and blackspotted

small-mouth and large

mouth black bass.
Cod and flatfish.

FISH-CULTURAL RELATIONS WITH THE
COUNTRIES.

0.

Brook and rainbow trout, large-
mouth and small-mouth black
bass, rock pass, and sunfish.

Blueback salmon.

STATES AND WITH FOREIGN

The Bureau has continued and extended its cooperative relations
with the State fishery authorities, and in 1913 allotted large numbers
of eggs to be hatched under State auspices and considerable numbers

of young fish, for planting in local waters.

The States which

requested this kind of aid from the Bureau number 25 and include

nearly all that are engaged in practical fish culture.

A list of the

States, and the allotments to each, is shown in the following table:

ALLOTMENTS oF FisH AND FisH Eaas To State Fish CoMMISSIONS IN THE FIscaL

YEAR 1913.

State and species.

California:
Brook trout
Chinook salmon
Grayling seen
Wandlockedsalmoncs. 255 shee sac see ottoeiere clete les erainisloleiioreinie

Colorados Blackspotted@tnoutt seseierse <2 aioe site isteis'elale saint tnte alae = ===

Connecticut:

IBLOOKAtLOUG ojeis cers seen eae oars Smiajaietaveln infers sisisivisieleleteisisiosis

Dake trowtssesein see eee seas Sobersoe bee eee cceeeceeaeeae

Yellow perch
Dela Ware:} bb IBCKIDASS: 5 Fees PR aca bacecsamec essmieseiceee
Georgia:

IBIACK Dassen see casa sens coe ee Notocte apes neisiewiepeloseeeminaeisere

Ldahlo: Brookstrowtye cs sock eae eaek osewe ce nee enact keseaeeces
Maine:
IBTOORTLOU GE acre cece ee nite ae eae sieiceie nies aiaiste(eteleetefaieelt=
Landlocked salmon...... Ba nt aS Ae ee art Oe ee mets
Maryland: Black bass
Massachusetts:
Catfish

Pike perchiccnsascccs sce. she hae acme sols ciceninesincteat cence
Wihtiteperchisea sc seem sees ciee ete cinerea eleieinelatatienretolater
Yellow perch
Michigan:
Gravylin seas aces oe cen = seis eee nie Soe oisisacsisaeine seer ener
WAKO CLOUT Soe odes cee Stee pemoaite aistee Sateisleinierstoeeomsicmelsaneeey
IBV oe Waly pa co A DOMeamaSdAaBoeonM coor pooobeEodgoscdscsacssc
Mellownperchiseecmecs scene aca aeeticceeeeaencssacmasmnemertetee
Minnesota:

Eggs.

Fry.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

150, 000
16, 942, 873
50, 000
10,000

50, 000
5,000, 000

100, 000

5, 000, 000

50, 000
3,000, 000
41,700, 000

500, 000
10,000
100, 000

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

YL

ALLOTMENTS OF FisH AND FisH Eaes ro Stare Fish COMMISSIONS IN THE FIscAL
YEAR 1913—Continued.

State and species.

Montana:
Blackspotted trout
ISTOOKMLOW Gait ac ee ace ce rece ctia ieCcisewaee sancice setoser
Graylin geen eis aoeen eoeere ce ecice saseee oe cline se cobesceeeiee
Rainbow trout
Wihitefishtes book Fo a ea as Been be gee es Se ae

Nevada:
HS ROOKAUOUGS ar aseh aisacais oe ae woe melane loam cieete lela cia cease cere
Rainbow trout
Silver, Salmoniceseees cleans coho caen ae ne eee weeeeeetews

New Hampshire:

Chindokisalm onlase=- so 42 = oo eee tao Sek o asee ccs seed se eriae
Steelhead trout
New Jersey:

Wihiteipenchyy. cee be ses scaidsine siteciere ad aodicawlad Seicelemaisigcienie
NGGIIOWADOLCH Mane eee ce misac ocean Sea secede caeeeascenscm se
Nonthi Dakota? Steelhead ‘troutss <2. face cae od dee csemencaeeest
Ohio: Whitefish
Oregon:
BIACKSPOLLCGMROWMG sop een e<ieincieciceis sie iaise sales sie = =\niseisleieciose
BluebackssalmOnie Sosc cas -scises.aocecceins aeisie Soscce sie ee atee oe

Pennsylvania:

WA KOMUrOU basse enace = eee een eee con a naaac ov oem skcowesaenecee
Whitefish... .. Se eee eee ans cae seeianae comes eae
Utah:

Brook trout

Vermont:
Brook trout
IDES THROM Re SAE Nese: CSRS aR ie aR a
andlocked\salm one. setae soe Sse ne cbs tacoma aeeweesk
Steelhexdguroulbeece tone ce aaa me aetioe ccc Gis oles cee siswien ese

Washington:

BIACKSPOLLEO ROW Ga sresomecesecee ce sc cee ec seen cmscccmnn
Steelheadtroute ec sen eo cen eecmee wees weedeat sessions

Wisconsin:

NP AK OVE OU beepers eee ats cco tins See earns Seine ccebeieabek sees
WAHL otis heme rae tee te ctine oncanastninacecincecinancen

Wyoming:
aC Dasseetsee weenie ccmiies Jur sci eciceiee cee adewinaicecwies
Blackspotted) tRouts s- nce ci -eenecasacamaceceae ears eee civesi-
PS TOOKSULOU Leetonia eens aioe oa elem eis eee eiscininieeeeice
Grayling sscok means ise eae es Sec tnsnacoanisine smiacckeutese
WAKO OLOU Gee erento eee ee ode Soe tala e came aeee mater

200, 000
19, 280, 000

625, 000
2,000; 000
300, 000
21, 491, 000
380; 000

100, 000
40, 920, 000

400, 000
200, 000

2, 500, 000
5,000, 000

2, 200, 000
225, 000
50,000
50,000
148, 000
100, 000

196, 506, 373

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

2,000, 000
2.000, 000

7, 550, 000

sete ee eee ween

In response to requests coming through diplomatic channels, in
return for courtesies received, the Bureau furnished the following
numbers of eyed eggs to the authorities of the countries indicated:

SHIPMENT OF Eaes To ForREIGN CoUNTRIES DURING THE Fiscat YEAR 1913.

Country. Species. Number.

Ladvatin lay Ofe) totanl) oye: ee ae ae ee ee PWHDICER See see mes ene meer s Shei Wry hbase ea 5, 000, 000
IBTOOK trOWG Ree se ed oa wien ek nie ae emia occmemmeme 150, 000

Canada... ....-22-22-22-2ee essere eee {eRe ER RRUER ELT CRONIES 100; 000
Genmaniyer ac ses eee cen ec enec canoe RAIN DO WeuhOUbee ee eee rene eee eee eecriee cones 100, 000
LINC aN Re FORGED eee OE ES OS ee Ee ee Gis SONS Lb os) Dit ee a eae ee eS eee eee 10,000
“UATE SOR aH ASO OnE ae ee meee eee Oe ee ee ee ee ao det 250, 000
Ta Ee on AS ee ee a J-ssstesneeeeseenesersesecesseseecesssceseenennenenes | 5,610,000

12 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
REVIEW OF FISH-CULTURAL OPERATIONS.

Pacific coast and Alaska stations.—No improvement has occurred
in the conditions which have prevailed for some years in the Sacra-
mento River and tributaries, resultmg in a general decline of the
salmon runs, and a relative falling off in the output of the Bureau’s
California stations. A large run of salmon was reported in the Sac-
ramento River in the fall of 1912, but owing to extremely low water
during the spawning season comparatively few of the fish were able
to enter the tributaries on which the hatcheries are located. Later
on, unusually heavy freshets partly wrecked the retaining racks
and permitted the impounded fish to escape. An attempt was made
late in the fall to secure eggs from commercial fishermen operating
in the Sacramento River, near Tehama, Cal., but no ripe fish were
found, and the fishermen abandoned the work early on account of
the low market value of their catch. The entire collection of chinook
salmon eggs for the Baird, Battle Creek, and Mull Creek stations
amounted to 20,111,800. Low-water stages also existed throughout
the season in Cottonwood Creek, at Hornbrook, Cal., and in the
Klamath River, at Klamathon, Cal., reducing the collections of rain-
bow trout and silver salmon eggs at these points below those of the
preceding year.

Increased efforts and the generally favorable climatic conditions
prevailing in Oregon resulted in substantial gains in the output of
fish from the stations in that State. There was an unusually heavy
run of chinook salmon in the Columbia River and tributaries, con-
tinuing from early in September until late in the fall. On the Little
White Salmon River 30,595,000 eggs were secured, filling the hatch-
ery to its capacity and necessitating the transfer of large numbers of
eggs to other stations to relieve the congested condition. The col-
le¢tions at the Big White Salmon station were supplemented by eggs
derived from brood fish purchased of trap fishermen operating in the
Columbia River, the fish thus obtained being towed to the station and
held in a small stream on the reservation for the ripening of their.
eggs. The output of salmon fry at the two Columbia River stations
was the largest in their history. The egg collections on the Little
White Salmon exceeded those of any previous year by 12,000,000,
and when the work was discontinued on October 7, owing to lack of
hatching facilities, ripe salmon were still available.

The same conditions governing the run of salmon in the Columbia
River existed in other streams in Oregon, and resulted in an increased
output of silver salmon and steelhead trout. The Cazadero field
station, on the upper Clackamas River, having been cut off from
the free passage of fish by the recent construction of an 80-foot dam,
a new site for the conduct of operations was selected at a point on

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 13

the river 30 miles distant from Portland, the land for the purpose
and the water supply for the hatchery being donated to the Bureau
by the Portland Railway, Light & Power Co.

The year’s fish-cultural operations at Baker Lake and auxiliary
stations, in Washington, were attended with gratifying results, the
output of chinook, blueback, silver and dog salmons, and steelhead
trout being substantially larger than in either of the two previous
years. The total egg collections of all species numbered 46,330,500,
as compared with an aggregate of 23,535,800 in 1912, and the output
of fry was correspondingly increased. At the other Puget Sound
stations there was a slight falling off in the output of silver salmon,
owing to the destruction of the retaining racks by freshets during the
spawning season, but the losses were more than offset by the collec-
tions at two new field stations established and operated for the first
time on Elwell Creek, near Sultan, and on the Sauk River, near Dar-
rington. A new station was also operated on the Dusenwallops
River, a tributary of Hood Canal, Puget Sound, near Brinnon, Wash.,
where 8,360,000 dog salmon eggs were gathered. The work of the
Baker Lake station, which is located in an almost inaccessible region
on Baker Lake, at the foot of Mount Baker, was greatly facilitated
by the establishment of a telephone line connecting the station with
Concrete, Wash., the nearest railroad station, 18 miles distant. The
Birdsview station, on the Skagit River, was improved by the erection
of new hatchery and other buildings.

The.eruption of Katmai Volcano, on the Alaska peninsula, June 6,
1912, covered the island of Afognak with volcanic ash and sand to an
average depth of 9 inches. It is estimated that 20,000 salmon per-
ished at the head of Litnik Lake, while thousands ascending tributary
streams during the spawning season in July were driven back into
the ocean. These conditions curtailed the work of the Afognak
station, the total output for the year 1913 amounting to 12,551,102
blueback and 151,800 humpback salmon fry. Owing to the accumu-
lation of volcanic ash in the hatching troughs, great difficulty was
experienced in holding the comparatively small number of eggs col-
lected, and heavy losses of both eggs and fry resulted through suffo-
cation. In May, 1913, two temporary field stations were located in
connection with the Afognak station—one on a small stream tribu-
tary to Eagle Harbor and one at Uganak Lake, Kodiak Island. Racks
were constructed and the salmon runs were investigated with the
view of ascertaining if the conditions warrant the establishment of
permanent stations in these fields.

At the Yes Bay, Alaska, station there was a slight shortage in the
collection of blueback salmon eggs, owing to low-water stages early
in the season, followed later by heavy rains and freshets, which
partly destroyed the retaining racks and allowed the escape of several

22889°—14——_2

14 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

thousand ripe fish. During the early part of the season the eggs
collected were of poor quality, owing, it is supposed, to the low water
which caused the fish to remain in the lake too long after their eggs
matured. The eggs improved in quality as the season advanced, the
operations resulting in a total yield of 66,125,000, a shortage of
5,875,000 as compared with the take of last year. Many improve-
ments were made to the buildings and apparatus during the year, the
most important of which was the installation and operation of 160
additional hatching troughs.

The condition of the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast war-
rants continuous and systematic investigation and makes imperative
the greatest possible exertions on the part of the Bureau to propagate
the various salmons on a more extensive scale and to distribute the
young fish in a manner which will insure the largest results. The
superintendent of the California stations reports that a large per-
centage of the young salmon liberated in the Sacramento River
perish on the lowlands, because of irrigating ditches and overflows
or easements of the river. The subject has been forcefully treated
in various reports from the Bureau’s representatives and demands
the serious attention of the State authorities. Another feature of
the salmon situation in California which may necessitate a complete
change in the method of planting is the enormous destruction caused
by trout and other predaceous fishes while the young are on their
way to the sea.

Better conditions obtain in the States of Oregon and Washington.
The irrigation of arid lands is not practiced so extensively as in
California, and most of the hatcheries are located nearer tidewater,
thereby lessening the loss of young salmon by attacks of predaceous
fishes during passage to the sea. Extensive field operations were
conducted in Oregon and Washington during 1913, and plans have
been made for still greater expansion of the work during the next
fiscal year. In the Columbia basin, investigations are now being
made, with the view of establishing a station at Swan Falls, Idaho,
for the propagation of the early run of chinook salmon.

The results this year at the Quilcene and Duckabush stations, which
were operated for the first time in 1912, indicate that the estab-
lishment of inexpensive egg-collecting camps on streams tributary
to Hood Canal will result in good returns of silver and dog salmon.
An additional station on the Sauk River, at Darrington, Wash., plans
for which are now being drawn, will add materially to the output
of salmon from the Washington stations.

In view of the accepted belief that the salmon fisheries can be more
effectively aided and maintained through the liberation of fingerling
fish, arrangements have been made to increase the facilities at all the
Pacific coast stations, including those in Alaska, for the purpose of

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES, 15

rearing a-larger number of salmon fry to the fingerling stage than
ever before.

Commercial fishes of the Great Lakes.—The extensive and long-
continued operations of the Bureau in the Great Lakes are addressed
to the lake trout, whitefish, cisco or lake herring, and pike perch.
In addition to the stations belonging to the Government, several
hatcheries, abandoned by the State of Michigan for a number of
years because of the discontinuance of work of this character, were
leased by the Bureau and operated with temporary personnel.

The most important fish-cultural work of the Duluth, Minn.,
station—the maintenance of the lake trout fisheries of Lake Su-
perior—was slightly interfered with by storms occurring at the height
of the spawning season, which not only‘reduced the egg collections
considerably below what had been anticipated, but also impaired to
some extent the quality of the eggs secured. The spawning season
in the various fields of this lake extended from September 25 to
December 6, and resulted in the collection of 10,035,000 eggs, which
stock was augmented by the transfer of 5,000,000 green eggs from
the Manistique field, a subsidiary of the Northville station. The
output of lake trout from Duluth consisted of 1,260,000 eyed eggs,
for the stocking of various Government, State, and private hatch-
eries, and 6,825,000 fry and fingerling fish, for liberation on the
spawning grounds in Lake Superior. Additional transfers of eggs
of commercial species from other stations to Duluth comprised
20,000,000 whitefish eggs from Put-in Bay station and 25,000,000
pike-perch eggs from Detroit, which were hatched and distributed
with only normal losses, the whitefish being deposited in Lake
Superior and the pike perch utilized in filling applications for the
stocking of various inland lakes in Minnesota and adjacent States.

In the fields operated from the Michigan stations the spawning
season of the lake trout opened October 21, a week later than usual,
and was just at its height at the beginning of the close season on
November 20, when under the State law it became necessary to sus-
pend operations. The collections of eggs at all points numbered
53,907,500, and had the open season been extended a week it is esti-
mated that many million more eggs might have been secured. Ap-
proximately 14,000,000 eggs were utilized in stocking various Govern-
ment and State hatcheries, and 13,500,000 fry were hatched and re-
turned to the spawning grounds in Lakes Michigan and Huron. The
whitefish spawning season in Michigan waters extended over a period
of two months from October 9, the largest egg collections being ob-
tained from the Detroit River fields, where fishing was conducted
under the auspices of the State game, fish, and forestry warden’s
department. Extensive collections of eggs were made also at Charity
Island, in Saginaw Bay, the brood fish being secured from pound

16 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

nets operated by a fisherman under a special contract. Work in
this field was brought to a sudden close at the height of the season
by a disastrous windstorm, which put every net out of commission.

An experimental whitefish collecting station, operated for the first
time in the American waters of upper Lake St. George, gave unsatis-
factory results, as most of the fish were taken illegally by natives
in the vicinity. The work of collecting pike-perch eggs for the
Detroit hatchery was conducted from April 9 to May 21 in Saginaw
Bay and the Canadian waters of the St. Clair River, 216,550,000 being
obtained from fields which had yielded only 21,000,000 eggs in the
spring of 1912.

The whitefish spawning season in Lake Erie, extending from
November 12 to December 10, was not interfered with to any extent
by storms, and the work accomplished was the most successful in
the history of the Put-in Bay station, 350,080,000 eggs of good quality
being secured from fields which yielded only 82,000,000 in 1912. An
encouraging feature of the work was the interest displayed in it by
many of the commercial fishermen, to whose assistance a considerable
measure of the success may be attributed. Approximately 111,000,000
of the eggs secured were transferred in the green or eyed state to
Government and State hatcheries, and 197,300,000 strong, healthy
fry were hatched from the remainder and liberated in Lake Erte.
The pike-perch work, on the other hand, proved very disappointing,
especially in view e the encouraging prospects early i in the spring,
when brood fish were on the spawning grounds in the lake in large
numbers. The prevalence of violent winds prevented the installa-
tion of the fishermen’s nets for a month beyond the usual time, and
before they could be operated to any extent most of the fishes had
been driven from the grounds by the immense quantities of mud and
filth discharged into the lake as a result of one of the heaviest floods
ever experienced. The entire crop of eggs, amounting to 133,500,000,
was developed at the Put-in Bay station, and the 46,500,000 fry
produced were returned to the lake, no shipments of either eggs or
fry being sent to other hatcheries.

No cisco work was attempted by the Bureau in Lake Erie, as ar-
rangements for covering all available territory for the collection of

eggs of that species had been made by the Ohio Fish Commission.
The propagation of yellow perch and sauger, instituted in connection
with the work of the Put-in Bay station in the spring of 1912, was
again undertaken, but with poor results. Saugers for some unknown
reason were very scarce, and the few eggs secured proved worthless,
while the muddy condition of the water supply interfered with the
hatching of the yellow-perch eggs to such an extent that only
3,000,000 fry were produced from the 8,064,000 eggs collected.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 17

In Lake Ontario the newly developed fields for the collection of
eggs of the whitefish, cisco, lake trout, and pike perch were operated
during the respective spawning seasons. Three-Mile Bay and waters
in the immediate vicinity of the Cape Vincent station yielded 1,160,000
whitefish and 5,350,000 cisco eggs; 144,160 lake-trout eggs were
secured from the Pigeon Island fishery, while 3,937,500 pike-perch
eggs of fair quality were obtained in Mud Creek. Far more satis-
factory results might have been accomplished in all these fields had
not the work been hampered during the entire period of operations
by the unfavorable weather and water conditions prevailing. These
eges, together with 40,750,000 eggs of whitefish, lake trout, and pike
perch transferred from other stations, were successfully hatched and
distributed, most of the fry being liberated in Lake Ontario.

The collections of pike-perch eggs for the Swanton, Vt., station were
only about half as large as those of the preceding year, the com-
parative failure being partially due to the scarcity of female fish on
the spawning grounds. Male fish were there in great abundance,
and later in the season a consignment of green females was tranferred
from the Canadian fishing grounds in the north end of Missisquoi
Bay and placed in a rude inclosure which had been provided for them
in Lake Champlain, in the vicinity of the field of operations. They were
held in good condition so long as a sufficient depth of water could be
maintained in the inclosure, but before their eggs had matured in con-
siderable numbers the water in the lake receded and became so warm
that, in order to prevent the total loss of the impounded fish, the bulk
of them were liberated before they had ripened.

With the view of being nearer the fishing grounds, and also in order
that the Bureau might conduct its operations independently of the
various persons controlling the river shores heretofore occupied, steps
were taken in advance of the spawning season to establish a collecting
and penning station on Lake Champlain, at Sandy Point, and while
the outcome of the operations was not as favorable as had been antici-
pated it is believed the change in location prevented what would have
otherwise been an almost complete failure, and that the difficulties
encountered this season may be largely overcome another year by
providing more suitable impounding facilities. The collections num-
bered 111,037,500, and the output of fry was 58,280,000. In con-
nection with tho pike-perch work, 23,300,000 eggs of the yellow perch
were secured, 11,000,000 of which were utilized in filling applications
from State fish commissions. The remainder were hatched and the
fry returned to the spawning grounds.

Reports as to the abundance of the Lake Champlain whitefish in
the vicinity of the Swanton station having led to the belief that there

“was a possibility of satisfactory results in the artificial propagation

18 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

of this species, steps were taken during the fall of 1912 to impound
brood fish in the inclosure at Sandy Pomt. In the three days
mmediately preceding the opening of the fishing season several
hundred brood fish were captured and penned, and throughout the
open season all the seines within reach of the station were regularly
visited by spawn takers, but in no instance was a ripe female secured.
From the experience gained the conclusion has been reached that
the spawning of the Lake Champlain whitefish occurs after the for-
mation of ice in the lake, at a time when spawn-taking operations
could not be successfully conducted.

The marine stations —The Boothbay Harbor station, in cooperation
with the fishery authorities of the State of Maine, collected durmg
the year 16,965 egg-bearing lobsters, constituting the largest brood
stock ever secured for the pound established in connection with that
station. This stock was carried through the winter with only nominal
losses, but the egg collections fell behind those of the preceding year,
owing partly to the smaller average size of the lobsters and partly
to the unusually large-percentage of barren ones. This latter condi-
tion was brought about, it is believed, by the abnormally mild
winter, which caused ‘many of the lobsters to lose their eggs in the
pound. The impounded lobsters yielded 161,064,000 eggs, an aver-
age of 12,122 per lobster. The loss on the eggs during incubation
was insignificant, and the resulting fry were liberated in excellent
condition.

An unusually large body of haddock made its appearance on the
Maine coast near the Boothbay Harbor station about the middle of
April and afforded excellent fishmg for a month. During this period
approximately 100,000,000 eggs were secured from the gill-net fisher-
men and transferred to the station, but the losses during incubation—
always heavy on eggs of this species—reduced the stock to such an
extent that only 22,967,000 fry were produced.

In marked contrast to the abundance of haddock was the great
scarcity of flatfish during the spawning season, not only in fields
contiguous to the Boothbay Harbor station, but in all waters along
the Maine coast where they are usually found. The diligent opera-
tion of fyke nets at all likely pomts within reach of the station
throughout the spawning season, extending from February 25 to the
last week in April, resulted in a collection of only 4,007 breeders.
Part of this stock was allowed to spawn naturally in the retaining
tables, in accordance with past custom, but, owing to lack of room,
many of the fish were stripped and the eggs fertilized artificially.
The 452,386,000 eges obtained produced 413,961,000 fry, the loss im
hatching amounting to only about 9 per cent, as compared with 12
per cent the preceding year. There appears to be a growing sentiment -
in favor of the flatfish among the commercial fishermen of Maine,

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Lg

and it is believed the time is approaching when the Bureau will not
be compelled, as at present, to rely solely on its own efforts in obtain-
ing brood fish of this species.

Owing to the nonappearance of the usual inshore run of cod along
the Maine coast the efforts of the Bureau to secure eggs in Casco Bay
and at Cape Elizabeth proved nearly futile. A small run of fish
appeared during the spring in the immediate vicinity of the Boothbay
Harbor station, and had fishing operations in these waters been con-
ducted with gill nets there is reason to believe that considerable col-
lections of eggs might have been made. Equipped as the fishermen
were, however, with short trawl lines, they met with poor results.
The egg collections from all points amounted to 9,089,000 and the
fry distributed numbered 5,611,000.

The year’s work at the Gloucester station involved the handling of
1,431,588,000 eggs of four species of marine fishes and the lobster and
the distribution of 825,050,000 fry hatched therefrom. Fish-cultural
operations were continued uninterruptedly from November 1 to the
close of the fiscal year, and at many times during this period eggs of
the various species were received in such quantities that it was
impossible to handle them all with the limited facilities available.
The surplus eggs were transferred to the Woods Hole station when
practicable, but plants of eggs of pollock, cod, and haddock aggregat-
ing 198,407,000 were made in the harbor off Gloucester, owing to the
lack of hatching facilities at either station.

During the pollock spawning season, extending from November 1
to the end of January, 856,680,000 eggs were collected from fish taken
by a fleet of gill-net steamers, and 430,060,000 fry of good quality
were hatched and distributed on the natural spawning grounds off
Cape Ann.

Eggs of the cod in considerable numbers began coming in imme-
diately after the close of the pollock season, and with the exception
of four days, lots were received daily from February 16 to April 7, the
‘total collections amounting to 170,840,000. This noteworthy record
is attributed to the mild weather prevailing throughout the spawning
period. The eggs were generally of good quality, and in addition to
the transfer of 13,096,000, owing to the crowded condition of the
hatchery, 105,150,000 fry were produced for distribution along the
Massachusetts coast.

Haddock eggs to the number of 135,800,000 were received between
March 17 and April 15, at a time when the hatchery was so crowded
that only about half of them could be handled with the apparatus
available. The 77,932,000 eggs retained yielded 45,290,000 fry.

On account of inability to obtain brood fish in the usual numbers,
the results of the flatfish work were only two-thirds as large as in the

20 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

previous season. The 580 brood fish handled yielded 253,365,000
eggs, from which 230,070,000 fry were hatched and distributed.
Early in the season these eggs were handled in Chester jars, but later,
when all jars were needed for the cod and haddock eggs, the flatfish
eggs were placed in scrim-covered floating boxes, made of 2 by 3 inch
spruce, 5 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 2 feet deep, from 40,000,000 to
50,000,000 eggs to the box, and development proceeded fully as well
as in the jars.

On May 1 the lobsters which had been carried through the winter
in the compartment live-car at the Gloucester station were removed
to the hatchery and stripped, 453 survivors of the 636 lobsters
originally placed in the car yielding 4,811,000 eggs. The spring
collection of lobsters for the Gloucester station was the poorest in
years, only 543 breeders being secured. These yielded 8,767,000 eggs,
giving a total of 13,578,000 for the season. At the close of the year
3,000,000 of these eggs were still in process of hatching.

The work of the Woods Hole station was confined principally to
the propagation of cod and flatfish. In November a brood stock of
cod was purchased from commercial fishermen and placed in the
pool and live-cars to ripen. On November 20 the first consignment
of cod eggs was received from the steamer Phalarope, operating in
the field near Sagamore, Mass., and fair collections were received
from that source until Christmas time, when for some reason the
fish left the spawning grounds. Slightly more than 45,000,000 eggs
were received from the field, and these, added to the yield of the
brood stock, gave a total of 216,794,000, from which 110,251,000
fry were hatched and distributed.

Contrary to the conditions experienced at the other marine stations,
flatfish were found in abundance in the territory surrounding the
Woods Hole station, and the prospects early in the season seemed
very promising. It soon transpired, however, that the mild weather,
to which was attributed the plentiful supply of brood fish, was having
a very detrimental effect upon the eggs, which in the majority of
cases failed to develop, the season’s collections of 541,114,000 pro-
ducing only 165,239,000 fry. No lobster work was undertaken at
the Woods Hole station the past season, as previous experience had
shown that the supply of brood lobsters available on the southern
Massachusetts coast was not sufficient to warrant the expense of
collecting them. Efforts in this direction will therefore be con-
fined for the present to the Gloucester station.

Anadromous fishes of the Atlantic coastal streams.—The fish-cultural
season on the Susquehanna River was marked by peculiar conditions,
high winds and correspondingly high or low tides being prevalent
most of the time and interfering greatly with the operations of the
fishermen. Yellow-perch eggs were received at Battery station daily

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. pa!

from March 17 to March 22, when a heavy southwest storm arose,
accompanied by rising temperature, and before its subsidence the
spawning season of yellow perch had ended. The egg collections
amounted to 286,325,000, and the output of fry to 229,060,000.
Collections of white-perch eggs were begun April 8 and discontinued
May 20, the 573,000,000 obtained yielding 372,450,000 fry, in addi-
tion to 20,000,000 eyed eggs shipped to applicants.

The collections of shad eggs for the Battery station extended from
April 19 to May 20 and numbered only 6,861,000, as compared with
a take of 12,175,000 in 1912. In addition to the growing scarcity of
shad in this river, a most discouraging feature of the shad work is
the constantly increasing number of set nets operated by commercial
fishermen. The use of these permits destruction by eels of most of
the eggs contained in fish taken, owing to the time that elapses
between the capture and the tending of the nets.

On the Potomac River some difficulty was experienced in the yel-
low-perch work by the mild open winter, which permitted extended
operations by the commercial fishermen and depleted the supply
of brood fish to such an extent that it was impossible to secure a
sufficiently large stock of breeders to fill the Bryan Point hatchery
with eggs. The collections were made between February 21 and
March 14, and resulted in obtaining 10,301 brood fish, about half
the number desired. The spawning of these fish was completed by
March 24, the total yield of eggs amounting to 124,800,000, an aver-
age of 12,115 per fish. A consignment of 3,900,000 eyed eggs was
transferred to Central station, and the remaining stock produced
113,923,000 healthy fry, which were distributed in the tributaries
of the Potomac River from Broad Creek, Md., to Occoquan Creek, Va.

A new feature of the shad work on the Potomac River was the
conversion of a large scow into an auxiliary hatchery, capable of
carrying 3,000,000 eggs, by installing thereon a table of 32 McDonald
jars and a gasoline pumping plant of a capacity of 2,000 gallons per
minute. The water for this hatchery was pumped into a 50-gallon
barrel elevated 3 feet above the hatching table, and the connections
were arranged for a gravity flow of water tothe jars. The scow,
thus fitted up and provided with a force of two experienced shad
culturists, was moored in Occoquan Bay, Va., for the purpose of
promptly and properly caring for all eggs that might be secured
within a 24-hour period from the gill-net fishermen operating in that
vicinity, such collections being transferred to the main hatchery
every night by the steamer Phalarope. The provision of this sub-
sidiary hatchery will be the means of saving large numbers of eggs
that would otherwise be lost through failure to give them attention
as soon as taken, the location in question being too far distant from

22 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES,

the Bryan Point hatchery to permit of frequent transfers of eggs by
messenger.

The shad spawning season opened April 12 and extended to May
17, by which time the shad run had ceased. The egg collections,
amounting to 30,919,000, produced 28,428,000 excellent fry, which
were carefully distributed over the spawning grounds in the Potomac
River. The high percentage of hatch was due to the holding of all
eggs delivered at the station for 48 hours before measuring them,
and returns to the fishermen were made on the basis of that measure-
ment.

In Albemarle Sound and the contiguous waters seaward, shad were
more plentiful than for many years. The mild winter caused spawn-
ing fish to make thew appearance in the sections operated from the
Edenton station somewhat earlier than usual, the first eggs being
secured March 20. Five days later the receipts of eges at the station
had become so enormous as to tax the hatching facilities, and shortly
afterward the superintendent was compelled to discontinue collections
for several days to relieve the congested condition. In the course of
the spawning season, which lasted 46 days, there were three addi-
tional periods when eggs came in faster than they could be cared for,
and on this account many eggs were lost. The season’s collections
amounted to 138,912,000, and had it not been for the limited hatching
facilities they might have been at least 30 per cent greater. The
output of fry amounted to 92,522,000, an increase of 20 per cent
over that of the preceding year.

The propagation of white perch at the Edenton station having been
decided on, three trips were made during March by spawn takers, with
collecting outfit, to the spawning grounds of the species, about 20
miles below the station in Albemarle Sound. Practically no fish were
secured, and from the information gained it was concluded that the
spawning season would not occur until sometime in April, at which
time the station force was fully occupied with the shad work. An
attempt to propagate the hickory shad at the Edenton station also
proved futile, owing to inability to secure the cooperation of the com-
mercial fishermen.

In advance of the spawning season of the striped bass on the
Roanoke River it became necessary to renew the hatchery and boiler
house, the old plant having been carried away during a 45-foot rise
in the river in March. The new hatchery, consisting of a 48 by 16
foot floor built on elevated timbers, and securely wired and anchored
to the ground, with the view of resisting future floods, was completed
and ready for the reception of eggs by the opening of the spawning
season, April 25. The ideal fishing conditions—a series of small
swells in the river, serving to keep the water roily so that the fish
can not see and avoid the nets—were entirely absent during the season.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Zs

No rise of any consequence occurred after April 12, and while striped
bass in unusual numbers were in evidence, the returns to the commer-
cial fishermen were the smallest ever known. Notwithstanding the
unfavorable weather conditions, more eggs were secured than last
year, and the output of fry was greater than in any previous season.
The comparative success is attributable in some measure to the pro-
portionately larger number of ripe males secured, and also to the fact
that more females in spawning condition were available than hereto-
fore, both these propitious features being made possible by the very
conditions which militated against successful fishing operations.
Male and female fish, clustered together in the act of spawning, were
easily distinguishable in the clear water of the river, and owing to
its low stage it was comparatively easy to surround with a net and
capture fish so clustered. By means of the motor launch recently
provided for the work on this river, the eggs were collected from the
commercial fishermen with greater facility than ever before, and to
this fact may be attributed the higher percentage of hatch attained.
The egg collections numbered 10,383,000, and the output of fry aggre-
gated 7,234,000.

Propagation of the trouts and pond fishes —At the trout stations
of the Bureau the work in general was similar to that of preceding
years. The supply of brook-trout eggs derived from brood fish
earried in ponds and collected from wild stock was supplemented by
the purchase of eggs from commercial dealers, this course having
proved more economical for some stations than the collection of eggs
from waters available for the purpose. The total output of fry and
fingerling trout exceeded that of last year. Owing to unfavorable
weather conditions during the spawning season, fewer rainbow trout
were produced than in 1912, the falling off in this branch of the work
being more noticeable in Colorado than elsewhere.

In the Yellowstone National Park the provision of additional
facilities, the establishment of new field stations, and the extension of
operations over a wider territory permitted the collection of approx-
imately 29,000,000 blackspotted trout eggs, more than the number
secured in that field in any previous year. The fish-cultural possibil-
ities of Yellowstone Lake and tributary streams are practically
unlimited and plans will be made another year to increase still further
the output of blackspotted trout from this field, which at the present
time is the Bureau’s only source of supply for eggs of Salmo lewisi,
one of the most important species of trout.

A new branch of fish culture undertaken in connection with the
work of the St. Johnsbury station was the propagation of steelhead
trout in streams tributary to Lake Memphremagog. By means of a
trap installed in the Willoughby River, brood fish were intercepted
and penned in a spring-fed stream entering the river just above the

| 94 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

trap. Operations at this point extended from April 16 to May 16
and resulted in the collection of 176,305 eggs, which were taken by
the trap attendant from time to time as the fish ripened, and trans-
ferred in fruit jars by express to the St. Johnsbury station. From
the experience gained it is believed this will prove a valuable source
for egg collections of that species. It was noted that the eggs and
fry were much smaller than those of the steelhead trout of the Pacific
coast, resembling more closely the eggs and fry of the domesticated
rainbow trout. The propagation of steelhead trout from eggs
derived from tributaries of Lake Superior, inaugurated in the spring
of 1912, could not be resumed the past season, as the waters during
the spawning period were too high to permit of successful seining
operations. Work in this direction at the Duluth station was there-
fore limited to the hatching of 50,000 eggs transferred from the
Pacific coast, the resulting fry being liberated in June in the streams
where this excellent species has established itself.

In connection with the acclimatization of the steelhead trout in
the Great Lakes region, reference to which has been made in previous
reports, the following information from a Wisconsin correspondent is
of interest:

About 1906 several pound-net fishermen in the vicinity of Sheboygan and Port
Washington, Wis., caught from 100 to 300 steelhead trout, averaging about 1 pound in
weight, most of them being returned to the water. Within the next few years these
fish increased in numbers and in size, and at the present time they form an important
item in the shipments of all pound-net fishermen on Lake Michigan. In 1912 figures
obtained from fishermen between Port Washington and Sheboygan showed the catch
for that year to be in the neighborhood of 7,000 and 8,000 pounds, and the catch for
1913 promises to be heavier. The largest specimens taken in the vicinity weighed 22
pounds, but the average weight is 7 pounds. Compared with the lake trout the steel-
heads have less entrails, are more game, and are found nearer the shore. Many have
been caught going upstream. About two-thirds of those caught are spawners, some of
them being so weak at spawning time as to be easily caught, giving the impression that
they die after spawning. Most of the fish are taken in pound nets and trap nets, in
from 1 to 12 fathoms of water. They are not as good “leaders” as lake trout, and will
often gill themselves in the nets, or jump high into the air in an effort to escape. The
meat of the steelhead resembles very much that of the Pacific coast salmon, except
that it is not quite sored. The market price is the same as for the lake trout. Its food
consists of lake chubs and lake herring, of which there is such an abundant supply as
to be no hindrance to the future increase of these fish.

The experience with the Scotch sea trout at the Craig Brook, Me.,
station has demonstrated that the species is worthy of extended
efforts to propagate and disseminate it. There are now on hand at
that station 16 lots of these fish, ranging from fry to specimens 6
years old, all of which originated from one lot of eggs shipped from
England in 1891. They have succeeded excellently in the fresh water
of the station and have been found to be almost immune to attacks
of the troublesome thyroid disease.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. te

In the spring of 1913 a very promising field for the collection of
grayling and rainbow trout eggs was opened in Madison Valley, Mont.,
and operated as an auxiliary of the Bozeman station. During the
spawning season, extending through the month of April and the first
half of May, 2,445,800 grayling eggs and about 260,000 rainbow-trout
eggs were secured near the towns of Ennis and McAllister, Mont. If
the conditions for the propagation of grayling in this field prove as
favorable as the prospects now indicate, it is the intention to abandon
the old grayling station at Red Rock, Mont., which, owing to its almost
inaccessible location, is very expensive to operate.

The propagation of the blackspotted trout at Derby Dam, on the
Truckee River, was not undertaken the past season, in view of the
small numbers of trout ascending to the dam as a consequence of the
great diversion of water from the river for agricultural purposes. The
work on this river will not be resumed until a more favorable location
for a field station can be found.

Taken as a whole the work at the pond stations during the year was
satisfactory, the increase in the output of the black basses, sunfishes,
and catfishes being due to the adoption of improved methods, and a
more comprehensive knowledge of the factors governing the success-
ful propagation of these fishes. While sudden changes in water
temperature during the spawning season at some of the northern and
western stations curtailed the work somewhat, the output of the
southern stations was materially increased over that of last year.

Rescue of food fishes from overflowed waters.—This is regarded as one
of the most important and immediately effective branches of the
Bureau’s work in the conservation of fishery resources, as it means the
saving of hundreds of thousands of valuable food fishes which would
otherwise be lost.

On the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers there was varying success
in the different fields. Protracted drought and consequent low-water
stages interfered with the work on the upper and lower Mississippi
River, but operations were conducted under more favorable auspices
on the Illinois River, and nearly half a million black bass, crappie,
sunfish, catfish, and other river species were rescued from the sloughs
and bayous which had been cut off from the main river, and utilized
for stocking inland lakes and streams. In addition to this output
many thousands of fish taken from waters where they would ulti-
mately have perished from drought or cold were liberated in the
main river.

Miscellaneous fish-cultural notes ——The season’s operations with the
buffalo-fish at Manchester and auxiliary stations were somewhat
disappointing, owing to the great difficulty in obtaining ripe fish,
and the heavy mortality of the eggs secured, as a result of the low-
water temperatures prevailing during most of the spawning season.

26 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

The experience of the past two years’ operations had led to the con-
clusion that the spawning of the buffalofish would begin at a water
temperature of about 60 degrees, which had occurred during those
years about April 25. This year, however, the first spawn was taken
on April 18, in a water temperature of 52 degrees, and some eggs were
taken each day afterward up to and including April 26, when the
water temperature reached 59 degrees. The great irregularity in the
development of the brood fish—some days all of them being hard
and on others all spent—made it impracticable to send out spawn-
takers with the seine boats, and the best that could be done was to
meet incoming boats and look over the catch. The 23 fish spawned -
yielded 5,046,000 eggs, only 80,000 of which hatched. All lots of
eggs that were an entire loss died within 48 hours after being taken,
large air bubbles collecting on them and causing them to float out of
the jars.

At the North McGregor station six ripe fish yielded 500,000 eggs.
These were held in a floating box in a water temperature of 60 degrees,
in the hope that enough additional eggs could be obtained to warrant
their transfer to the Manchester station. The lot looked well up to
the seventh day, but eventually the eggs became coated with sedi-
ment and all were lost.

The experience thus far gained seems to demonstrate the necessity
of warmer water than that available at either Manchester or its
substations, and the only apparent way of overcoming the difficulty
would be the installation at one of the stations of a small pumping
plant, with settling tank and filter, which, in view of the expense
involved, seems hardly justifiable.

Evidence of the good results of the present efforts in the artificial
propagation and the protection of the lobster appears from the fact
that the lobster fishermen along the Maine coast last year had a very
successful and remunerative season. Numerous reports have been
received to the effect that lobsters are becoming more plentiful,
and that the increase is quite general along the coast. The Maine
fishermen and also the dealers in that State are unstinted in their
praise of the Bureau’s work in this direction.

Arrangements have been made to transfer several carloads of live
lobsters from the Maine coast for deposit at points in Puget Sound,
about the San Juan Islands. These transfers will be continued
annually until the feasibility of establishing this valuable crustacean
on the Pacific coast has been demonstrated.

The adult lake sturgeon, referred to in the last annual report as
being retained in a pen at the mouth of Rainy River, at Le Claire
Point, Minn., with the view of gaining information as to the spawning
habits of the species, escaped from the inclosure during a period of
exceptionally high water early in October. Efforts to overcome the

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 27

existing obstacles to the artificial propagation of the sturgeon will be
renewed at the first opportunity.

In order to add to the commercial value of the eastern fisheries
an attempt will be made to establish the humpback salmon on the
Atlantic coast by the annual transfer of large numbers of eggs of
that species from the Pacific coast, for development at the New
England stations, the resultmg fry to be placed in suitable streams
in the State of Maine.

BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, SURVEYS, AND EXPERIMENTS.
AID TO THE, OYSTER INDUSTRY.

The Bureau has continued to devote to the oyster industry as
much attention as the facilities and resources provided by Congress
will permit. The field, however, is very large and varied, and the
Bureau is unable to meet all the legitimate demands that are made
on it for expert assistance and advice.

In December, 1912, the steamer Fisk Hawk was ordered to Mata-
gorda Bay, Tex., for the purpose of conducting a survey of the
oyster beds in response to the request of the Fish and Oyster Com-
mission of the State. Inquiries relating to the establishment of a
biological station on the Gulf coast of Florida were conducted on the
way and the vessel arrived off Lavaca Bay, Tex., early in February.

After consultation with the Texas commissioner and with persons
interested in the oyster business it was determined that the survey
should be confined to Lavaca Bay as the area of greatest present and
prospective commercial importance. The recent triangulation by the
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey had been earried to the
mouth of this bay, and by the use of this and the recovery of an old
point it was possible to extend the triangulation as far as required
by means of the sextant. This preliminary work was completed in
March, and the examination of the oyster beds commenced imme-
diately. The weather was unusually tempestuous, and practically
all the signals were destroyed by a tornado soon after their establish-
ment. Despite the difficulties the work was completed about the
middle of May. At the end of the fiscal year the smooth sheets were
complete, and the report and chart will be ready for the printer by
January 1, 1914.

Investigations and experiments respecting enemies of the oyster
which annually cause large losses to the oyster industry have been
continued as opportunity offered. During the spring the attention
of the Bureau was again called to the prevalence of ‘‘green gill”
over a large area in Chesapeake Bay. This peculiar condition, in
reality harmless both to oysters and those who consume them, on
account of popular prejudice has caused heavy loss by completely

28 - REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

destroying the market for the affected oysters. The Bureau had
no facilities for immediately investigating the matter, as the only
qualified assistant was engaged in the Texas survey previously de-
scribed, and the trouble had abated by the time he was available,
only to grow virulent as soon as he was irrevocably detailed to other
work.

The oyster interests of Long Island Sound are urging the study of
the starfish and the drill, which annually cause heavy loss to the
oyster growers, but the Bureau can not carry on the work continu-
ously and systematically with its present force. These are but
instances of the Bureau’s failure to provide the assistance asked for
by the fisheries, owing to the wholly inadequate personnel allowed
it for the purpose.

PROGRESS IN MUSSEL CULTURE.

Marked progress has been made during the year in the cultivation
of pearly fresh-water mussels, which are the objects of an extensive
fishery and support numerous plants at which buttons are made.

The station at Fairport, Iowa, and the field parties operating in
connection therewith have achieved practical results in the propaga-
tion of mussels. The work was conducted at 15 localities in the Mis-
sissippi Valley, 10 of which were on the Mississippi River. Over 150
million young mussels were planted, of which 57 million were liber-
ated in Lake Pepin, 25 million in the vicinity of Fairport, and the
remainder at other places in Jowa and Minnesota, and in Wisconsin,
Illinois, Indiana, and Arkansas. As a necessary part of these opera-
tions there were handled about 100,000 food and game fishes of
various species, of which a large number were rescued from over-
flowed lands and returned to the rivers. The field explorations were
considerably curtailed on account of the embarrassment occasioned
by the delay in the passage of the appropriation bill. An examina-
tion was made, however, of the mussel resources of the Illinois River,
and a reconnoissance of a large number of lakes and streams in Min-
nesota opened up new fields for mussel culture and suggested new
sources of supply of commercial shells.

Investigations in the field and laboratory have resulted in the
discovery of the hosts and breeding habits of certain important com-
mercial mussels and promise to result in the propagation of valuable
species which previously could not be cultivated because of ignorance
of fundamental facts. Research into the causes and phenomena
of pearl formation have been continued.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 29
INVESTIGATIONS OF LAKES AND STREAMS.

The investigation of the Illinois River in respect to the effects of
the discharge of sewage through the Chicago Drainage Canal were
brought to a conclusion during the year and a report thereon has
been prepared. This is one of the most important studies of the
effects of stream pollution on the fishes and fisheries, and it is believed
that the results will be of great value in connection with the solution
of problems which are yearly growing more acute. This work was
conducted in cooperation with the Illinois Natural History Survey
under conditions of great advantage to the Government.

The waters of the Truckee River Basin in California and Nevada
have been under investigation at various times during the year. As
has been indicated in previous reports of the Bureau, the use of the
waters of this system for irrigation purposes has already reached a
stage resulting in the destruction of large numbers of valuable food
fishes. It appears inevitable that with the growth of the area iri-
gated the streams eventually will be reduced, in places, to practically
dry beds at certain seasons, and the native fishes will become a
negligible factor in the food supply. It is possible that a way may be
found to compensate for this deficiency by introducing other species
of nonmigratory habit which can be acclimatized in the permanent
waters, but it is yearly becoming more evident that it will be necessary
in some cases to make a frank recognition of the fact that more and
cheaper food can be produced by the irrigation of the land than by
the conservation of the fishes in the streams. It is the purpose of
the present investigation to determine if it be possible to develop the
one source of food supply while maintaiming the other.

During the summer of 1912 the Bureau continued its examinations
of lakes im Washington and Idaho to determine their physical and
biological characteristics, particularly as they may affect the culture |
and acclimatization of fishes. It frequently happens that disap-
pointing results follow the planting of fish in lakes which superficially
appear to be admirably adapted to the purpose, and recent investiga-
tions have shown that the failures are often due to deficiencies in the
physical conditions of the deeper waters. This work is demanded
not only for the information of the Bureau in connection with its
fish-cultural operations, but has been urgently requested by the
State authorities. Stmilar work has been carried on for several
years in Wisconsin in cooperation with the Wisconsin Geological and
Natural History Survey. A reconnoissance was also made of a num-
ber of lakes in the Superior National Forest Reserve in northeastern
Minnesota, which differ much in the character of their fauna from the
lakes of more calcareous water farther south.

At the close of the fiscal year investigations were begun on Lake
Champlain in cooperation with the State of Vermont, to determine

22889°—14—_3

30 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

whether it be possible to establish and maintain a commercial fishery
for whitefish without jeopardizing fishing for pleasure and sport,
which now yields remunerative business to guides, boatmen, and the
keepers of pleasure resorts.

OTHER INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS.

The field work of the biological survey of San Francisco Bay was
concluded during the year and considerable progress was made in
the study of the collections which have been assigned to various
specialists. -The general report dealing largely with the economic
results of the survey is in an advanced stage of preparation. This
investigation was made by the steamer Albatross pending the pas-
sage of an appropriation for repairs, without which she was unsea-
worthy and unfit to leave sheltered waters.

During July and August, 1912, the schooner Grampus was em-
ployed in an investigation of the oceanography of the Gulf of Maine,
with the purpose of determining the physical and biological condi-
tions governing the distribution of fish food and young fishes. The
work was supplemented during the winter and spring by observations
off the coast in the vicinity of Gloucester and on Georges Banks in
connection with the otter-trawl investigations.

A related inquiry respecting the spawning of haddock was con-
ducted off the coast of Massachusetts and New Hampshire during
the spring, use being made of the facilities afforded by the recently
established gill-net fishery for haddock. The spawning grounds of
this species, which is extensively propagated by the Bureau, appear
to be less restricted than has been generally supposed. The inquiry
is to be continued as opportunity is afforded.

Terrapin culture at Beaufort reached a stage which justified the
Bureau in issuing a circular descriptive of its methods and com-
- mending it as promising commercial returns to persons undertaking it
on a practical scale. Considerable interest has been manifested in
the project, and experiments are being conducted under private
auspices in North Carolina and Florida.

During the spring, experiments in frog culture and in artificial pro-
duction of the natural food of fishes were begun at the Edenton, N.C.,
station.

Considerable progress has been made during the year in the accumu-
lation of material toward a series of publications on the life histories
of important food fishes and other valuable aquatic animals. This
necessarily is slow work and to a very large extent the data are collected:
as opportunity offers in connection with other investigations. The
early larval stages of many American food fishes are unknown, and in
order that the breeding grounds and the habitats of the young may be
determined it is necessary to collect specimens and make drawings

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 31

until a series is completed. This part of the investigation has yielded
gratifying results, and there are now on.hand several reports on the
subject. It is the purpose of the Bureau to have the completed
papers cover the points of which understanding is essential for the
regulation and protection of the fisheries, and thus to meet a popular
demand for information which there is now no means of satisfying.

WORK AT THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES.

The marine laboratories at Woods Hole, Mass., and Beaufort, N. O.,
were opened at the beginning of the fiscal year, but were operated
with considerable embarrassment owing to the inadequacy of the
emergency appropriations made available pending the passage of the
sundry civil bill, The months of June, July, August, and the first
half of September comprise the period of greatest activity in scientific
field and laboratory work, owing not only to the clemency of the
weather and the greater opportunities afforded for study, but also
to the availability at that time of a considerable number of qualified
investigators who are occupied in university duties at other seasons.

The inadequacy of the permanent scientific staff of the Bureau
makes it necessary to depend for much of its research on temporary
assistants who can be engaged only when not engaged in their cus-
tomary duties. It follows, therefore, that the monthly requirements
during the first two months of the year are much in excess of the pro-
rated allowance made by Congress for the purpose of conducting opera-
tions until the passage of the regular appropriation. Moreover, it is
necessary to arrange for the employment of temporary assistants con-
siderably in advance of the beginning of the fiscal year, not only because
the best men will have made other arrangements before the end of
June, but also because much of the work must be begun in June or
earlier, and continuously prosecuted over the end of the fiscal year
in order to produce results warranting the expenditures.

Therefore, unless confidence can be felt that appropriations will be
available when due, the laboratory and field work can not be arranged
for with proper regard to economy and efficiency, and this was the
condition confronting the Bureau at the beginning of the fiscal year.
A number of investigators had already reached the laboratories
before it became apparent that the appropriations would not be
available. Some of these were employed at reduced salaries and
others elected to carry on work under the authority possessed by the
Bureau to afford facilities to properly qualified investigators.

Under the conditions the work at both Woods Hole and Beaufort
was satisfactory, and there were completed a number of researches
of practical value, the most important of which related to the habits
of fishes and the effects of water pollutions. Further work was con-
ducted on the life history of the oyster drill with a view to finding a

82 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

weak point at which this destructive oyster enemy may be attacked.
At Beaufort the spawning season of the southern flounder was deter-
mined and experiments will be conducted during the next fiscal —
year to develop the possibility of its propagation at the station.

At the close of the year the permanent laboratory at the Fairport,
Towa, station was ready for occupancy. ‘This station, which com-
bines facilities for fish culture, mussel culture, practical shell testing,
and biological and chemical investigations and experiments is
designed as a center of a large part of the Bureau’s activities in the
Mississippi Valley.

DISEASES OF FISHES.

During the year the Bureau has received growing and insistent
demands for the investigation of various fish diseases and for the
study of the relations of industrial and other contaminations to the
fish life in streams. These demands, which have come from Govern-
ment, State, and private fish-cultural establishments, and from State,
municipal, and private interests, are of a character that makes them
entirely appropriate for attention at the hands of the Federal fish-
ery service; but, owing to the lack of facilities, the Bureau has been
able to do very little to help either itself or the general public in this
respect.

The cooperative investigation of cancerous tumors in trout, in
which the Bureau has been associated with the New York Labora-
tory for the Study of Malignant Disease, has been brought to a close
by the completion of a report dealing with the cause and nature of
the disease and its relation to human health. This but clears the
ground for that part of the work which vitally concerns the Bureau,
namely, the investigation of the means of preventing and curing the
disease in streams and hatcheries. The cooperating institution is not
concerned in this phase of the subject and any constructive work in
the interests of the fisheries must be conducted by the Bureau.

From every consideration of economy adequate means should be
provided for such investigations. At one hatchery alone—Holden,
Vt.—over 350,000 trout died from an epidemic in May and June.
This was practically the entire stock on hand and the cost to pro-
duce these fish, to say nothing of their ultimate value, was greater
than would suffice to pay for an assistant qualified to find means of
prevention of the losses.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 33
ALASKA FISH AND FUR INDUSTRIES,
SALMON SERVICE.

Details regarding the administration of the salmon and other
fisheries of Alaska will be found in a special report issued as a sepa-
rate document.* As complete returns from these fisheries are not
obtainable until late fall or early winter of each year, the information
here presented is for the calendar year 1912.

For the purpose of enforcing the fishery laws and the regulations
made thereunder, there has been the usual inspection of fishing
grounds, apparatus, and methods; and information regarding the
various branches of the fishing industry has been obtained and ap
pears in the special report.

The laws and regulations have, in general, been well received by
the fishing interests, and, with rare exceptions, have been respected
throughout Alaska, so far as the field agents of the Bureau have been
able to determine. The region is so vast, however, and the facilities
so lamentably inadequate for reaching the various fishing localities,
many in number and widely separated, that personal inspection in
many cases was utterly impossible. Unfortunately this applies
more particularly to the fisheries for which there is the greatest need
of regular inspection. This fact, together with the limited person-
nel, and the limited appropriation available for traveling expenses,
enables the Bureau at the best to possess no definite knowledge and
but scant information regarding a large number of the fishing locali-
ties and operations.

The inspection of the canneries, salteries, and hatcheries was
more satisfactory. One agent covered the territory from Dixon
Entrance on the south to Cordova on the north. Of the 53 canneries
operated in that region he visited all but 5 at least once, and most of
the salteries and minor establishments; and each of the hatcheries
was visited and inspected. Several of the more accessible places
were each visited two or three times. In the Bristol Bay region
it was not possible to reach all the canneries and fisheries, and only
those at or near Nushagak were visited. In central Alaska an agent
was able to visit the canneries at the Kusilof and Kenai Rivers, and
the inspector kept in close touch with the fishing operations in and
about the Afognak reservation during the season.

The season of 1912 was marked by an unusually heavy run of
salmon on the south side of Bristol Bay, which resulted in an increase
of nearly 40 per cent over the 1911 pack of that region. There was
also an unprecedented run of humpback salmon in central Alaska

a Alaska Fishery and Fur Industries in 1912, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 780.

84 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

and a large run in Bering Sea. A slight decline in the humpback run
occurred in southeast Alaska, where the red salmon practically held
their own. There was a shortage of red salmon in the Nushagak
region and in central Alaska, which induced an increased pack of the
inferior species in those regions.

The Alaska fisheries as a whole were more productive in 1912 than _
ever before. This was owing largely to the great increase in the
catch of the cheaper grades of salmon. The net increase in the
salmon catch over 1911 was over 16,963,000 fish. The value of the
product of all the fisheries showed an increase over that for 1911 of
more than $2,000,000. The aggregate catch of salmon was 60,938,945,
from which were prepared 4,056,021 cases of canned salmon valued
at $16,295,480, and in addition to these were minor products of the
salmon fisheries valued at $837,652. The number of salmon canneries
increased from 64 to 87, the majority of the new plants being in
southeast Alaska.

In 1911 the five private hatcheries took 167,146,800 red salmon
eggs and the two Government hatcheries 102,520,000, making a total
of 269,666,800, from which were hatched and liberated 153,868,800 fry
by the private and 87,729,700 by the Government hatcheries, a total
of 241,598,500. In 1912 the private hatcheries took 86,295,000 red
salmon eggs and the Government hatcheries 80,814,470, a total of
167,109,470, which is a decrease of 102,557,330 as compared with 1911.

Under the provision of law exempting from taxation the output of
the salmon canneries at the rate of 10 cases of canned salmon for each
thousand red or king salmon fry liberated, the companies maintaining
private hatcheries were entitled to receive in 1912 rebates on 153,-
868,800 fry, or $61,744.

The order of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor of December 19,
1907, closing Wood and Nushagak Rivers to salmon fishing, remains
in force and no commercial fishing was carried on in those streams.
With the cooperation of the companies operating canneries in the
Nushagak region, Wood River was again racked in 1912, and a tally
was kept of the red salmon ascending that stream to Lake Aleknagik
for spawning purposes. The number of fish thus counted was
$25,264, as against 354,299 in 1911. The number of salmon caught
in the Nushagak region was 3,866,950, an increase of 1,053,313 over
that for the previous year. In the five years from 1908 to 1912 the
catch in the Nushagak region has decreased 37 per cent, while the
number escaping to the spawning beds has decreased 87 per cent.
In 1908 the number escaping was 30 per cent of the entire run; in 1912
it was but 7.7 per cent. This indicates a very serious condition if
natural propagation alone is to be depended upon to keep up the
supply of salmon in that region.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 35

The usual statistical canvass of the Alaska fisheries showed 24,263
persons engaged in the various branches of the industry, $38,263,457
invested, and products valued at $18,877,480.

A feature of the- Alaska fisheries is a growing appreciation of the
value of products formerly regarded as useless and the equipment of
a number of small plants designed to utilize such materials. Only
a very small fraction of the multitude of natural aquatic products of
Alaska—fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, etc.—has as yet been utilized
by man. It is known that many of these possess a high food value,
but methods of preparing them as food have not been developed.
Of fishes alone there are more than 300 species, of which fewer than a
score are as yet utilized by man asfood. How many more can be found
to possess considerable economic food value remains to be determined,
but that the number is large is reasonably certain. Perhaps the most
promising is the herring (Clupea pallasvi), a very’ abundant fish, at
present utilized chiefly in the manufacture of fertilizer and oil, but
used to some extent fresh, frozen, or pickled, or as bait in the halibut
fishery. A closely related species, the Atlantic herrmg (Clupea
harengus), is the fish which supports the largest fishery in the world,
also the American sardine and smoked-herring industries, in which a
vast amount of money is invested and whose output is worth millions
of dollars. There is no inherent reason why the Pacific herring may
not be prepared for sardines and in the numerous other ways in which
the Atlantic herring is utilized.

The eulachon, the capelin, and the surf smelt, three most delicious
fishes, literally swarm in untold numbers in Alaskan waters, but as
yet are utilized scarcely at all. The Dolly Varden trout, so abundant
as to be a great nuisance and very destructive to salmon spawn,
should be studied with reference to its utilization as food. The score
or more of surf fishes, rock cods, greenlings, Atka mackerel, scul-
pins, and sand lances, are all promising species to experiment with.
There are also the clams, crabs, and numerous other crustaceans and
mollusks, related species of which in other countries support important
fisheries, yet nothing is done with them in Alaska.

Under date of November 18, 1912, after a hearing given at Seattle,
Wash., on October 18, the Secretary issued an order prohibiting,
until further notice, all commercial fishing for salmon (1) in all streams
flowing into Cook Inlet, together with their lakes and tributary waters;
(2) in Eyak Lake and its tributary waters, except that fishing is
permitted, under specified restrictions, in Kyak River below the lake;
(3) in Anan or Humpback Creek, its lagoon, lakes, and tributary
waters, together with the region within 500 yards of the mouth of
the creek; and (4) in Naha Stream, its lagoon, lakes, and tributary
waters, above a line connecting Loring Point and House Point. The
order became effective January 1, 1913.

36 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

By order of the Secretary, dated March 21, the natives of the
Afognak reservation were given permission to conduct commercial
fishing in the reserved waters under certain restrictions. The busi-
ness was placed in charge of an inspector, who issued permits to those
entitled to receive them, promulgated regulations in accordance with
general orders from the Department, kept in daily touch with the
fishery, and enforced compliance with the regulations. The total
number of licenses issued was 93, of which 7 were to whitemen. The
salmon taken numbered about 175,000 fish, including about 17,000
handled at the hatchery. This catch was somewhat disappointing.
The eruption of Katmai Volcano June 6 covered Afognak Island so
completely with ashes that fishing was entirely suspended for more
than two weeks and was nowhere fully resumed. This no doubt had
a serious effect on the catch, which otherwise would in all probability
have been much greater. Besides the immediate effects on the
fishery there will no doubt be after effects from which the fishery will
not recover for some years.

FUR-SEAL SERVICE.

The sealing operations on the Pribilof Islands during the season of
1912 were conducted, as in 1910 and 1911, under the direct control of
the fur-seal agents of the Bureau. The treaty of July 7, 1911, which
makes pelagic sealing unlawful, went into effect December 15, 1911,
and, as a result, there was no pelagic sealing during the season of
1912. This was the first season, therefore, since the beginning of
pelagic sealing that the fur-seal herd was not subject to the ravages
of the sealing fleet. ‘To this essential protective measure the herd
made an immediate response. It was possible for the first time in the
history of the fur seal to take an actual census of the herd. An actual
count was made of all the active bulls, all the idle and young bulls, all
the hauling-ground bulls, all the 3-year-old males marked and
reserved for breeders, all the pups, and, by evident deduction, all the
cows. ‘The only classes not actually counted were the yearling males
and females, the 2-year-old males and females, the unbranded 3-year-
old males, and an uncertain number of 4-year-old males, all of which
were estimated conservatively at 48,000.

The census of the herd showed seals of the various classes present
on the islands as follows:

Active: bulls) with: harems:(actualicount)'. =. ssc. 2t chi ae eee eee ee 1, 358
Idle and young breeding-ground bulls (actual count). ............-.......- 312
Hauling-pround! bulls (actualcount). 20... 2 20 see ee eee oe eee 302
Branded: reserve, bulls;(actual count):.5. 9.0. oes ee ae See 2, 000
Pups: (aetyal count) cst Ce sccceee sche) Se Sees ee ree See fee eee 81, 984
Breeding cows (equal to the pups in number).............------------e0-- 81, 984
Remaining nonbreeding seals (estimate). 222.055 =. 4 aek «<a a4 cies stenee 48, 000

Potalc owt co's sodwinc abe eh Re 215, 940

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 37

The census for 1911 was based chiefly on estimates and was evi-
dently an underestimate. Nevertheless, it is believed that there were
on the islands in 1912 at least 30,000 seals that would not have been
there if pelagic sealing had contmued. During the season of 1911
the pelagic sealers took 14,511 skins, according to the report of
Messrs. C.M. Lampson & Co., of London. This number included some
skins from the Commander Islands herd. It is well known that the
pelagic sealers kill many seals they do not recover and that the actual
number of skins marketed is far below and probably is less than half
the number of seals actually killed. With this exceedingly low esti-
mate it is evident that the loss actually sustained by the Pribilof herd
in 1911 could not have been less than 15,000 breeding females; and
it is safe to assume that as great a loss would have occurred in 1912
if pelagic sealing had gone on. These 15,000 breeding females thus
saved produced 15,000 pups, making 30,000 seals on the islands in
1912 as the immediate response to the cessation of pelagic sealing.

In 1913 a census of the seal herd made under the same conditions
as in 1912 and participated in by two or three cooperating agents of
the Bureau gave the following result, the number of the pups being
accurately determined by actual count after the harems had broken
up in August and the equivalent number of breeding females being
necessarily present:

meive Mulls, wath harems (actual count) 2 22 .2)s6<iods ssh os a Cheeks 1, 403
iilcandsyoune bulls (actual coumt) 8 ..2)ij0 2. Scions se sic genase Se\disire me oimfe ee 364
Bachelors, 1, 2, 3, and 4 years old (count and estimate).................-.. 47, 000
Cows andi, years, old"(count and estimate)... 2.2. /oc0e 5.2 sn. bee tees 35, 000
EPeCUMe COWS (CHUA tO PUPS)= 24: Sec csc ses dssees soc ese ces eee shee ote 92, 269
Pemee MAN AICCOUNEG ee 558. Sosa nak Sassen es Soe - awl sats UMAR. Sn Po 92, 269

Ota eee eee. « BEE EC AG AD, Marietag fel Roa MTN Pema NSE aie 268, 305

The number of skins shipped in 1912 was 2,880 from St. Paul Island
and 884 from St. George Island, a total of 3,764. These, together
with 9 skins from the previous season which had been sent to Wash-
ington for experimental purposes, were sold at auction in London
January 17, 1913, by Messrs. C. M. Lampson & Co., acting as agents
for this Government. The net proceeds of the sale were $130,640.57,
for which sum a certified check was duly received and covered into
the United States Treasury. Under the leasing syst2m which pre-
vailed prior to 1910 the Government would have received only
$38,589.25 for the season’s take of skins.

The fox skins obtained on the Pribilof Islands in the winter of
1911-12 consisted of 109 blues and 27 whites on St. Paul, and 275
blues and 2 whites on St. George, a total of 384 blues and 29 whites.
They were sent to London and sold at auction March 7, 1913, by
Messrs. C. M. Lampson & Co., acting as agents for this Government.
The net proceeds of the sale were $20,505.17, for which sum a certified

38 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

check was duly received and covered into the Treasury. A choice lot
of 28 skins from St. Paul Island sold for $131 per skin. Under the
old leasing system the Government received nothing for the fox skins.

On June 30, 1913, the positions of agent and three assistant agents,
fur-seal fisheries, ceased to exist through failure of Congress to pro-
vide for them. The sundry civil appropriation bill for the year 1914
substituted for the foregoing the positions of two agents and care-
takers.

MINOR FUR-BEARING ANIMALS.

The warden and four deputy wardens, for which provision was
made in the sundry civil bill making appropriations for the fiscal
year 1912, spent the entire year in Alaska, establishing head-
quarters in certain of the more important fur-producing regions
where they could keep in touch with the trappers and hunters and see
that the law and regulations were observed. <A study of the habits
of the various species of fur-bearmg animals was thus possible, and
a large amount of valuable information was obtained. Specimens
were also collected for the purpose of making possible a study of the
condition of the fur at different seasons in the various fur-producing
regions of Alaska. Such specimens are very useful in arriving at
decisions as to the proper dates for close seasons in the different parts
of Alaska.

The cooperative arrangement made with the governor of Alaska
for the purpose of securing a more effective enforcement of the fur
and game laws of the Territory has been continued, in part. By this
arrangement the warden and the four deputy wardens were to be
appointed as special game wardens and five of the Alaska game
wardens were to be appointed special fur wardens. In the early
part of 1913 the governor found it impracticable to continue: longer
the services of the special game wardens appointed by him. The
Bureau, however, finds it desirable to continue the services of the
special fur wardens. They are paid a nominal salary of $10 per month
and are invested with the same authority for enforcing the provisions
of the law and regulations as are the regular wardens. The scope of
territory to be covered makes it necessary to secure the assistance of
as many agents as possible.

During the past year three: convictions have been had for violation
of the act of April 21, 1910, for the protection of the fur-bearing
animals in Alaska. The convictions were for violations. in widely
separated portions of Alaska, and it is believed that they will have a
deterrent effect upon those disposed to violate the law.

The regulations issued by the Department have proved satisfactory
in most respects and have had a very good influence upon the hunters:
and trappers who, in the main, are in sympathy with the efforts of

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 39

the Government to conserve the fur resources of Alaska. One im-
mediate effect has been a very marked improvement in the quality
of furs shipped from the Territory. Several large buyers of Alaska
furs state that the improvement has been 25 to 30 per cent. This
was due to the fact that the hunters and trappers were more careful
to observe the close season and local buyers were less disposed to
purchase unprime skins.

As a result of the inquiries made by the warden and the deputy
wardens, together with information received from persons interested
in the preservation of the fur resources of Alaska, the desirability of
revising the regulations promulgated March 8, 1911, was shown.
Revised regulations were accordingly drafted and approved by the
Secretary under date of March 26, 1913. The principal changes in
the new regulations are: (1) The close season on sea otter is ex-
tended to November 1, 1920, and that on beaver to November 1,
1918; (2) minor changes are made in the open and close seasons for
several of the other fur bearers; (3) the close season on the black
bear is removed; and (4) prohibition is placed upon the taking or
selling of unprime skins.

The following statement shows by species the number and value
of furs shipped from Alaska in the year ending November 15, 1912:

Average | Total

Species. Number. Sane | AHS
IBBRH I NBO Rss eB penne s cos Sapp oper DSU OS CoUS Botour ae sda cebbesSaccense 698 $7.50 $5, 212. 50
Bear, lOnON AS st REL Ses See eae Cee SE acne onc book CnoGne Sbreboc coseEScusa 19 9.00 171.00
Bear, UAC ICT eee eee Seems Seelerete eters aniacie ees oteie cranes esaistemtisise sia sto oc 5 15.00 75.00
HES aren Olea iste tae se coral arse ctevs wisi cto are emerereio wicie s Sisisiarsiassfasiaiew ciate qiatete <a\a 9 40.00 360. 00
Beaver 89 10.00 890. 00
Ermine BE 7,957 1.36 10, 821. 52
Fox, Leet 600. 00 1, 800.00
Fox, b 502 45.00 22, 590. 00
Fox, phic: PribiloMmislands-Aeenee oe. cace ce enee ee somaeaccnee vicsamee cess 384 56. 53 21, 708. 48
INGRESOROES IS S aSedaneOods Saubswac one Doe Gane Doce SE ab done pecUn eb SooSenoEse ae 603 17.00 10,251.00
aecee eeaaen ne ete Rr Los OS Ae reee y eE y 8,018 8.50} 68, 153.00
AOR SIV EDIOTA Visa. sel aieeet le eee = starele ete eiisiote wis etelele si zinictelsi=siajsisje esas wim =i 142 250. 00 35, 500. 00
Fox, PLUS opera ee re at ee ic tt pasmetcumemememmene seee scenes acicie: 3, 108 12. 50 38,850.00
Hox whites Pribilofislandss Sac. soca saa ebeceeeecierio nisice sacle 29 17.29 501.43
Hare, Parsee eae e ne te ip ites Shey, Tae eB ene nae ST ue. Ys 55 -40 22.00
L 2,720 21.5 58,480. 00

50
12.50 | 162) 487.50

40 | 49/570.00
4.50 | 141; 133.50
14.00] 20,720.00

200. 00 200. 00
1.00 4.00
37.52 | 141,290.32
1.50 499.50
-08 48. 88
9.00 927.00

10.00 1,890.00
PRO baleen ints aia cisteieisct stein s ae win so. sieisine steineieiwsiasiorelel sicivraisinisis'e'siatietets nlf = cleiais\eierie a] aeeleeies oie 794, 156. 63

40 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

A number of permits have been issued authorizing the taking and
shipping of various fur-bearing animals, principally foxes, for breed-
ing purposes. Applications for permits for such operations became
so frequent as to cause concern in regard to the maintenance of the
natural supply of wild stock. The Department decided to issue
further permits for the shipment of foxes from Alaska only to bona
fide owners or operators of fox ranches and to make such permits
applicable only to foxes which had been bred and reared on these
ranches. It was also decided to discontinue the issuance of permits
authorizing the capture in Alaska of any fur-bearing animal during
the close season prescribed for the species concerned.

Recently the rearing of foxes for their pelts has attracted a great
deal of attention, and public terest has been aroused by the reports
of extraordinary prices paid for certain varieties for breeding pur-
poses. To develop the possibilities of fox farming in Alaska the
Secretary of Commerce has decided to lease certain islands for the
purpose, making announcement to this effect in a widely distributed
circular.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

OYSTER INDUSTRY.

In the recent canvass of the oyster industry the statistics for the
New England and South Atlantic States covered the season ending
in 1910; for the Middle Atlantic States, except Maryland and Vir-
ginia, and for the Gulf States they covered 1911; and for Maryland
and Virginia and the Pacific Coast States they covered 1912. The
total number of persons engaged in the oyster industry of the United .
States, as shown by the statistics for the various sections of the coun-
try, was 67,257; the yearly wages paid, combining the different-sec-
tions, amounted to $10,876,801; and the investment in vessels, boats,
fishing apparatus, shore and accessory property and cash capital, not
including the value of oyster grounds or the cash capital for the New
England States, was $16,880,032. The output of oysters was
32,988,815 bushels, valued at $15,377,983.

About 46 per cent of the quantity and 65 per cent of the value were
from planted grounds, the output in many of the States depending
largely—in some of them entirely—upon oyster culture. In the New
England States 93 per cent, on the Pacific coast 73 per cent, and in
New York 86 per cent of the oyster product is derived from private
beds. Virginia ranks first among the States in quantity and New
York first in value of oysters produced; while Maryland, ranking
second in quantity, is third in value of oyster output. A summary
of the oyster product of the United States is given in the following
table.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 41

OysTER PRopUCT OF THE UNITED STATES.

Region. Private grounds. Public grounds. Total.
Bushels. Value. Bushels. Value. Bushels. Value.
New England States (1910)....} 5,549,318 | $3, 439, 450 392,703 | $157,584} 5,942,021 | $3,597,034
Midals Atlantic States (1911-

AD) Sas Gang cee a at cian Usha eek 7,090,883 } 5,204,124 | 11,815,193 | 4,059,432 | 18,906,076 9, 268, 556
South eran pai (1910)... 456, 194 171, 298 1, 244, 804 192, 886 1, 700, 998 364, 18:
Gulf States (1911)............. 2, 080, 005 634, 147 | 4, 146, 136 842,819 | 6,226,141 | 1,476,966
Pacifie Coast Siates (4912) 2.2% 157, 243 659, 430 56, 336 16, 813 213,579 ” 676, 243

Tahal s see ates tee ae 15,333, 643 | 10, 108, 449 | 17,655,172 | 5,269,534 | 32,988,815 | 15,377,983

The oyster industry of various sections has been presented in
detail in previous reports. The only portions of the country that
remain to be considered are Maryland, Virginia, and the Pacific
Coast States.

Maryland ranks first among the States in the number of persons
engaged in the oyster industry, which, in 1912, was 24,287, who
received $2,724,641 in wages. The yield of oysters was 5,510,421
bushels, valued at $2,127,759, of which only about 5 per cent, or
280,010 bushels, valued at $149,069, were from planted grounds.
The output would probably have been much larger had it not been
for a severe freeze lasting for about six weeks, during which time
the taking of oysters was practically discontinued. In some localities,
especially in Kent and Queen Anne Counties, the oysters were more
plentiful and in better condition than for many years. The product
was taken chiefly with dredges and tongs. Patent tongs are used
in a few localities, mainiy at Solomons in Calvert County and at Rock
Hall in Kent County; they are employed mostly where the water
is too deep for common tongs and dredging is not allowed. The prin-
cipal oyster centers in the State are Baltimore, Crisfield, Cambridge,
St. Michaels, Oxford, Chester, Annapolis, Tilghman, and White-
haven. Out of a total of 3,769,766 gallons of oysters shucked in the
State, 1,447,527 gallons were opened at Baltimore, 686,800 gallons
at Crisfield, 612,717 gallons at Cambridge, and the remainder at
other localities. Baltimore has also an important oyster-canning
industry, which is carried on in connection with the canning of fruit
and vegetables. The canned-oyster product amounted to 10,-
170,608 cans, valued at $775,907.

Virginia ranks next to Maryland in the number of persons engaged
in the oyster industry, which was 16,487 in 1912, and the wages paid
amounted to $2,112,170. The oyster output was 6,206,098 bushels,
valued at $2,286,340, of which 36.38 per cent, or 2,257,873 bushels,
valued at $1,128,830, were from planted grounds.

Statistics of the oyster industry of Maryland and Virginia in 1912
are given in detail in the following table.

42

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

Oyster INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA, 1912.

MARYLAND..

Items.

Persons engaged:
On vessels fishing. -.....-.-
On vessels transporting. ...
In shore or boat fisheries...
Shoresmen

Wages paid:
Dredging
TOW Sin 85 e sewaienerata flees
Transporting.......-------
Planting and transporting.
Wholesale trade.

Vessels, boats, apparatus, and
other property:
Vessels fishing......
Net tonnage...... 3
Vessels transporting.......
Net tonnage......-.-...
Gasoline boats......-------
Sailand row boats..-....- £
Apparatus—vessel
sheries—

TONES Ae epecces sees
Apparatus—boat
fisheries—

Shore and accessory
property
Casha pitalasc ns satscoecicete

Planting operations:
Oyster grounds owned or
leased i. = 5. -i2-' =~ acres. .

GUTC Se eee ysicemiete acres...
Grounds planted during
PNG Gale are cise acres. .

Materials planted during
the year—

Seed oysters. bushels. .

Oyster shells....do....

Oysters on private areas
at the end of the year,
USHeISE wesee se see ee

Products:
Vessel fisheries—
Withdredges—market
oysters ...-bushels..
With tongs—market
oysters....-. bushels. .

Boat fisheries—
With dredges—market
oysters... -- bushels. .
With tongs—

Market oysters,
bushels=<-2-2s-54
Seed oysters, bush-
els

Grand total. ....

Private areas.

Number.
3

8
524
45

769, 785

150
1,150

wee eee nee

210, 028

60
608

$467, 175
1, 002, 252
101,787
5,020

1, 148, 407

2,724, 641

542, 875

269, 440
240, 200

34, 927
539

14, 089
48, 292

1, 678, 200
797, 400

3, 980, 087

210, 028

830, 665
7, 671

ee eee ee i

1,300

668

838, 336

6, 050

272, 660

3,075

145,326

178, 693

1,107, 103
3, 627

|

278, 710

148, 401

Public areas.

Value. Number.

Ne Deed 4,089

peck ale 9, 454

aan gun 9, 928

Ne Ue aati 24, 287
S466; 385s\\an koe eee
0671845 hese aeeees
TOMO [bes cesoonsec
esa. See TPES Hs G2 (GIMP a BOR
GTS 3 180 feeeeeeenee

542, 375 72

eS tepieedpeaee 7, 902

351, 125 303

NaS eo. 7,321

260, 765 1,349

235, 720 3,349

34, 927 3,017

509 79

14, 029 1,603

47,516 9, 410
TGA | aicocedokec
7058500) Meee eee ae
3 O48 4bN ao aneaeeeee

Preecinetcins| Sacer ciecie a 3,445.00
SEY eat Selle eis mies 2, 270. 00
eae cate ster lnccseaece= 219. 00
We et Dee ae crareereimieks 68, 160
TRU Caooce s-Seee comes 26, 350
oe os eetoialalloyeters pie wel 769, 785
1, 852, 940 830,605 | 1,853, 090
17, 430 7, 063 18,580

1, 870, 370 837,668 | 1,871,670
446, 758 175, 618 452, 808

2, 900, 333 961,777 | 3,172,993
12, 950 3,627 |. 12, 950
3,360,041 | 1,141,022] 3,638, 751

280, 010

149, 069

5,230,411 | 1,978,690 | 5,510,421

o Includes 330.50 acres held by tenure other than lease.

1, 289, 423

2,127,759

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

43

OysTER INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND AND VirRGINIA, 1912—Continued,

« Exclusive of opened oysters bought from dealers in

® Includes 2,469.96 acres used for bedding oysters,

Virginia.

MARYLAND—Continued.
Items. Private areas. Public areas. Total.
‘Wholesale trade:
Market oysters sold inthe | Number. Value. Number. Value. Number. Value.
shellviassy. 532% bushelssale sau eee he ee ec e8 ole oc ease ela ecentese es 136, 617 $139, 820
Oystersisoldiopened vallssa| Ps. soso cece seem cee ce eles nce os see Weleceecirsiae = a3, 769, 766 3, 588, 873
Oysters canned...... CANS ER Se ees |e recrae ae cee Leese bene pisc)| Moe ccereite ers 10, 170, 608 775, 907
Oystershoellssold= bushels: 3)P ac ese seal! socal se cece |e oe cc setcionies||eineisiesicbieistors 4, 893, 297 73,128
Crushed oyster shells
CG) bo a a ee TONS We | Sac mee cere | sinte Sintole eteieic|| sittare's maleic icll sine alslowacecalais 10, 000 54,375
Lime from oyster shells,
LOUIS Seer eee ae ae ee Sete cic Panini cll -esenie Semacele te cae cece ae lacoste case 3, 968 8,070
Ota sree cll cece oreeic wiallne see eine aoe [Satsiiwniseiaetl nice isistisittects|/seiewinetcte —etets 4,640,173
Expenses connected with the
WAGES AIT Es aa cncecooss) boocorbenoec lonscosceb eco] Ssceocodcood hcoupoconodcl HOenasocEoeC 872, 326
VIRGINIA
Persons engaged: Number. Value Number. Value Number. Value
On vessels fishing.........-. V558| So sses Saseis 0 eedee esecac 664) | 25h coscases
On vessels transporting. ... LGOU| Sacecnuiscses (Ta | SA eee bay fal |S es
In shore or boat fisheries. .. Bp a eee eoace 1, 4O08| a sisresigeeses TT S60) | aeeecees ee
Shoresments esc ceuenc sc SEGAG oo cc jhe cccne| Qostect cane te|sseties Saseer Si G4GiG ae ce cosas
Totaleewee see eee WeSSoh | momenacane: SRGODn eeeeet eee | TG VAST |r eee
Wages paid:
ID Ted PIN Pe hoe duss ss Sess oe] = Sas srisicitisi= $495 4b ls LB $1085900)||foeceneste sae $158, 145
PRON Car By sae eet te ae Ae ois | Sn" orctorelaleie of LSSA288q | Soa ee TS OLS Ad) |aemeesteecisel= 1, 202, 031
PRTANS POLLS Seco criosisoal|sa cis stsleciscle 23, Yd etonbneess TO OOUB Meleciaieleraie (eels 98, 730
Plantingandtransplanting|............ 107) BOA ee cs oe emote lls aoe aieic tes wtovall = ereiasataerer selec 107, 894
Protecting oysters from
maturalenemies: cece es e|a-a-<sceeiasie LOO ms ae cases tnltereleiss cine sio.e Pere wate cis = 199
Wiholesaletrade jams seca saree aise Be Als Ease Sceecr Jecerereseres|eceeeee sees: 545,171
MOtaln oss ee obec sss QUA AG TA aciscie tesa LO TehOSa | esiete ei steletets 2,112,170
Vessels, Boats, apparatus, and
other property:
Nesselsifishin esos 22 os 32 77, 450 92 53, 125 124 130, 575
Nettonnages=aossac--2 Seal ce micio meat oracts BOTs sce seceecke 1 ees earne
Vessels transporting....... 84 60, 000 454 296, 400 538 356, 400
Net tonnage........... 1085) |Ron semen mee 85069) Sons eccne cise G 100 t|E eesece sens
Gasoline boats...........-- 398 132, 510 954 214,145 1,352} 346,655
Sail and row boats .....-.. 1, 947 54, 203 3, 964 217, 960 5, 911 272, 163
Soe Reus =i MOBS el
eries—
Dred ees sz. tcshe. seks 96 1,735 334 4,040 430 5, 75
PRONG SS aes sess soe sch ine 2 25 9 65 ll 90
pees tes boat
sheries—
red gesetescceuet dente 77 825 509 4,722 586 5, 547
Mon gs sscpee ces eas 2,094 7, 847 6, 256 27, 529 8, 350 35, 376
Shore and _ accessory
property ......--...-----|----++-+-++: AG a 20) Meee septate ate sto efctelelatere(al=(e]|(=\ela'wlalelolee}=1nie 497, 520
Cash Capitola et ieee eee elsoscer sess 5285200) see eeeisetae [aac crsticte sacl siatalatetalelowreseie 528, 200
Motal sea elk Sea TUS GONSIS) eee eee SIP O8bh beeen eee 2,178, 301
Planting operations:
Oyster grounds owned or
dicasedueeas i sseae acres. .| 059, 272. 60 TOWAOU SIs Satine SANE Sone ees eet b59, 272. 60 767, 015
ovate grounds under cul-
tures saese ors BGs a. PRU Ser | Pa Socooucae Snocoaossood)] Hecocecbocos PYM EST ol Beane a peceoe
eos planted during
theiyeaEynccc sees SVOnren =| ee PRG Mle Uy eee cal semacspaoood| SSoopeGaooas POT ia bi Il ee eee oe
Materials planted during
the year—
Seed oysters...bush..} 1,291,090 ZOOL D Meee seeeien seca nioienels 1, 291, 090 266, 194
Oyster shells....do...-. 743, 250 21} SOT eee ae Sl ole Ue tate 743, 250 21, 897
RO GHIEEE Aoern Seree cee cee nt QSRs OO Males sae en | Ceaetctetelelelsiatel | eimeieie(s maieinim 288, 091

but does not include oyster grounds held by riparian

44 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

OysTER INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND AND VirRGINIA, 1912—Continued.
VIR GINIA—Continued.

Items. Private areas. Public areas. Total.

Planting operations—Contd.
Expenses connected with

planting—
Planting and traps- | Nwmber. Value. Number. Value. Number. Value.
DIAGN Gen Seema lewimcscencse B75 |Ssb seemsooss| came eee eee ee seeeese $675

Protecting oysters
from natural
Nemes! 35. Socks welsteoeeacte se SOGi eames en se casita see [eee eee 366

Oysters on private areas
at the end of the year,
buUShelss Shee sanssecccn. 558725440) |e 899; BION oo oe. Sec alenicl| actrearsetescts 5, 872, 440 1, 899, 819

Products:
Vessel fisheries—
Withdredges—market

oysters .... bushels... 485, 639 $230, 030 171, 795 $60, 572 657, 434 290, 602
With tongs—market

oysters..... bushels. . 1,500 800 6, 825 2, 600 8,325 3,400

Otaleneisseeenee 487,139 230, 830 178, 620 63,172 665, 759 294, 002

Boat fisheries—
With dredges—market

oysters... . bushels. . 93, 600 48, 970 216,300 84, 715 309, 900 133, 685
With tongs—
Market oysters,
ibushels24e.2-~ 5 1, 660, 603 842,864 | 1,769,755 675,974 | 3,430,358 1, 518, 838.
Seed oysters,
bushlelseocs-eeee 16, 531 6,166 | 1,783,550 333,649 | 1,800,081 339, 815
otal venient aces 1,770, 734 898,000 | 3,769,605 | 1,094,338 | 5,540,339 1, 992, 338
Grand total.....- 2, 257,873 | 1,128,830 | 3,948, 225 | 1,157,510 | 6, 206, 098 2; 286, 340

Wholesale trade:
ore oysters sold in the
she

Ih lis Siena deacon PUSHES oes Sete [eee en | eRe Ee Geen bo 400,628 | . 278,138
Oystersisoldiopened galls) BF eae hs Bob menloccsecgscccte|seceeneee eee 2, 347, 434 2,181, 007
Oysters canned...... Cans*allse ase cape ee ey el Pacer ose Pere wate ae 134, 784 8, 356

Oystershellssold!: bushs}ea5 essere |sctaces cease oe scutes cate esleceeeeeeere 1, 907, 488 41, 406
Crushed oyster — shells
S50) (6 Re ated eects COTS Se Ee eG Vee hs ee A AE ee Se oceal ene eeeeee 8, 400 37,300
Lime from oyster shells,
RETONS! ess eee SURO e ER ae eo weenie See ae? ete eae ee, 23, 627 107,383
el Bo) 2 Ue aa ne accra eee Be eR OR | oy Pr ee SNS ek nee 2,653, 590

Expenses connected with the ;
wholesale trade.............- ee eee eee Corer

257, 739

Notre.—In Maryland the revenue to the State from leases on oyster grounds, license fees, and other sources,
in 1912, was $83,997, and the cost of administration was $117,949. In Virginia the revenue to the State
was $61,305. There was considerable interchange of peers) boats, and apparatus between private and
public areas in both of these States, but in the above table they are shown where they did the most work.

e

COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF THE OysTER PRopUCT OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA
FOR VARIOUS YEARS FROM 1880 To 1912.4

Years. Maryland. Virginia.

Bushels. Value. Bushels. Value.

10, 600,000 | $4,730,476 | 6,837,320 | $2,218,376
8,148,217 | 2,683,435 | 2,921,139 | 1,002,902
8,531,658 | 2,877,790 | 3,664,433] 1,336,012

10, 450,087 | 4,854,746 | 6,074,025 | 2,482,348

9,945,058 | 5,295,866 | 6,162,086 | 2,524,348
7,254,934 | 2)885,202 | 7,023,848 | 2,041,683
5,685,561 | 3,031,518 | 7,885,447 | 2,993, 456
4,429,650 | 2,417,674 | 7,612,289 | 3,459, 676

6, 232,000 | 23.228'330 | 5,075,000 | 2,347,780
5,510,421 | 2,127,759] 6,206,098] 2,286,340

2 The statistics for 1908 in this table are from data published by the Bureau of the Census. The products
of Virginia for 1887 do not include those of the James and l’otomac Rivers.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 45

In the Pacific Coast States in 1912 there were 800 persons engaged
in the oyster industry, and the amount of wages paid was $260,895.
The output was 213,579 bushels of market and seed oysters, having a
value of $676,243, of which 157,243 bushels, valued at $659,430, were
from private grounds.

In California the oyster industry, including the cultivation of
oysters and the oyster trade, centers in San Francisco, and the oyster
grounds are located chiefly in San Francisco Bay, although there are
oyster grounds also in Tomales and Humboldt Bays. In San Fran-
cisco Bay sting rays are abundant at times, and in order to protect
the oysters from them stockades are built around the oyster grounds.
These are usually made of pickets, 2 by 3 inches in size, and from 14 to
16 feet high. The oyster product of the State is all obtained from
private grounds, and the season extends practically through the entire
year. The yield of oysters was 68,037 bushels, valued at $280,344,
of which all except 600 bushels of native oysters, valued at $1,800,
were eastern oysters grown from seed oysters brought from the
Atlantic coast and planted on the local beds. In addition to the
eastern and native oysters produced on the west coast, market oysters
from the Atlantic coast are also handled by the dealers at San Fran-
cisco.

In Oregon the oyster grounds are in Yaquina Bay. The product
of native and eastern oysters in 1912 was 2,213 bushels, valued at
$9,050. In Washington the oyster grounds are in Willapa Bay,
Grays Harbor, and in the bays and inlets in Puget Sound. As in other
States on the Pacific coast these oyster grounds are usually exposed
at low tide, and in winter the oysters are in danger of freezing when
the tideis out. In order toretain water on the grounds dikes have been
built in some localities. Shells have been planted on grounds inclosed
by dikes for the purpose of rendering the bottom suitable for oyster
planting, and also to secure a set of oyster spat. Both native and
eastern oysters are used for planting purposes. Some Japanese
oysters were planted in Willapa Bay about 10 years ago. In 1912
about 20,000 of these oysters were planted as an experiment within
the dikes on private beds in Hood Canal. The oyster product of
Washington amounted to 143,329 bushels of native and eastern
oysters, having a value of $386,849, about 61 per cent of which were
from planted grounds.

Following are detailed statistics of the oyster industry of the Pacific
Coast States in 1912:

22889°—14——-4

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

46

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47

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

48

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‘peonuljuoyj—ZI6L ‘SHLVIG LSVOD OldIOVG AHL dO AULSNGNT WALSAGC,

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 49

COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF THE OySTER PRODUCT OF THE PactFic Coast STATES
FOR VARIOUS YEARS FROM 1880 To 1912.4

Years. California. Oregon. Washington. Total.
Bushels. | Value. | Bushels.| Value. | Bushels.| Value. | Bushels.| Value.

SRO ERS coc acemesess (0) (b) (b) (b) 15,000 | $10,000 b) (b)

1. 2s Gespaeaeeeesae 130,000 | $509,175 4,125 $6, 250 60, 993 86,574 195,118 | $601,999
ISSO We enn! Secicccices 146,150 | 571,525 1, 666 3, 125 125,790 | 128,604 | 273,606 703, 254
SSO Poss sacmccssosces 151, 325 592, 137 1, 470 2,758 | 148,150 | 147,930} 300,945 742, 825
SORE SNe Sec seae 158,130 | 618, 455 1,622 3, 043 166,428 | 154,961 326, 180 776, 459
NRO Dee ae eee aro ce 178,645 | 698, 257 1, 633 3,062 | 164,924 147,995 | 345, 202 849,314
PSO hate ee ee coats 163,636 | 539, 497 1, 480 2, 220 108, 067 109, 232 | 273,183 650, 949
S99 Ree es Sacre 420, 000 867, 000 985 1,625 98, 355 174, 567 519, 340 | 1,043, 192
NO QA a sien ceils cee 188, 613 628, 023 992 1, 488 191, 208 402, 012 380, 813 | 1,031, 523
LGUs sUpeeen Gets See ee 104,000 | 337,000 1,300 4, 200 204,000 | 352,500 | 209,300 693, 700
ROLE ee sea ceeh acces 68, 037 280, 344 2, 213 9,050 | 143,329 |} 386,849 213,579 676, 243

a The statistics for 1908 in this table are from data published by the Bureau of the Census.
b Statistics not available.

VESSEL FISHERIES AT BOSTON AND GLOUCESTER.

Statistics of the vessel fisheries at Boston and Gloucester, Mass.,
have been collected and published as monthly and annual bulletins,
giving the quantity and value of fishery products landed by American
fishing vessels at each of these ports during the calendar year.

In 1912 there were landed at Boston 3,676 trips, amounting to
100,300,080 pounds of fish, valued at $2,731,391, and at Gloucester
3,973 trips, aggregatmg 82,403,979 pounds, valued at $2,047,868,
a total of 7,649 trips and 182,704,059 pounds of fresh and salted
fish, valued at $4,779,259. The receipts at Boston were all fresh
fish except 143,000 pounds of salted mackerel, valued at $9,442,
while at Gloucester they included 51,263,695 pounds of fresh fish,
valued at $1,055,295 and 31,140,284 pounds of salted fish, valued at
$992,573. Compared with 1911 there was an increase of 849 trips at
the two ports, but a decrease of 2,449,308 pounds in the quantity and
of $245,238 im the value of the products. The catch of cod and cusk
did not vary materially from that of the previous year, but there was
considerable decrease in the value. There was an increase in the
catch of haddock and halibut, but a decrease in that of hake, pollock,
mackerel, and other species. The dealers at Gloucester imported
during the year 3,637,169 pounds of salted cod from Newfoundland
and Nova Scotia.

Statistics of these fisheries are given in detail by months and
fishing grounds in the following tables.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

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Ad “SSVJ{ ‘UDISHONOTD GNV NOLsOg LV GHaGNW] sSLONadoug AUAHSIQ NIVIUAD dO ANIVA GNV ALIINVAH

51

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

LAr‘se | 296‘01F _| LoL‘s6r | sz6‘Tre’s | 688‘ST_ | 9F6‘sL8 | O8S‘6IT | SLT‘TG9‘6 | LoT‘9 _| SThiSee SIT‘LL | 846 16929
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ral FOF ‘T G40‘98 | S20 ‘86L 968° | 9F9 ‘TOT 169 ‘822 | P10‘006“ET | L88 8ST ‘sz 96F 661 | £28 ‘C6 ‘IT
09S ‘9F 68h ‘6LF O6F ‘FIZ | 119 ‘z92‘% GLI S 199 ‘SFT £98 6 Gee ‘6SF 108 ‘e OFS ‘THE 698 ‘TS | 098 ‘Sree
£89 ‘OF €06 ‘OSF ggg ‘00s | 989 ‘090 ‘E Ts ‘5 IE ‘208 ogg ‘gez | ere ‘EGE ‘FIT | 389‘¢ 869 ‘69% gg ‘ISZ | S&L ‘882 ‘ST
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402 69h iL L¥8 ‘CF GES COP ‘ST 629 ‘0G | Téz ‘69a “¢ TOT gee “9 P68 ‘E 000 ‘211
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

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57

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

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58 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

Approximately two-thirds of the fishery products landed at Boston
and Gloucester, Mass., by American fishing vessels during the year, or
68.29 per cent of the quantity and 64.20 per cent of the value, were
from fishing grounds lying directly off the coast of the United States;
11.67 per cent of the quantity and 11.63 per cent of the value from
grounds off the coast of Newfoundland; 19.53 per cent of the quantity
and 22.89 percentof the value from grounds off the Canadian Provinces;
and less than 1 per cent of the quantity and 1.27 per cent of the value
from the coasts of Greenland and Labrador. Newfoundland herring
constituted 8.49 per cent of the quantity and 7.26 per cent of the value
of the products of the vessel fisheries of these ports. The herring were
taken on the treaty coast of Newfoundland, but cod and other species
from that region were obtained chiefly from fishing banks on the high
seas. The fish caught by American fishing vessels off the Canadian
Provinces were all from offshore fishing grounds. The catch from
each of these fishing regions is given in detail in the following table:

QUANTITY AND VALUE OF FisH LANDED BY AMERICAN FisHING VESSELS AT Boston
AND GLOUCESTER, Mass., IN 1912, FROM GROUNDS OFF THE COASTS OF THE UNITED
States, NEWFOUNDLAND, AND CANADIAN PROVINCES.

|
Species. United States. | Newfoundland. | Canadian Provinces. Total.
Cod: Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value.
Fresh. ...| 24,680,567 | $757,632 359,250 | $6,198 | 10,479,003 | $263,621 | 35,518,820 |$1,027, 451
é Salted ---| 8,197,703 | 125,553 | 5,632,937 | 202,930 | 9,355,668 | 318,099 | 18,186,308 | 646, 582
usk: |
Fresh....| 3,714,385 | 63,033 250 3 | 2,602,533 | 41,441] 6,317,168 | 104,477
Salted ... 88,328 | 2,037 430 9 74,611 1,719 163, 369 3,765
Haddock:
Hresheces| Or Le OLOMl 1Ol S75] omemcieseae lncce eases 6,110,770 | (140,993 | 63,224,789 | 1,332,868
a Salted... 166, 032 2,281 36, 412 480 119,997 1,697 322, 441 4, 458
ake:
Fresh....| 11,942,873 | 199,496 43, 830 415 | 3,302,030 | 51,454 | 15,288,733 | 251,365
< Ee ae 28,158 387 36, 273 485 205, 267 2,816 269, 698 3,688
ollock
Hineshie eee el 3590080140 mo2860lu neeeaeeeener | eeeeeeeeee 459, 335 9,864 | 14,359,349 | 238, 555
= peed s+ 161, 646 2,396 19,915 310 125, 752 1,865 307,313 4,571
alibut
Fresh... 798,025 | 86,075 164,293 | 17,304 2,098,318 | 197,186 | 3,060,636 | 300,565
Salted....| 1, 464 125 414,102 41, 267 65, 337 5, 293 480, 903 46, 685
Mackerel:
Fresh....| 2,537,240 | 139,695 |. 3 Seale aes 123,000 | 18,191 | 2,660,240] 157,886
= Salted ess |i oi097800))|sms5s020)|Seenaemeener eee ee aeeee 450,200 | 25,432 | 1,548,000] 110,452
erring:
Fresh. ... 359, 700 5,468|| 5,525,000) || 165750i|-.esesenes.cleeecseeere 5,884,700 | 171,218
Salted... 7,000 D10)| 595098s252)| 81 G04 | cee sees a|aue eee tee 10,005,252} 181,814
Swordfish:
Hreshee-.|) 1,687,300) 9 1485006) Pee ccce wc oe | aeceereeies 14,603 | 1,809,840 162, 699
Other fish:
reshise |) 8s 206s 500K| i x30 61 GO| yee seme eer noe | ese eer eee | Seetees SAEs 3, 296, 500 30, 160
Total.../124, 778,754 |3,068, 230 | 22,230,944 | 616,755 | 35,694,361 |1,094,274 |182, 704,059 | 4,779, 259

io

a Includes 13,885 pounds of salted halibut, valued at $1,389, from Greenland; and 498,640 pounds ofsalted
cod, valued at $20,468; and 389,052 pounds of salted halibut, valued at $38,906, from the Labrador coast.
The mackerel fishery continues to be unsuccessful. The catch of
mackerel in New England in 1912 amounted to 31,861 barrels fresh
and 8,267 barrels salted, as against 43,541 barrels fresh and 6,633
barrels salted in the previous year. The quantity landed at Boston

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 59

during the year was 2,496,620 pounds fresh, valued at $148,496, and
143,000 pounds salted, valued at $9,442; and at Gloucester 163,620
pounds fresh, valued at $9,390, and 1,405,000 pounds salted, valued
at $101,010. In1913 to July 1 the catch of fresh mackerel was 22,837
barrels and of salted mackerel 1,523 barrels, the quantity of fresh
mackerel being about double that for the same period in 1912. The
mackerel fishery on the southern grounds in the spring of 1913 was a
failure owing to scarcity of fish. The dogfish, however, were not so
troublesome to the netters as in recent previous years. The catch on
the Cape Shore was quite successful, although the fleet was late in
getting to that ground.

The Newfoundland herring fishery, during the season of 1912-13,
was engaged in by 42 American vessels, 6 of which made second trips.
The catch amounted to 47,184 barrels, or 10,511,468 pounds, of
salted herring, and 10,609 barrels, or 2,652,308 pounds, of frozen
herring. The fish were obtained from Bay of Islands and Bonne Bay,
22 trips being from the former and 26 from the latter locality. There
was a large decrease in the catch of both salted and frozen herring as
compared with the previous season.

An event of great importance to the local fisheries and also to the
wide extent of territory contributing to and supplied by the fishing in-
dustry of Boston is the construction of the new fish wharf at South
Boston. No expense has been spared to make this the best equipped
dock for handling fish in the United States. The wharf facilities will
be extensive, affording accommodations for 40 vessels to discharge
fish at one time, and by lying two abreast, as is frequently done at T
Wharf, 80 vessels can discharge their cargoes. Boston has long
needed better facilities for handling its fish supply than those at T
Wharf, the accommodations there being cramped and congested for
both dealers and fishermen. Under such conditions it is hardly
possible to handle fish in the most sanitary manner. The new dock
will be equipped with every known device for the proper care of fish
from the time they leave the vessel until they are ready for shipment.

OTTER-TRAWL FISHERY.

The otter-trawl fishery at Boston, which began with one steamer
in 1905, has gradually grown to a fishery of considerable importance,
and in 1912, and up to July 1, 1913, was participated in by six specially
constructed steamers. These are owned and operated by a company
at Boston, no other firm having engaged in this method of fishing in
New England. An otter trawler from New York also landed fish at
Boston for several months in 1912.

The introduction of this method of fishing has greatly disturbed
New England vessel owners and line fishermen in general, it being

60 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

claimed by them that if continued any great length of time on a large
scale the fishing grounds will eventually be destroyed. On the other
hand, those using or advocating the use of otter trawls in the capture
of ground fish assert that this apparatus is no more destructive to fish
or injurious to the fishing grounds than other forms of fishing gear
now employed in the various branches of the fishing industry.

In the calendar year 1912 the otter-trawl fleet landed at Boston
over 16,000,000 pounds of fish, of which nearly 14,000,000 pounds
were haddock. It is probable that in 1913 this amount will be
exceeded by several million pounds.

This fleet of vessels has confined its fishing chiefly to sedate Bank
and adjacent grounds. In March, however, owing to the scarcity
of fish on Georges, a portion of the fleet fished on Western Bank,
which was the first time since this method of fishing was introduced
in New England that vessels operating otter trawls have operated
on other fishing grounds than Georges. Several trips were made to
Western Bank, after which the entire fleet repaired to Georges and
the South Channel, shifting from one ground to the other according
to the abundance or scarcity of fish found. At times the otter
trawlers have landed a part of their catch of haddock at Portland,
Me., for canning purposes.

This fishery has been under constant investigation by the Bureau
for the purpose of determining, among other things, the extent of the
destruction of immature fish, which is an unavoidable feature of this
method, varying with the grounds and the season. Agents of the
Bureau have been placed on the trawling vessels in order to obtain
information as to the composition of each haul of the net, and a vast
amount of data has thus been secured. It is expected that the inquiry
will be practically completed by the end of the calendar year 1913,
and a report will then be prepared as soon as practicable giving the
results of the inquiry and containing recommendations, as required
by Congress. The work of the Bureau has been facilitated by the
owners of the trawling fleet, who have made no objection to the pres-
ence of the agents on board any or all of the vessels.

GILL-NET FISHING FOR COD AND HADDOCK.

The style of gill nets used on the Great Lakes was introduced inio
New England fisheries about three years ago. The first year a few
vessels or power boats were brought by lake fishermen for the purpose
of testing the fishing grounds in the vicinity of Cape Ann. The
result of the experiment was very satisfactory, and the following
year, 1911, about 20 vessels were employed, a number of which were
Gloucester vessels, manned by fishermen from that port. In the
winter of 1912 a number of captains, who had generally followed the
haddock fishery in winter, engaged in net fishing, which increased the

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 61

netting fleet to 38 vessels. Few fish were taken by this method that
year during the winter months, and not until early spring were any
considerable quantities caught, and only a portion of the fleet realized
enough profit on their catch to pay for the gear purchased. In the
early inception of this method of fishing only grounds in the immedi-
ate vicinity of Cape Ann were resorted to, but during the past season
scarcely any fish were caught close inshore, and the fleet was com-
pelled to seek fishing banks lying from 8 to 12 miles offshore.

About 20 years ago cod gill-net fishing was extensively carried
on in Ipswich Bay and on other local grounds, but in recent years,
owing to the scarcity of fish on those grounds, only a small number
of vessels have employed gill nets for the capture of cod. The dif-
ference between cod gill nets and the nets introduced by lake fisher-
men is chiefly in the manner in which they are set and hauled, size
of mesh, and kind of floats and sinkers used. Cod gill nets are 35
fathoms long, from 6 to 8 feet deep, and the size of mesh is 94 and
10 inches. Large glass globes attached at regular intervals along
the head rope serve as floats. On the footrope opposite each globe
is attached a brick. The buoyancy of the floats combined with
the weight of the bricks keeps the nets perpendicular in the water.
They are set and hauled from dories.

The nets introduced by the lake fishermen are 50 fathoms long,
from 6 to 8 feet deep, and the size of mesh is 6 and 64 inches. The
twine generally used is linen, although cotton twine is now employed
to some extent. The floats are of wood and aluminum. To keep the
net in an upright position when set a lead sinker is attached to the foot
line opposite each float. These nets, like cod nets, are set at and
near the bottom, but instead of being set from dories they are payed
out over the stern from boxes while the vessel is going at slow speed.
A box contains 4 nets of 50 fathoms each, and 12 boxes of nets con-
stitute a strmg. The number of boxes set at one time depends upon
the condition of the weather. The nets are hauled by a lifter, some-
times called an ‘‘iron man,” rigged on the port side just aft of the
wheelhouse. A separate engine is used for operating the lifter. The
fish, on coming to the surface, are taken from the nets and placed in
boxes. Each vessel or boat has three strings of nets. The weather
permitting, one string is in the water, one on the vessel ready to set
as soon as a haul has been made, and another on the wharf under-
going repairs, no mending being done on the vessel. Haddock is the
principal species taken, but cod and pollock are also obtained in
considerable quantities.

22889°—14——5

62 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

PACIFIC COAST FISHERIES.

The salmon fisheries of the, Pacific coast were in a prosperous
condition in 1912, but the pack of canned salmon was slightly smaller
than in the previous year, although there was a large increase in the
pack in Alaska. The year was not a prosperous one for the purse-
seine fishery for salmon on Puget Sound. Compared with the previous
year, however, there was an increase from 136 to 170 in the number
of purse-seine boats employed in this fishery. The halibut catch in
1912 varied but little from that of the previous year, being about
35,000,000 pounds. The product in 1912 was reported to have been
marketed at higher prices on the average than in 1911. The cod
fishery was carried on by 7 firms having 13 vessels, 8 of which sailed
from San Francisco and 5 from Puget Sound ports, and the catch for
the year amounted to about 9,300,000 pounds.

The work of collecting statistics of the quantity and value of
fishery products landed at Seattle, Wash., by American fishing
vessels and boats, and also by freight steamers, was begun about the
middle of February, 1912. The only fish reported to have been
landed that month, after this work began, was 629,625 pounds of fresh
halibut from Flattery Bank, valued at $27,773. An interruption in
the work occurred early in July on account of the resignation of the
local agent at Seattle, and consequently the returns for July and
August are incomplete. The work was resumed early in August and
continued to the end of April the following year.

The principal species of fish landed at Seattle during the period
covered by the returns were halibut, herring, and salmon. Black cod,
cod, and various other species were also landed in considerable quan-
tities. The products were obtained chiefly from Alaska, Flattery
Bank, and Puget Sound. Statistics of the quantity and value of
fishery products landed at this port, so far as available, are given by
months from March to December, 1912, and from January to April,
1913, in the following tables.

63

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES,

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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 65

SHAD AND HERRING FISHERIES OF CHESAPEAKE BAY.

Inquiries conducted by the Bureau show that the spring fishing
season of 1913 was the poorest in many years in most parts of the
Chesapeake Basin, and the aggregate catch of the principal spring
fish—shad and herring—much less than in recent years. The effects
of the diminished run of fish will be seen from three to five years
hence, when the reduced progeny of the 1913 season’s supply comes
back to spawn.

The conditions in the Potomac River, which may be taken as
typical for all the major streams, were in some respects the worst in
40 years. The upper reaches of the river were almost barren of fish
during the entire season, and nearly all the shad and herring fishermen
failed to meet expenses. At Ferry Landing, Va., the largest seine
on the river, 1,200 fathoms long, discontinued operations in the mid-
dle of the season owing to the scarcity of fish. In former years this
celebrated fishing shore, with a smaller seme, sometimes yielded
200,000 or more herring at a haul, and up to 10 or 15 years ago took
probably 15,000 to 30,000 fish at a haul on an average. Only a few
years back from 1,000 to 1,500 shad were frequently taken at one
set of the seine. In 1913 the largest haul was 3,000 herring and 100
shad, while many times only 6 to 20 shad were taken.

The shad hatcheries operated by the Bureau on the Potomac and
Susquehanna Rivers had a very unsuccessful season. Their opera-
tions afford a good criterion of the condition of the fishery in the
fresh waters, because the whole field is covered and nearly every
ripe fish that is caught by the fishermen is stripped of its eggs by
spawn takers sent out from the hatcheries.

Shad culture on a scale that is entirely feasible can, with minor
protective legislation, maintain the shad fishery in almost any stream,
but shad culture under existing conditions is deprived of one very
essential requirement, namely, an adequate supply of ripe eggs for
hatching purposes.

The immediate cause of the failure of the shad and herring fisheries
in 1913 is the diminished run of spawning fish into Chesapeake Bay
from the sea and the enormous quantity of apparatus among which
a limited catch had to be divided. Inasmuch as the great bulk of
the yield is taken in salt water, the remnant that was able to reach
the spawning grounds in the streams was insignificant and wholly
inadequate to maintain the supply.

The remote cause of the present condition is excessive fishing in
former years and the lack of even the minimum amount of protection
that is demanded by regard for the most elementary principles of
fishery conservation. Fish entering Chesapeake Bay have to run
through such a maze of nets that the wonder is that any are able to

66 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

reach their spawning grounds and deposit their eggs. The mouth
of every important shad and herring stream in the Chesapeake Basin
is literally clogged with nets that are set for the special purpose of
intercepting every fish, whereas a proper regard for the future
welfare of the fisheries and for the needs of the migrating schools
would cause the nets to be set so as to insure the escape of a certain
proportion of the spawning fish.

Adequate protection of the fishes is compatible with great freedom
of fishery and with a large and increasing yield. A very shght cur-
tailment of the catch, perhaps as little as 10 per cent in any given
year, may be sufficient to perpetuate the species and result in in-
creased production in a few years. To disregard a requirement so
small and to permit the continuance of an evil so serious simply
invites and encourages the destruction of a most valuable food supply.

These conditions demand the immediate attention of the States
and the application of a radical remedy. Their failure or inability
to meet the situation by individual and cooperative action would
seem to call for interference on the part of the Federal Government,
a course which is being strongly urged by many thoughtful persons
in the case of fishes which are migratory and can not be regarded as
the property of any particular State.

PASSING OF THE STURGEON.

The story of the sturgeons is one of the most distressing in the
whole history of the American fisheries. These large, inoffensive
fishes of our seaboards, coast rivers, and interior waters were for
years considered to be not only valueless but nuisances, and when-
ever they became entangled in the fishermen’s nets they were knocked
in the head or otherwise mortally wounded and thrown back into the
water. Even in the present generation we have seen the shores of
the Potomac River in the vicinity of Mount Vernon lined with the
decomposing carcasses of these magnificent fishes, witnesses to the
cruelty, stupidity, and profligacy of man, and the same thing has
been observed everywhere in our country.

The next chapter in the story was the awakening of the fishermen
to the fact that the eggs of the sturgeons had value as caviar and that
the flesh had value as food. Then followed the most reckless, sense-
less fishing imaginable, with the result that in a comparatively few
years the best and most productive waters were depleted, and what
should have been made a permanent fishery of great profit was
destroyed. Even after the great value of the sturgeon began
to be appreciated by every one, the immature and unmarketable
fish incidentally caught in seines, gill nets, and pound nets received
no protection whatever in most waters and were ruthlessly destroyed
as nuisances, the decline being thus doubly accelerated.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 67

On the Atlantic coast the catch of the sturgeon fell from. 7,000,000
pounds to less than 1,000,000 in 15 years; on the Pacific coast the
same meteoric history was enacted, a catch of over 3,000,000 pounds
annually in the early nineties being followed by a tew hundred thou-
sand pounds in later years of the same decade, with no improvement
since that time, while on the Great Lakes the yield declined more
than 90 per cent in 18 years. In the American waters of the Lake of
the Woods, one of the most recent grounds for the exploitation of
the sturgeon, the catch decreased over 96 per cent in 10 years, not-
withstanding a more active prosecution of the fishing.

The sturgeon fishery as a whole reached its climax about 1890.
For two or three years the annual catch was 12,000,000 to 15,000,000
pounds. At the present time the total yield does not exceed 1,000,000
pounds, and everywhere there is a steady downward trend in the
catch. Some rivers that formerly supported a flourishing fishery
are now absolutely depleted. The scarcity of the sturgeon and the
demand for their flesh and eggs have run up the price to an extraor-
dinary figure, never attained by any other fish, either in America
or elsewhere. A mature female sturgeon often brings the fisherman
more than $150 and it is a poor fish that can not be sold for $20 to
$30 on the rivers of the east coast.

The most serious aspect of the sturgeon fishery is that, owing to
the decimation of the schools of breeding fish and to peculiarities in
spawning habits, it has been impossible as yet to inaugurate sturgeon
culture anywhere in America. Attempts at artificial propagation
have proved utter failures on the Great Lakes, Lake of the Woods,
Lake Champlain, Delaware River and other waters, and the expendi-
ture of considerable sums of money by the Bureau has sometimes
failed to yield a single batch of eggs suitable for incubation.

Everywhere in America, under existing conditions, the sturgeons
are doomed to commercial extinction, and it requires no prophet to
foretell that in a comparatively few years the sturgeon will be prac-
tically extinct.

What is demanded in every State in which these fishes exist or
have existed is absolute prohibition of capture or sale for a long
term of years, certainly not less than 10. To advocate any less
radical treatment would be only triflmg with the situation.

A possible relief may be afforded by the Bureau through the
transplanting in our waters of young sturgeon from other countries;
and it may be noted that a supply of young fish of a very desirable
species inhabiting the Danube River and the Caspian Sea has been
kindly offered by the Roumanian Government. The successful
administration of the sturgeon fisheries of southeastern Europe and
the feasibility of undertaking the importation of young fish best
adapted for American waters should receive attention.

68 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

FLORIDA SPONGE FISHERIES.

After seven years of earnest but futile effort the Bureau has found
the act of June 20, 1906, for the protection of the sponge fisheries
unenforceable in all of its provisions. The purpose of this law was to
protect the sponges off the coast of Florida outside of territorial juris-
diction by preventing diving for them at all times in certain depths of
water, and at certain times in all depths, and to prevent the taking, by
whatever means, outsideof the3 mile limit, of sponges less than 4inches
indiameter. The offenses at which the act was aimed are not specifically
prohibited, but they were supposed to be prevented by the prohibi-
tion of certain subsidiary acts—the landing, curing, or offering for
sale in the United States of sponges taken in contravention of the
real purpose of the law. ‘To secure a conviction it is therefore neces-
sary to establish a connection between (1) the act of taking under
the objectionable circumstances and (2) certain subsequent and
secondary acts which in themselves are innocuous. A diving vessel
operating during the close season can not be interfered with until the
sponges are landed, cured, or offered for sale in the United States.
The sponges, therefore, must be followed or traced from their beds
in the high seas to a point of territorial jurisdiction, a requirement
which it is usually impossible to satisfy.

Acting through customs officers of the Treasury Department, vari-
ous arrests of persons and seizures of vessels and sponges have been
made, but no convictions have been secured except 1n one lot of cases
in which the accused pleaded guilty and took appeals which have not
yet been brought to issue. In these the evidence on which the prose-
cution based its action was the sworn statement of the master of
each vessel, in which the facts necessary for conviction were admitted.
Afier this experience the masters of the sponging vessels have refused
to make further admissions of this character and no other sufficient
evidence is obtainable, as the terms of the law are such that no
further seizures or arrests can be made unless the offenders again
furnish evidence against themselves.

The various defects already referred to were called to the attention
of Congress, and on July 12, 1912, the Senate passed a bill (S. 6385)
designed to correct them. Opposition to this measure developed among
certain persons interested in the sponge fishery, and the House Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries conducted a hearing on the
subject on August 1, 1912, since which time no action has been taken.

Efforts to enforce the law have continued, but the Bureau is now
confronted with an opinion of the Solicitor of the Department hold.
Ing that while the Secretary is empowered to direct the agents of the
Department to perform such duties, not inconsistent with law, as may
be necessary to enforce the provisions of the act, he is not authorized
to direct them to make arrests or seizures. As the law can not be

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 69

enforced without making arrests and seizures, the act of Jure 20,
1906, which fails to provide authority for such powers, is inadequate
in that respect, in addition to its other defects.

The present situation in respect to the law is regrettable, not only
on account of its failure to protect the sponge fisheries, but also from
the fact that it is being openly flouted and there is being developed
among a foreign population, a considerable proportion of which is
seeking and attaining citizenship, a contempt for the laws of the
land.

The law should be so amended as to make it enforceable, or it
should be promptly repealed. The latter course would be regret-
table because of the large interests involved in the sponge fisheries
and the valuable product whose unnecessary destruction would
thereby be condoned and facilitated.

MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES AND RELATIONS OF THE BUREAU.
NEW STATIONS AND LABORATORIES.

The fish-cultural station in Jefferson County, Ky., authorized by
Congress in 1911, has been located at Louisville, and 20 acres of land
adjoining the State Fair Grounds were donated by the State of Ken-
tucky for the purpose by a deed dated November 6, 1912. Construc-
tion work was delayed by floods, but was finally begun the latter part
of February, 1913, and at the close of the fiscal year excellent progress
had been made. The water supply for ponds and hatchery is from
two wells 8 inches in diameter which have been sunk to a depth of 100
feet, in addition to which there is a well 60 feet deep for domestic
purposes.

Plans for suitable pump houses have been prepared and the contract.
for their construction has been let. It is proposed to equip the wells
with two electrically driven pumps each having a capacity of over 600
gallons per minute. A steel water tower and tank have been con-
tracted for, several ponds have been excavated, and nearly all the
supply and drain pipes have been laid. A dwelling for the superin-
tendent has been completed at a cost of $5,958. This is a two-story,
eight-room building with attic and cellar, heated with hot water.

For the fish-cultural station in South Carolina, authorized in 1911,
50 acres of land were purchased for $5,000 in December, 1912, near
Orangeburg, a town somewhat south of the center of the State on the
Southern and Atlantic Coast Line Railways. The tract contains sev-
eral natural ponds, and the water supply is derived from springs.
Construction work was begun the latter part of May, 1913, and by the
end of the fiscal year the excavation of ponds was well under way,
and plans had been prepared for the necessary buildings.

70 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

The Bureau has as yet been unable to acquire title to the site
selected for the new hatching station near Saratoga, Wyo., for which
Congress made provision in 1911.

The laboratory building at the Fairport, Iowa, station has been
completed. It is a two-story, frame building with basement and
attic, and contains 36 rooms. In addition to the various laboratory
and office rooms, there are bedrooms, dining room, and kitchen for
the use of investigators while temporarily on duty at the station.
Three steam turbine-driven centrifugal pumps have been installed,
having an aggregate of 75 horsepower, and discharging 2,300 gallons
of water per minute against heads varying from 60 to 167 feet.

At the Homer, Minn., and Leadville, Colo., stations small cottages
have been erected, and at Homer a contract has been let for a road
across the station grounds connecting with the county highway.

At Birdsview, Wash., a new salmon hatchery 40 by 84 feet, of
frame construction, was built for $2,663. The hatchery contains 52
troughs and has a capacity of 8,000,000 eggs. Darrington, Wash.,
has been selected as a site for an additional auxiliary salmon hatchery,
but delay has been experienced in acquiring title to the property.

Final selection of a point for the biological laboratory on the Gulf
coast of Florida has not been made. Various localities have been
examined, and every effort will be put forth to obtain a site that will
fulfil all the requirements of a marine station.

The sundry civil bill approved June 23, 1913, contained provision
for two new fish-cultural stations—one in Rhode Island, the other in

Utah.
PUBLICATIONS.

During the year the following pamphlets were published by the
Bureau, besides the monthly statements of fishery products landed
at Gloucester and Boston:

Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. By C. McLean Fraser. Bulletin, vol.
xxx, 1910, p. 337-388, 52 text fig. 1912.

Preliminary examination of halibut fishing grounds of the Pacific coast. By A. B.
Alexander. With introductory notes on the halibut fishery, by H. B. Joyce. 56p.
1912.

Notes on a new species of flatfish from off the coast of New England. By W. C.
Kendall. Bulletin, vol. xxx, 1910, p. 389-394, pl. tvm. 1912.

Mussel resources of the Holston and Clinch Rivers in eastern Tennessee. By R. E.
Coker. 1912.

Alaska fisheries and fur industries in 1911. B. W. Evermann, Chief of Alaska Fish-
eries Service. 98p. 1912.

Age at maturity of the Pacific coast salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus. By C. H.
Gilbert. Bulletin, vol. xxxm, 1912, p. 1-22, pl. r-xvu. 19138. :

A new species of trout from Lake Tahoe. By John O. Snyder. Bulletin, vol.
XXX, 1912, p. 23-28. 1912.

Condition and extent of the natural oyster beds and barren bottoms of Mississippi
Sound, Alabama. By H. F. Moore. 61 p.,5pl., 1 chart. 1913.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 71

The distribution of fish and fish eggs during the fiscal year 1912. 108 p. 1913.

Identification of the glochidia of fresh-water mussels. By Thaddeus Surber. 10 p.,
3 pl., 1912.

Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1912.
6Oip. 1913:

Description of a new darter from Maryland. By Lewis Radcliffe and William W.
Welsh. Bulletin, vol. xxx, 1912, p. 29-32, pl. xvm. 1913.

Condition and extent of the natural oyster crounds and barren bottoms of Missis-
sippi east of Biloxi. By H.F. Moore. 41p.,6pl.,1 chart. 1913.

The sense of smell in fishes. By G. H. Parker and R. E. Sheldon. Bulletin, vol.
Xxxu, 1912, p. 33-46. 1913.

The fishes of Monterey Bay and tributaries. By John O. Snyder. Bulletin, vol.
xxx, 1912, p. 47-72, pl. x1x—xx1v, 3 text fig. 1918.

Anatomy and histology of the alimentary tract of the king salmon. By Charles W.
Greene. Bulletin, vol. xxx, 1912, p. 73-100, pl. xxv-xxvm. 1913.

Notes on the natural hosts of fresh-water mussels. By Thaddeus Surber. Bulletin,
vol. xxxu, 1912, 101-116, pl. xx1x—xxx1, 1 text fig. 1913.

A new series of publications has lately been inaugurated under the
title “‘Economic circulars,” with independent serial numbers. These
circulars are the medium for brief advance reports upon investigations,
to be more fully treated in subsequent papers, and also for timely
information not requiring more lengthy treatment. Often the sub-
ject matter will be of interest to certain industries or localities only,
and for this reason the economic circulars will not be distributed to
addresses upon the regular and permanent mailing lists but to special
lists or upon individual request.

€ APPROPRIATIONS.

The total of appropriations for the Bureau for the fiscal year 1913
amounted to $944,790, as follows:

SIDINGS. ac seater REM atic tal PM eg a Re $390, 790
Miscellaneous expenses:
Administrations 7.222222 22: Ec adie RMR Sree os AeA NS br LP 10, 000
Propagation of food fishes. st ee weet MON ese i iad oy ee oa 335, 000
inauimysrespecting- food Hfishess2 5274 =. 22 tLe. Si obec shee eon a ss 40, 000
pS tense GA lotta CMU goer ee aay coe ek am eRe aoe kes es Sika be 7, 500
NisteMreMAnCeiOl Vessels. seat ie an. CAPE TSM WI SR Son led Sobee eed 60, 000
alaska avs enles i SeRVICes.a: y 2 so. Sees VO). SP tee Se Soe 90, 000
eamMecrawiamvestieatiom.. 2: ji Bed ise Nyala ull edie eck 5, 000
TALE OM Ol SPONGeWIsheness 555. Asie es ee ey eae. Be ek 3, 500
Preparation of reports on fisheries of the Philippine Islands.............. 3, 000
ROE GR et a RE cree ne ee 944, 790

An itemized statement of expenditures authorized by the foregoing
appropriation has been made as required by law.

72 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

FISHERY MATTERS IN CONGRESS.

An act to create a legislative assembly in the Territory of Alaska
approved August 24, 1912, contained a special provision denying
to the legislature any authority to alter, amend, modify, or repeal
any laws of the United States applicable to Alaska affecting fish,
game, fur seals, or other fur-bearing animals. Notwithstanding this
prohibition, the legislature, at its first session beginning in March,
1913, considered various fishery bills, and even passed a measure
increasing the tax on canned salmon, one half this revenue to be
for Territorial uses, the other for conservation of the fisheries under
direction of the Bureau of Fisheries.

An act to give effect to the convention. between the Governments
of the United States, Great Britain, Japan, and Russia, for preser-
vation and protection of the fur seals and sea otter which frequent
the waters of the North Pacific Ocean, concluded in Washington,
July 7, 1911, passed Congress and was approved August 24, 1912.
An important provision of this act is the establishment of a five-
year close season on the Pribilof Islands, durmg which time all
killing of seals is prohibited except for the food purposes of the
natives.

EXECUTIVE ORDERS AND PROCLAMATIONS AFFECTING THE FISHERIES.

Satisfactory information having been received that the Govern-
ments of Great Britain, Japan, and Russia had taken the necessary
steps to give effect to the first article of the convention concluded
July 11, 1911, for the preservation and protection of fur seals and
sea otter in the North Pacific Ocean, the President, on May 31, 1913,
issued the following proclamation:

Whereas, by the first article of the Convention between the Governments of the
United States, Great Britain, Japan and Russia for the preservation and protection
of the fur seals and sea otter which frequent the waters of the North Pacific Ocean, con-
cluded at Washington July seventh, nineteen hundred and eleven, it is provided as
follows:

The High Contracting Parties mutually and reciprocally agree that their citizens
and subjects respectively, and all persons subject to their laws and treaties, and their
vessels, shall be prohibited, while this Convention remains in force, from engaging in
pelagic sealing in the waters of the North Pacific Ocean, north of the thirtieth parallel
of north latitude and including the Seas of Bering, Kamchatka, Okhotsk and Japan,
and that every such person and vessel offending against such prohibition may be
seized, except within the territorial jurisdiction of one of the other Powers, and de-
tained by the naval or other duly commissioned officers of any of the Parties to this
Convention, to be delivered as soon as practicable to an authorized official of their
own nation at the nearest point to the place of seizure, or elsewhere as may be mutually
agreed upon; and that the authorities of the nation to which such person or vessel
belongs alone shall have jurisdiction to try the offense and impose the penalties for
the same; and that the witnesses and proofs necessary to establish the offense, so far
as they are under the control of any of the Parties to this Convention, shall also be

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 73

furnished with all reasonable promptitude to the proper authorities having jurisdiction
to try the offense;

And, whereas, by an Actentitled ‘“‘An Act to give effect to the Convention between
the Governments of the United States, Great Britain, Japan and Russia for the preser-
vation and protection of the fur seals and sea otter which frequent the waters of the
North Pacific Ocean, concluded at Washington July seventh, nineteen hundred and
eleven,’”’ approved August 24, 1912, it is provided that the President of the United
States shall determine by proclamation when the other parties to said Convention,
by appropriate legislation or otherwise, shall have authorized the naval or other
officers of the United States, duly commissioned and instructed by the President to
that end to arrest, detain, and deliver to the proper officers of such parties, vessels
and subjects under their jurisdiction, offending against said Convention or any statute
or regulation made by those Governments to enforce said Convention; and that his
determination shall be conclusive upon the question;

Now, therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America, by
virtue of the power and authority conferred upon me by the said Act approved August
24, 1912, do hereby declare that satisfactory information has been received by me
that the Governments of Great Britain, Japan and Russia have authorized the naval
or other officers of the United States to arrest, detain, and deliver to the proper officers
of such Governments, respectively, all persons and vessels subject to their jurisdic-
tion, offending against said Convention, or against any statute or regulation made by
those Governments to enforce its provisions; and I do further declare that from and
after the date of this Proclamation any person or vessel subject to the jurisdiction of
the United States offending or being about to offend against the prohibitions of said
Convention, or of said Act, or of the regulations made thereunder, may be seized and
detained by the naval or other duly commissioned officers of any of the parties to the
said Convention other than the United States, except within the territorial juris-
diction of one of the other of said parties, on condition, however, that such person or
vessel so seized and detained shall be delivered as soon as practicable at the nearest
point to the place of seizure, with the witnesses and proofs necessary to establish the
offenses so far as they are under the control of such party, to the proper official of the
United States, whose courts alone shall have jurisdiction to try the offense and impose
the penalties for the same.

By an Executive order dated March 3, 1913, the islands of the en-
tire Aleutian Chain, Alaska, were reserved and set apart as a pre-
serve and breeding ground for native birds, for the propagation of
fur-bearing animals, and for the encouragement and development
of the fisheries. Jurisdiction over the wild birds, game and fur-bear-
ing animals was placed with the Department of Agriculture, and
jurisdiction over the fisheries, seals, sea otter, cetaceans, and other
aquatic species with the Department of Commerce.

PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR EXPLORATION OF THE SEA.

The eleventh annual session of the Permanent International
Council for the Exploration of the Sea was held in Copenhagen,
Denmark, in September, 1912. All of the affiliated countries were
represented by delegates and experts, and the United States for the
first time had official connection with the council. The participation
of this country was regarded as one of the leading features of the
meeting, and much satisfaction was expressed that the United States

74 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

had entered into cooperative study of the Atlantic Ocean in the
interests of the fishing industry. One full session of the council was
devoted to a discussion of the special investigations that might be
carried on by the United States and of the valuable results that
might be expected from the coordination of fishery work on the two
sides of the North Atlantic. The subject was considered also at the
meetings of the various sections into which the council is naturally
divided.

At the coneluding session of the council, formal resolutions were
passed with reference to the special lines of biological and physical
research that are desirable on the North American coasts by way of
supplement to the work already done on the west coast of Europe.
The cooperative investigations recommended for the United States
have direct relation to problems now receiving the attention of the
council, some of which (as, for example, the variation in the abun-
dance of the common mackerel) are of great interest in America at the
present time, while others (such as the biological and economic effects
of trawl-net fishing) are certain to be most important to us in the
near future.

Occasion having arisen for the election of a new president of the
council, the unanimous choice of the delegates was Geheimrat Fritz
Rose, vice president of the council and president of the semiofficial
Deutsche See-Fischerei Verein. In the reorganization of the execu-
tive body of the council, the matter of the representation of the
United States thereon was brought up. In view of the recent adhe-
sion of this country to the membership and the difficulty of sending
delegates to attend the purely business meetings, the United States
delegate advised that, for the present, no position on the executive
board was desired. Ultimately, however, it will become necessary
for the United States, as one of the great fishing nations in this affilia-
tion, to assume its share of responsibility and labor connected with
the administration of the business affairs of the council.

In view of the various and diverse subjects that come before the
council at the meetings of the sections devoted to hydrographic,
planktonic, and fishery investigations, it is impossible for one dele-
gate adequately to represent the United States and to derive the
proper benefit from participation in the meetings. It is therefore
important that hereafter the United States have two delegates in
attendance, and thus conform with the practice of the other nations.

SOME NEEDS OF THE SERVICE.
NEW OFFICE BUILDING, WITH LABORATORIES AND PUBLIC AQUARIUM,

_ The present office building of the Bureau of Fisheries is entirely
unsuitable for the purpose, being antiquated, overcrowded, and
insanitary. The office and laboratory accommodations impede the

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 75

transaction of business and retard development along several impor-
tant lines. Whether or not the Bureau is provided with administra-
tive offices in a general department building or in a special struc-
ture in close proximity to the parent headquarters is immaterial.
There are urgently needed, however, peculiar laboratory accommo-
ations, a model hatchery equipment, and aquarium facilities which
can not be afforded in a large department building; and incidental
thereto there should be provided a national aquarium, which can be
maintained at minimum cost as anessential part of the experimental
work of tbe Bureau in the study of water animals and of fish-culture
methods.
A LOBSTER-REARING PLANT.

More than 10 years ago the Bureau, with the aid of a special ap-
propriation from Congress, devised and carried to a successful stage
of perfection a feasible method of rearing lobsters. This work was
undertaken in the well-founded belief that lobster culture would and
should be made more effective by carrying the newly hatched young
beyond the helpless free-swimming age to the point where they de-
velop their crushing claws, go to the bottom, and assume the form
and habits of the adults.

The Government has never made any use of the knowledge thus
acquired, but the State of Rhode Island, continuing the experimental
work, has achieved marked success and has demonstrated the prac-
ticality of the method when employed on a large scale.

As an aid to an industry that is in a critical state, it is recommended
that Congress be asked to provide for a lobster-rearing station, either
as an independent plant or as an adjunct of one of the existing marine
hatcheries of the Bureau. For this purpose a sum not exceeding
$20,000 would be required for construction and for operating expenses
for one year. No facilities for holding and rearing young lobsters
now exist at any of the established stations.

STATE COOPERATION.

With the increasing activity in all branches of the fisheries there
exists increasing need for active cooperative endeavor on the part of
the States to make more effective the work of artificial propagation
as carried on under Federal and State auspices. There can be no
question that a large amount of such work is now rendered entirely
futile by the lack of cooperation or the total indifference of the States.
Attention is drawn elsewhere to the great damage that is being
done to the shad and alewife fisheries on the Atlantic coast by failure
to enact and enforce suitable protective laws. The cases of other
fisheries similarly neglected might be cited.

It may well be questioned whether the Bureau is justified in spend-
ing money in behalf of the artificial propagation of certain fishes in

76 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES,

certain waters when there is every reason to believe that the expendi-
tures are for the most part utterly wasted. The situation demands
the attention of Congress and the adoption of a definite policy to
meet the case. The question arises whether the Federal Government
should not insist, as a condition of continued Government aid in
behalf of the State fisheries, on an amount of protection for the
fishes cultivated that common sense shows to be necessary for the
maintenance of the supply. The alternative course would seem to be
the assumption of Federal jurisdiction over migratory fishes and
fishes in interstate waters.

A FISHERIES RESEARCH LABORATORY ON THE PACIFIC COAST.

The Bureau now has two laboratories on the Atlantic coast, one
in the Mississippi Valley, and one authorized on the Gulf of Mexico
for the scientific and practical investigation of problems relating to
the fisheries. On the Pacific coast it is unprovided with laboratory
facilities, and it is felt that this deficiency should be corrected as
speedily as possible.

The fisheries of the Pacific coast, including Alaska, are valued at
upward of $22,000,000, and their products are of such character as
to enter into consumption in all parts of the country. There are
many potential products which are not yet utilized for lack of definite
information concerning their qualities and merits, and there are others
the handling of which can be greatly improved. The Bureau believes
that if it were provided with the equipment needed for practical inves-
tigation and experiment it could increase the volume, improve the
quality, and cheapen the cost of the yield of these important fisheries
and at the same time lower the price to the consumer.

This form of aid to the fishing industry is believed to be a strictly
pertinent function of the Federal Government, and the early estab-
lishment of an up-to-date research station is strongly advocated.

INCREASED FACILITIES FOR ALASKA FISHERIES SERVICE.

The attention of Congress has been drawn by the Secretary, in
deficiency and regular estimates submitted on behalf of the Bureau,
to the urgent need for additional men and vessels to enforce the
Alaska fishery laws and to make inspections and investigations on
which to base recommendations for new laws, new regulations, or
amendments to existing laws. To properly carry out the duties
imposed by Congress there should be a thorough patrol of the fishing
districts of Alaska each season by agents of the Bureau. This
involves travel along 25,000 miles of shore, and necessitates a con-
siderable addition to the present force of men and a number of small
vessels by means of which the agents may be transported from fishery
to fishery without being under the necessity, as at present, of being

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. PT

entirely dependent on the favor of the fishery operators. The mini-
mum requirements in this respect have been embodied in estimates
for the fiscal year 1915, and favorable action thereon by Congress
would seem to be demanded by the great magnitude of the interests
at stake.

RELIEF FROM INCONGRUOUS DUTIES.

It is recommended that the Secretary take under consideration
the advisability of appealing to Congress for relief from the necessity
of administering the laws and regulations affecting the fur-bearing
animals of the Territory of Alaska. This subject is not even remotely
related to the legitimate functions of the Bureau of Fisheries, but
comes naturally under the jurisdiction of another Government bureau.
The continued administration of this incongruous service with the
absurdly small and inexperienced force allowed by Congress is not
only imposing on the Bureau an uncongenial duty, which it is not
equipped to perform, but is distracting and diverting much attention
that belongs to and is required by the fishing industry.

This recommendation does not apply to the aquatic animals whose
pursuit constitutes a “fishery,” but only to the strictly terrestrial
mammals.

A FISHERY EXPERIMENT STATION.

Fish culture has reached a high degree of perfection in the United
States, and the magnitude of the operations as a whole leaves little
to be desired. There is, however, much room for effective work in
fish culture similar to that conducted in animal and plant industry
at agricultural experiment stations; and one of the great and growing
needs of the service is an experiment station for study of fish diseases
and of problems in fish breeding.

The matter of improving the food and game qualities of fishes by
selective breeding is a subject to which practically no attention has
as yet been given in this country, but the possibilities are alluring and
the project is well worthy of support from Congress, in view of the
great improvements that have been produced in domestic animals
and plants by the application of scientific methods.

The serious aspect of disease among cultivated fishes has frequently
been set forth in the Bureau’s reports and brought directly to the
attention of Congress. An experiment station would no doubt pay
for itself every year in the actual money value of fish saved that are
now lost at the hatching stations all over the country because of lack
of knowledge of the proper means for preventing and curing the
various destructive maladies to which domesticated or semi-
domesticated fish are liable.

22889°—14—__6

78 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

INCREASED AID TO THE SHELLFISH INDUSTRIES.

The oyster fishery of this country is the most valuable fishery in
the world, and its yield to the fishermen of approximately $16,000,000
annually is greater than that of the combined fisheries of Norway,
which constitute one of that country’s greatest assets. Shellfish,
including oysters, create more than one-third of the value of aquatic
products of the United States, and they afford food of vast importance
to the people, yet the aid given to the industry by the Government is
far less than that extended in propagating such fishes as black bass,
whose chief value is to afford sport and recreation rather than food.

The oyster, and most of the other shellfishes, owing to their peculiar
habits end methods of breeding, can not be propagated as are the
true fishes. Oyster culture is of necessity a private enterprise, but it
presents many difficulties and dangers which the growers are not in
a position to combat, for lack of proper knowledge, and this knowledge
can not be obtained excepting through investigations and experiments
which the Government alone is in a position to conduct.

The Bureau is without the means, and particularly the personnel,
to carry on this much-needed work, although the deficiency and the
necessity which it creates have been repeatedly pointed out in these
reports and in the estimates for appropriations.

Those interested in the oyster fishery in particular have repeatedly
pointed out, with justice, the difference between the lack of consider-
ation which is accorded their industry and the assistance which is
received by agricultural interests. Farmers encountering difficulty
find help available, but the oystermen laboring under much greater
disadvantage find it withheld for the reason that the Bureau has not
been provided with the means for extending it. In all justice and
for the very practical consideration that our food supplies should be
increased and assured, this condition should be corrected without
further delay.

Respectfully, H. M. Suir,

Commissioner.
To Hon. Wittiam C. REDFIELD,

Secretary of Commerce.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS DURING
THE FISCAL YEAR 1913

ROBERT S. JOHNSON
Assistant in Charge of Fish Culture

Appendix I to the Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for 1913
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CONTENTS.

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INDEX TO SPECIES DISTRIBUTED.

Page. Page.
Milanbic. salmon sc...65.2--.2-----: 34 | Loch even trowt..... 22... <...2-: 42
Black bass, large-mouth..........- Bon mbdCKere arn amen eye eee eo
Black bass, small-mouth......... ESI AR Ea f= se ee Pe ee eA |
Blackspotted trout..........------- Spy) scale perchet sence se tssieny St oes ae Le
SPEEDS AE ae 5 ee eel LOOT Pollock ain ae cee a. eh ne te
rook trout...22.-<-----2c222-2--- 43) | Rainbow trouts.......-.2...2222.¢ 26
[BSCS 01e ee ee De eked: salmon. «24 5 sce 2 seo 02 Se 24
RUAN) seat iets oe iwteie anlar ae ses SRE ZAG ECOC IM WANSt eset ne A286 one, cise a eae 85
CO DIRTID aA a Cie en ae aaa GM Shed eet 2 ee Ee eee 22
Chinook salmon......-. Deh ote foe 24 | Silver salmon:.<..-6.--...-2-c.-2- 23
ode tees ee -- 120)| Small-mouth black bass... 2.2... 87
CER Oy DUE A aR cee ag SPAWN EISI0(2) Ipecac Riera ae ee 120
1D oye Str 0a V0) 0 Se eg i el 25-\GSockeye salmon . -= 2.5.55 -250ee 24
| DESY ATS] 0 eye 1215 | Steelheadtrout...2505)02-s2 5.22 25
Gi DY oe ee ee S2>ioStrawberry bass =.-....-.-:-.--. 82
‘ELNINO (el Gs nee 120, Wstriped bass: sees: 4- se sede... 119
Etimpback salmon. ..........--.-- 24\ ounush(pTeam) =o: of. s 222 ye 109
Wake MeriIMp = - 2.2. --nge~ cc sie. - * Zoi) WatMOuth Dass... oe ----c<s2e~ 2s - 87
LUDV EM ERO Ea oS ete AZi\wWikhibenahne eee ase hes wee coe 22
Landlocked salmon.............-- Sas MNVnLe PeRChes! 2 Asc f lee ba5e oes aie 119
Large-mouth black bass... ......-- SOR Mellowalass <2 oh osewee 34 222 Son 120
PrOshLCRMMenee eee ee nai») hed | ellowspercin: © <....6..5-0.05-556 52: 116

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THE DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS DURING THE
FISCAL YEAR 1913.

CHARACTER OF THE WORK.

More than 95 per cent of the output of the fish-cultural stations
consists of important commercial species, notably the salmons, shad,
whitefish, pike perch, yellow perch, white perch, lake trout, cod,
pollock, haddock, flatfish, and lobsters. These are hatched in lots of
many millions annually and planted by the Bureau, the fresh-water
species principally in the large coastal streams and in the Great Lakes,
the marine species upon the inshore fishing grounds of the Atlantic.

The cultivation of the fishes of the interior waters, generally classed
as game fishes, although a comparatively small factor in the total
output, is a very important feature of the Bureau’s work, supplying as
it does various kinds of young fishfor public streams, lakes, and ponds,
fishing preserves, private ponds, private streams, etc., in all parts of
the United States. Among the fishes most extensively produced for
these purposes are several species of trout, the grayling, the basses,
crappies, bream, and catfishes; various others also are handled.

The trouts and other species of Salmonide, whose eges can be
artificially manipulated, are produced in adequate numbers. The
black basses and allied species are not susceptible to artificial propa-
gation, and for its supplies of such fishes the Bureau must depend
largely upon the natural reproduction of brood fish held in ponds
prepared for the purpose. This supply is far short of the demand.
During the early stages of their existence young bass in ponds are
exposed to dangers of many kinds. Snakes, frogs, turtles, various
water insects, fish-eating birds, amphibious animals, all are destruc-
tive to the fry, while the Jarger specimens of young of the same
school prey upon their weaker brethren.

The degree of success attained in this work is also governed largely
by the state of the weather and other natural conditions beyond the
control of the Bureau. Located as they are, along the shoal pond
margins, the nests receive the full effect of atmospheric changes. A
sudden fall in temperature will often cause the parent fish to desert
their nests, and the eggs and young, being extremely sensitive, are
frequently killed by the cold or their development retarded. Another
unfavorable feature connected with the location of the nests in
shallow water is that they are subjected to the full force of surface

: 5

6 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 19138.

drainage and washings following heavy rains. oily water is ex-
ceedingly injurious to the ova and young of the black bass, and as
heavy rains and sudden temperature changes are conditions which
must be expected during the season of the year when these fishes
spawn, the results of the Bureau’s pond-cultural operations are
hazardous and uncertain in the extreme. One year a station may
have a good output, and the next year, apparently under similar
conditions, very few young fish will be preduced. What has been
said regarding the difficulties met with in black bass culture applies
with equal force to the crappies, sunfishes, catfishes, and the rock
bass.

With its present facilities the Bureau would be quite powerless to
cope with the situation, so far as the demands for the pond fishes are
concerned, were it not for the valuable fields afforded for rescue work
by the overflow of certain rivers to which these fishes are indigenous.
These rivers periodically overflow their banks, the flood waters
covering many thousands of acres of the adjacent lowlands. During
this flood period, which occurs when the river fishes are spawning,
they seek the quiet overflow waters to deposit their eggs. Before the
fry hatched from these eggs have become strong, the receding waters
cut off their return to the main channels, and thus many thousands
of young bass and other fishes are imprisoned in land-locked waters,
where they would eventually and inevitably perish from drought or
cold unless removed. Jor a number of years past the Bureau has
been collecting young fishes from these temporary lakes and ponds,
returning a liberal percentage of them to the original streams, and
utilizing the surplus for distribution to applicants and for stocking
public waters in various sections of the country.

METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION.

The first consideration in the Bureau’s distribution of fishes is to
make ample return to the waters from which eggs or fish have been
collected. The remainder of the product is consigned to suitable
public or private waters upon application indorsed by a United
States Senator or Representative, the Bureau furnishing to persons
interested an application blank for this purpose. The blank calls
for a description of the waters to be stocked, and by this information
is determined the species of fish that is suitable and the number that
may be allotted to the water area in question. Certain predaceous
species, such as the basses and perches, are not furnished for waters
inhabited by trout or other vaiuable fishes to which they would be
destructive. Nor, of course, are species like trout and salmon fur-
nished for waters already stocked with fish that would prey upon them.

The fish are carried to their destination in railroad cars equipped
for the purpose or by messengers who accompany the shipments in

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. rg

baggage cars, and are delivered to the applicant free of charge, at
the railroad station nearest the point of deposit. The applicant is
advised by telegraph when the shipment will arrive and is expected
to make due provision for care of the fish until planted. Definite
instructions in this respect are furnished at the time of shipment.

During the past fiscal year (July 1, 1912, to June 30, 1913) the
Bureau received 10,284 applications for fish, and a very large per
cent of them were for the basses, crappies, sunfishes, and catfishes,
for stocking artificial ponds on farms.

The difficulties and uncertainties encountered in the production of
such fishes make it impossible for the Bureau to fill applications for
them as promptly as those calling for the fishes propazated by the
artificial manipulation of their eggs. It is the policy of the Bureau
to full all applications in the order in which they are received and to
arrange for the delivery of the fish as soon as practicable thereafter.

SIZE OF FISH WHEN DISTRIBUTED.

Fishes are distributed at various stages of development, according
to the species, the numbers in the hatcheries, and the facilities for
rearing. The commercial fishes—such as the shad, whitefish, lake
trout, pike perch, cod, etc., hatched in lots of many millions—are
necessarily planted as fry shortly after hatching. Atlantic salmon,
landlocked salmon, and various species of trout are reared, in such
numbers as the hatchery facilities permit, to fingerlings from 1 to 6
inches in length; the remainder are distributed as fry.¢

The basses, bream, and other sunfishes are distributed from some
three weeks after they are hatched until they are several months of
age. When the last lots are shipped the basses usually range from
4 to 6 inches and the sunfishes from 2 to 4 inches in length. The
numerous fishes collected in overflow lands—basses, crappie, sun-
fishes, catfishes, yellow perch, and others—are 2 to 6 inches in length
when taken and distributed.

Eges are distributed only to State hatcheries and, occasionally,
to applicants who have hatchery facilities.

SIZE OF ALLOTMENTS.

The Bureau does not attempt to furnish to any one applicant
more than a brood stock of fish for a given private pond or stream,
it being expected that these will be protected until they have had

a The varying usage in the classification of young fish as to size has caused such confusion and difficulty
that the Bureau has adopted uniform definitions, as follows:

Fry=fish up to the time the yolk sac is absorbed and feeding begins.

Advanced fry=fish from the end of the fry period until they have reached a length of 1 inch.

Fingerlings=fish between the length of 1 inch and the yearling stage, the various sizes to be designated
as follows: No. 1,a fish 1 inch in length and up to 2 inches; no. 2, a fish 2 inches in length and up to 3 inches;
no. 3, a fish 3 inches in length and up to 4 inches, ete.

Yearlings=fish that are 1 year old, but less than 2 years old from the date of hatching; these may be
designated no. 1, no. 2, no. 3, etc., after the plan prescribed for fingerlings.

8 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

time to reproduce. The number of fish in an allotment is, however,
a variable quantity, depending upon the species and the age at
which distributed. Brook trout, which are distributed both as fry
and fingerlings, are allotted in much larger numbers as fry than as
fingerlings 3 or 4 inches long. Pike perch, which, owing to their
excessive cannibalism, can not be reared and are consequently dis-
tributed as fry, may be supplied in lots of half a million, where an
equal water area would receive only 200 or 300 young bass from 2 to
5 inches long. These latter larger fish have a much better chance of
reaching maturity than have the fry, and the actual value for stocking
purposes of a few hundred fingerling bass may therefore equal many
thousand times this number of pike-perch fry.

Owing to the Bureau’s inability to produce the black basses,
crappies, catfishes, and sunfishes in sufficient numbers to meet the
demands, the allotments of such species are necessarily limited to
the smallest number needful to form the nucleus for a brood stock
for the water area to which assigned.

SPECIES CULTIVATED.

The species handled by the Bureau in 1913 numbered some 50 fishes
and the lobster. Of these, the following were artificially propagated:

THE CATFISHES (SILURIDA):
Horned pout, bullhead, yellow cat (Ameiurus nebulosus).
Marbled cat (Ameiurus nebulosus marmoratus).
THE SUCKERS AND BUFFALO-FISHES (CATOSTOMID):
Small-mouth buffalo-fish (Ictiobus bubalus).
Common buffalo-fish (Ictiobus cyprinella).
3lack buffalo-fish (Ictiobus wrus).
THE SHADS AND HERRINGS (CLUPEID#):
Shad (Alosa sapidissima).
THE SALMONS, TROUTS, WHITEFISHES, ETC. (SALMONIDA):
Common whitefish (Coregonus albus and C. clupeaformis).
Lake herring, cisco (leucichthys artedi).
Chinook salmon, king salmon, quinrat salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha).
Silver salmon, coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch).
Blueback salmon, redfish, sockeye (Onchorhynchus nerka).
Humpback salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha).
Dog salmon (Oncorhynchus keta).
Steelhead trout, hardhead (Salmo gairdner‘).
Rainbow trout (Salmo irideus).
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
Landlocked salmon (Salmo sebago).
Blackspotted trouts: Yellowstone Lake trout or cut-throat trout (Salmo lewist);
Tahoe trout (Salmo henshaw?).
Scotch sea trout (Salmo trutta). Introduced species.
Loch Leven trout (Salmo trutta levenensis). Introduced species, propagated in
limited numbers for observation.
Lake trout, Mackinaw trout, longe, togue (Cristivomer namaycush).
Brook trout, speckled trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).
Sunapee trout (Salvelinus aureolus).

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. 9

THE GRAYLINGS (THYMALLID):
Montana grayling ( Thymallus montanus).
THE SMELTS (ARGENTINID2):
American smelt (Osmerus mordaz).
THE BASSES, SUNFISHES, AND CRAPPIES (CENTRARCHIDZ):
Crappie (Pomozis annularis).
Strawberry bass, calico bass (Pomoxis sparoides),
Rock bass, red-eye, goggle-eye (Ambloplites rupestris).
Warmouth, gogele-eye (Chxnobryttus gulosus).
Small-mouth black bass ( Micropterus dolomieu).
Large-mouth black bass ( Micropterus salmoides).
Bluegill bream, bluegill sunfish (Lepomis pallidus).
Other sunfishes, chiefly Eupomotis gibbosus.
THE PERCHES (PERCID#):
Pike perch, wall-eyed pike, yellow pike, blue pike (Stizostedion vitreum).
Yellow perch, ring perch (Perca flavescens).
THE SEA BASSES (SERRANIDZ2):
Striped bass, rockfish (Roccus lineatus).
White perch (Morone americana).
THE cops (GADIDZ&):
Cod (Gadus callarias).
Haddock ( Melanogrammus xglefinus).
Pollock (Pollachius virens).
THE FLOUNDERS (PLEURONECTID2):
Winter flounder, American flatfish (Psewdopleuronectes americanus).
CRUSTACEANS:
American lobster (Homarus americanus).

The fishes rescued from overflowed lands in the Mississippi Basin
and returned to the original streams were as follows:

THE CATFISHES (SILURID):
Spotted cat, blue cat, channel cat (Ictalurus punctatus). Only limited numbers
obtainable.
Horned pout, bullhead, yellow cat (Ameiurus nebulosus).
THE SUCKERS AND BUFFALO-FISHES (CATOSTOMID#):
Small-mouth buffalo-fish (Ictiobus bubalus).
Common buffalo-fish (Ictiobus cyprinella).
Black buffalo-fish (Ictiobus urus).
THE MINNOWS AND CARPS (CYPRINID&):
Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Distributed in rare instances on special request and for
waters unsuited to other species.
THE PIKES AND PICKERELS (Esocip2):
Pike (Esox lucius). Restored to the streams; not distributed.
Pickerel (Esox reticulatus). Restored to the streams; not distributed.
THE BASSES, SUNFISHES, AND CRAPPIES (CENTRARCHID2):
Crappie (Pomoxis annularis).
Rock bass, red-eye, goggle-eye (Ambloplites rupestris).
Warmouth, gogele-eye (Chxnobryttus gulosus).
Large-mouth black bass ( Micropterus salmoides).
Small-mouth black bass ( Micropterus dolomieu).
Bluegill bream, bluegill sunfish (Lepomis pallidus).
Other sunfishes, chiefly Hupomotis gibbosus.
THE PERCHES (PERCID#):
Yellow perch, ring perch (Perca flavescens).

10 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

THE SEA BASSES (SERRANID):
Yellow bass ( Morone interrupta).

THE SMELTS (ARGENTINID):
American smelt (Osmerus mordaz).

Certain introduced species are propagated to a limited extent, as
follows:
THE MINNOWS AND CARPS (CYPRINID):
Goldfish (Carassius auratus). Propagated for ornamental purposes; not dis-
tributed.

Ide (Leuciscus idus). Cultivated variety, golden ide. Propagated for ornamental
purpose; not distributed.

SUMMARIZED STATEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION.

The following table shows the number of eggs and fish actually
distributed during the fiscal year 1913, or in other words, the output
of the hatcheries with all losses in transportation deducted.

SuMMARY BY SPECIES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fish Eaas DuRING
THE FiscaL YEAR 1913.

| Fingerlings,
Species. Eggs | Fry. yearlings, Total.
| and adults.

Cath shieaaehaey ae OS axel gece Ree Ws eee ert rl Samet cae seat 62, 446 62, 446
(Cig Wes necdo aanndabod cubcoedsoabae= luc ;posecemaccnseas|scospoRoraccoece 79, 160 79, 160
1{bbotN oie yeah eooeesnoousoooesjao5005+| brorssecupcooaec 3, 080, 000 4,212 3, 084, 212
SiGe es eas ae soon couerowone Case 3, 394, 000 1335244, 850i en aoc ee eee ee 136, 638, 850
Wihitefshis se scccr 73,720,000 B93 "880000 Ele eases. =e 467, 600, 000
Wake ernineeceecer sceem acer eee ees | settee aerercee APSO S000) tea sameeren 4,730, 000
(shih@e Gelbeee Aes eannonasconeenouaonc 102, 000 14, 184, 283 69, 800 14, 356, 083
Chinook salmon 38, 583, 873 33, 319, 423 97,760 72,001, 056
Red or sockeyesalmon...........-..--- 2,000, 000 805340; 902 eeaa esses 82, 340, 902
LElbheako opel e Robey ee ner poo onco> seesend asp acoecors actor nays }5(3-(0)) | eee Sees 153, 680
IDOE Gil leis peep openecor coco eetaascdos 4 Soouseccsaces nes LOE 4 SOCOM Pe ememec see see 19, 479, 000
Steelhead trowtiees < eciecicte nae a= ars 980, 0CO 4, 300, 225 138, 410 5, 418, 635
Rat DOW: DROULss aes memes = lee aa tera 1, 106, 000 901, 370 1, 150, 957 3, 158, 327
Mtilaniticsalmonet eas seen s ates se ee eee tense eer 3, 492, 464 4,304 3, 496, 768
andlocked'salmon <<.) sce -m =e s=<- 224, 000 253, 546 80, 196 557, 742
Blsckspotted trout ocean lee a 13, 305, 000 766, 950 7,174, 060 21, 246, 010
Mochewevien! GrOWUG =. <\eieinc siete istic sacle [ier eel = = se epeeel eminent erate ate 75, 200 75, 200
WalkkentnO ute sae semester ceicieceterert 6, 612, 000 20,594, 600 3, 024, 924 30, 231, 524
STOO KS CLOUWb a ao iets! alatere wie niae clele\eianrm ir 1, 239, 000 5, 280, 452 6,014, 645 12, 534, 097
SMC beeen eee sete omic celera ema 4,500, C00 1,850, 000 27,000 6, 377, 000
(Gray lin gee eeeeeoaicisise oes eee eee 903, 000 ZAGISOOOMMe Ce eee eee see 3, 516, 000
Crappie and strawberry bass.......-.--]-.----+..-------2|-0-22-22-2s0--- 79, 279 79,279
FRROCIED ASS fae tos Se rele cae See eae | Sear ence eens | See eineecieenereers 64,743 64, 743
Wianmouthipasss 8 soe ace eases A eae ae go ae es Wee SS ee oe ne ete 1,3°0 1, 390
Small-mouth black bass. .....-..--- : ae 234, 300 107, 641 341, 941
iuarge-mouth. black: Dass: ce. nce cjaeme eerie nels 26, 250 1,231, 052 1, 257, 302
Sunfishi (bream) i eaec sane emcee eens eee ciscsliseecee = alae aheetse ettere 3 203, 623 203, 623
Bickerelsascewecce nas onan sens ee eee OIRCe conser eee eee eeebeecinceee nies 7,504 7,504
PTO eee eee cee clio cic sees ee reat [arc emit aera Sie | beeen ctemenreeers 1,500 1,500
Pike perch....- Soe age ioe eee so rera 46, 200, 000 14855105000 Saaeeeee ose cee 194, 710, 000
SELIG WapPeLCheetr ac cate ecisae ese er 11,000, 000 365, 723, 000 25, 132 376, 748, 132
Stripedibass: 2255 -.osenesseaece aces hea ee rate 72934) (Q0s|scaemessiteeisc este 7, 234, 000
Wihtte perches cae. see ce eens ae em ate 20, 000, 000 449, 120, 000 721 469, 120, 721
Yellow bass. .... PR See oe AE a Omnis Seer yere an emetic bab cine 255 255
COD Meret eer sia nistc cis oe seicieminctecmiacia tere 6, 800, 000 AZALI OLZ AO OOM Parerniatninjeisistaloteteletn 227,812,000
BOOK. aeis=='= B(atalatainlatafarNaicicreattnoia/e tele 133, 739, 000 AZ0Y O60 00 OU sreteieie ctamlcies< eo oie 563,799, 000
18K KobYole aoa peccesbeueboceese sadaccoee 57, 868, 000 G8 e257 OOON ele se a scletlewisiece 126, 125, 000
aT ish eee ae ne be dd Ry eee ee man ena SOOO TOMOO0N Meceeeeeen seme §09, 270, 000 .
HOO DSCEP ayaa tiene )aiajatetstetcinis wre cisterns totsion | eae ean aes 199, 680, 000 200 199, 680, 200

otal xno aa een e see eee 422, 275,873 | 3,421,591, 295 19,726, 114 3, 863, 593, 282

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. 11

ALLOTMENTS oF FisH AND Eacs To State [F'isH CoMMISSIONS FOR THE FISCAL
YEAR 1913.

Finger-
lings,
State and species. Eggs. Fry. nes,
?
and
adults.
California:
STOO RSUTO UG Se ore ates oes See crea ae Ocrs cte co aa tie teen aaaaial: ASO: 000! |acacsieee en eeeeees P
Chinook salmon...) o225..-..-- Seo SEO SEES Sac ton Some Ebene NGSQ42E STS) as eee ace wae lesen
CUA VI se ee ae Oe eee oy SME Ne eR REE S Be ht ose SOSOOOH Paso e eee. 3 eee ene
Hrancdio ckedtsa lino reese eet spree aa ee en ee ee toa 10000) a 538s Ree | eee
Colorado:
Plneksporieditroubeememspertee nance nee ete tae Sena oe cents 220003000) Fee eeae ase seme
Connecticut:
IB TOO GTO UGS socearae cietectasmctise cmc mekisek te salse nee de shee cc coceell ZONOOON ae sees eee | eteree esas
WaKCLTO U Caen ae eee ean ene en ons Dasma FU 2e yA eee UAW) is Seen secase Isaceceese -
NellowepeLcue sass econ m ena Ree EN See ee Hs. 228 | SeOOOWOO ON Seana sees sees aes
Delaware:
TEHEYE Te ORS ascetics ere te cans oe ee En Ae PEND eR aR | 3, ee ee | 150
Georgia:
IEE GIG DASS See Soe Py een ane aha. Ree R eS Sek ee SA GE kN ea EMERG SS ee free Ls ag cei 2,500
SUSE aaeee eee ry ee ey SR RSME ENS DARE A! STR ono se eee ere Reel) sae seed 700
Idaho:
IBTOOKAL TOLL sersars setae eee mene et ee SLE EE SRE Nek AS A alas ga She 1,650
Maine:
> TEYROGD SRO Ree ae AN dete ene ears: een a Se ee LOOK000 lnk. sae geeeee on cemeesos
fandlockedisalmonk <r enmer on mnme ne en 24s een ee eee SNR te TOO; O00) Eee se eet cae bees necee
Maryland:
BIA CKSDASS Bese ee een re eens aes 2B ial Re Te |p ia en ROGIER a 5 ee 600
Massachusetts:
CERIN iss SE AS Ar A APE ee ne ce He Ree AL AL RS Llcios choles 300
CHITIOO KSA OT ee aes sos apie ate 2 Se ee 2 ee eee nS SOROOOR PS a aera ees senescence
ETON ORCH Sate paneer a ya eee oe aes Soe SE toscana A OOOKOOON Ss esiceses c|P acne eee
WWihliteypenchiese ss ahs semen seve Sate ee Ch aS Fe Reise ceeiee 150008000) esac e ss Peeseaesee
Yellow perch........ Se gee Sere ere et Aaa oe thee Diet into tice De OOF OOO Be ete ceecioee meats See
Michigan:
(Conic Vig ES ae, ON EL op eel eg Se: ec 50,000
GAO NLTO Ube tee aoe eee ewe eee ee Ree AR s Bence ideticeme 3,000,000
[BIB yp er Chere eee meyh teeter ee rane nen ra oe Stabe cesses 41,700,000
« WiGH On? EO ee een ace Sacee aE soee GR pe EE aon reser aed ems Ete att Phiten er 4
Minnesota:
IL GUS 1 ARO ie eee rere era Fre Ot OS ae 500,000
Landlocked salmon E 10,060
LECLERC aL TO LG Stacie ne eee NA cre ak ie oh Bien IS rie ics 100,000
Missouri:
IR uta OD? THROWERS coe race Sees SSF Ieee sare yo a AOR Pep (nme roe RR en a 37,800
Montana:
BIACKSPOLLeGuLrOUte Mee sec dae ee ook oe eh tense et Se PAA UR Te (510) 0)!| Maes Se ane ee Weoredooes
FS TOOKAULO LLL Same eee ee eee ae oa ee rae haem eo aes ed Si 51d PANDA NI) | Soeeadbannee | Seana
Gayl eset Oe mene ee aa a cen doe pose mene kaisae SSS KOOOMEE See ceecma clones eemee
REIN DO wWabnOUb sere ace ese ee ee omer en eee ae tee oo ne ameteeee SOROOO A sa astecoen| Moeeeeee
VV ii ee RRS oe ge ene on abe ter te eee 35000; 000)|2 22 2212.2 452 (hee OSee sie
Nevada:
BLOOKKELO Ulises Cees pen clee Meee oe Fone anes tee ace teens SOROOOU CES. Soe eee
VAT OWALTO Ube meee tn cere eae oe ree rare Sn ey e ta HOMOOOM es sas ee cee eee
Dilvenisalmonaas perce ee ae ee ea alone eee octane a hacen 1QOK000) | Sacse seal eee eons
New Hampshire:
Chino okssalmone ees ccs Vee sea eae REO, ay eye Na Ae Cert Te Sy) alte ee PEST 7,900
Steclheaaserou Gasser see oe lee ees wae aero ee ast tee eee TOsO0O Ne Sat See easly cocoons
New Jersey:
Wandlockedisalmonsaser ne Meteo ure meaee Rie oh eh) SS O00. | Rees nent abe oe
FROM DOWULTOULL As case Seen tee ame eee eae mete sree F SOROOO |S So ea ae SA ees Saar
Siecthedadicro ute serps soar ery ate wy Na ait eee Kee NL LOO OOOH RSS oh See ee Son ete
Wii bespench ected chen S tier Stead oe NT EOE 2,000,000 |_.
Yellow perch 2,000,000
North Dakota:
mo teelinea dit route eet om sessile n= ae eee ee noe e ee eee sci 2007 OOO Neer mreiciee =| ee eee
0:
VAIL ELS beeen eee tee fe Oe Coe, ee ee ee IK O4S05(0,0.0)) | sees oseereebacoseocec
Oregon:
IBIBEKSDOLLE CIELO U bays ees ee actosti sect aeemaeee ae eee eee GOB 20001 Es ee eee bee
MOCKEV OSA Olsens ye men eee kale th ce mee a Seaton ekec PO O00) | Rees Sees aleeeeese ee
IBS TOOKAEEO ULE A Sere Ses ei cm thn SiS is cee etre ox oe chew ctor tela SOOOCON Seek cuss 2 hanes ees
(Whinopkssalmoneaeere peek ak eee Fp ee ee Se ee ee 2 ASTAOOONE SURE soe 55. Saas Se ae
REINO WRL TO U bas oe eae ps ee ahi cae May depot eysicim ce leis e Beercio ie SSOTOOO Wee em cseee ses sutecsecee
Pennsylvania:
WU Ori TO ite eemras ees Soe ce ety sce dae sl Ate aioe ete LOOROOOM Meee econ sec|soe noes
AWnitetis ees eee 495 nen es ee ST eee ie? SET ER. ee ZONOZONOCON | Ret. Aee oes Eee geese
Utah:
TRUK) TARO LSC at ie ey es ew ae Re SVEN IR eC Bie MY A ee (ee a ee a 12,000
EES GSD sk ey EA Toh ch ap | A LE pO 72
Sriallmouehblackapassserp ssa teeta ete TAN Soc cll aie i el Nee ce ae 160

12 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

ALLoTMENTS oF Fish AND Eaas To State Fisn CoMMISSIONS FOR THE FISCAL
Yrar 1913—Continued.

Finger-
lings,
Ss i Eggs é year-
tate and species. Eggs. Fry. lings,
ard
adults.
Vermont: |
Ist Rde) NOD HS oeooeeee ee He SLU nU Cee ob ecopenacusHecocercmeontocgs becogpoccscac= ADA ON) lee ae ees
TESTA RO ee pe mae ao son keneocds cancseladeesesceccurrodsarc L5O0K000I eeeeeceeer | eee nS
Neandlocked!salmons. 22 o-s..cccecce cece one] tec sesceeemiasciciel-mialale 1030001820 226. onel-eemoeeeee
Sima lovevoli noth aso oka soscooconu cone secececeupnpuabucrooUuacoguc 305,000) 2 cessor solos eeeree
Washington: |
Blacksnotteditrowtes <-2. essa lee iate ee Fa eenaeen eaeeneeee 400/000 | 22.20.52 sceclecmeceesee
Stealheadijrou tees eee nee en ee nee eee eee eee seaeere Q00k0G0F Saase esac Cee
Wisconsin: |
AK OIETOW bese. cee os serene eres Sseie eetereie eee aie ear ere ieroieyetorere De ROOOCON Beene see nee NS As
ANIJaNE RS Iisa ae 5 ae ete Meee eT noe opaaeor peoce conc esuacoonuor BH O0OKOCO ee Saceeeeealeeeeneeeee
Wyoming:
TBI @i< SERS ae sooo spcsacos cede clea saan caeEcouSSecoeSerenaocscne| |Seonaqssteqs5¢ epeconeaae 60
Blacksmottedst rotten seers ce aetna seis eae eee atatelatert 2,200,000) |...-------.- |iaateneeias
IBTOOKGIO Ube aoe ence ae me cie ce ciate era eeniale e en tetera eta ela laleleereiareitale 2205050) | peeeeeeeeeee £60
(Gierh) Uh avd So oe ee Coos cone paeaoauo noe uC oocaSsbcaEusuocdaccedse BOKOGO ae peter sll ete eee
Nea ObvOU tess sere oe cise Ser cwecis onc ceclews meesemaeele mere lesereierelets OU egaeesosacs= 2,000
FVAITIDORV ERO UUs tes oe ae oe cere cin eich aie ese ale ie ela scielteaterererersio 148,080) | 0 sce cemee leeeoe eee
Valerio lineo vrs eeeeee Seen a eee ae ee Soe aoaHEnetEnsocasuEdode TOOK OOO) Paes see ae ee 1.
U No) 1) ee oe ee oe ee oe eee SoCs GER OC ese ACR aCELEURob oO 196,506,373 | 7,550,000 66,452

SHIPMENT OF Laas To ForEIGN CountTRIES DuRING THE FiscaL YEAR 1913.

Country Species. Eges Country Species Egss
British Columbia...| Whitefish......... SLOOOHOOO || Mindities sancti ceiatsis soe Rainbow trout... . 10, 000
Canadascesiae cases Brook trout......- TSO SCOVN| || Wapamke eevee ce see Rainbow trout... - 250, 000

ID OR: seeceeeee: Steelhead trout... 199, 000 a
Germany: J.2-2.---- Rainbow trout....| 100,000 Motel i225 oe.n5|seeecceemeeeececee ss 5, 610, 000

DETAILS OF OUTPUT FOR 1913.

The more generally favorable weather conditions prevailing in 1913
during the spawning season of the commercial species, and the
improved quality of the eggs collected as a consequence thereof,
enabled the Bureau to increase its output of fish and eggs over that
of 1912 by 175,672,225, or 4.76 per cent, notwithstanding the fact
that the number of eggs collected exceeded by only 54,543,843, or 1
per cent, the collections of 1912. The species produced in larger
numbers in 1913 included haddock, pollock, the silver, chinook, and
dog salmons, Atlantic salmon, brook, blackspotted, lake, and Loch
Leven trouts, buffalo-(sh, grayling, striped bass, large-mouth black
bass, whitefish, and white perch.

The following table shows the work of the different stations in 1918,
the period of operation, and the eggs and fish delivered by each
station for distribution. It will be noted that transfers of fish and
eggs from station to station are frequent, serving economy and con-
venience in transportation where the shipment consists of eggs, and
giving advantageous distribution centers in the case of young fish.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

13

SraTions OPERATED AND THE OuTpuT oF EACH FOR THE FiscaL YEAR 1913.

Station and period of
operation.

Afognak, Alaska:
mtire:yearssc...- 22ers:

Baird, Cal.: a
IBMGINCSVCAL> asic sec << oii

Birdsview, Wash.: @
HINUITOSVCAT: < -<)\sc1c2 sce =r

Darrington, Wash.:
Hnbtiresyears ca. ccto.ccts-

Duckabush, Wash.: @
Entire year

Iabott, Wash.: a
Entire year.............-

Quilcene, Wash.:
Entire year.......... san0

Sultan, Wash.:
MTC} Year = ccc cncc acces

Silversalmoneee eee |e emeese see
Steelheaditrouts....-|sceuccese ===
Battery, Md.:
PADD MAY 2 croc cacccinesies Shad aecon cece leeee eet ace
White perch........ 20, 000, 000
Mellowsperch: se. 4) cnescese
Boothbay Harbor, Me.:
mbirebyear:sseesc.. ccs ce Coders eee Ssoseaen neces seecees
I Gtfishase cccmes some taceco cesses
Haddock 22 se steal nenioesemesics
MLODStED sac merce eines leases cee
Bozeman, Mont.:
HNIC) Y Care saccioa= = ome Blackspotted trout. .|........-.-.
Brook trout
Grayling seeee eee 903, 000
Take route. scese snc sascnaeces ee lhae assess rss
T.ainbow trout...... 230, 000
Steelhead trout
Yellowstone, Wyo.:4@
ih oN ee a penone ...| Blackspotted trout. .|} 13,305,000

Species.
Eggs.

Redisalmonieesmcices|seceeee ee ea=
Humpback salmon..|........-.-.-
Silver/salmonesssss.|eeecccs coos

Chinook salmon..... 495, 275
6, 270,540

833, 000
100, 000

Chinook salmon.....

Rainbow trout......
Silver salmon.......

10, 327,058

Sockeye!salmion:cs. J. =... 5-ee-
Chinookisalmonesscn|: ccs esters

Blueback salmon....|..........-.
Chinookjsalmon= a... |bs-s.eseeeee
iD orsalmonzeeee eee aeccoserase
Humpback salmon
Silver salmon

2,090
780, 00

Docisalinonere ss keseetee cine
Chinook salmon

Chinook salmon
Dog salmon

Silvertsalmonses- so |beecseaace
200, 000

Steelhead trout.....

Chinook salmon
Dog salmon........- s
Silver salmon

Dog salmon.........
Silver salmon

Chinook salmon. ....

a For convenience in handlin-, transfers were made as follows:
Biird to Central Station, 20,099 chinook salmon eggs.

Hornbrook to Manchester, 10,000 rainbow trout eggs; to Clackamas, 23,700 rainbow trout eggs.
Mill Creek to B iird, 2,099,000 Chinook salmon eggs.
Birdsview to St. Johnsburv, 109,090 silver sa'mon eges, and 109 090 steelhead trout eggs; to Duluth,

50,000 steelhead trouteggs: to

Duckabush to Quiicene, 2,000,000 dog salmon eggs.

Illabott Creek to Birdsview, 20,009 steelhead trout eggs.

Yellowstone Park to Bozeman, 2,067,000 blacksnotted trout eggs; to Leadville, 6,499,000 blackspotted
trout eggs; to Spearfish, 3,185,000 blackspotted trout eggs.

Output.

Fingerlings,| T°tal.
Fry. yearlings,
and adults.

Isat OY) | oeoecesee 12,551, 102
GHC) PASS seep eooe 151, 800
DIA6000)|| esse meee 214,000

210581 OO) paseeee eee 2,690,375

Ai sah th acd oe ai aes 6, 270,540
BOF ORO US ssc cce ace es 919,580:
U7SSQ0 NRE ease 117,320

Dy reiafatetaleateta aval lithelers areicisiete ale 10, 327, 058
5,559,000 |..........-- 5,559, 000
1S¥6000|S22 25 yaeeeee 18, 600
POA OU) | ba ccaouescen 2,076, 000
A224 00 Pees ose eeee 12, 400
1.925/700)1| eee 192, 700
5800) |Pomes essence 5,800

DAT ROOM Se eee ees 211, 300
ISCO seo ocopasee 1, 880

AOR CO Ween ca ee 4, 213, 407
499% O00 pb Sos eee ere 1, 279, 000
OPSR65000) hee ae cee 9, 886, 000
DAMS O0N| Seema meee eee 547,500
60072000 | Beemacciseree 600, 200

fe 4000) |S eee Se 114, 000
D000 Wes caececosee 5,550:
PEMA OO 0s Sa gadesacte 5, 831, 000
A5SOO0R ER aes seaeeee 45,000
25840001 Mee eeeeeene. 458, 000
FSIS 450N ES cess eee es 131, 450
197700) Be seen. ener 197, 700

MF GUS OUD We eee me eis 1,618,010
OOOO" | Bene emae sleet 73, 050
393531000 |e meee nee 3, 353, 000
2303500) eee aeeeeeee 239, 500

BY (00,0) eee eee 34, 000

M45 OOO Ns acne cieiee 145,090
159734500) (Men oeeeenece 1,973, 500
ASG«700N| Meee eee memes 486, 700
BEgoTMO5 0) (tue asses 5, 831, 850
445 1850000) |2 Soe eaeeen 465, 850,000
D29e 360000) eee nec ceae 229, 360, 000
RGU) an geseeecoe 5,611, 000
413%961s000) [Sas seen cece 413,901, 000
2240675 000) ame eee 22, 967, 000
186, 000, 000 290 186, 000, 200:
24,000 | 1,642,360 1, 666, 360-

390, 615 390, 615

GERO00) Keb oe peoseee 3,516, 000
11, 200 11, 200

215, 800 59,500 505, 300:

34, 200 34, 200

Nashua, 199,900 stzelhead trouteggs; to Spearfish, 100,090 steelhead trout eggs.

14

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

STATIONS OPERATED AND THE OutTreuT OF EACH FOR THE Fiscat YEAR 1913—Contd.

a For convenience in handling, transfers were made as follows:

Bryans Point to Central Station, 3.900,000 yellow perch eggs and 894,000 shad eggs.
Central Station to White Sulphur Springs, 25 small-mouth black bass fingerlings.

Applerate to Rogue River, 1,582,100 steelhead trout eggs.
Big White Salmon to Clackamas, 2,945,000 chinook salmon eggs.
Eagle and Tanner Creeks to Clackamas, 893,000 steelhead trout eggs.
Little White Salmon to Big White Salmon, 4,412,000 chinook salmon eggs.
Craig Brook to Upper Penobscot, 3,616,100 Atlantic salmon eggs.

Output.
Station and period of Oe m
operation. SEUCS: Fingerlings, Total.
Eggs Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Bryans Point, Md.:a Shadi seni ede ose Be vet ne nee 2854085 000)||aseeeee en see 28, 408, 000
Mar=Maiy7 = os ates nee Wellowsperchiy:522-5|5- 225205020 AS 1023 1000 ease see ne 113, 923, 000
Cape Vincent, N. Y.:
TING NVeara= sje eee Brook (route ccc |25o2 oer ee S805 000) Sieeeeeeaaee | 880, 000
uaketherrines. osseous. ascene one. 4 (005000) | ss eh eahs eae 4, 730, 000
Bakettroutes-sace- aston en eee Se 220000) |= aaean anes 3, 229, 000
Landlocked salmon .|............ 2400552 aes ees 2, 400
iBikemercheses oe soe | 2 eee nee 13800000 Ress eceanen 13, 800, 000
Rambow, trout... -sloseeseeee le. ASS OO0N| ease sa oeeee 43, 000
Wihitefish 22) See al on eae 25; 900"000))| ieee eee. 23,900, 000
‘Yellow perch jee see elena eee 220 220
Central Station, Washing-
ton, D. C.:¢
Mntiresyearsssacesenses oe IBIASSIDASS tee see | Rate eee ee nse eee ene 1, 600 1,600
Brooksitroults-- eee seen eee nee eee 19400 aeec eee 19, 400
Cathishocci even tame e: | pas aees te ae | eer ee eee 2, 350 2,350
Chinook(salm ontere-| acess er a |nee Se e 18, 450 18, 450
Crappie tae. ce acineal acre ee Romero eae ae 1,345 1,345
Pike: percheee. sees sal eee eee 1400 O00 ie sceaec soo ee 1, 400, 000
Rainbow troutieses.|) sence eee 1 0) ee ee cean 14,390
Rock basse etek oe kee eee ee ee eee 7,000 7,000
Sheds. S25 eo tee ee SSOS000) Eee ease eee 850, 000
Small-mouth black
ASS 2 ee Rs Oa EAS oe ee |e ee 3, 640 3,640
Simmel tees abe sass eae ae eee | nee eee 27, 000 27,000
SUIT Shine oe eee aS ae Cd ee eee ee 11,012 11,012
Wrarmouthr bass. 2222) 22s se eee fee eee neers 1, 115 1,115
Wihitefish tees sees a Pte ae 4801000 acs ccna bee 480, 000
AN Aawa KG Oe Ce Nh aeepal es aoossoeos Weconescesauas 721 721
nellowspercheec sos jseecs -eennee 3, 640, 000 200 3, 640, 200
Clackamas, Oreg.:
Mntiretyeares..ssasss-5-0 Brook trout. .....-.- 1,0) GOON eee eee ater 70, 600
Chinook salmon.....|.. (PAA EVBS lle saan ooeeack 7,121, 873
Rainbow trout...... OSHOAON ae eee ee 58, 649
Applegate, Oreg.:4
Emtinewyearsarascssasecee Silverisalmon. = elses ose AGS {000 sacee ssc 1, 468, 000
Mbeelheadian es sae e eee meee ete 867,000) |teeee eee nee 867, 000
Big White Salmon, Wash.:a
Dect Nhebssssss sees Chinook/salmone:--))-2-202-5228 13567674000 | Gerace esee 13, 676, 400
Eagle and Tanner Creeks,
Oreg.:@
OGti=Junen a. ccescascccsce Chinook salmon....- 528sO00R ace osacaeen cel aaece caeeeee 528, 000
Steelbead*trouteece |s.2-2sses eee Zo 5000 asa eee ene 25, 000
Little White Salmon,
Wash.:@
Wntinesy care ceacedascsce Chinook salmon.... | 19,713,000 5 A03s000N Eeeeceeecece 25,116, 000
Lower Rorue River, Oreg.:
IbMbIPe years-coceccssetes Chinook:salmon_*.-4|) £22 22-2--- 8 O39 (000!)|Sane = cece ae 537,050
Silverisalmonecss ce: |seeteneceene URLS ei 40) || Repesoeesaa 1,730, 346
Rogue River, Oreg.:
MUTE Cal aaaasceese cee Black-spotted trout .|............ 1AQ5 ON os aceeee ee 17,950
Chinook salmon.....| 1, 250,000 3505200) eee 4,782,100
Rambo wstrowtes aees|seseeeeceese LOTO00'| Sass aes 197,000
sieelhead strobes enlmees ee eceee 9035 O7on | beereieceeeee 1,903,075
Willamette River, Oreg.:
Jly—ItINes see asee secs Shadite.! f:22 5.5 bee ele eee eee 2500000 as aeeereees 2,566, 000
Cold Springs, Ga.:
Hmtirelyean es csssaesesee Black bassisssscee sleas ese 16, 500 121, 193 137, 693
Carpintjadencd os co aes| soe es eae ne eee eee mee 400 400
Catiish: .o 3.25) Pass ke aes Bee sees eee oe 4,954 4,954
Rock bassiec: sce. sete sek ee ek eee eeeeneee 1,050 1,050
Small-mouth black
ASS 552524360 8sess [lees arse oe eer ewee sees 12 12
Sunfish®s 522952 <i 22) 4 S205 see ee eee ee 25,770 25,770
Wiarmouth bass2.222l2 lacescesce | neceene aces oss 125 125
Craig Brook, Me.:4
initirewyear: 2. e- eee Atlantic salmonee..-|eeecsse cone 10, 0C0 4,304 14, 304
Brookstroutaaceeeseeleeee ceases 40, 000 28, 627 68, 627

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 19138.

15

Stations OPERATED AND THE Output or EAcH ror THE Fiscat YEAR 19183—Contd.

Station and period of

operation.

Craig Brook, Me.—Contd.
Upper Penobscot, Me.:
Mare Mayic eatcccic cscs

Duluth, Minn.:¢@

Entire year....-..---

Edenton, N. C.:

Entire year.-..--..--

Gloucester, Mass.:@

Entire year-.--.....-

Green Lake, Me.:4@

tire year. =... <= -.

Grand Lake Stream, Me.:¢
Entire year... -.-.--~-

Homer, Minn.:¢@

Entire year.-...-.---

Leadville, Colo.: @

HMGine Veale sso. <:-

Mammoth Spring, Ark.: @
Entire year......----

Output.
i]
Species. Fingerlings,
Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
ait a and adults.
Att an die Salmons ence oa cee Dr 4O2 5464 | otcicetstclslelerete
BTOOKMLOMLS acces mace ene etee| ee eeeeeenseece 249, 000
ake trout. <..< 2. -- 1, 100, 000 3,815,000 | 3,010,000
ManGlocked (salmon ale cia eee sels siat- lore wel wleiele 13,000
Pike perch.....-- Slt et ooo oen AA O5OS 000 | cocicciese cise
IREVEN| OA RO UR = | oa bSeoocees| Sosesposoocpoes 500
Steelhead trout....- Hee see pamice cll nicer weieistete <teisye 49, 500
IW GefiSI scree cise eee ete cinrermieieial= 16, 200, 000 |...-........
Blacks basseeecs ese lecetee see eel celem aster aise 11, 235
Slade ee eemaccr.e 3,394, 000 9555898000! | ccccccnsee=
WWinhite\perchiec-eeeneleeeace eee er 35200;000) | ccecccccwe=
Siriped asses... 2-5) eee e ai 1)234;000) ||stecies cites oe
BlACKIDASS occ ace celine sce sesoesc|sasesceenitccise 600
IBTOOK tLOUtsses noes alnese soe nae lec ceioseteeeeeee 168, 700
Carpeeosot ce neoroe eae aa tl) XBed ce ie a 850
(Gyn iS es aaa asl Seas sears Noe Seeescoadad 50
Rainbow trout....-- | Sh CESNAce BBE Ree oBe eee ee 295, 200
MVOCK WAST ane cee oan al cine crete ea cellleisiascictole cies <eteie 1, 825
Small-mouth black
[Stech Se ee Seger a lbeeucecaraeso odkans>edsneodl 875
SiiMNGS SS 55555 a8s55\ Sancceqsaods |e asconsecuence 13, 200
Codes sas-heecsese sce] 6, 800,000 | 105,150,000 |....-...--.-
lathishssseccmeeecee | er ae ee 23080704000) tee aera
Haddocksse tere sae 57, 868,000 | 45,290,000 |....----.---
MWODStEL oases esos eeale eee cece 1 008 (000 tl Beeespesneee
Pollockeeyej-cice ie = 133, 739,000 | 430,060,000 |.......-..--
Broolktrolbscceeceenleetesce sci 1, 575, 000 65, 963
Wake troutessern ce cc| paces scisaas A83600!\|so see etsene-
Landlocked salmon .| 46, 000 160, 000 36, 200
Smeltecsccceeesecc | 4,500, 000 0) (000) ||eeebocecess=
BOOK LOWS eee aisc|2 aceaeneeee MR GSSS Ec lace emits
Landlocked salmon .| 178, 000 91,146 31, 496
Black bass 2,570
Catfish ..... 1, 500
Crappiearacsceceecce 3, 300
Rock bass 475
Smallemouth blacks |Ssceme. sae celemnsecesos mene 450
bass.
S[bfeVI TSI ts SARE A Bee Steel beets Sere al ee ee see eae 7, 050
Yellow perch.....-.. eee Sascese Bs leamecoeneneaee 350
Blackspotted trout..|........---- 725,000 | 3,738,000
Brook: trout. --2---- 1, 205, 000 360,000 | 2,382, 500
Raitthow, trout: .--. |: -cisse--s-s6 154, 000 114, 000
BlackeWassi ai. . cacian |e deters cane le dome ees’ 25, 251
Bittalo=fish! 23.55.52 oad | eeSeeadae= a |e Rees 1,000
@SEASHe See eae oe ee | nee ee ee 14, 515
Crappleesccae a. 2 tee |ceseiac cae alee tenet aaa 3, 299
Bickerelesa se sey ee ee tere iain ont ete ioe emia’ 7, 504
Rock bass: 2. -s2----- Rees ees ol 8 oe ee eet 3, 725
Smiall-moth) black |-25---.scee|2-ceniees- a= - 47, 088
bass.
Stmnfisheaye eee eee eee erece ce ie enc tteneie es 9, 853

a For convenience in handling, transfers were made as follows:
Duluth to Bozeman, 50,000 lake trout eggs; to Spearfish, 30,000 lake trout eggs; to Green Lake, 50,000
lake trout eggs; to Clackamas, 30,000 lake trout eggs.

Erwin to Cold Springs, 5,100 rock bass fingerlings; to Wytheville, 2,500 sunfish fingerlings.
Gloucester to Woods Hole, 9,973,000 pollock eggs and 6,296,000 cod egg: ;
Green Lake to Duluth, 15,000 landlocked salmon eggs; to Cape Vincen

Total.

3, 482, 464

249, 000
7, 925, 000
13,000

14, 950, 000
500

49, 500

16, 200, 000

11, 235
98, 983, 000
3, 270, 000

7, 234, 000

111, 950, 000
230, 070, 000
103, 158, 000
14; 480, 000
563, 799, 000

1, 640, 963
48, 600
242, 200
6, 350, 000

4, 463, 000
3, 947, 500
268, 000

25, 251
1, 000
14,515
3,299
7,504
3, 725
47, 088

9, 853

Se
t, 5,000 landlocked salmon eggs.

Grand Lake Stream to St. Johnsbury, 25,000 landlocked salmon eggs; to Green Lake, 60,250 landlocked

salmon eggs.

Homer to Central Station, 1,000 sunfish fingerlings.
Leadville to Wytheville, 314,000 brook trout eggs; to Clackamas, 100,000 brook trout eggs; to Northville,

50,000 brook trout eggs.

. Mammoth Spring to Quincy, 4,715 small-mouth black bass fingerlings; to Tupelo, 3,600 rock bass finger-
lings; to Leadville, 1,050 small-mouth black bass fingerlings; to Central Station, 240 small-mouth black bass
fingerlings; to Cold Springs, 3,500 small mouth black bass fingerlings.

22889°—14—__7

16

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

SraTIons OPERATED AND THE OuTPuT oF EAcH FOR THE FiscaL YEAR 1913—Contd.

Station and period of

operation.

Mammoth Spring, Ark.—

Continued.
Friar Point, Miss.:4

Manchester, Towa:

MtInenyeatesseceseeseee

Bellevue, Towa:

May—Septianceieresincercisate

Nashua, N. H.:

WN tITe sy Cala escesceneises

Neosho, Mo.:a

Entire years... 2s. - cca

Northville, Mich.:

WM tire! yearsc ca. ces ecescc

Charlevoix, Mich.:

Beb.=May;o5.<cce sciences

Detroit, Mich.:a

Entiresyearsecescoaccee ee

Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.:
Hebi Mays asscee caceee oe

Put-in Bay, Ohio: a

Entire yeatsecs-e eee:

Quincy, Ill.: @

ISMTITO VARs se eciccesace ce

Species.

Eggs.

Output.

Fry.

Blackibassi...-.-=--
Sunfish eeseeeeeeeee

Small-mouth black
bass.

Cathishsa sashes seene

Rainbow trout. ...--
Small-mouth black
bass.

IBlackibasseea--esaee
Carpe, Seaccesce cece
Crappleascsse- eee.
Rainbow trout
Rockibasstasescesea=
Small-mouth black

Brooktrout...-....-

Make troutios2.. 22.

Rainbow trout... ..-

Small-mouth black
bass.

oakentroute.. ce... s-
Wihttefish 2 82-5.

ipikesperchiceceeseee
IWihitensheeeaeseseee
Yellow perch.......-

Maketrout..-.-s2.-2
Wihitefishiz: 922522242

Pike'perch).2:----<-
Wihitehishes 2 s25-5.=

Black bass. ......<<-
Buffalo-fish.........

Crappiesienceeeeoee.
Pikesperchess-seecee
Rockibassi ac neacne
Sunfishteesensss eee
Yellow: bass...--<..-

41, 700, 000
5, 320, 000

10, 444, 000
15, 000, 000
23, 000, 000

120,000; 000

3, 500, 000

3,000, 000
21, 000, 000
46, 500, 000

Wiellow: perchisce ces setat osere tee se arioe ctaciels

@ For convenience in handling, transfers were made as follows:
Friar Point to Mammoth Spring, 5,150 black bass fingerlings and 656 sunfish fingerlings.
Manchester to Quincy, 3,950 rock bass fingerlings; to Duluth, 42,000 rainbow trout eggs; to Homer, 43,000
brook trout eggs and 100 rock bass fingerlings.
Neosho to Quincy, 12,389 rock bass fingerlings and 1,390 small-mouth black bass fingerlings; to Leadville,

800,000 rainbow trout eggs.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

80, 500

Total.

64, 700, 000
125,320, 000
3, 500, 000

3, 000, 000
21, 000, 000

46, 500, 000
265, 700, 000
3, 000, 000

261, 948

Detroit to Central Station, 500,000 whitefish eggs and 7,000,000 pike perch eggs; to Sault Ste. Marie,

» 20,000,000 whitefish eges; to

to Quincy, 2,000,000 pike perch eggs,

Put-in-Bay to Duluth, 20,000,000 whitefish eggs; to Cape Vincent, 25,000,000 whitefish eggs.

harlevoix, 15,000,000 whitefish eggs; to Duluth, 25,000,000 pike perch eggs;

Quincy to Tupelo, 1,500 yellow perch fingerlings; to Bozeman, 450 sunfish fingerlings, 180 large-mouth
black bass fingerlings, 1,300 catfish fingerlings, and 180 crappie fingerlings; to Clackamas, 400 catfish finger-
lings, 180 crappie fingerlings and 600 sunfish fingerlings; to Neosho, 8,000 crappie fingerlings; to Northville,
800 catfish fingerlings, 1,200 crappie fingerlings, 150 sunfish firgerlings, and 200 yellow perch fingerlings; to
Rosedale, 400 yellow perch fingerlings; to Cold Springs, 1,830 yellow perch (
black bass fingerlings and 2,750 rock bass fingerlings; to Central Station, 400 crappie fingeriings; to Lead-
Ville, 225 catfish fingerlings and 750 large-mouth black bass fingerlings.

ngerlings, 110 large-mouth

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1918.

V7

SraTIONS OPERATED AND THE Output or Eacu FoR THE FiscaL YEAR 1913—Contd.

- Output.

Station and period of P

operation. epee
Eggs. Fry.
St. Johnsbury, Vt.: @

MGIC Veale. sec cee- a= IBrookstroultesessesee 30, 000 1,027,000
NGAKOMLOUGA som wseee esos ase lees eeeeeaee zee
Rainbowstrout.- -<-=||o-.cceccee 10,35
Silver salmoneeseea|eeaeseeeeree aciisseee ener ae
Small-mouth black |.......-.-.- 48, 500

bass.
Steelheaditrout =. |. =. <cee cl 28, 000
Holden, Vt.: @

RMPIneLyiCane. cee eccccic\-i= BrOOkiOUtse-aassaa | associa 337, 000

Steelhead trout. =. 6|-<s-ccnceces|-occeemece ose
Swanton, Vt.: @

PAS Mn @e wisisicicrets <in\='= <1 Rikewperch!tteecs- =< 4,500, 000 47, 530, 000

Yellow perch.......- 11, 000, 000 12, 300, 000
San Marcos, Tex.:

ntineiyear--5.--25--e-- Bla ckab assess 2526 26) sanceenee een eee tee scinassis
(Gigt}0) 0 Gascoaauocas| sabeoccaqaaa bacconpdoanaee
OCKIPASSee se soca Socee ae see amen cinemas ase
Sunfish See sae sic con soaeaese osc teste eaelaccix =

Spearfish, S. Dak.:

MMTIne Ly Cale =e re c1e[e:5)= (= Black-spotted:troute|Ss2ssseeereclooe sense cs nice
BrOOkKtVOUt sentence | s\n eee oe [aeoe ee ee oar
ochsLevenitrout.-5|.5 =<. seees [ese ae secs
AIT DOWHULOULS! cc allisaccen scees |neee meses ciciss

Tupelo, Miss.:

WNGIPe | Veal so. 2s-c6 ee IBIACkKIDaSSies-c e'-esic| tee saseeccse 11, 600
Cai ifish Reet S52 oo-| os sce see roe tec ciciasie<
Crappietes-n eee na see eee ese macic|saciccioas acces
RVOCKADASSBeeee stasis booms acleleiriere |eteneraleists,abiaicies
Sunfishs oes acn Gone eeoncoeescse|cecesccemiests
Warm outhybass=ecen|eseesccee oe lecte deteicteisicielal>

Rosedale, Miss.: @

Sept.—J: (hala a se Se a ee Blackibassc.ctee sleet sasstisce lances ce rons

Crappiessaccecene eal sceeee ese elect tosetoncisias
White Sulphur Springs,
W. Va.:4@

Nir veal oseeseceeee Black: Wasseven = srecec |S cence scene lp oeseeee cesses
Black-spotted|trout-|5s. sss-seeoe| ceececececsee
IBrOOkKstrOl tees oe nace 3;500'||Siseocccccces
Rainbow trout...... A500 Ecacesceaecses
Small-mouth black |...........- 164, 000

bass.
Woods Hole, Mass.:

MPILE YeAaTs-<jcccccees--0 Coder ei esesGe|ecsacdssteks 110, 251, 000

Atfishte Aer eastern ocx cence oe 165, 239, 000
Wytheville, Va.: a

PMtire year: =.20s<-222- iBlacksbass-=scsecss4|soneseee ees lee eeee ee ae eee
Brook: trout. 5. sescerc|sceeeae ce Se oeooenocte sees
Rainbow trout...... A100) Rane eeeeeasor
Rock bass: 232. se ssa-|saccaos se os| se oucecc ce eees
Small-mouth’ "black ||P sscsec.+ sse|lceceeese cece

bass.
Sunfish. ct sesiasalewesSasecoea|eseoseeeceeeee
Yes Bay, Alaska:
HMMPITCHYVCATys mle» sicinia'='1=1-1- Red salmon .........| 2,000,000 62, 038, 100
DP OtaliO Sees sec.cecaon5|-~= Se sale eames eee Ere 422, 275, 873 |3, 422, 485, 381

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

24,300

34, 395

1,790, 000
618, 0CO
75, 200
74, 550

19,774,171

Total.

1, 197,529
3, 724

52, 300

458, 956
34, 395

52, 030, 000
23, 300, 000

646, 788
610
5,100
7, 750

1,790, 000
618, 000
75, 200

78, 074
164, 303

110, 251, 000

165208 000
13, 200
172, 350
294,875
17,371

200
200
64, 038, 100

3, 864, 525, 425

a For convenience in handling, transfers were made as follows:
St. Johnsbury to Holden, 601,254 brock trout eggs.
Holden to St. Johnsbury, 525 brook trout fingerlings and 4,550 steelhead trout fingerlings.
Swanton to Cape Vincent, 12,250,000 pike perch eggs.
Rosedale to Tupelo, 1,450 large-mouth black bass fingerlings and 150 crappie fingerlings.
White Sulphur Springs to Central Station, 1,300 brook trout fingerlings, 1,200 rainbow trout fingerlings
and 25 small-mouth black bass fingerlings.
Wytheville to Lrwin, 1,060 rainbow trout fingerlings and 288,000 rainbow trout eggs; to Cape Vincent,
50,000 rainbow trout eggs; to Central Staticn, 20,C00 rainbow trcvt eggs; to Ncrikville, 1C0,lCO rainbow
trout eggs; to Leadville, 400,000 rainbow trout eggs; to Epearfish, 153,000 rainbow trout eggs; to tt. Johns-
bury, 50,000 rainbow trout eggs; to Nashua, 75,000 rainbow trcvt eggs.
b Totals show gross output of stations without deducting the following losses in transit: Fry, 894,086;

fingerlings, 48,057.

18

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

The eggs hatched at the main stations listed in the foregoing table
are in many cases obtained from auxiliary sources, usually temporary
stations occupied during the season only, or, in some instances, mere

camps which are shifted from year to year.

In the Great Lakes and

off the New England coast collections are made by the Bureau’s vessels

or boats in favorable localities.

The following temporary stations

and collecting points furnished eggs of the given species for the main

hatcheries during 1913:

List oF Eaq-Co.tiectine Srations, Fiscan YEAR 1913.

Station. Period of operation.
Alaska:
Maplovearborssce.cocceeee May 30-June 30.........
Weanik Wakess2.-s-sceeee June 11-June 30.........
Arkansas:
| Mankedtireeseeeeccesecsse Julyad—Sept- Ons seco.
| Colorado:
Cheesman Lake.........-.. Apr: 10=MaylGeccece see
HM Githeakesessccanaccone Octwlb=Nows202sessecee
PldoraWalke ass = seems Oct. 15—Nov. 16.........
Englebrecht Lake.........} Oct. 9-Nov. 16..........
Mikliechvbaker ase cess cee INOwe5=NOVe23s comers
Mussgroves Lake .......... Octdl0=Deer 2s saacere ==
Sevenulakes sj: - S558 oss June 16—Jully 15-5. 3222.
: Smith) Ponds: 2.22725 -cs0 Oct. 26-Dec. 6........-.-
. Connecticut:
a IN en cea Gee eee Mars8=Mar25ucessseeer
Georgia:
Harrisepond@ es ee-cseeecee Entirevyeare == ssscscccee
aie: July 1-N' 30
uly 1=Noy..3022.-...---
Portland Beeseeanceseee eae {May tines meme eee
, Massachusetts: q cee
pr. 20-June 30. .......-
Boston........-----+++++-- {OnE l1-Nov. 15..
iPlymouthsenceaeeesacenee Nov. 19-Mar. 25.........
ROCK pOrt fee ae ne eosin Oct. 1-June 30.........-
Sagamoretewcet on scuccseee Nov. 19-Mar. 25.........
; WiaQUOit sec pete once ewes Jan. 13=Mar: 25-22-2222.
Michigan:
AU PONCE oS sseescnsce see May i=May 2is25 256 fae
EASableess sence csaesenee Nov. 5-Nov. 9.........--
IBaVICItys.. ces cccisascceeee Mari22=May 3a oaceesse
PBC lof slows a ceccc ee eeeee Oct:.24—Dec. 10.........-
Wharity, Island. 22 -<.2sce Oct. 9-Nov. 30.-.......-
Wheboygan=2.).c-.-sceeeee Oct. 18=Nov. 6... --..---
MOtOUr. Pasck Soesecoososes Octat4=NoveOeaseen ones
HAI POLEAC eee eet a acme Novy. 1-Nov. 20..........
HM raMktOnt eee ese eesneeenee Nov. 6-Nov. 20........--
GrandvHayene se. se acces Nov. 5-Nov. 20.........-
Great Lake George......-- Octali7=Nove 16. -22--22e
NslopRoyalmen seen eee Octil4=NovatObseos see
Keweenaw Point......... Octi6—Oct.22525.----.e-
Manistiquenereceesceceeee Oct. 28-Noy. 21.........
Marquettez.-cacsecascmeee wets AL Nowe sSGatsces
: Ovedl=Dees/8: ences cee
MOnTOeWEdeTS Serer eneceeene yg fe
Munising se acnscacerceae Oct4=Novel0seeeeceee
Ontonagontcesssecescecees esses COM aa eee
POLt ELTON ee eee aeeeeeee May 3-May 21..........-.
St damese aes eeee ose Nov. 1-Nov. 22....--.--
St» JOsepiinaaceennneneceee Oct.'21-Nov.:20.... s.- 06.
Minnesota:

Grand Marais Sept. 25-Dec. 3_.-....-.-

GrandtPortages- os ose se - INOVsI0=DeCsa 0 seeeoen cee

WeiClaire Pontoon aeseemes Illy —Ocihyosss-eae se see

NvittleyBruUlelsssaeceoouenee Nov. —Deci6-2-ee.
Montana:

OpMelliCreckes hs cceseeeee Apr d—Mayal2 so. <. et

VOC OCK = seca celeste May 1-June 30..-.-.....--

South Meadow Creek......

