ee . . . . y 4 Medeastieee iatnaal ngeptedin: em OTSA MOORE ty ode rer OMINE mwmwawtt 6 etna teehee dh ae ie lemeaatinens « ] - ee t= At COTE Oe re UD Ape ENED TN eR FRE ee ee ee ee 3 ,. cata rb ere ee hs PaO RIE Sin se ee cae oa ee auneaan eearonerhenearamiabaiiieadisfiniietOenabane-tranenabeancimteeccowandard cian tanga ieee OLE a Ata DYE Ricinitoa tak at cor hit . Rate afd : » bdbon lash, shih itdetetnphteanh p-datintethin tain bitoni aia hen Pew Eee ere er arnnererg ry © ete te . al tt hens. aottircn iy <> me et cee ee Sot oem wad a ae AO AE et OT CED Oa ee haga nial ort ae ; ee eee pew —_ r. ~ ee ee ewe +s ee ee BUREAU OF FISHERIES REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1921 WITH APPENDIXES HUGH M. SMITH Commissioner s WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 CONTENTS. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1921. By Hugh M. Smith. 50 pp. (Document No. 900. Issued December 14, 1921.) q PaciFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Third edition. By John N. Cobb. Appendix I, 268 pp., 48 figs. (Document No. 902, Issued May 24, 1921.) IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESS OF SALTING RIVER HERRING, ESPECIALLY ADAPTED TO WARM CLIMATES. By Harden F, Taylor. Appendix I], 7 pp. (Document No. 903. Issued May 7, 1921.) FIsHES OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. WITH DESCRIPTION OF THE PARK WATERS AND NOTES ON FISHING. By Hugh M. Smith and William C. Kendall. Appendix III, 30 pp., 16 figs. (Document No. 904. Issued December 31, 1921.) Foop OF YOUNG WINTER FLOUNDERS. By Edwin Linton. Appendix IV, 14 pp. (Document No. 907. Issued July 23, 1921.) FIsHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED States. REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF STATIS- TICS AND METHODS OF THE FISHERIES FOR 1920. By Lewis Radcliffe. » Appendix V, 187 pp., 8 figs. (Document No. 908. Issued October 4, 1921.) ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES IN 1920. By Ward T. Bower. Appen- dix VI, 154 pp., 3 figs. (Document No. 909. Issued December 12, 1921.) DANGER TO FISHERIES FROM OIL AND TAR POLLUTION OF WATERS. By J. 8S. Gutsell. Appendix VII, 10 pp. (Document No. 910. Issued October 3, 1921.) PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1921. REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1921. By RK. E. Coker. Appendix VIII, 38 pp., 2 figs. (Document No. 911. Issued January 26, 1922.) PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 192]. Report OF THE DIVISION OF FISH CULTURE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1921. By Glen C. Leach. Appendix IX, 94 pp., 5 figs. (Document No. 912. Issued September 28, 1922.) IIT Lh ae ‘ " ; hy av “") i] * ‘i 1 } F , / Ao he ' é t 5 f 3 A A * A ‘ is ; A q a CTUSTUODS » e- he . ~~ - rays : , = \ i. GRQU AAT JA08M An? 408 AaItanell FO AA rom MO aeY 1 Ts ene Ti es fife fv vu mn inition ret’) aewetes pare vale ' : ; ‘ a oa) Br M heifenl. Jet .o4 deter h) tee. . ee MA CI MOET, OVA WAT AIT IAS TO, ASTON KT OTR oF 11° weet fy : Lea! f oie ob naira rit PATS Mss hat (£201 7 et feat FY ; ' ne 3 “ “— ict a OA rye ‘ nt ae aif} : HANG ie ' uA pe PAN , 4@Te FOU ja ft pa “ti Bd Cy) fe So ee ‘ { ¢ - ar : J taalliae a tty ie ote th wl yee 4 ONTO OAL SHOT I pd d 7 ' i . aun TO th ‘as a ’ tay CN ’ v2! ' ‘ Ov. Titel all bi ore O8 LTT pete ; f i i if fe ‘ IM wea avery ye roy ‘ey INPL 2S vinl boinek .200..0% tagemt je ‘ } yyw ital. .* AT “ative | were it) BALTIC L S : Sib eres isl ti Won él ee (Pt MINOT AT OO OTe wee Hy : Aides fia] A oF doraeet ae 4 “qq +4 A ; itt. srewou) v) RA yi AKAD Ab eee Cadet aA aNd foe! f ~ariil t ip ; ity , Totter): adil § vata hal ae KAD (te AS. AA, “vy The STAT OAS fie fare @ 1 CTE Ch ESTs ba ! f ese oy Ati? LY ee . ey ’ ; 4 STD a Th ” 169594 3 Pant , fi vt A etn Oa ft iP LS vera bog rat ol TM “4 hroniy worth) 2 A asim? io THutall Sul =e door ce KOrDunintend iA PHOKIGe .noOBA ) a} chet HAME Tho CY AO AAIRIIG ; arr at « ® P : ya F t Ol 4 pLsiex HV oY sasarootl moi Ge Gg rrr Dd *. ‘ Par 7 p - j oa i ts as t A : \ " y . im é » i me | ; A eS é : ‘ t Uy : ; pe ’ : U ie ao \ aaa ERRATA. Aprpenpix 1V.—Page 6, 3d line from bottom: 338.9 should read 32.9. Page 8, 5th line under Station 17: 56 should read 51. Aprpenpix \V.—Pages 151 and 152: Superior reference figures should be changed as follows—under Washington, 1 in first line of figures should read 2, and 2 following Canned sardines should read 1; in footnotes, 7 should read 2 and 2 should read 1. Appenpnix VI.—Page 93, 3d line from bottom: 3 should read 2. Aprprenpix VIII.—Page 16, 9th line under Pacific herring: after in insert January and February and off Baranoff Island in. Vv : I ‘« * \ ul , bs L? ee « . > 5 *- ry * » a! ay r dl yz r rr re (is 4 : ee DAL yy sowmee Ra eee al75 BOO si an sven va cuss kanse trace ecs| 200, 000 TOMI Sp ois dasa dew eee sett 500, 000 | TT a | 20,000, 000 14 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. ASSIGNMENTS OF FISH AND FisH Eccs to STATE FisH ComMMISSIONS, ETC.—Con. | State and species. Number. State and species. Number. Minnesota: Oregon: Black bass a 9,340 Chinook salmons,. 4.02 eee 3, 650, 000 Catfish. 225+ a6, 800 | Rainhow/trowt.. ai cice Ab yeced esc | 604, 940 Crappie.....-. a5, 200 || Pennsylvania: Sunfishs— 22 22. a5, 200 | Chinook salmon ..3.4. 5)..2bi 25. a 10, 000 Steelhead salmon 70, 000 CISCO Ne aa a oe es ee | 65,000, 000 Siew DOLGMs 3. cae aes Soe eee EL a 2, 250 | Take {routs.222 ts. 56 ft See 50, Missouri: | Steelhead salmon...............0 . i Rambow troub. 4. =0 eve = ge ae a100 WeiGtehSh? Sessa ot te eee Se 10, 000, 000 Sonfish) 04 Uae Bee ty a100 || South Dakota: Montana: Bropk (rot. 3056ck qs<0 eee eeed a 2,100 Blackspotted Sromte.. 265. secee 350, 000 Rainbow trout... 2262. 05.5 88.8 a3, 000 Rein bow trouve. 4-1 3. A. ca 150,000 || Tennessee: Rainbow trout............ 55, 000 Steelhead salmon.................. 75,000 || Utah: Lake trout. -.....0....0-2-..... 50, 000 Nebraska: Vermont: | Brook trouts Wonf 25 oot eo * a32,900 Dakortrout-¢-e50 Ss cepa canoe i 25, 000 Rainbow troutso---. |. Seat Tea a 30,000 Landlocked salmon..............- , 000 Nevada: Rainbow trout............... 50, 000 | IPIK6 perch ss, Seracce- eee ees 14, 700, 000 New Hampshire: | Steelhead salmon....:............ 25, 000 Landlocked salmon 20, 000 Yellow merch: p00 2 geese: S / 12,000, 000 MOOKORTOUL. fos oe eco catedaade ae ree 25, 000 | Washington: Pike perch... a 2,000,000 || , Blackspotted trout... 75, 000 Whitefish... 250, 000 | Rainbow trout....... 75, 000 New Jersey: Pike perch , 000, 000 Steelhead salmon..... 49, 000 New York: || Wyoming: CISCD as Hee oath ann ae St CE | 104, 410, 000 | Black Dass. /-::scen-<.sestecasasee | a 2,150 Rake routs aseeds sk 1, 500, 000 Blackspotted trout...............- | 100, 000 Landlocked salmon............... 100, 000 IBEBOK: t1OM bes: soa es eee 100, 000 Steelhead salmon................. 199, 000 Catiish ) 2 a Saee is.) 202k aoe nae a1, 200 Wyhitefishs2 526 4.).2-t5is.68.4.058 29, 200, 000 | Rainbow trawts.-< 2. 2h; 2.4 scan 309, 800 Olio: WDIGeHSh =< te a5 oc case chases 23, 640, 000 SOUCY 2. ee ease ce eae ee / 200, 000 Oklahoma: pee ees ‘ f 100, 000 484, 114, 740 HAaMbOW (Ont. .5-5-.2-cst2eee b 41, 000 Totals: se wedsue £502 56 a 236, 575 | a 8, 000 ; ROGK DASH I Ste. 2b. 5 05 osc oe lawaee a100 In realization of the great and growing need for more adequate laws for the protection of food and game fishes in various parts of the country, the Bureau has been in communication with the fishery authorities of a number of States. Attention has been directed in certain cases to the lack of suitable laws or to the lack of stringent enforcement of the laws, and the States have been reminded of the stipulation made by Congress in connection with the annual appro- priation for the propagation of food fishes, which prohibits the ex- penditure of funds for hatching or planting fish in any State where, in the judgment of the Secretary of Commerce, inadequate protection is afforded the particular species handled. In every instance the response to the Bureau’s communication has shown a desire on the part of the States to bring about any needed reforms in fishery legislation, and there is reason to believe that some States that have been derelict in this matter will enact new and better laws in the near future. It has been the Bureau’s policy not to summarily recom- mend the discontinuance of fish-cultural work in any State, but to use every proper influence to bring the States in line for the main- tenance of their fish and other aquatic animals. The shad hatchery at the head of the Chesapeake Bay, near Havre de Grace, Md., closed by the Secretary of Commerce in 1917 for reasons fully set forth in published reports, has been definitely abandoned, as the State gives no indication or intimation of an in- tention to meet the conditions imposed by law. The equipment and machinery have been transferred to other stations, the major build- REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 15 ings have been razed, and the lumber therein has been used in con- struction work elsewhere. Mutually profitable cooperative relations have continued between the Bureau and the Dominion and provincial fishery authorities of Canada. The collecting of spawn of the whitefish and the cisco in the Great Lakes has thus been facilitated, and an exchange of trout eggs for Atlantic salmon eggs has been effected. COOPERATION WITH FISH-PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS, A matter of great interest in connection with the fish-cultural work in interior waters is the rapid increase within recent years in the number of fish-protective associations throughout the country. Generally speaking, these organizations are composed of the leading citizens of the community, and the influence they exert in maintain- ing the fishery resources of the minor waters and in securing a proper utilization of those resources is most beneficial to the public at large. They make a practice of securing the services of men of experience in the stocking of local waters with fish life, and in some cases they maintain, at their own expense, ponds in which to rear to a larger size consignments of young fish obtained from State and Federal hatcheries for planting in public streams, ponds, and lakes. Another important service rendered by such organizations is the respect they inspire for the State fish laws, as most of them advocate adequate protective laws and their rigid observance by their members and the public. The Bureau has been pleased to cooperate with such organi- zations in the stocking of local waters with the most suitable kinds of fish. The cooperation has had the effect of reducing the expense of distribution and of increasing the chances of survival of the fishes planted. HATCHING OF RIVER FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC SEABOARD. Hatcheries for the commercial fishes of the Atlantic coast rivers are located on the Penobscot River in Maine, the Potomac River in Mary- land and Virginia, and Albemarle Sound and Roanoke River in North Carolina. A full discussion of the circumstances attending the artificial propagation of Atlantic salmon on the Penobscot River was con- tained in the last annual report. The disinclination of the Bureau to continue paying to Penobscot fishermen a bonus for the careful handling of adult salmon purchased from them resulted in the refusal of many of them to sell their fish to the Bureau. The local collection of Atlantic salmon eggs was therefore considerably smaller than usual, but it was augmented by the receipt of 600,000 eggs from Cana- dian hatcheries, in return for which the Canadian Government was furnished an equal number of eggs of the black-spotted trout and rainbow trout. While it is probably true that the careful handling of salmon taken in the weirs involves a small amount of extra work to the fishermen, this is believed to be more than offset by the benefits accruing to them from the hatchery. Hence, the Bureau feels justi- fied in discontinuing the payment of this so-called bonus. ‘Inder the existing arrangement each fisherman receives the market price for his 16 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. fish at the time of delivery, and to avoid constant weighing an aver- age weight of 114 pounds per fish has been established as a basis for computing the cost, this being conceded by the fishermen as a very fair average. The fish thus purchased are released immediately after their eggs are secured, and they undoubtedly return to the river in appreciable numbers in subsequent years. The point of greatest im- portance, however, is the salvage of a very large percentage of the immature spawn contained in the fish at the time of capture for market. The shad hatcheries on both the Potomac River and Albemarle Sound were adversely affected by peculiar climatic conditions that prevailed during the spring of 1921. In the former field the first eggs were taken on March 22, the earliest recorded date for spawn- ing shad on the river. This premature spawning was undoubtedly brought about by the warm weather and consequent high water-tem- peratures prevailing in the latter part of February and in March, the minimum water temperature recorded at the Potomac River sta- tion during March being 40° F. An unfavorable reaction was occa- sioned by the abnormally cold weather in April and early May, when the season was brought to a close. Equally unsettled weather pre- vailed in the Albemarle Sound region, and to this fact, together with the very extensive fishing operations permitted in the sound, the re- duced output of the station is due. It should not be necessary to emphasize the great need for imme- diate restrictive measures if the shad is to be saved in the few remain- ing rivers where the run still persists in sufficient volume to be com- mercially attractive. The subject has been a prolific source of dis- cussion, but the various States most intimately concerned and re- sponsible for the conditions have apparently made no progress toward ameliorating the situation. It is pertinent to note that the weather which was so unpropitious for the hatcheries actually favored a large catch of fish in the pound nets in the lower reaches of Chesapeake Bay and Albemarle Sound. Very good results attended the initial attempt to propagate the glut herring or alewife on Albemarle Sound, and over 55,000,000 eggs were collected for the Edenton hatchery and nearly 44,000,000 fry were produced. The hatching of striped bass on the Roanoke River was conducted as usual in the spring of 1921, and, notwithstanding unfavorable weather, the collection of eggs, amounting to 24,620,000, was larger than in any previous season. PROPAGATION OF COMMERCIAL FISHES OF THE GREAT LAKES. The most important commercial species of the Great Lakes—white- fish, cisco, lake trout, and pike perch—were handled along the custom- ary lines, and, with the exception of the lake trout, all showed a satisfactory increase in output as compared with the previous year. This increase was made possible largely by favorable weather con- ditions, although in the case of the cisco the egg collections were greatly augmented by the receipts from new fields in the Canadian waters of Lake Ontario. The need of a hatchery at some point on Saginaw Bay to take care of the immense numbers of pike perch and yellow perch eggs avail- REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. Lz able in that field and now going to waste was again demonstrated by the collection of upward of 277,000,000 eggs of the former species. Owing to the lack of hatching facilities most of these eggs had to be sent to the State hatchery at Detroit for development. In response to the continued demand for Government aid in main- taining the supply of carp in the western end of Lake Erie, large numbers of eggs of that important fish were obtained for hatching in cooperation with the Ohio fishermen, PROPAGATION OF THE PACIFIC SALMONS, Hatching and rearing of the Pacific salmons are conducted in Cali- fornia, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska, and all of the five species, together with the steelhead, are usually handled, although in the past fiscal year no eggs of the pink salmon were secured. There was a good run of chinook salmon in the Oregon and Cali- fornia fields, and the only reason for not obtaining record-breaking collections of eggs was that very heavy floods occurred at the height of the spawning season, permitting the escape of the fish that were being held below the racks. The floods were especially severe in Cali- fornia, interrupting all railroad and highway travel for a number of days. The work was therefore a practical failure at all points in those States. At the new location on Snake River, Idaho, a collection of 6,000,000 chinook eggs from the spring run of salmon was made. The floods in this region during the fall of 1920 were in sharp contrast to the conditions encountered during the preceding fall, when the prevail- ing drouth and low-water stages in the spawning streams were such as to seriously handicap the work. Owing to the limited funds available for salmon work in the Washington field, the two substations closed last season were not reopened. The run of chum salmon in Hood Canal was considerably larger than last year, thus permitting increased egg collections at all the Federal stations in that region. This outcome is attributed to less extensive commercial fishing as a result of the decided drop in price. The operations at Baker ‘Lake were even more favorable than last year, and the collection of sockeye salmon eggs, amounting to nearly 12,000,000, was the largest since the establishment of the sta- tion more than 20 years ago; these eggs were taken from 3,645 fish. The experiment recently undertaken at the substation at Quinault Lake for the purpose of demonstrating the relative efficiency of artificial propagation and natural reproduction has been temporarily postponed, as it was found that many of the fish passing through the counting weir were being gilled in the 4-inch mesh webbing used in its construction. Approximately 12,000 fish had been counted before the necessity for discontinuing the work became apparent. At the Yes Bay (Alaska) hatchery no egg collections whatever were attempted during the fiscal year, and fish-cultural work was restricted to the incubation of a limited number of eggs transferred from other points. This course was necessitated by the condition of buildings, water-supply system, and equipment. In order to prevent complete deterioration of valuable property, extensive repairs and improvements were required. No special appropriation for this 70454—21——3 18 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.. purpose was allowed by Congress, and the allotment ordinarily made for the regular operations of the station had to be devoted to upkeep of the plant. There was again a large run of sockeye salmon into Litnik Lake, on which the Afognak station is located, and while the egg collec- tions were not equal to the previous year’s, when the hatchery was filled and additional eggs were taken for incubation in gravel boxes, the shortage was caused by the occurrence of floods during the spawn- ing period rather than to any diminution in the run of fish. As evidence of the trend and progress of salmon culture on the Pacific coast, it may be noted that of the 124,484,000 salmon planted by the Bureau in the last fiscal year 92,066,000, or over 71 per cent, were of the fingerling size. CULTIVATION OF FISHES OF INTERIOR LAKES AND STREAMS, The diversified and widespread fish-cultural work addressed to the food and game fishes of the streams and minor lakes of the interior has been conducted along the usual lines. The principal species in- volved are various trouts, landlocked salmon, black basses, crappies, sunfishes, and buffalofish. One of the fishes in this class most in demand and most desirable for planting over a wide range of coun- try is the eastern brook trout. The production at all the trout stations is not sufficient to meet the demand, and recourse has been had to private hatcheries for supplies of eggs. The high prices now asked for such eggs, however, have necessitated a curtailment of pur- chases, and the shortage has been augmented by a poor take of eggs. in Colorado, usually one of the most productive fields. The situation emphasizes the desirability of developing as rapidly as possible the proposed brook-trout station in the White Mountain National Forest at a site that has been made available to the Bureau through the courtesy of the Forest Service and the State of New Hampshire. A large part of the preliminary work connected with this project has been completed, surveys have been made, a road constructed, tele- phone line installed, a portion of the pond extension site cleared, and a temporary dam constructed. The officers of the Forest Service have rendered valuable assistance in the accomplishment of this work, but the station can not be fully developed and put in opera- tion until additional funds are provided. The special appropria- tion requested for the purpose seems very small when compared with the results that may reasonably be expected from such an under- taking. Successful results attended the fish-cultural activities of the sta- tions in the Rocky Mountain region, with the single exception of the Colorado field, where the work was adversely affected by the in- clement weather and the serious difficulty in transporting the eggs from the isolated field stations. Good collections of rainbow trout eggs were made in Madison Valley, Mont., notwithstanding the continuous cold and stormy weather prevailing throughout the spawning season. Aside from other valuable assistance rendered by the Montana Game.and Fish Commission, the Bureau is indebted to it for its entire output of grayling. The work in the Yellowstone National Park was of a satisfactory nature, and upward of 2,000,000 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 19 young blackspotted trout were returned to its waters during the season. The Glacier National Park hatchery was well stocked with eggs shipped from other hatcheries and produced therefrom an out- put of over 2,000,000 fry and fingerlings of the brook trout, rainbow trout, blackspotted trout, and grayling, in addition to approximately 450,000 fingerlings which were on hand at the close of the year. Under the handicap of exceedingly difficult natural conditions suc- cessful rainbow trout collecting operations were conducted in Wyo- ming on Sage Creek, Lost Creek, and Canon Creek, the two last named being in fields which have never heretofore been exploited. The results obtained, despite the very limited means available, ap- pear to demonstrate beyond question the wisdom of establishing a permanent collecting station on Sage Creek in order that the work may be handled in a manner in some degree commensurate with the otential value of the field. This stream is a tributary of the North latte River, and as the other streams mentioned are within a few miles of it the eggs obtained from them and from other collecting points in the Pathfinder reclamation project could be assembled and incubated in a properly equipped hatchery on Sage Creek. The efficiency of the Spearfish (S. Dak.) station has recently been increased as the result of an arrangement with the city authorities of Spearfish. Under the provisions of a long-term lease the Bureau has secured without cost all surplus water from a reservoir lately constructed by the city. While this arrangement is satisfactory and gives the station an ample amount of water during the greater part of the year, with a surplus most of the time, the supply falls to a minimum during summer, when unusually large amounts of water are used for domestic purposes. In order, therefore, to provide against a shortage of water for the work at any season, it will be advisable to provide a storage reservoir for emergency use. . soap Winkmeckdetwakbh bod.asi boos) sul wuld sone 34 NINDS Sat Oia ca Chasen h4n ba 54a W e's dns rs.0- 45 dda bee ROsEQSI Re 37 een te tk ede Oa fap wd oe nae esiclé's edule e as ME 37 Prince William Sound and Copper River.................---.----.4- 49 AME UCT Ow da bh casutcagasabagasesdos.stvsilescul. sed lhusdl 50 RENE ROURINES wanta kil dets aSG sank nas nae d nthiascendaniants a Ral 51 RENN RNR EN See ook ok liam atime maine bd pst amat ss sR yee 52 a A asia Soak faba, nx amine Masai nlc Kia's 55 - GU LS 55 ene, EORINBA AOUIN SIDE: - 22 eos 2.2% /occcecSee moins HOE Moe esl 57 Gasneetn and Sannak Jelends:. -. i. ..2 520 00-2 22seo sod desea sewed 57 OME, Cube ca ha Kiln hha en and h mints Uneven tnmdna sw CNC CeIES 58 BORER NO MR RNG oo Ss 3 5th hak a tie bial we'n one SHUSWhg eed 58 ES NER MIE OO oon ina uid dielnid cite 0's vo smo ewes oe be 61 IN SUM Fa a gina a di len ale Sits ne Sine estan @ be mse HUW 62 EINE as alt tS dae fa a.e hipaa biwjnin min obvi nin gets Uo. ta Syuueiwe 63 ENON ata lah alata alsa a niwjalalnle/a/oihin wo dina'scnhie «> OSL MES SAL 63 Alaska Peninsula, Bering Sea side..................2222 cc este eeee 65 I PUNY ONS 2 iia as 255 Said ws spinicatinw'h che'.« o'% vie Gyles wa Aue 66 eee fer So. cot bee hanes avithais sil eteedaal 66 eee TACO 6a, al 2 etttolite duirules eee t totteaisawe il 67 PAR, heats bende dian bso. oanWninaiaine vo's 0 0.c%ss anvaa Olen 67 pK SGL, We ore SE TE ee rie padi aie noo ao oo nwnw dace Bae 67 Balmonm fishin we thie head waters. 0. os ieee os oon caer nnabincas obebllet 74 Apparatus and methods of the fisheries.....................--2022eeeeceeeeeee 75 URRE SAA <8 pS iets «Kise ota eos alain n'o'a «a a mec a's dime eiaiald'a BRIAL 75 path, OORTIGD. Soe ra mils picid o's S's oie a down vinie'n s 344 > Ce ade yoke 76 SPER CUR oe, te Aa bob Cain's! sin declein win 0 no « nid OOOO Bald wend id 3 4 Appendix I to the Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1921. B. F. Doc. No. 902. 4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Apparatus and methods of the fisheries—Continued. Page. Dip NGtHEe soot ood oe 2 3 aio d cern eee ce ee 0 77 Squaw nets. ....... 3 seer EVER. 2a ee eR RA Coane 77 Purse semen: .....- 2. 25s sngr.cas sete ee eins = =< Se ee 78 ‘Trapsior pound nets... 22.5225. ss eeeeerioes cs 3's eee 79 Tn@iAN traps... .. .<--. . 2.52 220-02 sabes cide Senin e ooh ace Ee Berle Le ae 96 Cannery labor... 0). 62.6026 ss.ota | sieher cree 124 Inspection of plants packing canned salmon............---------+-++++ 125 Investigation of canned salmon industry.........--.-----------+.+-- 126 Mild CUring iio 2 ba Sete kne oo ob wes woo em wie mae piel tee tee ney ots =i 129 PICKING on See eh cre neile ee mie oe ie a ete hte eget penal etn tet ise oh ~ 133 Dry salting... 22.165 asda he oc ec ee se See etre ates Ob SS 134 SMOG. . eee c eon en Bw bee rer ee 0 wie ee iare = ste ate ete ten e= © CO e 134 FCOZING.- 2c oes cece ce wceed esse ness sone neeest bea kee = cesses scene 136 Utilizing salmon eggs and melt ......----- 2. cenw cece een e ee meteces 139 Miscellaneous products... .---cc--0cc cca ceces cree ceneenewessceumuneees 140 Meal, fertilizer, and oi] ...ssescsiee os + a0 edie cten lula teow are SE Se 141 Shipping fresh salmon direct to consUMET.........--eseeeeeeee ee eeeeee recs — 142 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. ens THIAILION WE HRINON. 2% oon acme w ss oa ISIE Sek MUG, Analyses of canned and fresh Pacific salmon. ...............