Apr. 1-June 26
New Hampshire:

POrtsmouthe ec. sicccceese May 1-June 20.........-.
New York:
Mud Creek sunset scosecce Apr. 1—Aprac0e sae eceee

Three) Mile Bay-....+.-+-- November

Species handled.

Red salmon.
Do.

Miscellaneous native fish.

Rainbow trout.
Brook trout.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Blackspotted trout.

Do.

Do.

Cod.
Lobster.
Cc

Pike perch.

Lake trout.

Pike perch and yellow pereh.
Whitefish.

Do.
Lake trout.

Whitefish and pike perch.
Lake trout.

Do.
Pike perch.

Lake trout.
Do.

Do.
Sturgeon.
Lake trout.
Grayling.
Do.
Grayling and rainbow trout.
Lobster.

Pike perch.
Whitefish and cisco.

*

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

19

List or Ea@G-CoLtectine Stations, Fiscan YEAR 1913—Continued.

Station. Period of operation.
Ohio:
Kellysislandeeanstcce == Nov. 12-Dec. 4.........-
Middle Bass Island........ New ae Dee 7 Soeaeaecis
NOvel2—DeeCiiiccecc cas ==
North: Bass’; .< 5s5.<<<c.s<- Apr 17-May 8 pee et
A OMeLO-DeCwieemsssceee
BoriClintone=--.--<= cs <1 { Apr. 17-May 8..........
MoledoOzy-cecns-casecesess. APIs —AprisOe sci -/2--
Oregon:
agle Creek... <cccecccecenc Apr t-junei20 ee s--e4-25
Mlinois!RiverJs- 22. 325.5... Septal—Jankelee esas ee
Upper Clackamas. ........ Hntireryeara2: se7.-- =e
Rhode Island:
IWACKIONG E822 acaSeitie mock Reb eil9=Mari2be se. 5.5.22
South Dakota:
Schmidts Lake........... Oct.20=Dec; 20! seas...

Species handled.

\ Whitefish, pike perch, and yellow perch.
| Whitefish and pike perch.
Pike perch.
Steelhead trout.
Chinook and silver salmon.
Chinook and silver salmon and steelhead trout.
Flatfish.

Brook trout.

Sand! Creek-¢ 2222. 5.12422 Oct. 20—-Janw522s-4---.- Do.
Vermont:

Manline Ponds. 2-5 -cecne Julysi9SDeenGeee----- 28 Do.

akewMiutchell- <p sere cece Sept. 4-Nov. 30......... Do.

Lake Wantastiquet....... Sept. 16-Dec. 4.......... Do.

Ornleanscr foc misiecseeees Apr. 16-May 16......... Steelhead trout.
Washington:

IBEINNONE wees cceos sees Octobers cess se 82k Silver, dog, and Chinook salmon and steelhead

trout.

Elwell Creek..........-.-- Sept. 11-June 30......--. Chinook and silver salmon and steelhead trout.
Wyoming:

IBGavOn Dam. sea. snee eee TUL yi 2o—wUlye2veae enemies Blackspotted trout.

CleariCreek. 5.5.2 Ss duly i5—WUliyze dessert Do.

Columbine Creek.......... Sily, GI ywMOess soe Do.

CubiGreck. seeker July See DORE eae Do.

5 uly 1-Sept.10..........
Wake Campsrenccerces ss Mee GTunbg0er seal \ Do.
Thumb Camp.....-.-..-.. (June 1o-June a0..20222|f} Po

DISTRIBUTION OF

FISH AND FISH EGGS, BY LOCALITY AND SPECIES,

FISCAL YEAR 1913.

CATFISH.
Finger- Finger-
lings, | lings,
Disposition. year- || Disposition. year-
lings, and || lings, and
adults. adults,
Arkansas: Georgia—Continued
Mammoth Spring, Spring River Lakes. 600 Jefferson, North Oconee River........ 100
Many Islands, Spring River.......-.. 265 Lafayette, Mahan’s pond............. 100
Marked Tree, St. Francis River....... 13, 550 Lumpkin, Adams’s mill pond........ 300
Mena, Mena City Lake................ 100 ODDS?Sipondeeerans- ceca. 200
Colorado: Middleton’s pond.......... 100
Grand Junction, Nelson Lake......... 200 McDonough, Lowe’s pond. ........... 75
Stratton, Prairie View Pond.......... 75 Manchester, Routon’s pond........... 100
eorgia: Middleton, Beaver Dam Creek........ 100
Adairsville, Culberson Pond.........- 100 Monroe, Booth’s pond..............-. 65
Averas ong Branch —) 222i eee 5 2 se 100 Oakwood, Walnut River, branch of... 100
Barnesville, Welimaker’s pond..-...-.- 100 HVeHIrOes phe dur OnGe nee eeoee ee 100
Bethlehem, Marbles Creek..........-- 65 Rock Mart, Nichol’s pond............ 100
Bremen, East Lake: .....-.....-..---- 150 Temple Wrens PONd= oss sn cccce cae se 150
Buena Vista, Bridge Creek............ 200 Thomson, Harrison’s pond..........-- 150
Chickamauga, Doty’s ponds.......-... 125 Three Notch, Mary Van Bream Pond. 150
Clarksviile, Beaver Dam Creek....--.- 200 Trimble, TrimbletPond=..-..--.-- 2... 100
College Park, South Lake............. 200 Warm Springs, Parham’s pond....... 140
Gomers Southiniver- eee ence ce acces 100 || Idaho:

Crawfordville, Holden’s pond ........- 150 Boise, Shamberger Reservoir. ......-.-- 35

Cuthbert, Ellis mill pond.......-. 250 || Illinois:
Douglasville, Eason pond.......-.. 150 Assumption, Spring Lake............. 150
Upshaw’s mill pond. 150 Carrollton, Hubbard’s pond.........-. 200
Fairburn, Green’s pond..............- 50 Decatur, Decatur Club Lake-........-- 200
Hears ponderresereeeeeee 50 INicholisWakes: Soscscccescss 200
Fayetteville, Whitewater mill pond... 300 Galesburg, Humphreys Lake......... 200
Graysville, Chickamauga Creek....... 250 HomsdaleySalt take: s 2. 4. ---ssssse 2 300
Greenville, Tigner’s pond............. 50 Hollidayboro, East Pond..-.......... 400
; Wambishipondo)2222--2.5 50 Hollidayboro Lakes... . 400
Harris, Bonner’s pond...........-.--- 34 Joliet DurPace Rivers cecsensesse ace 300

20

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaaes, By Locanrry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continucd.

CATFISH—Continued.

Finger-
lings,
Disposition. year- Disposition.
lings, and
adults.
Tiinois—Continued. || Michigan—Continued.
Meredosia, Ilinois River.............. 350 Manns Siding, Bass Lake.............
Mount Zion, Banton’s pond........... 300 Prescott, Mallst@akels. - 225-92 se-0- See
Munster, Swift’s pond................ 300 || Mississippi:
Oakland, Embarras River...........-. 450 Corinth, Vandiver’s lake.............-.
OdellFOdelliPondeere saree seen aces 150 Prairie, sBrand?s poudeseeeese2 esse eee
Sandwich, PoxiRivericsssccescccenoen 300 Sessums, Foster’s pond.............---
Watseka, Troquois FUlVeran ae eee oe 300 Strong, Dream) akes sss se 0. eee
diana: Wiailliams|akes-2oceeceneeesce
Angola, Buck Lake................... 200 |} Montana:
Centerbakesne eases eee cee 200 ‘Benton, Johnson Pond! 2... 2..-222.-s6
Chesbrombakete ss eee eee 150 Chinook, Hedge Reservoir.............
Crooked Lake... .. a haat baa 200 Galata, Dry Run Reservoir...........
Gagonakesanns asec sone oe 200 Harlem, WaketArbo. 22... cceaosecs cee
Goldeniake sass ose ee 200 Kalispell, BmmertiWakeso. 2.2. scen.e
Howard wWakesessssssssonenee 150 || Nebraska:
ake amese eeaeeee ere eee 20uU Verdon; Hardenis)lake- 2.22... -encese
hake; Jimersonee.sscsecesbece 150 Sprung uakesse see esse ee
HL OONWEAKC ae ce peek cee eee 150 || New Hampshire:
Silverdiake soe oe ee 200 Bellows Falls, Connecticut River......
Snows Wakeeencens cee ee eeee eee 200 Manchester, Merrimac River..........
Boonville, Allendale Lake............ 100 || New York:
Brookville, Crystal Pond.............. | 100 Addison, Canisteo River............--
Charlestown, Beechwood Lake | 200 Central Bridge, Schoharic River...
Dugger, Taylor’s pond......... 100 Colliersville, Goodyear Lake..........-
Fairmount, \yinston’s pond.......... 25 Corinth; Bonita: Wake sss. 2222-252 52622
Freetown, Salt Creek..............-.. 200 tudsonvRiverss- 222 ee ee eeee
Indianapolis, White hiver............ 100 iRalmertake > saa se eee ee
Jeffersonviile, Burtt’s quarry pond ...| 100 Ithaca, Experimental ponds...........
Liberty, Whitewater River, East Fork.) 400 Middletown, Wallkill River...........
Middletown, l.iley’s pond............ | 25 Millford, Susquehanna Lake..........
Morris, Bischoft’s (S10) 0X0 a ar ee 400 Oneonta, Emmons Lake..............
Plymouth, Twin Lake...............- | 200 RavenaSmith’sponds. sso -ssscnscces
Towa: Schenevus, Schenevus Creek. ........-
IBUSSCY; mWaAyiS PONGs een seseese cess | 100 Sterlington, Potlake Lake.............
Coin, Christensen’s pond.............. | 100 Unadilla, Susquehanna River.........
Dyersville, Maquoketa River.......... 4c0 Walden, Dwaarkill River.............
Earlville, Garrett’s mill pond... ..__..| 100 Wallkill, Dwaarkill River............
Pleasantville, Van Zee’s pond.........!| 100 || North Carolina:
Waterloo, Cedar River...............- 100 Charlotte, Anchor Mill Reservoir. .... -
Kansas: Gold Hill, Isenhour Pond. ............
iNontScott, Mern Wake. 2.2... oss. 522e 200 é Kouttisspondeeceeessseeeeee
Scott City, Wilkin’s pond............. | 75 Guilford College, Ash Pond............
Kentucky: | Madison, Beaver Island Pond.........
Beaver Dam, Leach’s pond...........| 95 DantRiversnsc-se esses oes
Boyd lake! Halles... see eae 150 Hogans Creek. .............-
Covington, Lubreecht’s pond.........- 100 Hogans Ronde cso cce ener
Crofton, Crofton Lake..........-. 150 Matthews, Paddle Pond...............
Franklin, McFarland’s pond. . . 100 North Wilkesboro, Mulberry Creek....
Fulton, Creede’s pond............ 50 Rockwell, Holshouser’s pond..........
Grayson Springs, Harrell’s pond 95 Troutman, Norwood Creek
Guthrie, Bland’s pond... ..-.-. 2222-22. 150 Walnut Cove, Dan River..........-.-
Haldeman, Haldeman Reservoir. ..... 100 Willow Springs, Rowland’s pond.....
Hyattsville, Hyatts Lake............- 150 || Ohio:
Webanon BigsPond so. 25,-e se cenecne | 150 Amanda, Crystal Springs Pond........
Monticello, Swamp Pond............-.. 500 Archers Fork, Hille’s pond............
Pineville, Clear Creek..........-...-.- 300 Bidwell, Jones’s pondsc. 2. scceclse cee ae
Stephensburg, Blue bakegospece ene! 95 Bradford, Greenville Creek............
Stethton, Blakely’s pond.............. 95 Stillwater River. 2-222. --2-
Maine: Cambridge, Wills Creek...............
Norway, Mud Pond..................- 150 Canfield Mahoning Waker ese os haccee
Maryland: Carey, Pruth’s pondiaeassss8scceenonee
Bel Air, Finney’s ice pond............ 100 Carthage, Lady of the Woods Lake....
Great Falls, Potomac River........... 40 Columbus, Deer Creek: --- nc. - ca sic
Tuxedo, Corridon Pond............... 100 Little Darby Creek........
Massachusetts: Hillsboro, Trimble Lake... ............
Boston, Charles River................- 300 Lakeside Park, Buckeye Lake. .......
Fitchburg, Whalom Lake............. | 300 Mount Orab, Sterling IRON? Sse one te
Michigan: | North Feesburg, Liming’s pond.....-.
pure Oak. Hopilake. 2... ccsescrecsece 375 Springfield, Broadway Lake..........
Cass’ City, CassiRiver-.-sccenesceccmaee 200 Xenia, Hawkin’s pond................
Edwardsburg, Millers Rondireweraseser 250 || Oklahoma:
Indian River, Burt Lake.............. | 465 Apache, Chandler Creek...............
Jackson, Portage Lakes............... | 500 || Goose) Make. 13255552 seaeeeee|
Upper Spring Arbor Lake... .! 250 StocksP ond aes eeeeceee ee ecee
Lakeview, Tamarack Lake............ | 100" “Ardmore, City Wake. oo 2i2 7-2-2.

Finger-
lings,
year-

lings, and
adults.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. 21

DIsTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, By Locaniry AND SprEcIEs, FIscAL YEAR
1913—Continued.

CATFISH—Continued.

Finger- Finger-
lings, lings,
Disposition. year- Disposition. year-
lings, and lings, and
adults. adults.
Oklahoma—Continued. South Dakota—Continued.
Bisons Bakers pond): s.c22 scl esc ees 2 100 Flandreau, Big Sioux River..........-. 200
Boynton, Sunny Lakes. .............- 100 Hamill, Lake Wamblee............... 300
Duncan, Cockran’s pond.............- 100 Kadoka, Washechek’s lake........... 100
rick Pearl lakes: 2. -cscesesecesen ce 100 Pierre, Winneconjou Pond.........-.. 100
Bletcher, Crystal Lake..........-...-- 100 Sina Wake! Sinaissaesece seeeeeeceeeen. 200
Kremlin, Boyd’s lake................- 100 || Tennessee:
Muskogee, Lieber’s pond.............- 100 Hampton, Ewing’s lake 100
Pawnee, Lillie’s lake.................. 100 Johnsonville, Story’s pond 50
iPryonvad ium Creek: se---o-= sae e es 100 McKenzie, Clear Lake 100
Stillwater) Pot-Ponds= 25.0. --22-es2eee 100 Milan, Ragsdale’s pond 50
Stuart-|Coal Creeks) )-cjss-esec 2 =< cee 100 Nunnelly, Mud Lake........ 50
Oregon: : Shouns, Johnson’s pond 50
aticane Willamette River............ 100 || Utah:
Clatskanie, Nehalem River............ 100 Provo. Uitanlakeses. oases ese eee 72
Klamath Falls, WostuRiveres sce seen 200 || Vermont:
Pennsylvania: Brattleboro, Connecticut River....... 300
Arcola, Perkiomen Creek.............- 200 || Virginia:
Belleville, West Branch Pond......... 100 Charlottesville, Mount Eagle Pond. . . . 100
Collegeville, Perkiomen Creek........- 100 Rivanna River......-. 300
Falls, Susquehanna River............. 300 || West Virginia:
Goldsboro, Susquehanna River... ..... 400 Benwood Junction, Lake Riedel....... 150
Graters Ford, Perkiomen Creek. ...... 100 Berkeley Springs, Cacapon Creek... .. 950
Greencastle, First Dam Creek......... 200 Clarksburg, \, est Fork Pond........-. 400
Muddy Runi 222228. 2202! 200 Elkins, Tygarts Valley River.......... 300
Hosensack, Hancock’s vond........... 100 Grafton, Tygarts Valley River......... 600
Indian onde: 22s ean. see 100 Wiellsisinond iene esen ese eee 400
Lancaster, Pequea Creek...-.......... 300 Great Cacapon, Cacapon Niver........ 800
Malvern, Thomas Pond............... 100 Martinsburg, Evans’s pond........... 200
Marietta, Duffy’s pond................ 100 Mill Creek, Crickard’s pond..........- 100
Norristown, Schuylkill River. ........ 100 Moundsville, Jones’spond....-........ 150
Oaks, Perkiomen Creek..............- 100 Palmer, Holly River: —-eecscsococuce 100
Philadelphia, Fairmount Park Aqua- Shepherdstown, Potomac River....... 2,310
TIM sce eee wees aes cee 100 Terra Alta, Ashby’s pond.....-.-:.... 200
League Island Park Villanova, Gillespie’s pond............ 100
akestemes ssc eee 300 Weston, Legeett’s pond... ...3.22..25. 100
Rahns, Perkiomen Creek.............- 100 || Wisconsin:
Reedsville, Peachy Dam.............. 100 Eland Junction, Norrie Lake.......... 300
Spring City, Blackrock Pond.......... | 200 La Crosse, Black River...........----- 400
Wankee-Pond)--s-.o<- 5-2 200 Mississippi River........... 400
pork. sRouse/Spondussc sence cscs ene. 75 || Wyoming:
South Dakota: anna, Troublesome Pond...........- 200
Bellefourche, Bellefourche Diversion Stephenson Reservoir.......-.. 200
WAM eee aa sac ccee seer oe beeen 200 Hudson, Popoagie River............-. 400
Bruce, West Lake Oakwood. .......-- 200 Hulett; Moore’s pond): co5: sc-2 5200525 100
Colome, Choteborsky Lake............ 100 Parkman, Northwood Reservoir. ....- 100
ColombWakeleee see secon tcae 100 Rawlins, North Brown Canon Lake.... 500
Wraper, Craig-Pond)-....is22.22-:.2222- 100 Sheridan, Hamm’s pond.............. 100
RTOSUSIPONG see eee ceo oseceeas 100 Upton, Piney Reservoir..............- 100
MeGilivra’sipond!s-2-2-5-22-2- 100 oo
Esmond, Esmond Pond............... 100 ANG EN ee 4 ne ae es ee ne | 62, 446
CARP.
Connecticut: || Massachusetts:
Waterbury, Lake Quassapaug.......-- 40 Boston, exhibition tank............... 20
Delaware: North Scituate, Mushquashiat Pond. - 20
Mount Pleasant, Brick Millpond ...... 50 || Missouri:
Georgia: Neosho, Hearrell Branch.............. 145
Adrian, Durden’s pond :..--....-..--- 100 || New York:
Griffin, Experiment Station pond..... 200 MastionHome'Creek-. ---<nce>-eemec 20
Monroe, Peter’s pond.-..........-...-- 200 || North Carolina:
Norwood, Bradshaw’s pond.........-.. 200 Marshall, Teague’s pond .............. 100
Sycamore, Green Pond..........-.--.- 150 Wilbon, Powell’s pond.....-....-..-.. 150
Tllinois: Ohio:
Meredosia, Illinois River.............- 74, 825 Holmesville, Burns’s pond.........-- 150
Mississippi 1.iver.......... 2,000 || South Carolina:
Towa: Gramling, Tiger River pond .........-.. 100
Lenox, Krohmer’s pond........-...-- 60 || Tennessee: ;
Kentucky: Chilhowee, Carpenter’s pond........-- 100
Covington, Foltz’s pond.............-.. 100 Knoxville, Hansley’s lake............. 100
Woodburn, Hobb’s pond...........-. 150 || West Virginia:
Maryland: Coleord, Meadow Pond...............- 50
Frederick Road, Springfield Pond..... 50 |
Severn, Severn Ponds: rt et 80 | Motels o<sazcascecmonstecees ease 79, 160

— —

a Lost in transit, 515 fingerlings.

22

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF Fish AND Fish Ecos, By Locatiry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

BUFFALO-FISH.

Fingerlings, Fingerlings,
Disposition. Fry. yearlings, Disposition. Fry. yearlings,
and adults. and adults.
Arkansas: Iowa:
Marked Tree, St. Francis Bellevue, Mississippi
IRIVOLS cos scons ee ene eet eee ere 1,000 RVers fee ate ecw oe os S02 000 |e asses
Illinois: Ohio:
Belleville, Heinemann’s Port Clinton, Lake Erie..|.......... 2, 250
AKO. Gite ieee ree Can See aneeen 70 || Pennsylvania:
Meredosia, Tllinois River ..|.......... 300 Philadelphia, Fairmount
Meredosia Bay.|3,000,000 |............ Parks AqQuariudim eee eee 32
Mississippi
1 Ra Ri 2) oo ae | nay eo 560 | Motale sae cone sees = 8 0804000 4,212
SHAD
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. Disposition. Eggs. Fry.
|
District of Columbia: || North Carolina—Contd.
Washington, Potomac || Maysville, White Oak
RRIVer eee ac ote eee teeta eet 850, 000 | RVers ssa o5. 2 hea ee ee el 200, 000
Georgia: Newbern, Neuse River...|.......-.- | 450, 000
Swainsboro, Little Ohoo- Pollocksville, Trent River |.......... | 200, 000
DCC VR Vere ccseee oe gas ais emcee 300, 000 Spm Runs (Sim Runsa |) aes 300, 000
Maryland: Wellace, North East River|.......... 200, 000
Broad Creek, Potomac Washington, Pamlico

River vane etna ae cece neAleeeetec ate 1,512,000 IRUIVOn eo josey aoe ee elas ee eee 300, 000
Havre de Grace, Chesa- Wilmington, Cape Fear

WEAkerBays ss sens see al sce ses nee 5, 831, 850 | IRAVOE SoG etisws saseee ceo seaeees een 200, 000
Pamunkey Creek, Poto- || Virginia:

MACHR IVOPS ori2c</ctecink =| Socios secce 4,213,000 || Dogue Creek, Potomac
Piscataway Creek, Poto- | IVCl sce eaeee eae 2s | Seereeiace 5, 543, 000

MACHHRIVCL As at eee eee | sete 6, 029, 000 Hunters Creek, Potomac
Swan Creek, Potomac IVD cos ee sohaceees -(aaee rene 759, 000

IVER Joceccwee ston ceeae cee ceeccne 3, 642, 000 Little Hunting Creek,
North Carolina: IPOlOMaceR iversaseese 54 saoseeeeee 1,010, 000

Castle Hayne, North East || Mount Vernon, Potomac
AVON ee ae etinoe wer oleae eee 200, 000 18 =) Pen eene es ete) a memeee” te 1, 849,000

Comfort, Trent Riverss2 405 sence en 400, 000 Occoquan Creek, Po-
Edenton, Albemarle COMMA CERTV CLs see ee | eee nanan 3, 491, 000

Sounds: ease ee cee secene 3,394,000 | 91, 439,000 Pohick, Potomac River...|.......... 360, 000
Faison, Goshen River....|.......... 200,000 || Oregon:

Fayetteville, Cape Fear Willamette, Willamette
RLV G emcees Nec cicatacalemaicceek oe 200, 000 VED saosin nities hes ek Dae ee 2, 316, 000
Goldsboro, Little River...|.......... 200,000 || Washington:
INGUSERRIVer a) Seca ene 200, 000 Arlington, Stilaquamish
Greensboro, Bu‘Talo Creek |... .....-- 200,000 | AV Glee yee inee apace |e ee eee 250, 000
Tvarhoe, Black River.....|.......... 200, 000 |
Jacksonville, New River..|.......... 200, 000 | MO tase ee emcee = eee 3,394,000 | 133, 244, 850
WHITEFISH.
Michigan: Michigan—Continued.
Ann Arbor, for research Norwood Reef, Lake
WOEK «selene seme cree SO O00N| Sze. aeons Michigan ne econ ee eee 5, 000, 000
Belle Isle, Detroit River..|.......... 38, 500, 000 Old Mission Point, Lake
Lake St. Clair..|_......... 15, 000, 000 Michigans: 25.2 eee Seer ences 5, 000, 000
Caseville, Lake Huron....|.......... 10, 000, 000 St. Joseph, Lake Michigan |.._..-.... 500, 000
Detour, Lake Huron......|.......... 6,000,000 || Sand Bay, Lake Michigan|._..._.... 5, 000, 000
Detroit, Detroit Aqua- Sulphur Island, Lake Hu-
MIU esse ce ZAOS OOO IE See coe DRO) ORE RE ey eine ea Seid et 5 cw Sl empl nl ein 5, 000, 000
DetroiteRiver: 2: |heessseeee 45, 000, 000 Whitefish Point, Lake
Escanaba, Lake Michigan.|.......... 3, 000, 000 SUperlore aoe cae cee alee es 11, 000, 000
Fish Island, Lake Supe- Minnesota:

MONS steiner ciate csisteial Nee eee 1, 200, 000 x i 5
Holland, Black Lake.....|.........- ” 300. 000 Pn es armas ea |S kage Saale 150080
Indian Iiver, Burt Waker |nsas oa) 300; 000% fort ieeen wee set a 2, 200, 000

sle Royal, Lake Superior .|.......... 2, 400, 000 pm GOOG siaic(olninG'='||s@iceicre ates Dare,
Manistee, Lake Michigan:|--22352-22 400, 000 Ranier 7 Rainy Lake. - ea il, 2" eae Sots ee
Manistique, Lake Michi- Robbindale, Lower Twin

GaN a Pes ee eee et nk HER ME 1,000, 000 IWAN. oscaopoasc0aseebed saocnessas 300, 000
Marquette, Lake Superior |.......... 3, 750, 000 Susie Island, Lake Supe-

North Point, Lake Huron.}.......... 5,000, 000 PION ace cace weer ees ee else. eee 2, 400, 000

DISTRIBUTION

OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. 23

DisRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisn Eaas, py Locariry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

WHITEFISH—Continued.

Disposition. Eggs. Fry. Disposition. Eggs. Fry.
Montana: Ohio—Continued.
Kalispell, State fish com- Cleveland, State fish com-
MISSIONS Ae eee ease ere ee ZMOOOKOOO)|Las acre cleo ae MISSION ES sees ee aes OF Z80! 000] Eeen saetaetere
Somers, State fish com- Isle St. George, Lake Erie.|.........-. 20, 000, 000
ATIUSSION Sa eee see ae OOO O00l|/Essencsees se Kelleys Island, Lake Erie|.......... 45, 000,000
New York: Locust Point, Lake Erie..|.......... 12,300, 000
Battery Park, New York Marblehead, uakerBlnie.-|! gasses 20, 000, 000
PNQUARIUIMS Sas eens eee ee TOO! O00N 5 sc5seceecee Middle Bass Island, Lake
Cape Vincent, Lake On- TIO Sse. 2c come eae eee [tekeeeeee 30,000, 000
ELI Re re ee ee ee ee. cee 6, 000, 000 Port Clinton, Lake Erie. .|.......... 20, 000, 000
Fox Island, Lake Ontario.|.......... 1, 500, 000 Put-in-Bay, Lake BiG seal seoseceeee 20, 000, 000
Fuller Bay, Lake Ontario.|.......... 1,500, 000 Moledo; WakewWTie secseccs|lsacmceciee < 10,000, 000
Grenadier Island, Lake Pennsylvania:
(ine iO o8- ooesesecmedad bocepooade 7,500, 000 Erie, State fish commis-
Hayes Point, Lake On- Serer Sion's2 Gena seeee tet eee 40\920:000)|s2-asesee- a
tarlo....--. 22-2220. --+-]eeee eee eee Na). Fairmount Park, Fair-
- ,
Btcny Point, Lake On 1,900,000 mount Park Aquarium.| 100,000 |........ Bee
, , . .
Syracuse, Oneida Lake 480,000 || Wisconsin:
Tibbitts Madison, State fish com-
tario 1, 000, 000 MiUssIONS == <se—< hase: 5,000,000), |: ........2.-
Wilson Bay, Lake On- Superior, Lake Superior. .|.......... 3,300, 000
CATO sneak se eicec hiss neesl| seeclsieiwisc'= 3,000,000 |} British Columbia:
Ohio: Victoria, fisheries depart-
Catawba Island, Lake WMC terse eee ase sec se sD OOOOOON <2 2 heme.
Aedes oe eRe ee ne 15, 000, 000 ————— ——____—_
Cedar Point,.Lake Erie. .|.......... 5, 000, 000 Motalsssanecm acct oasee 73,720,000 | 393, 880,000
LAKE HERRING.
- -
Disposition. Fry.
New York:
Grenadierisiand bake: Ontarioj- s.cccaco2 ccm oseae se cap cite stsmlc eos eslsacem asso ales 3, 230, 000
Hay ess eOin Pe ake OTMLAT Ons Seba e ae sya nieren micisjistetainniaeye ace ereeina sie cesjune serie eeemeet teas 500, 000
VPI SO LIES 2. eee ee OP ete P me el mrs ot atna sy SS MISERIES SIS ESE Mra oeinonlemicieimaraiataia 1,000, 000
INOUE 6 SABE AGES UBIO eee Re ee En REN NA oe re 4,730, 000
SILVER SALMON.
Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Alaska:
PAOP Tea Kewl be GOGO AICO Mee en aon aan Saas aes ete SAS asia cise sowie seins Oeleaeem 214) OOOH < scicimercretore oe
California:
pisameath plasm aubeRivente. sea. cacsscccenssce anes eancteisessce less cseeececn L320" Soe. ce eee e 2
Maine:
Brownsvallepbleasantukivers.- 2 sachs octet cence mess Som ee scine|Sostne Ses ejsciel afte esis cteicis 45, 800
Grind Stoner NO DSCOL IVER see cease emaneenetee see ee sbare aoe eae |e seneceene-|-etaeecissece 24,000
Nevada:
Garson) Citys state Hshicommission!.-. se---sccecs- 2-2-2 <2 SOZ000 gs fae seeseeeenlacceessenes
Mercia State tis bicom=nission.. 45 ss. ee eaecacesnceeconcecionecse SOSOGOME Sheena c steal eee aceanen
New York:
Pattenvyeharke News Vonks AQUariimMs. 5c... ssc ssc ces = 2 000M eas cacscisssisl|ssacee oneness
Oregon:
AnpleratesAppleratelCreeks aa. sec jaqse eames ne neenet sminces elk coiccee facie i468; 000) | Seeonese cen
Grantspeass poste RIVET. soa neceae soe te eme enone tee see oe aemeeeonces = T7805346) | eos. cnenee
Washington:
Bakerlvake wo akerWakosirans sit. oe eras. esa ee sees 2,076, 000
Binds view Day, Oreelkeot sen acc soc ewre a jenmenneoes saree acaeee= 35, 000
Grandyi@reekee 2. 2622 Sec 2,931, 407
Phinney Creek..........- 35, 000
Skacitiivers) <0 cscsesse 1, 210, 000
Darrington, Bennetts Slough 600, 200
Ducka bushy ickapusheRivens- 2) senceeeat cee sone eaten ae eatin slices selecli 45, 000
MMabotirell abo thi Creskee Mao sek soa) crac nssneme sees Sececiece eee|simacece cee 2 1,618, 010
@milcenesinttle @ mileenetRiversa..5 fs. v-sc nesses seme ema calcite emer 57, 000
Bio @nileanevwiversscs seach a wees sco cscece es Hlesoweseseciee 173, 500
SoltansDlweltCreakese masse eee Ss ute e eos cee SSE SS SAN. clase er 1, 973, 500
ROCA eae epee Meee oe ston ainsi one siomeble See ciseeice beeen deci 102,000 | 14, 184, 283

24 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DIsTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fis Eae@s, By Locariry anp Species, FiscaL YEAR
1913—Continued.

CHINOOK SALMON.

5 ae Fingerlings
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
California: J
Baird -McCloud-River=-. aaccuncctenet one ce teemeste conacceen eres | seen ene 219551 0ON| hee eee nee
Brookdale; State fish) commission®ss-.--a25.s:2- seca nee eee sele 300;'000 i Seoc oe Sessa eee ome
Sacramento, State fish commission:. -.-.-222.-.....2...20ce-e-0 6000004) 8:3. Bah 2 See
San Francisco, State fish commission. ....................-.---- 1500; 000T] nose ncek oa See eee
Sissons spate fishicommissioneas ss aseae sateen eee eee nee 14.522: 8734/05. Sete cone beene eee
‘rickee, state dishicommissionseceeecere eee sees eee ero eeereees 20} 000) | caterers emcee eee
Massachusetts: |
Wilkinsonville, State fish commission......................---- 50; (0004) 5 S55. ean ace eeeeene
New Hampshire:
Blodgettssuanding, Wake Sunapeesssesse ese cease eee ee eres teense cee See eee 30, 000
aconiano casei shiCOMInNisslonseeeeseeeseeee eee meee eee nee eae | See ee eee | See eee 7,900
Newbury; ake SUNapee sa . <= che eas nceicsen soar mee cea | nee aeeoeeea | cetmemenene 41, 410
New York:
Arden, Applicant..........- Prelcleise ele elects, sleet see eine aei=r el OO COON eegerse seis ae eee aes
Morest Wake cre co oo cee cnc neces ehaces ence eee eee eee al beseincesaes Sem eeeeee cee 18, 450
Oregon:
fonneville, State fish’ commission. --2.--..5.-.-..-s-2-e-ees6- Bol hres CONE Ue ee eee elsogaeucadocs
Clackamas, Clackamas River 7,121, 873'\ee- peer
Grants Pass RoruerRivers: o-ceresesecen store onee eee eeeenee 5370505 |hao 2 eee
ROPpIeIRLVeL ROS UeLEULVeLe teeta Maen see nese eee ae eee 157, 100) |e esos eee
Mrail ROSUCURIVED.-ccccsc moose se cienemccea ese sce maemame an secta| cmon an ceceace 3,475; 000))|. . ciseecwece
Washington:
Baker BakermMlakes.sce-.cssscacecs tte e cee Se Ne aE ae aS eee 186000 |Baeeoeeeeeee
Blea wdiiterculmon sc. Sot eak sie ata ke aces at eataena: Beal Eee an ene 2950: G00! ls. sae
ColumpbiatRivers sashes. sect ce ceeareen oral mooeeencree 4000) O00! Seen ceceenee
Spring Creeks! ty. 4525s ee eee sence eee eer meen 6;\076; 400! |e oe eeeceeee
Bindsviews okapiunhiveneecce cc coerce coeccnoemen cence te eoeee eae eee eee me eae 5,800!) |b. se neeeeoee
Darrington Bennetts Ss OUCH see e ses oe sea oeee ae ce ccine eines |eeneeeeeeres 447,000) | Sees eseeenets
SKasi GURVvens se ccc cietecaceec nec oe He secs eae aoa eee eee 100;000))| See ose seeeee
Duckabush):DickabushiRiversssseeec css sesso sc oe eeee ee eee ieee nee 53/550) |i scene ones
MabettOillabottiCreelcen o.5 eo seco cece me mam ie eee nanos pee eeemenee 1315450!) osasceemeine
Little White Salmon, Little White Salmon River..............|........-.-- 5) 403/000) | beeen es
Sultan ee liwell\ ree es cre rereteteisteretaslote otistete eee ke eer yate Pera aioe tee eee eee 145000) 22 tceeeeee
BT teal = het see eee ee 38, 583, 873 | 33,319, 423 97, 760
a Lost in transit, 1,190 fingerlings.
RED OR SOCKEYE SALMON.
Disposition. Eggs. Fry.
Alaska:
Atopnaketnile Bays - (isc. set aeshcs soo ateia cane Saat aaa eR esas ors en | een eee 12, 551, 102
hes! bay, McDonald) Wake: s..oec jemcccsieic eae cai ate ee Nee eo eee ae Oe | ene 28, 085, 600
MCCA eon me meer teeta oH cmo Mp errchanmticrancnoanrPpbocwspeallowcwaaciscct's 33, 952, 500
Oregon:
onneville; State dishicommissionss.-ss-sseeseqs sees see eae eset ane eet ectee 2;,000;000" 222 seceneee
Washington:
Bakers Bakerake 5c ject essen eseecietemac sec tei ce eset ace ne ee ee ee eee 5, 559, 000
Birdsvyiew, Grandy Creeks cce8 be sec pee see cee earn Oe eee ee | ee eee 192, 7
MG tal seksi s le scr ERA Rel ek, SA aes OT Oe a i A ee 2,000,000 | 80,340, 902
HUMPBACK SALMON.
Disposition. Fry.
Alaska:
Afognalk, Letnile Bay. «a< << :2- cece aisesing sicinins os 3 oaks cierelsiaj oe eee ce aceten ae ieee aia eee 151, 800
Washington:
Birdsviews Grand y Creekir ses. oc 2s 2oses coe ceee eee eo EO een OK eeEE ERE tee 1, 880
Th OLAS: Stores Ne Saye Bisa aS cyeaie ae ae SST aaa RR EE ao eee 153, 680

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. 25

DistTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, By Locanity AND Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

DOG SALMON,

Disposition. | Fry.
Washington:
Birds views Kapil tMEULVeDs aeteicrclelocc esiaisia/s/ats c/o Siseers wjnibieisis marae eraatele Sa eteiare « cl aratemicis ersveterctats
(Grama ya Creek ae oo SSS eS wie scloiehorein aio o = Scisinisyersinvs mierecievs cia steyardiele/ataintapoysiaveseiavetepeya
DArrINe TON HeNNerts | SIOUSINE oo sc- ass to seca cose cie smote cijnninie lene sa ace aasiaaieaeeeecrrns
AIIKORAVER=casew toa tcc aseccacs cece b Ue 52d eta ee eae Ss Saeco eee eee ee
Skacitithiver eu... 45.62.46.
Duckabush, Duckabush River
Allspottlabott Creek seveemt mteclen sass ccc csccicloscisceics Dates 22s tee ne amastene ec = a5 tees
Owilcenetbic Quilcenerhivenseee sesame = ae ae nese sie ele aeleleiste siee isis see) /s «ia wnyeicjaeelat=
Migr milcenewRiVver: \jocsosn2sde snes Sse osc Sac tose esse ace destlees BR eT x 686, 000
lebiaiahy OOS ose dascobcodebocoqoocescoEEo gE onDeccuchousddneoDeceDtogcuBarienocs 126, 000
Total eateries sone eet ey ae eee anne See Ee Leith hel aa eieass er/U Teen. SURE 37 19, 479, 000
STEELHEAD TROUT.
Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults,
Michigan:
Watersmeet, Henderson Creek... ..-. 22.2222 5.-s2------ hisses
Minnesota:
Diluithilsestershiversss-ceeeene ese ss oee ae see =e oe = ene cee
Hrene hu Lver genen CHART Vielecscsce ccc cincee eciseaisiemie cic sisi ee
St. Paul, State fish commission
Montana:
Harlow Lonernishi Creek ssc s het csceeen ones cece ccs cice ceicecte
Webo Creekias cccen sacle cence cs ocecscncs ascsscsnenees
MursselishellbRiviercs sccsccosccceincsccmeeccccmece cess
Manhattan joprin ei Creeks 2. 2 oe.ceccces -escc nescence Pe eee
Roundup, Pari t reck wee aes te) ce Fie gee ae
Sheridanwlow er branlamoyGa kee seme ele icejeln eto ester = ate wie) =(oie\sjel[mteio/orsie sts s/=ij=}| aerate ejnloveterelais 1, 200
Wyjayorie Leiria Dee ee eo eco see ooEescoce bo badd be CeEorcHesal Hopedaceeerc 1, 200
Ti. O E-RALUSSCISHGIMMRGIV ED) far stance eae mreg se ficre aise ap see ee yetate <ta mre eal in.- ere Sie owies/fOs ores 2,000
Vials, Spoils) ISIE sac oosodQndGdssesaEpobesaCOddSns ea SeDE aos dus sodeasces HonbeTaT sda. 2, 500
New Hampshire:
Waconia, Statewish-commission=..—.>-.-5------22-----+--2s2---- f5OO0K| het caeee =< cltet cfyse tees
New Jersey:
Hackettstown, State fish commission..........-.......--------- 1OONOOON Ree cee cachet ant seenoe
New York:
aquettesuakes applicants scce.. sicciececc cnc s snes ss sncce ose BOYOOON |S: Semc- meee clnacce=eeciere

North Dakota:
Grand Forks, applicant

Moercen nb rushpialker re ere ees nae eee ecencee cine tee ae
St. Johns, Gravel Lake
Slate eisitCOMIMissiONesser ee ee nce secs cimecine te ccet ee wisasees
Oregon:
Applegate, erate Creekneneee cetera meee meta eee aee mem eee SC TAO0O) | Ee meeecaeece
WarlewWreck yhiaele Creeks secec ss ei ccacce ccc senoscescee Socreoeclsocesecse sce PRED eeeodedoarae
rail Redeblanke ti Creeks jt clec wes nec ioae cise blowinic eercise esis ena] soe see eens ae T5XOOON | Pexeeeeenee «
NVOPUCREULV Clustamiticielciele see cist nto etree cicemm ce risiects es bneiie ns sleimaae 1588S, Olou|soseee sane
Vermont:
Barton eb artonehlyenaeecsaccc act ce oe cee mene coat ocean lone ceeeeee 18, 000 6, 950
Greensporo Cas plantlakenoccuescccsscec sees rchne sce aces cee eoes|meetescemcee 10, 000 5, 260
Hardwick, Bast FON SVR ONG ese ten cee see men et nee cee ean oem cess | sca sesso 1,000
Marshfield Niggerhedd Pond: 22 «oc scicne cisinice ies sss cc sis s cc's tase se scseisis +llcjseissinmicine 8, 750
WH TOOSIKIBR Vereen sctn ne cicee ccc rere tieciccicies cicsice slag eerinaerea| escederee re 7,500
Montpelier sD opeRivens- eer teense cece. eens cea-mecrocemeroceelbnccpeseecec|cemsceasecee 8, 750
Newport Clyde TRAVEL ee tet Bare ce eco eee eee See ccc e toe lance ote citmcloses mmeie h ens 1,900
Orleans, Wiiloughby TRAV ET pete ete eats sass eer orc ee ee cent Se sicaton set aesce meceeet 17,350
ROXDULY AS LaLemiSM COMMISSION ss ecce est neeiec ecm csicenccee nae SOSOOO NSE cee cee loas oncnce ee

Washington:

y)

ed

6

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 19138.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisa Eaes, By Locaniry anp Spectres, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

STEELHEAD TROUT—Continued.

ee Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Washing ton—Continued.
Mineral; Mineralhake.). 022. .sce x sccjetese seen eee cece ane) aE eeecee
Round! Topi Creel ae Oo. Aoccte se aoe seers ene eae
North Vakima; Nelson)Spring/Creekst2 j.2n- ese see eee eee ae see
Port Angeles, Roly vers! ot cOei osc et i eect coe ne al Sea ea
Gimilcenembig/Q wileenev Riven. ae eestor yas asters tale sine ee eee ee eee ee
Seattlesota tel fshiCOMM LSS ON scfm eee se eee ee eee eee 100, 000
SultantilwelliCreeke seer so esos coca csecce oma cee ae ace nal ee eee eee
Walla Walla, State fish commission............--.----.-..--.--. 100, 000
Wenatchee, Pintint MRiverssse: oes eek kt oS eee caches Nh eee
bakel\Chelane oe. ectes cewicen beers eee ede eee ee | seeeeeecenen
Wisconsin:
Donaldson} DlackOalo Wakes cc sae e cits ets tele eens ee ase te See eee
Iron! River, Little Muscallonge Wake! 3: o2c ss... seem nnsee nes |asneeeeecee.
Wyoming: .
Sheridan; /State fishicommission (5 oe ot sce eeeciece eee ce aise 100;000!\| 2b tees e eer
Canada:
Southhampton, Canadian Government....-.................--- LOONOGO Ns 25 5 st el oe ee eeeeeee
To tall see Mth et Mat PR aE aa ea beep ye hal aie ate Re 980,000 | 4,300, 225 138, 410
RAINBOW TROUT.
Arizona:
Holbrools, (Becker’sypom die orate ss resents ss) Anemntiesiaae cet: | see a eeeeer Rose eee ree 2,000
ein mane OB Cree les sayeicre sais (or srsiser Ss Sarasa eof aie are oe ciate Aare | ole eta eel Meee 1, 000
Arkansas: :
Gravette; wWillite’s pond [ooo 6 fae acnnis-iateie seis Saisie) sl siyaee ni See eee | eeeeee ee cee | Setecen sees 5, 000
California:
Bridgeport, Walker River'anditriputariess \oce.-. eqsc 2. ccce-|eeeeeee oer lesa eeeneeee 5,
Hornbrook, Cottonwood Creek
Colorado:
Breckenridge Spriuce| Creeks cease e sae oe eee eee
Buffalo, Lake Cheeseman............--.-- 0, 000
@oloradojSprings, wResenviolrNiO.5- <<ssscce ase ncr cose eeeeeeeee 1,500
Denver, Cherry Vale Tront, Ponds: s% 7.8 ns eae see el eae 1,000
ead ville sArkansdsiRivent =e Aas soe cena co aaaee cee ee eee ener 30, 000 15, 000
MaglevRivier:. 2shcecctis nen ee nee oe coe oe ee Dan eee eeee eee 15/000 2c os eeeeriee
Wake Creek! soba soe ace eens cen nae ein cane eee Coy nee ereetee 205000". caeee ene
Meadow: Creekeass c-hiss eiee es ae Pac ence e te LES aee eee ee | See ees 1, 000
Obto\ Creeks 22252 soccer potas See cee nen eee | ee eee nee eee ee 2,000
Rock Creek so esc cee te oe Sea e ete a ee a eee eee 2570005| 22 s-ee-eenee
SavarellWaker ce cccosss eee ee er Tel eames ers LEMS Li lind 4,000
SHIP Py POU a Se Saas oe ee ee | eee | eee 1,000
Taylor Creek....-.. Ts A ee eres ee eer a ol A on er ee ee bce Palen de 3, 000
Willow, Creeko so. eee caae cere Sete eect ee | eae ree Zon O00'| =o eee eee
Malta; MaclemRivens oer mecisece = = eae e eee eee ae mer see eee oer | ee eee 10) OOOK|: seemeeee ert
Gore\Creeks! a2 ac cao ait. .ersascae = ee ae eee ome tee eee ee 57000) 2 Aoescemeeee
Rte BIO; ATKAMSAS ERY ET core sce eres eee rere ee ST tee ere ae aren | ear 2,500
Salida Arkansas Rivers ce. me ceceeesesscncte = tener ee See eee een oe eee tee | See eeerner 20, 000
Hineland’s*pon dey cscc i cece ete etc rane eee OO TT | ee eee | ee cc 1,000
Poncha' Creech a anc Sagas Gaccee ecto a erate 8 Pere Cee eta To rset | nics nee | ep oe 5, 000
SouthvArkansas River=5 3 eect Eke as a | ee Nee | ee 5,000
Singleton, Singleton lalkeee mass 5a Onn oe mene gms Ne Ney eae sep tye es ee 3, 000
Connecticut:
Norfolk; Blackberry "Rivers. J35 2 sist Pe eae See c yeni ee neal ea aa a ee ee 640
District of Columbia:
Washington; Aquarium) Central Station=2. =< 225-224. seeneee ee 9 hee eee eee alee eeaaee 15
Georgia:
Calhoun; Wiriehtsispring ponds ses sssigec ie case ae eee ee Oe | ees | ee ee 400
Chatsworth, Mill Creekesr eee see See EEE BO Sea | are meree |e ene ees 2, 400
Glay.ton; Kingwood) Wakcee ss Sirsa cic eee eee eat | ea | ee ne 2,000
Eton, MillCreek............. gash sade SALE? BN CO AE Aen | OI ann NIRS REE Sea 350
Graysville, Chickamauga Creek..............- eee ee pe eres i ca 2 OAD (Ape cele = oe ee) 210
Menlo; edbettersipondsa-- =: sete yonee come eee Ce ee eae aera | Cee ee kel eestor eee 140
Ringeolds HastiChickamauga Greek! =: 2225) eso u see es Se Oe eee rece en pee enone 1,000
Tilinois:
Arlington; Heights; Kelloge’s pond.-> s2-2) se scesceracteen soneee lesa eee ee ae eee eee 100
Indiana:
May Porte: Hoover Craele oisc2icbccis sieas trai see Sy he Re oe Oe rca As |e 600
Mishawaka, Willow: Cree coos ong! arcs cnn Seaelnerieree ee re et are eee Or eee eee eee 500
Morgantown Spicer’s pond. < <i i.ijssccissice ccctscecirs oe ce cere tne ee eter e Leer eee 500

a Lost in transit, 3,985 fingerlings.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

27

DisTrrBution oF FisH AND Fisu Eaas, py Locatrry ANp Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.
RAINBOW TROUT—Continued.
Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry yearlings,
and adults,
Iowa:
Arlington, Brush! Creek. <= ce--- 2 <= -- DEERE eS Sarno solccoetanaosel|nescooesSore 1,000
TOvaS Drines | Oreelkesss sheen omens so seee see see ne esnoece 2 aes on Deer ere Ma 1,000
Mecorah wh ear Creeks. u- es— a- ee oe = ena en = = le mia eye ena tae aceaall oiareeetensraeeie 1, 600
TRADI A Suh 2) bebo ce oot a re IU Or Been Oe ede ene ee apoeede eneeacenoodel beaecoueccar 16, 800
Mansing,pBacon\ Cree eee ce ceel= <n ina naan SEabek cocece Se oe ead Bd daspocanes | peeriee aaereiee 300
CO mlb Gels Ba anbo ne Go np secs seee poe] apenas e neoecd pace Jae scned acroeemaeco 300
(Gia sh Oldeal oy AOE So epp oped opoce COREE SES CeSeceeon Socoeeseceec baseearoconc 300
lear @reekes 2 seen ice sec = ce rn ogra sinisinin eal inie = fatale sie a) lshnseca sia= imei 300
@leanGrealeitribwtary Ofsn 2-2-5. a ae ee ites 3 =| me mnie wlainiefnll> alninte'ae(nin(nie= 300
Ih) GION O Gree Ke eeta ea aes ee ene Sele elec ee mre aol | alam mtein = alate pala ciel cini=iniay= tall 300
iRrane MC Tree kee ee ee eee ones a ree sna Nees cin oelsis erin wisiel f= male iarelatatnye) Me =i) 300
FETOTSESH OO OREO eee eece rae ee eie ale ie ane oe wrote alee Na eisiaolainiate oie | etaielaiatatotata ate 300
Marquette Creek......-- 300
Roggensack’s pond. . 5,000
Scholtes Creek.....--- 300
ETOMUpSONS\OLEC Kee eee iciesisiaiaissiw= cinta a sin a= i 600
AD vata (hag el p sae cosees poobate sed ecb ebe s sSeSsoEeeer oss | 300
Nora springs, Heelsiponde. <2 20522-22922 202 -- oe ee - ===] 300
North McGregor, Bloody Run.......-.-.-.-.-------------+------ 1, 200
HO TiMMONS CLeelksee asa cee essai isretoreisssrers)||sieiaie mt elwicls wie (e'l Meesielmelelssetei~ 2, 600
Osage, Burr Oak Creek..-.-- eM PE Se MRA on ere encase ans sie aera stone aetsiclese = 600
Postville, Smith Spring Brook... ...-.-.--.-----.---2-- +--+ 222 --|o 2 cece eee nee |se eer e een ee 300
Bellows hivelsess sn sc ooeciiee = seaclee een Sanction ee ete se JeSaveraczcss 600
Kentucky:
Cormettsville, Big Leatherwood Creek..............-.-----------J---2---++--- Jenks Meta 1,500
Harmers Mriplett Creeks. oo -c~ annie cc <\o 3c soe als wince in ovina ow oe 2 vin visini=||nin nin eleielalalninta 1,000
Fullerton, Farley’s pond.........---.------- 2-20-2222 eee cee ee ee len eee eee ee lee ence cee ces 1,000
WOMISv leva pPliCAMtemesmes. + saclem ate isis sein > cea ieee em ieininim ol BOOM seesaceacsne los seoeeeeetae
Maloneton, Farley’s pond .....-...-.---.-------2-- 02 ---- een een |e nee eee eee |e ese eescec ee 3,000
Mount Sterling, Lulbegrud River... ......-..------------+-+----|--- +22 ee eeee [este eee eeeee 8,000
Versailless Spring Mill Pond). - f. ooo os once wae cee ne | ain lw oie = = o\sin on |ajaae wi= lene 300
SprinewMbakes sis ss cece nc laecc —wecie ces oe ome amine slow sec se 2m ate || slneinism seein 1,000
Louisiana:
Minden, Gladney’s pond.......-.--------- ea ee esis acetone Wciosotmaereloalle bie cmsstetviciels 600
Maryland:
Chevy. Chase, Rock Creek.......--.-.--------------2 02-2202 2222

Monkton Holmes Branch san. oo weeissicceccwic ceimmiimnialeiai= r= =ermel |
Mountawinans Lakeland lake. -. 2.522. 252.5- 0-62. -e ween
Oakland, Big Youghiogheny River
Browning’s pond
HPAP Ord weewae sane sacle sise einiete ree oiclele ale Sineerei=) = eicieictere
Mind diyg@ree keen sensei nin ise seins les = tefele em iania lain nie
White Oak Run
Massachusetts:
Clinton, Tadmore Brook... ....-.-2---.-----0-0-e-- 22 2e sees cece
Millbury, Ramshorn Brook
Michigan:
Central, Montreal River, branch of
Crystal Falls, Paint River
Gaylord, Pigeon River........------------------- 2-22-22 - ee eee
Grayling, Tillula Wake: 22. -..-----6--.2ss5------- 2-222 -oe-eeene
Indian River, Sturgeon River
Mandan GilvyemRver: tec. snc oc cae oem are + =e == en ==
Phoenix, Garden City River..
Ravenna, Crockery Creek...-...
Watersmeet, Henderson Creek...--
Wingleton, Pere Marquette River
Minnesota:
Harmony, Odessa Creek

\Writltiniy (Girls Bo sn ericteo abot agecuGLaSEDeseaducsaecse oe

Houston, Badger Valley Creek
Crystal Valley Creek

Dailey Creek

Looney Valley Creek

Mon ey Cree kee esata meine sate a jaime tole ate ela lastet=tale l= loi =m

Story Valley Creek..........-.-.---------+------+-----
Manesboro,; Duschee Creeks == 2 5. 5. sc\cnr- = more e ne accin = <n we
Wiig Chitin 5 52eoss oes aeeeesspecusapspencesascas

Torgeson Creek

Wasa al Chyetal so oe cea saeeaseadacsaasercocasecroastone

Park Rapids, Fish Hook Creek
PrestonnGamp Creek. oie et cc ast ce = ce cwecicme eee = wim sim etnies cin
Whidlclesbrranc ieee ree ere eee teleee eee een na a aeeniniain

Partridge Creek. .
Watson Creek

28

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fish Eaas, By Locatiry anp Spectres, FiscaL YEAR

1913—Continued.

RAINBOW TROUT—Continued.

Disposition.

Eggs. Fry.

Minnesota—Continued.
Stockton; Stocktoni@reeksos-ceecesceeeseoereseneee ne eee ee nee
Stockton\C@reek: Gast branches). 5222 een eee eeeene ee
Stockton Creek, west branch..................-.....-
Winona, Millers'\Creek- 25; 'sesmedde cess coo cacnceaeetos orne ones

Missouri:

‘ArlinetonmG asconadertiverssnq2-se.cescese ns sense see eet eee
Bourbons bluespringiBranch= seis 22 ssesesss ss eee en neeeen oan
Browns/Spring, Kainbow duake22=-2- 225222202222 282 soos ceseee
Chicopee) CurrentvRiverseecsessecececsceceeaneen acne ses eeee ne
DIXON Gasconade rEUlVer=ssseme ce seca nen ee eee
Manning. BrushiCreekcer ssc. eucesimiecceces cece ee oameernerenccee
Lebanon, Hahatonka Lake
INTANCUAPRIVERSsNe Ss Secceeaeeas seen ae ae eee aon
Marshfield sviamesuRivenseme mane me nama eee eee eee
Osage Wiversstisesccscsc as ae eee foe. eee eae eeee
Mountain Grove, Bryant Spring Creek...............2...-...-.-
Neosho indianiCree ketene eee smecece same eee cee Smee
Hockonys Creelkes i ccccecee nce ements secre on moneee
Schuler/sipondasssssaceeseeose on oats See iaeeeesistentes
ShoaliCreek2s sae! seks os aa mae ene eee ee

Newburg, Little Piney River
Maney: Millsake tans ia sen cc sse ceneasee eae aoa sone
Nianens, (OsaveiHorkeRiverss-eecee ss esssee seine ce cece sonal eeeme
POtOSIFaDPliCan beeen aseee asec tees ee ore tee kee ene em enc nenae
Rolla xGasconadeHiveroecsor neon eee eee ete eee a ee nae
vittlesPineypRiversosescse eect eaece nonce veeeeeeecenee
Iittle:PineysRiver, Upper. -- 0-222 .-----.ese neces eee
MalliCreek*Nor2batessanaceecee eee note ace ete eee eee
South S prinpi@reekseseser ences cee ceen eee enon a anen eens
Wancye Milli Makerss ses ss sees cep ces oo nen ees enceaeieneee
StiClair sdmndianiCreekessss sss scee ceses tcc ecomcccenh Ls penicoe
St. Joseph, State fish commission
Thayer, Greer Spring Creek........-.-......-- Et eee els Saeco Se
Winona, Current River, west fork
Montana:
Anaconda, State fish commission...................--.---------
Cascades Spring Creekaassoosscstes een cone een eee eee eee
Columbus; ArmstroneiWakess ss. sete eee ee ee eee eee eee
IB CaVveriRONG sate ss see et ee eee ee ee ern Lee neeeeene
KSA @ rey eat a teense eee ee een Sen nanan aeae eee

Mv sticakesnasooasee cont ncanne ce poe eee tener
Pitchfork Creeksasae2 522 soot ee eee cea eeoeee
Spring Creekaesessaccass-0 sence eee neers
Stillwater River
HelenasChessmanvlvakerijecsnsnssesee yet nee emen eee neneee
Maudlowss pring Creeks sinc eate ses eee tae coer eee enna nae
INOFrIS »Madisoniivalke tae. perse tote cee enna aie hee ote ee eames er eae
O’ Dell Creek, O’ Dell Creek
Nevada:
Carson City, State:fish' commission: ::-.252-22 55.0252 ccececcce sce
Springdale wkKamballs pondesss-ses-ceses tes eee seen ees ee ce eee
Decomas HoppieWakevceswccknccctesccessecrec cutee enone eeenes
New Hampshire:
Conccrd, Massassecum Brook
Newbury, Lake Sunapee
New Jersey:
Hackettstown, State fish commission...................--.-.---
Enincetons ap plicants.-eencecetesce seco eee an nee e eee rene
Salem) CedarsRunissseckoncccssearetceee cae ce eeeecene: eee
New York:

20; 800

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults,

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 19138.

29

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, By Locatiry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

RAINBOW TROUT—Continued.

New York—Continued.

Oneonta, Knapp Brook
Light company pond

Woods Brook

Patterson, Croton River
Tabor Brook

Disposition.

Eggs.

Fry.

Portage, Letchworth Park Home Pond.............-.-.--------
Poughkeepsie, Rudco Lake........-

Rome, Big Alder Creek

Little Alder Creek

Point Rock Creek
Syracuse, Butternut Creek. - - -
Limestone Creek
Onondaga Creek

Pebble Hill Pond

Pecks Brook

Towners, Croton River, Middle Fork

North Carolina:

Asheville, Lake Tahkuostee
Black Mountain, Swannanoa River, Little Lefthand Fork
Swannanoa River, Long Branch
Swannanoa River, North Fork
Swannanoa River, Randolph Branch
Swannanoa River, Sugar Fork

Boonford, Big Crabtree
South Toe R

Brevard, Batsons Creek

Creek
iver ene

Buck Horn Creek......-..-
Bushiy/ Creekewes. can -tacecoess asses one BE Sa pee

Cannon Creek

Deer Park Lake

Dunn’s creek.

Kings Creek...

Bryson City, Brush Creek
Marr Creek
Cherryfield, Cherryfield Creek

Conway, Martin’s pond
Dillsboro, Shell Creek

Elk Park, Watauga Creek

Nicholson Creek. - .

Graphiteville, Pritchards Creek.....
Hendersonville, Big Hungary Creek

Clear Creek
Green River
Kanuga Creek

Laurel
Horse Shoe, Boring Mil
Bradleys C

Mills River
Queens Creek...
Hot Springs, Spring Creek.

Lenoir, Reed’s pond...
Linville Falls, Linville

Fork Creek
1 Creek
reek

Rive

Marion, Armstrong Creek........---
Big Buck Creek........----

Garden Creek
Gladys Creek

Stony Creek

Old Fort, Bird Creek

Bird Creek, Middle Fork.

Catawba Riv

Clictefereletafeteielats

Lick Log Creek
Singe Cat Creek

Morganton, Catawba River, Upper South Fork
Henry River, North and South Forks

Bird Creek, East Fork

Warreli@resk:yae ess sce os cle oa Sa iseiaeie cists nace caters

North Cedar Creek
South Cedar Creek

PAV OM CECEKmanee terete cen cas Aen ceaeicnae tee mines

Penrose, Clayton’s pond

Clayton Lake
Grassey Creek

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults,

225

_ ew

ee Be be ot

Seneeeeeesesseeeeeeeeueu0leeseees

aol geal elie te SO ol Oe 2)

—

150

30

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DistRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fish Eaas, By Locariry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

RAINBOW TROUT—Continue

d.

Disposition.

Eggs.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults,

North Carolina—Continued.
Penrose, Hogshead Creek
Lake Aikenside

Pinebluff, Lumber River, tributaries
Ronda, Lake Neuchatel
Spring Hope, Griffin’s pond
Spruce Pine, Grave Yard Creek
Sylva, Callowhee Creek..........-
ibilleyiCréeks = 22222884 eee
Tuckaseigee River, branch
Trivett, Beaver Dam Creek
Tuxedo, Bats Fork Creek
Capin Creeks seesecesccacee toc cc eee ce eee ee
GreentRiveres. 26s ose oce cae coe nen ee me
Paces Creek
Rocka Creekiin carn. seine aa ae nn woe eee eee
Wiehutty.-D ucktowm Creeks |) sisson ste jae. Seen eee wee
North Dakota:
New Salem, Silver Spring Pond
SpringbrooksPond NOs Le. s.oeseeeesacee nee serene
StaJohnaGraveletiakessns= seme meee meee eee ee eee
Ohio:
Aron Cuyanosaiiverae accesses sees ee cet eae es eeerene
Cleveland, Rockledge Brook.............------ Sen bubsacsandel. |
Columbus, Spring Lakes
Mansfield, Dickson Lake
IReOop eS Rn hee say oe chs Hee ae ee eT IS BE 8 Ree ieee
Rockyford Creek, North Branch
Washington Courthouse, Walnut Creek
Oklahoma:
HnidvGovernmentibarics Wakess cee ese ne eee ee eseee ee
Lawton, Rowell Spring Creek
Oregon:

Baker Antone Credloss.seeeeeee aioe ee eee
Goose! Creaket aes acore starer ene ce oe ee eee ee
Magoon Lake
Pine Creek
High eak ests Sys es sees sree ene eee ere ta ee
Rock Creek
Strawberry Makes ssc snc c meee eee eee reece ie aoe

Ballston, Davidson Lake
Bonneville, State fish commission
Grants Pass, Bolen Lake
Hermiston, Cold Spring Reservoir
Klamath Falls, Four Mile Lake
Lake of the Woods
WeaxGrande Mal l(Creoke seen 5. eee eee eee
Wakeviews Domibakouscs2-5 202 2 ees) ee eee eee
Lebanon, South Santian River
McCoy, Jenkins Pond..........
Milwaukee, Crystal Lake......
Orogon' Citys Buckner Creeksessasne ene en een nen eeeeee
Buckner Creek, tributary
Molalla River, North Fork
Molalla River, South Fork
Pini Creeksacae ee see eee ee cee ree eee tera
Portland|Stateifishicommissiono5222) 622 s2enos elon seeoneenubee
Rhe-Dalles's Lost dake noe ce see eae eee ee eee eee
rail WK Cree Kee as seas aaa c eee he eee een eee
ROsueURIVGr= skis eens: Ce ey 2 Ree ene a
AREOUILG ALG UAC SOMES tanec ea ee eee tee ere en ee
(Union? CatenniiCreeko we es tse oc ee ene ee ee ee
Wallowa Minamhaket ns anes see ee ee tne ne nee eg een ee
SoncallaeAdamisiGreekees sso ee eee ren ee ee ee
Pennsylvania:
Chambersburg; sBirchiCreekssseeeeeeeesene eee eee eee nee
GarbaughiCreeke.sssasce nce poets ence cee ee eens
Falling Spring Creek, North Branch
Falling Spring Creek, South Branch
Hoosiac Creek
Cherry Tree, Killen Run
inaston} Bushicilll Creek cseec cee ase e eee eee eee
Echo Lake, Big Bushkill Creek and tributaries
Lancastor, Kurtz’s run

Ss

SERS
OnNw bo
oucouw

000

SS ee

ww SSS SS

Oe ee NOW N Re p

wwe vew se

S2 SS888SS S88 SkSSsSSSsssuSSses

On Ree eee

SL

sssssses

Be ee Cro

yy
S
S

Rhode Island:

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

1913—Continued.

RAINBOW TROUT—Continued.

3]

DisTRIBUTION oF FisH AND FisH Eaas, spy Locaniry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

Disposition.

Eggs.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults,

Pennsylvania—Continued.

ANOS HOO; OtAaruCCal Clee Kees sc <n emaeinns/-\olsaae 22 sa cinac\asos<iel
Tunkhannock Creek

Big Run and branches

Cranbertyahuni sees ce se neuretereonee pyre tokens Ge a
Drunys Runran Gsbranchess.ayscsta ec ayaa oi1-)-fars toes" =

als Riana esc eiceees sem rotc ooaatatst sa eicrstosttlaret=

Hyner Run and branches............------
PaddysiRuniand branches << ..0. 2.20 .<-te0- «1-7 Bee

Young Womans Creek and branches...........-.------
Royersford, Birch Run
Mingo Creek

Scranton, Roaring Brook
Tamaqua; Keefers Rumi. .:ssscs 5-10-25 See Tat St eeetcPa fete ete tn fatakarernr ate
Lizard Creek

API G Cree Kaas estas ec Serato Sova pate ators eels tao Sis elect ole

RV NeESDOTOS PASS RUT. 55 oi pepes spe lnraratel= owen le kisi s/owiotne serine ste 2

Winburne, Six Mile Run
West Gloucester, Big Pond

South Carolina:

Greenville, Gap Creek
Omi Camp\Cree levee jatar tor iom ster getter cecie e sreetsiets s

Perry Lake

Upper Tyger Creek

River Falls, Devils Fork Creek
Gap Creek

River Vile ws COMELeO kK a ocee woe tee acks oseenesesn es She Rene nok
Middle Saluda River

Slick Rock Branch
WralhallanChattooga Rivers. ces csaceecaccenceter steer con ense
East Devils Fork Creek

UPON erases sos e re Sena me See REE Aceh cee

SMO Zerjs Cheeks aes s ease ek cee ee eeC eet wees
Whitewater River

WiestuUmiony Cano! Creek 2-32. cc macinesis neninse ose c become enece
South Dakota: |

Hall City yNiewtons@reeke sa: fchs-8 2225255 -4k'cke eae te eee enol kee
SheridanvPond a soasas esses sees haeece esos bse eeee oe

22889°—14——8

8

1
2
2
1
1,
2
2
1
2

38882838

_
oa
i]

32

DistrRIBUTION OF Fish AND Fish Eaas, py Locaniry AND SPECIEs,

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1918.

FiscaL YEAR

1913—Continued.
RAINBOW TROUT—Continued.
lee Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults,
South Dakota—Continued.
RapidiCity,.Cityaoprines; bond eaneseseseee ee eeee see eeeecee eee 300
Ra pidiGreel. so5. Pacceee ecco ee nee ace Dena 600
Slate Creek sss kc a eee daeeinn ces Gases eeeioeree 300
ReowHeights; Meppen’sipondisaconnen-oececeemerctne cee seceeer ee 500
Rochford ;\Castlei@reek:.<.- sc. Secs mine ewe oisicieie wieieratteese eines 600
Little Rapid Creek, North Branch 900
IRAPIGCreeksa a osc cost eescaeereeoeeer ee eeteencee Bae 900
Rapid Creek, South Brane 750
SilvieriCreek<:ccccec nics somicecncececeriscmaceecis =e 600
Bavoy,sRoberts Pond ieee ses 5 stearate rei peinin ote sfeitlotaleie tal sioetetcisi='efolsa | Mee aeice cee Pee ee eeeee 400
Spearfish (Sr cg Sana aca annie i gee anya ANE, laaPM mee a |e is oo 7% 1,100
Spearfish; Hilton: Creek: 2. = occ ss sacmice sce ceteris epi Hae sess | see cece ea | Meee eeseeee 1,650
Lindley Spring Run << sec cake seecteceic ccs stosciicciex| scese = aeeeke eeecrmeeene 450
Normal Wakes sccc ste sion cme -weeiesmaieceeeecencce soccer sesees aveses | teceeeeeeeae 600
Ralph's Mond). casssess acetic oe ecc eevee stores sheer See te ees ee eemee eee 300
Robinson's lake: . ecaisce cece sue cine neeceiew-ceesesan| sooces sie Seek | SceeeE emer 400
Schmidt Lakes. <..c25-2ccc%.scnccesceecoscesseswte -felestenie cession Maceeeeectes 600
Toomy’S/Sprim eT... 5.6 oso cec oe see eee ce ccececimese|seeeccule ee | see see eee 450
Sturgis;-Bear Butte Creeks. tc ck cepa eeeene cteeebece mene: ce emeceme cee eee ee meee 20, 900
Boulder ParkiPond os. bos ceeacc desescc nme tic hoes cece [Sos esccecneclenes eee 900
Prederick’s PONGS. scccs see cwinesmecnccecsesactwacsensesd| Moses sssecs | seseemamenee 150
Milford, Big Elk: Creek: - <.2.... Joc csksecsisis osneisisine somes cnisaceicnes|sosee ses ace| Uaceseenes ee 300
Whitewood, Crow Creek: 0 cscs noiens Ses cscsnccd seees caeeee see oe oe See eee Le eeeeee eee 450
Nive Bonds. ..ccsscedne sense oe cece catenin seine eGo eee eee |e eee eee 450
Peterson Pondssccc5 Ssccsmotiwssaoseece ak fate eee oe Lee eee ae or aeeeeer es 450
Tennessee:
rAtCon Moors Creeks se 8 220 cock hee sccieeteckcccces ceececherae 2,800
Chilhowee, Adams Creek on 5, 000
Elizabethton, DOOR Vers cs. cc meee acters Seeteee cece waseee eee eeeeeceeee 5,000
Elkmont, Wal nai Orodict eae eke, ie este Uae tet ean ed eg he a 1, 600
WitHlOIR AV ens foe oe seem nies vote Mecca smeneesetecceeteeeseeen one 4,000
Tittle RiverMastMmorle 22x cjsiseyscisc,sestee siomieiiesieeiece| Seer ace ser 1,600
Little River, Wiesttl orks. 33 sere 22eeet Sone sto s oan | se aseeeeneee 1,600
iBrwin Dicks! Creeks scscocisssc-ccss oe sce censceeo seese scccesecel scenesse cee 10, 500
Martin’s creek sce s8 sis cacoac ccs ceeooceeleseee see bee s|os-eeenecce 6, 000
INorth"Indian Creeks. .22-asscass sect jacec ee oacceneaceseleooneemescee 33, 000
Ro CkiCreelen = se = a rcnis ae Sein oe SOs Oe eee ee ee see eee ae eee ees 6, 000
Southin disni@réeckis2 5 ses eae kee Se oe condone eee Soe ae oe ee cee s Reema 12,000
Mranklin’ Big ParkethiRivels oo. sscececesrecsececeess cease een ecie| qasceeeeinaes| se eeeeermece 2,000
Mick Creekostns Gocons sopud she wos se ceote sea sceteces ee enld seme ce oetecileeceeeeneeee 6, 000
Gray, Cedar Creek scan isc osck op oeeescess seat ukuesseecmbcce seacl tm eoses neeee eee eee eee 3, 000
GreenvilleMiddilel Creekse fo scecm seme --eca= == —eeeees eae ames | eee eee eres ae eter 10, 000
Johnson City, ChickasawePond:-- ser eet ease plan caesssseee sess se ao seeeene sce seaeesaatemistes 200
Hart’siponG ooo Seco see eve seices oct ee sesctescnce|s-ncapeci cee lbacsemenaiecs 450
Lawrenceburg. shoal'Creek ‘Beelers:Morke 2-2 52 sec cise coe seme sane | Seen eee eee sees ee eect 2,000
imestone. Henley7sipond.s 2.52 2< test on sss ceo eeee se eee eed se Secs cancen ese eee 1, 200
Mayland, Cooper Wiebe Sate a eee eee eae eye |e ca 10,000
Shell Creek, Birch Creek... 1, 200
Sparta, Officer’s pondins. .44 4228 cc Henee cs coseee no sseebasaeenec see Seat 1,000
Townsend, CoveiCreék 222. 32-2 i cdossessistasnnssnesSoecaueesane =| seer eeeceeee seme 1,600
Tarwater’s'POnd's..25.4--cses5 obs hehe Sek voce ease sosee | Nene enaeebed bea eeenceere 400
Ut Ee, City, MieryGizzard Créeke.c =. |-.sciss sees eecece see nee ool ae en eeeee see seeeeueeee ee 6, 800
a
Ogden NorthiOrden Mish Hatchery Pond =--- 22-2 .eese ac seee ee seee eee ene aeeeie-ee eee 1,000
OpdentRiversbranchiOfs. 3 -sh22.-e- es ban ecco ae ae eee | See nae Seeceiseeere 1,000
RiceiCreeky. 2 oo sissies vances oawesees s ces be sonia sisieae laa sere eaten cee cmeieemee 2,000
Wiellsville; Darley'Creeka-Sacan-c snow ce nokese sseceeencesenesees (poems senor emeiaes Seat 1,000
North:-Field Créeki- 2. sc ascccccee se ccd see eckcoe oats |bcwsiasioce nes te mecemaete= 1,000
Vermont:
Bdgewater; Nigger Head Pond=<,2...<cesecesas esse -teee sence eee eemacaee 2, 825i. demiaeeeees
Plainfield, WHOS ARV ernie See ce Oe cha ae 45-701s i. -3 ee eeeee
Randolph, White River) Randolph Branchs-2:2..cecsass-cesseeleceeae cess 2. 825) oars
Virginia:
Alleghany, Sweet: Springs Creeks <..22 2 2c soc sacle ce sons ce sees eee eleeee eis eomela= aia 1,000
Bedford! City, Stony Creeks see eae ac oe oeoais is see eis aisoe ciaeisies|| miseeeeeeien|| San elem\seeere 3,500
Clifton Forge, Wilsom’s Creek... a. aacgece one ccc ce scsi cceten seein scaler Seesee Hos | aeececieeesee 5,000
Covington, Falling Spring Run...-.........---- eRe Ae S| ome dese Henboacseaes 1,000
East Radford, Little River 5, 000
Elgin, Thornton River....-.. 4,000
Fredericksburg, Hess Run 300
Glenita, Clinch River) tributary 0f225.00 -2a-c-2 one ae eeeeeeae ae ee eins se seemeeseel 400
Gordonsville, Annandale Pond... .c-cccccsdcesccanes seceacstan ockecencenod eae 1,000
Jordan, Chrystley RUNES cee oa eeneemeee eee meee s seed 300
Konarock, § South Fork River and tributaries. ...........-......- 50, 000

La Crosse, Taylor’ Eb fe7=)y of 1 (0 FERS SER AB Ga cndeaceacacaduaslodd poscacuaadcalscoccsesacKe 7

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. 33

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, By Locariry AND Sprcres, FiscAL YEAR

1913—Continued.

RAINBOW TROUT—Continued.

Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Ee Sa
aurel Daler White) Lop Creek so sace ccc cece scce ssc ss sccecececs 900
Lynchburg, Reveley’s pond.... 1,000
Manteo, Waltons Fork Creek. 5, 000
Meadow View, Kestner’s pond... 100
Millboro, Bubbling Spring Creek 5, 000
Milli Creck:22 5 Sees 2 sooo ec eee ce oocsissee celeste ciemmcietes 5, 000
MONt Vernon. George;WasbinglonVRUM ec cccccseccceescsecclse|sceriscece-<-]) ., S O00 Se cemccc cece
iINaturaleprid ges Cedam Creeksa.seenensce seca can see ceieasecce semen secieca nace = 1,000
News Castles Mead owsCreekccn.scccisecicie sscizicisia cesar cieicie= cc's ceis|enirinien em ann = 500
Simkimpi@recksasaserecmer ccc cee eee ie se cieic cemnciell c\siereiarseieiercis 1,900
Palaski ph eakaCreeksp NOKunek OFK sss cccicies oe acne ocei-e cscs a2 2)|-)-/eise oe 1=~ 2,000
SproulPRond srs eee secscisinccisisse sins eis cisosicisiasiccisisiseis|-sisieciowieeeas 1,200
AV OUMES CLOO Kner ecisce ce tise siets ciseiniotisie = isisenie es cisnicicemnsaicive| seclem slecicinse 5,000
VLA etres in Ori plolCreelas cc nce ce tee cece ccs cecicciscaiene elon ceclicineetc 3,000
StaClaineB luestomoyRiversicr ccs csc sisc/c cae s cise sisiein sre sjarsicsasieis.e oie |e ce a ale siotine 5, 000
Siuiiaeei CMNCTeeks eececnc ca ecasscncancotscen cue es -aconeesoecuel sacucelsed Hate 200
Trevilians, VOC VAWOROGlon sea eae ie oe ioc ce meinen coneninee sal maser ticsemae 2, 500
MiennaxCantain tickory: Creek.- osc ce ccc cscs cae cece cise ca] se cajase creme 700
WavichovillesWiallkerPond!s ceca scncsesccces gone scece seer emerace|semiscee sciiss 1,000
Washington:
PipelakewBio wakes. 532. 25. saccinscncma. cis ciz.cces seis sscisissnisis cte's-sisisinntelecl|eciee ssisreieisic 4,000
Callins my OMNSOMPUA Ke eye mec aam ec oeeie coeliac sic ioeieeInecisna reisieitisieee sek 2; OOOH Scncacastene
PRAT ZAVALLOMpYi OV KoA repainyarelateiajalceiarne a's sinveleloisre e nineiemiai= siercis/ei='eo1eiail mietel<iz nie pe eisia'| etsioveseialereniete 3,000
Seattle Long GC Op eee oe earns ee eee ares cic Seca nieten ee cece Bem tiecarecmea | Meeossenses 3, 000
Siratiord eH OUNGMLaKO Nac seecenicice coins cee are. on ccc seeecemmrecec)|mee aceiee seni! sncw/menaicec 2,000
West Virginia:
Bunker Hill, Edgewood Spring Pond 5,000
Charlestown) Mlliott/siTun. i525... 2.c.s.s ese ese 2,400
Coslton Roaring Creeks Mocs. cewsceccsie ss <6 scicisisanescecsaccsi 400
Durbin, ShaversiCreek, ast: Hork .- 25225... --ccseccc cen enc ce = 300
RSV OuLOMmVN Ol CTCG mame sia anenee ace nes cence acest eceeeisicoe 300
Hanman sD ONveIS pOndS!ss-\- nc-/ssascesicccie sess ce assesses sisise 650
Himton, Little Bluestone Creek. ...........20-.-.-c-s00-+-0-0-- 5,000
Ingleside WEST On maeeee asec cee caae soecseescecrosicce sc tis 200
Kegley, Johnston’s SONG | S58 on Seis cy occenosoacsponusaSeopesasocee 100
Marlinton iGreenbmenrnRiver: joc cet seiccccwccwccce ese -miceeccs 5,000
Martinsburg, Hoke’srun............ Sema netot esis tei otcle seems 250
Mal @reekinie sas ceeiec cs conse emsccceececcmernc cesses 250
MuscaroraiOreeleserajeniersmtcs isle = ce oe elisa cle casero eicia 250
Midvale mlksRiver, Mid dlow Orissa. 20s) see ea se. oes cee eaeene 5,000
Mount J: ACKSOMNICOVEMVIVED= scone cae cee eelcmnce cease secces cece 400
onlanohankys pond sea occa seececececisbece ccioceeccwececisccese 150
IRiedmont EhotomacuRiver yNOLtM MOrkeascese aces ssceccenecis sos |s sees nectelacciscnnc cscs 8,000
iBleassnteMaleyvMaurelukunee conte. comccsce cies oseecccenc ssecccloencccccecnc|tascoecencss 300
aioe Deeb Cav Osea erase cra niscaaee eerie ace Seite eho soaconeeealaretsreiite meee 8,000
ieedswillere biel ds | Cree ker ate metals tenis elatetmiele =leininiel= alle mnieieia alel=io eral" elapelaia\e/alacein\=!| 10 eieinleiecelarai= 300
Reni ckspbigys prin See ONnG Sos sca ctacs casein ccincics-cnic ws ea cecoame| see mene s caclenseneemecne 300
Rippon, shenandoshikiverand tributaries. 22-22-22 -5222-5--|eancesecccer|ereesceceees 1, 200
pane] ormol Pen seen ie seieeiineciie sca ceie cee amieel niteninciesect ee oncteme cee ellsciecineis ot ele 500
OLKSIULY Olitatee ciate ecennc ec cee eh eae oe oe See minac ee ces eoeneas ec emelnet sace comes 5, 000
IRAISTOTPR UT mere clejsisjsretsistolsie cies tiaicicteleyoeemeineminzelerossie Sh create ratelostani| mace eeteaiee 500
iy rartsovalloy iver Mott Honk e seek eee ce oe cece scm necmesnelices ceceeene 800
RVUs PEU UIT yet ees sa nc oe ae ae ee ae ee SL nie, elena cone meailemeeae en cite 500
SpringiCreeks CalbertsomCreeks sca ee aco see sree e cic cides cpeare ail ictetes ove sivoellerete erase ereleiers 800
Wiaiteville ye octsiCreeks NOrtbi Branch as. co seme neces codecs ces se scece sec celacesccicimecer 300
iWiaheelineA State maine A Quariuml seco: ceninc cee Sac ccemac cere cc cone |e ecineee seemalemsenosesac 4
Wihtte Sulphur Springs seo ward: Creeks. \.cmccimsicietseisiecisinieeieisicine| lect aee nies oe Seeeeees ook 1, 205
Mvailiams Sch mick yBOndS.smcsnee ees ceca ceceear a) eeaet || heeee cnet | es etemsreeins 3, 000
Wisconsin:
IBSTGO Mier AO ONTON ACT OC Karatat- co aro scot inialeisic niae =yarlaiaie eicieinis © sseim cia iseisrell sister ell Seeeieie ore cro 2,000
IDUINCAMICTCAKay-tee sere ec he mae ceevome ene eno mac moo nercel bese coh ee oan ace et eaaees 3, 000
NLA VeCECOK A sass anjapateiat ies otseiie s aceeis emis on emeeeeeice lon sae sis name sibel smcciet oe 2,000
Blue Mounds wAtvanes Creeka so. = 2 5.5 caisicmniasiele sieieiciciereyctelstaveisiejare)| Ge aisle sate eave = s\| Sieratcieieseerstete 3,000
Handels | Greek: ee ctsccce asec cece eee ee eee all Meee cate leed co wuckmes 3,000
IMoKinleysiCrecksesce ce secrete tee ee eee ince lor clench tse Sree oerere 3,000
StoeversiCreck= s/c s ons Soe se tee eee ee cok obs icles cig Kismatetcrsictews 2, 800
WialnutiEollow/Creektss- =~ se sense moa cc batnn tall seco ne ao cie ee [See aacwismioce 3,000
Boyd aGustatsoni Creekesmass paca sees aise eee ee ae eer lee ce Dene Meraoaerees 1,000
[ayy Cree keer esac Sean ae cen eaee av eanes coer eeerenace 2,000.
LeSbilA (CREEL Oo Eee eee MEIC ay a oe ae 1,000
Paint Crecksaseet osoce sence ss 2,000
Shilfs' Creek: =< 5o..ccssceccc kes 1,000
Brolewbrolokeiversseeee see cee cee ee 1,000
TOO OOFUGE OS ER Uie mentee ccsjaie tle s eicinisleiassicje Sista ciste cine s leinje rosa svainis oicl sleie aicleeisisisie's 4,000

34

1913—Continued.

RAINBOW TROUT—Continued.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DistTRIBUTION OF Fish AND FisH Eaas, By Locaurry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

@ Lostin transit, 1,400 fry and 3,353 fingerlings.

Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry yearlings,
and adults,
Wisconsin—Continued.
ashton, (Coon Creeks. 5232 ssesies tistrcwiicieja cts (nee Daca SSeS a1 Ses | See ESE Phe etree oe 3, 700
Genturia; Sargent Ronde. 320 fool ces once ceca cet eos oe ann ee eect ace eee nee 200
Chippewa Falls; Duncan Creeks). sce cqnctensccecee ccinen sees oeloee leon eee ene | Seem eeeenere 400
Coliax, Bronken' Creel oss \oco2 accncne cseetise voce Sees cem eco en tee ae nee nee eee 2, 200
Wighteen)Mile Creek o. (22i2 aos ceces t Sao sececemescnsccee a tee eee aeeen Geeeeen eee 2,000
Highteen Mile Creek, North orks. 22s oe sneer seeeme cee oc nee ee ee eee 2,000
HichteentMiloeiCreek; South honk. ost s sons ee ee sone eee ace ee eee eee eee 1,000
MIT TOD ake eee oo Sere ee cela e neo ee eee eee een eee pes Re ene eee Sere eee 3, 400
Otter Creeks ho eee ne caecaencetes seers cease soeren | feta cise aoe] reese eee 2,000
Pleasant Valley: Creele i oaseestenecoccetoneeeacesen eles |eeae soe cee oleeemdeeseeee 200
Trout Creches: Naso e cine c coeiese swe Soca eae a eee aoe te ten aren | Re ere eats 2,000
Cumberland; Clam River;'South Workiof South Pork: <= 2-225-24|--0--- 2c ese |eos se seeeeee 1,000
EIA VARI Crs on ee samen fe cra eee cmon ee memes er ian lee oe eee Peete eee 3,000
Milroy, Seymour Creck= ee ceccecec ce sme esciec ceee neces cee tee 900
Genoa, Spang Creek Sr ooscaavccs ssecoes sees eet cmenacene some. 500
Kendall #VumsdeniCreekea suse cerns seen eee eee ecen ee aeeees 500
Minnelli Creeks Secs ce ee co see nee onan ee cone 500
adysmith; Big/ThormappleiCreek- toe. -2 scence cone oeee ees oee 600
Little Thornapple Creek. . ae 400
Merrill, Blue Makes nose cases one cee ee ee eee en cenene Se 3, 750
Richland! Center; Horse Creekseeceenence eeceee ce see eee eee 1,000
Pine River, East Branch 1,000
Stanley, Eau Claire River, North Fork........................- 5, 600
Turtle Lake pubuntleiOreeko so aacte mere ee reece teeta ceeie 3,000
Westby, Kickapoo River............ senate aint eee eaemeios sear 600
Wyoming:
Beulah, ‘Boy den’s! pond :<, -2:s.s/<(s:- saeeteiee a ia cere Saemenmoeeoce He se Me see eee Seen ee Beer 250
SandtP ond): Aerts Pisses sen gec src Aewinielg vere apa a one err eae eee 200
Bigworn, MOrtensenys pond 2 ein ssc s sce ese le caciee a ttee eee re peter ers eel | arene nee 600
hander, “Roaring Mork Wakes ).1.-ce26 ceween © cnnsine once ee ceeeee pore See oe eee ne eee 200
aTamie hap pPUCANta es seccesesec on oon ene ene nace ete cneeee 25,000" | ion. oce ee cell ae eee
Statevtish(commissl Ones yaee eee eeeme cree emeeree
Moorcrott Archi Creekieer se epence conn ce econo eee ene eeae
ButtshVake seasons ses sen eee ce ccc eeee ewer eee
Newcastle iB éaver(Creekerac- sersce nee cee ooo cen cea tee eenee
RanchestersWatonis pond sass so eases ence eee eee neon ncn enneee
WiOlT Creeks Sega aec ance nee oe ee ener ennsceeneeces
SheridanwBunniy Ww akeseseee seen oe eee eer ene eee aan
Hilmani Creeks seared a8) cee) ae ee ee eens ee
State fish commission
Sundance, Houston Creek.........
Muller Creek ssa occ ekee cece eer cen coer en neers
Germany:
Hamburg; German: GOovermMentean cece cece sm eeeericenccte se == 100;000"|| 5. .<s-.c2-celos<cauereeete
ia:
CaleuttasbritishiGovernment --+-c-ceesee cece enceeece see eeae 100000) 15,5, 302.02 are | Som ee seme
Japan:
Tokyo, Imperial Household Department. -.................-.--- 2505000) | ca aacaseeee| cn anseseeeee
Motaliqs ne Shee rants saed res os ee eee eee een eee 1, 106, 000 901,370 1, 150, 957
ATLANTIC SALMON.
Maine:
Craig*Brook, Alamoosook Lake... ss.icscacssseecics seseeecee eee | eee ee eee oe 5
Hast Orland vAlamoosookvlake: (aos. 2s cscccee ae eae cre ce eon | ee eye | eee 4, 299
Kennebunk: little River: os soc stone ceca seme c eoeee mise eens aaa epee 10;'000'| ... cneeceeaee
Staceywille sr enobscotrivieren = eeesmeen cee nee eines eee nee ene cee eee 1, 400) 000 223552
Wipper-Eenobscot= Penobscot, Rivers cess oces sete ae eecn eee eeee eee eae 250825464 tao emcees
Motel se cecdisce des cctetse ces laa ejad See Ae oe ae | ne 3, 492, 464 4,304
LANDLOCKED SALMON.
California:
Bisson; State fish commissions -seeeascceeee essence ee eeene eset eee 10;000° |). Sc aace|Seee acs oscars
Maine:
Bingham Plerce*Rivers.0520 502k ee eee eee 5; 000 |e sconce
Bodfish Crossing, Midday Pond. ..121222222272] IIIT Fat Pee aes
Bridgton; Highland Waker sss 5k ere | ee ON emer 1, 500

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

35

DISTRIBUTION OF Fish AND Fisa Eaas, py Locatiry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

LANDLOCKED SALMON—Continued.

Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Maine—Continued.
LOOKS PML KET HRON GL: mi r.te occas sjaiiocin sis oss mnioee db ciisins co qessaeaeeecequae lsterecemectes 1, 000
Brownfield, MOoresR On Aesseoa aac eeacn co acecinsmacnn foe are stele (mpstone meroeta Hel ea aimetstejeene cia 1, 500
Bucksport, Wippermatten monde a. a. os ecscnmee cncecence ne eeee [arstatereeee LO} O00 eeseemcaae
Deering Junctions euphland Wake. 2 aio) tithe Peet este iets levers eat ate leew coma tie 1,500
Hanning tonearm ONG. 20. sccere cence nacicmse ee cenonecec [See eee 5, 000 1, 400
Hranidiny MolassesiWakess sos cnsencnt soso ehe ee se amnecye sans) sscsnee se l-e DHOOOH Eesc science
Hinvebure uake We ZATs elas lets datacis Ssisnceaininna satis ee cine ceieez|s cco dineis a2 c|eemisisms.cssae 1, 500
Grandeiake Stream) Grangmlvakensecme secs ecsceee rcs ce sient clas sasals ete 91, 146 31, 496
GrecupitneuGrerntiakerst ences ge eh eS SOOO ES sceeeee eens
Hartland, CESDEIR VES OS 5,1 Cyr) bk Ais eee et hea ee Ua 1, 500
arming ton SChOOdleGir ONS... ssenec sacs sceece cence ceceseccslemec ss cctenae 0; OOOH Ee mesae Soe
islandpwallss Mattawamkeag Ioalke: stots eee eee esse ees O 000i Ee Soeneceeatees
Jackman ClearawWialer bh Onda s-ses ce cee sce sinc bane Srnec coeenece SS Ree as ON OOOK|E eee ae
UINCAMMAR CSE et ey toes se sale ae mers oe acts cee nice eel eens ose oe | D000) |e se cee
ENC aniteGplUa kere eerste ye ccs in ck my ee er sea Raleae es aes SOOO ease eee
Layisloy 12¢yaVG Sead Sie Bice Se ee ea ot See ee |[eaytoehteccincees DHOOON |S ee rae see
IMooser boners seemec jeanne tee ene c ec cee me eeccenes
Keineom Moosehead takes so. -Jasceoncsceecanseeceesncacneneeee
Kanomant pe leasam tiluake nae acme cvicice centie sce eps cecancessine
INewpoxngt duakelSeDastlCOOk:- soc. 2 soconos sce ecosceceeccesencck
INOrcrossyeLnindwomMernny Wake we2s2-seeccennescencesscicsceee.
North Anson, Great Embden Pond... .
(akeblimb dents case n ce sete les een Saas ao sees els
North Belgrade, State fish commission
Oakdand east eb ONGs ete ann se oe athe acct wacmeesine soccer
OuUsiGneat Brooks teseeeee scene acs bases saeceeccseee toeene 21, 000
Greenpnakcemecerry per: qcnce er cee cane hacen ee meat eee ae Ln tears! PANO}0, 0) fare ee ame
EDU psseakesehillingweakes= 1s.) see seuns bias) eee kee eee ooo el ok osaeceaclewase creme 1, 500
Roland Spring Rystation, Lower Range ake: <2. 2022222 occ|nececc< 2s oc|c cee ccec ec 1,500
eresquesle equawpanwWakes cas. ccs.secccisciesiessecisicence sec
RangiCove SchoodieWakes.-. cc scccenassscceescwsssccedence
Rumiord Falls, Howard Lake
Skowhegan, Wentworth Pond
Springvale Mousam Wake sss ccasscn-ossscecess ence
iiRDale, ShypGsiSi ep ls SEARS SEER Ue eae ec ny ya erste al aaa ee eta (tee aa 1, 200
Munksrondsehunkseond- serves sheen eases eae See Ce ee AEST ee eee eleonencuer aes 1, 500
Waldoboro wKalerPondiess 2 ose cee sSncsereccems scene betecac|Sqscees ance: 5, 000 2,000
Massachusetts:
Blvimouth; applicanticess--secee sees) ace ceases ase eceee face LOFOOO) Pere een aaa eytoe cease
Minnesota:
IDVEE DS ULD FSi ep a Keynes CeCe ee eee ee ee eee nine ene Pee onload oearee JaSabseebeses 2, 000
Te p Riven chOplaakeres sae see center at kee coe ne Cee e Gate eterno dnooaee aces 4,000
iINineyMilerMakermetece eee cee sce tee tee cates knoe acide orale abs seein 2, 000
metterouchewakes sie cece cemseme sac ceenecate omelets setces oul cemia sameeoee 2, 000
Sisebaitl ws tate sisniCOMmmisstOMes.o- ho 02h esse eeesates seme oes LONOO0 ce cae cecmp ester cyaiscnemte
New Hampshire:
haconiawlakewvyinnesqarm sas sates: sekeh et sheen cee omeetaslsceee ete BMOGON bars a= acces
Wiarner wakeawvinne pallkeetsass: sn noenane Mee eae aeons see cus cclecagenetoacs OD OU0M Bee sececene
New Jersey:
Hackettstown, State fish commission ............-.....---..--+- SHUN) | Coesaee Sao6e ase coeenoces
New York:
Battery bark, New ork Aquarium: :.2222,2525::-42-2-+<-=---- 1000 Pees en ane alriseceesceese
DalhinaApplcaAnt ie esse cesses ae Stee sae She ete eee Seen eee 2ONOOOW eee ces lee eeeeee
oupyuakesWest. applicant 255.50. ssssaeesee eee eee ee se ee nese SOOO eee seo el ee en eee
HowthiPonde ss sesecemee eats secs = semecemcleeec scans 2 UOT era erecineetee
Raguetie wake, applicant. -225 222.222 cel eee ee eoe ene eeeecbe ce SO MOOOR | Baeretintts har | ee See
Vermont:
ROxbUGy, stave HSHiCOMMISSIOM's <7. 1.1. <2 eevee os elem= enone LO 0005 Reeeaacmacee| nace ees sete
Wisconsin:
Donaldson me lacki OalsMakerss 2: acce)n cee eee See Reece ee cence | acest one mec dlsen ec cee acecc 2, 700
|
EL Oba GS ee eee nant ae aoe sere ne ieee meee ce meee 224, 000 253, 546 80, 196
BLACKSPOTTED TROUT.
Colorado:
MIAN OSA PHOUMLSITLS PON Gia cce ns scieis= tlometici= eens sees emcee eiae eee aoe onan es lene eee. - 2,000
PAMIOM ucts UsEVIN Clsaetoc bina cea ccs ela sta ale mettaton loser ieee cece ec [ena etnies 28 See BLS 12,000
AMALIE TRUSS pak ies Meet eo ee eGo OCD HEE ooo oO eal ARO Bee tcl teaser tna ieee 15,000
PATA SOL pe AIM SOMO LEG Kener sar mete ne nie me eke eee emion Bee Stee Soe eens ae Ben See. 10,000
PATILCKOM AGELCE ON KE te penance em ce eke eae e eee eee ee Lee cll Geen noes anlar: Saeee 75, 000
PANICOMITOS COMCIOSHRAMEI scat ssc cece cer eect hc ccceee ise coke neesaseadaa|soeeene oeeee 20, 000
eae Manoa Cree keiee we seep erie See eee eee eee eta cta| tae a eee aad ac eee ete 8,000
NEOSPEITOS CREEKS seme ne ee rece saci mee eee eee Lice lope e aes [Se teeaee eos J 12,000

a Lost in transit, 500 fingerlings.

36 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, py Locauiry anp Species, Frscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

BLACKSPOTTED TROUT—Continued.

| Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Colorado—Continued.
Arkansas Junction, Frying Pan River, North Fork 5,000
Aspen; Castlel@reelen.wecssesiensscee sc aree recs eae ener eee seen mee | 15, 000
Huntersi@reeks<.55 2 ssc sec nee connec eee enc een scene | ene 12, 000
Wvineolni@reek eect cee eee ee cere eee te ee ee 12,000
iWiesti@astle\Creeke= tice ees se case eee en nn eam an arene 12,000
WallowiCreekcs et sete cnc ce ee tena eee ane aae es 10, 000
Mustin Surtace Creckatsencccseeces sacmne sere cee ne eee eee 12,000
Bear, Creek wean Creeks sees eles ates oes eh ee ae 10,000
Breckenridge; Blue Creeks ee oe cecoeetoe seee ence ecnee eee meee 10,000
Spruce Creeks sree esessnsseu mee ceeneeser ce ete e 5,000
buena vistas Chalk Creek:seeceenenseoce meee eee ne ee ene 15,000
Cottonywoodiiak estos se an sey eee eee men nn 85, 000
Middle'Cottonwood!iCreele 5. 5.2222. 5.2nnee 8,000
North CottonwoodiCreek sass. ssa ee ne aes 8,000
South! Cottonwood!@reeko- 252s cents ge ene nes eee 10,000
Bufaloybutialoreek:nsces ee ener eee ee tees nee eee en eae 25, 000
Cascade, Cascade Creek, Northiand South Works. .--. 2.22 2222/2 ea eee 8, 000
Cebolla ,Gunnisonthivielssesccerter ose smeeee cee meee eens etna Maemo n eee te Ree eee 150, 000
ColoradojSpringsCascad el@reek:pecnn nena nee eee eee Steen el | ee ee err | en en 4,000
CheyermelCreekeser cee meee pace mete nee eee | anette ote eee | en ann 4,000
ColoradoySprin esa pe sce eee eee oe ele ree neem | ee 80, 000
iWast Beaver Creek... 25.622 s 2 eae ee Le | eae Cae | Re 15, 000
GouldiCreck tee easton ccce etn ne anes 15,000
Middle Beaver Creek 5
Reservoir No. 5
Creedevapplicant) {eecen- cess acrsecte eee one oe seen eee eee
Pithlesquaw:Creeks-c-peenes cose ee ne ere ene
RedsMountaini Creek. see eee a ae eee ne enn
MRIOFGT AM COM eer see cris eee See eae ee Oe ee
EMrOWU Cree koss eneceiccseee oe cocina eae ne
ID em equiessBipi Creticmeenas see cena: cece eee ene Rema
IB uzzargi@reele: ee ee Oks ent Reed ee SRN ek
GrovielCreek: =e) cssssceccenere tect coon eee ee
Hawkshurst Creek
Mesa Creek and tributaries
Plated Creek eee cscs ewe) a ieee eee Onan | eR eS
alt Creeks saseee scene eco Cee ee ane
Del Norte, Francisco Creeks.-..-.5-...-.0c2c2sse---ce
North Pinos Creek
Denver, State fish commission
Dillon yBIUCH iver seme cect eee eee ee ate nee re rel |
Boulder! Creekoceac case cate occ ese a eee eee ieee
Brush Creek terse sone ce se cme renee eee mem eee
Cataract Creek ec eae sotnns soe niece nce n poe nee
LOU UE20) 5 (©) er ead ey a es en ea em ei SO dE ae 5, 000
ING YS LON CreEke cee seias anc sae eee me ea ae 5,000
ObteriCreek yee ses sas sem tesco Teen ete ee nee 5,000
IPBSSICreGk. oe esha ses eae anne 5, 000
ROC Cree kee see see eae es Eee ein aie ean nea 5,000
Slate Creekscececer ae secant eae ene 8,000
SlateiCrecktaeneee seems tee ae ieee 9 ae enn rE 6, 000
Snake River, North Fork 5,000
Straight’ Creeks eae eae ene ee eee neta ane i eel 10, 000
Durangox Bean Creekeesse oe sac aa aoe en eee ne em nn RD 6, 000
jasca de Creek mem aacacee lem eee ne eae eee ene 10,000
Ost SErailiCreekmereecsc ot eee ne ee eee eee ae 8, 000
Role Creckiee ee tea ens sacri yaa anh ra eae a) 8,000
MiO Grandes sec cseecscc oven kee cee eee ened 10, 000
ensMiILE Cree ke eas pe cs ea nn eee ee 5, 000
UU tel Creekcs eae sip ares ae tr hoon oes Se eet . 8,000
Hastonyille; ReservoirsNosles) sce seenes. oo eo) eee 3,000
Fairplay, Crooked Creek.................- 10,000
our Mile Creeks i252 cee eeee 10, 000
Pennsylvania Creek 5,000
Rich Creek seo-- -teec occ eae ee a a Ee nee 10, 000
Sacramento Creckswsa se ase gene eae nnn 5,000
South Platte River, Middle Fork 10, 000
South Platte River, South Fork 8,000
Twelve Mile Creek: < 255 5.2 atin Pe me a a 6,000
Hlorence \Ophin Greek: oe seeks ne ee oe ee ee eee 5,000
South Hardscrabble Creek 8,000
Kraser, Wraser River: s << <n ccc se sesc cbc ce cnoseesone oee ce ten | eee || eT ON 000s eee
riscosMiuners | Creek: eseee saeco oe cee nee eee ee 5, 000
NorthitensMile( Creek = 552 as eee eee ee ee 8,000

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. 37

1913—Continued.

BLACKSPOTTED TROUT—Continued.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaes, By Locaniry AND SprEcrEes, FiscaL YEAR

Disposition. Eggs.

Colorado—Continued.

Wont. Collins; 1B uckhorn!Creeke 2s. sao 112 sae oats aoseise see seen eae
Cache WayPoudreitRivers ass ssadosac se cacelesoszealseetes scenes

Cache la Poudre River; North Fork. ..-..-2---2-|---s:2----5-

WonerPine Creeks so siccscseccedc nese ncaa sosessote hes heeeesees

Granby, Illinois Creek........--
Willow Creek. ......--

Grand Junction, Kannah Creek
Wiest Crecksee ap asaane tons sas saa sieisiitoeiae=| bes eaceseceas

Grand) Wake; Stillwater’ Creek: 2. 22 sos. 0 soisse iodo sesceccsccen|otecsceec css
Granger eein Dareo) Creek emecie rs sineaiselas ats) Tales see ciciaisa\aiastacini=||ls se cinismtee cies
Grant iGenevalCneeksensea- = scene Sccat sec se ceee see eee ae secacecesie cc

invanhoe, ivanhoe Creeks ro). fess s sciss ccc cscs ccs delegsaseosassss|besekies vase
DLYAN Pe ANA RIVED esos asae so nS scccseoseeaoscessasecn|heeesenacmne
NG Vle CLeeksn sacs sem aacoais oweecis See wae eee sant ome eo dslba aeeseseaee
Kokomo; Len: Mile @reek: 2.22 cscs cnaccesceceseccsscascseccc-|soscceen mene
ake George, south Platte River. ...2- os 2sc2- 522 access aneceeee- bs scenes eee.
PeadvillewArkansas Rivers. .2.ossscccceeccessctscescssesccsss fee escencseeie
ColoradoiGulehiG@reekass-accoseccneasceccoscascsssen|eoste cusses
Orookedtaketn sete anse seca nos san ee sacerisscsese ess Lemeteeemene
Ble Creek see erm nisams sists so se os Seat Se nieae ae eee oh ee

iM meraldwWbakes.cceete ssc sass seeeeeecen ce ae sae
Mimpire Gulchi@reeks ss .ccccscccccsessescccsse Sscdhescceeeeeee
IAS CIMRAV ED aioe wom aeine nace Seiae es Soa Secasteceaascern| poeonee sates
yin Pa an RAVErEn hess a o8 cS ace see coo ssese Das ace sed eat seeseetee
Gran dtVakG Meer ee eee sae ccm as cnasnsce ce sees oes shee oseekeet eee

GrandiRivers North Work: 222522052 5-c2sscc-s-seecc-4|secee eee stes
Tali Moon) Creek are. 7 neace cootee oneness oeskeeesocce| tesco eR eee
AK CIC ree Kae ss aoe Sa ccs sae emes cic SEGRE sac eRe eR SEREE
Monarch akese te Ae. Sue es sak soa ease hecsnceclscoseeeseeen
Porcupine Gulch Creek
Rock Creeks kt ot eat moan nalonaaen cae sa algoa-eaieelacieisiee
St. Louis Creek. ..--
Stillwater Creek... ..
PRimibenlinewwakeeeeaaasnscccs se ooeasesoc ches Sosscc [bz ueeoceeee
MInguoisesGakercan eee goss a nceeess cae sa ceee oe -eeese-heuscece eres
PRWANUVAK ESE oe oat imc n oc aaceae acres seas os ah cee aeons soe

Loveland, Cache La Poudre River, South Fork.........-.-.-.-.|.....-------
ILVONS App licanttyes <- cceeae see cece ccsecsases ese oaseeeesteeoes 400, 000
Malta, Lake!CreekNorth Work. :.-2.so-ess-ss2+-<25ccc0c-suc =
IMancos, Wiest MancostRivel.-to-ssccs.stsasecssccececeecns ence
Marshalls South'Boulder'Greeke/s.---22-522-250-ssn5sesneseess
Mears! Junetion, Poncha Creek. o.:22.22-c22s-2222-seeesoes5- 556"
MiuntuEn), Cross Creelkecnjan homens cececcssccsessesaaneseseseceene

WapleiRivers ssoacasses cas + saceceneswce see sheesenese

GorelGrec ics sepa pas ck Sas nce sean aun nsoe ate naee anaes

ake) Onee ke oataace ride cis Sa SS eee oe ae see Soe ee Seeeees

Mon tesVista, Alamosautivierssoss-s-oseees soaeereeasecenneeceee
RockiCreekeaasscsh2ss2sesenesensteceasaeecicceues

Montrose) sBissed Creeks s.c2scesecseees deen assasceeseeceer
Clean Cree kart ttn <a tas das See Fase SC Ieee
IHVorsetlhyiCreekemere = as ccias Gases cc Soe e see sceeeree

Montrose, Little Cottonwood Creek....-. MO asraae se ae tein ae
Wittles emi Creeks reg 5 520s 5585 cases sea oeetee tees ke

mabegtacheGreeks a sssssccccecosoee ne pastes acaaasce

Mustang aGraneros Creekemmasace ss assess oases ances ons eesonice
GreenhormyRiveriescascsascesentosseenaees sesecceeees
HBlaCharlesiivieresmeces sae scence sesneneareenceae fee

Nast Mny ing aban Riv ererencoce. 242 seeeecces cs scceanseesa cue calsivecee seo eee
Hrying han Rivers south MOLGs sss ces sees nos soceneccasceelbecseeece cnn
Bryne Pan River|Uippet SOUth BE OrKas: oss. ses s0+sosceneie ceieeeene ce

Fingerlings,
Fry. yearlings,
and adults.

ESS ae 15, 000
tienen 135, 000
pee resale) 12,000
297000! |s.0 testes
FOO! Seaccee eee
Ree aT 50, 0CO
pened Mbiid 12,000
G3 °000" | Sete ae
ae ae 25, 000
R0K000 [Loc eFe. 2202
95,000 |b on csseeseee
95,000! |). .cee-aeeee
Rey) Bailie 27,000
stiaee Beee 40, 000
30.660: Cheers erase

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1918.

1913—Continued.

BLACKSPOTTED TROUT—Continued.

DIsTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, By Locauiry AND Species, FiscAL YEAR

Idaho:

Disposition.

Colorado—Continued.

New Castle; Divide Creek. -./35.-2- seen ae eens eee eee
Munson Creeks soc cen): os jecmsic cin sanencees een es

Newett, deeters pond seacesasceecsiscsrenincencs
Norrie, Chapmans Cree
Deeds Creek
MosteriCnreek: fis cosceeccis- wimaele see pec ee see eee ener
Frying Pan River
Gowen Creek
Kochs Lake
Wiest Chapman: Creeks sos. ne sceee eee aescine see soso ees
North Cheyenne, North Cheyenne Canyon Creek..........----
Ouray, Uncompahgre River, East Fork..............-.--.-.---
Pagosa Springs, Piedra River, East Fork
PiedrayRiver, Middle Works) 2. seee csc see
San Juan River, Beaver Fork of West Fork... .
San Juan River, East Fork
pan: Juan River, Wiest Work. o.----scceeeeis- jer
San Juan River, Rainbow Fork of West Fork...
Pando WaglevwRiverss seo. ci p Sock mwtsisiectee se elenwiathw ee ecielaeoee
Paonia, East Muddy Creek
Hubbard Creek
Merron: Creekise ie ws saeco ee ee ee eee eee
West Muddy Creek
Parlin, Cochetopa Creek
Parshall, Battle Creek. 2.20. sc acmene aces
IB Gaver Creches ene eee eee nae cee Renee eet
GrandsRiviersancccss see cles a iafsiniafare ste recjnan sacle scene
Gran diRiver,sWalliams! Workers cecac nce es sce eeeees
Grand River, South Fork of Williams Fork
Ritkiny Snipe Creeks jack ante eee kee acco ack ones enn
Platte Canyon, South Platte River
Pueblo, Arkansas River
Rico, Dolores River
HOTSC CLOCK 320 isis woo saeco aciioe ce a eos ewe een ee moe ee eeeeee
Ryman Creek
Scotch Creek
Silver: Creekcict > Mee sasicth eset ius nonun Seedy Sa ee ee
RIG eWayeuLroutduakGs. sce. cece ue eeeen sone mee ee ener enen
Salida; sArkansasiivielecesecsc sence ne nen see aecae eee ee eeeeeee
Cochetopai Creeks 2a s2 oss 2s cce jon ca saeoe nenea ee
Poncha Creek
Slate\@reek 32. cetcsesoccsecs ease sae seme eek cee ess aeeeee
South Arkansas Creek
Sargents, Marshall Creek................-
Sellar vhrying eaniRiver wNorthvWork:.+se-+- sce see -oseeee os ee
Shawneée:;D eer Creeks sos cc nase eer aeean ee eae eee eee
Snow Mass, Snow Mass Creek
South Fork, Alder Creek
Bear Creek

Oe et cee eee ee www wee see w we cec esc c er wen cceere=

North Kalmah Creek

Youmans, Big Blue Creek
Big Blue Creek, East Fork...

Hall Creeks taser e eh aeeaanets

Eggs.

Fry.

Coeur d’ Alene, Wolf Lodge Creek

Hnaville; little Northvb ork Creeks aoe. oes cece eee ee eee ee | eee

Fort Hall, Spring Creek
Malad, Stuart’s pond

Millan sWiellin stom Take ooo cee aterctepe clcree oie ate ease creel ee epee ere a me

Rathdrum, Lake Chilco

Roberts, Seamon’s'pond.........-..5.-.- 1 feieie afolefa Ware eral eles arate ara | Doe eee eee eo eee

Spring Creek

Oxford, Gooseberry Creek
Grove Lake....

OO ee ee rt Pe eid Cre ie

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults,

a)

a

a
MIWwoon

>

SSSSSESESSSSEES

—
ears home ole Hord hh io

_

SS

ss
Se

=

ere

SSSRao

ee
MNOS Horer

_ _
oe Oe eee ee

Die mR OON ROO

-

eS SS ee

SSSSSSS883 222235222222

DistTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

1913—Continued.

BLACKSPOTTED TROUT—Continued.

39

By LOCALITY AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry yearlings,
and adults,
Michigan:
Detroit. etroiteA QUATIUMN. ooo. - wns anism ao nainm = niwin os = wim ee —ine DENN Rosoetee cos aaacacoouar
Montana:

Anaconda. Josephine Pond ss aac terere claaloie a cia = nie = niniani= «/ein(alnie’e lois ainin}| wie =ini= sini i='=inlal|= nla = s\n) 5,000
Statemish COMMISSION seen eee ele see aisieisioin 250385500) | aaer teeeaa~ =| ae sins Serer
Pars tend seb arke tin QNee Kee epe ec ctnciemtele wicialeloie saa = mimjeei= =nla)= a einintel|eeinisiemm ean aia alm 10,000
IES) IU S Sa goncdackacaceecna ee aroseononeteoEe ser | Seosscucebe | Secsecerss -o- 4,000
GlarksiCanyonib ay Olle aesmesseeeeee ee eee ee ee neaae | oeeeesacnes Peeceaen si 6,000.
Gh rai bbaye Ores ee aE SES AAS Seppe ne eee oneoepaoce tosses soacee Sanaeeeescee 2,000
Medicine sOdPOOree keene sees sie = ae ene amt telat e aioe | ane rere = 12,000
Selwava Cree see ame ees eoenias anes aise seicecmiscer| nena aaisietclas=ly-m-ciece= == 6, 000
Shomiiaves Ohn@elic doe soe saoegee Sb oosae aee sso eee soconeerd|sossenccsere Jpeascosaaaes 4,000
\AVillol IRORGILA an 5 ood oneedaueE Seeabees se Aee =n eoss| Bogaproonses psearesosece 6, 000
iBpallantiae PATO) Chee Kaeser cet ace e asec 1 ain ain sie ese te erate tsetse | ota aharetato lei) 7,500
Wa keyMCD Oneal des a eemerjemicie cise seewie) sia l aelee = eisieiel| alesjaria ieee eter eee a 20, 000
IB, Wyte IBN Oe oS AB ao osedPacueac bdo cceseceoencessece se saeedoeasces| Fe asbec echo. 16, 000
IL Aye Oe dao ad aoy ann en een ROU SbA es He nebonoe Ssecbo ea peut tases pooseaeaeeee 16, 000
iP Prati Cea cos gp easecou san ceanoas sane geesondussererra heeded seecead|pesensennoas 16, 000
BOzemiAs Beal Clee Keene co isiene eer tea ci seiese ee ose asia'am | eee eer ati m lati =)n10= 5,000
1eycite eg el Cine) A aS aed cae un ne au pb oun Eo SeedEpocceses 45, 000
BUCKSkimi Creek: 5. .o<.tes soe awescesaccee sis scccissscicc 12, 500
Buffalo Horn Creek 5,000
@ampiCreekasaeen ine saee cieewisme 25, 000:
MishtaMaleiCreekess os -s= sacs sine ease se eel serresier 10, 000
IBN SONy CHC) ASB e rete ee Bao ane EARP Os EEnannacaseEdae 10, 000
IB ka @ ree tears paresis imac cine ise niociercisei sce meincioniecie ss 21,000
IMeCAdOWAORGE Kea sme Se cic cess aecle wise oraisisccsiceewssseciss 5,000
Ming GIeIOnee ks see to sae wes rawian arts een accie xe 30, 000
Mid dlel(@reckulalkes a saae acs se ese cece ese ears oe bemeaems ea eocsctt -eicistes 25, 000
IMT Cree keep srs es esa wie forsee eee cecclelolere cis ele ayers eel elec rate siatarctare|| ie Naeistefetonie;= 15,000
IROLCUDING Chee keene sees e ee anit se ee ane wae aeeiene seer e errr eee nee 4,000
IVEESOICTEe ketene ner eee ninenicisinentecisie ses mmsie sis (see eee ec Serer eee 15,000
NOU HON OTK Onee le cee ease oer se ne ccicte Dee cites | “eas esos eae Ieeease ces, 7, 500
SpningiCreekee co ass ens ocineuis = tee ssioete = cites etl mainte encesteie 24, 000 15, 000
SG Ua wa Creek sametesce one oss seriacere oases aae we sel trassiceeeiseice| seereiebre eter 2,000
Stonya@rceken seeer ccm meee a etercls jabs ch oste heal easeniseiaeael sieeietelsiniele = <r 15, 000
PSC tLONAD Pp ICAM Use se ee einen eyes em cle cists seme eeainiciccs/ici= siercies aioe 256) 500) eet eeeser |tasemeeeeincs
Fort Benton, Sho tikanl Greeks sate cece ce siclocooe cose see Senses [Boece trea seme anaes 20, 000
DAUD YAPEILLEL PR OOtRAVCL, shaAS bUHOL Ko a(qjels anise als serene ae atone ate a ainlaceinie |e sfetesorele sietelele 12,000
BIGLeLB ROO GA IVCr ee VEeS UsHON Kisses aiisnel ne sie =)2 oamieis eeieteeeiasi ote iaeetas| eee seeeieri= = 12; 000
Dell, Morrison Lake 6,000

Gardiner APPLICANT ac ceece ais cmclsiic aalsacecis
Grannis Siding, Shields River............-.- 40,000
Hamilton, Bitter Root River............-...-- 32,000
Bitter Root River, East Fork 20,000
Blodgetti@neekss seemace shes s seas esminsisoas-ise 16, 000
Gindsi€reeket Ss acs ces ccs @arctnasocsies sseieislccicinemiee 16, 000.
VICke Cree tases eee seca naa celemeis Saisie eecGincirs soos seme seeasetl Semscrsesrciss 16, 000
NGOS tHELOTS@ OREO Kae ee tia hao ee oa ccaine Soak ce nu ntias | AAS coca eee Ses rete 18,000
WOStHOLselOneeka SOULDe NOL Kaen sense sera asso a le eleels tine |emcrcierae ts est= 16,000
OGKI Once ker sees come e can cade see sae eo a eeine eesr ec Meee sascecer 20, 000
Roaring biomiCreekssees fee = alee )-ie sis st oo as ace. seyainseies -s eecie oer astos= 16, 000
SKal RN OM NCCI ac yoetnies oo ans mes ocore = Sesice seswisciie a Gece om citeeeelMiatiocielokenh 20, 000:
Sleepine Cinild Creelest nis </osc 55 ss ackc cesses yaos sas oemeeesese cel ee ews <a seine 16,000
Hauganteb iol Creckemeren seo cs Musecenec cnacebesea saenecoe = cuec|es ase cement sseee sonssc 6, 000
HOSE PHINE ToIxKteCleMille Oreck sess acces aac camoae onecnte cise cise nel Nocewecaeaee teemeeee ene 40, 000
Lennep, Little Cottonwood Creek..............-...--------- Sep ed veel ee Sa [eer eres Ci 8, 000
MeWwaStO Ma PAMtelo pol Creek aks sss ono seeciaceaisnceene en ee nestle ce ceeriae a dleteeeetinscsis 720
HowellispringePonde. sec. ossncs oneness ee asec ee bsccloeecee meme melbesewa calc se 320
Re PlISs ROMO eee aso Sho ie noes seen ean dee aces 5, 000
I DMINGICTOCkes he eec less see.c cecicecctee 20, 000
Waite Spring Pond 320
Mima’ Bie: Sheep Creek.) 3.5250... cbse see 20, 000
Witte Shree pl Cree kee sae ce cere oem eiice meneame: 14, 000
Wivingstoneendain Creolkksye ss es cee sae cast eee ene tec aoe mene 800
Pillar Creelceee el acy he as nae ace section see soins 12, 000
PULESHINAM Crea kee sce kee es Sees an ease a eet econ 12, 000
TRE T RovaYo WCE ee Se eR er eee eee A 700
OllinayaGrecko nee 6 sce heeeeLh MORN encase n wak eat oe 15, 700
SinioldspRivensaccmee ec e es ae ieeta ees oss 16, 000
SwandlehurEsis Mond secre sania eee See caeiete se arsse aareal| Geek cose Jaleo Soe ose 10, 000
PRO DATO TCe Katee ere ee ee ee ts oe Pe gn ps erat eille iateloraasctetts | he io Nee ee 800
Manhattan al llingsensPoud sett cases sas ea cn cues assoc suns esce se cece ca See asacees 4, 000
MiliCreckeeBicmlumiber Creeks ewioa as cjoasiseere our/seemeoanicmacc/ssalbacacoaceeweliqacese oso 10, 000
IBauldeniO reek eyey- eee ia an gees dee a oon cec caaticte: [sees uinmec ac lamehe saat 15, 000
West Boulder Creek 10, 000

40 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF Fish AND Fisn Eaes, py Locaurry anp Species, Fiscat YEAR
1913—Continued.

BLACKSPOTTED TROUT—Continued.

. | Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Montana—Continued. |
Missoula, Big Blackfoot River...-s<2-2s-cssssaoseccseescasecsee 22,000
Bitter RootRivers-s20-o5oce- eae eee se eee eee Seer | 22,000
Grant) Creeki-s.asaaa-eisek esa nace cneaae ones e en easeee 14, 000
Grove! Greeks? aa8s sac socisacciaes seca sseseneeneaneenaee 12, 000
TOGO Creeks, oscosaissonadsaatoscsceoeis cme saen ea eee 20, 000
Miller! Creelos sciscisjectee sdccise coc sid cies eacdide tos ae arose 10, 000
OBrien Creek ss. wc cccesosddseceusgecasescccor sas Seer 10, 000
Rattlesnake Creeks csescssaccccisanss aras cee ceaenee | 14, 000
Mitchell wittlowbricklyshear Creekesssesncsas oa ea o se nee monees 15, 000
Monarch Hoover Creek. a. seeeccs saee ene bas os Soe occ eawacne 10, 000
Nillingiasti@reeks. 525.6 555 sas sa soe aan scecosesceas 16, 000
Neihart; ‘Belt Creekis te 6 5. Se Same sec ca ctme sao nac os esinetons | 20, 000
Belt CreekSouth Borks ssessee se goa seo oe see cere 10, 000
OBrien Creeks 26 ce o- none se is cee oo Ss les sececaes sees 8, 000
Norris, (Parent Waker 22 onences seca das code erate ce eneeeee 5, 000
Sta Regis iSt: MepisiRiviensa= osc aeeennonees re mae es ee aa eeneees 12,000
Superior lati Creekese sk se aeee some sae enaene nasa cee ene eee : 6, 000
Wilsall, Daisy Dean Creek.. oe 15, 000
Bik Creek2-. 52.6 20, 000
Winston, Sweeney’s lake... ... 5, 000
Wiyola sitio BipsHormmuniviercscsssece sec sone none aoe mene 18, 000
Wantic, Clear Creek: 225 25s cchnsscomns sa soe e cee eeen cen ence eens 16, 000
Nebraska:
Chadron ChadronCreek ss 5.-seeeassaccce ae see nee sees ee saaaeee 40, 000
New Mexico:
Capitan SRiowRwidos0v-t=22cse scissac eas sacee anoeee a sarees eaaee 20, 000
Carlsbad Wake Bujac-.-3. 22 sso. osseeee noeesconeeescee ceases le 8, 000
Dexter sake Durand sceacac ences ae aaa ae eleeee eee 4,000
Glorieta yinving Springs. ose cas sosenssse sees oeeen ee cece ses eae 4,000
MOTE ERVIV On vase sore sane wlacie eicnie Sees ole seis oe oe eee 20, 000
POCOS! River cieesctececeasec-soecedessee acegnctensace 40, 000
as Vegas GallinasiRivensssececec nosso ee nese. onnceneaeneee 20, 000
Magdalena, South Diamond Creek...........-..------------+--- 6, 000
Tulerosa' Creekiac .22 sec ceed. deiige scceeissde ose aeeses 10, 000
Mountaint Air iB arrancasRiverssncsesesne sebea sess een eee e eee 8,000
Raton, Cimman Point Creek 8, 000
Ribera, Pecos River...........-- 8, 000
Rowe, Pecos River.........-.- 40, 000
Santa Fe, Santa Fe River......... Sa 15, 000
Mesudque River. cost tek is2 ae oases sesa easigesdooemedee 15, 000
Paiban Tai baniOreek:. sees ise bags say, daly yay haan a 4,000
sPhoreatl Cottonwood Creeks sass secs aes eee aseciadaecee 8, 000
mres' Piedras; san*Amtonitoi Creek ascacc acetone ew ceonncceete 10, 000
Musas Creek: wc ons sas acwioweisacls cone pa eece eee cree 6, 000
Ute Park, Rio Grande and tributaries. ......................--- 40, 000
Wagon! Mound, Tilsons! Springs: sacecemcacccmecnccceroececses 4,000
New York:
Battery Park, New York Aquarium) <2 scsas-s-cosne cides eeeee aes) 2D ROU0! eases ce | eae
Oregon:
aker salmon: Creeks --n- <2 one eee eee eee eee 6, 000
Duncans Meacham Cree keeases eons aeee oe see seers eer eae 12, 000
Hugene,wMckKenziovhiver. cus oeasasse sateen teas ae eee 38, 000
imdependenceB erry Creekesesas ne saan cee ote ao aaaee eee 6, 000
MNES Creelkcie on sea ecen see ao aera see eeeaces 6, 000
Lakeview; Crooked! Creek: 222255 sessiccccnesero ccna aeoseace 46, 000
Oregon City Buckmeri@ree kee senor eee eee ee eeeeee 6, 000
Canyon: Creek o7 <sec.cehs once ose 10,000
Codari@reghkiin ss ase asanacc nlasaes roto soon ence eee 10, 000
Clackamas River....... 18, 000
Deep Creek.......... 10, 000
Newell Creek...........-. 10, 000
iRamsbyiC reeks session eee owes eee ee eee 6, 000
FROCK Creat 22 2 Se sais saace cts cee eee ee 10, 000
Pendleton’ D esolatiom\Creekss-2 nec eeeese ese te ea eeeeereere 10, 000
Wiainam Creek: ~ c<.secsmaasge toca doncnstoe doen eon nee 8, 000
Portland: slechilerg Misilce mer esa ote oes earthy 4, 000
State fish commission: 5222 22asem ae sem nce eee tee ee eee | Mmn 6204 000) Sena eten sees aaa
enillamooks City, Nestuccal Rivebs ssa. nacaste scene eee nee neee 14, 000
*Drail PROSIOMRIVET se od Sac scceac seminsws seers soe olson eee a eee oe eee Scene Co S17 A950 eee
MambilliM cCoy: Creeks caaseaassnewoncisiosen cence noe eeaen mene 5 10, 000
South Dakota:
Custer smrench: Creck2:. ccs asc ce een cee ane en eee 75, 000
Troms Creeks Las. k Sct coe 5 Sevqeac see ee eee een eee 35, 000
AM IMOTE Beaver. Creeks: aoe eee cee eee eee eee eee 20, 000
Mountain City Creokess--paceeosecse ene eee cee eee ena 20, 000
Miller’ Creeks .<- sccccsuccuse cosmo cae vie cstenienenusae 20, 000

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

4]

DisTRIBUTION oF FisH AND Fiso Eaes, By Locauity anp Specigs, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

BLACKSPOTTED TROUT—Continued.

Disposition.

South Dakota—Continued.

HilmMOre ys Pearhishi Cree Kies ateatemistsiecia cies esis! /scie o2 <= nie cles ees celee
Speartish Creek) Bastitorke ee gcee see eseec en eee emecece|
SpearfishiCreeksSouth Work® ss on. nego ee aces ces cece

Englewoods boxe idertakers 1. cee cecisise ise micw cic ceissicisnisioniemels

Mimm Crecketeencstec ce ccise aces acon ae ce aaaoee
MiddlewBox Wider Creeksssscs soe ae ce cneee soe canons.
Wihitewoodl Creeksausse aoe o sins core ce oeeeswinesseee

Fairburn, French Creek

Faith, Pine Creek

Hermosa pLOWwenN pring Creckeercscce sce cecccece Seoceeneicncmcee|

PM Citye bp attloiCreelkie cesses ceceescercscsccee asses ecc gece cee

HMrenchi@ reeks saws viseere acces 6 sericoeesicisewiciniasicie seces
pring Creeks. woo see as ccece cele eicleawe nce cccisenceot seus

FOCI PII PS! Cascade reels ove sec cecm sere ciesccicnseclseececenine

trom@roecks pear Gulch Creeksess sec c cee eos eee see ce neeeene

Maitland Blows! PONG <.cs a. ode mnacmon cae some ce seme eriesonececn

WMiystic wh apid Creeko ssc. pease aecnicee secon esc cn scacemoceceeen

Nahant, North Rapid Creek, East Branch......................

PlnmaylkiCreekys-e ces neste cecccne ceeccs

Pringle, Cold Spring Creek

Rapid City, Rapid Creek

Rochford) efrenbaugh7s pond ces sec as cs scence ce cee cee cnecces

Mittlevvapid! Creeks. see se sso c es Seen ce eoceeseaseoe
Rapid Creek
Savoy, Spearfish Creek
Spearfish, Crow Creek
Tron Creek

tec ee ewe ee ee ee eee eee ee ee ee ee ee eee eee

Speanfisht@reekeen cesar ceca ccec eines cmecceccsesee

Spring Gulch Creek
Sturgis, Alkali Creek
MilfordeeB 1a HTK Creek ae syn eclesen ceo ss cee eect cesets ne ccises

Washington:

Bellingham Cany.onWWakeisessscecc-ce-ece mise ect ereeeceee cee
Curlew, Kettle River
Heisson, State fish commission

‘West Virginia:

Durbin, Big Run

Wyoming:

Beulah, Crystal Spring Pond
Sandi Creeks st. cecawsccceece cccceccc cess esceesscmee
StoutsiSprinowtunssessccaeas-ciec sccee cece ncos cence

Cody. ShoshoneiRiver, South Work <2. - 2-02-22 + - cece ence een

Lander, Baldwin Cree
oporAgieCreeksssescsece ce ccc ne ceeiee soe ose enn wc cete
Squaw Creek
Niontihiorks Creekr i secce tat cecasc ce seaesecc crete emer

Lost Springs, Card’s ponds

SloughsRond ees eee ee eee mec eee seen eee
WrillowsBond’ s- jchsesasccse cs cemere ree ee sce ae eee

Newcastle beaver, Creek. 22 or coe aeecee cess cm ecosceenoa.

Sheridan, State fish commission

Sundance, South Miller Creek..............-.

Yellowstone National Park, Boat House Cree

CubiCreeki eee -coeeet ence neces
De Lacy Creek
Duck Lake

Hatchery Creek-...0) 00020... ce.
Indian Creek

Totala@

Eggs.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

766, 950

2 Lost in transit, 6,000 fingerlings.

7,174, 060

42

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DIsTRIBUTION OF Fish AND FisH Eaas, By Locaniry AND Spectres, Fiscan YEAR

19183—Continued.

LOCH LEVEN TROUT.

Disposition.

South Dakota:
Savoy, Little Spearfish Creek

Fingerlings.

75, 200

LAKE TROUT.

Disposition.

Finger-

ENE lings.

Connecticut:
Hadlyme> State fish:commiission. =: 3-2 2.2220+ssoeescseseeeeeecee

Idaho:

Coeur d’Alene, Coeur d’Alene Lake...............-.2-----0--00-

Rathrum, Twin Lakes

Soda Springs, Government Reservoir

Maine:
Bryant Pond, Lake Christopher
Farmington, Vagnani baker ce Anton sc. sua eee ae
Brankling Donnellsmondeze-escenaassee otacaseee ase. a seeaen acne
Jackman: (CleaniWiaterv Pond: fee cseedsee sooo ene cuee oe eco sae
Onawa, Lake Onawa
Michigan:
Alpena; sWaAkevUron ga ce «cn ce ated coe note sence ae oodles screen one
Atwood Reet vuake Michigan <2 ssnqsa--one0.Sescasssesenes see
iBewlah.CrystaluWalkk es << <ieswasiacteieniocisie co oe sodas aetna cee eee
Big Rock Reef, Lake Michigan
Detour. lake wluroniyastayee sa] seers asee cece aces see etoee eee
Detroit; Detroit Aquarium): . 222-445-2222 sen - ose esas eee eoeee
Statemshycommissione.n-mecceceseseee eee eee eee
scene anealkeyMichip antes eee eyes teeter ne ee eee eee
ish@island)WakelS uperionasess se ooe cea seecenceneeesnceee lene
Fishermans Island, Lake Michigan
Fishing Shoals, Lake SUPCHION Fee eke jana eee hei eee
Frankfort, Lake Michigan
Isle Royal, Lake Superior...........
Long Point, Lake Superior........
McCargoes Cove, Lake Superior
Marquette, Lake Superior
Munising: sake: Superione essere eee eee eee eee ee eeee
Nine Mile Point wake: Michipans- sone eee. assene seat n nee
Norwood Reef, Lake Michigan
Ontonagon, Wake Superiore: cosses eee coe eeee eee eeceeeaeen nae
Sand Bay Reef, isakeiMichiganieeee scene ee eeeee eee cee eee eee
MopinstElarbor; lake Superior sssees ee ses see ee ee ee eee eee tees
Wiest: Branch! Wuoomivaker 2.2547 soca oscaes Seiece cae een een
Whitefish Point, Lake Superior
Minnesota:
Duluth wake Sipenionsces- asses eee eee eee eee eee
GrandsMarais Wake Supenl0tass-seseneoeeoeeescen os cece ene ne eee
Grand Portage, ake) Superiors..acssessncseneet eee sn epee enn
Siebauly State fisniCOmmissionssssacsee eee eeee eee Nae ee ee enema
Stannard Rock, Lake Superior
New Hampshire:
Chesham, Silver Lake
Laconia, Lake Winnisquam
Weirs, Lake W innepesaukee
New York:
Carmel, Lake Gleneida..............
Charity Shoals, Lake Ontario........
Grenadier Island, Lake Ontario
Fox Island, Lake Ontario
Fuller Bay, Lake Ontario
Lake Placid, Lake Placid
Raquette Lake, applicant
Sabattis, applicant
Stoney Point, Lake Ontario
Wilson Bay,
Pennsylvania:
Bellefonte, State fish commission
Vermont:
Barmet; Wuaird Wake. ted sock oe ccs cecicencoscoe ne tee eel
Banton irantwelluPondss 52.2 asa aces babes seman e scene senetoneene |
Greensboro:|Caspianibakes 22 ce Ais senses se eeos sea neee cen see

Lake Ontario?! otalonies. sobs sci cae ee e ee

Lyndonville, State fish commission.................0-0.2.ceee0

tte eee eee eee

625, 000
1, 088, 000

429,000

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

43

DistTrIBUTION oF Fish AND Fisu Ecos, py Locauiry aNnpD Spectres, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

LAKE TROUT—Continued.

Disposition.

Finger-
ry lings

Washington:
INES Tn Ryd DES ILA Sepa cosenonone nes sueeu SCE eeeecsosccor
Nighthawk, Palmer Lake.............-.-.-.--------------+-----
Reardan, Little Falls Lake..........--........----------2202--=
Wisconsin:
Wonaldson blacks Oaks Wakes. cece ccc ne ee aca ceeaa-ame cee =
Fifield, Homestead Lake..........-.-
Madison, State fish commission
Phelps, North Long Lake Ai gs CONE TEI d SE Na eR ee
Stonetake |ScOnenuake hes ceeseee es Sec ememeeeis eee se esee een =
Wyoming:
RhenidanesKearmeys Wakes sseeccscteescar a= -eeccer= se s=-S=ec
Story, State fish commission.........-.-...-------------+-------
OL ale aetna eae ees eee eas oo mce mae cece escscee ss 6,612,000 | 20,594, 600 3, 024, 924
BROOK TROUT.
Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry yearlings,
and adults,
Arizona:
Wingstath wast Clear Creek sms scone cin cose es in lee orm -= =| 2s ene aineim= a= = meian nein 6, 400
WrestsbenvelCrecksemmneae. sees aaactence soc eemsc ceice | aceemeee sie 4 sotein lar ieisier> 5,600
Arkansas:
OLS DrEnmSGUlitia Credkceecrcecclse rele se oes er coins ae eer wee |e eiviee am elenis| om cieisiniewie= 2,000
California:
NanvieronCodan Creeksa marc ce sci ose ct sere onie oe ole = wine wiale ec aseteiclels | aeicjeinimisreloieiels|[ninim(siriol= ele =/ai~ 4,800
DISSOM SEALS LS MICOMMISSION vemos cae eas sige sacs ses cis eles cele 150 S000 Pe ieierteinent=|| steers sii
Colorado:
ISTRY SUMINIAE ERD Leis obec ponoodgn see recone saseeaacoosesaer abo sauece sod paceecoccest 13,000
Antonito; Conejos River and’ tributaries ............-.----------|----..---05-|---- = 922-2" 20,000
ARKANSAS MUNCLIONs ATKANSASREVGD sos =o = fesse seicic oie nije cos ce wie so -eeeminin se |e sisi oe 10,000
aker Crockett ae eee coe oe mercaisacee eee aaacieiee seer |haleeeiee eine 16,000
ERGMMNOSSOOTEC VCD san meat canvas mine Secale eee esoie aoe oie Sel inte ata eleloveret= 10,000
PAS DON paar S ake ee se ac mere mactermer tere re sinc ce neice ie ates oe siateioe |nicinia eis iol seer =i-)atelislo,- wicier 2,500
independencomuakOssuseece coe sce ce ee seecine occ ce cece Meee cea eee Setee eete a i<is (= 10,000
MAT OOM C rec kame rete nen nen ee ai eee onan ee aes lbeatesece eae | easesbcieeies 15,000
IMATOOMRIGAKG Semmes permet meee en chismionk sees se seis cs cialeecineeceecielmemesieibcless 10,000
MGA GO Wali ake mace tamer neers mem te nee mtr aaie Eictevesare eine llnsteene seme 10,000
ERA VIOTS oe aAKOem em emcee a tene Soe ence eiceion cb oats owas ccs bac saissieeiowe emcee ame 10,000
Weller meme ee etre ee ees bee pee mn a Eee |neioe soemer malaise clsaieceee 10,000
NIGHT IDM TI ROG see setae cae tee Eno Hea Sere Seen ened Boater aenccd Seoereccanos 2,000
Baileys ph) com Creckeseeere te cee em ees eset ere nietie ne cat ein bee Seine emiceiecions aniallerisetealoreielel=ie 10,000
Southelattewivers NOT MOnkese ss seceee ese see ce oelses cece ral asim aiemrce or 60,000
Boulder; Goldhtakewsscssas ocseee a toscecrecesscace set sect ecce 10,000
Middle Boulder River 22,000
Buenaivistay May Pond ies s.cce ecccccsenes 6,000
Bufialospurtalo Creeksesoe oss sosasescecectaecis sce cscs csccse cc 20,000
DOWtHePlIAt tOuCLy Glee teens te mcceee concen come oe ae baie 25,000
CathersSprines:ivittle Mountain Creeks. 05-9 hess) -ceanee re socm|e cos ence tena eesea= ems 15,000
Central Citva Soutnsb ouldenCrecksesmemece ne neen ec ccmese enn on cian sen seer Geeetececiecs 8,000
Cimarron yb IgeblUeWlVen. Sees cet oe ccmsmsccect cee cececce coe | secon ce cisa| teres ioc ssn 10,000
IB 1p{@imaAnronvRlviels se concoction cieteriele ee eae oe el ence eee ae eeeaeesigectrs 10,000
GCiipetai Creer seis oa Sets a ence cece c cok lecmaar sa oe eps ceeee nner 10,000
COTE OlT a ics aie a ene ae Sea Dee See ek ein 5 = Cri epee (Raney An a6 BS 2 ak 10,000
@urrecantiCreckss. oc as sacae oo teeta ee ee eee eee coe ee lee Premciereteteet? 10,000
IDACOGUICMCreokseons tecnica n Caen cere eel acest eee se eeeatee tein 10,000
TD Taya Croc Kase he oe eae e ee ree pe Roe ees cc See ceall aA mae ae 15,000
iHappyeCanon Creek scsacc cs ae eee eee ee eee nce ne caer adl eecemeben as 10,000
{DALE A Gey BIE O US Rah) ee a ae ee eet ee BOE tea | UV Ne RS ee eer oe 10,000
ScUawd Crocker see sas occ cece cme eee ere ai tatl le chistia orciosoael De acl seieietiece 10,000
{WANT TELE OS) LGN 72g Sate a en en Se tS De or ae ane eee 9 Le ee 8,000
EOL CTOR Ro reat ne en LR eee ane LOL At cetey Oo aan ee 10,000
VAY HMO LO aoa eet eg i ea RR Pele cee RE NE haa a ee eee et EO ae 10,000
Colorado Springs hursman Haker so 0s. ls cease ee ates serene can sosend conc baceemecse ae 6, C00
} PTET KO VAR OOK a ee eee em cae a a cin MEN Hanne OA 5,000
CotopuxiyArkansastRiverse nce cone cence cei Sock eee emails sa ceriesesciels TACO [eee ae
Creedeuhiinons Crocker a eee neem ue ae ee etme ll Won cas oe [Cccmeeenieee 8,00
RIOR G TATICOMEVEVOL a are cee noise eee oe ose e eee eee rane tuere ares eee debeisiia side's 30,000

a Lost in transit, 2,000 fry.

Ad

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, By Locaniry AND SpEcIES, Fiscan YEAR

Disposition.

Fry.

Colorado—Continued.

Curtin, Uneva Lake

Del Norte, Los Pinos Creek, North Fork.............-.........-

Delta, Alfalfa! Creek ee oy toinlatm a) nie o wletain oie elo isla ===

Buttermilk: Cro@ksscccgececccoscessecetassessescenastnce

East Roubideaux Creek

Escalante Creek... .

Curtis Pond

Currant Creek

IDouphspoonlCreek=a asses eres cee se eee ee eis ie ieeloeierer=

IDE pea iaua aa bebeoGanaenanboeuSscoosspcabnocedcesedess

Hartford’s pond

Horseshoe Lake

Kielso'@reek > ce ntocecccesecetsatce noseescssceciesmece se

Lone Star Pond

Morse’s pond

Parker’s pond

Rinehart’s pond

Vizne Creek

Wierd Creeks sas cacccnraaccicesen tee etme aoc nee eee ene

Young’s creek

Dotsero, Gypsum Creek

Duranvo; Plorida Creek. -- 2. -/-ccce cine cis ccse cine sees ais ois

Permosa Creeks. ss-ccsncce mame Ceecice peer waeeceeemse et

Junction Creek

Lightner Creek

Pine River

Eagle, Brush Creek. ...

Eastabrook, Craig Creek.
MldoraBoulderiCreek= sees aacsa- anes

Takes hd Ora se ce, acetia cee ne smc mec clr elaicie Cais cee cai ceeisicre

Eldorado Springs, South Boulder Creek

Empire, Bard Creek

Clear Creek

Clear Creek, West Branch

INIOTONCO VE OBVCR CLOCK sa yctnclasarscinc esa ee onsets

‘Hast Beaver! Creekis.. oc cccceeseaaseccssesoceeee tee

Fort Collins, Spring Creek

WLISCO, EH XCCISION PONS yan \ateiciels steno sae esio a = sans Sainte stl ose

Georgetown, Clear Creek, South Branch

Leavenworth Creek

Grant, Geneva Creek

Granite, Lower Twin Lake

Pine Creek

Twin aikkes| Creek. socewscs eigen sos see ase mee asase ae

Hartsel, South Platte River

illsideNorthy Brush) Creek: o-asce-soecase 5 -ee ee aeee aoe

Spruce Creek

Hotchkisss Clear, Bork Creek ws - ose cee - sere ase see cineeee een oes

Crystal! Crock: isc odccane Seana cose oeneee neee merce

Smiths Fork Creek

Howard, Arkansas River

Idaho Springs, Chinns Lake

WallRiver. 2) saacaceonscce seeeecceeee ose eeseee

Lake Edith

Reynolds bake. se2 sacs ceeeee eases cennioe eee eee

Sherwin Lakes... 3:05.22 2><c4cceeeecnceses ocean

Slater Lake

Kremmling; Pass! Creeks osm sects =cccss ocicccemeaceseme see seer

Red' Dirt Creek:n.cccccteecssieceessmstesecnse seeee

ake City, Henson Creek. 52. s.ccsecescccesascese steneear a sees

eadyalle, -AnkansassRivericoccmecs seseserececn coe e ee Sema ee eee

Lake Creeks o-pwsuten aise. ook Oo ee betes ee eee aes

Musprove bakes socccscckes oscncanineen seeece cae tenee

Savapelakese sss eae eee ee ae eee

Smith Pond yh. oes eee acicee seenceee peo eeeeee aoe

Turquoise: Laker. <5 s5.cn- sso scnce setecaesesaseeeueee

; TRENNGESSCO RIV EL aan ceicisecces feos sc rios cee Sao en ate

Los Pinos, Los Pinos River, South Branch...................--

Moveland Benson's lake. j5.anceooemet none saetenee sores sneneeee

Malta ig ihompson! Creek.Gegs ne cs es meecneeomenenae se nnenes

Boulder Creek... .ccceisssis's se cess cncsccsusreeeuseceresteee

Pine Creek cc sucessissiecmacscescscce sauce sceeeseescaseeeee

Meredith; Jakeman Creekic. ojos ccacncuceecescecune ceemeeeetene

Minturn, Echo Lake............

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

45

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisnH Eaes, py Locatity AND Sprcies, Fiscan YEAR

Disposition.

Colorado—Continued.

Montrose Cedate Creeken-sanoc cecthec@ceiswie ss acacs cess: «aececanes
Cottonwood Creek

Horsefiyi Creeks eas coemce sce mecceie oecceaeesces

Mexican Gulch Creek

Red Canon Creek

Monte Vista, Rock Creek
INSS TRYIN eran VV Oroe oe piee qoeee joe ae sebete ls erie a=
Frying Pan River, Ivanhoe Branch
bnyinoy PanvRiver SOULM HOnk ..scescseseac ces ene ce ccc
ISVANNOC CLOCK tae s ctcseiscsecewic onisciecicite oc ic cteiseacccicecies
INewa@astlewA Gamsilaklcccusss dence ccmactes coccenmnncaccenee
MGGDRUAKOr eo ceccco nes cesicnccaemecoeacsoeceemwens

Pipkin ATmstlone i Creek...) cas secteins oo aeice masece wee ste e eels see
North QwantziCreelke, ace cc cece cee ee cece ce
Warm Springs Creek........
Platte Canon, South Platte River
(Rue DlO WAT KANSAS EVIAVED eis \<\cic «ste, eerciciers/scic care icine cicteie niorereieteie eines
Quinns Spur, Upper Savage Lake
RVUCMIM Bed Ver Wako cs seisise cere celisaese sm smrenccec sees sees cen
RVOCKsyPH Ons Creek tsccrieou crn cce sicises Enicice cio o neisioe nee ae
Saguache, Big Bend Creek
WongyBraneh ss. ec csew coe aiscsme sec cece ce cies esiciee oe
MonmchilCreeks seeccssecs cece s seme nessa ceniscics selec
olida vATKANSASRRIVOL= ne cococem ec ctic ones co cat adiccecccocene
Little Arkansas River
Miklich’s ponds
Poncha Creek

Sarventshomichipiven=o. .mctcsaonccccccconeccescerciceas sence |

DIGS puny Nome SH RAV Cr aacicciosm ater ceric ci ce ciccie ccc tanoces cece
South Fork, Rio Grande, South Fork
Steamboat Springs, Bly Creakseoane wee ce cn ccen acne nee nie secre
Spmbishy Cree kee cence cceencn a cemme ence ee cscnee

Grizzley Creek, North Fork
Madi@reckWakessuees-ccceeseecrecetscen eee

Mad Creek, North Fork....

Slater Creek. ...........

Wialtomi@reekae en cose oc ca sonnacnecee ans

Whisky Creek and tributaries

Willows Gree leierae se geet er sees see eee

‘ennesseeEass, omestake Creek. oo. 5-0. cn- 02-020 cece ose nese
Momasville;; Chapman Wakes. .ccccece ce cececese se +e. s cesses
Englebrechts Lake

Lake Howard

Sprinigd Creeks Sees sae se a sot hens see owe eee

Weeon Wheel Gap, East Bellows Creek
Webster southielattevRiver.ccesccsesnce sco snse ocece ea sescee
iWiheelerpblackiGake los nmcsmesenc neces csecoe asses cae sees
NWestyRenmMilelCreekiser eetce as ccneenacceuesoeeagece
Wellington Lake, Wellington Lake
Woodland @Park vi chouaket 2: Belo ae ae re ee ee sae
Hay Creek, North and South Forks

Long Lake

Rainbow wakeses sas cce cece coe eseeee ee
Silver Creek
SilvertMakest e222 secon cats be he eae nee
Mam pan SerVACE Cree Kaeo oe ses eckicc sacs os someting pee mineieniione

Connecticut:

Bridgeport, Far Mill River..............-
East Canaan, Whiting River.........
East Hampton, Elbow Bridge Brook

Green Ri

MANGIA BLOOKS scl e cuveia oy Aa ma wane eee cece eel

Horestvilles Copper. Mine (Creek. 222 522.222 sbaccclncccseacsanen
Greenwich, Byram River, East Branch.......................-
TeeNnn mols WES HIB) < Sap boranbr OSbOegnBn oS se aode sens comecoseee
TOWLE CiLy broad UBlOOKe so Vea cneciecsnee nec ose coeeenemeees ee
Hell Hollow Brook

Eggs.

Fry.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

ee

S1.Q0 GOGO G0 00 GO Ha OO

So

SS2SES35225

38
Se

—

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400

46 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION oF Fish AND Fisn Ea@es, By Locatity AND Sprctes, FiscAL YEAR
1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Fingerlings,

Disposition. Eggs, Fry. yearlings,
and adults.

Connecticut—Continued.

Jewett City; PrattsBrookwt cee onccece ce tee eee ee ene See eens | aaeee cee
VOD DINS BY OOK ans eae s cee ne ee anaes ee in |e
Meriden, Highland) Wake}. 5.28 85-55 52852 oS CUe is PEs s 552 gs dipole ee eee
Pipesdale Brook and tributaries
Naugatuck; Great Brook! 2222). ---cssseccecn:
New Hartford, Farmington River............. :
Norfolk; ¢Pond sail Pond! eine sess Se ree ia Sr ees eee ie 88 ap ee
NorwichhBroadvBrooksnce ey abs. see eee ah 8h) See co ee eee
ChoateseBroolks 282 se rcs saa eR ss ns SAT NE NAR e tNeW sie SIN Ree eee
‘KeimipalleBrOo kere ks enna yal we na Ze aee es + EDS AEA ne oe
Pine Meadow, Farmington River, East Branch
Simsbury.S primer Ponda: fe~ esas sae ee es Sie a taal ea eee es
TALVORUBLOOK.< sehen sas cess sno de scot eens na Aa onan oe ae
iWestiminsteriarm Ponds s sss ssa snes eee ene
South, Norwalk; CalvinuBrooke ogee se jones sae emote sal een aera
Weston Rivers: cracscac oo sg seean tang Tae aa Ree
Mariftvillag salmon\Brook-sesscn nesses en sss sek seen eee aaas 3, 980
Waterbury. Abbotts brooks: 225254 22 sscsae ns sd snc ane eee 1,000
Boughton Brook 1,000
Chestnut Hill Brook 1,000
Dallas Brook: : Sac. eco eee eee nae | 1,000
Gules! Brook ssrA sons eee ees eeeeeeneesoes 1,000
Hancock! Broo ksoco ihe sac oe atone tetas eeae 1,000
Hop: Brook: 255) oc. 08s e.2 bs aie. Fee ee en 1,000
IKangs Brook ss chee cae) saee ces eaee anne eee nent aan 1,000
Lead Mine Brook 1,000
All ysBrooks sea. 8525708 sso eae eRe ee aes 1,000
WuinsleyeBroo kp. ete neem ane 1,000
Loughlin’s brook 1,000
Morris Brook..... 1,000
QOsborns(Brook vent tioaos seeks cobs cece asmeeenee see 1,000
PearlMakes 22 2--.tc 85 s2os sce le ecedede ede abace hoes Me esece oes |ime co OOD) Seen
Beck!s brooks. eee ee beed oh arene eka cena name 1,000
POM pPeraugiRivers 52.15.4205 oS segues oc Se Seem cnnee alee aoetee oe [ene eee 1,000
Rae HOMO W BROOK et sea nec ce eee een le ce tener | ane hee pe 1,000
Roaring Brooks ss is52445 22 hts See eh hese eee eee eee 55000) |S. sec cece cine
TLodd Hollows Brooks 32255555 are se cece see eee ee loee ce eee eae 1,000
Welton Brook wsa sess tsceee eek ee coe ee eee | ee ee ee ae eee 1,000
Welton’s\ponde sss iatees Eek She cose Seay so ame al ee ee eet 5000) ||. <citaaieenicte
FTA SIDROO KE Sse soe eee OES ee ee eee eel Sees eee 5,000|.c cosseeeeee
NS Kay tel 8 010) ee is Ae te ee ER EE tH [eG ire Be 9;000) | -eeecmenee
Tong Hill "Brook 23 oe See ne ote aan oe we nee beers ee eee cee 55000) sass see
INiGholsiBrooks 55 Soe eee aed Se Ae eed rere y eaneete 5000) pc asoeeeenee
LEXoy Le al 8) 0,0) -ereste ees ee ene ee es |e Ree eee aoe ee neem 5000) |eos ceemeeees
PritchardssPondss S28. ot ee eh chee eee te ee ee ae i 34000) | See eeeeeeeee
SHaddrach sBrooks os ieee kee ee eee El ete eae 5, 000s SaeeSeacees
Snare Brookes case ies see hase senate eee ee ee eee eee eee 000! See eeeen cee
Tent Mile; Brooke yas 5. cae conn oe eee eee eee Oe eee | eee heen eee 950001 ese cmeceeee
Windsor-Mayloo Pond 2-222 5355-2 ooe ces ascend cee eee ee eee | ae eee eens 200
Windsor Locks, State fish commission................-...--..-- 2520005)|: oe se soul -ec seeeereee
District of Columbia: |
; SALE SY Aquarium Central’Stations.---eeeee ee eet ee eee ees neeeeee cence |overcceeeee 15
aho:
Athol s Trap peri Crecless<csce2cc succes ooueneelek eee eee 280
Boise, Spring Lake... 600
Dubois, Dry Creek... .. 450
Fort Hall, Spring Creek 1,350
Tdsho Halls "Birch Creeks 32328 accen co cmasiscec coe ee eee ee em ee eee 300
Hell Greeks 42835 soe oct ete oe EE | ee el en aie 150
Idabo\Commercial Trout<o;pondsee ee es eee | eee een eee eens sees 300
Indian, Creekeis 25522 ro oes Sate ce See ee ee a | es ames See 300
Willow Greeks oe Soe. Gert gp | eT. 450
Malad, Dives Rimi. 0 Ah S532 pace ie ek Bar oe eee a i Re 300
Huinsaker Pond 69 28sec Se sae oe eect Bree eee | Engen ata a | eects Sane 300
Meadow: Creek; ‘Rock Creek. =! 225 25 oe ccn co. cose ct rae re ee | ee 420
Rigby,(Granite Creeks. 6255212. cet gack staal ee ee | ee ye |e ae 500
Granite Pondi2ii2 25 ik eset Seas cols cee soe ee ee eee LNG ee ere See GePh as 4 400
Roberts): Crystal Make 2255 52 Soc ota coke ere cee eae | ena S| EERE 750
Sandpoint, DhompsontPondeitssacen ss sasu ote ere ace ee | Rees eee eee 200
Summit'Siding Skin‘ Creekes 2.55.20 525 sess scares Sate ee a | eee | te Bi Bs 280
Illinois:
Hox Crystal Spring, Pond 5225 242. ssecen see se sec ee eee eee nome etna Cone eoeee 300
diana:
Brankfort; Lockwood Take. <<. .i[sssc. ccjae coactosesscsadedeae | ese aeeneeree tee meee 2,000
Michigan City, ‘Kalnita '‘Creekeict fsa bso S Sasa saa ee ee eee 5,000
North) Hiberty, Schrader’spond/s5sso22 cose Sones nee ee re eee | ee Le ee 5,000

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

47

DIsTRIBUTION oF FisH AND Fish Eaes, By Locauity AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Disposition.

Towa:

Arlington, Deep Creek

McGregor, Bloody Run
Manchesters spring Brann eircom nie ens a aise oieiersersicinienicle
Nora Springs, Spring Lake
North McGregor, Bloody Run
Postville; Swingood Spring Branch... .2.....2..-2..2-----..:
Strawberry Point, Cass Lake
Waukon, Sherman Creek

Kentucky:

Morehead, Garten Lake
Olive Hill, Denues Pond
Shelby, Goodwater Lake

Maine:

Bangor, Crosby Pond
Mass Bog Pond
aacen GPP
Biddeford, Batson River

Bigelow, Cranberry Peak Pond
Mountepicelow Onde acerca scce ase ee esas aeons

Bingham, East Carry Pond
Rowe Pond
Boothbay-WarbortAdanvs pond) 2f5s852522222252 2222 252222.2220

Bridgton Junction, Crystal Lake

‘Silley Brook

hilten a @recmeeer er © eens hese. oor nay

Oma thorn Op smemanas asec ances Aen cece eeiceee
Boiling Spring Brook
Cascade Brook
Cold Spring Brook
Deep Brook
Dyer Brook
Goose Fair Brook
ERIPBROOkst et senctiee a eee set ee os ee ae |
Kimball Brook
Little Milliken Brook
Lord Brook

Ganiiy Brooke sos skeccstdectscscaesiitc3scs ceseele:

Tapley Brook PRR asaes Lands era eSsiei er lezye ss
Towle Brook

Campbell’s pond

Long Lake

Ellsworth; Quarty ‘Ponds ss<seseseesccogcnsecddoodsececdecseeet
Harming tons BeaveriPond). 42. ceecsssecs cess sescceecsecen eles
Biglsland) PonGss : seeiew nosso rene nose eee:
BigsNorthwest Pond. cc serso es ek eee
dnditani Creeks 5 = hs 2 seyrtateooee te eee eee

Natanias Pond
Rock Pond

22889°—14—__9

20, 000
10, 000 |

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

1,000
800
400
000
600
800
400
1,000

800

10,

oe

, 900
500
300

‘48

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS§, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION oF FisH AND Fisu Eces, py Locatiry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Maine—Continued.

ifoleb; Mckinney Brook: = son-cerio open eee eae tes see seme eens coon se eeeaer eee 500
island Halls! Mattawamkeao Walkers mace sere cma- eee e ee == | Meee eee 50000! |" sn oseemeete
JackmanspAtitean Wake = ce sete cece See Hees ence ee see ee eee eee Seca e see eee ee eae een 1,000
Basstliakie crs osc cm sece ee eee es SES eee ete ee eral eee eee rece | eee eee 500
iBengman|Pondies focdeec--2c sesh ase co Sst eet cee cee ee tecoenesecen| oomeemerenre 500

IBOLryc PONG)? 2s Se se2 seer ee oS ee ey ee | ree | ae 500

IBIGkford RONG ers esse es oe eet on Soe tne ae eee eel Seeeme ene 40;(000|c eee eeeeeee

BOR TBrOOKasscccec toc ose e oaece tee cee aenicc moe -omiae| seseceeerines 15,000 500
ColdStream: Ponds. oe 2. /s\ajoseicn om cisinesis ceeies osisist lleioeaee seetne eee sareeeene 500
DeervhOndes si ssccsseccns cc cce smote ema tcee eae nee ee cten ne aaa —,000 500
GraceiPond sss. csaccigse ac cee asset ee oace seenece soacre|ceererenoane 20\,000))| se ers-eeeeee

ale ON Gee mcescisice steele chia cine a siceiseea-keinteees | aeceete ce ee lsecmmesecieee 500

Rat CHeryeB LOO san cee eacaee eee come mee ee ell Setocnee eens teceeen errr 1,000

LEA GHR ONG: 25 oe cco menses ess betn meine emaeeee ticeoeiel ecbioce ecient emeree 500

Jones Pond
Lake Parlin
Lake Wood
onpyPond ya as sue scn acme ee cee oe nen See eee einen:
Lowell Pond

Mud Pond

Sugar Berth Pond
Toby Ponds
Williams Brook

Kennebunk, Kennebunk River tributaries
Machias, Cathance Lake

Madison, Hayden Lak
Manset, Stanley Pond

Sand

Orland, Craig Pond

Schoodic, Schoodie La
Searsport, Swan Lake

Strong, Cranberry Peak Pond
Tunk Pond, Tunk Pond

Waldoboro, Medomak

Walker, Squawpan Lake
WiatervailleMussalauskeeMmakesseumcetnsclsencnseenees eeccn one
West Ellsworth, Pattens Pond
West Kennebunk, Swan Pond
West Paris, Abbott Pond
Concord River
Shagg Pond
Twenty-Mile River

Maryland:

Altamont, Little Youghiogheny River
Clearspring, Big Springs Run
Frostburg, Savage River
Gunpowder, Gunpowder River
Hagerstown, Lisheigs Run
urphy’s run
Laurel Run
Lost-Land Run, North and South Branches
Wolf Den Run
Lonaconing, Poplar Lick Creek
Little Savage River

Mud Lick Run

Monkton, Holme’s branch
Little Gunpowder and tributaries

Hampstead, M

Kitzmiller,

Mountain Lake Park,

e

Mapleton, Alder Brook
Monmouth, Purgatory Pond
Pond
Mosquito, State fish commission
North Ellsworth, Branch Pond

Presque Isle, Pennington Brook
Presque Isle Creek...
White’s brook
Rangeley, Haley Pond

ke

River

Block Run

Broadford Run

Comegys R

Little Youghiogheny River............--
Lost-Land Run

Trout Run

un

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. 49

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fis Eaas, py Locauiry AND SpEcrES, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Maryland—Continued.
Oakland wArnoldGRUmne o.corcs=eseeic oss cecineaiserc sce sos seccem oe | 3, 800
SPRUE eee cen Sees weet cite eects stocinck sedicienslmeneinr : 3, 800
Dunkard Lick Run a: 3, 800
Wi deewood Makes ss. font ss scantoce eee see.o ve see 2, 850
CRO VOPR UMS See ene ee ern Ho tene yay ak e Sobers See | 4,000
TET LSS RSD BR me eS Ss in BCE ea es ads SS 3, 800
Muddy Creek...... iO mee ay Cy eos PF Dieu A Be aD ke aS Te Oy |e | 9, 500
INGA lay Olaeniayy7 Giese) ee 2 oS ee SAE ec aoe oenseenoeeedcnesedlpaeseedo coco Scope cocubee 4, 750
oundiGladep untae eter tec tne face mee secs e teens: oe Och ete issn lleetieaiaio as eine 3, 800
Spore lo lae sasisseaee soe Ste Jakeco ates Sage OOS BA NOB Se Saeeneeseran Se neeeecmar 2, 000
{ioysramoi, JBhonamays Crees se e5cecee saaee te ao tne selene sacedeeco| Saesenoseees |aeoonesosase | 10, 000
Massachusetts:
Athol, Swift River, East Branch 500
Bal diwamivallesiNorenoss Ponds -- cs ece eas oes eee ene c= cimci- stele 1,000
Conway vowellstPondee sore = aie occ see eee sees Seeeceiese 300
iDaGlasnn, Weoley nol 3.5 3k Sees Sasa nanos oeoeaenosaeenoo sesog beasseosacea| | smu WSUUU MES See oo sae.
Gardner; Bennet Brook!;.-< s02.2-----+---=-- 1,000
BrichamrBrooksa--eo sess e meee ces = 1,000
COOKPBROO Ks sae eee cee ees ceee enemeeeeascere te : 1,000
CunnistowersBrooks ee eee sic sarc ee eseececce saaees 1,000
EAI OMB OO Kaper ce ne oe ene et eee ae eninaeiaelelsicinie areiiaiars 1,000
MArOnMead Owe LOO Keene sree eterna inter rarsie nats sie 1,000
AAT Ar eDTOO Keres ci iene eine ccna sierra wisie ee arecinieversiamieraia 1,000
AVA TOMS LOO kms er ee eee seer eee mieeiste teem tererote 1,000
Gireeriiiel dregs OMENS GOO keene see aie oe aah sarees atanie aofersicevelsiccte e 300
ROMY OK MS LOLLY PE TOO Keren eae nce cee eee rate taco wi ereeeiietar=ratece i= 300
MAN CASteIeReLELSOUsS DOU Genie sees seaa ee ele (ein sin is tm = i=inince 1,500
arto ete DESEO Lene ee ee Ne idee one ely iy PLO MOOU Me sx wasegn ce
New Salem, MIneeBTOOK ee ae ae ne oe cancer emo ha sae mare 1,000
Nore aAlmMouth eA ShUMeL RONG ssn sss nee scene eases so eenmieceia|scine saecainalip ) 20s O00)|| Cec est a=
Otter River, Bailey IB Kaa eet seein oe eee eee asiewincint 300
IBIpelo web LOO Kemet anes chen se ese ener see siete as 300
Bish amubropksaee onto mere eae cose se ececeec er aces sees 300
Teteillepl Bio) ea RGU EE Bee aeoeeecnnc coos seeges Measeasoc sae 300
Wray eto he Oe Coin aoneneeseEsecscs) Debeormadtor 300
Wai lli pe BOOK es eee ease ater cece cre anc sacies a2 ia scesotceee 300
Rock andeisilvene NOOO kes seme tee sees = aie wins lesa aie le ietete ejay a atal| Si=teia=/=tereie ei 3,000
Wiashinetonenyvestieldukivertes 920s) eee. sace esas ese es seae <as|ec seceetenis- |) )eepp LO OOO cece ates
Wrestheldeilithlomniversees nee cscs eden see e shes sees sce eiseewis|eyaccineascceet se 20,000) 55 222 tit
Michigan:
PA panda Comstocks Cree beers eo see 8 eines ces ace ee cians ee ni
Miskr aii @reekeeertccns saeme heer Sse. Sse eenssamaes
IWOnWePialin Gree csr aey yaya cers cieinetercta lejeeisistaialas
Wall Calta CRO Kowa ty ee seme ee AE rarcts che siovaieacie se /ielcis
Baldwin, Pere Marquette River
Bellaire ohaniy Creckesa. cesses an seca 2- <>
Priteliyn Cad ar Creckajamsie ete tee re oatsiae a aisle Wiis slele sictel= swisieinic ciclericia'a
IBlaCkshhyerenb lac KghURVier septs esas s a itielsine/siciae slaieie'ni= miele =e
Boynerball SB OyTle UCL ems aes eee es sinels elericlelsisaa= = ain
Branch, cidoniGree means Gaeta mee er OEE
Carpoplaken Canpeivern cures se enaeecice se sia\steieenstesine a=
Wentralvlake: (Centralibakes soso-scec oe cesses e-em “ee ee
laren Clear @recksone cenne soe so te aoc eo ocem oeee salen eete == = em
EeethiveruakelCreckes. 4 ssa ccioteeselenicine soeciee a ststcls ielele cle are
lalsteddi@rec kee eemam mace cence ett remeron
end ersoni Creek en eve eee occ ineieee ae eee eres lela sail Seiad
Iba ey? Oueeviele Soon erg sdecoosedonoscooacegeesocar seustae bSranosesaes
INTO Ey sua Cree kates ree ee eae ole sete reise eiee ele atcte le ratalomtarea | sieletemmiaeeraler=
Naar ayy (Celik SR aaah one pone soL see eooceesroDcecena passeaseocee
IME Foye Ohtea cok» 3c a ee ie ee oe ROC DECOR OS
MOOSE Cres kine te eee esee seb ece dee eestor eemseeace
Nt bert Mom Creeks kaso ee acess = cele nln cllsinsieieicin cima
Rum peEousel Cree kee sean ol elaserceear= aera melee clair
MODACCOVRVER sepee ree soe ene oclncts Steeninow eniieaissinlemaienias
MTobaccovRiver oouth Branches. oo ce cc oe ela aeiislars = eiciseie| |ereieleie = are= i TONOOON [Se isee.c esieye
“Bayt RINNLigy ELCUD CX B22 a cS ae] Pa el be Sane 900
IDOE, BENOIT RINGS aso Seropees be eeeseed aeescecsecsondeseccas| bescsecsesce DOOOK Geccm ameter
IAS TDS WaS Mee Ke tin Clee Kees ene sep eee ene eae eee mlelaea ieee | seein leterniyere | ainfeiainl-in ins als 50, 000
Himery, Junctions elale) Creeks = 222s cence 2 cen occ ccs eel elel| oo eine = nina mi ate mcinnin mie 20, 000
Wanwellssluittleneldu Cred kee seer esecrenict ties sine ese cere eerste | tees eminr=i== TO SOW ecanesacsoce
Grayling, Au Sable River, North Branch.............----------|------------ TION) EE eeneaeecsc
TS ACKAEULV OI eee ae encore cb Lars eetemeeiaceemnns TS 40003 | se cseeneetiee
IDipeOmeLIvels sis ceen wear n ceecine na eeceaeoe saumaee ste TI OO0? een 2 eeceee
SihuMpeonvRiverms eeeeraree soso cece cceeenecseeeleaese Suet OOOH Ses cees Seas
Harrietta, McKinley Creek Lists 35000) | Panemreamaiees
Slap leu Gieereer sa serosa cece a nteeee aisrare o elelisineleiz sal = alt= ane ilielalsineeivieier 10,000

50

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DistRiBUTION oF FisH anD Fisn Eaes, py Locauiry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Disposition.

Michigan—Continued.

Indian River, Little Pigeon River...
Pigeon River

Interlochen, Platte River
Isle Royale, Big Siskiwit
Little Siskiw

Wiashineton Club ‘Creek. 22-502) ee

Kaleva, Cedar Creek... ..
Leetsville, Rapid River..
Lewiston, Gilchrist Creek

Hunt Creek. ..

Ocqueoe River
Rainy River,

Newayo, Biglow Creek

Penanger Creek.

Niles, Campbell’s ponds
Lake Chapin

Rocky Creek

Rose Center, Spring Brook

Willow Cree
Thompsonville, Betsey R
Little Be

Traverse City, Boardman
Tustin, Pine River

Walton Junction, Manisted River---.- 25.222... cee sensu lee
White Cloud, White River
Wingleton, Sweetwater Creek

Minnesota:

Caledonia, Badger Creek..
Beaver Creek. .

Crooked Creek
Crystal Valley
Dexter Cr ek.

Thompson Cre
South Fork Cr

Winnebago Creek
Carlton, Blackhoof Creek.

Otter Creek

Duluth, Woodland Brook
Harmony, Tostenson Creek...
Knife River, Baptism River- -

Beaver River

Greeks ss). see Se ocean
it Creek

North Fork

Kec arageiestrs asc teaeeRcnchl BSauee aes
IVersosc. 52s stc fssnee ban ee et ance eee
tsey River

River

Creek

ek
eek

CrystalsBrook= ice cane oes ese Pee ee eee ate aee Sea

Gooseberry River

KmniferRivereeeee is Sei oo eee so Ane rake ies Aa Ae ee

SplitsRock*River ete ot aes sea eee

Temperance

Tettegouche River

Lamoille, Big Trout Creek
Cedar Valley Creek

Little Trout Creek |

Pickwick Creek

Pine Creek

Patiesboro; Diamond Creeks es. tes ee eee
Gribbins Creek

Onstim Creek

RIVED a eo ies Sone ted Tees ee eae eee ee

eet Cee eee eee eee eee eee ry

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

Oust sy Or Or Or Or Cr Or Or Or Or Ot

Tee SS

wwomwwnmo pepe mein

ZESS2 2255222522222 5222ES222=2

400
400

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1918.

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

51

DistRIBUTION or Fish AND Fisa Eaes, py Locaniry ANnp Spectres, FiscaLn YEAR

Fingerlings,

Disposition. Eggs. Fry yearlings,
and adults,

Minnesota—Continued.

PANIES POLO MOO VOIG COLOR Ks a6 cee Ge lesnsicis 3 sess ao eeseanrysmneise | omen een oa agaeeeeaeeer 400
PROT ZCESOMI CTO Keay nt patsia omiermtai= are Beare eIeje-n ela ataeictaye aie ore alevesoterssstaieedeqarere oocerarselele 400
ews LOR MIN bOLD DISC OTOG Keio ot ace. aya, eae ose ene nosis cerns nese setae eae serene 2,000
Hergzuson! Cregkissess eet cece cuaetig~ssaassmiese sao. 2, 000
RUISn Cree ksata sa aince te eee ta alae ees econ 3, 000
Stocktonevalley, Creeks ©: conn op qacccack ceseeeer ese 2,000
White Water River, South Branch 3.000
Minnesota City, Bear Valley Creek..............--- 2,000
Rollingstone Creek...........-- 3, 000
Ruppecht Valley Creek....-...-- 2,000
Spettzmvallayi Creeks. oom cc ee ane perce clececniarers 3, 000
StrarghiWVialley Creek. o- -.c ck «na seeeesiecinecca 2,000
elaine wens Ot VOly CLOOl. mete e eet siaie eis. Sasa ese ceerrdasisitels| Secs cis ec call eee raion 2,000
NGG EMOTE O Kea ee teey ae a ers ae aN ee pe cerns ate ym miciercieisions|| oo cleiee ce Dea eeeee 2, 000
MiG dLONCreOlet eves oc cismaim seme saceraeee ase sccimet aoe atl] sose ee wna ck lee eae 2,000
astalndiani@ relates o6 ccnp tras sem nee aa Aoeeecrcteneiarell ss cet ee reeked | Me meyer sar 3, 000
Wiestalndian Creeks. set co coh ae ea acey sence soaals saaecasscullae eeepc aoe 2, 000
SWAMI TORV We LORSECIVCT asses Benticececrica «cena eee rsnce lene acters ee eee Pee a 3, 000
WihiteaWatothuiver NOnth branch. soo. 4-sa=aep aos Som eee 5 ene ree 2, 000
RES LOLSSES PRS Pim PN OT OO Kea Sef rose lsicleters sie eaici we Sieerenrs sysieleus Noe ier ote RoE eioinee ees 5, 000
Wamp CreOke sete ease Sek se sees oe ras eo aa aeisicn nis) sie aiaisioe ee NEle ae beeeee man 400
MOuschelll Cros kee meee or eee eee eee ae sees IPT rece Bea aleea ee mer 5, 000
INGLES ran hi GREG kegs ses ere eke ee pee eee ome el se ene oe eee oe ees eeen. 400
Southebranchi Grego... ccmce= Se seme ie fs te eae on ne cede ee ceptin ee 800
SitpaniCreekerec = cies e ci masins oi ncacea eens Jusodeen sacle oscoecmsee hier moma hes 5, 000
RTO UPR Bes ceaaecigeee ee as eiee < eames oe Reet ee cae se 5, 800
Watson Cree kee oe snet rc sone sees seeice sea aeecouses 800
AVI Ola OCG sets a oct e te mre ee se ee ie ae ees oe 5, 400
iWiseliGreek= < och ecccc.c- 800
Red Wing, Hay Creek.....-. 6, 400
Wells Creek.....-. 600
Rushford, Coledge Creek | 400
Winondi Cres meets eee re Liman i eee ee |e ea ee ae | peak eet 400
NPR PHISO\OLOR Kenta och ae se ese ae we sees Accson eswrea|bmed cece 400
TBD EATSON CLOG Keene eer rem yee e ere rater peels ny acl Laren eee 8 400
FV OIUIMOW A yA OTE OK Maa ain cars nian Cee Ios seine eS na rere eases aad 400
BORGO Ge kare ere meta aa oe eine aaa a ore cies SR Soe hl Ree eee 400
OneCare Chiao lk CheeyeN aie Shel es ne te ee EN ty) Mae Tee ene (Ce eee ee 400
Dine narlessCamppelle ranch. 5.2.0 s5e 0 Saree care aie Weiee claus <i) eI Looe ais es SeITa Ss berm eloe 3, 000
(CEN te aye SHON eS ers PRIA IOC o et SO a Oe EOS SE Tec eee Sea Sey ir erenis| eee 2,000
(Groeas Cres SHE EE Se PEE PO ea ear ae eran [reer 4 Wer go rr eee eel 2,000
Meru GS ere Keeeear feats Sy eas alare eS a ge posal cae eee eed ee eee aes 2,000
PGMA ACTED Kents <3 =re.n melanie Siete ees te (aera al arcs sae SSG Mae ole 2,000
Holmesiopning Greeks sss ne nate epee eee eee eas cellte saeaeele IS see ape 2, 000
Te CoV iPspSpount ake Cigyn ee See Sen en See ee See Howcmesebecke Ilipie Diener eR 2, 000
Wogankbranc hice qomce a2 ne eee oC se oe Seis see icicle af a RON See Sh | Bee A ie 2,000
GOV SIS DEIN PIO TOO ays esate ame seee ec nsteee seas eee COE OM ok Ae ae 2,000
INTCHOISIC ROR Kee ees neces yh acai a ceueioen ea sale Merce eo aApell bation anand Renee 3, 000
Oyrinree Creeks oie cae os ee eee Boteeias seein 3, 000
TEXETFTSTES| (CURE ee Sa es, Nee ae ars Ae oe 2,000
Pinisisprine Creeks eosn. poee ee eee nce 2,000
IRinelC reek: a5.) cocks cigsio asian eae 3, 000
OinineywiCrebks Jec-ec cee gaan eee acon 2, 000
EUTTSHACTEO RSs e ee cep tacene ee ie Col Sie Saeckampcch miamcien rete 3, 000
PROM REUILMNS <n en Se Sade ane oan ch seeceeKeeeeee 2, 000
“Uline Chace e Vee See A ENS ee ae n ee Coens 2, 000
INIe WwebersRIViele a sa <o% oe api eee ye sei ta5 Ser a 3, 000
Whitewater River, Middle Branch 3, 000
Whitewater River, North Branch............-..--- 3,000
WihitewateriRiver, couth Branch): oo... 2 cj-cscs so ao see how al eeme sei 3, 000
MONASH Cl Pea LAVA CROOKS =a 5 evola inne crajecpeiceee eee ee ememe ss Ree Sane ae detlacisenr 3, 000
WOrevaVallaviCree ee oto wa sascjale sett ateeier quite sapere ine line ween oe Sel eee emcee 2,000
DM aarineavialleva Greek conn sa Souec ene ne Cee eee Stas eeecar slit ete B2 2, 000
MAS sins AValleViCTCO Ks. - Saco nacse ee See oe eee eee eee | eee eee Heese wees 2,000
GulmoregvialleyCreek 1c <5 <cco seca see ea ee eee St Sycece ee rere 2,000
Gantiheng Walley Creek a Gon << a<acicinna ce esate Seek hell tel aisce Bese sates kecck-c 3, 000
Mud dloMVialeviOreokss- ae cace a cna see se se eae Eee pn ee ee toe ree ose 2, 000
Man erslGr Ce Kare Se eerts Saale) acco Se eeetee com etter talesS cael Sais <= Uae IE | Se EA ee 2,000
IMGT Biya OTe Okey ere amaeeee aos Gao eaten eee eee ae ekee eee eee eee gaccte 3, 000
iPlessantavialley Cree eres cs \acncciaiesmeaenceeissce shee 3, 000
Hupprecht Walle ysCree ies <<<... ceaco cece aaa neces 3, 000
SpeltzavllevsG ree keep ete ajerec cyarciem asian seein sosacie ase 3, 000
Stockton Valley Creek. 3, 000
Straight Valley Creek.............-.-.- 3, 000
West Burns Valley Creek 2,000
WHSCO VIC TOaK nas coue cence case casei occceaceeceen cur 3, 000

52 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION oF FisH AND Fisu Eaes, By Locaniry anp Sprcres, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

ne Fingerlings.
Disposition. Eggs. Fry yearlings,
and adults.
Missouri:
St Wouisxapplicantjo.-s-se=ase = eee eee ee ee ey toe Datei weit 500: |-2: fates ot | eee
Montana:
Atmstead. Horse. Prairie Creek: jo. 2222522acs2eseca se eee eee So ee | eee 450
Warm iS pring: Brooks < . scee<sicce oc cies Ses Serene eee ine cone en oe 150
Belt, Delt Creek sa ssted as.cs ne seine eieialscan ee ee eee eee eee | see aeene eee 750
igh woodi@reek es co2 cs age cjenesiac cheese ee ceeee oe See Ea eee eee 750
‘Belton, MeD onaldl Creekse: toa so sess cease ee ser Saeco cemeee oe | ene aeeene ee 750
Big Timber, Deer Creek........-. Soils hictsletiow) eee eee hee eal Eee eee nee 4,000
Bozeman, Asbestos Creek 2, 000
Beaver Creek...... 1,000
Bostwick Creek 3, 000
Bridger) Creeks 5-2 Pacis areas ee Se ee eee eRe ae 10, 485
Buck Creelkenus a2 g2e a2 Seno ne Reon ere eet |W eo ae 1,000
Bufttalo Horn Creek 2,000
Cache: Creeks se. sas fo cot ecole brersoaccns ane erent ool ee eae 1,000
Chapmanch ondlses is baee ccc cee tec ee eee oe ep | Seeegees aes aun |e a eee eae 400
Cherry Creek triloutariess.. a: 22sec cane cence meme een eee eee oa Ree eee 4,000
Cottonwood Creek cio mance seein ete sen one arin eee en cee eee 2, 000
Cottonwood Creek, Northy Moraes ee ase eee oe eee eee oan een eee eee 5, 000
DaileyiCreek= «22212 saciecclce sss os cece cepa ae ane eee eee 2, 000
SGreek:\Creeke 22-252 fee SIRE OS es ee | Bee ee 2,000
Hell Roaring Creek 3, 500
Johnson Creek...... 1,000
Lansing Creek...... 4,000
Mog ger Creeksa fac ssa scece cist ae sees ae Aare tone Real Rate ake ee 6, 000
WbOSRGreeks Sas feascc escent ce cee neon cA eee cic eee ea eee o acte nee bane 1,000
Meadow (Creek s22 ik las esses eevee oeaceecied ventaa| seer eae oo Sol eee ees 2, 500
Mose! Creele®. 2. is sae2 detec asso) AROS eee one a [Stee eS | Ee een 3, 000
Olson Creekess fee cece iae cases Se eee eo ee See | otros Snes ee | See ee 2, 000
Pasha Creek se22!o- 22 seca Syenteaeeccce eo ske Clee eee en| See oee eee eee eee 500
Porcupine Creek....... Be Pie se a fie aoe ee eee o ea Seesaeodseue 2, 000
Rainbow gales hn. @ Aes Syl ey yo 0S cell ea ee |e 10, 000
RoC eyil CreGk axes 2a se Rocko es SS ER Tee nee | creck ees ese en 4, 000
SAR OICTECK es sas sate w a oie ree eo omy Tee ae Se Aen ne ote Ces Screens 5, 000
pales \Greékeesnet ae eae eee nee Soh ere cath cee | aac stl Sern ee onan 4, 000
SpanishiCreek |tributariess so co cee eons ee ce ote oe ae oe ee eee 25, 000
Spanish! CreeksMid dlombonkeasak see eee see eee | ane aa eee ee 4,000
Spanish Creeks North y Monkees. 2 pore cc ee nee ee ta oe ere ee ee eee 4,000
Spanish: Creel, jSouvhy Honk. cee oe ee eae ee eee eel | ere eee teare tel ens aie 4,000
SPeCimMenl Greeks secs .ee se wee eee ee erate ee ree ae | ante a 2, 000
Squaw Creek.............- SS ee ye ae eee eee cll SE Pa ae ee 1,500
Swan Creek....... 8 Rea e ee SEE Sea Ade 8 ond Be R ac nonann KaEaTeemaeoe 1,500
Reivlor Creekseesan oman ctec teeter ciel eee ect een | ee eee 2, 000
Taylors Fork Creek 1,500
Tai Creel. wax nese ceee cease ese ae See ee ea Oe ee 7, 200
Twin Lake........ E 5, 000
Wiest Honk Creekite.. ecae Mane ne ara tice eee eee 2,000
iWialsonl@reeke =: 2282525 eee neeese 2, 000
Corwin, Bassett Creek-c---.--- cece eseeee ee tee 2, 500
Dillon, Selway Creek......-- Sic cate AER Ee Be Rae epi ape neg 300
Divide; JimmieyNew ann. sostec eee ee eeeoeemeee eee seecenene 150
Drummond Shooplllakessasseseneeaceeencees sees sees sere yas 400
Dd gar weery or Creek: susscs soteec ce seee Leen pee emenee en one 280
Gardiner; (Glenn Creekc Anas) 2525 Nee re rotors eaten ato ene ee eel | See eee eee 26, 000
Geyser “Arrow: Creek: so 2-2 eae ce ee ee | ee | eee ee 750
Cotton woodliCrecke sas Bee eter pastel aera ota a Rte are reap Diane eer | ech eS ree 750
UDP CH 01021) GaP ee Ae Sey ts whoa Re kA RES a Som t el Eaaacs bese 750
Martini Creeke-tsacccssecene coe cet ee eee sabia tee tl Newnes de heoles semewescee 500
Hamilton Skala oi reek sae ecesayckce pace ictal ae re ns | peeye ee 400
Jefferson City, Prickley Pear Pond...... ANNE A es eer ry lbs ake aot: en ope AE ae eee | 1, 600
Kalispell Smiths Spring Creek cess. sen ase cece cee cee nae ae ell nae seen nee been enemas 500
PEIN gi Creek raha a alee rae alae eee oats | oer ores ere 500
Statemishi COMMISSION eee eee ere eee 2000001 2.2 52 aeerae| Senne eee
Lennep, Little Cottonwood Creek................-...-.---- SSC a Eo see ss as 600
Lewistown, Armells/Creeks MastehOrloy. 22am oe aes eee See oe ee | oe eee ae 750
Armells Creek, Middle Fork..... civia's ie elbiste's eye aitirete eel] meanness Jecull o sene mentee 300
Spring Creeks | se suis wc re ae tete a asic ene aes Cree cee | Oe eee ape 300
Livingston, Bauman’ spond ss cccc. cscs =e e ee nee niece oe een oboe See ee ee | Mee eee 1,000
Mee piCreelkeren Se om ewe ictecincc eee eee eee Eee eee | pees 5, 000
Fleshman Creek...........- ae es Se some 8, 000
Mission Crééleass. ccna ee eect ere eres 10, 000
Pine|Creekn sense sone SRE eee ses eC abeacORSASSSe 5, 000
Suce Creckes2e2 s52_ Ree 7 ene ees eee ee 5, 000
Trail) Creek. .2.....-- Ee nae Reta nace aon. 5, 000
Lombard, Sixteen Mile Creek 2, 500

53

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1918.

DisTRIBUTION oF Fish AND Fis Eaas, py Locatiry AND SpEcriEs, FiscAL YEAR
1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Montana—Continued.
Manas tame aleer Cree kncce is taeecicien noo omic ee cicie eilela/= ees ainsi e eae eimeyatetee ee mereetet tere eretate 10,000
Wamipi@reekieecencersteceeic ocioae = seers Hs aerate ersieyaisielecspstorens| | tenet lotetacetsioe 10, 000
EBS UMS BRR Uae seems cisioie ae w Sie aime eee ae eyerie eae | bins ereeie isto Bere eee 5, 000
Northehlorkt Creeks 2 -2-cee- nice. - SEO e eee Snes Sa ceeee sare Saami See 1,000
GS phim rr Oneekes ena ee yes sae are ene era etal rare aretntets ee aral| wicistalarece sere 10,000
MantinsaalesCopbonw.oods Cree keer asec eset e emer ete ier ae araisloeers oem leteesee aeee 4, 800
Melrose @amy On) Creek eWak Gen mctes «see eae sacra eee seis cieeieaia| lemiaine = orsianie lero tincre ciate 450
Moores Dockens Creekysencsoeccn ee cesaescemaees sees esses v= 750
JUGIGHPRAVED! =. <<< =r WSs See CRomee aceeeenes ve Seene 7, 200
PROCKICTeOK ee seat ancl neiee nice ecenes ese stcceeec peeee ee 750
INetharte Sawai Creeks <jajrsece= ste sacle eeicin nisin =istenine injn lao 500
Euilipsburg, LNG TERT UNE oS ne eh er a a 200
edpwodges Rock Creek Wakes nas <n cecieiie see 2 cece cts niece 2, 500
Rimini, Ten Mile Creek and tributaries 1,000
SaleswillenChenny:Oreekessc sees cciya esses = <= 6, 000
Sheridan, Indian Creekk-2_.-.-2-2.----.--=--- == 600
(Mill Greeks Sse nce ee one eee ene Ges ateccceiecic 600
iWhisconsim) Creeks foe ose open mes ccee one acceso cee | semicircle steel eam eee 600
Stevensville wMulliGreckpUaAK@s pos ccoe osc occ cise cies secines soe weiss accel Seeeseneene: 400
Sumatra weHenboldisiponds-soseeere-<-ieee sess seee soeeenee eee Pal fe oe erate eae eee 1, 000
PAT COHMOLES MOTSLCM SH OM Cae screr tare eo ore sce irre ieee stem ere are | ore wencevcrchaian| seen oat 450
PO WMS EL GH CLO Wa CLO Ke Na sree ine ya nate neta Shale eo een Sere cla ce mee = see niceceeG Sento see noes 15, 000
IOC PI Cree Keer ac aae sare o eme cece aa Secu Sesieess Bene eee peste tebe owclatee 15, 000
Greyson Creek...... be ey ee Beats a Gabe e eSB e tel Seema: Sah ale ets meee ete 10, 000
POC OteeNCTIOS) CTCC RAs a cterammice item einan cee ese enna aise cee eeninie o|timwa ramet testa Me cpeciaeemetne 600
WialsallEorse\Greekenen sc ascnctne can oae as esecmeaesenecees Pearle Mae a 00 3b eo Vem 7,500
Winston, Antelope Creek.....-.-......-...------ Bee Res es pate Sane eee eee 1, 200
BYicukt ow INO) ORCC Kya eo Ayes m se icicitiee <ifaie eee ne Gees Sees s sajeise woretsiell eae mre aeleimelal Hecate cecal 280
Nevada:
Wer Gis stat epishrCommissione = s252 ers = oa55 ee coca cee see oe =
New Hampshire:
Berlina@handlermBrooks.eeen -e-iacae-< see a2 sae Jae en se Pe S| Pe as Se
Charlestown ps enwamele TOO kee epec oc a iate eta = =)elara rate oie oinini ieee tee a | tie herrea
VESeIn OLE NOOK treme tees eee meet seer | eee eee
Claremont, Copeland Brook. ->-3...-2-2.-<c2--2-2-2-+--- Renee
Concords CunninghamysiponGes. = 22s. ee sacle sees enec esse ciel
GREStEB TOO Keeani pres nie aoaaeko nae cies
IRCITIN DAME TOO Ke spe semen ae een ner scenes ee
One StocksBrook. ss as: sack = see eens see ece pee nciee
UT OULEDEGOMrseemmeretma nase cae otc one a sean ces acecleeres
ScOwenSIB TOO Keraehiacrmen cece ee on aaieioe cinocierinem ote s
White gRiGcksBrooksss .s50- ssecme cae ae eeaceaceeen se
WWADILOMOLOeBTOOK= =" G5 222 cee cscereiceace oses cersic oe Soe e
Epsom honler BickiordssTOOk. sas. sae - cs seese~ = see 6 =ece ees
Halbyans Aum OnoosuG Rivers.a-.-2-5-+ee+e- s6s+eeesece -cecen-
PAG eT SONAR Cer emits tee oe eee ees pcm emer
IS Cate TOOK Meee oa eee ao re eee eo teas cee
IBISCKSB TOO KA e eee eke eye ae eee ne eee
BTOLUOMIVVOOUSHUAKC) acc ac cies t= sae ceo cieece ooece ese
Clay ROO Kae eee tare sn ae oe es ee a eek eee
ChintoneBnookssee ees cca ne ccs oe cee eee eee
GratwiondsBrookstvas: seen an nee soneen cece sence
MecepiiontBrooka..cs22--22s. aee ae
JekersonebroOke=reeeaeeess esse ease
Grafton, Wildmeadow Brook and Pond
Greenfield” Harrington Brook... -...--2.- 5 -s-cs2+s-2-e cee maces
GulB Tooke eee ener eee ee eect eee
Le Retr) Voi al] 85 0,0) <a ee ee ee ee Res ee ate
fShiaanlie] eV] ei devo) Sere a Ol ee eas Sd Aaa Seon Ons ceee
WOUGMWD TOOKe sate carro ce teen Oar eeee
eee Kano wiltomespOne a. occcmancascoseee aero eet eee ee aie eniee
iNew Dive aAker Suna peG=s =. 5-56 -<:ccsance Soe eer calevecs So elae ciel Meee cere ea 249900 5. nos cmercete
Peterborou ch RowmelWinevuBrook= o22- ace ccesce ecient eee sce eens ee aoeeeee 2,000
Potter Place, Wpicenelensanih 2.2. doce ote te mn ee EE sos Ste 10, 000
Sanbornville, Mountain Lake............-....- Meme see ee S| eee eee ae 500
Wein OAS OITOIUE TOO Keseras ns occ ac cere lo mee ce cee oe esol EE tenet 1,500
IEFEN CHB OO Keepers rots cote oe eae ee ee ree eS eel oe ete ne oer 2, 000
Mead owas rOOkINion tice. cee sce nese eee nsee ae ee ee eta less ome eenen 2, 000
MGAGDOWABROOKANOS 2 aoc oe oc be ca eee eee eel bli ceeeemene 1, 500
STUBS TOO Keapra mes ete yee. i<par) a ta score eee ea ore ee tira cmiomceta | ome MD NOOO 2 2225.2 alee
SHON GLO) TEN OVO) Ee Se se a ae ee Ee ease tee Bote aoe 2, 000
Wie DDE OLn VAIS LOO Kp ia yee eae cine wie neideinninnciooe er oaaewaeenc ee no 300
Wiest Ss waTizevenls OllOSIBTOOK sos cacao soe ceene cena econ sineo|eeericis seme 300
1 By HEWEVeL A BY Hale) ok Sh ee me Re, RU SRDS See ee eee A eee 5 500
IP Or IsyB STOO Ketere ests aie eee ete eae ere eerie arecal| eoteceieiaciereee 500
Winchester Mirav Brooks speiscscascs ociccec so oa ccs cmticies bslscicicw s pateetieraitioeis er eites satiate s = 700

54

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fish Eaas, By Locauity AND Species, FiscaL YEAR

New Mexico:

New York:

Disposition.

Fry.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

New Jersey:

Blooms buy. Ss Tavin ss MON Geese sae ase eee ee eee
Paterson, Stalters Brook

Stalter’s pond
Princeton, applicant

ID exter Make avian ses sociccaes eiten eae oss See COE eee ebeenee
Glorieta, Mora River

IP CCOSHEUV Ol rors cre eye etormiaiinieie SS cree lo eee Senet
Hagerman, Hagerman Reservoir
Las Vegas, Gallinas River
Magdalena, South Diamond Creek
Raton, Rayole River
Ribera, Pecos River
Rowe, Pecos River
Taiban, Taiban River
WitewPark, WRio Grand ees. Secs cies ete 2 se -reelonecireterrgersistciaerere

Apulia Butternut Creek:-s-ac-e cases sone ee ee sees aaa
French Brook

Mills Brook
Raneer Brooke Sscl oe ech eccenacmeie eee cance aeons
Battery Park, New York Aquarium
Bea VerEULVel. ib Cay CLR VCD sere esse eee ae eee ei eemeee
BENSON MINES, Mitile WRIVERs — eo apes eneeiens cece eens esi
IN ata DWC a en ocean Seip gae Ae ea senerere es Ss Ba
Big Indian, Esopus Creek
Boiceville, Travers Hollow Brook
Brewster, Croton River, Middle Branch
CairosBunkerbillirecketes-cccmckaccsceaer sn cecece cea ceeeeel
Cambridge, Devils Hollow: Brooke a-- oc esc cee oe nese eeeee meee |
Dunraven, Delaware River, East Branch................-...-.-
Ellenville, Rondout Creek, East Branch.......................-
Mernooy halliCreeksssseos525-scneace css coma seercen
Elmira, Hoffman’s pond
Erieville, Hamilton Brook
Morrow Brook........
Perry Smith Brook...
Wiaroner Bro0ksionesacccesoncaescn act naneoniceiee eee
Forestport, Little Woodhull'€reek= =~ 2-222. 52 22 she
Hulitoni@hain. Bish yelake: esses ese ee acne nee seems seen eeeee
MittleyMoose Waker <5-necceseciseeoecceeceeee nee
Georgetown, Morris! Broo ke ome. secemie 2 sec ese ce ene seen
Otselic Brook
Greatsb end Blacks Greek: saccmaceae cece seem eee cernene cee
Halfway, De Montfredie Brook
Harrisville, South Creek Lake
Ligas Lake
Homer, CLouse;SpPONd ssesosceceen ene eee ene eee enn
Kerhonksony Milli Brook: 5: soncaeee sacar seasece ace e eee ee
Make Placid vAusalble Riverecc cite -clecaieo sieelea(te sae eee
ChupARIver: os.8 cox seen cow eelonsaness en eeesecee
Halse IPLAC Wee cac scmie cian cece cen ee cae eeciec eon
isle, Dudley, Creek. oe sce ceemeenmesine nance eee acne coer
ong Hd diy pBaSketaBro0kisec: seers soca nese em eee eee enee
Margaretville, Delaware River, East Branch..................--
Morrisonville tRileyaPond pac cen se aciemescieeeeenesecee meee sae
State Road Brook
Newarks Militanga roo kee ces seer teeta eee eee ee eee
New City, thorntic deBrookse seeeecepescecceee erence seen oeeee
New Lebanon, Burnemead Brook
Cold Spring Brook
Dean Brook

Wiyomonocki Creeks see seme cs se eeees oaee een eee

Northville, Charley Lake
Hayes Lake

Oneontay Baker, Brooks: -eccos cece cee coment cerns eee neeee
Butternut Creek 2: cos cesccnccen oot seseeee ee eee

Charlotte Creek ss as te ciccsoseine eee ene eae eerie
Hacklev/Sicreeks =: asso 8c ee cee eee cee Pee eee
IKieyestBrook..2c.. cameos looser tee cena eee nee
MoridalovPond:. 3. ood ecm acinar aoe eee aerate

OterorCrecke a. ooo ee are eres oe oe ore ee eee eer
Otego Creek, tributary

30, 000
30, 000

10, 000

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS,

1913.

55

DISTRIBUTION OF Fisn AND Fis Eaas, By Locanity AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued. |

Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs Fry | yearlings,
| and adults.

New York—Continued.
Omani, IMO oe pase sce aco sees tase annuesanaesessdda0d laecapoosuccs
Powellt@reekce see seh Oh ee ee ee ec ee oe ec eee mene ee ce nooner

Robinson Creek

Owego, Talcott Brook
Catalonk Creek
Doolittle Creek

East Creek....

Owego Creek

West Creek
Patterson, Croton River
Quaker Brook
Piercefield, Catamount Lake
Port Henry, Club House Brook and Pond
Ledge Pond

ml ata} mYolm tnt line olotm ln inlet mini steluleleim's leiwi=lwin wiete\e|=/s,e,m,~im/w)}/=\e.% 0: =

Mow ereMossfeon dia wenostenceciceenesescens ce Doce |

Upper Club House Brook

Upper Moss Pond

Schroon River

Port Jervis, Bemis Brook
Richland, Hilton Brook
OnwellkBrookiaeecoscewee coc aes ecto ceh eiinonc ese seceallsceee sameces
POkIMPBROOKE Jase sae ecisicciewcseins tee ccmcsesc tenses
Pottenbrooks \ acaswrac cst eeneseecece otepiosdess ected
Richmond ville anther Creek. 225.22... e 62-52 2-22 nce de sone |
Rome, Direnn Creek

JRE Ohta) SG 55.5 es eee ee nee eee ena ete |

RTIN Sl OMB TOO Katee lac lssleina see mrree ens we seiaiececins eeaees
Roaring Brook

NCHENG WIS we lke CHe@kearys joc ctontyseam aise a: nicssieibre wesc me siaie eset mie ste| etaaterete re Gaiman
Shokan, Maltby Hollow Creek
Shushan, Battenkill River.
Camden Brook

LOANS VARELY ALLE ROO Keres eee rte sae ek a icic a ese se Eee eco ne cine eas oi Matern ctoras
Masonville Brook

PECK ANID LOO Rasa cer ee era ata aco soe cee Oe ie SS ine en osall eetefmislaraseereecre

Rogers Hollow Brook

South Berlin, Fuller Brook

Springville wom the proo kee wecee <4 ese. a sonceees sees ccceeeseace
St. Regis Falls, SGERecisiRivers ea veccesiacosesetccceeeenecs NE Achat
Syracuse, Bear Trap Creek |
Carpenter Brook
Elmwood Brook

Swamp Brook
Wine dillad@ans( Creeks sacs joes ceca nea ss see ne es aeae aorta atl eeeeees seek
OwleowtiWnrecke wep esctane a2 Ss nase Sates ace Notes ne Seeiseectesae
Rogers Hollow Creek
Uiticard ones/SEpOUd ae ceeee se een ae oat amen Sem hes nee Fe see leeapetterteee
Wallace, iVWesselsi@neelkss facets felnc some See Seas nase e ees meee
Warwick, 1D OublepRcMMR Maa eres soos cece tckas saec ee orse ne salkee cmos cesar
Watertown, Deer Lick Creek |

Kings Creek -

Tolley Pond.

Willsboro, Higby IBTOO Ket eamense asec at os esea se ese ase peasemes tee eease ones
Skyabon dee RAs feces sone aseaeecaceine saa ne eee Score eeeee

Warm Pond

North Carolina:

Andrews, East Bufialo Creek
Santeetlah Creek
Mpalachia pp eariCree kee peeccce sens sc as s55 Danes amae cease eee eee ae tse see me cea
Bethania, *Hunter’s 1050106 [ask Ae nctetaetet ee ts ore
Biltmore, Cane Creek, Rocky Fork
Brevard, "Brushy Creek

Mitte; ClubryHouse:Ponda2cs-ses ase cescieccete os< se oe [eRe teeeine |

| 20, 000
be 15,000.
25, 000

loca Ooo eicoors

6, 000
20, 000

10, 000

20, 000
10, 000

56

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fish Ea@as, By Locaniry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Disposition.

Eggs.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

North Carolina—Continued.

Prevard, (Grohe’s: creeks tacmaaaeccnt ane re eee ee ec eee
icholsonis)creekieacete enue eer ee eee eee
VOC cys Cree lesen eacres pon ce coca ene eee
Walliamson’si@reeke se ee eee ee eee
Cherry fields ChermyfieldiCreekssw--. a2 ose ce soe eee eee eee e eens.
Moun tawialteni@reelksrre ase se ae eee ete eee
Oliver sicreekerracencancc (eee nee ne ee ee
Leta cio) Ol Creole) ears etapa ares aren Saree ee eee
WieamsiCreekwes oe eon lean nee a eon
MikPark sBelch Creekeyac sean icar owes eee ean eee ae see
oonsPHiorkiCreelketscancnc ee eee eae een ee
HikiCresks South) Horks-pecess ee eee eee eee eeee eee
Little Bk Creeks a ets Hos ee es eee Des
INO VIR OOREIV eRe cto perce ace ore eee
FiphePoint. jo prin s Branch tees eae eeecene teen eee ne ane
Horse Shoe, Queensi@reelkeaste seme ee cee eee eee
Lake Toxaway, French Broad (River sWiest) HOrkes sete se ees |
Linville Falls, Catawba River, North, Moris ost sooty
Minneapolis Hall Branch toeecemeccmc cies one sec eecenacee see see
Montezuma, Grandmother’ Creek. ........-.2022--+-2----s-2----
Kawanalsakes <a as 9 Se eee an ae ee
Kentucky Creek
IT Val OMI eT Seen aire seat yen EN ain eres © ea
Linville River, West Fork
Toe River, East MOK. lanes se ae ote Soe eee
Murphy, Dinkins C TOOK oO aa oar tt Od ee
iPalinien Creeks sc aemicicc anita enee none eee eee Bae
Oldehort pBirdiCreek, West, MOrks:--qn24o05. 55s Soe eee.
Tarot creck eee ince ae a ee eg eSel
Penrosey @hernytree Creeks seen sen nae een sae eee
Gachisteree errr see tiesto eae oe ee eet
Glad; Greeke ae eee eens esa eee eee eee
iy days! Creek ease. ees ae oe cco sae es
Patty Creekesta: seac eects ace ora eos eee ee ean
ShoalCreck Lae. ss ese a ee sen ee oy ee aan eee
Tom’s creek......
Turkey Creek
PispahHorest, black Snake Creek sec esecc esc eae nos eee
Man DSi Cree ky ss eacesoeac a a: see ee
SilveriCreck ween yates cee ceca eee ep ee
SUttonsiCreelosas sees os ee ee eee eee
Burkey: Creeks Sana os eo naeee ate oe ee ee
WallSons|@reekcts ue ieee Gn Ae She a yee fen
Rutherfordton, Kettle House Branch....................-..----
Saluda Cove Greek: tases sea eae ane eee ey re tee eee
GadsiGree kt pos Seen ee ie epee ea a yer aman ne eae
Guillbert: Creek. ass aa she ioe Sep eee oe ee eee es
Oh Case MEIN Cree kas eect mn ei ores cyanate ey nel
Syilvaly Wibitewock Creeks een seeetsysen serene sence eee
WiOli Creéelc se pe ses ina Sa ee eee ene eta aye 9 ee
yon, POColet univer, trl DU Lalyiaes sass sane to eee es
Tuxedo, Cherry OreOleeas ies Say aun Bae te ee a
IRreemans: Oreck s oe ers he se ee a re Se ee eee
GreentRiver bra Chieecnpereme see ee eae eee 7
FUOCEI COC Safa as ce eta yy re
Violets Mlbows Creek ssomet ant eine en eee ae eye
DH OMIS\C Tee amt eee eee arse ane neat ere
Slate Creek ek ae dee eee ee eee ee ee eee
Waynesville, West Fork Pigeon River.....................-.-.-
North Dakota:
Mott. Cannon. ballbRiverseeee ee ssen socee aera aoe eee eee
New Salem, SilvenSprineeeond cane ose ee eee ee eee
SPLNZOTOO kee ONG sere cee scenes eee eee ee ene
Ohio:
Bellefontaine; Ma dukivenssm seem eretaneee jaeeiee se eeeeee eee
Stonys@reclescrarceeseee ocean eee ee
StonyiCreek, tributaryis ccc aceon eee eeneenee
Garrettsville, Stewart Credics =. ate a, oy ee eee
Kinsman, Bidwelli rocks tee acne ee Val eee
Mansfield, Bently “Wakes ie tcc en ete ge ee en eee
Plessantavalleyakvtien secs ss ae ante ne Seen
Portsmouth alunice ya Cree lkca seers n cee ee see aa ee eee
Oklahoma:

Enid, Spring Lake

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

57

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, By Locatiry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Oregon:
Bonneville; State fish Commission. -..-.2-..-..-2-.22esse-s---0- B00} O00) sie seme sez npoeinrcteje iss
GarltonryNortheyamhillihivers.- ee oot. ss. = semeeceen eens ecenoceeeees A OOO SceScetoe oe
Wincans Meacham Creeler ceo oc emcees = aie once selec eee | be eeee eee 2000 ence sac eee
HOreSTIGrOVe wUmSCheId7S PONG eke emi eat e oases eee eee imnnee| cee teceecee 10008 ae eee
Gibbons iUmatila Rivers... ---- SO COR AS Dae DEAS SECEE era erae AS OOOU Sc eeeeeenee
Moods Raver sErood Riversc os ssa teeeee s oscies ume ws oe ceric acijos| bees sete xe ZAOOONt = coemeene cae
Lakeview, TELaOl'a (Chaar as Shep er TO oe et on ra (te AON MY 1,000
MeMinnville SBaker Creek 223s 32 oe fans Jaci sicesse- ais cie<iscine o/s see cme 2; 000) S52 2bijo2 ne
OrevoniCityay rout Creek eco ee eee eee Saese| sees sess ee ee 48000 e eee cee ee
Pendleton, 1 fey a I a ne ca pe RE 2HQO0N Beeeeeseceee
BinchiCreeks Hast Wonks: ec eta.--ce2---- be beeisicicciellnce Seetenaes 70h Beeaeesae
IMGKayiCreekiseet ose cst se oe se esenetoauee enc scins |Seee sues: PANN) eoseacec sce
TenlotpruOc kemibi ed Cree Kerra mise eee ieee aimee ees ni emneel Snace seeeeien AMOOOMEG Seecrmacee=
IbTIid Pe Cree keaepras sesh cael s ee ak eee erie Some eae beech ates LS OOONRSaseceecee
putter Creek Wasty Work. << 5.2 2-525 ee seinen con (S.esermeoeese 45600) essnce see
CablelGreckaetimeces heen rine eee oe eke sce Ce macl ee cee eece OOO W Se eee cee
@amas\ Creek ear set Cee ences ce eee ee a hee es seicotl eles eet oe ASOOOM es oeingoee
Mesolat ONICTee le wre sea ee oy eee see eee eee Bap ieeeea ee ASQQOWE SS Se se eee
BAVeOMMule Greeks senpee oma sae none keris cet ese acces 1 Ears eee At 00 Beeeenencece
i diwavgGreekeeas eee teh em enee em aee ee cc sts oe aml eles aes Ss 000s| eee eke ale 2
ONWENSIC@TCG Kia eer ryt er eee nae ee oe eee nena See eee ea gee ASO OOM Sees oe
Siipe Cree keene seen beam ercee caer on Sue ent els lt eee eee 1000)| Late eee
AV aT Cree kee. crt oe Se 3 2 pre as en pee ci i ae ea 31000) Seaeeeeeee
Slagmiskyn. Whig GCM eS 5e omc a soon pAnOMIOoe = BORSRO OE ABS Ae CUBAN Er eerAcTcnor 2000) | Se ceseee eee
WillaminasWallamina | ESIVen=:\scja22 220) <== -\ins-cs= sje <2 yee cles semeictecer 2s O00 cece ecerisis
Pennsylvania:
PNM entowmlee NTO OLCCKI rs lee cee eis 0 ae ce cmos een eunck.« [cone noacchios sed ceeite sce 210
AUISHITIeNS ark SNM ty, UUM meee aie cee ceases onl Rie lee cia eatin sim eee ape a cles Steeles Siete el=cie o's 1,000
ID CL OSU eee rs msec See meee eeoce Glseisocceisc, ane See e 1 oe sis ateciett all eemipstectae (sie, 1,090
IBISIMOOTeSPRVUN Game eee see ces see case mae meee boesepecseacocecacbacrar 1,500
iL CHMR Une nen Ses ere ere ascceeaced saene cece ne [eps S ee aS te epee | ele 1,000
Cowleyehiine test seat as se foe cee ack ate kece | i seul r= ape [es SAE 8s 1,500
WAS AD Cerin MR Unis se se eee acces -eecmccencsescs=e4-casee Fee emestere sexcessecute 1,000
IECOMIA IPRA Tiseae came at ae mers dancers Sec ea. Ve yet reels Setetall ioisteyShias <i=ye 6 1,000
Nei TblOe MOOT eSPRUEM bese eae cece snc ees ster fcc cts = ans cal Sone nee Male bie cines 1,000
Hitlers NelSOnPE Wes: aon ee ses a aae cease ance ceaeea=ccae reser ond lees mens ser 1,000
IN elSOMVR IIS Mie es tence aceon cs dt ccc aoe seer alec sesh anes | boeeee ac esice 1,000
PTOUL YAR UM eee = eee nn ease hace seer ce tieeeeee ee senate aie cee nee Mee ciscens some 1,000
SinnaAmaAhow ine Reyes ee ae saeeiss oe bee aye fac ae nas /n2 ae seelaee| see esas =< 1,000
SomtGhewroodsdivumws ste. es Soo oe ao alee se Scee casa eel nas aocc seen leastees as ces 1,500
IWicSt bran CHMEGUE a meet ee a aaa ne eee See ae Se | eres Sea See cee ee Bo oe 1,000
Bainbridge, Lindimuth Run..........-..-. Dus ieee es eeisee tee eins Bee e RO ae nltenosce Seeee 800
Bab eid Cow OGERONd Beer ee iw ens ee mae oe go see eee eeee ele sa oe ae cceomleenmteds cece 500
Beartowmelnincolm Smile =<. 555 seen cman sses scene tae leeeeeseseaeelosinteits cates 420
SHIT Siti eee tee ease ee Bee cee Soe Sen mie eels uate doalkeeeaeeeens - 400
BeNCON sO MUKANIVOLeeetas sesesee esse sce sees feces seats scas2|Gacone see celbieciseeeke< as 300
IB Uy Etats fos epee ame ma eee ema Si Naeis eels anc ce eee iaeel | Mekemee fae 100
(Mishine{Oreeksisaeen seen a see ae een oat ee Sees 8 (Cree aeeae eens. meee 300
EGON) HO ae eee eee ee ee ne ee ene eeemauac ce ne 100
ISIS {SHOT O 0 Keene see asc ea aiicrs ae one a ae ae Soe |S aeeee aan | ees ae AE oe 100
TRON SURG UITINM ee ee ear) Raed ee Bae Suma foe Rb pe A EAS a ee 100
Ra vemtOneekas sn<o8 = Seance cemad asec sees dence seectanSencecceceme lb seeeetes sas 200
eV OPEC ULI a eae eo aren renee a see oe Sse cs eellee pt aya Sy MN in SS 300
SDLP Nee tae oa ae eee ee eee, ne See rore mere eerie Sane eee 100
Bethlehem Mono cacy Greek... <= amc - 2a heeescise ac ceeese ees eeees See eer ett ene 1,000
Bano hamerRatlr oa SRM sore cree = ceases see sae sis enia cis eee | ee rears eens S52: 225
WORE UTES 8 eas eos oe ae Ahan SoU ema manatee ee Sao eee \Sossracnonec 225
Boiling Springs, Boiling Springs Lake................---------- |S aiee oo bh cit Vase EE 2 5 75
Bradtorgd MPU Ck CKACTeGk = oa. 2 052. 55 ce casas en ee eneep ones ea eee ee [Se ae eee 75
ChapplemMorkiCreek:. 22: = 23. see nearer eet ene tseiettes cease | Ae ae eee 875
PHATE TEA TOO Kets cae Sesie ay: cepeNn eee ae ee ee tee mera |G oy oe a. eee See 75
GilbertiRimye 65 oe anos aes Se ote se tomers as set oe eek soos s ee laaukee eos ar 75
Wey nneviallloys Cree ke sac seo oe aes eee cers ses iat se aeacee eee eee 75
INOTUMEB TAN GHES Sane ao ses 527 ons eae ese mene pect RocReeeetee \Beetaatihe oe <2 75
Onli Wallen Chiat See en Cee Memes eS oats ahs BN | Ses Se 75
GuaikentRi meme, ee tS Se erases [Gameemaee ans yaar eos 875
SUD RUbIEL: Re Se eee On eee ete see a Seren (Sees meee ae ee 950
chums Oneek east ranen +. 5-65 ean oeeee eae sess Nees. caaaceelleodeaccuisase 875
hunaiCreek swWiestistanehs. 25.2 54. cone aoe stone eos eel Semiaaac eee eremtesesse 875
Willow Creeks 2232522 jase 5 21 cesar heas asia eee es eee easiness (ShaacepAaaer 875
Win terereen eR tines oe aro. Sten ty Sk en omesiove dials l nesters saci Ne lncemeeiensiesie 75
AVVO TRG UTIs pt oo i orans os octecre cleta tae Ree ee See cae eee sers Passes aoe 600
IBrandamore poOugs STM: Neos aeons cemecesiesnce aces ewe cme aeons: eee (Se Sess ot ate 800
TO CW a vavlllO MWA ELS LOMO HEC LLINE spas raya acoratottayoieis to setene ete etetoictetoratoteis|[=Ja ia) w'oierelercierera|eieisiewentoercte we 1,000
Brookland sittle Cushing Greak: 2. ~ =. 1. ees ee sicicore wis alent ore clove | ciarapsieiaiajsiietall eta etaiziale oie < 2,000
BUushkiliE caver Dam Brook =~ 3-52.22 o-6 sees enon ewes tht 8s paeilae Prete SSS 5,000

58 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, By Locatiry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR

1918—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Disposition.

Eggs. Fry.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

Pennsylvania—Continued.

Camimal row yRMn sae cases «ae wien le wc oo eele steteta = nial aralele
Carlislesetort Sprinew Rams 5-2 aya tatelo aie cleo wieinle ie remice
Catawissa "Roaring Creekiasc cacecnts sje cle coe ee eleta sateen
Gentral Ho mi Unie nae nics are sete mie eietn ntetlote ete ieratelstarsiaerete
PalnteminUneeite sos ot monies ic mparaich ee ciee minieciniansicte

Cherry Tree, Shryhock Run..............- Sisto ora aiote einer
SilveriRun- so ssc Sesanisueve eeeeenecstneceres

Clarendon; BigvArnotiG@reeke so5 ceases eee eee re

Farnsworth Creek..........-
Four MaleiRun:.2.........-
Little Arnot Creek

MIOneStaA Creeks sess seater neem eee te cise

Wald caiti@reeki ste xscecon cot cueceecemaea cece

Clearfield BigiMhrecthans <5 o.oo... cierenis esol weretetotneliso ela
INO RERUN s o5 crepe ace win atae ass eres etm Slee reoteteietarawiete

Gly aya a a aes one cscs oases eee weeecis ete iaios
Coles Creek, Coles Creek, tributary of.......--.-- Seietaversietnes
Coudersport vAllegheniy Riversasca--2.- sss cose eee ee
Allesheny Creekactcckcst eae =ceas eee eee eee
Baker Creek. 22h Seems dew elelecloeies oct

Barks Sanity eVUNs oc os ere wisteisiein oes seventies
iBlysBranGhs eee ses oat ees ae sare ckeeere eee
IBTOWDPELOIOWoRv IN eS cms eae se See eee eer eae
ChappeltBran chins. sassiec- cece erisiwete eee cele
Claris S385 ssn ce clos cat Seco es Rese

Coleord Branch.....
Colesburg Creek. .
@ream ery mse sock eon cenmeecetooaeee

DingeeBranchs. 5. i... ccccese cee oseee eee seeee
Dinemani RUN ss sosseee ce wee ee ee eee eee ee
MarkRuns ss 425s. shoc6< nascecs eee sees ee bese
HastiCowmleyeRunicsss.-ceee ees ane sees se eeeeee
lmub atyRune sons cece: eee sees eeeace eae

BmnsipmRuns 2522 os 4s esisesaseescecesceeeees
Mirst MOrkeR Un ss sche oes eke sees e econ eee
HMoumess Branch... b..< 22a cen cece ween hacisee
MORARUN Sorte toc bese eek eee see eicee eee

LettvRees! Creeks (.c.ectensecet~ sect nance ee
Mewis: Bran Che.oscc saccsee et weet ss ceeee ae seee

Oswayo Creek
PhelpsiSpringwRuni S22 -.cs ssc =e er ce ene ae
PinewRUn sane wos eee ieck ae eae SORE E ERE

Quimby Branches222-Ss.-c osaeeeeeeeeeeeceee
Reaymondes ranches scs see ee eee e eee eneee
ReesiELlollow Rumseeee eceesccee near ee cee
IROSSRUMNE Sack saset pec eect en sees See eee e ee
HSeveniBridgeswUN looses cea ceeeeoseeeaeeeeee
Sinnemahoning Creeks ¢.-.2-2 2a2- seep oa==
SmithsRum 2 sea soscns sees cee eeseest vaste
SouthsWoods Bran chits 22 oee sac seece eee eeeee
StatesRoadidRumn: o.csncsc ences seeeseneaseeate
Stephens Run 2: .<esesasscsnssowasaseeccaes
Steer Brook. so ccwicss sowie cose ose oie

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1918. 59

DisrriBuTION or FisH AND Fish Eaes, py Locatiry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
EEE ee
Pennsylvania—Continued.
Coudersport, Swing Run.......---------------------000000000 400
MPS SPAT bNE UMS 2 2 ae See eile eeinieni= winle wim eleiniel> aim == 400
Thompson Branch......-.----------------------"-| Be 400
GUA Jebons oe aoa babconsosecesrpoceccbecsesecosouas 400
Turnpike Rum. .........------2-2--------922----7- 400
Wallicanwke Un seyeeee msec oe slsise cists ieret=teinl= etnini= lm ==1— = 400
Wrambolquums spe. ce ar <0 oe ww cine 400
West Cowlee Creek.........---------------- 20-7 400
Whitney Creek..........--------------- 2022-520: 400
Windfall UNS Joc occ = nies coc nns seein == 400
Cresco, Bushkill River.....-----------+++++2+222eec ert 3,000
Cressona, Bartlesback Creek....-----------+++---+++-+00050707> 200
WM Git WS Creel sce ce cess ste =)aie a wine winleleie =!=tai= wine niin 200
Panther Creeks. oss aes - oeicss ona celer em nie = 200
Curwensville, Andersons Creek. .....----------+-+-++--+-20rt07> 1,000
A Gare VU eee sete cide cewiclele'=tsiat= winter erecinrani= 500
Bilgers RUM... <.- 52.022 sneer eee 500
BIOOMSTE UM eee cee ce cree elec istciansisiore win ie niniwiei~ =r ini 500
ELAeUSTAO GTN UIA eee eee eee tete aia = iererera r= atnloratell rei iinet ain eae ei -el= 500
Montgomery Run.........----------+-------++°+> lee ceeinccisas Weeks Sooo. 1, 500
TN IGT RED LIT tig sme ere ee ere cre eta Sie ate core ere ote lefalol=to) all >/aietesmietnte(es— ot etoile ictere iota ic\=i= 500
Gani Co meee te one sae cee setae are imletelatal |e eiet—ninicteisiay ernie EG ioety= 500
Voir Tale LITT ene eee ee woe eo a sere late a cela eee =e ielate lal alarm aceleminsesa} =r meciavencininiciSier-I- 500
Welta, Keysers pond sa: ocmnenengn-anese nantes eee | nen ences Pee mosieteicar 210
Downingtown, Broad Runand tributaries. ......------------+++)-s5s0000 077 eadeoseoec 1,000
Tihs) JR bilan 4 ee ead coSEe SOE DERE Saos aber cbceoos Ngee eee nice Sede ey nictetalet 210
Driftwood, Gore Draft Run 500
1s ftoleleiviN 6 (esos Snes o oe nebos SaaarosanOe HaEcorrSoe BE 1,000
atrel eric see cae Se entccicis ese er scien alien ieiaict= 1,000
WMA TMER UTA oe oe roe ercietenrcescveieieini ecole aleieinieeial= aininint=imi= =io)= = 1,000
IWhb-cls\bitlo saan ene ouanSoacoUodbEou ooeeden ssceemeoC ooo 1,000
Mix Run, Little Fork 500
FPA ORRUTITI Me ele cee meister iss nniesle ate state min c ferent ai 1,000
TE TEINS Ge RecN OOS se odapUeEbodbosaa-aamreccose 1,000
Sander Draft Run.........-------+---22-2----20---> WAeoeAsedeed Seeeesocou. 500
White Oak Run 500
Wrykoff Run......---.---25.----- 0222222 e eee ete: 1,000
Easton, Bushkill Creek...........-.-------+--- 2222 sete rer? 840
Fern Gien, Crooked Run No, 1 200
Crooked Run No. 2 200
HUODOLESHEVUTe\e< crernleieisieii== 200
Florin, Big Spring Run........-..----- 540
Galeton, Back of Lot Brook 1,000
Beer hi@ ree kee ee seo ae cave leisisie sis aoe aNslaermsnineto)=1 75
PSU Gk Sell eres UTA epee cle cn Site creates ere recel sie imreleyetaiclet == z 1,075
@aliformialCreck nc. ccdeecs cscs cine cewseniia = nel Se 1,075
Gomniiscionmrutiniseee qeee ees ns soe ieee iecinie == =ii-in =i 3 1,000
Cushing Creek... .........-00---- 0-25-02 sec een e eens 1,075
Daggett River... ........-02.----- 002022 eee eee 1,000
Galeski rine eee encase semen ected | 1,000
sop penne’ OU O Wahullnee rise Aenean Senter mii 1,000
ThaGitiel e\blalo ee Saeaae OLE e Sar shodssaeeerene cc coaesaer 75
FEY oS eileen Sita wee eon ones a Sea noes peeaeEeeeaEe cece 75
Tien (Oneal ean Su Sug gnegeieBoacbbaboSeesoseemaseccesuansr 75
TOHTSOMUBTOO Kee oe so sacle mene aietcie t= alesis alam eimlenin lain \oe 75
Afb nalIapiee | ene bes eS opos qe doos SEs aeEawsaossaose 1,000
Kettle Grok se ee ot nee ne sinnerman eee ce opr isicis 75
anwimamubranchiscses sce seen eeeceine ee sel eiietae tars =r 1,000
TPP CCAIR N fe Ola 2/s) eee Se Sepa Sone Se nde noc sores lseastoconeEe aes eeeeeeae 75
Lossey Run 1,075
Meeker Run | 75
Nine Mile Run 75
Paintemuneetercs occas cece csee : 1,000
Phoenix Creek 4 75
pine Creeks te nase ecieeecee ity i se aea~ 3 950
Pine|Greek, South Branch... ..-.-.. 2 $2.22 22220 -2-*-|-2- 2-22 Jeers nose 1,000
Slider Branch.....-. Wake he Lala a PAS emer eat ee 75
Stimkoensprancheee a) fac ses cme eceeecen steam iniaieer= = 1,075
MomaGapineh une seen cnccoc aeceessteee eee mel 1,000
NWre timlOnren Ey times te ae a ck trie. oe sieelercisiele mininieienemieriaien 1,000
Gap; Cattell Rum .c6 202. sec. 25-0--00sne eee tees set eeer enn pe 1, 200
JO lbeil q2ip I Dik yeeaend be Ee AU pee cese beecooceoSEsadess 800
Livingstons Hollow Run ae 1, 200
Wimmblatowatieumencemee cat noes cceneceaccemececcecrissec= 1, 200
GlaspowaCurticwtimsesse 2452652 see- oso soe sere n= eaeres temas pon -icmnisc incl aeiccinicisci-i-cls 240

60

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DISTRIBUTION oF FisH AND Fish Ea@s, By Locaniry AND Species, Frscan YEAR

1913—Continued.
BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Disposition.

Pennsylvania—Continued.
Hecla; ColdwRuny =. isc cos aces neces e te ee Ree eee eee eee
Hoadleys, Middle Creek

Springs Creeks 2s ee se cess ee eae eee ee ee ieee

Wangum Creek
Hughesville, Shingle Run
Hull, East Fork Creek
iproudyiCreeke me pecetn incre cine cetaceans ee
Hydetown, Wheeler Run
Indian Creek, Mill Run
Nicolay Run
Jamison City, Rough Run
Jersey Shore, Chatams Run
Frusworth Run
Johnstown, Alwin Run
Baker Run

Big Spring Run

Caples Run
Card Machine Run
Clear Run

Conemaugh ea South Fork
Cub Run |

Daily Draft Run
Dalton Run

Deeters Creek
Gray Run

Eggs.

Big Spring Ronee Tniee want

Fry.

Henaaries Creek......... Sa SEAR REE ete i EE eee eee ee Ss

HERTACICSOTIS HER TIT yay seer een = pe |
Imgrunt Run...... e
Johns Mill Run

i oy ere eee

Picking Run
Aston 1 aba oP eee Oe, Ste wee manned et Re ae prea oe
Piney Run No.1
Piney Run No. 2
Pletcher Run

Red Run

Risinger mae
RUOaTIN CaRTINEE we eee tay eee eee ene ae
Salt Lick Run
Sandy Run

Shingle Run
Solomons Run
Stuart Run
Sugar Run
Three Spring Run

uo Mall nee sae Soa oee tetacee acl meee Jo - 2 eee eee ee|e owen eee eee

Wildeat Run
Kallettvilles Workin: 200 eee ees Sh aS ee eae eee |
Four Mile Run

Little Salmon Branch ose css sense ese csee ence cece nineeceee Sane lato selceiaee

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisu Eaas, By Locaity

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

61

AND SpPEcIES, FiscaAL YEAR

Pennsylvania—Continued.
Kellettville, Salmon Creek

Kingston,

Kanzersswondonlandyum! ss. 8c. ooS-sesee- casera oeee sree |
Meadowbrook Run |

Disposition. Eggs.

Fry.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

SixeVillep Rune eek sneer mea sae Sem ricctaaeieteeit
IBilcegi@ree kes arte aero eee rece Merrie mene sere |

Wancasters BluesBallliRums- 02 5552-2 soe ose 2 sae eee ee = | annals Vere pe oS Afcats

Lanesboro, Brushville Creek...........-------------------+--+--- |

matropestvanand OVE OllowWiaRAnOe 82 sect cites c/s eee =i
Laubachs, Hess Spring Creek

eo laa Carpenverss nul se seen oo ee see eee ester (arias aie eel
Grofis R
WeslieRunmereeslie vie sees ne sees ae mee mneee eer cine

LeKnislomads, ION bbe oes Wea secu -cocee soeeaqcosesocupedawedsaas
Lewistown, Alafrata Run

Lilly, Bens Creek
iby Eytas (Calis. Suoausedebnosouedaspscuanecne suc cnaseeneece

INO SIDA Ch yeaides / 2 5oe bee seeacoe sen seaeeee ceaboeeToreoaes
Lititz, Middle Creek
Stony Creek
McAuley, Tidewater Pond

Mahaffey,

Mainville,
Mapleton,

Marietta, Duffy Creek
Dugan Run
TEMG CHRON ote a oo eRe On ae SEC CRe ne eer eree
Marsh Creek, Asaph Run

@atitatl Riis yee ee ee eee See ein | ae eeu 3

IVanolis Title=" ae eA oe eegere ose noeaee sees naodesoe Sse Po mee see
SiGlouiewing Tvl BA AoE es Saas ose sono easoossosss soo [exer ete
IU RObIP IRIN: Laodae eo mneos snaceneacase Hnepascadeacs® leeiaee Sees

(Chinn gneun Chea es oo 6 ssacoceacuncauonedsaunoosee sods pnaoeesceuer |
Cascade Creek
ID eres) ISR) eae eG os ook booane soeuEbe soneassadesacrs
Heypt Creek, Bast Branch... ....---.---=- 0-6 + = 22 ne2 neni |
Egypt Creek, West Branch
Hemlock Creek, East Branch.........-.---.--------
Hemlock Creek, West Branch
Roaring Brook
Wildcat Creek

Wymans Brook

a ThOns SEG ne see ee tee ey ee ee ereicteia als

(SE Fa Fav Sie AO a

Beaver Run
IByopNbaays (Syoaieteatbin le co sen Sneposaeaseoeseas ceases
(Chvrny olor eines pe on pe moe csaue casa pceeseecaccaas
(Cilinw/ IRbb aos coaudes ssedenode snoedeS secgceoeoaaor
COD BEG UIT see eee ee tee ey gee ese oe ee sae ee

IMc@rackeneRiin as 2ms asec seein cceceeecmeocee nae
Mic Gees HR ia aie amc seciere aw seins pemieice aciemicisennise
Rock pms se eee eee cece meaciscnser

Rogue Harbor Run
Sawmill Run
San Olee IRIS aa eemoaeenudeces saaaceasene se ceeocuEee
Whisky Run
SWatlSo nM RGIT@ ty.) eg eae ec ean nee eae eee ease
Furnace Run
Le YetsVelot) 5% bt prea ee es Meee Ee ea oe Ce ae ace
Wamipbellsi@reekei ts. Je =a. nee ee aterermconte ata sos-ee
Whitleo GES INS Se <2 o ooh ie eeectehe ies steels gaeesoaeecinctee
GIES PO WISI@ TOG esas a n2 6 min ein store te aes eeis eae
Greenland spe ee An eaieeeniertar i eeercene
ILENbERS| UI Sabbals Gee Seer me Re irenn Bene LAC Eee mene airs ames
Proughs Branch
Scrub R

ISHaTG) OV OS} LR DL eae Ie fe ee I Se fre ee
Swones branche. ap stem = stir ccsccitaacticamee alsa oe
AM ROT AG (Oriel ea ae Ae ee eee emer Me rre seme Haar aeeEeaee

Marsh Creek
Strait Run

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

DistRIBUTION OF FisH AND Frsu Eaes, By Locatiry aNnp Species, Fiscan YEAR

ae Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry yearlings,
and adults.
Pennsylvania—Continued.

Mauch’ Chunk, Dill own Creoker 2. sacs ss seeee see eres ee sacs nee |e ee see 500
Mudi Runycececescne sens seer eee area eee 1,000
Mayburg, Bopps Creek..-.... 300
Mill Hall, Fox Hollow Creek. 200
IPAn FhersRUMN a. este scecinemesicc acs cee memes aimacmenees 300
Minersville; Blacki Creeks.) csc\ocwie oe cieceencmocee seecciet oe ae cicms leon nicc ete eee] eee se erenee 200
Buckhorn (Creek: <..2.23 oss2ccc sacece. Se sci meee ne a el) renietice cteias | See eer 200
DY OLRM secre wwietwsinns seis, o2 eis fies sisini ne sie oe sii eetaarsis eee | eee eee ee 200
Montoursvalles LoyalsockiCreeks2 eneec cnecas same ae 2 see e ae ieee | nee ieee ee See rere 100
Mount Unions Boohers|GapiRunis... cesses ssece ecco. ose eae cee |aeeoecee cere eee eee 700

CarmichaelBranchs 222-2. -o access cece jn eee oe |eeemeaicee sa Mem cer eames 7
Carters Ruts .4c22 <2 s- seen cs oe osieece ssn tee sa lekcemecs cee) seeneeeeenee 1, 400
WACKIN GI Creek ere cae eyes oreo iaye eae ese ee See ia | Sc eee | een nee 1, 400
Tong HollowaRunscaie s cee ck cise cece oe ee eee oe ae meee cee eae ae 1, 400
Olds Womans GapiRune 2: 3c tes cen seen ste sel seeetec see ee eeeee ee 1, 400
FROSTING RUN 5 stores care huerecs le ate stsrere che eee taal acer er Rene tonal ee eee 700
Roberts Mun. jctcc ons sce elu se scan eee s ee ces ces |see cee ROe ae ee 1, 400
ScrubiGapemRum. 4 sdosesccs bes ces cee cee asleate tee ese ncie eee eee eee 1, 400
Singers! Gap wns sore ee eee oto ee snc eislae [esters cee ere | Berea 1, 400
New Ringgold irishv Runs. oa5sccenc sn eeee= sae nance ee sine ee ae | Senene season Se tea 280
Newville uaur elim 5 5.52.3.5-.a-cr sicsiteeist eens aoe ena seeeet |aece et ences |S eeee maa ae 1,125
Nisbet; (Bend ercRun sun cwoow se nese cee ce cco aac see cosen seers 200
Nordmont, Bashley Run. 100
Birch Creek. . 100
Cherry cacao cee eee occ eaten sean ee eee aoe 100
Deep Hollow Run 100
Dutchmanthuns eA tecosee eee nace eee oer onees 100
MTR seiorageicig x cies selene elo s ee aj aye ne ee Rete Se eaters | Cele eee | Cee ee 100
WTTSONGRUN soe ys oceceeceueceseccees cee ee cen seen oe Gneeeen eat eee eee 100
IMAIISHRUN Sait acne ocicc eee cca ese cceces sue en emer lneneeen Sace laoreet 100
MOOG WOO GYR UN Se Fate ncn oe ones ceieciow Caeine eee eee Get cee aeee en ene nee 100
TItZ RAW. Gs ac, a nacos Sem icate see wee ace moe ae ODAC es | male eem Soe ee ee eee ae 100
GamselR tse eesces ore encieraiecacc tate eer eee ier eye acral eee eer ee | Seperate ee 100
Gloss: Creeks s/o sais k clo Nearstcrecteee oe Oe Oe cine Seem Cee all reerere a Se eee aereterente 100
HTN Ger. BUNS sae shioee ncn c ce eeaeiee cre cee ane meee ee |e crate sree el | eee aera 100
WAKGURUN co sooo c saetice cles ee neeeee Cee Soe ee eee eee cee ee ee lec oteeeee 100
Loyalsock: Creeks cscs Sagara ccretese cies cine eee econ hesee ene caelonstee seems 200
Mam sBranchics sem-ansetescann wen cnisca ocr r eee nesnieee 100
Milli Creeks. o_ céacca co nccect ooenenicleneeeeee rer eeeeee 100
IMOSSERUM Ea acce ose ocecletaeere CeeeecereLncer ciseeres 100
Muncy Creeks cen asset cretactensenennnacasceerseccse 100
Oub Leb Run 100
Pongs Branches cone semen cece cecere seer eee eee 100
Public Run... 100
Rocks Runes nescence oee eee eee 100
IRUStYy ARUN aces eect Gsiseeer econ emcees 100
Shanerbere Rtn sss vl sccacwen seen qeecien cae ee ee | ooeice eo eeee Pate See 100
Slip RUM Gs casye exis os ecincebiceeecionceescereeasesece osececececaites cemeeeee 100
South -Branchix.c2. bok cass ceatwmcecoek caacewee seamen watwetee acces hat eerereeaee 100
Spicewood Rimes sstiimccstoacacacioe se cemcies erect eee ane eens | Reem ee anes 100
Spring RUNS sc crhicrararo ne ermen eee Sacer Seleeere Ce ele aisciniek ee Sake ee eee eee eae 100
Suman Fan oe. 5 soc Se eo stk Jess Ricie ee ee sla ne iste Se occa nee ea ese ceeetees 100
Oil’ City; Cherry; Ruins so o55002 Senisos seeeee cect cece sence ae oes eee ee ae Ras ease 300
Holman Ramis Scie oss Aero ceratere eicinre ete ce cheietere elereie wise ae aoe = ree eta eee eee 150
borse) Creekere 2 aio sc crc ccbarc am tien oe Oo nS REE Ce eal a tee eee el Cee eee eee 300
MuskratuRuUnss s/osccrcters aeecrsresten aisteew oe eines sie pei eiscicers | seeeeeraeiceee | aeaae eee 300
Pithole Creek a aijac ce sus sreisiserstevewciniaae aco tetorsen coer ew ll ene Dee eae | Rene ee eee 300
Stewarts vRinace sa ne ocak woe ciee croc ec arayciele yee ee eT Se reer 300
Orviston,, Bigi Ram 22 esac gonbaieteiase actretsiasiniceee ciemingeieiseieriia neeeeie eon eee eee eas 500
BigRun, Middle Branch. 2occ..c5ccncacces come ecmeseemal cee ese ten aoeeeiee anaes 500
FABYOCS RUM. Sareorc ce acts wieis oso wissicinicrercisteis Aas leita s cleo ots] Bee eee Ta Se meena aoaiate 500
Marsh’ Creek North: Bork’s.5_ casoceccionceenencecnicnrs| tecnico en aera cae 500
TwovkRim Creek: so 4- sos cseccc pene cect creer ereecereneeee 500
Walker Branches scceueeecectneeces 500
Palmerton, Blue Mountain Creek 280
Penfield’ Bear Cam pyRumescsscssseeeeeecmes se 400
Penllvmsboover silake@s-scccc neciccme out cocseice Sor eeeceneacee 1,000
Philipsburg, Ardellgiknim ise: posse eeecen nee eeeseeeeerereesneeeee 600
Barkers Runce ssc cease ceo nencon cle oet ee eee 600
Bark, Shed gRums 22 pecccccinccteoemecaccrmcce cece) ane coecceee 600
Bea versRinae. sv cen oe eee ee eer eee eee 700
Benners Runs. os Ge aes e ace eeee cere 600
Bigelow. Runs sce cb eee eee eee eee eee 700
Big (shojatst-dd tbl cpa ae Phe te Gee SS he os 600
Bilgers RUM: <a geacclckmacce cme sec cemeeectomecuecincdees cece ate eae eee cecee 600

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. ers)

DIstRIBUTION OF Fish AND FIsH Eaas, By Locariry AND SPECIES, Fiscal YEAR
1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

22889°—14——_10

, Fingerlings,

Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yeorlines:
| and adults.

\
Pennsylvania—Continued. | |

Philipsburg, Black Bear Run......----------++------r0rrtrttt 700
Black Moshannon Creek 600
Bushkill Creek.......--------------------20207°77- 5,500
WrltlersMVUNs eee nee dee cee einem = orien oS 600
California Run ---.-.-------2----9---- 920202222222 600
Glo wer eee eee meena cee aeee cena meooa 600
Cold Springs Run......-------------222---0---0777 600
Gold’ Stream) Creek - 2 22552 e n-ne ere | 3, 000
(Gaba Gaatesit hl Pn ls Be gen mee sesoonccea= ss aemcem ee Seg OC Eee OSs POAC Serna s 700
Gorbinik Unseen eee cee ae neem eee ante elaine INGeeeooe 5 600
Clings bene eters share rigs 2 are fr ne 600
Dayton 5-85 ees eseee ea eenicl a mn ne aloe Perna 600
Deep Rock Run..-..-----=---2------------- 22-7 aR ne eee Vesa 600
{Day NNT Se Bee Sa eendeoae cere bedenes eee on Soar eGrGn ake ae 8 700
AIT OG RMU eee nee ocean oleic sacks | 600
igre ark eee =e sa cen a-ece= ace sooo ashe cos 600
Four Mile Run....--------------+-------725-=-- 92" 600
Islan Riles GoeeoeececeeceacceEooceSosE=eocooer 600
Aluzzards Ruse... .--6- =~ --- <2 eee =e 700
Parole unseen c nese ea ane aria ini 600
Mittlavb eaven MUNesscs. so scereon = =m 600
McCords Rum.....-...--------------- 2922750777777 600
Moravian Run... 44----- : 600
Morgan Run........------- 600
INaSonSsiR Mes... .2-4---=---- 600
INPigia) lRUbit Ie gee esos NoaooeCosuDere ob sEoreeEceDeoc | 700
OnetNaletRmtlss 62.8. oceem seen - seis =n 700
Eine) eg bitte 5 pap oneseeeconsbeocousseaseomacer 600
Potters see e- lo ce cme = =e nnise= yo 600
MonsersuRUleece sss gees cece ssa 2 i= ena 600
Seven Springs Run....-..-------------+-22-27 00007 Sesgeceedelceoassanoot 600
Shields Run Reena Pee eco 600
Six Mile Run 600
Ri Giie IRA THe Ns ok ano eee dose se epee conn eaHe ean oeceo PaSoOD SESE 4/7 600
Sleepy Hollow Run 700
Shree IRIN DGebe pekees eUnereneae soee yecm sadn ect na Pee eee 700
SPST S/S he to og ee eee ee lag cae 600
Spruce Run 600
Star Mill Run 600
Bporlines ean Sete nice et abn nmon oa sosers =" puceoeR| Eero sere snr wee 600
Tomahawk Run 600
Tom Tit Run 600
ATT OTT IIT ae eee cee eis eae asine anal 600
Turtle Spring Run.... 600
Miwa@ PSP ss oe0).s2.6s55ee-ee se 2 ena 600
SU TISREN ITI Me mee Se ene os ee cierctere esis eeleimieels = in 600
AAT UET Ol Moen seen cee ce cee ieee = rien 600
WU CISA TIT ee a es DEG Ren ee Seep ec oecerceoacomsae 600
Picture Rocks, Big Run........----------+----++-+-°°- 300
Theil pabit ees pee Ian eeeenee banedescerSenocesecns 300
FTA EER TT ened eee eeeee sa eeatam aris 200
Roaring Run 200
Rock Run 300
Pottsville, Adam’s uM. fss2 sss. -22- == <= emg a 500
Blacks Gneakoen eee nowt ose cece ere ae ease incicei mma 500
Goldene eee ee ocean ee seclnemia eee on 300
Weepi@reakesses sae so esee cee acre n cen nee reece ra 2,000
1D Gir initia ssosesensooes abe Obs ee hieae dase we oA |peaoseseao os (ecer aoeaeerers 500
Tiavo isva),1 2 be ane eae ERR CRE omneaSee she pec Perel pec CEC OSOGh eaeereee fae 500
PEARS as ol cahen ects oc choeeer oscar epslarene sane aia a ee 300
FSlarrvsvitsy oi Crde(sl 2s ee a es BNE He ee eatee Sse somone oe Sees |S oar eae 2,000
PotistownlPowtlerdale Crook... ..-0.--22-2-<e-9c ese cr se 280
Quarryville, Conowingo Creek.......------------2-2--ecrceterpe pe | 2,000
CES arc 211 rea ec Oe ea aaa | 1, 200
Octararo Creek, branch of......-...------+2----2--[efeecceereccfern er 1,200
Ralston, Abbott Ran--.:--...-------------=---- 29-222 erccr rec 100
Aci Elvin | a Gee et ee ee emer aoce pEOss acenae 100
Beat DrapimUmicsss. sone spe = 2 = eee eset oe | 100
UTR GIR TIT Ss tee cee ene nc se ate nie = ela mia 100
OLLIE Me eee eee ee ae ater er 100
Tela bresl lanbin soe We So Se anaes aAceacocae saa 100
Tgaaye, [Reins peso Saeee sa naoeee desea asap oad a ans orb OSnes 100
INELI Mavi) ua GBS a eGHb Ho paeanbed aacate ae saa o so oC 100
Manersth Uinta eee coe cece oe ce eee eee ao erer ema 100
TT os SANTI | DLPT Es Gee ae ae Eee eee drene clo poCa ae Cee ECS Sa aa 300

A

25

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisn Eaaes, By Locaniry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Disposition.

Pennsylvania—Continued.

Ralston; Potashvkwin toes = nance cease meee sete teen ceeeaee
RVOCKAR lesan et oceee teenie e eae Cee eee
RodeRun Right Morkvess=sse sees soe eee eee oreo
ShonteRune sek eects cece keene ec se tee
SISCKARIMeeooen et ener cee ee er eee eer ae
WiOlfeR ine eee se en cere a ee eenas aoa eens Se nee
iellowpDoreRUnee ester te cereeece coe mee acme terrae

Reading, Big Cacoosing Creek
IBTUMAc el Creeks pee eee ooo ee ee ee eee
Little Cacoosing Creek
Mill Creek
INeversink Creoles ie: Sacnccios cece sone neeecrce ne
Plnm’ Creeks--2 ese sees ne
Six Penny Creek....
Willow Creek............
Wyomissing Creek

Reedsville, Alexander Run

Coffee Rune fecesee eee ste ee eet areca een oenee
iMavicesValloysrtunemascra- eee ree tena ae see reece
TONY: Creeks oe eee gece ine eee eee eee
KeaishacoquillasCrecksessen seen soe ee enone eens
Lancaster Valley Creek
Laurel Run
WANE an Se eee ee Pee Sm nA eee
Pea choy JR Une ee ee eee eae eee eee
Mest Creekcss eee eee ene ee er oe C EEE

Rhoads station. Clarksville stessen anaes sees eee eee ene
Jonathan Run

Wallace Run
HOCKpOnty-LOGianwRUnescemeece eee eeene sees ese es seeerene semen
Iva ps! Crocksescering nce san sree omer ccs seme nee at enee

Shaffer’s run

Taylors Run....

Roulette, Curd Creek..........
Fish Hollow Creek

Wishing Creeks ee ee ae ae Se eee ee ee ee ee

ishing Creek WHast Branch secesssss sete nse se cenene

Fishing Creek, Spencer Branch

Lanigar Creek

Reed Run

RoyersiordseMancillisiri Teese eae ae eee eee eee eee
(Pine Swamipi Credle. a. nese ee toes eee seen eee ee
PowdermilleRunese ences eter sees enc ee eae eee ee
Royal Spring Creek

StaMarys,sBigihtineses sees cee seme eee ee Sane eee eee eee

Dents Run

Little Wolf Lick Run
Sand Lick Run
Sawdust Run
TTOUG EUUN AAte ae aA ase P eT EAE Cees Sees Bene eee
Trout Run, eark Bramchess: ss). seesee.
Trout Run, Ten Acre Branch
Wolf Lick Run
Scranton, Roaring Brook
ShenandoshaiMudehime sees eee es sae 5s eee ee ee eae
SlaterRun Boldenvin'ss=a0 5-8 450 nana seen oe ee ee eae
Callahan Run
CodarRun ys Wis Wi ee ee ee eke A eee ee
County Line Branch
Cushman Creek

Daueherty Runes ase o ete ee enone eee eee
Dyer Branch ecum ice esses ae oan meee ey Ane eee
‘Hrances(Credkes i onck sees sana ee ae eae
Jacobs Run

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

NEBR e Be Re
Nene Ee ites

we ww

SESSSSSSSS8

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

65

DiIsTRIBUTION oF FisH AND FisH Eaes, py Locatiry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

1918—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Disposition.

Pennsylvania—Continued.
Slate Run, Nabal Run
Otter Run

PineiCreeks ee eet. s seis soca ds seen o2cssacemeeses sees

Pine Bottom Creek

Red Run

Spantansburg prime Creckre-- soe = seca nese mee ene = =e sme cm ai

Stroudsburg, Bear Lick Creek

Broadhead Creek, East Branch

Broadhead Creek, Levis Branch

Broadhead Creek, West Branch

Browns Run

iB tcksell Creeks naa sent ee cee once aetat nese ee aee

Mitt enBushkall Creeks 2asnco: cs se = cos erence sees

Marchellsi@reek=s286 acess oats ae ee ees ae

Mal Greekiaccouesscmas che cscscates ac sicasiae sine oe

Pocono Creek

Saw Creek

Spoke Factory Run

SLony RUN seo ese

Tionesta, Bates Run.......-.-.----
Bear Creekess ssacace seus sa

IBIPy COOMYChEG kee mene esas oe ea ace iis oes ate ercte oS scisyeveee

GConncilbR tries tase oe oon ga os reece eu teence enn ee

Davis Run

Fork Run

USeeran Glove yumieen nsetie cereale oe ce eeh eens
Korb R
Mamentarionskuule gases eee so eeeie cere sane aie
GATINEI ECCI oe ee ee etry ere oe en eiaice carne elcen ee

Little Hickory Creek
Little Tionesta Creek
McCarthy Run
Mix Run

IRGOSS IRbbal 2 kee Renee
SID PLGRR mee te ek geen pie erie tee Ate tees meee ce
SUPT Uae ane eG a soneece
Tubs Run

WiesteEhiekory: Creeks seen eceasae wioncece send sbe sackeee
mits ville Ab beyehmeemes co. posse ns Woe echo cc septee cocker seme
ATT StTON CSB ROOKS seen see aie see eee eee coe
Barton Run
IB Cavers bute aire nee ot tae See nate rete ne sere nee
IBOWierSPR te ee ee ee noe een
ID Clits GLA BRaeeen a criece cae ce cee ee eee aeeren
POS LER SEU TMI canes. S00 ce er enn expe terniaee ge
GallesmiesRitee nes = sao se sicn ce selene sen ee eee
(CUSIST Oi IEE aes egy een ee eet Sl io Dt age tS
Gileribr am ees a oe Cee ae eee

IMIG Eee yAEU IM e eta ie staves in vin Soe ce See eee ee
McKenzie Run

Pithole Creek, West Branch
Prenatt’s run
Richey Run

Eggs.

Fry.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

66. DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaa@s, py Locaniry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.

Pennsylvania—Continued.

AITUS VAllOs |S Hell ers EU Saye yape arse rete otake eters ree eer eeta re syetareretale ie sy stare iste eet tenaret at | Cees eat 75
ShirleytRun:: 5225.08.52 5- 22 oes saree cee ce ec enee cl setae er oneae | Nectar meee 150
SmithvRiun yess ssss hee escce ccc seees pe oec eee cece eee seen peoeeeeenens 75
Sugar'Creekiand branches: 2< 22 sein se aoe eee el oa ecoe nen Geeeaeseeree 975
PATEOVBrIGSOMRUMNs sAeceee ee cece ee eee oem eee 150
Mincentehunas ase e sale Ol tees eee eee eee ne 225
AWelSHiR Un sce cece Tee e ek ee eee 75
hWioodeocksRine 555 cee en eee eee ee eee nena : 150

Tobyhanna; Kessler#RuUns 33.22. -s-0-55-52= 25-2 -eesseece eee 210

(Pollivsmmumn seser ss ee ee ee eee Re eee 140
Tobyhanna Creek 280

Trout Run, Black’s creek.........----- 1,000
MTOOKSIPUNN ss fee sasee ee 1,000

Four Mile Run.....-.--- 5 1,000
Gray’SMun a ooo a s2sgsecchesee ee meo ne cto ecaeee nese 300
Little Pine Creek and tributaries 500
MillorsRUnss>so4s 5.8 sseceo cat ecte eset oes eenene 500

Six MileiRum: 2s. 45oesechce eet eesecet cee ae se pbece so scene saeee soem naemeeets 1,000

IU pER a UbO Ree Eee mera srice tes aroecasadecacusnaa|psoaborcerdal ectonstaccac 1,000
Troy, Becker Run..... Tee Ee ee cee seer aera cna occ Ramah cod mies tics nnane 100
Brandy Ran, goers toes be Sen REEE AREER Eee ee SO eel lee ae eee eee ree 100
BullandsCreeksas te eas ae ba eee ea ee ae nee | oan crete a ee nee 100
ChacessRnist f52y iS B55 ho Seek ad Suse e eee De sea Sa oe ae ee eee 100
ClevelandSRumbec: oes ees eee Lae ee eee eee Ps i ees i ee oe 100
CovertiGreeke es. 3S0 ee ee ee eee EE eee | eee 100
1 YAU ISI 33 0 %6) ee pe ee dee 9 SERS emer es Pome Eon eee ill ee al ae 100
IM GLLOW SI Greek = abe kOe See ate eee eae Re eh Re ee ee | eae ete ere era 100
Hopes! Creek== 52.0 oi scdouses Sede eae Re Lee eee Cre eee eats | Ee eee eee 100
GuifiinsGreek: se 8 ots oe Ea oe ee ae ee ee eel ery en Aa | ene ree 100
Rei ICreolkk Gans aa ceecie ne Sat Cee Pee Ee aan ee eeee 100
KG OTeG kets sete ht ence c eae osha ens See ee eee eae 100
IKINNONPRAUT ses ote ins ee sieeeeeee see eee eee e sane 100
Little Falls Creek 100
Millersiumicceec ccc snes ae 100
Morgan Creek i : Be 100
IMOLEISHE UM aa eet ccta cedars eaenins Beaten seeeeite Be pba f 100
(Palimler Rim eer oes tle ce ee eee anne moe e enn eaeee i 100
Rathbone Creek 100
Shermans os eee ease eee ee eee | ee ell ee reer 100
Sylivanehyumee oe wero soe ae cei a see se eee ae ees arete aie al lecete te erate re etre eres 100
MeamaracksRUN ss sos ec a see nese Seen ese e eee OTe ae | Oe eee eyeeee l stemaetote stots 100
Webber Creeks a ton once Sean as Rete ee ee ea Os eee ae | rte ee 100
Wilkens SRT ee pe Seems ems ee eee Sen pee een eae erst el eae See 100

ry onivallen@ som Cree keer seen see oS see eee eee |e re oe eater tere 300

Mvleresittlowuaunel RUC see sce assess meee ene see eae areeieta a eel eee eee 220

Waterville:sBark CabinuRun so gecnsssen eases soc anemia el ier rreatate 100

Tesi ed Sl Re a Bee eR ee eae eee eenset een lausboncasrac|+aeesoasarted 100

(Bonnell ane sea ee ee ree ere eee cee | Riera rene 100

Buckeye Branches. esses sscens sac e ae sesame eismia|| tele eet ale tela te er aicl 400

@arsone Runs oneness hae Seek BOA eee Cee eagle acti- eames 100

(OfoeW 2a ph Sere ee ee te Cee ae sae arco Mer ercro keris WOGbc mmried 100

ne lishoRume ss Jc0e oo Cone ke See eee as erecne anne nee ne el Cette er eee he ae ners 100

AGH OHE in 6: Cree kee ess see Ree eee Te ee norco ee ee eee ere 100
Otter*Runtandtributariestassaescs se cece cae ce cee | ates es eel ee see rent 400

PAN RUNS ee oes See ee oaks a emer ee eee eee 100
iPinefBottomiCreek=sasscceassses cate ees ce eee 100

RiogerseR une aoe eos aca nece eo ates eee neeee ae 100
Waynesboro; Antietam! Creeki 2-22 ss2-s---s-oeseses= == ae 110
Antietam Creek, West Branch.........-..-- sealee Soh 110

Casecad etter se a eee eee ane een as be B 110
MackeysuRUne es ssocsccssee noses tsseee sr easeeee wee 220

OldMorg evans ess asec seer eee a costes 110

West Chester» Chester Creeks 22: £5532 So ne se eee eas cn aeeeee 1,500
N Be (c lgll 24458 0 Ga ey ee rare ery ee 350

ittlesBroad! Rim) .2 sense eee eee ees 500

Maylorsuh uns ke see ses anes eee nena nee 1,000

West, Grove, White Clay Creek= sec se2 ons ee cesses e cs nee ae ee eee 1, 200
Weissport, Mahoningi@reektsce cess. 2eeeseee eee sae ae ances 210
Sa wanilli\Greeks ss Sena os Rew ea oe 140

White! Rock, wWallcer7simunseet on se fase seen eames Semen eee 400
Wallidamsburg, CanoeiCreeks.sees seeen- seeee sens cee se eee eter 165
GCloveriCreeleoi iy rns S53 eee eas aoe Pe ne 165

ox Ramee eat Ree ee ese oes ae saan eters 165

Piney (Creekucstes do sactecas sacra s tes sceeecccrs 165

PY e Y= \en.4(0) 1 gh) 99) 0 00 ee EE MAE Seber ere econtanoadcelbeaasacassac 165

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

67

DIsTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, By Locatiry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Pennsylvania—Continued.
BWalliamsports: bie b eat, Creek. cseaaencsec ns acess asic cancer 1,000
COMMIS Creek emenerme cece nseteecen eee te 8,000
Mill Creek and tributaries 3, 000
Wind ber wberkey pilesRune. eons jee eae 200
iBiosPainti Creeks ssscecsee cesses esses cee 200
IBOUSIOr eek ee ee eee cme te cee seioce soaeenecceenes 200
OneiMiilewniees mess oce sees nse aoe eee aeace seaciewe)= 200
Racine work! Creekeesens se see ee cece aeccee caeeoeae see 200
EOS ORCC Krteetee sete ee nets in ste sicimaaccisace cose 200
Winblimne DlnckeB Car RU esas sami sas accesses ceitecine nines m= == 2,000
Black Mosnannion (Creeks ss oscee co sececte cineca ccc 5 2,000
South Carolina:
Wiral nallaeperowands\@reckssnem reassess a sencle nalee es emine = aia niel| Balsa scorch =i aero eee a 150
South Dakota:
iBile [eyes TPR) CHG eo copes ease ssecddecoc cnbesdeascsecs| Sepoosastor lsacsanuacse 12, 000
Brcbeitl a, d@MOS) CREE Readéeceacnpeasasas sooascaso der suede sbeseowe Uso Sse tose Sem eemsobees 8, 000
(Qpamaie), \iMaulli RUNYEIR an cogblesHbeao anesc cee asoss ose sosssseccenod poasesocn ss beeeacterese 20, 000
Mend woodmsplNCe Creeks esses aca sae sete sae ele ae ae elapse om arate eater | aired om mania 8, 000
elmore slcons Ox Cay Om CLekKe sees = stm eene acess ee re sean =o | eee ose sesso oe elses 13, 000
Mera GUA Creeks ss Pane mee Seen eee eee oe pecs Soesccelseece ose aces teens cerns 10, 000
Speantish Creeks South Branch@sessseccses ce. so snes asses cash e selene ese mce ine = 12, 000
SpeanlishyRivenreceseeescee secs tece sas eeenaete Seeases 50, 000
Soa Cwmekss eee acne ates sianwees amiss ciseis see etele 12, 000
iWiildicataCreekse me sete snr ceotee ccecnee seem ecintecciee ais 10, 000
Englewood, Chipmunk Creek 5, 000
imm Creekeae eee ee cccccsecc ose es 600
Spearfishi@reek, Goddard Branch? 222222 22s2 secs 24 | eems cits seiac| Se asaae ste an 5, 000
Speantishi@reek* South oricas 2. 522 ce cccce emt =| Same ciere omic joaineiisiepi see 5, 000
Galenstesb cat buble Oherkeemeseemeecenacno cases sees ance meee emer aera oe cee irat a= 20, 000
12 Grameen, (SOEs Clee <a sephecee bee pase eS CUseHEe US Sesecor Heeed| EHeanHedouns| baste cecobos 20, 000
ious puings eb alm cratakceise sees esos eee smaseae asc ts tecca haecn ea naee eee cerneecce 400
NiGiIG), Bore DiGP Cite ios Ss ote ae bee as acess cenousee seneerddcee| beGnocnsedod seaseescuas 25, 000
Pcie, GCilOenHS OCC bs acd Goce endassccdq55 ocoaspaabocseSded| boosdsodecss|basduscccuor 5, 000
ERO), MTCC Chel a.4 0a cenne appease Habe ade eSeaosReSsee use sel |sau bela as sao] Hac seececoac 5, 000
RApIduCiby preva pial ChCEKon ames cece = eee ne te cee ese sae nae | mesorectal 255 0004| Reeria ees
Rockford, Castle CreekeNOrinwh Once nase sence ceisiees societies eee ses cemaa | see eateenine 12,000
Castle Creeks Somthyh orks 2a 129 sash S5s0 5.0) so dcr -t on | semis secs ate neciemn cles see 8, 000
Little Rapid Creek, West Fork.......- ASS SAEEREOHESE PRACoe seo cod Meee caeqdor 18, 000
Rapids CreckMare a sees acon cejsiaces cee cess once sea lek cicstgsie mss lasismen cee cere 250
SiOnge ower Walsesb ottony Creekseete: snc. cesses se so es fanless eeceree|-emcscssee = 5, 000
SHAR 7p SIO ESTA MSIOU CREG hoc po poecouerSseees cee Peace ESE ESeSrEEse 20, 000
Speamishs Cooks Creek eatetec atte saws a olonie om elele eeicieiacie oe = 15, 000
(CiRo\ i CHGS. eS Gos aatad EME ee CSREES a Cee eee ae nee 2,500
prankd muvee nesses ene se 10, 000
Helmers Spring Branch... 12,000
Migvens (Guicht@reeks-s conse ss scoscce er ces cece oe ee 5, 000
hilton GiGi Creaksysase = seston ee eee 10, 000
losser Creekase neces. EASeeetee S NET ee nee ee Soe 3, 000
Hossen Creeks Murray branch sacs oa sce ele ec nee aa ces occas seaccee fee 3, 000
Polrisor @recict syrah wanaee sac aak ii Senter tthe te 2,500
VOHES Spr eeb ranches jovacscrcccse tee cociecec seecee cae 3, 000
MinleyiSpnine rane Weass2 tee aaeenuee nase se Seco ane 3, 000
Me Goihim@neekan so ecee e sear ec case ce ceec esc ccocns 12, 000
MG GTecOn Creek oe weer totes Secae eect eaten. 12, 000
IMilleriCreekesesrse eee etc ncres Date csooeee neon 12, 000
NGrinalialkc ox ayem eases ce esac atonericetectees cose 10, 000
SmithiSpruie | Creek= ==... 2sccee cecee aed Reb Ct ce 8,000
Spearishi@reekess* 2-8 net c ol cee soocene seemecc eee 23, 000
SprmesBranchins: oeus eM iiss occesec cece ore eee 10, 000
Wallowa Creeks ..o2 sc. os sec sete etnnccemecceee ie 5, 000
Slun eis ayy albert CTeCOkKet et eysicmes bates sed cece cnereeececee oe 600
Sundance we oustomiCreekess se: an 22 ee eee cece er cee omeneceae 15, 000
Morgan’s creek ......- 3, 000
North Miller Creek -. 18, 000
South Miller Creek... eis 18, 000
Milforde Morse Creckeserecccccccessco- 2 sconce amnceceeseeeetien ae 15, 000
Tennessee:
WanieyDonsldsonsprne branches <2 sscsccosecone ce ce ececer ces| sec c canes et ol ceheeaeie an 1, 200
erg DSpHOnksaGTreckeeren eee ae cnsc es nscioe cee cone tase toca arise tian ciate aa tosacnisoae 2, 000
Crtys Gand: longi ne. ane bods Lond aS SEE EE een ase eee diodes 1258 horses Saat PM netae re 1,200
EGO DESEO TALIC HP eRe: Seen Slee Net Oh eRe ASSES AEN Se ern re Sent cece | ooeaser scene 5, 000
Amp Lonepiaaine leh Oks OReG ket etait tet nee ames eens ho tee Ren ce ee Se ele ae catrecies 9,100
Johnson City, TS (GW) 0f0) 100 ey eal ee hee RIS 5 1ST) Map ee eae Sameer ese 225
WYO ONG?S | POMGeete as setae sssee tee eect acne esr lemeecic nowt lacece sc cece 1,000

68 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRiBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Ea@es, By Locariry AND Spectgs, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

q i Fingerlings,
Disposition. | Eggs. jae yearlings,
and adults.

Tennessee—Continued.
Roan Mountain, Doe River and tributaries...................--
Mownsend, shone Creek: eas setae aace een ee ee eee eee

Little River

Utah:

OpgdennColdwaterseondtete sen seeec sees seas nese renee ee seaeee
Ieee loOaL, Jesehe IVEY <2) ooe sooopoe ae ESeeeR S56 eSHbb Scocusenednsaee

Vermont:
Tn clon eS at Lema Vereen se sae see ese eee eee
IDEA VERSE T OOK ae Seren eee cee es ne ore ee a eae
HOpperBrook- =. cscs cessncsssscesccssee ssmaceosee
MidGHolow Brooks: 2aceqsecenseeeee eee seener es aacee
SouthvWorkCreekec= esses cce eet tase eee
IWihitmantBr ook: 2.-s2ttac ecto sae eect eee nen
Bantone OS artOMPNiVviclyerc serene se aecleress se rine ilies e eee
Barre, aviv wey VieN pls GAN Clete ne ere me cleo eels eel eae aera
Beehbowunction, BrainarduBrooke--2e..-secese ne c-meeen aie oe
JOHNS AV eLese a see eee ee pore ee eee ee eee ee

Bellows Walls.) Morse Brooke ces eee sep eee nese en aee eee ee oneee
Benninetous Basins Brook-stecere tee cnace sec sere ce eeasemee ne eas
Bickford HOlGweBTOOKsen see se soe ee eee eee eee
Big HellUMollow) Brook<---ass22 2c. s2-2 ae eee
IBTOWDEB LOOKS: een cic aioe Cert iaeece eran

City Stream=s5--=--5--
Dewey Brook.....--..
Dunville Stream

Glastenbunyi Streams. sees anne eee ee eee cease
Rati evelellMelollowsBro0kssetase meee ee cee eee
Pere) Lhompsonv Brooks... eee ceeen ee seen ee eeeee
RIGET BROOKE eect ye cellos nee eee nese eee
Roaring Branch see necsesessoseac eee ee ee cere
Rockwood Brook. 2ss22c2-222 2506 Cet eie sR IRIS Ants

WialloomsacwRivienrs 2s see catalase a asecinanieeee eres
IWiebbrBroolkkestt eset neo cscee ne ene ce cee e eosin

Bloombeld yD ennisuPonGeert ees cece scsee en eeee ee eee paeere
BT ANG Ons MA lISEIV.CT Ss ee sess eco eee esetesere sincere eer eee
Sugar Hollow Brook, East Branch...................
Brattleboro, Ames*EilloBrook ssc. sos. ssssseee ses eee eee eee
IBROAdsBrOOK see Suse ee. eae nen epee eer nici

PuimeysMall SAB Lookers ae stsqe tetas eerste

Stark Brookes sith 2 te bec dasceasoee ceeoscnnoesone

Bristol, News Haven River 2esnse tsa coc cco se seems es ne oe ae Onna see eee
Canaan, Morest' Brooke cose tees saciteee nse ae encenace aaa aera
Mores tiliske Sass sees. Sea sac aes eet

NulhesaniS treamseit2 sites: sjacsac-cssoscee tose eects
ROarin PABTOOKE Peace t cee sete pacer datos
Clarendon’ “FinmouthiRiverasecececeneceriactese se seleeeeseeeeee
Cuttingsville; Shrewsbury Ponds oa. acon se see ceetineo eee
Manville; Joe's brooks ssteeastsese tases sate eon sane sea eee
mast Clarendon, MorinvP onde ss. ee accel e ese sae eee ees
Bast Dorset, Meadow sBrooket tec ctace sects soonest se does
Hast-butney. Putney Hollow iBrooks2.sc.-.-esisisee cee seme e
Hdgewaters Kelley* Brook. cmeme sees ctonaascememes- select eriaecee
hanes boro: Brooksn ss Gace Sass e sos so eeeeee ees

Nipgerhead® Pond io. jeasas jdesc cecciecicse oeoecceee

Nigperhead! Wedge Brookses.c-oeneee eee acetates

Ely, Bannock: Brooksacnedescnice eee saison ee a-eeee ene
Enosbury-lalls® Bakersfield Brook--- 22-21-02 soe eee =
Brady Brookes wcsde sacs see sce cceee sees

Cold Hollow (Broolkes2sasae se see cen saae eee cele te ee eee eSaiCeseeeeteees

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

69

DistriBuTION oF FisH AND Fisu Eacs, py Locaurry aNnp Species, Fiscan YEAR

Disposition.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

Fry.

Vermont—Conptinued.

Enosbury Falls, Ladd Brook...........------------------+++++-
Minerals pritip (Brooke. seme sooo oem

Sand pHuillis t0Okeese eee erence eee ee eae
GtonevillesbroOkiesere seas ecee. eee eee ea

Greensboro, Caspian Lake.........-.------------------++-----+-
Tishaa onilks) ISmhyGins Go eeecenc cee sasoce s2aboeoseeseeands

one WRONGMBTOO Ke ere ne cose eases sees nm aie

IPOTtCTeS 100 eee ete oe ea seer eerie ae
Ma ylOn BIOO ke cose ne = ees is ae in ere mm mmm inl |

Groton Darling POM Gee eee serie ein ieee aiaatae = <in= namin minim =

Hardwick, Bailey Brook..............-.--.--------------------

intake IBINOOl< Fabs oose sb sas casSbosenddeeaeobsecuGs

Paine Brookes. eons sce me esse sere ee ae

IRanieie IBIROO! es AA SAS Ase Sebo oosSdoomeoeeeessdausce

Holden, Clover Vale Brook............-------------------------

(Chaping hall Bare) ee eAn ee See gh coon snes Senate ssescesas

TOTDOHE Rta eS Son cee cat eases sos cosRaseae soupaceobauc=

Ineueanyes) lire a SAM A Shap osdeosouanssecoeuoeeecueasase

Hyde Park, Corey Pond..........-------------------++--- +--+

Island Pond, Buck Brook.......-..-.--------------------+------

(Ohigroill Bio hese bie Seas eee no esene sacs

IDeilGyar ino eo oe Aas eee eee ce sees suaEEDeosce

Insane 1S hCe elas aS escesbeSeoeesSdoenensoSeoecence

Witsio@lese4a5 uses essecnssecesoeeccaccsessceascas

INI He paIAU RV Ole etsc iis cere mnees ee ener = sei) aie alm ai

Nulhegan River, North Branch......--.----------

@ssogochee Brook... -- 22 .--2.-..-------- atsicaees

TER BRO Oe AR anes coeee no oESescer oeeeeeesees soos

Smiths Brooke eeyecet cee em cnc eee a nas rela = Seeessee

AH OTMP SOME LOO Ken: pies esis = sie eae eee ae eam =l =i ===

Sailor plaka sana saee saaeeesuesassunesaconoc

Jamaica, Bald Mountain Brook.........-.---.------------------

TONNSOMPD TOO Kees es eee meee cincisteammce en nema

La GGlre Bin Olas ee cae Acdosboecs cence soon eceeeesecnoe

JEneC IAI BS Spa odseneeeseeescooeer deeoesecesre

Jericho, WeeuRiveryscns- 24 2e oo oe oe wee eee en oi nen

MOMMSO MN CHDSOMMB TOOK epic og acne oe' Seem avin eiemiei n= =n =e

Lanesboro, Bennett’s pond ......--...-------------------------

Lyndon, Gilbert Brook .........-.----------------+--+----+--+--
Hawkins Brook....-.--.-
Houghton Brook.......--

SholdonuBb too kereeeereseencm ase secesce seam sci <lela pore

South Wheelock Brook
Lyndonville, Willow Pond................-----------+-----+-+-
Manchester, Battenkill River_.............---------------------

Battenkill River, West Branch.....:..---.--------

IDYorms Gin Cine Glew See eeeuncadcaaener csecuesEoasacesce

IDR IRONS Sa ea acriodcdedesseoud sosuceeaesaenaads
IPaulomMRiMelenee acs = sc cnme eaten see ec eesacce sae

\MGSin Bn OS Sh AAR eat pedcneoer cs eapebeeSspede toe

Marshfield. CanpentenBro0 ke. -m-\-2=--sccet neces oo eee ===
IR@aMGN HS) (HOUGIE Roe boo acceded ssbsecuS ee one esuasheae
NipcerheaGub roo ke anseaes= ss secce seme =e semi
Onmspcotbn00 keener ee ae eee eee eetee ee eaes
Middlebury, Hendrick Brook..-.-.-..-....:-----------------:-
MMI BI ROO Ss SA ep aeceresoeeteoou senesced aearoucsdas

Warmly Sime Walol ele Soe ie Bee ar Sao poenpocsasndodus

Middlesex One IS TOO kegs sj22- =e == eae eee eee eee
Montpelier, Bennett’s brook.........-..------------------+------
ID OPMRONG YB TOO kee een ee eee nee rer eee een ae eens

Dywanle lB TOO keer asec a Meee ee eee oie eee merci

MeasthROx Uys bONGe 2c sccassseaecce eee eee =

Mallonya btOOKer een: == sem seen eee eee eee eral

Shady Rill Brook

WS 1G San Beppe secbeeerecdescpctseaccussosaacss
Williamstown Gulf Branch

Morniswillesss uc beewb TOO kass—2- a2 = oes eae eee seer eee
IBlirke broOksesasocs enc eaceceaces se seeee eee ener
DarlinceBrOOke pena espa Hee eee ee ee eee ee eereeerre
Me@INGNEBrOOkssascc. sees = ssa ot ceneeseseeeseeeeeeers

NernllWB TOO Kes ssae eee asec cee ene tees eeeoeeee

INewpontia ss Uneoi neu TOOK tseeaise seticis= oes ee eee eee een eese
North Bennington, Brown Brook
North Dorset, Bebee Brook

Rte ww mower ene eee teeter eee sees

109, 60

SOOO Nea scceistece

pasting 6, 250
fiche 3 aie 5,000
Eine he 1,000
eRe 2 1,000
ae ee 1,000
a Sake 500
50" G00\[cc2-ncn 088

AP OOO Mate cceseeee
£1000; hac scuatetee
PEW He 500
Bis 22 2,000
500

62000) [55.2 2c= seat
BOOK LLecs casos
SHOOO\ Enc anausacee

1, 000

20, 000 500
BYOOO |. sax ehesecte
5000" |e see e eee

1, 250

4) 000

ONNUON he eccueenee
DODO! |b nacescesaee

SAC 1 (ee ee
BAOODI|E <2 weenie
BROODS ccccse ie

ett 1 as eae
SaNGD iat sccawteee

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

DIsTRIBUTIO
UTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, By Locaniry AND SpEcIES, FiscAL YEAR

Disposition.

Eggs.

Fry.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

Vermont—Continued.

Northfield se oll Rune Brookes apres see eee nee eae ete eee
Mudgettis brook ier <2 ha serones cee nee eee seen

Nonwich) GassinphamyBrOO ls je...) se een ee oe seme a see aeeer
Dotham Brook........ Sate eietaie hee eee eee eats

Goodrich Brooks. o 5 hee sie ce ee soa soos
MakeuMitchellieteceseccceecccccceeor eee cesses ames

May BN VS NS TOO Kes e aco ae eee Se eater ears

ING Ww IBOSLOMNB TOOK oncme oamec amine aioe eine aes eete
WihtitcombMs TOO kets seeerecee essen cree eee

Orleans, Brighton Brook............-.--------------+----------

IDG en7 180 pop acaba aoae sae Sse ose oBedeeepsooddeeesacs|lenceosesosde

Dutton Brook.

(Gabby aie Sar acenenasene cossce saan PesEeEeDosecass| Hooeasesacce

Long Pond....

Missisquol River: ss. .-nss--aasse=2- = pete SORE meets | pts Os tet
ING) Cea Aon Beae oR Oa Doto soem aunboseadsuancasalkeaocosaaebe

Perry
Willey Creek. .

Wiillovghiby Walco semen e steetecte ere meen eerie
WilloushibysRiViOles seesce ese esces sas = mene aeeeaae
Pittsford, Cooley Creeks... <= mec eeeen == 22 - == Bee aS
Furnace Brook, West Branch............-..-----.---
Plainfield, Beaver Brook..........---------- Sa eect reee aioe
DyeuDrOO kK PONG bree sis ee eee eae eee sae ieee
Pigeon Pond, tributary... -.-....-------------------
Poultney, Poultney River.........-----------------------------
Proctorsville, Twenty-Mile Brook.....-.-.----.------+-----+---
iWalliamS#River-e 5: ceesecs ces cose <lece ease waists
Randolph, Adams Brook.......---.-------------+-----+----+--+-
INN CORE ORO Eee ceacceee Qaeeee a miseries seen fosiereeesisicer
INT IMISHBTOO Konner cee close se nanos eeeieisele a aacenice
INV OT SEB IOO Kaas eateries a eee eisai ee
BASSE TOO Keene. - oe neice ne = saree eee sisson crsteiere, srotaie
Bear Hil Brook? j2.,a02650-2- cers oae se seeeeaes ee
Blanchard Brook
Bowman Broo k= concen saccssierca = semisceeem acess
@handlerBrook ite 25 -ccsceee se ee sea ites ees eee
(Cltowesall Sip es Son AAnapdncgecescscaassonacanoacccsord
Wold iS prin eB rook a. acre sna se aila= oe lade een iermin
Mast MU Brook. 23. <a cec cow coacacsasecessce sce cimes
Eldred cep bro masse seat seme staat teeece seeecioaes
Wish erst roO kK wee ac oe coe e cere ce see els lela nslare siereeiers
Guild U Broo keyee se ceee ce ase oe ean ee eee ineetioee
GuliiB roo ke weee sete eee eee eeeaenis ecm mercer
MaliwayteroOke occ ose cose eeaee
Ol Mane BTOOK- 5. cesececeee ee eeeee
Howard Hill Brook
Mafebauake: oc cc ceticiets secon sine cine eines em istsernrs
Meadowbrook sa ocecee seeoemacee ie eceiaacr seer
NMOTSOL TOOK ho scene erec eee occ ee nieae eee eeecnte
MudbRonds oso n-cosaee eee ee se ee ceca se eeeeeaeee
Pets BOOKS 2.cicic cie\aiclo = clare is eines aise wee osierae ears
IPOWeRU Ye ict OMB LO0 Kemet acess eines ee ee eenee
Tela Yens ede Ga aer nae asad nencesneenoseadaseasdacse
Riforde Broo kis. | sess sees See See eae eee
ROOGSUDLOO Kee eeecccececem ee seeee pone eeeaine setericce
Roxbury Brook
Snow?’SiDr00k.. sse<ccceseccescasccseceecccce jesssneer
SoperBrooksencseee scene tas eisescrs=meene eee
SpearstBroo kee see eee nee eee ee eee sear
White River, Middle Branch..-...-...............-
White River, Randolph Branch..............--.---
Wihite: River, tributaries) ce... 1s sla cciciicie sesame
Rocky Point attilei\Osmer Brooke o- assseceecicee aaa ee
Stillwater Brook 4.5. ..0ss02- eee are ee eee
Rutland, AtwoodvBrook s+. .e ass.sesenceeenine ee ace eee
iBlueberrysrllBTOO Kees ocses se see oe eee ease eeeee
Britton Brook. A.5cs jacteneses coe eens ae cecemeeeeeeeete

IBrigton Pond asco sclee o owen eees oe ce ee ee Ac jeer oes
Castleton River: 42. sacteatccsesean section een eens Ee

Cold River, South Branch
Connor) Broolt x2 acco. cde swe setae ne eee seco eae
(Dimist brook sssctese soe coe ce ee Ores eee oe Rese
Pundey7shbTooksece ust acces oe ceose oe nee ee eeeeceeaee
Heddy, Mill Brooks seserccec ctemte cece eee een ae

Hewitt: Brook:.o20 sccaoccicoeoee aoe eae teehee eieceellniciee eeleeeteiels heals mis'sieeelsms

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

(es

DIstRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisu Ecos, py Locatity AND Species, FiscAL YEAR
1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Fingerlings,

Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,

and adults.

Vermont—Continued.

eeuam Gey Rem DES TOOK un eeeeme sect see seme aa emacs es alae eeiaiere = 3,000
MODIS Ver Nea y Lee Ne ns SARs PAE eee SS roses 2,000
TB MTN OAS 10000) ees Soar ence Ison eee seoossecoesSseseue | Seactascsonsl| se vh\LUIi |e sbessccaoce
ROPer’S | DLOOK.--225-2-5-552~= 2,000
Save Biel yas cea assanaeo soe so ose see saSeeece aE popsetecnest| Wi MaUb\! Ui eecococnccoc
Sprinpaliake esate eens Se eae eee Seen ents seers | amenae ecg B20 0008 eet
Wiheeler Be rOO ken oe ae ae ca hae co re meie meme oatmeal avaras 1,000
St. Johnsbury, Blodgett Brook. 2 *.....22052-222-.-2. +2... - 2-222] see22---5--{ 3, OUD). 8
(ER ELI TB tole) tae ee as se oseeassoseesoee see pscesseceoss| a) eOnLLUN Aasrecosaane
IRs TOG Sook cose oadeskbanes soe ssebeassenees|ponesasoonar|) s ehWWI UNG saecaece
Lawrence Pond NOOO irsce sseisese
Sleepers Ravers Wiest iBranch@s. soe. -oscce- cee cea leee cine === MOOS | Beeaceom cae
Sleepers: River, Wheelock Branch ..........:..-:|------------ 25000 Exon noes eee
Stabe iShecomuplissioneeeresncter cee seerte cero eee eee tem SONOOOR| Se eteme case
SharonsWales hon desert ees eon ocean ones ene tae cases ets cea fale eeraie'= asetin(era | oer iaminerat a= 1, 250
ImaicoeN ine CH ell eee en ete eee SSR eae nS Shwe aes hee ae wens GI R(0, 0) ee cesepiascis
Vial eter Ls Beso os Meso Se een Boece Be Seced ee HeHer Dansmesencseal Scebcooneded 300
Shelbumien Greystone Pond sec cnss see sc seem snes cesses ee ae nne |e cis eet ieie elerm 14 |ticivlalniete\atni=i=\= 500
BoOuLLERVeraLewb alleys COnGeess tes see ssee seo ses eee men cen seese|smecee eae BYOOON Peet = aacce se
Mountibleasantslonde sotto geet stcn ces cenaceloscescecsne- EV(01)) Beenneesensc
Stionad, IUfiga NEWS le we aacns ao dessododuses socuscesasséec5cq Hestospoosed Sodeesecunre 5,485
Sires akvae |, Ie ynigelatll RuCl ee 6 ae BoeenScosusssSeese sods .eeers| psas=aeeoees|peune edesere 1, 250
BEA eraend OWSPEBTOOKeer content ne tne ten eee reenlsnecereeeeenlcte snes sa sn 1,000

Dyer Brook
Lathrop Brook

Lye Brook.

Tanner Brook....

Taftsville, Beaver Brook..........-

Townshead, Main Brook
Waterbury, Lake Mansfield
West Burke, Beaver Brook
West Hartford, Jericho Brook
Little Brook

Sawyer Brook
Sherburne-Warren Brook
Sunny Brook
Tiger Town Brook
Woodland Farm Brook
Weston, Lake Wantastiquet
West Townsend, Acton Brook
Carr Brook
Silver Brook

Wilmington, Ballou Brook and tributaries.........-.-.-.-------
Woodstock, Black Pond

Grey Camp Trout Pond
Happy Valley Brook......
Mecawe Lake...........-..
Pomfret Brook......-.----
Virginia:
Arrington, Elk Creek
Big Island, iBatheny, Creek. cocscss ===

Buena Vista, Stations Creek
Clairmont, Marion Brook
Clifton Forge, Wilson Creek
Covington,
Dayton, Cooks Creek
Mountain, Pat
Edinburg, Evans’s pond
Elgin, Piny Run
Fredericksburg, Baldwin’s run
Hess Run

Eagle

Mil R

Bridgewater Brook...
Brook-Farm Brook.
Deerin Ponds
English Mills Brook

Front Royal, Happy Creek.........-.-

Herndon, Rocky

Hot Springs, Francisco Spring Branch.
Indian Rock, INortm.Creekas e355: 22205.

Mount Jackson, Glorif Run...
Laurel Dale, White Top Creek

(has eae SS casa UnnbooooncdEcecEeSebaEdeeesedc

terson Creek

ETDS rete eraye a peteints eo elm cin alam tals intel ohn =l=)= (ml = (= tatmimiminl lolol

72

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaes, By Locaniry aNnp Species, Fiscan YEAR

3 ae Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Virginia—Continued.
eesbure Biles DEIN gS zb Tan Chae seh sae seme eee te ee es eae |S eeee eeee 9 A00N a: a. ne

Weonards,, Wolpe hoes Soe ee eee eee ee eee enema ene te kecaesyats Bre mente 300

Mexing ton jBiulialo River, SOUL HOrkess-= oa e seen seater os | Sae oe eee ee cee 200

Muraiysid CremMyss TINS 2 weet ee sea ese ate nce eh eles a ee ee ao ee [aetna ee |e eee nee 800

MilliboroeBifis pringi@reek= =e. sess cece tyne te ee ee oe Cees cera oa 6,000

Palmyra phaylorsipoOnd jasessoncccee fos seeiseecasiens cae seee noe |Decneseenees [ine ate peeeaeteees 1,000

Richmond VB urke spond sae ew aceme cee see ee elas eee a= eee eas tare aes eee seers AOE 100

RuraliRetrest, Jamesi Creeks ceccc anise ce eee sewe nee ese eee See eoaecre a incereeeeaer 300

Shankdin-AlitilevB ack Creeksen. asec secn ne coe toe ie eae eae | eee eer Meee 500

Washington:

Birds viewspuMall: Creoksecccsssecciscises tease eos se eon cose Seen eee ese eee ee eee 900

Boyds. Deadmam Croektes some cette neers soe ae eee eee eee rete eee 600

Colfax. Southt@balouse River: saese- ees ee seen eee a= Eee | Sener sacs ae ceee eer 600

Bima CloguallumiCreeke-.s-enee ee tone tee eee sees eee AoE eee eeas 25,000!) . 22 eee

GoldendalesScammon’sipond essence asc een ees eee eee eee 3,000] 22 ae emee cee

Guy./SouthsRalousetiRiver: co... ceece oe sees ee aoe eee ae alee eee eeen ee PREC E Pasa E 840

Keechelus; Maker keechelusosess strc cc) ace semester | ae eee eens cerae 1, 200

Metaline Falls, Sullivan Wakes sooo ee ee clee eriseisaiee ee ee || eee Peerosasescc 800

Newport Davis Creek ware q-ee nee eea seat aeae eae eee eeae | eeceeer era. EReeaessenes 400

Republic; bong Wakes. 25). csceeceoe snc scene ee Selgeee dee seins cneties Nem smeceerns 400

Seattlos Collimsypond Geen seca ceeecse eon rae eee se ee ea eee eee CU Ree on5< n=

naureli@reeks sso tet ease seni ise dene eee eee oe baee eee ener 20007 | Sec See
Snoqualmie Rivers Middle wh orks ee oe rere fe ose elles ae terol eae wi acre Iposesedsseec 600
Snoqualmie Rivers NorwhehOrks. ye. -- eee ee eee a eee sn aeee baeeuedaoaoe 600
Snoqualmie River, South Fork....-..-.-.---2.22-22--2:|----=-ss---2 eabcbedueue 600
ManboyAoan Pav ake = ciscrseeieic see secs fe = sees sie mises Haein ee em iasaensaee ee sadles ae tac 400
Walla Walla, Ela withorn eM roO Kees ecnaemnlne ce eset lesine ee ola ae ee oes 2,000) |Seneeneeeeee
West Virginia: ‘
Belington; Humters| Work Creek <= 3.5.5.2 .-0---c-2s2--e52 sees $5 |paconssouood| Fascucedboce 400
J. OhMsonSswMAGPOnd ees neces ce eer cee sae ee naar seieaer ees | hohe orohage, A raseee 400
Bluefield, Paoliello’s pond 1,000
Burner, Clap eetonsewetaniee ce eee uae ee ene ane Radon 2, 000
Harper Runes. .c2s.52 2,000
itilemiver sess so cce 2,000
Span Oak Run : : 2,000
Cass; Cheat iver csscrac tie sseeiser sale = oliastermietelstajsiatereteraiietaeie 2, 000
ID Cer: Creekseeree eae seme ceteemsccrinessste ance eer se aeenae 500
Clover Lick; Clover! Creeks. 25-35 oe onic tiie ane weteee ae 2,000
TaurelWRunssaevecascccecccwae eeciete cee aaee 280

Coalton, Roaring Creekeee so .2 sece.cs cee ees see es seeee sens 500

Durbin swam bent UmMs soace ye cee es nistee eiseeie ais ieicie orotate eee eretareeerete 500

THA C LLCs MVVAO ll OTEC Kee rae ote mterse sia setae eieie ie oie eset a/a efolelatets a.cteiieiiaeiels 780

EVearmMmans DOVE SON Meseccaeeeceteeaeeceee se erinace eee eee ae 490

(ELOTLON PBI Sp R UME ss oe eee cure. cepa ceencn es Gases eae 2, 660

Greenbrier River, West Bork= <a. sae. sea cm aineienis al Sep soe ee se SScbacabscec 1, 400

sauralRonke Runs. ee seen ee eee eee es ee eee 1, 400

Seneca Creek. -........-.- 2, 100

‘Peter: CampeRunssoccscoeca cin sce oericceeiee cece esee oak 700

Keyser nN GW Cree kG jes - precise ceisicisis sie ceeiete tenia meiner eae me einee 2,000
Marlinton;,|Cochransi@reek-2o2 one ase soccer cee steer eee eens a

Dathordis creeks 2.5: asc c waace cence seer op oc cone 2,500

aureliCreek: Sood acescecceisccn aoe se ener eee ee 300

Williams sRivertstss incon caee sc eeee ree reemeerrereres 1, 250

May, Greenbrier River, tributary 400

Orndori:Creeksisias sade. acecencecienceereneeccedencceoee 400

Wihite(Camp Creek. oc sceecesoccrn eeore eee eects 400

Midvale;\CassityCreele. as ccasaceccicinticcccierce sone ewceet on aeees locas emer tem aeeeebene 9, 000

Kettle Greeks 52 jiebancs subse se taice ceseeeeeceracetere 9, 000

Middle Fork Creek 14, 000

Pleasant Run........... 9, 000

Stone CoaliCreek 22s. a2 se aice cise ste sesicine ei eee 9,000

Morgantown iCobpurmiGreekss jase ne-cemen see = seecese cee eeeeee 400

Seebert, \Cranbemry Riven eeuccs ececeterme cre ca tease eae renmee ane 2,000

Sitlington, Sitlmptoni Creeks jess ssee ees ce neescceinceees seeeeeacee 500

Spangler, Conleyeey uns os sane ee ere ree eet eee ce eee 500

White Sulphur Springs, Howard Creek .:-_---22-- -- eee see ee clone ee see see fede eos toemeete 2, 400

Wanterburn, Greenbricnihiversses- ccc scececeeinee ceeaieeaee ee cos |Jecomjarratienies |e ait oie ob eee 1,000

DAIttle Rivers ose ch Sect woke ee een eee eae ee cee leeiaae cise eee 1,000
Dong RUNS... sce 3 .cscsccocces sc soccse sessee sooee ce secec ceases laeaemeeeces 1, 950
Wisconsin:

Mma VAVtZ Creeks. Gaara cide cosine seineee ve oee cece ee aceee cece 500
Ballkisiereclasns mace cece cae 500
Baums Valley Creek... .. 100
Big Waumandee Creek aah 2,000
IBYBCINS(CIOEKs swaccecn se ctdseecneeee tener oceece core eer elee ceteris eee ee eene 500

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

73

DistRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eacs, py Locauiry ANp Spectres, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.
BROOK TROUT—Continued.
Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs Fry yearlings,
and adults.
Wisconsin—Continued. |
Nini per Oreck Mone shana ceciast Aeeer oss ceds shashecesusdeossdlteeeee eee | Sealer 500
GnebleiCreciins 5 sane aacae sce setine ssee See er eee Son | ee ot ee al eae 500
(epaEchisony Cree kes, Win sot sess ocltnains Peves > Lees oeeee sola Ulm 4 oa ee 500
Puohnsi Valley! Creeks e257 ee aH See he ase le, ss heccol inh pend wept 2,100
IKastesiCreek. isaac nganccn scare cade ee bei eeosse 500
Lee Valley Creek 500
Leonhardy Creek 500
ithe wwaumand ee: Creel: -2 5-5) hace cer rece anil Oe so sss son [Uae Peers 2,100
(Mill Creckete etre ees oa rae ee arrow ee ieiec/ oe erteee aL aa eae 500
Mueller’s creek . 500
iINetiaMe Creek ss 5. a 5s sos 2 500
Norwegian Valley Creek 2,000
IPING LEC Keke ae ats ls «eras as ela she ats Fen Sarelstacle bes ene Sieisees 600
reaper Walley Greeks: oo) 2- says nto soiree acne ose eete oe 2,000
UISGINOT ER Ke tr emia aie eA eae Sele OEE Seon nee 500
CHAU SCTee Kon Secrepeee oor tetera teiaieleietin oa alse ns cine ea re Snes oe Se ene 500
Schoey ys Creek 54s as Sea e ee we seins alesse mses eee | sneer) aS ee 500
Schmid hi Creeke es yes eee ene se ae on ane saat ae [es Serene OR ge 500
Schulizi@reck® tea 5 5 5-2-1 5 oo eakenea-c Se weeds ec Ae | 6 aeroplane ia es 500
Spring Grek Ne sae i ae seco sa ce sue cep secu set lease eee eres eee oes 500
PRATT AAG Ke TOG esa saree rar ey To eae Sia eee mare Selah ae |e AO Se eee a 500
PR POLO ree eee acter rps eae alah ra eae lee ae tote Paso | se a ND eae 500
WmroutaValleys Crepe ve sei see esam su seine So re seen ee| sees ico ses Ce A eee 2,000
Jatin Ces Gree kee atts oe ers oe ee ee | SPV ON |i ea 100
SWE PORE Cree knee erate a ne el Sy oc age ee i De SE eed Ao ee obeaees 500
FATNION YB CAR CLOCK aoc oia anata sews e oe once see re ele season = |x gaan GUL hat i ee aD 190
pMihiGns blacks Creeks tern Sa taisc nas ceesawcn ose niione asses |g: geass Rn eae 570
ATIBUStAs Deal Grass) Oreeles 125 3} ee occ see cee sees Sessa Seserresacto a [aun tea 4,000
BeetiRiver North branche =... sesseee 2 sesso se eee [Sees Rance ees ae 200
Coonul onkaCrecks sa) ae anaes cnae Sait eae eee 128 5 Sa ae A ee 200
Hay Creek. ....-.. ate facta Fans ree nee aa netse Senate eR oe ee ee eee Ce 200
HET OTSO Oree kes near ash ac es am cso ens a Acme saan assoc aces doe soe8 Sete ee Sac 200
pier VASO TCO Kee Pies oa) ao2 ais foe Sin Shs tisis oie SSL | ed Ak | oF are 200
Baldwin, Rush RIVED 55 25 csjasoc2 onsen sp aseceene css oa caccn|.o.ceede eel ee cou lee 2,500
Blacks iy OrplalisseAW em S\ChCGlGss see ao ein see ne Soe eee Ee soo rere | Oe 500
AenuMdson! Creeks sas. 5 as se case eee eee Pee eens Serer ce 500
iBaconl Creeks 5 ae eos eee cs cer eee | 5 se ne | EAE areeeent Se 1,000
Clear! Creektas Sate noses oe oe nce ec een oc See eee, |e ae 500
Douglas Creek........- eRe R EE aA PEEP eT et MOPS KER «| ames oe 1,000
eebhart, Creches oa katte ace ae Secs ats is ee ga ok | 1,000
Kenyon Creek...... eae oon ERO Perea Poets | eae Lee 500
evs Creek Souths ranGh soos. ee 52 ae | Se 500
Morey Creeks: @ sosen ess sasdaacere cs Seance] Sas aE Ree 500
Moseley Creelcss seme once cae te netene ce ieee ee ent Sa nee ae 500
IPAPPOOSO Creeks sae cesses cece see esas sa see od se | See eee 500
IRCLETRON RUIN aa Sane ease co ate Ae See oar Aas 5 Hes aaa kN 500
FROSTING COTCC KE ars ahs ce eae Reo ers ae oe Aas Pz a |e Pcie! 1,000
Dlossen Cres le eae ees Sages sane w ei Se cel oe eee | 1,000
Suit Creeks 3 sesso antes aoe a tener sclera ee Se Re | OS 500
SIO We CROP Kone Bs oa srs Ne Srey SaaS a ee | sean ah Ape |S apa RS 590
Slemi@recke a. staan eee ence ase eee ae ere b os eee CP eR 500
DORA CE OR Kowa soi tuie mr Searcsaratay= Asia ies Ita Sara SO ee 1,000
hom psoni Greece sas san eseee ie racer ce es pose ao sca Se DN 2255 500
ROW Greeks tease Sa eee Joes get naclacceul tars sg Se ol ees 500
1,000
500
500
Blaine My Creeks cess 3554 oseoeeke sees 200
Johnson Coulee Creek 300
Wakel Coulee! Creeks: aoa 5/2 han igccrmisw oss as eee Oe amr i AC ee oe 300
Ma tsommi Creeks oo Aces co ete:coo sess ee On ancaememe ate ones aoe Se eae 200
ROG yMOld S| Creekios 2 sajna stars sos Se ewe dewnseceeece te aees oes {ose Sconces seasteeee 300
Dalya Coulee Creeks sacs. 2S sexe ansasene pees ee aoe aoe body eA eat 200
BNepnard Creek M5 s5 a5 742 Soe. a Sanaa sencer sane eee etre soe tea cicen eee Sateen. 300
DIMUTAS CLOCKS iresten sN52 on ros Seas ee one Mee ne el sew ai edict ee eee beta e® 200
Rip peniCoules Crees s,s. .o 5-0 ccaecasttaene sae tacisee nants ae sais aaa ae ce 200
ainor Pp COU ed OTee ke ase cea nee aes ane ee ee ae a Cana aeee |e eee ema ae 200
Wasse | Conler Creeks aco nisSec. os no kewae Soe Senay oe ol aA Se SSSA eS ce 200
Wyiclchi Coles Oreck: esos a8 = 95 as ae a ae re tee. nL, See ees 300
BIGOMEr DTIC AMO TOG Kee a os Joe 2 Rn een GS Ae BOTT 380
Lule Ce yab al Cy eol gays aN ee eee eae Sree ee eee heen hee ee 3, 380
rete tele (Cinealic 8 SNE o Merete een eee Ces ee Owe ee Paes Sane, fo te Se eee 3, 380
PPTOUD CTOGK es sat see yh 2 Sui noe peeled a ae oer oo acces cana cee S eRe cot 3, 190
Blue MopNds Cal plCrew sa se om So os oe eae Dace nee = aoe ao oses me are eee eee eseee san: 5, 000
HOTSTCRS| Cree Kee o sn a ha oa ees Sse eae tiem SOR on sag sasnc wR Bee =. 5,000
Gariont Creeks ce ss sae tec enh aA oe Hoaaen hs Sanat sa bee RI 8 5,000
EL VAIUS CROCKA oe ee nas Hae Sn 2h Som amaeeauis amas uses eet Ee oe 5, 000

74

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaes, By Locatiry anp Species, FiscaL YEAR

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Disposition. Eggs.

Fry.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

Wisconsin—Continued.

Boyd,

Brule,

Cable,

Carson, Douglas Creek

Cashton, Bohemian Valley Creek

Chetek, Moose Ear Creek
Colfax,
Cumberlands ClamiiRiversaeacee eee sere eee eaeee aeeeee eee eeeee

Black Gree les aye aoe 833322222 Se oe NE ek eee sates AEC Le mal|| Saye NES
Jackson Creek

Muskrat Creek...
Pinter Creek.....
Schaller Creek

Turner’s creek
BTU UR IVOLe ook saa ee ee eo crap he Se iets Lee et ear ee
SandliCreekseites- eecn nce conseeces seen sree APES bi seaaee \eyoot eee os Site
Spring Creek was oS es yeaa ae an eee ee eon Me eeerne
Vea tomi@ necks rear a eee aye en tee eer pear ieee ene |B aeee eee
Big Brook
Namekagon River
Twin Brooks

Foster Brook.....

Rowes Creek

IB TUSUNC TEC kee ose te BE See Re ier te os ere ep Rey eee
CannoniiVallleyi@reekssee oe eee ce eee mene eee
WolessViallley@recksaces eee een eene neon ee eee eee
@oontGreeksw# oe esac one shi eee eee ee eee eee ee

Halls Valley Creek
TAYE CROC Ke Meee made cote crea ae Cera eye ee seem
Jerseype trea ss seeea sees

Lyons Valley Creek..........

Manspi Valley Creek
Meisner Broo
Paulson Brook
Pleasant Valley Creek. 23 noo no hoe eae eee een eee
PiampValleyiCreekiee eons selene ee nee nee see eee
Russell Valley Creek
Speck Broo kes. a2 hse cine ccs seceenee os once enone ee
MimpersVialleyiCreeks hc os .ecnies sede ses oun seen eee
Mwenty. hour VialleyiCreekes 25 se ece nese eae ee eee
Witchman Brook

‘BronkeniCreeke wi ss sc aecwss cis tinas ee oeeeed saneee beemeee

Clam River, North Fork of South Fork...........
Ii ckewiC ree kee es: enn eee ee eee ee
McKenzie River
Miller Creek
Hand! Creche soi sce neni ses Bee See ce Ee oer | eee

SDN PNB roo ks os eo siacccisies acces ae cere evan Ce eee
Spring ree kes. a5 cae sje ce 2 os oases ote cee | ea
Yellow River

Dodgeville Hurmacesbrancht pass. sense ec ee eons cee aes nee ae

Durand, Big Arkansaw Creek

Eagle River, Seven Pail Creek
Eau Claire, Alder Creek

Breunig Creek
lerromiCreek-2. hee Seo cece sea ee ae ee

Alphonse Creekasenseisere see eee e een eee eee
Anple Creeks eae Sosa ose eee rere ee eee eens
Aish) One eo ecance cece ano eee see eee
BadgerjCrecks ene sede cco eseire tees eee
BalsamiOreckecess ane ce soso e ec nee eee eee

Bessie\Creeks. so 2280 he 2c ey eee Le
Birch Creek

Cat Creekicts tc e eo aos 3 eee Ope oni nee mn eae

nmmwnww ee
Rat pets vist teat Sy we elses ine
Seu oo
oo SS
oreo o

eso
sss

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. 75

DisTRIBUTION oF Fish AND Fisu Eaes, By Locauiry AND Spectres, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

| Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
ee ee SS ee 2
Wisconsin—Continued.

Hau Claire; Conklin Creek .....-...-.--------- +2200 2e- er -2e3sea|ornseccie pec lonensgsctess 1, 000
Daisy Creek. .......---------------2--02- 222222022" 1, 000
ID taOiras co eens a beeo Scan nn eb oosecoroosDe ane occ 500
David Creek 1,000
Deans Creek 1, 500
WD Careers Sea ee ee Seeley = mieten eee tate tnintatarmratnret= 500
Wodge Creek: fo 2522. se ae a nein ei 500
iDyoh a0) Ona) <4 ee on se to aseon oe: Jar aboa coe ousunC aac. 1, 000
Tiana) Cristal ey sears ees cocon Betebe hoe cee SOOO oonoc 1, 000
THE One 3 3c eee See ease eeea dasa eacoDee. Soooer Doge 1, 500
Tow Cela, 9B s -sepEesoeae se SrbeOoSoe OEE Cee o=Oone 1, 000
Wen Creeks ence ance: se ce iieiseie = = lenin -l=in inte =m lo elem imal 1,500
TONG Chea <-oo6 ssGaeon es aeeceen a Seon oone nab poo eooGe 1,000
Mletchen Creeks sos ce cee ea nine so wie weitere elisa 1, 000
Four Mile Creek : 500
Gladys Creek: 2-22.22 -------- 2 -- === = on 1,000
(BRIE ChitS) oh ees Sea ae aon Eee en ote aceas Spot oc om occe 500
Gorton! @reeks secs ace cn = rinse am = i oe nee iinimi 1, 000
(Gini) Oad co assed noacoce cee caspase oe eu a naeaaeosone 500
(@imalneh nal Ordos ean Seon one ORES eet oredr sere oooeecane 500
Grape Creek: 22.522 - 2-22 ne nnn ee amici ea 1, 000
Grassy Creeks...) si. in-ear eine 500
Gray Creek ee sone alee om wien anism cin 500
F2 file Cine al <- e Seo RUSE Tene e cen Gbne som esococrcdc™ 1,000
UATISCTIS UTC Kee ete ate ae = atts et eels la maim tiel=l 500
{feo Oneal Coe Se See Sa anboe SRGRe ec OSD BEE Ee DSO CSC eD aE: 500
Tea) Ones se Sos ocunabaS ssoebE esse ser ooooocoC 500
FacobSOMOreel<s so ssec saison tae Salm oi = at aim =i 1,000
i iaelialn Ornelas ee pesnecenesbeds]-seoseeesso5ere occ 1, 000
ifinil Ode) ons ane Sanaa Seen Bean oEe oeee emo ocoooe a. 1, 000
Shoualiorel Cina) eae 9 yaG Seema pp ee soon epee ee oS eee ode ono 1, 000
Kiely Creeks 22 cons eco one ow men asain 1, 000
The yiale) Cidade bes ses ep aon ee sare Sa oaooe SacneecoroodE 1, 000
Weiler Greeks ne oe pense a ant erm lmrmtesla nee 1, 000
Little Rock Creek 500
Thats Oeehe. seca bear Sabbonesacnene seesee cons seod eae ea secs SCR aCascaaas 500
TE (sts (Olas) on ban one aa Bs So uecuesboe Jon aosoe Ose sesetad |Soneceads She Sb pcr oScr ee 1, 000
TG (ON OIE) 6 oe eS eg ge noone bop nen B a SB Bc reece ase obo races =co= || eco oS =Car 1, 000
Mid Onin Criss) es oa ae ena aneas Honeaseoe ce ppeareereod Pcisesne see —e||ocr Raaete 1,000
Nia plesGnee kets ae ee eerie einen ees ee aria e oC 500
IM Git se OnneT ee Sage See nee eon oea ne peeeeo sed seese ee cbeedbdss dees UCSSorr 500
Wkhetatie One) oe a ueniceeace Geos sSEeenos Seu a BensEaooued |ecee sare ced nce Jecaoaoe 500
Ilaria (Chia) < eos puma nee ou seubeadeaneses se ceSen apSoner | |bauceseeoeoe Boor oo ao ae 1,000
Mr @ reeks ene ie eee ere easel =iaiminiale= =e a nee debe Sheers 500
WMiriskeratiOneckssesscen ee cok ece Geeee cee e acm cece lm ieee ecicicicin.cie=i 500
Niagara Creeloqseees ones ee: cee ee seem ee een |= ieee labo agce 500
IN TSUN RID Olnsal ea btn gee ee eee ae ee oes bereooeence asses seed gaa ero eSotros 1,000
North @ nec kame se eatine Gee ce sectors omelets lela in elotatnin a) eleim imine clcicrom ie to ey SE 500
Or ib Chk al ee yon oe hee pee ene on Bees Senobonoo ad heeeasoersnc bop ooeOuoroG 500
(Oxf) Olns ale eee Nese c Bac cares Seen O Hope eae anoeeead baeaer in mcoe Pewee Oars ric 500
Penchi@ree komen eee cer See meee ee amislove | eieresieteaic aie [anes eee 1,000
PebllelGreckesae sense n ecm ec me cee ees eae mee lien laa eile anita eee Anh are 1,000
TP NaN Choa) yee bobo Un Ua enn ae de ott Danaea oes eacer ese Seraetarooe|Pac abn ac 1, 000
Te thaLD (Olie el oe econ puna l bane anG as een een esas Sos seoed | |Seoeeer sernc SHyeoSosoe Ee 500
TEtRISeHWCOL CITES eee ge oe Ubaees on p toadasan Te neoESasaEaESalicosaHdondo= |r SeaceSanao = 1, 000
IpGibal gon? Cite alicoaemdeoosse aaeR ee SpOuSaeeee i Sa a ton Gee eene ste elben see near 500
TRG RD Chie) ce ee cose gdee Sep bas aaeene sepooeseencaas Fee socaonsc cca eee arte 1,000
TRIE YA Cine Sou obagueaeeeee sea essscounesnbesses Ssoncae see bo iaS Saciooaoe 1,000
Rocio Crecicsey cee nee net cone ee seat eee seeeseee eae lee eater bela ececian ci 500
iSbraldhy OitOel ope ee a ba eee eee oseese sed se eee saeon occ co Foes E te See ea ae 500
Ghampi@reele: saee le: e+eeeacaeemnersecen etcetera sah eae aceeen| etaeaee eee 1,000
Sheep C@reclkesettnsecc2-e5 =e 22> aera = sere e mea acl oe akg Ap ele Ne aa 1, 000
GHierinsemnl ree kes enone eee eee ies nie lene se ert tales [erase esere tment inied nie minlimni= 1, 000
Shoals Chea oye pong ueeeececEnter=so"s suc sesneces|beeosIoanEhe CSG aaa ae 500
Squrimel Creeks 22. )25.=21=-2-serecssshe-emeer seo ee-|ommcrce a tlansron ss" ‘ 500

500

500

500

500

500

1, 000

Walley sBroolk: ----.------62--22--s22----== seo] 1,000
Wiitets Gree kere eee o scctcecceen temean amar alan 1, 000
Wessley Creek..-....------------- 22-222 22 2222200 t+ 500
Wallowiteelesice scc ct occee sence ce emceeeraeccr eisai se 500
Wright’s creek 1,000

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGG§, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaes, By Locauiry

1913—Continued.
BROOK TROUT —Continued.

AND SPECIES, Fiscat, YEAR

Disposition.

Wisconsin—Continued.

IBIS Vay BIP Creeks. stasis cee sence cent cone eee ence e see cienee
Trout Cree karen mematnee sien ceca eras acer eee eee
Klisworthe Big Coulee! Creeke cei e eee see peace ee eee
IBIGMRivenssicacck sce. sese oe erica ce see eee eee ae

Iprush Creeks ssa ccoae ccee te occ eee eee he eeeeee |

Cafe @reek sere: Sass cece ne coe oe nee eee ee eeeeee

Carlson Spring Runeececeeeeeeee eee sete eeee eee eee

@avie Creek niet ose e okk wieevencbo a eon eeonee
Q@ilbertsiSpringi@reekess.-e-e eects Geeeee eee eine
Goose Creekss soe eset ee eee Pe ae ee eS Gee
sabelle(@reekii Shs. soncerce csc eee tae ce eee et eee
Bittle CouleeiCreeles. Sivas Goes at oljeintoere cies terse
Little DrimpelleiCreek steht eae se seer cee eos
Most Creeks yg. cos eco pees Hees See Oe eens
Murphy Spring Run :
Rush Riverscsses-- sess

South Fork Creek....-...-
SpPringyB roo kssssstecneciens sce eee ee eee eee
Trimbelle: Creeks ee wee eerste cere eee cena eee
erry,villes James Creek. 22 S45 so 225. sows mess oceans eee ee
Fountain City, Bohn Valley Creek........ Bene Sayer oe mee eee
‘BohnisVialleyi@reelksccwen asec eee rea eee oe
WaplesVallley Creeleds sir ereemee ce aetecteeteteemctanstereee
Henteer valleyiCreeks ere acne emcee oe eeeeeene
Pine! Creeks sso. 22 at swsce cee <2 a eisaeocnes cae cees
per Valley Creelia ig. sec che an crs aoe eee
Schafiner Valley Creekeos.22- =e sconce eee eee
MOXDOLOs Dg ees al Sarr CLEC Ketel eae latete eile note eee eee ele
Sieiteulbin ei Creeks ecec ccilewinnicee ccemecinsce seeebesees
Hriendship, Mairbamkesicreek lo. oc cemaces sce = ices sarees eee
Schoonover Creek....--...-- Be ae Mees Seer
White! Creeles a. tae samc Sie eo tewist win ewisaie Seles 6 mee
GalesyilleyAmericamiVialleyCreek oot ccc cere scmiee cerenaeacie case
Rear Creeks teen acters Senet clon snc nee tices cies Benes
Beaver Creek: North branche ese. cesen sae eee ease
Beaver Creek, South Branch
Big Tamarack Creek
Corrigan’s creek ..-.-.-
Duteh' Creek. <--.-----1-- : =
IM GtrichiC@ reek ster wescerisise cine ceiseieate eae eee eee
Mox Creeks es sacc wee easoc ese etlecas secon seeee ceeeicee
Hox Coulee Creeks sjsccoce cine nee een eee eee cee
Iprysare ol Gees ee Sos Spe sennnooosenpscesubosaasssosnsensee
Galloway Greekn acco assess aee sei is) RS hae tonics
Grant Creeks coc snsteciemieninec neeiceuseuaeebenecees
Hardie Creek....-- BS aur ee Sinaia iis Ge ame oes
HolecombiCoulee\Creeket- 522 ec -sneee eee ee eee aces
TrishtVialleyiCrecksases see en ssee eer seen es eee
Mittle. DamarickiCreekeeceeeeeees ee ee- eee eee Ses
McCanthivs Creek aoe nec sae oes oe eee eee
Norway: Coulee Creeksiaee emer carer cesta eee
iINOnwecianavealley @reekseese ase seacoast ee eeee eee
Suiver'Creekise.c ase pcisn ees sae see enen ace aes eee

Big Beaver Credketccn sac cence eee etic eer eiece
Blules'Creek 322 Se0 2 oc sae cece see eee ets
Wrench Creek esse eee cc oee ee eee eee eee :
Hay River, South For
Huggins Creek. ...-.---- Sooners seas
Johns Creek. 3.5 seca cececiececls Seemeenocektesisine
ittleiB caver Creeks5-5-5--2-heeee cee eee ees seeee
qittlevwBolen\Creéckssccccae eee eee ee eee
Owens: Creek. os. iow ya-c Soe oe en Cee eaeene
Preschis' Creeks. sce ne see eee Sa A eee
SandiCreeks North Monde acess asses ee eee
Sand Creek; South Mork: -22-2-- 2 o- oceans siecle
Scotty?sicreek:--kico- 5. cc ese anne centes eons eee
Smiths Creek t 232 2ea2 sea lonese once -ciae eee oes

Tiffany Creek, North Fork.-..-..-...-.--.------.
Miftany: Creek; South Honk: ss. - --2- t-te oseeieee
VansiCreek:: . fot -)sciies sass awe ssaieicic ee esinnste een

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

Vieronus' Creek. Sac. cecccwe aceon cedacecre ceteacie ols ace cee aieral etree ee

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Td

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fish Eaas, py Locairy AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

Disposition.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

Wisconsin—Continued.

Greenwoods-Dawvis Creek... 2-ssenccceenscnese+ ae sesees ee ans
Guile Creek

Rocky Run

Wayne Creek

Wiedees (Creek: sucess -s2aset ead: acesosneseasesas

Millsboro, Cancu tt Creekssaeis-ce sc accee cece sores see osemaseee a=
Devils Run
Happysblollowi€reekssssesse--a-soansanenseestie sees

Mead owe Brooke t-te ias Sere cacesaaeecesce ss seeees

Werner Creeks ibranch' Of-,226 «22s. s2---.0245 anecascs<
MronPRiven, Hull Creek ani aeriscaceloades ner se cecesoreeaense se
Kendall, Brainard’s creek

Wa visi Creeley tes ctoho as tesa se ses sslnace cee eacs cess
Hoxes Creeks .c tes nite cee Soca sare nar sanssecasessseel
iaiCrosse; Bohemian) Creeko Jc en: =< 222 --00022-222s8e=ssss2-5505

Chipmunk Creek

Coon Creek

Halfway Creek
Mormon! Creek scicwai os ase boasts seseeescessseeseae

Mauston, Alder Creek
Bruer Creek
Fellond Creek
Gospel) Pomt( Creek - 2: 2-28 een tennessee
Indian Creek

Spring Creek
Medford. Beaver@reek:s.- ice -ces: tecoccnacaseceseeessscbesck
Melvina-eAndersoniCreeks.<)[ssj2- 562 seem eve secs sence stam sees
(BLOWS I CLCOKinseeg teas SSE eine = Hanmer eee ahenee sees
GannoniWalley) Credke 5-22 coe tes cee een see scsi
Chamber’s creek
Olson Cretksasassniaqaes cease eect cece enoteceaeehesccen

Schotten Valley Creek...... Be Seas eee:
Mellen, Devils Creek.....-.------
McCarthy Creek
Minnon Creek
Montreal Creek

PON OKCO CRee keer seetoe nce arcies means Sota sodew oc

Silver Creek
PRTOWtIBTOO Ken ee aac. ks =e no teers pen A Oe Ree
TVLETSHE OURMRIVCE ens jamais se sasccle de teats een aa vee
Menomonie, Anderson Creek
Annis Creek
Asylum Creek
IBalsbauehiCreck=es ecco. ce sees eee ceases
Beaver Creek

Big Elk Creek
IBigstliayd@reckers sano cch oe ee eee ee cs eee
BipgMcadows! Creek?2 22 a8 252 eee pee an ee eee
Bishop Creek
IBISSICROOKe hasan. Sa toa c ce Secece eec (es eee Se

1B yoyrlbsnaVo bh Osiye) ce epee ee eens ery aus Seopa
CTBcisi Creeks ooo cane ge ee eee eee eee
Coon Creek
Cowan Creek
Cranberry Creek
DennineyRanese ose... 2.
Drowley’s run
Dushane Creek

Eddy Creek
Hishteen MileyOreeke ee) eee eek ble BE Be
TORN Cine ere ie A es eR UR eh acti Ss oa ke
(Galloway Creeksemtetre: ence eho se ene nee ee

Sacto Sigel eat ol oy Eo

Gilbert Creckse se ceec ce. coe eee ee eee etme lere esate Muldeekins ane

78 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fish Eaes, By Locauity anp Species, Fiscan Year
1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

; ae Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Wisconsin—Continued.

Menomonios Plays Rivets c ce ac tatet ete eres <a el eet ee eae 400
Hay, Rivers SOUtHeNOrK 2-2 -easees see ieee |-eee eee beer eee 400
Home: BarmtRun:. a. scc sence ce eee meas see Sees HeS eee eee eas 200
JOHNS Creek sc ncise acene ese coe sse seh e cee ces ace ce leee es Seer Eee oe ee 240
Trou: Creek. soc sjecceth ace snes essen ence Peres eee 6 | Ceara eee 240
Tirvinte Greek sai22 ee cose acon = cee eee woen | eee eee = Sees |e sce 400
KEN ES | OKCOK eee == esti slots saeeae yeas Sel i eee ia | ee | eee 200
1Gat al UR) Oxeel Se poecu cp see Soo se Sn oL eS es sone cusoern boaneséeccoulscacacoucoes 200
(Keni ppl 6 Creckaeeee nse ee eee ee see eee eee eee Gee Beers pee 240
Li Feeh Chel agen Samo oe ee aeT Seco ooe EOL Scose rors pgscQoeecees Secencosdcce 200
WWAMDSICLOOK. eo be Hee toes ee eee ae eee: sedan Saracen eee eee nee eee 200
lambs Creek sNonth Horke sees ee aa semester eee ee eee eee eee 200
MittlesB eave»r Creeks. 22.6 a -5s5 tenes ons aete ess | leer eee eee eee eee 200
ittlevwlic Creek... ose. <6 22 sae sa Se ssn oe eee eee eee So eee eee 200
ittle Play, Credk.o-8 sans seine see ee ene eee leeee eee eee Sp Mis 200
Wittle Missouri Rivers. a.s2--3<cos-- 2 se ee scene. tecee ee Seen eee eee 200
LittleiOtter Creeks)... «= sss os sence ens ae edo oe | tee eee eee een ee eee 200
Wittle:Sandi Creeks... 2 S522 ce eee sate eeceeita e Meee eres | Seer eee 200
Mosby s RUM see ser cece seaee eee eee eae eee 200
Louis Creek... 200
ie Creeks. sc secincninses!ss 45,5- = 200

eCarthy Creek 200
MassQurURLVeLs soc nce. ae oe cenie seeeaaeeiociesesacietas 200
MniTdi@ reek: ssseerc get ercc ce teas acon eee aaa 200
Palmers TUM sec icc esac see cease saemae oon 200
Paradise Creekes-5.-seceesesco oes eae 200
IParkeritemee sincere cscs n sete ae arene ace eraer 200
Pin CO CTeO kee s cece eee eee a eee eee 400
POP ple Creekees ese aes se steerer 200
Rogen Creeks. saciestse eas cio eee eee ee 200
ROG Oreo ew sane cee e eee ee ees 200
Rusii@reck: he sece geese ss San sass asec ne see Se nee eee eeieeitare 200
Sarid! Creeke oe Goo acm vtacce een saee eee eomescaaee ee eeer aes eae meee 200
Shafer Oreele:2 <2 consis se cc cia racine ee ars oie aieterar Os ee eee es eee earn 200
Simonsoni@reels... <2: 5. css a scnses sete sss sae |ee sc esces Sel eeeaer eee = 200
Shirl gialed( kel ene a eeesnbe oes cee ac oRPen sap EpErodsod buaqssebesce|ousacsseosee 200
Syne Seo pesshosaeeener occ eee eeor Ere sbSoosrena sone sec daculeecosascoSer 200
SimitiiGreeke 2s ae cocaine eee weenie sere eo eee a eee | See eee 200
Spring. Creeks 22 e- a2. 2caa- less a ncn oe lasiereieraim ainsi =| la saetey= Sela he aera 2
Stoner Creek 2
Thum Creek 200
Tiffany Creek 200
ProutiCreekeeoee aoaee as aes cones 200
Varney Creek 200
Webber Creeks 2c. 2-2- css senseeteccessneeseeacle mena pmaseee | sees eeeeee 200
Wibite Cree lores cornea nies cee eles seeeeee |. Soe cacee,. cele Ssros seco 200
Willcox Greek. 3252 3555.2 Saasotesasse dese sees lo Sound Sao Soceaere 240
Willson Crock: ssoe tanec cae tmen ore anne caesar [ye nae os ol ees & eee ~~ 340
WialsoniCreok North, Branch! 2s. eceoe a sas saemeele ee eeee sere | eee eee 240
WiolfssRumie to. oe etbae = sae eens setae epee oote nla tecrosagae 200

Merrill’, ‘Asverilli Cree kee oo ooo ease tee alee imi sale aicinie ea aeebe ceeec| eemacoapcce 2,000

Barnes! Cree kee cen ones scene Seen tens goes see eases [ea coh oehepn lis nd ae Be SOE 2, 000
Copper Ravers cise casey aa siasare elem royals repeat tastetatal Yb oo eee hea se Bece ae 2, 500
Deyils\Grecka-e. oe eee ae ease ee eee eee eee eee ae eee aa eee er is 3\Sneictte aes 2, 000
INew Wi0od Rivetzc..0--2<0-- se -saa= ===. {ieee se ean Sele Isasideeeteee 2, 000
12yie lsh Shs See ae Ene ee ae ene am eo mens Stal eee sas cnt= 4 Saoauecouses 2, 500
ID e yigieyd wh Kenya es AB Oe so SeOsEoSro Dede scnnosnaeancoce so saelistcsdecosec 2, 500
fafaabtd ell Qy2c) Gann SS eeee Sen EEE Seen R CORE eG Seer er asa scbboch oo sonooqueqose 2,000
Millston, Alivard| Creeks ..0 jececpesee so sessma ac eae cee scsi tere ee eee ye ee eee 500
Baumel Creek 500
Clear Creek. . 500
Covey, Cteekeierpscciasse ee see 500
WunhamiCresk.c sce s-cic- eee 500
HMidsmoeiGrecksocnsecese scr ceocoseoe eer SEE cer Ps ee SEC Pe teaerie 500
1h odo(s} od Cine (c) eee Seen Ey ey a eens aeeaoeaaas bh secuesocod doeocotorucd 500
Fisher Creek, South Fork 500
GobhardtiCrecks-mecema-cer scene ace eons eee eee Lec aloes Ss 52 bee Se ales eee 500
(ONS IIH One): eg ee ee Sn Oa auc asec aaneneno seman ScconsoscS sabboscadeos 500
Houser Creek, Past Pork. ..2-2.cccencs-sscs 2c areme nats onn selon ay emia 500
Whivehtanay Cine) con eeenn oe Me Ole Aer an wee ea booacaaeons cot boonestod dotaeseosoc- 500
(fejcolavbhael Oy nete) quay eee Be enonoaqe CODE O CEE REDS pessocemnons 500
IDG HNO clan Cine eee eye nes ee SoU Seen Sooeepnocoumsos cisccempecocy bo asosshees= 500
(Markini@reel $2.0). cericcinc cae ce ee oe ae eee sane sere net esti tate ite etait ete 500
IN Reni atetoy nll Oji(='2) cee as Si ie Oe ee so secne Spero COUbEoEoteco sAasocssen6 500
Pangratz Creek... Scccccjacnwce s2 eres cnc ce cinels emsle ane a yniaininilnlnln etelelelalntelnletm =n =i= 500

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

79

DistRiBuTION or Fish AND Fis Eeas, By Locauiry anp Srecres, Fiscan YEAR

1918—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

22889°—14——11

Fingerlings,

Disposition. Eggs. Fry yearlings,
and adults.

Wisconsin—Continued.

Millstonpebarcom Creel tase ccc coerce sie ce scicee oes ateeaeeae| te seeece feces etasices 500
Id GhCreGk= saa me sa pamectenemccmnace se heise Soe aoe eee \easacsscdiecs|scase once ea 500
pring Crepes sya es cae ansoe icecn Moa tec eases eee |eaceeecees talaansceomases 1, 000
Stanton Crookiease sass ni ssae one. Seer eee ee Sopesaet eae a eeeeecces 500
Stanton Creek, Mast, Wonk .sa- eee ae se ee ea Jeeaet maces Nees ahsascace 500
Wayman OLreclos- yee semen er tees etme eee me anetee BoeKebosoudsd|meuseea- sche 1,000
Wiyman Creek: Hast W Obks= s..ccs sec cee se cee eedees|Sresccenetea|oonectaenec 500
iNew luisbon, brewer Creeks a2 nemaccsazialsis cist ooaeoe ses noe cetelaseteoss cass leccesaaas ace 800
HARE DRINKS Oreo ke san ec eet et eee eee nee seeker Sas oealieens Smee 800
EV Qtem Creeks sees sneceee oe tet een eee meee aera eens so sete nea Oe Pee a eaiee 800
dacksomlCreeksn sass see eae Sees oe tie eae cd Skene gases alle ase gee seen 800
Macomber Grecksa see eee ence thie memes ene ae oe Fed 2 op SERA eee ESS 800
IMCS GACTCO Kane senate ee ae eee e ae aceon See ees aba d oe Soe Hee eee ees 800
iINonthcottrBrooksnn sce eeciec 2 oes esac ee neces oo |be sede t aes eceeeatoses 800
HVOSIATIG Creek Aaa teste ce eee cee ae coher e en ten seet eens ee eee sass 800
Schoonover Creeksar ses seme tee eon ae ate Ne ae here Se ee RSE 800
Wester @TOOks ster ce ernst ee Seen ee mie ee eS 8 See es CARIN C7 ee 800
NewnyeiCooml Cree kaibranchiohs essa. jour cle en ec a eaten eee ac SN ROR! SARS ae 2, 000
illeisoupsprin g Oreck ccetcee “oeese pec deee tere ese ne 1, 000
Nonwallkprunmen Creeks \8s ose ccre tess seicscieticat ete ve cticos « 2, 000
RoGli@ree ki sc fos ose aee eer Coane Se Mae eRe OR 800
Devils Hollow Creek.........-. 400
DreierRuns le 53s o 2 400
Farmers Valley Creek 3800
iHelsiGnreek msec seen sescr ccs cee ee nates Sen seen nee te 2, 000
IMOOLESI OOo ares sces ascot tore Secon nee ee aeee oe 800
Oniontayhice lot Crockae esses Seen ee emcee ee nee ees eee 15, 000
IRepineebiree uml Orecka sso aweme nce ee cee ct eens cemece eee cee elo asad. cele wo ceen ce 450
BO RUS @nec kaa eee erence Seen ene cree cee tees Rare oe STs Sa spe art ss hake 450
Bers Creek Nonibb ranches sche ce ence mee hese eel neee (Ae Ses ais SESS ST 450
LOU L Gre es ste Bc SERGE Se ce te ek Reece pes 2s sel a ae Mare | CC ad 450
INC reek- NOEL HeDnanchina: a6 men teen emer Cn Sane eeeN Seb Neh aes) eee Se Rar 450
thle Elin Creo kasaneseens ee ceee ae Seen oes ew Rar eS eet he Men toe ook Cee 450
MV OSTAC TCG Kaeeerga ea eerste © sat ome eer eRe. eet eee do saa aoe ee nae, conaceee 450
NostiCreakmVestebralichzess. ===" ooo. Semen Peer eal ae ents ASE Sh ee: 450
IROLCUp Ine Cres kapere aaa ete ree eee eee ee elated ahora one canteen ae 450
ROarin seiversatae eae ee cnist pecs ee ceeee eee rete eee eel ee sees oon fone ace essa. 450
VOIP Eleven PHIASU Ole aes aspen ne see same cae ee enn aoe e ee one eens 450
Sib Gia ranl Crys) co ae aah a eae abies Soke Atak ei eae A 450
Rederanttes ti celeheek see oaecaeses cee ccs seen co soo cet ceate ne 2, 000
Richland Contereash Cracks sere santas see eee ese anecee one 5, 000
Big Bear Creek.......-. 5, 000
Big Willow Creek... 5, 000
Brush Creeks 2522-2222.) 10, 000
MancyCreeksee see see eee tae eer ETM ee? 5, 000
inaneysCree ko Hast iorancliee Aon see ae Rene tke | ee eee SAE el eee 500
ETA Wika Creeks saaes cee ee ae ee een Lee ewe if) eer a ee eee 5, 000
itileMBear Creeks: enemas seeee cee ramen ene ee cee wae eee MINE es 5, 000
EL OmWalloweCreelkes sent ee soe eee ae eee | sete tencige a ec tecdeeee 5, 000
MelanethoniGneaicsi seen. sep seeern = seer Se eran ee IES ese ae 5,500
ND ELIC ree keer poe ae ee eee Se OS SOR ONE Te ee echoes eae ae 5, 000
IPinGIRAveLAWiCSOBrancheenss saat aa) noe aN ee Sere CSR pa 5, 000
DOIIS CLOG Ke reas eee eee LT ROR ER ony she Sea hes SNE ee 5, 000
Water Villabranchieseacss ss tome n ec eee ieee 2, 000
WWaltlowmi@nce cca meee = see eemnc ene Ree 500
RiveriWalls; Kannickinmick Creeke. =... 22552 l esheets ict e ewok 2, 250
pause COmemOrei kee Pee ones nen neem as mee cup ee ee noe e anne 400
IPATES|CNCOK Reto ccts Sate oso ae oe See ee Renee ee eee eee 800
Hophierm@rceksy ysis. eosin! Botte eh ee Ree oe RAE 8 3, 000
Spr; Valley BurehanrdtiCreeko 5-5...) 2c. cos sceeee ee eeeent 700
Wadia @reckae cee 5) em he ace eee en eae ee 700
CavolCregk ee ahi ca ks has eee a eee oe aren 500
Eau Galle River............- 1, 400
French Creek.............. 700
Gilberbh Creek so. fo225.) bec. 1, 400
Gilbert Creek, North Fork 700
Gilbert Creek, South Fork 700
Reni si iSiCnee ks nacre. sateen eee een ee neers 700
Love iat avs Oiwerel co Ae ere ns ee a re et 200
WousiiCrecks seen on iio 02 ees eR ESE REVS EY ES Ee 700
Mistas Cree tous ape t ac jaaace sneer tec meeeaece « 700
EUUSHBECIVOD Some eS 2 conte eee ass 1, 400
StanloyedMiuinieOrecks ecient kc on (Nake eee ee ANE DEANS 380
WARN CrOGKstmeecpei Suerte ooo 5 She Stee Moree reels 4, 000
Stone bake; Big'Godirey Creek. oo.) sili 5, 000
ENV CLOG Ktcrnets ot sivte, ccictac cls on Sia aac cee tone ie wee 5, 000
PIssIbagaIMa CLeGk secs sss seo ose aeeiec esa cena tnaaaloacaceeecmeclecesecouones 5, 000

Tomah, Allen Creek

Tomahawk, Armstrong Creek

Viroqua, Beabout Creek...

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eae@s, By Locariry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR

Disposition.

Eggs.

Fry.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

Wisconsin—Continued.
Mhorp;:B olin! Cree lee else etesistel=elaicl ts eete a races see see ate eee

Chapman Creek. ..5224snceniestoreasmssnesctececee secs ne
Sterling Creek....... See D nae eee ice oe ee ene see eee
BeanCreeks as cccisccesceccemscee soecccs cams soseeicecleaee
Big Creek
Billings (Creeks ae joccase senescent cencecee ener ace
iBranidiy (Creole se ise scacs sacs casieew noes se oe aleeee
Brush Creek

Council Creek
CRTC TOOK res eee mec cisce eee ese CASE ee SE eee Reena
Dixon Creek.......-- ah aes cece ae e ee nee eee eee eeees
DModgeville\Croeksss.5- 4 sa. aesae wise eee eee
MUStimi Creek: sek. saswes + secis asses sacccwmesecissecee cece
JOuNING’S Creeks 3.5. Sec csaswscas see cesses sasecs cess
La Crosse River
a MleuriCreek.....-- 5 s2ccecce
Little Lemonweir River

Soney: Greeks hse k cmc ats acetic csc chieecdioaceceeiee tae
Sparta Crooks vicen wc asonse esses ese seeionse.seaeese see
Squaw Creek sas. < nice saree see as, oe a serene mci a eye scree = rayon
tAnTnilCreeks cass cee See ssseaaceise Seen ee oe
Berry: Creckicccscnsccisorccnaccweccecneesisosereee
Big Pine Creek
Crocker’s creek
Forest Creek...:...-.

Hay Creeksertesc see sscr
Kuehling’s run
Little Rice Creek, North Branch
Little Rice Creek, South Branch
DitileiSomo)Rivers.cscescosecre ne conten eee
Tonely:iCreek ss -caccesuue eck onemeee cen eee emer
Manson’ Creek 2s ox. shies metscoeieeee. ose ee aseine ee seer
New Wood Creek, North Branch
New Wood Creek, West Branch
Noisy Créeék:: 2) 2s o5 tenn eee cence ce eee eae
PineiCreek, South) Brancheencossceeceee seen eee eee
Prairie River, North Branch
TROGy ARUN athe seme cao eee ee eee ene noe
Skanawan Creek............... Bae ereee creer
Somo River, Middle Branch
Somo River, North Branch
Somo River; South ibranchesssase) sceeeeseeseee cee
Spring Creek
Squaw Creck sss sciastensesteen emciceeer ee eee cena
TroutiCrecleMeeas acces ce eaten eee eee ieee
Willow Creek...

Bishop Branch...
Brookville Creek...
IBIOWIsSIDTan Cheeses eee eee eee reer
Brush Hollow Creek
Carey’s creek
Cedar Branch

Coon Creek, Timber Coulee Fork
Conaway Creektaccseece necenc ce seen ne es eee eee
1 OU 2401s eee ee eee ee EE ee EAE SP onoecaacedde
Getters Creek
Harrisonsbranch, North Rolkescenssecesaeee cee

eet ue booed one ue wear empees Sete |pe Sa poateagiees

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1918.

81

DIsTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisn Eacas, By Locauiry AND Spectres, FiscaL YEAR
1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

Disposition.

Eggs.

Fry.

Fingerlings,
yearlings,
and adults.

Wisconsin—Continued.
Waroquay Wee's Dranch 25-2. --s95----ascssee5:
Pine Hollow Creek

Purdy Branch

Rogers Creek
Seestbranch ter accesceos ss saseesoses
SidiesBranchesecce seco se eeece ease
Springillakewnensscccscessees-se nee
Springville Branch..........-.-.----
Wascott, Bergen Creek
Westby, Beard’ brancherenesccceeee 2 <== =
Clockmaker Run

Coon River, East Branch..

Coon Creek, South Branch.

Hanson Spring Brook

Jefson Spring Run
EickapOO Branch

Knap pinta sess sosese oe cee eseae
MorteriduRuneecscs sccces =-sccesse

RVOES tad we Gane Wee see eee eierceeisseriaeier
Rulland Creek

Sanding Creekiee s2 2.4005 o2. senses
SeaserBranch estes cas cece ee esenceee

Sending Spring Run
DIOANICTESke sac acct tec cceccniciscees
SpringdalowRume es: ccieee o- see ee

Spring Valley Creek
Swenson Branch

Tela tern een mnsecceemnae acess
Wheeler, Bie Beavier\Creek a). .<<j2c<0-ee0 550505
ei@itteri Creeks. ns cee ce seia/sieine
Bleak’ s creek
HEATED AS) CLEC Kya, ia cveatersisietercleiminciaorte

Little Beaver Creek....-.--
Little Otter Creek...
Messenger Creek
Phoebe Creek
SimkiCreekea sacs ctweeis sare se ereciaaere
Wilton, Borciets Creekesaaceenneice se ceisee
Billings iCreeksscemseccicciecicwiets ssc
ColdiSpring/Creekes fe ee cecee-nneiece
DM Orseti Creeks: jerse.cSeremisteisiistessieiaerertets
Hib bards Creeksecs sccecenoe cee cic
GIA Creeks ssccesncceisaccaeccce nce
KI CkApOOMUVels seme sere steele =icsi= oti
Sinks Creek

Winneboujou, Brule River........----.------
Cutlers Creek
Little Brule River............-
Long Lake

Lucius Lake........--------------2--- 2-22 - oe neee|eee sense ees

Woodruff, Squirrel Creek

Wyoming:

Basin, Paint Rock Creek: ...--..sc0---------
Ten Sleep Creek, East and West Forks
Beulah, Red Cannon Creek...
Sand Creek

od yar ONGat Cree kere sees ste ciicis oe elm a= sini
Boulder Creek
Clearwater Creekeso0= tees. Sencececes
Crandall Creek

WD TGKACTEE Kae iaesewisen see carson 2 Seteereter
MisheHawiks CrOCKa-5. cooces coe cise —aeriea
Frances Fork Creek
Gunbarrel Creek

FOnesircckemee sweep Lg hie OLE |
Mid dileiCreekusas ses scet cokes ccsescsses

Shoshone River, North Morkes at tae

82

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaos, By Locality AND SPECIES,

1913—Continued.

BROOK TROUT—Continued.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

Fiscan YEAR

‘ ce Fingerlings,
Disposition. Eggs. Fry. yearlings,
and adults.
Wyoming—Continued.
Cody, Shoshone River, South Fork
Spring Creek: seek meas ececeonassecie
Sunlight Creek. -
Swootwater Creek. 5. ocacc sc icles saces bee i
Tamiber Creeks. occcae stecien sieeioaen cee ee oo ieee eee
WioodtRiver Mid dlowtorkey. s: sesso seee een eee eee eeee|
WioodiRiversNorth) Bork cee.) peeeces seen eee ees see
IWioodERiver South Mork bas scene coe escae secs cece ese ae
Laramie;applicant.--.2-.-------- OSE See ene eos
Statewishycommissionsece sss. sce sears eee seeeiee cess
Ranchester, Soldier'Creek:. «5. <2. yoene ecee nis aoe esesseea==e ele ecee eosries|s-eeoee sence 20, 000
Mong uesRivens= tena eene een eee IigSteas suse =| UN eee 2,100
Sheridan, Little Woods Creeks nde Fe oan aera ae ae lee cee sean ne | senreemeneettes 560
Statewishicommissionm fs. Geese eee eee eee eer €OS OOO) tes ae cael eres eee
Wiolf; Decker’s: pond scc<.ccsen ssiascenwe doe n= 5 Seis oceeas sae ss s5s| -eeeseeser ce S=nenseras 1,050
Yellowstone Park, (Blacktaili Creek 7-225 5- se one mace nese See eee earele saceeeesere 22,500
Canada:
Southampton, Canadian Government....-..........--------.-.- 150) OOO 3. Senter eee| naeee eee
DOtali@s:: ee Ja see eee een oe ass dee nee neces see as eee Sean 1, 239,000 | 5, 280, 452 6, 014, 645
a Lost in transit, 19,436 fry and 17,170 fingerlings.
GRAYLING.
Disposition. Eggs Fry.
California:
pisson, Statesfishicommission 242... oan-e oes ccneinice sooo seeeercemec nese aero SO 000s Bee eereeree
Michiga
Paria, Statefish commission /2. hea. cen seeeee ses cecen ees eeseee cee cece te nee 505000! |2esneeeeee
Montana:
Anaconds.\statetishicommissioni =o. sss cccesse eee ceeeeeeeeternsrae see ereeence 588° 000) 22s ese
Bozeman} Red MRock dake iso secs seeks conte emcee ene nice ee eee ne eee eee ieee eee 573, 000
Buttevapplicant hess -ceaececsees eee se Cee eee Ree ae ee eee eene ee eeceeeee 100} 000)M\2osseelece
Ennis, IMadiSOM ARI vier Somes sce een scene neers eee eee eee ae eel Sen eres 640, 000
Harlowton,-Mussolshell River. 22.05.2202 caccasccses aac acco tee cee aee SE RRet Ibe Sl ee energie 39, 000
IN(ORTIS, Bean Creeks mee csaosen semana eee emer rE ener rabocersr ener eee er nn nee Saar meaees 50, 000
Cedar Creek x. 355 gece eacents Soe cease cecmabce ce snneeies oetcn see se satchel tee anaes 50, 000
Jack Creeks= yedceucecee oser = oases sen ener cee meemesece den -t rere pmenemnee | teen ee ane 100, 000
North Meadow Creek 115, 000
Odell Creek.........- 130, 000
South Meadow Creek... 170, 000
Red Rock, Red Rock Lake...- 655, 000
Twodot, Big TK Creeks. 3-425): ae aeee issn oneee aeraen Cebee eee ere eae eer eae 26, 000
West Gallatin, West Gallatin Creek.-22. 5522205582 ¢l cote ecenmecretnce=teecee ch oele. eseeeeee 65, 000
New York: 2
New: Milford, ‘applicamt.< cc c.c, jc -cmciee noc ciseieceminieeecceecbeeurne Jere oseeeeeneene 15}000))|Saeeeeeeae
Wyoming:
aramie, applicant: = ccieacsscmcccesercice «see reer esac eer aiaeremaeseraeten eer ase 50; 000) |. ssccetereere
Story, State fish commission.............-- Scis Snrsisisslncicwiecesieineceehteaaeseeeewee 00; 000) eae aeeeeee
Potala s eke sso ose aaa sce cee eee eats en SIE = Salt erciole seine ee eee eee teense 903,000 | 2,613,000
CRAPPIE AND STRAWBERRY BASS.
Disposition. Tee Disposition.
Arkansas: Arkansas—Continued.
Abbett, Littles pondece: accsecncee == 80 Mammoth Spring, Martins Creek
Conway, McCulloch & Allinder’s pond. 80 Spring River.......
Danville, Clear Lake..........---.--.- 80 Marked Tree, St. Francis River.......
El Dorado, Wake Hagloto mee neeeemeee 80 Russellville, Mlinois River.........----
Heber Springs, Little Red River...... 80 TNexarkana./T win Ponds sascaaseenese
Hope; Pleasure Wakes ccciseccsisesceerls 350 Van Buren, Lee’s creek....-.-------.-

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

83

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fish Eaas, py Locatrry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

CRAPPIE AND STRAWBERRY BASS—Continued.

k te Finger-
Disposition. lings.
Connecticut:
Danbury, Keystone Lake............. 200
Delaware:
Wilmington, Brandywine Creek....... 500
Delaware River.......... 500
Georgia:
Sulphur Springs, Little River......... 135
Tilinois:
Belleville, Four Mile Lake............ 200
(Casey, Weavers pond.-msccs.caesace - 200
Cherry Point, Grove Pond............ 100
Chicago, Barrington Ponds.......-.... 150
Clinton, Weldon Springs Lake........ 300
Coulterville, Illinois Central Railroad
AK G3 aiaia nanan Sawantuic camaeessees~ 200
Decatur, Decatur Club Lake-.......... 2, 450
Effingham, Grenel’s pond............. 100
Bansdale; Salt Creek:....-8-< 5 ssciccemec 500
Honey Bend, Crawford Ponds......... 100
Jacksonville, Nichols Park Lake....... 200
La Harpe, Prairie Pond..........---.. 200
Litchfield, Chatauqua Lake........... 300
Marshall, Chrystal Lake............... 300
Martinsville, Buckle Pond............ 200
Mascoutah, Schroeder’s pond..-....... 200
Meredosia, Illinois River.............. 150

Mississippi River.-......... 100

Millstadt, Blufiside Lake.....:........ 200
Mitchell; Rong Maken. .cose- sa aocala<- 750
Momence, Kankakee River...-........ 400
Oakland, Embarras River....-........ 400
Rockefeller, Lake Era.........--.-.-.. 300

Shipman, Clarks Lake...............- 200
Hicelesonne,s ponds pes ces sceacsee.

Watseka, Iroquois River......-......- 400
Towa:
Anamosa, Buffalo River.......-. Booot 400
Ayrshire, Silver Lake. ...520-4--<c- -: 500
Bellevue, Mississippi River............ 7, 800
Casey, Skellenger’s pond.............. 100
Chester, Upper Iowa River............ 800
Clamon si Elmibakereenencceeeeece cies 400
Dyersville, Maquoketa River.......... 400
id ora wlowaiRAVeloracee se eeccese es 800
Fort Atkinson, Turkey River......... 400
Harlan, Willow Shade Pond......... 100
Hazleton, Otter Creek......- ee ao 500
SewalsiCollins Pond! -es5-22 sasce-se. 700
_ _ Worthington, Maquoketa River....... 400
Kansas:
Mma Mill! Creeks ceceeceecs soenecs c 300
Attica, Campbell’s pond...-.......... 100
Edna, Kendalls Elm Lake............ 100
Fort Scott, Marmaton River.......... 300
Milli Creeks Se sso5-2 222 teen 300
Paint Creek... 5.220 52k 222 300
Fredonia, Coleman Pond.............. 100
rater Wake en- eee le eo. 200
Bierce’s lake2. sc ace alec 150
Frontenac, Fishing Club Ponds....... 400
Jonles’sipond sie. 2h co. 100
Harpers sland ieond seems.) ecseon oe 100
Huron, Anthony’s pond! --..2...-..222 900
Kling, Cement Company Lake........ 300
Medicine Lodge, Best’s pond.......... 300
BMlismuaketes2 5. 55. 100
Neutral, Ransom’s lake No. 2......... 200
ED yTO eb yTOwUakOene ee coset ese oe sc- 200
Vermillion, Midland Pond............ 100
Kentucky:
Bowling Green, Doore’s pond......... 100
Clintons Sunset Ronde sos snesn ns: ons 100
Danville; Cecils Pond sss et. 100
DixURiverees cote tse 200
Fidelio, Cherry’s pond................ 100

: re Finger-
Disposition. lings.
Kentucky—Continued.

Fredonia, BrasHer’s pond.......--..-- 100
Garner Take! .. o.2cceccsese 100
Muinsiponds-t--e. access naae 100
Slick: Bank Pond 25255_22 8) 100

Greenbrier, Lake Greenbrier.......... 200

Greenville, Finley’s pond............. 100

Guthrie, Northington’s pond.......... 100

Harrodsburg, Spring Lake............ 100

Hempridge, Sessee’s pond............. 109

High Bridge, Dorman’s pond...-..._. 109

Howellspkcn ge Ponda. sgeec cece eet 100

Wrlsonmspomd sei sce. scccce oe 100

La Center, Baker’s pond.............. 200

Lawrenceburg, Lake Geronimo........ 200

Marrsiuakessoe.-c- 25. 100

Lexington, Belmont Pond............ 400
Louisville, Cardinal Hill Pond........ 100
DeerWick-Pond'=22.. 5-22 +5 100
Hiarrishlake ss accccecceeen = ~100

Klondyke Pond =22--2:-..- 100

Lake Lansdowne.......... 400

iters| PONdiss 2. csce-esse.e 100
OhiovWiventas ceases. ceases 6, 200

Shadyside Lake............ 200

Warner’s pond’: 22.2. c2 100
Middlesborough, Fern Lake..........- 725
Nicholasville, Bryant’s pond.......... 100
HarraS pond ao emcceee ee 100

Simpson Lake........-. 100

Paducah, Goodman’s pond............ 100
Russellville, Browning Pond.......... 100
iINoeHeondias- a-ssceceecne 100

Orange, Pond!-- 2: - sce c.- 100

Wild Goose Pond........ 100

Shelby City, Smith’s pond............ 100
Shelbyville, Hall’s lake................ 200
Lake Jonorockqua........ 200

Snook Pondiee es sole. eee 100

Stanley Lake. 22. -22.5 22 100

Stanley’s pond........... 100

Spring Station, Blackburn’s pond..... 600
Canewood Pond....._. 100

Stanford, Bright’s pond............... 75
ISHUSPON Gewecke sce peo nee 100

Sturgis, Willingham’s pond........... 100

Wilmore; Lowry Pond...............-- 100

Maryland:
Landover, Indian Pond............... 150
Washington Junction, Doubs Creek... . 200
Massachusetts:
Plymouth, South Triangle Pond....... 400
Michigan:
Bellaire, Intermediate Lake. . 200
Clyde, Pettibone Lake ...... 100
Springibake ss. ess-ce a 100
Wihitenbakess sss eh eos ee 150

Dosterpeine| Waker eccasesseoecse coos 150

Grand Rapids, Grand River........... 100

Indian River, Indian River............ 150

Rose Center, Green Lake.............. 100

North Buckhorn Lake... 150
Minnesota:

Hokah, Pettibone Park Lake.......... 300
Lanesboro: Root River--. 02-55. 2528 200
Root River, branch of..... 200
Root River, North Branch. 200
Root River, South Branch. 200
Le Roy, Little Iowa River ............ 200
(MAIR ond Sasa Cee oy ee oe 100
Preston, Root River, North Branch. .. 200
RootRiver,South Branch... 200

Rochester, Zumbro River, South
IBTAN CHER sas Aas aceat cece eee e eae 200
Rushford, Root River........-..-..0.- 200

$4

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DistRIBUTION OF Fish AND FisH Eees, By Locariry anpD Sprectgs, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

CRAPPIE AND STRAWBERRY BASS—Continued.

Disposition.

Minnesota—Continued.
Spring Valley, Deer Creek ...........-
Taylors Falls, St.Croix River........--

Mississippi:

Centerville, Anderson’s pond ....-.-.-
Ingleside Pond: .< 5252 2.- ==
Dake Vie Wisi sccssenccese
Columbus, Tombigbee River........-.-
Edwards, Kids Lake.........--..-----
King hake sa sei ctecasse sacs
Wihites Mill 'Rond/s. 2 s-. 2.<.-
Gloster, Herm Wake-s.- 2c o-secce once
JACKSOMS! PONG si... - - sees
Ratelift Creek preeemas-eiceee es
Hickory, Caraway’spond ..........-.-
Jackson, Fair Ground Pond........-.-
Manhattan Pond............-

earned | Clear Waketeeseeceeee epee caae
Martin, Placid: Ponds. <acescceceeeeece
Shannon, Crubaugh’s pond
Smith Station, Gibbs Lake... ee
Ginn! Lakes: -s-<2 <=
Montgomery’s pond ...
ptalloy Jackson/s' ponds... «ceseeecee ===
Utica, Carmichael’s pond
Vicksburg, Wont akelns-ecccseeneece
West Point, Malone’spond..........--
Missouri:
Blackburn, Blackburn Pond.........-
Bridgeton, Edrus Lake..........--.--
Centralia, Lake Dutcher............-.
Chilhowie, Osborn’s pond ......--.-.-
Clayton, Wolff’slake..............-.--
Clinton; Bish) Wakes cc. acti eeiee ieee
Drexel ioillivier Wake). ccc seeeeeesee cea

DilverPondeeessenece asses ssc.
wurmas PiscatorialwWakes: 26 ecce ese ce
Huntsville, Clear Ridge Pond.........

Rutherford’s pond .....-...
Kansas City, Fairmount Lake,.......
Watteisilakese a. a 5-ccsa
Witte’s pond...
Lebanon, Mayfield’s pond ..
Liberty, Petty’s lake........
Marshall, Lake Saline.............--.-
Marceline, Marceline City Reservoir...
Santa Fe Reservoir.......-
Medford, Medford Reservoir.........-
Oak Grove, Deep Water Pond........
MiP ONG eye ieceiqee a= ere
Parkville, Emily Heights Pond.......
Pendleton, Lake Farm Pond.........-
Pierce City, Saulsbury’s pond .........
St. James, Dellacella Ponds..........-
St. Joseph, Missouri River.............
South Greenfield, Dicus Pond...... Coc
Montana:
Kalispell, Emmert Lake........-.-.--
New York:
Chatham, Kinderbrook Creek.........
Ithaca, Experimental Ponds..........
Gloversville, East Garoga Lake.....-.
West Garoga Lake.......
Petersburg, Taconee Lake............-
Ohio:
Chippewa Lake, Chippewa Lake......
Dunkirk, GLoatiSiPOUd\erieicieeeieiesieiecee
Fredericksburg, Salt Creek.........-.-
ima avake) Picquita = 4-5 )sesece sei-ey-
Perry; Brown’ S| POU. .s2+ seaaseseeeee
Ravenna, Crystal Lake.....--------+-
Salem, Salem Country Club Pond......
Wiharton, WiSere ONG) Sa cccccccieeicecces
Oklahoma:
Ardmore, Chickasaw Lake.............
MceCullom’silake so. csr
Pats) Lake ce sjsce ccecsicce ice

HH —
ue Disposition,
Oklahoma—Continued.
200 Bilgin iSbirkés ponds sees. sees eee
400 Willow Pond... cece eee eees
Guthrie, Overtons Lake-..2-2-:--:.--.-
60 Reddingtons Lake...........
100 | Twin. Lakes. < j<jsceas-seseee
100 Wealkersiake Ase cee ceee
400 || Lawton, Chandler Creek...........-.-
200 Durbar Ponds s22e-o see eee
100 indian Creekeoc ence eee
25 | Lake Gondolass.eesesses ces
30 | Little Medicine Creek........
30 | Medicine Creek.........-.-..
60 Medicine Wakes-4 2225222: aso
100 | Medicine Park Lake.........
200 Shirk’sipondz a..ce-eeeeoneee
200 Simpsonss ponds seeee sees
325 Spencer Creeke)\-.4-e-e eee
60 McAlester, McAlester Country Club
60 Hake ie. ca sec bon see eee
100 Marietta, Blake Lake......
200 Campbell’s pond...
50 Grassey; Rond=s2--peeee eee
50 igh) Wakeemeseeceses epee
500 Hovenkamp Lake...........
60 | Mckinney Lakes. cease. sce
300 Marietta lake... ....-.-...-
100 Piland’si pond ey. ncceaceee ne
Mustang, Henry/silake toss. eeee ee
200 Noble, Montgomery Lake.............
500 || Purcell, Black Jack Pond............-
200 Conkling’s:pond 2225. 250-522 22
100 Shawnee, Lomey’s pond .............-
100 Waterloo, Schwake’s pond ............
300 || Oregon:
100 Carlton; Carlton Lake 2-2-2... a o-cer
100 || Pennsylvania:,
300 Hamburg, Schmick’s pond.-...........
100 Mohrsville, Beckers Mill Pond........
100 Philadelphia, Fairmount Park Aqua-
300 TIM cB ee cee cn ce eee eee
200)|) Ryde; Juniata Rivers. .-.-+2cecssece
200 || South Dakota:
100 Ardmore, Pease Lake........
100 Murdo, Railroad Pond.......
200 Philip, Grindstone Creek
200 Plankinton, Fish Lake................
200 Pukwana, Millage’s pond. -............
300 || Tennessee:
100 Hampton, Biggars Pond..............
100 Cakes Pond22 sp ceeee sete
100 Henning, Rice/s| pond sasec-2 --eeesser
600 || Norma, Lake Christine................
100 || Texas:
300 Dallas, Weichsell’s pond..............
150 Greenville, Compress Pond ........-..
100 McCombs Lake............
Wiise’s pond!) ---a.-eeeenese
160 Livingston, Israel Pond........-.....-
New Braunfels, Comal Creek..........
100 ComalyRivers-sseeeece
200 San Antonio, Elmendorf Lake........
300 San Marcos, San Marcos River..-......
300 Tenaha, Oxner Lake...... wees teeseene
400 Waxahachie, Brown’s pond..........-
Spalding Lake...........
200 || Vermont:
100 Ludlow, ake OKem0:......0.5.-<-c<e
100 || Virginia:
100 Beaver Dam, Little River.......
100 Thompson’s pond.......
200 Ellerson, Rutland Club Lake..........
300 Emporia, Mull) Pond-22.- "hse eceeerees
100 Leesburg, Lime Kiln Pond............
Manchester, Collom Pond...........--
1,000 Selden’s pond. ....-.---.-
100 Petersburg, Spicers Pond.-............
200 Richmond, Darbytown Pond.........

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. 85

DistRIBUTION oF Fish AND Fish Eaes, By Locatiry AND Spectres, FiscaL YEAR
1913—Continued.

CRAPPIE AND STRAWBERRY BASS—Continued.

Disposition. ee Disposition. ee
Virginia—Continued. Washington—Continued.
Richmond, Ellerslie Pond.........---.- 100 Tacoma, BalchesWake-ese.ccecse sce = 90
Gerheart Pond.. ie 200 @hurchilakesss. faeces scecees 90
Glendale Pond...........- 200 Gravelly Hakete i 222s series: 90
Hopewell Pond.:.......-- 200 KregeriGakes sec tee selscnies ce 90
JonHNSon/S PONG eae ee see 200 Osting Lake.... 90
Joseph Bryan Pond....... 200 Rapjobn Wakely... sas. cs- ee 90
Licking Creek Club Pond.. 200 Spanaway Lake............. 90
Powells Pond.........---- 400 Steilacoom Lake............- 90
Providence Forge Pond... 100 || West Virginia: .
Water View Mill Pond.... 100 Shepherdstown, Potomac River....... 1,345
Westham Club Pond...... 200 || Wisconsin:
Yaley’s pond.c-s..scoseecs 200 Mercer, Mrudevuake aes eee es eee 500
Washington: Wyoming:
Moab, Newman Lake......:........-- 200 ShHoshoni, Power, Pondio.2:--2--2.22-- 300
Spokane, Clear Wake... i... <.205-6--- 200
Tacoma, American Lake............-- 90 Notali@s: cacseesate ose cee et ew sees 79, 279
ROCK BASS.
Alabama: Kansas:
Altoona, Durham Spring Pond........ 100 ILilis Midland Ponder ee sco seenses 400
Bessemer, Veitch’s lake..............- 100 |} Kentucky:
Erin, Ramsey’s pond. .......-...----- 100 Banklick, William’s pond............- 100
Girard, MeMurrain’s pond...........- 150 Chilesburg, Crimms Quarry Pond..... 150
Midland City, Byrd Pond...........-- 150 Brankdin' sR oarkss PONde-weccccisscs se 100
Montgomery, Crescent Lake......-..-- 500 Steward’s pond............. 100
Oneonta, sand Wakes. 225.2222 - ane 200 Guthrie, Hibiscus Lake......-.....:.. 200
Russellville, Devany Pond.........--- 150 Hodgenville, Ford’s pond......-.-....- 100
Arkansas: Stank/s/pondisa-a-- ee 200
Alexander, Blevins’s pond..........-- 250 Hyattsville, Hurt’s pond.............. 100
Elkins, Mountain Brook Lake........- 400 La Grange, Morgan’s pond.......--.... 100
Hackett Honbes:s pondte. 22s. seu -eec 400 Lebanon, Jackson’s pond........-...-. 100
Hoxie, Phoenix Cotton Oil Co.’s pond. 250 Middlesborough, Fern Lake..........- 200
Georgia: Mount Sterling, Cooper’s pond........ 100
Adel, Hutchison’s pond..........-..-- 100 Munfordville, Chapman’s pond........ 100
Atlanta, Whiteman’s pond.........-.-- 78 Shelbyville, Watkins Pond............ 100
Blue Ridge, Anderson’s pond........- 75 Stanford, Shanks’s pond............-- 100
Bronwood, Horseshoe Lake........--- 300 || Louisiana:
Crawfordville, Chapman’s pond.....-. 75 Shreveport, Big Wakes. 5 csc <csj<e 100
Dawson, Baldwin’s poudere seen ses 150 || Maryland:
Fairburn, Brantley’s pond.........--- 150 Cropley, Potomac River_..........-=-- 200
r Brassell’s\pond ees sccece +c 100 Ellicott City, Powell’s pond........... 230
Hill City, Copeland’s pond.........-.- 150 Long Green Station, Quarry Pond.... 100
Madison; PoplariPond) 2222 scene. s-5- 75 Rogers, Robinson’s pond.............- 230
Norristown, Mule Pen Pond.........- 350 || Massachusetts:
Rome, Simpson’s pond...........----- 100 Hingham Poley’s pond: oe... --sc-- 100
Roswell, Bowen’s lake...........-.--- 150 Norfolk, Hillside Pond................ 100
ummus/sypond essen smeene 150 || Minnesota:
Ocmulgeenvakes ot sees soe ans 150 Rochester, Zumbro Mill Pond......... 250
Rutledseshistes#hond ses sees see se see 75 || Mississippi:
Stone Mountain, Venable Lake........ 150 ‘Atmonys PridewP ond fact jecree care <tc sais 100
Tate, Creole Quarry Pond..........-.. 75 Booneville, Mason’s lake.............. 175
Etowah Quarry Pond........... 75 Brooksville, Hendrix Pond............ 100
Valdosta, Bly Pond... 2) -css-=525-20 100 Edwards, Marsh’s pond............... 150
Illinois: © Gloster, Berryhill’s pond.............. 150
Belleville, Fern Glen Lake............ 300 Jackson; Raines!sipondi.jos. ccs cceeeece 225
Heinemann Lake........... 400 Simmons pondeeceessecssece 225
Decatur, Decatur Club Lake. ........- 1, 750 Learned, Haman’s pond.............. 150
Edwardsville, Oak Hill Pond......... 100 McComb, Illinois Central Reservoir.... 150
Peoria, Exposition Park Lake.......-. 200 Natchez, Mount Airy Pond........... 150
Shipman, Olmsted’s pond........-.... 100 New Albany, Thompson’s pond....... 150
Hioulon) Craigis ponds.) Mees 20.5... 100 Ripley, 7Nance’s ponds: fe scan. see ce 300
Indiana: Starkville, Cunningham’s pond....... 150
Bloomfield, Emery’s pond..........-. 150 Waynesboro, Pattons Creek........... 100
Brazil, Macbeth’s pond............... 100 West Point, Hamlin’s ponds.......... 200
Chandler, HCCUSTHRON Ge yee eae one 150 |} Missouri:
Ferdinand, Muller’s pond............- 100 Bunceton, Doublin Branch........... 300
Morrisy:Menkels' ponds -- soc. ce cs cee.. 150 Coal Bank Creek........... 300
Osgood, Hallgarth’s pond........-.... 100 Stephens Branch........... 300
Rushville, Green’s pond...2-.......... 150 CaboolsCoylettaker ase. ce ee soeseee 300
Towa: : Crane; Crane) Creeko- 2 50 ac. 2s 2-2 ses 5s 400
Chester, Upper Iowa River...........- 225 Independence, Rose Hill Lake........ 100
Malvern, Craig’s pond...............-- 200 |! Wihites' Lakes... .scsss2 400

@ Lost in transit, 3,180.

86

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRiBpuTION OF Fish AND Fisn Eoes, py Locauiry AnD Species, FiscaL YEAR
1913—Continued.

ROCK BASS—Continued.

Disposition. ee Disposition.
Missouri—Continued. Texas—Continued.
Marshall, Hennesy Lake..........-.-.- 400 || Carmine, Nagel’s pond..............--
Nadja, Spring Wakes: = 22 acs aban 200 || Crystal City, Coleman’s pond.........
Neosho, ‘Hickory Creeke 22.2 secs 1,598 || Popper’s}pondse: os25e---
Nevada, State Hospital Lake.......... 300) ||| » Denison; Duck Creeks 2925: ease ee
Oak Grove, Bluewater Pond.......-.- 400 || Paw Paw Creek. )jei.2-221-:
Osborn, McQuate’s pond...-......-..- 300 || Shawneollakes- 21a ee
Pearl, Shady Brook Pond....-..-.---- 150 Eddy, Bridgewater’s pond...........-
Rolla, Bis Beaver Creek... - 2-5... 5: 800 Wilkinson’s ake. . 5.222222 222
Big Dry Fork Creek.......----- 400 Elgin, Christian’s lake-.........2.....-
iKenticks@reek- 225555. cscs-e- 600 Mhomas?spond=zsas ee seseseeeee
Wake shniscOmec ee cnacecmcmessen:s 450 Fate, McLendon’s pond..............-
Little Beaver Creek i 400 Fort Worth, Duringer Lake..........-
Wuittle Piney Creek = 5. -sss2--6 = 400 Frankston, De Long Lake ..........-.
North) MilliCreeks. 5 cecee scene 450 Giddings, Boettcher Lake...........-.
Rienix Wakesee se eacnoe censor ne 300 , Keluce’s ponds ee nee sees
Springfield, Tawasentha Lake......... 400 Gilmer, Highland Pond? 22s sse es ee2ee-
New York: OVMOLIS DONUssas aeeeee eee nee
Middletown, Walikill River........--. 350 Holland, Houston’s pond...........--
Whitestone, Fort Totten Pond.......- 350 iveedtsimnonde wees sees scenes
North Carolina: Houston, Bering’s pond..............-
Candor, Clark’s pond....-2.<-.<2:-+-<- 150 Joaquin, Blackmon’s pond..........--
Catawba, Bridge’s pond.......-------- 200 Marion, Ebert’s pond.............-.--
Davidson, Linden Pond...........---- 100 New Braunfels, Comal River..........
Durham, Chemical Company Pond... 100 Paige, Sunny Slope Pond.............
MNObRivers eo eeecne sees 800 Purdon, Beden’smond sess seen
Goldsboro, Foldsame Pond........-.-- 200 San Antonio, Dullnig’s lakes..........
Kinston, Marston’s pond..........---- 300 Reichert’s pond.........
Matthews, Lilly’s pond........-..- BEE 100 Spofford, Stratton’s pond..........---
Ohio: Merrell vAbleswPondeeeess ss sneeee aes
Batavia, Nepper’s pond... ..2-...-+---- 150 Britton’s pondeeees os seee cose
Blue Ash, Clift Farm Lake.........-.- 150 Childress Pond=s22 oe csccconne.
Chippewa Lake, Chippewa Lake...... 400 Cooks pond! asec esseeereeaee
Congress Lake, Congress Lake... an 500 MenntSiPond esse eee eee
Springfield, Red Bud Lake............ 100 Edwards’s pond
Williamsburg, Deeny’s pond.........- 100 Hiliotts ponds. cosesec een eer
Oklahoma: WivanisS takers sees ccmoe seers
Ardmore, Cruce Lake..........-.....- 300 Fleetwood’s pond. .........---
Ding smaketere seen serene ee. 300 MlowersiP ond 2-2 coe cee nese
Fairview Lake............-. 200 Garland Pond. sae -coe see see
Maxwell’s pond..........-.- 100 Harmon Pond=s2s.sceneseeoce
Rotter Wakesese eee seoses 300 Henderson) Pond. <2 ss... -eee
Enid, Matthews’s pond..-..........-.- 100 iFopkins| Ponges =. ee ee esas
SpringiCreeks feiss eae cece 200 JohnsonyPondeys 2 seeeeeeeeeee
Mangum, Cowan’s pond........-.--..- 100 McClunp’s"pond..: 2-2-2222.
Milburn, Smedley’s pond........-.... 100 Martin’spond)-)s2 22225 Jiceee-
‘Vounig’s ponds -esee esse eee 100 MooresPond<22. ese... ose-eke
Morrison, Turner’s pond..........-..- 100 Muckleroy’s lake.............-
Stillwell, English’s pond.............- 100 MullinistBondiess.. 52 emeeeee
Shawnee, Maud Lake. -....:...2.-..-.- 300 Roberts Wakes. sosseaseeasee
Musas rye stpond ss. ssc sesso eens se = 100 Sandford’s pond...............
Warner, Switzer’s pond..........-.... 100 Stallings’s pond, No.1........
Pennsylvania: Stallings’s pond, No. 2........
Chester, Ridley Creek......--.-------- 400 Sloys PONG ee eam = erisyoe
Lebanon, Conewago Lake............- 300 Wiaters’ Pond: ~~ 5. o.ecc ne
Water House Lake.......... 300 pueeohs
Lehighton, Parryville Pond........... 930 || Virginia:
Pottsville, Rilands Pond........-22..: 230 Bedford City, McGhee’s pond.
Rhode Island: Bridgewater, Crystal Lake.... ons
Slocum Gray’s*pond 2. e-ece-e2see eee 100 Burnt Chimney, Cox’s pond. .......--
South Carolina: Charlottesville, Rappahannock River.
Catawba, Lesslie’s pond..............- 200 Danville, Haymore Pond..............
Donalds, Cedar Pond........2......-- 200 PnP Spon dees aac acienscecere
Wihite: Oak Pond! ssifgfii.: 400 Merriewold Lake............
Newberry, Digby’s pond...........-.. 100 Dillwyn, Rolfton Pond...........-..:-
Lawrens, Bolt Branch.J.i. 0.0 sme is 400 East Radford, Sale’spond.............
Rock Hill, Crockett Farm Pond....... 300 Evington, Davis’s pond..............-
Massey’s\ ponds see-ee eee | 300 Ould’sipond=22 5. es otee ease
Spartanburg, Moss Springs Pond..-.-. 100 Glasgow, Moose Pond. ..........------
Walhalla, Devil’s Fork Creek.-..--....- | 200 Lanexa, Woodward’s pond 2 .kc-eeceee
Oconee Creek.............-- 200 Lynchburg, Carroli’spond...-.......--
Tennessee: Mineral, Loving’spond.........-------
Chattanooga, Lake Lookout........... 225 Palmyra, Cunningham Creek........-
Niota, Schumann’s pond............-.- 75 Paynes Siding, Isaac Walton Pond. - .
Texas: Philpott, De Hart’s pond .........---
Belcherville, Benton Pond...........- 60 Hartville: Ponds =< --saceeees
Bering, ValdaMakeie-2 selec. cccecwe 75 Providence Forge, Providence Forge
Burton, Eberhardt’s pond....-.......- 50 Pond---.. Stemenceee cranes seneneenos
Mayfieldeondien-scecceeces 50 Remington, Rose Dale Pond........--

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

87

DistRIBUTION oF FisH AND Fis Eaas, py Locanity ANp Spectres, Frscan’ YEAR
1913—Continued.

ROCK BASS—Continued.

; ae Finger- : was Finger-
Disposition. Ties. Disposition. lings.
Virginia—Continned. Virginia—Continued.
Richmond, Youngs Pond. ..-..-.-.-=- 500 Warren, Black Rock Pond..........-- 200
Ringgold, McLaughlin’s pond ........ 430 Windsor, Porters’s pond. ..._......--- 400
Rock Castle, Finch’s pond...........- 500 Wytheville, Baumgardner’s pond...-.- 300
Roxbury, Cosby Mill Pond..-......... 500 || Washington:
Salem, Roanoke River. ....-......--- 500 Tacoma, American Lake.......-.....- 300
Scottsville, Chester Pond, No. 1......-. 300 Gravelly Wake! sis 24 a.s8 05: 300
Chester Pond, No. 2....... 300 Steilacoom Lake............- 200
Smithfield, Porter’s pond. ...........-. 400 || West Virginia:
Somerset, Yager’s pond............-.- 300 Coleord, White Oak Pond............ 200
State Farm, State Farm Pond.......-.. 300 Mullens, Barkers Creek...........-.-- 100
Stuart, Mayo River. cse-5-5-eeecces< 250 Shepherdstown, Potomac River....... 7,000
Thaxton, Sublett?s pond -.. 2-...-..- =. 100 Woodlands, Meadowdale Pond.....-.. 200
Tunstall, Hampstead Pond........... 400 Yioho'sipond!s Va. -42 eo. 200
Walkers, Christian’s pond. ........-.- 500
Waidens) Pond sss .22 4 esos. 1,000 Totals Fb eee SO eet as 64, 743
WARMOUTH BASS.
Maryland: | Mississippi:
eonent Falls; Potomac River---...--.. 1,115 Yazoo City, Ewing Pond.............. 150
eorgia:
Norcross, Lake Hoyle...............-. 125 Motalsstsoask eee sa sce Loe Se 1,390
SMALL-MOUTH BLACK BASS.
Disposition Fry Finger- Disposition Fry Finger-
Si 3 ¥- lings. Ines =) lings:
Arkansas: Indiana—Continued.
Mammoth Spring, Spring River.|........ 8 Brooklyn, White Lick Creek...|........ 500
Many Islands, Spring River....|.......-. 95 Columbia City, Cedar Lake...._|.......- 600
St. Francis, St. Francis River-..|..-.--.- 1,350 Round Laker... |"-5.2) 2 600
Sylamore, North Sylamore Tippecanoe Lake|........ 600
Creeks 5 ayes Cl eee ee se 8 180 Corydon, Indian Creek......... eaeSoee 150
South Sylamore Culver, Lake Maxinkuckee..._.|........ 1,000
Crealkeereceeae eee ees oe 180 Dupont, Guthries Park Pond...|........ 500
Colorado: Indianapolis, Buck Creek.......|.....-.. 1,000
‘Arboles, Piedra River. 2222---5|2.2.--.- 300 Eagle Creek.......|...----- 1, 250
Littleton, South Platte River...|........ 200 SusariCreekes ss lescepeee 1, 250
Connecticut: WittitesReiven-a2 5-\eee keene 1,000
Norwich, Gardner Lake........|........ 120 North Vernon, Otter Creek.....|.......- 250
State Line, Forest Lake........|........ 200 Wanecennes; FiriszWalkes.:- 5. -25.|40s. noe 150
Delaware: Towa:
Harrington, Smith’s pond......|........ 120 Chester, Upper Iowa River.....|.......- 225
Seaford swralliamss Pond!) 3 snarl 120 Decorahelowackivers es. 2 eel eee nee 2,000
Townsend, Noxentown Pond...|........ 120 iMasoniCity. dime Creeks). 22s |elee sae 1,500
Florida: New London, Sunapee Lake....|......-- | 200
Mayares, ake Tavarests -* --=22|s--2-<- 400 Riceville, Little Cedar River..-.|........ 100
Georgia: Kansas:
Atlanta, aquarium, State Capi- Garnett, Cedar Creek ...-=.--.-.|-------- 250
CO ee oh ethtocae see cea once ate 12 || Kentucky:
Concord, Evergreen Pond......|.......- 650 Auburn, Clear Fork Creek......].......- 600
Lake Park, White Water Club Bowling Green, Drakes Creek. .|......-. 1, 400
RONG easel so eieeen come ose be coe een 400 Barren River. .|......-.. 1, 400
Tdaho: Buchanan, Big Sandy River....| 15,000 |........
Mauser pid Wake. .cesetesscns|sesbe 100 Cadiz, Donaldson Creek........|......-. 900
Tllinois: Central City, Martwick Pond...|........ 600
Anna; KohlersRond sashes. 2s |os.-.-- 250 Clermont it cho Wakes 8. |20 2628: 1, 400
Barstow, Rock River......-....|........ 2,000 || Crab Orchard, Dix River....... BOOO) accaeee
Dixon ehiocksiversses ss aes see ee Oe 300 Danville, Dix River...... ace 20000) |/Sae2cene
Lake Villa, Wouglasibake:sss22-|hs: 2.22 225 Frankfort, Elkhorn River...... 150000 Be Seeene
diana: Hopkinsville, Little River......|........ 2,200
Anderson, Fall Creek...........|.......- 600 ittle River,
Killbuck Creek......|........ 400 Sinking Works \oo 2-26 1, 400
WihiterRivers.s sees: ses 600 Hyattsville, Hiatt’s pond....... 5000 n. cecsce

2 Lost in transit, 450.

88

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DIsTRIBUTION oF FisH AND FisH Eaa@s, py Locaniry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

SMALL-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Disposition. Fry.

Kentucky—Continued.
Lancaster, Hanging Fork River. .| 15,000

Webanon, Office Pond. <2. 525-3) Sen0-00-
Salt River, Rolling
HODES sesatecstceetsenciec occas
Maine:

Ayers Junction, Meddybemps

WMalkes sot ts Seer. a eet 1, 200
Oakland, Little Pond........-.- 1, 200
Sherman _ Station, Salmon

Streammivake s 2262 -csseeecese , 200

Maryland:
Baltimore, Magothy River......|........

Hagerstown, Antietam River...} 15,000

Jones Station, Park Lake....... 6, 000
Timonimy Price’slakes s.aaa.- loc -2-+.
Westminster, Myers Lake...... 5, 000
Massachusetts:
Ashburnham, Vankeag Lake...| 1,200
Charlton Depot, Williams
Meadow; Pond==-...2..5.----- 800
Congamond, Congamond Lake -|.___....
Ipswich, Symond’s pond ......- 800
Lee, Greenwater Lake........-- 1, 200
Stockbridge Wake. —-. =... -c-..-- 1, 200
inynn, Upper Pond... 25s... -- 400
Orleans, Bucks Pond.........-. 1, 200
Palmer, State fish commission..} 1,200
Webster, Webster Lake.....-..- 1, 200
Retertbond ees. eeeeece 800
West Barnstable, Joshua Pond.|_.....-.
Williamsburg, Highland Lake..} 1,000

Michigan:
Athens, Nottawa River.........
Baldwin, Little Star Lake...__.
Bellaire, Grass Lake............
Calumet, Beaver Lake.........:
Breakfast Lake. ......|s.......
Weer Waker se ssc celscesnce
Central Lake, Intermediate
ake te emer seme seeciccterica leet see
Clarkston}, Deeritakess) =o soca
Davisburg, Big Lake........... ae

Fenton, Donavan Lake.......--|........
Haslett, seine Wakes sec. o-cece=e|sascene.
folly, Bushttakeseeecee acer cele neces
Humboldt yilatwWake cess cota. cen
Bilversvaker=steeecre|sseeccoe
Ishpeming, Flat Lake........../........
Lakeland, Zuke Lake...........}......--
Lake Station, Crooked Lake....|........
inden Daystakes.. seesesecee|seenecee
Milford, Steeple Hill Lake.....-|........
Muskegon, Wolf lakes. 225 s.|5.. 2. cse
Otsego Lake, Otsego Lake......|........
Palatka, Chicagon Lake........)........
Spring Lake, Spring Lake......|........
Turtle sBear Wake ecco neces |Mecceeae
Clearwater Lake.......-.
Hawk Wake vee seal seems
Independence Lake.....
Little African Lake.....
Ormes(lake ssn a. eneee
Rowe Lake............-
Vicksburg, Thurgirls Lake.....|........
Watersmeet, Allen Lake...... Sdiagsoseec
Bass Lake..

Beaver Lake.
Darling Lake....

Finger-
lings.

Disposition.

Michigan—Continued.

Watersmeet, Duck Lake........

East Bear Lake...
Lake Marion......
Lake Mary........
Reef Lake--22222-2
Round Lake......
Wrolfittake®o-ce.

Wingleton, Hammond Lake....
Minnesota:

Duluth, Evens Lake...........
Ely, Burntside River..........-.
Le Roy, Minnesota River......

Wildwood Pond.......

Ogema, White Earth Lake.....

Osakis, Osakis Lake............

St. Peter, Lake Emily..........

Lake Jefferson.......
Lake Washington....

Spring Valley, Spring Creek...

Taylors Falls, St. Croix River..

Watab, Little Rock Lakes......
Nebraska:

Gordon, Clear Lake.-...........

Horseshoe Lake.......

New Hampshire:
Antrim, (Grege) Pond!.: 2s. ...n2-
Wildwood Pond.......

Berlin, Head Pond’.....:.......

Canaan, Crystal Lake... .......

Milford, Baboosice Lake.........

Pittsfield, Jenness Pond........

Plaistow, Angle Pond..........

Walpole, Connecticut River....
New York:

Clayton, St. Lawrence River...

La Grange, Ikes Pond..........

Monroe, Mountain View Lake..

Roscoe, Lakewood Lake........

Walden, Wallkill River........

West Pawling, Whaley Pond..
North Carolina:

Gela, Lake Caldwell. ...........

Liberty, Coxe’s pond...........

io:

Akron, Cuyahoga River.......-

Dayton, Patterson’s pond......

Tiffin, Sandusky River.........
Oregon:

Carlton, Carlton Lake. .........
Pennsylvania:

Greensburg, Keystone Lake....

Lancaster, Conestoga River: sc5

Tionesta, Allegheny River......
Tennessee: .

Perryville, Buffalo River..... se
Utah:

Provo, Utah Lake.......... 5063
Vermont:

Brandon, Lake Hortonia.e.....

Cambridge, Half Moon Pond...

Medcalf Pond......

Concord, Hall’s pond...........

ONG Se2c.cete

Jamaica, Adams Pond..........
Johnson, Lamoille River........
Lyndonville, Center Pond. .
Middlebury, Otter Creek.......

Miles Pond, Miles Pond.-..._. leewceees

sewer ewes

see e eee

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 19138.

89

DIsTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisu Eaas, By Locatiry AnD Species, FiscaL YEAR

1913

Continued.

SMALL-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

|
Disposition. Fry. tee Disposition. | Fry. oS
Vermont—Continued. Wisconsin—Continued.
Morrisville, Big Pond..........- TS OOO Se ces Donaldson, Goose Lake.........|...----- 320
Collins Pond...... 25000) |Sezeaese Little Bass Lake... .|.......- 150
Lake Lamoille.. .-. 25000) | paeeettt Moonvbakess. seer hrcuesects 395
Proctor, Burr Pond. -=2. = 5-6... 1500) ees Sand Lake... 150
Rutland, Burr Pond: --. 25-52. R500) Re te Springavake eee. .c|eeesaaee 320
Hast Littstord Rondes) W500)|- asec. Dunbar, Coleman Lake.........).- a6 324
Meadow Lake.......-. 25000) 222225 Moonwbakes 2 222. osc \deeaeeec 274
South Ryegate, Halls Pond..... AG 0) aeceeeete Bleho; Bass Makers. on -aceimnie te |2 == === 340
Round Pond...} 1,500 200 Enterprise Lake......... 1S ee or 415
Walden, Cole’s pond...........- OOOH nse ene =. Ofteriiakes at es eee 340
Swanton, Lake Champlain.....|........ 600 Pine Makers se vencceeeee Bs anEce 340
West Danville, Joe’s pond.....-|.-..--.- 200 Fond du Lac, Lake de Neveu...! 1, 450
Wolcott, Wolcott Pond.........|-----.-- 200 Hayward, Bass Lake 1,080
Virginia: Hurnleysericesvalkcess.seeeeeee ioe Saye 75
Ashby Station, Shenandoah Tron River, Crooked Lake......|...-.--- 340
TRUDE cae SSL elaaeeeee Bete 155000) Peer eese Pike Gakesse ec acce|ecs ees 340
Fredericksburg, Rappahan- La Crosse, French Creek.......-.|...-.--- 100
MOCKGRAV ED. tenis < seen ase eicistl|lsi- ce -e.cl- 200 Gibbs Chute Creek...|.......- 100
Great Falls, Potomac River. ...|.....-.- 230 Hammond Chute
Salem, Roanoke River..........|.-.----- 200 Creeks ee ee see eet laecee eae 100
Washington: Riunmin'ey Creek esese|sees eee 100
Calvert, Buckeye Lake.........|...-.-.- 100 ShingloiCreekessce-s eee sees 106
Calvert Wake. <2: sselbosach 1 100 Smuthi@reekseeseneeelenee cee 100
Loon Lake, Loon Lake..:.--..-|...----- 200 Manitowoc, Pigeon Lake.......|.......- 480
West Virginia: Mercer Trude sWaken-seseeee os: ee seoe ss 300
Capon Springs, Cacapon River..| 18,000 |......-.. Mosinee, Half Moon Lake.......|.....--- 75
Keyser, Pattersons Creek-.......|...----. 216 Lake Mosinee. eee. 2 |seecceoe 75
Martinsburg, Back Creek......./.-..-..-- 200 WaSCOnSINGRI Vers .<04|es=-—-5- 75
Opequon' Creek: 5. |)... 2. - 2. 200 INashvilles Crystal lake: -25. S-|bse: -- 5. 340
POLOMaACrRMVer sce aeeeaons 324 Horseshoe Lakes 2-2 -\-. 22.5. 170
Renick, Greenbrier River....... 1OSOOO) eee anit Little Sand Lake....|........ 170
Romney, Potomac River, South Molesliaikke Seer esse oo 340
Branches =o. <8 See ete cere ees cece. 200 PickereliWwake: 2 esa |oeecee 340
Wellsburg, Buffalo Creek....... TOF000)|Ee esa -1- Nive. BigwWake: 22. Sosa tasoee cn ees ote 360
Crossi@reek seems cae!) LOMOOOK Seseee ee Church Pine Waker scctes|eee ose ee 360
Wheeling, State Fair Aquarium |.....-... 17 Take sNakOmiscceesceence-|eeeee ns 360
Wisconsin: VoundWbal ke sa sem es saemotes econ 360
Aimeny.) Clare Wake je. -sseieoee oa =i 360 Pelican PelicaniWakes sasseemes |p sees eee 75
VO UME MAK Cee rtae es cmeeclllocter ce ae 360 Superior, Amnicon Lake........|.....--- 510
Armstrong Creek, Lake Gordon.|........ 324 Three Lakes, Planting Ground
bake; Hilbert:|--.....- 324 Take srs 36508 sen eee eee: ce see 75
Makewbiaurarye|Ssece. o- 324 Wiidesare Binchulalke eee semen lmecee see 320
Baldwin, Balsam Lake.........|...-.--- 360 iPinewbake® Neeeese sae ee ee ceiee 320
@aplemWiley Make... s8tcs2 celine ss... 360 || Wild Rose, Silver Lake.........|.......- 320
Chetek, IBaSsnibaikesee oar ee Eee se 360 Williams Bay, Lake Geneva....|........ 2,000
Centuria, Balsam Lake: ...2..52|-------- 540 eS
Donaldson, Donahue Lake.....|........ 320 ROtALS Sesh cece cen see rere 234,300 | 107, 641
LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS.
Finger- Finger-
lings, lings,
Disposition. Fry. | yearlings, Disposition. Fry. | yearlings,
and and
adults. adults.
Alabama: Alabama—Continued.
Alton, Queenstown Lake.....|.......- 300 Bessemer, West Lake.........|.......- 180
Anniston, Cane Creek.........|........ 300 Birmingham, Cahawba Lake.|........ 200
Choccolocco Creek..|........ 300 Central Water-
Chulafinnee Creek..|........ 200 works Reser-
Hillaby Creeks.....|........ 100 VOLES ee Mh eer? lee eee: 450
Oxfordulakessesaachience. ss 300 GilestPond eyes |e eee 400
RockiCreek eae sass 5.022 100 Lake Alethea...}.......- 300
Young’s pond--s-2. |! 22-222. 200 McDermott’s
Bell Factory, Flint River.....|.......- 1, 000 lege ee Ses SHEP aensee 300
Belle Mina, Beaver Dam Creek)........ 500 Mountain Lake.|........ 200
PIneys CKeOk, qe ssersi|os seme 1, 000 Warren’s lake. :|.2t...2- 300

a Lost in transit, 3,376 fingerlings.

90

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DIsTRIBUTION OF Fish AND Fish Eaes, By Locatrry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Disposition.

Alabama—Continued.
Blount Springs, Mill Creek....
Carrollton, Bear Creek......-.
Lubbub Creek....
Lubbub Creek
Pond

Cullman, Ryans Creek........
Decatur, Swan Lake..........
Epes, Herrings Pond. .....-.-
Hylton’s pond..-......
Eutaw, Big Creek..........-.
Lamb’s pond...:.....
Flomaton, Brown & Kiser’s
pond

Town Creek...... |
Grimes, Johnson Lake........
Hackleburg, Brewer Pond....)
Haleyville, Bear Creek........
Flat Creek Pond...
Wiley Pond......
Brahan Spring
Ponds. 3 he. 2e
Briar Fork Creek
Indian Creek. ...
Mastin Lake....
Jefi, Drout Bayouss 2). oseee
Kaolin, Young’s pond........
Millport, Gentrys Mill pond ..
Paint Rock, Paint Rock River)
Panola, Lake Lala..........-.
Price:silakeyeen san tee
Phil Campbell, Bishop’s ponds
Russellville, Burgess Pond. . .
Hale’s pond.....
Hurst’s pond....
Lake Charles....
Lake Galey......
Sheffield Pond...|
Sloss Lake.......
Scottsboro, Kirby Creek...._.
Seale, Dudley’s pond.........
Spruce Pine, Hamilton Creek.
Sulligent, Maddox Pond......
Town Creek, Meadow Lake...
Tuscaloosa, Coobs Creek... ..-
Cribbs Creek

Huntsville,

Whitney, Lake St. Ashville. .
Woodstock, Herring Lake....
Ray’s pond......

Arkansas:
Arlberg, Little Red River.....
Argenta, Hills Lake..........
Atkins, Lake Galla...........
Blevins, Slagle’s pond........
Clarksville, Spadra Creek... .

enus Lake. .....
Dermott, Bartholomew Bayou
Dierks, Folly Oreekorn eee ncee
Edmondson, Long Lake......
Elkins, White River..........

Fry.

Finger-
lings,
yearlings,

an
adults.

Disposition.

Arkansas—Continued.
Farrell, ‘Barrell Takesscs sc 2l|ha= sen
Hanmishi@alke ta cease pease
Hardy, Forty Islands Creek...|.......-
SprinerRivensecseee. alesee anes
Higden, Little Red River.....]........
Hot Springs, Spring Lake....]........
Imboden, Spring River.......]....-..-
Laneaster, Hrop Bayo. ccsce|seneeece
Little Rock, Club Lake... .2/..2.-.--
Faulkmer’s lake. .|........
Malvern, Throne’s pond......|.......-

Mammoth Spring, Spring
RLV ee nae eee eee ees
Many Islands, Myatt Creek...
Spring River..

Marked Tree, St. Francis
FR IVieTr nese ate nee eee
Meadows, Frog Bayou........
Mena, Mena City Lake.......
Miller, Little Red Iiver......
Monticello, Bermuda Stock
NE 01410 Dry oe ls AE ee
Mulberry, Mulberry River....
Little © Mulberry

seen eee

Ozark, Horsehead Creek......
Mulberry River.......
Plainview, Lumber Pond.....
Pocahontas, Black River. ....
Eleven Points

Rosston, Haynie’s pond......
Rottaken, Big Lake..........
Clear Creek........
PishiCreeke 2222-5.

Fourche Bayou

Creckaeae- teenie

Grassy Lake. ......

Horseshoe Lake....
Kuykendall Lake. .

Horance Creek... a|28s.s8e0
MapleiCreek< 5222 sa|eaeaeeee
Pennington Bayou |}......-..

Wolf Bayou sss saaeeece
Russellville, Berryhill Lake...|........
Ulin oistRivercs.-|:sascses

Scotts, Chinault Lake........|........
Morseshoeslalke--222..|.-.ccne

Ola Rivers]. 2 3Ssec. 2s |ssseence

Plum Bayou Lake....|........
Shirley, Red ativersea.sesesoleeeeenee
Texarkana, Hay’s pond......
Thompson, Mountain Lake...
Toltec, Mound Lake..........
Van Buren, Lee’s creek.......
Vandervoort, Hickory Pond..
Wilmot, Lake Enterprise... ..

California:
East Auburn, Imperial Lake. .
Colorado:

Boulder, Boulder Lake.......
Burkulakewye.s ccs

Hygionenake-2 535). |Sssseeee
Denver, Keiss Reservoir......|.....---
Perrin Takes. jsss-c|teeenee.

Redlands
Pond sie sakvesecce oe

Finger-
lings,

Fry. desi gs,

an
adults.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1918. 91

DistrRiBsuTION oF FisH AND Fisu Eaas, By Locaniry AND SPECIES, FiscAL YEAR
1913—-Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Finger- Finger-
lings, lings,
Disposition. Fry. | yearlings, Disposition. Fry. |yearlings,
and and
adults. adults.
ee ee ee | ee Se
Colorado—Continued. | Georgia—Continued.
Niwot, Ward Lake.......----|-------- 80 Clarkston, Morris’s pond.....-.
Steamboat Springs, Yampa Clayton, Chattooga River... ..|
IRihy ies See eeenasacecmpes esa) |ocooucr. 150 Conyers, Big Haynes Creek. ..'.-------
Sterling, Point of Rocks Lake.|-.------ 160 Cordele, Collins’s pond..-.--- eat ereeere
Connecticut: ___, Ray’s pond..-.------)--------
Coscob, Pipe Stove Gake-....- 50 Covington, Alcovy Creek. .---)--------
Danbury, Keystone Lake-...- 50 fellow River....-|--------
Greenwich, Putnam Lake. ... 60 Crawfordville, Little River. --|..----.-
Twin Brothers Reed Lakes... -
IBTOOKecen ees ani e-m= == 50 Cuthbert, Bridges Pond.....-
Mystic, Beebe Pond...-.-.-.-|-------- 25 Butler’s pond...-.-
South Norwalk, Crystal Lake.|......-- 30 Dunn’s pond....---
Holy Ghost Gormley Pond.....
Ponds spelt see cee=e 45 Dallas, Humphries Mill pond.
Waterbury, Lake Quassapaug |-------- 25 Douglas, Forkey Creek..--.--
Westbrook, Chapman mill Story. Romd).--2--2--
DOGS eos <42 --eeemee ses yomm 30 Eatonton, Jones Pond.....-.-- ae
Delaware: Lake Imperial....- WE baat. 1,000
Harrington, Courseys Ponds .|-<es---- 100 Faceville, Betts Mill pond..-..|..-.-..- 1,000
Laurel, Chipmans Mill pond..|..------ 100 Fairburn, Brantley’s pond....|......-- 1,000
Records Mill pond ...-|-------- 25 Hormsbys Mill
Trussoun Mill pond ..|.------- 25 (WORE <oaaeaoea sequen 1,000
Milton, Fanganikj Lake.-..---|-------- 6 Fayetteville, Bartlett Pond...|.......- 500
Lavinas Lake...----.-]-------- 75 Bennetts Mill
Old Flume Mill Pond.|.-.----- 50 PONG. ss. ees AOE ecesoaeaae
Russell’s lake ..-..---|--+-+--- 100 Gainesville, Lake Lanier....-|...-.--- 1,000
Wilmington, Brandywine Glenn, Barrett’s pond. ....---].----.-- 75
@reckeeeece eee ceectai-'= 420 Glenville, Norman’s pond....|.....-.- 175
Delaware River.|.------- 500 Graysville, Hurricane Creek. -|...---.. 1,000
Richardson Hagan, Hodges’s pond.......-|--.-.--- 500
Greeks oestereee|=eees=—- 50 Kennedy's pond=..- 2) 225-25: 500
Florida: Harrison, Brantley Ponds...-|.....-.. 1,000
Cypress, Burns Pond......---|-------- 500 Hillsboro, Cedar Creek....-.--|----.--- 2, 000
De Funiak Springs, New Cedar Creek Pond..}........ 500
Home bond... .2----0----c"|-0=-==-- 1, 000 Hughland, Battle Pond.....-|...-.-.- 175
East Lake, Lake Weir---.---- 2,250 |...-00--- Jackson, Oemulgee Lake..---|...---.- 2,000
Florence Villa, Lake Lucerne.|..------ 400 Jasper, Mill Creek..-:-...----- OOOO soon cece
Lake Park, Red Eye Pond...|...----- 2,000 Jefferson, Gordon’s pond...-.]--.---.- 300
Leesburg, Dupuy’s lake ....-- TL EO ehccnnees Mulberry River...-|..-....- 2,000
Manatee, Johnson’s pond ....-|-------- 2,000 Pond. Fork River:.-\5-.....- 1,000
Milton, Collins Mill Creek.....|...----- 500 Stark’s pond.......|-......- 1) 000
Mohawk, Lake Mabel. -..----|-------- 450 Wralnutpelvehessses|saeceeas 1,000
Monticello, Fagilic’s pond....|-------- 500 Junction City, Porter Lake..-|........ 1,000
Silver Lake......-|-------- 2,000 Leary, Corson’s pond........-|.---.--- 1,000
Wolf Pond.-..----|-------- 1,000 iDanieli@sypondere ssa |eeee sce 1,000
St. Petersburg, Saw Grass Lumpkin, Hodchodkee Creek.|.......- 1,000
IFA See nner ooseeqen>) POOROOKd 2,000 McCollum, Thompson’s pond.|.....-.- 1,000
Santos, Bryant Pond......---|-------- 1,500 Mableton, Mable’s pond......}.-.-.--- 500
Wildwood, Waldron Lake....|-------- 1,000 Macon, Nelsons Mill pond....).....-.- 1,000
Georgia: Madison, Silver Lake..-.---.--]-------- 1,000
Albany, Muckalee Creek.....-)-------- 1,000 Manassas, Cartee’s pond.....-).------- 500
‘Ashburn, Lake Minnie...----)-------- 500 Mariette, Waterworks Lake... -.-....- 1,000
Athens, Oconee River. ..-----|------+- 1, 060 Milledgeville, Beever’s pond..|......-- 375
Atlanta, Lake Brookhaven. ..|..------ 250 Colony, Ponds 3) 2222---- 1,000
Smith & Willlam- Wihiteduake.==2|..2 -.--- 1,000
son’s mill pond...|.--.---- 1,000 Mitchell, Lyons’s pond..-.--- pee Pate 1,000
Augusta, Big Spirit Creek...-|.------- 4, 000 Monticello, Ocmulgee River
Hancock Lake..-.-- aceesiocd 4,000 iPOWo le Ge isececd Seocceus 3,000
Mapbuboudes---cs--!-s- += 2, 200 Still House Lake..|.......- 2,000
Baconton, Adams’s pond..... -------- 2,000 Moreland, Bimgham’s pend...|......-- 500
Bainbridge, Lake Douglas..-.-|-------- 1,000 Newborn, Cnild’s pond....---|-------- 2,000
Ball Ground, Sharp Moun- Nickajack, Nickajack Creek...|.-..--.- 3, 000
Taini@nee eases ce see asa 25000! Es semisteia= Osierfield, Tucker’s pond...-..|--.-.--- 125
Beards Creek, Swindle’s mill Palmetto, Winkles’s pond ...-|----.--- 1,000
pond ....-----------------=-|orereres 1,000 Pearson, Poplar Branch Pond.|...----- 1,500
Berryton, Turner’s pond.....|.------- 1,000 Preston, Chattahoochee Creek. .-.----- 2,000
Blythe, Templeton’s POUdesee lan cece a 1,000 Schlatterville, Dowling’s pon” ...-.--- 500
Box Springs, Lake Mohignac.|.....--- 2,500 Senoia, Brown’s pond..--..--------- 500
Braswell, Lake Robert. .-.---|-------- 600 Stone Mountam, Venable
Bronwood, Oliver Mill Ponds.| 1,000 |...--.---- THI Soe ne ee lnern aeenoe 500
Cedartown, Davis’s pond.....|.------- 1,000 Tatkmg Rock, Hamrick’srun. .-.----- 500
Chatsworth, Holly Creek....-|-------- 3,500 Tarrytown, Cypress Creek
Rock Creek.....-le-0-+--- 2,000 Tegel 5 4 oe a eHoodesooaedooous easnadac 175

92

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DIsTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisu Eaes, By Locauiry AnD Spectres, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Finger- Finger-
mS: lings, lings,
Disposition, Fry. eet Disposition. Fry. |yearlings,
ana and
adults. adults.
Georgia—Continued. Indiana—Continued.
Thomasville, Hambleton Crawfordsville, Water Babble
POT Gee ASS ee emer eer ee 28m ee 500 TRON Soe ogo ae se ee ee a 300
MirertsittleiCredksssten es ceces | Gennes 1,000 Culver, Lake Maxinkuckee.....|...... 250
DrimiblesGuinweondsscceste. sen|esneas 2,000 De Long, Tippecanoe River....|...... 250
Union City, Lake Nelida.......|_..... 1,000 Elkhart, Elkhart River_.......|.....- 250
Valdosta, Boyds Lake..........|.....- 500 Elwren, Richland Creek........|...... 300
Wake Waurelugisenssecslee se. 500 Evansville, Davidson’s lake....|.....- 100
indian Ponds ceeens se seeene 500 Kies lakeeecmcceee |seenee 100
OceansRondeeee i eeesalesosee 573 100
Widalia, Darby’s pond....2 2254/2... 175 100
Ways Station, Ogeechee River ..|...... 2,000 300
Willacoochee, Haskins’s pond...|...... 625 250
Wirens.-E xs GinPond S22 ee semas| seen. 1,000 250
Wildwood, Popes Creek........|...... 1,000 250
Woodburn, Lake Lookout......|...... 2,000 125
Tdaho: 150
Genesee, Brigham Lake ........]...... 75
Tdaho Falls, Rainbow Ponds....|...... 16 300
Soda Springs, Homer Creek Hammond, City Park Lake....|...... 125
VeSOIv.O Lise see ea eee ele oe 32 Hartford City, Newbauer’s
Tlinois: gravel pond! -c-cee sees a eee anaes 150
Anna, Eddleman’s pond........|....-. 200 Howe, South Twin Lake.......|.....- 250
Belleville, Heinemann Lake. ...|....-. 375 Huntingburg, Ash Pond.......|...... 100
Carthage Junction, Orchard City Waterworks
Cityakelescssoacaccue sce c= | seen ee 800 AKO se siecencatetlsseaae 200
CartervillosBurriPondeeesensseclee cece 200 Pearl Ronde ssecsss|eeeeee 125
Centralia, Lake Centralia.......|.....- 600 Salamonie River...|...... 250
Decatur, Decatur Club Lake. ...|...... 1,100 Indianapolis, Eagle Creek.......|.....- 400
Dixon, Rock River..........-.|..---- 600 Hanch’s pond....|...... 200
Dupo, Falling Spring Lake.....|_..... 100 WihitevRivere.ssaiseecne 350
Duquoin, Forester Mine Pond ..|.....- 375 Jasper, Calumet Lake... cscd.clocece. 150
Eldorado, Boyd! Ponde-ct. 2-52... 400 IBTOSPeChy ONG s- mass cae aeeeee 150
Elizabeth, Apple River.........|....-- 525 Kentland, Woodruff Lake......|.....- 125
Flora, Flora Reservoir..........|-...-- 200 Lake Gage, Perch Lake.........|...... 125
Glen Carbon, Barnsback Lake ..|...... 200 Larwill, Big Cedar Lake. AA Pachoe 250
Golconda, Grassy Pond.........|....-- 200 Leesburg, James Lake........../...... 250
Riggs (Ponds: ses-.ac eaeee 200 Oswego Lake........|...-..- 250
Hallidayboro, Hallidayboro || Tena Alm ay Walco nse een tee | eee 200
J Etoyatc tees oP cere ee ee Neu om nce teem E - ae 375 Liberty, Poplar Springs Pond ..|...... 200
Herrin @ashs pondierjseeesesee|seeeee 375 Whitewater River,
Highland, Gravel Lake........- Vee aan 400 Bast orkse 55 seea. | sees 300
Oak Hill Lake.......|.....- 400 Marion, Mississinewa River.....|...... 300
Marshall, Crystal Lake.........|....-- 800 Milroy, Barton’s pond.......-..]...-.. 100
Meredosia, Illinois River........|....-- 400 Muneie, White River. .:-...2.- |. 2cece 450
Nashville, Carlsbad Lake.......|....-. 400 New Albany, Graf Pond........|.....- 150
Oakland, Embarras River......!....-. 65 Noblesville, Carr’s pond) a. s ences oaeaee 150
Sandwich, Tope ihe eons dllseoeoe 300 North Vernon, Miller Pond.....|...... 100
Sparta, Country Club Lake.....!....-.. 400 Muskatatuck
Crothens#lakeaeaeeeeeosteecee 200 : Riven. Sc ejcejsia| teaser 150
Tiskilwa, Illinois & Missis- OdonsSpringyPonde-te- ses cacolesenee 250
sippi Canales)... 005-0. 0 se. ug, 600 || Otis, Hildebrand’s lake.........!...... 125
Toulon, Green’s pond. 6. .25.-2-|scesse 200 Pen, Hel Riverncs sn neseeeeceee aero 250
Vienna, Chestnut Hill Lake....|....-. 400 Mississinewa River.......]....-- 250
Xenia, Brinton’s lake..........]..---- 200 Plymouth, Lake of the Woods..|...... 375
Indiana: Prettyalakeses sass |enesee 250
Neton; Buck Creek 3.2.5. 5.2-20e|e 2c: 200 aD wanualkkescieetecreee loess en 375
Albion, Rittenhouse Lake......|.....- 125 Ray, ClearsGakenseseseesaee rans | semeee 250
Anderson, Arcade Pond........|..-.-- 150 Wong WakOtee si osete sees Sao 250
Perry's pond. .221252 ose 300 Richmond, Ballinger’s lake...-.|.....- 150
WiestiBrook.ose.see- Seeeern 150 Richmond Lake....]...... 300
Angola, ake Jamesos 5 22a ccloceo ne 250 Roann, Lukens Lake... 2. 5 ..<.-|-/2=5 125
Atwood, ifiman Wake tos eeee|eceeeie 250 Rose Lawn, Kankakee River...]...... 250
Boonville, Waterworks Lake. ..|.....- 300 Seelyville, Phillips Pond.......]...... 100
Bremen, Lake of the Woods....|...... 250 Sellersburg, Quarry Pond.......].....- 150
Brooklyn, Jewel Lake..........|...-.. 250 Shelbyville, Big Lewis Creek...]...... 300
Cambridge City, Whitewater | Little Blue River...]...... 300
River, West Honk... ...2.2scsclassece 300 South Bend, Clear Lake........|...... 250
Cedar Lake, Cedar Lake........!...... 375 St. Josephs Lake ..}...... 250
Columbia City, Loon Lake.....'...... 250 Stewartsville, Toots Lake.......|...... 150
View: Pond ....2\2----: 100 Sunman, Longs Mill Pond......]...... 125
Corydon, Gilham Lake.........'...... 100 Summitville, McLain’s pond...]...... 150
Kings Cave Lake.....'...... 100 Roseboom’s
Crandall, Big Indian Creek.....'...... 300 PONG sos eeelseeeae 150

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

93

DIsTRIBUTION OF Fish AND Fisu Eaes, By Locaniry anp Spectres, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Disposition , Fry.

Indiana—Continued.
Templeton, Big Pine Creek..__.|....--
Terre Haute, Parker’s pond....
Thorntown, Sugar Creek.......
Union City, Little Mission-
OWaseOndseyernss se eee wk see
Valparaiso, Flint Lake........-
Wong Wakeecrcesue:
Vincennes, Wabash Lake.....-.
Vistula, Stone Lake............
Wabash, Mississinewa River...
Walkerton, Koontz Lake.......
Washington, Holder’s pond eee
Waveland, Sugar Creek. 2.25.
White Pigeon, Hunters Lake...
Stone Lake......
Winona, Winona Lake.........
Worthington, Kel River........
Towa:

Albia, Albia City Reservoir....
Amana Amana (Wakewe soc. oe |le2-<.
Anamosa, Buffalo River........|.-----
‘Arline ton. Bear Creek. <. 855-22 |e---
‘Austinville, Austinville Pond...|......
Ayrshire; silver Wakerc....cses|sne6<c
Bellevue, Mississippi River.....|...-..-
Bloomfield, Burehett Lake.:...|...---
Burlington, Lone Tree Lake....]......
Chester, Upper Iowa River.....]....--
Clarion; Hlim) Wake so). sesnceonn teens.
Clear Lake, Clear Lake..........|...-.-
Coggon, Buffalo Creek.......-..|..----
Wiapsie!Bayouressccose|po--2-
Colfax, Ellsworth’s pond.......}..-.-.-
Creston, Summit Lake.........].....-

Decorah, Power Company
ILGII@: Besecabesoscnctser Secnse) GAaeae
Drakeville, Calvert’s pond......|....--
Dyersville, Marquette River....].....-
Midora; lowavRiversa-ces-scsees|- see
airfield; New Pond. 2222. sSsce|2 5. -2-
Waterworks Pond....|.....-
Fort Atkinson, Turkey River...|....-.

Fort Madison, Chapman’s

on

Glenwood, Glenwood Lake......|...-.--
Hampton, Beeds Lake.........|...-.-

Independence, Wapsipinicon
TRARY eas ane e Goro ACER SEU BERSoE Seecae
iLe\Mars, Dalton’s'pond 2-2 .2.2|-2:2.-
Grimes Waker nessme-| snes

Lime Springs, upper Iowa
TRAV CTE meme piney cece cine pentose nlneseec
(orimor= Wallowebonds saseoscs|=--52-
Manning, Great Western Pond..}..---.
Mason City, Lime Creek........}.-....-
McIntire, Wapsipinicon River -.|..----
Minden, Hesleys TEAK OR ecm eaeic ee
Monona, Monona Lake.......-..|---.--
Ottumwa, Burns Lake.......-.|..--.-
Morriseyville Lake ..|....--
Riceville, Little Cedar River....|......
Ruthven, Lost Island Lake.....|......
Maman) een Creek: sa.-- se sonceeleek oes
Ringley. Harm: Pon dis cosmos oaleeanoe
iWapello, Heins Lake...........]--....
Waterloo, Cedar River... 222. |5-- =. -

Kansas:

Baileyville, Horseshoe Pond....|.-..-.
Columbus, Crystal Lake..-.....]..-.---
Sprneakerse soccalosees-
Fort Scott, Paint Creek.........|......
Galenay HvanssPonde sos. ssceeelen cn.
Hillsdale; Bulli@reeks.. 22 occas |l 2...