-....-.-.--- Analyses of canned salmon by South Dakota authorities.................- REMMI Gr UAieyl BALON fo vader lk cca nd so os sd st ewwte gees teers POEL Seetenice of the salmonoukgut. =”. 62555 5-5 ths e-~ 8b xild Jo Oe eae Pmkivicrn eGte EES cose 8 odio eso od ye ss 20 Pe Bristol Bay waters salmon catch, 1918 to 1917. ............/../2.2 500-20. Pack of camped salmon in 19S. 32 3s. wl SU) J Crpnmiri wtueirg. TAGS fy VIG oo inn ns swe oc ot UR Summary of canning Midneiry........ - .... +... GIS. I ee Canning industry, by species and waters...............---------+---- Market peices for canned salmon... .i;..-..--.... de nue UOGl Ve GUE. ARVETTIIG ATES DBs Se San ecient Seas ony ee ee PR Ed 2 oe ney 3 aed emeertness (era STL UNUM oe PES go ns ke te aah os oie glamiak d - wbeaeas < ocd oot Sa aaa y packs nna 4c keen ace bie «han aga eeeeeT is Seen TROT WISI oh a ss odo yd pees dae nessa haan henenemhens Salmon hatcheries on the Pacific coast..........2.-0---sseeeeccccenedeens Re De oak ncn tena boinc aE n gr ack tna hice zel afl anne Acclimatizing Pacific salmon in other waters..........-.--------------+- RIOPEIS . pee etae nc rcaeacateaéene par dpe cagice +9 denna se bles eighe emda gs POON. . o--jssene---2 Sehie @)2 AL. 10 YR he 258 Freezing salmon... ....-.-.-.- -@esNels [Gis SO. ee Creare 259 Canning salmon. ....-.- 25. 6 =9:c05 se ont Ohl. PaO ELI OD RRO Le, a ee 260 Daltang salmon... .-<,- 4 o0jn-i0/-//=i-aininciainj= > alas X19 f= ULE enero 2 eee iene 263 The salmon fisheries’of Japan--<-.---- ees sets EI) eee 265 Canning industry... 2.0.2 p= ge aoe nace Sniti on acento 266 Fishery methods... .--.- 22 -se024-50ensab50scis00is sence eee: aeeeeoemae 267 TCL er i RRSP ERE RES dies See ee sauce saya cd apo af EN ES 268 INTRODUCTION. The most valuable commercial fisheries in the world, excepting only the oyster and herring fisheries, are those supported by the salm- ons. Of these the most important by far are the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast of North America, where California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska, including also British Columbia, possess industries representing millions of dollars of investment and millions of output annually. In Siberia the fishery is increasing in impor- tance annually as means of transportation become better, while Japan is also becoming a large factor in the salmon markets of the world through her investments in the salmon fisheries of Siberia and, to a lesser extent, through fisheries prosecuted in her own waters. In this third edition of the report® considerable new material has been added, while some chapters have been entirely remodeled and materially enlarged. The statistical data have been brought up to January 1, 1920. The author is indebted to the Pacific Fisherman, of Seattle, Wash., for certain illustrations and to George C. Teal for permission to use his copyrighted picture shown as figure 11. Most of the illustrations are from pictures taken by the author. THE SPECIES OF SALMON AND THE RUNS. The Pacific coast salmons are all included in the genus Oncorhyn- chus. With them the fishermen incorrectly class the steelhead trout, which really belongs to the closely related genus Salmo. As long ago as 1731 the species of Oncorhynchus were first made known by Steller, who, almost simultaneously with Krascheninikoy, another early investigator, distinguished them with perfect accuracy under their Russian vernacular names. In 1792 Walbaum adopted these vernacular names in a scientific nomenclature for these fishes. a First edition: The Salmon Fisheries of the Pacific Coast. By John N.Cobb. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 751, shut Washington, 1911. Second edition: Pacific Salmon Fisheries. By John N.Cobb. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 839, Appendix III, Report, U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, 255 pp., 29 pls. Washington, 1917, U.S. B. F.—Doc. 902. FIG. 2—CHINOOK SALMON. BREEDING MALE. FIG. 3—SOCKEYE SALMON. ADULT MALE. FIG. 4—COHO SALMON. BREEDING MALE. U. S. B. F.—Doc. 902. FIG. 6—HUMPBACK SALMON. ADULT MALE. FIG. 7.—STEELHEAD TROUT, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. | Five species of salmon (Oncorhynchus) are found in the waters of the north Pacific, ranging northward from Monterey Bay on the American coast and Japan on the Asiatic, the extreme northern distribution of certain of the species having not yet been accurately determined. The five species are: (1) Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, quinnat, tyee, chinook, spring, or king salmon; (2) Oncorhynchus nerka, blueback, red, sukkegh, or sockeye salmon; (3) Oncorhynchus kisutch, silver, coho, or white salmon; (4) Oncorhynchus keta, dog, keta, or chum salmon; and (5) Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, humpback or pink salmon. , CHINOOK, QUINNAT, OR KING SALMON. The largest, best known, and most valuable of these is the chinook or king salmon (0. tschawytscha). It is found throughout the region from the Ventura River, Calif., to Norton Sound, Alaska, and on the Asiatic coast as far south as northern China. As knowledge extends, it will probably be recorded in the Arctic. In the spring the body is silvery, the back, dorsal fin, and caudal fin having more or less of round black spots, and the sides of the head having a peculiar tin-colored metallic luster. In the fall the color is, in some places, black or dirty red. The fish has an average weight of about 22 pounds, but individuals weighing 70 to over 100 pounds are occasionally taken. One was caught near Klawak, Alaska, in 1909, which weighed 101 pounds without the head. The Yukon River is supposed to produce the finest examples, although this supposition is not Bésesh on very reliable observations. The southeast Alaska fish average as high as 23 pounds in certain sea- sons, followed by an average of about 22 pounds in the Columbia River and about 16 pounds in the Sacramento. In most places the flesh is of a deep salmon red, but in certain laces, notably southeast Alaska, Bristol Bay, Puget Sound, and ritish Columbia, many of the fish, the proportion being sometimes as much as one-third of the catch, have white flesh. A few examples have been taken with one side of the body red and the other white, while some are found with mottled flesh. No reasonable explanation of this phenomenon has yet been given. In its southern range the quinnat strikes in at Monterey Bay in sufficient numbers to justify commercial fishing about the middle of April, where it is seen feeding upon the inshore moving schools of herring and sardines, continuing until in August. There are two runs of spawning fish in the Sacramento, the first or ‘“‘spring run” beginning in April and continuing throughout May and atic these fish spawning mainly in the cold tributaries of the Sacramento, such as the McCloud and Fall Rivers. The second or “fall run” occurs in August, September, and October, and these fish spawn in the riffles in the main river between Tehama and Redding, also entering the tributaries in that vicinity. The two runs merge into each other. It is also claimed that there is a third run which comes in December. In former years the San Joaquin and the American and Feather Rivers of the Sacramento system had large runs of salmon, but ex- cessive fishing and the operation of various mining and irrigation projects have practically denlated them. e Kel and Mad Rivers of northern California have only a late or fall run, while the Klamath River has both a spring and a fall 8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. run, and Smith River has a spring run alone. Rogue River in Oregon has both a spring and a fall run, and the Umpqua and several other coast streams of Oregon have small early runs. The Columbia River has three runs, the first entering during January, February, and March, and spawning mainly in the Clack- amas and neighboring streams. The second, which is the best run, enters during May, June, and part of July, spawning mainly in the headwaters. The third run occurs during late July, August, Sep- tember, and part of October, and spawns in the tributaries of the lower Columbia. ; In Puget Sound chinook salmon are found throughout the year, although it is only during the spawning season that they are very abundant. In the Fraser River, a tributary of the Sound, the run occurs from March to August. In the Skeena River, British Columbia, the run occurs from May to July, the same being approxtmately true of the Nass also. In southeast Alaska they are found all months of the year. From March to the middle of June they are abundant and feeding in the numerous straits and sounds; in May and June the spawning fish enter the Unuk, Stikine, Taku, Chilkat, Alsek, and Copper Rivers in large numbers, and in a few smaller streams in lesser abundance. In August, September, and October they are again to be found in large numbers feeding in the bays and sounds, while during the winter months a few have been taken on trawls set for halibut, showing that they are living in the lower depths at this time. In Cook Inlet the run occurs during May and June and is com- posed wholly of red-meated fish; in the rivers of Bristol Bay the run comes in June and July, principally in the first-named month, and the same is true of the Togiak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon Rivers, the late appearance of the fish in the upper courses of the Yukon being due to the immense distance the fish have to cover. SOCKEYE, BLUEBACK, OR RED SALMON. The red or blueback salmon (O. nerka), which forms the greatest art of the canned salmon of the world, when it first comes in seh the sea is a clear bright blue above in color, silvery below. Soon after entering the river for the purpose of spawning the color of the head changes to a rich olive, the hack and sides to crimson, and finally to a dark blood red, and the belly to a dirty white. The maximum weight is about 12 pounds, and length 3 feet, with the average weight about 5 pounds, varying greatly, however, in different Yocalities. Observations of Chamberlain? in Alaska show that the average weight of a number of sockeyes taken from Yes Bay was 8.294 pounds, nile the average weight of a number from Tamgas was only 3.934 pounds. Evermann and Goldsborough? report as a result of the weighings of 1,390 red salmon, taken from as many different places in Alaska as possible, an average weight for the males of 7.43 pounds; for the awl eg 5.78 pounds; or an average weight for both sexes of 6.57 pounds, A run of small, or dwarf, males accompanies certain of the main runs, being especially noticeable in the Chignik Lagoon a Some Observations on Salmonand Troutin Alaska. By F.M.Chamberlain,naturalist,U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 627, p. 80 ashington, 1907, +The Fishes of Alaska. By B. W. Evermann and E. L. Goldsborough. Bulletin, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1906, Vol. XX VI, p. 257. Washington, 1907. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 9 (Alaska) run. This species usually enters streams with accessible lakes in their courses. These fish are occasionally found landlocked in certain lakes, especially in the State of Washington, and are always much smaller in size than the sea-run fish. In Bumping Lake, near North Yakima, Wash., they are quite abundant and are mature when about a pound in weight. Despite the fact that these fish have a soft mouth, anglers consider them very gamey. They take bait, the fly, and the trolling spoon. Large numbers are hatched and distributed by the Washing- ton Fish and Game Commission under the name of “silver trout.” A few specimens of the sockeye have been taken as far south as the Sacramento River. In Humboldt County, Calif., small runs are said to occur in Mad and Eel Rivers, while 20 sockeyes are reported as having been taken in the Klamath River in the autumn of 1915. Only an occasional specimen appears in the coastal streams of Oregon. The Columbia is the most southern river in which this species is known to run in any considerable numbers, entering the river with the spring run of chinooks. From here south the species is called blueback exclusively. A considerable run enters the Gtinadlt River, Wash., and there is also a small run in Ozette Lake, just south of Cape Flattery. n the Puget Sound region, where it is known as the sockeye, this species ascends only the Skagit River in commercial numbers, although a small run appears in the Lake Washington system of ay and, possibly, in the Snohomish, Stillaguamish, and Nooksack ivers. At one time the greatest of all the sockeye streams was the Fraser River, British Columbia, a stream famous from very early days for its enormous runs of this species, a peculiar feature of which is that there is a marked quadrennial periodicity in the run. The maximum run occurs the year following leap year, the minimum on the year following that. The greater part of the catch of the Puget Sound fishermen is made from this run as it is passing through Washington waters on its way to the Fraser. The fish strike in during July and August on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, apparently coming from the open sea to the northwest. They pass through the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Rosario, and Georgia, spending considerable time in the passage and about the mouth of the river. Small numbers run as early as May and as late as October, but the main body enters about the first week in August. The sockeye occurs in most of the coastal streams of British Columbia, and is usually the most abundant species. The principal streams frequented are the Skeena, Rivers Inlet, Nass, Lowe Tnles, Dean Channel, Namu Harbor, Bella Coola, Smith Inlet, Alert Bay, and Alberni Canal. In Alaska, where this fish is generally known as the red salmon, it is abundant and runs in great numbers in all suitable streams, of which the following are the most important: In southeast Alaska, Boca de Quadra, Naha, Yes Bay, Thorne Bay, Karta Bay, Nowiskay, Peter Johnson, Hessa, Hetta, Hunter Bay, Klawak, Redfish Bay, Stikine, Taku, Chilkoot, Chilkat, Alsek, Situk, Ankow, ete.; in central Alaska, Copper, Knik, Kenai, Susitna, Afognak, Karluk, Alitak, Chignik; and in the Bristol Bay region, the Ugashik, Ugaguk, Naknek, Kvichak, Nushagak, and Wood, It is also supposed to 10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. occur in small numbers in the Togiak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon Rivers, which debouch into Bering Sea, and possibly occurs in the Arctic streams of Alaska. The run in western Alaska begins usually early in June and extends usually to the middle of August, the bulk of the run occurring in the first three weeks of July. It begins earlier in Prince William Sound, however, and sometimes extends into Sep- tember in southeast Alaska. The duration of the run averages about the same in each section. SILVER OR COHO SALMON. The silver or coho salmon (QO. kisutch) is silvery in spring, greenish on the upper parts, where there are a few faint black spots. In the fall the males are mostly of a dirty red. The flesh in this species is of excellent flavor, but paler in color than the red salmon, and hence less valued for canning purposes. The maximum weight is about 30 pounds, with a general average of about 6 pounds. The silver salmon is found as far south as Monterey Bay, where it appears during the month of July, and is taken by the trollers. From Eel River, in California, north, it is found in most of the coastal streams. It usually appears in July, and runs as late as November, the time of appearance and disappearance varying some- what in different sections. Owing to its late appearance compara- tively few, and they usually in the early part of the season, are packed by the canneries, most of which shut down in August and September. This fish also tarries but a short time about the mouth of the stream it is to enter, and is wary of nets, which makes it rather unprofitable to fish for the latter part of the season when it is running alone. HUMPBACK OR PINK SALMON. The humpback or pink salmon (QO. gorbuscha), the smallest of American species, weighs from 3 to 11 pounds, the average being about 4 pounds. Its color is bluish above, silvery below, the posterior and upper parts with many round black spots, the caudal fin always having a few large black spots oblong in shape. The males in fall are dirty red and are very much distorted in shape, a decided hump appearing on the back, from which deformity the species acquires its name. The flesh is pale, hence its canned name, ‘‘pink” salmon. The southern limit of the fish is the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, but only occasional specimens are found here and in the rivers to the northward until Puget Sound is reached. Here a large run appears every other year, the only place on the coast where such is the case. The humpback occurs in varying abundance in the waters of British Columbia, but it is in the waters of southeast Alaska that it appears in its greatest abundance. Many of the canneries in this region and some of those operating in central Alaska depend mainly upon the humpback for their season’s pack, and the canned product now occupies an excellent position in the markets of the world. The fish spawn in nearly all of the small, short streams. In western Alaska the runs are much smaller and the humpback is not much sought after by the cannery men, who are usually able to fill their cans with the more valuable species. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. tad In southeast Alaska the run begins in June and continues until September. In western Alaska the period is somewhat shorter. In Puget Sound it continues until late in the fall, although but few are taken after September 15. DOG OR CHUM SALMON. The dog or chum salmon (O. keta) reaches a maximum weight of 16 pounds, the average being about 8 pounds. When it first appears along the coast it is dirty silvery, immaculate or sprinkled with asviall black specks, the fins dusky, the sides with faint traces of engin bars. Later in the season the male is brick red or lackish, and its jaws are greatly distorted. Its flesh is light yellow, especially when canned. It is especially good for freezing, salting, and smoking. This species has a wide distribution. It is found as far south as San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, Calif., but is not utilized commercially in California except on Eel River. It is found in most of the coastal streams from here north, being especially abundant from Puget Sound northward to southeast Alaska, both inclusive. In this region it is being utlized in greater abundance each year, as the market for it widens. In central, western, and arctic Alaska the species occurs in varying abundance, but it is utilized sparingly, except by the natives, with whom it is the favorite species dried for winter food for their dogs. The run of dog salmon comes later than that of any other species except the coho. In Alaska it begins in June, but the height of the season does not occur until late in August or early in September, and fish are found as late as November. In Puget Sound a run from about the middle of August till late in November, and practically the same is true in the Columbia River. STEELHEAD TROUT. The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) is commonly classed as one of the salmons by the fishermen of the Pacific coast, and it has been included in this report on this account. It is said to have received its common name from the hardness of the skull, several blows of the club being required to kill the salmon when taken into the boat. In different localities the average weight is placed at from 8 to 15 pounds, while extreme sizes reach 45 pounds. The excellent quality of its flesh causes it to be highly prized for the fresh and frozen markets, but owing to its pale color only limited quantities are canned. The principal ecnter of abundance of this species is the Columbia River. It is found from Carmel River, Calif., north to central Alaska, and possibly has an even wider range in Alaska. As a result of extensive plants made during the last five or six years the range has been much extended on the Pacific coast as well as elsewhere in this country. It seems to be found in the rivers during the greater part of the year. In the Columbia River the spawning season is from February to May, in Puget Sound in the spring, and in southeast Alaska in May and June. ‘The best commercial fishing is in January, February, and March. In California the catching of this species is restricted to hook and line fishing. ify U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. AGE OF SALMON AT MATURITY. As practically all salmon which have the opportunity spawn but once and then die, knowledge of the age at which this occurs is of great interest both from an economic and scientific standpoint. Many attempts have been made to solve the problem with the sockeye and king salmon, the most important commercially of the five species, by means of marking artificially reared fry, usually by clipping one of their fins before they are liberated, as noted elsewhere in this report, but with unsatisfactory results. Fortunately, certain experiments carried on in Tomales Bay, Calif., and in New Zealand, where king fry were planted in streams not frequented by the species in question and the return of the adults noted, have yielded some interesting and accurate information on the subject. These indicated that the age was four or more years, as no run was reported until the fourth year. A more certain method of determining the age of salmon has been developed in recent years through the adaptation by American scientists of the discovery by Huropean investigators that the ridges observed on the scales of certain fishes indicated a period of growth of the animal itself. Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford University, as early as 1910, applied this method to the determination of the age of the various species of Pacific salmon. As to its application to the Pacific salmon and the general method followed, Dr. Gilbert has the following to say: While the method is new as regards Pacific salmon, it has been experimentally tested and fully approved by the Fisheries Board of Scotland in the case of the Atlantic salmon, and is now universally accepted as furnishing reliable data as to the age and many other facts in the life history of that fish. It has been shown to be applicable also to various species of trout, and its value has been demonstrated in fishes as widely divergent as the carp, the eel, the bass, the flounder, and the cod. Descriptions of this scale structure and its significance have appeared in a large number of papers, both scientific and Repiee It will suffice here to repeat that the scale in general ersists throughout life, and grows in proportion with the rest of the fish, principally & additions around its border. At intervals there is produced at the growing edge a delicate ridge upon the surface of the scale, the successive ridges thus formed being concentric and subcircular in contour, each representing the outline of the scale at a certain period in its development. Many of these ridges are formed in the course of a year’s growth, the number varying so widely in different individuals and during successive years in the history of the same individual that number alone can not be depended on to determine age. For this purpose we rely upon the fact that the fish grows at widely different rates during different seasons of the year, spring-summer being a period of rapid growth and fall-winter a season when growth is greatly retarded or almost wholly arrested. During the period of rapid growth the ridges are widely separated, while during the slow growth of fall and winter the ridges are crowded | closely together, forming a dense band. Thus it comes that the surface of the scale is mapped out in a definite succession of areas, a band of widely spaced rings always followed by a band of closely crowded rings, the two together constituting a single year’s growth. That irregularities occur will not be denied, and this is natural, inasmuch as growth may be checked by other causes than the purely seasonal one. Also a considerable experience is requisite for the correct interpretation in many cases, and a small residue of doubtful significance has alwaysremained. This element is too small to affect the general results, and further investigation will almost certainly eliminate the doubtful cases altogether.¢ a Age at Maturity of the Pacific Coast Salmon of the Genus Oncorhynchus. By Charles H. Gilbert Bulletin, U, 8. Bureau of Fisheries, 1912, Vol. XX XII, pp. 4,5. Washington, 1913. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 13 As a result of his investigations up to this pote, Dr. Gilbert pre- sented the following conclusions drawn from the data collected: 1. The sockeye spawns normally either in its fourth or fifth year, the king salmon in its fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh year, the females of both species being preponder- atingly 4-year fish. 2. The young of both sockeye and king salmon may migrate seaward shortly after hatching, or may reside in fresh water until their second spring. Those of the first type grow more rl ert than the second, but are subject to greater dangers and develop proportionately fewer adults. 3. Cohosalmon spawn normally only in theirthird year. The young migrate either as fry or yearlings, but adults are developed almost exclusively from those which migrate as yearlings. rd Dog aires mature normally either in their third, fourth, or fifth years, the humpback always in their second year. The young of both species pass to sea as soon as they are free swimming. 5. The term “grilse,’’ as used for Pacific salmon, signifies conspicuously undersized fish which sparingly accompany the spawning run. They are precociously developed in advance of the normal spawning period of the species. So far as known, the egrilse of the king salmon, coho, and dog salmon are exclusively males; of the sockeye, almost exclusively males, except in the Columbia River, where both sexes are about equally represented. The larger grilse meet or overlap in size the smaller of those individuals which mature one year later at the normal period. 6. Grilse of the sockeye are in their third year, of the king salmon in their second or third year, of the coho and the dog salmon in their second year. 7. The great differences in size among individuals of a species observed in the spawning run are closely correlated with age, the younger fish averaging constantly smaller than those one year older, though the curves of the two may overlap.