Finger-
lings,
yearlings,
and
adults.

Disposition

Kansas—Continued.
Eiurons eiuronveondlssesec smear.
Independence, Bennetts Lake -
Sawyer’s pond ..
Kingman, Long Pond.........-
Wrenchey’s pond....
iRaolasmWieal Creek seers sictere <o
Peabody, Doyle Creek.........-
Myroy, DP yTO Makes. -s6leaeisc ce!
Kentucky:
Albany, Cumberland River,
tributaries) je jessie scc ce aeaiecai<l
ATpiay, Caney: Cneeke seca. eceise >
Allensville, Bibb’s pond...-..-..-
Bourbon, Crystal Lake........-
Bowling Green, Covington’s
pond e.css=
Martin’s pond .
Smith’s pond ..
Toop’s pond...
Brumfield, Crane’s pond.....--.-
Burkesville, Alexander’s pond. .
Burnside, Cumberland River...
Cadiz, Muddy Fork Creek. .....-
Cave City, Curd’s pond
Well’s pond
Covington, Decker’s lake. ......
Meadowbrook
Makeks wayssseeeni-

Garrison’s
Harris Pon

Haydon’s pond.....-

Lake Thelma. .......

Laney’s pond........

Wick Creekcaecenice ne

McGlothlin’s pond...

Reden Mill Pond.....

Robbin’s pond.......

Terrapin Creek......-

Whippoorwill Creek. .

Fredonia, Livingston Creek.....

Willow Pond........
Georgetown, North Elkhorn

@reektee-en ence

Glasgow, Beaver Creek......---
Redford’s willow

Mondera he -eseteset ee

Greensburg, Green River....-..

Guthrie, Elk Fork Creek. ...-..-

Harlan, Kentucky River, Mar-

tins MOrkesseecssscccceeccieces

Hartford, Rough River.......--

Herndon, Dawson’s pond......-

Nance’s pond.......-

Redford Pond......-.

Hodgenville, Allen Pond......-

Creal’s pond. .....

Cundiff’s pond....

McDowell Lake...

Martin’s pond.....

Miller’s pond... -.--!

Munford’s pond...

Walter’s pond. .--

Weldon Pond...--

‘Wyatt’s pond.....

Howell, Crenshaw’s pond.....-.

Finger-
lings,

- |yearlings,

and
adults,

94

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1918.

DisTRIBUTION oF FisH AND Fis Eaas, py Locaniry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Finger-
lings,
Disposition. Fry. | yearlings,
and
adults.
Kentucky—Continued.
Hunters, The Cedars Pond...|.......- 200
La Grange, Highland Lake... .|:.-....- 200
Irwi INVEONGE Sema | Possess 100
Rayan’s pond....|.......- 100
Lawrenceburg, Crook’s pond .|........ 200
” Rice’s pondses|sseeneee 200
Lebanon, Fairview Lake...-.|.......- 200
McElroy’s pond....|.......- 400
Lexington, Darby’s pond..see|-ecce- ee 200
Liberty, Green Riyere 23.052: 400
Louisville, Lake Lansdowne..|.......- 800
Shadyside Lake..|.......- 100
Silvierwbake=eceens|-ceceae 400
McBray et, Salt River... occ. |e sess. = 500
Madisonville, Eastern Tacos | eens: 300
Springilakessealeoece-n 300
Marion) Piney Creek: ais sesestcec- es <= 150
Maysville, Kark’s pond. (5.222) .2022--< 25
Locust Lake......- 25
Robinson’s pond. . 25
Middlesboro, Fern Lake....-- 1,000
Millersburg, "Kates Pond...... 200
Monticello, Beaver Creek. .-.--|......-- 600
Morning View, Morning View
Lake. nopeneactbeseeseeccouod|lactnobas 100
Mount Sterling, Anderson’s
OMe Maeetarsai= 200
Mgt Pond eeeses 200
New Hope, New Hope Lake. .|.......- 200
Newport, Horseshoe Pond....|.....--- 100
Newtown, Elkhorn River....|.-..-.-- 400
Nicholasville, Ambrose Lake.|......-- 200
Churehr Pond! s2-2222..2 200
Make Mingor ssa|is sce 400
Olive Hill, Tygart Creek....s:|.-226--- 400
Olmstead, Shady Grove Pond|.......- 17
Wyatt's pond 22 s3-cs.-s2 125
Owensboro, Bud Lake........|2.....-- 175
Paris, Bac kwoods Pond......|...----- 200
Bediond's ponds 2222 2-\-se-ce-- 200
Mereuson’si pond accsccs|yeceen = 200
1 PS of) 006 BR aaa soca erodes 200
MOwLyhondetes sass csc| feces = 200
Woodford’s;pond 5-2. -)-2n-ee-- 200
Petersburg, Woolper Creek...|....---- 150
Pineville, | Clear Creek=-2 22s -e|s-ceee 1 400
Princeton, Woods Pond....-.- ae ae 150
Richmond, Lakes Reba... 22-0. -222-- 400
Shackleford’s
PONCE e eace ase leeteae et 400
Russellville, Miller’s pond....)...----- 125
Ryan's: ponds ose |Gsceeee- 200
PilliamePond=s:|eses-c5- 125
Mird tRivers. e-- =| tease nas 125
Sanders, Carlisle’s pond......}..-...-- 100
Somerset, Condifi’s pond.....]--..-..- 200
Stanford, Dishon’siponds. -23.|22-4-e." 200
1D} b-gl Rah eee eect aeeaer 400
Hanging Fork Creek].....-.-- 200
Stearns Rock Greekoess sae saceers 400
Slurgis: (Cannon Pond ete. .a|teass 100
Tip Top, enteomen ysSipond'|sss-cns- 225
Orthober ponds | sass 225
Tip Top lakes ..:|5-.sc.=- 150
Tonieville, Harned’s pond....|......-- 150
Trenton, Byar’ Sipomdesews-aee |eaee oe ae 100
Crutchfield’s pond..].....-.- 175
Vanarsdell, Salt River........]........ 500
Vanceburg, Kinniconick Creek].......- 75
Waynesburg, Buck Creek... .].....-.- 400
Gilmore Creek. .|.....-.-- 200
White Station, Goodloe’slake.|......--. 200
Williamsburg, Cumberland
Ishi D oem mecricbooaOooUcGuU ees loeadusnas 200

Disposition. Fry.

Finger-
lings,
yearlings,

adults.

Kentucky—Continued.
Winchester, Electric
Pondse2.eo=
Strong’s pond....

Woodburn, Buckner Pond. .
Clear Pond......-.
Crystal Pond....-
Double Pond ....
McEIwain’s pond
Pope’s pond
Willow Pond.....

Light

Louisiana:
Arcadia, James’s pond....---
Bayou Sara; Uroy Wales - 2 s4\522--.s.
Greenwood, Lake Hayes-..--..)......--
Gulletts, Glenwood Farm
Ponds... 25:-cd ga! lheeeeoe

Gurley, Highland Pond.....-.|.-...--.

Island) Ponds -sesess4|sea-eeee

Lindsay, McKowen’s pond..-.|.......-

Mills; Ponds: -@2e22- al lsse sees

Marion, Dukes Pond.....-.--
Fitzgerald’s pond. -

New Orleans, City Park Lake.

Seaboard Pond.

Tangipahoe

Ponchatoula,
Riviere sac oshcn ae eon eae
Ruston, Lyle’s pond....-..--
Sheppard Lake. ....
Shreveport, Bayou Pierre
Makes jc Seal eese tease
Spring Wakes -5| sssaecee

Stevendale, Jumping Gulley
Pond eres cse tne en ee aes | seecreee

Maryland:

Alberton, Wheelright’s pond .
Alesia, Big Gunpowder River
Dam
Ammendale, Hughes’s pond.
Annapolis, Junior Republic
Pond! set soe 8. eee ees eece | eeeeee
Baltimore, Monocacy River. .|........
Berlin, Trappe Creek... -..--
Betterton, Lloyds Creek... .-
Bishop, St. Martins River. ..-
Bowie, Spring hakes<: 62h 2
ne "Lodge, Darby’s mill

Chester town, Ratcliffe Pond...
Contee, Carroll’s pondesesees
Cropley, Potomac River. --- -
Cumberland, Potomac River
Potomac River,
North Branch
Detour, Double Pipe Creek. .
E Ikton. Back Creek Mill Pond
Frederick, Monocacy River...
Greenmount, Gunpow der
Falls C rocket os
Greensboro, Choptank River .
Hagerstown, Antietam Creek.
Hoods Mill, ’Patapsco River
Hyattsv ille, Anacostia River,
Northwest Ones) oe ree ee
Jefferson, Catoctin Creek...-..)........
Keymar, Big Pipe Creek...--
Lansdowne, “Lake Rosalie....|......--
Maple Grov e, Gunpowder
Falls Creek, tributary or meellesecoene
Marydel, Choptank Mill Pond.

Millington, Millington Mill
ponds... 4... ses | Pasaemee
Unicorn Roller

Milipond: -o.- Senne.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. 95

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisu Eaa@s, By Locatiry AND SPECIES, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Contmued.

Finger- Finger-
ings, lings,
Disposition. Fry. | yearlings, Disposition. Fry. jyearlings,
and and
adults. adults.
Maryland—Continued. Minnesota—Continued.
Mount Washington, Lake Duluth, Lake Gladys.........|...-...- 90
Jette) Evel AR ees Semone sme ecoenee 250 RICA AdIKe) 0% stlecciacs lee resets 90
Mount Winans, Silver Lake..|.......- 125 Schultz Wakes. cut coal eeeeeeen 60
Oxenhill, Jenkin’s pond......].-.-.--- 250 Ely, Little Long Lake........|...-..-- 100
Pocomoke, Pocomoke River..}....-.--- 300 Shinvlakew esos asceeeree| sm ese-—- 100
Wiartam) Bondi tastr 2-2. -- 200 SLOW RAMeie- sea cseeeise re issicta'= © 100
Welbourn Pond..}......-.. 100 VeNkins pHay Wake <a 5cceaee|ccscce= 90
Portobella, Flag Lake........|.....--- 125 Knife River, Micmac Lake...|........ 100
Rockville, Rock Creek.......|....-..- 250 Moose Lake... .-j25.2..5- 100
Roxbury, Antietam Creek..-..|.....-- 250 Nine Mile Lake..|........ 100
Silver Springs, Northwest Lutsen, Lake Christina.......|...-..-- 90
IBTaAN Chas 855 gaa nase Hee eeiie |e ator 220 Mahtowa, Park Lake.......-..|....-...- 150
Taneytown, Bear Branch.....|..-.---- 250 Moose Lake, Moose Lake.....|...-.-.- 300
Mish Ponds eealeses. --- 250 Pengilly, Swan Lake........-|.------- 150
Williamsport, Conococheague Rollins Siding, Brown Lake..|........ 100
Greeks svete ace Sse 500 Moose Lake...|-..:..-- 100
Potomac River |---..--- 250 White Lake. .-|.........- 100
Massachusetts: Wolf Lake o-2|i-s-02-- 100
Mount Hermon, St. Patricks Sawyer ube takes. aasseeeea|eonee a == 90
PONSA patos ael-sie ee a oaets Soe 50 Moosehorn Lake.....|.-.-.-.- 90
Plymouth, South ‘Triangle Perch Lake.........- lt a i 90
Tetoi ayo |. See Sa a ee ete ae tacos 150 Taylors Falls, St. Croix River. 44
Wareham, Little Sandy Pond|...-...--. 50 Virginia, Sand Lake.......-.. 150
WihiteyPondit a. 22|s2c5..--- 50 Wolf Station, Lake Crystal...|.......- 150
Worcester, Asnebumskett Mississippi:
PON Gene te et eciee a aeelabe ccc 50 Aberdeen, Arratt Pond......./......-- 500
Michigan: Dead River Club
Alpena Grand Waker sive jei= lees += - 400 AKG. 22. dasenich sfastee si 500
Arnhem OtteriWaket -. 62 Salsee..-- - 250 Homer Pond. scs4|2s.cceee 500
@entral, Gratiot Wake. .....2<.-|6.5----- 175 Horseshoe Lake...|.......- 150
Charlotte, Burnett Park pond.}.......- 75 Nash) Wake csesse-\sceeeee: 150
@lare, Dewey. Vake..$.5.22-i}b.2...-- 120 Pea Ridge Lake...|........ 500
Champion, White Deer Lake.|.......- 200 Quofoloma Lake...}........ 150
Crystal Falls, Holmes Lake...|......-- 250 Tombigbee River..|........ 1,000
Delaware, Beaver Lake.......].-.----- 175 Twin Makers: seen |keeaena. 500
Bete Grise Bayou..|......-. 175 Ackerman, Rock Pond........|9ss0---- 500
Deer Lake. [eee 175 Amory, Tombigbee River....|...-...- 1,000
Taga, Bellesse a-|sse2.: 175 Basic City, Malpus Pond.....|...-...- 100
Hake Bailey oses-2|beaese - 250 Belden, Ritter’s pond. o sces|es-conee 500
Deiroit, Detroit Aquarium...|........ 80 Bentonia, Fairview Pond ....|.....-.. 100
Gaylord; Otsego Wake- a... 2: 2.|2-.cc2-- 160 Booneville, Booneville Lake. .|.......- 200
Harrison, Budd Lake. .- 222. -|2.2-.-- 210 IBULLOn?S| POnG==54|= seca eee 200
Hillman Gong Lake... oo 22. c|e<c o- <=: 300 Clearttake2esa-. 2 janesstee 1,000
Tron River, Chicagoan Lake. .}......-.. 350 Gin Branch Pond 100
Sanes, birch Lake. .-.2...cer2|--2-=-- 75 Jones silake seer = 150
Shavehead Lake.......|......-. 75 Brookhaven, Brickyard Pond |. 50
Kenton, Lake Thirty Three. .]........ 250 Caraway’s pond |.. 50
Lawrence, Deep Lake...-...-.].------- 25 Canton, Big Lake............. 200
Long Lake, North Lake......].......- 120 Brown Lake......... { 200
Mandan, Breakfast Lake.....|...-..-- 175 Canton Farm pond ..|.......- 150
Make Ad@ie= ict eases: 175 MOOS PONG. saseceece eee eee es 200
Lake Medora.......|........ 175 MceBride*sipondice. celieen see. 200
Schlatter Makeses-- s\mecene.. 175 IMOSDYAE ONG occas |= aeesase 200
Newaygo, Turtle Lake.......|....---. 50 ‘Peachvbakos = aaaeen a reaiess 200
iNonwallkebear Wakes cccess-|-mcen- -- 75 RicktSlak@snscecseces|oceeee- 300
Peacock, Big Bass Lake......|...-.-- 75 Round Lake......... Beeps ees 200
Ramona, Diamond Lake.....|......-- 75 Williams’s lake...... eeeeeein- 406
Rose Center, Bennet Lake....|.....--.- 80 Centerville, Lake Antoinette..).......- 200
Southbranch, Bobs Pond.....|......-. 80 Clayton, Clear Lake.......... ae ars Bee 100
Traverse, Boardman Lake....}......--. 800 Columbia, Simmon’s pond....)........ 400
anion City, Lee Lake. ..-25.-)5-<-.- 2: 75 Simmons Millpond ........ 200
Turtle, akews ealisune.. - 75 Spring Pond ...... eats es 200
White Cloud, Snyder Lake... .|.....--. 75 Corinth, Artesian Lake....... 4,000! |< ssa5-<<-
Minnesota’ Bills Park Lake. os. !e<c =<: - 1,000
Beaudette, Four Mile Bay....|......-- 100 Calacanthis Lake...-.|.......- 1,000
Brimson, Bates Lake: ........|-<.-2-.- 100 iNAteESsMONG = ossoe5 cl eeeeeee 1,000
Indian Creek. 2.5.2). 2ee22 125 Long Hollow Pond..| 1,000 |-.....---..
indian Wake 2 esses eed. 2 100 Sharp’s pond ....... F 1,000
Carlton, Chub Lake..........|..--.-.- 120 Smith’s pond........
Deerwood, Lake Prano.......|.......- 90 Strickland’s lake.....
Duluth, Carihow Hake... 02-2 s}ase5-2.- 90 Surratt’s lake........
Deep Water Lake....|........ 60 Turner’s pond......-
sland Wake ee src lncee ce. - 90 Tuscumbia Cutoff
Lake Fredenburg....|........ 110 WAKO sieyeirle'sie’s seis « ci>

22889°—14_12

96

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisn Eaes, By Locaniry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Disposition.

Mississippi—Continued.

Corinth, Vandiver’s lake........
Weedon’s pond.......-
Waukomis Lake......-

Dubard, Alligator Pond.....-..

Edwards, Crissler’s pond.......

iHewes’s pond. ..-..o2 |

Py pt, Kane/sipond asec eec sees

Winn?s pond. -peeecceese
Fenwick, Fenwick Pond .......
Flora, Hawkins’s ponds.......-

Lipscomb’s pond.......-
Grisham’s pond..........
Forest, Wicker’s pond..........
Greenwood Springs, Butta-
Mat ChiesetIVveL: sceceiecee eee cee:
Greenwood Springs, Sipsy
1 RO) eee Et HEC ep OenEaSeae
Guntown, Brownlee Lake......
PiublicwBondss.c-..e-

CllMtake sce etme tacsecicsieerate
Hazlehurst, Branard’s lake.....
Mis ake eesecice

Lake Hazel.......-

Martin’s pond......

Hodges, Hodges Reservoir... ..-
Horn Lake, Coggin’s pond......
Winn’s pond bbe

Holly Springs, Wall’s Pond ....!
Houlka, Hollingsworth Pond ..
Houston, Evans’s pond.........
Hufiman’s pond......

ake Wieweecec cecnn.

Lowry’s pond........

Mary Alma Lake.....

Iuka, Tukaslake:--cccsesseects
hake! Comossseeeecesececs
Jackson, Cades Lake............
Clear Wake ts .cenmeene 2

ACP Oondeeete a sees

iymchi Creeks ce coe son

Mule Jail Lake. .......

Oak Ridge Lake.......

Spring Wakereeeceenae

Johnson Junction, Park Lake...
Kewanee, Wright’s pond.......
Lake, Brown’s ponds...........
Lexington, Acona Mill pond....
Louisville, Bethedan Pond .....
McLean’s pond......

Water Valley Lake. .

Lucedale, Jones’s pond.........
Lyman, Reservoir Pond........
McComb, Clear/Creeka-pene eee
Clement Lake........

Tilinois Central Lake. .

Lake McComb........
McRaven, East Pond...........
Macon; DuganiPondisls2-cceee
villiewRondeya.csaasceees

Minor Ronde .eceseescee
Magnolia, Mullin’s branch......
Strickland’s branch. .

Mantee, Durham’s pond........
McGee's pondts.ccses-

Moseley Pond..........
Meridian, Ethridge Pond.......
Fishing Club Pond...

Lake Nani Waiah....

Queen City Pond.....
Rolling Pond........

Finger-
lings,

Fry. | yearlings,
and

adults.

Disposition.

Mississippi—Continued.
Meridian, Wagner Pond........
Waterworks Pond....

Minter City, Virginia Lake.....

Mize, Robinson’s pond.........
Moon, Moon Wake. c.cses-scceee

Monticello, Lambert’s pond ....)

Morton, Vinsons Mill pond......

Muldon, Evans’s lake......-...

Myrtle, Frazier’s pond.......-..

Neshoba, Henderson’s pond....

Watkin’s pond.......

New Albany, Clear Pond.......

Pinedale Pond...

Rainey’s pond ...

Sanford’s pond...

New Augusta, Barbara Pond...
McSwain’s

PON sserecscci

Newton, Chapman’s pond......

Walker’s pond........

Osborn, Boyd’s pond...........

Ove’sipondessaceesee

Ovett, Smith’s pond............

Pelahatchie, Patrick’s pond ....

Philadelphia, Hester’s pond ....

Kantarka Pond..

Pearl River......

Silver Loaf

Picayune, Tate’s pond..........
Pontotoc, Brown’s pond.......-
DaviswPond oases sees

Prentiss (PolkaWaken--scsceeeee
Raymond, Ratliff’s pond......-
Wade’s pond........
Redwood, Cole’s pond..........
Richton, Conway’s pond.....-..
Robinwood, Robinson’s pond. .
Saltillo, Bucy’s pond..-.....-.
Parktsmondeescescsce
Saltillomuake ssa. nnc-mee
Sandersville, Andrews Mill

PONE). A sca ccc anaceeecdecmeees

Seminary, Oakatoma Pond.....
Pearson & Wat-

sonvPRondeeesen as

Senatobia, Willow Pond........ |

Sessums, Foster’s pond.........
Sherard, Dogwood Lake........

Shuqualak, Anderson’s ponds. .|

East Side Lake.....

Floore’s pond. ..... |

Goodwin’s pond....

Hamilton’s pond...|

Ogletree Lake......
Pine Grove Pond...
Prince’s pond......
Quarles Pond. .....

Stevens’s pond..... |

Walton’s pond.....

Water Lily Pond...

West End Lake....

Stallo, Jackson’s pond......-....
Starkville, Ellis Pond..........
GillisyPROnd 2. cccecee

Jones’s pond........
Kennard’s pond.....
McPherson Lake....
Montgomery’s pond.

Finger-
ines
arlings
and”
adults.

Fry. |ye'

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

oT

DistRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fis Ecos, spy Locauiry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Disposition.

Mississippi—Continued.

Starkville, Park Lake..........
Robson’s pond......
Sander’s pond.......
Sudduth’s pond.....
Sykes Pond

Talking Warrior
Take a. ccnccenises =

Watt’s pond.........
Wellborn pond...... |
Stringer, Stringer’s pond........|.-....
Strongs, Dream Lake........---. |

Sturges, Hutchinson’s pond.....
Summerland, Williams’s pond
Taylorville, Keys Mill pond....
Terry, Jones’s pond
Tishomingo, Holley’s lake......
Tunica, Kinney Lake...-..---.-
Tupelo, Beaver Lake........-..
Chiwappa Creek........
Parham) Pond!->-.------
Ray/silako.22o-sos2e2-

Town Creeks seccancece
Vaiden, Armstrong’s pond...-..
Union, Frog Hollow Pond...... |
Utica, Downing’s pond......-..
Waynesboro, Bushby’s pond
Weir, Black’s pond
IMTy/S) pond. -sacee-= 52655

Stubblefield’s pond....-...!|.

Whitesand, Trexler’s pond.....!
Wiggins, Batson’s pond
West Point, Brogan’s pond.....
Cottrell’s pond.....
Hamlin’s ponds
Twin Ponds.......

PONGscscs-easeee

Missouri: |
Ash Grove, Spring Lake.....-...
Birch Tree, Current River, |
UACKSMMOTKC: ca cwleee sacine ao aeee
Bunceton, Doctors Creek. ......
Idlewood Lake......

Lamine River....... SS Se

Petite Saline Creek. .
Cabool, Piney River............

Centralia, Lake Dutcher........

Clinton, Fish Lake............-
Dexter, Spring Hill Lake.......

Dodson, Rule Farm Lake....-..

Independence, Juanita Lake... .
Milton’s lake...
Jasper, Birds Lake...
Coon) Creeks. cone: s22=-
Jaudon, Grant’s pond..........
Jefferson City, Moreau Creek...
Joplin, Thomas Lake...........
Kansas City, Fairmount Lake. .
i Farm

Lamar, Gregory Lake...........
pring River, North

Finger-
lings,
Fry. | yearlings,
and

adults.

Peer 50

Disposition.

Missouri—Continued.

La Plata, Love Lake..........-
Santa Fe Lake......-
Macon, Blees Lake so. 2. c2-0e
Martin City, Oak Park Lake....
Mexico, Quitapahila Lake......

Monteer, Current River,
Jackel Fork...) 27 soo
Nevada, Katy Allen Pond......
State Hospital Lake...
Newburg, Little Piney River...
New London, Salt River.......
Noel, Blk Riverse- see sees ee
Ozark, Finley River............
Pleasant Hill, Kellogg’s lake...
Lake Leonard ...
Smith’s lake.....
Randolph, Winn’s lake.......-.
Rolla, Big Dry Fork Creek
Big Piney River.........
Big Spring Creek.......-
iBurpois Cregkeo os. aseee.
Cave Springs Creek......
Gasconade River.......-.
Little Beaver Creek......
Little Dry Fork Creek...
Little Piney Creek....-..-
Mill Creeksncnc-sescceces

South Spring Creek......
St. Genevieve, Schwartz’s
DONG se cmceianeeen ee eee
Savannah, Blakeslee’s lake. -...
Seneca, Big Lost Creek......-.-
Wappapello, St. Francis River . .
Watson, Brown’s pond.........
Wayland, Hill Slough..........
Willow Springs, Frisco Pond...
Worth, ‘Dye'siponds-2--o sense.
Montana:
Bascom, Holman’s pond.......
Eureka, Rock Lake........-...
Whitefish, Blanchard Lake.....
Nebraska:
Crawford, White Clay Creek....
Scottsbluff, Airedale Pond......
Verdon, Harden’s lake..........
Wayside, Baird’s pond
New Hampshire:
Plymouth, Loon Lake..........
New Jersey:
Alloway, Hikintone 2. -....s-65
Beaver Lake, Lake Pochuck....
Blairstown, Cedar Lake........
Fairview Lake.....
Boonton, Mountain Lakes......
Bound Brook, Middle Brook ...
Branchville, Culver Lake.......
Chatsworth, Bridge Creek......
Cranford, Rahway River......-
Egg Harbor, ParkWake. = -o5- os
Hackettstown, Allamuchy
Pond Seek ee
Guard Lock
Pond

Hammonton,
Wakes Sas 52 SIRES. cccewre nines

Harrisonville, Oliphant Lake...

Lake Hopatcong, Lake Hop-
atcong.

Fry. jy

Lakewood, Johnson’s lake......|......

Polypod Pond......

?
earlings
and

adults.

98

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DistRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisn Eacs, py Locatiry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Finger-
lings,
Disposition. Fry. | yearlings,
and
adults.
New Jersey—Continued.
Lambertville, Emery’s pond .|.......- 40
Lucaston, Silver Lake........|......-.- 100
Mount Holly, Rancocas River)......-- 200
Upper Ranco-
cas' Greeks icliccccsce2 100
Murray Hill, Passaic River.-..|.......- 100
Neshanic, South Branch River|........ 50
Netcong, Budd Lake.........|.......- 50
Newark, Weequahic Lake....|........ 330
New Egypt, Oakford Lake...|........ 100
Pennington, Jacobs Creek. -..}........ 25
Pompton Lakes, Pequannock

PRUIVIOD Es Sess teh ieee a A iecae tN ap ieays 50
South Dennis, Clint Mill Pond|........ 200
South Ogdensburg, Haw-

thorme Wakes: 3c geese siesaice mes ccc 50
Spring Lake, Spring Lake....|........ 200
Swartswood, Little Swarts-

WOOGWUAK OL Seis ccc osishticiles (eels ae 50
Waldwick, Rosecrans Pond. .|........ 200
West End, Shadow Lawn

Wale Men cia eee: ete ie areal esto 100
Williamstown, Faraway Lake|........ 100

McClure's lake.|..-..... 200
New York:
Addison, Goodhue Lake. .....|.....--- 80
Bay Shore, Brightwater Lakes}.......- 400
Chatham, Kinderhook Creek..|.......- 640
Clayton, &t. Lawrence River..|.......- 100
Colliers, Goodyear Lake......|......-.. 225
Corinth, Bull Head Pond.....|........ 25
Effner. Lake......... 50
Hun taken. ceaceses
Jenney Lake. .......).--
Corning, Denison Park Lake. .|--
Cornwall, Bug Meadow Lake. 200
Sutherland Pond...|.2...... 200
Fallsburg, Kiamesha Lake. -.|........ 120
Gouverneur, Oswegatchie

FRAV OD jaca cause cmcieleaeeeee a cleisectecas 50
Hammondsport, Lake Keuka.|........ 175
Hempstead, Slivers Lake.....|........ 150
Highland Falls, Roe Park

Dako tadssse sacha soene|s ee cence 200
Java Center, Java Lake.......|.-...-.-. 75
Mastic, Home Creek.:.......-|--.----: 300
Millbrook, Tyrrel Lake.......].....-.- 80
Monticello, Class Pond.......|...-...- 40
Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence

IMOLS rewicwt oaceerres Gis c cee acceeeie 100
Perhonkson, Parry’s pond....}.......- 80
Petersburg, Taconee Lake....|........ 40
Poughkeepsie, Bahret’s pond.]........ 40

Fairview Lake.|......-. 100
Redwood; Grass Lake........].....-.- 125
Round Lake, Round Lake. - Sars 200
Roscoe, Florence Lake-.......}.-...-.- 100
Schroon Lake, Schroon Lake -|-.....-. 1, 000
Sterlington, Potake Lake.....|........ 300
Droy, Crooket Wakes so. ---ch.--s2cee 200
Grystalsbake. 2 oy) eos 200
ig bia. fete me 10) 010 iaeeaee ell ee, oat 200
HndsonRiver. assoc s cc os. 300
Walden, Walkill River.......|.......- 500
Wallkill, Shawankill River. ..}.......- 2C0
Warrensburgh, Echo Lake. - .|........ 80
Whitestone, Fort Totten Pond|... 200
Yulan, Montgomery Pond.-.. i £0
Washington Lake.....|........ 80

North Carolina:
Advance; Pack’s:pond.......-/........ 75
Angier, Adams's PONG. n-ne] <seseeen 300
Adams’s pond No. 2. .|......:- 100
BUCS | CIel. 5 omnecccisacacces 100

Disposition. Fry.

North Carolina—Continued.

Angier, Collins’s pond..-....-
Piney Branch Pond. -
Smith’s pond.........

Apex, Castleberry’s pond.....
Lawrence’s pond. ....-
Hea;rs’s pondsate-seceee
Ararat, Bryant’s pond.......-
Asheboro, Little River. ......
Bladensboro, Horse Pen Creek
Biscoe, Page’s pond..........
Bowden, Rowland Lumber
Copondi ste acseseoee ones
Burlington, Graves Pond.....
Sartin’s pond....

Somers’s pond...
Cairo, Johnsons Mill pond....!|--

Calypso, Sutton’s pond....... B
Cameron, Baldwin Pond. ....
McDugald Pond....
Pierce;s pond sseseee|seaeece=
Candor, Cheeks Creek......-.. eet ee
Chadbourn, Hughes Mill Pond
Pages Mill pond...

Charlotte, Lakewood Park

Clarkton, Highs Mill pond ..-
Clayton, Stallings’s pond.....
Coats, Spring Branch Pond...
Turlington’s pond.....
Colon, Baling Pond..........
Moflitt’s pond........- |
Concord, Big Coldwater Creek
Buffalo Creek Pond.
Rocky Jiver:s.2-2-¢ foatreiersts
Cordova, Hitchcock Creek....|.--.-..-
Council, Carvers Creek...
Creswell, Lake Phelps.aseseee
Dunn, Grantham’s pond... --
Surles Mill pond.......
Elkton, Smiths Mill pond. ...
Enfield, Woodlawn Pond ....
Fayetteville, Blounts Creek

Huske Pond....

MecNeil’s pond -.

Parkland Lake..

Rockfish Creek,
tributary of...

Sky. Bonde. ..cce

Fremont, Dickinson pond....
Gastonia, Beal’s lake.......-..
Cobb’s lake .......-.
Lake Giles.......-.
Limberger Pond. . .

Long Creek Pond. -
McAllister’s lake .. .
Gibsonville, Lakeview Mill
pond
Godwin, Shop Branch........
Goldsboro, Country
AKON Se eee

Griffin’s pond ....

Lake Genoa.......

Graham, Little Alamance
Creek.t aac dase teen oases
Greensboro, Boren’s pond ....-
Gulf Lake. .2...

Hilton’s pond ...
McKnight’s pond
et td ponder a|ee-cecee
Willow Brook...!.......-.

Finger-
lings,
yearlings,
and
adults.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

99

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisn Eaes, By Locarrry AND Species, Frscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Disposition.

North Carolina—Continued .
Hamlet, Fallen Creek Pond. -|
Havelock, Catfish Lake....-.. |
Henderson, Henderson Club

Pond
Hiddenite, Stevenson Branch

PONG Ss ciee care ates icicle =e
Hildebran, Henry River Pond
Holly Springs, Adams’s pond
Ivanhoe, Beatty’s pond......
Jackson Springs, Blue’s ond |

Pooles Mill

po
Jacksonville, New River......
Jonesboro, Big Creek.......--
Kannapolis, Kannapolis Lake
Kernersville, Abbotts Creek

Smith’s pond ..
Kinston, Moseley’s pond .....
Lake Waccamaw, Waccamaw
IDET Det piadateests SAREE eRe
Liberty, Polecat Creek. .....
Quarter Pond......-
Lillington, Shaws Pond......
Lincoln ey Catawba River,
HoOUbh onk@steeeee cece cel
Littleton, ‘Big Stone House
MilRondas ste cece
Louisburg, Jackson's pond ..
Stalling’s pond ...
McCullers, Mill Pond.........
Macclesfield, Brown’s pond .-
Magnolia, Newkirk Mill Pond
Marshvitle, Lanes Creek.
Matthews, ahead Creek Mill
Stevens’s pond...
Maxton, Lumber River.......
Monroe, Richardson Mill pond!
Shute’s pond .......-
Totten Fish Pond...
Morganton, Catawba River...
Johns River......
Lower Creek. ....

Lower Fork

Pools Mill pond. .

Upper Creek..... |

Morrisville, Crabtree Creek. ..|....

Kit Creek. ...
Sears’s pond..
Searl’s pond......
Stirrup Prong
Creeks. 25
Morven, Pratt’s pond ........
Robinson Pond......
Mount Airy, Buckshoal Pond
Fishers River...
Mount Holly, Catawba River.
Dutchman’s
Creekseea Sei
Mount Olive, Goodson’s pond
Williams Mill
DONG yes seeeee
Neuse, Barton Creek. .......
New bern, Neuse River and
tributaries ay raed pee cyevodea ere
Newport, Cypress Pond......
North Wilkesboro, Mulberry
Creoleits | 25-8 BEER oe cee
Oxford, Tabs Creek Pond. ..-

Parkton, Davis Mill Pond..
Pelham, Wolf Island Mill
DOUG ele eee ne eae sae

Disposition.

North Carolina—Continued.
Pembroke, Buies Mill Pond..

Pinehurst, McKenzie’s pond .
Pinnacle, Smoak’ Ss PONG 2-15
Pleasant. Garden, Polecat
Creeckite eesechacncckeshiane
Pollocksville, Clay Hill
IBTANCH sence aceacawece son

Prentiss, League Lake........
Raeford, Beaver Dam Creek. .
Raleigh, Beaver Dam Fishing
Club Pond==.. =.
Milburnie Fishing
Club Pond.
Panther Branch’
Fishing Club Pond

Williams’s pond ..

Ramseur, Brush Creek Pond.
Deep River........
Jordan’s pond

Mill Stone Creek
PONG is ems ae ees
Patterson Pond....
Red Springs, Graham Lake...

Finger-

gS,
Fry. lyearlings,
and

Jobs Pond...... SEE

Reidsville, Glady Creek Pond
Poplar Lake... ...
Branch
Troublesome Pond
Rockford, Fanbush Pond. . . .
Rockingham, Eee Branch
Dockery Mill
ieee EC
erbe Springs
Pond...
Everett’s pond.
Harring tons
Mill pond...

Hinsons Mill
powmdss rk = sis
Tae Dockery..

Rocky Point, North East
Cape Fear Riverssacsssete
Wroseborgy Little Coharie
Rosehill, Halls Mill pond.....
Rosindale, Clarks Mill pond...
Rutherfordton, Brittains
Mill Pond... 8 Raa

Salisbury, Dutch
Creek

Fishin

Little

Mill pond .
rane Creek.

Scotland Neck, Hyman Pond
Shelby, Broad ivere. . a2!
Shoals, Davis Creek..........

Dills Creek....02 5.000.

Southern Pines, 8 Suburb Pond

we oeneee

stew e eee

Spero, Haskeis Creek oi. o..cloceacese
Stanley, Dutchman Creek....]........
South Fork River...}.......-
Statesville, Back Creek.......|........
Big Rocky Creek .}........

Buffalo Shoal

Pondictweccetvectesuceces

adults.

100 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DIsTRIBUTION OF Fis AND Fisu Ecos, py Locauiry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Finger- Finger-
e lings, A ee i 8s,
Disposition. Fry. | yearlings, Disposition. Fry. |yearlings,
and and
adults. adults.
North Carolina—Continued. Ohio—Continued.
Statesville, Catawba River...|........ a Hillsboro; ‘Clear’ Creek. < o.c<i-|s=maen=< 100
MuckiCreeks-.-ccc|focansce 150 Rocky Fork Creek .|........ 300
MlkiCreeks soccete|cocccacs 150 Hudson Glass Pond asece-.s|eeaeeeee 175
MifthiCreekeewsce.|seces see 150 Kent, East Twin Lake.......|........ 275
Fourth Creekze so.) 2 5-2-5. Wout MakeiStewartrencsccecclsecesees 275
Hunting Creek....|........ 75 hima, Rhodes Pond -2 22 o54|easeeeee 150
Little Rocky Rimer Quarry Pond...|.....<.. 100
Crecleiene ce cl eceeease 150 WatkinssPondmej-s2-lesssecer 150
Nesbitt Creek.....]........ 75 Lorain, Anderson’s pond.....}.......- 100
Snow Creekee ccc lecesaecn 75 McCutchenville, Mohawk
Mhind (Creeks accee|sacneecse 75 doaken At nee aectit aa: Seen osse tee 100
Towa Creekseecerlsoccseee 150 Mansfield, Clear Fork River,
Stokesdale, Hilton’s pond INorthehonkss seems senea- cee aaa 150
INOH2 Sec eecet onset ee etealaesceec 7. Midland City, Gem Valley
Sunbury, Cross Mill Pond....|......-- 250 PONG se se eptoeee eens | -aseeee 150
Swans Station, Big Juniper Millbury, Quarry Bonds. |Seencene 100
IRON GS Sciscneen|lscocasine 200 Mount Blanchard, Blanchard
Upper Little RIVET te csc dee ese escae se yaceseee 275
IRivers-oascenelsecancee 300 Mount Orab, Sterling Pond...|........ 100
University, Double S pring || Napoleon, Maumee River.....}.-...--- 175
Onde ao- aoe olbaeee Sere 100 || Oak Harbor, Portage River...|.....-... 275
eee Sicree kosaalbeneecce 150 Oakwood, Auglaize River....}.....-..- 275
New Hope Creek. See 2 ee 200 Okolona, Maumee River......]......-- 275
Wade, Olive Park Pond.....-|........ 100 Ontario; WoreliWaker. ( sas0 cel -isecen ae 350
Wadesboro, Baucom’s pond..|........ 100 Palmyra, Mahoning River....|.-...--- 525
Walnut Cove, Dan River.....|........ 150 Peninsula, Clear ake. oo... s/asce cee. 70
Wake Forest, Oneal’s pond...|........ 100 Crystal Pondieecce lene cecee 35
Warsaw, Coopers Mill pond...|........ 200 Ravenna, Muzzy Lake.......|........ 200
Weldon, Roanoke River......|........ 750 Sandyliakeseccccee||Seeeeeee 200
Whiteville, Richardsons Mill ValedgepPond esc calersmacee 100
PONG sears ne ce ssocicmiawiscionscwisiemec 400 Russells Point, Indian Lake..|........ 300
WalbonBurtsiponds ceons-es esses sete 175 Lewistown
Wilmington, Greenfield Lake.|........ 775 PONG) atirse sears ese 150
Winston-Salem, Jenkins’s Sandusky, Hoover Pond.....].......- 175
pond seen a|seeseees 75 Springfield, Cliff Lake........}........ 300
Waterworks Little Miami
Ponders) seesce-e 75 | RIVGL oe asa cee|Satcewas 300
Ohio: || Storms Station, Paint Creek..|........ 300
Antwerp, Maumee River.....|........ 275 || Sycamore, Honey Creeks. f.c.-|- seeecee 275
AUITOTA weLarmMons PONds.case|eecceene 35 | Wealton?sipondicec|escceece 100
Blue Ash, Clarke’s lake......./........ 100 || ‘Tiffin, Lake Mohawk.........|........ 275
Cambridge, Near Cut Lake...|........ 150 Toledo; Silica ake... 25.222 42|ececcoce 275
iWalls\Creekjeo2 lessen ae 300 Upper Sandusky, Sandusky
Canfield, Lake Taylor........|........ 200 RIVED sic cccee se neeeRes ecees beeeaser 275
Cecil, Maumee River.........|.......- 550 Urbana, ‘Brush)Wake.- 282 ca2e|-ececnce 150
Celina, Grand Reservoir......|.......- 300 Crane’sipondeaeeuacs saeciose 150
Chippewa Lake, Chippewa hong Pond. eeesens|seeeesae 150
Wake ses setae or eee a aleeee eee 1, 225 Wapakoneta, Auglaize River.|........ 300
Cleveland, Mayfield Pond....|........ 200 Washington Court House,
Spring Pondeesserl=sceenee 100 Rattlesnake River..........|....---- 300
Columbus, Alumn Creek...../........ 300 Waynesburg, Sandy Creek
BassWbake oe csc cma|seaencee 150 andicanallt,..cc Shokan ccueelSeeaseee 350
Big Walnut Creek.}........ 600 Wellsville, Smith’s pond.....|.---.--- 200
Esswein Lake.....}........ 600 Yi oungstow n, Crystal Lake...|.......- 100
Little Walnut Pinewake ss. cesses 300
Creek: cec-eascsdimescaken 300 || Oklahoma:
Sprinehuakeseecelcenes see 600 | da, WMakerAdaeceeereteceteoe seeeeeee 200
Congress Lake, Congress Lake.]........ 450) || Altus; City: Reservoite se ccce-|s2s-c0-5 375
Covington, Covington Mill \|/ Ardmore, ‘Bassilakelsteqesca-|ece-a5 5 200
1 210) 0K0 eres al [See a 150 Chickasaw Lake....|........ 450
iPainter Creeks... |Soesnace 150 CibysWake seem cecris|eeieaee 300
Stillwater River. .|........ 300 Dickwbakerteenee|sonsceee 250
Dayton, Miami River........|.....-.. 600 Gorman’ Wake). ...522|).-...-- 300
Eaton, Seven Mile Creek.....|........ 300 Kirkpatrick Lake. .|........ 300
Farmersville, Big TwinCreek.|.......- 300 Lorena Park Lake.. 150
Findlay, Auglaize River, una waker. 2-2... 250
Blanchards:Work =~... 22 sscleeeseens 70 Miller Lake........ c 200
Fort Jennings, Auglaize River |......-- 850 Van Guilder Lake.. 300
Fremont, Green Creek........|.......- 100 Aylesworth, Madill-Durant
Sandusky River....]........ 275 hake: Been seh ees eA ee eee 300
Geneva, Grand River........|.......- 275 Bartlesville, Silver Lake......|....---- 400
Georgetown, Moore: Pond. ac%|-ece cee 100 Berwyn, Young Lake........|..--.--- 300
Geauga Lake, Geauga Lake...|........ 275 Big Cabin, Rock Creek Lake..|.......- 150

Harpster, Lewis Lake.....c.-lecesse-- 100 Bixby, Allen Gakesiecccwaneclocm sic 150

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. 101

DIsTRIBUTION OF Fish AND FisH Eaas, By Locauiry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Finger- Finger-
lings, lings,
Disposition. Fry. | yearlings, Disposition. Fry. |yearlings,;
and and
adults. adults.
Oklahoma—Continued. Oklahoma—Continued.

Brinkman, Lampert’s pond..|.......- 100 McAlester, McAlester Coun-

IBTISLOW Welly ake sek conse |scec cis 100 try Club Lake...|........ 250
Bunch, Long Foot Pond.....|....-...- 300 Mountain Gap

Carnegie, Washita River......|.......- 150 Wakes Sec scasces\senesuee 300

Casey, Maramec Pond......-.|....---- 150 Wild Horse Lake..|........ 200

; MarameciWak@emcaceac|ssesoacr 150 Mangum, Elm Spring iPondse | aaa. 150

Castle, Davenport’s pond.....|......-- 150 Trotters ponds sec |sacaaces 150

Chattanooga, Bowlby’s pond.}........ 7. Marietta, Horseshoe Pond....|........ 100

Chickasha, Jack Hollow Lake.|........ 100 |, Kirkpatrick Lake. ..|........ 100

Wakewdszaniens=secc|eeeeses- 100 |) Rock Creek csnores|tocceee 150

Tony Lake..... Be eee 7 Massey, Massey Pond........|.......- 100

Chicotah, ened ef poug sola ciniseaicis 150 Malton; iWiolf (Creek 22 ees. |beseee ss 150

Chouteau, Adikamisslakkest Soce lneer erie = 150 || Moore, Kalivoda liakess. ce 2o|e.ane a: 75

Deaver ine Sy rea eee 150 || Mountain View, Jones Pond..|........ 75

Claremore, Humphreys Pond.|........ 300 Pecan Creek.|........ 150
Comanche, Impson’s pond....|.....--- 75 Saddle

Cordell, Miller’s pond No. 2...|.... 150 Mountain

Covington, Keller’s pene SAGE x 75 Creekticenn|scecsee 150
Coweta, Baker Pond.... A 100 Stinking

Crescent, Cedar Lake.........|.......- 150 Creeksse29n|"aseuese 150

Swains!Pond)tacesc|en.-ceee 75 Sugar Creek.|........ 150

Custemubifers ponds sseescelescccen 75 Mulhall, Twenty-one Pond...|.......- 50

Davis, Caps Wake e ayte ao eae: 100 Muskogee, Tlinois! Riversee sss|8s252 22. 500
pstake sao ueleoo: |b seceene 100 Illinois River, Bar-

Ae Grovenuakerccn seca. 100 rem Bork=-(jacect|aeen see - 400

Waves RarkMakes sare |ei cease: 150 Mountain Creek...|......-- 300

Honey Grove Lake....|.......- 100 Silver\ Creek ots sae ees 300

Paynes Retreat Lake..|........ 100 Spring Valley Lake|........ 300

Dewey, Willow Lake.........|......-- 100 New Castle, Haun’s pond...../.......- 75
Doby Springs, Bradford’s Oklahoma City, Folly Lodge

306 | Se pees anescmce rice) Seria es 125 TEAK Cs ae 74]! Ssescee 100
Daneans Wien ecnuakcomases. sl aqeeeene 150 Houg A ton

El Reno, Bellanysvakes sees 150 ake ses\acesee ss 75
Cora Bell Lake. . ee: eee 100 Waldons

El Reno Rod and Wake brasic|Seces cer 175

Gun ClupwWwakeses|S eae 150 Okmulgee, Phillips Pond.....|......-- 100

eH, Meadow Brook Dairy Owasso, Owasso Lake........|....---- 300

OTA Ss. ORE ct ill! P aaun 75 Pauls Valley, Thompson Lake.|........ 75
Busula; East Eufaula Lake..|_......- 300 Perry, Perry Country Club

Piney Creelseenen nee | Sane 3 300 PONG sas sncacmocceee sececenclecemeses 50

Fallis, Lake Charles... A 300 prague Erets Wake fejesieeseee| seee aces 450

Glencoe, Wills Lake.........|.......- 150 Pryor, Fairview Lake.....-..|.-.....- 150

Gravette, Lucas & Yocom Midiwaly, Waikes sees 25 55| Seen case 300

1210) 016 |) SR ere ee eas Le eee 250 Sulphuni@reeke ase su seene ese 150

Guthrie, Ellison Lake........|.......- 100 Whitaker Park Pond : 150

Mic@alliitakes as se. oan ahs 100 Wriolt Creeke.2s sacealseaecens 150

OvertonsiWake sess sone 100 Purcell, Crawford’s pond.....|......-- 100

Redingtons Lake....|......-- 100 Randlett, Sutersuakessogsccleccccece 60

Springelalkeneecne as | seen aae 100 Red Fork, WAKO SUCH e eae al lseee se 300

Dy inlakegens sees s| eae eee. 100 Russet, Wihite Ponds, sic seed|.cc2scc. 150

Wrallkers Wakews user See 100 Sapulpa, Huchre) Creeks 7 eS Np as 200

Walliams Wake sae ose cic r se 100 Rocks Creeks eat ae falc eens 300

Hartshorne, Choctaw Lake...|........ 300 Seminole, Rock Pond........|......- 150

Lake Savage.....|......-- 300 Shawnee, Lakeside Pond.....|...--..- 200

EaskelliCoxhondensceoeee se |seesenee 150 Maridiiiake mama seueiseecaaee 500

(uake| Conchartyissec|snescose 150 Spiro} spiroreondecessecen ses manners e 350

Oh Retake s aes aalinsgae cas 150 Stillwater, Boomer Creek.....|....-..- 150

Hugo; Krauter Wakey lc isles c bee 100 Ritter Wake) sscccc|saccce>- 150
Kenlli Chittomwakes 2-53) 5 5.2522 200 Stillwater Reser-

Indiahoma, Baldwin’s pond..|.......- 75 WOltne ste aces cod lwasiacice 150

South Farm Pond).......- 75 Most Hakeraeasce|ve.<seee 450
Lawton, Allison’s pond.......|........ 50 Stratford, Demonstration

Bathiibakenmen eemely eee 150 PONCE. ts ce ene os csemeiboas oe ay 150

Blue Beaver Creek. .|........ 100 Tulsa, Keetchummellakke ssa ssn c|ees osace 300

Gondolasiakerresen lems asec 100 Owen Park Ponde.cese|ses> 222 300

Lawtonka Lake.....|........ 200 Verden, Williams Lake.......|.......- 75

loydsee ond eaeees aeons see 150 Vinita, Little Cabin Creek....|........ 300

Little Medicine WocustiCreekwae. eecee|hes soeee 150

Cree ke eee ee sas Je 150 West Cabin Cree : 300

Lexington, Conkling’ s pond White Oak Creek.....|.....--- 300

INO Milas serials 5 75 Wagoner, Horseshoe Lake....|.....-.- 150

Oak init ‘Pondeete Bares: 75 Wann7silake zy. qeenca|eericces = 300

McAlester, Hardy’s pond.....|-.....-- 100 Wardsville Triplet Wake: Nosli|eaccsse: 150

Highlands Lake...|.......- 100 Waurika, Fletcher’s DONG meet cece 225

Lake Talawanda..|.......- 800 Wayne, Dulony’s PONdEe pencil weewecus 75

‘102

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DIstRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisu Eaas, By Locatiry AND Spxrcies, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Disposition.

Oklahoma—Continued.

Shelby’s pond.....--
Pennsylvania:

Akron, Cocalico Creek.....-.-

Arcola, Perkiomen Creek

Skippack Creek..._... i

Brandamoore, Brandywine

Crecles.s sa cemctiaaeecenae
Chester, Chester River......--
Crum Creek... ces

Ridley. Creek........
Collegeville, Perkiomen Creek
Skippack Creek. -

Cossart, Newlins Mill pond...
IPylewMams cries
Doylestown, Mill Creek.....-.
Neshaminy

Creek

Pine Run.

Falls, Silver Lake.......... pate

Susquehanna River....-

Fort Loudon, Conococheague
Cre@le Jars -cjeracmis averermtararercicte's.c
Gardners, Conewago Creek....
Gettysburg, March Creek.....-
Goldsboro, Susquehanna
RIVE? Se cwmcmenseeow sisters

Creek. cccaclswee

West Conoco-

cheague Creek.

Honey Brook, Brandywine
Creek, East
Branch... ©.

Hosensack, Hancock’s pond. .
Hosensack Pond...
Huntingdon, Raystown
IBTaN Chie 5 yracrare sess emccies cess
Icedale, Brandywine Creek...
Indiana, Yellow Creek........
Lancaster, Conestoga River...
Meadville, Sugar Lake........
Mechanicsburg, Conodou-
guinet Creek. cases ceneecocc
Mercersburg, Conococheague
Creek, West Branch........
Mehoopany, Susquehanna
v1 ViCbisomcqrotejeseetione ceteris
Middleburg, Middle Creek....
Mifflin, Tuscarora Creek.....-
Monocacy, Monocacy Creek. -.
Mount Holly Springs, Moun-
tain Creek Pond...........<:
Mount Union, Aughwick
Creek. <<<.

Juniata River.

Fry.

Mount Wolf, Laurel Creek....|........

Little Conewa-

go Creek..... atewesem an

Finger-
lings,
yearlings,
and
adults.

Disposition.

Pennsylvania—Continued.

Myerstown, Swatara Creek...|.......-
Neshaminy Falls, Nesha-
miny Creek..ccccone eos soe Se neni
New Oxford, Conewago Creek.
Newton-Hamilton, Juniata
IRV CD sta sein be ecigaltacee ects = neces
Norristown, Schuykill River -
Oaks, Skippack Creek........|--------
Orbisonia, Aughwick Creek...|-
Black Log Creek. - x
Shade Creek. 2s..-.2|----4:- =
Palm, Perkiomen Creek......|-....---
Pequea, Pequea Creek........]..--.---
Susquehanna River..}......--
Philadelphia, Fairmount
Park Aquariums se-eo-6 |e =
Phoenixville, French Creek. ..|...-..--
Schuykill
RAVOl sje so ae
Pittsburgh, Straub’s pond....|...-..--
Point View, Juniata River,
Frankstown Branch.......-
Rahns, Perkiomen Creek. ..-.-
Skippack Creek. ......
Reading, Maiden Creek.....--
Muddy Creek......-.
Northkill Creek....-
Tulpehocken Creek .
Ryde, Juniata River........-.
Sabula, Sabula Lake......-.-
Safe Harbor, Susquehanna
River seisnnssscassancacees
St. Peters, French Creek......
Scotland, Conococheague
Creeks scien a3 embesenn ae
Shenks Ferry, Susquehanna
RIV Els in;o5. sa cqencnenn coaeee ls emedtoe
Shirleysburg, Aughwick Creek}.....-..-
Spring City, Mill Pond.......
Sprogel’s run....
Stony Creek.....
Telford, Perkiomen Creek,
Northeast Branch........--
Topton, Saucony Creek.......
Washington Borough, Sus-
quehannay Ravel aeqsassose| seneeeee
West Chester, Brandywine

usquehanna

RIVED: seoeanee aeseides

Wycombe, Neshaminy Creek.
Yerkes, Perkiomen Creek... .
Skippack Creek......- be

Work, Beaver Creek. qessececlesseeeee
Bennetts creeks sacerec|atonite oe
Bermuda Creek.......-]--------

Big Conewago Creek. ..|....-.--
BullRuni Creekss 5222 |seeeesee

Cahin' Creeks seeecns-olesceca es
CodorusiCregkeaccone o| seeaeeee
Codorus Creek,

HOEK Sconce ec oeaee

Conewago Creek......-
Fishing Creek.........-.
HoxiCreekeswsacsce cece
Kreutz Creek... ...-.=-

Little Conewago Creek .

Ore Valley Pond.......

Olttier Credks-.ceeeeeces
Yorkhayen, Susquehanna
RIV GF, Saiacialearamewe rece onaiclanelateteleletat=

Finger-
lings,

Fry. {yearlings,
and

adults.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

103

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisu Eaas, py Locauiry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Disposition. Fry
Rhode Island:
Westerly, Paucatuck River. ..}.....---
South Carolina:
Florence, Muldraws Mill
pond es cote ea eae cea tseecce
Sumter, MceGirt Mill Pond....|.......-.
South Dakota:
Aberdeen, Lake Minneeho....|......--
Ardmore, Pease Lake....----|-.------
Belle Fourche, Diversion
Dai ea oo sate eee tek cece eked

Castle Rock, Castle Rock Lake |... F
Chamberlain, Martin’s lake. ..|......--.
Martin’s pond..|........

Gnrezory Osler lake. c2-a6sc |e wanes
Hamill, Lake Wamblee..-.-.-..|..-.----
Philip, Buzzard Creek Pond..|.-....-.-
Haagenson’s pond....|.......-

Pierre, Binder’s pon
ZAC EWS PONG se cared eee eee
Presho, Johnson’s pond.......|-.------
Rapid City, Quincy Pond... -.|.......-.

West Channel

Scenic; Cookis pond! ese sesslece ee
Shoemaker, Willow Creek. -...|-....---
Watertown, Lake Kampeska.|......--
iLake. Relicanwss jenscsc-.
Wewela, Newman’s pond.....].......-
Tennessee:
Adams, Dillard?s pond .js..sae-ecc= 5.
Elk Fork Creek :
Fort’s ponds........- .
Ashland City, Sycamore Creek
Bells, Booth?s pond ccs. 2. fecenck.-
Bethel Springs, Cude’s pond..|-.......
Buffalo Valley, Bate’s pond-.-|........
Chattanooga, ¢

aldwell Pond..|.......-
Fimomavakeuse tesaacee.

Clarksville, Davies Pond.....|.....-...
Minnow Pond... -|.....2.-
Tied vRIGenS saassalaeeser,<-
Red River, Big
West Fork SL Saeeeee

Cleveland, Candies Creek.....].......-
Halls mond] semcas|eeecceae
Rainbow Lake....|........

Columbia, Duck River........|.-.....-
Fountain:Creek....|.......-
Rutherford Creek. .

Cowan, Moore’s

Decherd, Criswell’s pond.....|.....---

Donelson, Massey’s pond.....|......--.

Farner, Plumley Branch.....|-...--.-

Rock Creek-Pond -.2}....22.-

Turtletown Creek....|...-..--

Fayetteville, Elk River.......|........
West. Mulberry

: a OREN As Bel [bo econsc

Franklin, Big Harpeth River.].......-
South Harpeth

DRIVER aco crotumeocdpeeececee

Gallatin, Rogan Pond. ......}.......-

Graham, Garners Creek......./....-..-

Finger- Finger-
lings, lings,
yearlings, Disposition. Fry. |yearlings,
and and
adults. adults.
Tennessee—Continued.
45 Hampton Station, Darden’s
PONG jc anjaseniebee 150
Fortson’s
1,750 DOUG Sel enciaeee 150
500 Murphy’s
ponds sjabecwariece 300
90 Winter’s
30 Pong een lee emeiscte 150
Harriman, Emory River.....|.......- 225
105 Lakeview Lake. «..)......0. 75
70 Watson’s pond....|........ 75
70 Henry, Outing Wakesene2 45-442 -ece- 150:
70 Hollow Rock, Railroad Pond.}.......- 100
70 Huntland, Mingo Pond......-|.......- 150
35 Jasper; Mow Creeks 22. ee -\nccesewe 150
30 Jefferson City, Holston River.|........ 300
75 Kingston Springs, Brush
75 Creeks So ces cacscranceene seer ts aceeee 200
75 Lawrenceburg, Shoal Creek...|.......- 150
15 Shoal Creek,
75 North Fork.]|........ 150°
Shoal Creek,
45 South Fork.]........ 150
30 bewisburg, Hull) Pond... loc cose 150
35 Lexington, Freestone Pond...|.......- 100
660 Lookout Station, Lake Look-
2,740 OU bs oete re rae t esa eee ale seems 80
35 Loudon, Paint Rock Creek....|...... 300
Martel, Howard’s pond 150
150 Martha, Wood’s pond......-..- 150
150 Mitchellville, Gossett’s pond 100
450 oad Pond 100:
300 Round Pond 100
100 McKenzie, Clear Lake 300:
90 Morrison, Barren Fork River.|........ 225
150 Mount Pleasant, Big Bigbee
375 ‘ Leekweete|eeaseees 300
300 Sugar Creek,
300 Mast MOrks3|0s2scae 150
150 Wilson’s
150 Mong. ea4|—: essen 150
300 Murfreesboro, Lake Excelsior.|_....... 40
Stockird’s
300 10101000 hs 35864 eeecnoee 40
Nashville, Caney Fork River..|........ 500
300 Lake Albertaio.522\icocc5. 150
150 Make Beasleye <2 05|0 25 52eee 200
300 Smith Fork River..|.......- 600
150 New Market, Taylor’spond...|........ 100
300 New River, New River.......|......-- 225
150 Norma, NG Ww Rlyela va. scacn eles: sees 300
300 Normandy, Isham Pond.....-. ee 40
300 Nunnelly, Piney River....... 300
300 Oakdale, Emory River. 150
40 Obhion! Obion iRiver: 5 a aale eeenee 200
40 Orlinds tRase’sipond)- i eel eee eke 150
150 RoumdtPon discs eeeet. Basen 150
150 Petersburg, Cane Creek.......].......-. 150
150 Pierce Station, Morris Pond...|........ 150
300 Powell, Silver Lake... .....22-|2<.cco- 150
450 Probst, duosti Creeks een acs a|hce secs. 300
Pulaski, Richland Creek......|........ 450
450 Quebeck, Caney Fork Creek. .|.......- 150
450 Rockford Whittle Riven. os24| a2 saceee 300
Rossville wWwrolt River. © essesceeaeece 90
150 Roland, Sparkman’s pond....|...-..-.- 7.
150 Sailors Rest, Yellow Creek....].......- 450
150 St. Bethlehem, Gun SinkPond|......-- 150
Jobnson’s pond}....-.-- 150
Sparta, Blue Spring Creek....|...--..-- 150
150 i pent Greckucae 9 2 15 & coe sn
ringfield, Porter’s pond.....|.......- 00
200 A : 450

Greenville, Lick Creek, Long
HOTS pereeeeem sac eeiseea cee ckivesicee

Sycamore Creek. .]........

>

104 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF Fish AND FisH Eaes, py Locaniry anp Sprcres, FiscaL YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Finger-
lings,
Disposition. Fry. | yearlings,
and
adults.
‘Tennessee—Continued.
Trenton, Powell?sipond=.2.:5-|2------- 180
Walling, Henderson’s pond...|.....--- 7
Wartrace, Duck River, Garri-
Som Workivasencs scecseesccce|sseecse 120
Waverly, Big Richland Creek.|........ 200
BlueiCreek: joe 25. | ci... 200
Hurricane Creekt=. .|5-...5--- 300
MraceiCreek-caecic- | 2-5 i2 = 200
Wetmore, Prendergast Pond..|......-- 300
White Bluff, Harpeth River. .|......-.- 300
Turnbull Creek..|........ 250
Whitwell, Sequatchie River...|......-- 150
Wildersville, Rush’s pond. ...|......-.- 100
Spring Pond!~ <.|-s.2--<- 100
Texas:
Aguilares, Yates’s pond......-|.------- 1,850
Alanreed, Meadow Pond....-..|...-.--- 800
‘Alba, Hodgesisiponds).-2cec<cllsseceios 1,500
MOweSpondS sone ece. cee easce cee 3,000
Outing Club wakes: se.|5------- 2,500
Alpany, Davis -Pondessssessne| secs a. 800
Newcomb Pond......!........ 655
Aledo, Trinity River, Clear
ODKiats 5 ecacdscicticeciaemeses|secseeee 2,400
Alpine Lhomas Bonde scsecee|eces ose 60
Alvin Slataper/spond's.. oo ce-|acesc<=- 1,000
Annona, English Lake........|..-.--.- 1,500
‘Asherton, Emegel’s) ponds se. s|sececeee 1,000
Sullivans pond. <2 2|5 45-202 200
Athens) MillsiRondSencoscaceclaceeeeee 2,000
Atlanta, Baucum’s pond-s.<...|o.~-<- <1 1,000
ID ivanSp ON dieses ce sec eeee 1,000
Chandiler’sipond).S24\aco-- =e 1,000
Dunlapismonde: teecn|-eskie cae 1,000
Westbrook’s pond...}.....--- 125
Axtell; MeGinty’slake:s2 5. 20)|o222 2325 75
Bagwell, Dearth’s pond.......|...s.... 750
Bailey, Naylor's pondss-cesenslcasne ee = 800
Bangs, Rutledge’s lake........|......-. 500
Bardwell, Stovell’s pond......|.......- 2,500
Bassett, euineS pond ayers see |aceee se = 750
Bastrop; yal’ Sipondsesescanc|aececeee 60
Bay City, Moore’s pond.......|.......- 700
Beaumont, Neches River.....]......-- 450
Beckville, Crawford Millpond |].......- 1,550
Bedias, Kerr & Bracewell’s gin
PONG. keene eee el eoeeee ee 1,500
Mee Makers ae sealsoneueee 1,100
Belcherville, Benton’spond...}.......- 125
Bellville, Clear Creek. .........]........ 4,500
Bettie, Brson’sipondess asec |ecsece oe 3,000
iindseyZS Pon decease |eaeeeae 3,000
Big Wells, Vincent Lake......}........ 5,900
Birome, Birome Pond). citce close ccc oe 1,500
Bishop, Bishop Lake. ........|.... 2 1,500
Blossoms Grayisipouden) sess lseoereee 275
OlivertPondeeesecee|oseeceoe 275
Readssiponde esses. |seeeeeee 275
Blum Brooks PonGecee soosee| ssmeecee 500
WisdelspondSan. sscceciseeecees 1,000
Bonham, Bonham Cotton Mill
PONG Szscecice aces ales eecee 1,500
Club makes ssa sss aa 3, 000
Bon Weir, Stark Fish Pond...|........ 3, 100
Bovina, Robbin’s pond.......].......-. 650
Brady, Dutton’s pond. .......|--..2..- 100
Wihiteake= 7s. 55 5 rae eaee 1,100
Brazos, Headquarters Lake...]........ 700
Brenham, Watson Lakes.....).......- 1, 455
Bronson, Spring Branch......]........ 900
Brownwood, Brownwood
Lakes bea soa|emoneste 6,500
Camp/s ponds. aleces5 675
Fairland Lake...|........ 1, 200
Moore’silakes sc ccl os cmcsiscr 500

Disposition. Fry.

Texas—Continued.
Bullard, Stripling’s pond. -...)........
Burton, Jaroszewsky’s pond. .|.......-
Calvert, Beard’s pond.:..... 2222-5...
Cameron, Cameron Pond....-.|-......-
Carmine, Roemer’s pond.....|.......-
Carthage, Foster’s lake......-|.......-
Sycamore Lakes....|.......-.
Wiall?s ponden esses seaceees
Center, Clear Spring Pond..-.]........
Center Point, Medina River..|........
Channing, Grapevine Creek...|........
Running Water
Croekssameeeccaee tatcscce
Chester, Willow Lake.........|.....-..
Chillicothe, Hill Crest Pond..].......-
Christine, Lake Comores soils aseaeee
Clarksville, McCarver’s pond -]........
Red River Lake-..}........
Clint; Turner’s lakes... en| eee eee
Coleman, Bachelor Prong
Liak@)n.cjeljoacisscissioieemceeo| maeeecee

Corsicana, Benton Lake.....-.]........
Drane’s\pondese: as|sse-eeee

PRISH a miko Nios Uo | Peee nee

Crockett, Bermuda Lake....-]........
Collin’s) pond) se sea- 13] eae see

WIOOlly 7S PON Gc reales

Crystal City, Moklatix Pond..}........
Raymond Bake-s2|e-20-5c0

Dallas, Country Club Lake...]........
Meadow, bond aascsesa| ss seeeee

Del Rio, Devils: River s-isss-a-|s-e5----
Thomas Bond Shesn.5|esseosae

Detroit, Angora Make--2_. 2 s))s..--.-
Dooley Wakes. os gee|seceoe ce
Roger's Pond); jae. cslsee cc one
Scraprehond sss -eencalesesneee
W hitner Pondice ss aieeenene
Dunlay, Medina Valley Pond.|........
Eden, Brady Creek........-.-|........
Edgewood, Bdeeniood Club
a

McClellan’s pond.|.......-

Melton Lake.....|......--.

Edna, Alligator Lake.........|.......-
Rice, Canalesss-cmeeenae|saeeeect
Ellinger, Holan’s pond.......|-..-...-
Elm Mott, Club Lake.........|.-:-----
Elysian fields, Owen’s pond..|.......-
Emhouse, Reid Lake.........].......-
Tinkleys;pondess= ce |ssseasce
Eneinal,'Lenz’s pond). :.-...-|-5...---
Rettaber’s pond.....].....-..

Ennis, Caldwell’s pond.......|.-.-----
Cerfs ponGeeeens acca) Beosece

Mernis Makes ern c co eeeee te

Sandmbakecss ist. cc loseeee ae
Eustace, Lock iake:ss. 5... -|ssasecer
Falfurrias, Jones’s pond

La Tasa Lake..-..|...---:
IBLOOKS’SiPOndesase|-eeeee-e
Ferris, Brick Company Pond.}........
Floyd, Greenwade’s pond....!.......-

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1918.

105

DIsTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, By Locatirry AND Species, FiscaAn YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Disposition.

Finger-
lings,
Disposition. Fry. | yearlings,
and
adults.
Texas—Continued.

Fluvanna, Browning’s pond..|........ 400

Fort Stockton, Comanche
(ORG ee ao secennboossnonssase|booedsnc 2, 400
Fort Worth, Fosdick’s pond..|.......- 3, 000
Triplett’s lake...|.......- 3, 000
Foukes Spur, Lake View.....|.......- 3,500
Fowlerton, Alligator Lake....|........ 3, 000
la eoonsocd sscequas 3, 000
Franklin, Mosquito Pond.....|........ 350
Frisco, Frisco Lake......-..--|.......- 2, 200
RVORERS PON Coes secre lotsa 630
Gainesville, Bentley’s lake....).......- 500
Garland, Dausye Lake........|........ 240
enard! Creekssseece=|sseeeses 340
Garza. Bermuda) Pond... 2selboseace. 100
Gates, Texas Company Lake.|......_. 125
Germania, Osborne’s pond....|_....... 300
Giddings, Carmean’s lake.....|........ 1,100
Miertschin’s pond..|........ 800
Gilmerebay, POnd!s- ose peses|eseeees 175
Monts ponds... sssss|ncse ens. 107
Gladewater, Tuttle’s pond....|........ 1,000
Glidden, Clapp’s lake.....-...|.......- 3, 600
Deerbake cot secs c|seat ace 2, 700
Goodnight, Buffalo Ponds....|........ 200
lorseve onde wyescellmeLee oe 100

Spring Creek
Pond Pe scaassems|Meceeoe 200
Gordon, Elmhurst Lake......|........ 1, 500
Jamieson’s pond.....|.......-. 1,500
Millerspond .cemecsalsessce.. 1,500
INewtoniPond ss. 52- |zesesen. 1,500
Providence Wake se|-ocecisee 1,500
TMwimuallces)s senna saeseaee 1,500
Grand Prairie, Hughes’s pond.|........ 215
Willow Pond..|........ 90
Grapeland, Eleaney Pond....|........ 2,500
INGelgE Ond Sasa se enon eee 1,000

Grapevine, Grapevine Club
IG AK Ola seine eis gate ais wie, -aichel| sieiseke eis 1,500
Greenbrier, Beckham’s pond.|........ 400
Ducks Creeks aor [ss oon. 5, 250
Greenbrier Creek.|........ 1,010
Greenbrier Lake..|........ 400
Indian) Creek 22 2}. 222.22. 800
Midi @reeky.ceeee sence see 400
SandiBond=ssess.|--s202 oe 3, 750
Williams Creek...|........ 2, 250
Greenville, Camp’s lake.......]........ 500
Gresham, Sweet Gum Lake...|........ 800
Groveton, Southside Pond....|........ 6, 000
Halisburg, Clear Wake. an acwel 4 scec se 2, 500
Hawkins, Mill Creek..........|...-.--- 3, 500
Hebronville, Edds Pond......|........ 1, 250
Helmic, Railroad Pond.......|........ 2,000
Henderson, Swinney Lake....|.......- 1,000
Henrietta, Canyon Pond......|.......- 1,000
Horseshoe Lake...]........ 2, 000
Neville Lake......|.......- 1,000
Honey Grove, Gauldin Lake..|........ 1, 500
Hubbard, Bjurstrum’s pond.. : 380
Blue Pond..... : 380
Lofgren’s pond.....].......- 380
Snap Pond seaeme aliens. oe. 487
Hutchins, Dallas Club Lake..|........ 4,000
Jacksboro, Carroll’s creek.....|.......- 8, 500
Daugherty Lake...|.......-. 800
Kenoxslaaikke ss eles ose 1,475
Jacksonville, Black Pond.....]........ 1, 000
Boles Halketwer. 5855. 28 1,400
Parrishiivalcele. s|beme jane 90
Jonesville, Brown’s pond.....|.......- 1,000
Kaufman, Allen’s pond.......|.......- 1,100
Boykin spondecess|soeu.cee 1,000
Carlisle’s pond.....!........ 1,000

Texas—Continued.
Kaufman, Crawfish Lake.....
Crown Lake.......
Gilmore Pond.....
Jones’s lake........
Pawson's pond

Kemp, Berry Lake..........-
Clear Makes seer ceen-
Chibilake Sf2s52552--
Kemp Benny Lake..
Wonpylbaket es asseccee

Kent, Tatum’s spring........

Kerens, Perry’s pond.....-.---

Kerrville, Barnett Pond......

Beck’s lake
Goat Creek
Gregory Lake.-.....
Guadalupe — River,

North Fork......

Hedae ONG ease
Louis! Lake. 3-2...
Kilgore, HamiJton’s pond.....
Kosse, Denny Lake........--
La Mesa, Garland’s pond.....
Lampasas, Campbell’s pond. .
Collins’s pond.....
Culver Pond No. 2.
Laredo, McDermott Pond....
Webb Lake..........
Leander, Faubion’s pond.....
Leesburg, Turner Mill Pond..
Lewisville, Heath Lake.....-.
Lexington, Beasley’s pond....
Lillian, Casteven’s pond......
Llano, Llano River..........-
Lone Oak, Allmon’s pond..-..
Barnett Pond No.

Roberts’s pond... .
Loraine, Davis Pond...-......
Lott, Barlow Pond..........-
Franzel’s pond.........
NUN tak ONG Sse acne eee
Looka’s pond...........
Lovelady, Jackson Lake......
Loving Lake......
Lubbock, Coleman Pond.....
Lufkin, Boynton Lake.......
Lyons, Bates Pond.-.-...-...
Englemann’s pond....
Fahnert’s pond.......
Hruska’s pond........
Oppermann’s pond...
Pivonka’s pond No. 1.
Pivonka’s pond No. 2.
Westis ponds. 2a.
McDade, Bostic’s pond......-
McKinney, Atkinson Creek...
Burrus Pond.....

Doe Branch......

McKinney Club

TEAK OS co Srsiccieiatc

Mc Kinney’s pond
Madisonville, Menefee’s pond.
Marion, Ebert’s pond.........

Mart, Drinkard’s pond.......

Megargel, Railway Pond..,,..

Finger-
lings,

Fry. |yearlings,

and
adults.

106 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DistRIBUTION OF Fish AND Fisu Eaas, By Locaurry anp Species, FiscaL YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Finger-
lings,
Disposition. Fry. | yearlings,
and
adults.
Texas—Continued.
Memphis, Lone Spring Pond.]........ 800
Meridian, Finley’s pond......}........ 500
Mertzon, Shallow Well Lake..|........ 500
Mesquite, Duff Lake........-|.......-. 1,100
Florence Lake.....|........ 1,100
Marshall’s lake...-.]........ 1,100
Mexia, Benton’s pond... ..-.-}........ 1,000
Redfield: Pond....-.---|........ 1,000
Miles, Willow Creek. ...-...--]........ 500
Mineral Wells, Bluff Creek....|........ 2,600
Eagle Creek...|........ 2, 400
Mineola, County Farm Pond.|........ 1,500
Glade Creek Pond...|........ 90
Holland Club Lake..}._...... 620
Lloyd and Denton
PONGi ac ceceicccseelnedcceen 1, 500
MAL Tale). Ss.0s sce etes|saeaenee 1,500
Red Bud-Lake-.....|.......- 620
Russellisilakes-fc.c<5| eos cd 1,500
Mount Calm, City Waterworks
1 2%03000 eae Se ee 400
Gin-Pond = 2525 3020.2. 400
Old Town Pond.|_....... 185
Prairie Hill Lake|__...... 380
Mount Pleasant, Tennison’s
AC ratetastahereermiet 3, 000
Mount Selman, Brock Lake. -.|........ 500
Mount Vernon, Sharber’s
ONG ss see Sh SPs 800
Williams
Talker se, oa ane dae 800
Naples, Pastime Pond......../........ 880
New Baden, Persimmon Pond|........ 900
New Boston, Lumber Com-
pany lakes cc seeckies cic ccc te oneen 2,000
New Braunfels, Bear Creek...|........ 2,400
Comal River.|........ 3, 000
Guadalupe
Rivers. < 28 | Usetscee 3,535
Newcastle, Chandler’s pond. .|........ 250
Lake Neweastle...}........ 250
Newsome, Bermuda Lake....|........ 1,000
Elwood Club Lake.|........ 1, 250
Oake Lake... ccctalscdecee. 1,000
Nixon, Allen’s pondeeemoasess|scesecse 950
Campbell Pond....... ease 1, 200
Nocona, Jarrard Pend........ iaee ec oe 100
Onalaska, West Lumber Co.’s
Upper: pond-os..-s222522-200|2 cc ce 3, 000
Otto;Jund/s:porde=-22522 8255/5 Fe 500
Paducah, Nash Pond......... |Soscteieee 375
Paige, Behren’s-pond:=....2..|2 225.262 100
Kox-Pondl=ssceseeccene lecceeeee 871
Kissmann’s pond No. 1.|........ 800
Kissmann’s pond No. 2.|........ 868
Waake/sponde isecaecoaltecs nace 100
Rhode/sponds.scecscad|e scene 100
Ruehrmond’s:pond.. ios c.cs 800
Schellstede’s pond.....|........ 800
Paris, Bouvelard Farm Pond.|........ 1,500
Hdzard’s:pondcs.sssees|leenee ae 750
Lake-Riga i: scccccsccec|noretece 275
Oneta-Lake.-2 262222 5.2/0 e282. 750
Theilman Lake: =... ..2}-. 2.252. 600
Williams’s pond No. 2..|........ 1,500
Perry., Eckert’s'pond-.. 2.5.22). ....- 600
Pittsburg, Cole’s pond... 2... [bic 2 o ce 420
Efurd’s pond. 5... .|i223.22- 1,125
Ferndale Club Lake}.......- 1, 250
Jackson’s;pond.... 5-2 .2..8 1, 250
Willow-Pond 22 S| 2a 1, 250
Plano, Bishop’s:ponds: 7.2) seen et 2,000
Plainview, Advance Lake....|........ 3, 250
Lackey/spond.- 2s .\.2 523258 650

Little Gem Lake..’........ 1,950

Finger-
s
Disposition. Fry. ventas
and
adults
Texas—Continued.

Plateau, Akard’s pond......- 612
Pledger, Matthews Lake 2,400
Point, Simmons Pond........ 800
Thornton’s-pomd .. 5-2.|2--..cc22 325
Poteet, Martin’s pond......../.......- 1,000
Pritchett, Goffey’s pond: - 2. 3|-. 2-12). 75
Mathis: Pond. ....-.!)......2 1,500
Panky’s| pond... 2.4... 107
Purdon, Baker’s pond...-.-.-|-.-..-.< 380
Moore?s'pond-2-=..<.|+o---see 175
Putnam, Wathen Lake...-...-|........ 1,500
Retrieve, Lake Charlotte.....|........ 600
Riesel; Klattis, pond. 2-22 aeu-\s os anece 1,000
Krueger's pond .......|.....-.- 1,500
Sunsworth Lake..-.-.|........ 1,500
Turner’s pond < s2--sclloe ce cke 1, 500
Wiehring’s pomd: oo e822 oF 1,000
Richards, Hamilton Pond....|........ 2,475
Rockdale, Alligator Lake..-..|........ 440
Clear, Lake. ~soce--c|02 2 1,000
Hicks Lake f 1,000
Lee Pond 1,000

White Perch Club
AKOo: ceentosae eoelk cs cceeee 1,600
Rockwall, Leonard Lake .....|._...... 600
Willisilakess so. 2. 2233 1, 250
Rogers, Kirksey’s‘pond.....--/!_..2..! 500
Lake Odomn.~- 20-552, on. 500
Rosebud, Gregory’s pond.....|........ 5, 100
Stillwell’s pond.....)........ 5, 400
Winkleman’s pond.|_....... 1, 700
Rotan, Acs-Pond:- 25. 0s-2-2/io.. ll oe 1, 400
Bostick.Bond? 3.5 2 [ll te ke 400:
Forrester’s pond .....--|.0 02.22 1,550
Loving Ponds e222 oe els 1,830
Royse City, Bois D’Are Lake.|._._.__. 230
Royse City Lake.|_...__.. 300
Sabinal, Frio-River-...-.-.---)) 2002... 500

Frio River, West
Branch... (je). =: 500:
Saginaw, Beall’s pond No. 1... 650
Beall’s pond No. 2.. 650:
Lake Wandry...... 1,300

San Antonio, Fest and McAs-
kill Lakes. l.| 2.0... 600

Medina Valley
Pond. .25 5. 3 eee 5, 867
Salado River... .|_......- 2,600
San Benito, Stegman Lake...|........ 2,500
San Marcos, San Marcos River |........ 7,000
Santo, Ramsey Pond!:...-5.--|......6- 500
Savoy, Large’s pond........../........ 550
Seguin, Guadalupe River.....|........ 4, 400
Sherman, Evans Pond......../........ 1,100
Guniter’s-lake..-..-) 002250: 1,000
Sierra Blanea, Hardwick Pond|........ 650
Smithville, Lake Louise......|........ 60
Spring Braneh....|_....... 60
Willow Branch...|........ 5,600
Snyder, Fuller’s pond.....-.-}........ 500
Hufiman’s'pond!.....).2.....2 500
Thompson’s pond....|........ 400

Spofford, Dutch Battle
Ground Creek... . 500
West’s pond........ 500
Streetman, Gilbert’s pond. ... 2,000
Sulphur Springs, Adams Pond]........ 420
Eberta Lake }........ 1, 250

Railroad
Pond 5-04 |se2 osnce 1, 250
Swearingen, Beef Pond.......].....-.-- 600
Talpa, Laughlin Lake. .......|..-.-..% 500
Taylor, Hurta’s pond... ......|.....5- 90
Temple, West Falls Pond....}.......- 560
Menahas Lake Clitizes ese necleeteccce 3, 250

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

107

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fis Eaas, py Locanrry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Disposition. Fry.

Texas—Continued.

Terrell, Adcock’s pond......-.
Breeden Pond......-.
Butler’s
Cariker
Charlton’s
Davisthond. .ce-s--5=
Griffith’s lake........
Griffith’s pond.....-.
dem suPoneecssnceee
Lewis Pond..........

(TANG | AA eens real ee reece
Lumkin’s pond.......
McGinnis Pond....-..
Morrow’s pond.......
Noble’s pond.........
Powell’s pond........
Raley & Gell Pond...

Thorndale, Schroeder’s pond.

Thorndale Club

Timpson, MeLeroy’s pond....
Tioga, Roger’s pond.........-
Trinity, Manry Lake.........

Hopp isiakelssa. .asc:

Tyler, Holtzclaw’s pond......
Uvalde, Nueces River......-..
Vernon, Castleberry’s pond...
Rell ponds. 2 sccscce
Long’s pond........-.
Waco, City Hall Fountain....
Cooper’s pond.........
Driskell Neall Lake...
Waco Fish Pond......
Waskom, Shady Pond........
Waxahachie, Bermuda Lake. -
Webb, bh PatorPonteoecsectlnsceae a
Wiest; (ilmabake sie eres bore oe
Westville, Lumber Company
Pond esas teat cc ccen cccese a me sceack
Whitesboro, Whitesboro Lake
Wichita Falls, Lake Creek
IDE eas es ae eee

Wills Point, Clear Lake. ..../.)......--
Wolfe City, Floyd’s pond
Mill Pond

No. 2
Yorktown, Hillside
Vermont:
Lyndonville, Chandler Pond. .
Virginia: :
Abingdon, Holston River,
Southwork=ssse-s--ecee oon
Amelia, ener Waker sso cee ss
Barbours Creek, Craigs Creek.
Bedford City, Nichols Lake...
Bridgewater, Cooks Creek....|........
Catron’s Siding, Cripple Creek |.._......
Charlottesville, Moores Creek.|._......
Tudor Grove
IPod see wes sections
Covesville, Hardware Creek. ..|.......-
Cullen, Blackstock’s pond....|........
Culpeper, Rappahannock

RAVER aaa eee eeee ee hace alse ee
Dixondale Wharf, Beaver-

Gam) Creeks oo aes. BU cactate ioeatelss
Edinburg, Stoney Creek......!........

Finger-
lings,
yearlings,
and
adults.

1,800

800

150
150

Oklahoma Creek
Ponder eee occa
Water View Pond

Yahleys Mill pond

Rock Castle, Dungeness Pond
Tilmanisipond js. 522 -

Seneca, Seneca Creek.-.......]........
Spencer, South Mayo Creek...|......-.-
Stony Creek, Chapusls Mill
10,0) 0 NOs se meee eae es
Fishing Club
PONG Ss s222500<|sssscce5

Houle’s pond...!...... 36

Finger-
lings,
Disposition. Fry. |yearlings,
an
adults.
Virginia—Continued.
Eiliston; Stiles’s ponds oo... .s]-- ss.ce 100
Ewing, indian Creek.........|........ 100
Farmville, Edmunds’s pond..}......-.. 100
Green Bay, Wing’s pond.....|........ 100
Griffith, Cowpasture River...|........ 550
Guinea, Copley’s pond........]........ 80
IP OURIVERsIEe o2 re caes eo coosce 180
PUTKS PON see acc yseeaces 100
Sunnyside Pond .....|........ | 40
Tvor;aWierrell’spond 22s eee |acee 2 150
Kincaid) Jackson River. -222--|). 225.2. 550
Lawyers, Flat Creek..-.-..-.|.......- 200
Lester Manor, Walkerton
(Ponds sb. ee ce. 200
Wolverton
Mill Pond]........ 200
Lexington, Buffalo River... ..|..-.-... 200
Lightfoot, Newman’s pond...]|........ 200
Marion, Spruce’ Creek-2 ).225.2|_2- 2-2 - 500
Newcastle, Craigs Creek......|........ 100
yohnsCreekteeen el teeee cee 300
Norfolk, Water Company
1 eto) 8 16 A ae aes Bets HS uOeee ReiReEae 100
North End, Fishing Bay Pond]........ 125
akerGrinelsee.catessnee. 125
Parr Craig Rivers aan ee nen oen lees oe ne 200
Petersburg, Burge’s pond.....|......-. 600
Wstes Pond sas sec|e acne 200
Haywood Mill
1 01.03 016 Lesa eer aS (eRe at 300
Jackson Pond o.oo |it2 sce. 100
Kanes Mill pond .}........ 300
Old Town Creek
Md sss. oe sen ocaee 500
Ruffins Mill pond]......-. 350
Potts Valley Junction, New
IRI VOLS eter ern eee trace = mc)cayic 200
Profit, Miller’spond oe nse. c\eoc 02 100
Providence Forge, Mirror
Dakell. <0 2222. 650
Providence Forge Pond.......)......-- 300
Randolph, Big Bluestone
Creekctsaaaccesecnten ce acer laeease cs 200
Richmond, Capitol Square
Pond sacee cee cae |oe oe et a 50
Chesterfield Club
Pond sceccteecs cl enccencr 200
Christian Mill
PONG eee ese ted 200
Diascond Pond swe seas 300
Forest Hill Park
Aakers ears See ace cece 300
Fulton Club Pond }........ 200
IHarnish?s pond: /|25.. 22. 200
Johnson’s pond...|........ 200
Joseph Bryan
OG 3 Se Se ahead BECe SAA 300
Licking Creek
PONG eer ek ecco e acast ee 200
Loch Gregor Pond|]........ 100
Maddison Pond. .j........ 200

108

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF Fish AND Fisu Eaes, By Locaniry anp Species, Fiscan YEar
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Finger-
lings,
Disposition. Fry. | yearlings,
and
adults.
Virginia—Continued. :
Stony Creek, Sappeney Mill
FofoTaCa Ly iop eee oe eer eee 200
Suffolk, Lake Savage.........]------.. 400
Taylorstown, Catoctin Creek..}-...-.-- 250
Toano, Carlton’s pond..... eh eee 175
Wheeler, Butchers Branch....]....-.-- 500
in diamiCree ke eee oe laterite 500
Winchester, Hillyard Pond...|......-- 100
Windsor, Bracey’s pond......|.......- 300
Braswell’s pond....}.---.--- 300
Woods Lane, Travis’s mill
OW Mae reeeis cseice tice eeisioteeieto| eleloverstotate 100
Woodstock, Shenandoah Rivy-
er NOLthy Bonkers teeter pease se 300
Washington:
Almira, Boundary Lake......].-.-.-.- 73
Anacortes, Hummels Lake...|--.--.---- 80
Boyds, Most Wakes-eas- cose. < [acceso 80
Bryant, Sunday Lake........]...--..- 40
Granite Falls, Wall Lake.....|......-- 40
Mar ble;ake Mania... cee] 40
Oroville, Hershberger Lakes. .|..-..--- 150
Republic, Mud Lake.........|-.--.--- 40
Swantlaketescccsn|scesecice 40
Spokane, Silver Lake........].:-.-.-- 80
Stanwood, Lake Ketchum....].....-.-- 80
Winona, big Covelakes ss. 1\i 5-5.) 75
West Virginia:
Alipright, (Cheat, Riviere. «<-:<|-/-.42> <1 = 120
Big Creek, Guyandotte River.|.....-.-- 400
Blue Creek, Elk River.......|..-...-- 500
Buckhannon, Buckhannon
River sascssoskcscssscesse|osinns ss 400
Charleston; lk River. s2eceec|cco=- =.= 150
Davy. lndiani Creeks eel tem =l= 300
Guyandotte River,

Clear Borks=<\..5 Sec. cic|cickes <i 300

Elkins, Tygarts Valley River.|......-- 880
Elm Grove, Big Wheeling

Greekcseanee econ ecee aaoee | seiseectere 300
Fairmont, Tygarts Valley

IRvensers coos caceerceseie cl=oactecns 300
Glendon, Birch River........|......-- 400
Grafton, Tygarts Valley River |..--..-.-- 160
Great Cacapon, Great Caca-

DOMMRIiviehse acres sere eee 1,300
Jacksonburg, Fishing Creek,

South Morkuee secrete de soraee 380
Kendalia, Blue Creek........]-...---- 400
Keyser, Pattersons Creek.....|...----- 75

anders;Sipondess sneclaseseeer 300
Martinsburg, Back Creek.....]...--.-- 500
Opequon Creek.|.......- 700

Mill Creek, Tygarts Valley

RIV Clusereisiciaceice nercieniae eee cell se amisieee 400
Moorefield, Potomac River,

PoutheBranch’os saceck se. ees cee ses 2,125
Morgantown, Cheat River....|.-.-.... 120

Dunkard Creek.|-....... 50
Monongahela
IU Vielisemislomes| aac clsles 240
Moundsville, Fish Creek......|.....-.. 300
Mullens, Barker’s creek.......|.......- 300
Guyandotte River...|........ 500
Guyandotte River,
Slabhhoris!.csenes|eennciene 400
New Martinsville, Big Fish-

IMgi Creek... <2 sansiaaceectesc| wens cl 80
Owensport, Little Kanawha

IRiveriecessce cece cee seecellaestmecs 200
Parkersburg, Little Kanawha

River ses acces tseccacac meen sacadees 220
Paw Paw, Potomac River....'.......- 240

Disposition.

Finger-
lings,
Fry. {yearlings,
and

adults,

West Virginia—Continued.
Pine Grove, Fishing Creek,
North ork 22a. seecmeaeente
Porters Falls, Fishing Creek. .
Romney, Potomac River,
South Branch............_-
Ronceverte, Greenbrier River.
St. Albans, Coal River.......

Shepherdstown, Potomac
IRIVEL Joris cc conte tanwes ee
Sistersville, Middle Island

Creek sie cess cons anceiowane
Sitlington, Sitlington Creek...
Terra Alta, Lake Terra Alta. .
Webster Springs, Elk River. -
Wheeling, Fish Greékessscc-c-

State Fair Aqua-
igi kD Add ee oemoce
White Sulphur, Greenbrier

FIVER diasteceses caseiee cies

Williamson, Tug River......-
Wisconsin:

Antioch, Bebor’s lake.......-
Athelstane, Elbow Lake.....-
Blair, Trempealeau Pond.....
Campbellsport, Forest Lake. .
Coloma, Crystal Lake.......-

Pleasant Lake.......

pond du Lac, Lake de Nevue.

Little Bass Lake....

Little Twin Lake...
Hancock, Fish Lake........-
Hartford, Pike Lake....
Hatfield, Lake Arbutus......
Independence, Big Elk Creek.
Bugle Lake...

Lower Elk
Creelkestscene

Trempeleau
River... ce-

Tron River, Armstrong Lake..
Big Angus Lake. .
Bismarck Lake...
Bladder Lake ....
Camp Four Lake.
Camp Twenty

Wakes soe asc
Crow Lake......-
Eagle Lake.......
Finger Lake......
Hire) ake... --...
Martelake en. <--,<
Tronslake:cc2... -
Little Angus Lake
ost Lakes. 2. <. -

Mud Lake........|-

Pine Wak@sss oes.

La Crosse, Blacksnake Creek...
Lake Beulah, Lake Beulah...
Laona, Birch Lakess. 5. 2=--~-
Langer Lake..-...---.
Ratiakeren set cecc~s-

Manitowoc, English Lake... .
Gass Lake.......

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

109

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fiso Eaas, By Locauiry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

LARGE-MOUTH BLACK BASS—Continued.

Finger- Finger-
lings, lings,
Disposition. Fry. | yearlings, Disposition. Fry. {yearlings,
and and
adults. adults.
Wisconsin—Continued. Wisconsin—Continued.
Manitowoc, Gatemans Lake..|........ 175 Three Lakes, Long Lake......]........ 250
Glomsky’s lake...|.......- 175 Medicine Lake. .|........ 125
Elarp Wakesss-ecs|sceceece 175 One Stone Lake |........ 125
HeartlaubisWakess|Ssose2-. 175 Range Line

Hemptons Lake..}........ 175 MIG Sonhed bodaonce 125
Kastbaum’s lake.|_....... 175 Spirit Lake... |2....... 125
Schiselisiakes S22 |bsee see. 175 Town Line Lake}........ 125
Mauston, Lemonweir Mill Tomah, Water Mill Pond.....]........ 350
Ponds ssassectes on ue steers 175 Van Ostand, Edith Lake....-|........ 250
Lemonweir River .-.|.......- 175 Wabeno, Buck Lake.........-|........ 300
Mauston Mill Pond.|........ 175 Deer Wakessnence soe|oe esos 300
Mellen, English Lake........-|......-- 90 East Branch Lake..|........ 300
Mineral Wakkescestecctete bem eee 90 Junglemakew isc |S ote 175

Merton, Lake Keesus..-.....-|.....-.- 350 Slogenhoff Lake.....)........ 300

North Lake, North Lake...-.-].......-. 350 Wiarrens, Razins Pond sc. -|J5..2.5- 400

Okauchee, Okauchee Lake...|........ 525 Wrarrens;bondsss2s|eee sees 400

Pelican, Pelican Lake.......-|.....-.- 300 Waupaca, Mirror and Shadow

iplainfield; WishiMakes =: se~a2|-scccee - 175 Wakes Seca ecsiaceiee cee a Saeeeaee 350

Gilbertitakess.s--|s2-5-52- 175 Whitewater, Whitewater Lake)........ 350
KoosletLake:-.-< =|: 2..-..- 175 Wonewoc, Alcott Pond......-|........ 175
Lake Huron 175 Baraboo River.-....]........ 175
Long Lake... - 175 Baraboo River,

Pine Wake ssee sce s| senses 175 Wiest) Branch ==. =| o222 2. 175

Random Lake, Random Lake |.......- 350 Castle Rock Pond.|........ 175

Sauk City, Koenigs Mill Pond.|........ 300 Crawiish Pond! 2. 2|2..2..-- 175

Schleisingerville, Cedar Lake..|.......- 350 Horseshoe Pond...]........ 175

Sheboygan Falls, G er bers MillPon dis-ease] eos ceee 175

IG AKOR stoma oe aeieseis 350 NorthvBranchic..scies.. sce. 175
Jetzers Lake|}......-.- 350 iPeters’sipondsssen-|5_sscnee 175

Spring Green, Wisconsin River|.....--- 400 RodgersiPond sir: -|25ace ces 175

Spring Lake, Spring Lake....-.|........ 175 Roehling’sipond:.-|52..-..- 175

State Line, Bass Lake..-....-|....--.- 300 Mant Pondssseecc ese cee 175

iIBinchyluakes sss c-sleceesece 125 TimbersWVakexssces| ce acces 175
CrystallMakesss|atcasce. 125 Wiestispondeaceaen (25. so see 175
Lac Vieux Desert Wolienden’s pond.|........ 175
Wake 22 tee deals zeauions 300 || Wyoming:
Pot FishsLake=..<|<<<<e- - 125 Casper, Casper Storage Reser-
Stevens Point, Big Plover VO sees stecaseeeises|eeesee se 45
Rivers. <-- Sse oes - 350 HatiSixlakenescesec|eescseee 30
Rocky Rune|ess.2-n- 175 Gillette, Lake De Smet.......].......- 60
Wisconsin Glendo, North Platte River. .|........ 30
Rivcescese| 22s: a. 525 || Pine Bluff, Little Moon Lake.|........ 30
Sturgeon Bay, Sturgeon Bay..|....---- 525 Rawlins, North Brown Canon
Three Lakes, Big Fork Lake..}......-.- 125 ake san -caetsece|hcaees ee 30
Big Stone Lake.|.....---. 125 South Brown Canon
Butternut Lake |--....--- 125 Wake. ceecmccnes coe Ata.ci.ce 60
Cooktbake: fa 3: |Ss5sase: 125 Sheridan, Dinwiddie Lake....|........ 40
Bilmvbakessesc-| sec ser 125 a
Island! ake j2<.-|2:s52-0- 125 MNotalaes csc. Vee cece 26, 250 | 1,231,052
@ Lost in transit, 1,250 fry and 3,908 fingerlings.
SUNFISH (BREAM),.
Finger- Finger-
: lings, lings,
Disposition. yearlings, Disposition. yearlings,
and and
adults. adults.
Alabama: Alabama—Continued.

Altoona, Durham Spring Pond No. 2.. 100 Bessemer, West Lake............cse0- 180
Hurst’s pond No. 1.......... 100 Birmingham, Brewster’s lake.......-. 75
Hurst’s'pond No. 2.......:..- 100 Feeneker’s pond.......-. 600

Andalusian Knox!Pond |. o2s-cscnns5- . 900 Scott’s branch.......... 909

Anniston, Jelk’s pond................. 75 Carrollton, Bonner Mill Pond......... 200

Ohnson’s\pondis.. -a-scecce 150 Coalfire Creek.... eae 200
MakeukBifer sss asscesscee 150 Lubbubb Creek... = 200
Weatherly Pond........... 350 Centerville, Spring Hill Pond......... 400

110

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DIsTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaes, By Locaniry anp Species, Fiscat YEAR
1913—Continued.

SUNFISH (BREAM)—Continued.

Finger-
lings,
Disposition. yearlings,
and
adults
Alabama—Continued.

Clayton, Bickley’s pond......:....-.- 250
Renn’sponth.: ssseeesiee<---- 150
Fillingim’s pond............. 150

Comer, Holly Creek..... wee SeGewees <<: 600

Cuba, MecGowen’s pond.......--...--- 250

Cullman, Brogden River........------ 75

Cossey’sipond....5..5..------ 300
Graham’s pond) ree asec 75

Demopolis, Cement empay Pond... 900

Elamville, Shepard Pond...........-- 150

Eufaula, Guice Lake. ..........- sidee 200
Wilson Pond 150

Mutawspkenes POndee. «secede sac 400

Fayette, Mount Pleasant Pond........ 900
Wihite’s ponds scpacecesssecie 400

Fort Payne, Crystal Lake.....-......- 225

SautiyCreekos -oactseueen= 225

Towa: Creek ris vere soe es- 225

Gadsden, Big Canoe Creek.......----- 600
Greensboro, Lavender’s pond........- 600
Ryan's PON jocmecccccc si 600

Greenville, Andress pond.......------ 300
Pine Barren Creek.......- 450

Sirmons Mill pond ........ 450

Thagard’s pond........... 300

Haleyville, Bohannon Pond.........- 600

Hartselle, Pike Road Pond.....- BE care 900

Huntsville, Farmer’s lake..... 6 75

Jasper, Black Water Pond......- E 3, 000

Livingston, Hunter’s pond No. 1...... 600

Hunter’s pond No. 2...... 900

Millbrook, Young’s pond.............. 200

Montgomery, Hallonquist Lake....... 300

Howard’s lake......---- 300

Oneonta, sand Wale s-:2-..-ecesoeee 150

Opp, BENtOn’S PONG se. .- sesocecenaees 450

Ozark, Mixson’s'ponds. 2.22.2 .-teecee 150

Phil Campbell, Dunkin’s pond........ 300

Shirey’s pond........- 900

Phoenix, Harden’s lake..........-..-- 40

Russellville, Roberson Pond.......-... 900

Sanie, Margaret Lake............----- 475

Seale; Dudley's pond). .~ .j..<iscccesem 600

Speigner, Shelton Spring Pond........ 500

Stevenson, Stevenson Cotton Mill

(SOG ees on reeuereoadodoreccncuood 900

Manner. Peek’s Ponds. scscceasecou cas 600

Union Springs, Cope’s pond... ae 100

Weto; Hodge’sipondi sc -sccccesecas see 750

Arkansas:

Alma, Big Clear Creek............---: 400

Brentwood, Brown’s pond.........--- 400

Cushman, Cushman Lake............. 250

Hatfield; Martin’s pond). -2852..2 2... 100

Little Rock, Pinehurst Lake. .......-- 275

McKinney, Fern Springs Pond....... 100

Mabelvale, Thompson’s pond........- 275

Mammoth Springs, Bellamy’s pond... 75

Mansfield, Brickyard Pond..........- 550

Many Islands, Spring River..........- 25

Marked Tree, St. Francis River. ...-.. 6, 248

Monticello, McCandless Pond......-... 100

Newport, Newport Lake.............. 475

Warren; “Town Branch: .-o-csccessccee 100

Florida: ;

High Springs, Blue Pond............. 100

Jacksonville, Solace Lake............- 100

Monticello, Wolf Pond. ............... 100

Newberry, Cheves Pond............-- 100

Santos, Lake Madonna...............- 200

Tallahassee, Black Water Lake. ae 60

Theressa, Alligator Pond.............. 100

Finger-
lings,
Disposition. yearlings,
and
adults.
Georgia:
Allapaha, Baker’s pond..............- 150
Sherrod Mill pond .......... 200
Arlington, Eunice Lake.........-.--.- 75
Harrison Lake.....:-...... 100
Atlanta! East Lakes. csscscctessee<s 5 750
Ricket/S: ponds siecsccrate + oe 25
Silver Wake asses sescecsosnc 300
Whiteman’s pond.....-....-. 50
Zimmer?s Pond..—-.-. -ecets-sce 1,140
Augusta, Hammond Mill pond ...-.-.. 100
T.A..C. Reservoir. a oesoce. - 200
Avera, Long, Branch. ..2.<2<---scos-< 100
Bainbridge, Batteau Pond.........-.. 300
Four Mile Pond..-........ 300

Ball Ground, Robert’s pond.....-.-.. 50

Bemiss, Beaverdam Pond......--.-.. 200
Box Springs, Lake Samoki.........-.. 300
Bremen, Littlowtiviens. eases sess 250
Buena Vista, Hornady’s pond.....-.- 200
Shoal Creek Pond....... 200
Tylerslake snc sessccc- 100
Bullochville, Routon’s pond...-...... 35
Cairo, Blackshear Pondi)222.- 2-22. -.< 150
Carrollton, Davis Pond 222-22. -2s-=.- 50
Cave Springs, Connors Pond..-......- 150
Cedartown,; Hick’s pond... ....5:-2-2- 50
Chatsworth, Holly Creek. -.2..5--..-2- 700
Chickamauga, Arnold’s pond....-.... 100
Wellborn’s pond....... 100
Collins, Powell’s pond....-..-..----.- 100
Columbus; RampPondsa-f occ. ooecteee 200
Cross Keys, Brookhaven Lake...-...- 600
Cusseta, Gordy’s pond.......-----.-.- 200
LogiCabin Ponds: sacea Steen. 100
Cuthbert, Bridge’s pond.........-.-.- §
Ellis! Millpond... es... 25- 150
Danville, White’s pond...........-..- 100
Dawson, Wee's ponds.) =Sss5 erewen- 25
Douglas, McClellan Pond............- 100
Micker’s pondt soecsc. scenes 400
Fayetteville, Bennetts Mill pond ..... 300
Whitewater Pond....... 300
Fort Gaines, Harrisons Mill pond ..... 175
Graysville, Chickamauga Creek....... 175
Greenville, MeGehee’s pond.........-. 50
Terrell’siponds 5225.22 - 100
Helena, Gum Swamp Creek..........- 75
Hollysprings, Howell’s pond.........- 25
Jackson, Ocmulgee Lake. ..........--- 125
lady lake, Cup Wake... -- 0-72 oe 200
Lizella, Newberry’s pond..........--.- 100
Manassas, Sapp’s pond..........-..-.- 100
Marietta, Chamberlain Lake...-...... 25
Mayfield, Cason’s pond........-.-.-.- 100
hakeiGeorge.-wencecce meses 100
WOM OI Ch Keercpee cterine selec 100
Menlo, Lawrence Pond............... 150
Polk spond a sqcimicieiacsice's mec 50
Monroe, East Lakes... scactuccieqt ime 300
North bake. joccecscc-s0-50e- 300
Norcross, Lake: Hoyle... .....-<:---=-9 150
Ochlocknee, Bay Pond...............- 175
Beverly’s pond..........- 100
Ohoopee, Hall’spond: = 2222-22. i22-.5- 100
Omaha; Heard’s pond! 5. oc sce e nese 100
Osierfield, Dicksons Mill pond.......-. 150
Pelham) “Budgass Pond. <.-.:-2..-.<:- 100
WiSitGRRONG = Joes cee scmete oe 100
Perry, Aultman’s pond..............- 40
Quitmansimicas Pond 2 oe. mere 200
Ramhurst, Walley’s pond...... A 125
Renfroes, Holloman’s pond 100

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

Big Ly

DisTRIBUTION oF FisH AND Fis Eaas, py Locaxiry AND Spectres, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

SUNFISH (BREAM)—Continued.

Disposition.

Georgia—Continued.
Rome, De Sota Park Lake.........-.-
Roswell, Oliver’s pond.......-.--..---
Sparks, Gedden’s pond...............-
Summerville, Davis Fish Pond. 3
Sylvester, Chapman’s pond...

Jernigan Pond........ ae
Talbotton, Barksdale Pond...........
Jordan’s pond............-

Talking Rock, Hamrick’s pond......-.
Relozatisitton/sipond. 2-2. -.--2-----
Thomasville, Magnolia Lake.........-
Smiphnslakes so. sei soes <<

Tunnell Hill, Catoosa Fishing Club
ake nace iaseas cecienaiciewicians
Union City, Silver Lake............-.-
Valdosta, Hammock Lake....-.....--
Vienna, Ieewis Pondeet coe seks lk...
Warrenton, Harris Pond............--
Willacoochee, Haskin’s pond..........

Tilinois:

Burksville, Coday Pond......-.....---
Colfax, Gillan’s PONG tase paeucse cee oe
Crystal Lake, Crystal Lake...........-
Decatur, Decatur Club Lake.........-
Golconda, Clark’s pond......-....----
Herrin, Childress Pond.......... aA
Hinsdale, Salt Creek......--
Hunt City, Bowman’s pond...
Marshall, Heath’s pon
Meredosia, Illinois River.........-..--

Meredosia Bay..--..---.---
Mitchell Wong iuakes sess. ccc
Momence, Kankakee River........---
Munster, Swift’s pond............-..--
Tamaroa, Marshalek’s pond.........--
Taylorville, Park Lake................
Watseka, Iroquois River.....-..-..-.-

Indiana:

Bass Lake Junction, Bass Lake.......
Batesville, Crystal Pond...........-.-.
Evansville, Davidson’s pond..........
Fairmount, Hill’s pond. ............--
Scottisipondiens see 22. toee
Fremont, Lake George..----.-..-..-.-
Hazleton, Fairview pond.........-..--
Topeka, Atwood Lake...........-..--
Dallas Wake ot-een). se -ece ee -
Hockenburg Lake J
ong, Wakesseceste.
Messiclakete sa: 5-225
Washington, Nixon’s pond
Towa:
Bellevue, Mississippi River...........
Chester, upper lowa River............
‘Donnellson, Klingler Pond..........--
Dunlap; RobertsiWwake2-) 222-22. --2-.-
Harlan, Jorgenson’s pond...........--
Lime Springs, upper lowa River
New London, Sunapee Lake........-.
Oxford, EHarkers| pond: s.22-2-..522---
South Amana, Shady Lawn Lake.....
Wapello, Heins’s pond...........-...-
Wiaterloo;CedanriRivers.cc. 2 =< -5-<-e-

Kansas:

Baxter Springs, Ransom’s lake........
Bonner Springs, McKeown Lake.....-
Kingman, Shady Grove Lake.........

Spring Ponds 2s. sse-ee-- =:
Mound City, Thornes Reserve pond...

Kentucky:

Anchorage, Demaree’s pond.........-.
Homewood Pond... -.
Bloomfield, Sugar Valley Pond

22889°—14 13

Finger-
lings,
yearlings,
and
adults.

Disposition.

Kentucky—Continued.
Buechel, Snarenberger’s pond.........
Covington, Geisen’s pond

Maple Ridge Pond... .
Lebanon, Hillhurst Pond.............

Tyrone ibillard’s lakeseees secs cess ciee
Riversidebondivsteessstecscce
Louisiana:
Covington, Ellis’s pond...........-..-
Gretna Hos; Canali fee 22 - asc. san.
McManus, Colony Lawn Lake.......-.
Maryland:
Great Falls, Potomac River...........
W oodsboro, Meadow Pond.........-...
Massachusetts:
Boston\Eily#bond 22532 -esc---52- 2
Michigan:
Clarkston, Parkinson’s lake...........
Cly det Hishwibakes: s32- secs -s sce ase
Davisburg, Mongibakesiees. soon ene
Edwardsburg, Miller Pond............
Farmington, Gibson Lake............-
Minnesota:
Caledonia, Schicks Lake....... Le ee
Hokah, Pettibone Park Lake..........
Homer, Mississippi River...-..--....-
Mississippi:
Ackerman, Woodward’s pond........-
Yokanookany Pond.......
Amory, Brown’s pond.........-......
Artesia, Guerry’s pond...
Batesville, Maxey’s pond..............
Bay Springs, Eatahoma Pond......---
Blue Mountain, Mountain View Lake.
Bolton, Brownsville Pond............-
Gaddis’s!pondi=2. 25.22 752 54.
Booneville, Burton’s
Brandon, Stubbiefield’s pond......-.-.
Canton} Bip vivake sae en seeeciecee eee
OiUCMillpPonGe erence ce. o=nce
Coldwater, Progress Farm Pond....-..
Crawiord, Blue ‘Pond?tes: 25202 --2-2 2:

Ledbetter’s pond......-....
Fayette, Krauss Ponds.............---
Guntown, Webb:Pond...-. 2. 2222.22.
Jackson, Aishland Pond. .......----...
Laurel, Euberson Lake...............-

Mi VlG1S PONE -sereeec ct css
New Pond..
South Lake...
Thames Wake, jitutisceccesce

Finger-
lings,

112

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisu Eaas, spy Locauiry anp Species, Fisca, YEAR
1913—Continued.

SUNFISH (BREAM)—Continued.

Disposition.

Mississippi—Continued.
Meridian, Weems’s lake..............-
Neshoba, Holley’s pond...............
iPullings:pondeesesescce neces
New Albany, Connor’s pond
Taylor/Sipond=csrcesss oe
Thompson’s pond.......
Newton, Byrd’sipond'.- 2. .0.ccs.-c6- 2 e
Osborn, Montgomery Pond............
Pachuta, Phalti Lake No. 2...........
Picayune, Puyper’s pond.............
Pontotoc, Brown Lake................
Prentiss, Polk and McPheil Pond.....
Raymond, Spangler’s pond............
Red Banks, Woods’s pond............
Ripley, Nance’s pond No. 2...........
Shuqualak, Mack’s pond..............
Starkville, Montgomery’s pond........
Owens’s pond No. 1........
Owens’s pond No, 2........
pulyma Pondesesnosacesess
Stonington, Stonington Pond.........
Strong, Hanging Kettle Creek.........
Wiatson/sspondecascmceneacees
Sumner, Cassity Creek...............-
Tupelo; BeechiPond v2 aascceenecceese
Keng Creek sieoc cece oece seeee
Park Wakes Mosaeee ceseeceec
Ritters ponds jae ca orate etre
TowniC@reck® .. aseaniasses sone
FDTAD DS PON Ges sence met seice cle
Wnion, \Walters’s!pond=. 2... 2.25--..-
WVaiden lowes ponds 22 s.ccsne see eoee
Verna, Dunaway’s pond......-.......
Vicksburg, Schlottman’s pond........
Vossburg, Donald’s pond..............
Waynesboro, Savannah Pond.........
Wet, Bywyab\ Pond: 222. -sscsee sess
Wesson, Austin’s pond........5.2.....
Beauregard Pond
Emery Lake.....-.
Williams’sipond/ =: t2cs2cee..
West Point, Yeates’s pond..........-.
Missouri:
Bunceton, Castleman’s branch........
Mayton7sicreek_ 2 sce e
Chilhowie, Osborn’s pond...........--
Exeter, Cliff Ranch Pond. .ci2ee.cccee
Cole?s\pondiyt ase se eeoe eee
MeMurtleRim=2o neces ec ceeres
OwliCreek so aces fescue se sce
Grandview, Lake Claire...............
Mebanon sOaksPondissesnsecseseee eer
Lowry City, Walker’s pond....-..-..-
Neosho, Hearrell Branch..............
hickoryi@reekieceeeecece meee
Parkville, Emily Heights Pond.....-.
Pleasant Hill, Kellogg Lake...........
Willow Lake
Potosi,,Quaker Pond=-e25.a2as5s cece
Rolla, Little Beaver Creek...........-
INortheMill Creeks: See eeescasce=
WaildeatiCreekr sacs. cecte nice tens
Vermont, Harned’s lake..............-
Wayne, Bradley Mill Pond............
Montana:
Kalispel, Emmert Lake...............
Nebraska:
Crete: Plachy’s pond: .sa-cceeccess esis
New Jersey:
Woodbury, Woodbury Creek Pond...
New York:
Bay Shore, Brightwater Lakes........
Ithaca, Experimental Ponds..........

Finger-
lings,
yearlings,
and
adults.

Disposition.

New York—Continued.
Petersburg, Taconee Lake
Riverdale, Steiner Lake...............

North Carolina:

Davidson, Linden Pond..............-
Dunn, Jermigan’s pond scnscee se ecee
Forest City, McKinney’s pond........
Fremont, Yelverton’s pond...........
Gela, Lake Caldwell... --c.--c.eeneee
Glen Alpine, Landreau’s pond........
Harrisburg, Rocky River Pond......-.
Henderson, Sandy Creek..............
Hendersonville, Laurelia Lily Pond...
Kenly, BoswelltPondi 2. -cecnise nance
Kinston, Webb’s pond...............-
Littleton, Johnstons Mill pond.......-
Panacea Pond tesssccasseace
RiydersiPondsteccessseeer ee

Maxton, Lumber River...............
Monroe, Belk’s pond..-.....
Morven, McLaurin’s pond.........-
Mount Gilead, Stanback’s pond.......
North Wilkesboro, Mulberry Creek... .
Prentiss, League Lake............-----
Raleigh, Baker Pond. 2. s-<cscice cise =
Beaver Dam Pond...........

Roaring River, Hose Creek............
Rockingham, Everett Pond...........
Rosindale, Clark Mill pond............
Rural Hall, Stauber’s pond............
Sanford) Haky’s\pond:-is.---sa-ssecer
Swann Station, Barbecue Creek....._.
Wadesboro, Bancom Mill pond
Marshall’s pond...........

Warsaw, Coopers Mill Pond...........
Weldon, Roanoke River...............
Winston-Salem, Hege’s lake..........-
Holton’s pond.......-

Zebulon, Chamblee Pond No. 1.. 5
Chamblee Pond No. 2........
Robertson’s pond........----

Ohio:
Bridgeport, Kennedy’s pond.........-
Cambridge, Wills Creek..............-
Canfield, Mahoning Lake............-.
Clinton) TuumaWake sa seeccnce se senee
Congress Lake, Congress Lake.......-..
Edison, Whetstone River, East Branch
Kent, West Twin Lake...............
Ravenna, Forest Pond...............-
Oak Grove Pond...........
Shady Brook Pond........-
St. Clairsville, Puritan Pond..........
Sycamore, Sandusky River..........-
Waynesburg, Sandy Creek and Canal..
Youngstown, Lake Ellen..............
Lake Hamilton.........
Pane mGake\s sjeisemveicete sects
Oklahoma:
Canton) Billing?sspondesaa--2 see enseee
Doby Springs, Bradford’s pond.......
Durant, Williams’s pond. ae
Kiowa, Wilson’s pond....
Lawton, Lake Lawtonka....... Joe
Oklahoma City, Bisbee’s pond......-.-
Steanson’s pond......
Sapulpa, Butcher’s pond..............
=i Rock Creeks. < seine
Wanette, Meinert’s pond.....-.......-
Wright Station, Pot Hollow Pond.....
Oregon:
Albany, Channell Wake. 3. 32: ..02+-2--
iMalsey.| Muddy Creeks Seceeneeeseeen es
Klamath Falls, Lost River...........-

Finger-
lings,
vearlings,
and
adults.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

113

DiIsTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaes, By Locatiry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

SUNFISH (BREAM)—Continued.

Disposition.

Pennsylvania:

Birdell, Brandywine Creek.........-.-
Bowers, Sacony Creek......
Wossart; Pyle/sidam ase ene. pepe snes.
Icedale, Brandywine Creek..........--
Lancaster, Pequea Creek..........--.-
Lebanon, Conewago Lake..........-..-
ight Wakes. c2.02 osas< cea.
Mount Gretna Lake.......--
Pequea, Susquehanna River........--
Philadelphia, Fairmount Park Aqua-
TLCLIV ee See eee ere ean wecie te
Reading, Maiden Creek ............---
Tulpehocken Creek.....-..-.-
Rowland, Lackawaxen River......-.-
Lake Teedyuscung..-.......
Little Tink Pond......-....-
Wescolang Lake............
Stroudsburg, Lehman Lake.........-.-
Tacony, Shuman’s pond..........----
West Chester, Brandywine Creek... ..

South Carolina:
Ajken; Old! Nord Pond. .s...ce.--- =.=
TMhorpe/S Pond se ~ oejae cece 2
Alcolu, Slowdens Mill pond........---
Angelus, Knight’s pond...........----
Bethune, Johnson’s pond...........--
inkland PONG sels scnes-e- <=

Gafiney, Little’s pond
Greenville, Catawba Creek. ..........-
Hartsville, Boggy Swamp Pond.......
Lawton’s pond.........--.
Kershaw, Kirkley’s pond............-
Paurens, Bolt-Branch:-s=..-2--2------
Monetta, Jordan’s pond...........----
Neeses, Williams’s PONGMe scan sece see
Orangeburg, Great Branch Pond....-.
Otranto, Goose Creek Lake
iPomaria, Aull’s ponds: ----------- ae
C@rimsiCreekss.ssascece emcees
Koon? sip ondieeccaccemael cme
Salley, Dean Pond! sacsqese-2oceee- ce
palley/sipond meses sees ones sa—=
Sawiyen/Sipondsen. -c smsc cocci
Seivern, Gunter’s pond........--...---
Summerville, Flood Gate Pond.....-.-
Sumter, Pocalla Springs Pond........-
Swansea, Sandy Run..........-------
Wagener, Horsey’s pond...........---
Walhalla, Oconee Creek........-..----
Westminister, Bruner’s
Westville, Gaskin’s pond...........---
Winnsboro, Duck Pond..........-----
South Dakota:
Komen, koente/s pond). 2... 0. <2--=-
Oral, Gravesis pond) 252... ...-.56---
Watertown, Lake Kampesca.......---
Tennessee:
Austral, Lake Pleasant............-..-

Bartlett, Hoods pondt 2... .<2-.-----

Bethpage, Beechwood Pond........---
Cohutta, Mitchell’s pond..........--.-
Dutch, Coffman’s DONC ease cook
Biwins Banners pond. se... 25 -4-se=-
Franklin, McDaniel’s pond.....--..---
Greenback, Kidd’s pond....
Greenville, Bowser’s pond........-.---

High Point Lake..........

Finger-
lings,
YeATLings i

350

Disposition.

Tennessee—Continued.
Emitters Miaiy2s ruse cnle- seeieae ieee oe
Knoxville, Limestone Lake..........-

Mindell sipondes ss ca. seesae

Wayland’s pond..........-
Lookout Station, Lake Lookout...
Manchester, Big Duck River.....- :
Noeton, Hipshire’s pond.............-
Orlinday Kelly sipondiee ec. seems ees
paris; Wade Nis Re) Dams saecs sss.
Shouns, Freestone Pond..........-....-
Somerville, Albright’s pond........---
Tennessee City, Lake View..........--

Texas:

Atlanta, Chamblee’s pond........-..--
Beaumont, Garrison Lake...........--
Dallas; JoycerPondsos2 -s-- sce eri se
Denison, Iron Ore Creek...........-.--

Shawnee Creek..........--.-
Mean Moore SipONd see ee sc ceecee seme
Fate, McLendon’s pond..............-
Garrison, Gum Pond

Henderson, Bessie Beall Pond
Hillsboro, Pott’s ponde Se. cesaccceeee
Houston, Bering’s pond........-..----
Wimdale;Morris|\Pond/a3 22-2 .0-2 32222.
Stewartlake ss ccccssccs-c =
Marshall, Bonita Lake. ...........----
Bream Fish Lake..........-.

Mineola, Andrew’s lake............---
Cochrane’slake............<:
Walknerisilakesssocesaeeseces
Gastonvlake ries essa sseeee ee
Grassyeliake sooo saanacineciacer
Greenville Railroad Pond....
Mander’silaket-..-cs.5s6 seer
Mansell?silakessecsseccceeeicer
Pattemsilakels.-jscce-oseee=

Ponta, Rice) Pond a2. s-s2s-sss-escee=
San Antonio, Dullnig Lakes...........
West Walketoccnca-. 3 <=

Willson Lake..-........

Temple, Temple Ice Pond..-........--
Terrell, Allen’s pond No. 1...........-
Aillen’s'pond No.2). 5... 22 ces.
IBASSHROn GE eee mottesoeasee
BoatHlakenssce saaeccageecee
Campbell: Bond a5 5--2-----
Cartwrightis ponds =2.52---.-

@ity, Barkslbake)xeecenseecee==
@orley7Silake!ss2cs-.cesss-eeeeS

Cowles! Wakes. 5-seceee see
DarstiPond sees se oareeenaecee
Hamiulton’s lakessssensceccet
Hopkins? ponds. s--cssse--50
IHormePond ae ceree =e seceniei-

Jini’S' Ponds een secs seas ss

Oye ON ore asia miete(cloinrs arent ioe
Mownlejhondeeeeaaasscceeeecae
Overton’s pond s222- 225-2 se-

RACES MON Gacnt acemesiee sce sess
IPOLtEL/S PONG sess wire soa
Mhompson’s pond... 2-2-2. .
WATKenAS pOnGh a iccee cence e
Weatherford Lake. ...........
Weatherford Pond............

vier Brumby UaAke wicccs~ccscs-cse
BunlesonMiWalke <1 efecto see
Chinquapin Make. ---- 0... 52...
Hamilton Mill pond. --......--

Ishi iASiEN @ ee aaaonerroceseecas

ERI tts Mall pondye oe ccic esac cne

Halling} Creoke see sses eset
Waco, Fountain Lake..........-.-....

Finger-
lings,
yearlings,
and
adults.

114

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND Fisn Ecos,

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

By Locatiry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.
SUNFISH—Continued.
Finger- Finger-
Reeear lings, lings,
Disposition. yearlings, Disposition. yearlings,
and and
adults. adults.
Texas—Continued. Washington:
Weimar, Pecan Pond nso. ncense cc see 50 Spokane, Gravelly Lake.............. 150
Zavalla, Rocky Head Pond........... 50 Williams’ lake* 2. csseecee 300
Virginia: Tacoma, American Lake.............. 150
Burnley, Cason’s pond.........-...--- 200 Steilacoom Lake............. 150
Chula, Carter’s pond.........-.-...--- 100 || West Virginia:
Coeburn, Grizzle & Deel pond........- 100 Fairmont, Tygart Valley River....... 100
Drakes Branch, Eggleston’s pond.. -. 100 Liverpool, Deer Lick Pond........... 100
Maurertown, Shenandoah River, North Romney, Haines’ PONG erssaseeeeeoee 200
; : Branch... answers 300 Terra Alta, Slaubaugh’s pond......... 200
Midlothian, Ittmer’s pond............- 200 Webster Springs, Gregory’s pond..... 150
Montpelier, DuPont’s pond 12 || Wisconsin:
Neweastle, Given’s pond... 100 La Crosse, French Lake..............- 300
Norfolk, Hermitage Ponds...-....-...- 200 Rice Takes 2.5. 2 300
Smithfield, Vellines Pond........-....- 100 Zeisler7slake\.c52scsewce cee 300
Staunton, Edgerock WAKO: siesissiocrselne 100
Wytheville, Valley View Pond........ 100 Total @ 5.55. sche atsseteielsissiseistese 203, 623
PIKE AND PICKEREL.
Arkansas: Towa:
Marked Tree, St. Francis River....... 7,504 Bellevue, Mississippi River. -....-.-.-. 1,500
PIKE PERCH.
Disposition. Eggs. Fry.
Connecticut:
azar divalle,iScamticuhiviers oases ct ce. .s 2-22 /ctste ate tere = aisle aint = =imieta loiter otter ote etal ate telat 200, 000
Watertown, Elolcomb Ponder. se 2 <2 < cen ccc cle tae sae cene salen iatsiein aint = sia fe eine l= ia 500, 000
Tllinois:
Grayslake, Chittendens Lake. .2.- 2.0... 2 ---=s2-222- sess 22 eee sane es ee bens a [aes 400, 000
ID Yb hy Ill 655 soeno sae de conocer ocon ear nen eSSaedasmnsonadcscosa|scocececaese 400, 000
a Grange stlinoisiRivers.. + 2-22 252.5 -\-nssiecinns nase + sar anise ene a et Sealant 50, 000
iIMeredosias: Meredosia BD Ayiescsasece- pecs ecee- ses ee snanenns ce 2 Ser ee eee liga Seas Sore 150, 000
Rocketeller, WakevwMarascacante oc sem ectee ee seen oe oes ae eeetasinatsialasatatm eta) Te NES cee 390, 000
Massachusetts:
Palmer: State fish commission -~ =< -- << 2. << s5-ee cere lone aici s= === = oe 4° 000000) 2s sceeeeeeee
Westfield, Hampden Ponds... + 2.2.25. 2-s02c2 scence oon en serene seals] >= ae sean = 300, 000
SouthiwicksPonds se ses ote sce soem ee oe Jossee ne eeiet ee te eee eleiatatelalelate 300, 000

Michigan:

Ada, Thornapple River

Alden, Torch Lake..........-.-

Algonac, St. Clair River
Alpena, Lake Huron
Bay City, Saginaw Bay

Bellaire, Grass Lake.......---

Belle Isle Park, Detroit River

Beulah, Crystal Lake.......-..

Detroit, State fish commission

Elk Rapids, Elk Lake........
Farwell, Otter Lake...........
Grass Lake, Tims Lake......-

HillwnanRake Wiftesh. ©. orelsocc a. nconon ache sauteed. Renee eee Ib Se ie

Holly, Hankinson Lake.......

School Lot Lake

Interlochen, Grass and Duck Lakes.........-.-.------------------+-+--22p-|--r reer crete

Lake George, Bingo Lake. ...-

Lake George

Provemont, Lake Leelanau. . -

Turtle, Honeymoon Lake

Long Lake

Wetmore, Long Lake
Minnesota:

Carlton, @hub Wakes. 2. cane <2 <2 sos nis ee = een se eee nee teceletaiclel aa icine nieyssoral—iere

TEV yAaKOs nae cece cares wiete = alah selats wlcseys ayers mente ate att tote totele stele tole] =foleletoiatstateietn(es

a Lost in transit, 2,905 fingerlings.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS,

1913.

115

DIsTRIBUTION OF Fish AND Fisu Eacs, py Locariry anp Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

PIKE PERCH—Continued.

Disposition.

Minnesota—Continued.
Cromuyyelllslandwakescsece-pececsceceeccseses osecreeeeeeceereceeeesee rere
DanlwGhySehalizMbalker sess asa a nea sce cacti ncnisiececisne cece cena
Bigskaneplua ko} Sara Men enna kee see tae er eno sere a ee ee
ReniievEvivens Mam iwake wens as es eee ee I or eee eee
Nine Mile Lake
Mankotasiakey Washingtomsss 50 5st cs tes ke ee eS
RengalliySiwanelalkowe cnc saok sie ones ie rece es Sys es eee es
New Hampshire:
Concord, Penacook Lake
New York:
Battery Park, New York Aquarium
Binghamton, Susquehanna River
Canastota Oneldawvakess meen cece ee ee sac nec hone te rte meee legesnceeale
CanenVanCenE ys Cause WwIeCNCOURIVOR. onc. nce ce cee see ces eeeence snes eeceneee
Ganleton Island St. WawrencePivelses...- 2. sesccsccese cee ce eeoeccecseecene
HienandemalissRoet baker sere: osc cecc cca cw ces cteeccccackeesaseenmsoesece:
ndson|Copaketbakerscssaccensies ce ccc ses cores eoeoee eee rene canspeeeeee
ake @hanlottessmecserece race anor saan cee seas noneee ceo neeee toon
Mndi@reekesakelOntanlore sens. ere me dee mc cec lk Sack no cneeaecededaes soabes
inewBushyshawan enka Koll Riverssonc ls. dec ecee ss. coe veeececesee cae aeee
Roscoe mennanahelikesss shes eo cece ee et sna ee saa ncee cece
Warland Nin Goma ea semisce sec ccccn cajsseacic <Gmes tele Ouse on oebacacncioee
West Winfield, Cedar Lake
North Dakota:
amistad edwlh ako se seen ee as Se eae i eo wee soe sei ee soc Se oecene s
Cayuraribake TewalkOMecee: ss csi ncidcces ct ostce sce cence Socceacbseccescaseee
Jamestown, Spiritwood Lake
MASHOnySNeyennosivelaan acetone sone cea eodekmace seseceudeeocoelenes
MonimcannoneBalluiverie-cesanccecemocc nccse aces cise cece cocee deoguowscocen
Mluntleribake aiuntle bake 2x. aa 2es scesbeac sects Seen pene euee easnsee eens sects

io:
Visi Gig (Ca aes IEE hd Bs cS Se ae ee a a Ree ee eee eee
Kallivstislandeslbakesbniomacce cma cee (eee sueenes sac oct osncces cone cecesueess
Middle Bass Island, Lake Erie
MOMTOC MEA OPE MOM mmeeee cere eee. Sas mccie maces Soceecoccchonieencetees
Oak Harbor, Portage River
Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie
Pennsylvania:
Chesten= Shosnsshond sas2 net ce Soaks cose oe heen cee sec cne o-eseee ee ooeecer
Doylestown, Neshaminy Creek
Echo Lake, Echo-Lake..---.............
Kereamienevind die Credks sae ons cnosae wa oe eines Guicngac na icnweeucceeeseacere:
New Milford, Middle Lake
Sasduchann a teage Ss pondere secre a eee e aa secon ona emma com eia cts ceme cok
Susquehanna River

Oh

Vermont:
Miburselvake Champlaine s--2c2ses sec 52 \e obo soc ece cases cwisicie eeeinsieee suceee
Point Farm Creek

Bran donngh enna ee escee sce seats ee cena aun SaaS ee ceemidoeeuececceaia.
ER SHEP ON CME Bete sane Cece ye sea aes ae Sag sean oe a opuiaceme Gena ase Dee

Wak oselortomiacsenc cece ces sae cc eees aso ane bonne he od cuchensacukiees

IBunline Loner ObASHUB TOOK seen sansa cometiec ns oe Se neem Neca sae oeeclsooeeeneeb en
ShelburmeyBayaaseces cece como ace cece scene Ancowee oocuetauEene

Winooski River

Concord abiallsimon Geter) sass ese cce ones bowen coe noaseme necro hon ace eocesces
WasburheatemeakOCarminnsss sete sn ses cos cassesemecacnn cues eekee oc ceace
Enosburg Valls, Lake Carmi
Gress boro meoneae Ones saraccmeces cies ees cos on enon penectian cet bet enone.
Highgate, Missisquoi River
Hyde Park, Lake Eden
uinenbunswNieal sakes. os kecsccnc ce desis ede noetee ce ean eise nes euencna:
Middlebury, Lake Dunmore
Mornsvalleal akenmanmtolecie.ns <5 2ecees cic cece secon staece meer naan eee oe coer
North Ferrisburg, Little Otter Creek
Rocky Point, Groton Pond
RUAN Pl alkeub Om OSCCMet BSS. ccc cineca Seen wwclcce nce cacebleccenieee
Shelburn, La Platte River...
Swanton, Lake Champlain
IMSS ISCUOMR VOR me ccie ok osae hae oc Rue a anne gore Se cee 8
Vergennes, Little Otter Creek
Otter Creek

|

ee is

Fry.

200, 000
200, 000
200, 000
225, 000
225, 000
425, 000
375, 000

400, 000

5, 000, 000
10, 000, 000
10, 000, 000
10, 000, 000

1,500, 000
10, 000, 000

2, 000, 000
1, 000, 000
400, 000
500, 000
500, 000
100, 000
200, 000
1,700, 000
500, 000
500, 000
500, 000
500, 000
3, 000, 000
300, 000
400, 000
1,500, 000
400, 000
500, 000
500, 000
1, 000, 000

120, 000
120, 000
120, 000
120, 000

116

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DisTRIBUTION OF Fish AND FisH Eaes, By Locariry AND Species, FiscaL YEAR

1913—Continued.

PIKE PERCH—Continued.

Disposition.

West Virginia:
Shelton Mik River 2.c 20sec ecscceserecer ere eee teen a -receeeneeeeaaeeeeeeeeee
Wisconsin:
iMmerys sound Wakes 2s jasnasseneaeoseacessaceeese ie aseeeare se aeem ee anee ee
SuckerWake.- 1.5 Soccc a: setesieccinb mee seszssscsosecesmsscs veeeeecsiiets
Boyd Coldswater, Creeks o-ceessencencaren esa se aera tceeere ee nee em ee ena
OtteriCreedls. cscs. se ese seeeteeueceoassaeet esse eeeeeessteen a hetee ae
PiKOMbaAKC yete ere socew sauce tice soesws oeaceeeceetceeeeeees ed vesaieees oe
(Uipperkblay,Creeksse see ose eee eee nee eenssseeee ener enaee eS seeeeeee
CablemsPerny sake s-escee sone sae es merant = ee ee eee. seeeee ener ne eee eee eetee
SwensentWake so o7 <2 fe esec sac ~ socece Sues dena socesee aes ooeeenee
Colfax, Make (Colfax. 222.6 sc c2sccccessccce cece sccscesccss seecsiseciedaeaceese
Crandon: Acmabet Make. -scssc secs enccs ese sece ee ceenscnececenise saceeee se
hake Meton gases. coc oss comes see 552 Shee naseeen sere Sascesmaecacsee
Rich?silake losses se scsss cesar cs ciseee case saioakes eisces see ticw ees
Rollingstone ake. o.k.2 sad oc ces nenisesseecneese eer cue someone eee
Squaw hakos cosa cos sats ae owace cone bee Sone see Soca eee eee
Cumberlands ake Vermilion) 32-302 .c s-eseseee ese sesecnssee seee tense sees
Ong Wake. sosococaeas = conces Hoss cesses See oes nese seer seeee
Turtle Lake.......
Donaldson, Landing Lake
Pickerel Lake
Mlcho, Otter Wake ye. cic-ssacecscs coe coseccc Jae ceismas sae seee ecm cseeien
Mifield MSOM PMUAK Coe a Soctceteete me aie are ats eeiniie aia nie cree sts erelcie ete naraiet sista tore ee
Gordon, Bond shake: esccteeesss= cise sae ae cae ste ce eisae acres secrerer
ClearWake 5. 3: is Sasmaecesacc sssees eccatesnsica oa<5a ee conaeessieesnices
HMawiClaire Wake ors i2ccs02csosisieisesaciaiinde sisisisisieisisisisics steicisinscieesecisis
Wihitefish Wake. css-5. soso cascoe sonecee nos sec ooneeas oeemienceeecce
(Gilley SECIS bE Se aceeaneeeae Bhp ocaboragabeLcosss os es SeesuEasEoceaoacos
iBayward .bansentuake 2 tose ssccs ences Se oro ae jeicieise een eles ane sales
Medford, Hull’s lake.............-2-20ss2eceeee Vi Te tpn eh OR ri
Mellen, Lake Gallilee....-....-...----------------- 2002222 eee eee ee eee ec ee eee
Nashville; Battaweramog Wake sae see ses case mina sclnevoienion tae eeeee sane
Crane Mbake cesses. ssascae acon asecncsis Sassen tose esate te eens
RICGWWAKe Mo aswansas ose nse eno e cee eee tine Sanon nto mece as teers ies
INewald lWilyploak Ore cjaceciscresmemec seis ie ness aee sense eee aaeee ease
Pelican @belican Wak Ole sanac aloe eta tae a Seeetets a eee ae ene aaieimietawleeerl=ee

Phelps BassPlake awe ccsccete cas oneness oan Saas ae Sas a ceeceee ees

Phillips, Bass Lake.........
Lake Duroys
Wong Wakes acces sss ceeoassseeeeaisecesiesesie =
Solon Springs, Twin Lake
Stanleya UMD ivielos sats solar clea a cee alate elaleiae sletetreiee ctecsee io siaiee
Outles Lake. .....------------+----- 22222 e0 cece ee eee cece eee e neces

ID bE coon nab ane cob Seco oeE eo mae coonane bebedoopapeSsDEcceTce

Stone Lake, Whitefish Lake.............-...-.. Se As seee sods a aCe eee see

Sand Lake...... boa de eee see ene dae seeeaer eels seen eee seoee

Superior PAmMIniCONMG Ake apres intel raceata sina el ele ae aes ae ae
MTree wakes WAP lem IVOr ose a tale ateletelaclataeisisie ceisler sieiaiel alae ee iain ererale te aie
Won pla Ocreaoe sews so a nsneeelse see tines eeinise seismic me eases mete

Spinitwlakews ssocssc 5 5a es oe see sae iseciacae asieaemcles reise s
iWabeno, Nimleys Waker sss. --\seis tania ano a eee ime eee eee
Richardsonis lake@eerss see sss sacs aa asses cee eria cae aa ee eee sees

Shine Wake se sake ro nec ese sce ase er oceinicee He neesccsceiet see |

Zarline Wake csccssss52 asec. passe se deise cece seetsessoecesneeeee
TO talig eee oases ee esate se ae ce nee Oe ee pecEeneeeseaeeraetnnemastemtelass

¢ Lost in transit, 70,000 fry.
YELLOW PERCH.

Disposition.

Connecticut:
Meep River, State fish COMMISSIONS <6 << o-ccwece -meeiciele me ielawnle 5, 000, 000
Newton, “Launton lakes. so e-pemecicec cece eeeine aca cieeieese trl oteisteistelststota
Waterbury, Long Meadow Pond ...........2.----00c- neem eneee|eceeneeeeee-
Delaware:
Melton: Wakesid@erond =... -. ene ceeee seme ee see nia se niosec eter rele cteetetelatatar=
Mordineton Millpond ee fo ccc eer cence cic siceleeiceiicise einen |eeeieeleeia =i
District of Columbia:
Washington, Potomac River.-.. <5. 2.2 ..<- neces scree cles eie|iaesmisieie~ i=

Fry.

Fry.

500, 000

200, 000
200, 000
100, 000
100, 000
100, 000
100, 000
150, 000
150, 000
250, 000
200, 000
200, 000
200, 000
200, 000
200, 000
175, 000
250, 000
250, 000
200, 000
200, 000
200, 000
150, 000
150, 000
150, 000
150, 000
150, 000
300, 000
150, 000
150, 000
225,000
200, 000
200, 000
200, 000
400, 000
300, 000
200, 000
150, 000
150, 000
150, 000
150, 000
200, 000
150, 000
150, 000
150, 000
150, 000
400, 000
600, 000
300, 000
200, 000
200, 000
100, 000
200, 000
100, 000
100, 000

46, 200,000 | 148,510, 000

Fingerlings.

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913. eater’

DisTRIBUTION oF FisH AND Fish Eaas, spy Locatiry AnD Species, Fiscan YEAR
1913—Continued.

YELLOW PERCH—Continued.

Disposition. Eggs. Fry. Fingerlings.
Georgia:
Cairo CrosspRoads"POnd so. <5... seca ge sees se see - sonene seen 22
InTMpIremCarmes ROMs one seco ce ncem cece secesacoace somceccnne 60
Jackson, Ocmulgee Lake............-- 60
Tifton, Ferry NG SIO rao. eames 150
Good manGiakes sem same hee een sce sai eee ees eee ction teen keen os 150
Gunmebalkeease csc sueeee casa e aclaea cence ee become emer Peescer sonnel Maceo aee ames 75
WARIS {SNK Oe tee haces cece meee nce eee eoaeee mecercleemee se ecee. heen eas. 75
Illinois:
Decatur ecaiinClubybakes.. occ ce nese msscos ss setee aes |cee ce cee ee elKisasaecoatce 580
IE Vereutse Ammo Un silalker teste ac ce nenerase men ciseeae eee tne doce oscore tena onleenesececatne 375
GrAySlaAKOs Py EUSA MAKE Se0 = se ci sides xis ciceice’s aie eeisie's/clsie'aieigecise seal Se ccce de ceaa|m nc ansisoet ole 240
Greenwille yD euNoulinzsilakor ss asine eecien mansmenecalne< clas ehiccs/ce) oe cteioncicyes | camer elena oats 250
Watseka, troqucis MUGS 25 GaoeoeS 290d asec basBecdNoDeaa es Sodas enaaueee see lseasoosecocs 250
Wilminetonsyhorcedl Creoles se se neen cee csemnsssccee cece nae cas. |lgeaeeee ceenelnoe seemeeaen 375
Indiana:
A Dion Comma dea aer Oe iciecte cajeriiare ate sate Sete arart nic eistalinin oats e ciel oee es Hste saline cnecee 200
ImdianapolissawMi Tov Verses cee = haces = sete ene nsec ewe see ssseet| cme saceemeenl see cbccemens 500
Jetersonville(Governmentel On Gisce met mcec merce con ewieicewise seit el hou cee seleen|acecuoocmees 200
Libero) ANG RES TNO ls «Sooo coon snqucecoostenauboccouSrecdse |counseeedaad bosecocedsas 200
Towa:
PAIN AN a eA ATI A MUM K Oe -yatesicinia,cis/=r= oe aa tise 2'e/s\ sie laiaiala s/aisieaeisisecteta'e| | ce neswine seal eo ets aacecls 900
Bedford, CD DSI DON Gbten meper ere smes seeseoee eee oacicier sec oceiaee | eae sine a cianies|lnaee nee aoa 150
Centerville sand ersisipon dies -neknen aemscai cen senna mete emia Stele te sa ac eee nee aa meee 150
Gannon, OA Rie VAG) se c4acascodenacepsesane = suceucaqgoe scone |sosbescaseue sooeeepedeee 300
Creston Summit WakOesnesecccseee soecis en cine eines cine see eeeine| anes ooetalecaleceneesmeeee 450
NCETIO X91 CACHYS PONG ease steers ee eee aaa aan e seer aes WacaqansSacH |boneconeacse 300
Ue Gore Cas tonlak One smmc essere ee cree rie cise ee ecile sista ice ceeerl ecjse caer sea|ecanccesssee 150
Hime Springs sip Dello wa wiv Gkeams-seer secre seers asso Osea soneeene|pecceeeeceas 1,500
Kansas:
Kan pr an PAN a WalisS | PON Clneoe ce ore ot memes ee ae eel mleseia sete ene eee cies |e cieoeine 142
(Cao GY Ohio LENG os 6 Soon sdednod scodooe soceseodenel|sensneecoeeelsosooonecene 143
Hamiltonp eon Geyser sce cece aac mia atelier eteicte ee eae ere reese, eee | neteeeee ated 143
Ne aeSId ORRONG eee mescen ten sac inne eine ee se Seem csieal eo tete cee cen | noueeenmaace 143
IRAVETSIG COMMON Gs Jats o.cch sce aeinscisic siciecclesoCessiceseea | nub ca seeescelonossecwboe 143
IVUISSCH ME OM Giemscemmncie otis ate la sicla n/s/afele ore wclaton Ses eine val ees Seietelccin os lnecemeeeene 143
Poly WER cooseaces sone eesenesdesascpcdaouasene, soaubeoneced leoceccosbocd 143
Kentucky:
Eman ger olocksM arm [LONG 2... ccs sae cicecs snc sccie ene ceee sen 100
MENS Stampers PONG secon ccioisinistalnie sale slelaisoa/n/ainlae oct seisie tte 100
Wallows Pond): toasccscc encase sive ss 100
Louisville, Lake Lansdowne : 300
Morehead! Triplett’ Creek: <2. 0 ss cacoes cose siscceescs sete 250
Mount) Sterling, Rayborn’spond¢.---.--cccc--scenes scents. 100
Waterworks Lake 150
New, Hope; Belleiofi Nelson Ponds 2.io.cs-25- esc eee scccen een 100
Owensboro; peld’stlake@bacecissc-cons ces aeccee ce aicsc.casccece. 600
Somerset, Isiah Ca) Se Aa Raa A il Te Ge eee 300
Williamsburg; Cumberland River. -.------5..---0s---e-5s--5 50. 400
Maryland:
NGcokeek: Creek, dhotomaci Rivers. cease do cece eens ce cined|s<oaheSnacee 395.220; 000) | Screwsrenen se
IANMAPOLISs SOVERNRLVEL =< ajc oc aes /occiseses esis claieesecieessineecee TO00} 000i saensceeecme
Broad Creek, Potomac River-.-...-.....-.- 155514; 000)|bsccescemece
Bush River Station, Bush River '93,000;\000)i|emanecmcmec
County, Bridge; Bohemia, Rivers. 2.2 .sc--css-.-seeesemecec ne 55,000} 000 |Easaeeeeceee
PB LISLOM WE MKRAV OR f=, eiciaciciciwsciseicsie aise <2 ceicces cee se ene sc SOK000)000N see cancetee
Hired erick ys CLreelkee were nic ons suse cies eek ove soa an acc iotes ecules ascn ce cece 3; S00) 000) | saencctiecer
Furnace, Tt els 235 (Gi oe AA a iB Se ei ea el 200001000) |Eeeseccseee
GF CONPSLO WTS aSSaILASWENI VCD ate clerciatc iceman a eeemncione eine cance ncn ene uee 4-000 1000)|Saasmsnensee
Greatpalls Su otonia CHRIViel aa). ce ssh San comet rice ec ane co ce hana ccc ne ne see |aeaeem neem 200
Gunpowder, Gunpowder Rivers as -scmecs scenes cesses saens meee cecees cele 5 OOOKOOO0) SE eeneciccee
iHarerstown,-sntiotamltCreek.. «cote sesc ae oscsecccseectincsencelencsesssnoee 900;(000))|!soccenceeees
Conceochearwe Creeks. 2 nec scaeins cries nse ne cen bee ek ae eee 500}:000 | .-'- st. sreis0 oe's
IROLOMACHEMIVED. sjerelaicene cs se chee eames oan eee she see 1000000) |Peecescnonce
Harford, Swan Creek........... J bia bisiaeiaveictn aise ateje eae secleeiaeteion meter ee cea 30060) O00) eee emersreicems
iHavrerde Grace.Chesapeake Bay....---.--+-- sscscnccecece eck |sencceeecece 405000; 000 |e a eierccicimiae
Eiphhields MualcouRovensencs sence tn sos a casos cease titaceaeach ct lets neceueer A0ONOOON Ee ecessccee=
Papidumeys usquenannariverstccecess. se cseccnsenenen stein teen are ene 2050003000) (21a stecaia eines
Me anieleovOEsiCOv.eucnc oc sem sic cis cmc cincincesies mone oer mecenlc cee ncsacne 300;000N|E. ssieeciceces
Muddlomuiver sid dleveivierss. caste cece acu acemtocccmen ce coe ena oc eases aoe id OOO" OOO secrete cece
NonthebastaNonhphastiRiven.- 0s sceuessaseceacees cumccamesen| eae s sun aus 1339005000) to o- scien aie
iscatawayaCreekn ie OtomaACiRIVer.. <scncen on seco nee e neck nee ce beset ec ceese 95001500) Sec cucossecs
Ronicks Creek mRotomacwRivel: — .oscace o2seec ss ces cote sacanbn scl eee decom. 60005000) |Eeeesiccicins ole
Queenstowmi@ucenstowm@reek ols ose cccn secs pee cee eee eee gee soca cee 3005000) | Secnicne mess
INO DINSONMROInt eM UKBEUIVOl: =n 2 hock seca sens oena co onesoeoe ent elnacaecceence G;000;000N | Fees esectance
Showell, St. Martins River, Showell Fork 309, 000
Smithsburg, Raven Rock Reservoir.................-.- 500, 090 |. .
SwanliCreek- Pocomac Rivelncsa.scccecucs coeeew cn cet eneete cose: 6, 533, 500

118 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DISTRIBUTION OF FisH AND FisH Eaas, By Locariry AND Species, FiscaAL YEAR
1913—Continued.

YELLOW PERCH—Continued.

Disposition. Eggs. Fry. Fingerlings.
Maryland—Continued.
Townpoint, Bohemia whiver-ceces-c- s-cen es sceersacee seeeaeeee| seems ees 1550005000) Saaeecece ace
Williamsport, Conococheague' Creek... 5-222 e cece tcc cece ee |ece sees S008 O00! Sa. keeeeeeme
Potomac River 1, 000, 000
Massachusetts:
Wes Greenwater bond crs ceesecar eseceeeceecis soe anemic ee einer | eee a saseeeets
Upper Goose Ponds: 2.2 oh 2.28. feceasieonsscsnieoes fae as |eetecaseseas
Palmer, State fish commission
iWiare, Hardwick Wake: sctes.s2necceee cscs se csecmise soe sieineinteiar|| aisles elesieieete
Michigan:
BrightoniBeechisilakescsaseemaee reece ese eae eiesniee sar Saisie sean | ereteete serrate 375
Motroits Stateishicommission ss. rie. cere sere ee ecene (UR sae emune 3,000,000) eee en aemeeee
Holly, Long WGAKOS Ase e seeeinae cee ecloee cise Were ciceine Sele see le ciaisicll eigen smeteaellGemeeeseinae 200
INeway fonGmreat Manllliakesss* <= s siren tcetsccc men ce ee neta eeetall serrate ie Sesser ats 250
ieimipelistialkeses ses 222222 n ee Ohare eee ee ees ener oneal naeeenmeneee 250
Piekerelduakeres 3142 eb es cc ce eh oe cice mte nat Peco meter sams acne 250
Rose Center, Bennett Wakes! joi ca. 2 secs seecouss see aaeceeteers | eckisieesienee| meee eee 250
IpUckKhorn Malkce sss 72 ek Meee sence cere ae Se eee cree eee cele areicc) cee sere 375
INortheBuckhorn Wakes See eee ete serene ee | areata er teres | eretreterersteree 375
Mississippi:
Corinth, Marm dake stress 22228 tecmcce oe sche clcoweets © aie cies clea eeemineme cece eee caer ere 100
Erwin, Lake Washington so sss. asseccmccaecneoceccceee sine tc cel feeemaesaee | seisieeeeer eee 400
Hernando Dockery vEOnd ssscssesescesecece seer cesar cee e ees [ese eee saeco aes 150
Moons sMoontihako Soncaeesnacc sae see oe coe coe ciate ciate oe oti tes | lemeieiee ee eieiae | aeons 300
Wiestboints Harm onmbalkems ss eee e en ooo eee ee eerie sera Sem ema a Sep eeeeeeer 300
Sandi@reek dake ans s-c- ce ecco s bs ceases ees leeise) cio cceneeee eee emnciseeineie 200
New Hampshire:
iNew port Rocky bound sh ond =? alec ac cee eic oe se cee cise se seta al bane ae aanerel Samiemereneer 200
New Jersey:
Mornispelainss Jacguils pond ss tes.cee cece ne cee sense else emcee | aeeecacsces 8004000i Pea re toeeene
ING Wark S tatenas by COMM|SS1OM sperma asters se ataesiel-fatcleten sta rare ietaneresisteieier 2; 000; 000) Sse ccecesoee
Waldwick PEohokus#Riverses ssssscrtiess oe cee see cise asice siete ele | ise miesetactsine ANOS 000), | Secs vases
New York:
Battery, bark. New Work Aquarium... 2 cece ase teleelscie ciel 1000; 000))|c ences BE ee ees
Camden’, Mishy Creeks ee mseemrs ae ete eset ateciee eae tetas ercleretel mem ceiecieie ciate ere iclersielaretetets 100
Cornwall Sutherland?s! pond 222 scare centas se ac ste eee nee ee eter clear | eeeeerelsieteeiets 250
HdmestonsSummitwealkces sscse sate cocci ceca sees o senceetecaeclceenace nese sce eer ater 120
Garrison Reeve's pond .ass.jascec oe seen sae es see seis ecto e e [aaece esac ee 200, 000 125
Mastic; HomelCreekic. see nccinee sons o serie see sciomes cise we eee sveclaia|| wistowsierate ars (aiere|leteiatalalstersieiaet 125

North Carolina:

Lexington, Nokomis Cotton Mill pond 200
Maxton) Dumber River-.cs ses ses eee eee enee seee eee oem een acinene eines | Secisiee cere 200
Oxford, Cannady silakkes iss foee soko eect cris locienieis sisi ene elects enescel| seinen ieceer 300
Rockingham, Ranch*Pond...::-25-..s-+---<.---- 200
Salisbury,,|Josey’sipond:2.--2 2-2 0222.sc--< c= 200
SoublRivens =. See sc soos emcees Saee Siccte eee eiaeints cle alls oars Siatainnsiarers lelsietisieiseeieee 400
Way, iad atateacyd Kesy.] 200) 610 Re ee St ak ope] Gotaueaacod baacnaaeccee 200
StovalliGreporyor ond. ss s—s5 5 cassie e eee eee ee ee ee ee See ee eee ee Seema ee cee 200
‘Taylorsville;-Adams/smponG==<-22as5-. ccs ce ec eciec cece mee ce | meee eisie ise) einestersnimetnere 200
amen, Roster Malliponds sane sete ee eee emcee ae aeeeee bee mee eerie penmmeereme 300
Ohio:
Chippewa Make; Chippewa ake:...2.-c2-----c-s-cencescemec yas] seseensereer| amsccm sane 300
isectonias: Cherny= Valley Pond: ossstn-secesce ss ceeceeeettene ce). | Sec scece eee eae mine neers 250
Butein=BaysWakewnieices: sossccos uceescesceeeense eeeneneecee |estee emanate 35,000; 0008\ eee jee merece
Youngstown; poakevHamiltone se. sscsee see ecer ee enseceee esses aceite caries Als eeceb seas 250
Oklahoma:
Amadmore;Oltywavakes. fo 2. § hice sn decee shee e tome ese Seco ee eames meee e terete | necterasateine 150
Bliss sSaltpvialley“Creeks 222 Soss oc cee cae wcines oe ccee cicle oeeeecee see [aaa teoseeene aseaeeacsces 400
McAlester: Colo’sdake toc ote. 5ccc cc brecoct eee teee aL cose enamel ean ns 4 maed aaa 300
Okmulgee Wake Park Wake fos sanne ee eee c ee tes eet ee eee a8 pee ceceenieee Heetcee earns 1,000
Oregon:
Carlton: CarltonWake: S25. 552s casce sce eerie: seen eee eee eee ceee ee | seca nea s | pesteciises ae 250
Pennsylvania:
Gambrid ge Springss Edinboro Wake-eeces -sacee ee anes se eeeees | pemeemee cena) casa eeecia 375
Choconut, Quaker Lake Se en Aas cae ee ee 8 oe Se eee Oe soocmoqacaas A00)000) | - cc ecraets
Ebensburg; Wake Rowena os5cesccimes'=a ne enece ctoeecesmene scene [paeeeeeeeaae
Frazer, Ridley Creeked 22223 2552
Hosensack:, Hancock/s/pond sc azssacecntes cee nee = see see ee | same eemtert | teeter n= teil
iWalterst#Pond ess dcdcccceeh cee ue wees on ee eee hoe Cee eennoee [eoene semcteec
Menapey brandy wine Creek: zcss.5 coum cis ausicine ce cues saecemest es |aaeisteaeimeciem
atitz, pelammer Creek PONG: ssossaceen see ce eco ee tee Centon |aoeeeeeeceee
Munster, Clearfield Ponds: oi sc2ce= soe eee ree eee ee eee ee eee ene seeeooeeeaas
INGOMI PANS SN atom WalkOcacse “Soa cceb ees eenne bees nee reeioen tee | Necleeemceies
Washington Borough, Susquehanna River...........<s-2-------|---ce--0ce--
Walliamsbure. Plowing Spring’ Ponds... 2s... see ee ceeeeseeeee|seese sence 20050003 Beene

Rhode Island:
Kenyon, Ninigret Pond........... DPR METER TERR ee All| ha a A RE eh NS 106

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

ILS,

DisTRIBUTION OF Fish AND Fisn Eaas, py Locatiry AND Species, Fiscan YEAR

1913—Continued.

YELLOW PERCH—Continued.

Disposition. Eggs Fry. Fingerlings.
South Dakota:
ead okamibakc@uleorelele ye ciste seriecjeie oles eialal= oimisieiciel=int= ate ate wise eee entire eee eee ae 200
WA Ghi ey MAGUEY ILE TRS Go SB anise cog Seman es Ses eee Eee EES es sesupeod |b coascoesdud ponsacosanes 200
Tennessee:
Kero xeval ley HIRES MAVVA LOL EAC l oto) ote taste oiaia nln ciate ea isim nae njarmini= ol ele eerie oe ae| Siete ete 300
Vermont:
PANDO T ERE OMMUPH ALIN ONee Kester pemae a aer eee eee em aie eee a eeieieerialeterare 200000) |Eteeeeecosee
as teh ainleldpubiacka Oreck es sass ele smote onis ee eee fa ara einen ele eerste ete el 600},000)|/--c2s-2242-
TeGtaysS WS MN Borel oo oS aso cto cone honeteneSSebore|| sooseaseoure TOOK O0O) eee tteer mee
Metal fiPondisses hace eancaeones soe res oe oases le cer nsse mers 900) 0003|- eases ster:
iHnosbunspHalls sy lral arc ple Orc ese a relate a sete tees aie epee eee stern S00 {000 | Paseo ectene
iPynodonvilles Center EON ons csc cece seem ce anita ce sea =a(a = <== We afeielaela\~ ein AN; 000)}|/2ezeseeee see
ChandlentRondee see ste ie ee ae ease cece oceb eee 400000) |Eaasn ee see
MW lkyeR OMG ce cores Sasiee a haienieisie so sesieseiare ste ice Bee pias.<=|sbete eeee eg 100
IPASHUINO VE ONG seen ae com sncnd cesas sack seeie =e 2eelsci-in| bee cece oe 4003000) tteee see

Milton sROUNG ER ONG Se ear assess eee a a aislem cleanse saiseincie a sje |oisie s saseieais= AQ0;000))|2 222 2 so--e

Pe lnintleldeawakoeNelson semis cmc ese esis Ss aS neaaeiaisre Nalaysaaisiaseie| be tiaee Saeiee AQO O00 MVE eS eease esa

Tein nol Ohne Cikeol eo nS CB sees ee eee onaSer ase Beeeesaeooe eae easessos SOOT OOOH | Eee ree aciecte

Swanton Miss isu OME IVeR 225-1 soe seri ae Sm atoyesaiarfoepesar-sosinista/ainis lene eee SO COOROOON HE eects sooo

iWesteDanville, Joes pond 2.2 saseacacss so ecis ssa seen ee ser Ses aelens sense cme 1 400) 0000 ee ncceecee]

Virginia:

ATSHpuraG OOSGICTeC keer ae ees serie = Ses - Sem anata seas 4a essence oases 500000) Pease secre

Morne Creek weotomac RAVEN. = Saas caeinceseeiso15)-q2i= = alsoe| lence ence 950000003 2a este Sree

IATA POTIA |G OOM WwayANS POM Gs ee cece aslo) 5 siete) iam sais isis cris sescineini| eo etoeicinsi= cee SOOKOOO | ERE ae Nee ee ee

Mattlecnuntine Creek sPotomac RIVED. o-<-2 eee. se casein ane ccloncccsesscse 13S OOO aan eect eee

Rohicki@reckeyROtomMaceRAV eI. =< seas 4, Je asoasinasecaleee eae os ciciere AA WHS 5500) ase ees eS

HIGH ONG selec kari oa Cree kere ON eyewear aise ee ieee e ieieeieremiseeieetoe ation ane seeiene S00K000) Rasaen eeae

RockaCastlowib inchespond os. .s sae spasee-ecooecaresnece aesaceallseereceeeened ANOKOOOK SB eee ees ees

Washington:

SRACOMAPAINCLICAM SAO: seam spe an eas ae se eata dayanstt) esas ereree| Sosa semest ex |Caecoleteeee 125
Gravellivgllakehsen mcm ae cna aoe se see eas eecee nie eae eens | ese maeren ee 125
StetllacoomUbakes 2.38 c.)s2 <1 oc 5 sic oew ae gem senciow eid emeceoneoase|tescccces coe 250

West Virginia:
Ghanlestom-wWinite @itysWals e222 eee esas-s aa) ancieeeos eeedleecce cee aes |teeeeee cece 250
Wisconsin:
Blishantaealke ye lichart ake: ona ote nop 55 e yseaceescicnsalaca tose oocee| eke neacee 300
Aha CTOSSO ND AM Ke OTEK ce speraforata saan oiatela 2 ie ciajaeinia wie ia/utss ical tee S| Sieeis ss sicnel[s's vse. esos = 100
Broken Gui Cree ese cere, aaltar steers elaine Neestacia Se elereel ccna semen seas sacce ee 75
lst eRon dees eepcro cnc tad na secee wee hei. 5ick ease ae een Mame oe. e eo) Seicececeeccs 75
Second ss anikaCree kates sete can eee eo ek ioetenl eerie sean | aaacee mem ee 100
Sheboy an! Malls) Sheboygan (River. - 22.2 se-o-20 seeepee eee =e | ene cre || ae eee 300
INQ Coo cgosacoedcat SaSmerboneesen apes soneccsecbonsesanceouse 11,000,000 |365, 723,000 25, 132
STRIPED BASS.
North Carolina:

WieldonmroanOoKeMivencens- = sors nek ete ce ec occmaee cise ee see momeeecies W234. 000 Me ae eee ase

WHITE PERCH.
Connecticut:

Horespyille | Grannis(s Pondeses=5- asa eace peseceicee ceerceccerienie te lxesaccezeeae 200% 000k Saez eee eel

Rid SeLeLOMGredtalOn dns. somes a oe Bae INS zforcisiencistnainns are oe seule ae Seems 300}000) Rass eaeer ee

Rockville-troehnertis pond’ see. o.bacc- dec casscceewcercceseeeenieessesssssas 2001000 ee eeeace cee

SIMS DUByARVV(O0 Gash PONG eermermense Seeicce cl cincieeeeceee mere cncicnleeinse nea secie SOO; 000! Seca ecrecee

Maine:
Ban MillsyMarlesehondis sas. ceos scence simescisecse cece aaeee ee lee esse ANOKOOON ES ce caace one
INOTUONB erwickemhlIRond acre se tee ss tee see cige se citeeaeceealtecesee cert 300" 000) Easeseeeeeee
Maryland:

PATI TIA NOLIS POOGERSRE ONG eneeecoe ccc ccs oes wiacccae ae ace eo nees Se eemne ees 2005000! Pena seeeoee

BohoetahivenpBOhermia River. .). 0... <.c.cs. ccocdussagee Wale a. n0e.8e 15-000 000) [te aome see

I USUPECIV CL wD USHER LV Obese pi cce ace sins otc noma ore Dement eie los nemeceaeee TOSO000% 000/22 se see anes

Chase undeerOneeker aan ee cae saan oe sede Scions doen meinene ce locewine eee ne SOO000N | Bee teecenece

PEN aeEC I OTE IKMEOIV Clete cyayte ceieic nicks oa cen otc wigemibeewieamemseae aru acec sas cece 20¥800;\000) |Ssac-nceeee=

Furnace, Furnace (Cine ee a eS Oe ane ee ere ee Gorey sl ental ete as ore 1OS000 S000} 22s see occ

GunpowGersGumpowGd Crm VeL ss = creas cles ote icine ot ele wine wicieteval le cuinieemo ese LOVOOOK OOO) |S eSacceecee

HavrerdeiGrace, Chesapeake Bay’. 2 <scsnc encase sce seeeencs=|seesiececions 21956005000) Se cece serine

HuUSqmehannahAVeD. ssn case ee nomen eisee cla emer eseee OS SOOD! OOON Ee eecrsereaer

McD anielswboyersi COvesce seen ce ae cee eres cece emsicsc qeiscoeleececeeebe SO0G00) | 2ee= saeseeee

IPOH GMCOV Omer trot ee eer eee oo oe eae ote elation acasseelees 300500085. socceeece's

a Lost in transit, 1,525 fingerlings.

120

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

DIsTRIBUTION OF Fish AND Fiso Eaes, py Locariry AND Spectres, FiscaAL YEAR

1913—Continued.

WHITE PERCH—Continued.

Disposition. Eggs. Fry. Fingerlings.
Maryland—Continued.
Queenstown; Blunts Creek: a sekensccesee ce cee = sees eeee cece lee cee meses 200, 000
Robinson Station, Maco tity Rivers sscsaseeenacseesseeeenas cea Cee eeeeeeees 500, 000 |. .
Spesutie Narrows, Chesapeake Bay... See 20000; 00052 52
Swan Creek, Chesapeake Bay...... --| 10,000,000 |...
own point; (Hk RAVECLe acm cise oscceencccescnes Sebocen conse seal eneoneceeees 5, 000, 000
Massachusetts:
Congamond=Congamond Wakes sooo ae seen ee ecient eee eee esinmiseecls S00 }000N Peeeeseene es
Mitchburges Warde onde. cs. sasccssescciceeice- en oe oe lean sececece 3005000 )|22ocecseee oo
Fudson. Waker Boonk: <cse sc scecewovistes sate cicinistectae seca celeeeeceincecies 400) O00 WE cmeeeeae we
PalmersStatetishicommission =: saseeeeesen seeee eee eeeeeeeee ces 1S OCO OOO | Sestretee resem loca eeee OB
New Hampshire:
Greenticld AG oul dwPond Sass icce ssa cre wee wicnre oeisisaiiewio siviacieeeeinceta sme cic select 300000) | Eee eeecseee
Ottersuakess ~ socccee ec ucts oe oem ceas steee oasaePeseeeeatises 3003000) |Beeeeccnee Sf
Malkewood. Ossipee Wakes cose sceee scsi sacle te) se eeaioe eeieniet lateweeeeooee 500000! | Sececcceceae
Newport, onerPond) 2. Sc. cece ccccemctclewa ace aelcivaiereitelsieiseio oe leteretel| ss sc Semisinees 300000) so cee cence S
Newton Junctions Country, Ponds semcscee ence seen ee eee ene eee leceeeeneeeee ANONO00S | Seeenece eae
New Jersey:
Newark. statertish) commission|ssecencectceme ee eee reece ne cena|eeseeeen cess 2:(000;000!)|Seececsces ae
New York:
Great! Neck applicant toms: se eeie-escecceceereeneeceeeeerccaeee 95,000,000) |. an ccencloceeetenee ee
Middletown; Ketchums?!s pond) ssc ene cteirremissioeriesinemee seceieee pence eeeerne 4005 000))|S esse sens Ba
Wallikills Shawanpurlk (Kall verece oe scence emcee nese eee ete eee seemenice 500000)! Eseenemeens 5
Wayland Woon WWakess mc\io<scicccnccwseic cin seiinioctes inte cieei cia] seeeseemeeme S800 000) a sscecre eS
North Carolina:
HM dentonyH den tOnNB Ayo sicjesisaceisee Sa seet see ee aceasta eeieeineeeeecte 3,210,000) Bemsceee ands
Pennsylvania:
Washington Borough, Susquehanna River................-..-.|----2-+----- 10005000! See <-enesres:
Vermont:
Bartonsbarker bondi an. eeeac ces cnaee eer asesie ster eee acetals sete neers 300,000 |...... BOOSOC
Fardwick-(Greenwood Wake: 22 ec ee acjeieiseicincierseieisicien eisisiecis aise | sfectace pee eee 4005000) |S osecencts Soc
North’ Bennington: Wake Parana. jer oq sce aciemiace eee ciaelaenen cee eee cece 300; 000) |Peeecece Go05
Virginia:
Montpelier, Du) Ponts ponds. < 2% < csi acisie ais onieisistes sivioiciototelsincieial| siee eeiscee ese erect emcee 121
West Virginia:
Shepherdstown, Potomaci Rivers... 42. cere ce nese nace were lemereciccees|ceecmeere tee 600
Mo talee? Eo ae ct saca centile oe cee ee aan hee ema sate eee eee 20,000,000 |449, 120, 000 721
YELLOW BASS.
Illinois:
Jacksonville; Nichols Park (Wak@ oq ce ser sais sisc cena eles eee all sein Seine ie sie loci anes 255
SMELT
Maine:
Green) Lake, Green Wake =... scwcc.eseoecccsesmccccsincesasceccss| soemescsecse 50050005 cemnsceeeene
Opis; ;Green Wake dc Sten wceccepsiccwescsce ses seceee ceissteceioseecine) seeeeacenoes 1 S00} 000) Sac eeemeceee
Maryland:
GreatjHalls) Potomac) River. << cccsscesnwecen casos cesisseceesace ceoeceeeesce|seememercene 27,000
New York:
De LniNe pp licanibecrrs asa en eset see seee een ereaeiceat Ee RaI NI KC00)) eeococosaces bocococaccas
Oba se eee sence sais etemsnenenicwioa ne See sees maps ee semi ae se aeee 4,500,000 | 1,850,000 27,000
COD
Disposition. Eggs Fry.
Maine:
Boothbay Harbor, Boothbay Harbor. jcsoccese snes ee- eect ate Ce Meee eeiseellassemeesoees 1, 206, 000
Hod gdons) Cove sconce ccssid aoccasetanemaee nano ones aeia|saecee ents 1, 863, 000
Iinekin (Bays 225 28 Setasiscne sua Scee sweet en oe eee cneeneee 676, 000
Townsend Gut sss sc. osssse ses shes t eee es neste ey eecoeencen| conse eemace 757, 000
Southport;,Deckers Cove sé osiscs.c-0ctciewsisasnss ace cescer Sera taec renee ease el osceseacrnee 649, 000
Ebencook: Harbors cccercicco ates cca see ses nse secs sem eee Ce cm ein melwicteieterersioete 460, 000

DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1918.

styl

DisTRIBUTION oF FisH AND Fish Eaas, spy Locatiry AND Species, FiscAL YEAR

1913—Continued.

COD—Continued.
Disposition. Eggs. Fry.
Massachusetts:
Beverly MassAChusebts DAY a soccine ssnccescecstaaciocsamcaswcecccecececicac ceil 32, 260, 000
iHalmouthy Hel Ponds acs css. se. 5=- 2, 400, 000
Nantucket Sound 16, 580, 000
Vineyard | Sound c -<c--cas ccm micinn caesar cue cme ascssseceecnece 2, 925, 000
Gloucester Atlan tich@ coal Se 25 Soc eisceeetscinsa- seins shecione ace sine see mm ccwis aes 22, 700, 000
IPS WACHPB ayhep ses «meee ance hae kee ccc cree ome ee ce mc eeaceneeeee 4,910, 000
Gosnold, Buzzards Bayete ccceee: occ sooo set cisiae ceeeenies cre Sle aceeeeecmne 7,678, 000
Winey ard Sound 3. a jaseiae ci actincelscn cccisscswieteensscaccccsesscsce 72, 107, 000
Manchester, MassacDisebistBayeacet es ca ciccee ce cne mon meee meee noe cea caiscc acc e|aieleinweiatelercicreys 7, 880, 000
Marbleheddl Masse chuseutsis diye sameeren ta steaieeiee ciel selec cisietsie eto ateieinter listen iefatcicia ci 10, 500, 000
Rockport, Atlantic O Ceamsjaa ss wats aces noaeictetels cle cc aisore sicisints wiele [nis serene s siscine s)[siscis wteisicimeisic 6, 010, 000
Ips wAchyB ayaa eee ses sre ecae ees oe Sosa tite oc bes acca aicqmulaaceesce anor 20, 890, 000
MIshubyeeNantuUckobis OUNG ae sects s apenas asain ce cee clea laine cielsic meicretstencisalleaaaemeceicee 7,329, 000
WiestULishuny, Vineyard: Sounds. J .sscesiciaec <n = ceaciele cats sicteieieocc a sesciesisle 2) ore ci-isleiseese/= 1, 232, 000
oR Oba eye meee tect ise neem eye Se ciae Sars aa(oe Sania ia emeeemmeiti ho eeSe mares 6, 800, 000 | 221, 012, 000
POLLOCK
Massachusetts:
AMITMISC USTED S WACHMS Aye te ese lactee mise sete so neers ataiatele ie ore injec ereinls siatel= 6, 350, 000
Beverly: Massachusetts: Baye... casos elec esses cee eeticemsces ceacce ects 69, 370, 000
Eastern Point, Atlantic Ocean | 540, 000
Gloucester, Annisquam River.......--.-- 1, 640, 000
ATLAMICLO CORNED Meee ae tre ee nee scans eee el anes Se cae este 46, 370, 000
Tips WACHHB Aymecmecese cece ack toe se ecemecsmaeaeacceetoee sce ces 37, 420, 000
Tips wicheclps wich ayes. cece aie ose cease wick ste ee eee see ena ne sarees 7, 000, 000
Tyanes villos lps wiGhyiBaye cee nese ce cieisici serene dice cee eect sceseedacccsace 57, 370, 000
Manchester Massachusetts Wa ay ss ae cle wise) ene n dn eee Sceine sae eae seisce = snes ane oce cer 44, 000, 000
MarbleheadiwMassachusebts aa ysce ress fate cane ciate come eine cinreciss Mei wicies siete calteconccek cere 35, 000, 000
Rockport Atlan tich© coamuatesccemssoss cee eeee doceemeemee te sues acaee< SuevalSecer oceseee 31, 610, 000
LOS WACI YD AVA eee tee eae eee Sere oo ce See Meee cane aceescaitnicicee het be ceseime 74, 390, 000
Salems MassachusettsaBay sae ccions sm at ce cecis ses s Sass ce nane mobic was ck pe ee meeclecetisnoohacs 19, 000, 000
RO te ete s tee Se eae ol aan eee aes pale eee cigeis Same eee ete 133, 739,000 | 430, 060, 000
HADDOCK
Maine:
iBoothbayeHarbor, boothbay; Harboe sn sn.mcs ce See ne se ecse =e ones sees cices leone ceeecise 22, 967, 000
Massachusetts:
Beverly, Massachusetts Bay........--..---------+--- Beinsie seca ee Soe siomace nae sieleswaiaes 6, 110, 000
Gioucester-wAtlantichOceéanerceeses meses cee ces cioocscrsiet cer amosecenenseccuce 57, 868,000 | 15, 000, 000
Marbleheads Massachusetts iB ayi-.ciesiate/ ccm iste sielemiae eminem ase ceeecceecealsocsesesee ue 5, 540, 000
Rock porusAtlant ic Ocean cere ered teen ices oes caceeciccceee seccose neces tool eo tceonneeee 11, 270, 000
Tpswich, Bay... ..--.-.« Re eae nena eemeecnmiscer cise nice tree amen ee sack cecene 7,370, 000
EO Ua egestas ete ee ete ee ae eee seis tenis nia = am Semin ere snag sats deine cores core 57, 868,000 | 68, 257, 000
FLATFISH.
Disposition. Fry. Disposition. Fry.
Maine: Massachusetts—Continued.
Boothbay, Linekin Bay............. 64, 473, 000 Ralmouth, Kel Pond=s: 22..--..----- 100, 000
Sheepscot River......... 3, 024, 000 Great Harbors.) . 2.22555 10, 421, 000
Boothbay Harbor, Boothbay Harbor} 49,666,000 Nantucket Sound....... 92, 080, 000
Hodgdons Cove. .| 6,040, 000 Waquoit Bay... -.....52- 5, 359, 000
Linekin Bay.....] 76,483,000 Gloucester, Annisquam River....... 41,370,000
Mill Cove........ 71, 887, 000 Gloucester Harbor......| 97,710,000
Townsend Gut...| 21,425,000 Gosnold, Hadley Harbor............ 4,338, 000
East Boothbay, Linekin Bay....... 28, 814, 000 Vineyard Sound........... 41, 293, 000
Southport, Deckers Cove............ 9, 166, 000 Lanesville, Ipswich Bay...........- 8, 000, 000
Ebencook Harbor. ...... 49, 333, 000 Manchester, Massachusetts Bay....- 29, 290, 000
Sheepscot River ........ 18, 270, 000 Rockport, Rockport Harbor........ 18, 600, 000
West Boothbay Harbor, West Booth- Wickford, Wickford Harbor........- 11, 648, 000
bayeblanborene qos ecs eon a tec sn oe 15, 380, 000 a
Massachusetts: AN Otalle rosa hens soe meee ee ee oe 809, 270, 000
Beverly, Massachusetts Bay..-...... 22, 000, 000

Essex, Essex River.

13, 100, 000

122 DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND FISH EGGS, 1913.

«

DistRiBvuTION or FisH AnD Fisn Eaes, py Locariry anp Sprcrgs, FiscaAL YEAR
1913—Continued.

LOBSTER.
Disposition. | Fry. Disposition. Fry.
Maine: Maine—Continued.
Barnard: Bass Harbor .j.cssse eco - 2, 700, 000 St. George, Matinicus Harbor....... 3, 000, 000
Biddeford, Wood Island Harbor....| 1,000,000 Seallanboras secs sseee 6, 000, 000
Biddeford Pool, Biddeford Pool South Addison, Little Kennebec
TAR DOR eas eencice Noes nee acemarnls 3, 000, 000 Rivers ee. 500, 000
Boothbay, Back River.............- 2, 000, 000 WiassiCover-emece- 500, 000
Boothbay Harbor....... 5, 500, 000 South Hancock, Skillings River..... 2, 000, 000
Squirrel Island Harbor. - 500, 000 Sorrento, Sorrento Harbor.......... 2,000, 000
Bristol, Christmas Cove............- 1, 500, 000 Southport, Ebencook Harbor. ...... 3, 500, 000
OHTISEE a yee ee een 2, 000, 000 Pig COvONe ee nee eee 5, 000, 000
Cape Porpoise, Cape Porpoise Har- Spruce Head, Penobscot Bay....... 8, 750, 000
DOG Aen Seat a cees cdecceceneaen 3, 000, 000 Stonington, Stonington Harbor. -.... 3, 600, 000
Corea; Indian Harbor. ...-.-.-----.- 4, 000, 000 Swans Island, Swans Island Harbor.| 3,600,000
Crockett River, Crockett River. ... 375, 000 Tremont, Duck Covesses. 22 eseeee 400, 000
Cushing, Medencook River 6, 000, 000 Vinal Haven, Penobscot Bay.-..... 1, 750, 000
Deer Isle, Grays Cove 1,300, 000 Sandy Cove...... 3, 000, 000
East Boothbay, Linekin Bay 3, 500, 000 iWiells BWiells Baynes eee eee 2,000, 000
Eastport, Broad Cove 5,000, 000 West Bath, New Meadows Cove 1,000, 000
East Stu 5, 000, 000 Westport, Goose Rock Passage...... 1, 000, 000
Friendship, Friendship Harbor....-| 5,500,000 Hocomock Bay.......... 1, 000, 000
Georgetown, Fire Isle Harbor......- 3, 000, 000 White Island, Penobscot Bay....... 125, 000
Harmons Harbor.....- 5, 000, 600 Winter Harbor, Winter Harbor..... 2,000, 000
Gouldsboro, Corea Harbor.........- 200, 000 Wiscasset, Sheepscot River......... 500, 000
Prospect Harbor.-...... 300, 000 Work, York Harboreeassse eee 2, 000, 000
Harpswell, Harpswell Sound.......- 1,500,000 || Massachusetts:
Quohoe Bayinncncssss-0- 8, 000, 000 Beverly, Massachusetts Bay..-...... 2, 200, 000
Isle of Shoals, Isle of Shoals Harbor..} 1, 500,000 Boston, Boston Harbor.-...........- 500, 000
Jonesport, Monsapec Reach.......-. 1, 000, 000 Et elle elambore aaa eee eee 500, 000
Kennebunk Port, Kennebunk Port Gloucester, Annisquam River....... 1, 200, 000
aT bObaaecess ore oe cc ccceesticeeeae 4, 000, 000 Atlantic Ocean.......... 1, 930, 000
Kittery, Pepperell Cove..........--- 4, 000, 000 Ipswich ‘Bay/.o.2-22c0se: 600, 000
Matinicus, Matinicus Harbor.......-. 1, 000, 000 Massachusetts Bay...... 300, 000
Millbridge, Dyers Bay..........---- 1, 000, 000 Lanesville, Ipswich Bay............ 500, 000
Monhegan, Monhegan Harbor....... 1, 500, 000 Manchester, Massachusetts Bay..... 1, 300, 000
Mount Desert, Seal Harbor........- 200, 000 Marblehead, Massachusetts Bay..... 1,000, 000
Southwest Harbor...| 4, 400, 000 Rockport, Atlantic Ocean........... 2, 450, 000
New Harbor, New Harbor.......... 2, 500, 000 TipSwichyBayeessesscese ee 400, 000
North Cutler, Northwest Harbor....| 2,500, C00 Rockport Harbor........ 600, 000
Starboard Isle Harbor.| 2,500,000 Salem, Massachusetts Bay.........- 400, 000
North Haven, North Haven Harbor.} 1,800,000 |} New Hampshire:
Ogunquit, Wiells Bays... .s22---.2.- 2, 000, 000 Hampton, Atlantic Ocean..--...... 300, 000
Pemaquid Harbor, Pemaquid Har- Hampton Harbor.......- 2, 500, 000
[DOr Se ere eee ee ae ee 5, 000, 000 Ry ovclanborseeassecceeeee 1, 000, 000
Port Clyde, Port Clyde Harbor......} 1,500,000 Isle of Shoals, Gosport Harbor...... 300, 000:
Portland, Peak Island Roads....... 2, 500, 000 New Castle, Little Harbor..-....... 4,000, 000
Portland Harbor.......-- 2,500,000 |} New Jersey:
Prospect Harbor, Prospect Harbor..| 4,000,060 Cape May, Atlantic Ocean.......... a200
Rockland, Rockland Harbor.......- 5, 000, 000 Cape May Harbor....... 200, 000
Rockport, Rockport Harbor........ 3, 000, 000
Sagadahoc, Sagadahoc Bay.......... 1, 000, 000 Nota’ Owes essa Penne Seeee eee 199, 680, 200

@ Adult lobsters.

b Lost in transit, 800,000 fry.

ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES IN 1913

BARTON WARREN EVERMANN
Chief of Alaska Fisheries Service

Appendix II to the Report of the U. S, Commissioner
of Fisheries for 1913

CONTENTS:

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT.

Poet] OM PRS CTICH ear apae i aiar.cayniaicte ale\ale aisiaw. sje)e'sivie!e sio(uie,s/1e/ja.eep- cia ieemeinefaeicies
IME DOOM OMS oan ROSES SBE COaeS DOB O COLO OCC BODOP ODE OC UCU TOROB Abo Core Gace
New ssteanier fot: Patrol, WOPK: «.'. «5.5 2ssec ees o<\ncceseiesiesic ce esee = es
Cooperation with the Territorial legislature... ...-.----.-.---ecssectee-

MEER EAESERVACE San cael ccaicie Sess Seis esas oe sca sieicies <iarsoqdeeasieea ce
Salesoipiur-seal Skins and {OX SKINS* . <<. 0'ic cee ccc cewiele teiclleineic iciclemes
ur-semlesiains taken: by Coast ImGiang.. ...c/<< tec o so orcinacinisn'~ Sa aiete'siee

Mim oraiuretacBEClOd ce cna cics suc <sis/are S)sieie sae aces siaeiaisjaieinieetlejewecsissrieiomnaeeae
tel ews ob Kemer aetna ow oa niniae'a's sieistarainisinie olaaiotebeiteisisiie Se eae’ cerocae aoe
Enforcement of regulations...... Sais ea cicls/nasiaciains aide eieign a= ce neaaaoee
INGwareoliatl ONSa Sessa oee ast ciy ce aeis, oe Sore alanis aicjeiaie. te oats cee eee
Statistics/of minor furs shipped: from) Alaska). .........2.J.42ce660.002s5---
Perritoriall tax on fursexported trom, Alaska... <4... 6....0sceo-cies seen se
Propagation! of dur-Dearing ANIMAlS: 5.5 csc jaqe cies cacnsscdee eels Soles cece.

Aleutian Islands reservation.....- Sear eeise ees ans eee
Leasing islands for propagation of fur-bearing animals. .............-..--
HOR DEGOOAN ORG ac cosa a Se ashe sierasiainis sicicidte wislateieat dee seals SRE a ook

Suggestions to prospective fox breeders........-......--------------

Notes! on fox arms in, Alaskawe .scecvidocccecsciocsescdcsteissaGctesss
Hur-hearing animals qn Alaska Peninsula... ....-,.<acecstsecseuccetectoss
Fur-bearing animals of the Afognak-Kodiak region. .............--.--.---

Eu Gers aNOUtrA DD OLS: oc oc .c/0/jeiere se ce oak ce wicieele ecibes ieee cite oic ee

FISHERY INDUSTRIES.

RAEritomAleleeisin LOM Renan mas sooo sce een celtics es cle awiaiserciaceictes cs oqasee
HSRC RVELAX CROMER ER maa nome ree a ncise ac cecne cciccelacacin sie Sasinaesinacmecs
Pollttid our watersisaccsemcecs cnc cece ce sc sais Foe w clesineo siniscine eas
Men pUSHOTMGMR Es Sas ooe On Nain Siee wads Soaiewisocne cancels aaawine nce iae zee
PaNit TAD ECOMULO VOIBY,wia1c co ccic cee neiiomccic Sains ba binisie wisiwiwinisiz aise gais sears oisice
Heder lerepmiatlOns* sansa setae one wee ais aes Swiss. sesame este aicis nin eee

Sireams closed. to comimercial fishing’ <..\.0.cecccccwiscmecmccceccecs
PATO SOULNOAS AIAS KA. ste icenciciciclc aeisiscteisteie eis's a aisin <inisie/aisiciersla coe niste
IMSpPe COM OmMCAMMOMON Ss. occ cece celine a cwieieis wissen neiaiwiaiaicin ns ofeis = Semiers®
JETRO NP oo Sle bats O TERI SSRN EE en NP En A SP
We PHS OMMISMMTAPHE sa cece ieisets coc ooaee nic arse ems Saiecisienac ts an aae
MIEN ESIC ESUICVOV Seneca ina <:actcincciciciciamtae cima sie ouiclalaiey ma cate ere sos wii
Wiolatronmoilaw, and repulationss 5 .2jc.2 ect ipae -)oe'sinine oeiecjs sie gee oie

Observations in the Wood River and Nushagak regions........---------------

PANO TS EOBCEV atl OM ccpiie hisiwiaiea sc ociacinnis Seimmaie si cidin’ein sSale witise cise dc Seis esisises
Bashan PREP GOD Mss cote eiereisiciois aisicis Coe Oe ix ais)nis) 5S iwcoccie di'aismseis ='s a'siwe

OC TiC MOM BV LOM eitee =e yo ie oRier Seas eicials cen ons cle ots Sejscieeie ise ae ca kae
Tp tou: OF, ICAL MIA: VOLCANO ae saccades wes tosis ciactin sige sree Smee
Hitectsioi Katmai eruption evident in 1913... 0.5.2.5. 255s seen
iD) Oliva Vierdonetroubecen eae act sinewisscislenaysia tiers oie c eroiaieia elaie sieieietere cist.

4 CONTENTS.

Page.

Hatcheries... . 2... --- 2 eee cece cece e cee eee cece ett e cence eee cece ce cnee 66
Extent‘of operations. ..2...60+ces0cc cee cecsccnie sects eee eee een omemee ee 66
Hatchery-Tebates= .2 ce se em re seie rs ies see tela eerie 68
Hatchery. inmspectiomls steeper oe ree ieee ele ater ie ale ae eee eee 68
Wes Bay :o.ccccn cc acres eee aoe eee eee emer tere oar ee eee eee 68
Afoona kia. 3. meses eee ee ees eerie ne eee see eee eee 71
Hacle: Lakers. thrice oe one eee a nea teisen eee eee eeioia see HL

Liege hon gal Bay <2) Ree ake aes SAS ocinOgnAnOUOCanoncon a Ssossossons geass 72
TPO E GI ATNTAS fe fa Yate oreo oer act tata lot ctetalotetattctetalotot total olstotetotelotsvetetaiate mietere eter tetevers 72
Karke acon datas tsctdte ce tc dao le sacaeicle eee micioe mete ia
(UIE Go poabobad noon oaobes oo sonhoopoUabosudoUsEuoEsodcooTsood 73

iG hace snes tostecicteraterctote = ts Bache seine ae ete as ete ne a clei eerie ls erae aeteretate 74
ila wa ki. Sto Si Aeretareteratewionclsl asi idle ieee sa eoe ee ee ee eee 76
Wiolin Island cscaroa tacts tatcid atts este cet ene seleeis ee ae enone 76
Hitcherymethods)cyaarartatttatatet ratte = eee ate aecie etnies ere alae ice eles onle aeetere 77
Need: of additionalshatcheriesixsssaa-425 qseeelieiss see ere cece ee ceieliatere 78
General statistics.of Alaska. fisheries: for 1913 ..-c.00 0666 sccecese cose cess ween 79
Salmon fisheries. <p..iiadv-rrarscroreratcraratetstateralettel nse hs Velaacs oh s Seas saeew emcees 80
PUSHIN S2COW ALG OMS 2)17-1-1-ratatetatataratetetatstatatatatatetolatotalaletelel-foetolete meme etereislereie eters 80
Southeast-Alagka soccer cites en Ute als ainniceiceaones ate itatetatees 80
Central Alaska c.c:rcmosss Sad eurialacicclececeestoaeccne cts ane soa seteins 81
Western: Alaska ciscvarcaractereraterctarns so ee eeniod oe temtulaciemiee ae caremieeiete 81
Salmon :CaMming sxe scrciiciererercrsreferererctone dies oe Sb ats te sua ae nate Mains tay nara ar ateele 83
Changes and improvements in canneries and equipment.............- 83
Processing canned Salmo « « ssato-cr0.oa1<taiaivia'ncttetelatae el stateiala S's ese 86
Cannery labore ss cacwaerrrae Sos ot Ula SOE LY OTE By ae 94
Disasters and losses in the salmon industry. ..........-.--.-.-2--00- 95
Ganniories Opera ted carrer reread bb bls Otol aie store eo Mlbisla aia ara melee eee eee 96
Canneries not operatmg in’ 1018 222.243 asus t. oid elo dita a aeisice ws see es 98
The salmon icatch-and forms of Pear... .cscccteeeoel- soe eee se eiclee 98

SVEN BTA (6: Rese same OOD neo Un Hoan abeobUnnE BOnononcoocrecsoobeoscods 100
Milds curing see: ec < -citters Oslaleie wine eetee Siatelaee a sale cle alsiala ofelo ee ilerniee ieee 103
Hxtentvand methods). .sccconscsSa ecists\s o Neca <cieelee C Eee Eee eee 103
Statistical summary. <2.ciecieo~ sss cicccss se sce cae ceeccoe qmoeemerieser 109
Pickled salimOle-ceraccisicicrieisicier so si=ieataisteraveiatete aieietelo ere ae eter eee 110
Salmonsbellies ices ceiseje.cice sinietel- ec awiewincen see eines aaa eee ete 111
Statistical summary >. ceca secs ac cies oe ie Senne = epee 112
Hresh sa limoneess-- nace ine eeiciooeisien eetneeince See eecGeemecee ree hacer 113
Shipped: trom Alaska << cece cess becte dels iiniieae= eat Slee cece 113
Marketed locally am-Alaska ones ecm esol nce ieee a ote eee tee tS
ProzenisalmMoni.. sstsessdaee seks se seme en ae he asec ee ee eee eee 113
Minor preserving processeS...c<cec sec se oes emiee n= sao oe ee ae ene eel 114
Special products =< sc=1c sie o's mire cleelesiarels) ae eee eerie eee 114
Kippered salmon 22. se<scemecisecens = nee eee leis ee 115
Dry-salt salmon esc es ccecs ci eectela eleinete eee eer as arte eee 115
Salmon fishino om tie: Yukony coo. <s-soysree atelier orate tet ie ae ee 115
Pali but HEWETy ss oi lec cra o:=ic oe ates) o) ow shar ai se rsra te oyna elete tere tebe fetta of olata(efarele tee 116
Conditions and prospects cco «2 seinc cece st iiisteelotete ieee se ae eee eaten 116
Statistical summary: 2s ccececs ocecmscsnsmieeee ee epeeeeee > - sere enereer 121
Cod Fishery so n.2:% « oss eis wd.o meioweieiei nls aise leo ols forte eines ate =< eke ee 122
Wessel fishiGhy 2-.cccec0et smeccatoc coc css eae see ener sean esa 4 eae 122
Shoressta tlons'<)a -csese secs sec das ee ee ee eee eee cece ener emacit 123

Statistical summary .. >< coe sac cic = ne Sex mieiecsislercefols emis aime ate niele leet eter 124

CONTENTS. 5s

Page

Herring fishery...-.-....0..cccccsncen ence cece ees ce ccc e ence nance seccsses 125
General econGiilons semis recs ris cea cte cs ciecmise ei eiicieere ieee -\= ie =inlni= 125
Statistleall (symm man yjen meister ssisls ler cles alee setelaiere aia mieleieetcla|lniminicliol-1o =121=l= e.= 128

Willers Ory ae 2 eet. ne oin'a)c o1c!s: 0, divic lero sie di eimim.ain las miei stete/= winhoimiclain'sja\cis aeee cess 129
Shorerstation operstions', =--.-....ss-cc~ac cae ewer eneenie cnn sseeseecee 129
GameHranciscol whalimo lee tec = <2 5 clei sslclc oe elle =taleleielal= =[nl= @ine/e sinleinl='= = 132
Saltash Gal SUMUMANY cs see +s csiteia= a's 2<aiewieces os eines cite ~ <i-'aisisinjnn.clee wieinis 132
Effects of whaling operations on fishing..........------------+-+++-+2-2-- 133

eruilitzenram Geollses erat terete rtecine ste sisisia lee slo lelnletelalclefelaieinieielni=i=/=)= =~ /=i=|~!~laiele)alelelele 134

MaMORAISMETICS. sas cece act + acre etm rin leeine See sin ono salem ein i= cine wim ee snniecies 136
TOU ee eee a ote eteeacieie io ole elsiet= cle wiareleisleiere oe /ai1e sin\ele)=i=i~ininloieiwivini~’wiele ciniate ©/= e's n= 136
Py Tiaela Meera erste relere rele tave terete oiarelafolove! ale ete love =]al=lnlateini!nln=le/i=iole/nie/a\|-\eim elele\cieie 137
Bl ackaca deme nee aeccem cine cisiet oeieleleleletelslale sinieiciniei==\e\e/n!=(s\vin =\~ (ale 'nieielu(nlniole 138

FUR-SEAL SERVICE.

Affairs of the comMUNItY........ 2c cece eee eee e eee c cece cece cece nett ce ceces 140
INNES ee balked CCO UMS Mie raeieleete te eisiclovelsi-lele aisislaisic eis leieieveltelaie sissivis steletals(e\el 140
Gensusot native Inhabitants. << cic 0a n occ cne cence ceiwi cnn sass cle 141
Support of natives.......----+----- esses eee eee cece eee e cence eee eens oce §6=—«dATL

Problems in COMMMUMISIE SYSLEML. 2 s<2. ectco cscs cece cwwseccscccees 141
Experimental plan to induce thrift and seli-reliance .......-.---+-- se “344
Need for broadened opportunity......---..-------- eee eens eee ee eee 146
Cash payments for sundry labor..........0-----222 eee ee ee eee eee eeee 148
Canitatiomanmgunealithia css sect oss ss alcice viele @\=/s\a\e'e wwie/eivivinieinicinnivirin sonics 148
Importance of studying local conditions........-.--+---+--+-+-+-+-+++- 148
Health reports. ........2seeee eee e eee e cece ccc ccc cece enc cecece 56. bal
Native dwellings. . .-.-.-cc.-cccccccccnseccc ses cccccescceessc ss cecnces 152
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ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES IN 193.

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT.

By Barton WARREN EVERMANN,
Chief, Alaska Fisheries Service.

As in the annual reports of the Alaska Fisheries Service for 1911
and 1912, the reports on the fur-seal service, the Alaska salmon and
other fisheries, and the minor fur industries are combined in one
general report.

The returns from these industries in 1913 may be stated as follows:

SEISITG TCR eee Re Sore ee ye eect esis one A cie etre eis are ee rrasions chic $15, 739, 068
nibilomnuTs; (Seal am detox) sameeren esse cece oe cic crete ele eres 83, 667
IMGT OREM BE RP ae eereoe a atara ce eherareteverecre ctexees a erate varalocfaye lala erare'etars 678, 062

ETO Lal era face haps aieieve are area larnterate, sna Steere tsislesd Ss itelers Sis 16, 500, 797

For the fisheries the figures are less than for last year, when the
value was $18,877,480; and as 1913 was the first year of the five-
year close season on the Pribilofs, the catch of seals was arbitrarily
reduced to such number as the natives required for food. The value
of the seal catch was thus only $66,095, as compared with $141,290.32
in 1912, and this with an also lessened take of foxes, valued at
$17,572, against $22,209.91 in 1912, totals only $83,667 from the
Pribilof Islands, a decrease of $79,883.23 as compared with the 1912
total for these islands. The minor furs, from the mainland chiefly,
showed an important increase, from $630,656 in 1912 to $678,062 in

1913.
SALMON FISHERIES.

INSPECTION.

The inspection of the salmon and other fisheries of Alaska was
carried on during the season of 1913 in accordance with the general
plan of previous years. The field force was assigned as follows: In
western Alaska, Assistant Agent H. C. Fassett canvassed the fisheries
of the Kvichak Bay region and westward to Port Moller, and Deputy
Fur Wardens G. Dallas Hanna and Claude J. Roach carried on the
investigations at Nushagak Bay and Wood River. In central Alaska
Inspector E. M. Ball was on duty for the Afognak-Kodiak region.
In southeast Alaska Assistant Agent Ward T. Bower conducted the

7

8 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

inspection and canvass for fishery statistics, assisted by Deputy
Wardens E. P. Walker and Fred H. Gray;-also by James H. Lyman,
of the Yes Bay station force. Agent H. O. Smith reached southeast
Alaska in time to take part in the closing portion of the season’s work.

Detailed reports on the salmon inspection are published on page
37 and following.

NEW STEAMER FOR PATROL WORK.

In the fall of 1912 the Bureau purchased the steamer Wigwam
from the Alaska Packers Association, and the vessel was given the
new name Osprey. The vessel was built in 1895 at San Francisco,
and is of 40 tons gross measurement, 72 feet in length, 17 feet beam,
and 6 feet in depth. It is of staunch construction, and within the
last few years has been rebuilt in many essentials. Before purchase
it was put in first-class shape in accordance with recommendations of
the Steamboat-Inspection Service.

The vessel is equipped with a Scotch boiler, and a compound
engine, and has a dynamo directly connected to a high-speed Corliss
engine. A steam winch is on the main deck forward, while below is
a forecastle with quarters for six men; also three more of the crew
may be quartered on the boat deck in the pilot-house structure. The
galley and dining room are on the main deck forward immediately
below the pilot house. The after cabin is arranged to accommodate
four persons. It is finished in Spanish cedar and is provided with
folding berths. The vessel has two masts.

The appropriation for a crew was not effective until July 1, 1913,
and it was necessary to defer putting the vessel in commission until
then. During the winter it was upon the ways at Semiahmoo,
Wash. <A crew was provided consisting of master, engineer, two
firemen, seaman, and cook, and on July 8 the Osprey sailed from
Semiahmoo for Alaska to enter upon patrol and other work in the
southeast district. The vessel has been in commission continuously
since that time. During the active salmon-fishing season operations
were confined more particularly to the more open and exposed
waters in the upper part of southeast Alaska, with headquarters at
Juneau. The Ketchikan and Wrangell districts were covered by
smaller chartered boats. Winter headquarters have been selected at
Wrangell, which is a central point and has good harbor facilities.

From July until the end of the year the Osprey logged approxi-
mately 7,000 knots. Under normal conditions a speed of more
than 8 nautical miles per hour is maintained easily. On the average
a ton of coal is good for 50 miles’ steaming. With bunker space for
only 74 tons this gives a steaming radius of but 350 miles. This is
entirely inadequate for the service demanded of the Osprey, and, as
a makeshift, the expedient was resorted to of carrying sack coal in the
after hold, a most unsatisfactory proceeding.

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. 9

At the earliest opportunity the vessel should be converted to an
oil burner. The steaming radius can thus be more than doubled, and
the cost of operation will be reduced. Another point is that the
identity of the boat will be less obvious. Since so few cannery
tenders in southeast Alaska are now operated by steam, the appear-
ance of smoke affords most conspicuous notice of approach and may
give sufficient warning to enable any violators of the law to remove
all evidence of their illegal fishing.

Aside from the positions of master and engineer, much trouble has
been experienced in keeping a crew on the Osprey. This is because
of the fact that in fixing the rates of pay Congress did not make pro-
vision for subsistence allowances. After each man pays his share of
the mess bill the net wage balance is so small as to offer no induce-
ment for service. Hither a 20 per cent increase in pay should be
made by Congress covering these positions, or the equivalent in
subsistence allowances should be granted. It is the universal custom
on all commercial craft in Alaska waters to furnish employees with
subsistence, and in order to secure good men the Government must
at least meet the rates generally prevailing for similar service. The
scheme followed in the Lighthouse Service or in the Coast and
Geodetic Survey could well be adopted.

Another necessity is the addition of one or two seamen to the regu-
lar crew. This is essential to keep the vessel in good condition,
particularly during the several months’ active patrol duty when
running is constant and heavy.

COOPERATION WITH THE TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE.

As provided in the enabling act creating a legislative assembly for the
Territory of Alaska, the legislature convened at Juneau, March 3, 1913.
In response to a request made by the governor of Alaska the Depart-
ment of Commerce sent Assistant Salmon Agent Ward T. Bower to
be present at Juneau during the session for the purpose of furnishing
to committees and members information regarding fishery matters
when requested by them to do so. The questions considered by the
legislature are discussed on pages 37 to 46 of this report.

FUR-SEAL SERVICE.

During the entire fiscal year 1912-13, Agent Lembkey and Assistant
Agent Proctor were resident on the seal islands, the former in charge
on St. Paul, the latter on St. George. Assistant Agents Judge and
Clark who had been continuously on the islands since June, 1911
(excepting in the case of Mr. Judge, who in the middle of the summer
of 1912 made a trip on the Homer to San Francisco for the purpose
of purchasing supplies), returned in October to Washington, where
they were assigned to duty until in May, 1913, when they were ordered
to San Francisco to purchase supplies for the islands.

10 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

The steamer Homer was again chartered for the purpose of carrying
supplies to the islands and bringing down the skins in the fall. The
vessel sailed from San Francisco with the supplies on board June 23.
Fred M. Chamberlain, who had been appointed naturalist, fur-seal
service, vice M. C. Marsh, resigned, and George A. Clark, who had
been appointed special investigator to take the census of the seal
herd, took passage on the steamer to the islands. The steamer
arrived at St. Paul Island July 13. After landing the supplies,
including coal from Unalaska, for which a special trip had to be made,
the seal and fox skins were taken on board August 8, and the Homer
sailed for San Francisco, where she arrived August 24, Messrs.
Lembkey and Clark returning on the vessel.

SALE OF FUR-SEAL SKINS AND FOX SKINS.

In former years the fur-seal skins taken on the Pribilof Islands
were shipped to London for sale, that being the principal market of
the world for such skins. In some years London received as many
as 100,000 from the Pribilofs alone. It was thought that if the
Government could secure even approximately the same price for
skins sold in the United States that could be obtained in London a
change of market was demanded by business and patriotic considera-
tions. The take of sealskins in 1913, owing to the establishment
of a close season on seals, numbered but 2,296, and the occasion was
deemed auspicious for making an attempt to build up an American
industry dependent upon the selling and dyeing of fur-seal skins.

After due consideration the Department decided to send the seal-
skins to the St. Louis market for sale at auction by Messrs. Funsten
Bros. & Co. The previous administration had considered the advisa-
bility of selling the skins in America, and this year Funsten Bros. &
Co. was the only firm actively soliciting the business at the time
when it was necessary for arrangements to be made. More favorable
commission rates were secured from the St. Louis firm than had
previously been secured at the London market in respect to both
fur-seal skins and fox skins and, in addition, transportation rates from
the Pribilof Islands to St. Louis were much less than to London.

The year’s shipment of sealskins was, therefore, consigned to
Messrs. Funsten Bros. & Co., at St. Louis, Mo., where, with the
exception of 400 skins which were withdrawn from immediate sale
by the Department at the request of the chairman of the Committee
on Expenditures in the Department of Commerce, House of Repre-
sentatives, they were sold on December 16, 1913. The gross pro-
ceeds of the sale amounted to $54,579, or an average price of $28.78
per skin.

Excluding 20 defective blue fox skins which were shipped directly
to Washington for examination, the 1913 shipment of fox skins from

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. diel

the Pribilof Islands consisted of 405 blue fox skins and 31 white fox
skins. These skins were included with the consignment of fur-seal
skins to Messrs. Funsten Bros. & Co. and were sold by that firm on
the same date as the sealskins. The 405 blue fox skins sold for
$17,094, or an average of $42.20 per skin, and the 31 white fox skins
for $458, or a total of $17,552. It is worthy of mention that one lot
of six blue fox skins sold for $948, or at an average price of $158.

The net proceeds to the United States Government on account of
the sale of sealskins and the fox skins here noted, after deducting
freight, commission, and miscellaneous expenses, were $67,660.51.

There yet remain for sale at the close of 1913 the 400 sealskins with-
drawn from the December, 1913, sale, as noted above. The estimated
value of these is $11,516. The 20 defective blue fox skins which were
shipped to Washington were found to be nearly worthless and were
disposed of by informal sale for $20 for the lot.

FUR-SEAL SKINS TAKEN BY COAST INDIANS.

Usually in the months of April and May the Alaska fur-seal herd
migrates northward along the coast of the Pacific States, British
Columbia, and southeast Alaska, en route to the breeding grounds
on the Pribilof Islands. By the terms of the convention of July 7,
1911, certain Indians dwelling on the Pacific coast are permitted to
kill fur seals under prescribed regulations. The only Indians to avail
themselves of this privilege were residents of the La Push Reservation
near the mouth of Quiniault River in the southwestern part of Clallam
County, Wash.

The first seal was killed April 14 and the last on May 25, the total
being 91, of which 90 were reported as females. The best day was
April 15, when 42 were taken. All killing was by means of spears.
The table which follows shows dates of killing.

Dares or KiInLInc AND SEx oF Fur Seats TAKEN BY INDIANS OFF COAST OF
WASHINGTON, SEASON OF 1913.

Date. Females.| Males. Total. Date. Females.| Males. Total.
1913.
ADE la jaan ccesarcee 74 | Gencccoads 2) | WADI se 20 meteteleletelalelarsre ohn Geoueosces 3
Gees See eA ae 42) Pee eee BQN 26e ca scsccce ets 6 ee ae 3
is dacceiseisce 1S Sees 1 Wess anccotcse OH Soe cree ae 2
Scat eet Us 1 Sill te Saesemeececs 1G |S ei soceeae 1
20) ctsceeeesis 1775] Be OAR ee 12) Maye ESSE seis ae CMS eS, a oe 4
Qe acececsene (3 [eee GM ee 2b ae neccemocecn 1 See ee 1
PE SONOS Gi ees Sasa 4
D3 ee coesatee Dy ie ae 2 Motale sense 90 1 91

There were 13 Indians engaged in killing. One got 17 seals, while
the two next successful hunters got 13 each. The others varied from
11 down to 1 each. The largest skin as to dimensions was 554 inches
long by 31 inches wide. The heaviest skin was reported as weighing

12 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

13 pounds and 14 ounces. The smallest skin was 30} inches long, 18
inches wide, and weighed 3 pounds. The averages for the 91 skins
are: Length, 43 inches; width, 24 inches; weight, 6 pounds 14
ounces. All skins were measured, weighed, and authenticated June
4 and 5, at Mora, Wash., by Donald S. McLeod, local agent of the
bureau with station at Seattle, Wash. A leather tag was attached to
each skin, and a certificate issued to accompany same.

Since the international convention of July 7, 1911, which among
other things prohibits the natives from killing fur seals by means of
firearms, no seals have been taken by the natives in the vicinity of
Sitka. The last hunt was in the spring of 1911, as the seals were
migrating northward, and the number killed was 139. In 1910 it
was 135, and in 1909, 397. After the prohibition against firearms
became effective, it seemed the natives were too proud to resort to
the primitive spears of a generation before, and moreover, there were
only a few of the older natives left who were experienced in the use
of spears. The recent extension of fishing operations has afforded
ample employment for all natives who formerly spent part of each
spring in sealing.

MINOR FUR INDUSTRIES.

FIELD WORK.

The field force employed to enforce the regulations in regard to the
capture of fur-bearing animals in Alaska other than fur seals con-
sisted of Warden Harry J. Christoffers and a corps of deputies,
namely, G. Dallas Hanna, who was transferred to the Pribilof Islands
during the year and was succeeded by Ernest P. Walker; Claude J.
Roach, who resigned August 7 and was succeeded by Calvin F. Town-
send; Fred H. Gray, and Logan I. Evans. Mr. Christoffers was on
duty at Seward and later at Fairbanks. Messrs. Evans and Town-
send were detailed at different times under the immediate direction of
Warden Christoffers. Messrs. Hanna and Roach were at various
places, including the Nushagak region, where they had local charge of
the fisheries inspection work and also attended to the taking of the
census of red salmon ascending Wood River. Messrs. Walker and
Gray were detailed to southeast Alaska.

Early in 1913 the governor of Alaska found it impracticable to
continue for the Territory the services of the warden and four deputy
wardens of the Bureau’s force, who had been appointed special game
wardens to assist in a more effective enforcement of the game laws.
The Bureau, however, finds it desirable to continue as special fur
wardens the services of the four regular game wardens appointed by
the governor under the reciprocal arrangement of last year. They
are paid a nominal salary and are invested with full powers to enforce
the provisions of the fur laws.

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. 13

ENFORCEMENT OF REGULATIONS.

Seizures and confiscations—The revised regulations for the protec-
tion of the fur-bearing animals in Alaska, approved by the Secretary
of Commerce, under date of March 26, 1913, contain the following
provisions :

No person shall purchase, offer to purchase, sell, offer for sale, or export, or have in
possession the unprime skin or pelt of any fur-bearing animal in the Territory of
Alaska,

It shall be the duty of the fur warden, deputy fur wardens, special fur wardens, and
other officers designated by the Secretary of Commerce to seize and confiscate all
unprime skins found in the unlawful possession of any person in Alaska or in process
of shipment from Alaska.

In accordance with these provisions the deputy wardens stationed
at Nushagak seized in that vicinity during the spring of 1913 approxi-
mately 1,200 muskrat skins, 80 mink skins, and 24 fox skins, all of
which were unprime and had been taken during the close seasons.
These skins were delivered into the custody of the United States mar-
shal at Valdez, Alaska.

After giving due consideration to the matter the Secretary ordered
that these skins be confiscated and sold for the account of the United
States Government. This action on the part of the Secretary was
sustained by an opinion of the solicitor of the Department. The
skins have since been shipped to St. Louis, where they will be sold at
the Funsten Fur Exchange at public auction for the account of the
United States.

In southeast Alaska a number of unprime mink skins found in the
possession of various parties were seized and confiscated.

The present regulations prohibit the killing of any beaver prior to
November 1, 1918. At Quadra Lake, southeast Alaska, in the fall of
1913, deputy warden Fred H. Gray learned of the trapping of a
beaver. An investigation was made which led to the arrest of an
Indian, Frank Mark, and to the seizure of a fresh beaver skin. Mark
confessed his guilt, and he was taken to Ketchikan, where he pleaded
guilty in the United States Commissioner’s court. The minimum fine
of $200 was imposed. The circumstances showed that Mark was not
making a regular practice of trapping beaver.

Unprime skins —The more responsible furriers are in hearty sym-
pathy with the Department regulation which prohibits the handling
of unprime skins in the Territory of Alaska and makes any unprime
skin subject to confiscation.

It is hoped that trappers can soon be brought to a realization of
the fact that it is directly to their interest to take no unprime furs,
for even though the number so taken be smaller, the aggregate price
will be even greater than would be realized from a larger number of
animals taken when the fur is not prime.

14. ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

The under side of a prime skin is of a yellowish white color. When
the fur begins to grow unprime the flesh side of the skin takes on a
bluish coloration, first on the back of the head, and it then extends
back and finally envelops the whole skin. In the fall when the skin
is beginning to grow prime again the bluish coloration disappears,
first from the extremities and finally from the head. The absence of
the long guard hair from the fur is an indication of unprimeness.
Bluish spots on the flesh side of the skin indicate an unprime state.
Skins showing dark patches on the under side, with fur coming
through, are not necessarily unprime, as this may be due to a diseased
condition of the animal.

Poison.—The killing of fur-bearing animals with poison is contrary
to the Department’s regulations, and during the last year orso its use
has been much lessened. Certain trade publications, however, con-
tinue to advertise the sale of poison, thereby ignoring the Government
regulations which have been thoughtfully framed with a view to
perpetuating the supply of fur-bearmg animals, and tempting
hunters and trappers to transgress. Attention is invited to the
Criminal Code of Alaska (Title I, chap. 13, sec. 186), which states that
all persons concerned in the commission of a crime, whether they
directly commit the act constituting the crime or aid and abet in its
commission, though not present, are principals, and to be tried and
punished as such. ‘Thus, since it is illegal to kill fur-bearing
animals with poison, any person selling it for this purpose becomes
liable as contributing to the commission of a crime.

NEW REGULATIONS.

Bounty on wolves.—Among the memorials addressed to Congress by
the Legislature of Alaska at its first session was one asking that a
bounty be placed upon wolves. Favorable action in this direction is
recommended. Wolves are destructive to deer, and as the latter are
of far greater economic value, means should be taken to reduce the
number of wolves. A bounty of $10 on each wolf killed in the Terri-
‘tory, together with the market value of the skin, amounting usually
from $2 to $5, would insure a return sufficiently remunerative to
stimulate an active campaign against wolves. They are particularly
bad in southeast Alaska.

Beaver.—The close season on beaver has been extended to Novem-
ber 1, 1918. By that time it is hoped that they will have become
sufficiently numerous again to permit of their being trapped.

Black bear.—In response to a general request by residents of Alaska,
one feature of the regulations issued by the Secretary of Commerce
under date of March 26, 1913, places the black bear, along with the
wolf and wolverine, in the list of fur-bearing animals that may be
legally killed at any time.

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. 1
STATISTICS OF MINOR FURS SHIPPED FROM ALASKA.

Under the regulations all shipments of furs from Alaska must be
reported to the Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C., upon appro-
priate blanks provided for the purpose. One form of blank covers
shipments by mail, and the contents of each package must be certi-
fied on the blank by the postmaster. The other form of blank covers
all shipments other than by mail. Care should be exercised to report
on this blank all furs taken out as personal baggage.

A statement for the year ending November 15, 1913, based upon the
reports referred to and the customs records, is embraced in the table
below. This shows furs exported to the value of $678,062.91 as
compared with $630,656.40 for the previous year, an increase of
approximately $47,406.51 in the value of the so-called minor furs;
that is, furs from Alaska other than fur seal and fox from the Pribilof
Islands. The Pribilof furs are shown separately (p. 10) because
taken by the Federal Government under special restrictions of law
and therefore not a comparable factor in statistics showing gain or
loss in quantity of catch taken by private persons or firms.

Among the approximate gains shown in furs other than from the
Pribilofs are the following: Mink, $68,000; red fox, $38,000; blue
fox, $19,000; white fox, $10,000; black fox, $4,000; muskrat, $4,000;
black bear, $12,000; glacier bear, $2,000, and wolverine, $1,000.
Among the losses there are: Marten, $89,000; silver gray fox, $16,000;
land otter, $7,000, and ermine, $4,000. These variations are caused
by fluctuations in values as well as by differences in the number of
skins taken.

Minor Furs Surerep From ALASKA IN 1912 anp 1913.4

1912 1913
Species.
Number ay ae. Total Number Ay fia Total
of pelts. per pelt value. of pelts. per pelt. value.

Bear:

(Bae eee eee cea oon acacctene 698 $7.50 | $5,212. 50 1,363 $12.57 | $17,132.91

Browne neseee une ceases seek ces 19 9. 00 171.00 38 9. 00 342. 00

CIRCE. 33 COU See eee 5 15. 00 75. 00 111 22. 50 2, 497. 50

GTIZ ZY meee eee ohare cic Sonics s tis (sie sie cis tate ne Se eee [Seco mene ces 12 40. 00 480. 00

POLAT Eee eer oe seacjonemens sec 9 40. 00 360. 00 72 40. 00 2, 880. 00
PB Gay Came s see See te sec crarcioe 89 10. 00 890. 00 25 10. 00 250. 00
eipauine eee ae ouisciidecnascce eecices 7,957 1.36 | 10,821. 52 6, 559 -96 6, 296. 64

Ox:

Black... 3 600. 00 1, 800. 00 24 253. 00 6, 072. 00

Blue.. e 502 45. 00 22, 590. 00 892 46. 59 41, 558. 28

Crosseee. aA 603 17.00 10, 251. 00 768 14. 24 10, 936. 32

Red snes hi 8, 018 8.50] 68,153.00 | 10,820 9.80 | 106,036.00

Silver gray... ad 142} 250.00 | 35,500.00 132} 147.30] 19,443.60

Wihitesaees aes 108 12.50 | 38, 850. 00 3, 756 12.93} 48,565.08
Hare, arctic. aye 55 - 40 22. 00 49 . 40 19. 60
Wyn ese 2,720 21.50 | 58,480.00 4,772 12.35 | 58,934.20
Marten..... 12,999 12. 50 | 162, 487. 50 9, 682 7. 56 73, 195. 92
Mink=S.sssoee 31, 363 4.50 | 141, 133. 50 47,062 4.46 | 209, 896. 52
MUSKET At race seme nets nie min nee caer 123, 925 - 40 49; 570. 00 163, 616 aos) 53, 993. 28

@ Neither the fur seal nor the fox skins from the Pribilof Iskands are included here, being subject of special
Federal administrative control and not the usual market conditions. For statistics of these, see p. 10.

16 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Minor Furs SHIPPED From ALASKA IN 1912 anp 1913—Continued.

1912 1913
Species.
Number = parte Total | Number Average Total
of pelts. per pelt. value. of pelts. per pelt. value.
Otter:
amas doeaese cee hos ska me ae ae 1,480 | $14.00 | $20, 720. 00 1,300} $10.70} $13,910.00
Seat sk. f 1 200. 00 200.1005 SSR Sele See eae IE CeE ESS. See
ae 4 1.00 4.00 5 1.00 5. 00
333 1. 50 499. 50 1, 458 ales 1, 705. 86
611 - 08 48. 88 34 | - 08 .
103 9. 00 927. 00 163 | 7.00 1,141. 00
Wioliverine sha nas seceaeen acco ccemcce 189 10. 00 1, 890. 00 242 | 11. 44 2, 768. 48
TOtalevaltie seen acme ee ns ee ee | Seeneerenreel 630, 656. 40 |........-- Eat =a 678, 062. 91

TERRITORIAL TAX ON FURS EXPORTED FROM ALASKA,

The general revenue act of the legislature of May 1, 1913 (chap. 52),
provides a tax upon furs exported from Alaska at the rate of one-half
of 1 per cent of the gross value thereof, and prohibits any shipment
of furs without first obtaiing from the clerk of the court of the
district whence the shipment emanates a license permit which must
be paid for at the rate above specified. This act places additional
duties and limitations upon various Federal officers not within the
jurisdiction of the legislature, a proceeding declared invalid by the
Attorney General of the United States; hence the proper execution
of the tax law as it now stands seems most difficult or even impossible
of accomplishment.

The portion of the act referring to an export tax on furs is as follows:

Furs: One-half of one per cent of the gross value of any furs, the product of Alaska,
exported from the Territory and it shall be unlawful and punishable under this act
for any person to ship from the Territory of Alaska any furs without having first paid
for and obtained a license permit as herein provided; and no custom officer shall issue
a manifest for nor postmaster receipt for mailing any furs unless the shipper thereof
shall present a certificate for this license fee signed by the clerk of the district court
of the division in which the furs were shipped.

PROPAGATION OF FUR-BEARING ANIMALS.

During the last year or so much activity has developed in Alaska
in the propagation of fur-bearing animals, especially foxes. This
activity has been stimulated by reports from eastern Canada, particu-
larly Prince Edward Island, where fox raising is said to have made
large fortunes for those engaged in the enterprise, and by the appear-
ance of agents and representatives of fox-raising companies in New
Brunswick and elsewhere, who have offered and paid what really
seemed to be fabulous prices for live foxes to be taken east and
utilized as breeding stock. There has been some competition, in
consequence of which two or three breeders of blue foxes on islands

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. 17

in central Alaska have received very satisfactory prices. Permits
have been issued by the Secretary of Commerce for the exportation
of live fur-bearing animals, and during the year 161 blue foxes, 24
silver-gray, and 10 cross foxes, or a total of 195, were shipped from
Alaska.

Permits have not been issued for the exportation of wild stock
but only to owners of fox ranches in Alaska for the shipment of
domestic stock, i. e., animals that have been bred and reared in
domestication. Permits are not transferable and are revocable at
the discretion of the Secretary of Commerce. Only one shipment
may now be made on a single permit, and it is required that holders
of permits return them to the Bureau of Fisheries as soon as used, or
upon the date of their expiration, as the case may be.

The policy regarding exportation of wild stock as breeders has,
however, been under consideration with a view to possible change,
and such exportation may be permitted another year.

ALEUTIAN IsLANDS RESERVATION.

The Aleutian Islands Reservation was established March 3, 1913,
by the following Executive order:

EXECUTIVE ORDER.

It is hereby ordered that all islands of the Aleutian chain, Alaska, including Unimak
and Sannak Islands on the east, and extending to and including Attu Island on the
west, be and the same are hereby reserved and set apart as a preserve and breeding
ground for native birds, for the propagation of reindeer and fur bearing animals, and
for the encouragement and development of the fisheries. Jurisdiction over the wild
birds and game and the propagation of reindeer and fur bearing animals is hereby
placed with the Department of Agriculture, and jurisdiction over the fisheries, seals,
sea otter, cetaceans and other aquatic species, is placed with the Department of
Commerce and Labor.

It is unlawful for any person to kill any otter, mink, marten, sable or fur seal, or
other fur bearing animal within the limits of Alaska Territory, except under such
regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor; and it is
unlawful for any person to kill any game animals or bixsds in Alaska or ship such
animals or birds out of Alaska except under the provisions of law and under such
regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture.

Within the limits of this reservation it is unlawful for any person to hunt, trap,
capture, wilfully disturb, or kill any bird of any kind whatever, or take the eggs of
any such bird, except under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the
Secretary of Agriculture.

Warning is expressly given to all persons not to commit any of the acts herein
enumerated and which are prohibited by law.

The establishment of this reservation shall not interfere with the use of the islands
for lighthouse, military, or naval purposes, or with the extension of the work of the
Bureau of Education on Unalaska and Atka Islands.

This reservation to be known as the Aleutian Islands Reservation.

Wn. H. Tart.
Tue Wuire House,

March 8rd, 1913.

18 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

To carry out the purposes of the Executive order, regulations for
the administration of the reservation, to be mutually agreed upon
by the Departments of Agriculture and Commerce, will be promul-
gated later.

LEASING ISLANDS FOR PROPAGATION OF FUR-BEARING ANIMALS.

During the year active steps have been taken by the Government
with a view to the encouragement of fox farming in Alaska, and to
this end announcement has been made by the Secretary of Com-
merce with respect to leasing certain islands in Alaska for the propa-
gation of fur-bearing animals for a term of five years from July 1,
1914, at an annual rental of $200. Sealed proposals for the exclusive
right to occupy said islands for this purpose will be received by the
Secretary of Commerce up to noon of May 1, 1914. Details in regard
to this matter were set forth in the following circular issued by the
Secretary of Commerce under date of January 1, 1914:

PROPAGATION OF FOXES AND OTHER FUR-BEARING ANIMALS.

Announcement of the intention of the Secretary of Commerce to lease certain islands in
Alaska for the purpose of propagating fur-bearing animals.

Paragraph 4 of the act entitled, ‘‘An act making appropriations for sundry civil
expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hun-
dred and eighty, and for other purposes,”’ approved March 3, 1879, provides—

“That authority be, and is hereby, given to the Secretary of the Treasury to lease
at his discretion for a period not exceeding five years, such unoccupied and unpro-
ductive property of the United States under his control, for the leasing of which there
is no authority under existing law, and such leases shall be reported annually to
Congress. ”’

Section 10 of the act entitled, ‘‘An act extending the homestead laws and providing
for right of way for railroads in the District of Alaska, and for other purposes,’ approved
May 14, 1898, provides that—

“The Annette, Pribilof Islands, and the islands leased or occupied for the propa-
gation of foxes be excepted from the operation of this act.”

An Executive order, dated February 2, 1904, is as follows:

“TJpon the recommendation of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of
Commerce and Labor, it is hereby ordered that the authority of the Secretary of the
Treasury to lease certain islands in Alaska for the propagation of foxes, and all duties
and powers pertaining thereto, shall be transferred to and be vested in the Secretary
of Commerce and Labor.”’

1. The Secretary of Commerce will lease to the highest responsible bidders the
exclusive right to propagate foxes and other fur-bearing animals on any or all of the
following listed islands (which records show were leased prior to May 14, 1898, and
that they are not now under lease) for a term of five years, at an annual rental of not
less than $200 for each island. Every such lease shall be duly executed in triplicate,
and will not be transferable.

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. 19

Name. Location.
Chinikoflslamdeescesce os os. -e Southwest of Kodiak Island.
Wwonpalislandesseestascenesites Near Kodiak Island.
Manmoti islands -a-s<s-c. --- East of Afognak Island.
Sumeouot Island: --:....2...-- Shumagin Group.

Little Naked Island.........- One of Naked Islands, Prince William Sound.
Middleton Island............. Gulf of Alaska.

Reanelsland! 2. cets. cette One of Chugach Islands.

lizabethelislandi. . =e ssscto-- One of Chugach Islands.

pony: [slante <<. /-<0-525%5< One of Semidi Islands.

Chowiet Islande==- ss. oes seer One of Semidi Islands.

2. No persons other than American citizens or companies or corporations organized
under the laws of a State or Territory will be permitted by lease or otherwise to occupy
the islands named herein for the purpose of propagating fur-bearing animals; and the
Secretary of Commerce will vacate and declare any lease forfeited if the same be
held or operated for the use, benefit, or advantage, directly or indirectly, of any
persons other than American citizens or companies or corporations organized under
the laws of a State or Territory.

3. The Secretary of Commerce will terminate any lease given to any person, com-
pany, or corporation upon full and satisfactory proof of the violation of any of the
provisions of the lease or of the law and regulations for the protection of fur-bearing
animals of Alaska on the part of the said person, company, or corporation.

4. Each lessee will be required to make detailed annual reports, in reference to
his operations on the islands leased, to the Secretary of Commerce, on blanks fur-
nished by the Department of Commerce, covering all such facts as may be required
with respect to such operations for the information of the Department. Such reports
shall be sworn to by the superintendent, manager, or other person having knowledge
of the facts, a separate blank form being used for each island in cases where more
than one island is leased by a person, company, or corporation.

Such reports shall be for the year ending March 31, and shall be forwarded to the
Secretary of Commerce not later than April 30 of each year.

5. All persons, companies, or corporations holding any island by lease from this
Department shall permit at all times free inspection of such island by the agents and
representatives of the Department; and such agents and representatives shall have
at all times free and unobstructed access to all corrals, pens, or other structures used
for propagation operations thereon except at such times when the presence of persons
other than the caretakers in or about the corrals, pens, or other structures would be
recognized as detrimental to the welfare of the propagation operations.

6. The Secretary of Commerce will receive sealed proposals until 12 0’clock noon,
on May 1, 1914, for the exclusive right to propagate foxes and other fur-bearing animals
upon any or all of the islands named herein for a term of five (5) years from the first
day of July, 1914, agreeable to the provisions of the Statutes of the United States.

7. The right is reserved to reject any and all proposals deemed to be not in accord-
ance with the best interests of the United States.

8. As a guaranty of good faith, each proposal must be accompanied by a properly
certified check drawn on a United States national bank, payable to the order of the
Secretary of Commerce, in the sum of fifty dollars ($50) for each island named in the
proposal. The check of the successful bidder will be retained and forfeited to the
United States unless he execute the lease and bond required.

9. Proposals for leasing islands should be addressed to the Secretary of Commerce,
Washington, D. C., and indorsed on the outside of the envelope, ‘‘ Proposal for leasing
an island (or islands) in Alaska for the purpose of propagating fur-bearing animals.”’

Wiuii1AM C. REDFIELD,
Secretary.

20 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.
FOX BREEDING.

As previously stated, the Bureau is desirous of encouraging fox farm-
ing, especially on those Alaskan islands not productive in other
respects, but suitable to an industry like this. The get-rich-quick
possibilities, however, glowingly put forth with such strong appeal to
the trappers, traders, and others in Alaska during the last year or
two, have led to unfortunate ventures, which are much to be deplored
and which might have been prevented by adequate understanding of
the facts.

To the enthusiast the proposition has seemed all too simple. The
black, silver-gray, and cross foxes are varieties of the red; the white
fox is a variety of the blue. Starting with a pair of blacks or silver
grays, or even a pair of reds, from which he was assured at least one
or two blacks would be found in the first litter and would in turn
breed true, it was easy for the prospective fox breeder to calculate
that in the second year, or the third at most, there would be at least
10 good blacks or silver grays, 5 of which would be females, each to
produce 8 to 16 pups the next year, and so on; and as blacks and silver
grays were reported to be worth many thousands of dollars each as
breeders, it was easy to compute the great and rapid gain and conse-
quent wealth in a few years.

The fallacies in this reasoning are several. The desired blacks or
silvers may not appear in the litter of the red fox. A pair of reds
may not produce a black, or if so, only rarely. The blacks or silvers
may not breed true; whether they will or not depends upon their own
history. The fox breeder is not ordinarily in possession of the knowl-
edge necessary to enable him to discover and interpret the facts in
regard to his stock.

There is no inherent reason, however, why fox farming should not
be a success in Alaska. Although on a number of islands various per-
sons and companies have had such indifferent success that most of
them have abandoned the undertaking, a few who have persisted are
now getting fair profits. The reasons for failure seem to be chiefly
these: Imperfect knowledge of the business or lack of experience;
ignorance of elementary principles of animal breeding, and especi-
ally ignorance of the breeding, feeding, and other habits of foxes;
turning the business over to unreliable keepers, with lack of personal
supervision; difficulty in getting proper fox food; and great destruc-
tion of young by natural enemies, such as eagles. Perhaps the most
serious difficulty has been the absence of intelligent supervision.

The factors to be considered in the business of fox raising, as in any
other business enterprise, are the capital, operating expenses, and
market prices of the product. Although the data at hand are meager,
the Bureau offers the following suggestions:

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. PA,
SuGGEsTIONS TO ProsprectivE Fox BREEDERS.

If one of the listed islands is leased, the minimum charge will be $200
per year, which would make $1,000 for the period of the lease, which is
five years. Buildings should not be expensive. The cost of breeding
stock will depend upon the number and kind of foxes with which
operations are begun. Silver and black foxes at the present time com-
mand high prices. Breeders of these varieties can probably not be
obtained for less than several hundred dollars each. <A pair of red
foxes will, however, occasionally produce one or more pups of these
desirable color varieties. A person who has not sufficient capital to
enable him to buy breeders of the choice varieties can start with a few
pars of reds, which are relatively cheap, and by selective breeding
should be able in a few years to establish a strain of silver or black
which will breed true. The man who pursues this method must be
willing to wait several years for profits.

Operating expenses would vary with the accessibility of the island,
the number of people employed, and the presence of natural food.
There should be at least two persons on the island, although in favor-
able situations one caretaker may be enough. On some islands the
foxes find sufficient food, while on others there is so little that prac-
tically the entire supply must be furnished from elsewhere. Salmon
and other kinds of fish and whale meat are used.

No definite statement can be made as to the prices one may expect
to obtain for fox skins. The blue fox skins taken on the Pribilof
Islands in the winter of 1911-12 sold in London at an average price of
$56.53 per skin. Of that lot, 28 choice skins from St. Paul Island
(one of the Pribilofs) brought a little more than $131 each. At the
sale at St. Louis, in December, 1913, of the fex skins taken on these
islands in the winter of 1912-13, one lot of six blue-fox skins sold for
$158 each. These are perhaps the best prices that blue-fox skins
ever brought, and whether they will be maintained can not be pre-
dicted. With the large and increasing demand for all fuis, however,
there would seem to be no reason why fox skins should not continue
to command good prices. Skins of silver-gray foxes have been sold
at much higher prices than the above, and black-fox skins the high-
est of all.

In addition to the islands listed for leasing in the announcement,
there are other unoccupied islands in Alaska available for fur farming,
which could be obtained under the general land laws. There are sev-
eral persons operating fox ranches in Alaska from whom breeding
stock of blue, silver, cross, and black foxes can probably be purchased.

22889°—14—15

22 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Notes oN Fox Farms IN ALASKA.

The following data on fox ranches in various parts of Alaska have
been furnished the Bureau by the wardens on duty in those regions:

Vicinity of Haines.—There has been much activity in fox farming
in the vicinity of Haines during the past year. In the early part of
August T. D. Lahey and Charles Handley of that place had in pens 31
young foxes ranging in age from three to five months. Among them
were one black fox and five silver grays, the remainder being red or
showing tendency to the cross variety. Mr. Lahey stated that when
young they were all red, but as they grew toward maturity they
acquired the silver gray phase. These foxes were captured in the
country back from Haines.

When taken by steel traps the legs of the young foxes are some-
times quite badly injured, but nearly all recover. Two in the pens
had deformed fore legs caused by the traps, but they seemed as
active as the others. All were confined in pens of chicken-wire net-
ting and were tame and playful and appeared to be in fine condition.
They were fed once a day, in the morning, when each was given a
ration of about a half pound of fish.

The pens at Haines were of a temporary character, pending the com-
pletion of more extensive quarters on the south side of the Chilkat
River at the place known locally as Long Bridge, which is 18 miles
out from Haines.

The permanent breeding inclosure now used, at the new establish-
ment, consists of two rows of pens, 10 in a row, each pen being 30 by
40 feet. These two rows of pens face upon an inner range 40 by 300
feet. Surrounding all is an outer fence 350 feet by 180 feet. The
fences extend 10 feet above ground and 3 feet below the surface;
posts are set 10 feet apart. The walls of the fencing are of No. 16
gauge wire of 2-inch mesh, while the overhang, which is 2 feet
wide, is of No. 18 gauge, with same size opening. From information
at hand, it would seem that this is a well-ordered establishment.

Samalga Island.—An interesting report has been received from
Mr. Samuel Applegate, of Unalaska, with reference to the propagation
of blue foxes on Samalga Island, which is located southwest of Umnak
Island in the eastern Aleutians. Samalga Island is 3? miles long and
has an average width of one-fourth mile. It is low with a rocky reef-
like formation running through it, and is quite heavily covered with
grass. The shore runs bare from 250 to 400 yards around the whole
island. This is the only island in the district upon which foxes have
been placed for the purpose of breeding them for their pelts.

In the fall of 1897, Mr. Applegate first stocked the island with 13
blue foxes. They were allowed to run wild, and were not fed, as
there appeared to be plenty of natural food. Two natives were
employed during the winter months as watchmen.

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. 23

The first foxes were killed in 1901, and up to and including 1912 the
total number killed has been 570. During this period of 12 years, 3
years were allowed to pass without any killing, as the natives reported
that the animals seemed to be scarce. At the time of killing in the
winter of 1911-12 there were more foxes on the island than usual, and
instructions were left with the natives to take up to 100 skins at the
next season’s killing, if they thought it safe. Of the 570 skins taken
in the 12 years referred to, 546 were marketed.

The price of the fur fluctuates from season to season and depends
upon the demand, which is determined by the prevailing fashion.
The average price of fox skins from Samalga for the 12 years ending
with 1912 is nearly $47, gross. The average price per year has ranged
all the way from $22.48 in 1901 to $72.18 in 1912. Thus the gross
return has been approximately $25,000.

As to conditions upon the island and the breeding habits of the
foxes, Mr. Applegate states it as his opinion that during the first two
or three years they increase at a rapid rate, but after that the rate is
very slow. Litters run all the way from 4 to 14, with an average of
about 8 at a birth. Casualties are high, it being estimated that on
the average not more than two foxes from a litter reach maturity. It
is more likely less than two. Mr. Applegate thinks in this connection
that some of the matured vixens may prove to be wholly sterile, or
perhaps bear young only part of the time. This peculiarity, he states,
has been observed for some years past by fox breeders who make a
specialty of raising silver foxes, and doubtless it holds good with blue
foxes, and in fact with all foxes, even in a wild state.

Samalga Island has always appeared to be well adapted to foxes,
which have the freedom of the whole island, plenty of natural food,
and nothing to disturb them but the birds; yet it has seemed
unsafe to take more than 50 or 60 pelts a season. The princi-
pal loss is caused by eagles, and to a less degree by ravens and even
large sea gulls. While the young foxes a few days or a few weeks old
are playing outside their burrows they fall easy prey to eagles and
ravens. The natives say that when they find an eagle’s nest in the
vicinity of an island inhabited by foxes, the nest is a mass of little fox
_ bones. Mr. Applegate has paid a bounty of 25 cents to natives for
each eagle killed. From 1907 to 1911 they killed 583 eagles.

It is said that occasionally a mother fox will abandon her young
when a few days old and they die of starvation. OnSamalga Island an
entire litter of very small foxes has been seen lyingina heap all dead,
possibly abandoned by the old one, but it would seem more reason-
able that the mother fox had lost her life and the young were thus
left to perish. It is further averred that most female foxes if they
get a good chance will kill the young of other females, especially when
the young are very small.

24 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Semidi Islands.—Perhaps the earliest attempt at fox raising in the
region of the Kodiak group of islands was made by the Semidi Propa-
gating Co. in 1885, when the Semidi Islands were stocked with blue
foxes. About the same time this company also stocked Marmot,
Whale, and Long Island with blue foxes, but for some reason all of
these ventures have proved unprofitable. Marmot was abandoned
some years ago; Whale and Long Island have produced nothing in
recent years; and the Semidi Islands were without a keeper for three
years until this winter, the number of foxes bemg so limited as not
to warrant the expense of holding a watchman there continuously.

Chirikof Island.—Chirikof Island, about 70 miles southwest of
Kodiak Island, is controlled by the Semidi Propagating Co., of which
P. D. Blodgett, of Kodiak, Alaska, is manager. This island is 15
miles long and 3 miles wide, and, except for one hill, is low and flat
and untimbered. It was stocked with blue foxes in 1891, and during
the last five years has been a paying enterprise, producing annually
from 50 to 60 skins, which have a market value of $50 or $60 each.
Under Mr. Blodgett’s management production has been restricted to
the number here shown, which returns a revenue sufficient to meet
the expense of maintaining three keepers on the island. ‘Two years
hence, at the expiration of his contract with the company as manager,
a wholesale slaughter will be ordered; and if expectations are realized
several hundred skins will be secured, as it is conservatively estimated
that there are now 600 foxes on the island. By the terms of his
agreement with the company, five pairs must be left on the island,
and he believes it will be practically impossible to reduce the stock
below that number in one season.

In one very important particular, this ranch is in a class by itself.
It is self-supporting, which means that feeding is not necessary.
Up to the present time the beaches have produced an ample supply
of food, but should this fail the keepers are instructed to kill cattle,
also raised on the island, for fox food.

The foxes are caught alive in box traps, thus making possible an
examination of the fur before the animals are killed. In this way
only prime skins are taken.

Ugak Island—Uegak Island, off the east coast of Kodiak, near the
entrance to Ugak Bay, was first stocked with silver gray foxes about
1891 by Oliver Smith, who three years later introduced blue foxes on
the island. The two kinds of foxes did not thrive well together, for
the natural enmity between them led to continual fighting, which
finally resulted in the extermination of the blue ones.

Mr. Smith retained possession of the ranch for 10 years, but what
degree of success attended his work has not been learned. About
11 years ago O. B. Anderson acquired possession of the island, and
remained in control until the spring of 1912, when he presented the

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. 25

property, with what few foxes were left, to his friend August Olson,
of Kodiak, Alaska, who is the present owner. During the 11 years
Mr. Anderson held the island it produced an average of 10 skins a
year, having a value of something like $100 each. In April, 1912,
he came to Kodiak with 20 silver gray fox skins, from which he
expected to realize at least $3,500, values ranging from about $100
for the poorest to $500 for the best.

Though the beaches furnish a large part of the food of the foxes on
this island, some feeding is required. For this purpose dried, salt,
and fresh fish are used.

The island comprises an area of probably 600 acres, is compara-
tively high, and without timber except alder and birch brush. It
and a small island off the west coast, near the mouth of Red River,
claimed by Frank Peterson, are now stocked with silver gray foxes.
These islands, because of the frequent and prolonged wind storms
which prevail in the fall, can not be visited at that season without
excessive cost.

Abram’s Island.—About 10 years ago Abram Gregorioff, of Kodiak,
began the raising of blue foxes on what is known as Abram’s Island,
which is located in Marmot Bay, a short distance from the northern
end of Spruce Island. It has an area of about 400 acres, is high and
well covered with spruce. Most of the shore is rocky and precipitous,
a condition which is not favorable to the best results. Those who
have given careful consideration to matters of this kind are con-
vinced that the islands most suitable for fox raising have considerable
beach area.

This ranch has produced only a few skins, probably less than 40
in the 10 years of its operation. The quality of the fur has been
good, and in recent years the skins sold for approximately $50 each.

Where the foxes run at large, as they do on most of the ranches
in this region, the number of animals on hand can not be definitely
determined. An estimate of the number of foxes now on this island
is placed at 8 or 10 pairs. Scarcity of food is the chief factor in
retarding the development and productivity of this farm.

Noonyack Island.—Noonyack Island, situated about one-fourth
mile north of Spruce Island, is occupied as a fox ranch by Abram
Gregorioff, who placed thereon in 1898 one pair of blue foxes obtained
from the fox ranch on Derinoff Island.

Since 1898 about 30 skins have been sold from this ranch, the
values and dates of sale of which have not been obtained. In 1911,
3 male and 2 female live blue foxes were sold for $187.50, and in 1912
a pair was sold for $100.

The present stock on the island is estimated at 5 pairs, and the
value of the property as follows:

Buildings, $1,100; vessels, $25; stock, $1,000; total, $2,125.

26 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Hog Island.—Hog Island, which is located in Marmot Bay 3 miles
east of the village of Afognak, has an area of about 50 acres and is
comparatively low land, wooded with spruce. It was originally
stocked with cross foxes by Christensen and Johanson in 1897 or 1898.
Some three years later, silver grays were put on the island, but their
introduction proved to be an unwise venture, for the consequent
fighting between the two species brought about the extermination
of both. The island was then stocked with blue foxes, and, in 1904,
it was transferred to Alex Friedolin, of Afognak, to whom it now
belongs. As a fox-raising establishment it has been virtually a non-
producer. There is room for doubt whether it has even held its
own, for losses by starvation and by theft have kept the stock reduced
to or below the original number. If given proper care and plenty
of food, a limited number of foxes can be successfully reared on this
island, for its location is favorable in that it is far enough away from
neighboring land to preelude the probability of any loss in that
direction. It is a case of constant feeding, however, as the beaches
contribute nothing in the way of food.

Last year Mr. Friedolin sold two pairs of live foxes for $110 a pair,
and one skin from a fox that starved to death for $40. That was
the banner year for Hog Island. He does not know how many
foxes are left, but thinks there are not more than six or eight.

Dry Island.—Dry Island, stiuated near the west end of Kupreanof
Straits, has an area of about 200 acres, is low, flat, and covered with
scrub spruce.

In June, 1894, Charles Peterson and Charles Eckstrom, of Afognak,
formed a partnership and settled thereon to engage in fox raising.
These men still occupy this island. Their present investment is
valued at $6,300 (buildings, $1,000; vessels, $300; and _ stock,
$5,000). They do all the necessary work themselves and employ
no special labor.

Their original stock consisted of one pair of silver-gray foxes from
Nagai Island and one female silver-gray from Afognak Island.
In 1896 they placed on the island two more female silver-grays pur-
chased from M. L. Washburn, of Kodiak, but where these came from
originally is not known to the Bureau. In January, 1901, four pairs
of blue foxes from Derinoff Island and in September following six
male and seven female blues from the same island were added. At
the present time it is estimated that there are 25 pairs of blues on this
island.

During the first 10 years of their work they tried breeding the
silver-gray fox, but the wild, savage nature of this species made
domestication unprofitable on such a small island. Some 10 years
ago the silver-grays were killed off and blue foxes substituted. Since
that time, by giving undivided attention to the business, their

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. 27

enterprise has grown steadily until last year they were able to sell
18 pairs of live foxes at $110 a pair and several skins at substantially
the same rate.

These men aim to keep at least 30 pairs of breeders on the island;
and they have some wonderful breeders in their stock, too. Only
last season two foxes produced a litter of 11 pups each, and reared
them without the loss of one. Twenty-two foxes from two mothers
makes the value of those two particular foxes far exceed the worth
of their fur.

One noteworthy fact in connection with this ranch is that although
the foxes run wild they are noticeably tame and to some degree
have really been domesticated. Some of them have their dens
or burrows under the outbuildings within a very few steps of the
owner’s dwelling, and it is no uncommon sight to see them running
around the yard when strangers are not present.

This farm is one of those where constant feeding is necessary.
Messrs. Peterson and Eckstrom salt from 6,000 to 10,000 salmon
annually for fox food, and also do considerable line fishing for cod
and other salt-water species which are fed fresh.

The success which these men have achieved in fox raising is attrib-
uted to the intelligent care and attention they have always given
their animals, and their generous manner of feeding. Were it not
for a liberal allowance of food they might experience a considerable
loss on account of the proximity of Kodiak Island, to which their
foxes would escape if food were not abundant.

Sales from this fox farm have been made yearly since 1902, when
15 blue fox skins were marketed at $17 each. In other years the
prices have fallen below this figure only twice, and in 1909 50 skins
were sold for $40 each. The highest price received was for three
skins in 1912 at $50 each. In 1904, 1911, and 1912 live foxes were
sold for $60, $70, $75, $110, and $100 a pair, some 25 or 30 pairs
being sold during those years.

Alf’s Island—In 1904 Alf. Packimin, of Uyak, established a fox
farm on a small island in Uyak Bay. This island, of about 40 acres
in area and locally known as Alf’s Island, is generally flat and covered
with birch and cottonwood. The stock consists of about 30 blue
foxes, which run wild on the island and are fed on fresh and dried
fish. The annual output averages 12 skins, worth at the present
time about $50 each.

Raspberry Island.—There are two fox farms on this island. The
first of these is owned and operated by Ingwald Loe, who started in
1911 with two pairs of blue foxes.

In laying out the corral, a trench 2 feet deep was dug around a
space 40 by 60 feet, and into this trench were set the posts to support
the wire netting. The fence was made of 6-foot galvanized woven-

28 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

wire fencing, such as is commonly used around chicken yards. The
‘ lower edge of the wire was secured to poles laid in the trench, which
was then filled with stones and earth. Thus far the fence stood 2 feet
under ground and 4 above it. To the top of this wire was laced
another piece of 6-foot fencing which was stretched around the
inclosure, thus making the top of the completed fence 10 feet above
the ground. Brackets nailed on the inside at the top of each post
support a 2-foot band of fencing wire laid and fastened horizontally
to prevent the foxes climbing over the fence. In lke manner a
partition fence was built across the inclosure, dividing the corral
into two pens each 30 by 40 feet. Near the center of each pen a
shallow hole was excavated into which a box about 2 feet wide, 2
feet high, and 10 feet long, with entrances cut in both ends, was
built and covered with earth. One pair of blue foxes was placed
into each pen.

Mr. Loe has since increased his corrals by building six more pens
of the same size and construction, except that the outer fence is
2 feet higher, and has increased his stock by the addition of one pair
of foxes.

His animals are very restless, continually running around the
pens looking for a way of escape as most wild animals do when
closely confined. Whether they will breed under such conditions is
yet to be learned. This spring should supply the answer.

The other fox farm on Raspberry Island is on the north shore within
a short distance of Loe’s ranch and is owned by Charles W. Pajoman
and Fred Larsensen of Afognak. They established their ranch
in July, 1912, stocking it with blue foxes, two pairs each from Dry,
Hog, and Noonyack Islands. One fox died and the skin was sold
for $75. Their stock in October, 1913, consisted of five male and
six female blue foxes. It is intended to increase the stock this
winter by the addition of three pairs of blue foxes from Hog Island.
The ranch consists of 12 corrals, each 30 by 40 feet, with wire fence
12 feet high, having an overhang at the top 2 feet wide.

On this ranch the male and female foxes are kept apart until
just before the mating season.

The present equipment is valued as follows: Buildings, $1,000;
stock, $550; vessels, $150; total, $1,700.

FUR-BEARING ANIMALS ON ALASKA PENINSULA.

Of the fur-bearing animals of the western Alaska Peninsula, land
otter and mink are quite numerous. There are no marten in the
region, and likewise no muskrats. There are not many ermine and
but few are trapped. The lynx is but rarely reported and is not taken
west of Chignik. There are practically no foxes save reds on the

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. 29

peninsula and Unimak Island; occasionally a cross fox is found, but
this variety is extremely scarce. About 20 years ago wolves were
plentiful on the peninsula, and quite a number could be found on
Unimak Island. Some 12 or 15 years ago, when prospectors began
coming into the country, the use of poison resulted in the destruction
of most of the wolves, and a great many foxes and wolverines were
killed off. Wolves are now so scarce on Unimak Island and the
western end of the peninsula that one would be regarded as a curiosity.
During the winter of 1912-13 natives of Bear River killed two brown
peninsula bears and one black bear. The latter kind is exceedingly
rare in the region.

It is undoubtedly true that during the last decade the fur animals
of the Alaska Peninsula have been much reduced in abundance, but
it is confidently believed that not only will the depletion be checked,
but that, through the rigorous application of present laws and regu-
lations, there will be a notable i increase. An augmented force of game
and fur wardens and more frequent visits to the region in question
are desirable, and, in fact, necessary to bring about this result.

In some of the western Alaska regions, notably along the southern
shore of the peninsula, there is a disposition upon the part of the
natives to disregard the fur and game laws, consulting as these natives
do only their own pleasure and convenience in the matter, under the
placid belief that any existing restrictions have been made for the
whites alone. No execeptions are provided in favor of the natives,
and every opportunity is being taken to correct the misapprehention
under which they are laboring. It is an inherent characteristic of the
natives to kill game whether or not they have use for it. For example,
they have been known to kill food animals like caribou and leave the
carcasses where they fell without any pretense of using them. This
practice is to be condemned and deprecated from every point of view,
and earnest effort must be made to implant in the mind of the native
a proper appreciation and understanding of the harm resulting from
such wanton destruction of animal life.

Some of the trappers of the Alaska Peninsula region would like to
have the open season for foxes extended in the spring two weeks after
the present closing date of March 1. They claim that the fur is prime
until this date, and that they would rather have the season lengthened
in the spring and shortened in the fall, for during the latter period
the fur is less apt to be prime. An extension of the spring season is
undesirable, as it would lap over into the breeding season.

Some six or seven years ago Radion Duskin, a trader of Belkofsky,
put a few red foxes on Baleoi Island, a Boog izes island south of the
peninsula and to the eastward of Belkofsky, and now claims owner-
ship of all furs on the island. It is stated that the Russians intro-
duced silver-gray foxes there in their time, and that there are now

30 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

some cross foxes to be found. The island is also the home of a
considerable number of land otter.

Deer Island is trapped by everyone who cares to go there. The
Russians put silver-grays there, and now a few cross and red foxes
are on the island, with very rarely a silver. On Ukolnoi Island there
are a few red foxes and land otter. No one claims title to the furs,
and the animals are trapped by anyone who cares to go after them.
On Tigalda Island, west side of Unimak Pass, there are some silver
eray and a few cross foxes; also there are a few on Akun and Akutan
Islands.

It is said that natives from Belkofsky have stocked the Ilasik
Islands, opposite that town, with red foxes, where there were none
before, and now claim all the furs of those islands. There are said to
be no other fur animals on the Iliasik Islands, and so far everyone
has respected the claims of the natives to the stock placed there.

FUR-BEARING ANIMALS OF THE AFOGNAK-KODIAK REGION.

The species of fur animals in this region are the sea otter, land otter,
fur seal, silver-gray fox, cross fox, red fox, creole fox, ermine, and
brown bear.

Sea otter—This valuable and interesting animal is said to be gen-
erally distributed throughout the waters of the Afognak-Kodiak
region, but is now very scarce. Formerly it was quite abundant, and
large catches were made, particularly to the westward in the vicinity
of the Sannak and Shumagin Islands. The fabulously high prices
which the skins command have caused the sea otter to be hunted
most relentlessly, until the species has nearly reached the point of
commercial extinction.

Realizing the danger of actual extermination, the Department, in
1910, established a close period for the sea otter until November 1,
1920. This prohibition, however, applied only to Territorial waters,
the United States having no jurisdiction beyond the 3-mile limit.
On the high seas the sea otter had no protection. Citizens of the
United States could hunt it anywhere outside the 3-mile limit. So
could the citizens of British Columbia, Japan, or any other country;
and many did so, particularly the Japanese.

Fortunately, the fur-seal treaty of July 7, 1911, signed by the
United States, Great Britain, Japan, and Russia, contains a clause
making it unlawful for the subjects of any of the nations signatory
to the treaty to ‘‘kill, capture, or pursue beyond the distance of 3
miles from the shore line of its territories sea otters in any part of
the waters mentioned,” that is, ‘‘in the waters of the North Pacific
Ocean north of the thirtieth parallel of north latitude, and including
the Seas of Bering, Kamchatka, Okhotsk, and Japan.” This treaty
is now in force, and it is therefore unlawful to kill, capture, or pursue

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. 31

sea otter anywhere in Alaskan waters or in the waters of the North
Pacific. It is hoped that enough individuals are left to reestablish
the species and that in time it may again become so abundant as to
permit a large annual catch.

Rumors have been heard to the effect that last winter some of the
Sannak Island natives hunted sea otter, but owing to the present
law they let the skins go for a mere pittance. It has also been inti-
mated that under the guise of cattle raising there has been netting
of sea otter about the Sannak Island reefs, even to the extent of
moving some of the cattle to Caton Island, which is more favorably
situated in some respects for sea-otter hunting, in order to keep
people in ignorance of the real purpose in view.

The Department has not been aware of any violations of the law
as rumored, but hereafter vigilant watch will be kept of this region,
and any persons caught hunting or killing sea otter will be prosecuted
to the fullest extent of the law.

Karly this year the idea became prevalent in the Kodiak region
that it had become lawful for natives to kill sea otter with bow and
arrow, and that a special tag had been prepared to be attached to
all skins taken in this manner. This idea was, of course, entirely
erroneous, for the killing of sea otter is absolutely prohibited in the
Territory of Alaska, in the waters thereof, or on the high seas by
any person subject to the jurisdiction of the four countries named
in the convention of 1911. The impression regarding a special tag
for sea-otter skins probably arose from some misunderstanding in
connection with the tags prepared for attachment to fur-seal skins
lawfully taken on the high seas by Indians, Aleuts, or other aborigines
dwelling on the coast of Alaska.

Land otier.—The land otter occurs on Afognak and probably on
all of the adjacentislands. It was formerly a rather abundant animal
and, by some reports, is still quite common. One person reports it
as holding its own; another as fairly plentiful; another as plentiful
on Shuyak Island, scarce on Spruce Island, not very plentiful on
Kodiak, but more so on Afognak, and scarce on the smaller islands;
still another says it is getting scarcer; and another, one of the best
trappers on Kodiak Island, reports that the supply is growing less.
The land otter seems to have few enemies except man.

During the past two years Inspector Ball has traveled extensively
over Afognak Island and has given much attention to the abundance
of the various fur animals. In a report made in November, 1913, he
regards the land otter as the most abundant and most valuable fur
animal of the Afognak Reservation. Its tracks were found along the
shores of every lake visited and in several places on the ocean beach.

The land otter is said to breed in this region in May in holes or
burrows in the banks or near streams or lakes, and to have an average

32 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

of six young in a litter. The young are said to follow the mother,
often traveling great distances, even crossing Shelikof Straits.

Considerable divergence of opinion exists as to the period during
which the pelts are prime. One person says from November 1 to
April 1; another, November 16 to April 1; another, November 1 to
March 1; another, December 1 to March 1; while another says only
in the winter months, December, January, and February. One
dealer states that when trapping began in October the percentage
cé unprime skins was very high.

The land otters were very seriously affected by the volcanic ash
thrown out by Katmai Volcano in the eruption of June, 1912. So
seriously were they injured that many of the skins taken in the winter
of 1912-13 were worthless. Just how the ash affected the fur is
not fully understood. The fur looks as if the animal had been sheared
and the little fur remaining is matted and tangled like sheep’s wool.
The-only part of the pelt not seriously affected is a narrow strip
along the middle of the back. The parts most affected are the belly
and the lower parts of the sides, which suggests that the injury was
caused by the cutting of the volcanic ash when the animal was travel-
ing through or sliding over it. It is the opinion of Mr. Ball that the
injury done to the land otters of that region by the volcanic ash is
very serious. Many of the skins taken in the winter following the
eruption were worthless as fur, while all showed more or less wear
which was believed to have been caused by the ash.

In view of these facts and upon the recommendation of Mr. Ball,
the Department, on October 29, 1913, issued an order establishing
a closed period for land otters in the Afognak Reservation until
November 16, 1915.

Fox.—In the Afognak region foxes are said to be most abundant
on Kodiak Island, though they occur in some numbers on Afognak
and neighboring islands. They were formerly common on Shuyak
Island, but all were poisoned about 5 years ago and probably none
ig found there now. The common fox of the region is, of course, the
red fox, with a proportion of the various color phases known as
silver, cross, and creole foxes.

The general opinion is that foxes are becoming scarce on these
islands. The silver fox is said to be very rare and the cross scarce.

The volcanic eruption already referred to seems to have affected
the foxes seriously. Perhaps half the skins taken in the winter of
1912-13 showed spots about the size of a man’s hand just over the
rump, where the fur was much worn. Practically all the skins so
injured were taken in the northern part of Kodiak Island. The
injury to the skins was so great as to seriously impair their value.

The foxes on Afognak Island were nearly all exterminated. In
extended trips over the island made by Mr. Ball in the summer of

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. 33

1913 the track of only one fox was observed. Only one fox was
captured in the previous winter. In view of these facts the Depart-
ment, on October 29, issued an order establishing a close period
for foxes in the Afognak Reservation until November 16,1918. The
order is as follows:

REGULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF FUR-BEARING ANIMALS IN THE AFOGNAK
RESERVATION, ALASKA,

[Department Circular No. 252, Bureau of Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Service.]

To whom it may concern:

On account of the scarcity of foxes and land otters in the Afognak Reservation,
caused largely by the recent volcanic activities in that region, it is hereby ordered
that the pursuit, capture, or killing of foxes in the Afognak Reservation shall be
unlawful until November 16, 1918, and the pursuit, capture, or killing of land otter
in the Afognak Reservation shall be unlawful until November 16, 1915.

Wiriu1am ©, ReEepFtieLp,
Secretary.

The mating season for the foxes in the Afognak region begins in
March and the young are born in May or late April. The dens are
usually under roots of trees or in holes or crevices in the rocks,
wherever suitable openings can be found. The number of young
may vary from 3 to 14, the average being 6 or 7. One fox was killed
at Uganik that contained 11 unborn young. One was killed on Long
Island that carried 14 young. The natural food of the foxes in this
region consists of fish, birds, small mammals, mollusks, sand fleas,
and other crustaceans, and such other animal material as can be
picked up along the shore. They doubtless are quite destructive to
ptarmigan and other ground nesting birds and to shrews, mice, and
other small mammals. They will eat almost any kind of meat, and
no inconsiderable portion of their food is furnished by the carcasses
of various marine animals which wash up on shore. It is said that
an experiment was conducted by the Semidi Propagating Co. for the
purpose of determining the best artificial food. They tried various
kinds, weighing the food and the foxes daily, and reached the con-
clusion that dried fish is the best artificial food. It is generally
believed that the female carries food to the young, and that the male
will kill and eat the young when food is scarce.

Among the enemies of the foxes, eagles are perhaps the worst.
Next to them come ravens and sea gulls. When the young foxes are
from a few days to a few weeks old, and begin to play about their
burrows, the eagles and ravens swoop down upon them and carry
them off to eat or feed to their young. Even the large sea gulls will
sometimes pick up young foxes and carry them off. Mr. S. Apple-
gate, who has for many years operated a fox farm on Samalga Island,
is of the opinion that the natural mortality among young foxes is
65 to 75 per cent.

34 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

In the Afognak region the fur of the foxes is prime in December and
January only, according to one dealer. Another says from November
1 to April 1; another, from November 16 to March 1; and still another,
during December, January, and February. The present regulation
provides an open season from November 16 to March 1, which seems
to meet the conditions fully and the approval of the trappers and
dealers.

The usual method of capture is by means of steel traps and
‘‘klipses,”’ a Russian device, set in the trails. This method is prac-
ticed until the snows become heavy; after that a favorite method is
still hunting on moonlight nights.

Ermine.—Ermine, or weasels, are found on all the islands of the
Afognak region. Formerly they were very plentiful, but they are
becoming more and more scarce every year. About the villages,
where even the children do trapping, they are most rare. In the less
frequented parts of the islands, particularly along the streams and
shores, they are still rather common. There seems to be great
irregularity, however, in the abundance of these little animals, just
as there is with rabbits; one year they may be very numerous, the
next year very scarce, and the next year abundant again.

The weasels feed chiefly on birds such as ptarmigan, sparrows, pine
siskins and redpolls, and mice, shrews, fish, and any other flesh they
can get. They are said to store their food. They breed in April
and May and produce 4 to 7 young. The usual methods of capture
are by means of figure-4 traps and deadfalls.

The present open season, November 16 to March 15, appears to
cover properly the period during which the fur is prime.

Brown bear.—The brown bears of Afognak and neighboring islands
are classed as game animals by the Alaska game law. As they are
also fur-bearing animals their consideration in this report is proper.
Brown bears are found in considerable numbers on Kodiak and Afog-
nak Islands, and probably a few occur on Raspberry and Shuyak
Islands. The species on Kodiak is the one known as Ursus midden-
dorffi Merriam. Probably it is the same species found on Afognak,
Shuyak, and Raspberry Islands, but this is not known to be the fact.
Very little appears to be known about the breeding habits of these
big brown bears. Some of the Afognak hunters claim that they breed
at any time. No one could be found who claimed to have seen one
of these bears carrying unborn young. Some hunters think they have
three cubs at a litter, but sometimes fewer, and that they do not breed
every year.

Their food consists chiefly of fish, roots, and berries. They go into
hibernation in December, several occupying one hole, and do not
come out until in March or early April.

The pelts are in prime condition from November 15 to May 31.

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT. 35
HUNTERS AND TRAPPERS.

A list of the hunters and trappers of the Kodiak-Afognak region
would include practically every native man and every boy over 12
years of age, for they all hunt and trap more or less each season. A
list compiled in December, 1912, contained 223 names, classified by
localities as follows:

Ousinka settlement, Kodiak post office..............00c0eeeeeeees 21
Karluk trappers, Wiyak post office. (2... .c.ccceessoesacccneeens as 34
Weanik trappers: Atoonak post office: !--5 c4-c aces. ce cbe eee oe 9
Little Afognak trappers, Afognak post office..............---..-2- 11
Afognak trappers, Afoonak post office: ::..2.. 2... 05.-cc6-0sc0 0s 93
Kodiakitrappers, Kodiak. post-office... 5. 52sh2.52.2. shen sc ees 6
Wood Islanditrappers, Kodiak post offices......-2 2. ...s2.-4./--- 13
Eagle Harbor and south, Kodiak post office.................--.-- 36

Mota EA enia ad wis'seSeiaiacinie ow sinless Sewisele'ele we'd nic eccbs cicjcceiee 223

The general opinion is that these people as a rule have no scruples
about hunting or trapping out of season, and they will do so if they
think they can avoid being caught. They were in.the habit of going
into the field with their guns and traps several days before the season
opened, ostensibly to build or repair barabaras, but in reality to hunt
foxes and land otters.

Since the Department now has a representative stationed at Afog-
nak who acts as fur warden, conditions have much improved.

When the open season begins each trapper will put out 10 to 50
traps for foxes and land otters, and perhaps as many more for ermine.
After heavy snows have fallen, trapping is abandoned because the
alternate thawing and freezing covers the traps with ice, so that they
will not operate. Trapping then gives way to hunting, which con-
tinues with varying interest until the end of the season. At first the
trappers manifest considerable energy and enthusiasm and give
faithful attention to their traps; but after two or three weeks their
zeal languishes and they return to their homes, leaving their traps
set and without attention for several days. During these intervals
of neglect, animals are caught, die in the traps, and the skins become
ruined either through decay or the attacks of bears and eagles.

Some of the trappers sell their furs for cash; others trade them for
groceries and clothing; while still others hypothecate their catch for
provisions and then, forgetting who grubstaked them, sell where they
can get the best price. Nearly all the skins are sold as fast as caught.
There were, in 1912, three principal buyers at Kodiak and three at
Afognak.

Some idea of the importance of the Afognak-Kodiak region as to
fur production can be gained from the following statements:

36 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

One firm at Kodiak in the season of 1911-12 handled 27 land otters,
122 ermine, 18 cross foxes, 24 red foxes, 5 silver foxes. and 2 wolver-
ines, the latter from the Kenai Peninsula.

Another dealer at Ousinka in the season of 1910-11 handled 2
silver and 4 red foxes, 1 land otter, and 400 ermine; in 1911-12, 1
silver and 6 red foxes, 2 land otters, and 389 ermine.

A dealer at Afognak in 1911-12 handled 16 land otters, 2 silver and
25 red foxes, 112 ermine, 17 mink, and 2 wolverines.

Another Afognak dealer handled in the season of 1911-12, 201
ermine, 35 land otters, 7 mink, 10 cross, 2 blue, 2 red, and 2 silver
foxes.

The total shipments for the season of 1912-13 from the Afognak-
Kodiak region for which the Bureau has reports were as follows:

AE ena em ree soca es ted as Bra ee ee NE SIE ge Pe 321
1 Gyo -@3ee) 0) UAC ne arr Fee ne ee pep ee Pe OP eae PR en aA eG 89
WOxX. DlaGles eon ete we eee os eae oe oe ee ee tec ae ape 3
THO RA CROSS =e oe Sve ee es See aa cae a fe 95
| oyy-<rn a 210 Gare ene ty eee ea i ere ET OPER RE MER VUrph a, a ee es at ele 350
1 TMOp-< all inigis) ce A rie A eR ORR Bans A) Oe ee ee BMS CO ere vat es 27
Otter: amide. See eee kek aes th yee eee ee ete et eet 162
(0) Noe re ea” Re Poe ESE eee rs Oe tes eee aA 1

FISHERY INDUSTRIES.

By Warp T. Bower and Harry Cuirrorp Fassett, Assistant Agents.

As in similar reports for previous years, the Territory of Alaska is
here considered in the four coastal geographic sections generally
recognized as follows: Southeast Alaska, embracing all that narrow
strip of mainland and the numerous adjacent islands from Portland
Canal northwestward to and including Yakutat Bay; central Alaska,
the region on the Pacific from Yakutat Bay westward, including
Prince William Sound, Cook Inlet, and Chignik; western Alaska,
the shores of Bering Sea, tributary waters, and the islands in Bering
Sea; and Arctic Alaska, all that portion of Alaska facing on or
tributary to the Arctic Ocean.

In the following pages are given not only detailed reports and
statistical tables dealing with the various fishery industries, but
there are presented also the salient features from reports on certain
subjects which were the objects of special investigation or inquiry.

TERRITORIAL LEGISLATION.

The act of Congress of August 24, 1912, created a Territorial legis-
lature for Alaska, and the first session of this body occurred at Juneau
during the period of 60 days ending May 1, 1913. The enabling act
conferred upon the legislature various powers and duties, and at the
same time imposed certain limitations, among which was the proviso,
in substance, that the authority granted the legislature to alter,
amend, modify, and repeal laws in force in Alaska should not extend
to fisheries laws nor to the laws of the United States providing for
taxes on business and trade. In reference to the matter of revenue
it was further provided that all taxes shall be uniform upon the same
class of subjects, and shall be levied and collected under general
laws, and assessments shall be according to actual value thereof.

FISHERY TAXES.

Under the authority which it was assumed Congress had granted
in the enabling act the Legislature of Alaska passed a general revenue
measure which so far as it affects the fisheries provides—

For a tax of 7 cents per case on red and king salmon and one-half
cent per case on cohos, pinks, and chums, this in addition to the
Federal tax of 4 cents per case on all species of salmon.

22889°14 16 ai

38 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

That one-half of the additional or Territorial tax on canned salmon
should be kept in the Territorial treasury to be expended under
direction of the Bureau of Fisheries in the preservation and propa-
gation of fish.

Cold-storage plants handling fish are taxed from $10 to $500 per
annum, according to the amount of business done.

Fishing vessels of 30 tons or more net register are taxed at the rate
of $1 per ton annually.

There are several other features more or less directly affecting the
fishing industry, including the tax of 10 cents per ton on freight
shipped into or out of the Territory, the employers’ liability act,
and the poll-tax measure. No attempt was made to tax fishing gear.

The clerk of the United States court is made ex-officio tax col-
lector, and the act imposes various duties on other Federal officers,
including fisheries agents and their deputies.

All of this legislation has been challenged by the fishing interests.
The intention of Congress is apparently clear that the Legislature of
Alaska shall have no jurisdiction in the matter of fishery laws, except
possibly as regards taxation. In reference to taxation the language
is not altogether conclusive. The clause in the enabling act refer-
ring to laws of the United States providing for taxes on business
and trade evidently refers to section 460 of the act of May 3, 1899,
as amended by section 29 of the act of June 6, 1900, which was
undoubtedly enacted for the sole purpose of raising revenues for the
Government and in no way for the purpose of regulating the various
enterprises enumerated and taxed. In other words, it is purely a
revenue measure. By the act of January 27, 1905, the revenues
collected under that law were covered into the Alaska fund.

The act of 1912 prohibits the legislature from in any way alter-
ing, amending, modifying, or repealing the act creating the Alaska
fund, as well as laws enacted for the purpose of contributing to that
fund.

Cognizance must be taken, however, of what may perhaps be prop-
erly considered as a conflict in the language of section 9 of the en-
abling act providing for uniform tax measures upon the same class of
subjects, and that assessments shall be according to actual values.

The controversy aroused by this legislation has not yet been settled.
Upon one feature of the law only has opinion been rendered, namely,
that concerning collection of taxes by Federal officials. The Attorney
General of the United States has recently declared this feature of the
Territorial act null and of no effect, since Section II of the enabling
act provides that no one holding a commission as an officer of the
United States in Alaska shall hold any office under the Territory.

The Territorial revenue measure did not become operative until
90 days after its passage on May 1, hence practically all of the pack

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 39

of red salmon in the Bristol Bay region, as well as a good share of

the entire pack of all species in Alaska, was completed this season

before the tax measure became effective. At least one company
has already paid the new Territorial tax on this season’s business.

POLLUTION OF WATERS.

An act of the legislature which has a direct and considerable
bearing upon the fisheries question is that prohibiting the pollution
of certain waters by means of sawdust and other lumbering waste.
This is an excellent measure which ought to be enforced diligently,
as there is no doubt but that sawdust is very destructive to fish life,
particularly when it is deposited in waters where it will settle upon
spawning grounds. This measure is in line with similar acts now
effective in many of the States.

ALIEN FISHERMEN.

The legislature passed a bill to prohibit the taking of fish, whales,
or other marine animals in Alaska waters by aliens. On the last
day of the session, Gov. Walter E. Clark vetoed this measure on the
ground that it was not within the province of the legislature to act in
the matter. Gov. Clark’s veto message sets forth in very able
manner certain facts affecting vitally the fishery matters in their
relation to the Territorial legislature, and in connection therewith
the following excerpt from the message is herewith reproduced:

So far as the fisheries are concerned the subject of this bill is not one for the Territory,
but for the Nation; and so far as the interests of aliens are affected, the matter is pecu-
liarly one for the Nation, because of its international character. Thus two very strong
reasons are interposed, either of which alone would make it impossible for me to
join in the passage of the bill.

It is a popular notion that the Alaska fisheries belong to the Territory, but they
will not belong to the Territory prior to statehood. The doctrine that the fisheries
in navigable waters of the coast belong to the sovereign power was established even
prior to the independence of the United States. The control of the fisheries which are
not within the State waters belongs, therefore, to Congress, and this control has not
been delegated to the Territorial Legislature. Indeed, it is specifically provided in our
enabling act that “the authority herein granted to the legislature to alter, amend,
modify, and repeal laws in force in Alaska shall not extend to the * * * fish
* * * Jaws.” The act of June 14, 1906, the provisions of which are distinctly
modified by this bill, is one of the principal fishery laws passed by Congress for this
Territory. It is wrong from every point of view to pass a bill in violation of the
enabling act on the theory that Congress will not affirmatively disapprove it. Besides,
the probability of such inaction by Congress in the present case does not exist.

The first Legislature of Alaska ought not deliberately to pass an act calculated to
embarrass the Federal Government in its international relations, and such an action
is not worthy of our better judgment and of our trusteeship of legislative authority
and power granted by the Nation for the people of the Territory. If this bill provided
for the exclusion of aliens from our boundaries, no person would question the gravity
of the action, even if authorized by the Congress of the United States. Yet the bill

40 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

does undertake to exclude aliens from participation in a great industry; and the effect
is not far different. I appeal to the legislature to refrain from finally passing an act
which, in all probability, would be rejected on the broadest grounds of national and
international interest if presented in the Congress itself.

No effort was made to pass the alien measure over Governor Clark’s

veto.
FISH-TRAP CONTROVERSY.

Early in the session of the legislature, and notwithstanding the seem-
ingly direct prohibition in the enabling act, Delegate Wickersham,
who represented Alaska in Congress, took the stand that the Territory
had authority to legislate in all matters pertaining to the fisheries
of Alaska. As a result of this opinion, bills were introduced in both
branches of the legislature to prohibit the use of fish traps in Alaska
waters, and a heated discussion was precipitated, which soon resolved
itself into a controversy between trap fishermen and purse-seine
fishermen. Various hearings were held by the joint fisheries com-
mittee of the two houses, at which representatives of both sides
were heard at length.

Action was deferred in the hope that an opinion could be obtained
from the Attorney General of the United States as to the legislature’s
authority in the matter. No opinion was received, but the general
view entertained by legal authorities is that the Legislature of Alaska
had no jurisdiction. Near the close of the session the antitrap bill
was called up in the senate and met with defeat.

Failing to effect the passage of the antitrap bill, the legislature
then memorialized Congress as to what it considered best for the
Territory in the way of fisheries legislation. Following is an outline
of the memorials:

For Government ownership of hatcheries.

For patrol to prevent encroachment of alien halibut fishermen.

That herring and other food fishes be not used for oil and fertilizer ‘after 1917.

To rescind the order creating the Aleutian Islands Reservation.

That returns from seal fisheries and sale of public lands be applied to road fund.

To abolish jiggers on fish traps; limit lead on traps to 600 feet; limit traps to a distance
of 1 mile from streams; remove traps from channels less than 1 mile in width; the
Bureau of Fisheries to establish markers at stream mouths, places to be designated
by practical fishermen; the Government to operate all hatcheries; that the inspection
system affecting fishing operations be expanded; condemnation of general features
of the Jones bill, particularly with reference to creation of Alaska fund; objection to
any law granting title to tide lands or waters, or making special reservations for fishing
any certain kind of gear; prohibition as to taking salmon by spear or gaff for commercial
use; establishment of close season for southeast Alaska on ed and humpback salmon
September 1 to December 1.

Much opposition developed to some of the proposed fishing
limitations, the contention being that it was drawn especially to
favor the interests of the purse-seine fishermen, and that it was unfair
to the owners of fish traps. Practically all of the discussion and

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 41

activity regarding fishery matters before the legislature centered in
and had bearing upon the fish-trap and purse-seine controversy.

It will be remembered that the purse seine is a greater employer
of labor than the trap, hence the advocates of the purse seine are
strong numerically. It is the cannery owners who operate chiefly the
more expensive trap, and the question thus becomes a dispute be-
tween capital and labor. The cannery men maintain that the sweep-
ing abolition of their most economical form of gear would be con-
fiscatory and ruinous to an industry having millions invested in the
Territory; that it would react with greatest force upon those advo-
cating it; that traps insure a fresher and better quality of fish; and
that the plea of the purse-seine fishermen that traps are destroying
the runs of salmon is not borne out by fact or statistics. It is upon
the score of killing excessive numbers of salmon that the friends of
the purse seine denounce the trap.

To have the benefit of impartial opinion in the controversy, Gov-
ernor Clark, at the instance of a member of the legislature, asked
the Secretary of Commerce to send a representative of the Bureau
of Fisheries to appear before the legislature. The Secretary accord-
ingly directed Assistant Agent Bower to proceed to Juneau and lend
every proper effort toward an understanding of any and all fishery
matters to which the legislature might desire to give consideration.

Since the trap and purse-seine question is a very important one,
and as there may be future use for certain facts in relation to it,
some of the testimony given before the joint fisheries committee,
and the general attitude of the Department in the matter, may with
propriety be repeated here.

It is important to realize at once the two-fold nature of the ques-
tion. The purse-seine fishermen protest against the trap, which is
a labor-saving device and economy to the cannerymen, upon the
ground that it is dangerous to the supply of fish. An employer’s
right to use labor-saving devices can not, for itself alone, be success-
fully assailed. The public rights in natural resources, on the other
hand, can and should be protected. The burden of proof, however,
seems to rest upon the purse-seine fishermen, who must show that
the trap is a wasteful or monopolistic mode of capture.

It is unanimously agreed that, except a safe breeding reserve, all
the fish our waters will yield may very properly be taken for
economic uses. It is also unquestionably proved, by the history of
the fisheries the world over, that any appliance for wholesale capture
may exhaust the supply if operated without regulation. For the
preservation of the supply of fish, therefore, it is necessary to limit
the catch. This may be accomplished (1) by the use of an easily
controlled form of fishing apparatus; (2) proper close seasons; (3)
restriction of fishing areas as necessary; (4) limiting distance inter-

42 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

vals between apparatus; (5) limiting or prohibiting fishing in streams;
(6) licensing of fishing gear; (7) adequate provisions for enforcement
of the law.

Every type of apparatus must, of course, be operated under certain
restrictions adapted to its character. There are two general classes
of fishing gear, namely, fixed and mobile. The one awaits the com-
ing of the fish, the other seeks to follow the fish in their movements.
In the first-named class is the trap. In the second is the purse seine.
These two forms of gear operate in Alaska under the following restric-
tions:

Fixed gear: It is prohibited to build a trap (1) in any stream or
channel less than 500 feet in width; (2) within 500 yards of the
mouth of any red-salmon stream less than 500 feet wide; (8) in any
stream or channel of over 500 feet wide for more than one-third the
distance across it; or (4) in any place within 600 yards laterally or
100 yards endwise from any other fixed fishing appliance (laterally
obviously means sidewise; that is, along the shore).

Seines and other movable gear: It is prohibited (1) to set any
seine for a distance greater than one-third the width of any stream,
estuary, or lagoon (practically the same as applies to the trap, except
the trap can not be put in waters less than 500 feet wide; the seine
can be used there so long as it does not sweep the channel for a dis-
tance greater than one-third its width); (2) within 100 yards outside
the mouth of any red-salmon stream where the same is less than 500
feet in width; (3) to operate any seine or other appliance within 100
yards of any other seine or fishing appliance.

It will be noted that for red-salmon streams less than 500 feet wide,
a trap must remain at least 500 yards away from the mouth and a
seine only 100 yards away, a difference of 400 yards in favor of the
seine.

Following are statistics of gear used in 1911: In all Alaska there
were 263 seines, 1,734 gill nets, and 152 traps. In southeast Alaska,
the section most concerned in the present discussion, there were 91
traps which caught 9,341,136 salmon, or an average of 102,649 per
trap. In the same region there were 227 seines which caught
17,149,869 salmon, or an average of 75,546 per seine. The surpris-
ing feature of these seasonal figures is that on the average the catch
of each purse seine was within 27,000 salmon of the catch of each trap.
But as there were many more seines than traps the total catch by
seines was nearly double that of the traps.

The foregoing figures are for the season of 1911. During 1912
the total catch in Alaska by means of traps was 19,921,000 salmon,
while all other forms of gear combined caught 41,020,000. This is
32 per cent for traps and 68 per cent for the other kinds of apparatus,
and makes a total catch of more than 61,000,000 salmon in Alaska
during 1912.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 43

In southeast Alaska in 1912 there were 346 seines which caught
14,728,000 salmon, an average of 42,566 each; 377 gill nets which
took 767,000 salmon, or an average of 2,034 each; and 176 traps
which took 13,885,000 salmon, or an average of 78,892 each. We note
that the catch by traps, comparing the two years 1911 and 1912,
drops on an average from 102,000 to 78,000, and the catch in the
case of seines declined from 75,000 to 42,000 on the average.

For the purpose of comparison, the figures for seines in 1912 are
not of great use for the reason that most of them operated only part
of the season because of the strike. It is only fair to say that on the
average the seines fished only half of the season of 1912. But even
so, the seines in southeast Alaska caught about a million more salmon
than the traps. It is significant to note that the average for traps
fell from about 102,000 in 1911 to less than 79,000 in 1912. <A possi-
ble reason for this exists in the fact that in the scramble for traps in
1912, many sites were tried which proved to be poor.

The total amount of fishing gear used in Alaska, aside from lines,
during 1912 was: 413 seines, an increase of 150 over 1911; 273 traps,
an increase of 121 over 1911; and 1,954 gill nets, an increase of 220
over 1911. Of the increase of gear by sections, the most notable
was on traps in southeast Alaska, where the number rose from 91 in
£911 to 176, 1m 191.2.

In considering the question of depletion of waters, it is not proper
to select any individual stream or any particular year as a basis for
final conclusions. There are offyears and variations and fluctuations
just as in the case of crops raised by the farmer. Tides, ice, and
winds may influence the movements of salmon.

The problem in the perpetuation of the fishery is to determine the
escape of breeding salmon necessary to keep up the supply, and since
1908 the Department has been conducting an elaborate system of
actually counting the number of brood salmon eseaping the fisher-
men’s nets and passing up Wood River, a tributary to Bristol Bay.
The idea is to correlate the escape with future returns and thus fix
a definite limit upon the number that may be taken for commercial
use. A continuance of these investigations is necessary for a few
years longer before definite conclusions can be d1awn, but important
facts are already available as to what a region will stand in the face
of heavy trap fishing.

For years the lagoon at Chignik has been studded with a network
of from ten to fifteen or twenty traps, some of them with leads several
thousand feet long. Notwithstanding the apparent impossibility of
any fish passing this network of traps, it may be said that during
1911, when the Government made an exploration of the region, not
only did the traps farthermost upstream fish quite well, but also
there were evidences of what appeared to be a good escape to the

44 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

spawning grounds above, a very remarkable condition. Chignik has
not had the benefit of any hatchery support.

It is hardly to be conceived that trap fishing will ever deplete the
waters of Cook Inlet, especially since traps and all commercial fish-
ing for salmon have been barred in the tributary streams. The
waters of the inlet are very turbid, and it is well established that the
fish do not follow any particularly defined course. Good catches
have been made by gill nets several miles offshore.

Traps extend out into a channel but a comparatively short pro-
portion of its width, therefore large numbers of fish have ample
opportunity to pass unobstructed. In some places the fish strike in
toward the shore much more freely than at other points, hence cer-
tain spots are recognized as better trap sites than others. But there
is ample proof that great quantities of salmon travel away from the
shore line. Specific places may be cited, as, for example, Nushagak
Bay, where fishing covers all sections of the channel, which is several
miles wide. In southeast Alaska the fact that considerable numbers
of salmon are caught in movable forms of apparatus far outside the
range of any traps is good evidence that they frequent off shore
waters. At no point in Alaska is it legal to extend a trap more than
one-third across any body of water. It is but rarely ever necessary
to consider this feature in southeast Alaska, as most of the channels
where traps are located are several miles wide, and traps are but
rarely of greater length in this region than 1,000 or 1,500 feet. On
account of the rugged shores and deep waters it is impossible to build
them of greater length. Nevertheless, a limit should be placed on
the length of traps, as is customary elsewhere—notably the traps of
Puget Sound.

A great deal has been said at times as to the waste caused by traps,
but the facts do not bear out the contention that thev are wasteful
of food fishes. They may take a negligible number of fishes not at
present utilized, such as sculpins, flounders, and trout. If such fishes
as sharks, dogfish, sculpins, and trout can be captured and destroved,
there is a direct benefit to the salmon industry. Trout and seculpins
are very destructive to young salmon.

From one point of view the purse seine is more wasteful than the
trap. Seine boats are sometimes gone from the canneries for several
days and the fish grow stale in the hold of the boat, particularly if
the fishing is poor—which means visits to a number of small streams
before a catch can be obtained that justifies a return to the cannery,
or justifies a call of a run boat or collecting boat. The fish from
traps are necessarily superior in quality to at least some of the seine
fish, for with but very rare exceptions they are alive in the pot and
spiller until a comparatively short time before being canned or other-
wise used.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 45

Against the charges of the purse seiners that the traps are monopo-
listic, it is to be noted that there were twenty independent traps in
southeast Alaska in 1912, owned by individuals or groups of individ-
uals wholly or nearly all residents of Alaska. One phase of the inde-
pendent trap situation is that an individual stands an equal chance
with the largest company in developing a new site, as favorable loca-
tions are not known until tried. Thus, if the independent owner by
good fortune gets the better location, the preponderance of capital
in the hands of the large company can hardly eject him.

On the other hand, in the case of the individual who can not com-
mand sufficient capital to build a trap, the seine or other less expen-
sive apparatus is perforce his choice, and he then wants to abolish all
traps, as they are in direct competition with him. But, as in other
industries, competition when conducted legitimately invariably
inures to the public good.

In the matter of preventing too heavy a drain upon the supply of
salmon, a point in favor of the purse seine is that it can not operate
in many places during stormy weather, and the fish have an oppor-
tunity to escape, whereas, unless conditions are unusually bad, a
trap is likely to catch considerable numbers of fish when a purse
seine can not be operated profitably.

On the other hand, however, it is the well-known habit of salmon
to school outside the mouths of streams before ascending for spawning
purposes. They are fish that have passed the traps. It is here that
the purse seine is used most assiduously. Conditions were particu-
larly bad in this regard during the summer of 1911, when some of the
streams were so low that the fish were much hindered and sometimes
absolutely prevented from ascending. Of course, this afforded great
opportunity for the purse seine.

Originally the canneries depended chiefly upon seines to supply
their fish. It is within the last few years that traps have come so
largely into use, their vogue being due primarily to strengthened
faith in their economy as a fishing appliance. Moreover, the fisher-
men’s strike in 1912 revealed to the cannerymen the disadvantage
of depending upon the fishermen with movable gear, and the higher
wages demanded led to the adoption of traps in still greater numbers.
A case in point is a large company which has operated four canneries
in southeast Alaska for a number of years past, and used seine-caught
fish exclusively until this season, when it began to install traps.
All of this means that eventually a limit must be placed upon traps
as well as other forms of gear, chiefly purse seines. To this end a
Federal license system will be most helpful.

Regulation, in fact—the susceptibility of the fishing device to
regulation—is perhaps the prime factor in the whole question. As
already stated, any form of gear unrestricted could deplete the re-

46 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

sources; therefore every form that is allowed must be regulated. If
a particular kind of gear is not susceptible of regulation, or is less
susceptible than some other, that other is to that extent more de-
desirable in the interests of the fish supply. It is upon these consid-
erations that the Federal Government bases its chief argument in
behalf of traps. The trap has a definite location; consequently it
can be inspected at any time, as the officers know where to find it.
The purse seine moves constantly from place to place; therefore it is
quite impossible for the Government, with present facilities, to
regulate this form of apparatus—a regulation most essential because
of the admitted tendency to operate purse seines in prohibited
waters, notably entirely across stream mouths, and, of course, without
detection. A purse seine can go into the mouth of a stream and get
away unnoticed with a good catch of fish. An inspection force greatly
disproportionate to reasonable requirements in such matters would
be needed to look after seines.

Traps are in operation to-day on the Atlantic coast in the shad
fishery, on the Great Lakes in whitefish operations, and in the Pacific
States in salmon work. In regions where they are regulated, and
are opened at certain times to let fish pass, the fishery is in no danger
of extermination. In view of this fact and the history of the com-
mercial fisheries everywhere, it must be conceded that the appar-
ently irreconcilable differences in the purse-seine and fish-trap con-
troversy In Alaska emphasize the necessity for unbiased legislation
and regulation of Alaska fisheries such as the Federal Government,
with its broader vision, can alone supply.

FEDERAL REGULATIONS.

STREAMS CLOSED TO COMMERCIAL FISHING.

The canning interests in general agree that the closing of streams
tributary to Cook Inlet, also Eyak Lake and stream, Anan Creek,
and Naha stream, by order of the Secretary of Commerce of November
18, 1912, has been an excellent move in the preservation of Alaska’s
fishery resources.

As enumerated in the 1912 Alaska fisheries report, there are now
closed to commercial fishing, by authority of the Secretary of Com-
merce, or by Executive order of the President, the following waters:

Western Alaska: Wood and Nushagak Rivers.

Central Alaska: All streams flowing into Cook Inlet; all streams on
Afognak Island; Eyak Lake, including a limitation on fishing in
EKyak River.

Southeast Alaska: Anan Creek, Naha Stream, Yes Bay and Stream.

The time is near at hand when it will undoubtedly be in the interests
of the salmon fisheries of Alaska to close other streams to commercial

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 47

fishing, or at least limit either the season or form of gear, or both.
The judicious application of Federal authority along these lines is in
close keeping with the true principles of conservation.

PATROL IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA.

During the months of July and August, while salmon fishing in
southeast Alaska was heaviest, a patrol was maintained to enforce the
fisheries laws and regulations. This was conducted on a more ex-
tensive scale than heretofore. The Juneau region was covered
chiefly by the newly purchased fisheries steamer Osprey, while the
chartered power boats Truth and Standard operated in the Ketchikan
and Wrangell regions, respectively. In addition the launch Lue
was chartered for several trips in the Juneau and Icy Strait section,
while a patrol of waters near the Yes Bay hatchery was maintained by
a small launch attached to the station. During the 50 days or so
of active patrol work, the first three named boats logged approxi-
mately 9,000 nautical miles. To this must be added the 800 miles
covered by the two smaller boats. The total sum chargeable to
this phase of the work, including charter of boats, salaries of regular
employees, and all expenses, is approximately $5,000.

All told, five agents and deputies were engaged throughout the
heaviest part of the fishing season, primarily to prevent infractions
of the law, and at the same time to take the necessary steps to appre-
hend any offenders. Incidental work included the charting of
traps and various fishery establishments, the distribution of laws and
the posting of notices in regard thereto, the observance of salmon
runs in various streams, and the enforcement of the fur laws. Visits
to fishing grounds were regarded as more important than visits to
canneries. The several patrol boats were on the move each day,
unless detained by heavy weather or for other good cause, daily runs
varying usually from 50 to 150 miles for each of the larger boats.

Particular attention was paid to the observance of the weekly close
season, from 6 o’clock Saturday evening until 6 o’clock Monday morn-
ing, both as regards the proper closing of traps and the cessation of
fishing by seines and gill nets. There has also been a constant ten-
dency of seiners and others to haul their nets entirely across the
mouths of streams, a practice contrary to law.

In the testimony of the commercial fishermen who appeared in
Juneau last spring before the joint fisheries committee of the legisla-
ture, nearly every one freely admitted that there was frequent viola-
tion of the law, particularly in the matter of operating nets entirely
across stream mouths, and often fish were driven downstream from
spawning beds into the nets waiting below. They said this was due
largely to the fact that with but one fisheries agent looking after all

48 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

of southeast Alaska, such a practice could be carried on with little or
no fear of detection.

While, as a result in part of the agitation at Juneau during the ses-
sion of the legislature, a much more effective patrol system was
inaugurated this season in southeast Alaska, there is need of consid-
erable more expansion along this line. More men and boats are
needed. As a beginning, the steamer Osprey was put in commission
this season, and three additional agents were detailed into this section
of Alaska, where, by reason of the extent and character of operations,
there is greatest need of regulation of fishing if the potential value of
the waters is to be preserved. But rather than to be dependent upon
the unsatisfactory method of chartering boats to further the needs of
the patrol system, the Bureau should have in service at least three
fast power boats of 65 feet or upwards in length and of staunch and
seaworthy construction to withstand the sudden and violent gales of
southeast Alaska, and to navigate, where necessary, outside waters.

INSPECTION OF CANNERIES.

During the last year or so there has developed a feeling among
various cannery men that a Government inspector should be stationed
at each cannery to pass upon the condition of fish packed, also to see
that sanitary features are fully observed, in manner similar to the
Federal inspection of meat-packing houses and product. The theory
of extending such inspection to Alaska is sound, but no funds are
available for the employment of the force of 50 or more competent
inspectors required to put the plan into effect. The managers of
two companies, realizing the practical benefits of announcing the
sale of goods packed under Federal supervision, have stated their
willingness to pay the salary and expenses of an authorized and
impartial Government inspector stationed at each of their plants.
There are practical difficulties in the way of accepting pecuniary aid
from private enterprise, however, therefore provision by Congress of
a personnel and funds is the proper way to effectuate the plan.

FISHWAYS.

There are several streams in southeast Alaska well adapted as
natural breeding grounds for salmon, but impassable to the fish by
reason of falls at or near salt water. It is hoped that steps can soon
be taken to open up these waters either by blasting out resting places
for the fish, or, better still, by installing suitable fishways. Of course,
it is seca th at it is cimedt to do much, or even anything, in the
case of various high and precipitous nlite but there are several
streams where comparatively little work would make them available
to spawning salmon. In the case of two or three streams not far
from Wrangell, it would seem that a few well-placed charges of

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 49

powder would meet all requirements. Work of this character should
be done during the winter, when the water is low.

As an example of the streams under discussion, there may be cited
Mill Creek, which is 7 miles from Wrangell. At the mouth of this
stream there is one almost sheer drop of 6 or 8 feet, even at higher
stages of the tide, and above this is a series of cascades with a fall of
probably 25 feet in a distance of about 75 yards. Were a fishway
installed at the first drop, and a few resting places blasted out in the
series of cascades, salmon could get into the stream above, which is
about a mile long, and then pass into a fine lake 24 miles in length.
Each season considerable numbers of salmon collect off the mouth of
the stream, but their attempts to pass the falls are without exception
unsuccessful. It is particularly desirable to open up a stream like
Mill Creek, which heads in a lake and therefore will be ascended by
red salmon. When funds are made available, effective work can be
done in accomplishing this end.

LicuHts ON Fisu TRApPs.

Under date of August 8, 1913, the Bureau of Lighthouses issued
circular letter No. 329 to hghthouse inspectors, stating that the Sec-
retary of Commerce had approved the following regulation, which
wil be included in permits that may be granted by the War Depart-
ment for the erection of fishing structures and appliances in navigable
waters of the United States:

Fishing structures and appliances in navigable waters of the United States shall be
lighted for the safety of navigation, as follows:

The lights shall be displayed between sunset and sunrise. They shall be placed
at each end of the structure, excepting where the inner end terminates in such situa-
tion that there is no practicable navigation between it and the high-wster line of the
adjacent coast, in which case no inner light shall be displayed. The outer light shall
be white and the inner light shall be red. The size, capacity, and manner of main-
tenance of the lights shall be such as may be specified in the War Department permit
authorizing the erection of the structure or appliance.

When several structures or appliances are placed on one line, with no navigable
passage between them, they will be considered, for lighting purposes, as one structure.

s TRAP-SITE SURVEYS.

In anticipation of early revision by Congress of the present Alaska
fisheries laws, there has been considerable activity this season in the
matter of surveying trap sites. Several of the larger companies as
well as a number of individual trap owners have been to considerable
expense in having surveys made. Since there has been no definitely
established standard for surveying or determining the exact size and
position of fish-trap sites, these efforts would seem to be somewhat
premature. However, in the event of much-needed trap legislation
by Congress, possibly at least a part of the work already done may
be made to apply to future requirements.

50 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

VIOLATIONS OF LAW AND REGULATIONS.

As in past seasons every effort has been made by the Bureau’s
agents and deputies to insure full observance of the fisheries laws
and regulations. In this connection acknowledgment is made of
valuable assistance and counsel through the cooperation of the United
States attorneys and marshals.

The case of M. Kono and 20 other Japanese fishermen arrested
during November, 1911, for herring fishing on Sunday was tried
May 6, 1913, in the district court at Ketchikan. Judge Lyons
decided that violation of the fisheries law as charged in the indictment
was a misdemeanor, hence defendants might appear by counsel for
arraignment and trial. The jury brought in a verdict of guilty and
on May 8—two days later—the court imposed a fine of $50 upon each
of the 21 defendants. This fine is in addition to the cash bail of
$1,000, which was forefeited upon failure of defendants to appear
for rendition of judgment. In his instructions to the jury in this
case Judge Lyons quoted section 5 of the fisheries law, which pro-
vides for a close season on salmon in certain waters of Alaska from
6 o’clock Saturday evening to 6 o’clock of the following Monday
morning, and then quoted section 11, which subjects all species of
fish to the provisions of the act. Judge Lyons stated that the pro-
visions of section 5 are made applicable to all fishing within the
waters of Alaska, including fishing for herring.

On December 22, 1913, in the United States commissioner’s court
at Craig a fine of $200 was placed upon Nels Husvig for wanton waste
of herring contrary to the provisions of law. Complaint was made
by Deputy Warden Walker, and a plea of guilty was entered. Large
quantities of the smaller-sized herring had been thrown overboard.

The trial of W. E. Ludy, watchman, charged with failure to close
Alaska Packers Association trap No. 9 on Sunday, July 28, 1912,
occurred in the district court at Ketchikan May 7 and 8, 1913. The
true bill rendered by the grand jury in October, 1912, included both
W. E. Ludy, watchman, and the Alaska Packers Association, owner.
Upon request of defendants separate trials were granted and the case
against Ludy was called first. After two days devoted to the sub-
mission of testimony and arguments by counsel the case went to the
jury and a verdict of not guilty was returned. In view of this ver-
dict, the following day United States Attorney Rustgard moved a
dismissal of the case against the Alaska Packers Association.

While on a trip up the west coast of Prince of Wales Island Sunday,
August 24, 1913, Agent Smith and Deputy Lyman discovered driven
trap No. 14, operated by the Craig cannery of the Lindenberger Pack-
ing Co., to be fishing illegally. The case was tried before the United
States commissioner at Ketchikan August 27, and upon pleas of guilty
being entered the company was fined $100, and Erick Peterson, trap
watchman, was fined $10.

e

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 51

The case against the Alaska Pacific Fisheries and A. Carlson, owner
and watchman, respectively, of a floating trap said to have been
fishing illegally on Sunday, August 4, 1912, near the entrance to Yes
Bay, as charged in a true bill returned by the grand jury at Ketchikan
at the succeeding fall term, has not come to trial. A continuance was
granted both at the spring and fall terms of court at Ketchikan this
year.

While on patrol duty Sunday, July 27, 1913, in Cholmondeley
Sound, Deputy Lyman discovered that the walls of the heart of float-
ing trap No. 4 belonging to the Alaska Pacific Fisheries were in fishing
position contrary to law. The watchman claimed that no instruc-
tions had been given him as to the method of closing the trap against
fishing. An information was accordingly filed with the United
States commissioner at Ketchikan, naming the Alaska Pacific Fish-
eries, owner, and Chris Adams, watchman, as defendants. Upon
citation, the defendants appeared in the commissioner’s court on
July 30 to answer to the information. The testimony that the heart
walls were in fishing position was not controverted, but the court
decided that since counsel for the defense had introduced testimony
that holes existed in the trap, amounting to 30 square feet or more,
a passage for the fish existed, and the defendants were accordingly
discharged. This decision has occasioned some surprise, for the
law says nothing about holes, but states that the heart walls must
be lifted or lowered for a distance of 25 feet on each side next the
pot so as to permit the full and unobstructed passage of salmon and
other fishes.

Early in the fishing season one of the deputies discovered a gill
net stretched entirely across the mouth of the red salmon stream
at the head of Nakat Inlet. Every effort was made to apprehend
the guilty parties, learned to be Indians, but their identity was not
ascertained. Violations of the law of this character are most vicious
and harmful, for there is no more certain way of destroying the fish-
ing industry than by preventing at least a reasonable escapement
up the streams for spawning purposes.

A report was received from the deputy collector of customs at
Cordova that fishing apparatus had been set, by persons unknown,
in Eyak Lake, contrary to the closing order promulgated by the Secre-
tary of Commerce on November 18, 1912. An order of seizure was
issued and a special deputy marshal was named to take the gear,
but by the time that officer arrived it had been removed. No further
action occurred.

There has been some dissension and complaint among the fishing
interests of southeast Alaska, and particularly at Hetta Inlet, as
to the time when seining operations shall cease in accordance with
the provisions of the weekly close period. Six o’clock in the evening
is the hour prescribed by law, but as there has been considerable

52 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

variation in the time kept at different canneries, one crew would
sometimes fish an hour or so longer than another. To avoid infrac-
tions of the law or further trouble, directions were given to have the
crews fishing at Hetta make their time uniform. Where variations
in time are more than nominal, the companies fishing later than the
standard time of a given region will be subject to prosecution.

Various rumors and vague reports were received from time to
time as to alleged illegal fishing, but no direct evidence would be
forthcoming or could be obtained. It is usually the case that those
who note infractions of the law feel that they can not jeopardize
their business relations by reporting the matter in a way that will
permit of an action at law. If a more vigorous and healthy public
sentiment can be developed along this line, the way of the trans-
eressor will be made much more difficult.

Because of the unattractive price on chums, a number of cannery
men were not very scrupulous as regards the section of law prohibiting
the wanton waste of salmon or other food fishes. Several cases were
investigated, and one was brought to the attention of a grand jury,
but the evidence did not warrant further action.

It has been construed recently that violations of the fisheries laws
and regulations fall within the misdemeanor class, hence an alleged
violator may, in the discretion of the prosecuting officer, either be
tried before a United States commissioner, sitting as a justice of the
peace, ex officio, or said United States commissioner may sit as a
committing magistrate merely to give a preliminary hearing to de-
termine whether the evidence justifies binding the defendant over
to the grand jury.

Pursuant to an opinion by United States Attorney Rustgard it
was determined this season that in the event of violation of the fish-
eries laws or regulations complaint would be made against the com-
pany or corporation involved, as well as against the individual fisher-
men, watchmen, or other person or persons immediately concerned
in the violation.

If it is found that difficulty exists in obtaining convictions in
fisheries violations, there is good ground to ask Congress that greater
powers be vested in the fisheries agents and deputies. This might
consist of more extended authority in the matter of confiscation and
destruction of gear operated illegally. This is along the line of similar
powers conferred upon collectors of customs and other Government
officers.

The practice in the Bering Sea region of putting pink salmon labels
on the pack of chum salmon is contrary to the provisions of law,
and hereaiter must be discontinued. The chum salmon of Bering Sea
is no better than the chum of southeast Alaska, and there appears to
be no justification for the use of a pink salmon label in western Alaska
on the chum pack.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 53

So far as the interior of Alaska is concerned no serious violations of
the fisheries laws have been reported. Two nets were removed from
a small stream near Hot Springs and one from Clear Creek near Fair-
banks. It was reported that a trap entirely blocked the Chatanika,
but the trap was removed before the arrival of the warden and evi-
dence could not be obtained of the guilty parties. It was reported
that at Chicken Creek near Eagle prospectors blocked the stream with
traps in the fall until they obtained sufficient whitefish to freeze for
their individual use during the winter. It was reported at Fairbanks
that fish were being used for fertilizer, but upon investigation it was
found that the report was based upon the use of a single load of
offal from fish being dried.

OBSERVATIONS IN THE WOOD RIVER AND NUSHAGAK REGIONS.

During the fishing season of 1913 the Bureau was represented in the
Nushagak Bay region by Deputy Fur Wardens Hanna and Roach, on
special detail for the purpose. Having arrived at Nushagak overland
from Bethel early in the spring they began active operations in rela-
tion to the fisheries on June 5. On that date they went to Lake
Aleknagik and began overhauling the gear to be used in connection
with the investigation of the run of salmon in Wood River.

The construction of the rack, begun on June 14, was completed
on June 21, and the actual counting of the fish was begun the next
day. The census was taken in the same manner as in the preceding
five years, and covered the period from June 22 to July 28, both
inclusive. The maximum daily count was 121,981 red salmon. This
occurred on July 5, while the next largest count was 100,383 on July
1. The run on the day following each of these dates was very much
reduced, in view of which fact it would seem that the season’s run
reached its maximum on July 3 and 4, when 91,203 and 91,186 fish
were counted, respectively. The maximum run in 1911 occurred on
July 15, and in 1912 on July 8.

The following statement shows the tally of red salmon at the Wood
River (Lake Aleknagik) rack in 1913:

No. No. No.

AUIMELAD seen ecere ZAG SULY:) Doses ee LDIOSIN Sully WSe es ccccecs 529

omoaaielele ce 4, 180 Gases 11, 977 DS er Ae eee 297

A See £3 2,991 Got Res 33, 698 DO RaSaSae 690

LS ee 2, 560 TRH ene 31, 323 PAA ees eS eee 306

AN sac coder ou OS eeeewce 39, 991 Deo =| sere ett 1, 658

DAL Oe 7,489 NOS aes seee 27, 907 DR SO Ae 538

PASAT a Ae 12, 528 I We genta aie 20, 038 Ae we Sr aterate 304

7A a ara 16, 022 2 a eeeoeee 18, 917 DNshts aevclowie 1, 841

YO eee ae 47, 134 Lose eee 14, 296 DORE sielons 463

Saalige, et gskeiees: 100, 383 A* es teieetore 4, 651 Dilenrcesd eae 2,

DLE eS OIE 36, 192 PA hese 3, 228 2 Seis waraesie 1, 022
RE OO OCOe 91, 203 INGE Aes Sees 2, 788

Aono oe 91, 186 WW inoteretaaterere 3, 603 Motall sane 753, 109

22889°—14—__17

54 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

The relation of the catch of salmon in the Nushagak region to the
escapement into Wood River is shown in the following table:

Rep Satmon Run IN NusHaGAK Bay AND TriBuTaRIEsS, 1908-1913.

. Per cent
Nushagak | Wood River
Year. Total. of

Bay catch. tally. escape
1908 2 aiscctaeccwdcsecbcaeesa ret acccsessidecccasesect 6, 140, 031 2, 600, 655 8, 740, 686 30
NQNQ Dna ncnioiccisicsiesieta snisia sisiatels/cie lie iclelc\elsielseisicfaeleisinle’e-eia 4, 687, 635 893, 244 5,580, 879 16
WQLO PS eee Ss seo cadecucdlccctwlteacse oe bectcosescscine 4, 384, 755 670, 104 5,054, 859 13.2
DOU so cacinwacicicinie Socciele wine vis eibewise = sic cronscceececetes 2, 813, 637 354, 299 3, 167, 936 11.1
LOND ee ee ae si aan Seo as sa cecee re oamieetacle cere 3, 866, 950 325, 264 4,192, 214 Wut
MOUS Jers aacG wc ciccalos cicaec seimoceieaisceesiceae eekice cl 5, 236, 008 753, 109 5, 989, 117 12.5

From the foregoing it will be observed that the escape in 1912
was 7.7 percent, while in 1913 it was 12.5 percent. The total Nusha-
gak run of red salmon, including both the catch and the count at
the rack, increased from 4,192,214 in 1912 to 5,989,117 in 1913, a
gain of 30 per cent.

Attention has already been called to the fact that in considering
these figures it must be remembered that an unascertained number
of red salmon ascend to spawning beds in the Nushagak River. This
number, however, is small compared with the number ascending
Wood River. While the count of those entering Lake Aleknagik
does not therefore show the escape for the entire bay, it does never-
theless show the relative escape year by year. It may be assumed
that the run into Nushagak River is an approximately constant
factor as to the percentage of the entire run, and does not vitiate
the deductions that may be drawn from a study of the Wood River
counts and the Nushagak Bay catches.

During the season officers of the Northwestern Fisheries Co. and
of the Alaska Fishermen’s Packing Co. (Libby, McNeill & Libby)
made a trip to Lake Aleknagik to inspect the spawning beds and to
make a personal investigation of rumors current for several seasons
that the Government rack is a detriment to the salmon industry
because, it is alleged, fish do not lead through it. The absurdity
of these reports was readily established, as all operations were found
to be conducted properly and there was no evidence that the salmon
did not pass through the rack. During the course of the season
124 dead salmon were found about the mouth of Lake Aleknagik, all
of which had died from gill-net injuries received before they entered
Wood River. The presence of the Government rack for counting
operations had nothing to do with the death of these fish. The
derogatory rumors respecting the rack have been spread by persons
utterly uninformed as to the real situation.

Observation was made at the rack again this year of the propor-
tion of salmon showing injuries from gill nets operated on Nushagak
Bay. It was determined that the number thus injured and escap-

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 55

ing comprised 17 per cent of the total number of red salmon entering
Lake Aleknagik.

Operations at the rack were facilitated very largely through assist-
ance rendered by the Alaska Packers Association. The Alaska Port-
land Packers Association furnished a boat for towing equipment to
the rack site.

The Department’s order of December 17, 1907, closing Wood and
Nushagak Rivers to commercial fishing, was disregarded this season
by some natives who operated stake nets in the restricted region and
sold the catch to neighboring canneries. It is the purpose hereafter
to allow the use of native stake nets in the closed waters for domestic
purposes only. During the past season most of the 236 stake nets
in operation were outside of the closed region.

A patrol was again maintained this season to see that fishing boats
from the canneries did not invade the restricted waters. To insure a
uniform determination season by season of the mouths of Wood and
Nushagak Rivers, fixed range markers have been established. These
markers are of iron pipe set 40 feet apart, the first being 12 feet
back from the edge of the tundra bank. The bearing of the Wood
River ranges above Snag Point is NE., while those for the Nushagak
River are at Picnic Point and bear N. From these ranges piles are
fixed offshore for the guidance of the fishermen.

AFOGNAK RESERVATION.
FISHING REGULATIONS.

On March 21, 1912, the following order was issued by the Secretary
permitting a limited amount of commercial fishing in the reserved
waters of the Afognak Island Reservation:

To whom it may concern:

A proclamation by the President of the United States, promulgated December 24,
1892, created the Afognak Forest and Fish Culture Reserve, which is now a part of
the Chugach National Forest. The proclamation states that—

‘‘There is hereby reserved from occupation and sale, and set apart as a Public
Reservation, including use for fish culture stations, said Afognak Island, Alaska and
its adjacent bays and rocks and territorial waters, including among others the Sea
Lion Rocks, and Sea Otter Island: Provided, That this proclamation shall not be
so construed as to deprive any bona fide inhabitant of said Island of any valid right
he may possess under the Treaty for the cession of the Russian possessions in North
America to the United States, concluded at Washington, on the thirtieth day of
March, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven.

‘* Warning is hereby expressly given to all persons not to enter upon, or to occupy, the
tract or tracts of land or waters reserved by this proclamation, or to fish in, or use any
of the waters herein described or mentioned.”

Sections 3 and 7 of ‘‘An act to establish the Department of Commerce and Labor,’”
approved February 14, 1903, transfer the supervision and control of the salmon fisheries
of Alaska to the Department of Commerce and Labor.

In the exercise of the authority derived from these sources the following regulations
governing the reserved waters herein defined are hereby established and promulgated:

56 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

1. No person or persons other than the natives of Afognak Island now resident
thereon will be permitted to fish in the reserved waters.

2. Licenses for fishing will be granted to the said natives upon application to the
Secretary of Commerce and Labor or such representative of the Department of Com-
merce and Labor as may from time to time be designated by the Secretary.

3. The kinds and amounts of apparatus to be used, the places where and the manner
in which it may be operated, and the time when it may be employed will be deter-
mined by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor and will be subject to changes or
modifications from time to time at his discretion.

The foregoing regulations were supplemented by order of Feb-
ruary 6, 1913, extending privileges to residents of certain near-by
islands; also placing white men married to native women on the
same basis with regard to fishing rights as the natives. The supple-
mental order is as follows:

To whom it may concern:

Department circular No. 238, issued March 21, 1912, for the regulation of fishing
in the waters of Afognak Reservation, Alaska, is hereby amended so as to grant to
natives of Spruce, Whale, Dry, and Raspberry Islands, Alaska, the same fishing
privileges in Afognak waters now accorded natives of Afognak Island. White men
married to native women will be granted the same privileges as the natives.

Early in the year the question arose as to the fishing privileges
to be accorded those persons entitled to fish in the reserve who
moved away from Afognak during. the previous winter and who
expected to return temporarily with the opening of the spring fishing
season. The decision was reached that if the absence should be of a
sufficiently permanent character whereby they could no longer
be termed residents of Afognak they should be denied licenses if
they returned temporarily for that purpose. In other words, their
ordinary birthright privilege of fishing would be surrendered if they
acquired a residence elsewhere. If, however, a native should seek
employment elsewhere for a time, but in reality still called Afognak
his home and he should be recognized commonly as an Afognak
native in contradistinction, for instance, to a Kodiak native, he
would as a matter of equity be entitled to fish in Afognak waters.
If a native should surrender his fishing privilege by acquiring a
residence elsewhere the surrender need not necessarily be permanent,
for, under proper bona fide intentions, it might be possible to reacquire
a residence on Afognak and attendant fishing privileges. But to
preclude the possibility of fraud the right under this proviso must
be clearly established.

Immediate supervision of fishing operations was placed in the
hands of E. M. Ball, inspector, Alaska salmon fisheries, on duty
in this region, and the report herewith is derived largely from his
notes. Additional regulations to meet local conditions for the
season were issued by Mr. Ball on May 24, 1913, covering the follow-
ing points:

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 57

1. Fishing in Letnik Bay, for commercial purposes, is prohibited
throughout the season. Only the general fishery law shall apply
in all other localities within the reservation.

2. Fishing gear is restricted to the use of haul or drag seines not
exceeding 200 fathoms in length.

3. Orderly conduct of operation is required at all times.

4. Licenses to fish in the reserved waters of Afognak will be revoked
for any violation of this order.

The Malena fishery, where last year a midweek close period of 36
hours was enforced, is so located that winds from the west and south-
west interrupt fishing, and in this way several days’ protection is
afforded, thus making unnecessary any further special regulation on
the subject.

It has been suggested that the Sunday closing provided by statute
is of doubtful benefit to the small streams of this locality, as the
protective period is too short to give the salmon more than an oppor-
tunity to approach the streams. The movement of these fish into
fresh water is deliberate, and before the demands of nature have
become sufficiently urgent to induce them to leave the sea they may
be taken by the fishing gear on Monday. The catch on Monday is
usually better than on any other day of the week. On account of
this habit of the salmon to school off stream mouths, the efficacy
of the close period in allowing an escapement of breeding salmon up-
stream is much lessened when fishing gear such as purse seines and
beach seines are allowed too close to stream mouths. The theory
has been advanced that this condition may be bettered by establishing
a continuous close season for a period of from 5 to 10 days while
the run of salmon is good. Such action, however, would likely
meet with considerable opposition at the hands of the fishing interests.

CatcH oF SALMON.

During the fishing season of 1913 licenses were issued to 71 persons
to fish in the waters of Afognak Reservation. Though the fishermen
departed to the several fields in May, it was not until late in June that
the number of salmon coming to the streams was enough to warrant
continuous operations. Eleven crews, of from four to seven men
each, operated at the several fisheries of the island. They moved
from one field to another as they felt disposed, being actuated in
this regard entirely by the reported runs of salmon.

The first sockeyes appeared early in May, as is usual in this region,
but their movement into the streams was checked by the large quan-
tity of voleanic ash from the Katmai eruption of 1912, that was being
washed from the hills by melting snow and heavy rains of the month.
Letnik Bay and stream, which receives the hatchery run, fared worse
in this regard than any of the other localities, and at one time it was

58 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

feared that no fish might appear. On July 7, when the rack across
the stream was removed, only 48 red salmon had entered the lake.
Ordinarily this date would have marked the end of the running sea-
son. The number of salmon attracted to Letnik Bay was markedly
less than in 1912, when the decline was approximately 50 per cent.
Figures for this year taken from the hatchery records show that 3,367
sockeyes and 6,882 humpbacks reached the spawning grounds covered
by hatchery operations. :

The production of the Afognak commercial fisheries for 1913 is
shown, by locality and species, in the following table, which does not
include the hatchery fish in Letnik stream:

CaTcH OF SALMON IN THE AFOGNAK RESERVATION, SEASON OF 1913.

Locality. Sockeyes. | Humpbacks. Cohos. Total.

MISION AES Sac mte x cinvesiols a stole s isieieis eleoisinacicioeacimcicccesiccle 41, 536 BYAU2 craves eioelnictenie 50, 008
IPATAIN AN Olle an mtcentee ae cleeiciecininiois scieencleieesiesicie cienievetsrere 26, 958 DSS) I siaetste swetererere 27, 246
SOA Veer sees ocas oes cilia semiactlecsiviasccelcciseimcleere 20, 173 B59 yb sacecssssine 21, 032
IeiEtlewAtopnakess ss scee sane en enn es rn ene Ee 8, 682 1, 443 4,113 14, 238
I PADI EEN eR ob6 Ao OOE OS DO UCU OO BBOUCBODOU ROO SDOMEanOCoNS 3,188 1571937 |Seecieeies set 18, 981
MSN POriBayncaccic cscs cscwcenscicesiacssicseccscsesssincces 451 2OS S18 te eyscetreeisicts 21, 269

TOtal occu scones esames scence seeccweie sens neseeecesis 100, 988 47, 673 4,113 152, 774

Compared with 1912, the foregoing shows a gain of about 18,000
sockeyes; humpbacks are practically the same, while cohos have
fallen off about 4,000. Most of the places fished show a larger catch
of sockeyes than in 1912. Seal Bay leads with an increase of 7,744;
Paramanoff comes second with 6,693; Little Afognak third with 1,665;
while Izhut and Danger Bays, where no sockeyes were taken last year,
produced 3,188 and 451, respectively. Malena shows a falling off of
1,154, but this decline may be only apparent, as the figures for last
year included, as far as possible, all salmon consumed fresh by the
fishermen or salted by them for winter use, whereas for this year no
similar figures were obtained.

The only localities fished for humpbacks were Danger and Izhut
Bays, and only at these places because of their relative proximity to
the Kodiak cannery. The superabundance of humpbacks through-
out the region during the season made it unnecessary and unprofitable
for the cannery boats to go to the more distant places for this species.
Though some humpbacks were taken at all the island fisheries, the
catch except at the two fields just named was merely incidental to
the operations for sockeyes. Positive evidence that the run was
good in all localities is lacking, but it is probable that there was no
great disparity in the number of humpbacks coming to the several
streams.

This condition may also be true in regard to the number of cohos
selecting these waters for spawning purposes. Fishing was carried
on only at Little Afognak, and the catch was limited by reason of

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 59

the fact that the Kodiak cannery had about made a capacity pack
before the appearance of the cohos. Other localities, doubtless,
would have shown a run equal to that of last year. Dog salmon
were very scarce, only a few being taken during the season.

The total value to the fishermen of the salmon taken from Afognak
waters was $4,155, or $243 less than the amount reported as the value
of last year’s catch. The fishermen were paid at the rate of $35 per
thousand for sockeyes and cohos and at the rate of $10 per thousand
forhumpbacks. All salmon taken commercially from Afognak waters
were sold to the Kodiak Fisheries Co. at Kodiak.

Eruption oF Karmal VOLCANO.

In view of the important and more or less disastrous effect which
the eruption of Katmai Volcano in June, 1912, had upon the fisheries,
fur animals, and other animal and plant life of the Afognak Island
Reservation, E. M. Ball, inspector, Alaska salmon fisheries, then at
Afognak, was instructed to make a special investigation of the sub-
ject. He did so, and his report, which covers well many phases of
the matter, is here presented.

The data which are presented in this report were obtained from two sources; direct
examinations, and conversations with fishermen, boatmen, and miners. The results
of personal investigations treat almost exclusively of conditions on Afognak Island;
while the information received from individuals refers to localities beyond the reach
of the writer. Where a number of opinions are concerned, each differing widely in
essential features, it is not always easy to ascertain the facts. First reports are often
unduly colored by the stress of the moment, and, therefore, in the light of subsequent
events, are subject to modification. Enough is known, however, now three months
after the eruption in question, to warrant the preparation of a brief report thereon,
and its effect upon the animal and vegetable life of Afognak Island.

Description of voleano.—The Alaska Peninsula forms an important link in the chain
of volcanoes which extend the entire length of the Pacific coast of the American Con-
tinents; and, as a region of volcanic activities, it is, perhaps, second only to the great
centers of the Torrid Zone. These activities are made known by the smoking volca-
noes of Redoubt and Iliamna on the shore of Cook Inlet, Pavlof on the westeru end of
the peninsula, and Shishaldin on Unimak Island. Many others less notable occupy
the intermediate territory, some of which are of comparatively recent discovery.

To this class belongs Katmai Volcano, a peak 7,500 feet high. It is located near
latitude 58° 16’ and longitude 155°, or about 20 miles north of Katmai Bay and 60
miles west of Afognak. Information as to its general appearance is not obtainable,
but prospectors and hunters who in other years had traveled through that section of
the country tell us that the volcano is not marked by any great prominence and is not
readily distinguishable from several peaks in its vicinity of approximately the same
elevation. Neither they nor those who have always lived in this region have any
knowledge either direct or traditional of its former activities. As far as the Kodiak
group of islands is concerned, many believe that indications of a previous eruption
can be found several inches below the surface of the ground in a layer of soil which
in color and composition resembles the ashes now covering the islands; but the accep-
tance of such evidence as a scientific fact is questionable.

The eruption.—In the history of volcanoes elsewhere, it has been recorded that ap-
proaching eruptions were preceded by rumbling noises and trembling movements of
the earth. In this instance, however, no warning was given to the people of Afognak

60 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

that a voleanic outburst had occurred until mid afternoon, June 6, 1912, when a dark
cloud was observed rising from the west. It is not improbable that there were light
convulsions of the earth, which, because of their frequency in this region, passed un-
noticed. ;

The day on which the eruption began was one of more than ordinary pleasantness.
The warmth and brightness of the sun, coupled with a gentle breeze from the west,
made it an ideal summer day. Air temperatures at morning, noon, and night were
52°, 58°, and 52° F., respectively; and water temperatures for the same hours were
41°, 42°, and 49° F.

Many interesting phenomena, particularly the rise, spread, and rapidity of the east-
ward movement of the ash clouds, might have been observed at the beginning of the
eruption if the village of Afognak had been situated on the west coast of the island
where the mountains of the mainland are clearly visible on bright days. Located as
it is on the lowlands of the eastern shore, the view to the west is shut off by forest and
mountains. For this reason the cloud attracted no attention until its crest rose high
above the hills, when its blackness and otherwise peculiar aspect became the subject
of some comment. The first impression received by those who had lived in other
parts of the land was that a thunder storm, characteristic of more tropical regions, was
approaching; but being unaccompanied by lightning and apparently no wind, the
cloud was next supposed to be due to a probable fire on the peninsula. By this time
the silence was ominous, and even the birds seemed to feel impending disaster, yet
no special apprehension was noted among the people of the island.

The shower of ashes began about 6 p. m. The hills were then enveloped in an
amber-colored haze, the sky was overcast in all directions except a narrow border
along the northeastern horizon, and the air seemed strangely warm. As the storm
progressed, the shower increased in density until absolute darkness prevailed; even
artificial light could be detected only a short distance. This sudden and early dark-
ness became all the more alarming, because during June there is no night in this lati-
tude, merely twilight from 10 p. m. till 2 a. m.

Probably an hour after the ashes began falling the first rumbling noises were
heard, suggestive of the detonation of distant blasting or firing of heavy artillery.
Soon thereafter lightning was observed, the flashes becoming more frequent as the
night advanced. Some observers describe these flashes as being balls of fire which
would burst with a loud report into a shower of sparks. Thunder seemed nearly inces-
sant. The highly electrified condition of the atmosphere was shown on the set of
wireless instruments at the Federal hatchery. Although the aerial switch was open,
tiny blue flames could be seen on the switchboard and the tuning and induction coils.
Whenever the lightning flash was near these flames would shoot out with a keen report
like that of a rifle. Associated with these phenomena were the earthquakes, which
varied in violence from gentle vibrations to shocks that made the buildings creak and
tremble. The most violent convulsions were of several seconds’ duration and were
usually attended by rumblings.

Beginning about noon, Thursday, June 6, and ending Sunday morning, the 9th,
this eruption may have been a continuous operation; but observations made at Afog-
nak seem to show that the discharges were intermittent. This conclusion is based on
the fact that there were three distinct showers of ashes, separated by short intervals of
comparative quiet.

The first break in the storm came on the morning of the 7th and continued for a
space of 10 hours. About 4 o’clock that afternoon the second shower began, bringing
with it all the phenomena of the first, but with renewed energies. This was the
period of greatest distress to man and beast; to man, mentally, in that the end of it all
was uncertain, to the beasts and birds in that there was no escape from the blinding,
suffocating dust which was carried into every nook and crevice. Alarm was felt lest
the ashes be followed by poisonous gases from which there could be likewise no possible
escape. But after 23 hours of uninterrupted fury the second storm had spent itself.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 61

Daylight came at 3 p. m. on Saturday the Sth, only to be dispelled in 5 hours hy the
third storm which, however, was of short duration and without the violence of the
preceding storms. Though the air was full of ashes many days, Sunday morning
marked the end of the eruption as far as it had any effect upon the daily seasons.
Throughout the storms the air was cool and remarkably free from fumes; temperatures,
after the sudden decline at the beginning of the eruption, fluctuated but little; air
held close to 44° F., water at 39°.

Region affected——The region affected by this eruption lies almost entirely east of
the volcano. Though traces of dust have been reported from Fairbanks, Alaska, and
British Columbia and Puget Sound points, the eastern limit to which any appreciable
quantity of ashes was carried should be fixed well out in the North Pacific Ocean.
To the west ashes are not found more than about 25 miles from the voleano. The ash
clouds moved eastward across Shelikof Strait to Afognak and Kodiak Islands, spread-
ing north and south as they advanced until by the time the one hundred and fifty-
second meridian was reached they covered a zone nearly 150 miles in width. The
northern boundary of this zone can be represented by a line extended from Hallo Bay
on the peninsula northeastward to Barren Islands and beyond; its southern limit is
shown by extending a line from a point 25 miles west of Katmai Bay to Cape Karluk,
thence crossing Kodiak Island to Shearwater Bay. Within the affected zone as
applied to the islands, a belt 50 miles wide with Kupreanof Strait as its center
embraces the area most heavily covered with ashes.

Quantity and character of material ejected.—Over the central region ash fell to a depth
of 10 inches. It is found in three layers, representing the three showers. The first
layer, measuring 3 inches in depth, consists of fine gray sand whose grains are of three
kinds; some are nearly white and opaque, others are transparent resembling small
particles of sal ammoniac, and the rest are black or dark amber and susceptible to
magnetic influences. The second layer, 5 inches deep, is composed entirely of fine
brown dust, which when falling so filled the air that it affected the eyes, nasal passages,
and throat of everyone. The third and uppermost layer measured 2 inches in depth
and it also is a flour-like dust of a light gray color.

North and south from this central region the ashes gradually diminish in depth until
the border of the affected area is reached, each layer being proportionately reduced.

Besides the dust and sand ejected by Katmai Volcano a considerable quantity of
pumice stone was thrown out. These stones ranged in size from small particles to
those several inches in diameter, and they varied in color as did the ashes. All this
coarser material fell on the mainland not many miles from the voleano. The streams
and rivers of the vicinity carried it to the ocean where it formed into large fields that
were moved here and there by winds and tides and piled 2 or 3 feet deep on the beaches
of the islands.

Immediate effect of eruption.—The winter and spring had been favorable seasons;
deciduous bushes were opening into full foliage; perennial plants had made a remark-
able growth, particularly in the lowlands; the birds of summer were nesting and filling
the land with song; salmon were entering the streams and lakes and were appearing
in good numbers in the bays; even the mosquitoes and sand flies were making their
presence known. The snow had gone except on the tops of the hills; the lakes had
been free from ice since early in February; streams were very clear and at their
normal flow.

But in the immediate effect of this eruption, these things were laid waste and
made hideous and appalling by the mantle of ashes which fell over them. Trees
were loaded to the breaking point and the plants were in great part buried. With
the possible exception of some of the small rodents, mammals were not seriously
affected, only as it may have been more difficult to find food. But many of the smaller
birds perished, while the living members of their species had flown to other regions.
Only the eagles, ravens, magpies, gulls, and ptarmigans remained to the end in the
face of destruction to their nests and young. Half-grown ravens were found dead

62 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

where they had fallen from the nest, driven therefrom no doubt by hunger or fright;
and it seems probable that in like manner death came to all other young birds unable
to fly. As the slightest incerference or molestation is often enough to cause birds to
forsake their nests, there is every reason to presume that all nests, whether built on
the ground or in the trees and bushes, were abandoned under the shower of sand. Of
all the birds on the island, the ptarmigans probably suffered greatest loss, for they
alone were incapable of flight to regions beyond the stricken zone; and as they live,
feed, and nest exclusively on the ground, and inhabit the higher untimbered sections
of the southern end of the island where the greatest quantity of ashes fell, their suffering
must have been acute and little hope can be entertained that all survived. The food
supply was cut off, nests and young destroyed, and an endless field of dry ashes lay
about them. The condition of the birds, however, did not more than equal the
plight of the fish in the streams.

Many of the streams were occupied by spawning steelheads, and those lake-fed were
filled with ascending red salmon. These fish, as long as they had strength to stand
against the current, could not be moved by the turbid waters from obedience to the
commands of nature; but as the water became almost liquid mud their gills were
loaded with sediment until suffocation resulted and they were finally washed to the
bays with the sand and mud. Fortunately the run of salmon had just begun and
therefore the loss of fish for the whole island was small. An approximate loss of 4,000
red salmon resulted in the Letnik stream, where the fish were being held for cultural
purposes. At the other fisheries the loss was negligible, but few fish having entered
the streams.

Ocean waters, except where affected by streams, were only slightly discolored for
a few days, and it did not seem possible that in waters of considerable depth there
could be any great upsetting of natural conditions. It appears, however, that the
change was great enough to cause the cod to abandon their banks; where heretofore
they could be had in abundance none can now be taken.

Another most striking and noteworthy effect of this eruption on marine creatures
was the destruction of sea urchins, which in large numbers were cast upon the shores
or drifted about the bays and straits. There was also a considerable loss of mollusks,
particularly clams and cockles, which is hard to understand in view of the fact that
their native element is mud.

In order to determine, if possible, what had been the effect of the ashes upon the
food supply of the fishes in fresh water, an examination was made of all the principal
water systems of the island. It was found on the eastern half, which is heavily wooded
with spruce and less mountainous than the western side, that the lakes and streams
had not been choked with ashes and little wash from the surrounding country had
taken place. In these waters, especially the lake and streams of Little Afognak, the
supply of mollusks and worms was adequate and some larval forms were collected.
No crustaceans could be found.

The streams and lakes of the west side of the island are almost destitute of fish food.
In this more mountainous section where the fall of ashes was heavy, the streams were
literally choked with sand and mud; old channels were obliterated and the water
spread in a thin sheet over the meadows. Those discharging into lakes formed large
sand bars at their mouths, sometimes several feet in depth and of considerable area.

In the examination of lakes, all operations were conducted from the shore and
with much difficulty, there being such an accumulation of ashes in the lakes that
the net was often filled and wrecked by overloading. But when successfully landed,
the search through the sand for living creatures was often fruitless, only a few mollusks
appearing as the result of efforts made on Paramanoff Lake and its streams. This
region forms one of the most barren fields, not alone of small organisms but fish life as
well, that can be found on the island. By seining in the creeks with the plankton
net two small trout were caught, one about 3 inches long, the other about 5. In the

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 63

stomach of the smaller fish were eight minute worms, some sand and vegetable matter;
the stomach of the larger specimen contained one maggot and three salmon eggs.

As a water system destitute of fish food, the Malena Lakes and streams comprise
an area which is almost the equal of Paramanoff. Not taking into account the salmon
that had entered the lakes to spawn, the only fish found in the upper lake were stickle-
backs. In the lower lake, sticklebacks and salmon fingerlings were observed, and a
mixed collection of about 40 specimens was made in order to ascertain by examina-
tion of stomach contents what food these fish were finding. Only juices were found
in the stomachs of the salmon, and that was also very generally the case with the
sticklebacks, though one specimen had eaten a small mollusk, and two or three others
had found a few small worms. All of the fish were in a much emaciated condition,
which alone would seem sufficient evidence of the scarcity of food.

Better conditions were found in the Letnik Lake region where the small streams
had generally cleaned themselves of ashes by the end of August. From the gravel
bottoms of these streams many mollusks and worms were collected. The larger
streams were still gorged with sand, therefore it seems probable that whatever fish
food may have abounded in them had been completely destroyed, and this view was
confirmed by the unsuccessful efforts to find living organisms within those areas. In
the shoal places of the lake, mollusks, large and small, were present in fair abundance,
so also were small bugs and worms, but in the deeper waters dredgings were without
results. Specimens of young fish were collected in the small streams and lake. Those
from streams were strong and well fed, but the lake fish were lean and weak.

These investigations, however, offer no convincing proof that any great destruction
of fish food resulted as a consequence of the eruption, though they may show an im-
poverished condition of the waters. Unfortunately nothing is known of the scarcity
or abundance of fish food in these lakes and streams before the volcanic eruption.
Data of that kind would now be valuable for purposes of comparison, for only in that
way could the destruction be determined, The almost total absence of mosquitoes
and sand flies during the summer is attributed to the immediate effect of the ashes
upon their larval forms and breeding places; and this condition, coupled with the
fact that these insects had been veritable pests in past summers, establishes conclu-
sively that the weaker forms of life were destroyed in large numbers.

Later effects—For several days after the eruption, the fate of vegetation on the
southern part of the island could not be told. It seemed certain that the greater part
of it could never penetrate or push its way through 10 inches of compact ash; the
danger was wholly one of being smothered, as the ash possessed no inherent properties
that would be detrimental to plant life. In the course of a few days, some of the
more robust plants were able to throw off the weight of ash and continue their growth;
but there was no general renewal of plant life until near the end of June, when the
rains came and caused the hitherto unbroken surface to crack in all directions and
break into small sections like parched clay. Through the interstices thus formed,
plants made a remarkable growth, so that by the end of summer the hills and valleys
were covered with a rank vegetation which, viewed from a distance, seemed barely
less luxuriant than in previous seasons. Close examination, however, revealed the
fact that this vegetation was made up almost exclusively of stout-stemmed plants,
the most conspicuous members of the group being the hellebore, water hemlock,
broad-leaved dock, and the fire-weed, which outnumbers all the other species.

But of all the plants, probably none will be as seriously affected as the mosses, not
alone on account of their greater abundance but rather because of their delicacy. One
species bears a berry which s an important food of the ptarmigan in the fall and
early winter.

Associated with the mosses are the ‘‘marowskas’’ and cranberries, both of which
are of some importance in that they form a part of the food supply of the people of the
island. They wereso nearly wiped out by the ash that none could be gathered this year.

64 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

The grasses suffered extensively on the southern end of the island; probably three-
fourths of the crop was destroyed. This is an economic loss to the owners of cattle,
for they have been unable to harvest sufficient hay to carry their stock through the
winter. Anabundant supply could be had from the northern end of the island where
the grass was only slightly affected; but the people lack the means of transportation
and, therefore, as available provender, it need be given no consideration.

If the destruction of plant life were expressed in figures, it would be fair to estimate
that 70 per cent of the flora on the southern end of the island had been destroyed and
that there was a gradual falling away to a loss of 20 per cent on the northern end.

The most amazing effect of the volcanic ash upon aquatic plants is shown by the
retarded growth of the kelp on the reefs and rocks of the stricken region. Opinions
differ as to the degree of injury. Many believe that the kelp is dead, and, as confir-
mation of their judgment, they point to its black and withered condition. But ad-
mitting that appearances strongly favor this view, it seems, nevertheless, too early to
give unqualified endorsement thereto. The destruction of the kelp would mean an
inestimable loss to the cattle, as it forms one of their staple foods during the winter
and very materially helps out an inadequate supply of hay.

In the mountainous sections, the rains kept the streams and lakes very muddy,
thus preventing or delaying the appearance of the salmon on the spawning grounds,
About the middle of August so much ash was washed into the streams that several
hundred spawning salmon perished in exactly the same manner as happened at the
beginning of the eruption. It is an interesting evidence of the objectionable con-
dition of these waters that many of the salmon would ascend the streams a short dis-
tance, and then return to the sea, repeating many times these erratic movements.

Of the ground-nesting birds, the ptarmigans are the most important and, perhaps,
the ones most unlikely to nest intheashes. Their nests are always carefully concealed
in the dry grass and weeds of the open country or under the scrub spruce where the
branches are close to the ground. All such places being covered with ashes, it seems
improbable that any nests were built after the eruption, and this doubt is strengthened
by the fact that no young birds were seen during the summer. On the other hand,
the gulls resumed their nesting before the end of June, the ashes presenting no special
hindrance to them, as they require very little material for nests. The number of
ducks and small migratory birds breeding on the island was considerably less than
usual,

Mammals in general were able to weather the distressing conditions, though at
times they may have found it difficult to obtain food. In a way, the land otters are
the most fortunate of these animals, for they can go to salt water for food when the fish
are scarce in the lakes and streams.

Probable future effects.—The conditions of to-day do not warrant the assumption that
the Kodiak group of islands has been permanently injured by this eruption, though a
few years may be required for nature in her varied forms to work out a complete read-
justment of these changes. Surely, the soil will be enriched and vegetation will
renew itself until the islands are more luxuriantly clothed than ever; the wash of
ashes from the hills will cease and the streams will eventually clear themselves.
What enriches the soil may also enrich the waters by contributing to conditions that
will bring about an increased supply of fish food which in turn means an increased

supply of fish.
Errects oF Katmart Eruption Eviwent In 1913.

The question has been raised as to what effect the fine volcanic
material from the 1912 eruption may have had upon the spawning
grounds of the salmon in this region. It was found that in still lake
waters not in proximity to the mouth of a stream this material
settled and formed a very solid though thin layer of soil, but where it

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 65

was deposited by the streams—often to a depth of several feet—it
has the characteristics of quicksand and is extremely dangerous to
cross. Such places have been used by only a small number of spawn-
ing salmon, and it may be safely asserted that they are now wholly
unfit for the deposit of spawn. In the streams and unnamed creeks
of the southern end of the island, very little of this material remains,
and what little was found in the streams during the summer consisted
almost entirely of sand, which can hardly be considered more injurious
to the spawning beds than the ordinary sediment and slime so gener-
ally present in these streams, particularly those that are lake fed.

That the spawning beds were temporarily injured can not be denied,
but the continual flow of water during the winter was sufficient to
remove most of the objectionable material. This fact’ was demon-
strated by the presence of an unusual number of young cohos in all
streams this season. However, from examinations of streams and
lakes at Seal Bay, Paramanoff, and Malena, it is believed that but
comparatively few sockeyes ascended to the spawning grounds.
These observations were made the latter part of July and early in
August, after the run was practically over.

An examination of Letnik Stream was made from May to July
during the migration of sockeye yearlings to determine the effect upon
young salmon of the eruption of Katmai Volcano the year before.
Collecting stations were established at the foot of the lake and at the
head o the bay, about 2 miles below where the stream enters salt
water. The number of young salmon collected was so very meager
as to justify the conclusion that there had been a heavy loss, due no
doubt to the fact that only a few adult salmon reached the spawning
grounds the previous season when the eruption occurred. Tests
made on Letnik Lake showed that there is now an ample supply of
the small form of crustacean upon which young salmon feed.

The project of stocking Afognak Island with reindeer was not
consummated this year, delay being deemed desirable to permit of
a better growth of moss following its destruction by the volcanic
eruption of 1912. Under normal conditions, Afognak Island should
be well adapted to the propagation of reindeer, and their introduction
will, it is believed, prove a pronounced and direct boon to the natives,
as well as an indirect benefit to the other inhabitants of the island.

Douty VARDEN Trout.

A noteworthy catch of Dolly Varden trout was made at Paramanoff,
where 1,300 were taken in two seine hauls about July 20. These fish
weighed approximately 14 pounds each and had an average length of
about 16 inches. The other fisheries produced a few Dolly Vardens
of the same average size, and in some instances, particularly at Malena,
examples were taken weighing some 10 pounds each. It is a peculiar

66 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

circumstance that these larger fishes are rarely seen in the streams
and lakes, though the smaller ones are quite numerous.

Ever since the inception of fish-cultural work on Letnik Lake,
Dolly Varden trout have been very abundant, and that fact has pre-
sented a serious problem in connection with the proper disposition of
hatchery fry. Rearing to the fingerling stage so far as circumstances
and facilities will permit is the solution of the difficulty. In the
spring of 1910 it was observed that the hatchery stream was literally
teeming with Dolly Varden trout of uniform size and weight. The
average length was from 10 to 12 inches and the weight from 8 to 10
ounces. An examination of the stomachs of many taken in seineS
revealed the fact that they were gorged with salmon fry, and their
excellent condition was added proof that they had been well fed
during the winter. In October and November, 1911, thousands of
Dolly Vardens gathered at the outlet of the flume discharging from
the hatchery and were taken by seines, as many as a small dory full
at one haul. These fish were of all sizes, but the average length was
about 10 inches and weight a third of a pound. Throughout the
winter wire traps were set for them, and in this manner several
hundred more were destroyed.

The construction of barricades to prevent the incoming of Dolly
Vardens from the sea is of doubtful value. From observations of
Letnik stream it would seem that there is more of a movement from
the lake to the sea than from the sea to the lake. Since Dolly Vardens
are not known to spawn in salt or brackish water, their presence there
can be accounted for only by the obvious fact that they descended
from fresh water. Thus a barricade would have the effect of retain-
ing the undesirable Dolly Vardens in the waters of the lake. During
the past summer while an examination of Letnik stream with reference
to the migration of young salmon was being made, the presence of
many Dolly Vardens above the rack was noted, but none could be
seen below it. Some approached too near the rack and were drawn
between the slats, where they died. From May 26 to June 9 more
than 500 were thus destroyed.

The extermination or at least great destruction of Dolly Vardens in
Letnik Lake can probably be best accomplished by netting them at
the mouths of the streams where they congregate during the spawning
season in September and October. It is reported that at the Afognak
hatchery this year Dolly Varden trout have been notably scarce.
This may be due either to the seining operations in the fall of 1911 or
the volcanic eruption in 1912, or to both causes.

HATCHERIES.
EXTENT OF OPERATIONS.

Seven salmon hatcheries were operated in Alaska during the season
of 1913. Of these, two are operated by the Government and five by

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 67

private companies. The two Federal stations are located at Yes Lake
and on Afognak Island. There were also two small temporary experi-
mental field stations operated by the Government, one at Eagle Lake
and the other at Uganik Lake, both on Kodiak Island. Of the
private establishments, the Alaska Packers Association has one on
Naha stream and another on Karluk River; the Northwestern Fish-
eries Co. has plants at Quadra Lake and at Hetta Lake, while the
North Pacific Trading & Packing Co. and the North Alaska Salmon
Co. operate jointly a hatchery at Klawak.

The largest of the hatcheries is the Fortmann plant on Naha stream,
with a normal capacity of 110,000,000 red salmon eggs. The Govern-
ment stations are each adapted to the handling of about 72,000,000
eges. The Karluk hatchery can handle comfortably 48,000,000,
Quadra 17,000,000, Hetta 12,000,000, and Klawak 10,000,000. These
figures represent normal capacity, and if necessary a very material
increase can be made by putting more eggsin each basket. The basket
of usual size holds 60,000 red salmon eggs, though 70,000 or more
may be crowded in if urgently required. In the latter event they
are more difficult of manipulation. The total hatchery capacity
in Alaska is now approximately 350,000,000 red salmon eggs per
year. There has been no change in the number of permanent stations
operated since the completion of the Government hatchery at Afognak
in 1908.

The season of 1912-13 resulted in a collection of 167,189,470 red
salmon eggs, from which 150,970,355 fry were released. This was
a pronounced falling off from the total of 240,597,800 fry released
the previous season. The season of 1913-14 is still less productive,
as the total number of red salmon eggs collected was only about
134,000,000.

Following is a table of hatchery operations for the 1913 season:

OPERATIONS OF ALASKA HATCHERIES IN 1913.

Red or sock- | Red or sock- Red or sock-
Stations eye salmon | eye salmon | Percent | eye salmon
: eggs taken | fry liberated,| of loss. eggs taken
in 1912. 1912-13. in 1913.

PVCS BIG AIKO seater. co Sic cinis ce cinis wicicisinicreis siecle w ctaicicistel ieee ce 66, 125, 000 60, 422, 100 5.5 1 49, 050, 000
Afognak....... ...-| 14,689,470] 12, 551, 100 14.5] 210,989,000
WaelepWake se emenereeteecseqccccecscccasseccesectec | Seem em eee rele cmerenitem ate ce |Peroactaeser 2, 180, 000
Windmill CReer shes eateau ns Scce ge iane cee anaaten temen samo see aes aces ele ak 1, 970, 000
Honumarm: (Nana) esas case secccinc cose sslceciciosecen 23, 160, 000 20, 800, 000 10.1 9, 480, 000
KRearlitkeaociac canssceeccscccescs cccccswcsecstcecdnens 45, 600, 000 41, 803, 155 8.3 34, 629, 160
Quadra sae t nsec we a se sacn Sa nicc ch Seseniocssccesemses. 10, 000, 000 8, 127, 000 18.7 18, 400, 000
HH Cttaeceec maces stem emcccme tea ancsuscusccnecoees 3, 780, 000 33, 592, 000 4.9 44,082, 000
ela walker ac istetsaia’e cate ole iettoaieice cisie onic Siswie ccsnannene 3, 835, 000 3, 675, 000 4.1 3, 645, 000
Otters scice toca ccocccscceeccssccccscsetaen 1675:189)'470) | 15059705355 |... ..ccccs 134, 425, 160

1 Also 5,280,000 humpback eggs taken at Ketchikan substation.

2A collection of 13,900,000 humpback eggs also made.

® Includes 542,000 fry planted after July 1, 1913, but here included to show product of 1912 take of eggs.
4 Last report received; later figures will show slightly increased take.

NoTE.—Of the Yes Bay collections, 2,000,000 sockeye eggs were shipped in the fall of 1912, also again in
1913, to the Oregon Fish Commission

68 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.
HATCHERY REBATES.

A credit upon the Federal fishery tax in Alaska is allowed operators
of private salmon hatcheries at the rate of 10 cases of canned salmon,
or the tax equivalent of 40 cents for every thousand red or king sal-
mon fry liberated. This is an equitable rate, as it has been found
that year in and year out it costs on the average nearly 40 cents to
produce 1,000 healthy red salmon fry at the private hatcheries.
The rebate system, however, has met with some disfavor at the hands
of Alaska people, and apparently the time will come when all private
hatcheries in Alaska will be taken over by the Government, fair com-
pensation therefor being allowed present owners. This plan meets
with the approval both of the Bureau of Fisheries and the owners of
hatcheries, and legislation by Congress on the subject may soon
be expected.

It is now provided by law that returns of the number of fry re-
leased must be made under oath by private salmon hatchery operators
for each year ending June 30. The following table shows the rebate
certificates allowable for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913:

REBATES CREDITED TO PRIVATE SALMON HATCHERIES DURING FiscAL YEAR ENDED
JUNE 30, 1913.1

Red salmon | Rebate

Owners. Location. fry liberated. duc
Alaska! Packers ASSOCIatiONY 2 c.scecceeccdscclscciecisicaiscecctsle Naha stream ...... 20, 800, 000 $8, 320
Mo pees eee Ce Re Le aia ears Hert senna ee Karluk River..... 41, 803, 155 16, 721
Northwestern MiISHOTIOS(COvss Seneee ae esses see eesom cease tion Quadra Lake...... 8, 127,000 3, 250
roe ge ee el Re eee) BEN oe Oe) QUA Se aca Hetta Lake....... 3, 592, 000 1, 436
North” Pacific Trading & Packing Co., and North Alaska | Klawak Lake..... 3, 675, 000 ¥ 470

Salmon Co.

Total aacenccis dees cue ccecicete rete ce else sities seek cise | semislcisiomisineteniesecleer 77, 997, 155 31, 197

1 In the case of the hatcheries where the seasonal distribution of fry is not completed before July 1, the
remaining fry are shown in the subsequent fiscal year’s report.

HATCHERY INSPECTION.

Instead of the customary annual inspection of the private hatch-
eries in Alaska, this year representatives of the Bureau of Fisheries
visited these plants two and in some instances three times during the
season. ‘This is in line with the new policy of keeping in closer touch
with the work as conducted at these stations, although the general
annual inspection heretofore made, together with other sources of
information, sufficed to check up very closely the output and activi-

ties of each hatchery.
Yes Bay.

During the 1912-13 season at the Yes Bay station, 66,125,000 red
salmon eggs were taken. This was a falling off of 5,875,000 from
the previous season’s take. It is estimated that the take would have

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 69

been 75,000,000 had not a number of spawning salmon escaped by
reason of high water. Plants aggregating 60,422,100 fry were made
during the first six months of the year 1913. On October 22, 1912,
a shipment of 2,000,000 eggs was made to the Oregon Fish Com-
mission. It is through the month of September that practically all
of the eggs are taken at Yes Bay. During the 1913-14 season the
aggregate number of red salmon eggs secured was 49,050,000. Of
this year’s collection, a shipment of 2,000,000 eggs was also made in
October to the Oregon Fish Commission.

The salt solution was again used this season very successfully in
removing any dead eggs occurring in the baskets, thus effecting a
great saving in labor as compared with the old process of hand picking.
Most of the eggs were run through the solution during the month of
November. The eggs taken during the early part of the season when
the water is warmer begin to hatch when about 80 days old, while the
eggs taken near the end of the season when the water is cooler do not
begin to hatch until when about 140 days old. The mean tempera-
ture of the water during the period of incubation at the Yes Bay
station averages about as follows: September, 512°; October, 464°;
November, 384°; December, 354°; January, 321°; February, 333°,
and March, 33° F.

Restrictions of commercial fishing operations on Yes Bay were
enforced this yearasusual. The purposeof this is to permit asuflicient
escape of spawning salmon to supply the needs of the hatchery. In
line with the present-day policy to feed young salmon before planting,
several ponds have been in process of construction with the close of
the calendar year at the Yes Bay station. Also last year 160 fry
troughs were constructed and placed in position under the hatching
troughs for the purpose of holding a larger number of young fish in
the hatchery.

Early in the year two experimental troughs were constructed,
one with a very smooth bottom while the other was rather rough.
These were painted with asphaltum and fry were placed in each to
ascertain any possible difference that the condition of the bottom
might have upon them. It developed that in the case of the smooth-
bottomed trough the fry remained near the head and but few died,
while in the rough-bottomed trough the fry seemed uneasy and kept
working down to the foot screen. The loss in this trough was much
greater than in the one with the smooth bottom. This experiment
seems to show the necessity of having a smooth bottom in all troughs
containing fry.

For the purpose of collecting humpback eggs, a temporary field
station was installed at Ketchikan. New troughs with a capacity of
6,000,000 eggs were built and baskets were transferred from the Yes
Bay station. The water supply came from a near-by power flume,

22889°—14——18

70 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Operations were confined chiefly to the month of September, when
collections aggregated 5,280,000 humpback eggs.

During the month of May, 1913, observations were made in a
limited way by the superintendent of the Yes Bay station for the
purpose of obtaining information as to the number of young sockeye
salmon passing into YesBay. At 6 o’clock on the evening of May4a
small net was placed in Yes River, just above tide water, at a point near
the cannery. One end of the net was made fast ashore and the other
end was attached to a large rock only 3 feet out from the same shore.
At 8 o’clock on the following morning this small section of net con-
tained 1,310 yearling sockeye salmon, averaging 3 inches in length.
The river at this point is about 20 feet wide. The next night a net
was set near the foot of the lake where the river at the time was about
50 feet wide. The net in this instance covered about 10 feet of the
stream. It should be noted that the lead line was about a foot from
the bottom. The next morning 575 yearling sockeye salmon were
taken from the net. On May 16 this net was again set near the foot
of the lake, but owing to very high water only 50 yearling sockeyes
were caught. All fish taken in the three sets were in excellent
condition.

The fact that a small piece of net only 3 feet long, set in a stream
20 feet wide, will catch 1,310 sockeye yearlings in one night would
seem to be very good evidence that the aggregate number of young
salmon thus moving to the sea during the entire period of the spring
migration is of highly satisfactory proportions. That the Yes Bay
hatchery is a potent factor in this result almost goes without saying,
as practically all of the sockeyes passing into Yes Lake are spawned
at the hatchery.

TABLE OF THERMAL ReEcorDS AT YES Bay STATION.

Air. Water.

Date. = S| eee Rains Snow.
Maximum.| Minimum. |} Maximum.| Minimum.

a | ff |

1912 Inches. | Inches.
Jilyreecances con ccenes samasteenee 79 54 64 50 4041" aeons
BRE OC ODONOOCOOODOREOCBOC ODS 73 51 61 49 5:1 Dy leietetetete este
Beptem ber... ccc cssescwccivemeseine 68 32 59 47 14.99 I Semccneet
Octobertease sash eee eee ee 53 33 49 42 19:01 | nemeeees
INOVEMIDER san anoke sono s been neneeee 49 25 44 35 14.55 1.00
December's se-s sess ocde osetia. 49 25 39 33 12. 84 45. 40

1913

NBNUALY sos cece cic comes sisinewesienes 38 —2 34 32 4.78 €4. 70
MGDruAnyaatescsscesooeesconcseeene 38 18 34 32 6. 57 5.95
BICh esse sceerace aces detcnbioeteeer 42 12 36 32 (BEX 7.35
NDT oreo osicwiesee ais dats emcesmiceaiee 53 33 41 32 7.79 5. 40
MAW cacceens so sacscasce snecemocs 61 37 41 34 a Vel Pa
VUNG a sacewcesiccecccisccuhoneesweres 70 44 50 38 2594 Nc oes omece
Ota Se acacccicieie Seca bocce cc] Sea cteee cea cesce cnemiace | seucbaccecesscicaceeeaeen 109. 82 129. 80

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. fil

AFOGNAK.

At the Afognak station during 1912 the take of red salmon eggs
numbered 14,689,470. In addition, 3,271,740 humpback eggs were
taken. Plants of sockeye fry made principally during February and
March, 1913, aggregated 12,551,100. The loss during the period of
incubation was 143 per cent. So much trouble was caused by heavy
deposits of fine sediment in the fry troughs that it was deemed best
to plant the young fish early in the season at places about the lake
where the streams did not wash in quantities of ash. The take of
eggs was greatly lessened by the loss of spawning fish following the
fall of ash from the Katmai volcanic eruption June 6 to 9, 1912.
This same influence has undoubtedly been responsible in considerable
measure for the lessened take during 1913, when but 10,989,000 sock-
eye eggs were obtained. The take of humpback eggs was larger,
numbering 13,900,000. While the propagation of sockeye salmon is
more to be desired when spawning fish are available, there is never-
theless a very good field in Alaska for the propagation of humpbacks.
It has been shown that the propagation of cohos is not advisable, at
least in conjunction with sockeye operations, as many of the young
cohos remain in fresh water for a year and prey upon the sockeyes.
The humpbacks, however, go to sea soon after hatching.

No fish-cultural operations were undertaken at Malena Lake this
year, as an inspection during the month of August disclosed that the
spawning creek at the head of the upper lake was almost filled with
volcanic ash.

Eaaur Lake.

With a view to expanding fish-cultural work in the Afognak-Kodiak
region, experimental operations were undertaken this year under
direction of the superintendent of the Afognak station at Eagle Lake,
which is a few miles from Eagle Harbor on the south side of Kodiak
Island, and about 60 miles from Afognak. A barrier was put across
the river a short distance below the outlet of Eagle Lake in order to
make an accurate count of the number of salmon entering its waters.
As a result, it was ascertained that from July 1 to August 12 a total
of 5,416 sockeyes and 1,811 humpback salmon passed into the lake.
Temporary hatching troughs were set up, and from August 14 to Sep-
tember 1 a take of 2,180,000 sockeye eggs was made. The eggs were
cared for until well eyed and with the approach of cold weather,
which necessitated discontinuance of this experimental work, the
eggs were planted at appropriate places in the lake.

During the course of the season’s operations upwards of 5,000
Dolly Varden trout were destroyed.

Under present conditions it is not believed that Eagle Lake offers
a suitable place for fish-cultural operations. The water is impreg-

72 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

nated with volcanic ash, the result of the Katmai eruption of 1912,
and as a result successful hatchery operations on an appropriate scale
are practically impossible, or at least appear to be until such time
as the ashes have become incorporated with soil and erosion shall
have ceased. The new growth of vegetation is improving conditions
in this regard.

UGANIK LAKE.

Experimental hatchery operations were also conducted this season
as an adjunct to the Afognak work at Uganik Lake, which place is
about 40 miles from Afognak.

~At the beginning of the season a barrier was put across the river
between the lake and the bay in an effort to get an accurate count of
the fish entering the lake, but on account of swift current and for
other reasons it was impossible to maintain the barrier. During the
period from August 7 to September 8 a total of 1,970,000 sockeye
eggs were taken and placed in temporary hatching troughs. With
the approach of cold weather, when the eggs were well eyed, they
were planted in gravel in suitable lagoons of the lake.

The result of the experiment at Uganik seems to justify the con-
clusion that a suitable site is afforded for a moderate-sized salmon
hatchery. The sockeyes at Uganik have long been recognized for
their superior size. It is reported that about 48,000 sockeyes were
taken by commercial fishing interests this season from Uganuk Bay.

ForTMANN.

The Fortmann hatchery of the Alaska Packers’ Association is
located on Heckman Lake of the Naha system, 8 miles above Loring,
in southeast Alaska. It is the largest salmon hatchery, public or
private, in the world, having a capacity of upwards of 110,000,000
red-salmon eggs. During the 1912-13 egg collecting season 23,160,000
eggs of this species were taken, from which during 1913 a total of
20,800,000 young fish were liberated, the loss being a little over 10
per cent. The fry passed from the hatching troughs into nursery
ponds, where they were fed on fish prepared for the purpose, and after
they had attained a growth which enabled them to move about in
strong and vigorous fashion, they were allowed to pass from the
ponds into the Naha stream system of lakes and connecting waters,
most of them to remain there through one winter before going to sea.

The egg-taking season of 1913, which extended from August 24
to October 16, resulted in the collection of but 9,480,000 red-salmon
eggs. This is the poorest take in the 13 years the station has been
operated. The situation simply was that the run of breeding salmon
did not materialize, and bore out the fishing records as well as the
returns at other hatcheries, Quadra excepted, that southeast Alaska
had an off year for red salmon. At Quadra, about 60 miles south of

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. io

the Fortmann hatchery, the take of 18,400,000 eggs was better than
ever before.

On the theory that most of the red salmon in Alaska return when
5 years old, some interesting comparisons are possible by going back
a few years in the record of eggs taken at the Fortmann hatchery.
In 1906 the take was 105,000,000 eggs, while five years later in 1911
it was 107,000,000. The 1907 take was 41,000,000 and that of 1912
was 23,000,000. In 1908 the take was 24,000,000 and 1913 produced
but 9,000,000 eggs. Round figures only are given.

Thus it will be seen that there is a much more pronounced corollary
in the five-year cycles than in the four-year periods. If the five-
year cycle theory is a correct index, as it seems to be, a light take was
to be expected for 1913, since 1908 was a poor season, comparatively
speaking. Carrying this reasoning to future years, 1914 ought to be
better, as the 1909 take was 53,000,000; then might come a poorer
take in 1915, as the 1910 collection dropped to 34,000,000. Then in
1916 should come a heavy run, for in 1911, five years before, the take
was 107,000,000, while in 1906, another five-year cycle back, the
take was 105,000,000. These figures certainly form the basis for
interesting speculation, both as to the take of eggs at the hatcheries
and the runs of red salmon that may be anticipated by the cannery-
men.

KaRLUE.

At the Karluk hatchery of the Alaska Packers’ Association, located:
on Kodiak Island, the season of 1912-13 was productive of 45,600,000
red-salmon eggs, from which in 1913 a total of 41,803,155 free-swim-
ming fry were liberated in the Karluk River. The loss was thus 8}
per cent. The 1913-14 season resulted in a take of 34,629,160 red-
salmon eggs, the period of collection extending from June 21 to Octo-
ber 11. Each female produced on the average 3,109 eggs.

QUADRA.

Egg taking for the season of 1912-13 at the Quadra Lake hatchery
began August 16 and was completed November 12, 1912. From 3,135
females there were obtained 10,000,000 eggs, an average of 3,190 per
fish. The eggs eyed in from 42 to 55 days and the hatching period
varied from 111 to 135 days. Water temperatures ranged between
36° and 42° F. From the take of 10,000,000 eggs a total of 8,127,000
fry resulted. The first plant occurred December 7 and the last April 7.
A total of 7,000,000 fry were liberated in the three ponds adjoining
the hatchery, 897,000 went into the hatchery creek and the remain-
ing 230,000 were carried overland to a stream tributary to Marten
Arm.

An interesting fact in connection with the take of eggs is that out
of the 2,145,000 eggs taken from August 16 to September 2, only

74 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

1,000,000 fry resulted, a loss of 56 per cent. These eggs were taken
by the old process, and were allowed to stand in pans too long before
washing up. They were also subject to shock from concussion during
the very tender period of an hour or so while water hardening.

From September 3 on to the end of the season the remaining
7,855,000 eggs were taken by the modified process of incision and
immediate washing, and there was a loss of but 720,000 or approxi-
mately 9 percent. This is a positive demonstration of the pronounced
value of the new method of egg taking as compared with the old.

Finishing touches, including painting, have been made to the new
hatchery building erected in June, 1912, upon the site of the old
building. The new structure is 87 feet long and 24 feet wide, has
10-foot walls, and is provided with a gable roof. The building is 6
feet wider and a few feet longer than the old structure, and is devoted
entirely to hatchery work. In the old building a section of 12 feet at
one end was partitioned off as quarters for employees. A separate
building, 16 by 24 feet, has since been erected for use as a dwelling.
The equipment of the hatchery, which formerly consisted of 30
troughs of two lengths, has been supplemented by the construction
of 20 additional troughs. The normal capacity of the station is now
about 17,000,000 red-salmon eggs. Another fry pond has been in
process of construction this summer.

The take of eggs for the 1913-14 season began August 11, and
resulted in a collection of 18,400,000 eggs. This is by far the largest
number in the history of the station. When egg taking was discon-
tinued because of lack of further hatchery space it was estimated
that there were still fish enough in the lake for 4,000,000 eggs. The
hatchery barrier was removed and these fish were allowed to go up
stream to spawn naturally.

Judging by fishing operations, also by egg collections at the Fort-
mann and Yes Bay stations, the run of red salmon in southeast Alaska
was lighter than usual. It would seem that the explanation of the
very heavy take at the Quadra hatchery lies in the fact that fishing
operations off the stream at the foot of the lake were prosecuted less
vigorously this season than heretofore and more spawning fish got
up to the lake. This suggests the urgent need of caution in not fish-
ing too close to the stream mouth in future.

HETTrA.

During the period from September 1 to December 14, 1912, a
take of 3,780,000 red-salmon eggs was made at the Hetta hatchery.
A total of 1,265 females were handled for an average of slightly under
3,000 eggs each. The eggs were of very good quality, the loss of
188,000 running under 5 per cent. Up-to-date methods of fish
culture were followed. The first fry were planted March 1 and the
last July 16, 1913, the total number liberated being 3,592,000. The

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 75

season at Hetta is long drawn out by reason of the late take in the
fall, and cold water during the winter which retards development.

Egg taking for the 1913-14 season began August 8, which is the
earliest take in the history of the station, and at last reports 4,082,000
red salmon eggs had been secured. The take of eggs at Hetta has
dwindled considerably during the last few years, and the cause is
ascribed to overfishing of Hetta Inlet.

It has been suggested that fishing should be prohibited inside of a
line from Graveyard Point to Moses Point, thus allowing many more
spawning salmon to get up to the lake. The area mentioned is not
more than 500 yards across at the widest place, and it is here that
the fish school preparatory to ascending the stream. As high as 14
purse seines were operating at one time this season in the region
mentioned and just outside. An examination of the records shows
that the catch of red salmon in this section in 1911 was about 51,000,
in 1912 it was 60,000, and in 1913 it numbered approximately 50,000.
The keen competition of so many different crews means a continuance
of fishing throughout the long hours of daylight and its conduct in a
manner that will put the utmost number of fish into the boats.
Distance restrictions are doubtless worked to the fullest limit of the
law. Indeed it would be very strange if there were not some who
were not overly scrupulous in this regard. In any event the con-
formation of the bay which receives the stream at Hetta permits
the laying out of seines in a manner not violating the law and yet
effectually deterring any considerable number of fish from reaching
the stream.

It is believed that while the statistics of the catch of sockeyes for
southeast Alaska indicate a continuance of the supply, these figures
really point to increased activity in the pursuit and that in small
streams like the one at Hetta where an active seine fishery is conducted
up to the 100-yard limit, there must eventually be depletion.

To insure a good supply of salmon at the Hetta hatchery there
should be at least a 500-yard zone off the stream mouth where no
commercial fishing shall take place. It has been stated by A. J.
Young, superintendent of the hatchery, that if all commercial fishing
were prohibited off Hetta Inlet up to July 1 of each season, the June
run of sockeyes would thus be permitted to reach the lake and a good
take of eggs would follow. Mr. Young’s opinion is well worth careful
consideration, as he has long been familiar with conditions in the
region, both as a commercial fisherman and hatchery employee.

The improvements of a fixed character begun in 1912 were com-
pleted this year. The old hatchery building was torn down and a new
building was erected on the lake front near the old site. The new
building is 66 feet long, 34 feet wide, and has 10 foot walls. It has a
shingled gable roof and is lighted by 12 windows. The same troughs
and such lumber from the old building as could be utilized were put

76 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

into the new building. Water from the spring which supplies the
hatchery is conveyed through a new 4-inch log pipe line 310 feet in
length. The hatchery is heated by two large stoves. If required,
there is ample floor space in the new building for the installation of
a number of additional hatching troughs. A new dwelling for em-
ployees has also been erected. ‘This is a single-story building 20 by 24
feet, containing three rooms. Both new buildings have been neatly
painted. A notable improvement under way late this season is a
large pond in which fry may be placed and fed before final liberation.
Heretofore all plants have been of fry. The construction of this
pond is in line with modern ideas of rearing young salmon before
ee KiLawak.

During the 1912-13 season at Klawak, egg taking began August
16 and was completed September 29, 1912. A total of 3,835,000
eggs were taken from 1,434 female red salmon, or an average of
2,675 per fish. The eggs were taken by the modern method of in-
cision and proved to be of very good quality, the loss during incuba-
tion being 160,000 or only a little more than 4 per cent. The
first plant of fry occurred November 28, 1912, and the last February
4, 1913. The total of the plants was 3,675,000. The approximate
mean temperatures of the hatchery water supply during the season
were as follows: August, 51° F.; September, 50°; October, 46°;
November, 40°; December, 382°, January, 38°, and February, 38°.

Heretofore the output of the hatchery has been liberated in the form
of fry, but this summer a pond 16 by 24 feet was constructed and in
future a part of the output at least will be fed and the fish will be
released when 2 inches or so in length. Additional pond space is
required here as at all of the Alaska stations to give sufficient room
for the rearing of young salmon.

The take of red-salmon eggs during 1913-14 season at Klawak
numbered 3,645,000. Egg-taking operations were confined to the
months of August and September, when all told 1,215 fish were
REE ETOLIN IsLAND.

The hatchery, which was operated for 14 years as a private enter-
prise by Capt. John C. Callbreath, on waters tributary to McHenry
Inlet, has been closed since 1906. However, up to the present season,
it has been the custom to lift over the barricade on the stream all
red salmon which endeavored to reach the spawning grounds above.
Capt. Callbreath was a strong believer in the parent stream theory,
and thought to build up a strong run of reds by excluding and de-
stroying the humpback salmon, which species also ascended to the
dam in considerable numbers. He thought that the destruction
of the humpbacks would mean more food for the young red salmon

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. ae

during their sojourn in the lake. Recent observations have clearly
demonstrated the absurdity of the view that destroying humpback
salmon will conserve the fry food in a lake. The humpback fry do
not feed in fresh water, but go to sea as soon as able to swim. The
destruction of this fish can accomplish no useful purpose, and is a
plain violation of the wanton waste section of the law.

Upon the assumption that Capt. Callbreath’s practice of destroying
humpbacks during the last few years arose from a misunderstanding
both of the habits of the salmon and of supposed private rights
acquired by the maintenance of a hatchery during earlier years on the
stream in question, the Bureau invited the citation of any documentary
proof of a grant or privilege exempting the stream from the operation
of the general fisheries law, under which law the maintenance of a
barricade is a punishable offense, as is also the wanton waste of salmon.
No such proof of exemption being forthcoming, the barricade in the
stream was destroyed this season, and the waters assumed the status
of other open streams in southeast Alaska. The last salmon were
put over the barricade in 1912, and numbered 2,435 adult sockeyes,
of which 1,282 were males and 1,153 females.

The efforts of Capt. Callbreath afford a most interesting sidelight
on the history of the Alaska salmon fisheries, and since their value
from a scientific viewpoint is considerable, it is the more unfortunate
that the heavy expenditure of time and money involved should have
been proportionately so unprofitable in a practical way.

HATCHERY METHODS.

Within the last few years there have been certain radical departures
in the methods of spawn taking. To insure thorough understanding
of these, it seems appropriate to bring the matter to attention at
this time.

Each ripe female salmon should be killed by a blow on the head,
following which an incision should be made in the abdominal wall
from the pectoral fins to the region of the vent. The eggs will flow
in a mass into the spawning pan placed beneath. Immediately after
being fertilized they should be washed by immersing in the stream
and pouring the water off. Repeating the process two or at most
three times will be sufficient. It is entirely unnecessary to have the
eggs remain in milt and water any longer than is required in the wash-
ing process following immediately after the application of the milt.

After washing, each pan of eggs should be poured into a bucket
partly filled with water and placed in the bed of the stream where
the water is several inches deep, so that the temperature in the
bucket will be the same as that of the stream. After filling the
bucket about half full of eggs, it should be allowed to remain undis-
turbed for about an hour, or until such time as the eggs have become
fully water hardened and are entirely separated. While standing in

78 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

the bucket the eggs will absorb sufficient water to increase their size
about 40 per cent, hence the buckets must not be filled over half full.

During this period of absorption the eggs are extremely sensitive
and must remain absolutely undisturbed. The process of handling
eges by the improved methods now in vogue is described in some
detail upon pages 80-82 of the Alaska Fisheries Report for 1911.

In connection with hatchery operations, attention is again called to
the fact that greater care ought to be exercised in planting young fish.

A feeling has often prevailed that responsibility at the hatchery
ceases when the fish are ready for planting. Greater caution and
care, and more intelligent thought should be devoted to the selection
of suitable places for the release of the hatchery product. Rather
than promiscuous dumping of the fish in open lake waters, it would
be much better to select protected tributary streams wherein to
release them, guarding, however, against places infested with trout
or other destructive agents. No fish culturist would think of having
even one Dolly Varden trout in the rearing pond or hatching trough
containing young salmon, in fact every means at his command would
be exercised to remove the trout; yet the next day, perhaps, he will
complacently carry out several hundred thousand fine young salmon
and unhesitatingly dump them into waters where trout abound,
often making no effort to destroy a single one of the trout.

Setting gill nets off the mouths of streams wherein plants are
made is a good way to destroy trout. On every lake where fish-
cultural operations are conducted, gill nets or suitable forms of traps
ought to be in the water every month of the year—even set beneath
the ice—to catch Dolly Varden or other species of trout. By this
means thousands of young salmon will be saved.

Hatchery work is highly perfected up to the time of planting, but
there is room for improvement in the latter operation. This matter
was referred to more fully in the Alaska Fisheries Report for 1911,
pages 86 to 88.

NEED OF ADDITIONAL HATCHERIES.

Hatcheries have done much good in the way of preserving the
salmon industry in the face of heavy fishing. No one can state
definitely what would have happened had there been no fish-cultural
effort, but considering the great saving over nature’s method tt seems
indisputable that there has been a proportionately increased produc-
tion of young fish, the result of artificial propagation. A tendency
has existed, however, in some quarters to consider hatcheries as a
cure-all for every evil, past, present, or future. But it is only reason-
able to say that along with hatcheries must go a proper regulation
of fishing, else benefits are to a greater or less degree annulled.

The two Government and five private hatcheries in Alaska are
doing good work even in the face of an ever-increasing commercial

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 719

demand for red salmon. Recent advances in the science of salmon
culture, including the planting of fingerlings rather than fry, will
make hatchery work still more helpful. Alaska now needs at least
five additional hatcheries, two in the Bristol Bay region, one in the
Chignik section, and at least two more in southeast Alaska—one
perhaps in the vicinity of Sitka and the other on the Chilkoot.

GENERAL STATISTICS OF THE ALASKA FISHERIES FOR 1913.

The total investment in the Alaska fisheries in 1913 was $37,047,305,
a decrease of $1,216,152 from 1912. Approximately 85 per cent of
the investment was in the salmon industry. The number of persons
engaged in 1913 was 21,721 as compared with 24,263 in 1912, a
decrease of 2,542 persons. The total value of the products in 1913
was $15,739,068 as against $18,877,480 in 1912, a decline of $3,138,412.

The principal item in the decrease was canned salmon.

SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS IN THE FISHERIES OF ALASKA IN 1913,

, Southeast Central Western
Industries. Alaska. Alaska. Alaska. Total.

Salmonican Dine sss p oc sccceceaceaassm cece sce sccicec cscs $11, 946,974 | $5,920,255 |$13, 474,441 | $31,341,670
SAlMONSIC Klin cua amen estes een i RE 2. 61, 439 88, 858 295, 080 445,377
Salm O Mert CMMI eee eee css etslacwicen ceeelese ciciceiene 1,107,911 36, 360 21, 595 1, 165, 866
HT CERIUM PRLS OMY eee e a einele (ccna. sels ceemaciccicseinincicincie cine 259, 725 AE Does atoiieeeeciees 261, 480
EVAN utpaSh Ory eee tes latent emine sisiciataisinvcinisicicivisteminia seme 2rSOOHODO a Sececseteriocs|sisonee meace 2,360, 025
MOO MMUSING yee a eacisiiaiseteisis eeloiniae se miele ateiniaininiaieir ie fetminiel| mets lees ersten OSIEMLOTs | Senicicmceeece 581, 107
Nha erhiShonyer aeepiscee eeiccinshclscceicnecccisis(s celsisacie a 891,780): apaoseeeeoe|scceateencce 891, 780

MOtaleescwccscicects oceises doséccgoqséococosanSssosaec 16, 627,854 | 6,628,335 | 13,791,116 | 37,047,305

SuMMARY OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE FISHERIES OF ALASKA IN 1913.

|
Southeast Central Western
ESS Alaska. Alaska. Alaska. Total.
Vale Stee eeteteletereyeeels cisions eietemceitiesicieinie cle aie sicteiaierwrelaic 5, 750 2,026 4,116 11, 892
INAV OS tec sotets stet-tain selatiatisteisialeeialoyn\aatcicleitaeise acco see ses 2,949 598 617 4, 164
BA ATIOS Opes ein seelate a oleictersioieieletala|stel=laiaisie sivlewicieictereinieeei-e 868 254 571 1, 693
CIEE); Sooe senses 5 SéeqqouE cucosscmce peDaadeEscoosdnos 875 328 858 2, 061
Miscellaneous... .....----0-.--se- eee eesecenceccceeea ee 338 316 1, 257 1,911
MOTs ccccassiecencccicesssces Seccseeccccscccosere 10, 780 3, 522 7,419 21,721
SuMMARY OF PrRopUcTS OF THE ALASKA FISHERIES IN 1913.
Products. Quantity. Value. Products. Quantity.| Value,
Salmon: Cod)se2. sdeseeeesn: pounds. .!11, 916, 900 $357, 711
Cannede sess. s-.- cases..| 3, 739,185 |$13, 531,604 || Herring...............do..../10, 413, 926 106, 105
Mild-cured....pounds..| 6,012, 486 543, 362 || Herring oil......... gallons... 260, 000 52, 000
Pickled sass barrels... 38, 332 279, 249 || Herring fertilizer..pounds..| 2, 400,000 33, 000
Fresh (including local), Wihalevoile.-.2..-22 gallons... 466, 500 139, 950
MOUNGS ees ce tcst eee 820, 956 65,727 || Whale fertilizer....pounds..| 1,330, 000 17, 600
HTOZeN Ea en- ces pounds..| 701,418 280075] rotenone. cee ace Gomes 51, 633 3, 660
Dry-salted....... do....| 121,282 230s) |e blaCkiGOde ec ccc ce ee does 49, 144 2, 494
Halibut: || Miscellaneous fresh fish,
’ Fresh (including local), | local ten nes seas pounds.. 75, 000 6, 000
DOUNGS Heese cisace 3, 642, 163 114, 277 aa
Hrozene eee eae pounds. .| 9,987,310 454, 320 Motte sactscukicetoecles Seeeesicsses|(lo739 008
Dry-salted........ dors. 21, 159 839,
Bletched'se ce nen < dozece 37, 152 1,887 |

80 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

SALMON FISHERIES.
FISHING CONDITIONS.
SouTHEAST ALASKA.

In southeast Alaska this year there was a pronounced scarcity of
red salmon as compared with the previous season, cannerymen on
the average getting only about one-fifth as many reds. At one or
two canneries in the Icy Strait region the pack of reds was larger
this year. Generally speaking, southeast Alaska had a satisfactory
season for pinks, although some of the traps in the Ketchikan section
did not do very well, except during one rather short period, stormy
weather causing considerable damage to the gear and lessening the
catch. During the period when the run was at its height many of
the purse-seine boats were on limit.

There were no serious disturbances in the way of strikes by fisher-
men this year, as had been the casein 1912. None of the large power-
seine boats from Puget Sound invaded southeast Alaska to fish
through the season for salmon. Prospects were much more alluring
nearer home, and, moreover, it was demonstrated in 1912 that the
large deep-water purse-seine rig is rather too unwieldy for profitable
operation on many of the smaller arms and reaches of southeast
Alaska waters.

In Icy Strait there was no heavy run of chum salmon early in the ~
season as was the case in 1912. On account of the low price, most
of the canneries made no effort to can chums; in fact, in many
instances fishermen were instructed to return them alive, if possible,
from the seines or other gear used. No doubt there was a considerable
waste of chums in some places. Investigations were made in two
instances where it was reported that the waste was of a most wanton
character, but sufficient evidence could not be adduced to justify
prosecution. At some of the plants only the best and brightest of
the chum salmon were canned, those remaining being given to the
Indians for food, or disposed of to halibut fishermen for bait. The
cold-storage plants took quite a number of chums, and the shipment
fresh to Seattle also afforded a means for disposing of the not over-
esteemed chum salmon in southeast Alaska this season. At a num-
ber of the canneries as much effort was made to pack chums as the
other species. It may be said that this proved not an unwise course,
for late in the fall the price of chums advanced. This was brought
about by the demand for chums to round out orders and thus help
sell the better grades.

In southeast Alaska most of the canneries outfitted for a lighter
pack than the previous year, in consequence of which operations,
generally speaking, came to a close much earlier than usual. Some
of the packs were completed the latter part of August. The low

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 81

price and big pack anticipated on Puget Sound had much to do with
shortening the season.

There were a few storms in southeast Alaska during the fore part
of the season and again toward the close, but for two weeks in
August there was even no rain in the Ketchikan region. The creeks
were low, thus retarding the ascent of salmon, and catches were good.
During this period all canneries ran to capacity.

CENTRAL ALASKA.

Cook Inlet and central Alaska have in general experienced
unsatisfactory results this season. There was a good showing of
early kings in Cook Inlet, but the heavy run of reds was of very short
duration, the fish coming with a rush later than usual and in some
instances showing quite an advanced sexual development. Weather
conditions were favorable. A striking feature was the almost utter
absence of pinks, the season being in this respect like that of 1911.
It is reported that later in the season there was a good run of cohos,
but the cannerymen did not wait for this run. As in Bristol Bay, it
is doubtful whether it will ever be found profitable to await the main
run of the late-coming cohos in the Cook Inlet region.

Reports indicate that there was an unusual amount of vegetable
growth in the waters of Cook Inlet this season. To this growth there
were frequently attached small particles of pumice which had an
erosive effect upon wire trap leads. It also formed in a blanket-like
mass on the web. Much trouble was occasioned from this source, and
its presence was possibly accountable in a measure for the lighter
catch this season in Cook Inlet.

In the Karluk region the. present season has been comparatively
poor. Possibly the Katmai volcanic disturbance in June, 1912, with
its widespread deposit of ash over land and sea, may have influenced
the run of salmon in central Alaska.

At Chignik the situation has changed considerably. While formerly
nearly all of the fish were taken by traps located within the lagoon, a
large tidal estuary at the head of Chignik Bay, this year the greatest
part of the salmon were caught in traps located far down the shores of
the bay. The new order of things has resulted in a lessening of the
tension formerly existing between the canneries, due to disputes
arising from the locations of traps in the lagoon, and the difficulty of
holding a trap in position after it was driven on account of the ice.

WESTERN ALASKA.

The favorable weather throughout Alaska meant more perhaps in
western Alaska than elsewhere, and, coupled with the heavy run of
salmon, made possible the largest pack ever recorded for that region.
The previous winter was unusually mild, and when the fleet of can-

82 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

nery ships arrived in Bering Sea the fore part of May no ice was
encountered, while the earliest comers found the rivers open and the
ground almost entirely free from snow and ice. Ordinarily most
vexatious delays occur because of the heavy ice floes.

Thus western Alaska had the best season in its history for red
salmon. ‘This was the occasion of surprise in some directions, but
careful study of the situation might have yielded a correct forecast
as to expectations for the season.

True it is that predicting salmon runs is fraught with many hazards,
but using certain hypotheses as to cycles of return, and taking into
account additional knowledge recently acquired through scale study
as to the age of salmon, a forecast of the Bristol Bay runs may be
made with what would seem to be reasonable accuracy. For the
purposes of these deductions, it must first be accepted that in Bering
Sea red salmon return in the fourth and fifth years. Evidence of this
is had in catches of recent years; 1908 was a big year, and 1909 was
also; 1912 was a big year, while 1913 was still larger. On this basis
the four-year fish from 1912 will return in 1916, and the five-year fish
in 1917; the four-year fish from 1913 will return in 1917, and the five-
year fish in 1918. Thus, of the years 1916, 1917, and 1918 the return
in 1917 ought to be the largest, as it will have the benefit of both the
five-year fish from 1912 and the four-year fish from 1913. However,
1916 should be a very good season with the return of the four-year
fish from 1912, while the 1918 season should also be good, having the
benefit of the five-year fish from 1913. Tabulating this we have:

Year of | Return | Return
large of 4-year | of 5-year
run. sh. sh,
1908 1912 | 1913

1912 1916 1917
1913 1917 | 1918

The approximate catch of red salmon in the Bristol Bay region
during the past 10 years has been as follows:

Number. Number.
GOAT oie ctejais aia wie wraterepzietereiobiete 120003000) 1909 See aeeemeeerere ces cee 15, 600, 000
GOS evs wieleroranisiciors mere eisiowieic 14) 1005000) |, 1910S ec .-ascemeceereeeeerne 11, 600, 000
IE To) eee open es eo ENE Ts O00 000 |) TOUT ete se ete eee ede ee 9, 000, 000
GO eran cer once tee ee 10,,200;1000:)| “1912 sie ze oes omeeccig see eae 19, 900, 000
TPO G eed oat ced See EE 175 000° 000' | (1913322). bee: cane. eens 21, 500, 000

It will be observed from the foregoing that there are two quite
good years followed by a like period of lean production. Thus, 1904
and 1905 were good; 1906 and 1907, light; 1908 and 1909, good;
1910 and 1911, light; and 1912 and 1913, good. Carrying this fur-
ther, we may reasonably expect 1914 and 1915 to be lean—1915 being
the lighter of the two—and 1916 and 1917 to be good seasons.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 83

The northwestern shore of the Alaska Peninsula from Port Heiden
southwestward to Nelson Lagoon has attracted the itinerant attention
of salmon fishermen for many years. Dating from about the year
1900 several packing schemes have been promoted in a more or less
desultory manner. Of these the only one surviving at the present
time is the salting establishment at Nelson Lagoon, although opera-
tions of a similar character on a small scale were also conducted at
Port Heiden this year. It has been commonly conceded that while
there are a number of streams in this region having regular runs of
red salmon in moderate abundance, their distance from each other
and the general lack of refuge for vessels operating on the coast has
precluded the location of any large establishment.

In 1911, however, a practical fisherman on a prospecting trip from
a cannery then newly established on the south coast of the peninsula,
learning of the great masses of salmon which school off the coast
between Cape Seniavin and Port Moller, conceived the idea of taking
them by means of purse seines. As a result the large cannery at
Port Moller, operated this year for the first time, was established.
From the report of the superintendent the new departure was so
sucessful that the same method of fishing will be depended upon
henceforth as the principal means of capture; in fact, he freely pre-
dicts that within a few years the greater part of the salmon taken by
Bering Sea canneries will be caught with purse seines.

SALMON CANNING.

CHANGES AND IMPROVEMENTS IN CANNERIES AND EQUIPMENT.

Harly during the season of 1913 the two canneries operated for-
merly in the Bristol Bay region by the Alaska Fishermen’s Packing
Co. passed into the hands of Libby, McNeill & Libby. One of these
plants is located at Nushagak and the other on the west side of
Kvichak Bay near the mouth of Graveyard Creek. Also the same
company acquired the cannery of the Yakutat & Southern Railway
Co. at Yakutat in southeast Alaska. These plants, together with the
one operated at Kenai, give Libby, McNeill & Libby four canneries in
Alaska. The three canneries purchased this season will be operated
under the names used before the transfer of ownership was effected.
Libby, McNeill & Libby contracted for the entire output of canned
salmon put up this season by the Taku Canning & Cold Storage Co.
at Taku Harbor, in southeast Alaska.

Among the western Alaska plants, the cannery of the Pacific
American Fisheries at Port Moller was operated for the first time this
season. The buildings for this plant were erected in 1912. Exten-
sive improvements were made at the Clark Point cannery of the
Alaska Packers Association on Nushagak Bay. Important changes

84 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

in the way of new buildings were made at the cannery of the Colum-
bia River Packers’ Association, also on Nushagak Bay. Extensive
building operations were carried on at the cannnery of the Bristol Bay
Packing Co., at Pederson Point, Kvichak Bay. The cannery of the
Naknek Packing Co. on Naknek River, was largely rebuilt along
modern lines. The work of rebuilding the plant of the Alaska
Packers Association at Koggiung was completed during the summer,
and this establishment is now a splendid example of the most modern
type of cannery. Extensive changes were also undertaken at one of
the Alaska Packers Association canneries on the Naknek River.

At a suitable site on the upper side of Pederson Point, on the east-
ern shore of Kvichak Bay, the North Alaska Salmon Co. this season
completed the principal buildings for a new cannery which it is con-
templated to operate hereafter in lieu of the cannery at Hallerville
on the Kvichak River. The machinery from the latter plant will be
moved to the new location. The channel of the river at the old site
has silted up to such an extent that the plant is difficult of access
even for light-draft boats.

In southeast Alaska the cannery of Swift, Arthur & Co. was used
as a mild-cure plant this year, and the name of the firm was changed
to the Swift-Arthur-Crosby Co. The combination floating cannery
and cold-storage plant on the ship William H. Smith, located last
season at Saginaw Bay by the Weiding & Independent Fisheries Co.,
was not operated in Alaska this year. The ship Glory of the Seas,
operated as a floating cannery in 1912 by the Alaska Fish Co., was
sold this season to the Glacier Fisheries Co. and converted into a
cold-storage plant. The Alaska Fish Co. absorbed the Oceanic Pack-
ing Co. and transferred its operations to the plant built by the latter
concern in 1912 at Waterfall, on the west coast of Prince of Wales
Island. The cannery was enlarged this year by the Alaska Fish Co.

Among the cannery changes and additions of a more or less exten-
sive nature, mention is made of the construction of buildings and the
installation of machinery by the North Pacific Trading & Packing
Co., at Klawak, for the manufacture of fertilizer and oil. This com-
pany has also erected buildings and installed cold-storage facilities
for mild-cure operations.

Fish hopper.—A long stride in advance of customary methods of
handling salmon in the fish house was seen at a cannery in the Bristol
Bay region this summer. Here, instead of the usual bins or com-
partments on the outer floor of the butchering room, a great hopper,
somewhat resembling the amidship section of a vessel, was built
through the center of the room. The outer end of the hopper was
higher by about 18 inches than the inner end, the slant or pitch to
the floor causing the fish to gravitate to the lower end. In the center
of the inner bulkhead was a small port or gate from which the fish

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 85

were drawn as desired and fed to the butchering machines set
close-by.

The bottom of the hopper at this end being at the same height as
the heading table of the iron chinks, no hooking or pewing was neces-
sary. In sorting kings and cohos were readily distinguished by
their larger size, while dog salmon, which in Bering Sea run with the
reds, were easily separated after butchering because of their paler
flesh. The sides and floor of the hopper were of heavy tongue-and-
groove planking so tightly joined that the fish-house floor was per-
fectly dry and clean. For cleaning the hopper a chute led from the
lower end immediately in front of the gate down through the can-
nery floor into the water below. The chute was covered by a grating,
which permitted slime to drain off at all times.

There are several advantages in this arrangement, chief of which
is the fact that the first fish dumped into the hopper is the first one
out; each is butchered in the order of its arrival in the cannery.
No fish accumulate in the bottom of a bin or tank, where they may
remain all day long before being put in the cans. The hopper idea
is an improvement worthy of general adoption.

Filling machines for flat cans —Pound for pound, there is a larger
return from salmon packed in 1-pound flat and half-pound flat con-
tainers than in the 1-pound tall can. Heretofore it has been cus-
tomary to fill the flat cans by hand, but this year machines designed
to do this mechanically were taken to Alaska, and their successful
operation will no doubt be followed by an increasing output of the
more favorably regarded flat packages. The extra labor and time
involved in the hand process of filling flat cans have been the difficult
features to overcome from the cannerymen’s point of view.

Plan to avoid pewing salmon.—There is considerable controversy
over the question of pewing or forking salmon, some cannerymen
maintaining that after the fish is dead this does no harm and that
the pew marks can not be detected later; others hold a contrary
opinion and take pains that no fish are pewed or hooked in any part
except the head or tail, which are at present waste portions. It is a
fact, nevertheless, that too much attention to such details can not
be given, for the more tenderly the fish is handled the finer should be
the resultant food product. In Bristol Bay, where red salmon are
taken in enormous numbers, it is said to be practically impossible to
obviate the necessity for pewing except at undue expense, yet since
no effort has ever been made to handle them in any other manner,
the statement is not conclusive. A packing concern which has re-
cently entered the Alaska field has announced its intention of trying
out a scheme devised by an agent of this Bureau whose observations
of the methods of the fishery cover a wide range and a long period
of time.

22889°—14——_19

86 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Briefly stated, the idea is to equip gill-net boats, trap scows, and
transporting lighters with stout bags made of heavy netting, the
upper edges of which are strongly reinforced by bolt roping, so that
the entire contents of a compartment may be lifted at a single opera-
tion. In gill-net boats the bags will hang by their upper meshes
over short pins set in the gunwales and thwarts; in scows and lighters
they will secure to iron rods set into stanchions, forming compart-
ments of convenient size, each holding probably not to exceed 1,000
red salmon. For removing salmon from drag seines a light, port-
able gallows from which to operate a hand brail is suggested. Sal-
mon are almost invariably alive when drawn ashore in this class of
nets, and it is difficult to pew an individual fish in the head or tail
even when an effort is made to do so. The necessity of avoiding it,
however, is apparent, as at this time every stab made with a pew
leaves an ugly mark in the flesh which shows plainly in the canned

product.
PROCESSING CANNED SALMON.

Since the more or less general adoption of the so-called sanitary
can in Alaska, beginning in 1911, there has been much discussion of
new elements of processing, such as time of cooking, temperature,
length of exhaust, and other important points. Out of this discus-
sion and resultant activity there has grown a standard of finished
product quite satisfactory to both producer and consumer. Cans
have been improved, new machinery has been perfected, cannery
men say that stale or slightly sour fish can not be packed success-
fully in the improved sanitary cans, and in fact the whole operation
of salmon packing has made notable advances along scientific and
carefully thought-out lines. But the end of development, particu-
larly from the producers’ point of view, has by no means been
reached. Processing methods and the machinery used in connec-
tion therewith are still in a state of transition.

The two general classes of processing canned salmon now followed
are commonly termed the sanitary and old-style methods. There is
also a modified system now somewhat in vogue which combines the
old style of can with the more modern method of exhausting and
cooking.

Of the canneries operated in Alaska, 52 per cent have installed
the so-called sanitary machinery. In southeast and central Alaska
there is approximately an equal division as to the number using the
new and old styles, but in western Alaska there is a pronounced
leaning in favor of the sanitary type.

The principle of rendering the flesh of salmon or other fish sterile
and capable of being kept in a condition fit for human consumption
for an indefinite period consists simply of treating with heat to a
degree and for a length of time sufficient to destroy completely all

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 87

organic life—to annihilate the minute organisms and their spores
which inhabit the flesh of the fish, as well as those which may enter
during the process of packing—and then seal tightly in a container
so that there may be no bacteriological development through the
admission of air.

A leak in the container will result usually in the formation of gases
that will cause pronounced distension of the ends, and it has come
to be generally recognized that a swelled or bulged end is diagnostic
of spoiled contents. This is a proper criterion for casual and external
determination of quality, though it does not always follow that a
shghtly distended end necessarily means a spoiled can. It some-
times happens that a perfectly good can of salmon may, in the course
of its long journey from the cannery to the retailer’s shelf, receive
jars and jolts that will cause the ends to bulze in a most suspicious
manner. No conscientious salesman thinks of offering such a can
for sale, and the consequent loss eventually falls upon the packer.
The obvious preventive remedy is the creation of a vacuum within the
can to insure a continuously collapsed state of the ends. Thus in the
processing of salmon there are two distinct steps, the first being that
of securing the required exhaust or vacuum, and second, the cooking
proper.

Under the old method of canning the first cooking, which takes
place immediately after the top has been soldered on the filled can and
central vent stopped up, is known as the exhausting process. After
the contents have thus been well heated, the top is punctured, per-
mitting the expanded air and the gases liberated by the heat to escape
or blow off, and the vent thus created is quickly soldered before the
can and its contents can cool and fill up with air again. A strong
vacuum is thus secured, as the excess air has been exhausted. This
involves an expenditure of considerable time and labor, some little
fuel and other materials, and the employment of certain machinery,
much of which is done away with by the modern sanitary system of
exhausting.

As a modification of the old method, a practice came into vogue in
which the filled can, after having the top soldered on, was given its
exhaust heat with the central vent open, the small aperture being
stopped with solder after the exhausting was regarded as ended.
This was accomplished either by use of the old style of cannery equip-
ment in which the filled cans with this vent were given the exhaust
heat in the same sort of cooking cylinders or retorts as are used for the
final treatment, or by the employment of elongated steam boxes
through which the cans with the vent open were slowly conveyed. The
principle involved in these cases is the same. With the vent open the
excess of air, which it is the aim to expel, or exhaust, escapes gradually
and evenly through this opening, and is thus a distinct advantage over

38 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

the old-style method of ‘‘blowing,”’ whereby more or less of the oils
and juices of the fish are violently expelled with the suddenly liber-
ated gases. This loss of juice is certainly a strong argument against
the earlier method of processing. Where this practice of blowing is
followed it may be detected by the presence of the second solder dot
where the vent hole has been stopped. This improvement on the
old-style method affects a considerable saving of time and labor; also
a little in material. Itis a good method if old-style cans are to be
used, and has been adopted by a number of cannery men. Others
have held back, however, believing that it would not be long before
a decided advance in methods of exhausting would occur. Subse-
quent events seem to have justified their judgment.

The sanitary method which has come into vogue during the last
few years has for its features an improved style of can, and in the
exhausting process the top is but loosely placed on the can, thus
allowing a gradual expulsion of air, as in the vented top of the
modified old style.

In the process of exhausting the cans, there is a certain, though
perhaps relatively slight, loss of the more volatile oils through
vaporization. It is of importance therefore to see that over-exhaust-
ing does not occur. Any objection in this direction is probably
wholly overcome in a lately perfected vacuum machine which
exhausts the cans without heat or steam immediately after they
come from the filling machines. There is strong likelihood that this
or some form of vacuum process involving the same principle will
supplant present-day methods. The new cannery of the Pacific
American Fisheries at Port Moller was this season equipped with
old-style machinery in anticipation of having the cold exhaust
vacuum machines ready for use next year. The merits of this new
form of machine lead to the conclusion that it will be generally
adopted before long.

A noteworthy exception in the matter of exhausting cans has been
in vogue for years at the cannery of the Seufert Bros. Co., The Dalles,
Oreg. At this plant the cans are given no exhaust whatsoever.
‘They are sealed tightly, are given a careful cold test for leaks, and
then go to the retorts, where they are cooked 70 minutes at 240° F.
It is stated that there is no resultant trouble from swells. Possibly
there may be some chance of extending this simplified process to
Alaska.

Exhaust boxes, varying somewhat in style of construction and
arrangement, are the same in both the modified old-style and the
present sanitary systems. The methods of processing after exhaust-
ing are similar in all systems.

Most of the exhaust boxes used in connection with sanitary cans
are about 30 feet long, with the cans traversing the full length seven

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 89

times. Each run is supposed to take a minute and a half, with a
total of about 10 minutes for a can to pass entirely through the box,
but as a matter of fact the time is often nearer 9 minutes. The heat
is theoretically supposed to be maintained at the boiling point, but
was never found to be in excess of 210° and more often less, usually
about 206° to 208°. In one cannery the exhausters were similar in
all respects except width, having 9 runs instead of 7. In practice
the cans required a full 10 minutes to pass through. The heat was
thesame. At still another cannery, using the same type of apparatus,
the exhausters were 45 feet long and it took 15 minutes for a can to
traverse the 7 runs, with the heat maintained theoretically at 212°.
This was the first year the sanitary system had been used at this plant,
and the management very evidently was not disposed to take any
chances with a weak vacuum.

The experience in this regard is interesting. It was soon found:
that the fish upon leaving the exhaust had dried out alarmingly.
A dozen cans carefully weighed beforehand were found to have lost
a good half ounce apiece during the passage through the box. This
was at a temperature of 210°. The length of one of the boxes was
therefore cut down to 30 feet, so that a can was in the exhauster
only 10 minutes with the same temperature of 210°. This was
found to give a satisfactory vacuum without noticeable loss in weight.
By the time these changes had been completed the packing season
was at its height, and as there was more time and labor required
than could then be devoted to remodeling the other boxes, the
remodeled box was left as it stood, but the temperature was cut down
to 200°. The cans had been cooking for only 75 minutes at 240°
in the final heat, but after the change this was increased to 85 minutes
for both boxes.

It is believed that a temperature of more than 210° with the top
loose all around the rim, as in the clinching method used with sani-
tary cans, is dangerous, for the following reason. As the heat sur-
rounding the thin shell of tin forming the can liberates the juices
of the fish content the juices gravitate to the bottom and are drawn
out to the sides, against which they cling by capillary attraction.
The extraction of these juices is assisted by the salt with which the
can has previously been charged, and as soon as the liquor reaches
above the top of the flesh it will be found to stand at a slightly
higher level all round the side of the can. Between this level and
the lip of the can the distance is very short, and after this stage has
been reached any rise of temperature to or above the boiling point
will almost instantly affect the free liquor and by the combined
action of ebullition and capillary attraction carry it out over the
lip of the can. It seems quite evident that a sufficient vacuum may
be secured without danger of loss in weight by a temperature of a

90 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

few degrees below the boiling point maintained for a slightly longer
period of time than present practice prescribes.

Tops sometimes come off the sanitary cans inside the exhausters
and cause no little trouble and delay. In at least two canneries
limited numbers of cans were run through the boxes without tops
by way of experiment. No mechanical trouble was developed, and
the contents showed up well after coming out. There was no appar-
ent loss of juice in either instance, and it should be noted that in
neither was the temperature above 210°. One foreman reported
that the surface of the exposed flesh seemed somewhat paler than
normal, as if it might have been bleached out by the steam, while
another claimed that he could observe no difference in color.

Heat units in salmon canning.—From a study of the methods used
at a number of canneries, under the different systems considered here,
asummary of the averages indicates that there is but little difference
in the total number of heat units applied in the different processes.
For purpose of comparison the arbitrary formula of degrees of heat
(Fahrenheit scale) multiplied by the number of minutes at which this
was maintained was adopted. Following is the tabulated summary:

Exhausting. Cooking.

Total

Process. . heat

: empera- c Tempera- units.

Minutes. pare Minutes. pace

Ganitanyt sea coe csee nee an cries ssicsee eco il 208 93 241 24,700
WI@OhWCG ISS Aa gooosonccescapoocdegcouseanaEas 16 204 86 240 23, 900
Oldistyloboscssccereceensccsecince ccm ens cie.s 40 220 60 240 23, 200

In addition to the foregoing, it is the custom at all canneries, no
matter what the system, to allow about five minutes at the beginning
of the high temperature cook to work up the required heat of the retort,
and when cooking is complete there is a like period for reducing the
temperature and pressure before opening the doors.

Cans.—The form of can used and the methods of manipulating it, par-
ticularly as regards the manner of closing and the use of solder, are
highly important phases of the canning industry. The paramount
advantage of the sanitary over the other systems is undoubtedly in the
superior type of can employed. While the sanitary system is com-
paratively new in the salmon packing industry, it has been employed
by fruit and vegetable canners of this country for several years, and
in Europe, particularly in Germany, its use is almost universal. The
cans used in this system have already become popular with the con-
suming public; and by reason of the fact that the contents of such
packages are commercially known and pushed forward as “‘sanitary,”
they are in stronger demand than are those of a similar sort packed
in the old-style containers.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 91

The sanitary can is readily distinguishable by the apparent absence of
solder in the seams and the real absence of the one or two dots of solder
which are to be found on one of the ends of the tins packed under other
methods. Asa matter of fact, the long side seam of the sanitary can is
treated with both solder and flux, the latter usually of an acid char-
acter, but inasmuch as a properly made can will have no trace of
either solder or flux on the inside, to all essential purposes it is a
solderless and acidless container. The tops and bottoms are merely
crimped on without acid or solder by machines called ‘‘double
seamers,”’ because they fold the flanges of side and end over twice in
the crimping process.

The cans used in the old-style and modified systems are identical
in character, solder and flux being used in side, top, and bottom seams.
There is no difference whatever in the container before it is filled.
They may be distinguished from each other by the solder dots which
are to be found on one end of the can. A single dot in the center may
denote a can which has been processed under the modified method,
while two solder dots indicate the old-style process.

Most all of the sanitary cans used in southeast Alaska, and to a
certain extent in the more remote sections of the Territory, are
manufactured in the States and shipped empty to Alaska in the
same cases in which, at the rate of 48 each, they are subsequently
returned filled with salmon. The bulk of the empty cans thus makes
the freight rates disproportionate with the weight involved. To re-
duce this item of expense, one of the large can companies has lately
perfected plans and machinery to collapse the body of the can so that
400 may be packed in the ordinary 48 1-pound tall salmon case.
Upon arrival at destination the collapsed bodies are run through a
simple reshaping machine at the rate of about 70 per minute, and the
bottoms may then be put on in the same manner as are the tops. It
will be seen that in shipment the collapsed cans require only about
one-sixth of the cubical space as compared with cans in the round at
the rate of 48 to the case. One cannery man in southeast Alaska,
figuring conservatively, says that using the collapsible cans on a
30,000-case pack he can effect a saving of $2,000 a season on the
basis of present freight rates.

Another change which is being developed in the manufacture of
sanitary cans is the use of a paper gasket to effectuate a tight joint,
instead of the rubber-like compound generally used heretofore. The
paper form is said to be a decided improvement.

Lacquering.—The amount of solder or acid left on the inside of
the long body-seam of properly made old-style cans is so trifling as
to be practically negligible, and the quantity which finds its way
within through either of the end seams is equally insignificant, but the

92 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

fact that these agents are so used remains to prejudice the mind of the
up-to-date consumer.

From the inception of the canning industry it has, with few excep-
tions, been the custom to coat all cans with some protecting medium;
the reasons for this, as stated by Cobb, ¢ are: (1) That the English
market which, at the beginning especially, absorbed the greater part
of these goods, insisted on their shipments being finished in this way,
and (2) from the fact, as the canners speedily found out, that if they
did not protect their cans in some way enormous losses through rust
would ensue. The use of lacquer has been the means employed to
afford the necessary protection. To secure good results in lacquering,
however, it is necessary to have dry weather, a condition rarely
assured in Alaska, particularly in the Bristol Bay region. Also there
has always been the danger of fire owing to the highly inflammable
character of commercial lacquering fluids. It is not surprising
therefore, to find salmon packers largely adopting a compromise
scheme whereby objectionable features in lacquering may be over-
come. The plan is, briefly, to use only lacquered tops and bottoms,
leaving the body to be protected by the label. The tops and bottoms
can be purchased already lacquered.

Unfortunately, however, this does not entirely solve the problem.
The thin film of varnish on the end piece has some hard knocks to
withstand before the final casing of the can takes place, and a large
percentage become marred and scratched. Where the ends of the
can are the same, either entirely plain or bearing similarly stamped
designs, this is not so serious a defect because it seldom happens that
both ends of one can are defaced. But when an otherwise perfect can
is badly marred on the end which is intended to‘be the top after the
label has been put on, the matter becomes grave. A great deal
depends upon the good appearance of a pack, and defaced tops in any
quantity are a distinct defect.

As most of the scratches have been ascribed to the coolers in which
the cans are cooked and handled on the cooking floor, a new type of
cooler has been brought out. This has sides extending above the tops
of the cans and cross braces in each corner, thus protecting the tops
from contact with the bottom of any other cooler which may be
placed above. The new coolers are undoubtedly a great improve-
ment over the old type, but they have by no means entirely solved
the problem.

The damp heat of exhausters and retorts may not be responsible
for as many abrasions of varnished surfaces as some cannery men
imagine, but that it does affect the lacquer to an extent to render it
tender is the firm conviction of many. It is also believed that the
softened varnish is further imperiled in the strong lye bath with which

6 The salmon fisheries of the Pacific Coast, by John N.Cobb. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 751,

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 93

it heretofore has been customary to treat the cans upon removal from
the retorts. Part of the lye-bath treatment is the brisk scrubbing of
the can tops with stiff brushes, and it has been conclusively demon-
strated that under this action slightly scratched surfaces have been
almost entirely denuded of their coat of lacquer. To avoid this as
much as possible, some canners have adopted the plan of washing and
spraying the cans both before entering and after leaving the exhaust
boxes. The strong lye bath is then less necessary, and in fact has been
eliminated to a considerable extent at quite a number of canneries.
Instead, the cans are merely rinsed in a tank of warm water in which a
small quantity—about a pound or two per day—of caustic soda has
been dissolved. In spite of all these precautions, however, defaced
cans continue to occur, which is further argument against the use of
the prelacquered tops.

Another phase is that in the double-seaming process the thin coating
of varnish is broken through entirely around the rim of the can, leaving
it without protection from rust at a point where the metal, already
strained by the bending and crimping to which it has been sub-
jected, stands in need of greatest protection.

Labels, which are ordinarily attached by means of simple flour-and-
water paste, afford only partial protection from rust. As a matter of
fact, with the type of labeling machine commonly employed it is
necessary to apply the paste rather freely, and the moisture thus
coming in contact with an unlacquered or unprotected surface has
been found to cause corrosion and pitting and in time will show
through the label itself. Unlacquered fruit, vegetable, and milk cans
subjected to the salt air and moist climate of coastal Alaska are found
to rust under the paste of their labels, and the same is true to a greater
or less extent of unlacquered salmon cans.

Whether the old plan of lacquering the entire can will be resumed is
uncertain, yet many packers are paying constantly more and more
attention to this feature of their work. A rusted can handed out by a
retailer is open to the suspicion of being old and shopworn and an
inferior article. It would seem very questionable, therefore, whether
in the long run it will be deemed profitable to use the prelacquered
end in Alaska as against the earlier plan of lacquering the entire can.

Do-overs.—The matter of do-overs is one that should receive most
serious consideration at the hands of the cannery men. A few
do-overs appearing in a well-established trade in salmon will work
irreparable damage to the sales of a thoroughly wholesome and
marketable product. Every do-over should be destroyed at the
cannery.

The sanitary system of processing has produced a new type of
do-over which in western Alaska is commonly referred to as a ‘‘slack”’

94 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

can. This is one which has been insufficiently exhausted, necessitat-
ing another treatment, as follows: The cans are laid on their sides in
the coolers with the long body seam uppermost. They are then
retorted for from 20 to 30 minutes at a temperature ranging between
230° and 240° F., after which they are punctured at the edge of the
solder streak of the body seam, blown, and quickly soldered. The
contents of cans so treated are in all instances believed to be perfectly
good, the package merely having lacked that amount of vacuum re-
quired by packing-house standards; this is supplied by the additional
treatment.