¢ Since 1910 Dr. Gilbert has devoted much of his time to investiga- tions” along this line, especially on the sockeye, with most interesting and valuable results. His observations on the sockeye runs of British Columbia indicate that they consist principally of four and five year fish and that these two classes appear during successive seasons in widely differing pro- portions; that each stream has its distinctive race of sockeye, the rogeny returning at maturity to the parent stream; that sockeye ry rarely survive when they proceed to sea within the year in which they are hatched; and that sea feeding, with the consequent rapid growth, is the most important factor in producing early maturity, an equal number of years in fresh water producing comparatively httle effect. MARKING SALMON. A favorite recreation for quite a number of Pacific coast people has been the marking of salmon fry in order to find out the age at which they return to spawn, the rate of growth, etc. Scattered through the reports of the various State fish commissions, and occasionally in the reports of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, are to be found detailed reports of such markings and the sometimes remarkable a Age at Maturity of the Pacific Coast Salmon of the Genus page Binet By Charles H. Gilbert. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1912, Vol. pe BP Bt, 22. Was on, 1913. » Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 1.) By C. H. Gilbert. Re ort of British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1913, with Appendices, pp. 53-78. Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 2.) B C. H. Gilbert. Report British Columbia Commissioner o! Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1914, wi Bo eget pp. N45-75. Con- tributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 3.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1915, with Gye ram PR. 27-64, 6 pls. Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 4.) By C. H. Gilbert. eport British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1917, with Appendices, PP. 80, 14 pls. Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 5.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1918, with Apeneaioes, pp. X26-52, 24 pi Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 6.) By C. H. Gilbert. rt, British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1919, with Appeneices, pp. U35-68, 6 pls. Victoria, British Columbia, 14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. results attained, apparently at varying periods subsequent to the marking. All sorts of marks were employed. The favorite was the removal of the adipose fin, the experimenters appearing to be of the opinion that the fish would miss this the least of any. However, the entire or partial removal of nearly every fin was practiced by some one or other of the many experimenters. Sometimes a V or a U was punched out of the tail or the gill cover, and in one or two instances a tag was employed. In time these marking experiments became so numerous, and so imperfect a record was kept of them by any central authority, that frequently it was impossible to tell, when an apparently marked specimen was obtained, where and when it was marked, and as a result but little dependence could have been placed upon them even had there been no other factors conspiring to vitiate ches value. Fishermen are continually finding in their nets salmon which they feel sure have been marked by some hatchery. Scores of times in the course of his various investigations of the fisheries of this coast the writer has been told of or shown specimens which the fishermen thought had been marked. Many of these marks were on the side of the fish and represented an M or W, depending upon the angle from which viewed, and it was impossible, generally, to convince the fisher- men that this mark was caused by the twine of his gill net pressing on the side of the fish. The obvious fact that a fish could not survive when in the fry stage the infliction of such a mark did not occur to them. Frequently the scars left by the suctorial organs of the lamprey have been mistakenly supposed to be hatchery marks. ‘This scar resembles very closely a date stamp on a canceled letter. One of the most interesting cases of salmon marking, and one which drives home the necessity for accepting reports of returns from such markings with extreme caution, is that of F. M. Chamberlain, then naturalist of the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross, on the Naha Stream in Alaska. In August, 1903, 1,600 red salmon fry, reared for the purpose from the 1902 eggs, at the Fortmann hatchery of the Alaska Packers Association, near Loring, Alaska, were marked by Mr. Chamberlain by excising both ventrals with fine curved scissors. The fry were released in the Naha River as soon as marked, at which time they were about three months old. In 1906 between 50 and 100 adult reds with ventral fins missing were reported by the superintendent of the hatchery at Yes Bay, which is located on the northern side of Behm Canal (Naha being on the southern side) and some 15 miles farther up the canal than the mouth of Naha Stream. Some of these also had the adipose removed, this mark having also been used on some of the fry. At the Fort- mann hatchery, where they were marked, only two of these fish were obtained in 1906. From then on until 1912, a period of 94 years, the return of a number of these supposedly marked fish is noted each year at the two hatcheries in question, the number reported in the latter year being larger than in some of the intervening years. In 1912 Mr. Chamberlain himself pointed out the impossibility of these all being from the fry he had marked and no further attention was paid to them. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 15 The principal thing that this and some of the other many experi- ments in salmon marking prove is that the percentage of salmon which accidentally lose, either through disease or the attacks of their many enemies, one or more of their fins, or portions of same, is much larger than most people suppose. Out of the many millions taken annually in commercial and fish cultural operations it is not surprising that some should be minus such exposed portions of their anatomy and this percentage would doubtless be found to be considerable were particular attention directed toward it. As it is now, it is only occasionally that the fisherman notices such loss, or mentions the same when he does, unless his attention has been directed to it by particular inquiry. In the Chamberlain experiment, for instance, after 1907 considerable publicity was given to the search for such marked fish, and the writer, in his travels through southeast Alaska during the succeeding years until the end of 1911, frequently was told by heherrist that they had caught salmon with missing fins. Inquiry developed that while a few of the lost fins were the same as Chamber- lain had excised, a number were entirely different fins, showing that when the attention of fishermen was directed especially in this line many deformed fish would be found. The confusion resulting from the many marking experiments carried on by different people shows the* absolute necessity of some central authority regulating them if any real results are to be achieved from this line of endeavor. In 1908 the Secretary of Commerce, under authority of sections 11 and 12 of the Alaska fisheries law, directed that any persons desiring to mark and release salmon in Alaska first consult with and secure the written consent of the Commissioner of Fisheries or of the agent at the salmon fisheries of Alaska. It would be an excellent thing if some such control could also be exercised over these operations in the coastal States. During the year 1916 Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford Univer- sity, assisted by Willis H. Rich, conducted salmon-marking experi- ments on an extensive scale. Late in the fall of 1915 a consignment of 100,000 eggs of the red salmon was forwarded to Seattle, Wash., from the station of the Bureau of Fisheries at Yes Bay, Alaska, of which 50,000 were reshipped to the Anderson Lake hatchery of the British Columbia Fisheries Department, located on the ocean side of Vancouver Island. The remaining 50,000 were sent to the Bureau of Fisheries hatchery at Quinault Lake, near the coast of Washington. The intention was as soon as the fry, hatched from these eggs, had developed into fingerlings to mark each lot with a distinctive marking and plant them in waters near the hatcheries, with the object o ae that the adult fish would return to the stream in which they ad passed their early existence, no matter where the eggs were taken. This plan could not be carried out at Anderson Lake, as the young fish resulting from the eggs, which were sent there, were not stron enough to survive the experiment. They were t'ierefore liberated without marking. Those hatched at Quinault Lake were marked, however, and liberated in the summer of 1916. Dr. Gilbert has strong hopes that upon the return of the marked fish important data relating to the life history of the species will be obtained. During Fabraaee March, and April, 1916, some 50,000 yearling sockeyes, which had been reared at the Bonneville hatchery of the Oregon Fish and Game Commission from eggs obtained from the Yes 16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Bay (Alaska) hatchery of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, were marked by the removal of the adipose and both ventral fins, and the fish then liberated in Tanner Creek, a tributary of the Columbia. The fish were in an apparently healthy condition when liberated. In order to make sure that they suffered no ill effects from the marking a few were held until the wounds had healed perfectly, and these were not affected adversely. During the summer of 1918 a number of marked fish were reported to have returned and been caught. During the same period close watch was kept on the Quinault River for the return of marked sockeyes from that marking experi- ment but none were observed so far as known. OCEAN HOME OF THE SALMON. All sorts of conjectures have been hazarded as to the ocean home of the salmon after the young fish have gone to sea and disappeared ap- parently from the ken of man. Many have conjured up visions of the vast schools of adult salmon surging along the coast hundreds of miles seeking for some suitable river in which to spawn, explaining in this wise the variations in the seasonal runs in different sections. Others think the fish go out into the greater depths of the ocean and there hide from man until the spawning instinct leads them back to the coast and thence to the stream in which they were born or planted. Discoveries of recent years have quite altered this uncertainty, and we now are reasonably certain that the vast majority of the salmon are comparatively near our coast line, while others stay in the bays, straits, and sounds virtually all the time when not in the rivers. Some years ago it was first noticed that king salmon would take the hook while in salt and brackish waters. At first only the anglers were interested in this fact, but as the demand for king salmon for mild curing became more insistent the commercial fishermen, attracted by the high prices paid, began to devote some attention to the fish dur- ing the early spring months, and soon trolling became a recognized branch of the industry. It was first taken up on a considerable scale in southeast Alaska in 1905.¢ As the demand for the fish increased, the fishermen extended operations until almost all of southeast Alaska waters were being fished. The length of the fishing season was also increased until now only the severe weather of winter prevents them from fishing. However, the halibut trawls occasionally come up dur- ing the season with king salmon on them, showing that they are still on the ground. The above is also true to a certain extent of the waters of British Columbia and Puget Sound and to a lesser extent, so far as has been disclosed, of Monterey Bay and the Oregon coast. It has been known for some years that the silver, or coho, salmon would also take the hook under practically the same conditions as the king salmon, and the only reason this species has not been fished for to the same extent as the king has been because it was not large enough to be attractive to the mild curers, and hence there was a much lesser demand for it. «Report on the Fisheries of Alaska. By John N.Cobb. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 618, pp. 19-21. Washington, 1907. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 17 It had been supposed that the other species did not feed when in coastal waters, but Marsh and Cobb @ state quite differently: Other species of salmon, in addition to the king, are found to take the trolling hook. For several weeks in July trollers in Union Bay, in southeast Alaska, caught a number of cohos and humpbacks while trolling for kings. The humpbacks were caught mainly with aspoon, no bait being used. Most of them appeared to have been feedin on needlefish and herring, according to the cutter who dressed them. A few re salmon are reported to have been caught on the trolling line by fishermen operating for kmg salmon in the neighborhood of Mary Island, near Dixon Entrance. Several fishermen report having in prévious years frequently taken dog salmon on a hook in the bays along Chatham Strait. In 1909, Mr. J. R. Heckman, of Ketchikan, Alaska, a well-known cannery man, told the writer that, while he was trying to install a floating trap near Cape Chacon, at the lower end of Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska, he on several occasions observed red salmon feeding on what he called a red shrimp. This was also observed in 1912, when Dr. Gilbert reported, in con- nection with his observations of salmon fishing on Swiftsure Bank, off the Straits of San Juan de Fuca, that ‘‘during the past summer it was observed by Mr. J. P. Babcock and the writer that the sockeye on the Bank were feeding extensively on a small shrimp-like crustacean (Thysanoessa spinifera, Holmes), which floats in incredible numbers on the tides and forms a favorite food for the other species as well as for the sockeye.’ ° He also found all the other species feeding vora- ciously in this neighborhood. The experience of the fishermen operating in and off Port Moller, in Bering Sea, also affords confirmatory evidence along this line. A cannery was established on Port Moller in 1913, the avowed purpose of the owners being to catch what they claimed would be the enor- mous schools which annually resort to the reat rivers of Bristol Bay, some 210 miles to the eastward from Port Moller. This cannery made a fairly large pack for a season or two, using purse seines in Bering Sea and traps along the shore. Misled by ein three other canneries were built in 1916 and 1917. In a season or two the catches of the combined plants had dropped to much less than the catch of the one cannery when operating alone, thus showing that the fishermen were operating on a run which was local to that neighborhood. This is borne out by the fact that the Bristol Bay runs showed no appreciable diminution when the catch was lowest at Port Moller. The pack of the Port Moller canneries follows. Pack oF THE PorT MOLLER CANNERIES. Number Cases Cases Year - i an- a eee packed Year naire packed IGG J bds cin daatiWetwtart 1 SG SHON AULT Aicsebspebdsccoctssp ane 4 39, 688 Meas ancevecedeetaeiaa meds 1 Sf Lhd Ny VOIS Facts ap cide « «op ashie od 4 124, 884 tT AR SS AS Shs ae 4 1 MOM ULa IA9195 Gene. sca. en n-p cal 2 "349 WONB db wens s +93 4-aagh ves 2 132; 367 a The Fisheries of Alaska in 1909. By Millar C.Marsh and John N. Cobb. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 730, p- 26. Washington, 1910. » The Salmon on Swiftsure Bank. By Charles H. Gilbert. Report of British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for Year ending Dec. 31, 1912, and Appendix, p.116. Victoria, British Columbia. 11312°—21 2 18 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. These observations would tend to confirm the belief which has been steadily growing in favor for some years that the salmon either spend the greater part of their life in the bays, straits, and sounds, or else in regions adjacent to the coast line. The reason they had not been found in this region earlier is doubt- less due to the fact that during the fall, winter, and spring months the weather on the north Pacific coast is such that fishing operations can not be carried on along the open coast, while,in summer the fishermen are all busy on the spawning runs and have no time to devote to fish not yet arrived at maturity, which are probably feeding along the coast as usual. FISHING GROUNDS AND HISTORY OF THE FISHERIES.¢ WASHINGTON. Puget Sound.—Strictly speaking, the name Puget Sound should be restricted to that long, narrow arm extending south from the Strait of Juan de Fuca, but a eae has developed, and is now common among fishermen and others, of designating all the great water area in the State of Washington comprising Puget Sound proper, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Canal de Haro, Rosario Strait, the Gulf of Georgia, and the smaller straits, bays, and sounds, as Puget Sound, and this practice. for the sake of convenience, has been followed in this report. This great indentation in the coast, with its numerous islands and many fine harbors, has greatly aided the development of this portion of Washington and has been specially favorable to the prosecution of the salmon and other fisheries. Numerous rivers and creeks enter the Sound, the more important of these being on the eastern shore and comprising the Nooksack, Skagit, Stillaguamish, Snohomish, Duwamish, Puyallup, and Nisqually. On the southern and western shores the tributary streams are nearly all small, the more important being the Skokomish, Quilcene, Dungeness, and Elwha. As on other bodies of water on the Pacific coast frequented by salmon, the Indians were fishing for them when the first whites visited the country. The natives at this time, and for many years after, used reef nets and hooks and lines in the salt water, and spears, dip nets, and weirs in the rivers. Traders first reached the head- waters of the Fraser River and gradually worked down the same until they reached the sea. For many years this region was comparatively isolated from the rest of the world, and the completion of transcontinental railroads has not completely changed this, owing to its distance from large consuming centers. As a result of this isolation, it was necessary for many years to resort to methods of preparation which would insure the preservation of the product for indefinite periods. Saltin naturally came first, followed by canning, while the shipping o fresh salmon has been steadily growing in importance as transporta- tion facilities increased. The Northwest Co., a large fur-trading organization, about the beginning of last century first introduced the salting process and a For some of the regions the historical data are fragmentary and can not be considered as other than historica] notes. It is hoped that some one will write a history of the industry before all of the pioneers have passed away. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 19 this was continued by the Hudson Bay Co. Both companies carried on the business primarily for the purpose of providing a winter stock for the use of their employees and for iooal sale. As shipping de- veloped on the Pacific, a considerable export trade in salted salmon was developed with the Hawaiian Islands, Australia, China, and Japan, and with the eastern United States.' Quinnat, or spring, and sockeye salmon were the principal species employed in the earlier years. After the boundary line between Canada and the United States had been established in 1846, and what is now the State of Wash- ington was acknowledged as part of the latter, a number of small traders and fish packers succeeded the Hudson Bay Co. In the early sixties several men were engaged in the business at Point Roberts, according to the Olympia Columbian of September 10, 1853. _ In 1873, V. T. Tull, of Olympia, established a salmon fishery at Mukilteo, principally for putting up fish in barrels. The first year 500 parreis were packed at Mukilteo, after which the fishery was moved tem- porarily to Seattle to take the late run up the Duwamish River, which is usually large. Fifteen hundred good large salmon have been taken at one haul of the seine in the Puyallup. Bancroft’s ‘‘History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana’”’ con- tains among others the following references® to the early fishermen of the Sound: In 1874 Corbette & Macleay, of Portland, founded a fishery at Tacoma. Sixty barrels were packed in five days, only three men being employed.—New Tacoma Tribune, November 14, 1874. In 1876, John Bryggot, a Norwegian, founded another fishery at Salmon Bay, 6 miles north of Olympia. In 1878 a company of Puget Sound men established a fourth at Clallam Bay. They put up the first season 600 casks of salmon and 700 of halibut.—Morse’s Wash. Terr., MS., xviii, 17-18. In the following season D. D. Hume established a fishery near Steilacoom for the purpose of salting salmon. In 1880 H. Levy, of Seattle, went to London with 100 barrels to introduce Puget Sound salted salmon to that market. In 1882 a salmon packing establishment was opened at Old Tacoma by —— Williams. Salmon ran in great numbers this year. One boat brought in a thousand fish. The extension of the railroad to Puget Sound, thus furnishing an outlet to the rapidly growing population in the Middle West, did much to aid the industry. is also gave opportunity to begin the epeing of fresh halibut and salmon to eastern points. Ainsworth & Dunn, of Seattle, operating later under the name of the Seattle Fish Co., were the first successful pioneers in this branch of the industry, beginning about 1889, a carrying it on until they sold out in 1901, as noted later. In 1903 the San Juan Fishing & Packing Co., which had begun the fresh-fish business in 1899, bought this business from the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co., to which it had been sold in 1901 In 1893 A. E. Wadhams, who had operated on the Columbia River for some years, established a sockeye plant at Point Roberts. In 1894 both canneries were sold to their present owner, the Alaska Packers Association, an organization formed not long before this by a combination of a number of Alaska plants. About 1894 A. E. Devlin came up from the Columbia River and established a plant at Friday Harbor, which is now operated by the Friday Harbor Packing Co. 4 History of the Pacific States, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845-1889, vol. 26, pp. 345-349. By Hubert Howe Bancrolt. 20 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In 1895 three new canneries were built at Anacortes—one by Philip S. Cook (later owned by the Porter Fish Co. and now by the Anacortes Fisheries Co.), one by the Anacortes Packing Co. (now owned by the Alaska Packers Association), and the other by the Fidalgo Island Canning Co. In the same year a cannery was built at Port Angeles by the National Packing Co. In 1902 this plant was sold to the Manhattan Packing Co., which company was absorbed by the Gorman interests in 1906. In 1896 J. R. Young and B. L. Williams built a small cannery at Blaine. They failed in 1900 through the failure of their trap fisheries and J. W. & V. Cook Packing Co., of Portland, bought their plant and put J. L. Smiley in charge of it. In 1909 Mr. Smiley purchased this plant from the company and operated it until 1916, when he disposed of it to Lee Wakefield and E. Schoenwald, who sold it the followirié year to the Wilson Fisheries Co. As Ainsworth & Dunn found that they were receiving more salmon than they could dispose of in a fresh condition (they were first, in 1889, to ship fresh salmon from here to eastern points), the firm built a cannery on the Seattle water front, at what is now Pier 8, about 1895 or 1896, and about 1897 built another at Blaine. In 1900 the Blaine Packing Co. built a cannery at Blaine and operated it nearly every season until 1916, when it was sold to the Blaine Cannery Co. In 1901 Ainsworth & Dunn sold all its fresh fish and canned salmon holdings to the newly organized Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. When the latter company failed and its assets were sold in 1904, the firm bought back its former Blaine plant and has operated it ever since. Mr. Ainsworth, the senior member of the firm, died in 1914, pub the business is still operated under the name of Ainsworth & unn. The Pacific American Fisheries Co. was incorporated in 1899. The company purchased at the time of its organization the cannery and trap properties of the Island Packing Co., San Juan Island, and the cannery of the Franco-American North Pacific Packing Co., at Fair- haven. The last-named cannery had been built the previous year. By 1900 a number of canneries had been erected on the shores of Puget Sound, most of which were then in active operation. In 1901 the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. was organized under the laws of the State of New Jersey, for the purpose of acquiring a number of salmon canneries on the coast. It was supposed to be backed by unlimited eastern capital, and its authorized capitalization was as follows: Common stock, $12,500,000; 7 per cent accumulative pre- ferred stock, $12,500,000; and 6 per cent debentures, $7,000,000. It actually issued $6,037,000 common stock, $6,963,000 preferred stock, and $3,000,000 debentures. Subsequently the management effected an exchange of preferred stock for debentures, increasing the for- mer to about $7,500,000 and decreasing the debentures to about $1,650,000. The new company purchased a number of canneries in Alaska, also the following Puget Sound plants: Pacific American Fisheries Co.’s canneries at Fairhaven (now Bellingham) and Friday Harbor, the Ainsworth & Dunn canneries at Blaine and Seattle, and the Fair- haven Packing Co. cannery at Fairhaven. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. o1 The company had a very short career, ending up in the bank- ruptcy courts in 1903, and when all its affairs were wound up the stockholders received nothing, while the bondholders got but an exceedingly paltry sum out of all the money put into it. Most of the canneries secured on Puget Sound were repurchased by their former owners or by new people. The Apex Fish Co. was incorporated in 1904 and built a cannery at Anacortes which has been operated continuously since. B. A. Seaborg, a well-known Columbia River packer, early in the century established a cannery in South Bellingham and operated it under the name of the Washington Packing Co. In 1905 it was pur- chased by R. A. Welsh, then of Vancouver, British Columbia, and Loggie Bros., of Bellingham, and has been operated since under the name of the Bellingham Canning Co. The Hillside Canning Co.’s plant was built and operated for the first time at Port Townsend in 1905 by Andrew Weber, H. Ellerbeck, William McKee, and E. C. Seeley. In 1906 T. J. Gorman, since deceased, purchased the cannery of the Rosario Straits Packing Co. at Anacortes. In 1906 E. A. Sims leased the cannery at Port Townsend which had been built some years earlier by Mr. Cook and operated under the name of the Port Townsend Packing Co. A one-line cannery was erected in the spring of 1906 by the Wadham-Curtis Canning Co. at Blaine, but it burned down the same year. In 1897 the Chlopeck Fish Co. (now the Booth Fisheries Co.), which had been operating in Portland for several years, started a fresh fish and freezing business at Seattle. The first salmon cannery on Puget Sound was erected by Jackson, Myers & Co., in 1877, at Mukilteo, in Snohomish County. The mem- bers of this firm had all been engaged previously in salmon canning on the Columbia River. The first pack was of 5,000 cases, composed wholly of silver, or coho, salmon. Later at this plant were put up the first humpbacks ever canned. In order to divert the minds of urchasers from the fact that the meat of the humpback was much pohéer in color than the grades then known to the consuming public, the company printed on its label the legend, ‘‘Warranted not to turn red in the can.”’ Even with this shrewd sizing up of the weak side of the consuming public the demand for humpback, or pink, salmon developed very slowly, and it was some years before it became a factor in the markets. Within a year or two after the opening of the above plant another was started at Mukilteo by a man named Bigelow. In 1880 the Myers’s cannery was destroyed by a heavy fall of snow. It was rebuilt in West Seattle and was operated till 1888, when it was destroyed by fire. George T. Myers, now sole owner, built a new cannery at Milton, which was burned two years later, and he then came back to Seattle and built a cannery oul where Ainsworth & Dunn’s dock now stands. He remained here only one season, after which he moved to where the Pacific Coal Co.’s bunkers are now. Late in 1901 he sold out his plant to the United Fish Co., which com- pany moved the plant to the foot of Connecticut Avenue, where they continued operations for two or three years and then quit. 992 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In 1889 a man named Morse established a cannery at Seattle and operated it for only one year. The first Puget Sound sockeye cannery was built at Semiahmoo, near Blaine, by J. A. Martin and John Elwood about the year 1891. It was bought in 1892 for $500 by D. Drysdale, who shortly after- ward rebuilt and greatly enlarged the plant. In the same year Mr. Drysdale demonstrated the commercial success of fish traps. Traps had been in operation before this, however. In 1893 Ainsworth & Dunn had a trap at Five Mile Rock, just beyond the lighthouse at Magnolia Bluff (now a part of Seattle), and there had been a trap or two in Elliott Bay even prior to this. Traps had not been profitable in this section, however, owing to the cheapness and abundance of salmon, haul seines pens cheaper and more profitable to operate. A man named H. B. Kirby, who came originally from Nova Scotia, and another named Goodfellow (now living at Point Roberts) put in the first trap for Mr. Drysdale. From this time on the industry fluctuated considerably, 41 can- neries, an increase of 10 over 1914, being operated in 1915, while 35 were operated in 1919. During the early years of sockeye canning they were not sold to the trade as sockeyes, but as Alaska reds and Columbia River salmon, for which there had been an established market for some years. H. Bell-Irving & Co., of Vancouver, British Columbia, were the ioneers in the labeling of the fish as sockeyes, this being in 1894-95. ike all virtually new products, sockeye salmon had a hard fight for several years to secure a foothold in the salmon markets, and it was not until the Spanish-American War in 1898 caused a heavy demand for canned foods that its position became finally established. Soleduck River.—This is a small stream, about 30 miles in length, which flows through the southwestern part of Clallam County and empties directly into the ocean. The Quillayute Indian Reservation is located here and the natives formerly caught salmon and marketed them on Puget Sound, but a small cannery, started at Mora, on this river, in 1912, furnished a market for the catch up to the end of 1915, when it was abandoned. Hoh River.—This is a comparatively small river, which is wholly within Jefferson County, and debouches into the ocean in the north- western part of the county. It passes through the Hoh Indian Reservation in its lower reaches. A cannery was built here in 1917 by Fletcher Bros., and has been operated each season since. In the spring. of 1919 it was moved to a more convenient location about a mile from the original site. Queets River.—This river, which is about 35 miles long, rises in the northern part of Jefferson County and empties directly into the ocean in the northwestern part of Grays Harbor County, within the bounds of the Quinault Indian Reservation. A small salmon cannery was built at Queets, in Jefferson County, in 1905, and has been operated every season since. Quinault River.—This river, which enters the ocean in the north- western part of Grays Harbor County, has a length from the ocean to Quinault Lake of about 40 miles, wholly within the boundaries of the Quinault Indian Reservation. This stream is especially noted for its long-continued annual run of Quinault salmon (O. nerka). These fish, which are noted for PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 23 their especially red-colored flesh, make their appearance early in December, when the Indians generally catch them for their own use, as they fear that, if the whites got hold of the fish, they might throw away the hearts. Should a heart be eaten at this time by a dog or chicken, the Indians believe the run would not come. In January, when the fish begin to be abundant, all danger of this seems to have passed, for the Indians then usually have a considerable number for sale, and these are generally shipped to distant markets in a fresh condition by the buyers. As soon as the canneries open at Moclips most of the fish are disposed of at that place. The run continues up to July 1. May and June are the best fishing months. There is a fall run of chinooks in this river, which usually arrives in August and ends about October 15. The silver salmon appear about October 1 and the run is generally over by November 15; the dog salmon appear about November 1 and the run is usually over by the middle of the same month, while the steelhead trout run between November 20 and May 1. None of the latter are canned. Moclips, the terminus of the railroad, is about 10 miles from the river, and the fish are all taken by team to this place. Twenty fish, woating approximately 100 pounds, are put in each box, and these are piled onto the wagons until a load has been accumulated. The team owners get 50 cents a box for hauling the loaded ones to Moclips and 5 cents a box for bringing the empty ones back. In 1915 the records of the Indian agent show that the Indians fishing on the north side of the river caught 219,654 Quinault salmon, valued at $49,820, while those on the south side caught 135,353 of these fish, valued at $30,528.60, or a grand total of 355,007 fish, valued at $80,348.60. This does not take into account the results of the fishing for the other species of salmon and steelhead trout, which quite materially swell the total. Fishing is restricted to the Indians, who also make their own fishery laws, with the advice and approval of the Office of Indian Affairs, as the State laws have no force inside the bounds of the reser- vation. Under the regulations now in force, a clear channel of one- third the width must be left in the middle of the stream, which is from 250 to 300 yards in width. Each owner of a fishing location has to fish it in person; provided, however, that widows, orphans, minor children, old Indians, and those who are sick or have gainful occupations other than fishing, are allowed to lease their locations or hire some one to fish them, and then only with the approval of the officer in charge. During the Quinault season stake nets are used, while the rest of the time, as a result of the freshets, drift gill nets are used in the eddies. The stake nets are arranged in a rather peculiar manner. A line of stakes is run out for about one-third the width at right angles to the shore, and to these are attached a net by short ropes. From each stake a section of net is run out and downstream, curv- ing inward like a hook at the end, the latter part being held in place by three stakes. ) The stake nets are 40 to 60 meshes deep, with 5}-inch stretch mesh, and are set 85 yards apart. A set of these as described above forms one fishing location. 24 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The chinook gill nets are usually 8? to 9 inches stretch mesh and 24 meshes deep, while the gill nets for silvers, dogs, and steelheads are of 7-inch stretch mesh and 35 meshes deep. For some years the salmon from the Quinault River were brought to Hoquiam and Aberdeen for canning. In 1911 W. W. Kurtz, of the former place, began the erection of a cannery at Moclips for the urpose of packing these fish, and the same season his example was followed by Frank Shafer. Mr. Kurtz still operates his plant, but the other is now owned by the Pacific Fisheries & Packing Co. Grays Harbor.—This is the first important indentation on the coast of Washington south of Cape Flattery. It is about 40 miles long from east to west and about 20 miles wide in the widest part. The principal tributary is the Chehalis River, but there are a number of small streams which debouch into the harbor. In 1883 B. A. Seaborg, who operated a cannery on the Columbia River, established a plant at what was later to be the thriving city of Aberdeen, although at that time it was practically a wilderness. In 1902 the North American Fisheries bo built a plant at Aber- deen. Shortly after it came into the possession of the Grays Harbor Packing Co., and on June 8, 1903, it was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt and operated by this company until 1906, when it was sold to S. Elmore & Co., who still own it. The Hoquiam Packing Co. built a cannery at Hoquiam in 1904 and have operated it ever since. In 1910 two canneries were in operation at Aberdeen and Hoquiam, respectively; in 1915 there were three at the former place and one at the latter, while in 1919 there were six in operation. Willapa Harbor.—The entrance to this harbor, which also includes Shoalwater Bay, is about 27 miles south of Grays Harbor. The har- bor runs east and west and is about 25 miles long. Shoalwater Bay extends south from it a distance of about 30 miles, its southern por- tion ending about a mile from the Columbia River and its west- ern side being separated from the ocean by a spit varying in width from three-fourths to 1 mile. The bay is shallow, excepting in the main channel. The principal salmon streams entering the harbor are the Nasel and North Rivers, in which most of the pound or trap nets are located. In 1884 B. A. Seaborg, a Columbia River canner, established a plant on Shoalwater Bay, as the whole of Willapa Harbor was then known. About 1900 F. C. Barnes established a cannery at Sunshine, «n the Nasel River, but the run of salmon on this river soon became so smal] that the plant was abandoned and the machinery moved to Mr. 3arnes’s cannery at South Bend. In 1904 P. J. McGowan, the Columbia River canner, opened a cannery on the North River. Mr. McGowan, who was over 80 years of age at the time, had turned the control of his important Columbia River canning interest over to his sons, but finding idleness not to his liking, started this cannery in order to have something to occupy his time. He operated it for several years and then abandoned the roject. In 1912 the Chetlo Harbor Packing Co. established a cannery at Chetlo Harbor, but operated it only that year and in 1914. In 1919 only two canneries, both of them at South Bend, operated on Willapa Harbor. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 25 COLUMBIA RIVER. The Columbia, which is the largest river of the Pacific coast, rises in British Columbia, flows through Washington, reaching the north- ern border of Oregon about 75 miles west of the State’s eastern boundary; from this point the river forms the dividing line between Oregon and Washington, its general course being westerly. It empties into the Pacific at Cape Disappointment. Its principal tributaries are the Spokane, Yakima, Snake, John Day, Deschutes, and Willamette Rivers, and through these the main river drains an enormous extent of territory. This river, which has produced more salmon than any other river in the world, has had a most interesting history. Many years before the white man saw its waters the Indians visited its banks during the annual salmon runs and caught and cured their winter’s supply of food. Along the shores of the river at The Dalles for 15 miles were notable fisheries where various bands, who lived south and north, had their respective fishing locations, and to which all others were forbidden access. They used spears and dip nets in catching the salmon, the majority of which were dried and smoked for winter use. This dip, or basket, net was fastened to a pole about 30 feet long and slid on a hoop. The Indian filled it by slinging it as far as possible up the stream and then hauling it up, the weight of the fish closing the net by drawing it on the hoop. A favorite preparation of the Indians who resorted to the river was pemmican. This was the meat of the salmon cleaned of the bones, pounded tu. fine, and then packed in hempen sacks of home manufacture. A sack of pemmican weighed from 80 to 90 pounds and was worth in barter as much as an ordinary horse. Capt. Wilkes, U. S. N., has the following to say with respect to salmon fishing by natives at Kettle Falls on the Columbia River near the present city of Colville, Wash., at the time of his visit there in 1841: There is an Indian village on the banks of the great falls, inhabited by a few families, who are called ‘‘Quiarlpi’’ (basket people), from the circumstance of their using baskets to catch their fish (salmon). ‘The season for the salmon fishery had not yet (in June ?) arrived, so that our gentlemen did not see the manner of taking the fish; but, as described to them, the fishing apparatus consists of a large wicker basket supported by long poles inserted into it and fixed in the rocks. The lower part, which is of the basket form, is joined to a broad frame spreading above, against which the fish in attempting to jump the falls strike and are thrown back into the basket. This basket during the fishing season is raised three times in the day (24 hours), and at each haul not unfrequently contains 300 fine fish. A division of these takes place at sunset each day under the direction of one of the chief men of the village, and to each family is allotted the number it may be entitled to; not only the resident Indians, but all who may be there fishing, or by accident, are equally included in the dis- tribution.¢ The first American to engage in fishing on the Columbia River was Capt. Nathaniel J. Wyeth, of Massachusetts, who in 1832 crossed overland to Oregon with the purpose of establishing salmon fisheries in connection with prosecuting the Indian and fur trade. He dis- atched a vessel via Cape Horn to the Columbia with trading goods, ut she was never heard from after sailing. In the meantime Wyeth 4 Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842. By Charles Wilkes, U. 8. Navy, commander ofthe expedition. In 5 volumes. Vol. IV, pp. 444, 445. Philadelphia, Lee & Blanchard, 1845. 26 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. had established a station at Fort Hall, on the Lewis River, a branch of the Columbia. In 1833 Capt. Wyeth returned overland to Boston, while the rest of his party dispersed throughout the Columbia Valley. Far from dis- heartened by the disaster to his vessel, Capt. Wyeth dispatched the brig May Dacre, Capt. Lambert, laden with trading goods and sup- plies, to the Columbia River via Cape Horn, while he crossed overland with 200 men. He established a salmon fishery and fort at the lower end of Wappatoo (now Sauvies) Island, at the mouth of the Wil- lamette River. The salmon fishery did not prove successful and the brig sailed in 1835 with only a half cargo of fish and did not come back. The same year Capt. Wyeth broke up both the establishment here and on the Lewis River and, disheartened, returned to Massachusetts, having found the competition of the Hudson Bay Co. too powerful for him. In August, 1840, Capt. John H. Couch, in command of the brig Maryland, which belonged to Cushing & Co., of Newburyport, Mass., arrived in the Columbia River. After taking a few salmon the vessel left in the autumn never to return. On April 2, 1842, Capt. Couch reappeared in the river with a new vessel, the Chenamus, named after the chief of the Chinooks. With his cargo of goods he established himself at the present site of Oregon City, the first American trading house to be established in the Willamette Valley. He also estab- lished a small fishery on the Columbia River. The vessel returned to Newburyport in the autumn. The next American vessel to come in established a far from enviable record. There is no record of her name, but she was commanded by a man named Chapman and entered the river April 10, 1842. She came for the purpose of trading and fishing and remained till autumn. During her presence in the river it is charged she sold liquor to the Clatsop and other savages, as a result of which much bloodshed and discord resulted. About 1857 John West began salting salmon in barrels at Westport, on the lower Columbia. In February, 1859, the Washington Legislature passed an act pro- hibiting nonresidents from taking fish on the beach of the Columbia between Point Ellis and Cape Hancock. Bancroft % states: On the 26th of January, 1861, J. T. Lovelace and W. H. Dillon were granted the exclusive right to fish in the Columbia for a distance of 1 mile along its banks and extending from low-water mark half a mile toward the middle of the stream. In 1861, H. N. Rice and Jotham Reed began packing salted salmon in barrels at Oak Point, 60 miles below Portland. The first season’s pack amounted to 600 barrels. The venture proved fairly profitable and was soon participated in by others. In the spring of 1866 William Hume, who had assisted in starting the first salmon cannery in the United States on the Sacramento River in 1864, finding the run of fish in the latter stream rather dis- appointing, started a cannery for Hapgood, Hume & Co. on the Columbia at Eagle Cliff, Wash., about 40 miles above Astoria. a History of the Pacific States, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845-1889, vol. 26, p. 349. By Hubert Howe Bancroft. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 27 The year this first cannery operated the following fishermen were operating in the river: Jotham Reed used a trap and a small gill net opposite Oak Point; Mr. Wallace fished a small seine from the shore of an island of that name a short distance below; John T. M. Harrington (who was later to establish the Pillar Rock cannery), in conjunction with a man named Fitzpatrick, operated a seine at Tenasillihe, as did also a Mr. Welch; P. J. McGowan, who, with his sons, in 1884 started a cannery at McGowan, and later, at Warrendale, Ilwaco, etc., operated two small seines at Chinook Beach; and Hap- good, Hume & Co. had two small gill nets about 125 fathoms in length and 32 meshes deep. The gill net of Mr. Reed was much smaller than these. At this period the river literally swarmed with salmon, and the cannery had no trouble in packing 4,000 cases, which it increased to 18,000 the next year and to 28,000 cases in 1868. In 1867 a crude cannery on a scow was started by S. W. Aldrich, a ship carpenter. The scow was about 50 by 20 feet, with a cabin on it, and in one end of this he constructed a brick furnace in which he set a large cast-iron cauldron for a cooker. Along one side he rigged a bench and manufactured the cans. Aldrich was a regular jack-of-all-trades, as he did everything from catching the fish to canning and cooking them ready for the market. In 1868 a cannery was built near Eagle Cliff by one of the Humes, while in 1873 R. D. Hume built another at Bay View, Wash. He operated it until 1876, when Mr. Leveridge, of Leveridge, Wadhams & Co., of San Francisco, bought it and operated it during 1877 and 1878. George W. Hume took it then and a few years later sold it to David Morgan, jr., who got into financial difficulties, and the lant was ordered sold by the court. C. W. Fulton, of Astoria, ater a United States Senator, had the matter in charge, but was unable to find a customer, and finally in desperation offered it to W. H. Barker, of George & Barker, for $600. Mr. Fulton closed with him the same day. It proved a most profitable transaction for the purchasers, who acquired a million and a half labels which could be utilized, the machinery was taken out for other plants, the timber on the land belonging to the tract sold, and the floating property sold for a considerable sum, after which the stripped plant and land were sold back to Mr. Morgan for $600, the purchase price. He sold it to George W. Hume, who wanted it to correct a title. It was sold for taxes a couple of years later and was bought in by B. A. Seaborg, who operated it for two years, since when it has been idle. George W. Hume was the first salmon canner to employ Chinese. This was at Eagle Cliff in 1872. At this period the white laborers in the canneries were recruited from the riffraff and criminal element of Portland. He had a Chinese working for him and through this man secured a Chinese gang from Portland. This labor proved so satisfactory that the custom soon spread to the other canneries, It was not found that the Chinese could do the work any better or amoker than the white laborer, but they proved more reliable in their work and gave less trouble. Donald and Kenneth Macleay, of Portland, and William Corbitt, of San Francisco, who were in business in Portland, were the first to make a direct shipment of canned salmon to Liverpool. This 28 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, was in 1871, and the shipment abroad that year amounted to 30,000 cases. Of the 35 canneries on the Columbia River in 1881, it is said that about one-half had been established by the Hume brothers. G. W. and William Hume were partners in the firm of Hapgood, Hume & Co., on the Sacramento River, and established the first cannery on the Columbia. In 1881 William was the proprietor of two canneries, one at Astoria, Oreg., and one at Eagle Cliff, Wash. R. D. Hume, a third brother, in the same year had a cannery in operation on the Rogue River, and established three others, one at Kagle Cliff (then owned by William Hume), one at Rainier (then belonging to Jackson & Myers), and one at Astoria. The fourth brother, Joseph, came to the coast in 1871 and some time later established a cannery on the river. One of the pioneer canners on the river was the late F. M. Warren, operating as the Warren Packing Co., who established a cannery at Cathlamet, Wash., in 1869. The same company is still operating the plant. Later another cannery was established at Warrendale, Oreg., and it also is still operated by this company. Mr. Warren was the inventor of a retort, patented on April 10, 1877, which was in use by the principal canneries on the coast for a number of years. John West was another pioneer. He built a cannery at Hungry Harbor, Wash., about 1869. In 1881 he moved his plant to West- port, on the Oregon side of the river. Mr. West was the inventor of a packing machine for placing the fish in the cans. In 1871 the firm of Megler & Jewett established a cannery on the present site of Brookfield, Wash., and named it in honor of Mrs. Meg- ler’s birthplace, North Brookfield, Mass. In 1876 the plant was sreatly enlarged and J. S. Megler bought out his partners and took in Mr. Macleay, of Corbitt-Macleay, wholesale grocers, of Portland and San Francisco, and changed the firm name to J.S. Megler & Co., under which title it still operates. In 1879 Mr. Megler bought out this partner and owned the plant until his death in 1915, since when it has been operated by his widow. The first soldering machine used on the Columbia River was in this plant, while the steam box and lacquering machines were first put in use on the river in this plant. In 1874 the Adair brothers, S. D. and John, jr., erected a cannery at Astoria, the second one to be built there. Before packing began, A. Booth, the well-known Chicago fish dealer, and progenitor of the present Booth Fisheries Co., acquired a half interest in the plant, which was then named A. Booth & Co. John Adair, jr., was the manager. The brothers established canneries on the Fraser River and in some seasons exchanged places in operating on the two rivers. S. D. Adair sold out his cannery on the Fraser and bought one on the Colur ia and operated it under the firm name of S$. D. Adair & Co. After selling out his interest in A. Booth & Co., 8. D. Adair formed a partnership with Wm. B. Adair under the style of S. D. Adair & Co. in 1881. The brothers were active in the industry for a number of years. J. O. Hanthorn, under the firm name of J. O. Hanthorn & Co., established one of the largest canneries on the river at Astoria in 1876. He invented a rotary can washer for washing cans after they were filled ready for soldering and before the tops were put on. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 29 In the same year Marshall J. Kinney began his long and interesting career in the canning business by establishing a cannery at Astoria. One of the most noted men the Columbia River produced was Mathias Jensen, a Dane, who fished there for some years. He achieved especial fame from his important inventions In canning machinery. His first invention, however, was a machine for filling needles for knitting salmon nets. He next invented a can-filling machine, which is in common use to-day. He also invented the first topping machine, which was a marked success. The patent rights of both these machines were sold to the Alaska Packers Association. The machines were all made at the plant of the Astoria Iron Works, at Astoria, of which Mr. John Fox was the founder. The first fish trap or pound on the river was constructed by Mr. Graham, in Baker Bay, on the Washington shore, in 1879. In 1881 Mr. P. J. McGowan built some traps just below the bay. The traps were very successful at times. The first purse seine on the river was operated by William Graham & Co. in 1906. Below appears a list of the canneries operated on the Columbia River in 1881, together with the pack of each during the year in question: J. Williams (Oregon side)....... OUOG Tb sil. WEN Sis sccescdt coke’ 12, 000 Metone Packing Co.) 202.21... ''80;000)|' J. Weetiit. 2 2sibrleo. 2 2bo.. 12, 000 Elmore Packing Co. ........... 7,890 | Jackson & Myers (2 canneries).. 138, 000 Astoria Fishery (M.J. Kinney). 26,000 | Aberdeen Packing Co. (Wash- i A ees aie Big nee ol 20, 000 ington Territory side)...-..... 17, 000 Cee ee ee Se tthe 18,000 | Jos. Hume, Knappton.......... 20, 225 Dewlin)d Gort]. fi 25.93. .052. 20,000 | Pillar Rock Co. ............... 15, 000 Occident Packing Co........... 15,000 | J. G. Megler & Co.............. 25, 000 CS LEE Se 15,000 | Columbia Canning Co. ......... 8, 000 mreumies O&, O0.55.-45.---4..4-.. 20,000 | Be. D- Hume & Cor. si... . se. 8, 300 ER 23,000 | Cathlamet Cannery............ 8, 000 Eagle Cannery...........-....- 17, 300 | Jas. Quinn. ......522..2..00... 5, 000 enerena Cos.) . 6003. 3.54-:0 (1°18, 000-4; Crithing &) Gos a4... 7. wid 20, 000 Fishermen’s Packing Co. ....-.. 19,000 | Eureka Packing Co............ 20, 000 rene OO... ky abe 10,000 | Hapgood & Co......... eeyiey fe 13, 000 Anglo-American Packing Co.... 10,300 | Eagle Cliff Cannery............. 