While it is not fair to stigmatize this product with the odium attach-
ing to the term ‘‘do-over,” it is nevertheless not a first-grade com-
modity. The fact that the blow mark is placed on the side seam,
where it may be thought a drop of solder formed when the can was
made, and where it is certain to be covered later by a label which will
conceal it from the view of the innocent consumer, shows that the
packers themselves do not feel sure of it. Certainly they will not
guarantee it, and just as certainly they will not try to market it in the
British market. Like all second-grade goods, it is chiefly sold in blank
to dealers who brand it with proprietary labels and distribute it
chiefly in the American market.

CANNERY LABOR.

The question of securing competent or even fairly reliable help to
perform the general inside work at the canneries in Alaska has in
recent years grown to be one of the most vexatious problems with
which cannery operators have had to contend. It would seem that
with the introduction of various improved mechanical devices and
the proportionately lessened number of employees required, condi-
tions in this regard would now be better. But unfortunately such
is not the case. Formerly most of the labor was performed by Chinese,
who were reliable and competent for every class of inside cannery
work; but now it is very difficult to obtain Chinese labor, and the
result has been a miscellaneous collection of Mexicans and Japanese,
Filipinos and other Orientals, who are not as tractable and dependable
as the Chinese.

The importation of cannery labor is essential, as Alaska can not
begin to supply the demand. With the exception of those in the
Afognak and Kodiak regions and a few other places, the native
Indians of central and western Alaska are as a rule unreliable as
cannery hands; moreover, their numbers are pitifully few. In
southeast Alaska several thousand natives, including men, women,
and children, are given employment at the canneries, and they do
quite well. Nevertheless, the fact remains that it is necessary to

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 95

import help to take care of the salmon harvest, and since there are but
relatively few Chinese now available, the natural result is the hetero-
genous Oriental element above named. In consequence of this,
constant vigilance must be exercised by the cannery operators to
keep things going properly. But even the exercise of every precau-
tion is not sufficient, for occasionally there are labor troubles that
mean heavy loss to the salmon packer.

It therefore becomes a matter of no little interest to note the
manner whereby the management of the Taku Canning & Cold
Storage Co. in southeast Alaska bettered the situation this season
in such successful fashion that an expansion of the idea may do
much toward solving a most vexatious problem.

Rather early in the season, 18 Japanese who had contracted
to work at the Taku cannery throughout the season ignored their
agreement, and left under the pretext that they were afraid the
organization was not sufficiently solvent to pay them off should they
remain. That this was merely a subterfuge is evidenced by the fact
that a properly secured bond was no inducement for them to continue
work. Badly in need of help to recruit his much-crippled force, and
with no adequate local labor resources, Manager J. L. Carlson decided
to inaugurate the plan of importing white girls experienced in can-
nery work in the States. Accordingly a few days later 10 girls
arrived from Astoria, Oreg., and were employed throughout the sea-
son. They were more rapid and efficient workers than the Oriental
and Indian labor previously engaged, and were fully competent to
perform the various duties about the lines of machinery, as well as
lacquering and labeling, also hand filling the flat cans. Particularly
in the latter were they preferable to the native Indian women, both
by reason of their efficiency and neatness. Separate quarters and
mess arrangements were provided. The success of the undertaking
was so pronounced that the idea might with profit be applied at other
canneries.

DISASTERS AND LOSSES IN THE SALMON INDUSTRY.

Relatively speaking, losses either in the way of life or of property
in the salmon industry have been remarkably light this season. So
far as reported, the only accidental loss of life was the drowning of
three fishermen on Nushagak Bay.

On July 7, while opposite Funter Bay, the cannery tender Jack
Horner, operated by the Pacific American Fisheries at Excursion
Inlet, took fire as a result of the engine’s back-firing. The 10 men
aboard at the time were transferred to the tender Concord, which
fortunately happened to be nearby. The Jack Horner was taken in
tow, and was finally beached at Point Howard. Though the vessel
was destroyed, it is noteworthy that the fuel tanks did not explode;

96 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

only the water tank in the engine room burst. This was one of the
largest and best-equipped cannery tenders in southeast Alaska. It
was 72 feet in length, of 50 tons gross register, and was built at
Seattle in 1911.

While enroute from Cook Inlet to Puget Sound, the steam cannery
tender Kayak, belonging to the Seldovia Salmon Co. struck at
Point Carrew, near Yakutat, on the night of August 26, and became a
total loss. On account of a severe gale, an effort was being made to
get into Yakutat Harbor, but the channel was missed and the dis-
aster followed. The 10 men comprising the crew took to the boats,
and after a trying experience finally got ashore. The Kayak was
built at Alameda in 1901, was 91 feet in length, and registered 115
tons, gross.

The power cannery tender Kake, belonging to the Kake Packing
Co., was wrecked November 1 on Clatsop Spit, at the mouth of the
Columbia River. The vessel left Kake, Alaska, October 14 with the
intention of proceeding to Astoria, Oreg., for the winter. The 60
cases of half-pound cohos, and 258 cases of 1-pound tall chums,
carried as ballast, may be considered as a total loss, although some 38
cases were picked up on the beach in a badly damaged condition.
The wreck of the vessel was sold by the underwriters for a small sum.

When the steamer State of California was wrecked in Gambier Bay
on August 17 the Alaska Sanitary Packing Co., of Wrangell, sus-
tained a loss of 650 cases of salmon, all pinks.

During a gale on May 15, the cannery ships Tacoma, of the Alaska
Packers Association, and St. Nicholas, of the Columbia River Packers
Association, went ashore on the flats at the west entrance to Nusha-
gak estuary, between Protection Point and the mouth of the Igushik
River. Both vessels were floated later, having suffered no serious
damage. About the same time the ship Standard, of the North
Alaska Salmon Co., went ashore near Cape Constantine, and was
badly pounded before working off.

During a blow on May 28, about 19,000 cases of tin plate were lost
overboard from a lighter alongside one of the Alaska Packers Asso-
ciation ships in the Naknek roadstead. On account of this accident,
it became necessary to have a steamer make the long run to Larsens
Bay and return to replenish the supply of tin.

CANNERIES OPERATED.

During 1913 there were 42 canneries in operation in southeast
Alaska, 9 less than in 1912; 14 in central Alaska, the same as 1912,
while in Western Alaska this season there were 23 canneries in opera-
tion, a gain of 1 over the previous year. Thus the totals are 87 for
1912 and 79 for 1913.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 97

CoMPANIES CANNING SALMON IN ALASKA, NuMBER AND LOCATION OF CANNERIES
OPERATED, AND NuMBER OF TRAPS OWNED BY EACH.

Canner-

Names. ies. Location. Traps.
Southeast Alaska:
Admiralty Trading Co............---- I iGambienBay-eesscessceeseeee eee er =e 4
Alaska Fish Co..........c00 Sostberesi: 1 Waterfall Ss oe ee ceascceb pest adecaas 1
Chilkootiinletcoc cee cnene cosas sear a6
Alaska Pacific Fisheries. ..... RSP Bor eS 3 ;
Alaska Packers Association........-.-- 2
Alaska Sanitary Packing Co........-- 1
Astoria & Puget Sound Canning Co... 1 4
Mey Baresi COvses-patesssceecr sce 1 5
Deep Sea Salmon Co............------ 1 2
Fidalgo Island Packing Co.........--- 1 3
igtenate 1D RtCW." Se eee eae eneacbe nooe De Hawke Inlet seen seicie cciss wisic'cig o's) aieeisieie ci 4
Hidden Inlet Canning Co..........--- ib) pEbid denilmletsjes 2 asen cose cotacece epee eieeenes
Hoonah Packing Co..........---.---- J || Poona eee Ses cen se eronie aise esc 6
Trvine Packing CO. ..-.cecceectcsscn=- TE WRearheent asocasccisncssceocce ose celecios sc 3
Kakepbackine Cos. cccssccecssesicoeee My MIRAI miecsycnreisls oiciciow earcie tio eleivicisteisaimeisee 4
Mhoe eeasaan COL = sc. oscbeasecis ces ssie PR IRASAATINS cad o siete oslo bait cmimatis wewmianate += 2
Kuiu Island Packing Co.............- Thi peauelairesn see cnce eee eaten conse meen esate
Lindenberger Packing Co............- 2 Cae OiNt...-----+2seeee eres sees ee ee eee ms
George T. Myers & Co....-..-.--.---- P iGhathameno- sc. cae ayee oe eee minnie se 4
North Pacific Trading & Packing Co.. ie | Ra Waktmens cocci sicescie niece cesiewiesie css |sine ccinseiee
Cues IB AY oe ae necleenineiecinicaiecceeeiccicct b1
* . HCY 6 brs ea BS GOe Onan AU CS CORO SOOOOOCOoE 1
Northwestern Fisheries Co............ SON SanitawAnine: b1
Dundas Bay 3
Pacific American Fisheries..........- 1 | Excursion Inlet 15
Pacific Coast & Norway Packing Co.. JBNEPStersbUneece es ceccine mcs miacioce oe) oad 4
PillarJBay Packing Co!. 3. <-25.<se05 I ae ee rh Ao ak asaaaaeueee s60 seen 4050556 2
Pure Food Fish Co.......... ance iaieKGtehtikan a eene ce erossce ess ccice shee eet seseceenins
Sanborn-Cram Co........ SeRce eee (lp nmettemletermaccccecsecios accceaear aoe b4
Shakan salmon! Con. sooo ccccaceccnce AG eShakaniecencce ac eccaccece sees cneeceeice 1
Skowl Arm Packing Co............... tN Skowmlearmey..§ access wap. cisoicin=eiseicnlepwiccutince
Starr-Collinson Packing Co..........- in| Moira Sound ersccesesscscercicice scisccicine b1
Sunny Point Packing Co............. nll), (Glnierin Giv75 3. Ses seh eae shoud ddobeesbosed Wedsocsose
Taku Canning & Cold Storage Co..... TOD alcuHanbonseeeet a cniceccste -coscee sce a8
Tee Harbor Packing Co..............- Tel) SRGY2) 18 ry RSS Re ei So senoedoS 2st en sesoer 6
Thilinket Packing CO. s. ...ccccocscces A MEGUTLOTa > By joie aisle lefelsminiaieie alujetniato.siateiaie sfal=ib 13
Walsh-Moore Canning Co..... a Will COV Obsecesececcrnceecceisine <eceiaalemiaee cee
Wiese Packing Co.......... TiRvosernimletecee coc omer assinestiae nciowaee|sceewecees
Yakutat & Southern Ry. Co.......... 1
Central Alaska:
Alaska Packers Association........... 4
Columbia River Packers Association. . 1
Fidalgo Island Packing Co............ 1
Kadiak Fisheries Co.........ccccoesae 1
Libby, McNeill & TONY 1
Northwestern Fisheries Co...........- 4
Pacific American Fisheries........... 1 King COVO Cn ees cae eu nat ent ewecasee 3
Seldovia Salmon Co............ Senaee Ae |RSeld oviaeeenctencccs eee sec cecce sm eeene 3
Western Alaska: oe See
; : Mshavaks Baye cosonccescciecec secs cceicee| minim scictcis Se
Alaska Fishermen’s Packing Co...... 2 (Rvichak Fh 10 ne Revs RT ot ep (PE PS
BU reel O sha sacassasestaeeacsuc 5
ere MICH AK AV OLA) ferences esinp ie -ise reece 1
Alaska Packers Association....... sieves 8 |) Naknek River yer mire WE be LYL
gasrMktRiveli-a. cmeseebeer ee ey -rae=rr | =aiaeee ca
Alaska-Portland Packers Association. 1 Ngehaenk BV ercieciestne voce ostacieeiisicrrie 3
Alaska ;SalmoniGo 2 <<< ccccisjaccecesed 18 PAVOOO UR EWOISS See tine cess oon ease <P | a ccin conics
Bristol Bay Packing Co.............. jel PIQtaN 1h es Ses eaSsaeteso oo cebeesoseas Becooodocs
Columbia River Packers Association. . dul pNsharake Bayete css ceate= s-tnlcioncsioic ota] nisie/ateisiossia =
Midnight Sun Packing Co............ 1 | Kotzebue Sound. 5 Sorine 2
Naknek Packing Co.......... She ape | IMP AKMOKMRAMERS. = ce ocine so cade d= <aeecs los ceeeeuc
i INUISHAP AKAD AYR see acces nisics wineisiaciaciee| io cle wewicin
North Alaska Salmon Co.......cceee- 4 ee IRIVOE(2) eco ccccsiswisceicencpaaick 1
WigagukaRiveTercncacq ccs ce emeerecee =| cin mn einin=
Northwestern Fisheries Co...........- 1 Nusha RICHIAV Eee caeco es Bas aes ses eeUEUA serssewses
Pacific American Fisheries..........- A OR Grb MONET -. ----sccceccccccccsccscccss= 1
Red Salmon Canning Co.............- Au pWgashikeHiverecss-soscceco ee seneanceeee|senve eens

6 2 floating. d All floating. ¢6 floating. 43 floating. ¢ 2 floating.

98 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

The foregoing list does not show independent traps selling fish to

canneries.
CANNERIES NOT OPERATING IN 1913.

Nine of the canneries in southeast Alaska were not operated this
year, as follows:

Location of plant.
Point: Ward -Packing(Coz is: e see eem ec aie eeee Point Ward.
Cande. Pass; Packing) Co:.2.cee eee aoe er eee ee Canoe Pass.
Herbert Hume Packing ‘Cos: i 2oacee ese anaes Nakat Harbor.
Metlakahtla: Industrial :€o 322 292 2h osc cies = Metlakahtla.
Revilla bish' Products) Co." se-ae8 4-6 2 sean Ketchikan.
Swit, Arthur-Crosby C008 -.2cjcsnmiensn cease fee Heceta Island.
Stebhas Packing Con. .c ite 28s esac cee Dry Bay.
Alaska Hash (0.2) sinc ia: SRE See ee es eee oe Ship Glory of the Seas.
Weiding & Independent Fisheries ...........- Ship William H. Smith.

With the exception of the Metlakahtla Industrial Co., the St.
Elias Packing Co., and the Alaska Fish Co., all of the foregoing plants
were first operated as canneries in 1912.

THe Satmon CatcH AND Forms or GEAR.

In the southeast Alaska salmon canning industry there were in
operation 127 stationary and 36 floating traps, a total of 163 traps; in
central Alaska there were 84 traps in the canning industry, 2 in mild-
cure work, and 1 in pickling operations, a total of 87 traps, all sta-
tionary; and in western Alaska there were 13 traps devoted to the
canning industry and 4 to pickling, a total of 17 traps, all stationary.
Assembling the foregoing figures, there is a total of 231 stationary
and 36 floating traps, or a grand total of 267 traps throughout Alaska
for the year 1913. During 1912 there were 273 traps devoted to
canning and 5 to pickling, of which 242 were stationary and 36
floating. Thus there were 11 less traps in operation in 1913 than in
1912. The falling off occurred in southeast Alaska. Fewer can-
neries were in operation in 1913, and while some companies put in
traps for the first time this year, other companies lessened their
number.

In all of the branches of the salmon industry there was a total of
238 purse and drag seines operated in Alaska in 1913 as compared
with 474 the previous year. The falling off was due to the absence
of the fleet of Puget Sound purse seiners, which invaded southeast
Alaska in 1912, and also to the fact that fewer canneries were operated.
In the matter of gill nets, the figures for 1913 show 2,470 as compared
with 2,240 the year before. The gain was chiefly in mild-cure
operations.

o Mild-cure operations in 1913.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 99

Satmon TAKEN IN 1913, BY SPECIES AND APPARATUS, FOR EACH GEOGRAPHIC SEc-
TION OF ALASKA.

Southeast Central Western

Apparatus and species. Alaska. | Alaska. | Alaska. Total.
Seines: Number. Number. Number. Number.
COO, GF BINGO Bee saadad SSoesnosea=—sos so osSSesedS 168, 430 28, 466 17 196, 913
IDOPAONICHUMpes sete sae cee csesictececisissnaciss el 1, 543, 682 6, 868 1, 964 1,552,514
Humpback, i son 22 5S82, O2 Tal Ma OLS 4s eee emcees ae 13,396, 635
King, or spring... ba 963 1, 534 142 2,639
Red, or sockeye..... .--| 779,877 | 1,835,283 523,805 | 3,138,965
Motaleascneeekeceess See R clos cieistinaive smniiticieeieama cae 14, 875, 873 | 2,885, 865 525,928 | 18, 287, 666
Gill nets:
ConhovorSilveriescecccccseeaas steteine cess seco siriee 116, 251 2,365 80, 935 199, 551
DOS OMCHUMEs eee esas eae teen cee eiescemeciscrics 12,193 3, 159 272, 993 288, 345
Aim PDACk MOL Dink see senm gue an enue omen anne 16,317 5, 102 192, 022 213, 441
Kein PMO SPLINE ee sepa etesieee seisteleesi cle ein anise mine mim 47, 271 22, 369 75, 088 144, 728
GGUHOTSOCKOY On saeesemencencisceicieaciseicoseinaase ice 347,000 414,512 | 20,341,920 | 21,103, 432
PROLA erates sc nicccc ciewictesiecteeisivisisic/steis ieee miosis 539, 032 447,507 | 20,962,958 | 21,949, 497
Traps: a ase
CohoMorisilver..c so... neceectenec sewsclenececee sees 291, 731 102, 914 7,090 401, 735
Doe MOMCHUMMe ress as seserciercie tac- ci see Sets 973, 962 42,780 67, 700 1,084, 442
Ie (RIapBLOCVaS, Or jebbil’< 57, AdoeoomeeaLceboBEnasaoaenane 13, 101, 582 101, 403 190,000 | 13,392,985
GIN PROT: SPEIN GH ek aoe we bbe co cioueior codanen sacecice 18, 289 45, 947 3, 842 68, 078
IRGdHOTISOCK OV Ope aconcncise cos ceeaccees eb ecnsemsicee 1,119,081 | 2,548, 701 604, 917 4, 272, 699
ROCA Ereretnicaa lot niate oe atc de eis ois oislnieiseiasis ei siee Saisie eisieis = 15,504,645 | 2,841,745 873,549 | 19, 219, 939
Lines: aL ile aa Ganae
Gohoonsil verso ssc oa cies eecmei cileice wesc ccicnestincmie COINS 0) Ill ts a eee | [eas As res 42, 601
Kein ex Onsprin gs hee coe Seco cen douse ce tecn on ecbeces OQUGTOM ac cccecnes claccedetess ce 327, 675:
PRO CA erin et ae canis ea ccicte wiles cieclonsinelcclee te secreces BION 200) cticesmeiele ls |sieicice ec acies 370, 276
DIPMELS MEd OM SOCKGYOssces occas ces ccae se cesee cmccs ol Soee oreo sees 86, 200
Spears: eeumMp hack Onjpimk.o cease sascocee ches ce ca acal a cccemeeeeee 1, 550.
Total: [Rtas Sp an ie ae Ee
Wohowornsilvertcerssascact qactee tees eeu aocee seas 619, 013 133, 475 88, 042 840, 800.
IDOPNONCHIA Mena ec cee er Seas e D S 2, 529, 837 52, 807 342,657 | 2,925, 301
Hampbacks or. pinks tas. os ence ox cei see eoe ew asbocses 25,500,820 | 1,121,769 382,022 | 27,004, 611
(Reini PMOTISDPIN GS A occ ces sisasec soa Saw aceeoedene neue 394,198 69, 850 79,072 543, 120
VOGMOTISCO KEY Clan sce oc tinabiocoonaes ecb acer ocedes 2,245,958 | 4,884,696 | 21,470,642 | 28, 601, 296.
Grandltotalee st See ee ek Sek See 31, 289, 826 | 6, 262, 867 | 22,362,435 | 59, 915, 128

Figures for the proportion of catch by the principal forms of gear
show that in southeast Alaska the total catch by seines dropped
from 50 per cent in 1912 to 48 per cent in 1913, while the trap catch
increased from 47 per cent in 1912 to 50 per cent in 1913. In central
Alaska, however, the reverse occurred, for the seine catch increased
from 40 to 47 per cent, while the trap catch decreased from 50.
per cent in 1912 to 46 per cent in 1913. In western Alaska seines
were used for the first time this year, except in an experimental way,
and the catch thus made was about 2 per cent of the total. The
catch by traps dropped from 6 per cent to 4 per cent this year,
and the gill net catch increased from 93 to 94 per cent.

PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CATCH OF SALMON BY THREE PRINCIPAL ForRMS OF GEAR.«.

Southeast Alaska. Central Alaska. Western Alaska.

Apparatus.
1912 1913 1912 1913 1912 1913
Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent.
Seines....... ae aac nese aise miniaid e'sicla iow 50 48 40u PO AUN eee eeckies 2
ERTADS cece ences cen te onan cae cacitecsacs 47 50 50 46 6 4
Gaiters ose ee oe cine e walbolsisiarsiews 2 2 9 7 93 94

es

100 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Considering Alaska as a whole, 30 per cent of the salmon caught
in 1913 were taken by seines, 32 per cent in traps, and 36 per cent
by means of gill nets. The year before, semnes took 31 per cent,
traps 33 per cent, and gill nets 34 per cent. Thus, for all Alaska,
1913 shows as to proportion of catch a gain of 1 per cent for seines,
a loss of 1 per cent for traps, and a gain of 2 per cent for gill nets.

The total catch of salmon in 1913 was 59,915,128 as against
60, 938, 945 in 1912, a decrease of 1,023,817. The number of reds
was about the same this year; kings gained 66,000; pinks gained
approximately 2,970,000; cohos fell off 620,000; and chums declined
3,433,000 in number this year.

STATISTICS.

The number of canneries in operation in Alaska during 1913 was
79 as compared with 87 for 1912. The total investment declined
from $33,759,295 in 1912 to $31,341,670 for 1913. The decrease
was chiefly in southeast Alaska.

The number of persons employed in 1912 was 17,705 and 16,513
in 1913, a decrease of 1,192 persons, also almost wholly in the south-
east section. Although there was a decrease of about 7 per cent
this year, it is interesting to note that both the numbers of whites
and natives show slight gains. This condition should inure to the
benefit of Alaska. Of the Oriental element, Japanese and Filipinos
are supplanting the declining numbers of Chinese.

In 1912 the pack of canned salmon was 4,054,641 cases, valued at
$16,291,927, while in 1913 it was 3,739,185 cases, valued at $13,531,604,
a decrease of 315,456 cases and $2,760,323 in value. By sections
the case pack comparison is as follows: Southeast Alaska declined
from 2,033,648 to 1,782,898 cases, a difference of 250,750 cases;
central Alaska dropped from 625,062 to 447,249 cases, a loss of
177, 813 cases; but in western Alaska there was an increase from
1,395,931 cases in 1912 to 1,509,038 cases in 1913, a gain of 113,107
cases. Comparisons by species show the following: The pack of cohos
declined from 166,198 to 75,779 cases, a loss of 90,419 cases; chums
dropped from 664,633 to 290,918, a loss of 373,715 cases; and kings
went from 43,317 down to 34,370, a decline of 8,947 cases; but pinks
increased from 1,280,138 to 1,372,881, a gain of 92,743 cases; and
reds also gained from 1,900,355 to 1,965,237, an increase of 64,882
cases. The net decrease, however, for 1913 was 315,456 cases,
due chiefly to the lighter pack of chums,

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 101

INVESTMENT IN THE SALMON-CANNING INDUSTRY IN 1913.

Items. Southeast Alaska.}| Central Alaska. Western Alaska. Total.

No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value.

Garinenies pices sssseceees 42 |$3, 946, 518 14 |$1, 416, 880 23 |$3, 136, 351 79 |$8, 499, 749
Working capital A er sens 4,298, 930 |........ 2,147,600 |.......- 5: 874.0001 [bse secos 11, 821, 430
WWicremmaldie cess. sees: | heroes 104637786) |Gceconen S038 950) | eee eee D516: 9500 | tees ee: 5, 356, 942
Vessels:
Power vessels over 5
(LOTS SE ohcrcreisiclese leoraicters 111 611, 149 44 471, 740 55 924, 120 210 | 2,007,009
Net tonnage....... OP STi Mae ase TAY ee eee 4) 909) ee ss ane SPURL | BBE ie
Launches under 5 tons. 39 47, 860 16 20, 527 18 27, 851 df 96, 238
Railings ohh. ee oee 8| 214,000 11] 412,236 34.| 864,932 53 | 1,491, 168
Net tonnage....... LOST Store ciate 18a eco rmicinialeini= 41 SpOnleeicemecetcec CS Ol Resse
Boats, sail and row.... 636 45, 241 442 41,832 | 1,056 207,688 | 2,134 294, 761
Wishters--s<jecsccecss 242 121,112 188 119, 666 145 163, 852 575 404, 630
Rileidriversecsetsaceee 38} 124,363 31 86, 316 19 41,375 88} 252, 054
Apparatus:
Haul seines.........-- 60 14, 200 47 AU 7AOBOU ERE acca |News ce soe 107 31, 585
HMathOms=. eeeeseiee AIO ta roerciscrersi= ESO eieterete eae eral Sere ese itellleieiseseieie wiaiele TS} R68 yl apres <2
Purse seines..... ecaware 184 81, 767 6 4,221 4,164 196 90, 152
BPathoms: : .2.ce0s% Davao gale mem sae ALSO aoe aaeae AAO NE eee oo ects 36; 002M coms < ocis -
Gilllnetseasesssson ee lon sey 30, 477 183 17,064 | 1,624] 192,883] 2,064] 240,424
Wathoms:sc-.cc-..- G2 Foy |b eee LOMA ObT teiece cas 234981 lh 5. csew nie SLO GSM a le crm ataepercte
Traps, driven......... 127 | 372,039 84] 271,538 13 19,369 224) 662,946
Traps, floating........ 36 CPG Sid Ben ooecalse seaocecos >saneeor Sbobeenosse 36 92, 553
Dip nets..... oy eee 18 29 Bieaetaicllsterereamwec|aeecsmee| boeseceses 18 29
otal < ...sc0 Se Checamete [prs rerarcte TR O46 O74 | eee BeQO0 Wo Son aes seer ena 7al aay ees snes 31, 341, 670
Persons ENGAGED IN THE SALMON-CANNING INDUSTRY IN 1913.
: hea Ce 1 Weste
Occupations and races. 8 eet ol Wes ann Total.
Fishermen:
IW DITeSSaoecs cee adcaoosadctacesescacesocuadconDpocsbe 584 752 2,027 3, 363
ITM GYATAS ha) corse Sioctajnice a slelroe Sots sclowaw cinceemateeicee 1,157 220 45 1, 422
qIDSRMOSH 4 5 22 Soc nedogsoes anos sdgoeopncoc ESS uu sae 2) aueeaceasce| macsaneecaar 2
MISCelATC OUIS|O SRE Ke ota c.sonacis nn acieeloaseeels(eeineisisieistes 74} WEE Gscanance pee cadecasee 2
FINO Gall Revert tote aces at soret atone aan cae ccicn 1,745 972 2,072 4,789
Shoresmen:
Wit eSBs: cccrase cetereitos one sisez otic cate diakceaisticss s 1, 157 474 1,520 3,151
INGIANS Ue esisnas penesrsstiss- ees aa seeeescet oe cceoe 1, 431 265 475 2,171
HINES trance mine Soin le sein arco a sete ae suds: cbereioemiqaiehioews 865 328 857 2,050
JAPANESE es doesn is sieisicieieicinsisiaioe evans miaicieleieieeiciercles= 787 252 571 1,610
IMiscellaneGusiG:tene samen oe see tales ose e aesianciesee 336 316 1, 257 1,909
Days iG ates et 0 oe Doe SRR a le Rene i Set ea 4,576 1, 635 4, 680 10, 891
Transporters:
INVADE SE oss crcore stale ciors + syaiaimicisio rd Soin sisiniaieie sists seco 293 171 360 824
NGAI eee ee cee cane en eee econ ise ceiseisis 2 6 1 9
FO fallin kre Si craveioiae siniaterels sitet sniatere loll wicteistteresisteaieiawinrs 295 177 361 833
Grand total:
Wi fests se scljcickiocesaccwsencnisorenacewe sjocs citens 2,034 1,397 3, 907 7, 338
RINGIANS Sa jsaeeieiaccnien sjoscioals siaisie's a\eie sis nae sacs see 2,590 491 521 3, 602
HIM CSO See see tnt coe eee ee csic Seniowcsiesiceeneees seer 865 328 857 2,050
dV OSWGSE.L 6 -capcubcopE cae ease ade ceaeecodee soocees: 789 252 571 1,612
MiscellanGOus|@ie so scioc soe lsiani aaeaieciscineiajeniogese 338 316 1, 257 1,911
io tall eee ie setae aces bach raaxstcnetares 6, 615 2, 784 7, 113 16, 513

@ Filipinos, Mexicans, negroes, Porto Ricans, etc., are included under the miscellaneous heads.

22889°—14——20

102'

ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Output oF CANNED SALMON IN 1913, By SPECIES AND S1zE oF CaSEs.2
OOOO .?> 0 Ts

Products.

Southeast Alaska,| Central Alaska. | Western Alaska. Total.

Coho, or silver: Cases. | Value. | Cases, | Value. | Cases. | Value. | Cases. | Value.
3-pound flat........ Socisbe AMSA PUN stl lene sono latondadas|KSoonoaad borsesaoc 3,587] $20,038
1-pound fat. .oscncsseenst 266 1 Of Eo soaas Hbsnonpce| bGoogsage| Spools 266 1,058
1-pound talloss....5-.c.-. 52,643] 175,750} 13,244) $44, 582 6,039) $20,226) . 71,926) 240,558

Total... ccecataesestecsac 56,496) 196, 846 44, 582 6,039} 20,226) 75,779} 261,654

Dog, or chum:
+-pound|flat.....5.0.2-25= O85)» «+2, 968) -5..02 see. .ocensea|soancseeelecokeeesr 985 2, 968
i poundslateescsccsseem = 2,619 Upp88) | Soaeancd |soesetece| boouaddod bonoctboe 2,619 7, 333
Apound tallesos.ceeees a. 254,040) 553,053| 5,038) 11,118] 28,236] 69,476) 287,314] 633, 647

Motal\ th csiacciesencics sc 257,644] 563,354; 5,038) 11,118) 28,236) 69,476} 290,918) 643,948

Humpback, or pink:

}pound flat.............. 20, 822 20,822} 87,198
d=pOund Nati..fseececesere 3, 258 r 2, 258 9,375
J-pound tall! --f222222225- 1, 265, 657/3, 241, 49,309] 126,360} 33,835] 86, 021/1, 348, 801) 3, 454,014

Total A eeccess Soscant: 1, 289, 7373, 338, 206] 49,309| 126,360] 33,835] 86, 0211, 372, 881] 3, 550, 587

King, or spring:

Found flatse-2-seceee--- SG ORO eaasaaelbeaccenoe 1,216] 7,786}. 1,585} 10, 487
1-pound tall: ..2.dicecete: 841] 2,698] 15,393] 61,882} 16,551| 63,986] 32,785] 128,566
ROtaliNestecces dace slcccce 1, 210 5,399| 15,393] 61, 882! 17,767; 71,772) 34,370) 139,053

Red, or sockeye:
dpounditiats-2--e= eee 19,936| 150,467} 4,957| 33,401] 4,148} 36,014] 29,041) 219, 882
1-pound flat... Seelh MU RRL Sie Hise Beene Lee Ce eee AI eRe 11,735] 63, 034
pound tallasse eens 146, 140| 668, 256| 359, 308/1, 638, 311/1, 419, 0136, 346, 879|1, 924, 461] 8, 653, 446

Total...seseeeeeeeeee--| 177,811] 881, 757| 364, 265]1, 671, 712)1, 423, 1616, 382, 893]1, 965, 237| 8, 936, 362
Grand total..........-- 1, 782, 898/4, 985, 562) 447, 249]1, 915, 654/1, 509, 038/6, 630, 388)3, 739, 185]13, 531, 604

a Half-pound cases contain 48 3-pound cans, but for convenience in comparing with the 1-pound cases,
which contain 48 cans, they have been reduced one-half in number, thus equaling in weight the 1-pound

cases.

Ourrut oF CANNED SALMON, 1907-1913.¢

Products. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Total.
Coho, or silver: Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases.
4-pound flat...... 485 105 Soecece es 163 1,574 2,719 3, 587 8, 633
j-pound flat...... 3,933 2,414 1, 206 2, 249 1,075 17 266 11, 160
1-pound tall...... 80,772 | 66,309 | 55,350 | 111,614 | 131,259) 163,462] 71,926 | 680,692
Motalcssecccsess 85, 190 68, 828 56,556 | 114,026 | 133,908 | 166,198 75,779 700, 485
Dog, or chum:
4-pound flat...... WAT ete saoccdl boseaseace bacconoadd boonaeosoc 2, 795 985 4, 026
1-pound flat...... 664 10%, |e cciesteate isl nnacisestieis (y+ ye) eee 2,619 10, 635
1-pound tall......| 183,262 | 218,406 | 120,712 | 254,218 | 316,550 | 661,838 | 287,314 | 2,042,300
Total...........| 184,172] 218,513 | 120,712 | 254,218 | 323,795 | 664,633 | 290,918 | 2,056, 961
Humpback, or pink:
}-pound flat...... 85795) oe sccceaedleseceacsies 3,188 4, 836 13, 712 20, 822 51,353
1-pound flat...... 7, 406 Ae). agecoceee 7,900 9.4377, ‘|suieee ese 3, 258 28, 570
1-pound tall...... 545,772 | 643,564 | 464,873 | 543,233 | 991,005 /1, 266, 426 |1,348, 801 | 5,803, 674
Motalweecceecre 561,973 | 644,133 | 464,873 | 554,321 |1,005,278 |1, 280,138 |1,372, 881 | 5, 883, 597
King, or spring:
i-pound flat...... 14 62)|Beeaeeeens 54 67 5, 151 1,585 6,933
1 pound tall...... 43,410 | 23,667! 48,034] 40,167! 45,451 | 38,166 32,785 | 271,680
Totaleeercsce eee 43,424 | 23,729] 48,034] 40,221] 45,518] 43,317] 34,370] 278,613
Red, or sockeye:
}-pound fiat...... 22,692 | 10,909 8,193 | 22,320] 13,601} 28,024] 29,041] 134,780
1-pound flat...... 29,821 | 26,950} 85,193 | 39,941 4,967 | 16,242] 11,735] 214,849
1-pound tall...... 1, 242; 600 1,613,911 |1, 611,916 |1,388, 006 |1, 296,750 |1,856,089 |1, 924, 461 |10, 933, 733
Motaleccsaseese- 1, 295,113 |1,651, 770 1,705,302 |1, 450, 267 {1,315,318 [1,900,355 |1,965, 237 |11, 283, 362
Grand total. ...|2, 169,872 |2, 606,973 |2,395, 477 |2, 413, 053 2, 828, 817 4,054,641 |3, 739,185 |20, 203, 018

« The }-pound cans have been reduced one-half in number and treated as 1-pound cans,

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 103

AVERAGE ANNUAL PRICE PER CASE oF 48 1-PounpD Tatt Cans or Satmon, 1905-1913.

Product. 1905 1906 1907 | 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913
Gono worisilvers.,...c<ecccc~ss $3.20 | $3.63 | $3.91 | $3.98 | $4.07 | $4.89 | $5.67 | $4.44 $3. 45
Warwonchuniae ee seate ese PG LEN WAGE ORGY OES | ELM Bar 2.37 2.22
Humpback, or pink......... 2.95 | 3.00 3.16 | 2.69 2. 40 3.15 3.94 2555 2. 58
Kein = VOrSpring= es secscscee S623 3. 8 4.18 | 4.20 4.32 5.34 6. 48 5.37 4.04
IREdNOr/SOCKCYC..-.<00ceccs-- 3.38 | 3.77 4.59 | 4.52 4.53 5. 30 6.33 5. 45 4.54
|

MILD CURING.

EXTENT AND METHODS.

In the salmon fisheries of Alaska, the process of mild curing takes
rank second only to that of canning. As a result of the successful
season in mild-cure operation during 1912, an unusual interest in
this field was exhibited during the spring and early summer of 1913.
Various new stations were built, and a greatly increased fleet of both
power boats and hand trollers began operations in April.

As was the case last season, the Forrester Island grounds proved
very attractive. This island is in a Federal bird reserve and is under
the control of the Department of Agriculture. New regulations were
promulgated by that Department in respect to fishing privileges
within the reserved waters about the island, and Game Warden
Cooper was stationed there to enforce the regulations. Also Dr.
Harold Heath, of Stanford University, spent most of the season on
the island making a study of its birds, fishes, and mammals.

The additional restrictions imposed this year as to fishing opera-
tions about Forrester Island limited the total number of power-boat
permits in effect at one time to 25. Also no permits were issued for
any boat not conforming absolutely with the navigational require-
ments of the Department of Commerce. And, in addition, no permit
was to be continued in force in the case of a person not abiding by
the rules of the fishing camp. Permits were also denied aliens who
desired to fish near the island.

A total of 398 rowboat permits were issued, though the highest
number in force at one time was 341. All told, 34 power-boat licenses
were granted. A number of power boats defied the authority of
the warden and fished in the restricted area without permission,
disappearing before they could be apprehended. Another year an
additional officer ought to be stationed at the island, and a seaworthy
power boat should be provided for his use. This season several
permits were revoked for various causes, and the former holders
were forced to leave the island.

No lives were lost this season, though there were a number of
narrow escapes. Several of the small boats were dashed to pieces
upon the rocks or were carried away during heavy blows. On
account of the exposed position of Forrester Island, and the heavy

104 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

weather frequently experienced, it is not possible to fish more than
four days a week on the average. A fund of about $600 was collected
from the fishermen to construct a runway to facilitate the landing of
the small boats. Prior to this many had been badly pounded on the
rocky shore as they landed in the swell or through the surf.

Operations began May 3 and officially came to a close August 12,
though a few hand boats remained several days longer. The low
price obtained for mild-cured salmon shortened the season.

The best day’s catch reported by any one hand troller was 52 king
salmon, while the high boat for the season caught fish to the value of
$650. The most successful power trolling boat caught $1,150 worth
of salmon thoughout the season. The price paid the fishermen
was $1 for red-meated and 30 cents each for white-meated fish.
Five companies engaged in buying fish at the island; the fish were
taken by run vessels to the shore stations on Prince of Wales and
Dall Islands.

Various fishing camps were established this season at the newly
developed trolling grounds north of Forrester Island, in the vicinity
of Noyes, San Lorenzo, San Pedro, Anguilla, Baker, and other islands
of the region. Also the older grounds on the inside reaches at Cape
Fanshaw, Union Bay, Cape Camaano, Point Baker, and other places
were fished extensively. But aside from the Forrester Island opera-
tions, the greatest activity in king salmon troll fishing centered at Port
Conclusion and at Port Alexander, a few miles above Cape Ommaney.
This is the first season that operations have been conducted here on
an extensive scale. The development of this region is in line with
the tendency of the last two seasons or so to get nearer to the sea to
anticipate the incoming run of salmon.

Fishing operations began about April 15, and, aside from a few
boats, the season ended the middle of July. The best catches were
made during the latter half of May and through the month of June.
There is also a fall season along in September and October, but the
low price did not warrant fall fishing this season. The constant
tendency of king salmon trollers to shift from place to place makes it
difficult to get exact figures as to the number of boats operating.
The best estimates for the Cape Ommaney region, however, are 300
power boats of all sizes and descriptions, and 400 hand trolling boats.
So numerous were the fishermen that not infrequently salmon were
snagged as the boats moved back and forth. As a matter of fact,
the field was overworked, and but few had a profitable season.

The power trollers fish more with spoons than bait, hence nearer
the surface. The result is that they take more small fish than
do the hand boat trollers, who use herring for bait more frequently
and catch most of their fish 10 or 12 fathoms below the surface.
There is no definite rule in the form of lure, as some days spoons

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 105

appear to be preferable while at other times bait does better. In
taking a hook, it is said that the salmon do not strike directly from the
rear as the lure moves slowly through the water, but instead they
circle and take it head on as it moves toward them. Fishermen think
that this supposed tendency results in the considerable number of
snagged fish for which the power trollers are responsible. As a matter
of fact, it is difficult to slow down the power boats as much as
should be, and for this reason they are apt to snag fish. A speed
of 2 miles an hour is fast enough. Drags are sometimes used to re-
duce speed.

Undoubtedly as a proper means of catching king salmon the power
boat is less desirable than the hand trolling boat. In the case of the
latter practically every fish hooked is landed, instead of the many
that are torn from the hooks of the power-boat fishermen. Some
of the larger power boats had as many as 10 lines out at one time—
2 from the mast, 4 from outriggers, and 2 each from 2 skiffs towed
behind.

The fishing gear for trolling usually consists of an Ewell-Stewart
no. 7 spoon, with either a no. 10 or no. 11 hook. Above the spoon
and swivel is a twisted wire snell about 3 feet long, and above this is
placed the lead sinker. Ordinarily 100 feet of line is used. The
favorite size is 48-thread hard-laid tanned line. Sinkers varying in
weight from 1 to 7 pounds are used by the hand trollers, while some-
times the power boats use weights of as much as 12 or 15 pounds. As
a rule the power boats do not fish with heavy enough sinkers, and this
also applies in a measure to hand trollers. Tests show that the larger
fish are caught 10 or 12 fathoms below the surface. They were not-
ably small this year, the average in the Cape Ommaney region being
approximately 17 pounds as taken from the water. One salmon
weighing 66 pounds was noted, but many were taken weighing only
5 or 6 pounds, or even less.

Most of the buyers paid the fishermen $1 each for red meated
kings and 30 cents for white meated, regardless of size. On the Taku
the fishermen received 44 cents a pound for red meated and 14 cents
a pound for white meated kings. One company in the Cape Om-
maney region paid 4 cents a pound for reds and 30 cents each for
whites; another concern part of the time paid 5 cents a pound for
reds and 2 cents a pound for whites. Where the fishermen took out
tierces and salt and packed the fish themselves, the prevailing price
was 11 cents a pound for fletches weighing 8 pounds each or more;
7 cents a pound for the medium-sized sides of 6 to 8 pounds; and 3
cents a pound for the sides running under 6 pounds each. Fish
caught by the hand trollers were regarded more highly by the buyers
than those taken by the power boats. A better price was some-
times paid to the hand trollers,

106 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

There was a good run of kings in the Taku this year; also the
traps in Icy Strait caught quite a few kings the early part of June.
Yor a first-class mild-cure product it is necessary to handle the fish
gently at all times. This rule was not observed faithfully in the case
of some of the trap fish, and the result was that the sides or fletches
showed broken or ruptured spots in the tissues of the flesh. The
gill-net fish from the Taku did not show these ruptures. The red-
meated kings from the Taku were mild-cured, while most of the
white-meated kind were frozen. It is said by some that king salmon
from the Taku command a better price in the German markets, to
which much of the mild-cured product goes, as they seem to have a
brighter appearance than those from other places. In the Taku
region the percentage of whites is higher some seasons than others,
but on the average it is about 15 per cent. The records of one com-
pany show that for a period of two weeks in 1910 nearly 48 per cent
of the king salmon received were white-meated. Taking a fair aver-
age of southeast Alaska as a whole, the catch of white-meated kings
runs about 18 per cent. The catch of whites is heaviest during the
early part of the season.

In the general method of mild-curing king salmon at the shore
stations, the fish are placed on a table with the heads projecting over
the edge. One man then cuts off the heads and the fish are scored
four or five times on each side so as to permit of better curing. The
next step is the removal of the viscera, following which a longitudinal
cut is made just above the backbone the entire length of the body,
and a similar cut is made just below the backbone. This divides the
fish into two sides or fletches, and the backbone and tail are thrown
away. In order to command the best price it is necessary to have
each side weigh 8 pounds or upwards. The medium grade as to size
runs from 6 to 8 pounds, while the smalls are under 6 pounds. For
each 800-pound tierce it takes on the average 70 sides or fletches of
the larger size. In the case of the mediums the average is 120 sides
per tierce, while the smalls run about 180 sides. Sometimes when
the fish run extra small they are opened up but not split into two
sides. The fletches are placed carefully in the tierces in layers of
salt, and after being headed up, the tierces are turned on their sides,
which causes the fletches to be on edge and thus allows the brine to
get in more effectively between them. After about 12 days the
tierces are opened and the fletches are sorted and repacked in fresh
brine, ready for shipment. They must at all times be kept in a cool
temperature.

It not infrequently happens that the so-called mild-cured king
salmon of Alaska is in reality more of a hard-pickled product. On
the Columbia River, where salting is light and the fish are kept at a
temperature of about 35 degrees, a truly mild-cured product is the

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 107

result, but in Alaska where tierces and salt are taken out by fisher-
men who have little knowledge of the process and have no cooling
facilities, it is necessary to use about one-third more salt, and the
resultant product almost passes from the mild-cure classification.
This, of course, does not apply to the shore stations where fish are
delivered in the round and are so packed as to insure a high-grade
mild-cured product. The heavier production this season, together
with the poorer quality of the rather carelessly prepared power-boat
pack, resulted in so lowering the price that, taken as a whole, returns
have not been satisfactory. Also, in this connection it must be noted
that the cost of production was greater this year, since most of the
fish were purchased at the flat rate of $1 each, irrespective of size,
and it so happened that the average weight was considerably lower
than in the past. Instead of the usual average of about 45 fish to a
tierce, this season’s general averages show that it took approximately
55 king salmon to fill a tierce.

Principal mild-cure plants.—With four plants in operation, Engelbr.
Wiese (Inc.) was engaged more extensively in the mild-cure business
than any other concern in Alaska this season. The station at Ketchi-
kan was operated the same as last year, but the plant at Howkan
was superseded by a new establishment at Waterfall on the west coast
of Prince of Wales Island, which location is more convenient to the
fishing grounds. This is a large plant with suitable cold-storage
machinery and storage capacity for about 300 tierces. The Wiese
company also built a new mild-cure station this season at Port Con-
clusion, a few miles north of the king salmon trolling ground about
Cape Ommaney. A 2}-ton ice-plant and storage facilities for 200
tierces were provided. The fourth Wiese plant was at Hoonah, where
a new building erected for the purpose was leased. from the Hoonah
Packing Co. King salmon from the Icy Strait traps were mild cured
at this establishment.

Another concern operating extensively in the mild-cure field in
Alaska was the Vendsyssal Packing Co., with headquarters at the
former whaling station at Tyee. This company also engaged in
mild-cure work at Sitka. The Columbia & Northern Fishing & Pack-
ing Co. engaged heavily in mild-cure operations, and in addition to
the main plant at Wrangell a floating receiving station was utilized
at Port Alexander near the lower end of Baranof Island, where fish
were received for transfer to Wrangell. The Pacific Coast & Norway
Packing Co. had a mild-cure station at Cape Fanshaw. Cold-room
facilities for 200 tierces were provided. Ice from a near-by glacier
was used for cooling purposes. Still another extensive operator in
the mild-cure business was J. Lindenberger (Inc.), at Craig. Ample
cold-storage and freezing facilities were afforded at this plant.

108 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

A new mild-cure station was built and operated in conjunction with
the cannery of the North Pacific Trading & Packing Co. at Klawak.
The facilities include cold-room capacity for 250 tierces and a 2-ton
ice machine. The cannery operated last year at Warm Chuck by
Swift, Arthur & Co., was used this year as a mild-cure station. The
company was reorganized under the name of the Swift-Arthur-
Crosby Co. (Inc.). A 2}-ton ice machine was put in, together with a
refrigerating room of 250 tierces capacity.

Other more important operators in mild-cure work in southeast
Alaska this season included the Diamond T Packing Co., of Ketchikan,
with also a floating auxiliary plant at Dall Island, and the Taku Can-
ning & Cold Storage Co., at Taku Harbor. The Sanborn-Cram Co. at
Burnett Inlet also put up mild-cure salmon before the canning season
opened, and the Kake Packing Co. was likewise engaged at Kake.
M. E. Lane put up mild-cure salmon at Union Bay, as did also Gott-
fried Friedrichs at Wrangell. M.B. Dahl had a floating plant at
Karheen and Port Alexander, and S. B. Reynolds, of Ketchikan,
also operated a floating plant of considerable importance. A floating
plant devoted chiefly to mild-cure and herring work was operated on
the steamer Neptune in the Cape Fanshaw district by the recently
organized Toledo Fish Co. Another company organized this year
was the Alaska Cooperative Fishing & Packing Co., composed chiefly
of business men and fishermen of Wrangell. A plant was erected
at the latter place with storage facilities for 200 tierces of salmon.
So far operations have been confined to the handling of mild-cure
salmon, but later it is expected that other branches of the industry
will be entered. In addition to those mentioned above, there were
various other less extensive operators in the mild-cure business in
southeast Alaska.

In the Dry Bay region, Capt. Malcolm Campbell, of Juneau, engaged
in mild-cure operations on the schooner Standard Fish Co. No. 2-
The fish were taken by means of gill nets, and it is notable that out of
a pack of 77 tierces none of the white-meated variety was observed.
The small steamer Dolphin, operated by John Berg, got a few tierces
of kings and a few barrels of sockeyes in the vicinity of Dry Bay.

Central Alaska came into the mild-cure work this year to a more
notable extent than heretofore. A few tierces of king salmon were
mild cured by L. Mikkelson at Abercrombie, which place is 55 miles out
from Cordova on the Copper River & Northwestern Railroad. His
principal business was salting red salmon. The Alganik Fish Co.
mild cured a few tierces of king salmon in the same region. This
season is the first for mild-cure work on the Copper River. In the
Cook Inlet country J. A. Herbert, of Seldovia, engaged for the first
time this season in mild-cure operations. The fish came chiefly from
two traps driven at favorable locations in Cook Inlet. The Puget

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 109

Sound & Alaska Fish Co., organized this year at Seattle, sent the
schooner Allie I. Algar to Cook Inlet, where a successful season was
spent mild curing king salmon.

The power schooner Bender Bros. was operated by J. E. Shields, of
Seattle, in mild-curing operations on the Kuskokwim River in western
Alaska. Although more than 150 tierces were packed, the under-
taking was not considered a success. The fish did not have the much-
desired bright silvery appearance; also, in order to keep the product
from spoiling, it was necessary to salt too heavily for mild curing. In
the central and western Alaska regions the lack of cold-storage facili-
ties is a bar against effective mild-cure work. It either becomes
necessary practically to hard-pickle the salmon or else run the risk
of spoiling on account of a lack of proper means of cooling. As in
Bering Sea and Cook Inlet waters practically all of the king salmon are

red meated.
StaTisticAaL SUMMARY.

The investment in mild-cure work this year was $1,165,866, as
compared with $326,152 in 1912. Although there was a very notable
advance in mild-cure operations this year, part of the gain in invest-
ment is due to the inclusion of working capital, which item was not
shown in the previous report. The number of fixed plants increased
from 15 in 1912 to 20 in 1913. The number of persons engaged
increased from 779 in 1912 to 2,644 in 1913. This gain was largely
of white fishermen in southeast Alaska. The total product of mild-
cured salmon increased from 5,245 tierces in 1912, valued at $399,852,
to 7,443 tierces in 1913, valued at $543,362, a gain of 2,198 tierces
and $144,510 in value.

INVESTMENT IN THE SALMON Mitp-Curine INDUSTRY IN 1913.

Items. Southeast Alaska.) Central Alaska. | Western Alaska.

Fixed plants...--.cse..c-s-.. 20 | $147,335 1 $500 1] $3,000
Operating capital...........-|..-....- 427,000 |......-- T7500! Seis icrsiem 5, 000
Vessels:

Power vessels over 5 tons. 41 | 143,600 2 9, 500 1 12,000
641 1 91

Launches under 5 tons. -. DIG AF SOONTOIOM: ¢ eeeaelh epee sre 2 600
Sai Seco cbr = scinc sia|looe- aeiea|sceciasscee 1
INeiqoTMAre t= sc2e- eee cceclh oan besten 150
Boats, sail and row....-. 1,490 46, 967 6
Lighters and scows....-.- 11 8, 350 2th ey pe OO a Asn ss oh). secede
PIGIATIVELS 2. siecje'=acceieic| sect aa|lnesjassccoe 1
Gear:
Hianliseineshscccncccss si
Mathonist - Saecees cos.

110 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Persons ENGAGED IN THE SALMON MiLp-Curine INDUSTRY IN 1913.

Occupations and races. ee ee eee Total.

Fishermen:
WWihitesiy% a= 025 see dese cke cence tet ee ee 2, 087 21 5 2, 113
indisns tee eeaccescccces cm amecsecne cision nacmacciscetes DID Ns aron ape siemratsye|| tataiaetaetosterre 2723
Shoresmen:
WIRIEES So Sa acres .cisialaraie'stoleia a5 ins ajaiareieterorele ier ein eloleisiacsie 134 2 7 143
In diansSoess scetececoon cee ete eineiniemicisiese acter at 10 5 40 53
@hintese? - 8 sss ccmacs seca es cies nae eivisercleies seas cleis cle Slelefeicictoicieiciota|| Sleleeteieteiaictaraie 1 L
Transporters:
AGES pee oe ele lelols ic imololeiniaiatotersioram stele siniereineiniereeinieareiaate 46 8 2 56
ANGI ANS Sas Saree ciaieciaaile wise e en sie cies atele lop teicleistalettelaaieier | iaistesieeieiisis 4a eleceminrstormare 4
Motel: Sess aee nan oak techs setae tae 2,549 40 55 2, 644
Propucts OF THE SALMON MiLp-Curine INDUSTRY IN 1913.
Species. Bae Pounds. Value.
Southeast Alaska:
Kini eal monies ee soca oe Mee ees Saree eee ae eee 6, 787 5,476, 364 $504, 382
Coho salmon Sree cesses cia seacin cle aicicia mee niciselesiserseaicia= @ 286 233, 697 11, 195
MObaleck< ft cede ct oats: susan cco cesaaceasceeene ceeere eae 7,073 5, 710, 061 515,577
Central Alaska? Kang Salmons = st seine a cstejeisis a aicinls)nisielelnleleisioeietete 219 177, 850 17,785
Western Alaska: Wing!salmon-.- 2 -osc22 se-eccccsctonnasmicneccens 151 124, 575 10, 000
Total:
Kang Sal MO Wee eis o owels cee olsleinieninle eleleis saleleielsincloeie wlaisieisieiciat= 7,157 5, 778, 789 532, 167
CONOISAlMOMEM oa sec cece sie s'ssleieclsicins s welsisio sicivieisierieleiats slaieir=iais 286 233, 697 11,195
Grand iGo tal eyeta~ a srantarerorejaletmaie cletslateicielaie'oiniereiajsintaveievslsleloteici=/== 7,443 6, 012, 486 543, 362

@ Includes 6 tierces chum salmon.
PICKLED SALMON.

Early in the season prospects for a remunerative return on pickled
salmon were so unalluring that interest in this field of endeavor was
much lessened. This was particularly true of southeast Alaska,
where mild-cure operations and the demands for canning diverted
attention from the pickling of salmon. As a matter of fact, the only
concern in southeast Alaska engaged in a strictly pickling venture
this season was the Holbrook Fishing & Packing Co. In central
Alaska there was considerable activity along this line, although the
Cordova Fish Packers Association, which was organized in 1912 and
put up a good sized pack of salt salmon, did not operate this year.
Saltery operations were conducted near Katalla, at Abercrombie (on
the Copper River), at Eshamy Bay, at Seward, and at two salteries
in the Kodiak region. It was in western Alaska that the greatest
activity in salt salmon occurred. The heavy run of reds, and the
overtaxing of canning facilities stimulated salting operations very
perceptibly.

The saltery doing business under the name of the Lagoon Salmon
Co., at Nelson Lagoon in western Alaska, was operated again this

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 11]

season by Libby, McNeill & Libby under option of purchase. This
company also acquired the saltery on the Igushik River formerly
owned by the Alaska Fishermen’s Packing Co.

The Port Heiden Packing Co. this year operated for the first time
a salting station at Port Heiden, using the brigantine Harriet G.
(188 tons) as a base of operations. Salting has been carried on at
this place from time to time in a desultory manner, but never hereto-
fore with any reputed degree of financial success.

This year Peter M. Nelson, whose former salting station on the
Tgushik River was absorbed by the Alaska Fishermen’s Packing Co.
in 1910, built and operated successfully a small plant of similar char-
acter near Kogiung. Some of the material for this plant was brought
from the old Bear River saltery near Port Moller.

SALMON BELLIEs.

There has been more activity in putting up salmon bellies this year
than for a season or so past. The supply has not been equal to the
demand, and there has been resort to the plan of cutting bellies from
pickled salmon. In southeast Alaska, where interest waned in the
canning of chums this season, a profitable utilization of bellies might
have been made. The chum belly is larger and better than the hump-
back belly. At one plant in southeast Alaska chum bellies were put
‘up and the backs were dry salted for exportation to the Orient.

In view of the fact that during the past season the business of
pickling salmon bellies has shown a marked increase, it seems proper
again to invite attention to an order promulgated by the Commis-
sioner of Fisheries on April 18, 1908, directing attention to the neces-
sity of disposing of the remaining edible portion of the fish when
bellies are pickled.

The order in question is as follows:

NOTICE TO PACKERS OF SALMON IN ALASKA,

It is desired to call the attention of all packers of salmon in Alaska to section 8 of the
act for the protection of the fisheries of Alaska, approved June 26, 1906, which reads as
follows:

‘Src. 8. That it shall be unlawful for any person, company, or corporation wantonly
to waste or destroy salmon or other food fishes taken or caught in any of the waters of
Alaska.’’

The present methods of preparing the bellies of salmon for the market involve the
waste of a large part of the edible portion of the fish. It is believed that this waste
is contrary to the spirit and letter of the above provision. The Secretary of Commerce
and Labor, who is charged with the enforcement of the Alaska fisheries act, has notified
this Bureau that the practice of curing and preserving the so-called belly of the salmon
which results in the waste of a large proportion of the edible portion of the fish, is a
wanton waste within the meaning of section 8 above, and that after January 1, 1909,
those who engage in this practice will be reported for prosecution, as provided for in
the act.

112 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

From the foregoing it will be noted that the law does not forbid the
preparation of salmon bellies, but it forbids waste of good material,
which has frequently occurred in the past.

Favorite methods of disposing of the remaining portion of the fish
are dry-salting or use for dog food.

STATISTICAL SUMMARY.

There were 24 salteries in operation this year as compared with 26
in 1912, and the number of persons employed was lessened from 538
to 478. The investment, however, shows an increase from $387,565
in 1912 to $445,377 in 1913. The production was larger this year,
but brought a smaller price. In 1912 the production was 34,639
barrels, valued at $306,534, while in 1913 it was 38,332 barrels,
valued at $279,249. Approximately 77 per cent of the product this
year was prepared in the Bristol Bay region.

INVESTMENT IN THE SALMON PicKLING INDUSTRY IN 1913.

Items. Southeast Alaska.| Central Alaska. | Western Alaska. Total.
No. Value. No Value No. Value. No. Value.
Balieriesse nasser snsccee sce 7 | $28,697 11 | $24,150 6 | $83,500 24 | $136,347
Operating capital. - (2 -2ii-s2o|b cc enwe 7600 finzccc. Ol, OD) ie. ceicieis AZO OOD E -Sieaie an 177, 700
Vessels:
Power vessels over 5 tons.| 3 9, 500 3 21, 000 3 16, 800 9 47,300
Net tonnage:.....--.... | GY acces cece Lit Eee rere B4 a oeatomets 163: | ss sesnseee
Launches under 5 tons. . .| 2 2,000 2 1,000 2 3,650 6 6, 650
Sailing coca es eon al E hess | eee al eo ryenma lees ieee 4| 26,500 4 26, 500
INE OLS eee emo Were ecco] oodcedses scousedd boscecesre Dl 28 7i\=/isanicretsiecs 128711) orotate
Boats, sail and row......- 17 595 46 2,780 59 9, 680 122 13, 055
Lighters and scows......- 4 1, 200 2 1,600 17 7,840 23 10, 640
PATOVGTIVOLS Sarcmie oie Sanie wis lo etaeroversia laiaieralorciereters 1 800 3 5, 000 4 5, 800
Gear:
FLA TINSOINGS sarees secs ease | 5 | 780 16 1,955 1 100 22 2,835
WathomS=2.<cccecse si A7D) | Gaeciaosese ADO A isiiseebieenid TOW stsmic cena ill OBO} | 33 seem
Purse seines..........--.- 2 (RD) ea neeos| Becoaooosc 1 600 1, 250
Mathoms-e -cjciecione sei THON seats s addee| oe eaeoct| ates ae W753) ote tel 4350) | on cigadaccs
Gillinetssoe eee oe eee 9 415 40 2, 443 65 6,410 114 9, 268
Wafhamst ins. sses sees BS5i|. Sketeenad OEGET) | Sean anes Si640'|) - see P2155 |Sreo scence
Sheesh Chen Oils accouaaqcos Hossocad| bodesonoene 1 2, 000 4 6, 000 5 8, 000
Dipmoetsseecesesserese eee 1 2 6 30!) os scces-|aaceneeees 7 32
Motaleeceaw saat eee cece ee Gl, 430) | pense. SB i858 Locke 295,080 |...-..-- 445,377
Persons ENGAGED IN THE SALMON-PICKLING INDUSTRY IN 1913.
ipa wih |
Se Southeast Central Western
Occupations and races. Waska: Masaka jAagtea® Total.
Fishermen:
IWIILOS aii Soe nemo cinfe ater sictannje' wales sine saat teceeert= 16 43 90 149
INBUIVOS! oc ccc cceocisciesiticios seein Seearcctisoaceee eter 12 64 21 97
ToOtaliwsccacs cccccossus.coceaens caemsioecion ster ecee 28 107 lll 246
Shoresmen:
1). 0000: Pe Ree Cea enone ary or Se sth as 12 22 102 136
IN BHIVES) sok). ob aioe catciclonn ecite aac wbled sen wee btaeee eee 25 24 34 83
VADANESCL so cco aio siein sick eee eae ie eee eineicle se 2 LN SE AE yamoc 3
OUR okra cine scc'a’ed vice blac oan /eeisete Cerae race ateres tae 39 47 136 222
Transporters: |
Whites Poiclo alae ote a siciardis Saisie pate tac ee ers pee aati eee Veco Be cuereetae 1 3 4
Watives= (sev oeh se sete eee ck ae ee ee ee 5 1 6
TOM Scarce moceccwcecss sccme tice sbesciosinies teetenleceeereeeeee 6 4 10
Grand! totaless seccosS Sess cco ccc ce nceceneceseeem 67 160 251 478

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 113

BARRELS? oF SALMON PICKLED IN 1913, BY SPECIES.

Southeast Central Western
Products. Alaska. Alaska. Alaska. Total.
No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value
Cohoworisilver.-.scs--c.<<4--- 476 | $2,980 88 $734 442 | $2,738 | 1,006 $6, 452
Gaohopbellbes sso oS... oc sooreaetorecalebc cee one 38 706 16 240 54 94
MOF VOvICHUM soo .ae oa psces sss 95 MOO) e236 tare ls esistersricrae 5 18 100 778
@humibelliese sos... -cac ache 59 775 1 16 7 150 67 941
Humpback, or pink.......... 2, 289 15, 635 435 2) DAG Sawocicoc|sececceess 2,724 18, 181
Humpback bellies............ 284 4,065 40 ABI Se Ss ee essa aws ee 324 4,546
KEINE SOF SPLINE. .c25. maces eslocceeecelaesisssee ae 26 260 109 1, 150 135 1,410
Hedworisockeye 2 fie ck bcos 69 598 | 5,091 36,610 | 28,756 | 208,697 | 33,916 245, 905
edibellies is esac scetnw econ ob caceelcmers cemsod 6 908 scasecclsctossccec 6 90

Minialeeet case Unc ook2 | 3,272 | 24,813 | 5,725 | 41,443 | 29,335 | 212,993 | 38,332 | 279, 249

« Barrels holding 200 pounds of fish.

FRESH SALMON.
SHIPPED FROM ALASKA.

As for several years past, considerable attention was devoted during
1913 to the shipment of fresh salmon to Puget Sound from Petersburg,
Wrangell, Juneau, and Ketchikan. ‘The fish are packed in ice in
boxes holding about 450 pounds and are handled by the regular
steamship lines. This year shows a falling off in the quantity of
salmon handled in a fresh state, which condition may be explained
by the fact that other means of disposal have seemed to offer a more
substantial return. The records show that during 1913 shipments
of fresh salmon from Alaska aggregated 645,956 pounds, valued at
$51,727. In 1912 shipments totaled 1,188,649 pounds, valued at
$87,463.

MARKETED LOCALLY IN ALASKA.

No definite figures are available as to the exact quantity of fresh
fish distributed and consumed in Alaska through the local markets.
With the increase of population, particularly in certain sections of
southeast Alaska, this industry has grown to considerable propor-
tions. Careful estimates place the total consumption of fresh fish
purchased either at local markets or from fishermen at 500,000
pounds, valued at $40,000. Of this, 50 per cent is halibut, 35 per
cent salmon, and 15 per cent is miscellaneous fishes, including black
cod, herring, bass, and other species. Local prices vary from an
average of 7 cents per pound for halibut to 10 or 12 cents for salmon.

FROZEN SALMON.

The freezing of Alaska salmon was carried on in connection with
other cold-storage business at several different plants in Alaska.
These included the Taku Canning & Cold Storage Co. at Taku Harbor,
J. Lindenberger (Inc.) at Craig, the New England Fish Co. at Ketchi-

114 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

kan, and the Columbia & Northern Fishing & Packing Co. at Wrangell,
which establishments operated prior to this year, and the new plants
of the Juneau Cold Storage Co. at Juneau, the Booth Fisheries Co. at
Sitka, and the floating cold-storage ship, Glory of the Seas, operated
by the Glacier Fisheries Co. at Idaho Inlet. Another cold-storage
plant is now in process of construction at Ketchikan. The Weiding
& Independent Fisheries Co., which had the combined floating can-
nery and cold-storage ship Wiliam H. Smith at Saginaw Bay last
season, was the only withdrawal from the frozen-fish field in Alaska
this year.

In freezing salmon it is essential that they be sleek and smooth, as
a bruised appearance makes them unprofitable to market. For this
reason it is better to freeze salmon that are caught in traps, as they
are less apt to be marred in handling than those taken in seines and
other gear.

During 1913 salmon were frozen to the extent of 701,418 pounds,
valued at $28,057. This is a gain of 250,359 pounds and $7,770 in
value as compared with 1912.

SALMON FROZEN IN ALASKA IN 1913.

Species. Pounds. Value.
Cohosalmon eer cos jwise ns ciemecee eo eniemicine Mera e wemine cme ocisieeieisist el aacticte aise saints 340, 908 $16, 425
ID OSSATIN ONE ates clinics miniiscnicnte lessee ect cress cielo amiss eimisicts cicteinioleoisieinicicione 330, 537 10, 406
MEIN SSALMONE Soc on eclecre ie sale ineice of cle wolerele reisian sictelcte wisteiele oie olsteise ese etcieletnletseee 29,973 1, 226
Do tal sceiscisndpisioieoscmecicn meats erstoleninjajaes alaiaisieleielnistaleistcinicicininesieisieeeisieiemictecisicis 701, 418 28,057

MINOR PRESERVING PROCESSES.

SPECIAL PrRopwcts.

Though there is a strong modern-day tendency to specialize in
food products along the line of novelties put up in attractive and
fancy ways, the field of special fishery products has not been devel-
oped proportionately with others. This is particularly true as
regards combination products having fish as the chief constituent.
The notable exception so far as Alaska is concerned, has been the
work of the Revilla Fish Products Co. at Ketchikan, where, in 1912,
several thousand cases of fish pudding, smoked salmon loaf, smoked fish
loaf, deviled halibut, and canned halibut were put up. In addition to
the salmon, cod, or halibut which formed the base of these preparations,
cereals, oils, and spices were used. This company is the first to en-
gage in the preparation of these products, and their high grade and
attractive appearance warrant a hearty reception at the hands of the
public. The chief difficulty to date has been a lack of proper adver-
tising to acquaint the trade and market with the merits of the
product. With a little more time and means to advertise and demon-

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 115

strate these specialties, a good trade ought to be built up. The Re-
villa Fish Products Co. did not operate during the season of 1913.

_ Another special product that might be prepared is salmon caviare.
The process involved consists of salting, screening, and packing the
roe in glass jars with a tin top, or in other suitable containers. A
wholesome product can be prepared profitably and at a price that will
put it within common reach. <A small quantity was prepared this

year.
KIepERED SALMON.

A field which would seem susceptible of profitable and extensive
expansion, particularly in southeast Alaska, is the smoking or kipper-
ing of salmon, perhaps largely the white-meated fish. Neither as a
mild-cured nor as a canned product does the white king command a
price commensurate with its real value as compared with its more
favored kin of higher color. Therefore, in casting about for means
of utilizing the white king to better advantage, consideration might
well be given the plan of preparing a smoked or kippered product.
A ready market is assured.

Last year William E. Lloyd, of Wrangell, prepared a limited
amount of this very palatable salmon product, and this year the work
was prosecuted somewhat more vigorously. Local demands are
about all that have been taken account of so far. This season C. B.
Ferguson, of Craig, smoked 5,900 pounds of salmon, valued at $498.

As a feature of its new plant at Juneau, the Juneau Cold Storage
Co. has installed a large and substantial smokehouse, where it is
intended to prepare various kippered products.

Dry SALT SALMON.

At M. E. Lane’s saltery at Union Bay, 100,000 pounds of pink and
chum salmon backs were dry-salted for the oriental market. This
work was incidental to the salting of bellies, and was adopted as a
means of utilizing the backs. The Admiralty Trading Co. dry-salted
5,282 pounds of chum salmon, and at Metlakahtla 16,000 pounds of
pink backs were similarly prepared by John Davis. The total value
ef the dry salt salmon products this year was $1,235.

SALMON FISHING ON THE YUKON.

Salmon constitutes the principal diet of many of the natives of
interior Alaska. Without the salmon run to depend upon, the lower
Yukon natives could not exist, as there is but little other food obtain-
able. On the Yukon above Kokrines, and on the Tanana, the natives
also live principally upon salmon, but they have in addition a variety
of big game with which the salmon diet may be supplemented. Dur-
ing their long journey up the Yukon, as far as the Tanana and other
tributary streams, the salmon as a rule become quite thin and the

116 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

flesh loses its rich and oily characteristic. This is especially true
during the latter part of the season. In consequence, the fish are
not much esteemed by the white population for use in a fresh state
except early in the season.

On the Tanana and Yukon as far down as Nulato small fish wheels
are almost entirely used in the capture of salmon, but from Anvik
down various rather primitive styles of traps are used. In either
case they are usually placed near some rocky point or curve in the
river. In the vicinity of Nome a few small seines are used by the
Eskimos. The fish taken by the latter are consumed locally. Early
in June, soon after the break-up of the rivers, nearly every family of
natives starts for the site of its intended fish wheel or trap, as the
case may be. The bucks put in the fishing apparatus, after which
it is attended by the squaws, who also clean and smoke or otherwise
prepare the fish. From June 10 to 15 the king salmon, the first fish
of the season, begins torun. This run lasts about a month, and each
Indian catches on the average anywhere from 60 to 125 fish. In
July the runs of coho and dog salmon begin, and continue until well
along in August. It is estimated that during the season an Indian
will catch from 300 to 600 coho and from 1,200 to 1,500 dog salmon.
A white man will catch several times as many fish as a native, but
there are very few white fishermen engaged. They are mostly squaw-
men who live and catch their fish near some white settlement where
they can dispose of them for dog feed.

Practically all of the salmon caught in the interior of Alaska are
smoked and dried, though early in the season a few are sold fresh.
The Indians sell the best fish of their catch and eat the remainder
or feed it to their dogs. The salmon as dried and sold for dog feed
are handled by traders who retail this commodity at prices ranging
from 10 to 124 cents per pound. Most of the fish sold to whites for
human consumption are lightly smoked.

HALIBUT FISHERY.

CONDITIONS AND PROSPECTS.

The commercial value of the halibut fishery of the Pacific now
greatly exceeds that of the Atlantic, and in Alaska, as in British
Columbia, it is second in importance only to the salmon fishery.

The great size of the halibut, the trifling loss of weight in dressing
for market, and the generally remunerative price which it commands
render its pursuit attractive to the fisherman, while its clean, white,
firm-grained flesh and its capacity to withstand much handling and
distant shipment, also its susceptibility of preservation in a fresh
state for extended periods without serious loss in palatable flavor,
find favor alike with dealer and consumer.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. i rg

In food value the halibut has high rank. Compared with meat its
low price and minimum of waste in preparing for the table combine
to make it a favorite with an ever-increasing number of consumers.
For some years a prejudice against cold-storage halibut from so dis-
tant a source as the North Pacific had a tendency to deter its extended
use in the Eastern States, but, as a result primarliy of the care exer-
cised in handling and transporting, this has been entirely overcome.
The growth of the trade has since been remarkable, with every pros-
pect of a steady continuance under the present methods of distribu-
tion.

Judged by statistics of shipments, the Pacific halibut shows no
decline in abundance, yet the fact remains that for some years past
larger vessels of increasing power and steaming radius have become
necessary to supply the market requirements. The greater part of
the halibut brought into Pacific ports formerly originated from that
wonderful network of channels and fiords which cut into the coasts
of British Columbia and southeast Alaska. Now, however, the most
important supply is from grounds off the outer coasts, and these
erounds are being steadily developed at points more and more remote
from the home ports. Small power craft continue to deliver quan-
tities of halibut yielded by the banks of the mner channels, but it
is generally conceded that the maximum of their productivity has been
reached if not, in some instances, actually passed. While Frederick
Sound, Chatham Strait, and Icy Strait, in their wid>r reaches, continue
to receive attention from a few of the larger craft, one of the present
- favorite grounds for the best-found vessels is that off Yakutat. During
the past few months explorations have been carried on by practical
fishermen in the Prince William Sound district, and their favorable
reports lead to the belief that a considerable development of the indus-
try may follow in that region.

It is a general belief that there is little waste in the halibut fishery,
but this is not strictly true. Halibut are almost exclusively caught
on trawl or ground lines, which, equipped with hundreds of hooks,
are set out from dories in great lengths over the bottom. At inter-
vals, as the weather permits, the lines are under-run, the catch re-
moved, hooks rebaited, and the lines reset, this work also being done
from dories. After careful inquiry among halibut fishermen them-
selves, it is believed to be asafe estimate that for every halibut caught
at least one other fish of more or less value as food is taken from the
hooks. With those rare exceptions when black cod are retained, all
these fish are thrown back into the sea, either dead or soon to perish.
Except in so far as they may become food for other species, they may
be regarded as a total economic loss. The fishermen have so little
space in their dories that they seldom give the cheaper fishes boat
room, yet a great many of them have distinct market value. The

22889°—14 21

118 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

most abundant are the red rockfishes and the black cod, with the
former predominating in number when all grounds are considered.
True cod are found in largest numbers where the depletion of halibut
is most pronounced; and deep-sea soles, flounders, and skates are
most numerous on a muddy bottom. It is certain that the total
quantity of these fishes at present wasted is enormous in the aggre-
gate; in weight it is probably at least one-half that of the halibut
itself. That such a situation should not long be allowed to continue
is obvious.

Stormy weather, during which it is too rough to work from dories,
occurs very frequently during the winter months, and it often
happens that a large quantity of gear set out is never recovered. In
the meantime the baited hooks resting on the bottom continue to
lure and capture fish which are never brought to the surface, and which
inevitably come to a miserable end. How important a factor this
condition is in the depletion of the grounds is problematical, but in
those regions most subject to unfavorable weather it certainly must
contribute in no little degree to the threatened future of the fishery.
Fishermen freely admit heavy losses of gear, and do not deny that
the results of such losses can not help being felt in time. The inter-
vals of fair weather are so infrequent during the period in the region
under discussion that every moment when dory fishing may be car-
ried on is taken advantage of, and frequently lines are laid out on the
mere chance that they may be recovered later, notwithstanding that
all signs point to the contrary.

As a result of this, and probably due in part also to the establish-
ment of cold-storage plants in close proximity to the more prolific
fishing localities, another change in the type of vessels and their
methods has been inaugurated. This latest development is toward a
reduction in the size, power, and cost of maintenance of halibut
cruisers. The idea is that they shall be sufficiently large to remain at
sea in moderately heavy weather, such as when trawl-line work from
dories would be unsafe, and at such times to set, under-run, and reset
the lines from the main craft itself. To this end the power ‘‘gurdy,”
a sort of winch for lifting the ground line from the bottom, has been
devised and may be expected to come more and more into general use.
As the employment of power entails a greater strain on the gear
handled, the tendency is toward the use of heavier ground lines, and
one dealer in Seattle has already laid in a supply of 36-pound stuff to
take the place of the 30 and 32 pound articles at present in vogue.

That a further development of the halibut-fishing industry may be
expected with the opening of the Panama Canal is not improbable.
It is reported that agents of certain Atlantic steamship lines are
already planning to equip vessels with cold-storage accommodations
of several hundred tons capacity each, with a view to the transporta-

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 119

tion of choice fish from north Pacific ports to European markets.
With so potential an expansion of market demands, it seems not
unreasonable to suppose that the present waste of the food fishes
taken incidentally with the halibut may be nullified if present
tendencies to save them develop in the manner hoped for. Where the
lines are lifted from the bottom by power and the catch is landed on
the deck of the cruiser itself there is no reason why all food fishes
should not be struck into the hold and carried to a cold-storage plant
adjacent to the fishing ground, there to be cared for until shipment to
the distributing centers.

In the matter of cold storage and freezing the halibut industry has
made notable advances in southeast Alaska this year. The thor-
oughly wholesome condition and appetizing appearance of the frozen
halibut, with its thin coating of clear ice which effects an absolute
hermetical sealing, is bringing this fish to the popular attention it
rightly deserves.

Three new companies have engaged in cold-storage halibut opera-
tions this year as the chief feature of their business. These are the
Juneau Cold Storage Co. at Juneau; the Booth Fisheries Co. at Sitka;
and the floating plant of the Glacier Fisheries Co. on the ship Glory
of the Seas, located at Idaho Inlet. The Columbia & Northern Fishing
& Packing Co. at Wrangell has also extended its business this year to
include cold-storage facilities. Other concerns which engaged again
this year in cold storage and other operations were the New England
Fish Company at Ketchikan; Taku Canning & Cold Storage Co. at
Taku Harbor; and J. Lindenberger (Inc.) at Craig. The combined
cold-storage and canning plant operated last year by the Weiding &
Independent Fisheries Co. on the ship William H. Smith was not sent
north this season. The schooner Metha Nelson, which did cold-stor-
age work in the vicinity of Kodiak last year, was not operated this
season.

The new plant of the Booth Fisheries Co. at Sitka appears to be
very favorably located as regards proximity to the halibut grounds.
A modern plant has been erected with storage capacity of 500,000
pounds; two sharp freezers have been installed with a total daily
capacity of 25,000 pounds. Announcement has been made that the
plant will be enlarged soon.

In addition to other features of its business, the Juneau Cold Stor-
age Co. has storage capacity of upwards of 300,000 pounds of frozen
fish. A 14-ton ice plant has been installed and there is storage space
for 150 tons of ice. Although the principal business of the Columbia
& Northern Fishing & Packing Co. at Wrangell this season has been
the mild curing of king salmon, a considerable quantity of halibut
has been frozen. A sharp freezer of 10 tons capacity has been
installed and there is storage room for 150,000 pounds of frozen fish.

120 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

A very complete cold-storage plant was installed by the Glacier
Fisheries Co. on the ship Glory of the Seas, which vessel during the last
two years has been operated as a floating cannery. The daily capac-
ity of the sharp freezers is 60,000 pounds, while the total cold: stor-
age facilities will enable the handling of approximately 3,000,000
pounds. The vessel was towed to Idaho Inlet in June and was
brought back to Seattle in the fall with the season’s product. The
Taku Canning & Cold Storage Co. at Taku Harbor has storage
capacity for approximately 450,000 pounds of fish. This concern
utilized, in part, the barge Dashing Wave in connection with its cold-
storage operations. The largest cold-storage plant in Alaska is that
of the New England Fish Co. at Ketchikan, which now has facilities
for handling 100,000 pounds daily and a total storage capacity of
6,000,000 pounds.

In connection with what has been said elsewhere concerning the
utlization of those products of the fisheries now generally regarded
as waste, it may not be out of place to call attention to the very
considerable quantity of nutritive material which is a part of the
head of the halibut. In northwestern Europe this is considered
the choicest part of the fish and many delicacies are prepared from
it. If the heads of the large numbers of halibut taken in Alaska
could reach the hands of such establishments as the Revilla Fish
Products Co., at Ketchikan, where various special fishery preparations
have already been put on the market, it would appear that a further
value might accrue to the halibut fishery.

While fresh and frozen herring continue to be the favorite bait
for halibut on the offshore grounds, also on the inside banks during
the winter months, it has been found that fresh salmon is a su _erior
attraction in the regions adjacent to the canneries and salteries
during the salmon-packing season. At this time the halbut are
enticed from distant points, probably by the offal from the packing
establishments, and as long as the canning season continues a hook
baited with a liberal piece of salmon is said to surpass all other
lures.

The serious strike of halibut fishermen operating chiefly from
headquarters on Puget Sound, which began on November 14, 1912,
was amicably terminated about the first of February of the present
year. Since this time no further labor disturbances have occurred.

The only serious disaster to the halibut fleet during the season
of 1913 was the loss of the steamer Weiding, formerly the Weiding
Bros., of Seattle (120 net tons), which was sunk off the Queen Char-
lotte Islands on July 23. No lives were lost. Weather conditions
were remarkably favorable to halibut-fishing operations until early
in September, subsequent to which an unusual series of storms suc-
ceeded each other to the close of the year.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 121

While vague and unconfirmed reports of halibut poaching by Cana-
dian fishermen in American waters have been heard from time to time,
it is not believed that it has been indulged in to any considerable
extent. On the other hand, complaint is made that American
fishermen are not accorded the same measure of accommodation
in transit that is granted to the Canadians. The most common
demur is that while British vessels regularly take on fuel, bait, and
other supples in Alaskan ports, similar practices by Americans
are discouraged by the Canadian authorities. It is understood
that a bill permitting American fishing vessels to enter British
Columbia ports to take on bait is now before the provincial par-
hament. It is to be hoped that the bill may become a law.

During December, 1913, one of the revenue cutters gave attentior
to the question of whether alien vessels were taking halibut within
the 3-mile limit on the lately developed banks between Yakutat
and Prince William Sound. It was found that most of the fish
are taken in depths of from 40 fathoms to the 100-fathom curve, which
in this region are at least 3 miles offshore.

STATISTICAL SUMMARY.

On account of the entrance of four new companies in the halibut-
freezing business and the construction of new vessels the invest-
ment in halibut operations increased from $2,036,050 in 1912 to
$2,360,025 in 1913, a gain of $323,975. The number of persons
engaged also increased from 1,038 in 1912 to 1,256 in 1913, a gain of
218 persons. More activity was displayed this year by small power
boats operating on the inside reaches. These small boats fished
chiefly for the cold-storage plants. Returns show that the weight of
prepared halibut products credited to Alaska in 1913 is 13,437,784
pounds as compared with 16,896,743 pounds in 1912, a decrease of
3,458,959 pounds. The figures shown refer to all vessels fishing for
plants operated in Alaska, as well as those vessels from Puget Sound
fishing in Alaska waters, with the exception that catches from extra-
territorial waters of Alaska landed directly at Puget Sound ports by
the fishing vessels are not included.

INVESTMENT IN THE ALASKA HALisuT FISHERIES IN 1913.

Items. Number. Value.

HishingivesseiseStoa mer ANndypOW Clie. aoc’ ccna ccia saltoaicinivin s cise wie swisletoe weealae'c 162 | $1,212,000

TROND LO Bee eyetelefeiacotein sane wis eisic ae eile ew ioiis wae miom see eco es Wace Seeecseineseecte SGV fal Beene Cat

OUCH tes eerie ee oe bats use nciemuies as sites els ie cecal annis ee Nese nck edawes Sees ees ees 582, 225
Boats:

PO D1GS See a rays tatiana oie Sie = icin ele lawiard Sate o atee GaticMielae ada seencedenetls 441 22,050

Sill 2 se Gods adste Ade SSSS DG ROSS CU Ss Se Seer ena ee aati 6 575
ApPparatus-uEawlsiamcdhnShincc ear ses 5230 es ok oe Boe sib cece ee owcwcisiceel settee leas 73,175
Shore and seumnoneniveasrnecew stem esece seca cee a eect eae ruc cere orli mone ceneese 470, 000

OtAleeecMae epee seaeacn ere tones creasacce cote csccctiencccsdacatseddsscdess|sascccccele 2,360, 025

122 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Persons ENGAGED IN THE ALASKA Hauiput FISHERIES IN 1913.

Races. Number.
WINIECS 2s ae cet c'a cians ac coco mee oes os sjals sscisciaw areleainas cpelaeateleiw bc nleisinicioe nei elena telaleinimemieisieterstat= 1, 216
INSTIVESEE oo cccuisecnc cceaalcee vaste osinee acct ccemer mom ane ainee conicicouic sceliclsleacicctsisisaisetleineiinee 40
JOTI Re Re Gone HAO CDS Cono CRD OCHEBaC SSH DEadadannconbéccnsdcbdsnsadodbadosoccocecesssce 1, 256

Propucts OF THE ALASKA HaA.iBuT FISHERIES IN 1913.

Products. Pounds.a Vaiue.
Halibut:
IRNES Maye ictateleetatec cote cowie lees eleinieieie mieeinisteisi-eecistasiatie/ielne sienna aiseiaieeareeriats 3, 642, 163 $114, 277
TINO ZOE er Perens | acts Sean ictace Stee eileleielenisne ec fei scle cloielcleard.ccetalctaiatotelsreicisioeye 9, 987, 310 454, 320
Winygsaltederecemsmastins ccc sinseicce closiioeie mise Cerise clseceriiesisisee cleleteisieteleist= 21,159 830
HW OtCH Gd) Soa sacecwicccteciccinctsinccle ceisis sie inisiaiianiaer ete cine eeicteicie @loaisteisieieistesiaicice 37, 152 1,857
MOtalea ca jencwenclasoacseciclsjelateccinsiaseclewiclos wee eeicwiciinc cee scsicseitesieieee ers 13, 687, 784 571,314

a Prepared weight.

COD FISHERY.

The cod industry in Alaska waters has been in a flourishing condi-
tion this year. All vessels took full fares, and the shore stations did
well. This may be accounted for largely by the fact that, taken as a
whole, weather conditions for the inside operations at the shore
stations, also in Bering Sea, were unusually favorable. The offshore
vessel catch in the Pacific, however, was considerably lessened by
heavy weather.

One man was lost from the schooner Fanny Dutard, of the Matheson
Fisheries Co., and the Union Fish Co. lost a man from one of its
shore stations.

VESSEL FISHERY.

On the night of March 29, returning from the Alaska shore stations
with a cargo of 145,000 codfish, the schooner John D. Spreckels,
operated by the Alaska Codfish Co., was run down off the California
coast by the steamship Statesman and lost. A heavy fog was respon-
sible for the disaster. Two seamen on the schooner were crushed
to death. The cargo also was lost.

The Pacific Coast Codfish Co. operated for the first time this season
the 328-ton schooner Charles R. Wilson. This company also had the
the schooner John A., which has been in service for several seasons.
Operations were confined to sea fishing. The Blom Codfish Co. did
not send the schooner Fortuna north this year.

Early in the season the Union Fish Co. equipped the schooner Vega
(233 tons) and the power schooner Union Jack (39 tons) with trawl
lines designed on the general plan of halibut trawls. Virtually the

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 123

entire catch of these vessels was made in this way. Each dory with
two men used 14 ground lines to a set, each ground line being 50
fathoms long and having 75 hooks. The Vega fished outside in water
as deep as 120 fathoms, while the Union Jack operated on the inside
Shumagin banks in from 50 to 70 fathoms of water.

Later in the season an Atwood net lifter operated by a 4-horsepower
gasoline engine was installed on the Union Jack and was found to oper-
ate very successfully in lifting the trawls. This type of lifter is much
the same as that employed on the Great Lakes for handling gill nets
in lake trout and whitefish operations. A marked advantage of
using the lifter in Alaska for cod work is that since the entire opera-
‘tion is from the deck of the vessel, it can be continued when heavy
weather makes dory fishing impossible.

In its cod operations the Union Fish Co. also experimented suc-
cessfully with gill nets set on the bottom in from 50 to 70 fathoms.
About 74 inches appears to be the best size of mesh. Each net was
125 yards iong and 153 meshes deep and heavily leaded. Special
cedar floats were used, but since they get waterlogged an aluminum
float is better.

Plans are under way for the experimental use this winter of a small
beam trawl in the central Alaska cod fishery.

The following vessels were operated in connection with the Alaska
cod fishery this year:

Ataska Cop FLEET, 1913.

= N
Names. Class. eee Operators.
|
BannyeDitardcosesncesesiecies schoonerssnecercee 252 | Matheson Fisheries Co., Anacortes, Wash.
Mai dvolOrleans << sssccicss< = 4|- 215-2 ClO) SaemeaoCoouE 171 0.
INN CORSA eet tcsefccceeees sel acces GOs soecessccicers 220 | Robinson Fisheries Co., Anacortes, Wash.
ROHN PA See axe eemcscimnce cece sees Cheese eemaccene 235 | Pacific Coast Codfish Co., Seattle, Wash.
@harlesi hs WilSOMsa- econ |= 2- GOsesaaerctelaec ce 328 Do.
AVES res Dam ONG Sof csisrsisarcisiecrel| seas oes? sascscccals 376 | Alaska Codfish Co., San Francisco, Cal.
FORMS pPreckels Gos ee ccccccle ae. GOsste se. Saccer 253 Do.
CityrotuPanee tesa eee cence Barkentine_.-..... 370 Do.
Nonpareilmoneaccetce secs cen - Power schooner... 31 Do.
Optilieshjord seen 4. scene cose schooner: =-2.2 se 247 Fecite States Trading Co., San Francisco
al.
BercnaD Olbeer be ces cee sce ee cline ca QOtaeaacsieesice 230 Do.
WeSidiencercccsccc- sce ceeccnec|necae Gotz -eeneeceion: 233 | Union Fish Co., San Francisco, Cal.
Galilee sere ee cacie nic ojaieieies steeie yal lepers 28 OO sce ecmcjeciseiss 328 0.
SCOU Ole Oneeeeetmecismtemiccicsise <r ae= GlOsecosdaodsoce 324 Do.
Golden\Statelo- se ccsece--ceen- Power schooner... 223 Do.
WinionWackiecescescccs soci =0 | -5e GOnss-hsceecwe 39 Do.
IMiOlCAN Omer aemiasinsisiateles lee ars Schooner.....2.<... 17 Do.
Marnthancceosmemececeanieccic= ce | sone OSs Jeescisie siscie 14 Do.
Union Mages emeseens- cele ==- <1 Power schooner... 7 Do.
a Wrecked Mar, 29, 1913. b Transporting vessels.

SHORE STATIONS.

Shore stations were situated as follows: Alaska Codfish Co.: Unga,
Squaw Harbor, and Kellys Rock, on Unga Island; Companys Harbor
and Murphys Cove, on Sannak Island; and Dora Harbor, on Unimak

124 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Island. John H. Nelson: Squaw Harbor, Unga Island. R. H.
Johnson: Hard Scratch, Unga Island. Pacific States Trading Co.:
Northwest Harbor, Herendeen Island. Union Fish Co.: Pirate
Cove, Popof Island; Northwest Harbor, Herendeen Island; Pavlof
Harbor and Johnson Harbor on Sannak Island; Unga, on Unga
Island; and Dora Harbor, on Unimak Island.

Summarizing the foregoing, the Alaska Codfish Co. and the Union
Fish Co. each operated six shore stations, while the Pacific States
Trading Co., John H. Nelson, and R. H. Johnson had one each. Of
this total of 15 stations, 6 were on Unga Island, 4 on Sannak Island,
2 each on Herendeen and Unimak Islands, and 1 on Popof Island.

The business of R. H. Johnson and John H. Nelson, whose plants
are on Unga Island, was largely the preparation of stockfish. This
is a hard-dried form of cod, and is usually shipped in bales. In south-
east Alaska the Kake Packing Co. experimented with the canning
of cod. Itis said that a very attractive product was prepared. ‘The
results bespeak further endeavor along this line.

The price of cod has been strong this season, owing chiefly to light
catches on the east coast.

STATISTICAL SUMMARY.

The statistics relating to the foregoing vessels are included in the
tables. Up to last year figures for vessels have been in part omitted.

The total investment in the cod fishery in 1913, inclusive of both
offshore vessel and shore station operations, was $581,107, as against
$274,674 for 1912. The increase is due to the addition of vessels to
the fleet, enlarged production, and the inclusion of approximately
$150,000 more cash capital. The number of persons engaged was
531, including 5 natives and 1 Japanese. This is a gain of 46 per-
sons over 1912. Figures for persons employed at the plants in the
States are not included.

The catch totaled 11,916,500 pounds of prepared products, valued
at $357,711. This shows a substantial gain over the 1912 produc-
tion of 8,064,853 pounds, valued at $218,268.

INVESTMENT IN THE Cop FISHERY IN ALASKA IN 1913.

Items. Number.| Value. Items. Number.| Value.

Vessels: Apparatus:

IPOWED,-VieSSCIS!. coc cc cniccies 4 $80, 000 Handilinsecececiscciscacis 977 1, 406
MONNAlCssc.cacce sec ces 290 | actos ceri Dra WINGS ce ccicccicwcccicclsccetecies 700
Launches under 5 tons.... 3 3, 200 Gillitietsssececere ce cecicce:s 100 1, 500
Sailing vessels............ 15 142° 1001) (Cash capitalses sees ecseceecne | soeseeeae 214, 851
MOnDNAPOss cde cacecee ee $3622 \lScccnue ate Value’ shore stations: -- 5. 2...2|j2s~-se<s 122, 620

IBOdtS, LOWsecoseccccececes 400 14, 730 ————_|—_—_—_.
Totalteaseccceses ese sore seceaceaee 581, 107

ee

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 125

PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE ALASKA Cop FISHERIES IN 1913.

Occupations and races, Number. Occupations and races. Number.
Fishermen: Transporters:
IWIHITESHS. Soe% . osc cc nieee dst sewed 424 ‘W bitesh nde. cctistaseceme se sack 53
INETIVES \c2.6cnccccckcsceocensoccouse 5 JAPANESE. oso cc cecn concaescteonecce 1
POGOe .ccic cis bcocsececoes sasesens 429 Totales ccseccersaaccacseansee cere 54
Shoresmon: Whites. .s2dsseses cs sccdses. 48
Grand! totala.tccass scoseseconeceee 531

Propucts oF ALASKA Cop FISHERIES IN 1913.

Prepared
Products. weight. Value.

Pounds.
SHIN |e SoHE Sau a SOnO SS COR AEE SEES OSD Oe ant Benn SEES Se Cea E Ena eee eee 11, 885, 500 $355, 992
BEA RL OCR eee ete wae tee ates Sate oer ee cee eee eee EE AREER EY oles 15,700 624
NOM PILES PIC KLOG a oe aate asa eroiataieterateic aie classe Se hick cislonsieicisia le cicciercicletelsisista dewcerns 8, 000 720
racic nanan s ME ORM k lols Doyen even ot et Sy a ea 7.700 375
ANG LA Oe a i SAF ge a Re a ie eh na aE 11, 916, 900 357, 71L

HERRING FISHERY.
GENERAL CONDITIONS.

It is the consensus of opinion that herring have been more numerous
this season in the waters of Alaska, and especially in the southeast
section aside from the Yes Bay region, than for a number of years
past. Atno time heretofore has there been anything like an alarming
shortage, but as in the case of the herring fishery the world over, there
are periodical lean and full years. It not infrequently happens that
during the poorer years alarming reports arise to the effect that the
supply of herring is being diminished through ruthless fishing opera-
tions. Particularly has this view been cited against the practice of
utilizing herring in the manufacture of fertilizer and oil.

That this opinion is not borne out in fact has been clearly established
by careful and impartial analysis of the situation. So far as Alaska
is concerned, the destruction of countless millions of herring in embryo
by the natives, who use large quantities of impregnated eggs for food
purposes, is a more destructive agency than the use of the adult
fish for fertilizer purposes. The natives place brush on the spawning
grounds by means of which to remove the eggs. Measures should be
taken to prohibit this.

The halibut fishermen are particularly interested in the herring
situation, because of the dependence of their industry upon the supply
of herring for bait. Much of the agitation as to the fertilizer and oil
question has emanated from this source. Unless future developments
show radically different conditions as compared with other parts of
the world where time has been the infallible test, there will be not
only enough herring in Alaska waters to meet present day needs,

126 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

both for bait and fertilizer, but will also permit of an expansion
along these lines as well as a growth of the food herring industry.

Herring of the sort desired are found at times in great numbers
in the coves and estuaries of Frederick Sound and the lower part of
Stephens Passage, and, to a lesser extent, are reported in Summer
Strait and the southern part of Chatham Strait. They are best in
September, October, and November, but by January have usually
lost so much fat as to be unfit for the preparation of a high-grade
product. In July and August also the southeast Alaska herring are
in prime condition, but at that time it is a popular belief that they
can not be cured in salt owing to the fact that their stomachs are then
engorged with a small crustacean popularly known as ‘‘red feed.”
Much has been said about the impossibility of salting herring which
have been subsisting upon red feed, and the statements of John E.
Shields, who has had a large practical experience as a fish salter,
are of particular interest in this connection. According to Mr. Shields
all first-class pickled herring should have the viscera completely
removed. If this is done he contends that it makes no difference
what the stomach contents may have been—there is no remaining
obstacle to a thorough salt cure. He states that it is possible to
eviscerate herring in a commercially practical manner by using the
nose of a knife, not too sharp, with which to pinch out a section of
the throat.

Too much stress can not be laid upon the necessity for careful
attention to detail in the preparation of all fishery products intended
for use as food. This applies with particular force to salt herring.
Too often there has been much carelessness in handling herring.
Strictly fresh fish of uniform size, properly eviscerated and thor-
oughly cured are absolutely essential to a wholesome preserved
product. Stale fish, irregular sizes, indifferent curing and packing,
and short weights have been the causes for the poor demand hitherto
prevailing for Alaska salt herrig. With improved methods of
preparation and handling now in vogue, a steadily increasing market
should be the certain result.

There has been in recent years a growth of the herring industry in
the Shumagin Islands and vicinity. The herring of this region, like
those occurring in Chignik Bay and Shelikof Strait, are exceptionally
large and at times very fat. In size some of these fish are extraordi-
uary, running as large as 200 per barrel, although they will average
more often 250. In many of the larger harbors of the eastern islands
of the Aleutian chain, notably in Unalaska Bay and Akun Cove, very
large and fat herring are known to occur at times in enormous
schools, and in Goodnews Bay, near the mouth of the Kuskokwim
River, immense numbers of fine fish of the same sort are reported as
appearing regularly.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 19%

In the Shumagin Island region Ross Boye and others put up
several hundred barrels of salted herring. At Craig, in southeast
Alaska, C. B. Ferguson smoked several thousand pounds of herring.
At various cold-storage plants large quantities have been frozen for
halibut bait, the New England Fish Co., at Ketchikan, having
engaged in this phase of the work more heavily than any other con-
cern. The fish used by this company come chiefly from the north
Behm Canal region. It is well recognized that frozen herring are in
every way equal to fresh herring for halibut bait. Salted herring
are, however, much inferior for this purpose.

The Griffiths Fish Co. operated extensively in the salt-herring
industry during the fall and winter of the current season. The
barges America (1,908 tons) and Lowisiana (1,436 tons) were anchored
at Convenient Cove and used as floating plants. Fishing operations
were conducted in Yes Bay, Spacious Bay, and other near-by waters
of the Behm Canal region. The work was carried on mainly by
Japanese. Capt. A. W. Thomas and H. Sundsby were also engaged
extensively in herring operations in this section.

Although the season was shorter, the catch of herring by the
Killisnoo plant was very satisfactory this year. The price of both
oil and fertilizer has improved somewhat because of the light take
of menhaden on the east coast this season. Part of the fertilizer
preduct has found ready market at San Francisco for use as the
base of a very good form of chicken feed. For this purpose particular
attention must be paid to reducing the content of oil as low as possible.

Last January at Klawak on the west coast of Prince of Wales
Island there occurred an unusually enormcus run of herring. So
numerous were the fish as they crowded into the bay that hundreds
of thousands or even millions were stranded and suffocated. When
the tide receded they were left in a solid mass over the beach to a
depth in places of several feet. This is an evidence of the abundance
of herring in southeast Alaska during the current year.

In Norway a custom has long existed of setting a net across the
mouth of a favorable arm of the sea or bay for the purpose of impound-
ing schools of herring. The fish are thus kept alive and may be
removed at leisure. There has been a recent tendency among fish-
ermen familiar with this custom of northern Europe to apply it in
the herring fishery of southeast Alaska. <A specific case occurring
in the vicinity of Petersburg last winter resulted in the arrest of a
fisherman, Rasmus Enge, who was charged by another fisherman,
Nels Husvig, with grand larceny on the ground that the said Enge
seined up 2,000 barrels of herring within a lagoon where they had
been impounded by the net stretched from shore to shore by Husvig.
The matter was finally settled out of court.

128 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

The case is peculiar, in that it was Husvig, the complainant, who
was guilty of violating the law, though probably through ignorance,
for the fisheries law of Alaska prohibits the casting of a net or fishing
appliance for more than one-third the distance across any body of
water. The inhibitory distance clause appears in section 4 of the
act of June 26, 1906, in reference to salmon fishing, but section 11
of the same act extends all of the limitations affecting salmon to other
species, which, of course, includes herring. So long as the present
law is in effect, any stretching of seines or other nets from shore to
shore in the waters of Alaska for the purpose of impounding herring
or other food fishes as herein described will in future result in prose-
cution of the person or persons involved.

Considerable agitation occurred near the close of the year at Craig,
on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island, on account of alleged
wasteful practices upon the part of nonresident fishermen engaged
in herring operations. It was claimed that only the largest and best
herring were retained, while the others were thrown away. An
investigation of the matter by Deputy Warden Walker resulted in a
fine of $200 being imposed December 22 upon Nels Husvig.

Under the chapter on whaling, elsewhere in the report, will be
found a discussion of the erroneous popular impression that the
killing of whales has an injurious effect upon fishing operations,
especially in the case of herring.

STATISTICAL SUMMARY.

The statistics show a decline in the herring fishery of 1913 as com-
pared with 1912, which latter year was particularly good. The
total investment for 1913 was $261,480, as compared with $338,890
in 1912, a falling off this year of $77,410. The number of persons
engaged in 1913 was 200 as against 339 in 1912. The value of the
products declined from $239,278 in 1912 to $191,105 in 1913, a
reduction of $48,173.

INVESTMENT IN THE HERRING FISHERY IN ALASKA IN 1913.

Central Alaska.

Items. Southeast Alaska. Total.

Fishing vessels: Number.| Value. | Number.) Value. | Number.| Value.
Steamers and launches.............-.- OH) $375 200) |e neecteel ae cmeasec 9 $37, 700
LOUNALO):Basccanacs eee e eee eee 209! sims oats wiolaicwleca ce (tose e testes 209 1). SSSA ee
Sailing ss vox <iisnsneneieeaeueececeswses 2 26; 000)5) <5... dsteatzrelleese se ctece 2 26, 000
MONTAG OS eee ee nee nemo O20 |: sas coc ail aesemee eon siacmeeess Sy 20n joccace eens
Matnchesiunder.5)tonse - jceeceecceecs scene 5 95 100) | etadisiaraqel eee scere 5 5,700
Boatsysailjandirowse-cereceseceneee eens 19 1,675 6 $180 25 1,855
BCOWSasacccccazcceusdoodcuecccednacncsae 8 45800) aanexencid|sooceo- cen 8 4,800
Pileidniversse: see seeee neste eee eee 2 1000") .erees ees 53252522 2 » 000

Apparatus:

EVI SOINGS ;5-ccncccenoecescemeeesesee 2 160 Ss eedccdsdlscecccdecs 2 150
IMITSOSOINCSwasccs ena s Sacecdcuc cat oon re 14 958008 base Pashasleecccrhccs 14 2,800
Gillinelst ae ossecss ccc ceccsbocuone ore 4 250 14 375 18 625
(Brapst Stakes. A sas. a-sscincewccononne 2 1400) |S eceeasae|omoeceatne 2 1,400
G@ashicapitalistes. cases scccsseec sc eeees sent sneeeeeeee 115,250! osc st ccees| sche s-eoe|Sadceoesee 115, 250
Shore and accessory property.............|.....----- GUE UNONE Socoaeen 15200) /|cctiecteenea 7,200
TDotal sab seu ccee ccs cewss sees ecee ss | an esaecees 200s 20) sacieeecieere 1 00l| Saceeeecee 261, 480

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 129

Persons ENGAGED IN THE ALASKA HERRING FISHERIES IN 1913.

Southeast Central Total.

Occupations and races. INSTR Alaska!

Fishermen:
WVADIVOSE ectoee cece seer niciceinisate os oeeice shiewe cicoeswecssocecsseces 54 7 61
JAPANOSO sas corse wo ccd destee Lee owe tec ule eceseeetbce ccebcocsecn UST Ses sense 18
ANGE TEE Ac a a ee a Dee ee ee ee ee Oe 72 7 79
Shoresmen
VV THEO 8 oe BGR ES OECGSOGS SB nc BeOS aie Sa Cac cE Coben nee ae ee LEME AR eS Bee 78
AEN OO WAS Aah ae pe ete De oe ee eee Soa) emueaee cae 33
CHIMES One Saas c ceas eee ee a le Sen See inten obaiisals omictcwscmeacsis Uh Rerpaapoaces 10
ARO Ee re BeOS BRO COSECOC CERO BROCCO ONDE SE COS DS CoC E eee eae OE aes See ee 121
Grand totale. pre ss aceuion Snes Sein nace n mem ak asst ee eS eceoueks 193 7 200
Propucts or ALASKA HERRING FISHERIES IN 1913.
Products. Southeast Alaska. Central Alaska. Total.
Herring: Quantity. Value. | Quantity. Value. | Quantity. Value.
Fresh, for bait ........ POUNASH= [115 Gob VOUON En eee esol. aaceiseiecetl sete access 3,936,500 $22, 245
Frozen, for bait.....2..:- dome 231,935 POV A0) Yel a aoe el Pe, See 231,935 2,291
Pickled, for food ss... barrels... 3, 036 23, 223 426 $3, 609 3,462 26, 832
Pickleds. for Daitees «.-.5- domes. 1,381 Se 29bs | tarsceccccss| estas ciele clas iN 381 3, 297
Dry- salted, for food. . “pounds. . 5, 259,520 DOFASSEE Stamos sees cctewoate = 5, 259, 520 50, 183
Hentilizeraeee see ee eee do....| 2,400,000 Bd O00! Merce osc |foscesoons 2; 400, 000 33, 000
(Oy A Ae ae Sane soe gallons. a 260, 000 OZ OOOM EE cccccesca eae aes ce 260, 000 52, 000
Smoked, for food...... pounds. . 17,371 Te 2OK, ioe cas ace eeleee eee 17,371 1,257
POtalescccatesceccecsesice|ssecencecces LS 7PAQGE |e tecccsee as 35609 oe ocd sce es 191, 105

WHALE FISHERY.

SHORE STATION OPERATIONS,

On account of unprofitable returns in 1912, but one concern oper-
ated a shore whaling station in Alaska during the season of 1913.
This was the United States Whaling Co., whose plant is located at
Port Armstrong near the southern end of Baranof Island. The sta-
tion built on Akutan Island in 1912 by the Alaska Whaling Co. was
not operated this year. Likewise operations of the Tyee Co. were
suspended. In fact this company has been dissolved, the shore sta-
tion at Tyee having passed into the hands of the Vendsyssal Packing
Co., which used it for mild-curing salmon this season.

Last year the United States Whaling Co. had the Norwegian
steamer Somerstadt (2,777 tons) as a floating plant auxiliary to the
shore station at Port Armstrong. This vessel put in part of the sea-
son at the Shumagin Islands. This year operations were confined
solely to the Port Armstrong plant. The company operated the kill-
ing boats, Star J, 133 tons net burden, and the Star J7 and Star III,
each of 97 net tons. Their normal cruising radius did not extend
more than 60 miles from the station. It was observed that whales
in this region almost always move in a general northerly direction.

130 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

The killing boats are of the modern type common to whale fishing.
At the bow of each is mounted a muzzle-loading whale gun of 34-inch
bore. These guns are now fitted with recoil cylinders, which is an
improvement over the original form of Svend Foyn gun. The charge
of black powder in a bag is first put in, then a bunch of wastes, and
next the harpoon, to which is attached the line leading back to the
steam winches which are made to play a whale after it is struck, in
manner similar to that of the angler who plays his catch. Outside the
gun and made a part of the harpoon is the bomb, with expanding
arms and so timed as to explode within the whale. The average
shooting distance is about 120 feet. In rough weather it is difficult
to hit a whale on account of motion both of the vessel and the animal,
and this factor has much to do with the success or failure of whaling
operations. Unfavorable weather was experienced, particularly dur-
ing the early part of this season’s operations.

Sperm whales generally run in schools, One day, July 24, the
three killing boats got 11 sperms, which considerably overtaxed the
station’s capacity. Sperms are more indifferent to the approach of
a vessel; hence are easiest to kill, Heretofore the trouble has been a
scarcity of this species, which is exceeded in value only by the great
bowhead of the Arctic.

In 1912, when the United States Whaling Co. established its station
at Port Armstrong, arrangements were not made to dispose of any
portion of the carcasses other than the blubber and gill bone. With
the advent of the season of 1913 the plant was much enlarged and
additional machinery was installed, so that all of each carcass could
be utilized. This process includes the preparation of oil from the
blubber, also from the meat and bones, and the reduction of the
residue to fertilizer. In anticipation of the installation of fertilizer
machinery in 1913, the carcasses of whales taken in 1912, after being
stripped of their blubber, were cut up and piled out of doors near the
plant. The material thus accumulated was worked up this season
into fertilizer, though much of its value was lost through action of
the elements.

The plant as it now stands is capable of handling 500 whales a sea-
son. The main building is 200 by 80 feet, in addition to which is a
large warehouse for storage of fertilizer. There are also quarters for
employees and various minor buildings.

When a whale is to be processed, it is hauled up by a winch on
an inclined platform, and the blubber is torn off in strips, also by
means of a winch, flensing knives having first been run along the
body of the animal to cut the strips. The blubber is then cut up by
revolving knives and is lifted in a conveyor to the blubber boilers,
which are of open-top pattern, about 6 feet in diameter and 12 feet
high, Steam is turned into these boilers or cookers for six or eight

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. FSi

hours, after which the oil is drawn off and the mass is similarly
cooked again. Sometimes even three cookings are required to obtain
all of the oil, Blubber varies in this respect. The oil comes out at
the lower end of the boilers and is pumped to the settling tanks,
where it remains 24 hours or more and is then barreled for shipment.

After the blubber has been removed a winch hauls the carcass up
a steep incline to the upper floor of the main building, which is level
with the tops of the 15 meat boilers (each 8 by 10 feet), and the 4
bone boilers (each 10 by 12 feet), which stand on end. Armed with
long flensing knives, a crew of Japanese cut up the meat into 30 or 40
pound chunks and it is put into the meat boilers. Tops are screwed
fast to these boilers, and the mass is given one cooking for 8 or 10
hours at a pressure of 65 pounds. The oil is drawn off on one side
at the bottom, while on the other side is a door through which the
residue of solids is removed. It then goes to the drier for conversion
into fertilizer.

After the carcass has been cut up, a process which takes 10 men
6 or 8 hours in the case of a good-sized whale, the bones are put into
the bone boilers, where they are given a single cooking in steam last-
ing from 20 to 24 hours, also under a pressure of 65 pounds. The
bones are rich in oil which grades as no. 2, whereas the oil from the
meat is poorer in quality and grades as no. 3. The bones when taken
from the boiler are ight in weight and of porous appearance. They
go to the bone crusher, then through the drier, and after cooling
the material is ground and sacked ready for the market.

The residue from the meat boilers is also put through the drier,
is allowed to cool, and is then pulverized and sacked. Each sack
holds about 200 pounds. At present prices meat fertilizer is worth
about $3 a sack, while bone fertilizer is worth $2.50. The latter is of
a grayish color, while the meat fertilizer is a deep brown.

It has been found that the meat from the sulphur bottoms must be
more thoroughly cooked in the boilers, since it is slower to dry than
meat from other species of whales. When processing sperm whales
the first step is to sever the head and remove the oil from the cavity
therein. This is a very high-grade and valuable oil Each sperm
produces from 10 to 20 barrels. On account of this proceeding, it
takes considerably longer to dispose of a sperm whale.

A deputy customs officer was stationed at Port Armstrong to enter
and clear the whaling boats, as they operate chiefly outside the 3-mile
limit.

The total catch for the season was 186 whales, of which 126 were
males and 60 females. The first whale was killed April 6 and the last
September 25. July was the best month, when 55 whales were taken,
of which 23 were sperms. It is notable that out of 32 whales cap-
tured in April and May but 2 were females, thus indicating an advance

132 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

run of males. The take of 73 sperms, nearly 40 per cent of the total
catch for the season, is most remarkable. In 1912 all three companies
got but 23 sperms out of a total kill of 685 whales.

SAN FRANCISCO WHALING FLEET.

Operations of the San Francisco fleet in northern waters during’
1913 amounted to comparatively little. The bark Gay Head (252
tons) cleared December 27, 1912, and returned August 30, 1913, with
a take of 32,430 gallons of sperm oil, valued at $12,072. The Gay
Head cleared again October 3, 1913, for a cruise to southern whaling
grounds. The steamer Belvedere (339 tons) left March 11, 1913, on a
whaling voyage to the Arctic. This vessel was frozen in near Griffen
Point, and will be forced to winter in the north. The power schooner
Elvira (60 tons) cleared from San Francisco May 26, on a cruise to the
Arctic. On account of unfavorable conditions, this vessel was also
seized in the ice, and late in September capsized and became a total
loss. The crew escaped over the ice. This vessel was formerly a
Japanese seal poacher captured by a revenue cutter and afterwards
sold. So far as known at present, no whales were killed this season,
either by the Belvedere or Elvira. The Eskimos succeeded in getting
four bowheads near Point Barrow.

The steamer Karluk, for many years actively identified with the
San Francisco whaling fleet, was acquired by the Stefansson Arctic
expedition, and sailed north this spring.

The steamers Herman (229 tons), Beluga (409 tons), Bowhead (243
tons), Narwhal (389 tons), and Thrasher (502 tons), also the brigantine
Jeanette (217 tons), did no whaling this year, but were laid up in
Oakland Creek.

STATISTICAL SUMMARY.

The total sum invested in shore-station whaling operations was
$891,780. This is a decrease of $249,051 from the 1912 season. A
total of 99 persons were engaged, of which 73 were whites and 26 Japa-
nese. Last year 303 persons were employed in the industry. The
value of the products declined from $311,307 in 1912 to $157,550 in
1913.

WHALES TAKEN IN SHORE OPERATIONS IN 1913.

Species. Number. Species. Number.
Sheciailee peapors peek boscoun accoboncudanc 73ii\| CSWMOMMAE TAY jon ctacsjercicteicie'sieie sie sine eeieel= 1
Sulphitr ottonitee sees eee eee 58 WB ottlenOseseaccseseneccs doceaceeceenecee 1
Minpackes 2. S525 522 eh saecceanbeae ce 2 |
IN PACK ase sacess fone vclccee ceo cemcoe= 21 Totdleassaseccecalcaccwaeccmweseci 186
|
!

Included in the finbacks above are three whales designated by
whalemen as ‘sei’? whales. They are a species of finback, but never

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. foo

grow to a large size. In all characteristics except size they closely
resemble the finback. They have been referred to as the ‘‘sharp-
headed finner,”’ which attains a length of about 27 feet.

INVESTMENT IN WHALE FISHERY IN ALASKA IN 1913.

Items. Number. Value. Items. Number. Value.

Vessels: Walueiot plantas. s.aceeeseel eos aoeeeee $250, 000

Steamersicmja sce ciate oes 3 $1805000))||(Cashicapital ss. cosas osee|seeoce cots 400, 000

Monnayereeceeascues VAT foe ernest tee ee Wracesipaldia.c. cessacene see eee nenoe ee 60, 545

Launches under 5 tons... 1 435 a

BOATS) TOWseeasnceeaaeee 5 150 NOH osc ccscseteccec.|-sceccwaes 891, 780
Lighters and scows..... 2 300
Pilevdnriiversiveccccsacece 1 350

Persons ENGAGED IN WHALE FISHERY IN ALASKA IN 1913.

Persons
Races. engaged.
Ws OSmmame emia ne nm ctitet an (cPasiac oeis catsceictoes & ece mcs ccc cia nice ricaiesetaccce seas ceseet soccwenone 73
REAM OS OD aaa era tacnteiniaasigis cists aacioe sicis cine one wie ciniceicltenie s Se Saisticcmcacueme ected sumss ctdeescsae 26
MO Cal sees waters eletolelat stern alain niall c ana ne Oe aoe alate Slasicie Seine s So mnicob ecccebmesaedaddbocectocecceme 99
Propucts oF ALASKA SHORE WHALING OPERATIONS IN 1913.

Products. Quantity. Value,
Wires ClOL Meee tee seen actin coats oe mraiamintiee se macakesiccasmacisooeced gallons. . 466, 500 $139, 950
GGUUIZer ee ys ameicna cia tones ek canenenic cl ccecchiniddes (dec abaceoresedscuccene tons. . 665 17, 600
BRO CEU cesta xia areca ote o Salolnintetetclete oe wwe nino aloo econ eases cod caainasSSlaceicce seculezeSodbwases 157, 550

EFFECT OF WHALING OPERATIONS ON FISHING.

Considerable agitation has developed of late in certain quarters
because of the contention that the killing of whales off the Alaska
coast has worked great harm to the halibut and herring fisheries, and
also affected cod and salmon operations. It is claimed that whales
drive the herring toward the shore, where they are followed by the
halibut and other species. Thus it is said that if the whales are killed,
fishing is bound to be poor.

This theory is open to much question. It is a recognized fact that
pelagic fishes have well-defined migratory movements, particularly
those general movements toward the shore and to shallower or even
fresh water. This is primarily the call of the reproductive instinct.
Under the circumstances it seems more reasonable to suppose that
the whales follow the herring than to believe that they drive them.

The fact that there has been legislation in Norway prohibitive of
whaling is often quoted as evidence that whaling is injurious to other
fishing, and particularly to herring operations. In the light of present

22889°—14—_22

134 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

information on the subject, it would seem that the prohibition of
whaling on the Norwegian coast was more or less involved with polt-
tics. In the first place, the decrease of the herring yield, at least
during some years, was by the fishing population attributed to the
supposition that the schools of herring came into the fiords because
they were chased by the whales, and unless there were some whales
to do the chasing there would be no herring near the coast; and
secondly, whales had been hunted so persistently on the coast for so
many years that the number had so decreased as to make whale
fishing unprofitable, and those who owned the big establishments in
that industry were only too anxious to have the Government stop
whaling and remunerate the owners for the values of the plants which
thereby became confiscated. Therefore they lent their efforts to the
agitation of the fishing population. Men of science in Norway are
agreed that the whale has nothing to do with the run of herring or
any other fish in Norwegian waters. Any marked or prolonged
diminution in the supply of herring could with much more reason be
attributed to the energy with which the herring fishery has been
prosecuted to meet the demands of a heavy export trade.

FERTILIZER AND OILS.

Operations this season in the manufacture of fertilizer and oil from
fishery products were not conducted as extensively as last year.
This was due to the fact that two of the whaling establishments did
not operate. The companies doing business were as follows: Alaska
Oil & Guano Co., Killisnoo; United States Whaling Co., Port Arm-
strong; W. H. Royden, with a small floating plant; and the Union
Fish Co., Shumagin Islands. The products of the first-named com-
pany are shown elsewhere under the report on the herring fishery,
while the whaling station appears in the section devoted to whaling.
Mr. W. H. Royden operated the scow Elliott with headquarters at
Petersburg, and as a part of his work prepared 16 barrels of shark oil,
valued at $200. The Union Fish Co. put up 210 gallons of cod-liver
oil, valued at $60. This was merely a minor incident in the season’s
operations and does not represent any concerted effort in the prepara-
tion of oil. The present price is said to be too low for profitable work
along this line.

As a phase of the fertilizer and oil situation, more attention ought
to be given the manufacture of these products from cannery waste.
In other words, put to use every portion of each fish handled, as do
the meat-packing establishments their waste products. The meat
packer would not long survive if he placed before the public only the
choice edible portions of each steer handled and threw away 30 per
cent of his raw material, as the salmon packer does. True, the dis-
carded fish material is not proportionately equal in value at present

FISHERY INDUSTRIES, 135

to the animal material of the packing house, but nevertheless it offers
a field in the production of fertilizer and oil, the manufacture of which
might well be undertaken by the canning interests. The lack of small
and economical units of machinery has heretofore stood in the way,
but this situation is being improved.

As bearing upon the manufacture of fertilizer and oil, much interest
centers in the plant put in at Klawak this season by the North Pacific
Trading & Packing Co. The plant was located in a building conven-
ient to the fish house. An endless conveyer took the gurry from the
iron chink to a hopper or iron tank 12 by 12feet and 4 feet deep. Itwas
then taken by a bucket elevator to the two digestors or cookers, each
of about 5 tons capacity. Here the material was cooked in steam for
an hour. It was then placed in shallow trays wrapped in burlap and
put in the hydraulic press operating at 1,200 pounds pressure. About
1,000 pounds of material could thus be handled at a single operation
of the press. Fifteen minutes served to remove the oil and water,
which passed to a pit and was then pumped to the settling tanks
where the oil and water were separated, the oil being drawn off into
barrels. These tanks are of wood, 12 feet long, 4 feet high, and 3
feet wide.

The residue of solids from the press was put in a vertical circular
drier, with an agitator revolving about 25 times per minute. It was
originally intended to put about 1,000 pounds of material in the
drier for each charge, but here a difficulty arose, as it was found that
only about 150 pounds could be treated successfully at one time. In
other words, it developed that the capacity of the drier was not pro-
portionate with other facilities, or with the requisites in treating the
refuse from a cannery packing 1,200 cases a day. This was the prin-
cipal difficulty experienced, and next year it is the intention to double
the drier capacity. After coming from the drier the fertilizer was
spread out in the air to aid the drying process. It was then run
through a sieve and put up in 100-pound sacks ready for the market.
The product commands a price of about $28 per ton delivered at San
Francisco. As a result of the season’s experimental operations
approximately 6 tons of fertilizer and 500 gallons of fish oil were
prepared.

Analysis has shown the fertilizer to be rich in ammonia—about 12
per cent—but the sample analyzed contained 16 per cent of oil, which
is too much for a strictly high-grade product. It should be reduced
to 10 per cent.

An agent of the Bureau of Soils of the Department of Agriculture
made some preliminary investigations in Alaska during the summer
to consider the matter of converting cannery waste into fertilizer.
This was in conjunction with a study of the kelp fields in Alaska
waters.

136 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913,

MINOR FISHERIES.

TROUT.

A few hundred cases of Dolly Varden trout were packed by the Mid-
night Sun Canning Co. at its cannery on Kotzebue Sound. Opera-
tions were confined chiefly to the month of August, though another
year it is purposed to put the two traps in earlier. The catch was
lessened this season because of unfavorable weather, also by schools
of belugas which invaded the traps. A number of these were shot,
and in the future watchmen will be stationed at the traps to guard
against further disturbance from this source.

The plant, which is the most northerly in Alaska, is located on
Kotzebue Sound, just outside the mouth of the Noatak River. Aside
from two whites and one Japanese, all of the work was performed by
‘skimos, both men and women. The plant was built in 1912 and
additional buildings were erected this year. It is the intention of the
company to specialize on the canning of Dolly Varden trout, which
are rich in oils and are said to find a ready sale. The color is a pale
pink, but the flesh is not quite as firm as that of salmon. The prod-
uct is very palatable, however.

At a cannery on Bristol Bay a few cases of trout, chiefly Dolly
Vardens, with an occasional small steelhead, were packed this season
as a specialty. These fish were butchered and packed by hand and
then processed the same as salmon. They were caught incidentally
with the salmon, but it was noted that they occurred most plentifully
near the beginning and close of the salmon run. For this reason if
the canning of trout were developed more extensively it would not
interfere so seriously with salmon operations. At any event, during
the off years for salmon it would seem a profitable undertaking to
pack trout. Under a fancy label it is said that distributors have had
no difficulty in marketing at quite remunerative prices the compara-
tively small quantity packed.

Another phase of the situation is that the salmon will increase pro-
portionately with the canning or destruction of trout, for it is gener-
ally conceded that the Dolly Varden and other species of trout are
most destructive enemies to both eggs and young salmon. The can-
ning of trout in Alaska should be encouraged and supported in every
way.

At the Shumagin Islands this summer a few barrels of Dolly Varden
trout were put up at a salmon saltery. The fish were taken inciden-
tally in connection with seining cperaticns for red salmon. In the
salting process merely the gills and viscera were removed—the fish
not being split open so as to lie flat. Curing was complete but the
method of packing was bad, according to commercial standards, and
it was difficult to dispose of the product. If the trout had been

FISHERY INDUSTRIES. 137

split open in the usual manner of preparing pickled salmon, it is said
that there would have been no difficulty in marketing them at a
profitable figure. Evidence of this may be had in the fact that a
few barrels of trout prepared in the orthodox method at a cannery
in central Alaska have commanded a price as high as $20 a barrel.
A few barrels of pickled Dolly Varden trout were also packed at
Eagle Harbor, on Kodiak Island, this season. On Cook Inlet 45
cases of Dolly Varden trout were canned.

As an experiment, a few cases of Dolly Varden trout were put up
this season in southeast Alaska by the Kake Packing Co. The fish
came from the traps and were put in half-pound flat cans. The
experiment was considered a success and further efforts along this
line are anticipated.

There has been some misapprehension upon the part of the public
regarding the laws of Washington as to the sale of trout. Mr. L. H.
Darwin, State fish commissioner and chief game warden, advises
that the laws of the State prohibit the sale within the State of all
varieties of trout save the Dolly Varden. These are not protected
and may be handled commercially. The law also provides that no
species of trout, the sale of which is prohibited in the State, may be
had in possession, even though it be imported from another State.
It will be seen, however, that there is no bar in the State of Wash-
ington to the commercial utilization of Dolly Varden trout from
Alaska.

Propucts oF THE ALASKA TROUT FISHERY IN 1913.

Sections and species. Fresh. Frozen, Canned. Pickled.

Southeast Alaska: Pounds.| Value. |Pounds.| Value. | Cases.2| Value. |Barrels.| Value.
Mollyivarden.ctas-coscceecece. 8 DTS || MIS IO4: | EP EM EE Wane eye Se = Pe oes 7 ly ay al ors oe ae
Steelheadian seins hoe. eS Soe ono wias Esmcnioce|scmine ce,s 5, 093 $382) lose caisac| oases cic loess lecceaene
Ro tall Pass cae acts cis os se ate eeiees 2,780 194 5, 093 6178 Rese see eae wale waease ee eeeoe er
GCentralAlaska: DoliyiWarden- 225. 2.3) 32225- <|daceccen|eene a -|= spe esse 45 $153 22 $143
MVESLeRMeAl as kasvD OllyAVanG Clie) teeclasee scee |qiceiasn)|elesiea el Serie cia TDalaentCsulbesere acletee cos

Grand total:
MollyAVardens ss sssbosacss.-ceeee 2, 780 OAS) 94 eee SERED ec 820} 2,941 22 143
Stecthesdasecccscecmicenocccces eee laa mesceis|siasisaeer 5, 093 382) Sa cceyace| apnea cells as cus |eme scene
Mota lees omnes sconces ae cicie 2,780 194 | 5,093 382 820 | 2,941 22 143

@ Each case contains forty-eight 1-pound tall cans.

EULACHON.

The eulachon, candle-fish, or ‘‘hooligan”’ as it is variously termed
in Alaska, is a very toothsome member of the smelt family which has
a wide distribution in the coastal waters of the territory. It is very
rich in oil and possesses food values much in excess of the recognition
generally given the species. It is a favorite fish of the natives, who
utilize it for food, as well as for the extraction of oil.

138 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

In the Juneau markets there has been some call for eulachon, where
it is held in high esteem by those acquainted with its merits. One
dealer states that there has been some demand for euclahon as a
breakfast fish. The Juneau local market has been supplied from the
Chilkat River, where eulachon are found in great numbers each spring.
Occssionally a supply is brought from Dry Bay, where the average
size is better.

Experimentation in the Cook Inlet country by Mr. W. J. Erskine
has developed the high value of eulachon for salting purposes, and a
very attractive product has been the result. An enormous run of
eulachon occurs in Cook Inlet, usually during the last two weeks in
May or as soon as the ice goes out. They swarm into the Susitna
River in such enormous numbers that they can be easily dipped up
as required. No expensive fishing gear is needed. Thus eulachon
could be salted at considerably less expense than herring, as the cost
of getting the fish would be very little.

BLACK COD.

A fish that has come into well-merited favor during recent years
is the black cod (Anoplopoma fimbria), a species entirely distinct
from the true cod, particularly as regards the rich and oily character
of the flesh. Most all of the black cod are taken incidentally in
halibut operations. However, in consequence of growing demands,
definite sets were made this year, perhaps for the first time in Alaska,
with a view primarily to the capture of black cod. These operations
were conducted in Chatham and Icy Straits. The same gear and
bait are used as in halibut fishing, but sets are made in 300 fathoms
or more, as fisbermen claim that black cod are found in considerable
numbers only at these depths. So far as known at present, the
species occurs rather scatteringly in the fiords of the northwestern
coast of the continent, and has been found in greatest abundance
in southeast Alaska.

Aside from what is consumed locally in Alaska, most of the black cod
is handled by Puget Sound wholesalers. In the past they have taken
the black cod more as an accommodation to their halibut fishermen
than anything else. During the last two years, however, the black
cod has been steadily increasing in popularity and is rapidly coming
into its own. It is now featured by the leading hotels and restaurants
of Seattle.

The principal demand in the Puget Sound market at present is for
kippered backs. This usually appears on the menu as ‘barbecued
Alaska black cod.” The bellies, which are exceptionally rich and
toothsome, are salted down separately. The black cod is said by
salt-fish handlers to be one of the best fish for salting purposes found
in Pacific waters.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES, 139

Carelessness in the handling of the black cod has undoubtedly kept
its price at a lower figure than so fine a fish ought to bring. Some-
times it comes to the dealers in a hard-salted condition which makes
it necessary to soak thoroughly before the smoking or kippering
process can be undertaken; again, it has been received in an iced or
frozen state, rendering it necessary to thaw out before striking it in
salt, which is essential in curing. Few fish can stand this, and while
the resulting product is marketable, the practice is undesirable.

The best method of treatment is a mild-cure process, butchering
and salting the fletches on the same day the fish is caught. It
should then be held at a low temperature until it can be given the
light smoking usual in the kippering process, the belly being better
suited as a hard-salt article for breakfast consumption.

One of the Seattle brokers is of the opinion that the Puget Sound
market will take care of three or four hundred barrels a month. At
the present time, salt black cod is worth about $11 a barrel in the
Seattle market, whereas formerly the price was not over $7.

Until quite recently practically the entire production of black cod
was consumed locally in Alaska, but within the last two or three
years shipments to Puget Sound have been of growing importance.

SHIPMENTS OF Biack Cop From ALASKA IN 1913.

Products. Pounds. Value,

Black cod:
Fresh

FUR-SEAL SERVICE.

By Water I. Lempxey, Agent in Charge.

Complying with instructions dated May 17, 1913, Assistant Agents
James Judge and Ezra W. Clark left Washington May 18 for San
Francisco, for the purpose of purchasing the annual supplies for the
Pribilof Islands. The steamer Homer had already been chartered to
transport the supplies to the islands, the charter price being $150 per
day, including wages of crew. Owing to the limited appropriation
provided by Congress, it was necessary to restrict the purchases to
the actual necessities, such as food, clothing, fuel, and medical sup-
plies. The amount of the purchases, all told, was $24,877.01.

The steamer Homer sailed from San Francisco June 23, arrived at
St. George Island July 10, after stops at Dutch Harbor and Unalaska
to discharge freight and take on coal. After discharging passengers,
mail, and freight at St. George, the vessel sailed for St. Paul July 12,
arriving next day. The return voyage to San Francisco, with seal-
skins and fox skins of the season’s catch on board, was begun on
August 8, arrival at San Francisco being made August 24.

AFFAIRS OF THE COMMUNITY.

NATIVES’ BANK ACCOUNTS.

Since the management of the practical affairs on the Pribilof
Islands was assumed by the Government in 1910, the agent in charge,
namely, W. I. Lembkey, has acted as trustee for such natives as had
sums of money for deposit as savings accounts. These accounts were
placed on deposit in the Union Trust Co. of San Francisco, bearing
34 per cent interest, and the interest was drawn by the trustee each
spring and in turn paid over to the several natives having accounts.

Congress having abolished the position of agent, however, to take
effect June 30, 1913, the trusteeship of the natives’ savings accounts
was, with agreement of all the natives except one, transferred to
F. M. Chamberlain, naturalist on the Pribilof Islands, who succeeded
to the administrative charge of all affairs of the islands. Drafts
covering principal and interest on all the natives’ accounts, with the
pass book for each, were accordingly delivered to Mr. Chamberlain,
and at his request were taken to San Francisco and deposited with
the Union Trust Co.

Detailed records of all transactions in the fiscal affairs of the
natives are filed in the Bureau of Fisheries in Washington.

140

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 141
CENSUS OF NATIVE INHABITANTS.

On St. Paul Island, the annual census taken June 30, 1913, showed
194 native residents, of which 94 were males and 100 females. Dur-
ing the year there were 7 births and 8 arrivals, also 1 departure and
9 deaths. :

On St. George Island, the total native population June 30, 1913,
was 110; 53 males and 57 females. During the year ending on the
date mentioned, 5 births and 1 death occurred. There were no
arrivals.

SUPPORT OF NATIVES.
PROBLEMS IN ComMMUNISTIC SYSTEM.

The instructions of the Bureau provide that the natives shall be
supplied, so far as funds will permit, with the necessaries of life to
an amount sufficient to maintain them in comfort, due regard being
paid to economy and thrift. To this end, various supplies to be
used by the natives, as fuel, food, clothing, etc., were purchased in
San Francisco at the best wholesale rates obtainable and transported
to the islands on the Bureau’s chartered steamer Homer. These sup-
plies upon arrival at the islands were placed in the two general stores
(one on each island), where they were marked for issue or sale at a
price one-third above wholesale cost, including all discounts except
for cash. They were then distributed after the methods hereafter de-
tailed. The increase of one-third over the wholesale cost was made
to cover cost of transportation and handling only.

The instructions of the Bureau further provided that from the
supplies thus taken to the islands merchandise to the amount of
$40,000 be furnished the native inhabitants for their support and
maintenance during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913. These
supplies were not to be received by the natives as a gratuity but as a
return for services rendered. Services such as might be performed
in the taking of sealskins and in the management of the herd in
general were considered the main labor for which the natives were to
receive this support; but, as the killing of seals was to be greatly
curtailed, the natives, in return for their support by the Government,
were to be required to perform such other labor of a nature to benefit
the community generally as might become necessary or desirable.
Individual natives, however, who were willing to perform such labor
of a skilled or unskilled nature as might be necessary to the upkeep
of the Government property and the maintenance of the stations in
general were to be compensated individually in cash from funds
other than the $40,000 set apart for the community support at the
rate of, for skilled labor 25 cents an hour, and for unskilled 15 cents
an hour. The skilled labor embraced that of carpenters, engineers,

142 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913,

painters, and ironworkers, etc.; the unskilled mere laboring work
requiring no special aptitude.

The system involved in the foregoing arrangement for natives’
support is one of almost pure communism. The main problem
confronting those charged with its conduct was to support the people
in such comfort and happiness as the resources would allow and at
the same time to minimize those admitted evils of conmunal existence
which, in this case, could easily result in reducing the island inhab-
itants to a mental condition of stolid apathy, and a physical condition
of virtual peonago, if not slavery.

If no labor were required of these people, the problem would be
simply to give gratuitously to each person supplies sufficient to insure
his existence. It is necessary, however, at almost all times of the
year to require some of them to perform services for which they
receive no specific compensation, but merely a right to participate in
the generalfund. If all labor required of them were alike in character
and amount and if all the natives could perform this labor with a
like degree of proficiency, no special difficulty would be encountered.
Some of the labor, however, requires aptitude and special traming
which some natives do not possess; also, some by reason of physical
imperfections can perform less work even of a general nature than
others, and some no work at all. To support the natives only to the
extent that they perform service would be to allow some to suffer
and others to starve because of imability to work and therefore to
earn.

But if a helpless cripple and his family should not be allowed to
starve, on the other hand a man of high efficiency should not be
required to expend his best efforts for a compensation no greater
than that which the cripple and his family receive for their bare
maintenance in return for which they furnish no labor whatever, and
which, too, the efficient would receive as a matter of course without
rendering any service in return. Then, moreover, the fund for
natives’ support is not large enough to allow special compensation
to some and general support to all, but sufficient only to prevent
suffering no matter what labor may be required of them.

These and other questions, which perhaps appear trivial to the
casual observer, become of vital importance to those managing the
natives’ affairs. It may be of interest to detail the methods which
are used in the distribution of the fund for the support of the natives,
all of which methods have been the subject of careful study.

The $40,000 fund was considered as belonging to the community
and to be used for its support without regard to the question whether
the person so supported was or was not able to perform service in re-
turn. It was therefore divided between the two islands on a strict
per-capita basis; that is to say, the whole amount was divided into as

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 143

many parts as there were natives on both islands, and each island was
allotted as many of these parts as there were natives on that island.
From this fund before distribution, however, coal enough for both
islands was paid tor. This coal was turned over to the native com-
munity, and the community, through its chief men, was allowed to
make distribution of it without official interference. No cash was
paid from this fund except $1 a piece to each native man on Christmas
and Easter, for church purposes, and a payment to a midwife of $5
for each baby born.

From the amount remaining after the deduction for coal, a suit of
clothes was given to each man and boy; each individual was provided
with two pairs of shoes; each family with material eaough to make
underclothing for the children and women, and each person with a
supply of rubber footwear. From the remainder an ‘emergency
fund” of perhaps $1,500 was set apart. What was left was available
for purchase of food and clothing on regular issues. This remainder
was divided into 52 equal parts, representing weeks in the year, thus
fixing the amount that might be spent weekly for support of the whole
population.

The total number of persons to be supported was next ascertained
from the census—two children being considered as one adult—and
divided into the weekly allotment for the whole island, thus estab-
lishing a per-capita tentative allowance for each person per week.

The number of individuals in each family was then ascertained,
and the per-capita amounts combined to give a basis for the expendi-
ture for each family for the week.

It having been demonstrated that a large family under the same
roof can live more cheaply per capita than a small one, a readjust-
ment of amounts was made, deducting a certain sum from the large
family allotments and adding it to those of small families. In this
way a final adjustment of allotments was reached, giving about $5
weekly to a family of two, and about $7.50 weekly to a family of six
or seven.

Having thus established the amount which each family may spend
weekly, issues of food and such clothing as could be purchased out of
the allowance were then made on Saturday of each week to the heads
of families, each head being given an order for such supplies as he
wished not exceeding his allowance, which order when taken to the
store was filled, and the merchandise represented thereon given to the
person presenting the order.

The emergency fund, already mentioned, was used to meet ex-
penditures not contemplated in the regular allowance—such as occur
in cases of death, sickness, marriage, childbirth, etc.

In this way the amount available for support of the natives is
expended, not in cash, as stated, but in merchandise itself. The

144 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

amount is just about enough to support the population without want.
It reaches a little more than $100 per capita. Everything to eat, to
wear, and to keep the fires burning has to be transported over 2,000
miles, and the food is mostly in tins. Nothing edible except seal
flesh can be obtained locally. It can be realized, therefore, that if
the fund for natives’ support is barely enough to provide the actual
necessities of each person, little can be done toward encouraging and
compensating extra effort or otherwise alleviating the objectionable
features of communistic life in general.

Where a number of persons share equally in the distribution of a
general fund, as these natives do, the natural tendency of each is to
take and use the whole of that share without regard to whether it is
needed or not. There is no ‘nducement for a native to strive through
self-denial to exist upon less than his share from the general fund
when such abstention would result simply in increasing the share
of his less provident neighbor. The whole tendency of a scheme of
this character is to produce an attitude of carelessness in the use of
communal resources—in short, -to create that attitude of mind which
says: ‘‘As there is no reward for economy, let’s get all we can. The
other fellow will get it if we don’t.”

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN TO INDUCE THRIFT AND SELF-RELIANCE.

This tendency toward shiftlessness, which is an inevitable result of
these peculiar circumstances, has long been recognized, and efforts
have been made to palliate it at least. In 1911 a plan was put in
operation designed to induce the natives to save at least a small
portion of their earnings. It was based upon the general principle
that by reducing weekly and other issues of supplies to a mini-
mum an unexpended balance would be created, which balance at
the year’s end was to be distributed in cash among the earners accord-
ing to their proficiency as workers. If even from a weekly allowance
the native saved something, that saving was to be given him in cash
at once. It was hoped he could be induced to open savings accounts
with cash thus obtained, or at least to use it in purchasing some
article not otherwise obtainable that would increase his happiness
and comfort.

This scheme was placed in operation on St. George during the
winter of 1911-12. The results from a careful following of the plan
are interesting. At the end of the first month in which the native
men were informed that such savings as they made from their
weekly allowances for family supplies would be paid to them in
cash, more than half the families in the village drew cash savings
thus derived, the sums varying from $1 to as much as $8 or $9.
They continued to do thus during each remaining month in the

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 145

year, almost every family saving something out of the amount al-
lowed for its support.

Careful inquiries into the motives governing the making of these
savings developed several interesting points. It seemed, on the
whole, that the main object of the native was not to hoard the cash
thus obtained by saving, but on the other hand, to get possession of
the cash itself, which in many instances he at once took to the store
to expend for perhaps the very articles he had denied himself in order
to make the saving. Some few, of course, used the cash to purchase
in San Francisco articles which could not have been issued to them
had ‘they not the cash, No savings accounts were created. If any
sums were saved they were secreted in the natives’ houses.

Some of the natives who made the largest savings had previously
complained that their allowances were too small; those who have
always been thrifty, however, redoubled their efforts to save, increas-
ing their hoards regularly every month. But it was found that to
make these monthly savings, in some cases the children in the family
were made to suffer through deprivation of proper clothing and
sometimes food.

At the end of the year, the sum of $632.48 was unused from the
natives’ fund and remained for distribution. This amount was
divided among the sealers, the first-class men receiving about $32
each, and the lower grades in proportion. This money was nearly
all spent in the store for articles of general use. No portion of it, as
stated, was used to create or to increase savings accounts in bank,
It is reported, however, that the natives were greatly pleased with
the plan as operated and under it many of them came into possession
of more money than they ever owned before.

The net result of this one year’s experiment is not large. It shows
that the natives desire their earnings in cash rather than a mere
credit. It shows also that if paid in cash for their labor in taking
sealskins, etc., the greater portion, if not nearly all of their money,
would be used for the same purpose for which the credit is used,
namely, the purchase of the necessaries of life. It shows that under
the present communal system the natives are not desirous of creating
permanent savings funds because of their inability to profit greatly
by the result of the self-denial necessary to create the fund.

It must be stated that conditions were not favorable for carrying
the operation of this plan beyond the mere point of inducing the na-
tives to curtail their use of the necessaries of life to a minimum. It
was impossible to demonstrate to them that any particular benefit
would follow this saving, because there was nothing they might obtain
with their savings except the bare necessities of life, of which they
had deprived themselves in order to create the savings fund. And,

146 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

having saved, all they could buy was what they could have had
without saving. Under the present system it is not permitted to
purchase for island use anything but the barest necessaries of life.
Articles from the use of which the average citizen finds enjoyment or
benefit, and by means of which he is able to bring his life above the
level of mere animal existence, are not allowed to be purchased for
sale on the islands. Neither can the native improve his mind and
broaden his education by travel, because no means of transportation
are available. His clothing is of a certain fixed grade each year; if
he desires a better suit or an unusual article of clothing, he can not
purchase it because it is not in the store; nor can he order it unless
through some cumbersome private arrangement almost impossible
to make. In short, he is held down to the use of a greatly circum-
scribed class of merchandise, on an isolated spot of the universe, in
which use he must live and die, practically without power to alter
the condition.

Why, therefore, should the native save money? Money has no
value unless it can be used as a medium of exchange. The mere
hoarding of it induces no satisfaction or comfort to any normal
person. The reward of self-denial exists in the possibilities for
greater enjoyment and greater comfort created as the result of the
self-discipline. If the native has no use for his money after saving
it, he will not save it; neither will anyone. To carry out successfully
any scheme of this character, it is necessary to broaden the possi-
bilities of the natives’ purchasing power. He must be able to buy
desirable and attractive articles at least to the amount of his savings.

Everywhere, except to these people, a prize is offered for thrift.
It should be held out to them, too. For example, it should be so
arranged that the shiftless must wear poor clothing, but the provident
may wear better. The provident, industrious man should be able
to obtain better food than his careless and lazy neighbor. Under
the present system, this is impossible. This situation could be
adjusted readily by a private concern, and it should present no more
difficulties to the Government.

NEED FOR BROADENED OPPORTUNITY.

Since the killing of seals has been stopped on the islands, except a
few for food, and because of the material reduction in the appropria-
tion by Congress for the natives’ support, the system of cash pay-
ments has, unfortunately, been discontinued after only one year of
trial. The building up of the moral and intellectual fiber of a people
is a matter of generations, not of years, even under ideal conditions.
In the case of these natives, not only should precept and example be
afforded, but an intelligent readjustment of conditions on the islands
should be made to give point and object to mere academic advice.

FUR-SEAL SERVICE, 147

It may seem from the foregoing that because no greater results
were obtained from this experiment, it is useless to attempt to lead
the natives to greater self-reliance and thrift. It is believed, however,
that such object is not so near an impossibility as supposed. The
cause should be sought in the system, not the native. The instinct
of self-preservation is as highly developed in these natives as in the
more effete races, and this instinct forms the basis of all desire to lay
by something of what is in hand to insure against future want.
Under the present system the native expects that his future will be
provided for, and has, therefore, no incentive to deny himself and
no self-reliance. While no one would be willing to make the existence
of these people a matter of doubt, on the other hand, it is thought
that it can be so managed that the native would have to depend more
upon himself, through the removal of certain of the paternalistic
offices performed in his behalf by the Government.

As the situation is at present, the native merely has to work and to
draw his weekly rations. He might complain in order to get more, but
beyond that he has no voice in the disposition of his earnings. All
the managing of his resources is done in his hehalf by the agent in
charge, under departmental instructions, and the only open line of
endeavor is to hoodwink the agent into giving him more than his
share. This unnatural situation should be remedied by allowing the
natives more voice in the management of their domestic financial
arrangements. It is believed, contrary to general opinion, that
nearly all the native men are capable of handling their earnings in a
thrifty and judicious manner, once they understand that it is neces-
sary for them to do so or starve. Under this hypothesis it would be
better for the native to receive his earnings, or at least a large portion
of them, in cash at the close of each season with the understanding
that this sum must suffice to support him and family for a year; or
monthly amounts could be given them with the same understanding.

A native supervisory body should be created, the duty of which
should be the oversight of the methods used by the several native men
in handling their resources with a view of preventing suffering on the
part of those children whose fathers might neglect to provide prop-
erly for them. This board should be chosen by the natives them-
selves, to be changed annually or at most every two years. The
resident government representative should have general supervision
over the whole, with power to enforce the findings of the board.
Should a native be grossly improvident, a stated sum from his earn-
ings should be set apart for use of his children. The Government
should arrange to deposit any savings the native might make, or to
expend them for such articles as the native may request to be or-
dered. At present this latter privilege is denied.

In short, the strongly paternalistic attitude of the Government, to-
gether with the communal system of living, has robbed these people

148 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

of all chance of self-improvement by destroying the incentive. Any
effort along the lines indicated or others to increase this self-reliance
will be salutary. It is conceived that a certain small percentage of
receipts from the sale of skins taken by these people, set apart for
them, either for their support or as a fund for the improvement of
local conditions, or as a sheer bonus to increase efficiency and faith-
ful cooperation, would be a paying investment.

CasH PAYMENTS FOR SUNDRY LABOR.

What has been said in the foregoing concerning natives’ earnings
relates wholly to the fund earned by the community in general, mainly
from the taking of skins. Such work as the natives perform as
laborers or skilled workmen in maintaining the station buildings,
exclusive of their own residences, is paid in cash monthly. These
sums, although small, are welcome as representing the only cash the
natives receive, and because this desultory labor is the only means
through which the native may get individual results from inde-
pendent action. Cash thus obtained almost invariably is used to
augment the regular allowance of supplies, and the work through
which it is obtained is eagerly sought. Not to pay them individually
for such work, which is not at all for their benefit, would be to destroy
the feature which removes their system of existence from mere
peonage.

Accounts showing the character and value of merchandise issued
to each native during the year ended June 30, 1913, as well as the
amounts of cash paid to each for labor, with proper receipts, are on
file with the Bureau, together with invoices, inventories, ledger
accounts, balance sheets, and a statement of condition of business on
the date mentioned. Cash slips showing character and amount of all
cash sales of merchandise are also filed.

SANITATION AND HEALTH.

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING LOcAL CONDITIONS.

As has long been known, the chief diseases of the natives of the
Pribilof Islands are tuberculosis and related pulmonary troubles.

The importance of a careful study of the general question of health
and sanitation on the islands was early realized, and the matter
received serious consideration in March, 1909, shortly after the trans-
fer of the fur-seal service to the Bureau. In the general instructions
issued on March 31 of that year to the agent in charge this matter
was presented in the following words:

There is probably no other locality in America where questions of health and sani-
tition can be studied under such favorable conditions as at the seal islands. These
islands are almost completely isolated from the rest of the world. The population is

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 149

quite definitely fixed; there is practically no immigration, no emigration, and little
visiting with other communities. The islands constitute a compact physical and
biological unit, a compact health or sanitary unit. The conditions are so isolated and
so bunched as to render their control and study comparatively easy. This is true not
only as regards the native animals and plants of the islands, but it is true also of the
people who have long been resident on the islands. The conditions for scientific study
of many problems relating to the health and well-being of the various species of plants
and animals (including man) found on the islands are therefore peculiarly favorable.

As Mr. Chichester has been studying medicine for several years, many of these
problems will doubtless appeal to him as questions in which he would be especially
interested and which would afford him a fine opportunity for doing some excellent
and valuable original work. His knowledge of the nature of disease, of bacteriology,
hygiene, and sanitation will enable him readily to appreciate the exceptional oppor-
tunity and to formulate the details of the methods to be employed.

The Bureau therefore desires Mr. Chichester to take up the whole question of health
on the seal islands and submits the following suggestions as to the scope and nature
of the investigations which it wishes to have made:

HEALTH CONDITIONS ON THE SEAL ISLANDS,

Natives.—It is desired that a careful study be made of all the important conditions
or factors bearing on the health of the natives. Many of the questions should be
considered historically.

1. Housing: Character of houses as related to health; changes since first occupation,
whether for the better or not; if present conditions are not what they should be,
suggest improvements. Every house should be inspected with reference to sani-
tary conditions, including ventilation, light, heating, cleanliness, drainage, and
general adaptability.

2. Clothing: In the past and now; whether suited to the climate, healthful, sani-
tary, adapted to the vocations of the people, etc.

3. Food: In the past and now; whether properly or adequately nutritious, and
healthful; proper proportions of different kinds; properly prepared, etc.

4, Diseases: (a) Those brought to the islands by first colonists; which of these
have disappeared and which have persisted; work out as fully as possible the history
of each. (b) Diseases brought to the islands since the first colonization; when,
whence, and by whom brought, and history of each since introduction. (c) Diseases
induced by local conditions—i. e., originating on the islands or whose history can
not be traced, if there be any such. (d) Diseases to which natives are peculiarly
subject; the relative importance of the various diseases as shown by number of deaths
from each and by frequency and duration. (e) History of therapeutics or methods
of treatment of each disease by the resident physicians, together with consideration
of results. If possible, compile mortality tables for all who have died on the islands
since first occupation, giving name, sex, age, date of death, and cause. This bears
upon (d). (f) Relation of climate and of habits and occupations of natives to disease.
This should be carefully investigated. (g) A health card should be prepared for
each person on the islands. This will supply the basis for thorough and continuous
study of these questions.

5. Parasites: A special study should be made of the intestinal and other parasites
affecting the natives, and ample study material should be preserved.

6. Use of intoxicants: The strong desire for intoxicants possessed by the natives is
well known, and the necessity for protecting them against this desire is recognized.

The whole question should receive most thorough study and thoughtful considera-
tion—the origin of the taste for intoxicants; whether this taste is growing stronger;
whether the regulations now in force conduce to temperance among the natives and,
if not, how they may be made more effective in that regard.

22889°—14——23

150 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

You are instructed to give this matter very careful consideration and to make such
recommendations as will, in your opinion, be to the best interests of the natives and
the service.

Dr. Harry D. Chichester, at that time one of the assistant fur-seal
agents, and Dr. Walter L. Hahn, who was appointed naturalist in
the fur-seal service in July, 1910, both heartily approved taking up
this investigation and pursuing it in a comprehensive and thorough
manner. ‘They both believed it possible to free the islands completely
of all infectious diseases and, through the maintenance of proper
quarantine regulations, to maintain such freedom from disease.

As a preliminary requisite it was regarded as necessary to fill out
a health card for each inhabitant of the islands, and, after conference
with a number of able physicians and careful consideration, a suitable
blank form was prepared by Dr. Chichester.

The matter was set forth again in definite instructions to the agent
in charge July 27, 1910, from which the following extract may be
made:

The betterment of the physical and moral condition of the natives is earnestly
desired.

The service, for the study of these problems, is placed under the immediate direc-
tion of Dr. Chichester, who, under the general supervision of the naturalist, will
organize the service with a view to securing the highest efficiency and speedy prac-
tical results. Attention is directed to office letter of March 31, 1909, in which is
pointed out the exceptional opportunity which the islands offer for study of problems
concerning public and individual health. The letter of March 31, 1909, is to be
regarded as forming a part of these instructions.

All these problems should be taken up at once and their investigation pursued
continuously and persistently to solution. With many of them important practical
results should be easy of early attainment. Special and immediate attention should
be given to those problems the study of which will lead promptly to results of real
benefit to the natives. Among these may be mentioned the following:

Sanitary inspection of houses, water supply, etc.; directions and suggestions to
natives regarding food, clothing, personal habits, etc.; physical examination and filling
out of health card for each; determining and putting on record present conditions as a
basis for future investigation. One problem which should be carefully studied is
that of inbreeding. In small communities such as these, into which little new blood
comes from the outside, there is sure to be too close inbreeding, with all the attendant
evils. The blood relationship of the various natives should be made out as definitely
as possible, particularly of man and wife. When close relationship is discovered,
determine what evil effects, if any, on the children. Consider these questions in
connection with the rules and practices of the church as to marriage. Consider also
what can be done toward bringing new blood to the islands.

It is expected that the resident physicians will promptly and effectively cooperate
in every way possible with Dr. Chichester and the naturalist in the study of these
various problems.

It is desired that Dr. Chichester submit a full and detailed report to the Bureau next
summer, showing what has been accomplished to date and indicating future work
contemplated.

Both Dr. Hahn and Dr. Chichester died May 31, 1911, as a result
of an accident on St. Paul Island, before they had been able to do

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 151

much more than enter upon this important work. Since that date
various unexpected untoward conditions have arisen which have pre-
vented any marked progress from being made in the study of these
problems.

HeattH Reports.

The reports submitted by the physicians for the last year are brief;
the more important matters contained therein are here given.

St. Paul Island.—During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, the
resident physician treated 220 cases, not including subsequent treat-
ments. These cases were varied in their nature, totaling about 46
different kinds. Several surgical operations were performed, includ-
ing the removal of enlarged tubercular glands of the left axilla, setting
fracture of the lower end of radius, incision of abscesses, etc.

Seven births took place during the year. There were 9 deaths, 6
of which were infants and 3 adults. |
St. George Island.—The resident physician on St. George Island
reports that there was very little sickness on that island during the
year ending June 30, 1913, except an epidemic of influenza in the
summer of 1912, when the whole population, including the whites,
were attacked. Fortunately, with few exceptions, the cases were
mild. During the winter the cases treated were chiefly gastro-intes-

tinal and pulmonary affections.

Monthly inspections were made of the natives’ houses and surround-
ings which, with few exceptions, were in excellent condition and credit-
able in every way. At the time of these inspections instructions were
given to the natives on feeding and general care of infants and chil-
dren, how to clean milk bottles, proper method of disposing of sputum
and other excreta, the danger of expectorating on the floors, the value
of fresh air, and the general principles of ventilation.

The records kept on this island show that there were 105 births
and 94 deaths between January 1, 1891, and July 1, 1913. According
to Dr. Mills, 70 per cent of the deaths have been from tubercular
troubles, 25 per cent from gastro-intestinal disorders, and 5 per cent
from other causes. At present about 25 per cent of the natives are
suffering from tuberculosis in one form or another. The resident
physician believes it possible to control this disease, with proper
care and attention and the improved hygienic conditions of the last
two or three years, together with an appreciation by the natives
themselves of the necessity for properly disposing of sputum and other
excreta.

The Bureau concurs in this view. It believes that a competent,
resourceful physician in charge, ambitious to do something worth
while, could in the course of a few years entirely free the island of
tubercular and all other contagious and infectious diseases. This is
a hope worthy of the ambition and best efforts of any physician. The

152 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Bureau has on several occasions during the last three years, in its
instructions to the agents and physicians, called attention to this
matter. It is not without hope that this ambition may yet be

realized.
NATIVE DWELLINGS.

The dwellings provided by the Government for the natives are, in
most cases, tight, warm, and in fairly good repair. In four instances
on St. George Island the houses are entirely too small for the families
that occupy them. One family consists of husband, wife, and 6
children; another, of husband, wife, and 10 children; and two others
each of husband, wife, and 7 children. The houses occupied by these
jarge families have been enlarged by the addition of bedrooms built
on the outside, but they are still too small. A number of larger
houses should be built. The new buildings should be one and one-
half stories, so that the upper floor could be used as bedrooms. The
regulation house is one story, 12 feet front by 20 deep, divided into
two rooms, with a lean-to on one side for a kitchen and an entrance.

The house occupied by the family of 12 is one of the largest and has
a kitchen and three rooms, all of which are used as sleeping rooms.
The largest room is 11 by 12 feet, the next 9 by 11, and the other 7 by
11 feet. To enlarge this house would be more expensive than to build
a new one. One house, No. 8, said to be the oldest dwelling on St.
George Island, became uninhabitable some time ago and has been
torn down. All the lumber in it possessing any value has been used
in repairing other houses.

The houses on St. Paul Island are essentially of the same type as
those on St. George. Most of them are in fairly good condition, but
many of them need considerable repairs, and some larger houses are
needed.

New shingle roofs were put on one side of each of six native dwell-
ings. Extensions of existing lean-to kitchens were made to two
houses. The tenants, assisted by other natives, did the work with-
out compensation. The Government furnished the material, and the
work was well done.

UPKEEP OF RESERVATION.

It has been the policy of the agents to encourage the native men
and boys in the use of common tools and the making of useful articles.
On St. George Island during the past winter a number of such articles
were made. Four pieces of office furniture were made by native
workmen from plans or designs furnished them by the agent. These
articles are a desk and cabinet, a typewriter desk, an office desk, and a
cabinet around the safe, with card-index drawers.

For this work the natives received the usual wage of 25 cents an
hour.

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 153

Telephone to Garden Cove.—The need of telephone connection with
Garden Cove, on St. George, one of the three landing places on the
island, about 24 miles from the village, has long been felt. Last fall
a small frame house 8 by 12 feet was set up there and telephone wire
strung from it to the village. The lumber for the house was cut to
length in the village shop and then carried on the backs of the men
to Garden Cove and setup. Necessary telephone posts were obtained
from the abandoned line to Staraya Artel. This work was done by
the natives without compensation.

Zapadnmi watch house.—The watch house at Zapadni was originally
a sod house; that is, aframe structure banked up to the eaves with
sod. The house was greatly in need of repairs; the roof leaked and
much of the planking was rotten. It gave very little protection to
the native guards, who live in it from June until November of each
year. ‘This spring a new shingle roof was put on, new studding put
in the wall, and the whole building double weatherboarded after
removing the former sod walls. The house is now tight and warm.
The lumber for this work was cut to length in the village and hauled
on sleds the 5 miles from the village to Zapadni. This was also
“community work,” i. e., work without compensation.

Wharf at village landing.—The old wharf was a light frame struc-
ture lashed to the rocks, forming the side of the landing slip. It had
to be taken up each fall. Last fall a heavy sea carried the structure
away. Instead of putting in a landing like the old one it was deter-
mined to build a large permanent landing, the fronts on the water to
be of concrete and the whole thing filled in with huge bowlders that
were piled on the end and at the rear of the former wharf. In prose-
cuting this work 40 barrels of Portland cement were used and 2,000
feet of lumber of various kinds, much of which was saved from the
old wharf. The wharf as it now stands has a frontage on the landing
slip of 40 feet, and running at right angles is another sea front of 40
feet, the two forming the water frontage of the landing. Over 2,000
square feet of wharf surface is secured, on which the bidarrahs can
be handled and cargo landed. The former wharf afforded less than
500 square feet of available surface.

Over three weeks were required to complete this work. It is a
solid structure of rock, faced with walls of reinforced concrete and
will withstand the ice and sea and always be ready for use. The only
expense was for material, the work being done by the natives without
compensation.

Wharf derrick guys.—The galvanized-wire derrick guys had not
been renewed for a number of years and were very rusty and stranded
in many places. New guys of five-eighths inch galvanized wire were
put on the derrick and on the boat davits, and new running gear also
was placed in the latter. The whole equipment was worked over and
put in the best of condition.

154 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

Wireless station.—The wireless station established on St. George dur-
ing the summer of 1912 proved of great value. From September 11,
1912, to June 30, 1913, something over 200 official messages were
sent and received. Many of these messages were from the Bureau
and of the greatest importance. Without the wireless communica-
tion it is hard to see how the business of the station could have been
conducted.

The only fault that can be found is that the sending apparatus is
strong enough to send as far as St. Paul Island only. Three times
every 24 hours the St. Paul Island wireless set is ‘‘tuned down” to
hear St. George. At other times this set is unable to make itself
heard at St. Paul. <A great many things might occur between the
regular calling hours that would be of vital importance to have known.
For instance, a fire might start and threaten the entire village. Before
the regular calling time arrived the plant might be destroyed, and it
would then be impossible to make the condition known. Of course,
nothing of this sort has ever happened, and every precaution is taken
to prevent such a thing. But it is possible, and attention is called
to the possibility in support of what is believed to be a need for a
wireless sending plant that would enable this station to communicate
with Unalga, where an operator “‘listens in” during the entire 24

hours.
WATER SUPPLY.

In the fall of 1912 a pumping system was installed jointly by the
Bureau and the Navy Department for furnishing water for domestic
purposes to St. Paul village as well as to the Navy wireless station.
This proved of no service to the village, however, because the pipe
supplied was of too small diameter to allow water to be pumped
through it to the tanks. It was efficient only for the Navy wireless
station, about halfway between the well and the village.

On October 9, 1912, or as soon as the 40,000-gallon reservoir tanks
were installed on the village hill, an effort was made to pump water
into them. After about one and one-fourth hours with a weak stream
flowing into the tanks the pump, working at a pressure of nearly 200
pounds, smashed the teeth on two of its gear wheels and became use-
less. In response to a wireless message, the Navy authorities at Mare
Island sent up to Nome additional gear wheels in time to have them
there placed on the revenue cutter Bear and brought by her to
St. Paul. Another attempt on November 12, at 180 pounds pres-
sure, resulted in the breaking of a shaft in the pumping engine after
an hour’s work and further efforts to fill the tanks were abandoned.
The pump broke because the strain necessary to force water through
a pipe two-thirds of a mile long and 1} inch diameter to tanks with

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 15a

an elevation of 100 feet above sea level was too great for the pump-
ing engine to withstand. In addition to breaking its various parts
while attempting to do this work, the packing around the pump was
forced out from between the joints by the pressure.

To pump to the wireless station, a distance of about half a mile
on a level, required much less pressure, and the pump was able to
perform this duty practically at all times during the winter. Ar-
rangements were made, therefore, to allow the natives to secure
water from the wireless tanks at certain times daily, namely, be-
tween 9 and 10 a. m. and 3 to 4 p. m., thereby saving two-thirds
of the distance the natives would have to travel in hauling water
from the well itself as formerly. This arrangement after a trial
seemed unsatisfactory to the natives, and after November 14
none of them applied for water at the wireless station. They
objected to the arrangement because the water coming from the
wireless tanks was greasy and was also cloudy from discoloration
by coming into contact with the new redwood tank. The main
reason for their dislike, however, seemed to be that they did not wish
to adhere strictly to the hours set for them to get the water, but desired
it at any time it might suit them to go. When they were refused
this they went on to the well, pumped their own water, and hauled
it home in casks on wheelbarrows or sleds, thereafter paying no
attention to the supply in the wireless tanks.

To furnish an abundance of water to the village for domestic
purposes is a matter of vital importance for the health of the inhabi-
tants. Without it the houses can not be kept clean. When unclean,
the filth furnishes breeding places for disease germs of all descriptions.
The infants die in numbers from gastric disturbances because of the
uncleanness of the vessels used in feeding them. The bed clothing
in the squalid houses becomes filthy.. Tuberculosis patients mingle
with the healthy. The native is prone to be dirty by nature, but
the doctrine of cleanliness can not be preached successfully unless
water is furnished with which to put the theory into actual practice.
The native simply can not furnish water enough to keep his dwelling
clean when he has to haul it in casks on a wheelbarrow or a sledge a
distance of nearly a mile. To do so would require his entire time
and energy.

A determined effort should be made to install an efficient water
system on St. Paul, whereby to bring to the native houses a suffh-
cient supply of water for all purposes. The present system has
ample well and reservoir facilities. A new pipe line only is required
to replace that now installed, which is of too small diameter to allow
water to be pumped through it to the distance required. The present
pipe line is 1} inches in diameter. The new pipe should be at least

156 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913,

3 inches. A redwood pipe can be purchased in San Francisco that
is more desirable and cheaper than metal.

In addition to this a satisfactory pumping engine should be fur-
nished by the Bureau. The engine now there, furnished by the
Navy, is of the cheapest construction (costing only about $130) and
is constantly out of order. Furthermore, it can be operated only
at the pleasure of the Navy employees. A system should be put in
which would be entirely free of any supervision of the Navy authori-
ties and under the entire control of the Bureau.

The natives will perform the labor without charge. The new pipe
suggested would cost about $1,000; the engine about $500. It is
earnestly recommended that this material be supplied, and Congress
should be requested to appropriate the sum mentioned.

The fresh-water supply for the village on St. George is obtained
from wells sunk in a depression a few hundred feet in the rear of the
village. There are no springs. Water from melting snow and from
rains is caught in the various ponds and gradually filters through to
the sea, filling the wells as it runs through the low ground. The
supply is abundant during the summer and during thaws in winter,
but water is scarce in freezing weather. There are times when snow
has to be melted by the natives to get water for domestic use.

To insure an adequate supply of fresh water, one or more large
tanks should be installed. These tanks should have a total capacity
of not less than 30,000 gallons. This would be sufficient not only to
supply water for the village but also for freshening salted fox food,
if that sort of food must be used. These tanks could be connected
with the well, from which the water could be pumped into the tanks
either by windmill or gasoline engine.

The cost of such a water-storage system would not exceed $500,
exclusive of the labor incident to installation,

THE FUR-SEAL HERD.

The act of Congress approved August 24, 1912, provides, among
other things, that ‘‘all killing of fur seals on the Pribilof Islands, or
anywhere within the jurisdiction of the United States in Alaska,
shall be suspended for a period of five years, and shall be, and is
hereby, declared to be unlawful.” The first sealing year under this
law was that ending August 10, 1913. In strict compliance with this
provision of law no seals were killed on either of the islands in the
year ending August 10, 1913, except such as were necessary for food
for the natives. ‘The number was 2,298, of which 1,960 were taken on
St. Paul and 338 on St. George. Two skins from St. George were
not shipped, being too green to handle, This left 2,296 as the
entire shipmsnt from both islands,

FUR-SEAL SERVICE, 157

KILLING OF SEALS.
St. Pau Isuanp.

As the purpose of the killing this year was strictly for food for the
native residents, no drives were made on St. Paul except from Reef
Rookery, which is adjacent to the village, whither the animals could
be driven and the flesh of the carcasses distributed to the various
native families, or from Sea Lion Rock, whence the carcasses could
be taken to the village in boats. During the year 125 seals were
killed at North East Point to furnish fresh meat to sea-lion hunters,
fox trappers, and guards at that place, but these were taken from
isolated pods of bachelors without disturbing the large body on the
hauling ground. The bachelors’ hauling grounds at Zapadni,
Tolstoi, and Halfway Point were not disturbed unless when visits
were made to these rookeries for purposes of observation.

Details of the killings are shown in the following table:

Statistics oF Kinitina on St. Paun 1n 1912-13.

Date. Rookery pee Date. Rookery. Nee

1912. 1913.
Oct. 22 Beet. Shere eteicin wiciovala iutals Gassinjateiera > 222 || June 3 | North East Point ........... 10
INO Ven Loi eles Olea <jnfain a locicans tec en=cios 184 Op Realises .t2.0 2) Soe eeaeceas 154
Dec. 1 North Wasteeomiseeecceserces 58 DA%S| ee fe QOi sae So oe emcee ae cals oetue 335
LOA Sea lHOMUROCK lc ccice cee oem. GTA Wulyes leecer ee We cage et cecine aden = atodaee 44
ORY aaa Onauisac emajes slaseisci eee ocr ABOU Oe ae | MoeeedOsecc conse aot cmictesiicirersas 414
8 North WaASt ROmb = sees ee weeies 15
1913. 22 eee Ovnee acentaseeseeoswinesers 3
May 14 | North East Point............. 123 SA oe de Wests ® Secor hse s. alesis 153
Pte liSea WionsROCK se cece sees as 132 6.|| North Kast Point............- 3

21) NortiBast) Points: 22-55... 5

215 | eee Ques asneccee cern esessess 19 Motalecc-asteesccscnecae 1,960

St. GrorGE ISLAND.

Within the sealing year ending August 10, 1913, 8 seal drives
were made on St. George Island, from which a total of 326 seals
were killed. Within the same period the native guards at Zapadni
killed 12 seals for food, making a total of 338 for the year. Of this
number, 336 skins were shipped on the Homer August 8, 1913. Two
skins, taken August 5 by guards at Zapadni, being too green to bundle,
were held over until next year.

Statistics or Kintine on St. GEORGE IN 1912-138.

Date. Rookery. SS: Date. Rookery. poe
1912. 1913.

Oct235|) North Rookery... «.-00-ce<e - 40) |||, duane, 23) || (North, Riookery;......2 0... 38
23 Zepsaul UALS Se eietatceistciets cas 2 29 | Zapadni guards............... 2

D4 tara cit Onis Sete cet a ate cielo awiew pleieere Taohy. Son Northenookerye.ccce sccsmc-<c 44

Nov. 5 Gru OOK ODYenwiame cemesce oe 18 5) |-Zapadni'siards 222005... <c--14 1
Ml GStaraya Artels sec .sce cose coe 5 OF Bees GON eens tecieseree Soeaes 2

22 | East Rookery.............-.- 37 ZO EAST LUOOKEL Vitis cle eislalete ects slo 85

Aug. 5] Zapadni guards..............- 2

1913 eee eS a
FuTiS 10) | -edOe co ssesceoc. cece wesw’: 59 Rotalbaert os sess ce 338

158 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

RETURN OF YEARLING SEALS.

The determination exactly of the date of return of yearling seals
to the islands after their first migration has been relatively unim-
portant until recently, when charges were made in Congress that the
yearling seals have formed the bulk of the annual takes of skins, and
that among these yearlings so claimed to have been taken were
thousands of female yearlings the sex of which, because of their
extreme youth, it was impossible to recognize until after death.
All the natives and all the white people who have ever been engaged
in the taking of sealskins have held that these yearlings never appear
in any considerable numbers on the islands until after the ist of
August, after the annual catch has been secured, and that when so
appearing they are so small that their skins are undesirable. This
belief, however, has been based wholly on general observation and
experience which, although thoroughly reliable as such, was not the
result of such extended scientific investigation as would be regarded
as a complete demonstration of the fact.

To obtain exact knowledge as to when the yearlings really arrive,
and their size and weight at the time of arrival, has been the en-
deavor of the Bureau for the last two years. To this end, the Bureau’s
instructions in 1912 required that a large number of seal pups of
that year be permanently marked with a hot iron brand on the
head. When these animals so marked appeared the year following,
no question as to their identity as yearlings could be raised, and
observation of them would afford exact data as to their movements
as well as to their weight and size.

Following the Bureau’s instructions, 5,529 pups of both sexes
were branded in 1912 with a permanent brand. As these pups of
1912 would be yearlings in 1913 a careful watch was kept for their
return in the latter year. In all drives made in 1913, every pod of
seals driven up was carefully scrutinized to determine whether any of
these marked yearlings were present.

In the drive of June 9, on St. Paul Island, no branded yearlings
were seen, nor any seal, in fact, small enough to approach the size of
a yearling, according to the usual acceptation of its size. On June 23,
no branded yearling was seen and only seven small seals that might
be classed as yearlings, although their identification was in doubt.

On July 7, none of the branded yearlings appeared, and very few
small seals.

On July 24, no branded yearlings having yet been found, the hauling
ground on Reef rookery was driven, in order to discover how many
if any, of these marked animals were present. The seals were sepa-
rated into pods, of perhaps 50 animals each, and each pod was care-
fully examined in turn to ascertain how many of the marked yearlings
might be in it.

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 159

Out of the entire drive of more than 1,200 seals, 6 marked yearlings
were found, and all of them were males. Although only 6 of those
marked were found, there were present a few other animals of similar
size which might properly be classed as yearlings, but the whole
number of this size present, including those not marked, would not
equal 10 per cent of the whole number in the drive. None of the
marked seals was killed.

A single yearling appeared in the drive of July 20 on St. George.®

ARRIVAL OF SEALS ON ST. GEORGE ISLAND.

The first bulls to haul out this season appeared May 8 on North
and East rookeries. The first cow appeared on North rookery,
June 12. Details of certain observations on the arrival of seals and
harem counts are given in the following table:

Count or Buiis, HAarems, anp Cows, Sr. GrorcEe Istanp, Nortu Rookery,
SEASON 1913.

Date. Bulls. Harems. Cows. Idle bulls. | Quitters. Remarks.

1 bull in water.
15 bachelors.

MDE aloe nceie'e’ 80 1 1 79 10 | 40 bachelors.
IGS escecweces 82 1 1 81 5
Rielaisewececle.c 99 69 924 30 14
PULA ia oceces cues 99 75 986 24 4
Sleleciconesicics 99 77 1,016 22 10
Uoacdouspooee 104 95 2,214 9 5

After the early days of June, when the seals had hauled out in
numbers, no complete counts of the nonbreeding seals were made by
the agent. The full census of all classes was made by Mr. George A.
Clark, special investigator, who will make a separate report.

SEAL MEAT NECESSARY FOR NATIVES’ FOOD.

The natives are almost entirely dependent on seals for fresh meat.
For both islands at least 5,000 carcasses from seals of desirable ages
should be provided to afford the natives an abundance of the food
which has formed the basis of their diet.

In addition to the number of seals killed for natives’ food, a suffi-
cient number of carcasses should be put in the silos during the sum-
mer to provide fox food from September 15 to the following May.
Between these dates birds are not sufficiently abundant to supply the

a A telegram dated March 16, 1914, from Mr. P. R. E. Hatton, in charge on St. Paul Island, reports a total
return of 14 branded seals to that island in 1913 between July 14 and November 8. On St. George Island
atotal of 74 branded seals were seen, chiefly in drives between August 16 and November 25. This isa total
of 88 for the two islands, out of the 5,529 branded pups of 1912. They were never seen in numbers, but
appeared occasionally on a number of different rookeries.

160 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

foxes with enough food to keep them from starving. Previous to
1904, the number of seals killed each fall, whose carcasses were
allowed to remain on the ground, provided ample food for the foxes,
but as the killings decreased this food gradually became less and
less, until it became necessary to preserve food in silos to carry the
fox herd through the winter. At that time the lessee was required
to furnish each year 12 tons of dried or salted fish, in addition to the
seal carcasses preserved. Last year the fox herd on St. George alone
consumed 12 tons of salted whale meat and 104 tons of salt salmon,
in addition to what they could get from the refuse parts of the car-
casses left on the killing grounds and the birds, fish, and other food
they could get by hunting and combing the beaches. The salted food
was put out at the fox trap and none was wasted. In the absence
of this food the foxes will starve to death.

THE FOX HERD.
ST. PAUL ISLAND.

Fox trapping was allowed on St. Paul Island for a period of six
days, from December 2 to 7, 1912, as the result of which 143 blue
and 30 white fox skins were secured. ‘These were shipped in tight
casks on the Homer to San Francisco and there consigned by freight
to Funsten Bros. & Co., St. Louis, as directed by the Department.

The two localities on St. Paul in which foxes are.most numerous
are those in which the greatest number of seals have been killed.
These are North East Point and the village. The fox-trapping
locality next in importance is Southwest Bay, which contains the
Zapadni rookeries and killing ground. Foxes are least numerous
where seals are not present at all and where the foxes exist on birds,
beach food, and various vegetable matter.

No reliable method of ascertaining the number of foxes remaining
on St. Paul at the close of the trapping can be used. That many
survived the trapping season, however, is known. From _ those
actually observed and from the fox tracks seen in the snow it could
almost be believed that the trapping made no appreciable impression
upon the number in the whole herd. The following summer (1913)
foxes, both young and old, could be seen anywhere in plenty and, if
anything, more numerous than before.

The St. Paul foxes seemed to be in no lack of food during the past
winter. With one exception all foxes taken at the village were well
supplied with fat, and that animal was suffering from severe ulcers
on the stomach—outside lining. Nearly all had full stomachs when
captured. ‘The winter, however, was unusually mild and open, with
little snow, giving the foxes exceptional opportunity to forage, which
they would not enjoy under usual winter conditions.

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 161

In the summer of 1912 a pit at the village was filled with seal
viscera and the bodies of such few seals as were for any reason objec-
tionable for natives’ food. In February following this pit was opened
and some of its contents strewn about. Thereafter the foxes fre-
quented this hole, eating of the contents. No salt or other pre-
servative was used on the contents of this pit.

A reindeer died at the village on February 2, and the body was
consumed by foxes in several days. The two deer dying at North
Shore were also eaten almost immediately. Those deer dying in the
corral at the village were eaten by foxes almost before the bodies
could be found by the herders. This consumption of fresh meat in
such short time by the St. Paul foxes is unusual, and indicates not so
much a scarcity of food as an unusually large number of foxes.

As the fall of 1912 was the first in which there was complete
absence on the rookeries of the bodies of seal pups dead from starva-
tion because of the mothers being killed at sea, it was a matter of
interest to observe how the elimination of this accustomed food
supply would affect the foxes. It could not be seen that foxes were
suffering from lack of food at any time, but it is believed that the
unusual openness of the winter compensated in great part for the
absence of dead pups. Had the winter been severe and the beaches
piled high with the usual ice barricade (which was wholly absent last
winter) the foxes undoubtedly would have suffered from lack of food.

ST. GEORGE ISLAND.

On St. George Island fox trapping began on the night of November
26 and ended on January 31. The village trap was used 21 nights
and string traps were used in the village three days. At Zapadni
trapping was carried on two days and only one fox was caught.

The first night of trapping at the village 247 foxes passed through
the fox-house trap; the second night 76, the third, 85, and the fourth,
64. Thereafter the number varied from night to night, but never
equaled the numbers of the first four nights. The total number of
foxes killed was 268, of which only 1 was white. Five of these skins
were mangy, and 15 other mangy skins were taken from foxes found
dead, making 20 mangy skins in all, which were shipped to the Bureau
for examination. The skins in good condition numbered 263, includ-
ing 1 white.

Trapping can not be carried on successfully every night. Those
branded and released will return to feed, but soon become ‘‘trap-shy”’
and will not reenter the trap, although all sorts of devices are resorted
to to induce them to do so; there is always a number that will return
and feed, but will not enter the trap.

Selective breeding and the food question.—The present foxing methods
on St. George Island were put in practice about 1897. The method

162 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

was based on the theory or belief that by killing the poorer foxes
and reserving the better conditioned ones as breeders a superior
strain or breed of foxes could be developed. Proceeding on this
assumption, those to be reserved as breeders were branded and
released. During recent years the number so branded and reserved
has usually been about 200 pairs annually, and all inferior animals
were killed. No discoverable improvement, however, has been
noted. The catch of the winter of 1912-13 was of poorer quality
than that of the two previous years, and more mangy foxes were
killed last year than in any previous year.

The causes of the deterioration are evident. The natural food on
St. George Island obtainable by the foxes is not sufficient for their
needs. Until in recent years the numbers of seals killed on the
island each year, the refuse parts of the carcasses of which were
available for fox food, were sufficient, together with other obtainable
kinds of natural food, to supply the foxes adequately and with
wholesome food. But during the last few years the amount of
seal meat has not been enough for their needs. Therefore, from
about the first of October until in May the foxes, finding little or
nothing else to eat, have been fed mainly on salted food freshened
in sea water. Meat sufficiently impregnated with salt to preserve it,
then freshened in sea water, can not come from the freshening vats
with any less salt than is contained in the water in which it has been
soaked. A diet carrying that much salt, fed to foxes year after year
during seven months, can not be wholesome and must inevitably
produce injurious results.

Furthermore, the trapping season extended over too long a period.
It should be limited to a week or 10 days, as it was on St. Paul.
The period during which the fur is at its best is very short.

A quantity of whale flesh (12 tons) was shipped last August from
the whaling station at Akutan to St. George to be used for fox food,
to compensate for the absence of the usual amount of seal meat
saved and stored for that purpose. When this whale meat was fed
to the animals during the winter they ate it with eagerness and
seemed to enjoy it more than any other food that has been given
to them heretofore, not excepting the dried salmon which the lessee
used to furnish. In 1913, unfortunately, this whale meat could not
be obtained, because the Akutan whaling station was closed. As
the foxes had to be fed, attempts were made to induce natives of
Unalaska to catch fish for this purpose, and one native responded
by proposing to catch any amount of Attu mackerel or kelpfish,
dried, up to 10 tons, at English Bay, Unalaska Island, at $20 a
ton, the Government to furnish the sacks in which it was to be
shipped. As no other offer was made, the proposition of the native
was accepted. The live fish were there in quantity, but after catch-

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 163

ing about 5 tons and hanging the fish up to dry, most of it spoiled
because the weather was too rainy to permit of drying. As the
matter was urgent, Agent Lembkey visited the place, to induce the
man to renew his efforts. He also procured a quantity of burlap
for shipment of the fish and arranged with the Revenue Cutter
Service to transport it from English Bay to St. George some time
during the fall. It is not known what quantity of this fish was
furnished,

On St. Paul, realizing that the St. George foxes would be in danger
of starvation during the winter of 1913-14, on July 7 such pieces of
seal meat as were left on the field by the natives and such few seal
carcasses as were undesirable for natives’ food because of the re-
moval of the blubber, were hauled to the village and there cut up
and barreled after being lightly salted. Twenty-four barrels were
so filled and sent to St. George on the Homer. This quantity of
seal meat would weigh about’ 24 tons and will last only a short
time.

REINDEER HERD.

On the last day of August, 1911, 4 male and 21 female adult rein-
deer were placed on St. Paul Island, and on the next day 1 adult
male, 12 adult females, and 2 young males were landed on St.
George Island by the revenue cutter Bear. These reindeer had
been supplied to the Department of Commerce by the Department
of the Interior from its herd at Unalakleet, on the mainland.

Up to the spring of 1912, the losses had been but 3—1 male and
1 young cow on St. Paul and the adult bull on St. George. In the
spring of 1912 there were produced 17 healthy fawns on St. Paul and
11 on St. George. At the end of August, 1912, there were on St.
Paul 3 adult bulls, 20 adult cows, and 17 young, or a herd of 40. On
St. George there were 2 adult bulls, 12 adult cows, and 11 young, or
a herd of 25; a total of 65 on the two islands. The losses from these
until September, 1913, on St. Paul were 1 adult bull, 1 adult cow,
1 yearling cow, and 2 yearling bulls; those on St. George, 1 adult bull,
or a total of 6.

In the spring of 1913 there were produced 18 healthy fawns on
St. Paul and 13 on St. George. At the end of September, 1913, the
herds therefore consisted of 2 adult bulls, 18 adult cows, 7 yearling
bulls, 7 yearling cows, and 18 fawns on St. Paul, or a herd of 52;
and on St. George 2 adult bulls, 12 adult cows, 2 yearling bulls, 9
yearling cows, 8 male fawns, and 5 female fawns, or 36. The total
for both islands at the end of September, 1913, is therefore 88. This
is a net increase of 120 per cent in the two years.

The experience of the two years has demonstrated the practicabil-
ity of maintaining a reindeer herd on each of the islands. The cli-
matic conditions are favorable, or at least not unfavorable. There

164 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

was no loss that could be attributed to the physical environment.
The agent and others familiar with St. Paul Island believe that the
reindeer moss and other suitable food are sufficiently abundant on
that island to support a herd of at least 1,000. The moss on St.
George Island is thin and short and will probably not support a herd
of more than 150 to 200.

The herds appear to require no special care except in the spring,
when the young are being dropped. Experience has shown that,
unless cared for, the young are apt to wander away and into holes
or crevices in the rocks from which they can not extricate them-
selves. It has been found advisable to corral the does and to give
them constant attention during the period when the young are being
dropped and until the fawns are well able to take care of themselves.

The St. Paul herd has been under the direction of two native
herders, each receiving as compensation for his services the sum of
$2.50 a month. These herders twice each week search for the herd,
which wanders at large, and drive it slowly to a point near the village
in order to accustom it to man’s presence and to being handled.

On January 30 last a young male was found injured in the hind
leg, which dragged inert as the animal walked. The deer was driven
slowly to near the village and an examination made, which showed
the knee and hip joints to be greatly swollen and stiffened. On the
suggestion of Dr. McGovern the animal was placed on a sled and
brought to the shop, where it was intended to place it in a sling and,
after clipping the affected areas, to apply thereto an ichthyol and
iodine dressing. While this was being done, however, the animal
quietly died. An autopsy showed both the joints mentioned to have
been torn asunder by some violent strain, conjecturably through
fighting with an older male.

On March 15, 1912, a yearling female was seen to be somewhat
disabled in a fore leg, but keeping well up with the herd. On the 22d,
however, the body of this animal was found at North Shore nearly
eaten by foxes, not enough being left to determine the cause of death.

On April 28 a doe was found to have died in giving birth to a still-
born fawn.

On May 5 two fawns were born dead. On the 18th a two days’
old fawn was found dead in a small hole in the corral and almost
entirely eaten by foxes. On the same night a female yearling died
in giving birth to her fawn, and by morning both bodies were almost
entirely eaten by foxes. On the 28th the body of an old male, of
the original stock, was found at North Shore.

The herders reported the deaths, therefore, of 1 old female, 1 old
male, 2 yearling females, 1 yearling male, and 5 fawns.

The herd habitually resorted to an area near North Shore almost
10 miles away from the village and nearly inaccessible in winter.

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 165

For this reason it was not possible to ascertain the date of the rutting
season without a man’s staying continuously with the herd, which
was impossible, as no houses were in the vicinity. The season for
dropping fawns, however, begins between April 1 and 15. The habit
of the female when approaching delivery is to absent herself from
the herd and seclude herself in some chosen spot where her young is
born. To keep the females under observation during this period,
and to prevent the new-born fawns from straying into holes from
which they could not extricate themselves, the whole herd, was on
March 22, driven into a corral about a mile from the village, where it
could be visited daily. As the moss in this corral is sparse, it became
necessary for the herders each day to drive the animals outside, allow
them to graze for several hours, and then return them to the corral.
When the first fawn was born the herders kept the animals inside
the corral and gathered moss outside which they carried to the animals.

On April 17 the deer broke through the corral fence and escaped.
When finally driven back four females were missing and remained at
large until several months later, when each was found with a living
fawn. Whether it is desirable to confine the animals in this restricted
inclosure during the fawn-dropping period, or whether to allow the
does to follow their desire to isolate themselves at this time, is con-
jectural. The does on St. George have not been confined in inclos-
ures during the period of parturition, notwithstanding which no
seeming increase in the death rate resulted.

There are not yet enough animals in the reindeer herd to allow
of killing any for food or of training any to draw vehicles. Females
should never be killed, of course. In the case of males, selective
killing should be practiced; 1. e., only the smaller and less vigorous
males should be used for food. The Esquimo herders saw off the
horns of the most belligerent bucks, that the latter may not injure
the younger males. Observations show that the species has much
less resistance than a wild animal would be supposed to have. Of
the two adults found last winter with injured legs, both died, although
the injury of itself was not fatal, and did not prevent the animal from
obtaining as much food as it desired. Innumerable instances can
be cited of cattle, horses, sheep, and foxes living for years after
an injury that partially or wholly destroyed the use of a leg. From
this it may be deduced that, as draft animals, the reindeer would be
of much less utility than a horse or mule. If trained, however,
it probably could travel with a light load over frozen surfaces with
facility. Its greatest use to the Pribilofs will be that of furnishing
fresh meat for human consumption, refuse meat for the foxes, and
skins, which make superior sleeping bags.

No possible interference with seals or foxes can occur on the part

of the reindeer. At best it is a timid creature, except perhaps in the
99889° 1494

166 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

rutting season. The herds invariably frequent the uplands in the
interior of the islands, miles from the nearest seal rookery. When
driven to the village and there released, the herd at once travels back
rapidly to the interior. On St. Paul, the mules while grazing find
sport in stampeding the herd, if it approaches, and chasing it until
the mules tire. The reindeer and seals have never been seen together,
but it is almost certain that the latter would be not in the least
disturbed by the deer.

At present the reindeer in the herds on the Pribilofs are the property
of the Government. Native herders are employed, two on each island
at the nominal salary of $2.50 per month each, to look after the
herds and give them such attention as they may need. No reindeer
have yet been killed for food. It is the intention to begin killing
whenever the number of males considerably exceeds the needs of the
herd for breeding purposes. After reserving the number of bulls
necessary as breeders, the useless males will be killed for food and their
skins. The conditions under which this food will be furnished to the
natives have not been definitely determined.

It has been suggested that a system of apprenticeships be
established whereby the natives may acquire individual ownership
in the deer. Such a system has a number of advantages. It would,
it is believed, cause the natives to take a greater interest in the deer
and be more active in their care.

The natives would acquire the stimulus that comes with personal
ownership and the possibility of personal profit from the sale of meat
and hides.

There is no reason why the reindeer may not be utilized to a con-
siderable extent on the Pribilofs in connection with travel and
transportation to and from the remoter parts of the islands. The
natives should be taught reindeer driving, not only for utilitarian
reasons but because of the pleasure to be derived from sleighing
parties during the long seasons of snow.

The same danger of deterioration of stock as a result of inbreeding
will be encountered here as with domestic stock anywhere. To avoid
this danger and for the purpose of general improvement of the herds,
it is recommended that reindeer from the Alaska peninsula be intro-
duced from time to time.

SEA LIONS.

The small herd of Steller’s sea lions on St. Paul and the much
smaller one on St. George seem to remain without either increase
or decrease. These animals would not be disturbed at all by the
islanders were it not for the fact that the skins of the surplus males
have been and are still used for covering the native bidarras or large
lighters essential for transporting cargo from the supply vessels to

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 167

the beach. No other form of boat, carrying the same quantity of
merchandise, is ight enough to be handled by the force of workmen
on the islands. It has been the practice, therefore, to secure on
St. Paul skins enough to renew each year the cover of a bidarra on
each island. The St. George herd rarely if ever furnishes a skin.

In late years it has not been possible to obtain such a number of
skins. No drive of sea lions on St. Paul has been made since 1909.
notwithstanding annual attempts to make such drive.

The driving of sea lions requires skill, patience, and courage that
not all the native hunters seem to possess, and does actually call
into use all the aboriginal skill in hunting that these men have fallen
heir to.

The animals sought to be secured are the immature males and
young male adults that have not been able to secure cows. These,
as do the fur-seals of the same class, gather in one place usually,
apart from the breeders. They are enormous beasts, 10 to 12 feet
long, each weighing nearly or quite a ton. They are very wary
and will rush for the water at sight, sound or scent of any disturbing
element.

It is the object of the native hunters to place themselves between
the sea lions and the beach and to induce them to run inland instead
of into the water. Once started in an inland direction they may be
driven slowly but with comparative ease to any place where it is
desired to kill them.

To get between the animals and the sea is the difficult and dangerous
task. The wind must be directly off shore or slightly quartering, or
otherwise the scent of the approaching hunters would cause the
creatures to rush into the sea before they could be intercepted. If
the beach line is clear and the wind favorable, the men creep care-
fully along the rocky beach at low tide until they have reached a
position favorable for turning the sleeping animals inland. Then
rising suddenly with shouts, hand clapping, and gunshots the attempt
is made.

If all goes well, some of the animals in their fright will rush inland;
others will make for the water despite the noise. Then it is well if a
luckless native is not in the line of a charging beast, as nothing can
stop it until the sea is gained. Many narrow escapes from injury or
death from trampling or a snatch from the enormous jaws has served
to add zest to the enterprise.

If a drive is made, the animals are driven to a level stretch of
ground where racks have been erected. There the beasts are shot,
the skins removed and piled one over the other, where, covered with
grass or turf, they are allowed to ‘“‘sweat”’ until incipient putrefaction
has so loosened the hair that it can be scraped off. The skins then
are taken up, scraped clean of hair, and stretched on the racks until

168 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

they become dry and stiff. In this condition they are stored until
time to use them for a boat cover. Then they are soaked until soft,
the edges trimmed until they fit each other, and are sewed together
by the women with thread made of whale sinew, or better, as has
been found, with stout linen thread. The cover while wet is stretched
taut over the boat frame, lashed to the gunwale with heavy twine,
and allowed to dry. When dry it is as tight as a drumhead and as
stiff as sole leather. Since 1909 conditions have not been propitious
for making a drive of these animals. While they have been present
each year, either they haul out in places inaccessible for driving, or
the weather conditions were not favorable for the men to approach
without giving alarm. Attempts each year to make a drive have
been without success.

This spring (1913) the usual report came from North East Point
that about 50 sea-lion bachelors had hauled quite a distance back
from the beach and that a drive probably could be made. Acting
on this, on May 14, a team was sent with eight hunters and a cook.
On May 20 these men were brought back after they had made
several unsuccessful attempts to secure the drive. On May 23 the
party again was sent out and remained until the 31st, when further
attempts to make the drive were abandoned.

During this whole period the wind was favorable for driving on only
two occasions, May 20 and 24. On the first date a drive was at-
tempted. As the animals lay widely scattered, the driving gang
was divided into two sections, each approaching along the beach
from a different flank upon the center. While crawling along the
water’s edge, before they were in position to rise suddenly and startle
the animals a fox in the driver’s path ran off among the sea lions,
barking at the men. This caused the drive to withdraw to the beach,
and made the attempt a failure. On the 24th the sea lions were so
widely scattered that none could be prevented from plunging into the
water.

While it is necessary to have these boat covers made of some
flexible material, it is believed that heavy canvas could be sub=-
stituted for sea-lion skins and used to advantage. This could be
sewed as are the skins, and covered with paint or oil. The dislike
of the natives to use a bidarra covered with anything else than sea-
lion hides would have to be overcome. Certainly the bidarras now
on the islands will have to be covered with something soon, and, as
no skins seem to be obtainable, something else will have to be used.

Sea lions are plentiful on Bogaslov Island, west of Unalaska. The
natives of St. Paul found over 100 young males on Walrus Island June
14 of this year. The species is not in danger of extermination, but
conditions seem to prevent any from being captured. It is not allowed
to shoot them on their breeding grounds.

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 169

WALRUS ISLAND BIRD RESERVATION.

Walrus Island, a low-lyimg islet about one-third of a mile long,
lies about 8 miles east of St. Paul Island. It is barely above the wash
of the surf at its highest point, and is composed mainly of lava layers
breaking abruptly into the sea. Basaltic bowlders form a small por-
tion of its north shore line. About 1,500 square feet of its surface is
covered with loam; the remaining surface is flat, rain-washed rock
or loosely strewn bowlders.

In previous years a few walrus hauled out here, and perhaps a few
lived here, but from the small area and general topography of the
place it can well be assumed that it must have served merely as a
hauling or resting ground for young or surplus male walrus, the over-
flow from the main walrus rookery on North East Point on St. Paul.
From the presence of these few walrus in former times, however, the
islet got its name. None of this species has been seen to land here
since about 1890.

This small island, however, has long been known as the breeding
place of countless thousands of a few species of sea fowl. So great
is the profusion of bird life there that this little rock is generally
known as one of the few remaining places in the world where wild
life may still be found in such superabundance as to be innumerable
and startling.

Positive efforts to conserve this bird life have never been made.
The inaccessibility of the locality has rendered it immune from dis-
turbance by man, if we except the annual visits of the St. Paul natives
to gather eggs. On these visits the native party would gather a
boatload of eggs of the murre, which are laid on the flat bare rock
without sign of a nest. If the weather is favorable, this trip may be
followed up perhaps by a return visit a week afterwards, when the sur-
face previously gathered over is again covered with eggs unmistakably
fresh.

Walrus Island was made a special Government reservation in 1909,
but the privilege of the natives of St. Paul to visit this island during the
spring to collect eggs for food, as has been their custom for years, has
been continued. Of such visits in the summer of 1913 it is purposed
to report here.

On June 12, 1913, a rowboat manned by six natives left St. Paul
vulage about 5.30 a. m. and visited Walrus Island, returning about
5 p.m. with about 1,000 murre or “‘arrie” eggs. These were gathered
off the flat top of the island without necessity of selection, as all were
fresh. The boat captain stated that only a small space on the island
was cleared of eggs, as more could not be brought back in the boat
with safety to the crew. He reported that many gulls were to be
seen there, but the crew could not find over a dozen gulls’ eggs. This
is quite an unusual circumstance as the gulls usually lay their eggs

170 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

before the murres. Bird life in general was reported to be as plentiful
as heretofore.

An opportunity to visit the island again did not occur until June 30,
when Mr. Kleinschmidt, charterer of theschooner P. J. Abler lying off
St. Paul island, made the trip to Walrus Island in the schooner and
kindly took Agent Lembkey along, together with five natives to
gather some more eggs, if the condition of the latter would justify
gathering for food. Several hours were spent there, and opportunity
was afforded for a somewhat careful observation of conditions.

The area denuded of murre eggs by the native party on June 12
was found completely covered again with eggs, which however, were
already incubated to a point rendering nearly all of them undesirable
for food. Only about a bushel of eggs was taken by the natives, each
egg having been tested in water and found to sink.

At this date no murre chicks had been hatched. Of the glaucous
winged gulls, only three chicks were found, two perhaps a week old
and one just out of the shell. The young cormorants, very few in
number, had grown to over half the size of the parents, but were
still in down and had scarcely any feathers. No puffin young were
found, but many puffins were seen hatching in their burrows and
several of their eggs when broken were found to be about one-third
incubated.

No diminution in the numbers of birds frequenting Walrus Island
seems to have occurred. As the boat containing the visitors ap-
proached the landing, all cliff edges were seen to be alive with murres,
standing so close together as almost to be touching each other.
They paid but little attention to the visitors even after the latter
landed, and retreated only a few yards from the person coming
toward them. Even within this, they constantly returned, each to
straddle its particular egg lying precariously on the flat rocks with-
out sign of nest, and sometimes rolling its own or other eggs about
in a way that demonstrated the unusual thickness of the shell. With
all this rough treatment and confusion very few eggs were broken.
The murre eggs covered thickly all the flat space usually occupied
by them and few if any more could find hatching space.

The glaucous-winged gulls arose in clouds as the party moved about
the island, and were continually rising and alighting again, as were
the murres. A few kittiwakes were seen nesting on the abrupt faces
of the cliffs in the little shelving recesses which they frequent. With
the exception of the small bowlder beach on the north side no areas
were found that could have been used for breeding purposes, and
here it is possible that in a storm the space might come within the
reach of dashing spray and therefore be undesirable. It is fair from
this to conclude that bird life on this island is probably at its greatest
expansion. It certainly is as profuse to the eye as when it was

FUR-SEAL SERVICE. 171

visited by Agent Lembkey in 1899. During the time of the visit on
June 30 last the air was so filled with flying birds that photographic
plates with a very short exposure showed them as thick as flies
over the whole sky space on the film. In short, the number of
birds in the air was as remarkable as the very remarkable number
of birds on shore. The impression that the whole scene creates upon
an observer is that there are millions of birds inhabiting this little
island. When it is considered, furthermore, that the islands of St.
Paul and St. George, especially on those portions of shore line where
abrupt cliffs are found inaccessible to man, contain breeding areas for
these same species many times greater in extent than the whole of
Walrus Island, some faint idea can be gathered of the boundless
profusion of bird life about the islands.

It does not seem that the destruction of eggs by the egging expe-
ditions of the St. Paul Island natives ever has had the effect of
diminishing the birth rate. The eggs most sought and generally
obtained are those of the murre. This species will lay and hatch but
one egg if undisturbed, but experiments made on several occasions
show that if the first be removed the bird will immediately lay another
and a third if the second be removed. In some cases, even a fourth
ege will be laid if the previous ones have been taken away, but the
fourth usually is small and seems to mark the limit of the bird’s
endurance. The natives never remove eggs from any specific breed-
ing area more than twice in one season, and all such eggs when
removed appear to be immediately replaced by the birds. It would
seem that this could have no effect upon the numbers of birds hatched
but merely would make the date of hatching somewhat later, a matter
which would work no particular loss of offspring.

It is likely that in a state of nature many murre eggs are destroyed
and have to be replaced. The eggs are laid usually on flat sloping
rocks, resting in a mere indentation that offers a precarious resting
place. In a crowded breeding ground quarrels are incessant, and as
a result the eggs are started rolling, and in spite of the extremely
thick shells many are broken. Under the St. George cliffs the shells
of murre eggs may be found in abundance.

The murres have also a constant and vicious enemy in the glaucous-
winged gull, which in sheer wantonness, when hunger does not serve
as a reason, attacks the eggs of the murre the moment the latter are
left ungarded, and punctures them with a heavy blow of the beak.
On Walrus Island clouds of the gulls could be seen to settle on the
thickly strewn egg spaces just deserted by murres, and to begin, with
every sign of pure maliciousness, to pick at them and to gulp of their
contents, perhaps a single mouthful only from each egg. They also
would start the eggs rolling down a rock to break at the bottom
without any further attention from the gulls. These gulls also have

172 ALASKA FISHERIES AND FUR INDUSTRIES, 1913.

been seen to sink their bills into murre cggs, and to fly away carrying
the eggs so transfixed. On Walrus Island round balls of mashed
murre eggshells could be seen everywhere, indicating that birds,
probably these same gulls, had gorged their crops with the shells and
ejected them afterwards. The murres themselves are not at all
hesitant about tumbling each other’s eggs off the rocks on which
they were laid. Both sexes of the murres must alternate in guarding
and hatching the egg, otherwise it would be destroyed by its natural
enemies.

The glaucous-winged gull makes its nest on Walrus Island on the
area covered by loam, constructed usually of green grass flat on the
ground. The nests on June 30 contained two eggs usually, and in a
number of cases one egg only. Nests with three eggs were very rare.
In endeavoring to photograph the two young gulls just hatched that
were found there, the photographer was dealt a vicious blow on the
head by one of the parent birds swooping suddenly in its flight, and
his hat was sent spinning.

The puffins lay their eggs in tunnels driven through the loam a
few inches below the surface and were found sitting on one egg each. .
A puffin fights viciously when seized.

The red-faced cormorants on Walrus Island are very few in number.
It is stated that this island is the only breeding place of this species
on the American side of the Pacific, although many breed on the
Siberian side.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE GROWTH AND
MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS

By FREDERICK B. ISELY

Professor of Biology, Central College,
Fayette, Missouri

Appendix III to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner
of Fisheries for 1913

CONTENTS.

Page.

DUIS ITS RIGID SS Se 0.6 Airis CIRO Cte an at ne 5
a AMIS ERL NCS LLC A CLOT seer ora) Se et foiacs Sate. 2:Sis misses a emis oinls bo ets aid simeSiese oleae 6
PMC OL SPECI CN Sse ma peat isok oa siiraticiels wsiSinreiaie Feisi< alee nisl « Se oe si emloe ss 6

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SSDI LOL TREAT ATG a Eg a ie a a er ee 9
Hiablods, Asyear s crowth in'young Quadrule -......... 222 .2...5..02... 10
Table 2. Two periods of growth, of one year and three months, respectively ila
alors, joeasomal’ STOW UM) 209 sjcce wie wtalcizic civic iais, oa elstelcdiealasSibie Stele ret Shots 12
Tables 4-7. Rate of growth in different sizes of Quadrula undulata.........- 13
maples. Rate of erowth: DY SPCClES sc: s cr voces s wicwinc cee veces secidces vis 15

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Economic bearing of experiments—Related problems.................------- 21
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE GROWTH AND
MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

By Freperick B. Isety,
Professor of Biology, Central College, Fayette, Missouri.

INTRODUCTION.

The growth lines of the Unionide have long been considered by
many observers as ‘‘annual rings,’ marking the yearly increase in the
shell diameter. On the other hand, proof of the correctness of this
assumption has been lacking, and not a few investigators have ques-
tioned its validity.

Tf the so-called annual rings do mark yearly additions, the rate
of growth may readily be ascertained in many species by inspection;
if, however, two or three of these lines appear in one season, or
prominent lines appear only at irregular yearly intervals, the impor-
tance of ‘“‘growth lines” as definite indicators of rate of growth loses
much of its significance.

The economic importance of fresh-water mussels has added a new
stimulus to the study of the growth problem. Investigations @
under direction of the Bureau of Fisheries during the past five years
concerning various phases of and questions related to the problem
of artificial propagation of the species valuable for use in the manufac-
ture of pearl buttons, knife handles, ete., has promoted inquiry con-
cerning the time required for an economic species to reach marketable
size.

Tsrael and Haas, among German investigators, have recently given
the growth question some attention in connection with their extensive
study of the fresh-water mussels of streams of Germany. In this
country Lefevre, Curtis, and Coker? have gathered experimental
data concerning growth.

In my study of the ecology of the Unionidz during the past five
years, one of the perplexing problems has been the rate of growth and

a Various papers by Lefevre, Curtis, Coker, and other workers, in Bureau of Fisheries publications, the
Journal of Experimental Zoology, and the Biological Bulletin for 1909, 1910, 1911, and 1912.
b Through the kindness of Dr. Coker, I have been permitted to read in manuscript the results of his
experiments and observations.
5

6 GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

the age question. After carrying on experimental work for some time
on my own initiative, I was given opportunity in 1910 to undertake
the work on a larger scale under the direction of the Commissioner of
Fisheries.

PLAN OF INVESTIGATION.

In the experiments to be undertaken I proposed to ascertain the
rate of growth, to inquire into the meaning of growth lines, to inves-
tigate the relation of age, maximum size, etc., and, as a secondary
problem, to gather data concerning migration. The plan of work
was, in brief, to collect a thousand specimens of as many species and
sizes as could be secured in the region where the work was carried on;
in some way mark them individually, weigh, measure, and make any
other necessary records; and then return them to their usual habitat
and at suitable intervals reclaim, weigh, and measure again.

To carry out this work, two questions of method had to be solved:
(1) The marking of specimens and (2) the reclaiming of them.

MARKING OF SPECIMENS.

In 1909 I experimented with two ways of marking: One was to
scratch a symbol (pl. 1, H), as a Roman numeral, on the shell, and
in this way identify it for future records; the second method was to
fasten a serial-numbered tag to the shell and keep records by these
numbers. In the final work both methods were used, the former for
light shells, the latter for heavy ones.

The method of marking a shell by scratching a number on it is
simple enough, as a mark cut through the epidermis of a mussel
valve will be carried indefinitely. To get a satisfactory series for
a large number of specimens, however, is difficult.

The tagging with serial numbers seemed to me to be more exact.
For this method I used brass tags about the size of a dime and
fastened them to the specimens with a light copper wire passed
through a small hole made in the posterior edge of the valve. The
hole in the valve was made with a very fine button-eye drill about
2 millimeters from the posterior edge of the shell (pl. 1, m, and m1).
To hold the button-eye drill, a geared hand drill was used, and only a
few seconds were needed to drill a hole even in a thick shell. By
making a little hook on the wire it could be passed through the hole
and out between the valves, usually without much difficulty. In
large specimens it was found that the work of tagging could be more
readily accomplished by wedging the valves open slightly before
inserting the wire. A slight injury to the animal often resulted
from the fact that the mantle was not sufficiently drawn back to
avoid the drill point. While the irritation at the moment was

GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 7

doubtless severe, the ultimate effect upon the animal’s future growth
and activity was insignificant (p. 19).

FIELD RECORDS.

A tabular record was kept of all specimens tagged. The weights
were taken in grams, a Harvard trip balance being used; the measure-
ments, length, height, and breadth in millimeters with a steel
caliper. The field record form, kept in duplicate, was ruled in
columns with headings for number, weight, length, height, breadth,
species, and remarks.

PLANTING SITES.

In most cases, after tagging and taking records, the mussels were
placed directly back in their original habitats, but in some instances
transplanting from river to creek or from pond to river was practiced.

Four different sites were selected for planting: One on Shoofly
Creek, on the Corn farm in the north end of Kay County, Okla.;
two on the Chikaskia River, on the Brewer and Esch farms near
Tonkawa, Okla.; and a pond site on the Browne farm near Autwine.
As the pond dried up, due to the unusual drought of 1910, this series
does not figure in the results.

The Chikaskia River is a small, clear-water, sandy stream. The
sand is coarse, and frequently there are stretches of gravel and
occasionally mud banks and small, mud-bottomed side channels.
In certain portions of the Chikaskia, Unionide are abundant.

Shoofly Creek is a tributary of the Chikaskia. In very dry weather
the water stops flowing over the shallow, gravelly stretches; but
the ponded sections, often a mile in length and with water 2 to 6
feet deep, havc a constant water supply. In certain of these ponded
portions mussels are fairly abundant.

PLANTING OF TAGGED SPECIMENS.

In all, about 900 specimens were tagged, weighed, measured, and
listed for future observation. For convenience in further dis-
cussion these specimens may be grouped into seven lots.

SHOOFLY CREEK.

Shoofly, lot A, 140 specimens, and lot B, 80 specimens.—Nearly
all of these were Quadrula undulata (three-ridge) and were taken
from the direct site where they were planted after tagging. All
of the Q. undulata (three-ridge) secured in the Shoofly were large;
out of some 500 specimens handled in two days, only 4 weighed
under 200 grams.

8 GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

Shoofly, lot C—Twenty-two specimens of Anodonta grandis (floater)
were planted in a mud bank similar to the environment selected
by this species in this creek.

Shoofly, lot D.—As already indicated, the Shoofly species were
mostly undulata, with a few grandis, and all were large. In order
to get a larger number of species and smaller specimens, I collected
168 mussels in the Chikaskia and planted them in the Shoofly. In
this lot, Q. undulata (three-ridge), Q. lachrymosa (maple-leaf),
Q. pustulosa (warty-back, pimple-back), and Q. rubiginosa were
represented by fairly good numbers, and nearly all of the specimens
were under 200 grams in weight. It should be stated here that a
few specimens of all of the Quadrule were found native of the Shoofly,
and in addition to these, Lampsilis gracilis (paper-shell), Lampsilis
anodontoides (yellow sand-shell), Symphynota complanata (heel-
splitter), and Anodonta imbecilis were found. Not counting grandis
(floater), the ratio would be 25 undulata (three-ridge) to one of
another species. This, however, is not unusual in dominance of
species in certain streams.

In planting specimens, the bottom was cleared of the original
occupants and the tagged specimens were put in their places. For
example, for lot D, an area of bottom about 12 feet in diameter
was cleared and the Chikaskia specimens spread out on the cleared
bottom. The Shoofly bottom, where the sites were located, is made
up of a mixture of broken blue shale, coarse sand, and mud. The
water is still and cloudy and from 2 to 5 feet deep. The specimens
were planted in water about 34 feet deep. Results that follow
indicate that the above is a favorable type of habitat for the species
used.

As already indicated, the specimens were free in the stream; no
obstruction of any kind was placed in their way, nor any effort made
to confine them. The planting operation consisted in turning them
out of a sack and spreading them around on the stream floor. In 24
hours after planting it was noticed that most of the specimens had
righted themselves and were stuck in the bottom, foot end down, but
seldom was a Quadrula found with the foot extended.

The Shoofly specimens, lots A, B, C, and D, were tagged, weighed,
etc., June 13 to 16, 1910; reclaimed and first checked over in part June
14 and 15, 1911; and a second time some wert’ reclaimed and checked
over September 19, 1911.

CHIKASKIA RIVER.

In the Chikaskia two lots were planted. These were inclosed with
a wire netting, as I was a little doubtful in regard to reclaiming free
Unionide in the Chikaskia.

GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 9

Chikaskia, lot E.—On the Brewer farm were planted 120 speci-
mens of various sizes of Quadrule, and a few representatives of the
other species mentioned for the Shoofly, with the addition of a few
specimens of Lampsilis purpuratus and Tritogonia tuberculata (buck-
horn, pistol-grip). The inclosure consisted of a triangular pen made
of 3-foot, 1-inch mesh wire netting, run out from the bank and back
again, 40 feet of netting being used in its construction. The bottom
was a mud bank along the side and medium coarse sand farther out.
The water was from 2 inches to 3 feet in depth, a portion of the main
channel running across the lower end. The specimens were collected
in part from the immediate vicinity of the inclosure, but, as they were
by no means numerous in this portion of the river, about 90 of the
120 mussels were secured a mile farther down the stream. Lot E
specimens were planted, weighed, etc., June 23 and 24, 1910, and
checked over in part September 26, 1910, and June 22, 1911.

Chikaskia, lot F.—The second planting in the Chikaskia was on the
Esch farm, and consisted of 330 specimens, collected mostly from the
immediate vicinity, as the mussels in this portion of the river were
abundant. The range of size was good, although really small speci-
mens were rare in 1910. The species were about the same as noted
under lot D, mostly Quadrule, as these are the only common species
in this stream. Fifty specimens of Unio tetralasmus, a pond form
never found in the Chikaskia, were placed in the Esch inclosure. This
pen was made by fencing across a side channel formed by a long bar.
The channel was 40 yards long and from 4 to 6 yards wide. The
bottom was mostly coarse sand. At the time of its construction
there was a regular flow of water through the channel, the depth of
water varving from a few inches to 3 feet. Lot F mussels were planted
June 23 to 28, 1910; examined and rechecked in part September 26,
1910, April 11, 1911, and June 20 and 21, 1911.

GROWTH RESULTS.

In discussing experiments and results, we will first consider growth,
and second, migration (p. 19).

The results have shown that much could have been learned from
a smaller number of specimens. It was not known, however, that we
should be able to reclaim so large a per cent of the specimens first
planted. Then, too, it was necessary to guard against loss by acci-
dents, such as changes in course of streams, drifting sand, drying up
of water, and other possible environmental changes. The Shoofly
specimens were absolutely unmolested; only three dead specimens
were found in the whole lot, and these had all started to grow, showing
that the tagging certainly had no bad effects. The Chikaskia speci-
mens suffered somewhat from all of the hostile environmental factors

22889°—14_25

10 GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

mentioned above; and, further, some were lost to the small boy inter-
ested in collecting brass tags.

On the whole, however, the specimens were reclaimed in such large
numbers that all of the material could not be worked over for records
in the time available when the rechecking and reclaiming was done.

In rechecking material as many specimens were handled as time
would permit. As small specimens were few in number, these were
always rechecked and care was taken to include representatives of all
species. Aside from these influences in selection, specimens were
rechecked as found. The left-over material was returned to the
stream when it could not be handled. Where a lot was checked over
several times, as lot F, naturally the ones worked over the first time
they were reclaimed, September 26, 1910, were again followed up in
subsequent work.

Far more data were gathered than can be included in this paper.
In the tables given below I have stated the reasons for selecting the
data presented. Nearly all the material used is selected from lots
D and F, as the latter was more available for frequent recheckings,
and lot D of the Shoofly material represented a larger number of
species and more range as to size.

TABLE 1.—A YEAR’S GROWTH IN YOUNG QUADRUL& FROM Lot D.

[NotE.—All starred numbers in tables represent specimens shown in plate figures. ]

Weight. Length. Height. | Breadth.
Speci- |
men Species.
No.@ June, | June, | June, | June, | June, | June, | June, | June,
1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. 1910. 1911.
Aerene Grams.| Mm. | Mm. | Mm. | Mm. Mm. | Mm.
323*| Q. undulata (three-ridge). - 20 43 45 62 31 42 17 23
S1On eee (6 (oR eee ee 49.5 77 64 75 42 50 24 27
SY) |B oaoe 0. eee eee ee eee 66 102 70 80.5 46 51 27 31
158*| Q. lachrymosa (maple-leaf). 22.5 47 45 56 35 45 19 25
1d eee GO Ah aaeoset ceeeceionces 26 53 45 59 36 46 20 25.5
TE) Noeece GON Se att cere 80 112 67 76 55 60 29 33.5
868) | Qurubiginosas sec csees ss ee- 52 65 64 68.5 48 50 26 27
Boe | See COB oicku dn onnseeeeene 60 76 64 69 50 52 26 28
SES lheese GOS ER epee eae Bete 104 115 76 79 60 65 32 33.5
349*/ Q. Puseiloce (warty backer
pimple-back 9) Paste scaecans 10 20 30 37 25 30 15 20
STD soe OOs cha seecosaeeneeses 54 63 56 58 45 46 28 29
383 i|5seet= a Sa eaorerea 344455 67 77 64 65 52 53 29 30

AVERAGE GAIN AND PER CENT OF AGGREGATE GAIN FOR EACH SPECIES.

Species. Weight. Length. Height. Breadth.
Grams.| Per ct. | Mm. | Perct.| Mm. | Perct.| Mm. | Per ct.
Q. undulata. . 28.8 63 12.8 21 8 20 4.3 19
Q. lachrymosa. 27.8 64 11 21 8.3 19 d.3 23
Q. rubiginosa. . x 13.3 18 | 4.1 6.1 3 5.6 a5 Sao
GI DUSLINOSA coe cele temic mies cee see 9.6 22 | one: 6 2.3 5.7 2 9.7

|

a Specimens listed in all tables according to size for each species.

GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 11

The foregoing tables relate to Unionide from lot D (p. 8) that
were planted June 15 and 16, 1910, and reclaimed June 15 and 16,
1911. In the figures given, the first series under each number is the
initial record, the second series the record a year later. These
specimens show manner and extent of growth in one year’s time for
four species. They were killed at the time of reclaiming, and are
preserved for future study should anyone wish to examine them.
It can be seen at a glance that undulata (three-ridge) and lachrymosa
(maple-leaf) are rapid growers in comparison with pustulosa (warty-
back, pimple-back) and rubiginosa. Further averages and_per-
centages are worked out for each species listed in table 1 and later
tables on page 8.

TaBLeE 2.—Two Periops or GrowrH, or ONE YEAR AND or THREE MonrTus,
RESPECTIVELY, IN SPECIMENS TAKEN FROM Lot JD,

[NotE.—Starred numbers represent specimens shown in plate figures. ]

|
Weight. Length. Height. Breadth.

Speci-
men Species.
No. June,| June, |Sept.,] June,| June,|Sept.,| June,| June,|Sept.,| June,| June, Sept.,
1910. | 1911. | 1911. | 1910. | 1911. | 1911. | 1910. | 1911. | 1911. | 1910. | 1911. | 1911.
135 | Q. lachrymosa (ma- | Gms. | Gms.| Gms.| Mm. | Mm. | Mm. | Mm. |Mm.|Mm.|Mm.| Mm. | Mm.
ple-leai) 2252.2 45 92.5 | 124) 142 70 76 | 81 57 63 | 66.5 32 | 36 37.5
IG eg eSe dose. ehaseced- es 152 182 | 194 93 96 | 97 57 61 | 63 37 | 39 40
P46 3 so2e: GO! se ceeataieneas 164 216 | 237 82 89 | 94 68 70 | 72 41.| 43.5 | 45
NGS) leoces C6 Ko ys Serer asec 166 -185 | 197 93 96 | 98 57 61 | 63 37 | 39 40
283 | Q. undulata (three-
Tidge) ions sass 95 132 150 72 83 | 88 46 51 | 56 34 | 38 39
(Ol beees Oe sa-seacteee 120 147 | 162 83 88 | 92 51 56 | 61 34 | 37 38
329) 4 oe dol .csheseatock 125 149 | 159 85 88 | 90 55 60 | 62 34 | 37 38
S106) | Ee aae (G(R Reerpoeesaee 140 164] 176 90 96 |100 56 60 | 62 35: | 37 38
70 eee GOve secs oe 145 175 190 88 94 | 97 52 55 | 58 37 | 39 39.5
166i /32--4 GO tee aoa 166 192 | 214 92 97 |102 Oa Besos lesieene 38 | 49 41
BOM || cla aee Glee See A 183 217 | 230 98 102 |105 64 69 | 72 35 | 37 38
322 | j--<5 (6 (yee ess Se cee 185.5 | 207 | 220 93 97 | 99 60 62 | 64 41 | 42 42.5
1635 |Seeoe GO eee css see 200 226 | 236 98 102 |104. 5 i338) SoBeee acasae 42 | 43 44

374 Q. pustulosa (war-
ty-back, pimple-

ack: Meese eee. 35 45 50 51 55 | 57 43 45 | 47 24 | 25 27

SB Baden Clie SUR Acre Ad 60 73 80 55 57 | 59.5 49 51 | 52 29 | 31 32
384 |... 2. dou eo oee meses 87 102 | 112 63 65 | 66 55 57 | 57 34 | 36 36.5

SU |5eaae Clee eae sees 90 107} 114: 79 82 | 85 57 59 | 60 31 | 32 33
358 |....- Cl\sdcanodoqeuese 135 145 | 152 88 89 | 90 65 66 | 67 33 | 35 35.5

355*| Q. rubiginosaa.__.. 68 7 84 64 67 | 70 49 50 | 52 29 | 30 31

so0dd Oaaoososedodona|| sx 97 | 104 76 78 | 80 53 55 | 55 31 | 32 33

a It should be noted that five of thespecimens for the two last species were more nearly mature for these
species than the specimens of undulata (three-ridge) and lachrymosa (maple-leaf).

The specimens shown in the preceding table were planted June 15
and 16, 1910, and were reclaimed June 15 and 16, 1911, put back in
the stream, and reclaimed September 9, 1911. All of the specimens
of lot D that were reclaimed twice, measured, and weighed, are
shown in table 2.

' In the figures given above, the first is the initial record, the second
the record one year later, and the third a three months’ summer
record (June 15 and 16 to Sept. 9, 1911).

_ Table 2 simply adds to the data of table 1 in regard to annual
growth, growth of species, etc. It adds the fact of seasonal growth,

12 GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

and gives data for comparison of yearly growth and summer months.
The average yearly growth for 20 specimens shown in table 2, as well
as the growth for three summer months (85 days) is shown below:

Weight. Length. Height. | Breadth.

Grams. |\Per cent.a Mm. |Percent.a| Mm. Mm.
Average gain for one year, 1910-11,........ 23.2, 18 4.2 Raw 3 2
Average gain for three months, 19110 ..... 12.1 8.2 2.9 3.4 2.4 1

a Per cent of aggregate gain.
b It should be noted in this comparison that the 1910 and 1911 summer months were different in weather
conditions. During 1910 there were no rains heavy enough to raise the creek and wash out the food sup-
ply of micro-organisms, while in 1911 there were two periods of high water, one in July and one in August.
Per cent of gain gives a truer basis for this kind of comparison
than the average net gain. The lack of conformity in the height
averages, when compared with other measurements, is doubtless due
to error on account of the great difficulty in getting this dimension
in rapid field measurements because of the circular ventral margins

of these species.
TABLE 3.—SEASONAL GROWTH.

Weight. Length.
Speci-
men Species.

No. June, | Sept., | Apr., | June, | June, | Sept., | Apr., | June,

1910. 1910. 1911. 1911. 1910. 1910. 1911. 1911.

Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm.

594 | Q. undulata (three-ridge)...| 210 222 | 222 225 102 | 104 104 104
(ey peo] GOs 2 boast apiscasiesiemies ae 255 269 | 271 270 116 122 122 122+

G78) pace cOO ns oes quesiae seat. 261 273 | 272 277 110 | 112 112 112

DVS) pecs COs. sessed Shes ees 290 305 | 305 305 118 | 125 125 125

644 | Q. lachrymosa(maple-leaf).| 104 116 | 114 116 76 76 76.5 77

1E8>|(Saase O05. 5.2 soe eee ee ee 105 115 117 123 66 67 68 70
665 i|eaae- GOse Sasa aiciene eee 154 167 | 167 172 84 86 86 86+

660 |--... NS penne aooadasenenoe 160 173 | 171 180 86 88 8&8 89
687) 2-4. Got Shees soasese eases 163.5 174 176 182 84 86 86 86.5

694 |..... Esc scsstecclececceseesis 164 180 | 179 180 86 89 89 90
622) ease. GO ae eee sence 187 195 | 200 200 | 90 91.5 91.5 91.5

617 | Q. pustulosa (warty-back,

pimple-back)i- 5... <2... 91 98 98 99 64 64.5 64.5 64.5

689 | .Q.rubiginosa..--.-.--...-.- 141 146 | 146.5 147 84 86 86 86

al | Barer Get coeehise seee mses oe 148 154 156 156 84 86 86 86

While table 2 has given some good data concerning seasonal
growth, table 3 gives more detail and permits a more exact location
of the growth periods. Table 3 specimens are from lot F,.Chikaskia
River. These specimens were checked up, approximately, at the
third, ninth, and twelfth months that they were under observation,
and the results are shown by successive records. The initial records
were taken June 23-28, 1910; second, September 26, 1910; third,
April 11, 1911; and fourth, June 20, 1911. Only the weight® and
length records appear in this table. The average gain for the dif-
ferent periods we find to be as follows:

a Some observers report weight measurements subject to a great deal of variation. In this investigation
I have always kept the specimens out of water for short intervals and always under cover. Under these
conditions I have found weight measures very satisfactory and stable under repeated reweighings.

GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 13

Time. Weight. | Length.
Grams. Mm.
“TopRe Hy Sy org ay (NE oe cee Heer eC es RUB RE eR p ee HERB neS t BE SROnn eae sUneRer sansa 10.9 2.4
Pept co mOrApne ll LOM 2 eos ae Ne Sees Beeman soles Sees Gls sicmcosee teres eema aces 25 aa
ANTayes WS ARTE. MOE Po Oe eee op oec epee 76 ae SS unoc ose coecercmoons—=cdoccommsoourr 2.5 3

For comparison with these averages we have the results from
lot E, which I have not tabulated, for 14 specimens: 7 lachrymosa
(maple-leaf); 4 wndulata (three-ridge); and 3 pustulosa (warty-back,
pimple-back). In this case the April reclaiming was not done.

Time. Weight. | Length.
Grams. Mm.
SUERTIS) HON sto OLS 2a IK) ego SBE are Shea e ReeB ec BAAR a BAMUREO SEA cHta tics cEAaesa Ect 9.1 1.0
Seis 2S HOU UTS PS, WM Sees os cocmsorosbcaseeeer segs caeeucec Morera seen eneedeerd= 5.4 55

The second period shows a gain in the growth for lot EK over lot F.
The explanation is one of food and possibly oxygen, and appears
later (p. 24) under the discussion of migration.

The following four tables show proportional rate of growth, at
different ages, of a single species, @. undulata (three-ridge). The
fact that lot D mussels were transplanted (p. 5) brings in an additional
factor (footnote, p. 23), but I am not sure that this is material. In
making these comparisons weight and length are used.

TABLE 4.—INCREASE IN ONE YEAR OF SPECIMENS FROM Lot D, WerIGHING LEss
THAN 100 GRaAms.

Weight. Length. | Weight. Length.
|
Specimen No. Specimen No.
June, | June, | June, | June, June, | June, | June, | June,
1910, 1911. 1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. 1910. JONAS
Grams.| Grams.| Mm. Mm. Grams.| Grams.| Mm. Mm.
DOL clas cote es oe 20 43 45 62 70 101 74 83
S1OF Pe eeecsece 49.5 77 64 75 85.4 107 79 85
OO ee re eaaaianst 50 70 67 76 95 132 72 83
Baler toctee aceon 66 102 70 80.5 100 124 SZ saw aeee

TasBLe 5.—INCREASE IN ONE YEAR OF SPECIMENS FROM Lot D, WercHING
UNDER 200 GRAMS.

Weight. Length. Weight. Length.
Specimen No. Specimen No.
June, | June, | June, | June, June, | June, | June, | June,
1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. 1910. 1911.
Grams.| Grams.| Mm. Mm. Grams.| Grams.| Mm. | Mm.
GOO eee eee ace 120 135 79 (a) OA ti 2 fe Sateicisen ear 145 163 89 92
by (ee Sees 120 147 83 BB s2O2— Le hee oy 149 172 OSs ue 2 ee
B20 sapere eee 125 149 83 86) (Sp lUeee Sepa oo 163 182 oa
290 Se ae ae ee 131 160 87 At SLO eae oes st 187 222 UU bee Serioe
Raps eeen se eons. 134.5 160 89 (a) SOO ails sikiiseie eine 195 225 99 102

a No record.

14

GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

TABLE 6.—INCREASE IN ONE YEAR OF SPECIMENS FROM Lor B, WEIGHING
OvER 200 GRAMS, SELECTED AT RANDOM FROM 20 SPECIMENS ONE YEAR FROM

DatE OF PLANTING.

Weight. Length. Weight. Length.
Specimen No. Specimen No.

June, | June, | June, | June, June, | June, | June, | June,

1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. 1910. 1911.

Grams.| Grams.| Mm. Mm. Grams.| Grams.| Mm. | Mm.

UG rete diciate ata staee = 193 215 110 111 DA ee eR acer 282 300 114 115

250 Vek et eo. caer 226.5 246 101 101 20 ea Aes eee 291 302 119 126

7 eee 240 263 115 LMG S59 | e242 es oererecaiee see 308 322 114 114

ON Ae Seca act se 250 265 110 111 20B it 2 eS as ee 323.5 335 115 116

DIG So cclee Seek 258. 5 270 110 lil AO cee aoe see 378 394 119 120
TABLE 7.—INCREASE IN ONE YEAR OF SPECIMENS FROM Lot A, WEIGHING

OvER 200 Grams, SELECTED AT RANDOM FROM 68 SPECIMENS RECLAIMED ONE
YEAR FROM Date OF PLANTING.

Weight. Length. Weight. Length.
Specimen No. Specimen No.
June, | June, | June, | June, June, | June, | June, | June,
1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. 1910. 1911.
Grams.| Grams.| Mm. Mm. Grams.| Grams.| Mm. Mm.
1{0)!, 5 ne 199.5 216 96 97 Ee Seco a ane 266.5 277 125 125.5
COs SR GGapees canes 22355 235 107 108 Die ee Rie cme 270 285 114 115
OMe ose cee. 240 260 106 107 IGS Se Sqn Osearsear 273.5 304 120 120.5
1D ea 252 270 125 12515 4||\ ite sect ees cece ae 316 342 120 120+
le AenoneEpooneen 256.5 274 106 107 PEE A SETA ese 328 340 125 125.5
AVERAGES FOR ONE YEAR.
Average Average
Increase pain increase jmerenss
in weight. * |in length. Bite
Grams. Mm. Mm. | Per cent.a
Malaria = its oe ae Poet ere 8 Se As oS rarratiee eomersinye siciaiets Semtena ses 27.9 66.1 11.6 iS
CALS 0) CES Citys eae eee ane Rs SP a eee te 24. 55 88.9 3.5 3.9
PTA OG lee bare a pepe een see = lays) Se ee rae aan eS wel eee IS 16.15 INP .8 Fat
PM ADIO Mins (sreiaistiee state cise else Seesaw Sete an Se enya mere ee Sate Liao 114.4 at 6

a Per cent of aggregate increase.

The specimens under 100 grams make the largest increase in
weight and length; those under 200 grams, the second; and those
over 200, or fully mature specimens, fall short. A point of special
interest in connection with tables 6 and 7 les in the fact that while
per cent of gain in length is almost negligible, weight goes steadily
forward in fairly good proportion. From averages in tables 4 and 5,
an average yearly growth for a young undulata (three-ridge) might
be put at 25 grams in weight and from 5 to 25 millimeters in length;
at this rate it would take about eight years to reach the weight of
200 grams and a length of 90 to 100 millimeters; as later growth is
slower, about 12 to 15 years would be a fair estimate for the age of a
Shoofly Creek undulata (three-ridge) of 300 grams in weight and 110
to 120 millimeters in length.

GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 15

TABLE 8.—RATE OF GROWTH BY SPECIES.

[NorE.—This table shows species not mentioned in other tabulations, hecause the number of individuals
was too small for comparative study. The records are useful as indicative ot what may beexpected from
these species. The Quadrule here listed are given because of their use in plate figures. ]

Speci- |
men Species. Time. Weight. | Length. | Height. | Breadth.
No.
~ Grams. Mm. Mm Mm.
; W anted..} 143 2 Ne
109 | A. grandis (floater)..-...--.------------ {i Sear eae a 193 io 2 =
When planted..| 144 120 62 41
113 |----- GO--------- 2-22 22- esse eee rece e eee {1 year later oe 192 124 65 45
Vhenplanted..} 211 132 72 48
111 |-.--- dO ~~ ---- 2-2-2 22-22-22 neers eee eee {i yearlater....| 269 139 74 52
114 a jWhen pened: 281.5 140 82 53
Siete Woocesate soeshase spre ESS SS0sS5005 Wil Aceh kiemyenall | Mev) 142 82 54
When planted... 16.5 40 27 16
281*| Q. undulata (three-ridge).........----.- 1 year and 3 51 65 41 25
months later.
When planted... 5 22 17 10
564*| Q. lachrymosa (maple-leaf)........---.-. 1 year and 3 20.5 41 32 20
months iater.
! sWhen planted... 8 27 22 13
413%)... -- DO we nn one ieee e aceon nn \l year Jater_...- 18 42 35 19
When planted..) 128 87 56 31
430 | T. tuberculata (buckhorn, pistol-grip)../;1 year and 3 138 90 58 32
months ie
When planted .} 470 136 76 50
431 |..-.- OR eR robo Soe eLt {L gear ater ....| 489 136.5 | 76.5 50
a r ‘ 2
XI | L. gracilis (paper-shell).............---- Br eg eee Me a A re
x do j When planted... 13 55 27 18
Ed ig aan ek a ok aaa aa \3 months later.. 55 82 44 28
When planted. - 22.5 63 32 19
18h eee GO SoS eae eke Anan eropeoesebodaceanad 1 year and 3 84 97 50 33
months later.
566%| IL, anodontoides (yellow sand-shell).....|{;¥nemplanted--| 9 eval es cane
sWhen planted..| 125 103 48 By
650 |...-- OG ee Ieper pcan aoa sean eai \L year later... 138 106 49 37.5
{When planted... 180 110 51 4
495 |.--.. (oe ganiiasee oo 2sRee 28 Se Brn ocHEBeS year later ..-.] 185 111 51.5 43
- /hen planted-. 25 65 33 20
V | U. tetralasmus...........----.-+---+-- {i year later. ...-. 30 71 36 22
LI Alp j When planted... 31 70 35 22
Sa ko Ne IS IOS |\1 year later..... | 43 | 72 37 23

DISCUSSION OF DATA.

The results set forth in the tables given above speak for them-
selves and need no extensive explanation.

One striking fact is the cessation of growth during the winter
months of the Chikaskia specimens, especially in table 3. There are
a number of cases in my field records where a loss is shown in weight
for the six months from late September to early April, although in
general they hold their own. It has been my observation for
several years that the Chikaskia mussels, in the shallow water at least,
burrow down into the sand in late October and become abundant
again in late April.

For undulata (three-ridge), I have given rather complete averages
of weight, and comparisons of rate of growth according to size in
tables 5-8. From tables 1 and 2 (all lot D), I find the averages given
below for the four species named: Undulata (three-ridge), 12 speci-
mens; lachrymosa (maple-leaf), 7 specimens; pustulosa (warty-
back, pimple-back), 8 specimens; rubiginosa, 5 specimens. From

16 GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

table 8, grandis (floater), 4 specimens; tetralasmus, 2 specimens;
gracilis (paper-shell), 2 specimens; anodontoides (yellow sand-shell),
1 specimen.

AVERAGE JNCREASES IN WEIGHT AND LENGTH, BY SPECIES.
AVERAGES FOR ONE YEAR.

F Average e Average
* Average | increase verage | increase
Species. weight. in length. in
weight. length.
Grams. | Grams. Mm. Mm.
achrymosa (maple-leaf) so). 1. s2cnceccncscd stele ocean asec emesis 100 30.8 70 iano
Wndalatal(three-idee)ic2hc. 2 s5ec-tesasscceecaeere ask eb aetene see 124 28 82 7.2
AR gin Osa ence! Soe cas an wa ee oe eee ee ee ee acmeme 74 11.4 68.8 3.4
Pustulosa (warty-back or pimple-back)...............--..--.-- 67 11.5 60 2.7
Grandisi@i(Moater) ae succes ae teecing soce eee nee be oes teeonr 194 48.6 128 5
ROM AlASIMUS 0 se P Sac we ss lees Scr eae esiele sis Meee eerie cece ens 28 8.5 67 4

Gracilis(@(paper-shell) S225-e9-= sesece seh eter cae cece eee eC Rees | 12
Anodontoides (yellow sand-shell).............22----+22---e---- | 97

a Large mature specimens, still the increase is good.
6 In an unusual environment tor this species (p. 9).

Juvenile Quadrulz % of the above species double in size in a year,
as shown by a number of examples (149, 158, 349, 323, in table 1;
281, 564, 413, in table 8). Averages here given and those taken
from other sources indicate that a 100-gram, 75-millimeter undulata
(three-ridge) (p. 14) or lachrymosa (maple-leaf) can develop in the
Shoofly in about four years (averages for tables 1, 2, 4, and 5). A
300-gram specimen of undulata (three-ridge) or lachrymosa (maple-
leaf) would doubtless be close to 15 years old. The largest undulata
(three-ridge) rechecked weighed 407 grams in June, 1910, and 421
in June, 1911. This specimen was 123 millimeters long, and increased
1 millimeter in length. In undulata (three-ridge) and lachrymosa
(maple-leaf), after the 100-millimeter length is reached, the increase
in length is slow, and growth lines follow one another so closely that
the differentiation of lines is difficult. Pustulosa (warty-back, pimple-
back) and rubiginosa grow more slowly than the two preceding species.
A 50-millimeter pustulosa (warty-back, pimple-back) has passed the
age of rapid growth, and from this size on additions come slowly.

A light-shelled form, as LZ. gracilis (paper-shell) grows very rapidly;
this would seem to indicate that the shell is built up at greater
expense of food and energy than the soft parts of the mussel. In
table 8, specimen X, during the three summer months, shows an
increase of over four times in weight and 27 millimeters in length;
566, ZL. anodontoides (yellow sand-shell), in the same time, makes an
increase of one-fifth its origial weight, and 4.5 millimeters increase
in length.

a Early juvenile forms grow even more rapidly as experimentally found (foot-note, p. 5) by Coker.

GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. Li

ARRESTED GROWTH RINGS.

‘““Growth lines,’”’ the conspicuous dark concentric rings of the shell,
may be due to (1) thick epidermis, (2) double epidermis, and espe-
cially (3) to double epidermal and prismatic layers. It is well
known that the epidermal and prismatic layers are formed by the

Th iN
Lanne mae 2

Tali

Fic. 1-4.—Cross-sections of shells of Quadrula showing structureinregion of rest rings, all figuresenlarged
20 times; e, epidermis; p, prismaticlayer; n, nacreous layers; n1, successive layers of nacreous structure}
g, position and width of rest rings (growth lines).

Fia. 1.—Section from near edge of shell, showing double layers and long underlying tongue of epidermal]
and prismatic structure, which formed the dark wide rest ring of a young rapid-growing Quadrula lachry-
mosa. Rings x! or r*, specimens 149 or 158, plate 1, would give similar sections.

Fic. 2.—Section of shell of mature mussel, taken about the middle of the valve. Rest ring not so wide
as in 1, tongue shorter, prismatic layer thicker, and thick successive layers of nacreous struc.ure.

Fig. 3.—A rest ring due chiefly to unusually thick, double layers of epidermis.

Fig. 4.—Two successive rest rings near together, undoubtedly formed in the same season, and probably
only a few weeks apart, as specimen was young and at the rapid-growingage. (See description of specimen
413, pl.m.)

edge of the mantle only. Thus increase in shell diameter begins
with the formation of the epidermal, followed by the prismatic layer.
However, if the mantle is withdrawn from the edge of the shell, it
often puts down new layers of epidermal and prismatic material

18 GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

underneath older layers? of the same structure, and sometimes
underneath older layers of nacre as well. This is well shown in
figures 1-4, showing sections of shells made through the growth lines.

In watching the growth of tagged specimens it was noted that a
distinct growth line was formed at the time of tagging; the work of
tagging, i. e., the drilling of the hole through the shell and the placing
of the wire, caused considerable irritation, probably a strong con-
traction and partial breaking loose of the mantle from the edge of
the shell, and, as a result, new epidermal and prismatic layers were
put down underneath those already formed, as the mantle worked
to its old position, and formed new layers over the wire holding the
tag (pl. m1, 763). Young specimens, especially, show a conspicuous
and well-defined ring passing through the outer side of the wire
holding the tag.

The so-called annual rings had better be called “arrested growth
or rest rings,’ as they represent retarded growth, which may be
very temporary, as in the case of the tagged specimens, and still
leave a very marked ring. Ordinarily the prominent rest rings are
presumably winter rings,’ representing delayed growth, due to
inactivity, a withdrawal of the mantle from the extreme edge of the
valves, and the forming of double epidermal and prismatic layers
as a result of renewed active growth in the following spring. Other
rings may follow arrested growth, due to various unfavorable con-
ditions that may arise in the life of the mussel, such as water
shrinkage, temporary stranding due to migration, especially at flood
periods; in the lighter species perhaps washing at flood times. It
is possible that in certain pond forms, as U. tetralasmus and others
that live in ponds that go dry for short periods during the summer
season, the more prominent rings are summer rings.°

That the concentric rings are by no means dependable as abso-
lute annual rings is well shown in many specimens under observation
in this investigation.

A few specimens shown photographically (pl. 1, 1, m1) will clear
up some points in regard to growth. Rest rings are not always
brought out clearly by photographic methods on account of the
unequal or convex surface of the shell. A slight ridge that may have
no connection with a rest ring will show as a shadow line beyond
the ridge. This is shown in photograph H, plate 1, in the line
marked ‘‘o.’’ Additional explanations are given with the plate
figures.

a This explanation was first suggested to me by Dr. Coker, and later verified in connection with my
study of shell sections through arrested growth lines.

b While in this paper we have emphasized the point that ‘‘annualrings”’ are not annual rings absolutely,
the statement that the prominent rest rings are usually, under stable environmental conditions, winter
rings is clearly within the evidence of this investigation.

¢ Live specimens of this species were plowed up in the Browne pond (p. 7) three months after the
pond had gone dry.

GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 19
MIGRATION.

No end of speculation has been carried on as to the traveling
ability of mussels. The long undulation tracks, often found upon
the pond or stream floor, together with other field observations,
and the active movements of specimens kept in aquaria have afforded
data for discussion. While gathering information concerning growth,
I have constantly kept in mind the migration question, as it was
easy to carry on the two together.

As already indicated, the main reason for tagging a large number
of mussels was the feeling that many would be lost through migration;
and further to guard against this migration in the Chikaskia I inclosed
the specimens in good-sized pens.

SHOOFLY.

The extent of actual migration is best shown in considering definite
plantings. Lot D Gee p. 8) of the Shoofly is good for this purpose.
The 168 Quadrule planted here were from the Chikaskia, where
they were collected from the sand bars in shallow water. From
track-mark evidence these specimens had been actively moving
about on the sandy bottom, stimulated to activity by unfavorable
environmental conditions.

The 164 specimens were spread out on a small portion of the
bottom of the Shoofly (p. 8), June 16, 1910, and left free to move.
June 14 and 15, 1911, I reclaimed 139 of these specimens, or 84.8
per cent, in about three hours’ work. Twelve of these specimens
were reserved for records. On September 11, 1911, a cold rainy day,
T again checked over lot D, and this time I secured 93 specimens in
about one hour’s time; the water was so cold that collecting was
exceedingly difficult. Three specimens not found in June were
found on this date, bringing the total number reclaimed from the
original planting up to 142. When we consider that the water was
cloudy and from 3 to 4 feet deep the experienced field collector will
know that specimens could not be recovered in these numbers unless
they were on the very spot * where they were planted. Lots A and
B in the Shoofly gave similar results, although I did not attempt to
recover these as thoroughly as in the case of lot D.

Lot C in the Shoofly is of especial interest, as these specimens
were all A. grandis (floater). Of this lot 12 specimens were found
directly on the site where they were planted. While this is rather
a small per cent in comparison with lot D, I was surprised to find 46
per cent of A. grandis (floater), as it is well known to be an active

a It has been suggested that since lot D specimens were transplanted the inactivity may have been due
to the changed environment. The relatively rapid growth and like inactivity of lots A and B, Shoofly

specimens, which might very well be considered as control fots, should quiet any apprehensions on this
point.

20 GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

form. In all my reclaiming work in the Shoofly, which amounted
to about 10 hours’ actual hunting and collecting on three different
days, I secured only one specimen that may be said to be off the
planting plot; this was no. 141, found 15 feet from plot D.

CHIKASKTA.

In the Chikaskia lot E gave results similar to D. The Chikaskia
River specimens were disturbed somewhat by curious people, and for
this reason proportional figures can not be emphasized. The inclosure
for lot E (p. 9) was rather small, but there was ample chance for
movement. The results in this instance substantiate what I have
often noticed in field work, namely, that the mussels, especially
Quadrule and related species, are unable to help themselves if con-
ditions become unfavorable, but, on the other hand, the power to
endure these unfavorable conditions is remarkable.

Since the Chikaskia is a fairly swift stream, the lower end of the
inclosure was undermined, making escape easy, while a sand bar was
formed across the upper portion. Two-thirds of the mussels were
caught in the drift bar and when I examined them on September 26,
1910, were helplessly stranded. Conditions of oxygen and food sup-
ply must have been unfavorable, and as a direct result the summer’s
growth was below the average for lot F.

These stranded specimens were now taken and put in the outer
corner of the pen, where they could escape under the wire net through
an opening 5 feet long. Six months later, June 22, 1911, I again
examined lot E. A large number of the specimens were recovered,
about half being along the wire net inside, and half along the net
outside; not a specimen was found over 5 yards from the pen.
Clear water and sandy bottom made the finding of specimens easy.

Lot F specimens of the Esch inclosure (p. 9) had a good opportu-
nity for migration; in fact, the inclosure was not needed, as only
two specimens reached either lower or upper cross fences. One of
these was a gracilis (paper-shell), and the other a grandis (floater).
The Quadrule did not come within 25 yards of the lower fence. If
they were placed in water over 3 feet deep, the migration was slight
in any case, as far as the Quadrule were concerned. Those placed in
water as shallow as 1 foot moved to deeper water, which was easily
reached in this case. The Lampsiles were more active, and the per-
centage recovered was small by comparison. Of the 50 U. tetralas-
mus, not a single specimen or shell was found at the first examination,
September, 1910; but in the June, 1911, examination, three speci-
mens were found. I am not able to explain the disappearance of the
tetralasmus; however, they are great burrowers, and may have
escaped my extensive digging for them.

GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 21
DISCUSSION OF MIGRATION DATA.

The migration results came as a surprise to me. The very fact
that I was willing to risk specimens free in the Shoofly would indicate
that I hoped to make some kind of recovery; but to go back and find
specimens by the score—apparently in the exact spot where they were
planted—was not to be expected. The Quadrule in these plantings
show little migration; the Shoofly specimens may be said to be nearly
stationary in water over 3 feet deep. Those placed in shallow water
in the Chikaskia always moved until water 2 to 3 feet deep was found.
Specimens found on shoals and bars in nature are there by chance
distribution, not choice, although breeding reactions may cause migra-
tion in some species.

ECONOMIC BEARING OF EXPERIMENTS—RELATED PROBLEMS.

While the scientific interest in the growth and migration problems
was the real motive that prompted this investigation, it was the
relation of the problem to the practical question of artificial propa-
gation of mussels for commercial purposes that made funds available
to carry on the work. That the results will be of service as prelimi-
nary to further investigation is a matter of satisfaction. The man
interested in commercial propagation will continue to ask the ques-
tion, How long will it take to grow a mussel to marketable size?
Much more work will be needed to get at all the facts in the case of
the various economic species; and where the work of propagation is
to be conducted on a large scale, preliminary experiments will be of
value in testing the fitness of a particular region for commercial opera-
tions. Some of the methods of procedure have been indicated by the
series of experiments here outlined.

I wish to call the attention of the field students of the Unionide
to the transplanting of adult mussels from the Chikaskia to the Shoo-
fly, where young specimens were not to be found, yet these trans-
planted mussels averaged higher in rate of growth than the regular
Chikaskia specimens. If the Shoofly is so favorable a habitat for
mussels, why are young specimens absent from the beds ?

Again, notice the transplanting of over a hundred specimens from
the vicinity of lot F, where mussels are so abundant, to lot E: The
transplanted specimens did as well in growth as the specimens that
were near the region of abundant mussels in the Chikaskia. This
difference in abundance was by no means slight. It is a fact that in
the vicinity of lot F one could, in a few hours, collect a wagonload
of mussels, while for a quarter of a mile above and below the Brewer
inclosure two of us were able to get only 30 specimens in several
hours’ careful collecting.

22 GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

The distribution of mussels within individual streams, and in the
Chikaskia in particular, is not easy to explain. Little or negligible
migration among the Quadrule, at least, has not cleared the situation.

SUMMARY.

1. Rate of growth is exceedingly variable for individuals of a single
species in the same stream and in different streams, depending, as in
other invertebrates, upon season, food, oxygen supply, and other con-
ditions. Juvenile mussels grow much more rapidly than adult or
near-adult individuals. Lampsilis species grow very much faster
than Quadrule. Specimens in stable conditions seem to have a
fairly definite rate of growth from year to year. The rate, after
sexual maturity, is slowed down, but growth goes on steadily, though
the proportional increase in length is so slow as to make appreciable
additions very slight, so that growth lines in Quadrule, after a size
of 100 millimeters (4 inches) has been reached, can not be ascer-
tained by inspection.

2. From April to September may be designated as growth months,
most specimens showing very slight increase during winter.

3. Lines of arrested growth may be called rest rings, the conspicu-
ous ones being usually winter rest rings; very often, however, the
rings may be two or more years apart, or several equally prominent
rings may be formed in one year. Prominent lines are generally due
to double prismatic and double epidermal layers. Winter rings, es-
pecially where environmental conditions are stable, are usually suffi-
ciently regular for use as indicators of age in estimating roughly the
time required for a commercial specics to reach marketable size.

4. Under favorable conditions there is little migration among the
Quadrule. Some of the Lampsiles and other light-shelled species
move about quite actively, but probably seldom migrate far from the
point where they were dropped from the fish, although their total wan-
derings may be considerable. Water of sufficient depth is essential
to optimum conditions. The minimum depth seems to be at least 2
feet; the range up to the maximum has not been studied. Quadrulz
prefer water over 2 feet deep. The reason they are found on the
shoals in many of our streams may be explained as chance distribu-
tion, due probably to the fact that the particular individuals have
never found optimum conditions after their parasitic development,
and the reason they move about is that they do not find the right

environment.
LITERATURE CITED.«@

Coker, R. E., and Surser, T.
1911. A note on the metamorphosis of the mussel Lampsilis levissimus. Bio-
logical Bulletin of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.,
vol. 20, p. 179-182, 1 pl. sey j

a Dr. A. E. Ortmann and Dr. F. Haas have called my attention to Dr. Haas’s monograph, “‘ Die Union-
idz in Martini-Chemnitches Conchyliencabinet,’’ 1910. TI have not had access to this paper.

GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. mS:

Isety, F. B.

1911. Preliminary note on the ecology of the early juvenile life of the Unionide.

Ibid., vol. xx, p. 77-80.
IsRakE., W.

1909. Uber die Najadeen des Mittelelbegebietes. 51 u.52. Jahresberichte der
Gesellschaft von Freunden der Naturwissenschaften in Gera, Reuss.,
p. 1-38.

1910. Die Najadeen des Weidagebeites. Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Mitteleuro-
poischen Najaden. Beilage zum nachrichtsblatt der deutschen malako-
zoologischen Gesellschaft, p. 49-56.

1911. Najadologische Miscellen. Nachrichtsblatt der deutschen malakozoolo-
gischen Gesellschaft, p. 10-17.

LEFEvRE, G., and Curtis, W. C.

1908. Experiments in the artificial propagation of fresh-water mussels. Pro-
ceedings of the Fourth International Fishery Congress (Washington),
Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, vol. xxviu, p. 617-626.

1910a. Reproduction and parasitism in the Unionide. Journal of Experimental
Zoology, vol. 9, p. 79-115, 5 pl.

1910b. Studies on the reproduction and artificial propagation of fresh-water mus-
sels. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, vol. xxx, p. 105-201, pl.

VI-XVIl.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

All photographs are about natural size. For actual measurements see tables. As
already explained (pp. 10, 11, and 15), tags were fastened on with a small copper
wire passed through a small hole made about 2 mm. from the edge of the shell, usu-
ally along the edge of the posterior umboidal ridge. « marks the tagging ring, i. e.,
the ring formed when the specimen was marked and measured. This’ ring was
formed without exception in all specimens handled and thus marks the diameter of
the mussel at the time of tagging and making initial records; z!, rest rings formed by
natural processes between tagging time and reclaiming of specimen; o0, shadow line
due to a ridge on the valve and in photographic cuts may be mistaken for a rest ring.

PrArE TL,

Specimen H, Lampsilis gracilis (table 8), shows 34 mm. growth in length in 15 months
(June, 1910, to Sept., 1911); x marks the rest ring formed when the specimen was
marked and measured; z! is probably the 1910-11 winter rest ring; 0, shadow line.

Specimen 323, Quadrula undulata (table 1), shows 17 mm, increase in one year’s
growth (June, 1910, to June, 1911). A new ring appears at z! near the margin. Notice
the two rings, y' and y”, near together, formed before the specimen was tagged.

Specimen 281, Quadrula undulata (table 8), shows 25 mm. growth in 15 months
(June, 1910, to Sept., 1911); z! is probably the winter rest ring.

Puate II.

Specimen 355, Quadrula rubiginosa (table 2), shows 6 mm. increase in 15 months
(June, 1910, to Sept., 1911) in a mature slow-growing species. No evidence of rest
rings beyond z.

Specimen 349, Quadrula pustulosa (table 1), shows 10 mm. increase in one year
(June, 1910, to June, 1911). A rest ring, not well brought out by the plate figure,
shows very near the margin; 0, on the anterior slope, is a shadow line.

Specimen 564, Quadrula lachrymosa (table 8), shows 19 mm. increase in length in
15 months (June, 1910, to Sept., 1911). Tag pulled off (¢) after specimen was reclaimed.

Specimen 413 (table 8), shows 16 mm. increase in one year (June, 1910, to June,
1911). Two rest rings, x1, x?, in addition to the regular, , formed at the time of tagging.
If we count the one at the tagging line we have three rest rings for one year.

24 GROWTH AND MIGRATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

Specimens 149 and 158, Quadrula lachrymosa (table 1 and as shown here about two-
thirds natural size). These specimens are from the Shoofly, the two lachrymosa above
from the Chikaskia. The rest rings are about the same as 413 and the time (June,
1910, to June, 1911) is the same.

Specimen 158 is the left valve and so does not show the tag or mark.

Puate IIT.

Specimen 566, Lampsilis anodontoides (table 8) ,shows 5 mm. increase in length in
nearly three months (June 27, 1910, to Sept. 19, 1910). A mature Chikaskia speci-
men growing in rather unfavorable environment.

Specimen 763, Quadrula lachrymosa, shows how the tag wire is overlaid with nacre
(t) nearly three months after tagging (June 27, 1910, to Sept. 19, 1910).

Specimen 200, Quadrula undulata. In the Shoofly (p. 7) no Q. undulata under
193 grams was found in June, 1910. In 1911 two specimens were secured that may
be called young. No. 200 is one of these and is interesting on account of the regu-
larity of rest rings, four in number. The specimen measures §0 mm. in length and,
according to estimates worked out upon known growth of this species in the Shoofly,
was 4 or 5 years old when taken (p. 14).

U. S. B. F.—Doc. 792.

PLATE I.

SPECIMEN 323.

SPECIMEN 281,

U.S. B. F.—Doc. 792.

PLATE II.

SPECIMEN 355. SPECIMEN 349.

SPECIMEN 149. SPECIMEN 564.

SPECIMEN 158. SPECIMEN 413.

U.S. B. F.—Doc. 792. PLATE III.

SPECIMEN 566.

SPECIMEN 763.

SPECIMEN 200.

EXPERIMENTS IN PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER
MUSSELS OF THE QUADRULA GROUP

By ARTHUR Day Howarp
Scientific Assistant, United States Bureau of Fisheries

Appendix IV to the Report of the U. S, Commissioner
of Fisheries for 1913

22889°—14 26

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CONTENTS.

Page.

iE ROG LEVEE col Seo EAS crs ne Og a gS ee 5
Methodsiand: technique Of CXPeTIMEMUS: --- -/e1s <1 «cere ace cae nine eelenenens 6
RIE MC SCR ADI ONS ©e.0 sae san - eee eae ae ie Cie ciate oes <iaie iat Cinzjoiea ee sisiciclaiers 8
AU LCC Mon pee fee Senet Ne yte els ys te ate ees Sno Bre oeta wicisicloisiin wi avehuleie ols weisisis 9

| Pima O14 DENS Oe Seger ae ict ORC i et Ort oe a Sr ot em es 15
etree WaT Uy-DACK 42-2. afeelsqeinare ve sacione Boletos we oe wioinate ne caicniciscieelecs 16
Miler le tea ements 2 psc wlessiel taeemisin a paiticl= seantse occ ouielsicisie ade corde bhowis.e cic 16
PlonkeyEIACOSs ton. cman aceasta et cee acsiatnn& se spebitnidiss Seacsecielslie se 17
perc eae oe soe re caiae afoot oat ie ei Pea mo cfatesrs ni cians Fem ctece ee irsicaie 17

Misr aTAMLISONN Ate omc nae eo ee ce clone oe enc eia te ainit esa Sate Sele siaciselnne 23
at ee tats (ort yale, SAE aA spaya a) Sis (ays disie sisyalajeatelsys Fie sid-oeiwinin svete eine 23

Ea tigea Holm aeee aelenicis/eja leita amin ciarcln esse ice ge ec cisceme she ssc 2 saivee's 25
“OS SLB OVE 20 le aes Ee Re i ee Pe 28

S PEECSUpRLL CUUSYECSES'ST KGS 01s SE ge ng oe ee ee 35
RSeproUdietdOm ANG COMITVOMIC SAEs aot ac mic 2 = ajo ra se wimps einiewinicre « cisions ewe 35

1 PPPURSVE TILT OY vs Pees © Seg oe ence eee a get ote 36
AVERETT CLCUMMCC UO Maser ra niny24 icf tncie = ciate eine opiiaie's Sele! sieveis'S <tsialstomtniaieie 36
Susceptibility and immunity. ............... i Died At Ast nearer ar et 36

are uced GUSCEPtEDINIh YN ome on 2a) afaiete's wislee <\oie cio cle ewwis/e o'a<icivie csimeiaes 38
reqMmency, OMNICCHONSs 525s occ aes sisicoeiciarn o.c we misma ol Gee a eale 39

Fimtenh Of rirenhvaG Us dmMbe CHONG. 2. = atc sete eines aye opn.ncsn cle aleie'e ein oisisinclosc 2 39
Conditions OL MicehonAM NAGUNE. 2. (2-4 ee ne 50s ionis'sts, ois oie e's sis ars ac 39

ype OmIMMCCtION era. Sete onc ein g isc oe oe sin acimeipiewieeinineie Sa cmecae 40

Bsc TO My RUSE ener emia rae eo sein oe ne wea eicerne Seiniitsemcie es 4)

Seasons opimiectlom ncn see eater oo thee ae camiarnalac c\cisies sete a\sleclsis ee 41
Metamorphosis during the parasitic stage.-..--....--.-----------eee 42
Muraiomoribe® Parasite Pend. sese2 = joes yo on siem oe ccwiienan cence 43

TL GTAP UU TENIEE YG IRA Be 2s ee Se ee eee ee eer 43

PN BeTICCTOUarASULISI. /oyeie cites enicis\s'= <faiaia slcimslo'e cla c -.s'si=inim micie siciseminiaie 44
unvenlenntAge yen cicicntela(aisinis cisinie’aicle ac nicralm > alcla «\s\<\uleleielsinie=c\c\cin'n,sin'w= s\w'sinis 45

Pea ba bogaten polar eres eee ntotstoiel ore |store ys lela eis ajaiae/efelalie m\-)=Inm =inlsininiete wisimisie's sine se cai 48
Description Of AgUreS <i ccc.ccce sce ce cow se cance cece cis- oa siseessccsccescasse 51

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EXPERIMENTS IN PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS OF
THE QUADRULA GROUP.

By Artur Day Howarp,
Scientific Assistant, United States Bureau of Fisheries.

INTRODUCTION.

The fresh-water mussels of central North America with their heavy
shells of beautiful pearl are a natural resource the value of which
probably has not begun to be realized. The extensive development
of the pearl-button industry in a brief period of 20 years is evidence
of the wealth of the original natural supply; but a very evident
decrease of readily obtainable shells, along with the increasing necessity
for extension of clamming operations to more and more distant
sources of supply, has made it evident that this resource is not
unlimited.

Within the first 10 years of the growth of the industry, interested
manufacturers requested an investigation of conditions by the
United States Bureau of Fisheries. The purposes of this first investi-
gation (Smith, 1899, Simpson, 1899) were to discover whether
indiscriminate and wasteful methods were being employed that
might be corrected by supervision or restrictive legislation. Later
there were carried on for a number of years investigations to determine
if methods could be found for artificially supplementing the natural
production of young mussels, i. e., methods similar to those so suc-
cessfully employed by the Bureau in the culture of oysters, trout,
lobsters, and other water forms of economic importance.

The essential facts in the life history of the fresh-water pearl
mussels (Unionidz or Naiades) have been known since the discovery
by Leydig in 1866 that at one stage they are parasitic upon fishes.
An historical account of these discoveries and the life history of
fresh-water mussels, together with methods which have been adopted
for their propagation, have been described in publications by the
Bureau of Fisheries (Simpson, 1899, Lefevre and Curtis, 1912).

The work in propagation, however, has been limited to a few species
&

6 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

of the Lampsilis group, chiefly Lampsilis ligamentina and L. ano-
dontoides. With one possible exception, none of the Quadrula group
of mussels, including some of the most valuable commercial shells,
had been, up to the time of the present investigation, carried through
the parasitic stage, though many experiments had been made on
various species of fish and under varied conditions to determine a
suitable method of propagation. The rarity of successful infections,
along with other indications, suggests that, as in other cases of para-
sitism in the animal and vegetable kingdom, each mussel may have
its appropriate host or hosts restricted to a species of fish, a genus or
a family, as the case might be, and that the reason for failure was
due to not finding the proper host.

Since the number of species of mussel for this locality (Fairport,
Iowa) is 40 or more and the number of species of fairly common fish
at least 60, the problem of determining the appropriate host for each
mussel is obviously quite complex. ‘To determine the hosts for each
species of mussel by artificial infection, a ‘trial and error” method
would be roundabout and difficult. Obviously a more direct solution
of the problem, as I have shown in a previous paper (Howard, 1912),
would be secured by a study of natural infections, i. e., fish taken at
large are examined for glochidia and when present these are deter-
mined as to species, condition, etc. In the present investigation of
some of the Quadrula group of mussels the above method was the
one chiefly employed. Studies were begun in February, 1912, upon
assignment of the problem by the director, Dr. R. E. Coker, at the
Government biological laboratory at Fairport, Iowa.*

METHODS AND TECHNIQUE OF EXPERIMENTS.

As stated above, the matter of first importance in determining
how to propagate a given species of mussel seemed to be the finding
of a suitable host. In making this search I have examined as many
local species of fish as were obtainable, identifying, if possible, all
glochidia found upon the gills or fins. Some glochidia, because of
peculiarities of form or size, were readily determined, while others
were less easily identified because of fewer apparent differences. In
this study I have made identifications by comparison of the glo-
chidium found in the natural infections with a series of preparations
and drawings of glochidia (see Surber, 1912) obtained from gravid
mussels.

Fishes were examined for natural infections wherever obtainable,
but attention was also given to securing them in the vicinity of
special mussel beds. Infected filaments of gills or portions of fins
have been examined and drawn, first in the fresh state and then fixed

@ Special acknowledgment is due Prof. Lefevre and Prof. Curtis, of the University of Missouri, ‘or data
of their experiments placed at our disposal.

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 7

in 10 per cent formalin or a one-third saturated solution of bichloride
of mercury. The usual histological procedure for whole mounts was
followed after fixation. Acid fixing fluids and acid stains have been
avoided on account of the delicate calcareous shells of the glochidia.
For the sake of accurate comparison in identifications it has seemed
desirable to apply the same method of preparation for the natural
infections that is used for the glochidia.

When evidence of the natural host was obtained by the above
method, the kind or kinds of fish thus designated were tested by
artificial infection to verify the results already secured and to deter-
mine the possibilities of artificial propagation.

The method of making artificial infections is as follows: Young
mussels or glochidia, which are produced to the number of many
thousands by each female mussel, are taken from the gill of the latter
and placed in a receptacle with the fish to be infected. The myriads
of glochidia thus distributed through the water, passing constantly
through the gill openings of the fish, become attached to the filaments
of the gills or in some cases fasten externally upon the fins. As soon
as they become attached there is a reaction of the tissue in the nature
of an hypertrophy of the external epithelium which produces a cyst
enveloping the glochidium.

For a fuller discussion of infection methods I would refer to the
paper by Lefevre and Curtis (1912). Some special difficulties encoun-
tered in dealing with the short-period breeding Quadrulas will be
discussed in connection with the propagation of Quadrula pustulosa
and artificial infection of Quadrula ebena.

Glochidia were obtained from gravid mussels collected with the
‘“crowfoot”’ and mussel rake, the usual methods in vogue among
clammers. The preparation of these was for the most part by the
method described by Surber (1912). For differentiating the thread
‘gland, Grenacher’s borax carmine was employed as a stain. Exami-
nations in alcohol covered to prevent evaporation gave better differ-
entiation for some features than the stained and cleared material.

The collection of juveniles has been carried on chiefly by two
methods—dredging and hand or shore collecting. The dredge em-
ployed was of the Chester rake pattern and of suitable dimensions
for use with a gasoline launch. This method is adapted for deep water
or for shallow water that is so muddy as to make it impossible to see
the bottom. As the Mississippi has been almost constantly muddy
during the warmer months this method has proved to be the chief
reliance. The small shells are separated from sand and mud by
means of a sieve or-by washing in a fine-meshed bag. Hand collect-
ing was about the only method applicable to very shallow water and
stony bottom, and was employed during winter or on very rare 0cca-
sions in summer when the water was sufficiently clear.

8 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS,

DETAILS OF OBSERVATIONS.

In the following account, the experiments and observations have
been described under the name of each species. This was done for
the sake of clearness and convenience, and it will be readily seen that
all have not received equal attention. I have followed chiefly the
classification and nomenclature of Simpson (1900), in places employ-
ing Ortmann’s system, in which case it is so indicated. The changes
made by Ortmann, so far as they apply to the forms I have considered,
seem justified. These are based, according to that author, upon a
thorough study of the anatomical characters of the soft parts as well
as of the shell. It seems evident enough that a continuance of this
kind of revision is very desirable. In this I make no criticism of the
herculean labors of Simpson, whose synopsis has removed the tax-
onomy of the Naiades from chaos.

I have described and figured some of the glochidia in order to bring
out features not previously considered, while others previously pub-
lished are reproduced in order to show all on the same scale. In the
dimensions the ‘‘height”’ signifies the longest axis perpendicular to
the hinge line, while the ‘‘length” is the longest axis parallel to the
hinge line. The range given for each dimension is the extent of vari-
ation that I have observed. The greatest that I have measured was
12 per cent. If the measurements had been taken from several
broods of glochidia from different localities, this variation would
probably be larger.

Very little has been published regarding the juvenile stages of the
Quadrulas. It is not my intention to go into details of description
here, reserving such observations for a later paper; however, a tew
notes are given by way of calling attention to this little-known stage.
I regard a knowledge of these as necessary for a proper consideration
of the problems connected with the propagation of mussels. If the
suggestion (Lefevre and Curtis, 1912, p. 192) that propagation be
carried through this stage prove to be feasible, such information
would be indispensable. Again, a knowledge of these is required tor
the maintenance of proper conditions for the natural development ot
mussel beds. From the few observations that have been published
upon juveniles of North American Unionidee (Isely, 1911; White, 1905;
Sterki, 1891 a, b), it seems probable that, in some cases at least, they
have a habitat quite different from the adult. For example, some
species, such as the yellow sand-shell, Lampsilis anodontoides, and the
butterfly, Plagiola securis, have been found in the shallow water of
rapids or riffles attached to stones or gravel by a byssus, while the
adult dwells in deep water on a mud or sand bottom. Differences so
great between the habitat of the young and the adult would be im-
portant considerations in any attempt to raise mussels artificially
through this stage.

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 9

- Toe Warty-Back, Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). [Pl. 1, fig. 1, 2.]

This mussel, with allied species, is commonly called the warty-
back and pimple-back because of the pustules on the shell. It is a
shell of good luster and texture, and theretore is ranked high by
manufacturers.

Mstribution.—Its range is throughout the Mississippi drainage and
into Michigan, extending east into the Alabama River system and
west into central Texas.

Habitat.—It is found in streams of some size either in gravel or on
mud bottom (Scammon, 1906).

Juvenile.—The juvenile, of 10 to 20 mm. in length, can be recog-
nized by a broad triangular green ray upon the lateral slope. I have
found it chiefly in fine gravel or sand in a strong current.

No byssus was observed in a considerable number ot specimens
taken and none has been reported for this species to my knowledge;
apparently, however, there is a byssus gland present. In the very
early stages (less than 1 mm. in length) a mucilaginous secretion is
produced which serves to anchor the young mussel. I think it doubt-
ful if this species at any stage produces the hard hyaline byssus
threads which are found in some of the Lampsiline. Among the
Quadrulus here described the only case of a true byssus observed
was in that of a specimen of Q. plicata having a length of 4.5 mm.

Glochidium (pl. v, fig. 36).—The warty-back is a summer breeder,
or tachytictic, the glochidia being found during the months of June,
July, and August. The earliest record that I have for a season is
June 12, and the latest August 23, when I found two gravid out of 46
examined. The glochidia occupy all four gills in the female, and are
white in color. They are of the hookless type, and as seen flatwise,
the usual position for examination under the microscope, have the
form of an elongated purse (pl. v, fig. 36).

Dimensions: Height, 0.28 mm. to 0.3 mm.; length, 0.22 mm. to
0.23 mm.; length of hinge line, 0.08 mm., or 2.75 times in length.
The difference in height observed (0.28 mm.-0.3 mm.) gives a vari-
ation of less than 8 per cent; more than 10 per cent seems to be
uncommon in glochidia of one species, although I have seen 12 per
cent. This species should not be confused with any others in the
region investigated because of unique form and size. The only
glochidia here at all resembling it are those of Lampsilis luteola and
Plagiola securis. L. luteola can be distinguished by its relatively
greater width (0.25 mm.) and hinge line (0.118 mm.), and Plagiola
securis by its greater length (0.31 mm. to 0.33 mm.) and different
proportions.

Natural infection.—The first record for a natural infection by this
species was found upon a catfish obtained July 5. This was the
channel cat, Ictalurus punctatus, and was the first record of infection

10 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

found on catfishes. Previous to that time all examinations of cat-
fishes had favored the belief that they were immune to all glochidial
infection. Other records for this fish were obtained through July
and August, the breeding period for the mussel. The fish were taken
by seining over known shell beds in one instance, in others in wing
nets and bait nets of commercial fishermen. In all, durmg 1912, 17
records of infection were obtained out of 39 fish examined, and 9 of
these were determined as Q. pustulosa.

This glochidium is more readily identified in infections than some
others, because of its large size and owing to its peculiar shape. None
of the mussels of similar dimensions have the same form. The nearest
approach to it is Lampsilis luteola. (See description of glochidium
above.) The glochidia in infection were usually well encysted, and
in many cases development was far advanced, even to the extent of
some growth beyond the glochidial shell. (Pl. m1, fig. 19, 23.)
This development of an extra embryonic shell in the parasitic
stage has been reported (Coker and Surber, 1911) for the Proptera
(Ortmann, 1912) group, but not, I believe, among the Quadrulas.
One record only was obtained of Q. pustulosa on another fish, the
yellow cat, Leptops olivaris, bat this was important, as it suggested a
possible host for this mussel, and led to the discovery of many infec-
tions in Ictalurus punctatus, although one had been seen in that
species before. In 9 other specimens of L. olivaris examined by me
and 44 by Mr. T. Surber in August, no infections were found. From
the standpoint of natural infections, J. punctatus is indicated as the
natural host for Q. pustulosa, with a possible extension to other
species of the Siluride. After August 28 and during the autumn no
natural infections were obtained from a total of 98 fish examined.
This date corresponds with the latest date for gravid mussels of the
species. On August 23, 2 gravid shells were secured from a total of
48. After this date none were found in a total of 176 examined. This
gives a space of five days after the last gravid mussels were found,
during which the natural infections were obtained ‘The indications
from this are that the parasitic period is brief. If the parasitic
period were a long one, say a month, this correspondence of dates
would be lacking.

The character of the cysts and their position on the gill filament
are features to which attention has been called as of importance, per-
haps, in determining the possibilities of artificial infection. The
cysts of Q. pustulosa on Ictalurus punctatus are of ordinary size. They
are often set off by a slight furrow or indentation (see pl. m1, fig. 23),
which is quite characteristic. The position is chiefly on the edge of
the filaments, often near the base, a rather unusual location. Lefevre
and Curtis (1912) are of the opinion that those fish in which the
glochidia are distributed on the tips of the filament are able to carry

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. Pe

a much greater number. An attachment near the base of the fila-
ment giving a more intimate relation with the host may insure more
certain survival to the glochidium. However, the cysts I have
examined gave no evidence of serious interference with circulation in
the filament, so it looks as if the position in the case of the catfish
probably would not make much difference in the effect on the host.

The finding of glochidia on the catfishes is of interest, since this fish
had been regarded as belonging to the immune class, this opinion
being based largely on the results of artificial infection. The habits
of the fish as a bottom feeder, and especially as a voracious eater of
mussels, would make it seem surprising if it did not carry the glo-
chidia of some species of mussel. Forbes and Richardson (1908), in
examination of the food of these fish, say:

Mollusks, about equally large water snails, and large, thin clams were a decidedly
important element, being found in 15 of the 43 fishes. They amounted to 15 per cent
of the food of the group, and several specimens had little or nothing else. Notwith-
standing the number of bivalves eaten by this fish, no fragment of a shell was ever
found in their stomachs, but the bodies of the mollusks seem to have been separated

while yet living from the shells, as indicated by their fresh condition and by the fact
that the shell muscles were scarcely ever present.

TABLE 1.—ARTIFICIAL INFECTIONS WITH QUADRULA PUSTULOSA.

Nene Number Develop- | Aver-
Ex- of glo- : ment at | age
Date. | peri- Species of fish. ber chidia Wee d Eeripe on latest | tem-
ments. Ashi attach- . observa- | pera-
: ing. tion. ture.
1912. IH:
Aug. 21| V-22 | Ameiurus melas....... 64/488: -. =. Aug. 27-29. .| 6 to 8 days. .| Complete! 75.1
23 | V-26 }..... 7 ee ee 35! |e 5) | Rs a eae More than 8 |...do..... 75.5
days.
1913. | ;
June 12] VI-1) Ameiurus{ mrs sci-7: Witz? | S002 June 27-29. .| 15 to 17 days.|...do....] 72.1
24] VI-4 | L. olivaris (wt. 41b.)... 1 Many: < 3|esacccee once 11 days......] Advanc-| 78.3
ed.
24 VI-4 | L. olivaris (wt. 23 lbs.). Mg 2 doseess| ees ot asene 9 days or less.|...do.....
July 7} VI-10 | Ictalurus punctatus.... Bre cdoweaan July 16-18...) 9to 11 days..| Complete} 78,1
10) Wi=12) 25222 GO satess sees cesses 10 |...do.¢...) July 20-21...| 10 to 11 days.]}...do..... 76.7
10 | VI-12 | Lepomis pallidus....... 2 | Several..| July 11...... rdayelcecsae None....
10 ; VI-12 | Pomoxis sparoides..... 2 Very few}..... Gok scee| ees. dol eae: weedosess
10 | VI-12 | Pomoxis annularis..... Si seedOsesee |aoeee domaoees| sect dowcecce peed Otaees
29 | VI-19 | Ictalurus punctatus. ... de Many 2 22|PATe 8>_ a5: 10-12 days...| Complete] 76.3
29 | VI-19 | Aplodinotus grunniens. Weiehieweeese July 29-30. : .| 1 day...2-..- None....
29 | VI-19 | Leptops olivaris........ 1 | Several..| Aug. 6-8. ...| 8 to 10 days..| Complete
29 | VI-19 | Pomoxis sparoides..... 2 ONC eer Leeming smcictllemenecenctcoelsce eae
29 | VI-19 | Micropterus salmoides.. 1| Many Tulyisleeee ss Hidayzeeeseee|Nonelsce
Aug. 4] VI-20| Ictalurus punctatus....] 29 |...do..... Aug. 15-16. .| 11 to12days.| Complete] 75.5
4 | VI-20 | Leptops olivaris........ 3: |p edoswess Before Aug.9| Less than 5 | ?........ 76

days.

@ On gills and barbels. All other glochidia were attached to gills only.

As Q. pustulosa is a heavy-shelled species it may not supply the
catfish with food by way of returning favors, unless the fish has
some means of opening the heavy shells. However, as mussels
of various species segregate in the same location, forming beds, the
thinner-shelled species in furnishing food to the fish would favor the

2 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

breeding of the heavier-shelled species. This attraction of the fish
would serve to furnish the host and also increase the chances of the
young mussels being shed there by the fish, thus partly accounting for
the segregation of mussels. The fishermen on the Mississippi take
advantage of this appetite in the catfish by baiting nets with the
“meats”? of the mussels which the clammers or mussel fishermen
remove from the shells.

Artificial infection.—The finding of glochidia of Q. pustulosa on
catfishes in natural infection suggested testing these fishes in experi-
ments in artificial infection.

In these experiments four species of catfish were tried and five
other kinds of fish. The results of some of these experiments are
shown in table 1.

When exposed to infection in the same tank and thus under the
same conditions, the difference in susceptibility between the catfish
and the other species was very marked and the difference in implanta-
tion still more so. The catfish in general received them more quickly
and retained the glochidia, while, though abundant on the gills of
some of the other species, they disappeared before the end of the
second day.

The results in the case of the different species of catfish were not
uniform. The duration of the parasitic period seems to vary slightly
in the different species and there is evidence of immunity in some
individuals of Leptops oliwaris. The greatest variation in duration
of parasitism occurred in the case of the bullheads Ameiurus melas
and A. nebulosus. (See table 1, experiments V—22 and VI-1.) The
long period, 17 days, can be explained by the lower temperature
(average 72.1° F.); but the temperature of 75.1° F. for the shorter
period of 6 to 8 days is no higher than those in which the parasitism
is of much longer duration.

The experiments with Ictalurus punctatus gave more definite and
regular results than with any of the other species. The majority of
the experiments were conducted between June 18 and August 14,
during a season when the water temperatures were more uniform
than usual. This probably accounts for the uniformity in the
parasitic period, which was determined as 9 to 12 days. The mini-
mum period on a fish is less readily determined than the maximum;
taking this into account it is probable that the period may be less
than 9 days for some. This seems a remarkably short period when
we consider cases of winter-breeding mussels carried over six months
by the fish.

The young mussels after dropping from the fish were secured and
their structure and habits noted.

a During these early stages I observed cases of ingestion by a turbellarian very abundant in the aquarium
This, with the number of empty shells found, indicates a high mortality among them.

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 13

The growth of shell, according to my observations, was quite
rapid for the first few days; at two weeks it was nearly twice as long
as the glochidium; at four weeks no increase was observed beyond
that of the second week. This cessation of growth is rather surpris-
ing, but is in accord with many observations upon growth under
laboratory conditions. Just what is the cause of this inhibition of
growth I can only surmise. The young mussels were kept in aquaria
having a constant stream of running water coming from the river,
their natural habitat. It is quite likely that under these conditions
the water contains too small an amount of suitable food material.
A further discussion of this matter and a more detailed account of
the early juvenile stages I will reserve for another paper.

The evidence of immunity in Leptops olivaris will be seen by a com-
parison of results (see table 1) in experiments VI-4 and VI-20. In
the latter the glochidia were all shed in less than 5 days, and thus in
all probability did not reach maturity. In experiment VI-4 the
small individual carried a large number for 11 days, the usual period
of parasitism, while the larger fish on the ninth day had one glochid-
ium only.

This indication of occasional or even common immunity to these
glochidia in L. olivaris is suggested in studies of natural infections,
as I have already shown. The fish is rarely found infected in nature
by any mussel, and I have only two records of infection by Q. pustu-
losa. In comparison with this, the abundant infection of Jctalurus
punctatus (sometimes as high as 50 per cent in a catch) forms a
marked contrast and with the foregoing experiments point conclu-
sively to the channel cat as the usual host fish and the most suitable
for artificial propagation.

Tests for optimum infection have been made which indicate that a
smaller number of glochidia per fish is desirable than in the infections
with the ‘‘mucket’’ mussel, LZ. ligamentina. The glochidia in the
case of Q. pustulosa are considerably larger and the infection must
necessarily be made at a season of the year when there is more danger
of parallel infection with fungus (. e., Saprolegnia). An infection of
800 to 1,000 glochidia is recommended for a fish of 1 pound weight,
1,500 to 2,000 for a fish of 2 pounds weight, and proportionate num-
bers for other sizes. Undoubtedly fish released in their natural
waters would carry larger infections than those subjected to the more
severe conditions of experimentation in captivity. In the foregoing
estimates I have taken account of this.

The collection of gravid mussels of this species for artificial propa-
gation requires the taking of some special precautions to prevent the
premature discharge of the glochidia. The best results are secure’
in warm weather with mussels that have been collected the same day
and a short time before the infections are to be made. If the edge

14 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

of the mantle and shell are uninjured, the gravid mussel may be kept
alive out of water several hours, and still longer when kept cool.
Mussels caught by the “crowfoot”’ method are more difficult to keep
because of breaks in the shell. It is difficult to prevent abortion of
glochidia when a number of mussels are placed together in water even
though running as from a tap or when the mussels are placed in crates
in ariver. On account of this habit of abortion in Q. pustulosa and
most of the Quadrulas, their transportation and retention is more
difficult than in the case of the “‘mucket,” Lampsilis ligamentina, and
the other members of the Lampsiline that have been propagated arti-
ficially. In the latter the portion of the gill differentiated for a
marsupium is relatively so small that the breathing function of the
gill is little interfered with by the presence of the embryos, while in
the former the presence of glochidia in all four gills is probably respon-
sible for this reaction when proper aeration is interfered with by
crowding or otherwise.

Propagation.— This species of warty-back is one of the most valu-
able of the pearly mussels used in the button industry, so that any
practical means of increasing the supply would be welcomed. The
determination of the host fish furnishes the means of employing the
method of propagation that has proved so successful in the case of
Lampsilis ligamentina and others of that genus.

In the catfish we seem to have a fish almost ideal for the application
of this method. It is abundant and hardy, thus meeting the condi-
tions required by the method, 1. e., the securing of many fish and the
ability of the fish to withstand the handling and confinement incident
to the process of infection with glochidia. The method as employed
for the past three years has had some modifications. The fish, after
seining, in one instance, were brought to a central station for infec-
tion; in the other they were infected in the field and immediately
released. Some fish will not survive even the latter very limited
amount of handling or confinement; for example, the herring, Pom-
olobus chrysochloris, which has been determined as the host for the
niggerhead, Q. ebena (Surber, 1913). The power of catfish to survive
removal from water is remarkable and this hardihood is an important
feature, since the breeding period for these mussels is July and
August, when the mortality is highest among fish in captivity.

A third modification of this method, the propagation of mussels in
ponds or artificial streams after infection, may prove to be very practi-
cable, as some mussels seem to prosper under these conditions. If, in
the case of the commercial species, this method proves successful it
will offer the advantage of greater certainty in results. By the
method in use at present, the young mussel is released at a stage when
it is quite at the mercy of its enemies and results are scarcely ascer-
tainable. If protected until a few millimeters long, when a heavy

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 15

shell has been formed, its chances of survival must be tremendously
increased. The introduction of mussels into various streams when
at this stage has been suggested (Lefevre and Curtis, 1912). This
would have the advantage over the method of using the fish for dis-
tributing the mussel that transportation in the former case would be
much easier and the fish can be used a second time. In this connec-
tion comes up the question whether a natural or an artificial distri-
bution is better. It seems likely that conditions of introduction
under control would be better then the probably haphazard distri-
bution of young mussels in nature. When they drop off the gills of a
fish their finding a favorable location is probably to a large extent a
matter of chance. (See, however, discussion of segregation under
head of natural infection, p. 11, 12.)

In the study of the juvenile mussels and their environment an
attempt has been made to determine these conditions. For Quadrula
pustulosa apparently a good current of water with proper food content
and a bottom of fine gravel are demanded. The conditions of a pond
are easier to meet, but the difficulties presented in producing the con-
ditions of a flowing stream seem not to be insuperable.

The season of breeding is an important feature from the practical
standpoint. The mussels of the short-breeding period are at some
disadvantage because of the limited working season; this, however, is
offset by the fact that during breeding months mussels and fish can
more readily be obtained.

The number of glochidia per mussel is a feature of practical impor-
tance in propagation. As this species has an estimated average of
about 200,000 or about one-fifth as many as the ‘‘mucket,”’ L. liga-
mentina, it will be seen that a larger number of gravid mussels is
necessary for a given number of fish to be infected. This small num-
ber as compared with some other species is somewhat offset by the
abundance of the species.

THE PrvpLe-BAck, Quadrula pustulata (Lea). [Pl. v1, fig. 37, 38, 39.]

The quite similar Q. pustulata I have studied in the juvenile stage,
finding it a habitant of sand bars, having 10 records for this location
with only 2 for mud or gravel. The natural infections so far identified
have been so few that little is known regarding this phase. I suc-
ceeded in artificially infecting the following fish with this species:
Pomozxis sparoides, Micropterus salmoides, and Lepomis pallidus, but
the death of the fish before the end of the experiment precluded the
obtaining of any conclusive results. As the species is comparatively
uncommon in this region its propagation would hardly be practicable
here.

The glochidium has the following dimensions: Height, 0.25 mm.;
length, 0.2 mm. (See Surber, 1912.)

16 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

THe PurpLe Warty-Back Quadrula granifera (Lea). [Pl. v1, fig.
40, 41.]

The shell of this species has purple nacre and is therefore not usually
saved by clammers. ‘The juveniles are very handsome because of the
fine crenulations of the umbones. The glochidium is of large size
having the following dimensions: Height, 0.355 mm.; length, 0.29
mm. (Surber, 1912.)

THe Mapie-Lear, Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea). [Pl. v1, fig. 43, 44.]

The odd sculpturing of this shell, with the coloring of the epidermis,
makes it a handsome species. It seems not to be very common in the
Mississippi in the region I have investigated, viz, between Hampton,
Tll., and Muscatine, Iowa.

Distribution.—Western New York to Kansas and Minnesota, and
south to Texas and Alabama. (Call.)

Habitat.—The larger lakes and rivers on a muddy or sandy bottom
in somewhat shallow water. (Baker, 1898.)

Juvenile.—I have myself taken only a few juveniles of this species.
These were found in shallow water in a rather swift current. The
form is so much like the adult that it may be readily recognized.

Glochidwum (pl. v, fig. 29).—Eggs were observed the middle of June;
they were white in color and occupied all four gills. Early embryos
of this species were found in four out of five specimens examined June
27. According to these observations, mature glochidia would be
found during July in this region. Mature glochidia were obtained
in August, 1912, from a tributary of Fall River, Glenwood County,
Kans.,* and also June 12, 1913, at Fairport, Iowa. Form, of the
purse-shaped type, similar to Q. metanevra.

Dimensions: Height, 0.085 mm.; length, 0.078 mm. This is the
smallest glochidium of the Quadrula group that I have seen. Ort-
mann (1912) places Tritogonia tuberculata (Simpson) in the genus
Quadrula on the basis of its anatomical structure. In its shell
sculpture, though peculiar, he recognizes a relationship to the group
of Quadrula lachrymosa. The extremely small size and similar form
of the glochidia of these two species is another feature supporting
this view.

Propagation—No observations have been made upon natura
infections. Experiments in propagation would be practicable in
regions where the species is not uncommon. Scammon (1906)
reports it abundant in Kansas and it is reported common in Indiana,
and the closely allied species, Q. fragosa and Q. nobilis, are abundant
in Arkansas.

21 am indebted to Dr. Roy L. Moodie, of the University of Kansas, for this material.

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 17

THe MonxkEy-FACE, Quadrula metanevra Rafinesque. [Pl. 1, fig.
4, 5.]

An odd shell of good luster and texture, but not of uniform thick-
ness.

Habitat.—Larger streams and rivers, common in almost all sta-
tions. In my experience on the Mississippi it is found more often
in the channel than on muddy bottom in still water.

Distribution.—Mississippi drainage area except its southern por-
tion, extending to the Tennessee and Arkansas Rivers. (Simpson,
1900.)

Juvenile (pl. 1, fig. 6)—This stage was found on gravelly or
sandy bottom in similar locations as the adult.

Glochidium (pl. v, fig. 31)—Form of the purse-shaped type with
narrow hinge line. Dimensions: Height, 0.185 mm. to 0.2 mm.;
length, 0.17 mm. to 0.176 mm. Breeding season, May, June, and
July. This seems to be a short period and I suspect may be extended
into August; however, examinations at the Fairport biological
laboratory of some 89 specimens during August gave negative
results.

Natural wnfection.—Infections with the glochidia of this mussel
were found upon the gills of the sunfish, Lepomis pallidus, June 24,
and of the sauger, Stizostedion canadense, July 26. The fish were
taken at the edge of the river channel near mussel beds. Surber
*(1913) reports five infections on Lepomis pallidus. No decisive
results in artificial infection with this species have been obtained,
but the indications are that the sunfish, LZ. pallidus, may be infected
successfully, and in the light of the information obtained regarding
natural infections there should be no special difficulty in propagating
this species.

Tue NIGGERHEAD, Quadrula ebena (Lea). [PIl. 1, fig. 7, 8.]

This is a much-prized species because of the excellent luster, color,
and texture of the shell, as well as its uniformity in thickness. Its
habitat is both in mud and among rocks. Shells from a swift current
have a better quality than those from water of little flow.

DMsiribution.—Mississippi drainage generally, except its western
portion; Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers; northeast Texas? (Simp-
son, 1900.)

Juvenile (pl. 1, fig. 9)—The juvenile of this species I have taken
only four times. Its scarcity in the collections is surprising when the
abundance of the adult shell is considered. It seems probable that
its habitat is on a pebbly bottom on which a dredge can scarcely
pick up small material. Again, its color and shape are such as to

make it difficult to find.
22889°—14——27

18 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

Glochidium (pl. v, fig. 30)—Gravid females with glochidia are
reported from May until August. In 1912 the first found were 13
out of 85 examined on June 17, the latest 3 out of 66 examined on
September 3. The spring of 1912 was late, which may have had the
effect of delaying the breeding season.

All four gills are marsupial. The eggs are pink, giving this color
to the gills. As development proceeds the embryos lose the color;
but if, as is often the case, there are unfertilized eggs, the color
remains until the eggs are discharged with the glochidia.

Form: Suborbicular; the outline as seen in side view is subsemi-
circular. (PI. v, fig. 30.)

Dimensions: Height, 0.148 mm. to 0.15 mm.; length, 0.153 mm.
to 0.16 mm. The dimensions of this shell are so near those of Q.
trigona and Q. solida that one is obliged to rely chiefly on the form to
distinguish them.

Natural infection.—In seeking the natural host for this species the
investigation was begun early in the spring; although infections at
this time seemed improbable, it was necessary to determine whether
any infections could be carried over winter. The results, so far as
this species of mussel is concerned, were negative; but a common
infection by another species was found in the sturgeon, Scaphorhyn-
chus platorhyncus, early in April soon after the ice broke up. Mate-
rial was obtained by seining and trammel nets as well as by fyke or
wing nets and lines. Many natural infections of various species were
found during the spring, but the first evidence of any infection
resembling the glochidium of Q. ebena was obtained June 21 on
Micropterus salmoides. This was a single glochidium; similar single
infections were found in June on Pomozis sparoides, and one August
9 on Pomozis sparoides, and four the same date on Pomozis annularis.4

With this limited evidence as a guide, experiments in artificial
infection were tried upon the three species named. The tests,
although giving some results of interest, did not indicate that the
natural host had been found. A discussion of the results will be
found under the next topic.

On August 13, while out with the station seining crew engaged in
mussel propagation, Mr. T. Surber secured a specimen of the blue
herring, Pomolobus chrysochloris, heavily infected with glochidia.
These, upon examination, were determined to be Q. ebena. ‘This was
the first specimen of this species of fish known to have been taken this
season during the breeding period of the niggerhead. Larlier in the
spring, May 16, a specimen was brought to me which proved to be
heavily infected, but not with the niggerhead.

aThe glochidia of Q. ebena, Q. trigona, and Q. solida, as will be seen by reference to the figures, do not differ
greatly in appearance. This makes certain identifications difficult in some infections. (See Q. plicata,
under natural infections, p. 27.)

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 19

Since finding this natural infection by the niggerhead, Mr. Surber
has given special attention to the investigation of the infections by
this mussel on the blue herring. (See Surber, 1913.)

The number of glochidia on a single fish is remarkable, some 3,700
being found on one, well encysted and giving evidence of maturing
on the host. This, together with the relatively large number of
infected fish taken, seems to fix this species as the natural host of
the niggerhead.

The cases of infection observed on the black bass and crappies are
probably either accidental infections which would not mature or they
are the very similar glochidia of the pig-toe, Q. trigona, or the much
less common Q. solida. In these three species the glochidia are so
much alike that they can not easily be distinguished when embedded
in the tissues of the host, especially when their number is limited.
The implantation upon this fish may be at any point on the gill fila-
ments, but shows a tendency to distribution on the tips. The fila-
ments are so small that several are involved in a cyst, which is usually
arge for the size of the glochidium, as observed in artificial infections
with this glochidium on other species of fish. (See artificial infec-
tion, p. 20.)

Several glochidia occur in a common or compound cyst where they
happen to attach closely. A peculiarity observable in many prepara-
tions is the presence of spaces in the cysts apparently once occupied
‘by a glochidium. Adjacent to or near these may be glochidia.
Surber (1913) has interpreted these as cases of migration of the glo-
chidia. This, if the correct interpretation, is a condition not pre-
viously observed. Iam not yet convinced that there is any migration
except that necessary in escaping from the cysts, as examples may
be seen where the glochidium has a well-defined sheath in what I
understand Surber would consider the second position.

Infections on the blue herring during the remaining season were
found most abundant in August, falling off in number in September,
the latest being September 24 to 26, when 2 out of 9 were found
infected. My latest record for gravid niggerheads is September 3,
3 gravid out of 63 examined. The difference of 23 days between
September 3, the last record for the gravid mussel, and the 26th, the
last for infected fish, as a rough indication of length of the parasitic
period, would signify that in this case it is longer than in the case of
the warty-back, Q. pustulosa.

Reference to a specimen of this fish taken on June 18, 1910, by
H. W. Clark, revealed natural infection with the niggerhead. This
is the earliest season date that I know for an infection, but corre-
sponds with our records of 5 gravid mussels on May 31 and 13 on
June 17,

20 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

In the carrying of mussels by the herring we have an interesting
example of a fish reported from salt water and possibly anadromous
acting as a host for fresh-water mussels. In this case it seems
probable that the mussels are attached during the stay only of the
fish in fresh water; however, it supports the opinion of Simpson
(1899, p. 282) that the presence of fresh-water mussels of the same
species in parallel coastal streams can be explained by their being
distributed by fish which are free to pass from the mouth of one
river in the ocean to the mouth of another. (See also White, 1905.)

The blue herring seems not commonly to have any commercial use
at least in this region, though it has been reported as being used for
food in the South. Although it has no recognized commercial value
in the North, its really great value becomes apparent as the host of
the most sought-after fresh-water shell. I have found the herring
infected by another species of mussel, which observation is of interest
as it shows that this fish is not the individual host of the niggerhead.
The range of the herring is reported (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882, p. 266)
as the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi Valley, abundant and resi-
dent in all the larger streams and introduced through the canals into
Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. Twenty-six years later, Forbes and
Richardson (1908) report it not common in Illinois. As the fisher-
men on the Mississippi in this vicinity do not seem familiar with it
and make rather few catches, and there are reports of its having been
abundant, it looks as if the fish were much less common at this point
than formerly. There is this consideration, however, which would
account for its escaping attention: It is a gamey fish requiring
special means for its capture, and not being sought after, it may be
more common than is apparent. The distribution of the fish corres-
ponds with that of the mussel and it would be interesting to find any
extension of the range of the niggerhead through the reported access
of Pomolobus chrysochloris to the waters of Lake Erie and Lake
Michigan. It may be, however, that the niggerhead, because of its
natural habitat in swiftly flowing streams, could not thrive under
lake conditions.

Artificial infection.—Artificial infection was not undertaken until
a systematic search had been made for the natural host. Up until
the middle of August, as I have shown in the discussion of the natural
host, the only evidence secured was the finding of four infections
on the following species: Black bass, Micropterus salmoides; black
crappie, Pomozis sparoides; white crappie, Pomoxis annularis. There
were only one to four glochidia in each infection, therefore they were
not as conclusive as could be desired.

As experiments with the niggerhead had been tried by other workers
upon these species of fish without success, I went to work on the
assumption that success had not been attained in these cases because

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 21

of unsuitable conditions in artificial infection. Some indication that
this was the case was soon obtained. The glochidia would attach in
some instances and not in others. It is of course necessary to imitate
natural conditions as closely as possible as to temperature, aeration,
light, etc. The results were more favorable when the sun was out
than during cool, cloudy weather and apparently better in sunlight
than in shade. It was found important to infect as soon as possible
the same day after securing the gravid mussels, as this species will
abort glochidia soon after capture. The cause is supposed to be that
the lack of aeration due to confinement causes the animals to expel
the glochidia which must tend to interfere with respiration. The
small degree of special differentiation required to form a marsupium
and the presence of the glochidia in all four gills of the Quadrulas
undoubtedly contribute to this.

Infection and encystment of the glochidia were obtained. (Pl. m1,
fig. 24.) The latter was even observed under the microscope upon
filaments severed from the gill and immersed in physiological salt
solution. In one case observed the glochidium was completely
covered by the encystment in four hours.

In the case of the fish left in tanks and aquaria the glochidia,
although well encysted, were shed in from one to three days in all
cases. The longest retention was found in the black bass. The
cysts in these infections were exceedingly large, the excessive hyper-
trophy apparently being due to excessive stimulation. (See fig. 24.)

In one instance the fish were immersed in a sa!t bath (NaCl, 10 per
cent) before introducing them to the container holding the glochidia.
This resulted in more certain and rapid infection than usual in all
species experimented upon, but the infection was no more persistent.
The significance of the results in this experiment I will take up in the
general discussion.

After the completion of a number of such experiments the dis-
covery was made, as previously mentioned, of infections in large num-
bers on the blue herring, indicating it as the host fish for the nigger-
head. This gave an explanation of the inconclusive results already
attained, but, on the other hand, it did not offer ready means for the
application of artificial infection. The host in this case is a fish
which offers great difficulties to the methods at present employed in
artificial propagation, in that it is rarely taken here and is difficult
to retain in a living condition long enough to successfully subject it to
infection. In order to find how to do this, it will probably be neces-
sary to experiment in localities where both the fish and mussel are
abundant. If possible to capture in pound nets or traps or by careful
handling when seined, they could be infected without removal from
the water. As the mussel is a species found in the larger rivers, in-
closures would have to be made in a body of water having a current.

99 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

Since the fish is very active, suitable nets must be used to prevent
injury. Trammel or gill nets, or seines of unsuitable mesh, would be
fatal.

A satisfactory completion of the investigation of the parasitic stage
in Q. ebena will probably be greatly aided by gaining more thorough
knowledge of the fish’s habits. This information will, of course, aid
also in determining suitable measures for insuring the increase of the
mussel.

Since some mussels, as the mucket, Lampsilis hgamentina, have been
successfully carried through on more than one species of fish, the pos-
sibility of finding some more practical host in this case has been kept
inmind. Iam of the opinion that the experiments already conducted
have been sufficiently thorough to demonstrate that the species so far
tried are unsuitable. Chances for success would be looked for in
closely related species. The only really common species in this
locality answering these requirements is the gizzard shad, Dorosoma
cepedianum (Le Sueur). Unfortunately this fish, hke Pomolobus, is
not readily kept alive; but the difficulties may not be insuperable.
I have seen it kept alive several hours in the laboratory during the
winter and have no doubt it could be kept in ponds, as it is found
alive in bayous isolated from the river. As it has not yet, however,
been found to carry mussels upon the gills, the probabilities of success
are quite uncertain.

Three species of shad are found in the Mississippi. These are more
closely related to Pomolobus, but they are not reported common
north of St. Louis. Surber (1913) suggests the interesting experi-
ment of infecting the species of herring to be found in the rivers of the
Atlantic coast. This might be successful if tried in rivers containing
considerable lime in solution, as is the case in the rivers in which the
niggerhead thrives.

Propagation.—There is probably no shell for which there is a larger
demand at present and its uses might be greatly increased. From
the results already attained in the investigation of the life history of
the niggerhead, propagation might be undertaken at once, provided
it were done in a way that would permit of definitely ascertaining
results. Whether the herring can be caught in sufficient numbers
to make such operations practicable is a question, but reports would
indicate that they can be in some localities. However, operations
upon a large scale are hardly to be recommended before a demon-
stration of artificial infection and the completion of the parasitic
period has been observed.

The remarkably full infection. of this species in nature indicate that
under natural conditions propagation of this mussel will take care of
itself. Thus recommendations of measures for preventing the deple-
tion of the niggerhead would be along the line of protection to the

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 23

herring as the host fish. The cause for the increasing scarcity of the
herring seems not to be due to capture in large numbers, as the fish
is not commonly used for food throughout its range. It is more
probable that it is due to artificial conditions, such as the obstruction
of its natural migrations by dams and the introduction into the
rivers of nonoxygenated sewage and the injurious wastes of manu-
facturing plants and the like.

Quadrula solida (Lea). [PIl. v1, fig. 46, 47.]

Quadrula solida closely resembles Q. ebena. I have investigated
this species only so far as to make some observations upon its breed-
ing. I found gravid females May 31 and July 23. In one specimen
glochidia were present in both inner and outer gills; in the other
cases only the outer gills were charged. Glochidia were found mature
on both the dates mentioned. The glochidium (pl. v, fig. 34) has
the subsemicircular form slightly more rounded than Q. ebena.

Dimensions: Height, 0.145 mm. to 0.16 mm.; length, 0.155 mm.
to 0.160 mm. See also Surber (1912), to whom the material was
referred for description. I have found no natural infections that
could with certainty be ascribed to this species. Mr. Surber reported
a single glochidium on a Pomolobus infected with many of Q. ebena.
It would not be surprising if they are found to have the same fish for
host.

TuE Pic-ror, Quadrula trigona (Lea). [Pl. 1, fig. 10, 11.]

The brilliant orange-colored flesh of the pig-toe is characteristic,
although occasionally it is found yellow or white. The nacre is a
beautiful silvery white, more or less iridescent; rarely the nacre is
pink. In the manufacture of buttons it is less desirable than the
niggerhead because of less uniform thickness.

Habitat.—In the larger rivers, on a muddy bottom in rather deep
water.

Distribution.—Western New York to Minnesota, and Iowa, and
Kansas to Texas, east to Mississippi and Tennessee. (Call, from
Baker, 1898.)

Juvenile-—The juveniles were the second most abundant of the 27
species I have collected and first in abundance among the Quadrulas.
They were taken on both mud and sand bottoms. I have found this
species in the artificial ponds at Fairport, lowa, introduced in the
parasitic stage on fishes—the second of the river-inhabiting Quadrulas
to be found under such conditions.

Glochidium (pl. v, fig. 33).—The breeding records of the Fairport
biological station for the past three years give June, July, and August
as months in which the glochidia of this species have been taken. I
found seven mussels with early embryos of this species August 27 and
28, 1913. and one with mature glochidia on September 10, thus ex-

24 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

tending the known breeding period well on into September. In July
I took a gravid example only 30 mm. in length; this surprisingly
small size for breeding indicates the early attainment of the adult
stage. The glochidial shell of this species seems thin and more deli-
cate than in Q. ebena. The eggs are a pinkish red, the glochidia
colorless, filling moderately all four gills. Unfertilized eggs were
found with glochidia, so that gravid mussels have gills varying in
color from a deep to a light shade, according to the number of eggs
remaining undeveloped. The number of undeveloped eggs is sur-
prisingly high, sometimes more than 75 per cent. The form of the
glochidium is of the subsemicircular type (fig. 33).

Dimensions: Height, 0.136 mm. to 0.149 mm.; length, 0.136 mm.
to 0.153 mm. The smaller size and straighter lines of the anterior
and posterior edges of the shell should distinguish this glochidium
from the similar glochidia of Q. ebena and Q. solida.

Natural infection.—The natural host for Q. trigona has not to my
knowledge been determined with any satisfactory degree of certainty.
I secured infections on Pomozis sparoides August 2 and Pomovis
annularis August 9, observing in the first 2 and the second 4 glochidia
which answer to the dimensions of Q. trigona; but as unmistakable
preparations of these were not obtained it is not at present possible
to state whether they may not be either Quadrula solida or Q. ebena.
Since the host-fish for the latter has been pretty definitely determined
to be Pomolobus, it might be excluded as a possibility here if it were
not known that accidental and sporadic infections are possible on
other than the usual host. A single case is reported as Q. trigona
on the black crappie, P. Sparoides, by Surber (1913); he also reports
an infection upon Pomoxis annularis, but thinks both of these may
be accidental infections. Some evidence as to the natural host was
obtained in the finding of the juvenile of this species in an arti-
ficial pond in which sunfish, crappie, and gizzard shad, Dorosoma
cepedianum, had been kept. Since gizzard shad have not been
found with gill infections, the evidence favors the sunfish and crappie
in this instance. Further evidence was obtained in the successful
implantation of the glochidia on the gills of the sunfish in artificial
infection; this will be taken up in the next topie.

The character of the distribution of the juveniles of Q. trigona must
be of some significance; it was found to be the most generally dis-
tributed of all species in explorations of the river bottom, from which
it is a safe presumption that the host must be a common fish. To
summarize the results, the evidence, though not conclusive, points to
the sunfish and crappie as the hosts.

Artifical infection—In my experiments with this mussel five
species of fish were tested, Micropterus salmoides, Lepomis pallidus,
Eupomotis gibbosus, Pomoxis sparoides, and P. annularts. Examina-

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 25

tion the second day showed many glochidia encysted upon the gills of
the sunfish, but only one or two on the bass and crappie. The third
day they were still in good condition on the sunfish, but all gone on the
others. By the seventh day all were shed by the sunfish. Whether
the parasitic period in this instance was completed I unfortunately
did not succeed in determining. If it were, the period is a brief one
and needs further testing. Experiments were conducted by T.
Surber with this mussel at the Fairport biological station in 1910.
The following fishes were used: Micropterus salmoides, Pomozxis
annularis, Aplodinotus grunniens, and Lepomis (sp.?). No implanta-
tion at any point on or in the body was observed, but free (without
encystment) glochidia were found in the intestine of A. grunniens
174 hours after exposure. The results of my experiments point to
gill infection as the normal method for this mussel and to good chances
for success with Lepomis pallidus.

Propagation.—Propagation of this valuable mussel at present
would probably have to be restricted to the introduction of the adult
mussel in new territory. The success of this method can not be pre-
dicted with any degree of certainty until we know whether the host
(presumably a fish) is found in the waters where introduction is
attempted. A recent report of Wilson and Danglade (1912) recom-
mends the introduction of this mussel into the rivers of Minnesota.
Very practical work can undoubtedly be done along the line of exten-
sion of range of valuable species, but it would be obviously impractical
to do this without a more certain knowledge than we have at present
of the life history of this species. Take for example the case of the
niggerhead mussel. So far as is known, it is dependent entirely upon
the herring (Pomolobus chrysochloris) for propagation. Introduction
into waters where this fish was absent would accordingly be certain
of failure, as the mussels would be nonperpetuating. I have men-
tioned above the finding of many unfertilized eggs in the marsupia
of these mussels. In the examination of hundreds of shells from
various points in the region investigated I have found this state of
things quite general. The result is that glochidia are difficult to
obtain except in small numbers; under these circumstances artificial
propagation would be quite impracticable.

THE BLUE-POINT, Quadrula plicata (Say). [Pl. u, fig. 17, 18.]

This form also bears the name of ‘‘three-ridge.”’ It is at present
one of the most-used shells in button manufacture.

Disiribution.—Western New York to Arkansas and Iowa, Michigan
to Alabama and Texas.

Habitat.—In the larger rivers, in rather deep water, generally on a
muddy bottom (Baker, 1898).

Juvenile.—I have found this species with several others in the
artificial ponds at the Fairport biological station. They have been

26 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

introduced, for the most part, probably in the parasitic stage on fish
retained in the ponds. As the first example of the Quadrula group
raised in captivity, it has interest and is something of a demonstration
that they may be raised under such conditions. This was the fourth
most abundant species in my collections from the river.

Glochidium (pl. v, fig. 32)—The breeding records indicate that
mature glochidia are to be found during June, July, and August.
On June 26 I observed the spawning of this species. Tne mussel
was marooned on a sand bar and only partly in the water, aud the
loose white mass of glochidia were collecting in a depression in the
sand behind it. I suspect this was not perfectly normal spawning,
since the mussel was being left by the receding water, and cases of
abortion of glochidia are commonly observed in the Quadrulas when
placed under conditions unfavorable for oxygenation in the gills.
The glochidium (pl. v, fig. 32) is of the hookless type, subsemi-
circular, elongate, and white in color. It possesses a thread gland
and larval thread like Q. heros, and probably the same will be found
in all the other members of the Crenodonta group as limited by
Simpson (1900). The gland is somewhat different in appearance
from that in Q. heros. ‘The turns or loops of the spiral are of about
the same number, but a small portion of what may be designated the
distal end, becomes abruptly two to three times broader than the
remainder. This larger portion begins at the posterior end of the
hinge line and on reaching the anterior side of the adductor muscle
curves in close to its ventral and posterior side. The contents of this
enlarged portion is the coiled hyaline thread secreted by the gland, in
a less condensed state than at the time of its emergence from the
external pore, which les on the posterior side ot the adductor muscle.

The dimensions of the glochidium are: Height, 0.195 mm. to
0.215 mm.; length, 0.185 mm. to 0.200 mm.

Natural infection.—Five examples of natural infection with this
species were obtaimed during June, July, and August. The fish
were all crappies, both Pomozis annularis and sparoides and were
caught chiefly in the channel of the Mississippi on or near mussel
beds where Q. plicata was abundant. Surber (1913) reports two
cases, one on S. canadense and one on P. annularis, both for July 20.
In determining natural infection of this species it is necessary to
distinguish it from the glochidtum of the “‘spike” mussel, Unio
gibbosus (Barnes), as the latter has a similar form and dimensions,
and it apparently infects some of the same species of fish. Typical
glochidia differ in the following respects:

The dimensions in U. gibbosus are: Height, 0.208 mm. to 0.220 mm.;
length, 0.190 mm. to 0.208 mm. The hinge line is proportionately

a1 have received two juveniles of this species about 5 mm. in length, possessing a well-defined byssus.
This material was collected in Lake Peppin by Mr. A. F. Shira,

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. Di

longer and the thread gland curves in from the ventral edge of the
tight valve in U. gibbosus. In Q. plicata the ventral loops follow a
peripheral course (see fig. 32). Unfortunately, this character is
difficult to distinguish in glochidia which are imbedded in the tissues
of a fish. Again, since the gland is an embryonic organ, it does not
persist long after metamorphosis commences in tissues of the host.
In natural intections it is not always possible to obtain an orientation
ot the specimens so as to obtain the most accurate measurements;
especially is this the case when a fish carries only one or a few glo-
chidia, when distinction between glochidia is made more difficult.

The number of infections determined as U. gibbosus were as follows:
Black and white crappies, 5; yellow cat (Leptops olivaris), 1; Sauger
(Stizostedion canadense), 1. In addition to these, I have records of
three infections on the black bass (Micropterus salmoides) which
belong to one of these species but which I am at present obliged to
consider as doubtful.

Summarizing the results, the chief hosts for Q. plicata are indicated
as the crappie, Pomoxs annularis and Pomozis sparoides, with the
sauger and black bass as occasional possible hosts. The reported
(Letevre and Curtis, 1912)successful art'ficial infection of Micropterus
salmoides with Q. plicata would warrant the expectation of finding
this fish infected in nature.

The presence of an embryonic thread suggests the possibility of
fin infection from analogy with forms that possess that organ. The
small size of the glochidium and lack of color would make them more
difficult to detect than the fin-infecting glochidia of the Anodontas.

Artificial infection.—The artificial infection with this species which
I have just mentioned as having been made by Lefevre and Curtis
(1912) was the first reported and the only successful infection with
Quadrula mussels so far as known to me. The fish, black bass,
Micropterus salmoides, were infected August 5, 1908, exposed 30
minutes to infection, and young mussels liberated on August 17,
giving a parasitic period of 12 days in water of 24.4° C. average
temperature.

I have experimentally infected the following fish with this species:
White crappie, Pomozxis annularis; black crappie, P. sparoides;
yellow perch, Perca flavescens; sunfish, Lepomis pallidus; bullhead,
Amewurus; flathead catfish, Leptops olivaris; channel cat, Ictalurus punc-
tatus; quillback, Carpiodes velifer. The first fournamed proved suitable
as carriers of this species; the young mussels were carried through
the metamorphosis in large numbers, and I was able to secure
specimens of the young juveniles alive on the bottom of the aquaria
in which the fish were retained. In the sunfish a large number were
apparently shed prematurely, while a few were carried through to
maturity. The bullheads carried a few for the full time, but on the

28 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

fins and not the gills. The remaining species shed the glochidia in
from one to two days.

In the successful cases the period of parasitism varied from 8 to 11
days, the water temperature averaging approximately 76° F. The
last to mature seemed to be at the tips of the filaments, thus indi-
cating that the position was an important factor in determining the
parasitic period. The young mussels on leaving the fish show no
appreciable development of shell; thus they are very minute at this
stage and probably a prey to many enemies.%

Propagation.—Several factors favor the artificial propagation of
this species upon a practical scale. It is common and at present one
of the most used shells in the button industry. It seems to be a
form not narrowly restricted as to hosts and these are indicated to
be among the commonest and most readily obtainable fishes.
Although a river form, its habit as a dweller in stiller water and on a
mud bottom makes it susceptible to propagation or control under
conditions readily imitable in artificial lakes or ponds. A continuous
water supply is desirable; my observation has been, however, that
it will survive rather adverse conditions in this respect. I have
collected many live specimens from a slough which had gone dry to
the extent that only mud remained. Under these conditions the
majovity of the pond mussels, Anodonta corpulenta, had died. I
would cite also the finding of this species accidentally introduced in
the parasitic stage into an artificial pond at Fairport, lowa. The
pond had gone dry and I found a specimen still alive buried in mud
barely moist. It is evident, I think, from these observations that
the species is hardy, at least as regards some of the more common
vicissitudes to which mussels are naturally subjected.

Tur WASHBOARD, Quadrula heros Say. [Pl. u, fig. 14, 15.]

This is the largest and one of the most handsome of American
fresh-water mussels. Its unusual size adapts it to special uses, and
in some localities it has the reputation of being one of the best of
pearl-bearing species.

Distribution.—Mississippi River system generally; Red River of
the North; Tombigbee River, Ala.; southwest to Nuevo Leon,
Mexico (Simpson, 1900).

Habitat—It is found in large rivers in deep water and on muddy
bottoms.

Juvenile (pl. 11, fig. 13) —The juveniles are very handsome because
of their elaborate shell sculpture. They were taken in the same
locations as the adult, viz, in deep water on a mud bottom.

Glochidium (pl. v, fig. 35).—I obtained mature glochidia of
Q. heros September 24, having taken early embryos August 24 and
immature glochidia as early as August 28. During October, in

@ See p. 12, footnote, regarding observations of the destruction of young Q. pustulosa.

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 29

observations covering two successive seasons, the mature glochidia
were readily obtained, as the majority of adult females examined
were gravid. An examination on November 7 of 55 individuals
from the same mussel bed yielded no gravid specimens at all, and
some 50 mussels in March and April yielded 1 gravid specimen only;
this was found April 14, and contained immature glochidia, still
surrounded by the vitelline membrane. All the information available
indicates that the regular breeding season is during the autumn,
chiefly October, with an extension into the winter months in some
localities, but that the glochidia are not carried a long period in the
gills as in the Lampsiline. Since all tour gills are used as marsupla
and greatly distended, a long breeding period would seem to be too
g-eat an interference with the breathing function of the gill.

The productivity of this form is enormous, a single average-sized
individual in which I estimated the number gave one and a third
million young. A count was made of a definite fraction of a marsupial
chamber in a gill and the total computed from a count of these
chambers for the four gills, account being taken of difference in size
in the gills. Simpson (1899) quotes Lea as giving the number of
young produced as 6,000,000. I have not seen the original of this
statement by Lea, but find another (Lea, 1857, p. 40) in which he
gives an estimate of 3,000,000 or 4,000,000 as the number produced;
as he says ‘‘probably to the number of 3,000,000 or 4,000,000,” he
may not have made an actual computation. A specimen twice the
size of the one I considered, which would be unusually large, would
hardly have more than 3,000,000. From this I suspect that Lea’s
estimate is too high. Lefevre and Curtis (1912, p. 144) say in regard
to the breeding period of this species that, finding young embryos in
May, their observations are not in accord with those of Frierson
(1904), who found glochidia in January and so concludes that heros
is an exception to the genus Quadrula and not a summer breeder.
Conner (1909) gives an observation of breeding in November. Surber
(1912) figures an immature glochidium, giving dimensions which
correspond closely with the mature embryo, together with observa-
tions on the breeding season. Simpson (1900, p. 776) is of the opinion,
since he has seen so few gravid specimens, that the breeding of these
species is only at long intervals. It is apparent from the above
references that the observations upon the breeding of this species
have been quite limited and I know of no description of mature
glochidia, with the exception of Lea’s (1857, p. 46). In his descrip-
tion there is no reference to the time of breeding and he has omitted
anatomical features that are distinctive. He says:

Unio multiplicatus (synonym for Q. heros) Lea, figure 3. Pouch shape; dorsal line

long; side margins gently curved, basal margin slightly rounded; color clear white.
Has no hooks.

30 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

The above is sufficiently accurate as to the features described but
is not enough to identify the glochidium, since there are so many
forms answering this description. J think the following will serve to
distinguish it:

Dimensions: Height, 0.316 mm. to 0.340 mm.; length, 0.250 mm.
to 0.260 mm. The right valve contains a large and conspicuous
thread gland; this is in the form of a spiral rod (pl. 3, fig. 21) tapering
at each end, and having about two turns about the adductor muscle.
As compared with this gland in Anodontas, it is more conspicuous
because of its greater width and its being possibly more highly
refractive to light. The inconspicuous tapered extremities lie near
the ventral side of the adductor muscle and one of them opens to the
mantle cavity; from this opening the larval thread extends. The
latter is of considerable length and lies coiled in the mantle chamber.
It consists of a delicate hyaline thread which becomes readily extended
when the glochidia are extruded from the parent gills. The presence
of athread gland has not been previously reported for the Quadrula
group, I believe, and only in the Anodontas and the Unios (as listed
by Ortmann, 1912). I find it present in Plewrobema xsopa and also
in Unio gibbosus, for which, with the closely related forms, Ortmann
has created the new genus Llliptio.

Natural infection.—When the investigation of the breeding of this
mussel was undertaken very few data were available; in fact, the
published accounts, as I have shown, indicated considerable uncer-
tainty about the breeding period. J was fortunate in finding gravid
mussels with active glochidia in considerable abundance and suitable
for experimentation. This situation led me to accept the opportunity
presented before I was able to investigate sufficiently the problem
as to the natural host. | subjected a number of species of fish to
infection, obtaining quite definite results. The following species
carried the glochidia successfully on the gills or the fins: The sunfish,
Lepomis pallidus (pl. tv, fig. 266); the catfishes, Jctalurus punctatus
and Ameiurus. melas; and the drum, Aplodinotus grunniens. Some
months after these experiments were made Mr. T. Surber, in examina-
tion of Arkansas fishes taken in January, reported several natural
infections by this species on the fins of a sheepshead, Aplodinotus
grunniens, but none on the gills. More recently I have had the
opportunity of examining a number of fish taken in the Mississippi
at three different stations. Among these I found infected by the
larva of Q. heros five species of fish and the batrachian, Necturus
macilosus. These observations are shown in detail in table 2.

The infections upon Necturus were none of them encysted, even
after attachment for a known period of several days, which leads me
to believe that the mussel is incapable of development upon this host.?

a Incidentally the observation may be of interest of a larval mussel of another species abundant upon
Neciurus completely encysted and passing through its metamorphosis on this animal.

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. a4) |

TaBLE 2.—NatTurAL Host oF FRESH-WATER MussEL QUADRULA HEROS.

Nomapet of
lochidia.
Name of host. Date. Locality. 2 Development,
Gill. | Fin.
Necturus maculosus MO We lee cee Not encysted.
OR a sens Site ee mae masicciece Ines We wea lsepaee Do.
ID Ya \epars eee See ia rs ee GWA a eaene Do
Dorosoma cepedianum. . S\elee sisal te etessoee 25 Do
Pomoxis annularis SOKO 5 Ge coacos|aceaaoae 22 Do.
Dorosoma cepedianum. . fe : BAO scacise cies taresicele 48 | Completely eneysted.
1 DoS i Se aoe ee OWS Sal ate oO Oct eciat |S acecoee 17 Do.
WOR ea ee seen cate meme scence |= eG Ox scales ened Osianctte siaec|cwimacniss 2 Down.
IPOMOMIS ANNUM ATIS Sse ssc cee c= aisisge eae Osa e| ec wie LOmenietciee ceis| socienteee 1 | Undetermined,
iD) Qe se otis onie ci cine ee | pend Oscesc|t sec On cites sarellpocce sec 1 Do.
Roccus chrysops g 5 | Fairport, lowa.. lhl eo as Encysted.
PATTI ANGA late arenas ceiciecikisiceictoietone Jet. 28 | Moline, Ill...... eller ase Do.
Nectinus macnlostiSaeoeccccoeccneesaleeeOOresealeceer. Goes Seemicanc Many. |...... Not eneysted.
Leptops olivaris Hampton, Ill.... Pe esse Deeply encysted.

The results of the artificial infection experiments and the observa-
tions upon natural infections would indicate that this mussel may carry
out its development upon both the gills and fins of a number of
species of fish. In the natural infections it will be noted that the
infection of the fins was more common.

This is an interesting case of a hookless glochidium adopting par-
tially the fin-infection habit which is found in the Anodontas. It has
other characters in common with this group in the large size of the
glochidium, in the presence of the large thread gland, and in the
winter (though probably not long period or bradytictic) breeding
habit. The opinion of Simpson (1900, p. 766, footnotes) that this
species breeds only at long intervals was based upon the absence of
observations of gravid specimens. I think this scarcity of records
may be ascribed partly to the following causes: The breeding season
is at the time of year when less collecting is being carried on, as well
as at a different season from that of related forms. Again, gravid
mussels abort the glochidia so that the evidence is liable to be lost
unless observed when the mussels are first removed from the water.
I think the assumption that they breed annually is safe until more
definite evidence to the contrary is found.

Artificial infection Mature glochidia suitable for infection were
first obtained September 24, and subsequently other gravid mussels
were obtained, apparently being not difficult to find. It was noticed
that the glochidia had unusual vitality, it being possible to use the
same lot day after day for more than a week. This is in marked
contrast to the conditions I have encountered among other Quadrulas.
It is possible that it may be associated with the lower temperatures
at thisseason. Another feature of importance is the immense number
of glochidia, which increases greatly the ease of manipulations.

Some 10 species of fish were subjected to infection in six different
lots, according to the usual method. The results of these experiments
are summarized in table 8.

32 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

TABLE 3.—ARTIFICIAL INFECTION OF QUADRULA HEROS Say.

Glochid-
Exper- . No. of} ium re- 3 En- ie
Date. | iments. Fish. fisholl etained Period on fish. cysted Position.
until—
Sept. 25 | 30-34} P. annularis...... TAWSept. 26.) Uday. cecccsececeseosececees No....| Gill
25 | 30-34 | P. sparoides...... QNOcte ~ Wh (Gidayss:ac-e2-senesccsae ences Yes Do
Oct. 1] 30-34} R.chrysops...... Ai Oct. SG)! ondayS--eccess.casenscecesees Wies-2= Do.
Sept. 27 | 30-34 | M. salmoides..... 4)|\POcty “3h) Midays-e i. scree soso scans Yess" Do:
27 | 30-32 | I. punctatus...... 7| Feb. 7 | 4months 11 days¢.......... Yes...| Fin.
Ziel 30—30)| PA IMelAS ane acoe se 2| Feb. 11} 4months 15 days@.......... Yess |"G rl and
fin.
a F Dec. 6 |\2 months 9 days to 4 months |\,, A
27 | 30-35 | L. pallidus ....... 8 { Feb. F \ Dae yy es...| Gill.
25 | 30-34 | S. canadense...... oltOCt 57) WOldayses.eea-ee eee sere Yes -.|' Do,
Oct ” \ 30-35 | A. grunniens..... 6] Apr. 18 | 6 months 11 days@.........- Yess. .| Rin:
1 34 | C. difformis....... Is} ¢CDied:) i asccaoas-cctosasaesaceemaeese Yies==- Do.

¢ Glochidia remained upon the fish after the date observed.

It will be noted that both gill « d fin infection persisted more than
four months on the catfishes, Jctalurus punctatus and Ameiurus melas;
gill infections remained upon the sunfish over two months (pl. rv,
fig. 26). In these cases evidence of development was found, but not
determined for the shorter periods of 11 days or less. In Aplodinotus,
fin infections remained till April, more than six months, and showed
considerable development at the time of examination.

The indications are that infection takes place chiefly during the
autumn, possibly to some extent in winter and early spring, and that
the young mussel leaves the host when the water becomes warmer in
the later spring. The readiness with which the glochidia become
attached to fish in the autumn would indicate that this is a natural
time for infection, although for some long-period breeders (Anodonta)
it is claimed that development proceeds during the winter before
leaving the parent gill (Lillie, 1895). Lillie states that the
glochidia are carried through the winter and are extruded finally
in the spring; the species to which he refers is Anodonta cataracta.
Lefevre and Curtis say that Anodontas have mature glochidia early
in October. An experiment performed at the Fairport laboratory by
Messrs. Clark and Surber September 26, 1910, with A. corpulenta
resulted in attachment of glochidia upon fish, but temporarily only.
From these citations it would seem that there is difference of obser-
vation as to the maturity of glochidia in the genus Anodonta. There
may be a considerable difference as to date of maturity for different
species of the genus, as is the case in the genus Quadrula.

The difference in duration of the period of attachment to fishes in
the different hosts is to be noted. I am not at all certain of the
explanation. If, as reported by Schierholz (1888) and Harms (1907-
1909), the duration of the parasitic period varies inversely as the
temperature of the water, that would not explain the liberation of
glochidia from sunfish in midwinter. One must assume a difference
of rate for different hosts or that development was incomplete in
tlie case of the shorter periods.

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 33

The possibility of implantation upon bot! gills and fins of the host
seems to be more liable to occur in this species than in any other of
which I know having hookless glochidia. This habit might naturally
be correlated with the large size, which would enable the glochidium
to become attached more readily to the exterior of a fish, where places
for attachment are coarser than on the gills. This character should
be of advantage in artificial infection, through more diffuse distri-
bution on the fish and on less vital parts, permitting a higher optimum
infection. In the present experiments the largest number of glo-
chidia carried through four months was 28;% this, however, should not
be considered any criterion of possibilities, since the parasitic period
in this case is probably an unusually long one. In general for the
long-period breeders it is probably more economical, other things
being equal, to infect in the spring, thus securing a shorter and more
certain development.

The infection of the fins in the catfish calls attention to a difference
in suitability to infection between such a fleshy fin and the mem-
braneous type of the Centrarchids, which group has been found so
favorable for gill infections.

The encystment of the glochidia of Q. heros (see pl. rv, fig. 266)
indicates a less vigorous reaction of the hosts tissues than, for
example, in the niggerhead; in that the cysts are comparatively thin.

Propagation.—The very large size of Q. heros and the thickness of
the shell give possibilities of use which are found in no other mussel.
At the present time it is, according to manufacturers, with the
mucket, L. ligamentina, and the three-ridge, Q. plicata, one of the
three chief shells used in the button industry, possibly taking first
place for large buttons; in quality it is considered second grade, but
varies with locality. From the results of this investigation it is
shown to be one of the most favorable among the Quadrulas for arti-
ficial propagation. The reasons for this are as follows: It is a fall or
winter breeder, thus not being limited to a brief summer breeding
period at a season when it is more difficult to deal with live fish and
at a time when the other Quadrulas are breeding. It has at least
three host fish and probably more upon which it can be propagated.
The tremendous number of glochidia produced and their great
vitality are features that increase the chances of success in artificial
propagation. Its natural habitat is more easily imitated under
artificial conditions than that of species which are restricted to river
channels in that it is found in the more quiet waters of lagoons and
lakes as well as in the open rivers. For a heavy shell it is a rapidly
growing species.

@ Through the winter of 1913-14 Q. heros was carried to maturity in large numbers (800 to 1,200 per fish)
on the gills of the following: Pomozis annularis, P. sparoides, Lepomis pallidus, A pomotis cyanellus and
Ameiurus Sp., and in smaller numbers on the fins of the following: A. grunniens, Ictalurus punctatus,
Ameiurus Sp.

22889°—14 28

34 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

Natural hosts of mussels of Quadrula group.—Natural infections of
fish by mussels of the Quadrula group were found as follows, the figures

representing the number of fish:

Warty-back (Q. pustulosa), on—

Yellow catfish (Leptops olivaris), 1.

Spotted catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), 9.

Crappie (P. annularis), 1, reported by Surber, 1913.
Pimple-back (Q. pustulata), on—

Crappie (P. annularis), 1, reported by Surber, 1913.
Monkey-face (Q. metanevra), on—

Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis pallidus), 1; 5 reported by Surber, 1913.

Blue sunfish (A pomotis cyanellus), 1, reported by Surber, 1913.

Sauger (S. canadense), 1.
Niggerhead (Q. ebena), on—

Large-mouth black bass (M. salmovdes), 1(?).

Skipjack (Pomolobus chrysochloris), 11, reported by Surber, 1913.
Q. solida, on—

Bluegill sunfish (L. pallidus), 2, reported by Surber, 1913.
Pig-toe (Q. trigona), on—

Pomozis sp?, 1.

Crappie (P. annularis), 1.

Strawberry bass (P. sparoides), 1, 1(?) reported by Surber, 1913.
Blue-point (Q. plicata), on—

Large-mouth black bass (M. salmoides), 3(?).

Pomozis sp.?, 2.

Crappie (P. annularis), 2; 1 reported by Surber, 1913.

Strawberry bass (P. sparovdes), 1.

Sauger (S. canadense), 1.
Washboard (Q. heros), on—

Fresh-water drum (A. grunniens), 1, reported by Surber, 1913.

Eel (Anguilla chrysypa), 1, reported by Surber, 1913.

See also table 2.

TABLE 4.—COLLECTION OF JUVENILE QUADRULAS, SEASON OF 1912.

= S £|s 5/8] e
Name. Date. a 3 Bottom. Baleemca E 8
a Ta) a 3 3 3 ay o
3 Zo 2. a] a|&|/s| 8
i . . . . .
4 =) A CISCIeCIelec
1 | Iowa Shute....... June 20} 9 3-6 | Sand and gravel.| 3 |....|.../.../....|--.|.-.
2| Smiths Cove to | June 22 | 15 4-8 | Varied(see hauls)| 2 |....]...|... 1
Pine Creek.
3| Sand bar above | June 25] 0 |........ Sand’ silt. cco...
Smiths Creek. '
une 26
pee doles cee Viaeese Ole tO aaleeees dol Loses ae
5 | Pine Creek....... July 10} 4 2-8 | 1, mud; 2, 3, and 1
, mud and
gravel.
6} Pine Creek to| July 12) ll 2+ | 1-6 gravel; 7-11, 1
Buffalo. mud and gravel.
7 | Montpelier........ July 15 | 5 | Varied.) Varied(see hauls) Scie
8 | Barrs Landing....| July 17 | 2 2-5 | Gravel and mud. 2
9 | Wagglers Landing] July 29] 5 3-5 | Gravel and sand. 8
10}; Moline: -... 0.5... Sept. 24 | 4 2-4 | Sand and mud.. =
iY asa OO sccccoccecs- Sept. 26] 5 2-4) Mud: Saeesacsene
Dec. 14
12°} Davis! Point... .- Dec. 23 |} 0 $45) (PebDlesicjcinctotererel| O's crema |e etall wetel| eletate
Dec. 24
13

a Over 20 mm. and under 65 mm,

oe bee este | pares
pe) aoe) q re) .
g\s|/ 2/82
o(8| 8 | ale
elelel|ele
$3 dale
3/1
ity gf aie
1 a | see
1 17 | 15 |.
oe pg eee
i 16.1 ieee
esl eae 7| 5 lai
TG ee
Dill ri es
Ta@lo|s9|48| 5

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 35
GENERAL DISCUSSION.

In the investigation of the specific problem of propagating the
Quadrulas some results have been attained which are of general
application probably to all the Unionide. Also observations have
been made incidentally upon other species which, as they have a
bearing on the present problem, require discussion.

REPRODUCTION AND EMBRYONIC STAGES.

As practical propagation of the Unionide is only indirectly con-
cerned with the embryonic stages, I have not dealt with these in the
body of this paper. My observations upon these stages have been
very limited and incidental only to other studies, but as the Quadrulas
have had little attention some of these may be worth mentioning.
Reproduction among the Quadrulas seems to be essentially as reported
in other Unionide (Rabl, 1876; Schierholz, 1888; Latter, 1891;
lillie, 1895). The sexes are separate so far as known. The gonads
occupy a considerable portion of the visceral mass among the coils
of the intestine. The eggs upon extrusion from the genital apertures
pass into the suprabranchial chambers of the inner gills, passing from
there to the cloaca and then back through the suprabranchial cham-
bers to the gills. They are probably fertilized during transition to
the gills by sperms introduced with the respiratory current. I have
observed ovulation in Quadrula ebena and remarked the exceedingly
fine stream of eggs issuing singly and covered by mucous envelope;
the passage to the gills was not observed, but it would seem strange
in these forms which carry embryos in all four gills that the eggs
should not go directly imto the inner gills, as they must pass the
openings of the water tubes.

Contributions to a knowledge of the development from the eggs to
the glochidial stage among Unionidse have been made by Flemming
(1875), Schierholz (1878, 1888),-Goette (1891), and these stages have
been completely described for Unio complanata and Anodonta cataracta
by Lille (1895).

While making examinations for breeding periods I was much
astonished to note the slowness of division processes. The eggs of
Q. ebena examined in the morning of May 31 seemed to be all in the
one-celled stage; in the afternoon two-celled stages were present.
The second day segmentation had advanced to the four- and eight-
celled stages only, and the fourth day 16-celled stages predominated.
Since making these observations I have read Lillie’s (1895) paper
and see that he has commented upon the phenomenally slow seg-
mentation in the forms which he examined, Unio complanata and
Anodonta cataracta, contrasting it with the rapid development in
marine lamellibranchs.

36 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS,
PARASITISM.

There are questions associated with the parasitism of fresh-water
mussels which have previously had bttle discussion. Obviously the
basis for a consideration of these must be upon observation of natural
infections. I wish to discuss these under the following heads:
Restricted infection, susceptibility and immunity, frequency of
infection, extent of individual infection, conditions of infection in
nature, etc.

Restricted infection —The existence of specific or narrowly restricted
parasitism in the case of some mussels I believe I have demonstrated
in the case of Q. pustulosa upon the channel cat, Jctalurus punctatus
(Howard, 1912). <A similar case is that of the niggerhead upon
Pomolobus chrysochloris (Surber, 1913). These are not surprising,
since it is common, especially among animals, for a certain species
of parasite to be restricted to a given species or genus of hosts, as
Goniodes stylifer, the louse infesting the turkey, and Trichodectes
scalaris upon the ox. If by accident they come in contact with some
other animal they do not remain. Why? ‘The supposition is that
the reaction of the blood or something about the foreign hosts is
unfavorable to them; in anthropomorphic language, ‘‘they do not
like it.”

To what extent this principle of limited parasitism extends among
mussels is still to be determined. It seems obvious, however, that
a solution of this question is logically to be sought from a study of
natural infections.

The method of determining the host by artificial infection has
proved practicable in the experiments reported by Lefevre and
Curtis (1912), but in these cases the mussels were parasitic upon
common and easily obtainable fish. The chief commercial species
employed was the mucket, Lampsilis ligamentina, and the fish suc-
cessfully infected were the sunfish, Apomotis cyanellus, and the black
bass, Micropterus salmoides. In the experiments at the Fairport
biological laboratory black bass, sunfish, and crappies were infected
successfully; the pike, Fsox luctus, and the perch, Perca flavescens,
were reported doubtful. From these results it would seem that
infection with the mucket is limited chiefly to the Centrarchide, a
single family of fishes. The hooked glochidia of Anodonta corpu-
Jenta seem less restricted. I have seen these upon fish of the follow-
ing families: Clupeide, Centrarchide, and Scisnide. A similar
state of things is seen in the hookless external infecting glochidia of
Q. heros successfully maintaining itself on the Scienide, Siluride,
and Centrarchide (the latter two observed in artificial infection).

Susceptibility and immunity.—The commonness of infections on
some species of fish in nature might be called a sign of susceptibility

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. om

in those species. The drum or sheepshead, Aplodinotus grunniens,
is found infected commonly with the glochidia of Lampsilis levis-
soma, L. gracilis, L. alata, Piagiola donaciformis, and others. The
drum is a mussel-eating fish (see Forbes and Richardson, 1908), so
that we have an explanation of the presence of the larva of these
thin-shelled and so readily eaten mussels upon its gills. In the
above example we have several species of mussels parasitic upon
one species of fish. From many examinations of the channel cat-
fish, Ictalurus punctatus, I have found only one species of mussel,
viz, Q. pustulosa; this seems to be the other extreme.

The failure to obtain gill infection with certain species has been
mentioned (see introduction). I have observed a similar immunity
in examinations for natural infections on the gills of the gar pike,
Lepidosteus platostomus, the dogfish, Amia calva Linneus, and the
suckers, the Catostomide. Upon obtaining fuller data such cases
may perhaps prove to have their parasitic species, at present unknown.
It is to be noted that these reported cases of immunity refer to gill
infection and that the absence of these possibly does rot preclude
infection of fins. We have not found infections on the gills of the
gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, but Mr. A. F. Shira has found
the fins of this species infected .2

Lefevre and Curtis, in seeking an explanation of immunity, raise
the question as to whether the factors are chiefly mechanical or are
an histological response of the fish’s tissues. In my opinion both of
these operate, and there is still another factor, viz, the failure of
glochidia to fasten when the appropriate host is not found. The
histological response begins with the hypertrophy resulting in the
formation of the cyst; this occurs in most cases whether the parasite
is retained or not. If not, the cyst is shed by a process of desqua-
mation of the external epithelium. I have observed this in gill
infections only. A stream of water of not great force will remove
the outer layers of epithelium of an infected gill about to shed the
glochidia. Such a catarrhal reaction is presumably the result of the
irritation set up by the glochidium. The question arises as to what
prevents such a reaction in cases of successful implantation. Is it
merely absence of immunity in the host, or does the glochidium
supply an active agent in the nature of an anesthetic to prevent
the irritation that would be expected? Mr. Thaddeus Surber once
called my attention to an apparent case of acquired immunity in
some sunfishes which received glochidia upon the first infection but
not the second. This is a matter that should be investigated, as
the existence of such a possibility would prevent the use of fish more
than once successfully in artificial propagation.

a Since writing this, I have found infections by Q heros upon the fins of this species, also infections by
other mussels upon the gills of the gar-pike and the dogfish. (See table 2.)

38 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

Some of the mechanical factors in immunity mentioned by Lefevre
and Curtis were such as configuration of mouth parts, texture of
gills, smallness of gill openings, and rapidity of fin movements.
The third factor which I suggest, viz, failure of glochidia to react,
was observed in experiments upon the niggerhead, Q. ebena, and the
warty-back, Q. pustulosa. In the latter case the glochidia fastened
readily upon the catfish, but not upon other species of fish upon
which the glochidia of the mucket, L. ligumentina, will fasten readily.
It is difficult to obtain any infection with the glochidia of the nigger-
head upon the members of the Centrarchide; however, under cer-
tain circumstances (see the next topic) they will take hold so vigor-
ously as to threaten overinfection. From such results it seems not
improbable that the tissues or blood of the nonhost possess reactions
in the nature of antibodies, precipitins, and other immunizing agents,
such as those discovered in the higher vertebrates, while the glochidium
is especially adapted to the reactions of the appropriate host.

Induced susceptibility—tI have already mentioned, in discussing
the niggerhead, an experiment in which fish were immersed in a
solution of common salt (10 per cent, by weight) before placing in
the infecting tank, where it was shown that this treatment had the
marked effect of causing rapid infection where previously it had been
difficult to obtain. We have here possibly a suggestion that this
reaction is related to the normal habit of the glochidium in respond-
ing to the presence of its natural host, the blue herring, a fish reported
from salt water and possibly anadromous. However, one would as-
sume that all perceptible traces of the more saline medium would be
lost when the fish had passed through a few miles of fresh water. In
my opinion, there is no causal connection here, since elochidia of many
species show excitement in the presence of sodium chloride and other
salts. This is due undoubtedly to the fact that their normal reac-
tion is to chemical stimulation from the ions of protoplasmic salts
diffused from the animal fluids of fishes’ gills or bodies. As the glo-
chidia did not remain upon the fish through the parasitic period, a
probable explanation would be that the salt could have had only the
effect of overcoming the inhibition of the glochidia to react.

The effects of the parasitism of the glochidium upon the host and
the exact relations to the host at various stages in the developing
mussel are matters the investigation of which should be productive
of interesting results. Lefevre and Curtis (1912) record observations
of the ingestion of portions of the host’s tissues by the glochidium
soon after implantation. It is a question whether the host con-
tinues to supply sustenance other than oxygen in forms like Lampsilis
ligamentina, which show little or no increase im size. In forms lke
those of the Proptera (Ortmann) group, which increase to a consid-
erable extent in the parasitic stage (see metamorphosis during the

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 39

parasitic stage), the host must furnish the material. In these cases I
have observed ocular evidence of absorptive processes whose exact
nature I hope to investigate later.

Frequency of infections—To know the proportion of infected fish
in nature is a matter of considerable importance. The expectation
would be that it must, from the nature of the case, vary according to
species, locality, season, abundance of mussels, source of the fish, and
the like. The results I have given for the channel cat, Ictalurus
punctatus, give an idea of the variation that occurs. We see that for
this fish during the months of July and August, the breeding season
for the warty-back Q. pustulosa, there were 17 infected fish out of 39
examined. The entire absence of infections in September from an
examination of 98 fish is explained by the season, which was after
the close of the breeding period for the mussel. The figures given by
Surber (19138) of no infections out of 21 fish of this species examined
in August, I can hardly explain unless it is that the fish were not
taken near mussel beds, or that owing to the position of the glochidia
they might be easily overlooked in living fish.

The drum or sheepshead, Aplodinotus grunniens, on account of the
fact that it is the host for a large number of species, runs the chance
of more frequent infections.

In a region where artificial infection has been carried on upon a
large scale, it would be difficult to determine satisfactorily anything
of this nature regarding the species employed in the operations; this
difficulty has arisen in investigations at the Fairport biological labor-
atory, fish having several times been captured which had been without
doubt artificially infected.

Extent of wndwidual infections.—Certain species of fish commonly
in nature carry a remarkably large number of glochidia; for example,
the drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, and the herring, Pomolobus chryso-
chloris, have been found with thousands; but a small number seems
more common. Heavy infections are difficult to explain, except
upon the supposition that they take place at the time of extrusion
from the mussel, or as the result of oft-repeated infections. This
brings up the subject of the following topic.

Conditions of infection in nature.—I know of no observations of the
infection of fish in nature. Latter (1891) found that he could pro-
duce a discharge of glochidia by gently striking the water in which
anodons were lying and made further observations upon the emission
of glochidia which, he seems to conclude, argue against the necessity
of the presence of fish. I believe, however, they support the prob-
ability that the approach of fish is the normal stimulus in eliciting
the emission of glochidia. The cases of heavy individual infection
of fish found in the species mentioned above suggest that the glochidia
must be extruded when the fish are in close proximity, otherwise the

40 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

glochidia would be too widely distributed to make heavy infection
possible. We find the heaviest infections with glochidia of the
niggerhead, which lives in swiftly flowing water. It would be quite
reasonable to expect adaptations here comparable to those seen be-
tween insects and plants, not necessarily as elaborate as that between
the rein-orchids Habenaria and fertilizing moths, but something of
that nature would be equally advantageous to a species of mussel.
The expected features m such a relation would be some attractive
agent in the mussel, the perception by the latter of the fish’s presence,
and the reaction of extruding the glochidia. Mussel beds are known
to offer attractions to fishes because of the associated hfe in their
vicinity, such as worms, crustaceans, and the like. During the sum-
mer of 1912, Dr. W. P. Herrick called my attention to at least three
instances of fish (sunfish in each case) being taken in his crates which
contained live mussels. We have abundant evidence of attractions
to some species of fish, e. g., catfish and sheepshead, in the food
which the thin-shelled species of mussels supply (Forbes and Rich-
ardson, 1908, quoted above, and Kendall, 1910). This is a rather
vicarious offering, and it is not known to be made by the heavier-
shelled species among which we have found cases of narrowly re-
stricted parasitism. It is among these that we would expect some
special adaptations.

Type of infection.—In observations upon natural infections I have
found that in general the hooked glochidia were to be found upon the
fins and the hookless upon the gills, as has been reported by others,
chiefly from artificial infection (Harms, 1909; Lefevre and Curtis,
1912). I find, however, there are some apparently constant excep-
tions. I have mentioned above the observations that the hookless
glochidium of the washboard mussel, Quadrula heros, was found to
be a fin-infecting species. Its considerable size apparently adapts it
to this mode of infection. The presence of a larval thread also sug-
gests a possible relation to this habit because of the presence of that
organ in the fin-infecting hooked glochidia. In support of this is
the recent discovery of fin infection in nature by the small hookless
glochidium of Unio gibbosus, which has a larval thread.

I have rarely seen natural infections of gills by hooked glochidia;
in two cases they were evidently unsuccessful, the glochidia having
died, and were embedded in hypertrophied tissue at the base of the
gills, apparently in process of shedding. The third and fourth
instances were apparently successful infections of single glochidia,
in one case on the heavy gills of a catfish, Leptops olwarus, and in
the other on the sturgeon.

Another case was a heavy infection on the gills of Pomolobus
chrysochloris by a glochidium which is hooked, but the hook is not

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 41

of the ordinary type in the Anodontine (see pl. rv, fig. 27). The
hook has the character of a straight thong inside the apex of each
valve. The glochidium has been identified as that of Unio cras-
sidens.

The absence of evidence of natural infections from certain species
of mussels and failure to obtain infections with them according to
known methods has led to the search for them as internal parasites
of fishes. My examination of the alimentary tract of fishes has
given negative results entirely. Mr. T. Surber, after infecting with
Quadrula trigona, found their glochidia in the intestine 17 hours later,
but they were not encysted, and the supposition was that ey were
not established in any way.

Type of cysts —The type of cyst varies in different cases, and the
question arises as to what are the factors that determine the form of
a cyst. In artificial infections on several species of fish the cyst in
each fish will vary in form as well as in distribution upon the gill in
each species, and again infections with different species of mussel will
vary in the same species of fish. That is, stimulus and reaction vary
with the parasite and host. This is perhaps self-evident, and as a rule
differences are not striking, but as there are occasional cases of marked
peculiarity in cysts their consideration may be of interest. In the
discussion of Quadrula ebena I have described the relatively large
cysts. This holds for the natural host, Pomolobus chrysochloris, as
well as for artificial infections on other species. The large glochidium
of Q. heros has a relatively thin cyst in gill infections. In the case of
Q. pustulosa the glochidium is usually quite deeply imbedded, but
the cyst does not markedly change the contour of the gill filaments.
This is due in part to the manner of implantation of the glochidium,
it being usually attached to the edge of the broad filament in the
catfish. There is commonly an inset of the cyst (pl. m1, fig. 23) that
seems peculiar to this form, but is not constant. Abnormal cysts of
strange forms are occasionally found. I have figured one of these
(pl. m1, fig. 20), in which the hypertrophied tissue is more extensive
than usual and prolonged into fingers or rays. In that shown in
figure 20 the stimulation of the glochidia implanted at the base of the
folds of the filament affected apparently the fundament of the folds,
and thus we have a number of new folds produced. Studies of cyst
formation, normal and abnormal, should have a practical value in
determining the conditions governing retention of glochidia.

Seasons of infection.—The time of infection must of course be
limited to the breeding season of the mussels, but as the period of
breeding covers months in both the long and the short period types,
the more exact fixing of the time of infection may be important. I
have already discussed the question in connection with Q. heros, as to

49 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

whether infection takes place in the autumn or spring. Lillie (1895)
intimates that there is some development of the larve during the
winter in the case of the long-period breeder Anodonta cataracta.

Lefevre and Curtis (1912) assume that development for anodontas
is vomplete in the autumn. Harms (1909) suggests the probability
of two broods in the short-period breeder, M/. margaritifera, during
July and August. Conner (1909, p. 112) gives the breeding period
for this species as June and August. I have seen indications of two
broods in the breeding of Q. ebena, and Lefevre and Curtis (1912, p.
114) mention similar observations. The settlement of this question
would require the keeping of females under observation during the
breeding period, but there is the difficulty that no one, so far as I
know, has yet succeeded in getting these mussels to breed in cap-
tivity.

I have reported the absence of infections by Q. pustulosa after
September 1. It is probable that September marks the limit of
infections by short-period breeders. The finding of infections by
long-period breeders early in the autumn and spring upon the stur-
geon, Scaphorhynchus platorhynchus, and the wintering of Q. heros
upon its host show that infections are not confined to late spring. It
is to be expected that the period of infection would be adapted in
large measure to the habits and seasonal migrations of fishes.

In general we may say that for most mussels in this climate the
seacon of infection comes in the warmer months. In southern waters
as much restriction would not be expected.

Metamorphosis during the parasitic stage.—The development of the
young mussels in the post-embryonic or parasitic period has been
systematically worked out in a number of forms (Brown, 1878a, 1878b,
1884, 1889; Schierholz, 1888; Harms, 1907a, 1907b, 1907c, 1908,
1909; Lefevre and Curtis, 1912). I wish here to call attention to
some apparently decided differences in extent of development
observed in natural infections. Differences in the amount of devel-
opment of the larve at the end of the period of parasitism are very
strikingly shown in a comparison of such species as Lampsilis liga-
mentina and Lampsilis levissima (Coker and Surber, 1911). In the
case of the former the juvenile mussel leaves its host with no shell
beyond that of the glochidium (Lefevre and Curtis, 1912); in the
latter there is a relatively enormous growth. This extra-glochidial
erowth I have observed in the following: Lampsilis levissima, L.
alata, L. gracilis, Plagiola donaciformis, P. elegans (Howard, 1912),
and Quadrula pustulosa. The growth in the case of the large glochidia
of L. alata (pl. rv, fig. 28) and Q. pustulosa (pl. m1, fig. 19) is only
sufficient to give the form of the shell of the adult mussel to the
juvenile. In the others, which have very small glochidia, the great
growth during the parasitic period would seem to be a compensatory

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 43

provision giving them the size of other juveniles when taking up the
post-parasitic life. It would not be surprising if in the case of the
latter the metamorphosis were carried further than in those forms
which have no growth beyond the glochidial shell.

Duration of the parasitic period.—Periods of parasitism have been
reported (Lefevre and Curtis, 1912, p. 168) as short as 12 days, and
I have observed a period as long as six months in the case of Q. heros
carried through the winter. These cases were observed in artificial
infections. In natural infections I have seen evidence of a long
period in mussels carried by the sturgeon, Scaphorhynchus plato-
rhynchus; matured larve were seen in late season catches, while
none were seen in those taken through April and most of May or in
October. Lefevre and Curtis have called attention to the lack of
correspondence between their results and those of other observers
(Harms, 1907, 1909; Schierholz, 1888) as to the effect of temperature
on the length of parasitism. Considering the great variation in the
period of metamorphosis for different species, I think it is obvious
that the influence of temperature could be determined accurately
only in a single species or in species having the same period. Indi-
vidual variation in the length of period for mussels which were
implanted at the same time on the same fish Lefevre and Curtis
explain as due to differences in nutrition of the larve.

Larval thread.—The presence of a thread gland and larval thread
in the mature glochidium I have reported and described under
Quadrula heros and Quadrula plicata. Lefevre and Curtis (1912, p.
151, 152), in a thorough discussion of this interesting organ, in which
they state that they have found it only among the Anodontas and
Unios, agree with Lillie (1895) that it is an excretory organ and the
thread is an excretion primarily. They do not agree with Schierholz
(1888) in considering the thread an efficient organ for aiding in
attachment to fishes. In this connection it is interesting to note that
in this form, which is the only one of its kind known to take the
habit of external or fin infection, we have an organ that is charac-
teristic of fin-infecting groups, Anodontas and the European Unios.
Since making this observation on Q. heros I have noted the thread
gland in Unio gibbosus and also observed this glochidium in natural
infection upon the fins.

From these observations it looks as if this habit might have some
bearing on the function of the thread gland. Here we have among
the hookless glochidia a form showing the thread gland and thread
more highly developed apparently than in the Anodontas. The
inference is natural that the thread has some function other than
excretion alone. If a fundamental embryonic (Lillie, 1895) organ
present at some time in the development of all glochidia, its per-
sistence to the mature state in some cases and not in others would

A+ PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

seem to indicate that its function later is not of a fundamental nature
like excretion or it would persist in all. Lefevre and Curtis advance
the argument that the threads are dissolved in a day or two and so
are not effective during the greater part of the period in which the
glochidia may be on the bottom. This would make no difference if
infections take place at the time the glochidia leave the mussel, the
evidence for which I have discussed above. (See conditions of
infection in nature, p. 39.)

Absence of parasitism.—The interesting discovery of metamor-
phosis without parasitism as reported by Lefevre and Curtis (1912)
for Strophitus edentulus (Say) suggests the possibility of some similar
explanation for the absence of evidence of infection by some common
species. This is especially to be looked for in species which have
conglutinates similar in character to those of S. edentulus. I have
in mind those of Obliquaria reflera (Rafinesque). The fact that
infections of this species have not been found lends support to the
supposition that there is possibly something unusual in their life
history.

Another species of mussel for which no natural infections have been
reported is Anodonta imbecillis. While making measurements of the
glochidia from a number of gravid individuals of this species collected
during the month of November, I noticed that in many cases what I
had supposed at first glance were mature glochidia were in fact
juvenile mussels with organs developed to the stage usually seen in
juveniles at the time they leave their host. These young mussels lie
crowded in the marsupial gills of the parent without any conglutinate
structure whatever. The outer gils, as in other anodontas, are
marsupial, and these become well distended throughout their whole
length when gravid.

In regard to the breeding of this species, Ortmann (1912) says it is
gravid from September to May. My observations, which are rather
limited, I give below:

Fairport, Iowa, July 16, 1910, 1 with glochidia.

Fairport, lowa, May 13, 1912, 1 with glochidia.

Fairport, lowa, May 27, 1912, 1 with early embryos.

Moline, Ill., September 24, 1912, 1 not gravid.

Moline, Ill., November 7, 1918, 2 with early embryos; 1 with both late embryos and
glochidia, and 6 with juveniles.

In addition to these I have found numbers of free juveniles ranging
from 5 to 30 millimeters not sexually mature. These stages are
remarkable for the thinness of their she'ls and the flatness of the
mussel as a whole. The term ‘‘floater” of the mussel fishermen for
this type of mussel is well applied in its use for this species.

The presence of juveniles during November in the gills of a majority
of the specimens examined seems to indicate that metamorphosis is

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 45

probably completed in the fall. The time of discharge of the young
mussels is yet to be determined, but the appearance of glochidia again
in early spring would seem to indicate that the juveniles escape in the
fal! or early winter.

Among the six lots of marsupial juveniles that I collected, the
degree of development varied slightly as to amount of shell growth,
otherwise there seemed to be little difference. This growth consists
of a narrow rim only around the edge of the glochidial shell. The
hooks of the glochidium are still much in evidence but are much
weaker than in parasitic forms. A noticeable feature is the large
proportion of gaping shells as compared with a similar lot of glochidia.
It would seem that with the loss of the powerful single adductor
muscle the action of closing is less vigorous. Between the gaping
valves can be seen the ciliated foot, on each side the gill papille, two
adductor muscles, mantle, etc., indicating a development equal to
that ot other young Naiades at the end of parasitism.

I have tested the reaction of the glochidia in the presence of fish
and obtained strong evidence that they do not respond as other
known parasitic forms. Mature glochidia taken in March were
employed. In an exposure to fish for an hour they failed to give the
usual infection. <A few glochidia lodged in the mouths of the fish, but
no encystment could be detected. The fish showed no response.
Following this test the fish were exposed for 10 minutes to the
glochidia of Symphynota complanata (Barnes.) These rapidly became
attached and the fish showed considerable uneasiness, in marked
contrast to their indifference in the presence of the other glochidia.*

From these observations I think I am warranted in conciuding that
this mussel passes through its metamorphosis without parasitism.
The absence of a conglutinate (Lefevre and Curtis, 1912) or placenta
(Sterki, 1898) is of interest, as we have here a case of nonparasitic
development independent of this type of structure found in Strophitus.

It is a question whether the development, following the escape of
the glochidium from the egg, is aided by absorption of food or not.
One would expect the former, as it is evident that this species has
descended from parasitic ancestors which received extraneous
nutrition during the parasitic period.

The discovery of the absence of parasitism in this species already
possessing the distinction of being hermaphroditic certainly adds to
its reputation as an eccentric among its relatives in the Unionide.

a Observations made since the above was written indicate that juveniles may be found in the marsupium
at almost any time during the year. I have also been able to secure infections and encystment on fishes
with Anodonta imbecillis as well as Strophitus edentulus. In the latter complete metamorphosis was
observed. Thus for edentulus we have indicated facultative parasitism, while in the other we have a
persistence of the parasitic reaction at least when artificially brought in contact with a host. Meta-
morphosis on fishes was not secured in A. imbecillis. Abundant additional evidence is at hand that
development in this (imbecillis) species normally proceeds without parasitism.

46 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

JUVENILE STAGE.

The period in the life of the mussel following the parasitic stage
has been given comparatively little attention by investigators. It
is commonly stated that the mussel upon leaving the host assumes
the adult form and manner of life. The investigations made upon
this stage, however, indicate that the differences are probably of
practical importance; that the adult form is not completely attained
for some time (Schierholz, 1888), and that the manner of life may be
quite different. According to Schierholz (1888, writing of the
Unionidae) :

The following organs are acquired during this stage: The siphons, ‘‘Lippentaster,”
outer gills, and sexual glands. In Anodonta the outer gills are acquired the second
summer, in Unio the third and fourth summer, while the sexual glands are developed
in Anodonta the third summer and in Unio the fourth and fifth summer.

The acquirement of the sexual glands would mark the adult condi-
tion and the end of the juvenile period. The size upon first attaining
the aduli condition would, of course, vary considerably in individuals
as well as in species. The smallest gravid mussels I have secured
were 13 mm. in length. This was in the very small species Plagiola
donaciformis, in which an example 50 mm. long would be exceptionally
large.

The washboard (Quadrula heros), the largest of American mussels,
has shell markings on the umbones that seem to be characteristic of
the juvenile. These sculpturings mark the shell up to a size of 50
mm. to 60 mm., when they often cease abruptly. The size at
maturity, according to the evidence I have, would be much greater,
as the smallest breeding individual that I have collected was 91 mm.
long. This showed a growth of three years beyond the juvenile shell
and a total age estimated at 8 years.

In statistical estimates in ordinary sized species I have taken the
arbitrary length of 20 mm. (Lefevre and Curtis, 1912) as a limit for the
early juvenile stage. For large and small species it is evident this
length would not be sufficiently accurate.

The sculpturings mentioned above for Q. heros are characteristic
of the juveniles of most species, although they are absent in some.
Commonly they are limited to the earlier portions of the shell.

The presence of a byssus in many species, as reported by Sterki
(1891), Frierson (1903), White (1905), and Isely (1911) and the at-
tachment of the young mussels to stones and gravel in shallow water
T have been able to confirm in a number of cases, though, excepting
Q. plicata, not among the Quadrulas. This habit of attachment in
shallow water is found among the Lampsilis group, which in the
adult stage are comparatively active mussels commonly in deep

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS, 47

water. This is a noteworthy contrast between young and adult as
to habits and habitat.

In my investigations upon the juveniles I have not found the early
stages as uncommon as the literature led me to expect (Lefevre and
Curtis, 1912, p. 177). The clammers of the Mississippi River seem
to be familiar with them, reporting that they often bring them up
with the ‘‘spider web attached,” referring to the byssus threads.
Their small size makes them less conspicuous, and special apparatus
is required for collecting them. In 1912 I found about 400 juveniles
under 20 mm., exclusive of Plagiola donaciformis, and comprising 25
species.

Among the Quadrulas I have not found so great a difference, as a
rule, in the habitat of juvenile and adult as Isely (1911) has reported
for the Lampsiline (Ortmann). However, in species which show
marked differences between juvenile and adult it is quite evident
that in any scheme of propagation which would carry the young
through this stage special consideration must be given this period of
the life history.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Baker, F. C.

1898. The Mollusca of the Chicago area. The Pelecypoda. Natural History
Survey of the Chicago Academy of Natural Sciences, Bulletin no. 3, pt. 1, p.
9-130, pl. 1-27.

Braun, M.

1878a. Ueber die postembryonale Entwicklung unserer siisswassermuscheln.
Berichte der physikalisch-medicinischen Gesellschaft zu Wiirzburg, Mai-Heft,
p. 24-27; also in Jahrbuch der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, taf.
5, p. 307-319.

1878b. Ueber die postembryonale Entwicklung unserer Siisswassermuscheln
(Anodonta). Zoologischer Anzeiger, jg. 1, p. 7-10.

1884. Ueber die Entwicklung der Enten oder Teichmuschel. Sitzungsberichte
der Dorpater Naturforscher-Gesellschaft, bd. 6, p. 429-431.

1889. Die postembryonale Entwicklung der Najaden. Nachrichtsblatt der deut-
schen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, jg. 21, p. 14-19.

Cat, Ricuarp E.

1900. A descriptive illustrated catalogue of the Mollusca of Indiana. Twenty-
fourth annual report, Department of Geology, State of Indiana. Indianapolis,
1900, pl. 1-78.

Coker, R. E. and SurBeEr, T.

1911. A note on the metamorphosis of the mussel, Lampsilis levissimus. Biologi-

cal Bulletin, vol. 20, no. 3, 1 pl.
Conner, C. H.

1909. Supplementary notes on the breeding seasons of the Unionide. Nautilus, vol.

OOeoe i=112,
FLEMMING, W.
1875. Studien in der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Najaden. Sitzunsberichte der
kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien, 3 abth., bd. 71, p. 1-182.
Forbes, S. A. and Ricnarpson, R. E.
1908. The fishes of Illinois. 1 to cxxx1+357 p., pl. 53, fig. 76. Danville, 8 vo.
Frierson, L. 8.
1903. Observations on the byssus of Unionide. Nautilus, vol. 17, p. 76, 77.
1904. Observations on the genus Quadrula. Nautilus, vol. 17, p. 111, 112.
GoetTrE, A.

1891. Bemerkungen ueber die embryonale Entwicklung von Anodonta piscinalis.

Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, bd. 52, nr. 1, p. 158-168, 8 fig.
Harms, W.

1907a. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Najaden und ihr Parasitismus. Sitzungs-
berichte der Gesellschaft zur Beférderung der gesammten Naturwissenschaften
zu Marburg, p. 79-84, 4 fig.

1907b. Ueber die postembryonale Entwicklung von Anodonta piscinalis. Zoologi-
scher Anzeiger, bd. 31, p. 801-814, 7 fig.

1907c. Zur Biologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Flussperlmuschel (Margaritana
magaritifera Dupuy). Zoologischer Anzeiger, bd. 31, p. 814-824, 6 fig.

1908. Die postembryonale Entwicklung von Unio pictorum und Unio tumidus.
Zoologischer Anzeiger, bd. 32, nr. 23, 5 fig.

1909. Embryonale Entwicklungsgeschichte der Unioniden. Zoologische Jahr-
biicher, Abteilung fiir Anatomie und Ontogenie, bd. 28, p. 325-386, taf. 13-16.

48

PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. 49

Howarp, A. D.

1912. The catfish as a host for fresh-water mussels. Read at the Denver meeting
of the American Fisheries Society, September, 1912. Transactions American

Fisheries Society.

Isrxy, F. B.

1911. Preliminary note on the ecology of the early juvenile life of the Unionide.

Biological Bulletin, vol. 20, p. 77-80.
JORDAN, D. S. and Gmsert, C. H.

1882. Synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bulletin of the United States

National Museum, no. 16.
KENDALL, W. ©.

1910. American catfishes: Habits, culture, and commercial importance. United

States Bureau of Fisheries document 733, p. 1-39, 10 pl.
Latter, O. H.

1891. Notes on Anodon and Unio. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon-

don, p. 52-59, pl. 7.
Lea, Isaac.

1827. Descriptions of six new species of Unios, ete. Transactions of the American
Philosophical Society, vol. 3, p. 259-273, pl. 3.

1838, 1858, 1863, 1874. Observations on the genus Unio, together with descriptions
of new genera and species. Vol. 2,6, 10,13. Philadelphia. (Originally printed
in Transactions American Philosophical Society, and Journal Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.)

LEFEVRE, G. and Curtis, W. C.

1912. Studies on the reproduction and artificial propagation of fresh-water mussels.

Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, vol. xxx, p. 109-198, pl. 6-17.
Leynie, F.

1866. Mittheilung tiber den Parasitismus junger Unioniden an Fischen in Noll.

Tiibingen, Inaugural-Dissertation. Frankfurt a. M.
Lit, F. R.

1895. The Embryology of the Unionide. Journal of Morphology, vol. 10, no. 1,

pl. 1-6.
OrTMANN, A. E.

1911. A monograph of the Najades of Pennsylvania. Memoirs of the Carnegie
Museum, Pittsburgh, vol. 1v, no. 6, p. 279-347, pl. 86-89.

1912. Notes upon the families and genera of the Najades. Annals of the Carnegie
Museum, Pittsburgh, vol. 8, no. 2, 1912, pl. 18-20, 28 text fig.

Scammon, R. E.

1906. The Unionide of Kansas, Pt. I. The Kansas University Science Bulletin,

vol. 3, no. 9 (whole series vol. 13, no. 9), p. 279-373, pl. 62-85.
RaB1, C.

1876. Ueber die Entwicklung der Malermuschel. Jena. Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissen-

schaft, bd. 10, p. 310-393.
ScHIERHOLZ, C.

1878. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Teich- und Flussmuschel. Zeitschrift fiir
wissenschaftliche Zoologie, bd. 31, p. 482-484.

1888. Ueber Entwicklung der Unioniden. Denkschriften der Mathematisch-
naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften,
bd. 55, p. 183-214, taf. 144.

Smmpson, CHARLES T.

1899. The pearly fresh-water mussels of the United States; their habits, enemies,
and diseases, with suggestions for their protection. Bulletin of the United
States Fish Commission, vol. xvut, 1898, 8 fig.

1900. Synopsis of the Naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Proceedings of the
United States National Museum, vol. 22, p. 501-1044 (with plate 18).

22889°—14 29

50 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

SmitH, Hueu M.
1899. The mussel fishery and pearl-button industry of the Mississippi River. Bul-
letin of the United States Fish Commission, vol xvm, p. 289-314, 1898, pl. 65-85.
STERKI, V.
1891a. A byssusin Unio. Nautilus, vol. 5, p. 73, 74.
1891b. On the byssus of Unionide II. Ibid., p. 90, 91.
1898. Some observations on the genital organs of Unionide, etc. Ibid., vol. 12, p.
18-21, and 28-32.
SuRBER, T.
1912. Identification of the glochidia of fresh-water mussels. United States Bureau
of Fisheries document no. 771, p. 1-10, 3 pl.
1913. Notes on the natural hosts of fresh-water mussels. Bulletin United States
Bureau of Fisheries, vol. xxx, 1913, p. 101-116, pl. xx1x-xxx1.
Wrson, CHARLES B. and DanauaDE, E.
1912. Mussels of Central and Northern Minnesota. United States Bureau of
Fisheries, Economic Circular No. 3, p. 1-6.
WHITE, CHARLES A.
1905. The ancestral origin of the North American Unionide, or fresh-water mussels.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 48, pt. 1, p. 75-88, 6 pl.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Photographs and drawings by the author, the drawings being
made with the aid of a camera lucida.

Puate I.

1. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). Interior of right valve.
2. Same individual. Exterior of left valve.
3. Juvenile of same species.
4. Quadrula metanevra Rafinesque. Interior of right valve,
Fig. 5. Same individual. Exterior of left valve.
6. Juvenile of same species.
7. Quadrula ebena (Lea). Interior of right valve.
8. Same individual. Exterior of left valve.
Fig. 9. Juvenile of same species.
Fig. 10. Quadrula trigona (Lea). Interior of right valve,
Fig. 11. Same individual. Exterior of left valve.
Fig. 12. Juvenile of same species.

Puate II.

Fig. 13. Juvenile of Quadrula heros (Say).

Fig. 14. Adult of same species. Left valve.

Fig. 15. The same species. Interior of right valve.
Fig. 16. Juvenile of Quadrula plicata (Say).

Fig. 17. Adult of same species. Exterior of left valve,
Fig. 18. The same species. Interior of right valve.

Puate III.

Fig. 19. Glochidium of Quadrula pustulosa implanted upon the gill of Ictalurus
punctatus; a natural infection taken August 26. Considerable development is evident
from the growth of shell at the edge of the glochidial valves (e. g. s.) and two adductor
muscles (Ad. m.) and foot (fo.) that are visible. The blood vessels (B. V.) of the
fish’s gills are seen to be inclosed by the valves of the glochidium, ‘This is the same
glochidium as that shown in figure 23.

Fig. 20. Anabnormal cyst produced by the glochidium of Quadrula pustulosa upon
the gill of Ictalurus punctatus.

Fig. 21. Glochidium of Quadrula heros showing the larval thread (J. ¢.) and larval
thread gland (It. g.) clearly differentiated by staining in borax carmine. The adductor
muscle (Ad. m.) lies in the center.

Fig. 22. Glochidium of Quadrula heros with gaping valves seen from a side view.
The larval thread (J. t.).is to be seen between the valves and its point of emergence
ventral to the adductor muscle. Inner and outer sensory hair cells (s. h. c.) are
visible on each valve.

Fig. 23. Filament of gill of Ictalurus punctatus naturally infected by the glochidium
of Quadrula pustulosa. The cyst is set off on each side by incisions of the filament.
This is somewhat characteristic of gill cysts in this species though not constant. The
same glochidium is shown in figure 19.

Fig. 24. Encysted glochidium of Quadrula ebena, artificial infection upon Microp-
terus salmoides. The large size of the cyst is to be noted as characteristic of infections

with this species of glochidium.
51

52 PROPAGATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

Puate IV.

Fig. 25. A dorsal view of a juvenile of Lampsilis alata, 9 mm. long, showing the
glochidial shell still visible. Magnification, 18 diameters.

Fig. 26a. A cluster of glochidia of Quadrula heros (Say), imbedded in the pectoral
fin of a sheepshead, Aplodinotus grunniens. The fish was infected artificially October
7; these glochidia were removed by clipping off a small portion of the fin April 18.
The soft parts are sufficiently distinct to permit the determination of the amount of
metamorphosis which is nearly completed. Differences in appearance of the indi-
viduals are due chie‘ly to their varied orientation. The narrowest figure is an optical
section taken in a transverse plane at right angles to the longitudinal axis. The
preparation was stained by Mayer’s hemalum.

Fig. 26b. Gill filament of a sunfish, Lepomis pallidus, artificially infected by the
glochidium of Quadrula heros. Age (Dec. 6), 69 days. The presence of two adductor
muscles indicates that some metamorphosis has taken place. The cyst is seen to be
thin as compared with some other species. Drawn in a living condition immediately
after removal of the filament from the gill of the fish.

Fig. 27. Natural infection of the herring, Pomolobus chrysochloris, by the glochidia
of Unio crassidens. This fish was captured May 16. The figure represents the tip
of a filament shown chiefly in outline by dotted lines. The cyst includes a number
of the finer subdivisions of the filament each with its afferrent blood vessel.

Fig. 28. A natural infection of the sheepshead, Aplodinotus grunniens, by Lampsilis
alata. Considerable growth of shell is to be seen beyond the valves of the glochidium
while still imbedded in the tissue of the host.

PLate V.

Glochidia of species of Quadrula. All figures are magnified 275 diameters.

Fig. 29. Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea). <A little immature; left valve, showing large
mantle cells just beneath the very transparent shell and large adductor muscle.

Fig. 30. Quadrula ebena (Lea). Surface view of right valve, showing adductor
muscle and pores of shell.

Fig. 31. Quadrula metanevra Rafinesque. Surface view of left valve.

Fig. 32. Quadrula plicata (Say). Right valve, showing thread gland passing around
the adductor muscle and thread issuing posterior to the muscle.

Fig. 33. Quadrula trigona (Lea). A surface view of the right valve.

Fig. 34. Quadrula solida (Lea). A surface view of the left valve.

Fig. 35. Quadrula heros (Say). The left valve with the focus of the microscope
slightly below the surface. The large light circle is the expanded portion of the
thread gland. The shaded area represents an organ whose function has not been
determined. A similar structure is visible in figs. 30 and 32; in the latter it appears
to be continuous with the thread gland.

Fig. 36. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). Left valve; surface view.

Puate VI.

Fig. 37. Quadrula pustulata (Lea). Interior of the right valve.

Fig. 38. The same species. Left valve.

Fig. 39. Juvenile of the same species. ;

Fig. 40. Quadrula granifera (Lea). Interior of the right valve. The dark shade is
due to the purple nacre of this shell.

Fig. 41. The same species. Left valve.

Fig. 42. Juvenile of the same species.

Fig. 43. Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea). Interior of the right valve.

Fig. 44. The same species. Left valve.

Fig. 45. Juvenile of the same species.

Fig. 46. Quadrula solida (Lea). Interior of the right valve.

Vig. 47. The same species. Left valve.

U. S. B. F.—Doc. 801.

PLATE Il.

U.S. B. F.—Doc. 801. PLATE II.

13

PLATE III.

U.S. B. F.—Doc. 801.

AC Rea ten fife

1
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'
o
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'

Ut.

PLATE IV.

U. S. B. F.—Doc. 801.

vp feb Ne gore

SF a eet

U.S. B. F.—Doc. 801.

U.S. B. F.—Doc. 801. PLATE VI.

@”

43 44

THE MUSSEL FAUNA OF CENTRAL AND
NORTHERN MINNESOTA

By CHARLES B. WILSON and ERNEST DANGLADE

Appendix V to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner
of Fisheries for 1913

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THE MUSSEL FAUNA OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA.

By Cuares B. Witson and Ernest DANGLADE.

INTRODUCTION.

As a part of the fresh-water mussel investigations conducted by
the Bureau of Fisheries, the central and northern portions of Minne-
sota were examined during the summer of 1912 with regard to the
kinds and numbers of mussels to be found in the lakes and rivers.
The mussel fauna of the Mississippi River in Minnesota below St.
Paul and of the Minnesota River have been thoroughly investigated
by representatives of the various pearl-button companies, and the
quality and amount of shells which they produce have become fairly
wellknown. The central and northern portions of the State had never
been examined except by mussel fishermen. The shells obtained
by some of these fishermen, however, and shipped to the button
factories were of such exceptional quality as to attract the attention
not only of the manufacturers but also of the Government experts
at the biological laboratory at Fairport, Iowa. Since some of these
shells were obtained from lakes and others from rivers, it was deter-
mined to make a preliminary survey of both lakes and rivers through
the central and northern portions of the State.

This survey had a threefold object: First, to determine the geo-
graphic distribution of the various mussels in those portions of the
State. Incidentally, of course, this would answer the question whether
the exceptionally fine shells were locally or generally distributed,
and where they were to be found.

Second, to make as careful a survey as possible of the various
conditions, conducive or adverse to mussel development, in the differ-
ent localities visited. This would not only throw some light on the
presence of exceptional mussels in certain localities, but would also
serve as a basis for the final object of the survey.

Third, to ascertain whether it would be profitable to introduce
artificial propagation in any of the lakes or rivers, and if so, what
species would be best adapted to the locality.

The investigating party consisted of the two authors, and in conse-
quence of the large territory to be covered and the isolation of many
of the localities visited it was necessary to travel entirely by rail-

~

oO

6 MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA.

road, stopping at convenient centers and driving to the lake or river.
During this trip 45 lakes and 15 rivers were examined, with the re-
sults as herein given.

Samples of the shells obtained by the authors at the different lo-
calities herein mentioned have been identified by Mr. H. Walton
Clark, of the biological station at Fairport, lowa. Similar samples
have been tested as to their mercantile value by Mr. John Southall,
of the same station.

In order to understand the geographic distribution of the mussels,
it is necessary to review so much of the glacial geology as will explain
the present location of the lakes and rivers as well as their former

relations.
GLACIAL ORIGIN OF LAKES AND RIVERS.

Minnesota was formerly covered by a great glacier or ice sheet,
which came down from the northeast and flowed across the State
into Iowa. When the glacier melted, the gravel, sand, and clay
which it carried was spread out over the surface of the underlying
rocks and has remained there ever since. The only exception is a
narrow strip bordering the Mississippi River from Lake Pepin south-
ward, and thus outside of the present survey. North of Lake Superior
this drift, as it is called, is thin in places, but elsewhere it averages
from 100 to 150 feet in thickness and effectually conceals the bedrock.

Both glacier and drift have made the contour of the State more
level and uniform than it was before. The glacier accomplished this
by grinding off the ridges and elevations, while the drift assisted by
filling in such hollows as were left by the glacier. In some places
the material of the drift has been subsequently worked over and
arranged in layers by the streams and rivers that flowed from beneath
the glacier, but in most places it is still unstratified. During the
melting of this great glacier there were successive periods of advanc-
ing, halting, and retreating, and at such times the drift accumulated
in long hills or ridges called moraines, parallel with the edge of the
glacier. Twelve of these moraines may be traced across the State
in various directions, and while they are only from 25 to 75 feet in
height, they are still sufficient to determine the general drainage
of the State. They have the further effect of rendering any free
drainage impossible, and thus they give rise to the remarkable number
of lakes that are found in Douglas, Ottertail, Itasca, and other coun-
ties. Furthermore, the streams and rivers are very winding, and have
a uniform current, and there are plenty of sand and gravel beds in
the bottom of the lakes and rivers, and not very much mud. All
these conditions are favorable for mussel growth and propagation
and profoundly influence the mussel fauna.

When the melting ice sheet had receded beyond the moraine or
watershed which separated the basin of the Minnesota River from

MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA. si

that of the Red River of the North, a large lake, called Lake Agassiz,
was formed along the edge of the ice. As the ice withdrew, this lake
extended northward along the Red River Valley as far as what is
now Lake Winnipeg. Lake Agassiz was 700 miles long and covered
110,000 square miles, and its duration is estimated to have been
about a thousand years. Its outlet, known as the glacial river
Warren, was along the valley now occupied by Lakes Traverse and
Big Stone and the Minnesota River, into the Mississippi. At that
period, therefore, the Mississippi River may be said to have had its
origin in Lake Agassiz. And during the thousand years of its
existence, this lake had abundant opportunity to become populated
with fresh-water mussels ascending from the Mississippi. The lake
disappeared, however, and the valley of the Minnesota River sepa-
rated from that of the Red River. But the mussel faunas of the two
rivers were derived from identically the same source, and the only
differences would be the few minor changes that have crept in since
then.

Many other glacial lakes were formed during the melting of the
ice sheet, only to be subsequently obliterated. But while they
existed they served as temporary channels for the migration of fish
and mussels from the south. Two of these are of especial interest, in
view of the results of our present investigation. Lake Upham once
covered the region south of the Mesabi Iron Range, and drained
southeast along the valley now occupied by the St. Louis and Cloquet
Rivers. This lake was very shallow and temporary and, as far as
can be determined, was not connected with the Mississippi River in
any way. This fact accounts for the paucity of mussels in that
portion of the State, as well as in all the Lake Superior drainage.

Lake Nicollet was formed around the headwaters of the Mississippi
River and covered an area of 1,500 square miles. It drained south-
west into the valley now occupied by the Crow Wing River and
thence into the Mississippi. The Crow Wing River thus becomes the
modern representative of the old headwaters of the Mississippi, and
is older than that portion of the latter river which now extends from
the mouth of the Crow Wing up to Lake Itasca. These facts explain
the richness of the mussel fauna in the Crow Wing and its tributaries.
At two places in the area covered by the present survey the bed rocks
appear above the drift with sufficient prominence to materially affect
the mussel distribution. At Carlton the St. Louis River plunges
over a rocky ledge and through a gorge, which prevents the passage
of either fish or mussels. Consequently that portion of the Lake
Superior drainage which is tributary to the St. Louis River above
Carlton is devoid of mussels.

MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA,

The Falls of St. Anthony at Minneapolis have formed a similar
barrier in the Mississippi River, but with this difference: Some fish
have evidently been able to ascend these falls while others could not
accomplish it. Accordingly, we find in the Mississippi above the falls,
and in its tributaries an abundance of mussels belonging to the
Lampsilis or mucket group, plenty of Anodonta, Symphynota, Stro-
phitus,and the like, but not a solitary specimen was seen of the great
Quadrula or pig-toe group. The falls have manifestly furnished in
some way an effective barrier to the distribution of these mussels.
On the other hand, the Minnesota River enters the Mississippi some
distance below the falls, and it contains as many pig-toes as muckets.

The pig-toes also ascended the glacial river Warreninto Lake Agassiz,
and we find them to-day in the Red River of the North. They also
ascended the St. Croix River, and in the St. Croix drainage they are
even more numerous in species than the muckets.

For convenience we may divide the lakes and rivers which were
examined into five groups, and designate them, respectively, the
St. Croix group, the Minnesota River group, the Red River group,
the Crow Wing group, the Mississippi River group, and the isolated
lakes.

MUSSELS OF THE ST. CROIX GROUP.

The lakes and rivers in this eastern central portion of Minnesota
have been populated with mussels by way of the St. Croix River.
This connection was established after the melting of the glacier and
has not been materially changed since that period.

Joining the Mississippi some distance below St. Paul, and having
no falls or other natural obstruction in its own course, the St. Croix
River has afforded a constant and easy passage for all the Mississippi
species of fish and mussels. Hence we find a goodly variety of both
in the lakes and rivers belonging to the St. Croix drainage. The
following table gives the geographic distribution of the various
mussels found here during the present survey:

DISTRIBUTION OF MUSSELS IN ST. Crorx DRAINAGE.

: Pokeg-| snake | Cross | Rush | Bald | White | norest
Species. ama | River.| Lake. | Lake Eagle | Bea Lake
Lake Lake. | Lak .
Pe |
Lampsilis luteola (fat mucket)................ x x Me ilewessdccc|tenmen dleemaceee Xx
Lampsilis ventricosa (pocketbook)...........- x x > eal Hie rate SA EM oe taal be So
Lampsilis recta (black sand-shell).............|.......- x pe mee nee conned aa Oa cu:
Lampsilis alata (pink heel-splitter)...........|........ x< Koo Wa selecet esc aenn| Seeemers momreeere
Symphynotacomplanata (white heel- -splitter).| OE ee rosa Mn ol des ceeds é]iorestuasthe aaacen tae eee
Strophitus edentulus (squaw-foot)..........-- Xe aos Sees SR See's allele ever ell Stese rem tate atereestepmete
Anodonta corpulenta (floater)..............-- >: Gaal ae ree x x x x Xx
Quadrula undulata (blue-point).............- ae SO oe SE ates coed Sree eters | eee eter eta eran
Quadrula plicata (three-ridge)................|....-..- x Kn, pilica Sein.nja| Swersegalemas aeerd bealaneree
Quadrula undata (pig-toe)................---- ae Sa Sse Kot | scioemese |t cee ciemie | ses Sees lee e meters
Quadrula lachrymosa (maple-leaf, stranger). . x< x > CA serene easemcoc Macessrc|loscocese
Quadrula pustulosa (warty-back ) wes cieeeaee < | >. lea eee soe) Esc neee | Soke Sarat bis eters eieeimeats

MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA, 9

No comment upon the fauna of the last four lakes is needed save
the single statement that the muckets in Forest Lake are all dwarfed
and thin-shelled. The other two lakes and Snake River are parts of
the same system, for the river flows through the entire length of
Pokegama Lake and across Cross Lake nearly at its center. Both of
the lakes and the river are shallow, and consequently the mussels are
gathered with a rake or by wading. No crowfoot dredges were seen.

QUALITY OF SHELLS.

The principal mussel here is the fat mucket, which is not dwarfed,
as is usual in a lake, but retains its full size. Furthermore, the shell
is exceptionally thick and heavy, and maintains this thickness to the
extreme tips, making every portion of it available for buttons. The
shells have a fine luster, show no discoloration,.and will cut from 700
to 720 gross of blanks (20-line) to the ton. In Pokegama Lake these
muckets form 75 to 85 per cent of the entire catch; in the Snake
River between the two lakes, 60 per cent, and in Cross Lake from 40
to 50 per cent.

Of the other shells, the maple-leaves and blue-points are also ex-
ceptionally thick, of large size, unspotted, and in every way first-grade
button shells. The three-ridges, on the contrary, are badly spotted,
have a poor luster and are only second or third quality. The culls
are nearly all heel-splitters and Anodontas. In Cross Lake the
bottom is sandy next to the shore, and then becomes covered with
mud, while in Pokegama Lake it is hard sand throughout. Hence
there are more three-ridges, black sand-shells, blue-points, and
floaters in Cross Lake, and the shells are not quite as thick as those
in Pokegama Lake.

At the time these lakes were examined (July) there were fully two
carloads of shells scattered along the shores of Cross Lake on the west
side, and as many more at the upper end of Pokegama Lake, gathered
within a space of 400 or 500 feet. The fishermen said they had been
offered $23.50 per ton for these Pokegama shells.

PEARLS.

The best pearl found in this vicinity was obtained from a fat
mucket in Cross Lake several years ago, and was held for some time
at $4,000. The price then gradually dropped to $3,000, and it was
finally sold for $2,300. Of those found in 1912 one brought $1,800,
another $1,200, a third $900, two were sold for $500 each, and six or
eight reached $100 or over. In consequence of these exceptional
finds everyone in the neighborhood caught the pearl fever, and they
were all—men, women, and children—fishing for pearls at the time of
our visit, the mucket being the favorite shell for them. But they

110 MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA.

showed far more wisdom than is common under such circumstances,
for even the children had sense enough to save the valuable shells
and turn them over to a local blank factory situated on the shore of
Cross Lake in Pine City. At that time this factory was running
entirely on such small job lots, which could be obtained at a con-
siderable reduction in price.

PROPAGATION.

Some of the mussel fishermen claimed that this locality was
practically worked out, and in consequence they had left and gone
to Rice Lake. But all of those who remained told us that they
had no difficulty in gathering 500 or 600 poundsa day. The supply,
however, is not inexhaustible, and unless measures are taken to
replenish the more valuable species they will soon be gone.

Everything combines to make this an ideal location for such
artificial propagation. Pine City, the county seat of Pine County,
is conveniently reached by the Northern Pacific Railroad, 60 miles
from St. Paul. It is located on the shores of Cross Lake and along
the banks of Snake River, and the waterway is unobstructed up the
river into Pokegama Lake. Hence propagation at a single point
would supply both of the lakes and the river. And there is an
abundance of the right kind of fish to serve as hosts for the glochidia.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. The muckets and the maple-leaves that are found here are
exceptionally fine shells, and in some way the local conditions are
peculiarly suited to their development. They should be locally
propagated, therefore, in sufficient numbers to keep up the supply.
In all probability they will yield better returns than any other species
that could be introduced.

2. A careful study of these mussels and of the local conditions
should be undertaken in order to determine, if possible, what it is in
the way of lime, food, or other things that renders these shells so
exceptionally fine.

3. With a good local supply of these remarkable shells and a
working knowledge of the conditions under which they flourish,
it would be a simple matter to introduce them into other localities
having a similar happy combination of river and lake. Among such
possible localities may be mentioned Rice and Koronis Lakes near
Paynesville in Stearns County, Clearwater Lake near Annandale in
Wright County, Lost and West Lost Lakes near Fergus Falls, and
Pine and Little Pine Lakes near Perham in Ottertail County.

4. A small local factory may often render efficient service by
saving the odd lots of shells that are just as good in quality as any of

MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA. 11

the others and perhaps even better, but are not sufficient in quantity
to warrant shipping them for any distance. Such factories deserve
the encouragement of both fishermen and manufacturers.

MUSSELS OF THE MINNESOTA RIVER GROUP.

As has been already stated, the Minnesota River and its tributaries
have been pretty thoroughly worked up by representatives of the
button factories. Like the St. Croix, this river empties into the
Mississippi below the Falls of St. Anthony, and so affords a free
passage for all kinds of fish and mussels. Furthermore, it formed a
part of the glacial River Warren, which was the outlet of Lake Agassiz,
and thus there has been no break in its connection with the
Mississippi.

The present investigation did not include the river itself, but only
some of the lakes in Douglas County that eventually drain into it by
way of the Chippewa River.

Within a radius of 6 miles from Alexandria, the county seat of
Douglas County, there are 20 small lakes, several of which have
become quite noted summer resorts.

Lakes Agnes, Henry, and Winona are close to the railroad station,
small, shallow, and filled with water plants. The only mussels found
in them were dwarfed and thin-shelled muckets (L. luteola), whose
epidermis was highly polished and somewhat marly and whose
nacre was a beautiful smoky brown.

Four miles north of the city there ts a group of three larger
and much deeper lakes, called, respectively, Darling, Carlos, and
I’Homme Dieu. These lakes are comparatively free from water
weeds, have sand and gravel bottoms, are very deep, and contain
plenty of fish, but the only mussels that could be found in them
were Anodontoides freussacianus modestus and Anodonta pepiniana.

A similar fauna was reported for the other 14 lakes, so that it does
not appear as if any of the lakes in Douglas County contained com-
mercial shells. Nor do any of them present conditions that would
recommend the introduction of merchantable species by means of
artificial propagation.

Some of the isolated lakes in this drainage, however, present
entirely different conditions.

MUSSELS OF THE RED RIVER GROUP.

The lakes and rivers belonging to this group were populated with
mussels from the Mississippi River by way of the glacial river Warren
and Lake Agassiz. Since the disappearance of this glacial river and
lake the Minnesota River drainage and the Red River drainage have
been separated, and each has acquired peculiarities of its own.
The Red River turns northward along the western border of the

i> MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA.
,
State and carries its mussel fauna across the line into Canada. It

therefore becomes of great interest to the conchologist, as well as the
mussel fisherman, since in it the mussels of the Mississippi Valley
reach the point farthest north in their migrations. In consequence
of the long continued glacial connection with the Mississippi, we are
not surprised to find the rich mussel fauna indicated in the following
table:

DISTRIBUTION OF MUSSELS IN RED RIVER GROUP.

Tattle need Otter- West Bets
: ine iver tail Lost
Species. Lake at Per- Lake Lake baie
outlet. ham. outlet. outlet. Falls
Anodonta pepiniana (paper-shell, floater) ....-...... x x x iat elles ee eee
Anodontoides ferussacianus subeylindraceus.........|.........-/...--.---- SPP eek os 3S ee
Strophitus edentulus (squaw-foot).............------|...--.-.-- < x S¢i t, || so aha
Symphynota costata (fluted-shell) ....-........-..--- x x > Same eee RSs
Symphynota complanata katharine ..............-.- x OTN teen ae x Jt Se
ampsilisiluteola (Gat mucket) <2 25. <2. ose eee x x >< »< x
Lampsilis ventricosa (pocketbook) ....-..... x x Kae eee ses NE
Lampsilis recta (black sand-shell)......-.-.--- x x x x x
Quadrula coccinea (round pig toe)..........-- oalletee oe Sete esters = sere Ko ph sg4sses-0 oe
Quadrula rubiginosa (Wabash pig toe).....-.....----|- me rs Stat haat [Bins eae Gree | Soe ee ete eee s<

The only place in this entire drainage that has ever been worked is
just north of Fergus Falls, where some of the country boys gathered
and shipped a earload of shells to the button factories in Iowa in
1910. All of the lakes and the river are shallow and the shells must
be gathered with rakes or forks, or picked up by hand; there is no
chance for crowfoot dredges.

QUALITY OF SHELLS.

The mucket, the pocketbook, and the fluted shell are the principal
commercial mussels in the Red River. The black sand-shell is abun-
dant and the best shell of them all in quality, but as it always has a
dark purple nacre it can be used only for novelties. In many of these
northern sand-shells, the hinge line, instead of being straight (recta),
is strongly curved. But as it conforms in other particulars to a
normal recta, it seams best to regard this merely as a local variation.
The pocketbooks also are peculiar in being much flattened, somewhat
elongated, and with short and stumpy teeth, very much lke the
variety designated by Lea as Unio canadensis. Many of the muckets
have shells as thick and heavy as those of the St. Croix drainage, but
there are others whose shells are thin and sometimes dwarfed like
lake specimens.

The shells of nearly all the mussels which have a white nacre are
badly stained. These stains vary-from a light-gray or drab to a dark
rusty brown in color. Sometimes there is but a small discoloration

MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA. 13

on each valve, at other times the whole interior of the shell is dis-
colored. The stain usually affects only the interior layer or coat of
nacre and when this is removed the rest of the shell is perfectly clean
and uninjured. Such spotting of the shell, of course, injures their
commercial value and reduces the material to the second or third
grade. In other respects the shells have a fine luster and good tex-
ture, and would make excellent button material.

PEARLS.

A few pearls and about the usual number of slugs were obtained
from the carload of shells sent from Fergus Falls. At Little Pine
Lake we also received reliable information that pearlers had worked
the Red River above Mud Lake two years before, and that they
obtained an abundance of mussels, with a fair amount of pearls.
Further than this there has been no search for them in the Red River.
If the discoloration noted above is due to some sort of parasite, it
would very likely affect the pearls and slugs as well as the shells,
but no data could be obtained. There is no reason other than this
why the Red River should not be as prolific of pearls as the Mississippi.

PROPAGATION.

The conditions at Ottertail Lake are very favorable for the propa-
gation of certain species of mussels. The lake is 10 miles long by 4
miles wide, and is remarkably clean and free from weeds. It is sur-
rounded also with fine sand and gravel beaches and contains many
large sand bars. The Red River enters at the northeastern corner
and flows the entire length of the lake. Similar conditions exist at
Lost, West Lost, Pine, and Little Pine Lakes, but the lakes them-
selves are much smaller. At little Pine Lake the bottom was nearly
covered with Chara and alge, but wherever there was a bare spot
the mussels were present in large numbers. As these lakes are
full of just the kind of fish to serve as hosts the conditions are ideal
for mussel propagation. On the river itself the conditions are less
favorable. There are several dams in Fergus Falls, and a large
power dam, 36 feet in height, 4 miles below the city. None of these
dams are provided with suitable fishways, so that they form an
effective barrier to the ascent of all fish.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. Evidently the first thing to be done is to determine the cause
of the stains which are so abundant. A satisfactory solution of this
question would be of immense practical value, not merely here in the
Red River drainage but wherever mussels are found. Different

22889°—14——30

14 MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA.

regions show different degrees of discoloration but stain is present in
some degree practically everywhere. How to check it, control it,
and eventually eliminate it become exceedingly important questions.
This Red River offers ideal opportunities for solving these questions.

2. Practical and efficient fishways should be provided for every
dam across a river of the size and importance of the Red River.
The blocking of the passage of the fish not only hurts the fishing in
the waters above the dam but seriously affects every industry that
is at all dependent upon fish. A dam or a natural fall, impassable
for fish, may mean the entire absence of mussels in the river above.

3. Until there has been a solution of the cause of the numerous
stains on the Red River shells and suitable means have been provided
for the passage of the fish around the dams, there is little to be gained
either by propagating the mussels already in evidence or by intro-
ducing new species.

4. Since the staining is the only character in which these shells are
not first quality, since quite a percentage of the shells are free from
stains, and since a goodly proportion (unstained part) of most of the
stained shells can be utilized for buttons, it follows that a local blank
factory, using the shells where they were found would obtain an
abundance of material. The loss occasioned by the stained portions
of the shell would be more than offset by the saving in freight.

MUSSELS OF THE CROW WING GROUP.

The lakes connected with this group were once part of the great
glacial lake Nicollet, which covered 1,500 square miles and drained
southwest through the Crow Wing River into the Mississippi. This
drainage, therefore, represents the original headwaters of the Missis-
sippi River and was populated with mussels from that source. The
center of the Crow Wing drainage is in Wadena County, from whence
it extends north through the Fishhook River into Hubbard County
and nearly up to the present headwaters of the Mississippi; west
through Straight and Shell Rivers into Becker County; west also
through Red Eye, Leaf, and Wing Rivers into Ottertail County, and
south through Wing and Turtle Rivers into Todd County.

There are very few lakes in this drainage and they are close to the
headwaters of the various tributary rivers. Both the lakes and the
rivers are shallow, with sand or gravel bottoms; the mussels thus far
secured have been obtained with forks and rakes; there was no oppor-
tunity to use a crowfoot dredge. The following table gives the
distribution of the mussels in this group:

MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA. 15

DISTRIBUTION OF MUSSELS IN CROW WING GROUP.

Stations.
: Fish-
Species. Shell Leaf Hook Cow
River, River, River,

River
Menahga.| Wadena. Park U
Rapids. Motley.

MampsilisiigamentinayGnuckeh) ep = -)see-6 accicee oeiemiemieicie eee Oe | Saeeeiae ers ae a ae x<
Pampsilisluteolal(atmuckel)seeeoseesee eres esse esee ee oneee oe Wx x x x
Esmpsilis ventricosa (pocketbook) ........2.----<---2.-2-----c x < x x
Mawonsilis recta (blackisand-shell) see seerescesecesestseeee-ccec| | [eerececew|emccme cae x
PAT OOMEDNLA TI © DITA A ate epetetae = elaaisin cise ieee leeia alelaininie sla oe mleimn cere aia | ia telnioacllat S| Reise ess |Seerse dere iee
Anodonta grandis (floater) Bien steh lee siale Gi deislorsisiaicisieis wicieais = atielors cre x x tae ss
Anodontoides ferussacianus subeylindraceus...........--....--|---------- x x <
Strophitus edentulus (squaw-foot) .........---.---------------- [Eee eare ares x XM) AlSceesdeces
Strophitus edentulus pavonius (squaw-foot) .........-.---.--.-|..-------- x XM po acetieceen

As can be seen from this table, the mussels are quite evenly as well
as universally distributed, and it may be said that they were also
fairly abundant at every place examined. Hitherto the mussel
fishermen have worked at only one locality in this drainage, the
Sheil River at Menahga, but the shells obtained here were so excep-
tional in size and quality that they brought a high price, and many
of them were exported to England and Germany.

QUALITY OF SHELLS.

The principal mussel of this drainage is the pocketbook, which
attains a large size and has an exceptionally thick shell. It also
shows a good luster, has a fine texture, and is free from stains. Con-
sequently it ranks as a first-grade shell and will cut 100 gross of 20-
line and 1,000 gross of 16-line buttons to the ton.

The bottom of the river where these shells are obtained is covered
with algz and water weeds to the depth of 12 to 18 inches, and the
thicker the vegetation the more plentiful the mussels beneath it.
Two men were actively working the Shell River at Twin Lakes near
Menahga at the time of our visit, and we watched them rake off the
alge and weeds and then dig into the underlying gravel and sand for
the mussels. The latter are often buried to the depth of a foot or
more. This is, at the least, a novel condition and one which, so far as
is known, has not been reported from any other locality.

The Anodontas were also very thick shelied, so thick as to be easily
mistaken for fat muckets, and to cut a poor quality of buttons,
Quite a large percentage of the black sand-shells had white nacre.
and of course these made first-quality button shells.

16 MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA,

PEARLS.

The slugs and small pearls from these shells run about 14 ounces
to the ton of shells, which equals that of the Illinois River, is twice
the average for the Cumberland River, and three times that for the
Ohio.

An ounce of these pearls and slugs was purchased and they have
been carefully examined and compared with those from other locali-
ties. In luster and general character they are considerably better
than those from the I]linois and Ohio Rivers, but are not equal to the
Wabash River output.

One of the musselmen at Menahga showed us a large rosebud clus-
ter of yellowish tint and the size of a small hickory nut, which was
attached to the valve of a mucket near the posterior end. They also
had several fine pearls, rather more than would be expected from the
quantity of shells they had obtained.

While conditions in the Crow Wing and its tributaries are excep-
tionally fine, as is evidenced by the superior quality of the shells, and
while there is an‘abundance of the right kinds of fish to serve as
hosts, these advantages are more than offset by the very poor facilities
for transportation.

The rivers run through those portions of Wadena County which
are the farthest removed from railroads, and not until we reach
Motley in Morrison County do we find good railroad facilities. Even
at Menahga the shells must be carted 5 miles over a very sandy road
in order to reach a shipping point. The Shell River, however, will
furnish gravid pocketbooks of exceptional size and quality to stock
other rivers that happen to be more conveniently located.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. One of the musselmen at Menahga suggested a way to overcome
the lack of transportation facilities. A ‘‘wannigan” as he called it—
that is, a sort of house boat—could be built and equipped with ma-
chinery for sawing blanks at an expense not greatly, if at all, exceed-
ing what it now costs ($300) to transport a single carload of shells
from Menahga to the button factories. With this equipment it
would be an easy thing to float down the Shell River into the Crow
Wing, and down the latter into the Mississippi, using up the shells
where they were found. The Crow Wing and its tributaries would
supply enough material to keep such an outfit busy for several years.
There would be no freight or transportation charges on the shells.
Spotted shells, those with thin tips, and the white-nacred sand shells
could be utilized along with the others, and when the work was
finished the boat and its outfit would bring a very respectable portion
of the original cost.

MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA. 1%

2. While the shipping facilities do not warrant artificial propa-
gation in this drainage, such exceptional shells should not be
allowed entirely to disappear before an earnest effort is made to
introduce them in other localities. Here is a peculiarly fine parent
stock which richly deserves protection and cultivation as a source
from whence to derive propagation material.

MUSSELS OF THE MISSISSIPPI GROUP.

As would be expected, this is much the largest of the groups here
considered, and includes all of the Mississippi River above the mouth
of the Crow Wing River, together with the lakes and tributaries
connected with it. This portion of the Mississippi is entirely post-
glacial and has been formed since the disappearance of the glacial
lake Nicollet.

It drains Crow Wing County, the northern portions of Aitkin, Cass,
and Hubbard Counties, and the southern portions of Itasca, Beltrami,
and Clearwater Counties. All of these regions, but especially Itasca
County, contain a large number of lakes, some of which, like Leech,
Winnibigoshish, and Cass Lakes, are among the largest in the State.
This region, of course, has been in constant communication with the
Mississippi since the very beginning and hence has been stocked with
samples of all the mussels found in that river above the Falls of
St. Anthony. The following table gives the geographic distribution
of these mussels:

DISTRIBUTION OF MUSSELS IN THE MISSISSIPPI GROUP:

bets iY Ne Missis- Missis- Missis- Missis-
Species. Biker Grand | Grand | River, | River, | River, | River,
Besinetde |aeacids: it Rasids Wolf below | Bemidji | above
: gots pies. | Lake. | Bemidji.| Lake. | Bemidji.
Manipsilisligamentina (muckeb)is. 2. te 5 -| seco seeeeloceesae- ae x x > El (ae eee
Lampsilia luteola (fat mucket). x x x si DG) lL ae SY x
Lampsilis ventricosa (pocket-
OOK) PSAs el ay ee ee alae aoa ck a teh ttoe Salas ees ose x x x <
Lampsilis recta (black sand
SGU) n= se od oqeoboeceosGossans scecesecee| Y.8 =| SeeBaeeode x Xx x x
Anodonta grandis (floater).....|..-..----- x x Ke esdltenee x x
Anodonta corpulenta (floater). .|.........- > hil PeeeSaceael beasnssonc bearostooe |saasconeac
Anodontoides ferussacianus
SUDCYMMOTACUS epee cee eee ses octet ciel ise deem coe x SC lEisssacscee x <
Symp nym OTAICOM LEGGE eee hee | smelee acer oceania ete Hell bre eere see | eves emiclse [Mae =in cence x x
Strophitus edentulus (squaw-
HOO!) een SEnnG de SE SR EEE ee nh) SEE Smee (er Miraeeen fet om Sealine 2 6 Re Pas 1 ot rene Meet age sccoss
Strophitus edentulus pavonius
(SOMA WEG OU) se mere ser iantrrajeis| om esinsrent =| obec jeiate Pete ae ars De lee es topacl|aapccorare x

The poverty of specimens at Brainerd is explained by the fact that
we could only examine the river for a short distance above and
below the city, and in this interval we did not find any mussel bed.
Doubtless there are as many mussels in this portion of the Mississippi
as elsewhere.

18 MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA,
QUALITY OF SHELLS.

The Lampsilis or mucket group are the only mussels in this drainage
that possess any commercial value. While the pocketbook does not
attain the size or the quality of those found in the Shell River, and
the fat mucket is not as thick at those found in Snake River and Pokeg-
ama Lake, yet on the whole the shells are of medium size and good
quality. They are very plentiful in many places; at the outlet of
Lake Bemidji 3 tons were obtained in one week from a space only
afewrods in length. These mussels are like those in the Shell River,
in that they are buried deep. The man who collected them told us
that he dug down into the sandy bottom 2 and 3 feet for them and
found them nearly as thick as they could lie.

The shells were remarkable for the small size of the cardinal teeth,
indeed a few valves were found entirely destitute of teeth.

Another excellent locality is up the Mississippi above Lake Irving.
The conditions here are excellent and several carloads of shells could
easily be obtained. The Schoolcraft River comes into the Mississippi
here from Lakes Marquette and Plantagenet and both the river and
the lakes are reported to be full of good mussels.

The black sand-shells throughout this portion of the Mississippi
have the hinge margin very strongly curved like those already de-
scribed from the Red River and the Crow Wing drainage.

The fat muckets here are not thickened like the shells from Pokeg-
ama Lake, Pine County, and many of them are dwarfed after the
manner of ordinary lake shells. In addition, those from Wolf Lake
proved to be chalky and brittle when tested for button making, but
those above Lake Bemidji were of medium size and furnished good
button material.

The Anodontas form but a very small percentage of the mussel
fauna, nearly all the shells seen being some form of Lampsilis. The
mussels in this region would all be obtained with a fork or a rake;
there is no locality where the water is deep enough to use a crowfoot
dredge.

PEARLS.

Quite a number of pearls and slugs have been obtained by pro-
fessional pearlers, especially in the region about Bemidji. One beauti-
fully colored pearl as large as a hazelnut had been purchased by a
firm of jewelers in Bemidji just before our arrival there and was
valued at $200. It weighed 21 grains, but had a slight blemish on
one side. Some pearling has also been done in the Mississippi below
the power dam, which is situated 11 miles down the river from Lake
Bemidji. One pearl found here in July, 1912, was valued at $300.
There was also a display of pearls and slugs and manufactured

MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA. 19

articles in the window of this jewelry store, all of which were stated to
have been found in the vicinity. We saw several piles of shells that
had been recently made by pearlers along the stretch of river above
Bemidji, but did not find them anywhere else in this drainage. Evi-
dently there has been very little search for pearls anywhere within
this entire drainage.

PROPAGATION.

The conditions in most of the lakes and rivers of this group are
excellent for propagation purposes. The water everywhere is clear
and contains an abundance of lime; the bottom is almost universally
composed of hard sand and gravel; there is nowhere any surfeit of
alow or aquatic vegetation, and there is apparently an abundance of
food.

At Leech Lake, which, next to Red Lake, is the largest body of
fresh water in the State, the outlet is muddy and full of weeds, and
is reported to contain nothing but very thin-shelled floaters or paper
shells. But the lake itself presents ideal conditions, and a small
river which runs into it on the south shore out of Lake Linda is reported
by a mussel fisherman to be full of thick shells for the mile of its
course. The same fisherman said that Little Bay River, which
enters the lake on the west shore, contains no commercial mussels
from Leech Lake up to Laura Lake, but from there up to Little
Bay Lake is full of them.

Lake Winnibigoshish was formerly a shallow mud lake, but its
surface was raised 14 feet by a dam across the outlet. It would
furnish a favorable locality for the introduction of the three-ridge,
blue-point, washboard, and similar mud-loving species.

Cass Lake, Long Lake, and Wolf Lake are also very favorably
situated, and all three, as well as the intervening portions of the
Mississippi River which connects them, contain good bottom mate-
rial. The conditions here are similar to those on the Snake River
in the St. Croix drainage, and would be particularly well suited
to the thick-shelled fat muckets.