10, 000 Hanthorn & Co...2............ 19, 000 —_—_— Bearnaimavyian Cos......- ..« se. 20, 000 Dotalssioigh sy be ddtase. 549, 115 COO Benen onbcye vice Sha oe 30, 000 An interesting compilation prepared by the Portland Board of Trade * shows the total product in cases, the price per case of 48 ounds, and the price for each fish paid by the canneries to the shermen from 1866 to 1881: , Total Cost of Total : Cost of Year. product.| Price fish. Year product.| Price. fish. Cents. | Cents. Uh eon se 4,000 $16.00 a ht eee ee eee 350, 000 $6.50 25 LL ERs Praia es 18,000 13.00 EDV iMartiets +5, tps. 375, 000 5.60 25 | SP Re EARLS 2 28,000 12.00 20 Le a 2 Se 450, 000 4. 50 25 Re a beletet bn daw ake 100,000 10. 00 20 DTT. ccbbtiacd dp oi 460, 000 5. 20 25 MR ds vee » oye 150,000 9.00 20 hh pag bah tad lads oR 460, 000 5.00 25 ss RSP ER pees 200, 000 9.50 2 WASTO oss 2. fetes iin 480, 000 4.60 50 Ee ep 250, 000 8.00 25 BDU at saad sepa 530, 000 4.80 50 ae 3 6 Ba eS 250, 000 7.00 25 BGG Foti ii al 550, 000 5.00 60 tl a i « The Commerce and Industries of the Pacific Coast of North America . 372 m : tell. San Francisco, 1882, oe attnah emcee 30 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The banner year in the canning industry was 1884, when 620,000 cases of chinook salmon were marketed. At this time the runs were so enormous that tons and tons of salmon were thrown overboard by the fishermen because the canneries were unable to handle them. As in other sections, there came a time when the market began to be glutted by the packs of the numerous canneries, and it was found necessary to combine some of the plants in order to operate more cheaply and also to reduce the output. In 1885 W. H. Barker and George H. George, who had been con- nected with various canneries, formed a partnership as George & Barker and purchased the Astoria cannery at the Port Adams Packing Co., then 2 years old. Shortly before this a combination which was named the Eureka & Epicure Packing Co. had been formed and comprised the following plants: Knappton Packing Co., Knappton; North Shore Packing Co., just below Knappton; and the Eureka Packing Co. This combination got into Feninitial difficulties, and the reorganizers per- suaded George & Barker to join the combination and take charge. In 1887 the Eureka & Epicure Packing Co., the plants of Samuel Elmore, M. J. Kinney, and J. W. Seaborg, all of Astoria; J. O. Han- thorn & Co., Astoria; Fishermen’s Packing Co., Astoria; Scandinavian Packing Co., Astoria; Columbia Canning Co., and J. W. & V. Cook, Clifton, were combined under the name of the Columbia River Packers Association. In 1889 the association built a new cannery at Rooster Rock. Mr. George was with the association until his death, but Mr. Barker left it to become general manager of the British Columbia Packers Association, where he is at present, the dean of the Pacific coast cannerymen. Early in the eighties the California Can Co. was engaged in the business of making cans in San Francisco. Later the Pacific Sheet Metal Works absorbed the company. A factory was started at Asto- ria, with Mr. F. P. Kendall in charge. The latter, who is one of the deans of the industry, has had a long and interesting connection with all branches of the industry and in most sections. The American Can Co. later on bought the Pacific Sheet Metal Works, and the Astoria plant was moved to Portland. The American Can Co. was the first to install sanitary can-packing machinery in the salmon industry, the venture being made in 1911, at the Sanborn-Cutting plant in Astoria. At the present time (1919) there are 21 canneries in operation on the river, while large quantities of salmon are also frozen, mild cured, pickled, smoked, and sold fresh in the markets of the world. Commercial fishing is carried on mainly between the mouth of the Columbia and Celilo, a distance of about 200 miles, and in the Wil- lamette River. The most of it is in the lower part of the river, within about 40 miles of its mouth. Bakers Bay, on the Washington or north side, and just within the river’s mouth, is the favorite ground for pound-net fishing. The principal gill-net drifting ground 1s from the river’s mouth to about 20 miles above Astoria, but drifting is done wherever convenient reaches are found much farther up the river. Most of the drag seines are hauled on the sandy bars in the river near Astoria, which are uncovered at low water. Wheels are operated in the upper river above the junction of the Willamette with the main river. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 31 Astoria is the principal center for all branches of the industry, but more especially for canning. Other places in addition to Astoria at which canneries are located are Ilwaco, Eagle Cliff, Altoona, Brook- field, Pillar Rock, Cathlamet, on the Washington shore, and at Warrendale, Rooster Rock, and Seuferts, on the Oregon shore. OREGON. Necanicum Creek.—This short stream is in Clatsop County and enters the Pacific Ocean about 10 miles south of the Columbia River. Its fisheries are of small importance. Nehalem River.—The Nehalem is a small coastal river that rises in the mountains of Clatsop and Columbia Counties, and flows into the Pacific Ocean in the northern part of Tillamook County. As early as 1887 there was a small cannery here, and the business has been followed ever since. In 1911 an additional plant was built and both have operated each year since, except in 1913, when one was shut own. Tillamook Bay and River.—Tillamook River is a very short stream which enters Tillamook Bay, the latter being in Tillamook County and about 45 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. Fishing is carried on mainly in the bay. The earliest record we have of canneries on this bay is of 1886, when two were in operation. From 1891 to 1910 but one was operated, but in 1911 another plant was started. In 1915 a third cannery was built, and all three oper- ated until 1918, when only one was in operation. In 1919, two operated. Nestugga Rwer.—This stream enters the ocean in the southwestern art of Tillamook County. A cannery operated here in 1887 and the Pei ecs has been carried on each season with but one intermission since 1905. Siletz River.—This river has its source in the mountains of Polk County and enters the ocean in the northern part of Lincoln County. The commercial development of the fisheries was hampered for many years owing to the fact that the river was within the boundaries of what was then the Siletz Indian Reservation. The first cannery was established here in 1896. An additional one was built in 1918, Yaquina Bay and Riwer.—The Yaquina (‘‘crooked’’) River is about 60 miles long; its general course is nearly west through the county of Benton. The river is narrow throughout the greater part of its length. A few miles from its mouth it suddenly broadens out into an estuary from one-half to three-fourths of a mile wide, which is commonly called Yaquina Bay. The river enters the Pacific about 100 miles south of the Columbia. Salmon canning was begun on this river in 1887, when two small canneries were constructed. The next year an additional plant was erected. The business has fluctuated considerably since then and there is now but one cannery, which has not been operated since 1911. In 1917 this plant was consolidated with the one at Waldport. The fishing grounds are all in the bay and the lower section of the river. The fishermen of this section are fortunate in that they have railroad communication with the outside world. Alsea Bay and River.—Alsea River rises in the southwestern part of Benton County, and flows in nearly a northwesterly direction to 32 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. the Pacific, a distance of about 60 miles. Like the Yaquina, the ‘‘bay” is merely a broadening out of the river just inside its mouth. The first cannery was established in 1886 and by 1888 there were three in operation. For many years but one was operated. In 1911 and each season since two canneries have been operated. The best fishing grounds are from the mouth of the river to about 5 miles inland. Siuslaw River.—This river has its source in the mountains of Lane County, and its course lies first in a northwesterly direction and to the westward until the Pacific is reached. Through part of its course it is the dividing line between Lane and Douglas Counties. In 1915 a railroad line from Eugene to the mouth of the Siuslaw River, at which point it connected with a line to the Coquille River, was opened for traffic. As early as 1878 there were two canneries operated on this river, but from 1879 till 1888 there are no data available showing the extent of the fisheries. Im 1888 the Florence Canning Co., the Lone Star Packing Co., and the Elmore Packing Co. each operated a cannery. In 1896 A. W. Hurd built a cannery which was destroyed by fire in 1908. At present there are two canneries, but of recent years only one has been operated. The opening of a railroad line from Eugene to here, thus furnishing an outlet for fresh salmon shipments, will doubtless greatly help in developing its fisheries. The salmon fishing grounds extend from near the mouth of the river to about 20 miles upstream. Umpqua River.—With the exception of the Columbia this is the largest and longest river in Oregon. It is formed by north and south forks, which unite about 9 miles northwest of Roseburg, and the river then flows northwestwardly and enters the Pacific. Prac- tically all of this river is within the boundaries of Douglas County, one of the largest counties in the State. A railroad has recently been built along this river and in time there will doubtless be a large de- velopment of the fisheries of this region owing to the opportunities which will be offered for shipping fresh fish. With the exception of Rogue River, this is the only river in Oregon south of the Columbia River in which a spring run of chinook salmon occurs. As early as 1878 there were two canneries located on the Umpqua, one of which was built by George W. Hume. The number has never been larger than this, and usually there has been but one operating. In 1912 there was but one at Gardiner. In 1919 one was operated. In 1918 the Reedsport Fish Co., of Reedsport, purchased the can- nery of the Umpqua Cooperative Co., at Gardiner. Coos Bay and River.—Coos Bay is a navigable semicircular inlet of the ocean with numerous arms or branches. There is much marshy ground in the bay, and a number of sloughs, or small creeks, which empty into the bay from both sides. Coos River proper is an unimportant stream, but a few miles in length. North Bend, Marsh- field, and Empire are the principal towns on the bay. A branch railroad is being built to these points from the main line of the South- ern Pacific Railway, and as soon as this is completed the fishing in- dustry will receive a great impetus. Heretofore this region has de- ended upon steamers and sailing vessels plying to Portland and gan Francisco for its communication with the outside world, and PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 383 this slow and infrequent means of shipment has verr seriously handi- capped the fisheries. almon canning began here in 1887, when two canneries opened for business. The business has fluctuated considerably since, most of the time but one cannery being operated; none was operated in 1919. Fishing is carried on mainly in the bay. Afewset nets are operated in the river. Coquille River.—This river is formed by three branches, called the North, Middle, and South Forks, which rise in the Umpqua Moun- tains and unite near Myrtle Point, the head of tidewater, about 45 miles by river from the mouth of the stream. It is a deep and slug- g gish river, with no natural obstructions to hinder the free passage of sh. Its fisheries have been seriously hampered by the lack of rail- road communication, but this has recently been remedied, as the rail- road to Coos Bay connects with a short line now in existence between the Coquille River and Coos Bay, and thence on to the Siuslaw and from there to Eugene. The principal towns on the Coquille River are Bandon, Prosper, Coquille, and Myrtle Point. Bandon is the shipping port. ickled salmon were cured and shipped from this river very early, the first recorded instance of any considerable quantity being in 1877, when 3,000 barrels of salmon were sent to San Francisco. ‘The salt shipments were important until within recent years. The first salmon cannery was erected in 1883, at Parkersburg. In 1886 another was built at the same place, and the following year still another was erected close by. This was the largest number ever in operation in any one year. Since 1909 two canneries have been operated, both at Prosper. In 1916 the Macleay estate took over the Coquille River Fishermen’s Cooperative Co.’s cannery near Bandon. The fishing grounds are from the mouth to Myrtle Point, about 45 miles inland. Sizes River —This small river is located in the norther part of Curry County, and is about 40 miles in length, enterine t e Pacific a very short distance above Cape Blanco. The salmon caught here ue either salted or shipped fresh to the canneries on the Coquille iver. Elk River.—This is another small stream about 40 miles in length, which enters the Pacific just south of Cape Blanco. As on the Sixes River, the salmon are either salted or sold fresh to the canneries on the Coquille River. Rogue River.—This river has as its source Crater Lake in the Cas- cade Mountains, on the western border of Klamath County, flow- iB a distance of about 325 miles to the ocean, which it enters at edderburn. Its principal tributaries are the Illinois, Applegate, and Stewart Rivers. Owing to canyons and falls in the main river between the mouth of the Illinois River and Hellgate, the latter near Hogan Creek which runs through the town of Merlin, naviga- tion and fishing are impossible in that section. Except at the mouth of the river the population is very sparse until about the neighbor- hood of Hogan Creek, where the river approaches the railroad, and from here on for some miles there are numerous growing towns. Owing to the fact of there being both a spring and a fall run of salmon in this river, the fisheries early became of importance, 11312°—21——-3 84 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. although sadly hampered because of being compelled to depend wholly on vessel communication with San Francisco, many miles’ away. In the early years the salmon were pickled and shipped to San Francisco. Strong, Baldwin & Co. started in the business as early as 1859. In 1877 R. D. Hume, who had been canning salmon on the Columbia River, removed to the Rogue River, and established near the mouth a cannery which he operated every season (except 1894, when the cannery burned down) until his death in November, 1908, after which date it was operated:by his heirs. Mr. Hume also operated a large cold-storage plant at Wedderburn for several years. The development of the fisheries of the lower Rogue River was very much hampered by the monopoly which Mr. Hume acquired and maintained until his death. He bought both shores of the river for 12 miles from its mouth, and also owned an unbroken frontage on the ocean shore extending 7 miles north from the mouth of the river. As a result of this, independent fishermen could find no convenient places for landing, which was necessary in order to cure, handle, and ship the fish caught. Since Mr. Hume’s death the property has been Sai to the Macleay estate, but the people of Oregon, upon an initia- tive and referendum petition, voted in 1910 to close Rogue River to all commercial fishing, and it was so closed in 1911 and 1912 but re- opened in 1913. A second cannery was built here in 1915 by the Seaborg Canning Co. In the upper river ranchers living along the banks have engaged in fishing for a number of years, the catch for the most part being sold fresh. In recent years, as the country has developed, this fishery has become fairly important. Chetco and Windchuck Rivers—These two unimportant streams empty into the Pacific in the lower part of Curry County, not far from the California line. The former is about 20 miles and the latter about 25 miles in length. Both have runs of salmon, and small fish- eries have been maintained for some years, the catch being either pickled or sold to the California canneries. CALIFORNIA. Smith River.—This river, which is the most northerly one in the State, rises near the Siskiyou Mountains, and runs in a westerly direction to the Pacific Ocean. The river has only a spring run of salmon, and the early recorded history of the fisheries is fragmentary. The pickling of salmon was the main business at first and has been important ever since, as the cannery, which was first established in 1878, operated irregularly, and seems to have shut down entirely in 1895. Canning began again in 1914 by H. E. Westbrook and has been prosecuted each year since. Klamath River—This is the most important river in California north of the Sacramento. It issues from the Lower Klamath Lake in Klamath County, Oreg., and runs southwesterly across Siskiyou County, passes through the southeastern section of Del Norte County, keeping its southerly course into Humboldt County, where it forms a junction with the Trinity River, and thence its course is directed to the northwest until it reaches the Pacific Ocean. The Klamath River is important as a salmon stream because it has both a spring and fall run of salmon. In 1888 a cannery was estab- PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 35 lished at Requa, at the mouth, and this has been operated: occasion- ally ever since. The pickling of salmon has been done here for a number of years. Some years part of the catch has been shipped fresh to the cannery on Smith River or to the Rogue River (ree) cannery. Since 1908 the cannery has been operated continuously by _ the Klamath River Packers Association. Humboldt Bay and tributaries.—The shore line of Humboldt County is bold and high. except in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay, where it is rather flat. The latter is the only harbor along the county shore, and it is quite difficult of access, owing to the bar at the entrance upon which the sea breaks quite heavily. The bay is about 12 miles long and about 3 miles wide. Mad River, which has its rise in the lower part of Trinity County, runs in a northwestly direction, then makes a sharp turn and enters the bay from the north side. Kel River, which has its rise in Lake County, far to the southeast, runs in a northwesterly direction and enters the bay at its southern extrem- ity. Small railroads running south from Eureka traverse the shores of. both rivers for some miles. A railroad now runs from the north side of San Francisco Bay to Eureka, and it has aided very materially in extending the market for salmon caught in these rivers. Mattole River.—This is a small and unimportant river in the south- ern part of Humboldt County, and is said to have a good run of pie each year, but no commercial fishing has as yet been carried on here. Noyo River—In 1915 salmon fishing began at Fort Bragg, in Mendocino County, where the Noyo River debouches into the ocean. The building of a branch railroad to this point made the shipping of salmon a possibility. In 1915 and 1916 considerable salmon were caught and shipped fresh. In 1917 the Tillamook Ice & Cold Storage Co. built and operated a cannery here, while the Columbia & Northern Fishing & Packing Co., in the same year built and operated a cold-storage and mild-curing plant. Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers.—These two rivers are the most important riversinCalifornia. TheSacramento is quite crooked, the distance by river from Red Bluff to San Francisco being about 375 miles, while the distance by rail between these two places is only 225 miles. The river rises in several small lakes in the mountains about 20 miles west of Sisson, in Siskiyou County, and for nearly half its length flows through a narrow canyon. ‘The upper portion is a typical mountain stream, with innumerable pools and eit A Fells abavo Redding the river emerges from the canyon and widens into a broad shallow stream. Below Sacramento it runs through a level country and is affected by tides. Sloughs are numerous in this stretch, some connecting it with the San Joaquin. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers join as they empty into Suisun Bay. The principal tributaries of the Sacramento which are frequented by salmon are the Pit and McCloud Rivers and Battle Creek. At one time salmon frequented the American and Feather Rivers, but min- ing and irrigation operations along these streams either killed them off or drove them away. The San Joaquin River has its source in the Sierra Nevada Moun- tains. F lowing westerly and forming the boundary between Iresno and Madera Counties for a considerable distance, it then turns abruptly to the north just where it is joined by Fresno Slough, which 36 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. drains Lake Tulare. From here its general course is northwesterly until it joins the Sacramento River, near the latter’s mouth. The ~ Chouchilla and Fresno Rivers are the principal tributaries of the San Joaquin. The principal fishing grounds for salmon are Suisun Bay, the lower part of San Joaquin River, and the Sacramento River as. high as the vicinity of Sacramento. Drift gill nets are used almost exclusively in this section. From Sacramento to Anderson there is considerable commercial fishing, more particularly with haul seines. Owing to the early and excellent railroad facilities which the fish- eries of the Sacramento River have enjoyed, they have not been handicapped so seriously as most of the other Pacific coast rivers in finding profitable outlets for the catch. Soon after the first trans- continental line was opened the shipping of fresh salmon to eastern points began, and it has been an important feature of the industry ever since. The chief event in the history of the salmon fisheries of this river is the fact that the canning of salmon on the Pacific coast had its inception here in 1864. The circumstances leading up to this event and its consummation are interestingly told by R. D. Hume in the following words: The first salmon cannery of the United States was located at Washington, Yolo County, Calif. A part of the building was originally a cabin situated on the river bank outside of the levee just opposite the foot of K Street, Sacramento City. It was built in 1852 and occupied by James Booker, Percy Woodsom, and William Hume. William Hume came to California in the spring of 1852, bringing with him a salmon gill net which he had made before leaving his home at Augusta, Me. In company with James Booker and Percy Woodsom, Mr. Hume began fishing for salmon in the Sacramento River just in front of the city of Sacramento. William Hume had been salmon fishing in the Kennebec ‘River in the State of Maine with his father, where his father and grandfather had been engaged in the same business since 1780, and their ancestors in Scotland had for pleasure pursued the sportive salmon on the Tweed and Tay for centuries before. In 1856 William Hume went back to Maine, and on his return to California the same year was accompanied by his brothers, John and G. W. Hume, who also engaged in salmon fishing in the Sacramento River. Among the schoolmates of G. W. Hume was one Andrew 8. Hapgood, who had learned the tin- smith’s trade, and who a short time after G. W. Hume left for California went to Bos- ton and entered the employ of J. B. Hamblen, a pioneer in the canning business, and was sent by him to Fox Island on the coast of Maine to engage in canning lobsters. The canning of lobster was a new and growing industry, and Mr. Hamblen, to increase his business, a short time after sent Mr. Hapgood to the Bay of Chaleur, an arm of the sea which divides the Province of Quebec from that of New Brunswick, where, in addition to the canning of lobster, they also canned a few salmon. I believe this was the first salmon canned on the American Continent, and I am informed that the busi- ness in a small way is still carried on in that section of the country. In 1863 G. W. Hume went back to Maine, and while there visited Mr. Hapgood at Fox Island, to which place he had been again sent by J. B. Hamblen to take charge of the works at that place. During the visit of G. W. Hume to his friend Hapgood a talk about salmon was had, and it was agreed that if salmon on the Tacific coast were as plentiful as represented by Mr. Hume much money could be made in a salmon-cannery business. The plan decided on was that G. W. Hume, on his return to California, should try and induce his brother William to engage in the business with them, and, if he succeeded in so doing, Mr. Hapgood should purchase the necessary machinery and come cut to California in time for the spring season of 1864. William Hume being agreeable to take part in the enterprise, Mr. Hapgood set out on the journey and arrived at San Francisco on March 23, 1864, and a few days later at the location where the operations were aiterwards conducted.¢@ % % % % # * % * a The description of the machinery used and the methods of canning have been quoted in full under ‘‘Canning”’ elsewhere in this report. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 37 Fora considerable time after the salmon-canning business was inaugurated the pack- ers suspended operations in the early part of July of each year as at that time the market would take only goods which showed a rich oil and the best food values. The business languished after the firm established its cannery on the Columbia River, but in 1874 was renewed again by others and continued with varying success until 1905, when it ceased tempo- rarily, owing to the smaller quantity of fish available and the diffi- culty of competing with the mild-cure packers and the fresh-fish deal- ers. Several times since small packs have been made when, for some reason, mild-curing was unprofitable. Monterey Bay.—The first harbor south of San Francisco is Mon- terey Bay, a large indentation cutting into Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties. Only a portion of it is well sheltered, however. For a number of years it had been known that salmon frequented the waters of this bay for the purpose of feeding on the young fishes which swarmed there. Sportsmen frequently caught them with rod and reel, but it was not until the early eighties that the industry was established on a commercial basis. it has since grown very rapidly. The catch has either been mild cured at Monterey or shipped fresh. A few have been canned in recent years. ALASKA.?