The Mississippi flows through Lake Bemidji and Irving Lake to
Beltrami County, and here again the conditions appear very pro-
pitious for the propagation of the fat muckets.

At Pokegama Lake in Itasca County there are long stretches of
sandy beaches and numerous sand bars, which, combined with
something of a current flowing through the lake, would favor the
introduction of the yellow or slough sand-shells. This lake is 14
miles in length, but is quite narrow, and is made up of a succession
of long arms and bays surrounded by fairly high land. A dam was
placed across the outlet about 8 years ago, which raised the water
in the lake 10 feet, and which effectually prevents any fish from
entering the lake out of the Mississippi River.

20 MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA.

At Prairie Lake, 6 miles north of Grand Rapids, the water is
considerably discolored with iron brought down by the Prairie
River from the Mesabi Iron Range. ‘This iron does not appear to
affect the mussel fauna at all, since they are neither stunted nor
discolored. But thousands of logs are run down the Prairie River,
and the bottom of both the river and much of the lake is covered
so thickly with fragments of bark that no mussel can live in it.

It is hardly necessary to add that all these lakes, the Mississippi
itself, and its tributaries are full of just the right kind of fish to
serve as hosts. Furthermore, Walker, Cass Lake, Bemidji, and
Grand Rapids are very conveniently situated for propagation work,
and are in easy railroad communication with all other parts of the
State.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1. As noted under the Red River group, suitable passage should
be provided for fish around the dams at the outlet of Lakes Pokegama
and Winnibigoshish, and the large power dam 11 miles below Lake
Bemidji. These last two are across the Mississippi, and surely that
river ought never to be closed to the passage of fish, to say nothing
about the mussels.

2. The farther the source of supply is removed from the button
factory the greater is the cost of transporting the shells. Therefore,
in a city like Bemidji, forming a convenient center, the establish-
ment of a local factory for sawing blanks can not be too strongly
recommended.

3. This is not the best locality for trying the experiment of intro-
ducing commercial species of mussels into some of the Minnesota
lakes. But after such an experiment has been made a thorough suc-
cess, there are large and well adapted lakes here in which artificial
propagation would undoubtedly yield profitable returns.

MUSSELS OF THE ISOLATED LAKES.
LAKE PEPIN.

This so-called lake is really a simple widening of the Mississippi
River just below Red Wing. The bottom is of fairly coarse gravel
mixed with some mud, there is very little current, and the water
varies from 6 or 8 to 12 or 15 feet in depth. This locality has not
been fished for mussels until within a few years, but at the time of our
visit there were 100 clamming outfits along the east shore of the lake,
and they were averaging more than 200 pounds apiece per day.

An examination of the piles of shells collected by these fishermen
yielded examples of the following species: Lampsilis luteola, recta,
fallaciosa, and alata, Unio gibbosus, Strophitus edentulus, Obovaria
refleca, and Quadrula plicata, undulata, and pustulosa.

MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA. 2

The culls were mostly razorbacks, spikes, such of the black sand
shells as have a pink nacre, and a few floaters. By count about half
of the commercial shells obtained are fat muckets (luteola), while
by weight they form only 40 per cent of the entire catch.

A large number of fine pearls have been found here, nearly all of
which come from the luteolas. One of these found just before our
visit sold for $300, and another for $150. The fishermen reported
the pearls not as numerous as during the previous year. They also
reported another curious fact, that shells with pearls run along cer-
tain ridges on the lake bottom and are not found in the hollows along
either side of the ridge.

In view of these facts it would seem advisable to propagate arti-
ficially the local commercial species, especially these thick-shelled
luteolas, and to use this locality as a source from which to introduce
desirable species into other lakes and rivers.

Mr. Andy Noel, a shell buyer for the Wisconsin Button Co. at
La Crosse, took us around the lake and showed us every courtesy
in the way of obtaining samples and data. Our sincere thanks are
hereby acknowledged for these kind attentions.

PLEASANT AND CLEARWATER LAKES.

These lakes are situated near Annandale, in Wright County, and
are connected by the Clearwater River with the Mississippi. Pleasant
Lake, right in the edge of the town, is 24 miles long and 1 mile wide,
with a gravelly and sandy bottom, comparatively free from vegeta-
tion. Shells of the pocketbook (ventricosa) and Anodonta pepiniana
were obtained here. The former proved to be excellent button
material, but was very scarce. It was reported, however, to have
been abundant during the previous year, but had been killed or driven
into deeper water by the ice.

Clearwater Lake is 4 miles from town and is much larger than
Pleasant Lake, being 74 miles long and 14 miles wide. The south-
eastern end of the lake is wider and deeper and has rocky shores;
the northwestern half is narrower, shallower, and so lined with reeds
and rushes that it is impossible to get anywhere near the shore in
most places.

The fat mucket (luteola) was found here, in addition to the pocket-
book and A. pepimiana. Both the mucket and the pocketbook
are large and thick and make excellent button material.

The Clearwater River flows through the lake and was reported
to be full of fine shells. This lake and river would yield a carload
of first grade mussels, which could be readily floated down to the
town of Clearwater, on the bank of the Mississippi, and shipped from
there. Also the local species might well be propagated at the lower
end of the lake and in the river, while in the muddier bottom at the

22 MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA,

upper end of the lake it is probable that some of the pig-toes (Quad-
rula) would thrive well.

It is very doubtful whether any recommendations can be made for
Pleasant Lake.

PULASKI, BUFFALO, RICE, AND KORONIS LAKES.

These four lakes are connected with the Crow River, but the out-
lets are very small streams, and those of the first two are open only
during spring freshets.

Lake Pulaski is nearly circular in outline, about 14 miles in diam-
eter, with a bottom composed of gravel and sand, covered with a
heavy growth of Chara, Potomageton, and alge.

Buffalo Lake is 24 miles long and 1 mile wide, with a maximum
depth of 50 to 60 feet. There are two shallow bars across the center
of the lake which are covered with rushes, and the bottom is firm
sand and gravel, with very little vegetation.

Rice Lake, 6 miles northeast of Paynesville in Stearns County, is 3
miles long by 2 miles wide. The bottom is composed of much coarser
gravel than in Buffalo Lake, and there is a little more Chara and
alge. The north fork of the Crow River runs into the southwest
corner of this lake and empties out again within a short distance.

Koronis Lake, 2 miles southeast of Paynesville, is 34 miles long
and 2 miles wide, with a very irregular and precipitous shore. The
bottom contains much more sand than gravel and the vegetation
is very limited except at the inlet and outlet.

The fat mucket (luteola) and Anodonta peprniana were found in all
four lakes, and in addition Anodontoides ferussacianus modestus was
found in Buffalo and Koronis Lakes. Most of these muckets are
dwarfed, as is usual in a lake, and thin-shelled, but those from Rice
Lake are full size, of good thickness and have a fair luster, and were
classed as first-grade shells.

The Anodontas were found in regular windrows 10 or 15 feet from
shore, and outside of them were the luteolas, in water shallow enough
to obtain them by wading. The epidermis of these luteolas was a
dark straw-yellow, and was highly polished lke that of the same
species from Lake Henry (p. 11).

The comparative paucity of shells in these lakes is easily explained
by the fact that fish can not run into them freely at the time of year
when they are infested with glochidia. The conditions in Buftalo
Lake are excellent for sand-shells and species which frequent shallow
bars. The thick-shelled luteolas from Pokegama Lake (Pine County),
or Lake Pepin would undoubtedly thrive in Rice and Koronis Lakes.
Lake Pulaski is not worth stocking with any kind of shells.

Each of these lakes contains an abundance of perch, bass, sunfish,
crappies, and wall-eyed pike, which could be seined with little trouble

MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA. De

and would furnish sufficient hosts for the glochidia; therefore, in case
the artificial stocking of lakes proves a success, three of these lakes
present good opportunities for work on commercial species.

SAUK LAKE AND SAUK RIVER.

Sauk Lake, 3 miles above Sauk Center in Stearns County, is 7
miles long and ? mile wide, and is thus little more than a widening of
the river. It is partly natural and partly artificial, produced by a
dam across the river at Sauk Center. The bottom is composed of
sand and coarse gravel, covered with a profuse growth of alge,
Chara, Potomageton, and other aquatic vegetation. The only mus-
sels found in the lake were the fat mucket (luteola), Anodontoides
ferussacianus modestus and Anodonta pepiniana. The muckets are
thin-shelled, dwarfed, and covered with a large amount of marl pos-
teriorly. The epidermis is honey-yellow in color, highly polished,
and faintly rayed. The two floaters, of course, possess no commercial
value, and were found only in limited numbers.

The river was examined below the mill dam at Sauk Center, and
again 3 miles above St. Cloud. The fat mucket (luteola), the pocket-
book (ventricosa), and the black sand-shell (recta) were found in abun-
dance at both places, and in addition near St. Cloud there were some
ordinary muckets (ligamentina) and Anodontoides.

The fat muckets were of river size, and a small percentage were
thick enough for buttons, the ordinary muckets were of large size
and thick-shelled, but were somewhat spotted; the pocketbooks were
exceptionally large, much flatter than usual, thick, and with a good
luster, but they were also spotted, and on being tested proved to be
brittle, thus rendering practically worthless material that to all
appearance seemed to be as good as that from the Shell River at
Menahga. The only thing worthy of comment here is the lack of a
suitable fishway around the dam at Sauk Center. The effect of this
is seen in the fact that although the pocketbook was common just
below the dam, not one could be found in the 3 miles of river above
the dam.

LAKE MINNEWASKA, LAKE OSAKIS, AND BATTLE LAKE.

Lake Minnewaska, situated at Glenwood, near the center of Pope
County, is 8 miles long and 2 miles wide. The bottom is of sand
and rather fine gravel, with numerous shallow sand bars along the
southwestern shore. The average depth of the water is from 12 to
15 feet, and while there is an interrupted fringe of rushes along the
shore line the lake itself is exceptionally clear and free from aquatic
vegetation. There is no outlet except during very high water, when
a small stream overflows into the Chippewa River, which is a tribu-
tary of the Minnesota River.

24 MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA.

The lake is fed by numerous large springs in addition to several
inlet streams, which drain the surrounding country. The lake con-
tains an abundance of sunfish, perch, crappies, wall-eyes, and bass.
On the northwest shore of the lake, within the city limits of Glenwood,
there is a State fish hatchery under the supervision of Supt. J. A.
Pinkerton. ‘The water for the hatchery comes from one of the large
springs that feed the lake, while a series of fishponds or aquaria are
built in the lake along the shore. The lake was found to contain a
great many mussels, which, however, possess no commercial value.
These include the fat mucket (luteola), which is much dwarfed and
thin-shelled, with an epidermis which erodes easily and turns dead
white on exposure, three species of Anodonta, imbecillis, pepiniana,
and benedictensis, and Anodontoides. The profusion of these mussels
and the rapidity of their development show that there is an abun-
dance of food in the lake.

We find, therefore, that the temperature and depth of the water,
the kind of bottom, the presence of numerous shallow sand bars,
the freedom from aquatic vegetation, and the abundance of suitable
food combine to make this lake an ideal one for the artificial propa-
gation of mussels, particularly the Lampsilis group. And, as if to
complete the requisites, here is a fish hatchery, in whose interests
hundreds of bass and wall-eyes are seined out of the lake every
spring. Along with the game fish which are used by the hatchery
there are always taken in the seine a large number of sunfish and
yellow perch which are simply thrown back into the lake. What
could be simpler than to supply the hatchery with gravid mussels of
some valuable commercial species and impregnate these sunfish and
perch with the glochidia before they are returned to the lake? Mani-
festly this is a rare opportunity for testing the possibilities of mussel
propagation with almost no additional expense. The importance of
such practical experimentation under the direction of skilled work-
men can hardly be overestimated.

While in Glenwood we were rendered great assistance and were
shown many courtesies by the officials at the hatchery. One of
them, Mr. John Dahl, took us around the lake, gave us many data,
and explained the local conditions, with which he was thoroughly
conversant. Our sincere thanks are hereby returned to him and to
the superintendent for these and many other favors.

Lake Osakis, situated close to Osakis, in the southwestern corner
of Todd County, is 10 miles long and 3 miles wide. The bottom, the
depth of the water, the presence of sand bars, and the freedom from
aquatic vegetation correspond exactly to those at Lake Minnewaska.
This lake also has no outlet except at very high water, and is a typical
shallow lake, such as are common in glaciated regions.

MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA. 25

There were found here the fat mucket (luteola), Anodonta pepiniana
and Anodontoides. Some of the muckets were dwarfed and thin-
shelled, but a small percentage were full-size and had moderately
thick shells.

Battle Lake is in the southern central portion of Ottertail County
and empties into the Red River. It is 6 miles long by 3 miles wide.
It has a bottom of sand and gravel sparsely covered with aquatic
vegetation, and the water is very clear and cold. The fat muckets
here were small and dwarfed and approached very closely the species
known as rosacea. ‘They were easily eroded, and the epidermis on
exposed portions of the shell became absolutely snow-white.

In addition there were two species of Anodonta, viz, pepiniana and
kennicottr, and Anodontoides. All of these shells, including the
muckets, were worthless from a commercial standpoint.

Neither Battle Lake nor Lake Osakis has a fish hatchery, but other-
wise they possess as favorable conditions as those at Lake Minne-
waska, and are asconveniently situated. Consequently, if the experi-
ments at Lake Minnewaska proved successful, it would be an easy
matter to repeat them in these two lakes.

SUMMARY.

1. Fat muckets (Lampsilis luteola) with exveptionally thick shells,
and making first-grade button material, are plentiful in Pokegama and
Cross Lakes, and in the Snake River, and also in Lake Pepin. They
are not found in any of the other lakes or rivers which were examined.

2. Pocketbooks (LZ. ventricosa) of unusual size and luster are
abundant in the Shell River and Twin Lakes near Menahga and else-
where throughout the Crow Wing drainage and in the Sauk River.
The Crow Wing shells are of superior quality and command a high
price. Those from the Sauk River are so brittle as to render them
worthless.

3. Muckets (L. ligamentina) are common in the Crow Wing and
its tributaries and in the upper Mississippi. They are the ordinary
good button material that is common in this species.

4. Black sand-shells (L. recta) are fairly abundant in all the rivers
visited. Nearly all have purple nacre, are very thick, and make
excellent material for novelties. The only exceptions are the white-
nacred ones found at Menahga, which are excellent button shells.

5. Pig-toes (Quadrula) are found only in the St. Croix drainage and
in the Red River. There are none in the Mississippi above the Falls
of St. Anthony, nor in any of the other rivers and lakes visited. Some
of the three-ridges were badly spotted, but all of the other pig-toes
were of first quality and would make good button material.

6. Bemidji, in Beltrami County, is the best center from which to
work the upper Mississippi. A blank factory situated there could

26 MUSSELS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA.

easily find material to keep it running for several years. Phelps, in
Ottertail County, would make an equally good center for the Red
River.

7. There are two of the recommendations which possess especial
importance: First, to preserve by artificial propagation the types of
shells shown in the muckets of Lake Pokegama and the pocketbooks
of Menahga; second, to improve the opportunity so favorably offered
at Lake Minnewaska and thoroughly try out by experiment the
introduction of valuable commercial species into lakes that are
specially suited to them.

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THE MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER

By ERNEST DANGLADE
Scientific Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries

Appendix VI to the Report of the U. S, Commissioner
of Fisheries for 1913

CON A IN Wis:

Mnat PGA UCTVON 5, cesicsevey secvey ea rcs yee SSeS ee oe ee Oe Oe oe
Physical conditions: 2.2... oo hess eecice oon te Sere ee ee eee ee
Pollutionvombneyilimos Ryerss eee ae eee ee ee
Phe mussel andustry. 22.2 2c ce cee eee ~ ck Ooee te T een eee ee
Characteriotstheishellss = ses: eee cee eee ee Cee eee eee
Selentific-and: common maMmMess tae. ss aee soe SOE | Sas eee ee
Commercial appraisal of quantity ofishells_--2----...-2-1-9.4-- epee eee
Pricesiot-shelilg:ss242. See: alee eas ee eae ee ee
Prinerpal mussel beds 22222... ace tee ee eee oe eee

Wp PeRwiv ena. aest aca e ae yee Rete he Oe eit ms gee ee

Peoria Wake 22 fj ssc ccc soso are Ee: Lee ee nna ee eer

TOWER TIVER bys cis cS Poe Oe ee oS nO eee EPO EEE ee en oe
Tributaries saeco. berserk: oP oA a ln oe et eee SEE eee

Dead miussel beds. 6. che aoe ct tee eee oe ee eee eee
Methods of the: Illinois mussel fishery: 2:25 2-5-2-2- 20sec see cee Hee
Crow- TOO loNeS o- dL ats ate Cees ee eee oh

The ee of the dllinois..2 5.26.0 bop Yet vost tee OEE eee ee
Finding the pearls: 2.2.5... 0ss- en selyacttote Joyce soc ee eel eae eee eee
Classification of Cone Wucahoney Meee ste. Bee eet beck eee eee

peoline 2 POaTlo 2s ccenaceoeadscceetsekees meee eee Coe eee eee Soran sete

Crippled: shells. ....... 20-5 cece eee eee Be EE pre eels Sorc

Quality and value of Illinois pearls Sonos soe ieee a ee ee

Musselspeciess 2 .n22ce- sae oe Heal See Mink ee es oe eee

Summary and conclusiOns-w.css.<cis-6-eee vee ea] -= eee eee eee
9

a

U. S. B. F.—Doc. 804. PLATE lI.

FIG. 1.—A MUSSEL FISHERMAN.

FIG. 2.—A PEARL GATHERER AND HIS CAMP OUTFIT.

THE MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

By Ernest DANGLADE,
Scientific Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.

INTRODUCTION.

The Bureau of Fisheries conducted a series of investigations of
the Illinois River, principally during the summer months of the
period extending from 1907 to 1912. The work was carried on
chiefly with regard to the mussel fishery; the kinds, the quality and
quantity of shells, and also the general economic conditions of the
river were the important points under consideration. From 1907
to 1909 the work was in charge of Harvey L. Freeland, and during
1912 the mussel investigation of the entire river was continued by
the author and John A. Danglade. For several years the Illinois
State Laboratory of Natural History, with some assistance from
the United States Bureau of Fisheries, conducted biological and
physical investigations of the river, under the direction of Prof.
S. A. Forbes.

The principal shell-producing tributaries of the Illinois are the
Kankakee,* which has been examined and reported upon; the Fox,
the report of which by John A. Eldridge accompanies this paper;
the Spoon and the Sangamon, brief accounts of which are given in
the body of the present report.

The United States biological station, situated at Fairport, Iowa,
in charge of Dr. Robert E. Coker, furnished valuable information
and suggestions, which were of great assistance to the work. The
table of the commercial appraisal of shells, made by the shell expert,
given on page 11, shows the condition of shells as to luster, texture,
and number of gross of blanks per ton, from various representative
stations of the river. The map of the Illinois and Fox Rivers, at
the end of this paper, gives the principal tributaries, towns, and
cities along the course, and shows to some extent the islands, lakes,
sloughs, bays, ete.

The following report of the river is intended principally for the
benefit of those engaged in the pearl-button industry either as manu-
facturers or mussel fishermen, and for others interested in the de-
velopment of the mussel resources of the country.

a Wilson, Charles B., and Clark, H. Walton: The mussel fauna of the Kankakee Basin. U.S. Bureau
of Fisheries Document No. 758. 1912.

92889°— 14-91 3

4 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS.

The Illinois River is one of the most important tributaries of the
upper Mississippi, not only on account of the volume of water it
discharges and its excellent transportation facilities, but because of
its extensive fisheries and large mussel resources. The Illinois,
formed by the junction of the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers
and emptying into the Mississippi at Grafton, Ll., is about 273 miles
in length. Its drainage basin comprises about 29,000 square miles
of fine farm land in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. Besides re-
ceiving many important natural tributarigs, it is the outlet of the
Chicago Drainage Canal, having a discharge of several thousand
cubic feet per second of water from Lake Michigan, and with an
equivalent drainage area of 6,000 square miles. The river conse-
quently carries an enormous amount of sewage from Chicago, as
well as from the various cities and manufacturing plants along its
course. -

The greater part of Illinois is covered by glacial drift of varymg
thickness, brought down from the Northeast during the ice age, and
as a consequence many of the old river beds were filled with sand and
gravel and the streams were torced to cut new channels, in some
places completely changing the course for all or a part of the way.
Such is the case with the Illinois River. In the upper part the river
has cut its way through the Wisconsin drift down into solid rock,
while in the lower portion, although still in its old course, it is often
as much as 100 feet above solid rock.

The watershed of the Illinois River extends in a broad band, averaging 100 miles
in width, in a northeast-southwest direction directly across the center of Illinois.
The western side of the watershed is 20 to 40 miles in width, while the width of the
eastern side is 60 to 80 miles. From the junction westward for 50 miles, being in a
new course, its bed is usually on the rock and it has an average fall of about 1 foot
per mile, but in the remainder of its course it is in a preglacial channel and has a
very slight fall. From the junction to Utica, its course is independent of preglacial
drainage lines. About midway of its westwerd course it crosses the Marseilles moraine.
This, no doubt, for a considerable period held a lake in the basin at the head of the
river (the Morris Basin), but was eventually cut down to the level of the low part of
the basin. From the Marseilles moraine westward the channel found no prominent
drift barriers to remove, but has been compelled to cut down 50 to 75 feet into the
rock in opening an outlet from the Morris Basin into the valley of the lower IIlinois.
The lower Illinois seems to have been so imperfectly filled by glacial deposits that
throughout nearly its entire length the stream is reestablished in the old course. The
valley of the lower Illinois ranges in width from 2} to fully 15 miles. The narrowest
portions of the lower valley are a short section at Peoria, where it passes through the
Shelbyville morainic system, and a section embracing the lower 60 miles, where it
traverses the Eocarboniferous and Silurian limestones.¢

a Leverett, Frank: The Illinois glacial lobe. U.S. Geological Survey, mon. XXXVII.

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 5

From its origin to Utica, a distance of about 43 miles, the river is
a series of rock rapids and pools, and is practically destitute of mussels.

From Utica to Meredosia, a distance of 159 miles, the river flows
through a region of but slight fall and abounds in sloughs, bays,
lakes, islands, and drowned timber. The principal tributaries be-
tween these cities are the Vermilion, Mackinaw, Spoon, and Sanga-
mon Rivers, the last-named of which produced some excellent shells
this year. The river bottom of this stretch, with but few exceptions,
is composed of mud or of mud and sand, which is characteristic to
the mouth. From the mussel fisherman’s point of view, the most
important part of this section, as well as of the entire river, is Peoria
Lake, which, by the dip-net method, has yielded many tons of good
shells.

From Meredosia to Grafton, a distance of 71 miles, the river flows
almost due south and rather close to the high bluffs on the right,
except near the mouth, where it bears to the east and to the hills on
the left. In this stretch there are fewer sloughs, but more islands
and bars. In the vicinity of Hardin there are many productive
mussel beds, with a yield second only to that of Peoria Lake.

POLLUTION OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

The effects of the sewage pollution of the Des Plaines River and
the drainage canal upon the waters of the upper Illinois have been a
subject for much discussion both to fishermen and the cities along
the river. The analysis and general study of the physical conditions
in the following data and tables were made under the direction of
Prof. S. A. Forbes during the summer of 1911 and the spring of 1912:

During July the river between its origin and the Marseilles Dam is practically
barren of fishes, bubbling with gases of decomposition, and full of floating organic
matter, and the bottom is in many places deep with foul-smelling mud from which
large bubbles of offensive gas escape when stirred. The character of the river changes
greatly at this dam, black bass and carp coming up in some numbers to that point.
During March, the organic matter of the sewage instead of being rapidly decomposed,
with a nearly complete appropriation of the oxygen, as was the case last summer,
is now being slowly decomposed, with a consequent gradual fall in dissolved oxygen,
to Chillicothe, 93 miles down the river. At Morris there was 97 per cent of saturation
in February, where last summer the average was less than 10 per cent, while at
Chillicothe there is now 36 per cent where last summer there was an average of 44 per
cent. Bottom conditions were similarly different. The gases of the bottom sedi-.
ments at Morris last summer were largely methane, the product of organic decomposi-
tion in the absence of oxygen and the odor was that of a septic tank.

Table 1 shows the condition of the water during summer, Lake
Michigan and the Kankakee River being high, while at the other
places the percentage of saturation runs low. Table 2 shows the
early spring conditions when the decomposition of organic matter

6 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

is very slow. Table 3 shows the percentage of carbon dioxide
(CO,), oxygen (O), carbon monoxide (CO), methane or marsh gas
(CH,), and nitrogen (N) of the river and from septic tanks during

the month of September.

TaBLeE 1.—FREE OxyYGEN, ILtInoIs WATERS:

TO SEPTEMBER 13, 1911.

PERCENTAGE OF SATURATION, JULY 18

Make Michigan’ (ce sess soccer nies <--> 95:0 llectarvrediR oclae ott cac eee ree eee 37.1
Kankakee nhiverccrs ccc nesisceicame scence cic Ie oT OP On sont teste ee ee ee 37.1
Des Plaines River sss 21.~ aie od sieictesaics oin,slenis 13.1 Depue pS aip: ak Tet eee ee eee 30.3
Morris... --+2---22-0c2eeeereeceessesceceeees 9:8 Jb Feringpin. os. 5 i<ole-e sswidseet 32. eee ee eee 35.7
Marseilles: Chillicothe:t-9. seceeseaae eee eee eee 4307
ADOVO GAM: ~.3.5. Hest dqes~ tee nes cadens U6)
One-eighth mile below dam.............- 65. 4
Three-fourths mile below dam..........- 24.8
TABLE 2.—DIssOLVED OxyGEN, Inurnors River, Marcu, 1912.
‘ Miles
Dis-
Num- from
Tem- | solved | Per cent
Location. Date. pet ot pera- | oxygen, | satura- Gee
nae ture. |partsper| tion. Rire
million. (approx.).
Lockport: SAG.
Des) Plaines River i<-oscrowicejevele sjereiwteteieyewie ce Mar. 18 3 2.5 6.5 47.5 \ 35
Chicago Drainage Canal...............-.:- 22s 00se.% 3 3.0 6.3 46.7
Morris, Illinois River:
Sotthishores. c= ssec qeaiec se Someicciveenis teins Mar. 19 2 ie) 10.4 73.8 \ 65
INORENYSHOLOS <5 2 i-jclatetwic ojon Saiciciels « scietoleis secre sold Os thi 3 1.5 9.2 65.4
Marseilles:
FADO VO GBM 555.0 ctae os ad cles gee oteslests sitaraire Mar. 21 3 .0 8.8 59.8 \ 80
Below damlssac shaciecmemoecesescececseeeos w eC seme 3 .0 10.0 68. 0
MS MTICOTNO heats Sarco siats olga nic istein'ciataiaie ale drareleretere Mar. 22 6 .0 7.2 49.0 145
Peoria:
(Above Sewer outlet: <6 2.5 nce sssce cinsacie Mar. 23 4 .0 6.8 46.3 \ 165
Below seweroutlet...< -/. <1 desi 010.00 010.0515 0 Eat GOe ene 4 .0 6.5 44.2
RAV ANAL = Sc Sc cinicicle cbtlotse c odicttlewccic sistwiiisosic sic Mar. 25 4 2.0 6.2 44.6 205
IBGardStO Wile cements Seciais cieceios Seinen rice eee Mar. 26 3 1.5 UST 54.7 240
IRGAT tec eb a eters bletis- salelas cele ate isle dia sictaale oe Mar. 27 4 2.0 9.3 67.0 285
Grafton:
MUlMOIS Rivers ao. weleceicisce sinc ere eatsiare eee Mar. 28 2 3.0 9.4 69.7 \ 325
MISSISSIPPI River=|-2 25s. c0s-cccice cess sice= = pecdOmse 2 3.0 10.5 77.8

TasLe 3.—Gases FROM Borrom SEDIMENTS, ILLINOIS RIvER, AND FROM SEPTIC
TANKS OF SEWAGE SysTeMs, SEPTEMBER, 1911.

Location.

MOTMS HELIN GISHR Vers ais. seeiciciee estas sicisiniaieiss.cjsnernicie

Marseilles: MlinoistRiver.. <.iccietasisscescccsccleccesed

Septic:
Collinsville. - ..
Naperville.........

Opry LUN OS RIV OPA ose clare aigieiaelatsielerni= celiac cs

Averages:
MOTTISS. ccfseet cn
Marseilles.......
Septic tanks.....
Isinapposeceso
Mazon Creek

COs. Oz.
Per cent. | Per cent.
19. 45 0.00
19.31 . 00
18. 12 .09
21.49 . 00
16. 85 05
{ 18.74 . 00
17.98 -20
- 19. 06 . 00
11.99 44
{ 17.76 .00
19. 59 +02
17.79 . 03
18. 53 w LL
14. 87 .22
.75 . 66

CHy. No.
Per cent. | Per cent.
79. 30 0. 56
79. 51 . 86
78. 97 2.14
73. 00 5.21
82.55 . 00
81.28 . 00
81. 26 . 00
74.50 6.34
61.99 25.24
80. 83 . 89
77.69 2.19
81. 91 . 00
77. 88 3.17
71. 37 13. 06
56. 44 41.61

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. a

The following table, compiled from Water-Supply Paper 239, by
W. D. Collins,* gives the mean of 36 mineral analyses of water from
the Illinois, Fox, and Sangamon Rivers. The analyses were made
from August 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907. While the Illinois River water
is not so high in carbonates, it is higher in sulphates and chlorine than
other waters of the State. The Fox has a high percentage of mag-
nesium.

TaBLE 4.—MINERAL ANALYSES OF WATER FROM ILLINOIS, Fox, AND SANGAMON
RIVERS.

|
ae as Tlinois
Illinois | Illinois River, | Fox River,
River, River, Kamps- | River, Spring-
La Salle. | Peoria. =e Ottawa. field.

Sangamon:

Parts per million.

ROT OG WAY eae poco secancaceadags seobdanuneco seouesEdse 159 43 188 94 74
Suspended matter.................--- 136 26 145 87 39
Coefficient of fineness. ease 8 8 8 1.2 -8
Silica (SiO2).-.-.- 12 12 12 il 16
Tron\(Pe)e--- -- 21 21 20 . 20 32
Calcium (Ca). - 50 49 47 60 52
Wireqa@enbien, (WS) <5 A Soggpde se eesene soos cseabeoter ores 22 21 20 32 24
Sodium and potassium (Na and K).......-.-.-.-..--- 16 17 20 14 16
Carhonatemadicle (COs) Sede sec esses 2 sae a0 .0 0 .0 :
‘Bicarbonnte radicloGHCOs)\.2 sae c2c2 ence encssacnost 203 198 202 275 247
Siiplatemadicto(SOseessesecese-s-saesecee sees a 50 48 42 61 37
Naira tema diclex(Ni@s Vien <cise =.-\ar- eis ne seelesie <isiaiy mors as 6.6 7.8 4.3 4.9 3.4
@hionine(Gieest tes ceen cc cmae amc ce eeet es ener See 13 13 15 7.9 7.5
TNA O's iss SO eee ees Ae Ae See eee | 278 271 267 335 276

Whether or not the great amount of sewage that is annually poured
into the river is detrimental to the aquatic life in the lower stretches,
the fact remains that from Chillicothe to near the mouth, with few
exceptions, the Illinois is indeed a wonderfully productive stream in
fishes and mussels, and far exceeds in these resources many rivers not
having similar physical conditions.

THE MUSSEL INDUSTRY.

It is of interest to note that probably the first American fresh-
water shells taken for the purposes of button manufacture were
derived from the Illinois River. As early as 1872 a couple of tons
of mussel shells were collected from the river at Peoria, Ill., and ex-
ported to Europe. Again from the same river, at Beardstown, IIL,
in 1876, a shipment of shells was made to a New York firm for manu-
facturing purposes. In both cases the returns were evidently insuffi-
cient to warrant a continuation of the work, due largely no doubt to
the want of machinery adapted to river shells, together with the
general inappreciation of the value of the material.

a Collins, W. D.: The quality of the surface waters of Illinois. U.S. Geological Survey, 1910.

8 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

With the exception of a few pearl hunters making their test hauls
and drifting at random along the different stretches, nothing of con-
sequence was done in the shelling industry until the spring of 1892,
when work began in earnest on a fairly large scale and continued all
summer, at Meredosia. However, at the close of the season, the in-
dustry was apparently dropped on this river and practically nothing
was done until 1907. At that time the supply of shells was dimin-
ishing greatly on the Wabash and some other streams, and it was
feared that unless new territory should be found many of the shellers
were liable to be out of employment and the button factories con-
siderably hampered thereby. As the Llinois had been previously
tested and proved satisfactory, the mussel fishermen from various
localities went to that river in large numbers for shells and pearls. —
Shelling began at once in the Beardstown district, reaching from above
Grand Island, and as far down as Pearl, and during the next two years
the industry extended over the greater part of the stream. The IIli-
nois reached its maximum shell production during the season of 1909,
when thousands of tons of good button shells were gathered and put
in piles along the shore to await shipment.

This river has been the most productive stream per mile of any
in the country, and it has been reliably stated that only two or three
years ago more than 2,600 boats were engaged in the mussel fishery
between Peru and Grafton. It appears that the total number now
engaged would not exceed 400, and even, this number is largely main-
tained by the new dip-net method in use at Peoria and the new field
opened up in the lower district. For fishing to be profitable in a
river like the Illinois, where the shells are not of the kind to command
the highest prices, the yield must be relatively abundant. The price
paid for the 1912 shells was from $12 to $13 per ton.

A button or blank factory was established on the Illinois at Beards-
town in 1907, and the next year a second plant was located at Mere-
dosia. At the present time (1912) along the river there are 15 fac-
tories with more than 250 machines, including 1 at Peoria, using
about 4 tons of shells per week, 5 at Beardstown, 2 at Meredosia, 1
at Naples, 5 at Pearl, and 1 at Grafton.

Some of the earlier factories have changed hands a number of times;
others have been dismantled and removed to other places. These
factories are generally blank factories, sawing or cutting out the blanks
which are sent elsewhere to be finished. The buildings are usually
small frame structures, with inexpensive machinery.

CHARACTER OF THE SHELLS.

The Illinois is distinctively a washboard, blue point, and warty-
back (Quadrula) river. The condition of the bottom, the current,
and the general character of the river are well suited to the growth

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS. RIVER. 9

and development of these species, although several other genera occur
in small quantities. The principal commercial species (which are
found in larger numbers than all the other kinds combined) are the
blue point (Q. undulata), washboard (Q. heros), warty-back (Q. pus-
tulosa), three-ridge (Q. plicata), pig-toe (Q. wndata), and muckets
(L. ligamentina and luteola).

The Illinois River shells are generally perfect specimens, and
seldom eroded at the beaks; and, for the class, the product is excep-
tionally good button material. A peculiar feature, however, of the
shells, particularly noticeable in the lower stretches, is their gradual
reduction in size as we go down the river. From the upper limits of
shell production to Beardstown, the shells are of the average size of
similar species found in other rivers of the Mississippi Basin, but
from Beardstown to Hardin, a distance of 70 miles, they become
gradually smaller, thence slightly larger to near the mouth at Grafton.
Even old shells taken from protected places show this character.
What causes this condition is not very evident. It can hardly be due
to the lesser quantity of food material coming down the river from
the drainage canal, or to any particular change of bottom. The
quality of these smaller shells is fully as good if not better than those
of the upper districts.

SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES.

The table of scientific and common names of the shells used in this
report and given herewith is for the convenience of those who may
desire to use the data for comparison. The nomenclature of Simp-
son,* with but few exceptions, is used, although many of the recent
changes recommended by Dr. Ortmann and others will doubtless
prove to be well founded.

List or COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Common name. Scientific name.
Punple Wwalty-Dack.< 2... Santee bee ees ke Quadrula granifera (Lea).
Quadrula tuberculata (Raf.).
INIPPOLNCH etre tee oe Stes Seat x alae Quadrula ebena (Lea).

Quadrula pyramidata (Lea).
Quadrula plena (Lea).
Quadrula solida (Lea).
Quadrula coccinea (Con.).

OO TEUIV ET DIP IOC gaa So aaa hoi ae wo vino Quadrula obliqua (Lam.).
Ae OC r pee ene ee te esr ee 5 SE ects Quadrula trigona (Lea).
Wittbashinpie- te sme rcre or meh 2 aie cnc S82 Sree Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea).
‘iwo-horned pocketbooks. i722... 029050. 2200. Quadrula pustulata (Lea).
Wamty-backet lary spent sie: SRG f) LHS, Quadrula pustulosa (Lea).

Quadrula fragosa (Con.).

a Simpson, Charles T.: Synopsis of the Naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Proceedings U. 8S.
National Museum, vol. xxm, no. 1205, 1900, p. 501-1044,

10 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

Common name. Scientific name.
Maplesleal: stWanger. 22. e ac sinters oeaccte eee Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea).
Banke yernce< «2 koe gare etns ae eee tases Quadrula metanevra (Raf.).
WaeINOATE: 22.5524! aaa nea eet eae Quadrula heros (Say).
DliTS-pomtnih5i7 1 SNAG. ch PSEA. a, A Quadrula undulata (Barnes).
Mhréesridge !y2:.0. .. its tiotces 5S. Bos oss a a8 Quadrula plicata (Say).
Dallshead re 2 saeco eo ceecine Seeman Pleurobema esopus (Green).
Hlephamnt ears oc oe ican gee be ae ate ae Unio crassidens (Lea).

Dad y=nnper Spike. ce 2 2c tos toca sete ce Unio gibbosus (Barnes).

Wipet tacle-Cater s2:cty. comet ne etn ea eee Margaritana monodonta (Say).

White -heeltsplitter. . 2 2/2252... o0S: Jee. Sa Symphynota complanata (Barnes).

Hiutedyshelile,! <5. cocsceets ig tote cage ae: Symphynota costata (Raf.).

Rock-shell,, bastard, queen... ~~... 0c2 2050 2e Arcidens confragosus (Say).
Anodonta corpulenta (Cooper).

Oates se cect acne geclseiee ees scien siceee Anodonta grandis (Say).

Anodonta suborbiculata (Say).
Anodonta imbicillis (Say).

SQURWELOGE: .<, so) 4 is sie -facisfestsinis/el areas /Neeotate Slate Strophitus edentulus (Say).
hhree-hormed shells, |.5 2b evs ions taro oho Segal torre Obliquaria reflexa (Raf.).
Buck-horm<pistol-orlp.io% = 925.6 9-42 3-2 28a Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes).
Tittle pocketbooks5.222, oi ase nner teoaees Se ses Plagiola donaciformis (Lea).
LOSS) et (0; aa ee a A NS as RMR Sra re Plagiola elegans (Lea).
Bithertives ote. 9 eae mas Sete eoe eh Plagiola securis (Lea).
Missouri micperhead’s 20 <)..15 .a:c foie dem aiclg tierce Obovaria ellipsis (Lea).
ipaper-shell: 2.2 ssc ss Sacice se neem sseecusie Lampsilis leevissima (Lea).
Lampsilis gracilis (Barnes).
Pink hhatchet-back | os 2a: c1t<eictyetoiars -ergeer Lampsilis alata (Say).
Lampsilis parva (Barnes).
iplze lesan d=sne Meee 5 oe 2c tye ore rompers tne ae epee Lampsilis recta (Lam.).
Slough*sand-shellk, 27.5.2 3-2 es etn Sete Lampsilis fallaciosa (Smith).
ellow sand-shelll. =. 5253 exe aas sees ase Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea).
Eerie y Cpe ie oe sees er ae eee eee Lampsilis higginsii (Lea).
Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth).
Mine hetit jefe Se Sete Wa Na setes SEReR eee moire Lampsilis ligamentina (Lam.).
HatemUCkets.co54 4 este nc eke eae eee Lampsilis luteola (Lam.).
inockethbook oes, rs suet see ee pee ee Lampsilis capax (Green).

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes).
COMMERCIAL APPRAISAL OF QUANTITY OF SHELLS.

The following table shows, in a general way, the number of shells
to a given weight at four representative stations where the difference
in size was very evident. The computation is based upon counts
of 10 pounds of shells in each case, and the figures represent the num-
ber of pairs of shells. At Chillicothe the shells for the test were from
a 65-ton pile; at Meredosia, from a 10-ton pile; at Florence, from a
16-ton pile; and at Hardin, from a 5-ton pile. The mixed shells
were other commercial species taken from the same piles. The
decrease in size between the shells from Chillicothe and those from
Hardin is more than 50 per cent for the washboards and three-ridges,
and slightly more than 25 per cent for the blue-points.

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

11

TaBLE 5.—NUMBER OF SHELLS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES IN 1 Ton AT Four REPRE-
SENTATIVE STATIONS.

Species.

Washboard (Q. heros)
Three-ridge (Q. plicata)
Blue-point (Q. undulata)
Warty-back (Q. pustulosa)

Njigrerhead) (@:ebend) so nke encore «ack eme de oe oe eo eee
adiy-tmgeri(Qy gtbb0sts ease see 22 ct aes aS Ss te ees oo ee eee :
Mixedisholls 7-6 sass eRe ots em aces Matos Macca dese ace ee hecck ene

Chilli- Mere- :
cothe. désia, Florence.| Hardin.

3, 400 4, 800

ao4noncos 6, 800

7,800 9, 200

1F52004|e eee <

05400) pao e ne a

Soa Ss 21, 200

The following table of the commercial appraisal of the most impor-
tant shells found by the author between Peoria Lake and Beardstown
was prepared by Mr. J. B. Southall, shell expert of the United States
biological station, at Fairport, Iowa. Samples of the different species
were weighed, and from these there were cut blanks of 16 to 30 lines

diameter.

The number of gross of blanks per ton of shells was then

calculated. (L=line; 40 lines=an inch.)

TABLE 6.—COMMERCIAL APPRAISAL OF ILLINOIS RiIvER SHELLS.

Species. Locality. Discoloration. Luster. | Texture.
Three-ridge (Q. plicata)............-- Peoria above bridge. ..| A few stained 2d grade.
Blue point (Q. undulata) ..........--- ReorialWake-o 25. o--o-|s5=0 GOinphsatehsee lees -| 1st grade.
Fat mucket (Z. luteola).............. Peoria above bridge...| None..............|... aes obo:
Wiashboard (Q.:her0s))<\. 00 .c-0chee0e Peoria to Havana..... A few spots .| 2d grade.
IPIS=tO01( Qs UFiGON) eos cecns vec ce ce cee Peoria above bridge (x01: eae, Sika te -| Ist grade.
Warty-back (Q. pesbuloea) Be tatefencgey ta, 3:| Sere DO astays roca Cee ae cae DO eteciieesc ale Do.
Niggerbead'(Qe ebent) oo 2. nose 2s elle oe CW Basbs5b0an S48as| Hae Red Osencenacaeer Do.
Mucket (ZL. ligamentina)............-- skp ees ees wee sees Pinkishy ss sce eee Do.
Buckhorn, pistolgrip (7. twberculata).| Beardstown........... INONCScesseaeec ones Do.
Pocketbook (L. ventricosa).......-.-.- lav anaes ejecece seebalsenos Ol) Sep eREasee le 2d grade.
Maple-leaf, stranger (Q. lachrymosa)..| Peoria to Havana.....|..... Coeecssacee sence -| 1st grade.
Higgins eye (L. higginsii)....-....---- iMeredosiate sceeeen is |seere GO nee asec A 0.
Buttertiys (Es securnis) meses acces es eeee Peoria to Havana..... A few spots Do.
Slough sand shell (Z. fallaciosa)...... Peoria to Beardstown.] None............- Elie eDos
Hee eeu bastard, queen (A. con- | Havana....... Sd550Rbe A few spots 2d grade.

ragosa).

Blackssandishells Cia ecim) ane set sa) CON = ays jey- cine aeieic ror low oa ocee cen S26 ceclincd one
White heel splitter (S. complanata)...| Peoria Lake........... IN ONG arava nicer Good....| 3d grade.

_———————eeEEEEEEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEaEaEaeEEaEaEaEeaEaEaEaSEa=Ea»=BSEaE=eBmamBEe=aE€=y~yeaeeaoananananaeEeEa»~™Em—E———

Gross blanks per ton

: shells.
Species. : = = Remarks.
16 L.| 20 L. | 24 L.| 30 L
E ease ie pe ee ee ey
ihree-nid se (@ivplicata)) eee ean ce seen seec|ecoene 480))| cee Medium to large, exterior not eroded.
Blue point:(Q. wndulata).... = oe c|ooc =. (OS) | ese eaece Medium size, very good button shell.
Fat mucket (L. luteola)..............|....-. Slee xcellbas Re peat a large, smooth exterior, good
material.
Washboard (Q. heros)..........-.---- AUN hoaeosl baoaoe 326 | Large, inclined to be a little chalky.
PIP =tOG (OMI OTD) aoe oe tera apm aol sjeeecieie 48 Ne smal Scie s Medium to large and very thick beaks.
Warty-back (Q. Busia) ee aera 845) See scl keaeenl| serectecs Large size, very good button material.
Niggerhead (Q. ebena)........-......|.....- O10) Ge ace Renae Taree; fine luster, very fine button mate-
rial.
Mucket (2. ligamenting).......-2-.2-\2...-- IEPs | aes oel len Large, one of the best button shells.
Buckhorn, pistol grip ( T.tuberculata)| 634 |......|......|.....- Very good button shell.
Pocketbook (L. ventricosa)..........- TOON SIA eae =a ae Large, inclined to be brittle.
Maple-leaf, stranger (Q. lachrymosa)..| 535 |......|....-.|..---- Medium size, thick at beak, thin at tips.
Higgins eye (L. higginsii)............|.....- 2008 |naealmeoe ee Medium size, thick, good material.
Butiterilya Ch Secunis) a semees sense eb ee lee Path es Se al esa Large, heavy, good material.
Sloughisand shells /allaciosa) =o. 2a sole ce cee|s on ecelncee ee Small, good for novelties, large shells good
button material.
Rock shell, bastard, queen (A. con- |...... C7 id bap a Le Large, heavy, fair button material.

fragosa).
Black sand shell (Z. recta)...........

White heel splitter (8. complanata). .

Some white, some purple; good for nov-
elties.

apace About 30 per cent of shell good for but-

tons, remainder too thin.

12 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.
PRICES OF SHELLS.

The price per ton of shells has varied to a considerable extent
during the last few years on the IIhmois, and also on different parts
of the river, as well as on different rivers of the Mississippi Basin.
The quality of the shells, transportation facilities, and the supply and
demand are the principal determining factors. Only the very best
grade of shells could find a market in 1902; all others were discarded,
being left on shore and deemed entirely worthless. During the sea-
sons of 1907 and 1908 the price ranged from $6 to $20, according to
quality, and for the early season of the next year $9 was paid for all
grades, excepting culls, but near the latter part of the year the price
went as high as $25, which is about the maximum paid for the Illinois
shells. The average price for 1912 was from $12 to $13 for the river
run of marketable shells delivered on board the cars or on a barge at
the river landing. There are so few niggerheads and yellow sand
shells found on the Illinois that it is hardly profitable to sort them
out, excepting in the lower stretch, where the percentage of the latter
is large enough to doso. They then command a price from $50 to $60.

As shown by the following table taken from the United States
Census Report for 1908, the mussel products of the Illmois River for
that year constituted about one-sixth of the total value of the fishery
products of this important stream; and, as stated on page 115 of the
report, the yield of shells and pearls of this river was nearly 40 per
cent of the total water product of the entire State.

Shells-and pearls... cscc.ccce cee stl osicmsste eles es Se emneae see eee $139, 000
3 0 See eerie eRe ee SEOOR a ek es Sie ce Pape myst Sere id eee case tS aS 412, 000
Other fishes: <2ho.senntanst cistern Soe eee aera eae 309, 000

Ota 8 oie cecenieiecicreisclites cielo oe Saved ee eee Seta ee 860, 000

The report also furnishes the following information concerning the
fisheries products of the Mississippi River and tributaries, 1908:

Shelis‘and: pearls.....cocsscinc0s ssc netsee see eee cee et eeloeeete eeen eeee $686, 000
cher fisheries <ss2s "sss sass. ooo asec om eee eee eae ee eee 2, 365, 000
DOA sccsimce neers eds e sae sh ode tier hate ea eee 3, 051, 000
tatios of Illinois River to Mississippi and tributaries:

Shells:and pearlsyr.t. S344 44 een cet geek ose oes eoe .-.-- 20 per cent.
Other fisheries iro oes ised tee Seige de dee ci nerecte Nereerete tee eee 30 per cent.
Misheries products: 3.532 Sccac: oleae aan ee oe eee 28 pet cent.
Fisheries products, Illinois River, 1899............----.-.------- 24, 000, 000 pounds.
Fisheries products, Illinois: River, 1908..5-...2-.-2 s3<<<sen~ seers 46, 000, 000 pounds.

Increase, 92 per cent.

The yield of one-fifth of the total amount of shells and pearls of the
Mississippi Basin is indeed a remarkable output for one river the size
of the Illinois.

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER, 13
PRINCIPAL MUSSEL BEDS.

For convenience in dealing with the mussel fauna of the Illinois,
the river may be divided into three sections:

1. The upper river, from the origin to Chillicothe, a distance of 93
miles.

2. Peoria Lake, from Chillicothe to Peoria, a distance of 20 miles.

3. The lower river, from Peoria to Grafton, a distance of 160 miles.

Upper river.—From its origin to Utica, a distance of about 43
miles, the river flows over a sandstone bed covered with large blocks
of sandstone and bowlders. The water has a very decided odor,
though it has been stated that in the low water of summer, before
the opening of the drainage canal, the odor was more pronounced
and disagreeable than at present. The rocks at the water’s edge are
covered with a slimy ooze having the same odor as the water. This
portion of the river is more directly affected by the drainage canal
than are the lower stretches. In the process of decomposition the
organic matter of the sewage abstracts the dissolved oxygen of the
water and renders it unfit for aquatic life. It is practically destitute
of mussels and forms an impassable barrier for fish, at least during
the summer months.

From Utica to Chillicothe, a distance of 50 miles, the shells are
rather scattering and but little work is carried on. Occasional camps
have been located at three or four points along this stretch, but the
output was small. The commercial shells are mostly the three-ridge
type, washboards, warty-backs, and muckets.

At La Salle the river is about a mile from the city. The right bank
is low and inclined to be swampy; the left bank opposite the bridge
is a fairly high range of drift material. The shore line on both sides
is composed of mud with patches of sand and gravel. A peculiar
slimy, tanky odor is noticeable at this point. No musseling is done,
although a young man stated that last year he had done some pearling.
According to his report, both the shells and pearls were very scarce.

At Hennepin there is a fairly good mussel bed; at Henry there are
two, one above and the other below the dam; there is also a small bed
on the right bank a quarter of a mile below the dam, but no shelling
was being done on this bed.

The following table represents the percentages of the commercial
shells from a 3-ton pile at Henry:

Per cent.
LUCE IOUN eee eee EM ee oS ee eat c ee ten lode et scece sce one toes 40
Mirek te me secre: tem riee eee ane nena nonmia: MELON Pike Vs OL Meet 20
NAVE IS OTOP TROl Goo ke ee ce Ne Ta Ren are ota A ena rR oe 15
OILS = G60 Cp ete era ete oe Rad dd. ope Re ee a Sh om, wei as ahs os nisasaie 10
VRE TnIGL OEE! 2 CUO SIGS eee aot ee ee ee eee ae PE: Oa STE RECO 5
LENE IOEY a5 So IRS SIEGE ATS a |

INI OWL NSTRS Sw S ISS ae CNS NSIS EEC SSR eae ter 5

14 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

The washboards are large, but badly spotted; the muckets and
blue points have good luster and are good button shells.

At the present time it is a hard day’s work to get 500 pounds of
shells, while but a few years ago a man could dig a ton per day.

The bed above the dam has a depth of water from 10 to 20 feet
and rather high mud banks. The current is about 2 miles per hour.
An hour’s work with bars and hooks on this bed yielded 128 shells,
as follows:

Blue pointy. 232s. 5eceseee ese tees G0) | Pink hatchet-back-......40-- secre 2
Mireketen esa ee eens Daetiacerms 20" | OAteY eis iets. na ee See eee Z
Mhrseirideriuc-.2...2 ee 2: Hee aaa SS: 10) (Buckhorn) 6.2092 eee 1
Wortyebaek 22252222 daha & |; Sloughisand=shell..20... 222.04. .208 1
| PAT Yor: ea Sree me sa ntoatapeee Lester ieAgee Di Weer-We sa cprlane cs aoe ane eee 1
Wiashiboard p25 20. s¢ sees Sees 49\|. SQUAW 00 tsi aco cme soe See i)
Ipaper-snell <a =cie Soca e soe 4, | Toad y-AN@er.. .ccoeacs aoe eee 1
NM esleale soe Be nes hee yee ave
Rclcchell seit poet eee ty eRe ee Bin ake 2 Total......-.2-20- 222-222 128
White heel-splitter.................. Zi

There are a few small beds, 2 to 3 acres in extent, between Lacon
and Chillicothe, yielding mostly washboards and three-ridges.

Peoria Lake.—¥rom Chillicothe to Peoria, a distance of 20 miles,
the river broadens into a lakelike expanse, called Peoria Lake, hay-
ing a varying width of from a few hundred yards to nearly 2 miles.
The slow current, the large volume of water, the good average depth
and soft mud bottom are suitable for mussel growth, and there are
consequently many fine mussel beds and an enormous quantity of
shells, making this at present probably one of the best mussel-
producing districts in the United States. Although the bottom is
covered with dead shells, there have been taken, during the latter
part of 1911 and the season of 1912, many tons of good shells by the
lately devised dip-net method. Just what has caused the mortality
of so many shells at this point and elsewhere on the river is not
known. When the dip-net is brought up and the catch is emptied
into the boat, the shells are sorted, the dead ones being thrown back
into the river, thus keeping the bottom continually covered with
them.

It is difficult to state where the mussel beds are located in Peoria
Lake; in fact, they appear to be pretty well distributed over the entire
bottom. Certain localities, however, are much more productive,
while they vary to a considerable extent in abundance of species.

At Chillicothe there was on shore a 65-ton pile of shells, taken from
the local beds, with the following percentages: Blue points 50 per
cent, washboards 25 per cent, mixed shells 25 per cent, the latter
consisting mostly of three-ridges, muckets, warty-backs, pig-toes,
slough sand-shells, and rock-shells. On the entire pile not more than
two or three niggerheads were seen. The washboards were tolerably

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 15

spotted, but hardly so much as at Henry; the blue points were rather
small and thin posteriorly.

There is a good bed, extending from a mile above the railroad
bridge to 300 yards below, having a width nearly that of the river.
The current is about 2 miles per hour; the bottom clay and sand;
the banks low on both sides, and the depth of the water 12 to 15
feet. The following is the result of a two-bar haul over the lower
end of this bed:

Ibe Point perce e626 asin toe ee os: Gin |*Blackisand-shell-<- 2202. 22.252 e2ee 3
Bertanmuedvetiys2 dues. AS GAs Hee 25 -|- Slouph.sandsshell... ...- . 026 -s.2. 225: 3
Wisamibgand sss 2528002 as Beco ae 24 | Rock-shell............ oS eco ce ee oir 2
Han Peer a 16 22 ae gee a ae Papa SISNET 22272) JOKE 6 Oe ee ea a eae ee 1
1 Ui 6 he 1002 ee en ee Pepa NAN ES) ONES) Cer RA el ere a eh eS 1
WETTING Ce) ee ge aera, See ae ote L7, || Hupplewanty-back:: 2.2.2.2. 2: 02 1
[EY OS See eee ee ae i7,| Wlephant-earcus 2. oe ok 1
IMT CKG tar eec etme cto = erate Moo eiaoerasiwellls 28 ny oe Sk oo Sin cern 1
Three-horned shell ........-........ 7

IB Ubbenhy seats sors a ntee my stoleteemnare 3 | Total......-..--++++-++2-++-- 223

Formerly niggerheads would average 10 to 12 per haul, but now
only an occasional one is found. This bed does fairly well on rising
water, yielding about 500 per day.

‘Opposite and extending below Chillicothe, there is a small bed,
100 yards by one-half mile, but it was not being worked much this
year. During 1911 a $3,000 pearl was found at this place.

A mile above Rome there is a good mussel bed, but as it is full of
hang-ups, little shellmg was done. We lost our bar on the first haul
and were compelled to abandon this place. Just below, another
good bed, one-fourth by 1 mile, yields mostly washboards and blue
points.

There is also a fine little bed, 25 feet by 300 yards, 1 mile below
Rome, but since it has scarcely been touched, it is covered with trash
and water plants. The yield is largely blue points and three-ridges.

At Sand Beach Bar, a mile above Spring Bay, there is a small bed,
200 yards by one-fourth mile. The bottom is composed of soft mud,
with some sand and many dead shells. A series of dip-net hauls
showed but a small percentage of shells, mostly blue points and pig-
toes. On account of the dams and the excess of water from the
drainage canal, this bar is covered by water the entire year. On
many low poimts and banks there is considerable drowned timber,
due to the same cause.

There is an excellent bed, one-fourth by 14 miles, at the narrows
below Spring Bay. The bottom is soft mud, clay, and dead shells;
depth of water 8 to 10 feet; fair current. A comparison of two hauls,
one made with an ordinary mussel bar of 98 hooks, distance 50
yards, and the other with an 18-inch dip net, 50-yard circle, is given
in table 7.

16 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

The bar caught 136 shells of 11 species; with the dip net the result
was 74 live shells of 18 species. The first, however, produced nearly
twice the number of commercial shells, but it took more than twice
the tume to make the haul; also the shells had to be taken one by one
from the hooks, while the dip net was dumped at once into the boat,
and the trash and dead shells were thrown back.

Mr. Osear Nash, who assisted in the work on this bed, stated that
in 1909 he obtained here 14 tons in 17 days and sold them for $18
per ton.

TABLE 7.—COMPARISON OF HAULS MADE WITH THE Dip NET AND THE MussEL Bars.

| |

Number of shells. | ‘Number of shells.

Species. =— : —! Species |
Dipnet.) Bar. | Dip net.| Bar.

Bue pomntienssan secs see sesso es 44 LO2g) | Peaperishellieceescceee snes -eeeee 1 1
Mhree-nidgeG eae. acess ee cee alee 3 | 15) Rocky shell asta. 20. -ce-ee ee eeeee 2) eee
Wianty-back noa5>chcsoccesk sei 1 3.||pMaple-leate is: 2-ecoecnaostceemee 1 Pesesce=
Wash board'@r. oe asccc ere cianccieer= 1 1 || Black sand shell............. ste Lee
Pipe tOe eke. eee cee ee 1 | 67] | Deer=toes- cree as aa ero 2 1
TadyeOne ety: 26 joemtce re eanesces 4 2 || Anodonta imbecillis........----... cB pessese-
liKGtd 215 Seep np aeceelssecece cesene Haasan eee 2 | Anodonta corpulenta.......-..--- 1 | 3 cceeee
Ratmucketieek cae ce tsossas os iy oe Seer || Plagiola donaciformis........-..-- 1| Soo oeee
Three-horned shell.............-.. 6 2 || Quadrula fragosa.........--.-..-- 1 Eee Saarne
Wihitesheelisplittersas 2.02. ces- s2s|saceoecee 1 |

Ink natchet WaCkere eo eeene renee 7 Reet Motalsiescessecaaasssceteee 74 136

aThe washboards and three-ridges are found mostly in the channel.

On the Mossville Flats, just below the narrows, there were four
camps in operation, and about 30 tons of good shells, largely blue
points, and muckets, with fewer washboards, and some pig-toes.
The washboards are very good and but little spotted. In this vi-
cinity one man with a dip net can dig 1,000 to 1,200 pounds in half a
day. It is claimed that some beds here have not been even touched.

At the present time Peoria is a great center of shell production.
During the mussel-fishing season men from various parts of the river
go there fully equipped to work, as the dip net can be used advan-
tageously and the yield is exceptionally good. There were many
camps at Gatlin’s landing and from 80 to 100 tons of shells on shore.
A similar condition exists just above this place, at Averyville.
One shell buyer stated that he had purchased 600 tons at these two
places last year and would at least equal it this season.

The percentages of the different species of the different camps
vary considerably according to the part of the lake fished. One
camp of six to eight tons had the following percentages of shells:

Per cent.
Blue point 42s 6 2 ve ote i BILE OS, ER - eee 65
Rbree-Tid ter. sei. cestts ci Ene bebe. Seve Eile eighee os. Gena eee 15
MO ie ret eat ecb 2 «Se a oh wie ee Bete Cae <6 pcp Siwacpi cn mpreo te eee Ee 7
Wash board). on tote cnc cir din cp fo ee ete eee ae ee 5
PIS-106 so osc ccies Sessile a iacen's bien nee on Yo ae ee ee eee ne 3

AML others coc. cee nc ace kee ye ise Sec e ee eee ee ee 5

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. LF

The shells grouped under ‘‘ All others’’ include white heel splitters,
slough sand shells, ete.

The bed just above the upper bridge at Peoria was examined.
On account of the bottom not beimg suitable for the dip net, the
ordinary bars were used. Thirty species were found, the percentages
of commercial shells of which are as follows:

Per cent.
HUE POINt sess e a nas oe es nb SORE RUE SAS es cle eel a eae RSME st 50
WORE DIT oe i Se Ba ee Ae ee ee 2 8
IMG Cet aeaene ers eee ne En See ets Cites bees PEE RSENS glare eae Sse ae 10
INNS WOES Goec se oo Soot e SURE nee te Te ae Beer 5 ae Oe. 5 eee Te 10
\RPSINL NOG LE ers babes aneo do OG Oe Soe GU See eee ee ee er 10.
[FLERE S Ses SOS ISS E oe Se Seren esi ee Sea es ee a ogee ene ES ee 5
J, OPMINSTEE Gh des crt 4 ARN leh Ait MAPS RIS 2 dd CR Raia th a Ce ME i

A day’s work, including cooking, will produce 700 pounds of shells
from this bed. When the dip net and a good gasoline boat are used
on favorable bottoms much better results are obtained.

Lower river.—That part of the Ilnois from Peoria to Grafton may,
for the purposes of this discussion, be designated as the lower river,
which is conveniently divided into two sections, the first from Peoria
to Kampsville and the second from the latter place to the mouth.

First section: Between Peoria and the Government Locks at
Kampsville, a distance of 128 miles, the mussel supply is very poor
as compared with the output of two or three years ago. Although
many tons of good shells are still being taken, the river shows marks
of depletion.

There are five tolerably well-established beds between Peoria and
Pekin, but they were not worked to any extent during the present.
season, probably on account of the nearness of Peoria Lake and the
better results obtained in that region, where the dip net is used to
good advantage. In 1910 there were 25 shellers at work on these
beds, 10 in 1911, and but 1 or 2 in 1912. The first bed below
Peoria extends from Kickapoo Point to Wesley; the second from
Willow Point to within one-half mile above Seven-Mile Island; the
third from the foot of this island and extending down 14 miles; the
fourth from the river road to within three-quarters of a mile of the
bridge at Pekin; and the fifth from the ‘“‘day mark”’ to the bridge at
Pekin, a distance of one-half mile.* During the early part of this
season (1912), Mr. Lemm gathered from these beds about 10 tons of
good shells, of which 60 per cent were blue points, 25 per cent wash-
boards, 10 per cent three-ridges, and all others 5 per cent. The
washboards were exceptionally good.

Although there are several good mussel beds between Pekin and
Havana, but little shelling has been done. The bottom is composed

« Mr. Herman Lemm, of Pekin, Ill., furnished the information concerning the location of these beds.

18 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

of mud and sand, covered more or less with dead shells and trash.
At the mouth of Mackinaw River the bottom was soft mud and prac-
tically without mussels. The water had a very bad odor, due to
sewage pollution. In reference to the soft-mud bottoms, Mr. Free-
land states: “I jumped from the front end of a launch near Copperas
Creek Locks and sank into the mud almost to my hips. At the mouth
of Old Crow Creek at Chillicothe, at the mouth of the Mackinaw River
below Pekin, above Copperas Creek Locks and Dam at Liverpool, and
in the narrow reach between Liverpool and Havana this condition
exists, not only near the shore, but all the way across the river. At
Liverpool the weight on the sounding line sank into the mud at the
middle of the river when attempts were made to ascertain water
depths.” The percentages of shells of this stretch are about as
follows:

Per cent.
Blue point and three-midge ....... -..4...255-b2-. Hsef ese else NS 36
Win GY Dae sar fe oot carey acho eee varios oie ye) ses eee ae ee 30
Wiashboard:... 9: <.ssscSeeges ucts see eee eae meee RO ee Oe 5
IMT CKe GyesaccSe emcee sas cisjcinte cise eeieine oye eee ie Oe Soe een ee 4
(Oe 021g: eye he cree ret ao eek ne te eae Per eee See ty ee MAL GS A 8
Noncommercial. J32 seh aos ceies clo bei oo etd a ct a eee Se Ue: ee ee 17

At Havana there were five or six camps with about 30 tons of good
shells, which were taken mostly from the beds below the city where
the washboards predominate. The percentages of shells are about
as follows:

Per cent.
Wash board 2 2scccsens cose = cocreje ejects ciaerise cena ont ec ee eee eee 50
JBI Cosi 0l ike anne aoece od Od un Sosa aSecaoarapuor steaccSqsescsorapodsradtes.5-5- 45
Others:.. £22 coc. Seaicmese ee Ssaresioe cecice eo ejects cee Oeics oe eee 5

The mixed shells were the black sand shells (some of which had a
white nacre, others being deeply colored), yellow sand shells, warty-
backs, pig-toes, buckhorns, rock shells, higgins eyes, deer-toes, and
pocketbooks.

In company with Mr. Henry C. Allen we examined the beds in the
vicinity of Havana with the dip net. Above the mouth of Spoon
River a small bed 2 to 3 acres in extent is fairly productive. The
bottom is mud, there is a 2-mile current, and the depth of the water
is 8 feet. Several hauls were made, showing 75 per cent of blue points
and 17 per cent of noncommercial shells. There were also many dead
shells.

Another bed, with the same bottom conditions, but with many
more dead shells—especially noticeable in the older washboards—and
thousands of live snails, is located at the head of Cooks Island. The
percentage of this bed is: Blue points, 35; three-ridges, 24; warty-
backs, 12; rock shells, 8; maple leaves, 7; slough sand shells, 7; wash-
boards, 4; and others, 3.

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. les:

The bed at the mouth of Quiver Lake showed that fully 90 per cent
of the shells were dead. The only live ones found were of the three-
ridge type and small washboards, 2 to 24 inches in length. It is diffi-
cult to state just what has killed the shells at this point, although the
young washboards, 2 to 3 years old, were strong and vigorous, indi-
cating that more favorable conditions exist at present. The east
shore, especially on the lower course of the lake, is sandy, and on dig-
ging a few inches into the sand clear, cold water was found, coming
from the uplands. The west shore is low, and since the building of
the drainage canal all kinds of timber on overflowed lands—acres upon
acres—have been killed, due to high water the entire year.

A small bed of the three-ridge and floater types extends from Cooks
Island to the railroad piers. The depth of the water is 8 to 20 feet
and there is a fair current. This bed, especially on the lower end, has
a very poor output.

Formerly the mussel beds in the vicinity of Bath were perhaps the
most productive ones of the entire river. Hundreds of tons of good
shells were gathered and shipped from there. The industry, however,
has dwindled to such an extent that at the present time there are
only six camps in operation, with about 50 tons on shore.

The beds above Grand Island, though fairly productive, could be
restored to a considerable extent by propagation. The bottom is of
hard mud, the current is fair, and the shores are low mud banks
covered more of less with timber. In testing these beds, as well as
those down the right chute of the island, two bars of 90 hooks each,
were used. These beds gave the following percentages of shells:

Per cent.
\ Wa RCS a 2 seo seat bender ds ge Cb seme ae oe eMermiggas OSS one Ee soeer Boers 31
TENG: OCT Saeeia KA s AMOS SOE OPES ee Ole Dre Se Cece tee Acta ne a Seer ee 19
Mine dealeys See sarcasm a Pre eee eraser rere at ghar 3S ciara be att os cist 10
Winslnl gears ak Sue 5 SSR BUSSES UE Sue OBS Re Sa ne renee, CNC, ences Sener a ree ieee 9
CO) TEN Ts EP ee oe en Pn rane Ii eis eee wee cero epic ache yee d ais evra say Ie
NO MeO TNTTATKOE een Caco abie SEO GES On Oe OS SOG en): Bae ee 2 eer eee, 14

In the right chute, the conditions are somewhat better, though
there are more trash, hang-ups, and dead shells. About halfway
down, the bottom for a short distance is mostly sand and as a con-
sequence the epidermis of the shells is inclined to be yellowish. A
washboard, conspicuous by having a pronounced ridge and valley
running diagonally from the umbone toward the posterior end was
taken in one of these hauls. On opening the shell, the mantle at the
tip contained a 10-grain hightop pearl of good luster, but badly
discolored on the base. These beds had warty-backs, 38 per cent;
blue point, 16 per cent; washboards, 11 per cent; other commercial
shells, 15 per cent; and noncommercial shells, 20 per cent.

22889°—14 32

20 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

Matanzas Bay, above Bath, is bemg worked with dip nets. Ninety
per cent of the commercial shells are blue-points. There are, how-
ever, many paper-shells and Anodontas, and many dead shells.

The beds at Beardstown have been extensively worked, and though
fairly productive, 500 pounds of shells per day of 10 hours’ labor with
a gasoline boat is considered a good catch. Fifteen to twenty boats
were working there, and the five button factories use the shells of the
locality. Although the output is not good, there are three reasons
why these beds are being so heavily worked, namely, the fair amount
of pearl finds, the nearness to home, and the ready market.

An estimation of percentages from a 25-ton pile of freshly dug
shells shows washboards, 35 per cent; blue-points, 24 per cent; warty-
backs, 18 per cent; three-ridges, 8 per cent; all others, 15 per cent.
Though smaller than the same species above Beardstown, the wash-
boards are exceptionally good in this pile.

A series of test hauls of 200 yards each were made with the mussel
bar on the 5-mile bed at Beardstown, beginning above the railroad
bridge and extending 1 mile below. The bottom is sand and mud;
the depth in channel, 10 to 20 feet; there is a 2-mile current, and the
banks are low. This bed has washboards, 25 per cent; warty-backs,
19 per cent; blue-points, 11 per cent; pig-toes, 10 per cent; others,
12 per cent; and noncommercial shells, 23 per cent.

On the right bank below the bridge the washboards are more abun-
dant, but, owing to so many snags and hang-ups, it is deemed inadvis-
able to work at that point. The niggerheads are scarce, though they
are reported to have been plentiful some years ago. The spikes or
lady-fingers are abundant. The washboards are but little spotted
and are good button shells.

In the bay above Beardstown the washboards are more spotted
and not so desirable for commercial purposes.

Three miles above La Grange Locks there is a small bed, one-half
mile in length and practically as wide as the river, excepting in the
channel. The river conditions are as follows: Current, 1 mile; 8 to
12 feet deep; mud bottom. On this bed the washboards are nearer
to the shore, while the smaller shells are farther out. This and the
two beds just below yield about 200 pounds per day, with bar. Very
few pearls and slugs are found. The percentages of commercial
species of these beds were determined from camps situated 3, 2,
and 1 miles respectively, above the locks: washboards, 50 per
cent; blue points, 20 per cent; three-ridges, 10 per cent; warty-
backs, 10 per cent; and others, 10 per cent. The washboards are very
good.

A bed beginning a little below the locks and extending to Meredosia,
although fairly productive, was being fished but very little. The
shells are pretty well distributed, except in the channel. The river

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER, 21

conditions at this point are: Slow current; 8 to 15 feet deep; and
bottom of clay, mud, and sand. The pocketbooks, pig-toes, and
purple warty-backs were somewhat more abundant than in the pre-
ceding beds. It was stated that some years ago the niggerheads,
yellow sand shells, and muckets were plentiful. There is a large
percentage of lady-fingers, which when caught are generally thrown
back into the river.

At Meredosia the mussel fishermen were discouraged and stated
that ‘‘the river is playing out.”’ Several camps were considering
the advisability of moving to more favorable localities, either on the
Illinois or Mississippi. Although the output—200 to 300 pounds of
shells per day—was small, the number of good pearl finds afforded
considerable stimulation to the work. During 1909 there were 200
men at work between Meredosia and Naples, and they gathered 100
carloads, the price being $25 a ton,? while in 1912 there were but 25
to 35 men gathering 15 carloads at $13 per ton. There were about
400 tons in the hands of the buyers and 250 tons at the two button
factories. In this stretch of the river the niggerheads and muckets
are scarce, but there is an abundance of lady-fingers. The wash-
boards here, being clear of spots, are the best button material, and
the next best are the blue points and warty-backs. The few nigger-
heads found are thin.

At Valley City there were 10 to 12 men working on the local beds,
the output not exceeding 300 pounds. It was stated that there
were many boats employed here last summer. There is a small
bed, 300 to 400 yards long, situated on the left bank, one-eighth
mile above the railroad bridge. This bed is covered more or less
with trash and hang-ups, thereby making it remarkably interesting,
in that it is practically in its native state. It contains 18 species of
commercial shells, including a fair percentage of niggerheads, pocket-
books, and muckets.

Although early in the season, 40 men were fishing on the mussel
beds in the vicinity of Florence, while but 9 were engaged in July.
Forty tons of 1912 shells had already been shipped and half that
amount were on shore. The following percentages were determined
from a number of hauls made at Florence, two bars of 100 hooks each
being used; the bottom, sand and mud with brush and dead shells.

Per cent.
IES Vests 01 ee a re elo afew ofan offal s Peale a Sew =ivicisibi'<(aie's a1a/a 2 Ba See 24
Wiashiboardessssssseene ce wy eh D2 RSS RO SA ee ey ae ar Re 20
Wary acka s seom ween a ser ee dea OL SS ccine ac aoe caeeete eee seslee ee ds 18
Pig=toesaesy. erates roe Bakes: eo Ce ee eae item Sap ytat Sees Oe 9
OTH ers ee nO mens Na he oe eration So: Aaveyensid c.braveve ove Srapelsiers scciereye 21
INigm@enanncvaRer tne canoe oa e Sls Hee tee Oe Re as ae ee eae eee 8

a Kappel Bros., Meredosia, Ill.

22 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

Only one each of elephant-ear and squaw-foot were found; the
lady-fingers were smaller and much less abundant than at Meredosia
and Valley City. This bed will yield 200 to 300 pounds per day per
man.

There are good beds on both sides of the river practically all the
way from Florence to Montezuma. At the latter place, 12 tons of
shells had been shipped this year, and 5 tons remained on shore.
There were two to four men working on the mussel beds, getting 200
to 300 pounds per day. It was stated that two years ago there were
30 to 40 boats in operation, and 200 tons were shipped. The per-
centages of the shells are about as at Florence.

From Bedford 15 to 20 tons had been shipped by the middle of
July and 8 tons were on shore. There were 10 boats at work, the
yield being 300 to 400 pounds. ‘The shells are the usual run, how-
ever, some beds have as much as 5 per cent of muckets, while on
others the lady-fingers appear to be associated with the washboards.

A few years ago Pearl, like Bath, was a great mussel center.
Then there were 300 to 400 men working on the bed, beginning
near Bedford and extending in zigzag lines for 15 miles down the
channel of the river. At the present time (1912) there are 30 men
engaged in the mussel fishery, and they have gathered 10 to 12
carloads of good commercial shells; but the conditions have so
changed and the outlook is so unfavorable that some of the local
button factories are anxious for new territory.

Near shore, in the left chute at the foot of Spar Island, 3 miles
below Pearl, there is a good productive bed yielding mostly rather
large washboards, a fair percentage of blue points, and a few muck-
ets. This bed has a mud bottom somewhat covered with trash,
and is best worked by wading and diving. Near the shore line
fully 75 per cent of the shells were slough sand shells, burrowed in
the mud and standing on end.

The camps at Gravel Point, Webbs Landing, and Woods Creek
Landing had 15 boats in operation, with an output of 30 tons. The
shells in this stretch are of the usual run, though there is a smaller
percentage of culls, such as lady-fingers and paper shells. The
washboards are exceptionally good.

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 23

TABLE 8.—PERCENTAGES OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF MUSSELS AT SIx STATIONS IN THE
LoWER STRETCHES OF THE RIVER.

|

Right

Above

i Chute, | Beards-| Flor- | Har- | Graf-
Species: Hea Grand | town. | ence. | din. | ton.
Stane. | Island. |

iINig@erhead.s. . ee eeene - ae cee tee ee sees. 2 ae 1 x x x 4 32
Obior River pig-l0e; see ae een eee ee cc cceeccs cose e 1 1 x x 2 3%
PASO 2 << i= cid sates BR Dee ie ele ante tel ators ato eyo otsheseraretsieia3 4 3 10 9 2 1
Wianty-Dacks~ ses 5 cae siee sete scien eaten ioc See es oe 31 38 19 18 13 35
Maple-leat-scn2 Ss ssscncitsacis Sere claios <fooe ee oad a sae 10 2 3 2 x 3
Washboardaeeccn. ee toc sense ote eccen ese Beyer 9 11 25 20 23 15
IBlwe=pointieeesen = a as-is aie eters a 19 16 11 24 20 20
MAT EG-TLAPO aoe meee cbeciesecce cassie sce acisceaeecses 4 4 4 5 | 11 | x
WMadiy=hng Ohereia haya co ses ete. cena 5 15 20 5 | 13 1
Mihrecshorned shollaetene secs. te creche en ween ceineceenae 4 2 1 a 3 1
IBUeEkK-hormin.< 2 ae. cesmacsee ele sean 2 ata eiareieretate Bsa x 1 1 x x 1
WM CGI 1OOt ae seco see ne see ciee a eset cia ch cc ete assess 1 2 x x 1 <
IBubtecthymeeece a. sae seca e ea tee ee neces ee sa x X x x Xx 3
Rapermsielleresarr cc seeccecisce cw cistsecdess assedececes 5 1 1 1 1 | x<
Vellowssan di shelssse one ee ccktine ce oben phectehs eee x < x « 1 7
OTH erISHOlISe eee eer tees vac asa ah et ete ones cee ee 5 3 4 7 5 11

|
|
|
|
|
|

NotEr.— x represents less than 1 per cent.

Second section: From Kampsville to the mouth of the Illinois at
Grafton, a distance of 32 miles, the mussel conditions are much
better, and the river is yielding greater quantities of shells than
any other portion except the Peoria Lake region. There were about
150 boats at work in this stretch, with a daily yield of 500 to 700
pounds of shells per man.

Except in the last few miles of the lower course, the river bears
closely to the right of the watershed and to the high bluffs and
wooded hills, and consequently becomes very picturesque in appear-
ance.

Above the Government locks at Kampsville 10 men were engaged
in mussel fishing, each obtaining 300 to 500 pounds per day. There
were 30 tons on shore. The last bed above the locks extends almost
to the dam and is more productive on the lower end, probably due
to the fact that but little work had been done there on account of
the danger. The beds produce washboards, 45 per cent; blue points,
21 per cent; warty-backs, 20 per cent; while just below the dam the
yield is not so large, yet the pearl finds will probably more than
make up the difference.

Below the Kampsville locks (the last in the river) the water is
swifter, and the stream is in its natural condition. The shells are
about the same as above, but near the dam there are more pocket-
books (LZ. ventricosa and capax) and fat muckets. Some beds also
have a large percentage of lady-fingers. On July 3 a sheller working
the bed below the locks unguardedly ran his boat into the falls of
the dam and was drowned.

From Willow Island to the foot of Hurricane Island there were
30 boats in operation, and very good results were obtained. Both
sides of the latter island have good productive beds; the catch,

24 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

especially in the channel, is: Washboards, 75 per cent; blue points,
10 per cent; and warty-backs, 10 per cent. A good 32-grain pearl
was found in this stretch during the summer.

There were four camps and 26 tons of shells on shore in the dark
or right chute of Diamond Island. This chute is deep, narrow, and
has a number of hang-ups. No shelling is done here on Mondays
on account of the large steamboat which makes a round trip then
from St. Louis to Kampsville. In going through this chute the steam-
boat makes such large and dangerous waves that no small craft there
could keep from sinking. Twenty-eight species in all were taken
here, including the only spectacle-case (Jf. monodonta) taken during
the entire trip. The shells are largely washboards of excellent
quality, and but few lady-fingers. The bed affords 400 to 600
pounds per day per man. The left or light chute is much shallower
and the beds have a good yield of commercial shells.

At Hardin there were from 60 to 100 gasoline boats at work on the
mussel beds, the yield being from 400 to 700 pounds of good quality
shells. Probably by the latter part of July as many as 1,000 tons
had been shipped from there, about one-third of the amount going to
Canadian factories. It appears that Hardin would be an excellent
location for a button factory, the raw material being so abundant
and near at hand. A number of good pearls were found this year,
the most valuable one selling for $750.

A series of test hauls were made, beginning at the foot of Diamond
Island and extending to Hardin. The mussel bar and crow-foot
hooks were used. From this bed 34 species were taken, also a
number of dead shells. The percentage was:

Washboard.. 22... .c.22-- Sb eels weed Bs Rs ole mee iek te Pelee rene Oe eee Hone eee eee 23
Blue points. % <ccenedes cs ce oes eb ete ecg eee ee eee ee te eee eee 20
Warty-back 2. <\cc- soc ak aioit ple aie site slewie we eicinaie == or eine ie eras ol eae 13
BUNTEC IOC. 2 aie Meas ce © oe acini os Seo he = acto la = Sie rote ee ee aise a 11
WNipcerhiead |. 2.5.5.2 ia: Jal Sse tone ots Sane c oes ee ct eiste octet n-ne se <a eee 4
Wigt0G2 2 ick athens oo see nts Peas sie ee on One ee re eee Ieee eee 2
Oi nn\231-ee ee ee ee en See eee Ooh An seuor come erodes S0S0s5 0. + 13
Noncommercial seco. bac hee ee eee eee ee eee eee. See eee 14

In that part of the Illinois from Hardin to Grafton at the mouth,
a distance of 20 miles, there are practically no places for accommo-
dations in the way of lodging, and it was necessary to make the survey
of the interesting district in one continuous run, from early morning
until late at night. There are a number of good and productive
mussel beds in this region, with the exception of the last few miles
of the river.

In the left chute of Mortland Island the yield of shells is 400 to 600
pounds per man per day. There are 12 to 15 camps within 2 miles of
each other, and 90 to 100 tons have been taken this year. The
shells are of the usual run of those found in this stretch, though the

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 25

washboards are very small and there are fewer culls, such as lady-
fingers.

At Twelve-mile Island there were four camps in operation, two on
each side of the island, the average daily yield being from 400 to 600
pounds per man. Early in the season the upper camp of the right
chute took 1,200 to 1,800 pounds per day, which was very good work
indeed with the mussel bar and crow-foot hooks. The lower camps,
during the earlier part of the season were overflowed, and work
accordingly could not be carried on; however, when the conditions
became more favorable, two men gathered 30 tons of good market-
able shells in eight weeks. The mussel beds in the vicinity of this
island produce about 65 per cent of washboards, 20 per cent of the
three-ridge type, a very small percentage of niggerheads, and a
sufficient quantity of yellow sand-shells to be sorted out and sold
separately at an advanced price of from $50 to $60 per ton. The
lady-fingers and other noncommercial shells are not very plentiful
in this district.

In the last productive stretch of the river there are 10 to 15 mussel
camps in operation, the daily output being 500 to 600 pounds, which
is somewhat less than the immediate shelling districts above. The
shells of the three-ridge type are more abundant, though there are
fewer warty-backs; the washboards have again become a trifle larger
than at Hardin, but they are not quite so good from a commercial
standpoint, as they are inclined to be spotted.

As a comparison of the Illinois River product with that of the
Mississippi, the percentages given in the brief table below were made
from a 2-ton pile of recently gathered shells taken in the Mississippi
at Grafton, just below-the mouth of the Illinois. It will be observed
that the niggerheads are relatively abundant and that there is a fair
amount of yellow sand-shells.

Per cent.
Nisperhead. 2 cmt). s- 25s = a0 Bie ae SNe Sad Maes asi cist a d SSP ea ces 32
iblwe point <7. oS. cc eos Boge tye wate cP POSE CRAM, Seca eth ga ea a 20
VV DSLOUO CERO! er BAS Ree cur tek Ball oe RS 15
Bye lMonvanand-shelliger: saesces toe tO RSE So PA Celso. hose Si oes edad bes a
AWW AVS TEXO) © Feo Gee eee ae See Oe ee ee 3
GB ibtertlyessnece sete sael oe a2 Soto he See eases Ce fo Bete sesh t ey eR OE eee As 3
Maplesleaiie teeter ate ike eA EA Nose Sh SO uh othe kao. SACD SEE 3
Oiberssinelmdmmerenills! Gte:? tae ooo. a2 she. otcide eciseted cates clscueng 17

Tributarves—The tributaries of the Illinois, as a rule, produce a
superior grade of shells and a larger per cent of pearls and slugs than
the main stream. A serious disadvantage, however, of the smaller
rivers is that, especially during the low water of summer, the mussel
beds are liable to be almost completely depleted by waders, either
pearlers or shellers. :

Spoon River.—No extended investigations were conducted on the
Spoon River during the present survey; however, a short trip was

26 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

made in the lower stretches, which did not reveal very satisfactory
conditions for mussel beds. The banks are composed of drift or mud,
and the low bottoms are subject to overflow in times of high water.
The river is very crooked, with numerous large bends and a consider-
able number of cuts and corresponding fills and bars on the opposite
side. It is practically a depleted stream, as relates to the mussel
fishery, though the upper portions are more favorable for mussel
beds, and it is a question whether it would be profitable to restock
it or carry on propagation work to any extent, as it is so readily ex-
hausted in a season or two by pearl hunters and others.

There have been recorded, 20 years ago, from the Spoon River,
about 38 species of the Unionide.* The commercial species listed
in the general table of species on page 37 were from a pearl hunter’s
pile of shells taken from the upper river during the present season.
The shells were excellent in quality, and large in comparison with
those of the Illinois. Some of the washboards (Q. heros) were so
large that they would hardly fit into an ordinary hat.

Sangamon River.—The Sangamon River is about 170 miles in length
and has a drainage basin of 5,670 square miles, which is the largest
of the tributaries. The lower stretch, formerly very winding and
overflowing the lowlands, has been straightened by means of a ditch.

The general conditions of this river, with its many favorable places
for beds, are good for mussel development, and the propagation of the
better species could be easily carried on and the river made to yield
a reasonable annual return, provided it were judiciously fished. A
station was made near Springfield, Lll., and the commercial shells
found there are listed on page 37. The shells are of a better grade
than those of the main stream, and the muckets, niggerheads, and
buckhorns are more abundant. About 100 tons of good shells have
been gathered this year, with a daily output of 400 to 500 pounds.
A number of fine pearls and slugs were found, and all were generally
of a rather good grade. The river appears to be fairly well cleaned

out.
DEAD MUSSEL BEDS.

At several places on the Illmois, more particularly noticeable
in the lower stretches, there are evidences here and there of old
covered-up mussel beds which lie several feet below the surface.
The keeper of the Government locks at La Grange stated that at the
time of building the locks, when extensive excavation was done, a
dead mussel bed of some extent and thickness was encountered at a
short distance below the present surface, and that the shells were lying
in their natural position.

a Strode, W.S., M. D.: The Unionide of Spoon River, Fulton County, Il. The American Naturalist,
vol. XXVI, 1892, p. 495-501.

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. PAT

Near the head of Diamond Island, situated about 2 miles above
Hardin, there is exposed at low stages of the river along the shore
line from below the water’s edge to a foot above, an extensive bed of
dead shells, as shown at A in figure 1. A similar condition exists
further down the river on the right bank, as shown at B in figure 1.
This is probably a continuation of the same bed. Below Hardin two
additional beds are exposed where the current has undermined and
cut away the banks—one bed at the head of Mortland Island ex-
tending irregularly down the left chute of the island for half a mile,
and the other at the head of Twelve-mile Island.

Here, no doubt, is a situation of the destruction of large mussel
beds in comparatively recent times by means of a silting or filling in

SSS,
SWAMP

~ “

Fig. 1.

process of mud and sand. The mussels evidently could not keep pace
with the settlings, as the deposit was rapidly forming, and were suffo-
cated. The shells appear to be of the same species found in the river
at those places, and are very fragile and limy white in color.

METHODS OF THE ILLINOIS MUSSEL FISHERY.

The mussel fishermen of the Illinois are, as a rule, practical river-
men who are familiar with the conditions of the river, the general
habits of the fishes and mussels, and the methods of taking them,
although considerable misinformation is in evidence, as, for example,
the structure of the mussel, methods of reproduction, the names of
the shells, the character of pearls, etc. Mr. Freeland states that the
men who were first attracted to the mussel fishery of this stream
were largely an indolent lot, who expected to find an easy fortune

28 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

in pearls, and in their haste to do so, generally discarded the shells
as worthless, or at best only of secondary importance. During the
summer of 1907 only two men were found who said that shells and
not pearls were the chief object of their work. When the mussel
industry reached a firm commercial basis, however, this type of men
practically vanished, and was replaced by the regular fishermen,
farmers who work at mussel fishing during dull seasons on the farm,
the professional mussel fishermen, and by others who were attracted
to the river for pleasure and profit during a summer’s outing. The
mussel fishermen, when at a distance from home, often live in tents
or in rudely constructed houses situated at favorable places along
the shore, and at times in substantial house-boats, which afford them
shelter as well as an economical means of moving their outfit from
place to place as the season changes or their inclination prompts.

Almost all of the shellers have gasoline boats with which to carry
on their work. There are two types of boats in use—the launch, of
which there are a variety of designs, and the john boat; the latter is
very popular, as it is comparatively cheap, easily made, affords
plenty of room, and is perhaps better adapted for handling the nec-
essary appliances. It has a broad flat bottom, square ends, long
rakes, especially forward, and is from 14 to 18 feet long. The gaso-
line engines are from 2 to 20 horsepower. The advantages of a
power boat over the rowboat are very apparent, namely, the greater
distance possible to travel in a day, the readiness with which the
camps can be moved from one locality to another, and the greater
quantity of shells taken.

Crow-foot bar.—The ordinary mussel bar or brail with crow-foot
hooks, common on most of the commercial rivers, is the principal
apparatus used on the lower two-thirds of the Illinois. The bar
js usually of iron, from 12 to 16 feet in length, and from three-
fourths to 1 inch in diameter. The strings carrying the hooks are
placed 4 inches apart. There are two types of mules, or under-
water sails, as they are sometimes called, the common solid frame
type and the roll mule. The latter is generally used on this river,
and has some advantages over the other, in that it can be rolled up
and put out of the way when not needed, or used as a tent for pro-
tection against unfavorable weather, and it is claimed that it is better
adapted to change the angle of the boat when desiring to cross the
mussel bed diagonally or to avoid a known hang-up. On some parts
of the river scissor forks or tongs are employed with fair success
during part of the year, usually in low water. At those places where
it is impossible to use any appliance on account of snags and other
obstructions, and where the water is not too deep, the shells are often
taken by wading or diving, but owing to the necessary exposure this
method is not very popular with the mussel fishermen.

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 29

Dip net.—Since the time that the mussel fishery began on this river,
it was known that Peoria Lake contained large beds of good com-
mercial shells, but until 1911 no very successful method of taking
them had been devised, scissor forks, oyster tongs, rakes, and the
ordinary mussel bar with crow-foot hooks proving unsatisfactory.
The dip net was introduced during the spring of that year and is now
used there almost exclusively, as it is simple in construction, inexpen-
sive, and especially suited to soft mud bottoms free from logs and
hang-ups, and where there is but little or no current. Like the mussel
bar, it gathers nearly everything in its path on the river bottom and
even some little distance below. Besides the live and dead shells, and
always plenty of mud, there are found at times in the net as the result
of a haul some one or more of the following articles: Bottles, cinders,
lanterns, old shoes and rubbers, folding anchors, spectacles, shotguns,
pieces of musical instruments, shovels, watches and rings, jugs of
gasoline, monkey wrenches, waterworks keys, tin cans, corncobs,
snags, etc.

It is not known who invented this valuable apparatus, but probably
the idea developed from the fish dip net, which it resembles, by gradu-
ally changing its form to the substantial tool now employed. There
appear to be no two dip nets alike, as the blacksmiths make them
according to orders and the material at hand. However, the various
designs and patterns are very similar, the main difference being in
size. ‘The method of operation is the same for all of them. In a
general way the dip net consists of a heavy, flattish iron hoop of one
piece, bent somewhat triangular in form, with two of its sides curved
outward and fastened firmly with bolts to a pole or handle 16 to 20
feet long. The third side or bottom is straight and from 18 to 36
inches in length, and is usually provided with coarse teeth along its
edge, which is bent downward. A net of 2-inch mesh, made of small
chain or no. 96 trot line with a capacity of a bushel or more, is fastened
to the hoop by means of chain links and trails behind it. A short
rope or bridle attached to the two curved sides of the hoop leads to a
single rope secured to the bow of the boat. When the water is rather
deep, the boats are fitted with a boom pole extending forward from
the bow, and the rope from the bridle is fastened to its end, thus
giving greater length of rope and convenience of manipulation.
Driven by a gasoline engine of from 4 to 20 horsepower, according to
the size and weight of the dip net, the boat draws the apparatus
through the water along the bottom. The greater the power, of
course, the better the results. The operator stands in the stern of
the boat and steers with his foot or leg, and at the same time puts
the net into the water, usually at his right side and bears down
heavily on the handle. The teeth on the lower edge of the hoop dig
up the mussels which roll into the net. Unless the appliance be

30 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

placed at the stern and in the direct line of travel, there is a retarda-
tion on one side only, and the boat consequently makes a large circle
over the mussel beds. When the tool is raised after making a haul,
the mud and small shells are washed out by dipping the net a number
of times into the river; the contents are then dumped into the bottom
of the boat, to be sorted out, the trash and dead shells being thrown
overboard. The partner usually attends to this matter as well as

looking after the engine. By this method of mussel fishing, two men
or a man and a boy can easily dig in a good locality 1,500 to 1,800
pounds of shells in half a day.

LEGISLATION.

The legislature of Illinois has recently enacted a law looking toward
the protection of mussels and the mussel fishery of the State. <A
closed season has been established for the navigable waters, extending
from October 1 to April 1, inclusive. The boats are to be equipped
with not more than two bars, which shall not exceed 16 feet in length,

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 31

the hooks thereon to be at least 4 inches apart. Nonresidents must
have a license costing $50 for each boat.

In view of the threatened depletion of the mussel beds on the Illi-
nois, it has been suggested by mussel fishermen and others interested
in the industry that there should be a closed season on all the mussel-
bearing rivers or parts thereof, extending over a period of three to five
years; the rivers or the parts to be so arranged in series that some
(sufficient to maintain the button industry) would be left open during
the ordinary shelling season. It may be that this view would prove
satisfactory, provided there was a uniformity of laws in the various
States, or that the mussel fishing was under Federal control.

THE PEARLS OF THE ILLINOIS.

Very little pearling was done on the Illinois previous to 1892,
although some years before this date occasional pearl hunters made
frequent trips and extended investigations from time to time over the
greater part of the river. During the earlier period pearls alone were
the object of the search, there being no particular demand for the
shells, and, besides, the pearler of that day had neither time nor in-
clination to save them; they were left after examination, usually in
small piles along the shore as a waste product. If a locality in which
he was working did not show immediate results he would move far-
ther along, always hoping and expecting to find a mussel bed which
would produce a pearl of considerable value, thus amply repaying
him for his time and outfit. The pearl hunters are indeed the pioneers
of the mussel industry, and in their extensive search for the elusive
gems they have usually found not only the best mussel streams of the
country but the best beds and the most productive portions of the
rivers as well.

At the present time it might be said that the pearls and slugs are
of secondary consideration and when found are regarded by the mus-
sel fishermen as so much clear profit. The sale of slugs is generally
sufficient to meet the actual running expenses of the camp and a
pearl is considered as so much extra.

Beardstown, IIl., is a center for pearl buyers, and during the shell-
ing season buyers are there from Paris, New York, and other places,
besides the local dealers. One man claimed to have bought $20,000
worth of pearls and slugs along this river in 20 days.¢

No particular work was done during the present survey toward the
study of the origin of pearls; however, a number of distomids and
cyst-forming parasites were observed in the meats of the mussels.
The Illinois is a good river on which to carry on scientific pearl inves-
tigations, as it is rich in pearl mussels and affords many retired places

aThe writer is indebted to Messrs. J. H. Carner and Otto H. Fischer, of Beardstown, who furnished
much information concerning the pearls and slugs of Illinois.

32 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

and favorable mussel beds especially suited to pearl study. Among
the most interesting localities for observing pearl formation and de-
velopment may be mentioned Peoria Lake, Havana, Bath, Beards-
town, Meredosia, Pearl, and Hardin, at which places, as well as at
many others, excellent pearls have been found, and no doubt there are
many more there yet to be taken.

FINDING THE PEARLS.

The cooking-out process of the mussels is an interesting and
important part of the work in the camps along the Illinois. The
mussels are steamed for 15 or 20 minutes in a crudely constructed
vat, until the shells have opened and the meats may be readily taken
out. Shells and meats are then transferred from the cooker to the
sorting table, and the parts there separated, the meats being put -
aside temporarily and the shells thrown into a near-by bin. The
meats are then carefully examined one by one—a very tedious process,
but well worth the trouble.

The slugs and other minor nacreous pieces when found are dropped
into a glass of water on the sorting table and are afterwards cleaned,
usually with soap or soap powder. A pearl, however, being much
more valuable, receives an entirely different treatment in that it is
‘“‘tempered”’ by being placed in the mouth for a while, then wrapped
loosely in cotton, and put in a small tin box or other receptacle for
safe-keeping. The pearlers and pearl buyers believe that this method
of treating the gems prevents cracking.

“Does the boiling or cooking-out process of mussels injure the
contained pearl?”’ is a question that is often asked and one that has
led to considerable discussion. From personal observations and
from the statements of mussel fishermen and pearl buyers it appears
that moderate cooking or steaming of the mussels does not injure
the pearls at all, provided they do not fall out of the shells or become
disengaged from the meats and thus reach the bottom of the cooker
and get scorched. Some mussel fishermen who have had practical
experience along this line of work maintain that moderate cooking is
beneficial rather than detrimental, inasmuch as the process ‘‘cures’’
the organic matter of the pearl and renders it less liable to crack or
otherwise to deteriorate. However that may be, it is very evident
that by far the greater percentage of the pearls and slugs are found
after the mussels have been cooked, the exception being for those
shells which show distortion or some other peculiarity, when they
are generally opened with a knife as soon as found.

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 33
CLASSIFICATION OF PEARLS.

There appears to be no definite standard or classification for the
almost unlimited variety of shapes and kinds of pearls and slugs,
and even on the different parts of the same river the irregular nacreous
formations are variously named by the pearlers and buyers, according
as fancy directs or to the resemblance to some familiar object. At
times the classification is made under three heads—pearls, baroques,
and slugs, each class with a number of subdivisions depending for
names upon the particular shape of the pieces; and at other times
there are but two heads—pearls and slugs. The following are the
names and classifications generally used on the Illinois and includes
most of the different kinds of pearls found there:

Pearls:

Ball or round pearls are those which are spherical in shape.

Pear pearls, including the drop, the egg, and the top pearls, depend for the name
upon the resemblance in shape to a pear, egg, or top.

Button pearls, shaped somewhat like a button, biscuit, or saucer, have a more
or less arched top and a flattish bottom.

Capsule pearls have a shape bearing a resemblance to a cylindrical medicine
capsule such as is used for quinine.

Banded pearls are oblong in shape, with ridges and grooves around the middle
portion which have the appearance of bands.

Cone pearls have a flattish bottom with the sides of the pearl running to an appex
like a cone.

Baroque pearls include a great variety of forms which are irregular in shape with-
out any particular pattern.

Rosebud pearls are of various shapes, usually having a flattish base; the upper
portion is more or less covered with small protuberances, giving it at times a
somewhat warty appearance.

Turtle-back pearls have a rather flat base and a low arched top, resembling some-
what the back of a turtle.

Besides these forms, there may be mentioned the dumb-bell, the cylinder, the
twin pearls, etc., which are occasionally found.

Blugs:

Spikes or points, including wings, are usually placed under the head of slugs,
although if they are of sufficient size they are sold as single pieces. Spikes
or points are usually long, flat, and often pointed pearls found near the lateral
hinge of the shell, while wings are broad, flattish pearls bearing a resemblance
to the wings of a bird.

Nuggets and chunks are often classed together, with the difference that the
chunks are much larger. They are irregular pearly formations resembling
somewhat a gold nugget in shape.

Slugs include irregular pearls having no particular name and without much
value and called ‘“‘mixed;’’ also small or seed pearls, ‘chicken feed,’ etc.
Slugs of this class are usually sold by troy weight, and are worth, according to
quality, from $3 to $3.50 per ounce.

The ball, the pear, and the button pearls are the most valuable,
although the capsule and some other forms often command a high
price if they be symmetrical in shape and of fair size and good luster.

34 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.
POSITION OF PEARLS IN MUSSEL SHELL.

Pearls are usually found in the mantle near the tip or posterior
end of the mussel, while slugs and other pieces may be found in
various parts of the body, along the lateral hinge, at the cardinal
teeth, in the adductor muscles, and in the shell itself, ete.

Sometimes a pearl becomes attached to the shell, after which
it may be covered over by deposits or layers of nacre and is then
said to be embedded. These pearls can be recovered by sawing
the shell around the observed protuberance or by carefully removing
the inclosing layers. Many shells have what are commonly called
‘‘blisters,’’ which are successive pearly deposits over mud, muddy
water, organic matter, or some foreign substance finding its way
into the mussel. It illustrates a method the animal uses to remedy
a disturbance within. Blisters, as found in the Unios, have no
commercial value. There are found occasionally in the meats of the
mussels cartilaginous formations which are denominated by the
fishermen as ‘‘soft pearls undergoing the process of formation into
true pearls.’’ It is claimed that soft pearls are caused by a grain
of sand or other foreign body.

PEELING A PEARL.

As pearls are composed of thin concentric layers of nacre and con-
chiolin or animal substance, each separate and distinct, peeling or
removing some of the outer layers of the various forms of pearls to
improve the gems is often done successfully by one versed in this
line of work. Pearls having a dark spot, stain, or chalky appear-
ance over the entire surface, or even a part of it, are greatly dimin-
ished in value. When such is the case it is often worth while to try
the experiment of peeling, as the result will probably be satisfactory
and a good pearl obtained from within. However, it may be stated
that fairly good pearls have been damaged rather than improved by
peeling, as the inner layers were in a worse condition than those at
the original surface. A fine, pink, high-button pearl of 40 grains
and worth $800 was seen this summer. The pearl had a small spot
on the side and might have been benefited by peeling, but the owner,
considering its present value and the uncertainty of the result of
peeling, would not take the risk.

CRIPPLED SHELLS.

Occasionally the various mussel beds of the Illinois produce a few
examples of distorted or injured mussels, commonly called “crippled
shells.” They are regarded by the pearler as excellent finds and
are generally opened at once without waiting for the cooking-out
process, with the hope that a piece of some value may be present.

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 35

Those shells which have received an external injury, however, and
are distorted in consequence, seldom contain anything of value;
but it does appear unquestionable that other distorted shells owe their
peculiar condition to the presence of a pearl; the abnormal shape is
the direct result of an accommodation to the disturbing nacreous
growth within, which as it slowly develops maintains its position
relative to the margin of the mantle and valves. Certain shells
which have come to the writer’s attention contained valuable pearls
as well as showing clearly the abnormal condition. As viewed from
the outside, such shells have a slight and gradually broadening ridge
running diagonally down from near the beak or umbone to the tip
or the posterior end on one valve and a corresponding valley or
depression down the other. Within the shell the opposite condition
of the ridge and valley is true. From this circumstance it is possible
to estimate with some degree of accuracy the age of the pearl by the
lines of growth on the external surface of the shell, noting where
the disturbance begins and ends. In studying these distorted shells
the peculiar fact is brought out that the pearl is always on that side
of the shell whose valve shows, viewed externally, the valley or
depression. In a large percentage of these distorted shells the
pearls have been found on the left valve. The pearl, near the margin
of the mantle, causes the abnormal action of the latter, which pro-
duces the slight inward curve of the nacreous deposit, so that it might
be said that the pearl lies on or near a ridge. For the opposite
valve the mantle condition is reversed, resulting in the outward
deflection of the nacre, or the valley.

Some of these apparently valuable crippled mussels contain no
pearl whatever, although the evidence is plainly written, both within
and without, in the texture of the shell. When this condition is
observed, the pearls are said to have been lost or ‘‘shed.’”’ If the
pearl were lost some years before the mussel was taken, the shell often
recovers in part its natural shape from that time on, as shown by the
lines of growth and the posterior edge or lip, and it is hardly worth
the time and trouble to try to find a pearl within.

Accompanying plates show some examples of distorted or other-
wise injured mussels and will assist in understanding this interesting
subject.

QUALITY AND VALUE OF ILLINOIS PEARLS.

The quality of the Illinois River pearls and slugs, though very good,
does not quite equal that of the pearls and slugs of the Wabash and
some other tributaries of the Mississippi. Nearly all of the different
species of mussels have produced pearls and slugs, but the washboard
(Quadrula heros) is the principal pearl-bearing shell of the Illinois, and
the blue-point and three-ridge (Q. undulata and plicata) are among the

22889°—14——33

36 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

best slug producers, although the warty-backs (Q. pustulosa) occa-
sionally have good specimens of the latter. Some of the paper shells
and floaters were observed to have a number of attached pearls,
appearing for the most part at the tips or posterior ends of the shells.
These pearls, as a rule, are of no value except from the standpoint of
the experimenter.

The average yield of slugs for the entire river will not exceed, per-
haps, one-half ounce per ton of shells, while the percentage of good
pearls is very small indeed. Many valuable gems, however, have
been found in this river during its shelling history. It is difficult to
determine the value of the Illinois River pearls and slugs for 1912 or
for previous years, as there are many buyers traveling along the
stream during the shelling season who make private purchases of
them, paying for the slugs from $3 to $3.50 per troy ounce. Pearls
ranging in value from $5 to $25 and upward were found in 1912 at
nearly all the principal mussel beds from Hennepin to below Hardin.
Among the best finds may be mentioned the following: Three fine
pearls were found in Peoria Lake and sold for $1,100 each, and one
exceptionally fine pear pearl of beautiful luster, weighing 64 grains,
sold for $2,500. One at Pearl, Ill., sold for $2,700, and one found at
Hardin brought $750. The news of such good finds spreads rapidly
throughout the locality and is a great stimulus to the pearl and shell
industry. The pearlers become expert in their line of business and
can usually tell at a glance from what general class of shells the pearls
and slugs are taken. For example, it is well known to them that the
lower river beds produce ‘‘washboard stuff,” which is very white,
although some of the pieces may be stained similar to the spots in the
shell, and the upper river stretches yield a large quantity of ‘‘blue-
point stuff,” often having a tinge of pinkish color.

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. on

TABLE 9.—DISTRIBUTION OF MUSSELS AT THE PRINCIPAL STATIONS ALONG THE
Inuinots RIver.

Mussel species.

! Bedford.
| Pearl.

Peoria Lake.
Bath.
| Beardstown.
La Grange Locks.
| Meredosia.
| Naples.

| Pekin.
| 'welve-mile Island.

| Valley City.

{ Florence.

| Spar Island.

| Kampsville.

| Diamond Island.
| Hardin.

| Six-mile Island.

| Grafton.

| Spoon River.

| Sangamon River.

Henry
| Chillicothe.
| Havana.

. Purple warty-back (Quadrula granifera).....|.. Abe Ge
. Purple warty-back (Quadrula tuberculata)...|.. S| Gales
. Niggerhead (Quadrula ebena)....-........--.|--
. Niggerhead (Quadrula pyramidata)......-.-.|.. Saale alleles) (Sélae| calles
Niggerhead (Quadrula plena)...-......-..---|-- fa<ilsalee
Niggerhead (Quadrula solida)..............--|-- Fat Balsa

x

Xx

SEX
x
ae

Se

x
x
x
x
x
xx
x
uy
x
x
x
x

1 XK

TOS SSSI SOO SG

Tn PA oGriue Sith DAP SO OPS DLIE

0 DR RO ON OR ONT nO
Bae See S0mo

~XKX Ki KK KK Ks
1 XXKKKi KK KK as

. Thin niggerhead (Quadrula coccinea)........|..
. Ohio River pig-toe (Quadrula obliqua)...-...|.-
. Pig-toe (Quadrula trigona).........--------.- x
10. Wabash pig-toe (Quadrula rubiginosa).......|_. ;
11. Two-horned pocketbook(Quadrula pustulata)}._|_.
12. Warty-back (Quadrula pustulosa).......--.. ab
13. Maple-leaf (Quadrula fragosa).........-..-..-|.. A
14. Maple-leaf, stranger (Quadrula lachrymosa). .|«|<
15. Monkey-face (Quadrula metanevra) By
16. Washboard (Quwadrula heros).............--- x

x

Xx

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17. Blue-point (Quadrula undulata)
18. Three-ridge (Quadrula plicata)..............-
19. Bullhead (Pleurobema xsopus).-......-..----|.- S66
20. Elephant ear ( Unio crassidens).....-....-.--].. Slee
21. Lady-finger, spike ( Unio gibbosus)........... «xIxXIxX
22. Spectacle-case ( Margaritana monodonta).....|_. ae Be
23. Whitehatchet-back (Symphynotacomplanata)| |. .|<|..
24. Fluted shell (Symphynota costata)...........|_. Be
25. Rock-shell, queen (Arcidens confragosus) -...|<|«
26. Rock-shell, queen (Anodonta corpulenta)....|_. eel Sc Ge
27. Floater (Anodonta grandis)...............--. Sci peal Mealee
28. Floater (Anodonta suborbiculata)........-..-|.. a
29. Floater (Anodonta imbecillis)..............--|.. we
30. Squaw-foot (Strophitus edentulus)........-...).. be
31. Three-horned shell (Obliquaria reflera)...... |__|
32. Pistol-grip, buckhorn (T’ritogonia tuberculata)||_-
33. Pistol-grip, buckhorn (Plagiola donaciformis)|..|_-
34. Deer-toe (Plagiola elegans)..........--------- Sune
35. Butterfly (Plagiola securis): 2... 2222 -22.-522-|-- x
36. Missouri niggerhead (Obovaria ellipsis).......|..|..
37. Paper-shell (Lampsilis levissima).....-.....-|..|..
38. Paper-shell (Lampsilis gracilis).............
39. Pink hatchet-back (Lampsilis alata)........-
40. Pink hatchet-back (Lampsilis parva)........ Ree
41. Black sand-shell (Lampsilis recta)........... BAISG
42. Slough sand-shell (Lampsilis fallaciosa)...... xXx
43. Yellow sand-shell (Lampsilis anodontoides)..|..|_-
44. Higgins-eye (Lampsilis higginsii)............ Balb<
45. Higgins-eye (Lampsilis orbiculata)....-...... 3a) P<
46. Mucket (Lampsilis ligamentina).........---- x|xX
47. Fat mucket (Lampsilis luteola).............- SCI
48. Pocketbook (Lampsilis capar)...-........--- Bale
49. Pocketbook (Lampsilis ventricosa).........-- eal <

Epo DO Da

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XI:

MUSSEL SPECIES.

There have been recorded about 63 species of Unionide from the
Illinois River and its principal tributaries.* During the present
investigation, however, the following 49 species were found in the
main stream. About 20 of these are suitable for manufacturing
purposes, although only 6 or 7 occur in sufficient quantities to be of
practical worth.

a Baker, Frank Collins: A catalogue of the Molluscaof Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory
of Natural History, vol. vu, art. v1, September, 1906. ;

38 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

1. PurpLtE Warry-Back, Quadrula granifera (Lea).—This is a
rather rare shell in the Lhnois, although a few examples were found
in the upper half of the shell-producing portion of the river at
Chillicothe, Peoria, Havana, and Bath. It is an inflated shell, heavy
anteriorly, and reaches a good size, but on account of its dull purple
nacre it is not now used for the manufacture of buttons. After the
cooking-out process, this shell is discarded by the mussel fishermen
as worthless. The purple warty-backs, paper-shells, lady-fingers,
and other culls are gathered along with the commercial species, and
although they are known to be of no particular value, they are saved
for the meats for fish bait, and also because they occasionally produce
good pearls.

2. PurPLE Warty-BAck, Quadrula tuberculata (Rafinesque).—
Rare; some examples of this mussel were found in the lower stretches
of the river where the water is swifter, as below the Government
locks at La Grange, at Diamond Island, and at Hardin. There
appears to be a more or less gradual change from the inflated granifera
of the upper stretches, where there is but little current and the
bottom is composed largely of soft mud, to the much flatter tuberculaga
of the lower river where the bottom is harder and the current is
stronger. This shell, like the granifera, has a dull purple nacre, and
at the present time has no commercial value.

3. NIGGERHEAD, Quadrula ebena (Lea).—On account of its good
size, firm texture, and fine pearly luster this is the most valuable
button shell of the United States. Near the tips it produces a few
iridescent buttons. Although widely distributed throughout the
entire river, this species is so rare in the upper stretches that often
only one or two examples are found in a ton of shells. In the lower
third of the river the conditions are better; the number may run as
high as 2 or 3 per cent. It has been stated that eight or nine years
ago the ebena and ligamentina (mucket) were fairly abundant in many
beds of the Illinois, though the indications are that the former was
never very plentiful.

Some mussel fishermen are of the opinion that the annual deposit
of sediment, covering up the beds, is one reason for their diminution,
Mr. J. F. Mayes, of Meredosia, LL, has tried an experiment along this
line, and states that if a washboard (heros), niggerhead (ebena), and
a mucket (ligamentina) are put into a bucket and water and sand
are added only the washboard will reach the surface; the others will
be suffocated. This may explain the situation for some beds where
the silting occurs rapidly at a time when the animals are more or less
dormant, but does not appear satisfactory for the entire river.

Some examples of ebena taken at Peoria and Florence have the
umbones wide apart, and are similar to Call’s figures of this species,

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. oo

as illustrated in his paper on Mollusca, in the Indiana Geological
Report, for 1899.

This species was found gravid, early embryo, all four gills, July 12.

4. Quadrula pyramidata (Lea).—Rare; a few samples were found
in the last stretch of the river at Hardin and at Twelvemile Island.
This shell is very heavy anteriorly and thin at the tips. Some
examples have pink nacre. This and the two species following are
usually classed with and generally called ‘‘pig-toes”’ by the mussel
fishermen.

5. Quadrula plena (Lea).—Rare; an example or two were found
at Peoria and Hardin.

6. Quadrula solida (Lea).—A comparatively rare species, although
found in several mussel beds from Peoria to Hardin, more particularly
at Peoria, Beardstown, Meredosia, and Valley City. The nacre varies
from white to salmon. This shell furnishes good button material.

7. Tain NiGGERHEAD, Quadrula coccinea (Conrad) .—This is a very
rare species in the Hlinois. Some examples were found in Peoria Lake.

8. Onto River Pie-ror, Quadrula obliqua (Lamarck).—This shell,
while not a common one in the Illinois, is found generally distributed
throughout the river. It furnishes good button material, but is
hardly equal in size or quality to the species in the Ohio River beds.

9. Pic-ror, Quadrula undata*® (Barnes).—Although this species
in the Hlinois is the most abundant of the ‘‘pig-toe”’ group, it forms
but a small percentage of the mussel output. Some beds, depending

upon the parts worked, gave the following percentages: Chillicothe, 7;
Pekin, 3; Florence, 9; and Hardin, 2.

This is a good button shell, but has considerable waste on account
of the heavy umbones. At Peoria small wndatas just large enough to
make one blank were taken and sold by some of the mussel fishermen.
As an excuse for these small shells in their piles they said, ‘‘The pig-
toes are running smaller now.”

Some examples had orange flesh. Found gravid in all four gills
June 20.

10. WaBasH Pic-ron, Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea.).—This is a rare
species in the [linois. The only examples found were taken from
Peoria Lake.

11. Two-HorRNED PockEersooK, Quadrula pustulata (Lea).—
Although this mussel is generally distributed throughout the river,
it is found in very small numbers. It is usually classed with the
pustulosa, or warty-backs, but is hardly as good material for manu-
facturing purposes.

a According to Mr. Bryant Walker, Nautilus, vol. xxiv, p. 6, the name undata has precedence over
the one (trigona, Lea) commonly used.

40 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

12. Warty-Back, Quadrula pustulosa (Lea).—The pustulosa, or
warty-back, is a very common shell in the Illinois, certain very pro-
ductive beds yielding a large per cent of the output. This mussel,
though thin at the tips and in old specimens heavy at the beaks, is of
good size, quality, and luster and often classed next to the niggerhead
for manufacturing purposes. There are a number of variable forms
of this species among our examples, one of which (no. F 6245), found
at Henry, Ill., June 19, was referred to Mr. Bryant Walker, who
states that it ‘‘is a young and very much inflated dorfeuilleamus, which,
Simpson calls a synonym of pustulosa. I think it quite likely that
some day it may be given varietal rank.’ This mussel often contains
a number of slugs; one of our examples had nearly 50 small nacreous
pieces at the dorsal part of the body. Found gravid July 5.

13. Mapre-Lear, Quadrula fragosa (Conrad).—Rare; an example
was found in Peoria Lake, but it does not agree exactly with fragosa
as we found it in the Cumberland River, near Clarksville, Tenn.

14. Mapie-Lear, Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea).—Lachrymosa, while
not common, occurs in small numbers in practically all the mussel
beds of the river. Some examples of this shell found with projecting
tubercules, appear to be the form described as asperrima, now a
synonym. This shell has good luster and size in the Illinois and is
usually classed as first-grade material. One example found in the
Spoon River measured 44 inches in length.

15. Monkey-Face, Quadrula metanevra (Rafinesque).—A rare
species in the Illinois, but few specimens being found at the stations
given in the general table on page 37.

The green triangular markings so prominent in well-defined species
are faint in our specimens. Some examples vary considerably in
shape and general appearance. One is heavily pustulose anteriorly,
many of the pustules being elongate along the lines of growth, and
is strongly suggestive of Q. pustulosa. Another of our examples has
the markedly pinched posterior dorsal portion generally pronounced
in this species in the lower Wabash. All of our shells are noticeably
inflated.

16. Wasupoarp, Quadrula heros (Say).—Heros is the best button
shell of the Illinois and produces the most blanks per ton, but in
some localities is porous and does not do well for an engraved but-
ton. The three-ridge type makes a better finished button. In the
upper stretches of the river the complete washboard shell averages
about 1 pound in weight and is frequently spotted; but from below
Beardstown to Twelvemile Island it is much smaller, flatter, freer
from spots and stains, and of good luster. At Hardin this shell is
no larger than the undulata or bluepoint of Peoria Lake, even old
examples called “bald-pates”’ found in the channel are small.

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 41

In some localities, as at Quiver Lake, above Havana, the old heros
are dead; not a single living example was taken, excepting the young,
indicating that whatever the cause of the mortality had been, more
favorable conditions exist at present.

Small shells 2 or 3 inches long are taken by the mussel fishermen;
and while they make a few good blanks, to take them is very waste-
ful, as they should be thrown back into the river and allowed to
mature.

In our collection there are three examples of this shell, which
show very clearly the abnormal ridge and valley caused by the growth
of pearls within. Two of the shells were found near Bath, Ill, and
the other at Peoria.

Plate 1 represents a heros or washboard, measuring 43 by 64
inches. The nacre is remarkably clear. From the entire shell, 5
dozen 24-line blanks were cut at the button factory of Mr. J. H.
Carner, Beardstown, Ill.

17. BLuxr-Point, Quadrula undulata (Barnes).—The undulata is a
very abundant species and is regarded by the button men as a very
desirable shell. It is rather flattish, particularly at Chillicothe,
though lower down the river it is somewhat more inflated. It is
rather thin and light in weight but of good size and luster.

The shell is commonly called the blue-point, but in some camps the
name of ‘‘purple-tip” is applied to it on account of the shght purple
tinge at the posterior end.

A few examples almost free from ridges were found in Peoria
Lake and at Florence, Ill. Prof. Richardson, of the State biological
station at Havana, had two similar specimens taken from the river
at that place.

This mussel was found spawning July 12.

18. THREE-RIDGE, Quadrula plicata (Say).—The three-ridge is
much less abundant and not so valuable a shell as the blue-point.
Being usually more inflated, heavier at the beaks, and with larger
ridges, it leaves more waste after the blanks are cut.

At Meredosia, it is claimed that the plicata has a tendency to
crumble when cut. Found gravid July 8 and 15.

19. BuLtuEand, Plewrobema xsopus (Green).—Rare; examples were
found only at Bath and Meredosia. It is brittle and not a good
button shell; moreover, being so uncommon in the Illinois, it is dis-
regarded altogether.

20. ELEPHANT-EAR, Unio crassidens (Lea).—Rare; although found
in most of the beds, the percentage is so small that it is practically a
negligible quantity. The nacre varies from pink to white. This
shell is used for making novelties.

21. Lapy-FINGER, Sprke, Unio gibbosus (Barnes).—The lady-finger
is not now a commercial shell unless it be white, which is seldom the

42 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

case. It is found in large quantities along the river, some beds,
which the clammers avoid as much as possible, having a very large
percentage. Above the upper bridge at Peoria there are two small
beds of this species; one bed consists mostly of white nacred shells,
while in the other the nacre is the ordinary dull purple color. At
Meredosia a driveway leading from the river to the bank above is
covered with about 60 tons of these shells. They had been pur-
chased at a low price in the hope that there would be a demand for
them. Button cutters claim that even the white gibbosus do not
make good blanks on account of the shell being brittle.

In the Cumberland River, crassidens is much more abundant than
gibbosus, which is the poposite condition in the Illinois.

22. SPECTACLE-CASE, Margaritana monodonta (Say).—Rare; only
one example was found during the entire trip, at Diamond Island,
above Hardin, although there were some specimens from this river
at the biological laboratory at Havana, Ill. The shell is too thin
and brittle to be of any commercial importance. Not so large as the
Cumberland River species.

23. WHITE HEEL-SPLITTER, Symphynota complanata (Barnes).—
When of sufficient thickness, this shell is used for buttons. It is
fairly common in the Ilinois, and from its flat shape and outline is
often called the ‘‘elephant-ear”’ by the mussel fishermen. It is found
in sloughs and in mud bottoms.

24. FLUTED-SHELL, Symphynota costata (Rafinesque).—Rare; only
one example found, at Bath.

25. Rock-sHELL, BASTARD, QUEEN, Arcidens confragosus (Say).—
Found in small quantities on almost all of the mussel beds. It is
not regarded as particularly good button material. This shell is
sometimes called the black pocketbook, rock pocketbook, and bas-
tard. An extra large and inflated example was found at Havana,
June 28.

In young examples of confragosus the interior surface of the shell
is indented or pitted to conform with the more pronounced pustules
on the outside. This condition at the end of probably two years
disappears, the shell becoming covered with subsequent layers of
nacre.

26. Anodonta corpulenta (Cooper).—Four Anodontas, the corpu-
lenta, grandis, suborbiculata, and imbecillis, were found during the
present survey. They are thin, paperlike shells and have no com-
mercial or economic value, excepting perhaps as they are used occa-
sionally by the mussel fishermen for fish bait or hog feed. ‘The cor-
pulenta is found in sloughs, and on soft mud bottoms.

27. Froatrer, Anodonta grandis (Say).—Distributed as the pre-
ceding species. Shells which have recently been killed rise to the
surface of the water on account of the gases of decomposition and

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 43

are seen floating along with the current; hence the common name of
‘‘floater.”’ Grandis and corpulenta are often affected with parasites,
particularly at the posterior end. Our examples were all of only
moderate size as compared with shells seen in retired places along the
Cumberland.

28. Anodonta suborbiculata (Say).—Suborbiculata is widely dis-
tributed and is generally found on mud bottoms and in slack water.

29. Anodonta imbecillis (Say).—This small, delicate shell is very
abundantly distributed, especially in the more retired places of quiet
waters. Found gravid June 27 and July 2.

30. Squaw-FooT, Strophitus edentulus (Say).—Found rather scat-
tering throughout the various stretches and mussel beds of the river.
The nacre is usually of a yellowish color. This shell has no particular
commercial value, although some examples are found which are of
sufficient thickness and size for manufacturing purposes.

31. THREE-HORNED SHELL, Obliquaria refleca (Rafinesque).—This
mussel is widely distributed and is usually of small size. There are
two or three forms of refleca found in the Illinois. In the upper
stretches of the river it is of the ordinary shape and size found in
other streams, and although it can be used for manufacturing pur-
poses it is not a particularly valuable shell to propagate. In the
Peoria Lake region, however, where the current is slow and the bot-
tom is composed of soft mud, the shell is often very heavy and rounded
anteriorly, while posteriorly it is thin and much elongated, which no
doubt is the result of accommodation to natural conditions. In the
lower stretches the shell, though heavy and inflated, is considerably
smaller than those in the upper portions of the river. A number of
our examples have five tubercules on each valve. Found gravid
June 27 and July 3.

32. Buckuorn, Pisrot-erip, Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes).—
Although this interesting species is comparatively rare in the Illinois, it
is widely distributed. The name of pistol-grip is applied to it in some
localities, owmg to the fact that it fits the hand like a pistol. The
characteristic ridge of this shell gives it somewhat the appearance of
the abnormal ridge found occasionally on the heros or washboard as
the result of pearl growth. While this shell has a ridge on each valve,
the abnormal washboard has but one valve ridged, the other having
a corresponding valley.

The buckhorn furnishes good material for the manufacture of
buttons and novelties.

33. LirrLe PocKxersook, Plagiola donaciformis (Lea).—This small
mussel, although of no commercial value, is very common in the
llinois. There are two types of this species found in many beds,
differing in shape to a certain extent and particularly in color. On

44 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

account of its resemblance to L. ventricosa it is often called the ‘‘little
pocketbook.”’ Found gravid June 27 and July 4.

34. Drrr-ToE, Plagiola elegans (Lea).—This beautiful species is
found in small quantities throughout the entire river. It is hardly
considered a commercial shell, but the larger and thicker examples
are often seen in the mussel camps and piles along the shore. The
length of the largest shell of this species found during the survey was
22 inches (70 mm.). Some examples, particularly from those por-
tions of the river having soft mud bottoms, are greatly elongated
posteriorly, and others bear a strong resemblance to P. donaciformis.

There are two forms of elegans found in several of the mussel beds
of the Illinois, particularly noticeable at Peoria. The common form
is the more abundant and compares favorably with the species in the
collection of the Unionide at the Bureau of Fisheries and with those
found in the Maumee and Wabash Rivers. The other form is pro-
portionately more inflated, and has brownish epidermis, darker pos-
teriorly, with dark capillary lines. The pseudocardinal teeth are
heavy and curved; the laterals are broad and striate. The nacre is
pink. The truncated shape gives it somewhat the appearance of
Truncilla triquetra (Rafinesque). Some fine examples were found
near the upper bridge, at Peoria, Ill., June 27.

35. ButrerRFLy, Plagiola securis (Lea).—The butterfly, or securis,
is not a common species in this river, although many of the beds
could be made to yield productively by propagation. On account of
its flatter shape and proportionally lighter weight, the male shell is
more valuable for commercial purposes than the female.

36. MissoURL NIGGERHEAD, Obovaria ellipsis (Lea).—This species
is comparatively rare in the Illinois Valley, but some examples were
found from Peoria Lake to the mouth. This shell has a velvety
epidermis and a good pearly nacre and furnishes good button mate-
rial. The ellipsis appears to be closely related to higginsit.

37. PapEer-SHELL, Lampsilis levissima (Lea).—This shell is fairly
common in the river, and at the present time has no economic value.
In nearly every example examined at Beardstown and a few other
places, this mussel was more or less diseased at or near the tips or
posterior end, due to parasitic infection.

38. Paper-sHELL, Lampsilis gracilis (Barnes).—This mussel resem-
bles the preceding species. The shell is thin and has no commercial
value, though the meats or soft parts are used occasionally for fish
bait. Found gravid June 27.

39. Prnx Heer-spritrer, Lampsilis alata (Say).—This species is
fairly common and is found mostly on mud bottoms. It has no
commercial value. One of our examples, taken at Hardin, is thick
enough for manufacturing purposes and has a good white nacre.

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 45

40. Lampsilis parva (Barnes).—A rare species; one example found
in Peoria Lake. This is a small, delicate shell of no economic value.

41. Biack Sanp-sHELL, Lampsilis recta (Lamarck).—The black
sand-shell is a rather common one and reaches a very large size in this
river. It is found in the lakelike places of the stream and in the
swifter parts of the lower stretches. The nacre is generally pinkish
or purple and, although the texture is good, the shells are discarded
by the mussel fishermen and buyers, as there appears to be no particu-
lar demand at the present time for colored shells. The white-nacred
ones, though much less abundant, are always saved. They are
usually classed along with the yellow sand-shell, and are mad> use
of in novelty factories. In the mussel camps this shell is often called
‘“‘lady’s slipper,’’ on account of the appearance of the valves when
opened out flat.

42. SLouGH SAND-sHELL, Lampsilis fallaciosa (Smith).—Abund-
ant; usually found standing on end burrowed in the mud of sloughs
and bays or along the shore where there is but little current. When
of sufficient size and thickness, they are classed with the yellow sand-
shell. In Peoria Lake the fallaciosa are beautifully rayed.

Some doubt has arisen as to whether this species is identical with
anodontoides, but it appears on the Ilinois to be a distinct species.
Our examples are markedly different from anodontoides of the same
region. The fallaciosa vary greatly in distinctness and abundance of
rays, some being but faintly rayed, others with many broad pro-
nounced green rays. One example, a fine large male, is so heavily
rayed as to be almost green, and approaches more nearly than any
of the others the general form of anodontoides, but could not well be
confused with that species. A well-rayed female of moderate size
is noteworthy for a marked reddish-orange cast of the epidermis, the
shell beneath having a rosy tinge. Another constant difference in
our examples is the cardinal tooth of the right valve, which is com-
pressed and almost lamelliform in fallaciosa, while in anodontoides it
is more triangular.

It is quite possible that the convergence of the two species in the
southern and southwestern portions of the United States is due to
the different features of bottom and general abundance of silt and
slough-like conditions in the lower courses of rivers, which would
cause all to assume the characters of the slough-dwelling form.

43. YELLOW SAND-SHELL, Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea).—This
species is found sparingly throughout the upper river, but is fairly
abundant in the Hardin district, where it is in sufficient quantity to
be sorted out and sold separately at an advanced price. This shell
is the most valuable of the fresh-water mussels, and as it is easily
propagated, many of the beds where the conditions are favorable
could be restored. It prefers deep water and clean sandy bottoms.

46 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

Our examples have a rich yellow epidermis, and are appropriately
called ‘‘banana shells” in some localities. This shell is valued at
about $60 per ton.

44. Hicers-ryk, Lampsilis higginsvi (Lea).—Not common, though
widely distributed, particularly over the lower half of the river. The
males sometimes bear a strong resemblance to Obovaria ellipsis.
There are four females in our collection and they present marked
differences and peculiarities: One is normal and requires no com-
ment; another flattened, flaring posteriorly, and suggests permanent
sterility; another example has that portion covering the brood pouch
strongly inflated, the portion of the shell immediately behind it
underdeveloped and a trifle suleate, forming a slight emargination;
the general form suggests overdevelopment. The remaining example
somewhat resembles this, but is flatter.

45. Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth).—This species has good luster
and thickness. There are two examples in our collection, one from
Chillicothe and the other from Peoria. The nacre of one is rather
pinkish. This species is difficult to separate from higgins, but is
generally more southern in distribution.

46. Mucxet, Lampsilis ligamentina (Lamarck).—The mucket
occurs in small numbers throughout the entire river but is more
plentiful in Peoria Lake than elsewhere. This mussel is usually
smaller and thinner than those of the Kankakee, Fox, and Wabash
Rivers, but nevertheless is regarded as a first-class commercial shell
and is a very desirable species for propagation. Our examples and
those seen in the shell piles along the shore have a pearly white nacre,
while in some rivers—as, for example, the Mississippi—there are found
a fair percentage with a pinkish color. The mucket was found gravid,
late embryo, July 9.

47. Fat Mucxet, Lampsilis luteola (Lamarck).—The fat mucket
is widely distributed, though like the preceding species it is more
plentiful in Peoria Lake. The male shells are much more desirable
for button purposes than the female, the latter, especially in the
older specimens, being more inflated and more troublesome to cut.
This shell is often called the black mucket and pug-nose mucket.
Found gravid June 27.

48. Pocxersook, Lampsilis capax (Green).—This is a rare species
in the Illinois, and was found more frequently below locks and dams
where the water was swifter. It is not a desirable shell to propagate.

49. PocketBooK, Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes).—While this species
is not a common one, it is more plentiful than the preceding mus-
sel, and, like it, was more abundant in the swifter parts of the
river, as below locks and dams. Some beautiful young examples,
having a very delicate pink nacre and fine epidermal markings, were

MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 47

taken, especially at Peoria and Meredosia; this is a remarkable con-
dition for so muddy a river as the Illinois. This pocketbook, though
inclined to be brittle, is usually good button material.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.

The Illinois river is 273 miles in length, and, from a mussel fisher-
man’s point of view, it is one of the most important tributaries of
the upper Mississippi.

Sewage pollution, with perhaps one or two exceptions, does not
appear to have decreased the abundance or quality of the shells
within the last 180 miles of the river.

The dip net is used almost exclusively in the Peoria Lake district
and a few other places where similar lakelike conditions exist.

The price per ton of the river run of commercial shells during 1912
was $12 to $13.

Some excellent pearls have been found, ranging in value from a
few dollars to $2,700. Slugs do not average more than one-half
ounce per ton of shells.

The laws relating to mussel fishery have been generally observed.

There are 15 button or blank factories, with about 250 machines,
along the river. The raw material is being better utilized than
formerly.

The abundance of dead shells on many of the mussel beds may be
due in part to the lack of erosion of the water and to the injurious
effects of the crowfoot hooks.

The levees which have been heretofore and are now being con-
structed, particularly in the lower stretches of the river, reduce to a
large extent the breeding grounds of the valuable species of fishes
and incidentally affect the future supply of the mussels. During
their early life mussels are parasites upon fishes for a period of from
two to six weeks, and if the fish supply is greatly reduced it is readily
seen that the mussel supply will also be materially reduced.

The washboard, or blue-point (Quadrula), group of mussels pre-
dominates in the Illinois. The slow current, mud bottoms, good
average depth of water, and large fish resources all tend to make the
river an ideal one for this group. The niggerheads (ebena), although
apparently never very abundant, have become greatly reduced in
numbers, from a cause not definitely determined. The old wash-
boards (heros) in some places, as at Quiver Lake above Havana, have
been killed, though the present conditions there appear to be more
favorable.

The mucket (Lampsilis) group is found scattered in small quanti-
ties throughout the entire river, but more abundantly in Peoria Lake
and the lower stretches.

48 MUSSEL RESOURCES OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER.

The Illinois has been the most productive stream per mile of any
in the country. There are but few places within the limits of shell
production that do not support mussel beds, though certain stretches,
as between Peoria and Kampsville, show marks of depletion.

The immediate future of the Illinois is good, but unless suitable
mussel propagation is introduced and carried on under proper man-
agement, the river will become depleted within a few years and a
valuable source of revenue thus be lost to the State.

There are several good localities where the propagation of mussels
could be carried on successfully, as at Peoria, Havana, Bath, Beards-
town, Meredosia, Pearl, Kampsville, and Hardin.

U. S. B. F—Doce. 804. PLATE II.

WASHBOARD (QUADRULA HEROS), SIZE 43 BY 63 INCHES.

Five dozen buttons were cut from the entire shell.

U.S. B. F.—Doc. 804. PLATE III.

AN EXTERIOR VIEW OF A WASHBOARD (QUADRULA HEROS), SHOWING THE ABNORMAL RIDGE

ON THE RIGHT VALVE AND THE VALLEY ON THE LEFT VALVE, WHICH ARE SIGNS OF THE
PRESENCE OF A PEARL WITHIN.

form when the shell was about 1 year old. The age of the shell

In this example the pearl evidently began to
This shell was found at Bath, Ill., by Harry Lockwood.

when taken was about 20 years.

U.S. B. F.—Doe. 804. PLATE IV.

AN INTERIOR VIEW OF THE SHELL. REPRESENTED IN PLATE Il.

It shows the reverse condition of the ridge and valley, and also the position of the pearl, which weighed 11 grains.
The nacre of the shell, at the point where the pearl was found, is clear. A shell very similar to this one was
found in the right chute of Grand Island, and contained a 10-grain high-button pearl, but was stained and
contained mud. The shell was also stained at the point where the pearl was found.

PLATE V.

U.S. B. F.—Doc. 804.

FIG. 1—A THREE-RIDGE (QUADRULA PLICATA) WHICH WAS INJURED AND CONTAINED
NO PEARLS,

FIG. 2.—ONE VALVE OF A THREE-RIDGE (Q. PLICATA), SHOWING THE
CAVITY FROM WHICH AN EMBEDDED 58-GRAIN TURTLEBACK PEARL

WAS TAKEN, WHICH WHEN PEELED* PRODUCED A FINE 20-GRAIN

HIGH-BUTTON.

This shell, on account of the distortion caused by the pearly growth, is somewhat kidney-shaped.
k g )

be

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MILLBROOK

U 5B. F.—Doo, 804

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i! i Peres, F

THE MUSSEL FISHERY OF THE FOX RIVER

By Joun A. ELDRIDGE

Appendix VII to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner
of Fisheries for 1913

CON TE NES.

General’ characteristicsiot Hox Rivier...-2--. -o2 2) sees nee eee eee eee
Pearlsvandsshelling-on IMOX Wl ViOl. so.2s2 2.2 a eee eee eee
Characteristics Ob tune shellerssss-. ese. eee ae) eee ee
Methods In vUSe2e2.n225 codec 3 ee ee Oe Oe Rae, Ayers ee
Fox River shells........ testis cue eal ee ene es ee ee
Abundance and value of the shells. ......-- A Bg ae
Distubution of mussels im sHox Rivers-o----.- oe. see eee eee ate
Conclusion......-..- eA er eee Re De AE AS in, 5 5 SS 5c

2

aDaartnaurnnr ws

THE MUSSEL FISHERY OF THE FOX RIVER.

By Joun A. Exvpringe.

The portion of the river embraced by the inquiry and dealt with
in this report is that between Pistakee Bay, just south of the Wis-
consin State line, and the mouth of the river at Ottawa, IIl., a dis-
tance of about 90 miles. The conditions of the stream were ascer-
tained in part from observation and experiment, in part from ques-
tioning shellers, buyers, and manufacturers. The time of the
inquiry proved unfortunate, as cold weather had stopped much of
the work carried on during the summer. The brief time devoted
to the inquiry prohibited as thorough an examination as was desired.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FOX RIVER.

This river, which is about 150 miles in length, rises in Waukesha
County, Wis., a little northwest of Milwaukee. It flows south and
southwest and enters the Illinois River at Ottawa. (See map,
plate v1, preceding paper.)

As described by Forbes and Richardson in their pamphlet on the
fishes of Ilinois,? the drainage basin of the river is an undulating
prairie region with more or less woodland and some swamps. For a
distance of nearly 75 miles from its source the fall amounts to only
a few inches to the mile. In its passage through Kane and Kendall
Counties the fall per mile is about 3 feet, but in La Salle County it
increases to about 5 feet per mile, making a descent of nearly 125
feet in the lower 25 miles of its course. Its channel even in its
lower 75 miles has a breadth of only one-eighth of a mile.

Above Algonquin the river valley forms one of Chicago’s foremost
summer resorts; throughout this whole region its banks are lined
with summer cottages. Its lower course is through fertile farming
country, and several flourishing manufacturing cities lie on its banks.
Many power dams have been constructed, which, with their influence
on the depth, current, and character of the bottom, strongly affect
the Mollusca above them. In most places the water is clear and
apparently pure, but of late years the refuse of such places as Aurora

a Forbes, S. A., and Richardson, R. E.: The fishes of Illinois. Natural History Survey of Illinois, vol.
Il, p. XLIV-V, 1908.
2

22889°—14 o4

4 MUSSEL FISHERY OF THE FOX RIVER.

and Elgin has contaminated it for considerable distances below those
cities. This, however, does not seem to have harmed the mussels
in these regions.

PEARLS AND SHELLING ON THE FOX.

Pearls have been hunted on the Fox, as upon other mussel-bearing
streams, for many years. During the last six years pearl hunting
has increased in extent, but did not assume commercial importance
until 1909, when hundreds of shellers were at work, chiefly between
Millington and Sheridan. Several good finds were made which
attracted others to the river, and by the middle of the summer the
whole region from Yorkville to Serena swarmed with pear! hunters.

Certain portions of the river have received much notoriety from
the newspapers on account of the pearl finds. These stories are
often exaggerated, but, even at the prices named, the value of the
finds seldom warrants the space given to them. This attention from
the press has given the region near Elgin a reputation for pearl
production which it does not deserve. The Fox has produced some
extremely good pearls; its yield is much above the average; but
most of the better finds have been made in the lower river in the
neighborhood of Sheridan. From information gained from shellers
and pearlers it is estimated that the average value of a season’s
pearl find for a constant sheller, between Geneva and Yorkville,
would not exceed $100. On the mussel bed between Millington and
Sheridan, however, extraordinary conditions seem to exist. The
average value for finds here has been very high. Many extremely
good pearls have been found in the last few years, ranging in price
from $1,000 to $1,850. This region seems to have been one of the
most fertile pearl producers in the country, though few valuable
pieces were found in 1911. A few shellers still continue to work on
this bed in spite of the extreme scarcity of shells, depending for
compensation almost entirely upon ‘“‘finds.”” Shells found in this
district are opened by the knife to avoid injuring the pearls by
cooking.

The shells in this locality are almost entirely muckets (Lampsilis
ligamentina); the river bed is rock and gravel and the current is
strong.

In 1909 shells were sold for the first time. The beds above York-
ville were tapped the following year and shellers were attracted to
the work throughout the entire region between Cary and Sheridan.
Two years of heavy shelling depleted the beds near the latter place.
Further up, especially near Elgin, pearl hunters have increased in
numbers, but the scarcity of shells and other conditions closed the
season early. Apparently, shelling here as elsewhere along the river
has seen its best days.

MUSSEL FISHERY OF THE FOX RIVER. 5
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHELLERS.

The shellers and pearlers on the Fox are of a totally different type
from those found on some of the larger streams. Although the river
has been extensively worked for several years and its pearl finds have
received much attention from newspapers, few outside shellers have
come in. In some cases shellers from other States have been driven
out by threatened prosecution under the State mussel law, which
requires a license for nonresidents. As a consequence the nomadic
class, found so frequently on some rivers, does not exist on this.
Most of the shellers here are persons from the factory or the farm,
who take an outing of perhaps several days or a few weeks every
summer and try their luck on the river. With few exceptions, they
are an intelligent, industrious, pleasant class of people.

The pearlers care little for the value of the shells and usually do
not save them; they are left on the bank or thrown into the river to
litter up the bed and thus are wasted. In some instances the shells
are saved by regular shellers who gather them up along the bank or
buy them from the pearlers at 5 to 10 cents a bucket, a rate of from
$3 to $7 a ton.

The regular shellers who work day after day during the summer
months depend chiefly on the shells for a living, and consider any
pearls found as so much additional profit. Money from pearls may
amount to more than from shells, but this can not be depended upon,
for often nothing of value is found during the season and the general
average for the year is not very high.

The number of regular shellers on the river during September, 1911,
was about 70; in midseason there were probably as many as 100.
The number of amateur pearlers on the river on some Sundays in
the summer ranges perhaps between 400 and 500.

Many of the regular shellers beg work early in the spring and
continue until the season closes October 1. During the season a
sheller often gathers as many as 15 or 20 tons of shells, and the daily
wages averages $3, exclusive of pearl finds.

METHODS IN USE.

During the greater part of the season the shells are obtained by
wading. The outfit consists simply of a pail or burlap bag to hold
the mussels and a knife to open them. The regular sheller usually has
a boat into which he throws the mussels and opens them by cooking.
The mussel bar and mule are but little used, except in cold weather or
high water. Some have a wheel at each end serving as a support
from the river bottom. The mule which has given most success is a
long and narrow one, about 8 feet long by 15 inches wide. In places
where there is but little current a windlass is sometimes built upon the

6 MUSSEL FISHERY OF THE FOX RIVER.

rear end of the boat carrying 500 feet of rope holding an anchor. The
anchor is thrown out at the lower end of a bed, the boat rowed up-
stream to the extent of the rope, and the bar put into the water.
Rewinding the windlass pulls both boat and bar downstream over the
bed.

FOX RIVER SHELLS.

The most characteristic mussel of the Fox is the mucket (Lampsilis
ligamentina), which constitutes 90 per cent of the shells sent to
market, and is of high grade, almost equaling the niggerhead as a
button shell. Its luster is excellent, and its shape allows practically
the whole shell to be made into buttons with very little waste. The
muckets from the region between Oswego and Yorkville are con-
sidered the best; those lower down the river are thinner, and those
above are slightly smaller.

On the upper river the mucket is of no importance. The shells
saved here run 10 per cent blue-point (Quadrula undulata). They are
of poor grade and no market has been found for them. Sixty tons
of these shells were lying upon the bank above Cary awaiting a buyer
at any price. Where there is little current and a muddy bottom the
floater (Anodonta grandis) is chiefly found, while the fat mucket
(Lampsilis luteola), the mucket (Lampsilis ligamentina), and the
three-ridge (Quadrula plicata) or the blue-poimt (undulata) are rare.
Going downstream, where a strong current and a rocky bottom are
found, the mucket appears and increases in numbers until it forms a
large percentage of the catch, the floater (Anodonta grandis), the fat
mucket (Lampsilis luteola), and the blue-point (Quadrula undulata)
decrease, and below Yorkville all are extremely scarce, the latter
being seldom seen.

In places where dams check the current and bring about upstream
conditions—still water and mud—the three ridges and other shells
of the higher river are found in large numbers, while the muckets are
scarce.

The fluted shell (Symphynota costata), and the squaw-foot (Stro-
phitus edentulus), are found in larger numbers on the upper stream;
the elk-toe (Alasmidonta truncata) more often on the rock bottom
lower down; the lady-finger (Unio gibbosus), the Wabash pig-toe
(Quadrula rubiginosa), the purple warty-back (Quadrula tubercu-
lata), the pocketbook (Lampsilis ventricosa), and the black sand-shell
(Lampsilis recta) are found in rather small numbers along all parts
of the river. The warty-back (Quadrula pustulosa) is extremely rare,
but two specimens of this species being seen during the investigation
out of thousands of shells along the river. It is stated that it was
once common.

MUSSEL FISHERY OF THE FOX RIVER. 7

While the small number of shells involved in some cases tends to
render the figures inexact, the following table showing shells obtained
at different points along the stream indicates in general the compara-
tive numbers and distribution of the various species.

ABUNDANCE AND VALUE OF THE SHELLS.

The price of shells paid: by local buyers varies from $18 to $21 a
ton; in some cases prices direct to factory were as high as $24.

Estimates for the last three years of the shipment of the Fox River
shells are as follows: 1909, 10 to 12 carloads; 1910, 25 to 30 carloads;
1911, 22 carloads. The catch for next year is expected to be a bare
third of that obtained in 1911. More than half of the shells were
taken this year from the bed extending from Five Islands to Elgin;
several carloads were caught above Elgin, and the rest on the lower
river.

Most of the shells are shipped to Iowa factories, and some are sent
to Germany every year. There are two blank factories along the
river, one at Yorkville with 16 machines, and one at Samonauk with
10, which form the market for a few carloads each year.

Apparently at one time mussels were scattered quite evenly over
the whole Fox River, at any rate as far down as Serena. There is no
reason to doubt that shells were as plentiful near Sheridan several
years ago as in other parts of the stream. The shelling of recent
years, however, has in some places nearly exhausted the mussels,
and there is a great difference in those remaining. On the river
north of Carpentersville, where little shelling has been done previous
to this year, 15 to 20 tons of shells were the usual catch per man in
1911; below Elgin on the Five Islands bed, which has been worked
for two years, the catch averaged 10 to 12 tons per man; farther
down below Yorkville, 7 tons per man were considered a good yield;
on the Millington-Sheridan bed, which is the oldest and hardest
worked in the river, but 4 tons a year per man could be caught.
It was the general opinion that the shelling for 1911 was 50 per cent
less than that of the previous year. The only cause for this is the
ravages of man. As far as could be determined, but little loss is
caused by animals or by natural conditions.

8 MUSSEL FISHERY OF THE FOX RIVER.

DISTRIBUTION OF MUSSELS IN Fox RIVER.

|

e
‘ a
z _ |24
3 feat aS 8 |g =, A 4 5
Mussel species. o| B 3s ilSa re | [ie [ag

o|¢ oleae ell) ex ESF || Sq &)

Siale|sloeidi/o| 2 S14 /%

4\e|8|/2(E*|=/2/2/5/8|3

Mel/AlIOl(/a ie |Hlnl/Olwm|/sa la
Purple warty-back (Quadrula granifera)............----|---- (ee epteey eee ee ara |e eet
Wabash pig-toe (Quadrula rubignosa)...........--------|---- Beeel onto LOR 23S Se |e Aa ee 4d
Blue point (Quadrula undulata)......-...-.------------ 2 2040815) 9D) 6 Wi 6S ero eer een eee
Three-ridge (Quadrula plicata) ......-..-..---.--------- 20) NPQ Soo) 2 i eA Sa Mass leacelenee | Eeeelaeee
Lady-finger, spike (Unio gibbosus) ......--.--.----------]---- 39} 9/34/13] 6] 4
Hlk-toe (Alasmidonta truncata)... 2. -2s2-sccccecees e+ lore Sine octet |t B2k eee ay O25] SLO ees S| eee eee 2
Fluted shell (Symphynota costata)............-.-.-------]---- Ce Ta fee? 28 (ee del ee Cs Meee oes! lone oll ase
Wloater (Amodontaigrandis) = 222 52-o-nae ses ee se eee eee S38) "283)|M4a Ee SiC eee eae eso eee aan "2
Squaw-foot (Strophitus edentulus)..........-..----------|---- Bore Pond Pano) Geaciacas cosa Sema 21) 2
Black sand-shell (Lampsilis recta). .........------- Reser eter Sood) 74 \|pboe|bood sas ratel=|( 22) eee eae
Mucket (Lampsilis ligamentina).......-...-.-----------|---- .---| 6 | 25 | 47 ! 78 | 68 | 90 | 94 | 90 | 92
Fat mucket (Lampsilis luteola).....-..---- soe babeeeey 40 |) 485) 145) Seals eo) Saleee ee eeee
Pocketbook (Lampsilis ventricosa)...........-----------|---- a baa al eed je | | 6 4]. =(2ees

CONCLUSION.

The foremost fact concerning Fox River shelling is that the mussels
are disappearing. The causes that have brought about this condition
wil probably continue until the beds are completely exhausted, since
the unprofessional basis on which the work is conducted will allow its
continuance after it has ceased to be profitable. There is but a small
professional class which this exhaustion of mussels can influence
seriously. This class for the most part will have left the river next
year. Yet there are two blank factories near the Fox depending
altogether upon it for raw material. Steps should be taken to pre-
serve the mussel beds here for their own sake and because of their
importance to the American button manufacturers. The grade ot
shell is for the most part very good, and the shells have been found in
large numbers. The pearls, which have equaled the best in the
country, have nearly disappeared.

The conditions observed in 1911 indicated that the industry on this
river was doomed to disappear within a year or two unless preventive
measures were taken.

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO
FISHES AND MUSSELS OF THE MISSISSIPPI

By ROBERT E. COKER

Director United States Biological Station
Fairport, Lowa

Appendix VIII to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner
of Fisheries for 1913

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WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO FISHES AND
MUSSELS OF THE MISSISSIPPI."

INTRODUCTION.

Begun in January, 1911, and practically completed in June, 1913,
the dam on the Mississippi between Keokuk, Iowa, and Hamilton,
Tll., is not only an eminent feat of engineering and of efficient and
expeditious construction, but it marks an epoch in man’s utilization
of the greatest North American river. Two hundred thousand
horsepower are made available for commercial uses, 65 miles of
water deep enough for unimpeded navigation is provided above the
dam, and a single lock of the high lift of 40 feet replaces a navigation
canal and chain of three locks formerly necessary for the passage of
the Des Moines rapids of the Mississippi, now deeply submerged
beneath the waters of Lake Cooper. Substantial public benefits
are combined with the execution of such an enterprise.

This unique water-power development will have a great signifi-
cance for the fisheries of the upper Mississippi, not only in the possi-
ble checking of the upstream movement of migratory fishes, but in
the large area of lake waters it provides through the submerging of
former dry land and the backing up of small tributary creeks. It
is important to point out the significant advantage to fish and mussel
life of the great additions to the feeding and breeding grounds covered
by comparatively still water; it is also necessary to call attention to
the probable deleterious effect of the dam as an obstruction to the
free movement of fishes from the lower river to the upper, and vice
versa. How advantage and disadvantage, as regards fish life, are
to balance against each other in the future is not to be foretold.
Time and observation alone will show, but it is the purpose of this
report to present and to analyze the conditions offered by the dam,
and to point out the opportunities and the importance of subsequent
observations, as well as to offer certain suggestions for the minimizing
of harm and the increase of benefit.

It is hoped, too, that the report may serve the broader purpose of
pointing out the complexity of the problems involved in the effect
of water-power development upon fisheries and of bringing out, even
if inadequately, the opportunities and the fundamental necessity of

a The illustrations in thi’ paper are published by courtesy of the photographer, Mr. Anschutz.
5)

6 WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI.

a study, not only of fishways, but also of the migratory habits of
fishes. There is no view that power development should be sacri-
ficed to fisheries, but we are shortsighted, indeed, if we do not give
thoughtful consideration to minimizing any possible sacrifice to
fisheries that such developments may entail and to enhancing such
advantages as they may afford. In all the active discussion of
water-power problems there is almost a painful absence of reference
to the fisheries aspects, notwithstanding that the food produced by
the American fresh-water fisheries amounts to upward of 330,000,000
pounds, with a value to the fishermen alone of more than $12,000,000
and a value to the consumers far exceeding this amount.

NEW CONDITIONS AND PROBABLE EFFECT UPON MOVEMENTS OF
FISHES.

The writer approaches this inquiry with the conviction that the
measure of importance of the fisheries of the Mississippi is not found
in the existing state of the fishery.¢ The possibilities of the fisheries
of the Mississippi and other great rivers will be realized only in the
future, near or remote, when, under the pressure of economic con-
ditions, and with the illumination of a more adequate knowledge of
the needs of fish life, fish conservation will be more of an actuality
than at present. We will then not only comprehend the essential
importance of conditions favorable to the development of fish food
and to the natural propagation of fishes, but we will know how to
supply the necessary conditions. The further belief may be ex-
pressed that the future will show that Lake Cooper, as the large body
of repressed water above the Keokuk dam is now known, will prove
to be an important factor in supplying such conditions and possibly
may rival Lake Pepin of the North by offering so large an acreage,
or mileage, of comparatively still water provided with shoals and
bays sure to be replete with vegetation, and practically free from the
deleterious conditions incident to the excessive rise and fall charac-
teristic of ordinary river conditions.

It is one of the tragedies of fish life, catastrophic in degree at times,
that the spawning grounds may be found during spring floods far
from the main course of the river, where an untimely recession will
leave a generation of young fish isolated in some overflow pond, and
marked for destruction unless reclaimed by the agency of Govern-
ment or State. Such fish destruction is evident, and of common
knowledge, but that which occurs when the flood stage comes late
and after the fish have found nests in the originally shallow waters
of the river banks at low stage, can only be guessed at. Accordingly,
the significance of the interpolation in the course of a great river,

a The fisheries of the Mississippi River and its tributaries yielded in 1908, as shown by the census report,
food products of a value well upward of $2,000,000.

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI. 7

whether by natural or artificial means, of an immense pool, where
practically fixed and dependable conditions can be found, is not to be
lightly esteemed.

It becomes of greater importance that the possible disadvantages
incident to such an interpolation should be eliminated as far as
possible. Lake Pepin of the upper Mississippi, a virtual lake of
natural origin, is a great natural fish reserve into and out of which
fish may proceed at will at either end. Lake Cooper of the middle
region of the Mississippi is an artificial lake into and out of which
fish may pass unchecked in only one direction.

Any student of fisheries will at first glance make a further com-
parison of these two expansions of the Mississippi. The body of Lake
Pepin has a comparatively straight shore line and in some places is
bounded by steep bluffs; thereisarelative absence of slues and shal-
lows favorable for aquatic vegetation. Above and below Lake Pepin,
however, there are many slues and bayous which offer favorable con-
ditions for the breeding of fishes, and undoubtedly the fish life of the
lake is continually replenished from these sources. Lake Cooper, on
the other hand, has few bluff shores, and throughout its course, except
very near Keokuk, there are many favorable bayous, creeks, and
expansions over former agricultural or swampy flats. As regards the
proportion of deeper waters preferred by some species of fish, the two
lakes might compare more closely, except that the deep water in Lake
Cooper is at one end and is less extensive.

The relation of such developments to mussel life may be briefly
explained. The very young fresh-water mussels, with rare exception,
when first liberated from the incubation pouches of the parent,
must become parasitic upon fishes in order to pass through the next
stage of their existence. To this end, if the chance offers after
liberation, the young mussels, or glochidia, as they are called in this
stage, attach themselves to the gills, fins, or scales of a fish. The
mussels of economic importance attach themselves almost exclu-
sively to the gills. In attaching or biting on the fish a very slight
wound seems to be caused, which begins at once to heal over; but
in the process of mending, the glochidium is overgrown and thus
inclosed within the tissues of the fish. The mussel is now actually an
internal parasite, in which condition it remains for a period of two
weeks, more or less. It is thus conveyed wherever the fish goes,
until, when the proper stage of development is reached, it frees
itself from the host and falls to the bottom; if through a favorable
fortune it finds suitable lodgment, it continues its growth to form an
adult mussel. Owing to this fact of active transportation by the
fish, a mussel born of parents in one part of the river may conclude
its development in another region, even at points far upstream

8 WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI.

from the parent bed or perhaps in some tributary stream that the
fish host may have entered.

Investigations carried on by the Bureau during recent years have
shown that mussels do not necessarily attach to fish indiscriminately,
but that a given species of mussel may make use of only certain species
of fish, as the pimple-back mussel (Q. pustulosa) seems to be generally
restricted in parasitism to certain species of catfishes, and, a more
striking instance, the niggerhead mussel (Q. ebena) restricts itself
so far as is known to the river herring, or blue herring, Pomolobus
chrysochloris.“. Conditions, therefore, which affect the movements of
the river herring or the catfish may vitally affect the welfare of these
important mussels. |

It is not here simply a question of whether mussels will be trans-
ported from below the dam to the waters above, but, if the river herring
is a truly migratory fish, going down the river in the fall‘and ascending
again in the spring, and, if its course is so checked by the inter-
position of a dam that comparatively few find the way into the
upper river, two results will follow: The fish will become a rare species
in the upper river, and the future generations of niggerhead mussels
will so generally fail of finding attachment to the only suitable fish,
that successive broods will perish, until, with the ultimate death or
capture of the old mussels, the species will become extinct in that
portion of the river lying above Keokuk; that is to say, in practically
the entire Mississippi, for the mussel resources of the Mississippi
proper (tributaries excluded) are exceedingly limited south of Keokuk.

On the other hand, it is not to be lost sight of that the flood region
of the repressed water will make available new bottoms for clam
beds. The future condition is not to be predicted. None of the
existing bottom of the new lake is definitive. Bottoms now covered
with former land vegetation will acquire a new character in time
as they are covered with silt or stream-washed sand. The old
channel itself, no longer washed as before by active stream action,
will undergo changes. The Des Moines Rapids was formerly the
home of abundant niggerhead shells of particularly good quality,
which could readily be taken from among the rocks. Deeply sub-
merged as these beds now are, it will be scarcely possible to obtain
the mussels. The gradual accumulation of silt over and among
these rocks will probably make conditions unfavorable for this species,
although other beds of different species may be expected to be formed

a In some publications the name “skipjack”’ is applied to this species. Except as derived indirectly
from books, that common name does not seem to be applied to this species by local fishermen. The name
“skipjack,” in fact, seems generally to be appropriately applied to the gizzard shad, while the Pomolobus
is generally and very appropriately designated as the “river herring,’’ local fishermen having correctly
recognized its close relationship to the true herrings. It has been learned, however, that the Ohio shad
(Alosa vhiensis) is not regularly distinguished by fishermen from the river herring. To avoid further
confusion the use of the term ‘‘skipjack’’ as applied to Pomolobus should be discouraged.

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI. 9

in other parts. A river-lake® fauna of mussels may replace a strictly
river fauna. Should Lake Cooper eventually rival Lake Pepin—a
condition scarcely to be hoped for—it will be one of the most impor-
tant mussel regions of the country, supporting a mussel fishery
exceeding anything known in this territory before.

In concluding this introduction, certain salient points which have
been brought out or implied merit a particular emphasis.

(1) While the value of the dam will never be measured by its
relation to the fishery, the effects, both direct and indirect, will be
of exceptional interest and importance. There will be advantage
not unmixed with disadvantage. .

(2) There is a possibility worthy of serious inquirv that some
provisions may be made to lessen the incidental injury to fish life.

(3) The dam will afford a unique opportunity for the study of the
movement of fishes in the river, if systematic and continuous observa-
tions be undertaken in the early spring and continued through the
summer.

(4) The new-formed lake offers an equally unique opportunity for
the study of the development of the proper biological conditions for
fish life. It would be not only a fascinating study, but one of most
vital significance, to trace the development of this lake from a con-
dition of infancy to one of maturity, were there available the means
necessary for such an investigation.

(5) The opportunity afforded by this new body of water brings the
responsibility of taking definite measures for stocking it with suitable
fish and mussels; and scarcely less important is the introduction of
suitable aquatic vegetation which otherwise, as our experience at
Fairport indicates? will be slow to find a desirable development.

a By “river-lake,” I mean such a body of relatively still water as would ordinarily be called a lake,
which is yet intimately connected with a river, either as interpolated in the course of the river, or as an
arm ofariver. The conditions in a body of this kind may be characteristic. With the opportunity for
the internal circulation, plankton conditions and community life, corresponding in some degree to typical
lakes, there are combined in a measure the features of circulation and regular renewal of water correspond-
ing more nearly to usual river conditions. Illustrations are Cross and Pokegama Lakes in Minnesota,
Lake Pepin and Lake St. Croix, and in a smaller way, Rice Lake at La Crosse, Wis., which is between
the Mississippi and Black Rivers and connected with both. Lake and river faunas are generally quite
distinct in character. In fact, it is rare for a lake to yield commercial mussels. In the instances just men-
tioned we find, however, characteristic river mussels, and, what is more striking, we find that a species
such as the so-called fat mucket (LZ. luteola), which is generally abundant and worthless in true lakes, is in
these river-lakes abundant and valuable—that is, it has a shell of such thickness and form as to be excep-
tionally useful for buttons. The adaptations of this species is an interesting chapter in itself. No other
species of mussel is so generally worthless and, at the same time,so exceptionally valuable and abundant
in particular regions. Are its good qualities attributable to the unusual combination of river and lake
conditions, or are they characteristic of a geographic region? Will the same species attain importance in
Lake Cooper? When the latter question is answered, as it will be in course ofa few years, the answer to
the former question will be supplied at the same time.

b The Bureau through the Fairport station has already made some plants of fish and mussels, and since
this paper has gone to press has undertaken a preliminary study of the plankton of portions of the lake
with a view of tracing in this and subsequent years the development of the content of fish food. Further
observations are inserted in another portion of the paper.

10 WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI.

(6) The lessons which can be learned at Keokuk, if the opportunity
can be availed of, will be of far-reaching importance as supplying a
basis of information for guidance in future developments upon the
Mississippi or upon other rivers.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

In June, 1913, it was brought to the writer’s attention that the
Keokuk dam was being filled with water and, therefore, that a portion
of the river bottom below the dam might be exposed tor observation.
The idea immediately occurred that the practical stoppage of water
during the process of filling might cause the congregation of large
numbers of migratory fish below the dam, including the river herring
which had for some time been sought without success both at New
Boston and at Fairport. Mr. Thaddeus Surber, being then engaged
upon the investigation of the river herring, was therefore advised to
proceed to Keokuk in the hope of finding the desired fish and of
securing needed mussels if beds were indeed exposed. The expecta-
tion in regard to the fish was fully realized. The fish which had been
sought fruitlessly at Fairport and New Boston were found abundantly
immediately below the dam.

After an inquiry from the Mississippi River Power Co. regarding
the movement of fish, a second visit by Mr. Surber was made July
10 and 11. He reported almost incredible numbers of fish lying
just below the dam, large numbers of which were bemg caught by
local residents using hook and line, dipnets, hay forks, ete. During
this visit the gates were closed on the Illinois end of the dam, thus
leaving the new bed of the river fully exposed where previously there
had been water 3 to 6 feet deep. Vast numbers of fish were left
stranded and struggling about in the little pools among the large
stones, and people from both sides of the river were reaping a harvest,
some with gunny sacks filled, others with the larger fish slung on
poles, while others still were contented with long strings of fiddlers,
sheepshead, etc. He estimated that 1} tons of fish were removed
in the course of a couple of hours.

Below the dam on the 10th and 11th the following fish were
observed, given in order of their abundance: Buffalo, carp, paddle-
fish, sturgeon, sheepshead, fiddlers, redhorse, bluefish (Cycleptus),
toothed herring, and hickory shad. Very few bass and crappie were
taken, though they were reported to be unusually abundant; no
Pomolobus at all were secured, and, according to local informants,
none had been taken for several days previously.

I visited the dam September 22 and 23 and again October 11-15,
1913. The administration of the company courteously granted
passes for examination of the dam and its works and extended all

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI. 11

information requested. The lock was also operated for purpose of
demonstration.?

DESCRIPTION OF THE KEOKUK DAM.

The figures and essential data regarding the construction plan are
largely gleaned from a lucid description of the dam comprised in a
booklet entitled “Electric Power from the Mississippi River” and
issued by the Mississippi River Power Co., at Keokuk in 1912
and 1913.

The plant consists of the following principal elements (see pl. 11):
A dam proper, 53 feet high over all and four-fifths of a mile
long, extending across the Mississippi from the Illinois shore at Ham-
ilton and connecting at its western end with the power house, which
is built in the river several hundred feet from the Iowa shore; the
power house has its length almost parallel with the river shore,
extending in a downstream direction from the terminus of the dam
proper, and is practically one-third of a mile in length, over 132 feet
wide, and with the great height of 177 feet 6 inches or from 25 feet
below the surface of the limestone river bottom to nearly 110 feet
above the surface of the lake at high water; the lower end of the
power house (one-third of a mile below the dam) is joined to the Iowa
shore by a series of constructions, including a section of dam about
100 feet long, which provides a narrow chute and houses the machin-
ery for operation of the lock and dry dock, the lock 110 feet wide and
400 feet long, inside dimensions (618 feet over all), and the dry dock,
150 by 463 feet.

It thus appears that a bay or harbor of considerable size is formed
between the power house and the Iowa shore, limited on the lower
side by the lock and dry dock. This is called the fore bay and is
protected on its upper side by a curved ice fender composed of con-
crete arches in a series 2,325 feet long and 300 feet of floating boom
which may be opened back during the navigation season. It extends
from the upper eastern or offshore corner of the power house (that
is, from the western terminus of the dam) to the Iowa shore, the
direction being somewhat curved, and the total length about half
a mile.

The parts which are of immediate interest to us are the dam, the
power house, and the lock.

THE DAM STRUCTURE.

The dam proper is merely for the repression of water and the
provision of spillways. It is 4,278 feet long, or, with its abutments,
practically 1 mile. (PI. 12.)

aT desire to acknowledge the courtesy of Maj. M. Meigs, United States engineer, who extended me the
privilege of examination of the lock and facilitated my investigation in other ways.

22889°—14——35

1g WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI.

The dam structure is composed of 119 spans, each consisting of
two piers supporting an arch, which upholds a causeway. Between
the piers is placed in each span a section of spillway, the part over
which the water flows. This bridge-like structure, with the water
flowing over the spillway sections, extends from the Illinois bluff,
to which it is tied by an abutment, across the river to the upper
outer corner of the power house on the Iowa side, to which it is
tied by another abutment.

The piers are 6 feet thick, and the distance between piers—that is,
the width of each of the 119 spillway sections—is 30 feet. The
height of spillways is 32 feet. The upstream face of each spillway
section is vertical, the downstream face having a curve designed to
conform to the under surface of a body of water of this size and
depth running over a vertical obstruction to the current; the spill-
way face is made to fit the under surface of the water to avoid fric-
tion as much as possible; the curve of the downstream face delivers
the water in a horizontal direction down the river. (PI. 11.)

The stream over the spillway has a depth between 7 and 11 feet.
We thus have at each spillway in use an unretarded waterfall of
considerable volume with an abrupt drop of 32 to 40 feet, deflected
only at the bottom, where it shoots out among the rocks with im-
mense force in the form of a raging, foaming torrent, dashing against
the rocks with indescribable commotion. For the protection of the
base of the dam: from the erosion due to back currents, a broad,
low concrete apron is now being laid to flank the dam on its lower
side. It would be impossible for a fish to ascend such a fall from
below, or even, in all probability, to pass downward through it and
escape alive. This is inevitable to the existence of such a dam, so
that the opportunity for fish passage must be sought. elsewhere.

Between the top of each spillway and the lower side of the over-
hanging causeway is an arched opening about 19 by 30 feet which
will permit the passage of ice and drift with the water. ‘These open-
ings are partially closed by steel gates, 11 by 32 feet, which work in
deep slots in the concrete and serve to control the head within cer-
tain limits, as well as to regulate the flow to conform with the mini-
mum requirements for navigation as determined by the Govern-
ment.

The dam proper is not at right angles to the course of the river
below but has a slight downstream direction from east to west, so
that the upstream end of the dam structure, as of the entire plant,
is on the Illinois side. In ordinary times only a few of the spillways
are in use simultaneously, so that the main stream of the river so
far as it is determined by the flowage over the spillways—the waste
water, so to speak—may be changed at any moment from one side
of the river’s course to the other through a distance of nearly a

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI. 13

mile. (Pl.m.) In practice it is found necessary to be continually
changing the gates in order that all may be in perfect order and no
risk be run of any gate sticking or failing of operation at a critical
time. The gates are raised or lowered by traveling cranes, and
require about 13 minutes to lower.

Accordingly, as regards those fishes which are seeking an upstream
destination, so far as their course may be determined by the spillway
current, they will be directed toward the foot of the dam or to the
outskirts of a small sea of raging waters (at one side or the other, or
midway of the river), where in any case they are confronted by an
impassable barrier. If the stream is suddenly changed by the closure
of gates at one place and opening of others in another part, the fish
may be left in enormous quantities in the suddenly isolated pools
among the rocks, where they are at the mercy of those who would
capture them. Just this condition has occurred on some occasions
when fish could be taken with clubs and hay forks or with any con-
venient tool. This condition is more or less inevitable, but its recog-
nition may serve to suggest the necessity for care that the condition
be not caused unnecessarily. In any case stringent measures should
prohibit the slaughter of these fish and provide for their rescue and
restoration to the river. It is probably within the province of the
Government, in conjunction with the power company, to prevent the
wanton destruction of the fish left suddenly helpless under an emer-
gency condition.

THE POWER HOUSE.

The power house is of great importance, not only as the actual seat
of the machinery which converts water head into power in utilizable
form, but as the place through which there will always be passing a
considerable quantity of water. (Pl. ur.) The spillways of the
dam, it will be understood, serve only to supplement the flow of
water through the power house, taking care of the elements of fluc-
tuation in the volume of the river and of variability in the use of
water for power.

The power house is not alongshore, but arises out of the body of
the lake, as it were, forming the eastern boundary of the fore bay,
for about one-third of a mile (pl. 1.) Its exact length as designed
is 1,718 feet, but only one section equal to one-half of this length
is now completed. The foundation walls of the entire building are,
of course, in place as an essential part of the dam as a whole. The
outside wall of the building toward the Iowa shore is not built
solid to the bottom, but is supported on a series of arches, so that
the water from the fore bay has free access to an inner or head bay
within the building and extending its entire length. The outer wall
of the building, facing the Illinois shore, rises from the downstream

14 WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI.

bed of the river and is flanked by the tail-race or tail-bay, an impor-
tant feature for our consideration. Between the head-bay and the
tail-race intervene the turbines or power units, of which there are now
15 installed and 15 more in contemplation. These are arranged in a
single linear series from the upper to the lower ends of the house.

The water from the head bay is admitted to each turbine through
four gates, each 22 feet high by 7 feet 6 inches wide, the opening
being protected by coarse screens or iron gratings, which exclude the
passage of large drift, but are not fine enough to prevent the passage
of any but the largest fish; the openings between bars of the grat-
ings are 6 by 23 inches. The four intake passageways are of a
special design and converge into a single large scroll chamber 39 feet
in diameter around the turbine. Other gates or guide vanes at this
place control the passage of water into the turbine chamber, whence,
after setting the turbines in motion, the water passes down through
the enlarging draft chamber out into the tail-bay below. The draft
chamber is circular at its upper end just below the turbine, where it
is 15 feet in diameter, or about 2 feet greater than the diameter of the
water passage through the turbines. At once, however, it begins
to enlarge in diameter and take a curved form by which it changes
direction from the vertical to the horizontal and changes from a cir-
cular to an oblong shape in cross section. The outer openings of the
draft tube below are 22 feet 8 inches in vertical diameter and 40 feet
2 inches in horizontal diameter. The bottom of these openings and
the bottom of the tail-race is about 25 feet below the bottom of the
Mississippi.

Between the head-bay and the tail-race there is normally a head of
32 feet. It is calculated that the velocity of the water at the top of
the draft tube, immediately under the turbine, will normally be 14
feet per second, or 9 miles per hour, while at the point of discharge
into the tail-race it will be 4 feet per second, or less than 3 miles per
hour. The water in the tail-race itself may have a greater velocity.

It has been complained that many fish are destroyed by the tur-
bines. It is possible that descent through the turbines would be
fatal, but it is scarcely conceivable that fish in course of ascent
would reach the turbines. It is to be remembered that the water
passes the turbines in course of a vertical descent of 32 to 40 feet
with greatest velocity where the turbines intervene. It is hardly
possible that fish would successfully breast a vertical current of such
force. It is not generally the swiftest fish that seek the darkest
passageways. The blades or buckets of the turbines, of course,
though revolving at high speed, are not slashing through the water
as the uninitiated might suppose, but are driven before the water.
Assuming, therefore, that a fish could make the tortuous passage
from tail-race to head-bay against the velocity of the water, the tur-

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI. 15

bine buckets would probably interfere less with its course than the
solid walls that confine the water.

There are not infrequent reports of the finding of specimens of the
spoonbill-cat or paddle-fish below the dam, with the spoonbill cut
or broken clean off. Such injuries are attributed to the blades of
the turbines, but the reports have not been as yet of such frequency
as to indicate any serious degree of damage.?

The bottoms of the lower openings of the draft tubes are 25 feet
below the natural bottom of the Mississippi. (See p. 14.) The tail-
race is excavated to a corresponding depth from the upper end of
the power house down to the region of the lock below. This is, for
our purpose, one of the most significant features of the dam. The
tail-race constitutes a narrow but deep channel, through which the
water used in the power house is conveyed downstream to join the
natural main channel of the river on the Iowa side near the bridge.
The remainder of the river bed conveys, besides an overflow from this
tail-race, only the spilled water from the dam, which may at various
times be greater or less than the flow in the tail-race, according to the
stage of the river above. It may be imagined that at the ultimate
development of the plant the amount of water used regularly in the
power house will be approximately equal to the minimum low-water
volume of the river, since the storage capacity of the lake is not
considerable as compared with the size of the plant.

Not all of the water from the draft tubes will follow the direct
course, for the channel is not strictly confined, and a considerable
surface current will always overflow from the tail-race toward the
body of the river. At the time of this writing (October, 1913) the
tail-race is to a considerable extent confined by the old cofferdam;
but it is probable that this will be blasted out, permitting more
extended lateral overflow. There will always be a strong flow of
water in the tail-race corresponding at least to the volume of water
required to supply the minimum demands of power. There will
probably be little fluctuation of current from day to day at corre-
sponding hours except with seasonal changes of lighting demands,
but there will be a regular ebb and flow (considering the tail-race only)
in the course of each 24 hours, since the use of electrical power is
usually least during the early hours of the morning. This variation
is very carefully watched by the company, so that it may be com-
pensated by opening or closing gates over the spillways of the dam
to minimize the effect on navigation in the river below.

The tail-race is the one perpetual passageway for water below the
dam, and it is of interest to inquire in a later paragraph if the fish
which may be attracted against this current may not be deflected
by some simple means toward the only avenue of escape into the

a Several cases have come under the writer’s observation.

16 WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI,

waters above. The tail-race will always be comparatively free from
drift or ice, which must be screened out above for protection of the
turbines. It will not be strictly free of drift below the power house
on account of there being in the lower end of the power house a
small spillway, or chute, through which drift that has entered the
head-bay may be shunted to the tail-race below. Close to this chute,
but just without the west power-house wall, is another small spill-
way for shunting the drift which may collect in the region of the
lock.

THE LOCK.

The lock was an essential requirement of the Government in
order to provide for the necessities of navigation. It is of particular
interest also since it is the only passageway by which it is supposed
fish may pass from the lower river to the upper. The lock, built by
the proprietors of the dam and deeded to the Government, is located
below the power house and inshore from it, the upper eastern corner
of the lock being connected with the lower western corner of the
power house by a short section of dam provided with narrow spill-
ways, as before mentioned. (Pl. 1.) The lock is 110 feet wide and
400 feet long inside and has a maximum lift of 40 feet. The time
required for locking a boat through is about 15 minutes. For such
a great lift in so large a lock to be accomplished in so short a time
requires a most efficient and special arrangement for fillmmg and
emptying the lock.

The bottom of the lock (which is 8 feet below the water level at
the lowest stage of the river) is a gridiron of culverts, the mains
being under the bottom of the walls running lengthwise of the lock,
and the crossbars of the gridiron being culverts crossing the lock
floor atintervals. The largest of these culverts are 13 feet in diameter
and the smallest are 6 feet in diameter. The culverts are cast of
concrete around steel lining. The angles in them are so sharp
and the water pressure and velocity will be so great that the friction
of the water against the concrete would wear the latter if it were
not protected with steel. The outlet ends of the culverts discharge
on the side of the lock at right angles to the course of the river.

By adjustment of a series of valves the water in the lock is permitted
to run out into the river through the culverts. After the boat has
entered and the gates are closed, the culvert valves of the filling
system will be opened, the water from the higher level of the fore
bay will rush through the culverts entering the lock chambers through
fifty-seven 3-foot culvert openings until the level within the lock is
the same as that of the fore bay, the boat being lifted 40 feet
vertically within a few minutes. (Pl. v1.) As soon as the upper
gate is submerged the boat may pass out and continue its course
through the deep water of the bay and lake. In leaving the lock

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI. 17

the boat passes over the front wall of the lock which is covered by 8
to 14 feet of water, according to the stage of the lake.

It should be remarked that the lower gates, which are of heavy
steel truss construction, swing open, while the upper gate is of a new
submerging type. This gate is a heavy steel truss containing air
chambers below and works up and down in vertical slots of steel.
There is also an emergency gate a short distance in front of the regu-
lar upper gate which may be used when necessary to repair the latter.

It will be inferred from the above description that the fish would
not be likely to enter the lock from below during the process of
emptying, since to do so would be to pass through the deeply sub-
merged sharp-angle, culverts or tunnels out of which the water is
discharging apparently at enormous velocity. Correspondingly it
is not to be expected that they would gain the upper lake from the
lock during the process of filling, since to do so entails passing down
through the same tunnels against the rush of water under a 40-foot
head. It is possible that a few might make their exit in this way
after the lock is nearly filled.

It is also clear from the description of the working of the lock that
the gate above is not submerged except when the lock is full, nor are
the gates below opened except when the lock is empty. In other
words, there is no ingress or egress through the gates for fish that are
working upstream except when the water in the lock is stationary,
which is to say, when ascending fish are least tempted to move in
that direction.

Another feature of the lock construction is significant. The upper
opening of the lock does not extend down to the bottom, but is
largely closed from below by a solid concrete wall over 30 feet high.
(Pl. vr). A fish entering the empty lock from below finds 8 feet
of water at the lowest stage of the river; leaving the full lock above
it finds 8 to 14 feet of water between the top of the submerged gate
and the lake surface according to the stage of the lake. To find its
way out, therefore, it must make a vertical rise of 25 to 35 feet,
without the presence of any definite current to direct its movements,
or else, as before mentioned, it may seek its way out through the
deep tunnels beneath. How will this head wall affect the movements
of bottom-loving fish ?

Parenthetically, it may be said that the effect of the unwonted
variation in pressure within the lock may have a real (but quite
unknown) influence on the movement of fishes. The depth of water
in the lock varies from 8 to 48 feet. The possible demoralization of
the fish by the turbulence of waters suddenly boiling up from below
under a 30 to 40 foot head is perhaps uncertain, though we may
infer that its effect would not be the happiest.

18 WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI.

As a matter of observation, fish are found in the lock. When the
lock is emptied a few fish are often seen stranded on the broad top of
the wall at the upper end of the lock. More often, perhaps invariably,
some are caught between the rails on the top of the submerged gate
when this is raised. The space between these rails is about 8 by
110 feet or 880 square feet. Only a few fish were thus taken under
my observation, but I was informed that as many as 50 to 100 had
been caught in this way at one time. We do not know whether these
fish were going into or coming out of the lock. It is possible that the
lock acts as a sort of fish trap into which fish of the immediate vicin-
ity stray, and by means of which some of these fish are transferred
infrequently from pool to river, or vice versa, without reference to
migratory movement. The lock chamber is a little over an acre in
extent (44,000 square feet) and such an area in nature will accom-
modate a large number of fish without indicating any special assem-
blage of fish seeking a passage in a definite direction. The actual
fact, and the significance of the facts, may be determined only by
systematic observations judiciously interpreted.

THE QUESTION OF A PRACTICAL AND EFFECTIVE FISHWAY.

At the outset it may be stated that an ideal fishway is afforded
only by the free channel of the river itself. We can not have water
powers in the course of the stream, without some sacrifice of the free
movements of fishes. Artificial fishways may, however, be practi-
cally effective, and locks are sometimes accepted as proper fishways,
especially where occurring in the course of canals or narrow streams.
It does not follow that a lock will be effective in all situations. Some
features of the present case will first be recapitulated.

(1) The position of the lock is near the Iowa shore, from which it is
separated only by the dry dock and the Government reservation on
filled ground built out from the shore. (PI. 1.)

(2) The width of the lock opening is 110 feet, as compared with
the approximately three-fourths of a mile breadth of the river. Its
opening is perhaps one-thirtieth of the width of the river.

(3) The location of the lock is out of the principal currents, though
not far removed from the important tail-race. It is not certain,
therefore, that even a proportion of the fish equal to the ratio of the
width of the lock to the width of the river would find entrance to the
lake through this chamber. That a considerable number of fish
should be found in the lock is not inconsistent with this statement.

(4) The fillmg and emptying of the lock is accomplished by meth-
ods which do not encourage the entrance or exit of migratory fishes
during these processes. Fish may freely enter from below when the
lower gates are open and, by rising toward the surface, may leave for
the lake when the gate at the head is opened; but at these times the

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI. 19

water in the lock chamber is practically stationary. It has been sug-
gested that this defect might be remedied by providing in some way
that a slow but practically continuous flow of water might prevail
through the lock.

(5) There are factors of pressure and of serious disturbance or
turbulence of the water which may have significant effect upon the
moving tendencies of fish in the locks.

(6) The lock is operated on an average about nine times a day,
during the season of navigation, and requires from 15 to 30 minutes
for the passage of one or more boats.¢

(7) The movements of fishes can not be subjected to rules, nor
even accurately defined, except after such patient and systematic
observations as have not yet been made.

Any fishway to be effective, must receive the fish at some point of
convergence and give them practically uninterrupted opportunity
for ascent. The fishway should be in operation at least as early as
the ice goes out in spring, and preferably sooner, and it should be so
attended and cared for as to be always in unobstructed condition.
The lock can not be said to meet these conditions.

The engineering difficulties of providing an effective fishway over
a dam 40 feet high and a mile wide are not to be underestimated, and
must be given careful consideration. Were it an impossibility to
have a fishway under these circumstances, we should simply have to
fall back upon the law of compensation and accept a great loss in
exchange for a greater benefit. The stakes to be lost are, however,
perhaps greater than may at first be supposed. The reduction of
important fisheries in the entire upper Mississippi and the possible
extinction of one of the most valuable mussels of the same portion of
the stream are not to be lightly considered.

It is not impossible to suppose that practically all fish that
approach the lower end of the tail-race could be made to converge
toward the position of the lock or its juncture with the power house.
It is possible that an open weir of coarse-meshed wire netting
stretched out as a wing from the foot of the lock entirely across the
stream below the tail-race would accomplish this purpose. The
feasibility of this is suggested by the fact that the tail-race is so
largely free from dangerous drift materials. A decided downstream
angle to the wing net would not only increase its efficiency but would
facilitate the passage around the end of the weir of the drift not
screened out above, even if some attention were required to insure
such clearance.

The desirability of a fishway at any point depends upon determina-
tion by experiment as to whether a large proportion of the fish could be

a Records from the lockmaster’s book for a period of 46 days show 224 lockings ‘‘down”’ and 191 lockings
“up,” or a total of 415 operations.

20 WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI.

concentrated at this place. Some simple experimentation is worth
while, if only for guidance in case of future constructions. Were there
installed a floating boom directed from the lower offshore angle of the
lock structure downward and outward across the main flow from the
power house, it would be practicable for experimental purposes to
supplement this by suspending a weir of coarse-meshed wire netting
below the boom. The object would be to determine whether fish in
large numbers could be deflected in the direction of the lock. The
possibility of a fishway near the Illinois end of the dam, which, as has
been brought out, is the point farthest upstream, is also worthy of
consideration; although the difficulties are here greater, on account of
the exposure to floating ice and other drift, and because of the changes
of flow from one part of the dam to another. It is possible that, after
the period of construction is entirely passed, it will not be necessary
to make entire changes of flow during the season of active migration of
the fishes. It may be borne in mind that, on account of the tremen-
dous disturbance resulting at the foot of the spillways, most fish
will find their direct approach checked at several hundred feet from
the base of the dam, although they may, and do, pass around the
region of disturbance to reach the very foot of the dam. Accordingly
a fishway having its foot at some distance from the dam might be
in position to receive the fish at the uppermost point of direct
approach.

Reverting again to the tailrace as a region of unceasing current,
one may look down from the platform along the outside wall of the
power house upon the upper part of the tailrace, where the big draft
tubes are discharging columns of water 25 by 40 feet, directed with
great force against the opposite face of the tail-bay some 75 feet from
the power house. Meeting this obstruction, the waters are thrown
into terrific commotion before they can be turned downstream to
follow the direction of the excavated raceway. In this raging, whirl-
ing, ebullient current, no fish could find a rest or pursue a definite
course. But the water is always overflowing now between the piers
of the abandoned cofferdam flanking the tail-bay, and will, after the
cofferdam is entirely removed, overflow in a continuous sheet toward
the center of the river. This is of interest as a tolerably fixed condi-
tion, as opposed to the variable conditions characteristic of the spili-
way portion of the dam.* It appears plausible that fish will work up
along this line of overflow, finding ultimately a terminus at the foot
of the dam. If it be possible to provide a fishway on the dam at a
point near the upper end of the tail-race, it is probable that the oppor-
tunity for concentration of fish would be more uniform here than at
any other point on the dam proper, and likewise that the problem of
preventing damage from floating ice and drift would be simplified

a Note the later observations inserted on page 25.

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI. 21

by the proximity of the head of the fishway to the power house and
the present ice fender.

The possibility of a dipnet and hoist operated at the angle of power-
house and dam, or elsewhere, is suggested by the congregation of fish
in such places. None of the suggestions mentioned in this section is
offered as a practical solution of the problem; rather as indicating
some possible lines of preliminary experiment.

Finally, the question is sometimes asked if fish in migration are
working along the bottom or near the surface. The answer is that
there are bottom-loving fishes and surface fishes. The essential fact is
that a fishway is intended for the use of fish working upstream, or
those engaged upon the return journey. Consequently it must be
located at a point that fish naturally approach in fighting a current.
Needless to say, it should operate continuously, and not intermit-
tently, unless the fish were prevented in some way from seeking
another place while waiting for the opening of the way.

It is much easier to proclaim the desirability of a fishway than to
say what sort of a fishway and what location for it would be practi-
cally effective. The problem which is raised is simply this: To deter-
mine by continued observation under varying conditions at what
points the fish naturally converge or may, by artificial means, be
made to converge; then to inquire what sort of passageway would be
practicable and effective to permit and encourage ascending fishes to
rise from the river to the lake. When these questions are given a
definite answer, intelligent action can follow. If the end is neces-
sary, and practicable of attainment, it is worth expense; if it is not
found feasible to converge and give reasonably free passage to migra-
tory fish, it is useless to waste relatively large sums for the name of
“‘fishway.’’ The whole matter at this stage may be expressed as a
biological problem, definitive answer to which should not and can not
be given except on the basis of further experience.

LAKE COOPER.

It is indeed desirable that ascending fish should have access to the
great breeding grounds of Lake Cooper. Regarding the lake, it is
not pertinent in this connection to add much to the references made
in the introduction concerning its relation to fish and mussel life.

As a region of repressed and relatively slack water, Lake Cooper
extends above Burlington, Iowa, with a length of 65 miles and a
width of 1 to 3 miles. It will not here be discussed except to remark
that it has caused the submergence of many islands and low-lying
shoreland and formed numerous deep coves and bays. Much of the
submerged farming lands of high value are to be reclaimed by systems
of levees and drainage. The growth of trees upon many of the flooded
islands and shores has been removed by the company that there

viv WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI.

might be no danger to navigation. The maximum lake level is not
yet attained; there may be a rise of 3 or 4 feet in the course of the
next few years, to be made gradually in accordance with arrange-
ments between the company and the property owners affected. The
greatest depth in ordinary times will be about 40 feet, but the gen-
eral depth will be much less.

There will ensue a good deal of decomposition of old land vegeta-
tion under water, but the effect of waves and surface wind currents,
in connection with the circulation resulting from the regular flow of
the river, will do much to reoxygenate the water. In course of time
a proper growth of vegetation will be found in the bays, and this will
form a most significant feature in the bionomics of the mature lake.

Experience at Fairport with new ponds supplied with Mississippi
River water shows that the development of a proper degree of aquatic
vegetation is greatly hastened by artificial introduction of suitable
plants, and we have found it difficult to obtain these in any variety
from the local overflow ponds and slues of the Mississippi. It
would be most desirable, therefore, if the Government or State
authorities should make such introductions in the various coves and
bayous, so that the maturity of the pond as a fish environment might
be expedited. Plants of fish and mussels can readily be made. It is
understood that several hundred young bass were introduced by the
Iowa State fishery department, and the United States Bureau of
Fisheries, through the Fairport Biological Station, made a plant in Oc-
tober, 1913, of 2,343 large-mouth black bass and 425 crappie infected
with Lake Pepin muckets and local Mississippi River muckets, in
about equal proportions (1,380,000 glochidia in all).

OPPORTUNITY AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR INVESTIGATIONS.

The problem presented by the Keokuk Dam may well serve to
point out the inadequacy of our preparation to deal with situations
of the kind—situations which may vitally affect the future food supply
of our people. It is not alone an insufficiency of knowledge and ex-
perience which confronts us, but a real negligence. In connection
with water-power developments everywhere, streams are obstructed
with the bare and indefinite requirement for installation of fishways,
which, in a large number of cases, become inoperative soon after they
are put in. It is not the proprietors of the power developments who
are at fault, so much as the public at large who expect the owners to
provide and maintain fishways though robbed of incentive and
guidance.?

The subject of fishways is one of live importance, and one requiring
thorough experimentation. It is not the method of laboratory ex-
periment that is needed, so much as that of field experiment and

a There are very few sorts of fishways that accomplish the purpose for which they are designed.

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI. 23

continued observation of the movements of fishes and their utili-
zation of fishways. It is unfortunate that more practical experience
has not been gained by a strict enforcement of the provisions requiring
fishways and subsequent precise observation of their efficient working.
In this way would the best of experience be gained.

Passing this subject, there are rare opportunities presented by the
situation at Keokuk, to take advantage of which would be of the
highest value.

We are deficient in our knowledge of the movements of fishes.
What fishes migrate, at exactly what season does the migration occur
with the several species of fish, and what is the extent of the move-
ment with the several species? These are questions that we can not
now answer with a satisfactory degree of definiteness. The existence
of a practical obstruction in the Mississippi at Keokuk offers an
unprecedented chance for exact observations, supplemented as they
may be by the series of observations made by the biological station
at Fairport, in the upper Mississippi at Lake Pepin, and elsewhere.
The full realization of this opportunity can not be accomplished by a
cursory examination, but demands a systematic and long-continued
investigation undertaken before the movement of ice in the spring.®

Observations made by the staff of the Fairport station during the
summer and fall of 1913 have revealed the fact that the river herring
(Pomolobus chrysochloris) has been present just below the dam during
practically the entire period and in large numbers. Nevertheless,
it would be impossible to say at the present time if this is because the
fish are blocked in the effort to proceed up the river, or if we have to
do only with the assemblage of an exceptional number of individuals
of this species due to peculiarly favorable conditions found in the
swift waters below the dam.

The peculiar habits of eels are of particular interest in connection
with any effective obstruction of the course of astream. It is known
of some species of eels, and believed to be true of all, that they do not
breed in the rivers at all, but only in the depths of the ocean. The
young eels, after hatching from the egg and passing through an inter-
esting stage called the leptocephalus, during which they are strictly
marine, ascend the rivers to grow to maturity, when they in turn will
pass down the rivers to start a new generation upon the first stage of
life in the sea. Supposing that few of the new generation of eels
should succeed in passing above the dam, we would expect a gradual

a Anadromous fishes are those which ascend rivers to spawn; the only fish of the Mississippi assumed to
be anadromous is the Ohio shad, Alosa ohiensis. Catadromous fishes are those that go down to the sea to
spawn, such are the eels of the Mississippi River. Other fishes are merely migratory having seasonal runs,
from upper to lower portions of the river and return. In this class are generally included practically every
important food fish, as the basses, wall-eyed pike, suckers, buffaloes, spoon-bill cat, lake sturgeon, shovel
nose sturgeon, river herring, and all the larger catfishes. Very few fishes, among which would be the bull-
heads, would be left in the nonmigratory or permanent resident class. However, it must be said that the
beliefs regarding the movements of fishes require to be submitted to the test of more exact observation.

24 WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI.

extinction of the eel in the upper river and its tributaries, while we
would look for a relative abundance of young eels below the dam,
particularly during the next few years. This is a problem that may
lend itself to concrete observation.

A question that raises itself in regard to purely migratory fishes,
that is, those that move down the river in the fall and up in the spring,
is, to what extent will the presence of the large body of deep water
above the dam remove the necessity, or inhibit the tendency, of the
fishes to proceed farther in their downstream course ?

The destiny of the fish that are interrupted in their upward journey
upon reaching Keokuk introduces a new problem. What becomes of
these fish? Will they remain there all the summer? Will they turn
back and work down the river or find tributary streams? To answer
such questions would require close and continuous attention during
the spring, and, since the fish can not be watched by the eye, a good
deal of systematic trapping and seining at various points. In this
connection it may be mentioned that reports were current to the
effect that the Keokuk dam had turned innumerable fishes up the
Des Moines River, which discharges into the Mississippi only 3 miles
below the dam. It was said that more fish were being taken at
Ottumwa than could be disposed of. Both Ottumwa and Eldon
were visited by the writer in September, and the most careful inquiries
made. It was found that the reports had no foundation, other than
the hope and belief that the dam would deflect the fish into the Des
Moines River as the first opening below Keokuk. Some local per-
sons who did not fish offered some supposed confirmation of the
reports, but every one of a considerable number of persons inter-
viewed who fished either as a profession or for sport, agreed in stating
that the fishing had been unusually poor during this season, and this
condition was attributed to the fact that the river had been too low
all the season for fish to ascend. There was some testimony that
there had been an unusual run of very small channel cats and carp of
6 or 7 inch length—almost too small to use—but it did not appear
that this had been unprecedented; also there was complaint of an
increasing number of gars.

The sudden creation of a large lake intervening in the course of a
great river with the submergence of islands and shore land, thousands
of acres in extent, offers an unrivaled opportunity for investigations
of material value. Upon this subject we are at liberty to some extent
to draw conclusions a priori, as has been done, but there is none the
less the privilege and the responsibility for more detailed inquiry and
exact survey which, if completed, would furnish invaluable data for
interpretation of the conditions of fish life and the determination of
the ultimate requirements for the maximum development of fishery
resources.

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI. 25

The problems here outlined are too extensive in scope to be solved
in their entirety within the available resources of the Bureau, but
the hope may be expressed that the lesson of this occasion may make
so wide an impression that, should the fortune of time offer another
situation of like significance, the possibilities of the Bureau’s service
may have been so anticipated that a condition of preparedness shall
have been created. The effective conservation and development of
the fishery resources is a not unimportant phase of the provision for
the future welfare of the country.

APPENDIX.—TIHE PROBLEM OF THE MIGRATION OF RIVER HERRING.

The following brief account of observations made chiefly during the
year 1914 are of interest in this connection. While it was not found
feasible to detail anyone for continuous study of the succession and
movements of fishes, as would have been desirable, some occasional
visits could be made, which were not without value.

The writer visited Keokuk April 15, 1914, when the water was still
cool, and practically no movement of fishes had occurred. It was
learned that the river immediately below the dam had remained open
all the winter, although as a whole below the bridge at Keokuk and
above the dam it had been frozen over with thick ice. In the exposed
water the wall-eye or ‘‘jack salmon” had been present all the winter
and fished abundantly with hook and line. Practically the only fish
then in evidence were perch and crappie in the slues. A few perch
were noted in the lock, and the lock master stated that a large
number had been taken at the first locking, about April 10.

A local informant, Mr. Joe MacAdams, was requested to write me
of the first appearance of the herring. After a card from him, T
visited Keokuk again April 29. He stated that the herring first ap-
peared April 20, and that they became enormously abundant within
a few days; on the 27th, according to several informants, during a
warm day, one could at any moment see hundreds of them breaking
the water in every part of the river below the plant.

The day of my arrival, April 29, was cold, windy, and cloudy, and
at first view very few herring were observable. After closer observa-
tion, however, they were seen to be present in immense numbers,
and congregated in certain locations exactly as had been predicted.
(See p. 20 above.) A large number were seen just below the short sec-
tion of dam between the upper end of the lock and the lower end of the
power house; many were observed along the outer wall of the tail-race,
but in the angle between the power house and the dam and from this
point to the nearest open spillway, a short distance away, the her-
ring were fairly massed. Such a close aggregation of fish can rarely
be seen in fresh water. They had evidently followed up along the
outer edge of the tail-race until they could go no farther. Again, on

26 WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI.

the outer side of the last spillway in use, which was about 700 feet
from the power house, there were considerable numbers of herring.
From this point to the Illinois shore, a distance of about two-thirds
of a mile, not a single herring was in evidence. It was evident, there-
fore, that the herring had been guided by the moving water, so that
they had in consequence assembled in such remarkable numbers on
each flank of the stream below the open spillways, many more being
guided to the eastward side by the strong current from the turbines.

Opportunity to observe whether they could breast the strong cur-
rent was favored by the fact that there were three closed spillways
between three open on the east and nine open on the west; thus there
was a triangle of relatively slack water between two strong currents
which met a short distance below. To the west of the westward
current fish were abundant; to the east of the eastward current they
were still more abundant; but in the triangle between not one fish
could be seen. It was evident, therefore, that the power of the cur-
rents below the spillways proved an effective barrier to the lateral
movements of the fish for some distance below the dam; otherwise
not all of the fish would have been on the right side of one current
and on the left side of the other.

The powerful currents caused slight eddies on each side, so that the
dead water at the foot of the dam on either side was continually
being drawn into the spillway streams. The fish were also drawn in,
and it was easily observed that the velocity of the streams made them
perfectly helpless. As soon as they passed into this stream they were
thrown up in the foam and spray and often hurled 20 feet or more,
back, sides, or under parts up, to be carried off as soon as they fell.
Presumably no injuries were received, as no dead or injured fish were
observed in the river below. No fish, as previously indicated, were
drawn in from the slack water between the easterly spillways and the
westerly, although similar eddies prevailed here.

It was observed that the roe of the herring was large, and it was
thought that they would ripen within a few weeks. A visit was made
by Superintendent Canfield May 29, and a number of herring were
examined, but they were found to be not quite ready for spawning. A
later visit was made by Mr. W. B. Gorham, June 11 and 12, when it
was found that the herring had disappeared. This disappearance had
not been noticed by the local fishermen for the reason that there were
present in large numbers the Ohio shad, Alosa ohiensis, which is not
generally, if ever, distinguished by fishermen from the herring. There
was no clue, therefore, as to what had become of the herring. Later
observations at Lake Pepin are mentioned below.

The gathering of herring in such enormous numbers at Keokuk is
of particular interest from the fact that this fish has never been gen-

a Later observations (in August) indicate that the disappearance was only temporary.

WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI. mary

erally regarded as abundant in the river. Fishermen generally speak
of it as uncommon, and yet informants sometimes refer to occasions
when they were taken plentifully about the ends of wing dams. It
has been supposed, therefore, that the fish is more abundant than
common observations indicate, but that it migrates rapidly, keeping
in the current where fishermen work least, and tarrying where the
water runs swiftly around such obstructions as the wing dams. This
supposition seemed to receive confirmation from the observations at
Keokuk in 1913.

The question still occurred: Would the herring be found in the
upper river after the dam was constructed? On the occasion of a
visit by the writer to Lake Pepin in Minnesota on July 19, 1913, a
single specimen was taken in a seine haul of our propagation crew.
Several fishermen were positive that this was the first specimen seen
in Lake Pepin in that season. The foreman of the crew, Mr. William
Teachout, was requested to report each subsequent catch, and follow-
ing is a record of his reports. To check the field identifications,
specimens were sent to the Fairport laboratory from time to time,
and in each case the identification was confirmed. The seining oper-
ations were discontinued in Lake Pepin after September 11, though
pursued in the river below the lake. Later hauls in Lake Pepin
were made October 17, 18, and 23, without further catch of herring.

Biur Herrina TAKEN IN LAKE Pepin Durine 1913.

UU eA ne ee es epee oes DA Se aed SES eas CAE APES ek hes

PAU Choa ORe tot. 2 ces cel ee ke OS | Sept. 3 3
oee Le 5 25
12. 5 | 6 5
DO rss SE RRS oR AE 8 | 1] 26
oO RE ee ict ete Se ea ysicgn em Lame |

The observations at Lake Pepin were continued after the seining
operations began in Lake Pepin in 1914. A single specimen was
taken May 12, a few about the middle of June, after which they were
taken more plentifully, especially in July, as shown by the records
which follow, covering observations to the date of August 8:

Bitue HERRING TAKEN IN LAKE PEPIN DurRineG 1914.

TE 119, i sR Soe Re Pe ea a Lg Fr [1 oe aes | ey ee a oc ea |
WES) Tee ee See a cape Pee reste L | 1) 40
bee. | Pile 168
19s 3) || ZOE 135
eee 28 | Pile 3
22. 8 | 22. 120
24) 14 23 29
25 3 A IN oe ees ee ae 92
26... IS Auge 3 57
AY [Se os ses SUS ee ee Sted atk we SO 12 (RES S82 ene eee ne 75
LUI ae? se ee se ary eee oe 5 SRO ee nario cintine. ct erent 1

22889°—14 36

98 WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE MISSISSIPPI.

The fact that the herring became abundant at Lake Pepin shortly
after they ceased to be observable at Keokuk suggested that they
might have passed through the lock. However, the examples
received from Lake Pepin were noticeably smaller than the examples
taken at Keokuk. This fact suggested the inference that the Lake
Pepin herring might not have come from the river below Keokuk,
but might represent younger fish that had wintered at intermediate
points or possibly in Lake Cooper. Here the matter must rest pend-
ing further and more adequate studies. It is noteworthy that the
herring seem to have appeared in Lake Pepin earlier in 1914 than in
1913, and that they appeared to be more numerous in the later year,
notwithstanding that the river was obstructed at Keokuk throughout
1914 but not in the earlier part of 1913.

In August, 1914, a number of very young herring were collected
by Mr. Teachout. In one shipment, August 26, 1914, 21 specimens
were received of fingerlings or yearling herring, the lengths ranging
from 122 to 165 millimeters (5 to 6} inches). On September 5, six
somewhat smaller specimens were sent us, having lengths of 107 to
128 millimeters, the smallest being scarcely over 4 inches. Such
specimens are of particular interest as the first young herring observed
at our laboratory and as indicating that Lake Pepin is a place where
the herring breed. Mr. H. W. Clark, who has examined these speci-
mens, reports that even many of these small herring are infected
with glochidia of mussels.

O

PLATE lI.

U.S. B. F.—Doc. 805.

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PLATE III.

Doc. 805

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U.S. B. F.—Doc. 805 PLATE IV.

CONDITION BELOW THE DAM WITH SIX SPILLWAYS OPEN. NORMALLY A MUCH GREATER
NUMBER OF SPILLWAYS ARE IN USE.
On the outer side of the first and last spillways of such a group an eddy draws into the spill-
way streams a portion of the slack water at base of dam. (See observations described in
Appendix, p. 26.)

PLATE V.

U.S. B. F.—Doc. 805.

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