® Alaska is the most favored salmon-fishing region. Many rivers, some of great length and draining enormous areas, intersect the dis- trict in every direction, while the number of small creeks is countless. Almost every one of these have runs of salmon of varying abundance. The principal streams entering Bering Sea are the Yukon, Kus- kokwim, Togiak, Nushagak, Kvichak, Naknek, Ugaguk, and Ugashik; in central Alaska the Chignik, Karluk, Alitak, Susitna, and Copper Rivers are the main streams, while in southeast Alaska are found, among many others, the Anklow, Situk, Alsek, Chilkat, Chil- koot, Taku, Stikine, and Unuk Rivers. Most of the fishing in Alaska is carried on in the bays into which these rivers debouch. In south- east Alaska, which is composed largely of islands, the fishing is carried on mainly in the bays, sounds, and straits among these. Even before the purchase of the district from Russia in 1867 our fishermen occasionally resorted to southeast Alaska and prepared saltedsalmon. The salmon fisheries did not become important, how- ever, until canning was begun. SOUTHEAST ALASKA, One of the most favorable sections for carrying on fishing operations is southeast Alaska. Here a narrow strip of main- land, about 30 miles wide, separates British Columbia from salt water and forms the ‘‘ panhandle” of Alaska. Outside this is a fringe of numerous islands, large and small, close to the coast line, conform- a The First Salmon Cannery. By R. D. Hume. Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., Vol. II, No. i January , 1904, pp. 19-21. » The material for the history of thesalmon fisheries of Alaska for the period from the inception ofsalmon canning to 1900 was obtained almost wholly from the following excellent and valuable reports by Capt. Jefferson ’. Moser, to whom J ain deeply indebted for this and other valuable data: The Salmon and Salmon Fisheries of Alaska. Report of the Operations of the United States Fish Com- mission Steamer A /batross for the Year ended June 30,1898. By Jefferson F. Moser. Bulletin, U.S. Fish Commission, 1898, Vol. XVIII, pp. 1-178. Washington, 1899. Alaska Salmon Investigations in 1900 and 1901. Gy Jefferson F. Moser. Bulletin, U. 8S. Fish Commis- sion, 1901, Vol. X XI, pp. 173-398. Washington, 1902. 88 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ing to its irregularities and separated from it and from each other by deep straits and channels. These islands, about 1,100 in number, extend from the coast an average distance of about 75 miles and along the general contour for about 250 miles. Some of these islands are very large, indented with deep bays and sounds, and they in turn fringed with smaller islands. The largest streams in this region are the Unuk, Stikine, Taku, and Chilkat, all of which take their source in the interior and drain con- siderable areas. The other rivers are usually streams, and the greater number are simply outlets to a lake or system of lakes. All species of salmon are to be found in this region, but the hump- back is by far the most abundant. This region has been the favorite fishing ground for the smaller operators, although a few of the largest canneries in Alaska are located here. Of recent years transportation facilities have been exceedingly good and fairly cheap, while the nearness to the States and the considerable resident population which could be drawn upon for labor have been big factors in its development. The Russians did considerable salting of salmon. Petroff, in his report in the Tenth Census on the “ Population, industries, and re- sources of Alaska,’ writes as follows of the Redoubt near Sitka: “The once famous Redoubt or deep-lake salmon fishery on Baranof Island, which at one time during the Russian rule supplied this whole region, and whence 2,000 barrels of salmon were shipped in 1868, now lies idle.” Bancroft? in speaking of the king salmon of Alaska says: “So choice is its flavor, that during the régime of the Russian American Co. several barrels of the salted fish were shipped each season to St. Petersburg for the use of the friends of the company’s officials.” One of the earliest operators in southeast Alaska was a Greek, or Slav, named Baronovich, who married the daughter of Skowl, one of the old-time chiefs of the Kasaans, and received from him the fishery on Karta Bay, a part of Kasaan Bay, and one of the best red salmon streams south of Wrangell Narrows. Baronovich built a saltery here, kept a store and traded with the Indians. He died some years ago, and for some time after his death his sons operated it. It finally collapsed a couple of years ago. For a number of years a saltery was operated at Klawak, on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island. iis 1878 the North Pacific Trading & Packing Co. purchased the saltery and_ erected the first cannery in Alaska here. A pack was made the same year, and the plant has operated every year since. In 1899 the cannery burned down, but it was immediately rebuilt on the opposite side of the bay. For some years this plant was operated almost exclusively with native labor, and at present the majority employed are natives. The same year that the above cannery was established the Cuttin Packing Co. built a cannery at old Sitka, and operated it in 1878 and 1879, then it was closed down. In 1882 the machinery was taken by another company to Cook Inlet. In 1882 M. J. Kinney, of Astoria, under the name of the Chilkat Packing Co., built a cannery on the eastern shore of Chilkat inlet and made a pack the same year. The cannery changed hands several times @ History of Alaska, Vol. XX XIII, p. 661. By Hubert Howe Bancroft. San Francisco, 1886. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 39 and finally was burned in 1892, and not rebuilt. The cannery packed every year from 1883 to 1891, both inclusive, except in 1888, when it was closed. ; In 1883 the Northwest Trading Co. built a cannery on Pyramid Harbor, a little bay on the western side of Chilkat Inlet. It was operated by this company in 1883 and 1884, was idle in 1885, and in 1888 was sold to D. L. Beck & Sons, of San Francisco, and operated by that firm. In the spring of 1889 it was burned, but was rebuilt at once and a pack made that year. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Association, which operated it, except in 1905, until the end of the season of 1908, when it was finally abandoned. On the north shore of Boca de Quadra, about 8 miles from the entrance, a cannery was built in 1883 by M. J. Kinney, of Astoria, and operated under the name of the Cape Fox Packing Co. from 1883 to 1886. Late in the last-named year it was sold and moved to Ketchi- kan, operating there under the name of the Tongass Packing Co. during 1887, 1888, and until August, 1889, when it was burned and not rebuilt. In 1886 Rhode & Johnson erected a saltery at Yes Bay. The fol- lowing year the firm became Ford, Rhode & Johnson. In 1887 work was begun on a cannery which was finished in 1888. Packing was begun in 1889 under the name of the Boston Fishing & Trading Co, In 1901 it was included in the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. con- solidation, and when that concern failed was purchased in 1905 by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. In 1906 the cannery was purchased by C. A. Burckhardt & Co., who have operated it each year to date, either under that name or subsequent incorporations known as the Yes Bay Canning Co. and the Alaska Pacific Fisheries. In 1887 the Aberdeen Packing Co. of Astoria, Oreg., built a can- nery on the Stikine River, about 8 miles above the mouth. In 1889 the cannery was moved to Point Highfield, on the northern end of Wrangell Island, and operations commenced under the name of the Glacier Packing Co. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Associa- tion, who have operated it continuously, except in 1905. The Loring cannery of the Alaska Packers Association was built in 1888 by the Mee Salmon Packing & Fur Co., of San Francisco, and operated by the Cutting Packing Co. The company was incorporated in 1883 and operated a saltery until the cannery was built. en the Alaska Packers Association was formed in 1893 it joined that organi- zation. The cannery has operated every year since it was built, and in some seasons has made the largest pack of any in the Territory. Shortly after William Duncan and his community of Tsimpsean Indians had settled, in 1887, on Annette Island, which island had been set aside by the Federal Government as a reserve for them, plans were under way for a salmon cannery, but funds came in so slowly that it was not until 1890 that any pack was attempted. In 1891 it was in full operation, and pasty from then continuously until 1913, when the plant was shut down for that and the two suc- ceeding years. Much dissatisfaction had been expressed by the natives over the operation of this and other industrial plants on the island, and finally the Federal authorities took possession of prac- tically everything, as guardian of the natives, and early in 1916 leased the cannery to P. E. Harris & Co., of Seattle, the understand- ing being that they were to employ natives when available. Un- 40 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. fortunately the dee burned down on May 17, just before the fishin season began. In 1918 the Annette Island Packing Co. built an operated a cannery here. — _ é For the purpose of assisting the natives of Annette Island in operating this cannery the President in 1916 issued a proclamation making a fishery reserve of the island and among other things pro- vided that— the waters within 3,000 feet from the shore linesat mean low tide of Annette Island, Ham Island, Walker Island, Lewis Island, Spire Island, Hemlock Island, and adja- cent rocks and islets, located within the area segregated by the broken line upon the diagram hereto attached, and made a part of the proclamation, also the bays of said islands, rocks, and islets, are hereby reserved for the benefit of the Metlakahtlans and such other Alaskan natives as have joined them or may join them in residence on these islands, to be used by them under the general fisheries laws and regulations of the United States as administered by the Secretary of Commerce. One white trap net owner refused to remove his trap from the waters in question, and when decision was rendered against him in the lower court, carried the case to the United States Supreme Court, which, in December, 1918, upheld the right of the President to grant exclusive fishing rights in public waters. James Miller operated a saltery on Burroughs Bay, on Behm Canal, in,1886 and 1887. In 1888 Andrew and Benjamin Young, of Astoria, Oreg., built a cannery here and operated it under the name of the Cape Lees Packing Co. in 1888, 1889, and 1890. It was closed in 1891 and 1892. In 1893 it became a part of the Alaska Packers Association, and was dismantled the following year. About 1888 a saltery was established on Thorne Bay, Prince of Wales Island. The following year it was sold to the Loring cannery. In 1892 it was sold to Robert Bell, who moved it to the upper end of the northwest arm, on the western shore. Salting was not carried on each season, as it was sometimes found to be more profitable to sell the fish fresh to the canneries. The plant was finally abandoned. In 1889 Messrs. Sanborn and Ellmore, of Astoria, built a cannery in Pavlof Harbor, Freshwater Bay, on the eastern side of Chichagof Island, and operated it under the name of the Astoria & Alaska Packing Co. It made a pack that year and in the spring of 1890 was moved to Point Ellis, on the eastern side of Kuiu Island, pack- ing that year and also in 1891. It was burned in May, 1892. Only one building was left standing, and it and the site were purchased by John H. Mantle, of Wrangell, who operated a saltery on each arm of the bay. Mr. Mantle began operations here in 1893. In 1889 the Baranof Packing Co. built and first operated a can- nery at the Redoubt, about 12 miles below Sitka. It was also oper- ated in 1890 and then moved to Redfish Bay, on the western coast of Baranof Island. It made its first pack here in 1891 and was then operated every year until 1898, when it was sold to the Alaska Packers Association and dismantled. In 1889 the Thlinket Packing Co., organized at Portland, Oreg., built a cannery at Point Gerard, on the mainland opposite Point Highfield, at the head of Wrangell Island. It was operated that and the subsequent year. In 1901 this company built another cannery at Santa Anna, on the north side of Cleveland Peninsula, and made a pack the same year. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 41 Tn 1901 both plants became part of the Pacific Packing & Navi- gation Co. In 1902 the Gerard Point plant was closed and was not opened again. In 1903, 1904, and 1905 the Santa Anna plant was closed also. Early in 1905 these plants were purchased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. at the assignee’s sale of the old corpora- tion’s properties. The Santa Anna plant was operated in 1906 and has been operated each year since. The Chilkat Canning Co. put up a plant at Chilkat village, on Chilkat Inlet, in 1889. It was operated from 1889 to 1893, and then sold to the Alaska Packers Association. It was held in reserve for some years but was finally dismantled. In 1889 D. Blauw, of Tacoma, Wash., built a saltery on Grouse Island, Boca de Quadra, and dry-salted dog salmon. He operated only one season. In 1890 a cannery was built by the Bartlett Bay Packing Co. on Bartlett Bay, Icy Straits, and operated by Williams, Brown & Co., of San Francisco. A saltery was constructed here prior to that date, and in 1889 a pack of 4,300 cases was made in a crude way. In 1891 the ice piled up in Glacier Bay to such an extent that the cannery could do almost nothing. It was not operated after this date. In 1893 it became a part of the Alaska Packers Association and was dismantled in 1894. About 1890 a saltery was established on the north shore of the mouth of Quadra Stream, on Boca de Quadra, by Clark & Martin. It was operated intermittently until about 1898, when it was aban- doned. The same parties also established a saltery at Ketchikan shortly after the one on Quadra Stream was built, and operated this until about 1898, when the plant was turned into a steamer wharf and warehouse for the new town of Ketchikan which was building up around it. In 1896 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery on the northern side of Hunter Bay, near the southern end of “Prttivd of Wales Island, and made a pack the same year. Miller & Co. had a saltery at this place and it was purchased by the company and re- moved to make room for the cannery. Miller & Co. also had a saltery on Nutqua Inlet, which was built in 1896, and this also was sold to the canning company. In 1901 the cannery became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1904. Upon the dissolution of the company in 1905 this plant was purchased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co., which company, after keeping it closed in 1905 and 1906, has operated it each season since. The Quadra Packing Co. built a cannery on Mink Arm, in Boca de Quadra, in the spring of 1896 and made its first pack that year. In 1901 the plant was purchased by the Pacific Packing & Naviga- tion Co. It was closed in 1904, 1905, and 1906. Upon the dissolu- tion of the company in 1905 the plant was purchased by the North- western Fisheries Co. It was reopened in 1907 and has been oper- ated each season since. In 1897 a saltery was built on Taku Point, near the head of Taku Inlet. In 1898 and 1899 it was operated by the Quadra Packing Co. In 1900 the Icy Straits Packing Co. operated it. . In 1897 a small saltery was in operation by Cyrus Orr at Point Barrie, Kupreanof Island. In the same year Walter Kosmikoff 42 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. operated a small saltery at Shipley Bay, on Prince of Wales Island. In 1900 he sold it to the Icy Straits Packing Co. Fred Brockman in 1897 built and operated a small saltery on Sarkar Stream, Prince of Wales Island. Mr. Brockman operated this saltery intermittently until his death in 1915. In 1897 Banter & West were operating a saltery at Sukkwan, on Sukkwan Island. In the same year Miller & Co. started another saltery on Kassook Inlet, on Sukkwan Island, while Thomas Mc- Cauley was operating a saltery on Whale Passage. In 1899 the Icy Straits Packing Co., consisting of stockholders of the Quadra Packing Co., built a cannery and sawmill at a point on the southeastern shore of Wrangell Narrows, about a mile south of the northern entrance to same, and named the town site Petersburg. The cannery was ready and operated in 1900. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1903, 1904, and 1905. In 1905 it was purchased at the sale of the company’s roperties by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. Im 1906 the Pacific ‘coast & Norway Packing Co., which had been operating a cannery at Tonka, on Wrangell Narrows, purchased this plant and transferred its activities to the latter. In 1915 the plant was leased to the Petersburg Packing Co., composed of stockholders of the old company. In 1900 the Western Fisheries Co., of Portland, built a cannery at the head of Dundas Bay, and made a pack the same year. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1904. At the assignee’s sale of the company’s properties in 1905 this plant was purchased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. and operated in 1905 and each subsequent year. ) In 1900 the Fidalgo Island Packing Co. built a cannery on the southern side of Ketchikan Creek. A pack was made the same year. The plant was closed in 1903, only a little salting being done that year, was reopened in 1904, was closed again in 1905, and was reopened in 1906, since when it has been operated each season to date, except in 1909. In 1900 the Pacific Coast & Norway Packing Co. opetalor a floating. saltery while prospecting for a cannery location. In 1901 the com- pany built a cannery at Tonka, about midway of Wrangell Narrows, on the western side, and made a pack in that and subsequent years until 1906. In that year the company purchased the Petersburg cannery and thenceforth operated from there. The Tonka plant was dismantled a few years later. In 1900 the Royer-Warnock Packing Co., of San Francisco, built a small cannery on Beecher Pass, which connects Duncan Canal with Wrangell Narrows, using the old Buck saltery for the cannery proper. It operated only the one season. It was a hand-pack plant. The Taku Fishing Co. in 1900 built a cannery on the southern side of the entrance to Port Snettisham, and made a pack in that year. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. The plant was closed in 1902 and not reopened again. ; In 1900 the Taku Packing Co., organized in Astoria, Oreg., built a cannery on the western shore of Taku Inlet and made a pack the same year. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1904 and not reopened again. In 1905 it became the property of the Northwestern Fisheries Co. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 43 In 1900 the Chilkoot Packing Co., organized at Aberdeen, Wash., built a cannery at the head of Chilkoot Inlet, and operated the same year. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1904 and not reopened again. In 1900 the Great Northern Fish Co. operated a floating saltery. Its principal business was salting dog salmon for the Japanese trade, and it operated only one season. J. E. Rice, of Whatcom, Wash., in the same year packed dog salmon on Karta Bay for the same trade. The Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. (an account of whose incep- tion, operation, and failure «SE tse aos gekncn @ June 22 | Sept. 21 | Sept. 14 | Sept. 23 omrirdac and ross POUNG.- 21526505. scccd-s-¢o0Sebeew caus» June 15 | Sept. 20| May 29 | Sept. 27 SERIE MUI hoc isc in Vins okt as ga stata ae eas ice oo BCE a RIS ai hs July _7.| Oct. 1 | July i7 | Oct. 1 Iam MAOE DRIOSIC | WEG BIG 52 4 oss a <0 Ub ob otis A> os bbe ORR he nw en July 4] Sept. 20| June 20} Sept. 20 ACO LAA, WER SEDO) «tin 5x8 pd ae oxen crass awn ov awh «x's Aug. 15 | Sept. 15 | Aug. 5 | Sept. 15 RRR RASENNE So aay 3 IEE aw OhidCak oe ake be oto a iateahot ans Aug. 16 | Sept. 9] July 8 | Sept. 3 RN GW igt’. Waid IPS. . odbc Bs cand bgt awa «tune dome’ 6b. cd0:. pedleuisdvawedlaeee swans Se EPS OL) eee a ey iE ee ae ae AUS, (25. | SGDbr 25s ccadensecleeuoccaae Central Alaska: TN ire 4 cca dns phd od thoy ak Rie ad Sb wi TONS eas bel satin 6a elena o> Mel RE eee ea kwe = EMU boat dace iaran Speen ta ss iva skoncdenscart rose lGanocd na calteatcnite onal pe testinses | seetkeee s Gone Deltas. 222225 e0 nt 9 28 te5 = Le ee May 12] Sept. 24| May 12] Sept. 24 Copper River, lake and canyon..................-.eseeeeee-- | May 31 | Sept. 16| May 31 | Sept. 16 WLR NY 55 532 sts b fas bet uA ae ab S2 Yate Tos od aded s o=4 Aug; 24 \Bept, 25 |ooe.- 2 el scde cee se 2 EE ERS TSS Re Chie ee eee ee July 2] Aug. 27| June 24 | Aug. 23 Prince William Sound— RAR EAL ovine i da=b sas uch OL Oe ti eade bakes ~ July 1] Sept. 30} June 23 | Sept. 24 ESS ar pel a ECR Se Sia ocean [ae SER” 0 | ae ea July 7] Aug. 4 Af streams— MRTOMRED, gn aba SHG Sac ee’ «eg didnt Ve Te knock eS oe lceme cee euloven tees le oeccapesn seaaietne Se Se ee ee eee Sar ema a ee Oct.) 20) | s52 saa eee Sinan es on es ne pou eek leas oc icaetncatucoe Oct. 2] June 3] Oct. 2 Ue by 9 FR Pa ES Cre ogee gee Umi yt | gene cee, NRE June 8| July 21 hes aa Oct, 10h coeeege ad sees Olga Bay. ... Sept. 1| June 8 | Sept. 1 Chignik Bay. | Sept. 9] June 12} Sept. 8 Ikatan Bay.... July 25 | May 22) July 25 Cold Bay, Thin P Aug. 15 | June 28 | Aug. 15 Morrhovol Bay. gen duicds cadncc-cc--.fstec.ssseeee Pally.” 39 Age ols oes ecw eal bce coon June 17| July 23 Afognak streams— Westérm part. 30282. oe ace June -20'}: Aug.) 150) Sass eet |e eee May 15] July 31 astern part «02022. .7o52 2 ec soe cn July. 15 | Sept. 16: ) ssc ce 5uclenecdtcced June 1] Oct. 20 Wanlik<. 5 5330 ose ce cette tae seesas eases June 3] Oct. 2] June 3] Oct. 2| June 3] Oct. 2 Red River t's. (332: EE wei June. 8) July. 21-)..2cfeesa[0te June 8] July 21 MD pantk. 205} Se ee Ue ee eee June: -5.|- Ob. 10. |ose seco Halen = Closes June 5] July 27 Olfa Baylin oe. eee ae June 8| Sept. 1| June 8| Sept. 1] June 8] Sept. 1 Chigntk Bay. .222 202-2 Sane ee June 12] Aug. 31 | June 12] Aug. 31 | June 12] Sept. 9 Tisitan Day ee fo detente nie ates aet May 22] July 25 |} May 22) July 25 | May 22 | July 25 Cold Bay, Thin Point, and King Cove .| June 28} Aug. 15 |....-.-..-].-..-.-..- June 28} Aug. 15 Morzhovoi Bayo: obese fan ee me eee June 9] Aug. 11 | June 9] Aug. 11] June 9} Aug. 11 Paviot-Bay sl: foo. Mee a Sas ete acee eee Aug. +75) Aug. 15 | sesoceecde| hes Bees Pee alee eee Western Alaska: Revichakwpdy orks 8... Ses tee June 11] Aug. 1 | June 11} Aug. 11] June 11} Aug. 1 Naknek, Ugaguk, and Ugashik Rivers -.]........-.|....---.-- June 21! July 31 | June 21 | July 31 INtishAcak Bay Sets eee tases June 11} Aug. 4] June 11] Aug. 4] June 11] Aug. 4 Nushagak River: -.222 225.2 26e Sees June 17} Aug. 6; June 8] July 28] June 13| Aug. 6 Port Moller2.:3-5. sete. ee oh eet June 7] Aug. 9] June 7] Aug. 9] June 7] Aug. 9 Nelson LAtGons: ...o 22 Seaseeccce 1.9 72.2 3.6 13:3 SON enee cae 109 Southeast Alaska...........--.. 9 6.5 4.5 65.3 2258 keto. see 100 Puget Sound jek. -.-28Ssce--- 28 Sy! 21.1 6.4 l?/ NYT Bee oe Z 100 Qolumbia iRiver: . =.:.=..5%----< 71.2 1.5 13.6 ail 9.9 Se 100 Outside riversy. . 2.5 steste eset 39.9 2.8 32.9 9.2 15.0 42 100 Per cent oftotal......-... 6.9 34.2 yl 38.3 15.3 22 100 2 Report of the Federal Trade Commission: Op. cit , p. 33. The following table shows the relative importance of districts in the production of each species in 1916 and 1917. Southeast Alaska leads in each year, with 35.1 and 38.1 per cent, respectively. Western Alaska was second in 1916, but was forced down to third place by Puget Sound in 1917. In 1916 Central Alaska produced 21 per cent of the humpback pack, but in 1917 this was reduced to 4.1 per cent. Puget Sound advanced from 0.1 per cent of the humpback pack in 1916 to 30.7 per cent in 1917. Humpbacks run in this district only every other year. RELATIVE ImpoRTANCE OF Districts IN PRODUCTION OF EHACH SPECIES.2 [Per cent of total amount ofeach species packed in various districts.] =A ; Pinks or Fees King or | Red or | Medium ¢ Steel- | Total, ali District. chinook. |sockeye.| red. ray Chum. | head. grades. 1916. West Alaska: w-.55 73.17 5.33 17.35 1.27 45 15-206 Alaskasalmonc¢ 73. 30 2. 43 21.22 1.45 -96 SS ty ARG Ce oe ee eee i oa Bile 73.76 3.98 18. 31 1.62 .54 15-57 | Pink Alaska 74. 08 3.90 15. 66 1.50 1,02 Labora- Variety Phosphoric acid. 4 | Sodium | Calories | Price tory No : Soluble. |Insoluble. chloride. | per lb. per lb. Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Number.| Value. ROADS WRed-er 9.3. cc ccbes 4 cums ol), vised 4.2 3.5 1.45 1,110 $0. 31 15-210 | Fancy sockeye. ......2<7........ Nay EEE / 4.2 4.0 81 1,050 .30 15-209 | Salmon steaks............... ee es ee ne 3.7 1.5 -51 1,080 .36 ea AMP WOM. too 00 < a0 v dys ovale oa anac acne > ¥a@ 2.8 3.8 -53 990 29 fies POUKCVG.. Jo. 2. ed tae osc. ace 3.1 3.7 -14 1,125 20 it te Cha a Repel ES Poole oe tap i Selene in, eee Rem 2.2 5.3 . 68 1,020 29 15-60"| Red sockeye. .............-.....-22. er 3.6 2.6 1.10 065" |Se2oe oe Lo 2 SS a an are ee arene ted aa « 3.2 3.5 - 60 910 .30 ete MME MIGMEG 288... .3. 2s dawediaeeh o'xk 4.0 2.3 1,15 B25 s|Asaven a UE COR SANTON «ease «dias ver «citeibundD. ooo. a 2.5 5.7 1,02 730 .25 Dee AE S| a ae: hihi ae | 1.9 2.8 . 82 00H wages o-.. MORN COMO MBMNO 5 Soo. acne wectennyThcndecce 2.4 5.9 253 730 21 een BERRI UMUC Sots G5 Cs o ocr owe vegan xo 1.8 3.6 . 90 i ee L= 2G it 320 SONDON . 3. cance a hese sd, ctethew A. 2.0 2.7 1. 26 Salsa dee os 15-207 | Pink salmon.................. Pes cg PS 3.4 4.1 ~74 635 ais Liee hs) CUE. 2.5 bcos oo 58 eerie neleecbets?s j 1.0 4.1 | Trace. ROA eee ahaie eas Et REO) SONIC: ca shan > Ade diva vilancdae dais i 3.3 3.2 . 65 560 .30 BIO «sO. >.» eee aie ty det ace | 2.7 3.1 1.17 575 30 15-61 | Pink salmon 2.4 4.7 84 525 «15 15-208 | Gorbouscha> 2.9 2.1 45 es | 15-206 | Alaska salmonec 2.7 4.4 . 66 500 015 15-214 |....do.... 17 2.5 75 510 «15 15-57 | Pink Alaska 2.0 4.5 85 455 720 ee ® Bulletin, South Dakota Food and Drug Department, Vol. IV, Nos. 2 and 3, October-December, 1916, pp. 8-11. + Probably pink salmon (author). ¢ Probably chum salmon (author), 4 Mgm. of P, Osper gram. 11312°—21 10 146 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ANALYSIS OF SALTED SALMON. Falkenburg & Co., of Seattle, have recently made an analysis of the food value of salted salmon, as follows :4 Regarding the salmon recently inspected and analyzed for you by ourselves with the following results: Protein. ... - «a0 cag hele sees in Seen so = «ai ee 21. 97 per cent. Fatt :2 135.0 0S EMER Eee ee meee ree tyt sat 2 CReeenarsenetne 4. 34 per cent. Salt. 1: ssLt LES. Seer ee eerie) Sse eee 19. 08 per cent. Aph.. 6 piles saieeeites see be eee ane t ciset- a Wyse ide a epee . 84 per cent. Molpture 32S enee ea eee eerie on. oo ae ae ates 54. 35 per cent. Calories'per pound. sscvesstivoe ee 3s 5-2 ese ape sees 592 If this salmon were freshened, as is the custom in preparing it for the table, removing all but about 2 per cent of the salt, the fish would then have the following analysis: [gc] Pi he ee Se eae 8 Se ee ee ee eee es 27. 13 per cent. Be js Besa cre | aay Se AG NaS sob SRS Se eee ae 5. 36 per cent. Soe SoSH ABs oie. Le ae SEL). ose BOS be ens Sete eye ee 2. 47 per cent. MOISGUTOR- Ponti o sete a ee Ore e rete isisisis oils oie Shyecinn 65. 11 per cent. SB phot erat Seehars drs te erotararciahe [Prot are etenat ote rere fa onanata rar avarerenns ciara 1. 03 per cent. Calories per pound......-.-......-- nate ie nel aves bate tra late 734 Bulletin No. 28 of the United States Department of Agriculture, ‘‘Chemical Compo- sition of American Food Products” gives on page 51 the food value of the average canned salmon as purchased as follows: RROHISR=- 221 ge Ie cb SB dite at SAB col ote eae sia cteiniaainra emote 14. 2 per cent. Protem....,8095-..) OL S02 Ce Meee clare sere morn eiaie ie ateielate 19. 5 per cent. LF Fea ie A hee ea ON Ali) A apy aetsr SA ttc 7.5 per cent. Realboret 4 cota! £ bp cic m o's DICER chee bios beep eee etetete 2.0 per cent. Moisture: : 508 sie 208 Bon Rk Oe eh eee. edie 56. 8 per cent. Calonbe per pounds sf aec a. pene. cic ake =e eieeek aerate 680 STATISTICS OF THE SALMON OUTPUT. SALMON CATCH IN 1918. The following tables show the total catch, by species, of salmon and steelhead trout on the Pacific coast of North America in 1918, and the catch, by apparatus and species, for each geographic section of Alaska and Washington in 1918: SumMARY, BY SECTION AND Spectres, or Pactric Coast SALMON CatcH IN 1918. Section. Pounds. Section. Pounds. Alaska: Washington—Continued. Coho, or medium red. ......---- 17, 470, 086 PLCCINOAG Us cstececo essa cee 1, 446, 733 Chum, or ket. 2. 202-560-5655 113, 286, 544 Sockeye, or red..............--- 4,127, 280 Humpback, or pink. .........-- 193, 265, 448 pose King, or spring.-.-.-..---------- 16, 910, 764 othe nascrscsccccciesss en eaet 49, 609, 847 Red, or sockeye OL ar tr Crh 176, 690, 325 a —————— || Oregon: Salmon ? ¢...............-. 34, 551, 253 Total. -cccccscnscccvenssescs=s 516, 723, 167 ——————————_—_—_ ——————— || California: Salmon ?.............-.- 13, 026, 076 Washington: ; es Coho, or medium red. ......---- 12,621,704 || British Columbia: Salmon ».......-.. 152, 992, 500 Chum, OMkets... 2s fecsaeeent 10, 153, 240 ne Humpback, or pink............. 353, 56 Grand) totaljc...cccsceeemeeee 766, 902, 843 King, or spring........--.-..-- 20, 907,322 a Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., Vol. XVII, No. 4, April, 1919, p. 76, b epee not given separately. ¢ Estimated, PACIFIC SALMON FISH ERIES. 147 Sammon CatcH tn 1918, By APPARATUS AND SPECIES, FOR Each Groerapuic SEc- TION OF ALASKA.@ f Southeast Central Western Apparatus and species. Aaa iAlacke iAtiaeicn Total Seines: Pounds Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. AHINS OR BNGON Ss. ooe os a ee ewe ab esed 2, 239, 596 546, 966 23, 454 2,810,016 CSRGFTS ET hy fi] 2 90 Ae RES OS COE aaa oe 42,507,872 | 15,239,240} 1,744,448 | 59, 491, 560 RIND DECE ON PHN 3.) t ase 4 53,774,192 | 19,615,380 443, 73, 833, 076 BRI TESST 8 oe es guesee ane 368, 830 32, 296 119, 658 52), 784 TEBE ON BOGETY Gist. oo sei wink cic beeee tee eaee oceans 3, 979, 215 9, 528, 400 4, 492, 510 18, 000, 125 fy, ae i ce a 102,869,705 | 44,962, 282 6,823,574 | 154, 655, 561 Gill nets: Coho, or silver 1, 495, 494 2, 757, 504 763, 164 5,016, 162 Chum, or keta 1,589,760 | 2,199,696 | 5,459, 944 9, 249, 400 Humpback, or pink 365, 540 118, 388 885, 992 1,369, 920 King, or spring 460,570 | 1,983,190 | 2,040, 808 4, 484, 568 Red, or sockeye 2, 583, 605 8,688,790 | 117,100,100 | 128,372,495 PRD eas ec ek swe ee deecateet~—s,. 6,494,969 | 15,747,568 | 126,250,008 | 148, 492, 545 Pound nets: Pamigner SUVGE-6e soa cecSee sous: oh eee ees eas oS 4, 198, 356 2, 030, 592 60, 000 6, 288, 948 TST Oe ae a Set A ee 29, 164,536 | 11, 275, 288 1,681, 560 42,121,384 sairapnacmion pik. Meee. 52 SSS eS ee 96,348,688 | 19,941,668 1,722,468 | 118,012,824 Lo AE Se aes ARE 9 «as ae 696, 674 614, 922 217, 844 1, 529, 440 i a ee ee ees ee 7,113,930 | 20,191,895 1,892,915 29, 198, 740 ED NS ee <2 eee eee 137, 522,184 | 54, 054, 365 5, 574,787 | 197, 151,336 Oo) ga: Se ee ee) as Le Se Ul yt ees em a exseien 1,802, 370 umror kota: Acvct..53522242 Ae EER La Lal IPP ee) [egies ae 28 236, 000 BGG OPIN. 55 5 ose ous soe ca weno vaede BALL (UN ERR ees) Sel pes eee Be 37, 076 PRINS OF BOTT Gti. 3c ek UE oe oe he dtdeee cee rey (eg EF by a Pe sd! 8,177,818 ison qapkeys.< 25 ke ESR ces LUT 1 Re ee Re Se See bsg 05, 540 Ue Sa mak Re re A & |_10, 358, 804 ence he 10, 358, 804 Dip nets: RAUMEK GE MYER 252 U 8, = o-oo are ee ors Sea eset eset s 51, 018 | Pye ese. 4: eS 51,018 ingvor Hprinese so. SN otk ot OER SOY. wo 5 Nadas eccde odes 195, 580 |--ceececsseee 195, 580 POR ROOKSY CLES. 5. SSSI es a Fa eR is Bans } 1,013,426 |............. 1, 013, 425 LN 3 BS en oe ee Seed oF on 1, 260/028) li's25.5 8.208! 1, 260, 023 Wheels: as ae SIG RIMRPURV ORAS, nod os Sahbacdh Ses gn acdsee ysceaats Viiwwieeeees ' 1,501,572 1, 501, 572 TO) Rae ys SES 3 SS OES | RE ae I ee 2, 188, 200 2, 188, 200 PELTED ORM. 2 Id i ovens bo tebe wlan e dato de ees vias 5] roves ue ues 12, 552 12, 552 see CREE DRC EP IEEE SOME: CLEP PEER CLNGE coe SP CEE Cn Ae eee eer aa! 1, 102, 574 1, 102, 574 GMERs Mitausis owt UPawCe Os PPh Jose rete. US See a | cece Fee 4,801, 898 4,804, 898 Total: o LC UN Ae Ta d oi case Wile» UO aS 9, 735, 816 5, 386, OSO 2,348, 190 17, 470, 086 MII OE KOON. Reged edans shad adi tbinnci< « 73,498,168 | 28,714,224 | 11,074,152 | 113, 286, 544 Mibrrnnnacles On) (DIC 85: ss bsacanc eden weed 150,525,496 | 39,675,436 | 3,064,516 | 193, 265, 448 Sai oe a ES RS BIEN 9,703,892 | 2 825,988 | 3,480,884] 16,010,764 Se Ry aa ee ee 13, 782,290 | 39,422,510 | 123,485,525 | 176,690,325 Grand total.......... TCEET FFTE PTET COT PETE ae 257, 245, 662 | 116,024,238 | 143, 453,267 | 516, 723, 167 @ Figured from data in “Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1918,” pp. 42, 43. By Ward T. Bower. U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 872, Appendix VII, Report U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1918. Washington, 1919. on the following basis: red, 5 pounds, In changing from number of fish to pounds the species were figured ho, 6 pounds; chum, 8 pounds; humpback, 4 pounds; king, 22 pounds; and 148 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Satmon CatcH mn 1918, BY APPARATUS AND Species ror EacH GEOGRAPHIC DistTRIcT OF WASHINGTON. : Puget Grays Willapa | Columbia Apparatus and species. Sound. Harbor. | Harbor. River. Total. Seines, drag: Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Coho) or silver Js... . <5. 000 Sitwc.. se BASSORG 8 oo 5.55' 51h aoceeeteeecte 41, 898 189, 984 Chum, or Keta......../.0.-.0.0-0.-0--- Ag OS OR A ee Seo 5, 600 483, 904 Chinook, or spring. ...-.0225.220-23.- 05: 241 240s ERs SER eee Sears - 47(), 448 491, 656 Humpback; or pink... ..209.2f...- 2-42 DUE ee cne ccticine | heeeeeeerhee 908 1, 000 Sockeye, oriredise. 4... Hee. Sober Sy ESR oe Gaseel soe ectes 28 67, 845 68, 230 Steelhead soc ctecsocse wwe scree occ evi Sie eietaie marian o we =e = = nie/|'s nin aims wien’ al 158, 568 158, 568 Total ..sccasumceeeee ners stoke ea POW | 5. sa eee eee soe es 745,267 | 1,393,342 Seines, purse: ar i Coho; or silver jo oo... Hue. SF. o.- 5 a) 8088, 838) |... nes -|- ese cc eene ns 145, 908 3, 229, 746 Chum, or keta..........c...c2-2+---20+| 6,398, 664 |... 2.2.0... | eee ener ee n|a nen entelonen 6, 398,664 Chinook, or'spring.:....o:5.522.4.-.--/2|/) 9825, 182 |... 52.5} ee ene nee 952,116 |» 1,277,298 Humpback; or pink ....u)...2022----22]) | 12,388 |... .20-.0.-|---- ese --- 1, 540 13, 928 Sockeye, \Onredsso.ccccceecsecusioseenec|e 220, G00) sates ace ne [wae mnionun-i- 935 226, 300 Stealliqnd. wits sie Mie | Sota SAF. Le WOR, BOCs oi. a. ae ee ewe he ne 27,840 123, 160 Tote: 5 eee ee ees a eee sees | LOI AU ZT Ee han sco [i eee tes 1,128,339 | 11, 269, 096 Pound, or trap, nets: Coho, or silver... 253, 404 577, 398 5, 105, 112 Chum, or keta.....- 132, 528 93, 496 1, 639, 200 Chinook, or spring... . - 180,488 | 2,109,294 | 10,732,634 Humpback, or pink 6 241, 412 Sockeye, ormeadeus 6. --. S22. 3222 25... 5% 90,355 2, 569, 906 Bieelhead acicewireiG ian ncietoeceseeue 432, 016 528, 048 Dota Mess eRe. gens kee 566,532 | 3,303,247 | 20,816,311 Gill nets: Gohoj or silver... .+cs--ncansarranenee 1, 072, 860 423, 570 102, 162 310,698 | 1, 909, 290 Gham or kkets. 25 cscs absence 749, 104 102, 256 40, 640 262,336 | 1, 154,336 Chinook, or: spring. ...5..2- J-vecsessn0 856, 812 415, 866 133, 408 6, 189, 370 Munmipback, or pink .¢ 5.222 siessacosse GNOVZ |b sec nanel cepaepeeeces 18,392 ROCKBY OG, O0TO0S avian noaaeeeseewos oe 88, 260 4,125 15 626, 515 SLGGINCRGs soci ora an cee ems heen ® dee ene 19, 624 4,120 344 420, 912 Total...... paras 9s So aera 2, 792, 732 949, 937 276,569 | 6,299,577 | 10,318,815 Set nets: Coho} or'silver. 2—...26...4nst sits ose os 586, 776 327, 780 133, 508 11, 340 1, 059, 404 ROR OG Bb katie ew ia eee naa cee a 211, 568 95, 936 130, 888 13, 024 451, 416 Chinook, or spring...........--.-s-2-+- 332, 662 168, 652 28, 930 103, 004 633, 248 Hampback} tr pink..2.2-.-.0.-.2..6- 2,216 684 ean tet ae te 26,072 28, 932 SOGKOVC, GTEC ot... < oe wa nce rnwnacn 770 1, 630 470 105, 975. 108, 845 Hipelhead!-eseugs. 0. ctue cane ceewneee 66, 528 26, 832 4, 552 62, 256 160, 168 Hare tad Pate Mie I ok a ae 1, 200, 520 621, 474 298, 348 321,671 | 2,442,013 Reef nets: Fi a CONG, OFSHVElss -s ceca lb sete access vores VDA BOA seoceminasen | Care cew eset] ace an wees 75, 804 Ghum, or Keta 9; 5.2: 2.5120: Jon 22-8 Tht Ae Be ee Rane AR ead to eee ices. 7,312 Chiriook, orspring.: +: - 2.2... Jee... BAYOU ee bee eaeeke ances nee selec cma ae eee 33, 330 Humpback, or pink ADO 2s oe ppimetA cnxcass=/eraiain's > oo oes ae 49, 792 Sockeye, ofiredsi:..-.. 0 sus ieee TOTS eon ss cee leea as aes occas see 10, 180 A Me laden NRL NAA! DP 2 “Ay OP a ie I a ae AR | 176,418 Fish wheels: a EN ai re Coho) or Siveri, <2 Ss. de oer senn bese |> ~~ reece == Biber HPS S| GSE SSOP mater 66 66 Chinook, or spring. .....-s20s.0c+-cacec|sseeeseeees bert eaceMbd a. cteok dss. 212, 410 212, 410 Sockeye; or.red: ..\3- dscns «80 desuss|pede fer. au 1. eeyeeeaikt | aneeadel 508, 915 508, 915 Steclheads, sod cuuths stuawcks easdaee Ietileriia.duosblyvavtiedd. ss]. ik ze2d 53, 408 53, 408 TORR oscar Sando pcs see Tee ER MER he es a css nee e 22 774,799 | 774, 799 Bag nets: Coho, or Silver. 2... = seccee sence seasmcnee BOON HE < Ste dsewcllveveocecectllte pment 300 Chum, or keta.... ---cecsesenccensee== DGTADOH araewie mona |ins'eneledls nicl ane cpee eeene 16, 400 Chinook, or spring......-----ccesecse--| «—»- 96 |.» 2 oo nee] een en nee-e 2,750 2,816 Stecihead S254. osc an canted ante es atl eieccininins es ccemacecnnalare cede qian 808 808 Gal. << v-ssaudewsesseeeeess Peace pO aot Keati. 3, 558 20, 324 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 149 Sarmon CatcH In 1918, By APPARATUS AND SPECIES FoR EacH GEOGRAPHIC District oF WASHINGTON—Continued. f ills 1 ' Apparatus and species. aur. ee anne eee Total. Hooks and lines: Pounds. Pounds. OUULOERUIVCl Ss concccnws actuaeaceoman | 638, 436 1, 051, 998 iomior Kein d. -.-..s2--sHenges- ss 960 2, 008 Chinook, or spring.... 2 391,312 1, 334, 560 Humpback, or pink. . 112 112 Sockeye. or red....... aa 2, 645 8,390 Steelhead..... FE GRO RORDL ELE Hones 64 1,661 SE SGHES Seis wn te aude we ae oc zn 0nce ae apres 2,398, 729 Total: SUDAOR SUVCI occ ccectccdesscceeeues 12, 621, 704 TTR BOT 7 8 an a Aen ee 10, 153, 240 Chinook, or spring.... “ 9, 567,210 | 20, 907,322 Humpback, or pink. . 4 41, 528 353, 568 Sockeye, or red....... i 1,313, 885 4,127, 280 Steelhead....... Ee Res Sarees 5 ese 1, 133, 317 1, 446, 733 Grand total....... Lf pee A ba pat : 1, 743, 631 1, 145, 669 13, 894, 220 49, 609, 847 BRISTOL BAY WATERS SALMON CATCH, 1913 TO 1917. Broadly speaking, about one-third of the yield of salmon from Alaskan waters comes from the important Bristol Bay region. The following table shows the catches made in the more important waters fished in the Bristol Bay district in the period of five years from 1913 to 1917: Satmon Caton, By STREAMS, IN Bristot Bay Recion, 1913 ro 1917.4 Species and stream. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Total. Red salmon: Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. LLL stall eS 5, 236,008 | 6,174,097 | 5,676,457 | 3,592,574 5,679,818 | 26,358, 954 I 2 a ae 173, 925 283,718 228, 405 223, 343 167, 421 1,076, $12 vichak-Naknek.......... | 13,691,050 | 12,584,809 | 7,156,488 | 11,551,086 | 15,762,582 | 60; 746,015 ET Fea ee | 902, 728 897,767 | 1,216,252 | 1,578,862 | 1,856,600] 6,452) 209 Ugashuk.................--| 577,615 | 254) 716 509, 076 647,422 | 1,047,111 | 3,035,940 vi epee ae all be, ale | 20,581,326 | 20, 195, 107 | 14, 786, 678 | 17, 593, 287 24,513,532 | 97,669, 930 King. salmon: i A aa ae ae 67, 622 81,591 73, 839 428, 932 CO te a a 34 477 1,041 vichak-Naknek.......... 5, 648 20, 934 16, 155 82, 786 Vb Oe pl Sey ee 254 143 1, 677 , ae ae os 691 1, 904 531 6, 074 |e SSE aD 74, 249 | 105, 124 | 91,145! 520,510 Coho salmon: Ete cE acres eal a's 6 66, 640 293, 210 62, 260 620, 716 Kvichak-Naknek.......... 2 288 3 31, 026 Ww Sees eperseewe ewes 165 | CE reset salsseuuecwrues 330 TNWAL <.c24 gage acoce ess: 66 ,807 | 293,498 62, 263 652,072 Pink and chum salmon: ca Nishagak 2) ees SS: 683, 201 1, 818, 566 303,437 | 4,181, 827 BLE 0 wind bts deems (Oe todd aa dioceses coc eb slvaodhss 6é ove 738 1 921 vichak-Naknek.......... 13, 940 304, 117 83,019 806, 989 rT RES Sis 7,450 q3 5, 726 40, 130 RIGARIOK 50 on wien, nate 4,704 49, 196 879 97, 604 Total...... eR eo---| 719,205 | 2,190,117 | 393,244] 5,127,471 Grand total....-se--e--q 21, 441, 677 | 21, 524, 503 (15,71, 593, | 20,172,026 25,060, 184 | 108, 969, 983 a¥rom “Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1917,” p.32._ By Ward T. Bower and Henry D. Aller. Appendix Il, Report, U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1917. Washington, 1918. 150 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. PACK OF CANNED SALMON IN 1919. The following table shows, by species, grades, and sizes, the pack of canned salmon for the Pacific coast of North America in 1919: Pack or CANNED SALMON ON THE Pactric Coast In 1919.¢ ee F . Puget | Hoh | Queets — Grays | Willapa Colum- Species, grades, and sizes. | Alaska.) sound. | River. | River. seal Harbor. | Harbor. Bene Coho, silver, or medium red: | Cases Cases. | Cases. | Cases. | Cases Cases. | Cases Cases. }-pound flat............-.. 10,087 | 15,640 |......... Tonite eeeree 2548 "| Seeee sects 14,387 L-pound flats... s32s2ssee-= 10, 35701) S2GGs Gane 6-2 o|lses cee cer abeceee ya Ks Gl a See 27,471 1-pound tall.............- 209, 694 | 162,307 233 850 775 7,499 2,927 48,870 DOLGI. = ciate aslo eels o faets 230,138 | 210,883 233 1,025 775 | 12,214 2,927 90, 728 Chinook or king, red: Fancy— F-Pound Mate aa center | mene ee = elses alee ean | snes -|meen= mean |=e ees =n alne Scat 143 558 1-nouzd flat. 252.24: 4): CERP-< it eRe A Sener oe eo codes Ppascareod baseeeeda jaccrecso- 130, 056 1-pound tallies. <- 2-2 ot. a U7 Tit) ee RAR Ba) 6 SSSR ene oe Selle ee ise locate se -ll8beb ste 38,749 Standard— ‘pound flats: 26s se 7402! | “OV 685. al a 450: eee 1454). cee 24,279 1-pound flat..........-.-- 2,961 8) SOB 4|s aye a2 f5) can gee Se |eer yank 50G\|2 terse... 25, 038 1-pound tall...... pert gas, £ LID TOSeN ad, Ol 4ilee cect. lo|> le 7.480 37, 400 7 eB Ca 1 A O00"|): WOO: SDM: [Pee ie 3, 000 15, 000 ES ES 9 ess so 2 382 2,101 5,538 $24, 921 5, 869 19, 308 fb Ae SiR 8 ee 2 86 473 2,954 11,816 7,296 24,50) 1993 830_0.. | SOR AE e0es 3 1, 200 6, 480 47, 852 103,371 | 11}812 59, 000 pt SS pee bia Se Se ee ny SoS ais] AE ocSeadne 41,781 188, 014 22,418 89, 672 $a0G 50562) NEL. dee 7 1,542 7, 325 65, 143 273,108 | 50,865 | 154, 218 BAGG TEs: CA deere ll 13, 495 67,475 72,979 350, 299 82, 640 264, 448 TRO 2088 LSD WA Eee 12 9,500 39, 045 312,048 | 1,248,192 91,900 282, 133 1908 £26 2.2 PRS. oc bes 18 11, 200 50, 624 252,000 | 1,058,400 98, 600 335, 240 1S00S ectee coo et aeeeccuseeeee 19 24, 364 103, 180 499,646 | 2,368,334 111,387 418, 176 WOOD Fa5 051.2 SO a sec 19 22,350 | 134,100 , 800 | 1,149,000 | 128, 200 512, 800 ET al a Si RENE, 5 hr ahs A PERE br ee 1 Z20KOOO |e sce ae = =< |=.sin oe eye See ene ee eae eneee 21 30,049 | 150,245 372,301 | 2,047,655 85, 817 429, 085 2 eee Be) BE 22 14, 500 72,500 167, 211 1, 003, 260 103, 450 413, 800 1 a eee PInee cace eerie 13 14, 441 69, 352 109, 264 653, 871 118, 127 447, 851 TED fe espns mle Ul ep ti w 1, 804 9, 922 825,453 | 4,952,718 | 79,335 | 337,174 a ier cae Se a eee 16 8,139 48, 834 178, 748 1, 251, 236 94, 497 472, 485 WD aoe as0 ceancw a sees nop me ake 14 1,814 16,326 93, 122 698, 416 119, 472 476, 288 cS RSS AS ROAR CEE San ll 95,210 | 666,470 170, 951 1, 196, 657 128, 922 644, 922 ht See bh Bed 24 13,019 | 72,604 | 1,097,904 | 6,183,300 | 143,133 | 630, 446 TONG coon as eae badas ape pare 15 10, 064 60, 324 248, 014 1, 673, 095 162,755 895, 153 Ui N CRP PSD, See OS nes 21| 21,823 | 172,582 127,769 | 1,168,145 | 256,123 | 1,711, 178 YOM Yb 25. LES ee 21 | 20,252 | 101,706 184,680 | 1,660,173 | 149,727 1, 200 ONS So dessa dos Seas ae tp dedi 32 1, 234 5, 247 1, 673,099 | 10,871,178 61,019 235, 372 BONE eco wessidencave cae Opemien 22 27,140 179, 532 339, 787 2,751,832 | 158,933 715, 995 10091522. 6068 LIne 40 28,466 | 145,555 64, 584 676,769 | 180,783 902, 335 (ES aa ye? ae 32| 45,072 | 270,432 90, 866 817,790 | 208,967 | 1,044, 835 19972 73D) SL 45 | 70,918 | 638, 262 454,336 | 4,543,360 | 115,860 | 926, 880 SOS ee oly Inde cee een ee 33 | 62,821 | 565,385 52, 587 736,225 | 235,795 | 2,004, 258 COLL faye spe alltel pats oes eaetes 35 68,542 | 856,775 64,346 | 1,029,536 | a 210, 883 | 2,529,996 a Includes 1,892 cases packed with reds brought from Alaska. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. - 155 Pack oF CANNED SALMON ON Pucet Sounp In SpEcIrFIED YEARS—Continued. ae Chum. Pink. Total. Year. oper- RIN AIN TA BY t=, ee ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. ee eee 000 fees eee BS0D) |b ace tesestee s td Peeters Seas oe i DBS Wis act eee he ee» Pd Lee Re, ARE ES Bo 1,300 $5, 690 nae aaa? a0 Dee) Se ae ae SF BtOd share 2 e Bt) === 3 2] BA Ree Pee Oa ar CET Ih] Hee aaa SAARI acta apse ba opelines oon Lcceae ce) a ppeieewentmd Sa gee SM O23) [Pe ik) nc ae TG) | Ree RE A jes Wee SE? ser teeer GE yc Licata cee BkBOON eset: coo aes Be FAR Saas a ee et |) Sea Sacote tiers See tet on Gaae ano facet ee ee mean Ra Hea ea T7S O00) [eaaes ccecoee SER a POEL | Bd SS Se er O00 [eset Latte ter ie 2 so, gD ee ae ee, en OT a aa 21,975 126, 356 1,145 $3,435 2,809 $7,584 11, 674 49,619 4,000 E00; [tere Mee ce 8, 000 32, 000 3,093 10, 825 | 5, 647 15, 246 20, 529 72, 461 16, 180 iS eet S| OS = ee 26, 426 93, 419 11, 380 31, 295 17, 530 47, 331 89,774 247, 537 22,152 60, 918 9,049 24, 432 95, 400 363, 036 38,785 94,741 23, 633 62,556 179, 968 591, 948 26, 550 poR sce. BY Os Bel bn. eee 195, 664 755, 235 23,310 64, 103 57, 268 171, 804 494, 026 1,805, 277 38, 400 LOA TM ee oe GONE Ee eee te 400,200 | 1,549, 864 31, 481 86, 427 252,733 734, 241 919,611 | 3,710,358 89, 100 WAT OD a ntons ew. c lous sacsasese 469, 450 1, 940, 925 Soe Sea OF PERG Cee ey eae 1,380}590 js <0... c. geen 93, 492 IST Nd REAR RS Ee CF 581, 659 3, 094, 445 12,001 , 002 181, 326 407, 984 478,488 | 1,927,546 49) OCT TE ES Oe Oaks Be Y 291,488 | 1, 295; 328 41.057 102, 643 70, 992 212,976 | 1,018,641 | 5,615) 433 149, 218 Aoi Lal Coeee ae ive meet eles 430,602 | 2, 481, 336 ” 249 150, 847 433,423 | 1,300, 269 698,080 | 2, 6427 146 47, 607 142, 821 6,075 8, 225 448,765 | 2, 669, 095 53, 688 128, 916 370, 993 902,342 | 1,678,737 7,917, 608 146, 942 514, 297 108 388 883 | 3,143) 256 98) 321 391,123 | 1,046,992 | 4,302,344 | 1,551,028 | 7,745,372 60,760 154, 193 700 2,185 416,119 | 2,679, 457 56, 225 124,970 791,886 | 2,092,401 | 2,583,463 | 13,329) 168 290) 477 903, 675 1,017 4,615 817,354 | 4,555, 649 411,724 | 1,155,474 583, 649 1,795, 285 1, 269, 206 4, 675, 418 564/194 | 2,031, 098 143, 804 575, 216 |@ 1,052,917 | 4,739) 455 218,977 | 1,270,067 | 1,130,163 | 6,780,978 | 1,990,258 | 14) 159; 583 264,922 | 1,669,009 6, 607 42, 946 622,732 5,017, 823 525,541 | 3,363, 462 421,215 | 3,369,720 | ¢1,295,626 | 11, 149) 489 a Includes 14 cases of steelheads, valued at $84. The totals also include large quantities of salmon brought to the sound canneries from other waters, principally in British Columbia, and pack re, these when pesnaeed for market comprising approximately 141,917 cases of humpbacks or pinks, valued at $566,952; 36,316 cases of chums, valued at $538,937, and 53,135 cases of silvers, valued at $87,185; a grand total of 331,368 cases and $1,193,074. + Includes 4 cases of steelheads, valued at $36. ¢ Includes 5,099 cases of steelheads from sound waters. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON SoLepuck River, WasH., IN SPECIFIED YEARS.4@ Chinook. Sockeye. Silverside. Canneries Year. operated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value, 1 414 $2,484 15 $156 940 $4,324 1 206 LOOT Df | Pai le a Seg ae Tok 1,040 3, 536 1 237 UE eee ee ae 1, 439 5, 574 1 388 3 CN ae a es Be eri 1,320 6,072 Pink.» Chum. 3 “Total: Canneries Year. operated Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value, DEA ed ¢ aw Soca dene cg ste leWouuar 1 103 $268 76 $182 1, 548 $7,414 Dies cvadesre stPerde sawiiies ‘| SPER ed A ea ae 28 61 1, 274 5, 039 NGS dtes Lits'c ween vid dine waded eas 1 189 567 103 291 1, 968 7,617 EMMN Ethel vA sbeedadeesnepasueuss 1 826 2,478 192 538 2,726 11, 028 @ None packed since 1915. + These are virtually all light-colored chinooks. 156 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON Hou River, WASH., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Total. Cases. 686 371 Value. $5, 728 3,147 Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Canneries Year. operated. | | Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 0) Sones 1 372 $3, 348 204 $1, 665 110 $715 i115 be ee 1 60 540 294 2,499 17 108 LM i ee 1 18 216 233 2,796 332 2,125 583 Pack OF CANNED SALMON ON QUEETS RIVER, WASH., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Chinook. Sockeye. Silverside. Canneries Year. operated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. IOI ene. ...2h eae... dae ee 1 750 | $4,500 200} $2,080 2,500 | $11, 500 1O16 432.20. 2+ Beet Fe aero 1 1, 082 7,574 220 1, 848 1, 680 5, 712 1 ee og 508 a eS 1 1,175 5, 875 200 2,134 1,800 6,966 1916 8525525.) ot 98. ES TF eee De ee 1, 512 0/0720) 2 555 ee eee 1916s 5. ban ot RE ose ec etn 1 1, 506 D058 Nain Age cick oleate ts occ 617 3,085 TOU72L SS. oP et BERS 3. ao eee eee 1 713 Gah las. sey... k tarepiere sails 1, 196 9, 759 IDG i252... cba. ee See ie 1 381 3,429 20 280 1,138 9, 673 TOG. 5-..-<) Oey ore 1 450 5, 400 100 1, 600 1, 025 12,300 Steelhead. Total. Canneries Year. operated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. D hipes 12, OODr] 94825400, Nee aap. = 2)--| anew nine 4, 450 $20, 480 1 600 $3, 300 4,252 19, 895 1 500 2,750 4,695 20, 612 A Lica. nd eae lb Me an -dabeee mer cal bags dee oe 1,512 9,072 Aloe. SUN ap RAD dace duge oo. [epee 2, 538 13, 366 1 129 1, 161 2,085 17, 643 1 a 87 870 1, 626 14, 252 Aly MOOMY aay, B20 awe ane ac 4|baee ce sade 1, 625 19, 620 a 68 cases of these were smoked. Pack oF CANNED SALMON ON QUINAULT River, WASH., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. : Chinook. Sockeye. Year Canneries|_ 3 5 Tt ep | eee operated.| Gases, | Value. | Cases. | Value. Aosta kes 1 5,000 | $35,000 2,031 | $16,000 ie Le Oh ee cull EE * ..-| 4,500] 40,500 TOIB eo cause cokhe bere seth Th Beere setae ciel are crores 6 oe 492 4,133 1014 j shsi haces since eer eed 2 51 255 12,074 | 120,740 oo haaapeipagtio: TAB eA 2| 1,144] 6,864] 22/972] 239'989 1GiG Sadecre des cetecvece~oase sss 2 1,365 8,190 10,315 92,835 pty le ie ey Cree eet ero | 2 309 2,781 4,608 55, 296 TIGER sooca.~ > bwelemorennac ese none 2 1, 497 13, 473 2,470 30, 869 pe ee oy 2 165 2, 063 1,144 18,304 § a Chum. Year Canneries i : operated.| Cases, | Value. i 1 5,400 | $27,000 2) 5,500 | 13,200 2| °° °1,048 | 2,966 2} 13993] 5,580 2 466 | 1,39 2| 1,821| 11,836 2| 13682| 10,874 2 650 | 4, 160 Silverside. Cases. Value. 6, 000 $42, 000 3,916 18, 014 7,106 24, 160 1,623 6,281 1,388 6,807 1,093 5,465 2,609 21,289 6, 086 51, 731 775 9,300 Total Cases Value. 18,431 | $120,000 13, 916 71, 714 7, 598 28, 293 14, 796 130, 242 27,497 | 259, 240 13,239 | 107, 888 » 10,553 98, 438 11,735 | 106,947 2,734 33, 827 aPrevious to this date the fish were transported to the Aberdeen and Hoquiam canneries and prepared there. » Includes 1,206 cases of humpbacks, valued at $7,236, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. V5T Pack or CANNED SALMON ON GRAYS HARBOR IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Can- Chinook. Silverside. Chum, Total. Year. ae ule peeiiipaetieats (dui 2S || Rr emis hate ated. Cases. | Value. | Cases. | Value. | Cases. | Value. | Cases. | Value. 5 PSD es So BS ee ee eee oe meet be eet 5, 420 $29, 268 7 eS, 5 ee IE.’ Set a ee | ee ee es ls ee ete el Bees oo 2 Sc iROL 8) eA RR | ee SSeeeaee Seer |----seeeee 8, SSeeeac ees Pee cee ok. Pea fy cheat. saw aloft s~saese cele coeeeeeee SPOON! |oncacekoss ; oC eoubraieg Bie Ss 24, 1 3,000 | $10,260 9,000 | 30,780 2,500} $7,745 | 14,500 48, 785 1 1,700 9, 180 7,895 | 31,580 6,600} 18,150] 16,195 58,910 1 2,700 | 14,580 5,600 | 22,400 6,800 | 18,700 | 15,100 55, 680 2 4,636 | 23,180] 13,047] 41,150 4,917 | 13,222] 22,600 77, 552 2 4,551| 22,755] 11,940 | 38,208 8,450] 21,238 | 24,941 82, 201 1 8,100 | 33,291| 14,600] 44,822 6,900 | 18,975] 29,600 97,088 2 5,865 | 26,510 9,809 | 33,361 5,746 | 15,802] 21,420 75, 663 3 5,650} 25,425] 10,675 | 40,031 4,989 | 13,720] 21,314 79, 176 3 6,700 33, 500 12, 400 49, 600 7, 200 19, 800 Be ike 102, 900 EE TCle teeta: ore ees waren edie re oleaethedadeliseaasades|hceddeceas fs int S eines 2 5,836 | 29,186 9,128 | 41,076] 24,528| 97,112] 39,492] 167,368 1 2,300} 13,800 2,390 | 10,755 1, 200 , 300 5, 890 27, 855 2 3,000 | 12,000 7,400 | 28,440) 16,000] 38,700 79, 140 2 4,650 | 20,925 4,300 | 17,200 6,000 | 15,000] 14,950 53, 125 2 4,000 16,000 5,340 21,360 5,100 13, 260 14, 440 50, 620 2 3,530 | 15,354 9,238 | 36,682 624 2,496 | 13,382 54, 532 2 4,017 | 20,585 5,923 | 23,692] 10,517] 36,809] 20,457 81, 086 1 1,455 » 869 4,822 | 17,359 5,747 | 13,163 | 12,024 36, 391 1 2,923 | 15,077 5,096 | 25,480 3,489 | 22,711] 11,508 63, 268 2 5,717 | 40,019 9,298 | 65,086] 10,482] 52,410] 25,497] 157,515 3 6,123 | 36,738 8,030; 36,938 9,533 | 22,879] 428,148) 108,156 2 67 4 3,111 10,577 8,872 19, 368 12,050 30, 414 3 2,924 14, 431 7,179 27,749 6,734 19,077 16, 837 61, 256 2 3,148 19, 380 4,008 18, 437 5,686 15,921 12, 842 53,738 2 5,115 30, 690 3,365 16,825 10,073 36, 262 18, 553 83,777 2 1,720 18, 920 2,143 19, 287 4,516 30, 708 8,379 68, 915 2 921 10,131 5,249 50, 390 2,657 18, 599 8,827 79, 120 2 1,152] 13,824 2,927 | 35,124 9,125} 58,400} 13,204] 107,348 @ Includes 4,462 cases of humpbacks, valued at $11,601, 158 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, Pack or CANNED SALMON ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER FROM THE INCEPTION OF THE InpustrY TO 1919. Blueback. Cases. Chinook. Canner- Year. ies oper- ated. Cases. Value. 4,000 $64, 000 18,000 288, 000 28, 000 392, 000 100,000 | 1,350,000 150,000 | 1,800 200,000 | 2, 100, 000 250,000 | 2,325,000 250,000 | 2, 250 be 350,000 | 2,625,000 |.. 375,000 | 2,250 450,000 | 2,475,000 380,000 | 2,052,000 460,000 } 2,300 : 480,000 | 2,640,000 530,000 | 2,650,000 550,000 | 2,475,000 541,300 | - 2,600, 000 629,400 | 3,147,000 620,000 | 2,915,000 553,800 | 2,500,000 448,500 | 2,135,000 356,000 | 2,124,000 372,477 | 2,327,981 266,697 | 1,600, 182 335,604 | 1,946, 087 353,907 | 2,038, 566 344,267 | 1,996,388 288,773 | 1,559,374 351,106 | 1,895,976 444, 2, 428, 658 370,943 | 1,840,511 432,753 | 1,804, 221 329,566 | 1,490,394 255,824 | 1,458,175 262,392 | 1,821,258 270,580 | 1,428,743 301,762 | 1,610,614 320,378 | 1,944,690 327,106 | 1,962,636 311,334 | 1,868,007 » 433 EE oie , 710: 008)/25. s2228e~2 162,131 | 1,203,546 244,285 | 1,882,137 405,862 | 2,204, 185 * 220,317 | 1,988, 526 192,116 | 1,664,670 289,464 | 2,573,502 406,486 | 3,694, 361 395,166 | 3,572, 203 403,637 | 5,023,529 400,952 | 5,222,983 392,125 | 5,031,207 Value Silverside. Cases. 1,072; 843 1, 052, 767 @ Of these, 2,846 cases, valued at $23,203 were packed with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 159 Pack oF CANNED SALMON ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER FROM THE INCEPTION OF THE InpuUstRY TO 1919—Continued. Chum. Steelhead trout. Total. Year. ated. Cases. | Value. | Cases. | Value. Cases. Value. _ Oe wee See BERSRSy BRERSESSBS Ba3 ee ee ee ee Ne ee ee ee te ee xv G3888338333S3323333233333 i cs Pao tat SSIS RSSESSES E > os PA w on ore SX os spss Sesus 28 21 8 ele aimee hh Sh. aah cate cus 42,825 | 171,300 22 29 32282 58333833252223333322222 SERISEEESSSESE 8 ~ ~~ ee ee eS ee ee ee eee ee ee ee a a -_ ye a BS — s 9, 062 RNN NR RR NR DONO NWON NNN NH bith wht 2) 319, 856 2) 012" 387 3, 695, 989 4,305, 292 4,361, 299 6,514, 940 7, 466, 894 6, 743, 219 @ Includes 55 cases of humphacks, valued at $132, packed with humpbacks brought from Puget Sound, 6 Includes 56 cases of humpbacks, valued at $224. 160 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON THE CotumBIA River, BY SraTss, 1916-1919. 1916 1917 1918 1919 States and species. = Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Washington: Blueback........ 1,377 | $12,389 2,801 | $33,612 19, 450 | $245, 070 2,329 $18, 632 Chinook.........- 179,083 |1,074,495 | 146,140 |1, 753,680 | 145,511 {1,715,874 | 130,185 | 1,671,007 Ghitim .. (25), £22 46, 012 165, 643 14, 539 93, 050 12,173 85, 211 39, 279 235, 674 Humpback...... » 56 224. | oe eee Sao Nicisivis's > ~ tinea ceilel|s epuitice aioe ance eel Sees Fish brought in from Puget Sound. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON NEHALEM RIVER, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Year. Poh ee oh Se ee ee ee eed SY el el el el el . Chinook. Cases. Value. Silversi Cases. de. Value. eee ree eee eee eee ee 18, 535 6, 250 $40, 000 20,124 |.. eee es eee Chum. Cases. Value. Total. Cases. Value, 5, 000 $30, 000 6, 000 32, 000 9, 000 45, 500 3, 500 14, 000 10, 000 40, 000 6, 723 26, 892 6, 493 25, 972 6, 904 23, 494 8, 046 24, 138 11, 750 35, 250 9, 508 29, 271 10,077 36, 058 6, 210 21, 437 6, 010 25,179 5, 301 22, 284 11,500 34, 500 11, 600 43, 525 11, 020 42,993 12,600 53, 800 13,116 59, 348 7,448 32, 886 10, 400 58, 700 24, 138 141, 445 14, 902 77, 248 1,069 4, 507 18, 309 101,777 8, 06 33, 558 7,007 41,525 2, 106 17,159 11, 404 110, 488 9, 807 111, 30! PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 161 Pack or CANNED SALMON ON TILLAMOOK Bay, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Can- Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. — ee es feel Pela avs Pe Cee Cee ee ee ee AS G00) IS. tcc ccem oe Ee area eee Bee anc | Caan See Bees een eee FUE, Onl eee ee BAN eee al ae Ce ee bees caine bree eeac|aaas tanec cnacastneest St GUO esas occ apte 2p | SR Ii Se | Ue BS | CASS GABE eee 21,000 | $115,500 ee eee eet eee nee eee ine ett. oon] scun es eee 14, 633 84, ee eh eee A nae cee ee eee ea cdl acne tecce Aamccke cen a]ansesasace 9, 500 52, 250 427: Se | See Peale 3a Be ee Be Pee 14, 009 79, 049 bh 2 = ee! Re RE BRE RRS Sse Sacco nos beset 5 Rae SS ee Rae CUD par PUL) b= a 18, 000 72,000 1 497 $1, 988 4,000 16, 000 6,919 | $17, 297 11, 416 35, 285 1 700} 2,800! 7,763] 31,052 7 1'750| 9,163 | 35,602 LNG oeetes melon as ow wed 6,514 20, 845 7,001 19, 253 13,515 40, 098 1 2,200 | 6,600 | 4,860 7/060 | 21,180 1} 2/000) 6,000] 9,000 11,000 | 33,000 1 5,000 | 13,000) 10,342 15,342 | 48, 162 1 2,180 8,720 3, 889 11,190 38,119 ee ea Het a 2 ae al deeb we al eabee decal ame eb avic cul euce tesadelenevcccecs|unsee= ane 1 848 | 4,240 | 2, 133 3, 901 6,882 | 24,566 1 215| 1,135| 2,287| 93720] 43093| 16,372| 6,595| 27,227 ry Po SF as anaes 2)727| 11,590| 23620| 10,480| 5,347] 22,070 ro ps Pe Bee 47400! 172600] 6,500} 13,000} 10,900] 30,600 1 1, 100 6, 600 1,700 7,650 8,800} 22,000] 11,600 36, 250 1| .1870| 11,220| 23364| 7,002] 1,270] 3,175] 5,504| 21,487 1} 23000| 14,000! 3,410) 10,230] 2)314| 6,942| 7,724] 31,172 1 2,300| 16,100; 6,000) 21,000] 43000} 12,000] 12,300] 49,100 1 2)615 | 15,663 5,029 21, 809 3,712 8,538 | 11,356 46, 010 1 27900 | 20,300 4,500 24° 750 2) 000 6,000 9, 400 51,050 2 8, 433 67, 464 12,663 | 69,647 5, 277 20, 053 26, 373 157, 164 2 3,811 26, 677 6,418 32, 090 4, 550 11,375 14,779 70, 142 1} 23600] 15,600| 1,000} 4.000] 1,000| 2)200| 4 21; 800 2| 4,734] 33,1388| 4,131| 22307] 6,707| 16,867| 15,572| 72,312 3| 5,675] 34,300| 4.549| 20,9295] 9,099] 25.477| 19,323] 70,702 BGIG. texan 3 9,465 75, 720 4,333 21, 665 7,530 22, 590 21, 328 119, 975 CY ee ee 3 8, 822 79, 398 5, 522 44,176 6, 941 48, 587 21, 285 172, 161 To 1 107 1177] 3,461 | 33,226 1,567 | 10,969 5,135 | 45,372 1919. .j.... 2 1,E 18, 750 7,150 | 85, 800 4'350| 27,840| 13,000] 132,390 Pack oF CANNED SALMON ON NEsTUGGA RIVER, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Can- | Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. y neries | Year. oper- ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value, } | 1 Le a 4,300 $23,650 _ | ait f 4 5,000 28, 750 aslewWGats« i 5 =e 6, 700 36,850 ; 4,656 16, 897 1 279 1,116 3,553 | 13,323 396 1, 089 4,228 15,528 1 3,000 18,000 1,000 4,250 400 1,000 4,400 23, 250 1 2,622 15, 732 2,468 7,404 165 413 5,255 23,549 1 2,100 14,7! 3,540 10,620 150 450 5, 790 25,770 1 2,000} 14,000 3,000} 10,500 100 300 5, 100 24,800 1 2,000 | 14,000 3,300} 18,150 140 420 5, 440 32,570 1 3,562 | 28,496 7,124 | 39,182 641 2,436] 11,327 70,114 1 3, 090 18,540 6, 180 30, 900 708 1,770 9,978 51,210 1 126 756 243 Oy Se! |e nen tar 369 1, 728 1 3,542 | 24,794 5,730] 30,942 265 662 9, 537 56, 308 1 200 1,300 3,930] 18,078 800 2,240 4,930 21,618 1 2,400} 19,200 4,056 | 20,280 200 600 6, 656 40, 800 1 2,000} 18,000 3,800} 30,400 260 1,820 6,060 50, 220 1 3, 000 33, 000 3, 206 30,778 215 1,505 6,421 65, 283 1 1,900 23,750 2,400 28,800 450 2,880 4,750 55, 430 | | re | i} Ll _ 11312°—2 162 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON SiLetTz River, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Can- Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. , neries Year. oper- Se ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1306-2 oe -+- 1 2,500 $7,500 1, 900 $5,700 |....... Sadbosscsess 4,400 $13, 200 Cy peas 1 3,510 10, 530 5, 015 Ue ees Fae See ee 8,52 25,575 Tho ee Aare 1 3, 200 8,360 4,330 WIRE PU Gries aan eacioacuse 7, 530 23, 082 1800 [222555 i 2,200 9,900 2,319 8,696 200 $550 4,719 19,146 bt ee (mae Uy te A or Re SSS Ang con onon 4 bene spe See Secbocsebolloracoso dae bsgoaosagd Boce soc. oc IOUT: on erel 1 876 4,380 3,740 16, 830 360 1, 260 4,976 22,470 1902) o(52<\2 1 600 3, 168 1,917 8,147 500 2,000 3,017 13,315 1904. .'2\< 1 1,000 5, 000 3,300 13, 200 1,000 2,000 5,300 20, 200 1905.... 1 1,500 9,000 1, 700 7,225 900 2,250 4,100 18,475 1006 So)o5 2 1 2,635 | 15,810 3,192 9,576 167 418 5,904 25, 804 1907 305055 1 2,333 16,331 4,300 12,900 200 600 6, 833 29, 831 1908 . ‘ 1 2,100 14,700 4,700 16, 450 300 900 7,100 32, 050 191023555. 1 2,200 15, 400 4,600 25,300 250 750 7,050 41, 450 nb?) h eae 1 3,584 28,672 7,164 39, 402 237 901 10, 985 68, 975 1ORg Ses. 3 1 3,277 19, 662 6,554 32,770 283 707 10,114 53, 139 1 15 75 354 1, 416 17 37 386 1, 52g 1 3,356 23, 492 6, 712 36, 245 196 490 10, 264 60, 227 1 100 600 3, 000 13, 800 100 280 3, 200 14,680 1 1,000 8,000 3,000 15,000 210 630 4,210 23,630 1 1,800 16, 200 3, 400 28, 200 222 1,554 5,422 45,954 2 4,304 47,344 7, 789 74,774 384 2,688 12,477 124, 806 2 1,393 17,413 5, 892 70, 704 472 3, 021 7,757 91, 138 Can- Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. neries Year. oper- ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. by 2 | sae os ba cael lacee cats lonle| cis nreaine ciels| alslataies inte aie bis mialels =m atn\| afaletsimieniatelod is aleiaietocs eletal Sete te nese IRR coos u 8 Wescces ees dee ddicaotl ciate Bamechis [seco steteen eeeeee cles (meetiratets 5, 088 $29, 256 NGO on oa, [secs eecceel cacace rece Sen cren lec lan becomene stemee aces lose aaectes | semeeeeees 5, 000 27,500 a Cannery not operated from 1912 to 1916, both years inclusive. In 1917 it was consolidated with Wald- port cannery owned by same party. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 163 Pack or CANNED SALMON ON ALSEA RIVER AND Bay, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Total. ees es ee ee Pee eee eee eee eee Peer ee ey es Pare 3, 600 3,600] 14,400 1,260 | ~"$6,300] 3; 240 4'500] 19,260 440| 2,200] 4,160 4,600] 18,840 1,700} 6,375] 3,280 4,980] 18,183 3,500] 10,500} 3,400 6,900} 20,700 1,800| 5,400} 3,200 5,000 | 15,000 4,296 | 11,170] 2,170 6,466 | 18,548 27150; 93138] 5,010 7,160] 28,176 695| 3,475| 4,629 6,215 | 25,383 701| 3,702] 4,530 5,901 | 25,635 1,031| 5,516} 4,242 5,317| 23,633 1,000} 5,000] 6,500 7,800} 31,600 2}500| 15,000} 1,800 5,000] 24,400 3,702 | 22,212] 3,843 7,545| 33,741 300| 5,600] 5,100 6,250} 21,950 1,200! 8,400] 6,000 7,600 | — 30,600 1,119, 6,714] 5,486 6,685] 30,925 2,500} 17,500} 5,900 8,500} 49,750 4,161 | 33,288| 9,329 14,178] 87) 211 3,731 | 22,386| 8,286 12,541] 65,126 1,607 | 8,085] 4,304 6,071 | 25,603 4,546 | 31,822| 6,728 11,347] 68,336 1,668 | 10,763} 6,966 8,812| 43,305 2,624 | 20,902) 3,864 6,780] 41,188 2,727 | 24,543] 6,621 9, 80, 437 27000 | 227000] 7,215 210/068} 99,934 2'512| 31,400| 27607 4 66,318 2 Includes 541 cases of bluebacks, valued at $6,492. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON THE SrusLaAw RIveER, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Chum. Total. Year. Se ee ee ee ee Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Sint dade adests cb coll Voce esindeeencce podbean teautbsieds 2 1 3 if ai: 2|- 2 2 , 2 1 4 9; 000 1 3,300| 3,900 1 2210 | 10,000 i 4648| 7,323| 26 1| i, 735] °8;675"|°°7, 488] “°29, 952 |: 1| 15288] 6,800) 4,320] 18,260 |. 1] 15519] 8 127| 6,842| 29,079 |. : 500} 2,500} 6,500] 26,000 |. 2 |" -4,600'| “27,000 “15, 600 |” “45, 600 os 98 OE a 15,773 | 47,819 |. 7g eye pee oy 8,600 | 30,100 |. 2 632 792'| 7,436} 32,956 2 858 992 | 12/800] 70,400 2 120 900 | 10,266] 56,463 rh ne 6,108 | 30, 540 |. 1 ‘| 4,981 | 17,196 |. i aa Ee cP 9/266 | 50,036 |. S| econes eae! 1,755| 8,073 |. 1 3}021 | 187105 |. 1 | angus eae 350| 2/800 |. Sfp daphadesies eee 3,000 | 28/800 |. Ge ibe Taal hace ots. 3,760 | 43,120 &@ The two canneries combined and operated one plant. 164 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Pack oF CANNED SALMON ON THE UMPQUA RIVER, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS.@ Can- Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. > neries Year oper- ated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. a No canning done in 1913. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON Coos Bay AND RIVER, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Can- Chinook. Silverside. Total. neries Year. oper- ated. Cases. Value. | Cases. Value. Cases. Value. BRAT oe Nae ek endl eee | taaenetecel bc aeekee es anaes 11,300 | $62, 150 (sr eRe Se a | a aen of) Re [Rs BF Oe See er ay | page bee 5,500 | 31,625 Te SAAR BRE oP aa GER crn game ny LD Seay ak ate epee [les eariy aa iehbeers 7,000 88,500 LUT) eR Oe ae Bs Soeseee Oil | hie iets wate wal bre cree: ache are] es wiee a.n.° call aie wie ata al eer ISOS pe cos cee laa Ey Tae Aree ane | Dees 3,125 | $12,500 3,125 12, 500 iF eee Se Pe a eee 163 $815 8, 428 33, 712 8,591 34, 527 TRG peice. esea eee ceo 5,110 19, 163 2,332 8,934 7,442 28, 097 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 165 Pack or CANNED SALMON ON COQUILLE RIVER, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Chinook Silverside. Total. Year. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. a | | | yl Ate eS ae a i Pw re 7,000 |...... ae 5 EES RE RR BE (Bes SI 7 EE ae eS ee EE |e a a Rr NaS ee 2S Ce eee 2 | (Ry ad BD eeeeen eee 900 |. ss. | USE SC a gee a RL Rees erp be | aS Se a eRe Ree en TSS 11,000 | $63, 250 ape k: KE Se eae a Poseeeees eeeeeess eeeesesees eneeaeeS 8, 600 47,300 | | op, palee 5 5 nee a (I Peaereasrer ss PP OCS 9 | ee es 5,000 | $20,000 5, 000 20, 000 oe a 6,500 | 26,000] 6,500 26, 000 ESR ieee ae 2000] 8,000 2° 000 8/000 2 760 | $2, 887 8,724 | 32,615 9, 484 35, 502 2 1,225 | 3,675 7,800} 23,400} 9,025 27,075 2 541 1,407 7,485 | 25,499 8,026 | 26,906 2 950| 3, 7,550 | 28,500 8,500 32, 300 1 2,636 | 13,180 9,601 | 38,404] 12,237 51,584 1 1 5,096 | 20,384 5,229] 21,049 1 286 1,510 5,877 | 24,927] 6,163 26, 437 1 331 1,771 8,685 | 36,911 9, 016 38, 682 2 600 2,400 | 13,686 | 54,744| 14,286 57,144 2 2,100| 12,600] 11,343| 48,208| 13,443 60, 808 2 821 4,926 | 17,979] 53,937| 18,800| 58,863 2 306 2,142} 13,220] 39,660| 13,526 41, 802 TOT! ERIS See 19,174 | 67,109] 19,174 67,109 2 250 1, 255 9,818 | 42,687 | 10,068 43, 942 2 420 2}940 | 16,637] 91,504| 17,057 94) 444 2 715 5,720 | 16,676| 91,718| 17,391 97) 438 2 377 2639} 6,04 30,200| 6,417] 32,839 "| Ronence 2 ecm aie 8,910] 35,640] 8,910] 35,640 | el aay aap 12,097 | 65,324] 12,097 65,324 2 1,079 | 6,474 5,131 | 25, 515 6, 210 31, 989 2 869 6, 952 2,652| 13,260] 3,521 20, 212 2 694 6, 246 8, 64,040 | 68) 706 70, 335 2 1,318| 145498] 10,096] 96,922] ¢11/650| 113,129 2 1,027 | 12) 837 5,010 | 60,120} 46,082 72; 957 a Burned. + Includes 7 cases of chums, valued at $49. ¢ Includes 217 cases of chums, valued at $1,519, and 19 cases of steelheads, valued at $190. 4 Includes 45 cases of chums. Pack Of CANNED SALMON ON RoaueE River, OREG., IN SPECIFIED YEARS.@ Chinook. Silverside. Total. Canneries| __ Year. operated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. a Shut down in 1911 and 1912 through the closing of the river to all fishing, + Burned down during season. Not opened the next year. 166 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Pack or CANNED SALMON ON RoGueE River, Orze., tn SPECIFIED YEARS—Contd. Chinook. Total. Canneries Year. operated Cases Value Cases. Value, PBOUee te cued sete cae contenant 1 2,681 $13, 405 6, 865 $31, 141 BG0M a) to c%.dwise.ce ccescccsciccciemmicls 1 3, 799 20, 058 7, 890 37, 445 ts eg ASI DPR ge 5 1 8,418 | 45,036 13, 210 65, 402 DMG nk Seite ch cis oes cane ecetebes 1 16, 000 64, 000 19, 255 75,392 MOUS oo hee coe se cegseeaeneeeetee 1 18,500 | 111,000 20, 000 117,375 TOG eo <5 Save chin le das cmceceteeies 1 12,000 72, 000 18, 000 90, HOOT. UES foe ecges paceece cme 1 7,537 56, 528 9, 333 65, 508 1908 oo Seas cee ee meen 1 4,354 32, 655 7,004 45, 905 19006 233) aoe Fees cee eee 1 186 1,300 885 4,277 1910. oi Ae oe oc eemeecamenes ae 1 232 1, 786 2, 943 18, 052 1913... 2h ee area ete 1 3,020 27, 160 5, 423 39,017 LOLS. ...o5 Geo cee sean eae ae 1 6, 938 62, 060 7, 925 67,513 1016. 25h ec cece oe bees ee sees 2 19,094 | 135,301 19, 609 137, 670 1O1G SRE! ere oa ae 1 7, 500 97, 500 Quinnat. Quinnat. Canneries operated. Quinnat. Canneries Year. Year. operated. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. | oe menos oe 950 Dis ke iSedednseqenvadsen|siudocewcn [negates aealitavaesus Mnnabelhadebacnase 12, 809 MATA |i BDO ascocsdeschoune 1 2,000 $26, 000 DE sipesesnsecses 2,000 20, 000 168 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Pack oF CANNED SALMON IN ALASKA, BY DISTRICTS, SINCE THE INCEPTION OF THE INDUSTRY. Southeast Alaska. Central Alaska. Western Alaska. Total. Year. Can- Can- Can- Can- neries neries neries neries oper- Pack oper- Pack- oper- Pack oper- Pack. ated ated. ated. ated Cases. 1878 Pos Ae 2 2 8,159 «yf ee ea 2 2 12, 530 TARO ee oS eee ae 1 1 6, 5389 ASR ke 1 1 8,977 19k0- 20s eet et 1 3 21, 745 1883 yee Re ieee 4 6 48, 337 1884. sock Parr aneee 4 7 64, 886 S85 Ree eee 3 6 83,415 ihe: pen ae ee On Fs 4 9 142), 065 NSB isto ot ee ae 5 10 206, 677 [ae SOE TPIS) $7 6 16 412,115 188025 10 Bove 12 37 719, 196 tC UL ee ee Soe Se 12 35 682, 591 tA) ERS See fey 2 11 30 801, 400 8 15 474,717 22 643, 654 21 686, 440 23 626, 530 29 966, 707 29 909, 078 30 965, 097 32| 1,078, 146 42| 1,548,139 55 | 2,016, 804 64 2,536,824 60 | 2,246,210 55| 1,953,756 47| 1,894,516 47| 2,219,044 48 | 2,169,873 50 | 2,618,048 45 2,395,477 1, 066, 399 10 432,517 19 914, 138 52 2,413, 054 1, 580, 868 11 499, 743 21 743, 206 64 | 2,823,817 1A DE in 51 2, 033, 648 14 625, 062 22 1,395, 931 87 4, 054, 641 POTGH $ase8 Oe es 322 42 1, 782, 898 14 447, 249 23 1, 509, 038 79 3, 739, 185 OAs 2 <7 o3 SOC Js 44 1,776,075 14 658, 791 23 | 1,621,787 81 | 4,056,653 ADT peh >t es oh 3 46 | 2,549,212 17| 632,848 24| 1,318,233 87 | 4,500,293 1916525: I9UM Gs 54 | 2,214,280 19 | 1,075,913 27| 1,610,434 100} 4,900,627 DON 752255052 cc ce 62 3, 294, 845 27 | 1,017,206 29 1, 635, 235 118 5, 947, 286 1918: £326 AU BES Sk 76 | 3,375,445 29 1,391,951 30 | 1,838, 439 135 | 6,605, 835 1919... 24 Me Ro 3 75 | 3,108,364 30| 775, 557 28 708, 280 133 | 4,592,201 Totalee © 2224: l soe bed | 32; 873-980: |2- sees. | 17,320,059 |........ 25.107, 206)\|ee eee 74, 801, 284 a Experimental pack, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 169 Pack or CANNED SALMON IN ALASKA FROM 1898 TO 1919, BY SPECTIEs. Coho, or silver. Chum, or keta. Humpback, or pink. Year. Cases. Value Cases. Value. Cases. Value FA at tl a oe See 5, 184) | 1. ae 1098399) |Sec ese. < ak Sip pat lee ces, rd 13310 | tee TAO ISOH RS yee ae Bpsgea|® ele 30.013) |...) ee PPP? | Eee ee BURGOS | hhc eee 1 lal ie ietige G7 ey | eee Sa S173) || == nA PROT RAON is 4 eae BAN GORE oaks 209506, |2 5 5228e0 se SHACbD: | at See ae 355, 799 |.....0. Pee tT ei ar DNB oho oer DOO MIRTH ORDER SF 67,394 | $215, 875 41,972 | $113, 056 168, 597 $498, 194 109, 14 382, 109 254, 812 730, 235 348,297 | 1, 046, 951 85, 190 337, 384 184, 173 547, 757 561,973 1, 799, 280 68, 932 274, 089 218, 513 554, 197 644, 133 1, 733, 379 56, 556 231, 029 120, 712 274, 110 464,873 | 1,114, 839 114,026 559, 666 254,218 773, 409 554,322 | 1,764,055 ye SE A a I 133, 908 762, 647 323,795 | 1,199,563 | 1,005,278 | 3,972,706 CE ae RE 166, 198 741, 377 664,633 | 1,584,130} 1,280,138} 3,296,598 GeO eee a OS vars) VEAL 75, 77 261, 654 290, 918 643,948 | 1,372,881 | 3,550,587 Peed 18: toe Sg oy 157, 063 690, O86 663,859 | 2,240, 765 986,049 | 3,459, 116 REE yee ad ear a EA en 124, 268 536, 124 479,946 | 1,243,321] 1,875,516 | 5,217,208 Uy TP ae Pee 261,909 | 1,399,491 724,115 | 2,420,600 | 1,737,793 6, 330, 185 Helge f ARK SN wwe 193,231 | 1,682,745 906,747 | 5,572,047 | 2,296,976 | 14,794, 062 i i aE ee | 218,958 | 2)004,979 | 1,3642960 | 8) 5627872 | 2)438/954 | 16/068, 456 CLT a Oe a 230,138 | 2,761,656 | 1,348,462 | 8,630,157 | 1,657,434 | 13,259, 472 King, or spring. Red, or sockeye. Total. Year. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases Value 1Orego 1s Sees owe | (VAL eee er aS O60, 007) |. 2 ecaceed = SAeAD |'5 ote ts., SHE aces 1078} 148) |ececee teas BAI \cseser i we POMS | see 1S 5488199" [os eee ees A121 Pia aed Sy eT ae Cae DOG G04)| teen eae CLOTS ea Bae ed TPERST DAG [es cet, Seetee, D bap hook | sass ceeaaces EEN RS ee ea ery oC Ie ea 2,048 210i see ceeee. S000) |... cet sees. PE OUD Cee 1S. 05 es ec 10535766) |... 25.0265 42,125 | $141,999 | 1,574,428 | $5,335,547 | 1,894,516 | $6,304, 671 30, 834 116,222 | 1)475,960 | 5,620,875 | 2)219,044 | 7, 896/392 43, 424 181,718 | 1;295,113 | 5,915,227| 2)169,873| 8,781) 366 792 99,867 | 1,662,678 | 7,524,251 | 2,618,048 | 10,185, 783 48, 034 207,624 | 1,705,302} 7,610,550} 2,395,477| 9,438, 152 40), 221 214,802} 1,450,267 | 7,774,390 | 2,413,054 | 11,086,322 45, 518 295,088 | 1,315,318 | 8,363)233 | 2)823'817| 14,593, 237 43,317 243,331 | 1,900,355 | 10,426,481 | 47 054/641 | 16, 291,917 34,370 139,053 | 1,965,237 | 8) 936,362 | 3,739,185 | 13,531,604 48, 039 241,105 | 2° 201,643 | 12)280,517 | 47.056,653 | 18, 920,589 88,251 408,266 | 1,932,312 | 11,248,101 | 4/500,293 | 18,653; 015 65, 873 353,420 | 2,110,937 | 12,765,733 | 4,900,627 | 23, 269, 429 61, 951 644,447 | 2,488,381 | 23,610,789 | 5,947,286 | 46,304,090 49, 226 485, 295 , 933, 737 | 23,920,347 | 6,605,835 | 51,041,949 151, 733 | 1,820,796 | 1,204,343 | 15, 656,459 | a 4,592,201 | 42,128) 540 @ Includes 91 cases of steelheads; value not given. 170 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Ovrrut 2 or CANNED SALMON IN ALASKA, 1912 To 1918. Product. 1912 1913 1916 1917 Total. Coho, or silver: Cases. Cases, Cases. Cases, Cases. }-pound flat...... 2,719 3, 587 18,145 80, 412 82, 780 1-pound flat...... 17 268 8,191 362 24, 245 1-pound tall...... 163, 462 71, 926 240,573 | 162, 457 1,090, 431 Notaleeenseeee 166,198 | 75,779 261,909 | 193,231 | 218,958 | 1,197,406 Chum, or keta: 4-pound flat...... 2, 705 ERI OR) | aaneagnee 1,423 26, 760 3, 559 35, 895 1-pound flat......]... eee SOLOW OsOUS et OL tila: spent acacd 2,530 2,996 14, 030 1-pound tall...... 661,838 | 287,314 722,692 | 877,457 |1,358, 405 | 5,045, 253 Total.........-| 664,633 | 290,918 724,115 | 906,747 |1,864,960 | 5,005,178 Humpback, or pink: 4-pound flat... 13, 712 20, 822 41,491 91, 403 63, 557 237, 413 1-pound flat......|.. feakaee & 3, 258 14, 796 6, 014 20,215 57,077 1-pound tall...... 1, 266, 426 |1,348, 801 1,681, 506 |2, 199,559 |2,355, 182 |11, 698, 817 Total: <0 tenes < 1,372, 881 1,737,793 |2, 296,976 |2, 438,954 |11, 988, 307 —————[[SS=S=||_ ———— King, or spring: ; Cigna fiateeeeee 5,151 1, 585 3,143 2,617 | 12,973 6, 000 33, 873 1 noind’ Hatieees | seseeee | so-so 4,804 3, 804 5, 138 5, 267 22, 763 1-pound tall...... 38,166 | 32,785! 40,092 50,452 | 43,845 | 37,959! 334,391 Total..........] 43,317] 34,370] 48,039 65,873 | 61,951 | 49,226} 391,027 oe oe Oo OSS OS EES ESE ————_—_—_— Red, or sockeye: d-pound flat...... 28,024 | 29,041 | 53,825 81,565 | 124,309} 137,008| 505, 805 1-pound flat...... 16,242 | 11,735| 64,671 ¥ 86,395 | 89,612 | 151,864] 533,366 1-pound tall...... 1, 856, 089 |1, 924,461 |2, 083,147 |1, 765,139 |1, 936,971 |2, 274, 460 |2, 244, 865 |14, 085, 132 1}-pound nomi- NAlgs. abe eset lhaloeceeetlecalecctealbeckoceccn|> epevellleestssacteee| sce cetiencs |e aemercemmt 2, 293 2-pound nominals|..........|......- a -\A5e veceth secesacess 6,006 tls te peecen|secicemeee 6, 006 Totalusense sss! 1,900, 355 |1,965, 237 |2, 201, 643 |1, 932,312 |2, 110,937 |2, 488,381 |2, 533, 737 |15, 182, 602 Grand total....|4, 054, 641 |3, 739,185 |4,056,653 |4,500, 293 |4,900, 627 |5,947, 286 |6, 605, 835 |33, 804, 520 AVERAGE ANNUAL PRICE PER CASE OF Forty-Eiaut 1-PouND CANS OF ALASKA Satmon, 1908 Tro 1918.5 Product. 1908 | 1909 | 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 Coho, or silver......... $3.98 | $4.07 | $4.89 | $5.67 | $4.44 | $3.45 | $4.39 | $4.31 | $5.34 | $8.76 | $9.15 Chum, or keta......... 2.53 | 2.28] 3.04] 3.72] 2.87] 2.21] 3.37] 2.59] 3.34] 6.14 6. 27 Humpback, or pink...} 2.69] 2.40] 3.15| 3.94] 2.55] 2.58] 3.50] 2.78] 3.64) 6.44 6. 58 King, or spring........ 4.20| 4.32] 5.34] 6.48] 5.37] 4.04] 5.01] 4.63 | 5.36 | 10.40 9.85 Red, or sockeye....... 4.52] 4.53] 5.30] 6.33] 5.45| 4.54] 5.58] 5.82] 6.04] 9.48 9. 44 a The number of cases shown has been put upon the common basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans per case. ’ From “ Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1918,” p. 49, by Ward T. Bower. Appendix VII, Re- port, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1918, Washington, 1919. ; PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. EYE Pack or CANNED SALMON IN BritisH CotumMBIA SINCE THE INCEPTION OF THE INDUSTRY, BY WATERS. 5 Fraser Skeena Rivers Naas Outlying Year. ats “| River. River. Inlet. River. districts. Total. Cases. Cases. 2 7, 247 5 58, 387 : ae 9 , 9 61, 849 11 5, 500 169, 576 16 4, 600 240; 461 20 6, 400 163, 438 14 7,000 123) 706 9 6, 000 108, 517 16 1,200 152) 964 20 , , 21 5,000 184) 040 28 7, 162 417, 211 33 17, 060 411, 257 38 11,907 314, 511 36 18, 425 248, 721 44 25, 848 610, 202 42 7, 500 492) 232 49 6, 300 587, 692 56 22) 453 617, 782 65 26,007 | 1,027,183 67 22, 862 492,551 68 29; 691 765, 519 69 45, 349 606, 78 656 | 1,247,212 69 50) 518 627) 161 61 56, 390 473, 674 51 68” 745 465, 894 64 60,392 | 1,167, 460 59 71, 142 629, 460 42 99° 192 547, 459 50 122/330 542’ 689 86 127,974 967,920 58 147° 900 762; 201 59 226) 461 948, 965 57 359, 538 996, 576 78 336,268 | 1,353,901 63 341,073 | 1, 111, 089 63 313,804 | 1,133,381 73 453, 398 995, 066 90 672,481 | 1,557, 485 83 788,875 | 1,616, 157 74 657,682 | 1,393, 156 Ms tid > 2) sac kop oes 12,119,948 | 5,367,525 | 2,550,675 | 1,440,047 | 5,275,373 | 26,753,563 NumpBer oF SALMON CANNERIES OPERATED IN VARIOUS SECTIONS oF BRITISH CoLuMBIA IN RECENT YEARS. Naas Skeena Rivers Outlying Year. River. River. Inlet. | districts. Total. ZB a 12 7 12 58 22 4 12 7 14 59 18 4 12 a 16 57 36 4 13 7 18 78 21 5 13 7 17 63 22 5 13 7 16 63 ZB 5 14 8 23 73 2 6 14 9 32 90 16 7 15 9 86 83 ll 7 16 9 82 74 172 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Pack, By Disrricrs AND SPECIES, OF CANNED SALMON IN British CoLUMBIA FROM 1903 @ Tro 1919. Districts and species. 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Fraser River district: Cases. Cases. Cases Cases. Cases. Cases. ChUMS: | i ossec se cces eee sees bees: |) eee W066) « < .:-.- scjrcty woe ae eer eee a een el emia eee KSQN0S 5.2: 522 nck eee eee eee 25, 728 45, 667 30, 836 34, 413 35, 766 24,198 PINKS: hc once eae ae ee Ree ee ee ANOS Some eee eee eee ee Springs, red.) 2 12 2 eee eee eee Springs, white-c2. 22: se ue nao se eeeeaee Steelheads...: 253-225 2. comues auencueee Total so5 ost eek tee eae ace lene 289, 199 106, 440 206, 003 158, 718 Skeena River district: Chums: $2 2250222 roe gece aac Jo ee eee 5, 769 17,121 21,516 22,573 31, 457 WONOS: = 2255 one eee eee ee wiesnaiee cee 32,190 47, 409 38, 456 38, 759 36, 559 PINKS <3. cp glee ns oe eee meeeree 107,578 73,029 148,319 161,727 117, 303 SGGKBY OS eit ch cee ee ou ceee eee 116, 553 60, 923 65, 760 123,322 184, 945 Springs, 16d... >. -osct aoe ee daceoees 15,069 18,372 13, 586 16,013 23, 285 Springs whites... .2- Pee sesso 204 2,561 6, 828 2, 656 Steelheads: 22552424785 eee. ceases 1,798 3, 743 4,994 2,672 Motels. sos sonteccc eee ae neers 279, 161, 223, 158 374, 216 398, 877 Rivers Inlet district: (O37 Uh Ree rse ey Se Re a 25 5,387 20,144 6,729 7,089 CONOS 2s. on csees cote eumaes oon toe ceeie 7,115 15,314 12,074 9,038 PUTIKS- one dee Sense soe wee eps aoseeo mee 2,964 38, 567 29, 542 6, 538 BOdKOVOS 0238-2 oinc Ponce or Seceanee wi 180, 350 44,936 53, 401 56, 258 Springs Ted. cos. ck Gace Monon settee 1,022 1,033 957 1, 201 NpNNES WL LO< 8s seer eae: SAS ee eee Oy Ae 389 452 241 Stoolheads: eo wc sa= - bate = oie 4 saan sees | Sse eee ee ese Ck eee mone se secce se eae Hach eae menee 2 LEO) nN Lea Sd ene sa 146, 838 85, 383 103, 155 80,367 Naas River district: Olin. 52 oer oc. 2. Pare eee caceeet ene 11,076 11, 200 40,368 24,041 OBOE: sere es cee eee ae tee peers 15,171 19,189 17,061 10, 900 TH eS i Sa tl ee RE TR de De 34,879 59, 593 59, 206 29,949 BOCKCVGSsec Se sete sae 39,349 31,411 21, 816 28, 259 Springs, red......... pe 3,053 3,061 2,332 2,993 Springs, white 648 784 1,820 581 (SAG Lato Fo sm a ana a ne OG wa Oe 113 1,498 1,305 789 CTE a enarips je ae eget aa, 104, 289 126, 686 143, 908 97,512 Outlying districts: RMU See ran o> ener tans cite memecne 41, 229 161, 552 341, 730 293, 730 CUNGS scant se ce coos sap eee eee ene 58,366 77,181 87,359 88, 630 Pinks: Seer SE ARE Rs SEO EY 93, 376 143, 615 258, 882 153, 486 POUKCVOSSamate ss sae ee aan ee saaecce 100, 750 50, 125 61,071 70,355 SPINES Tele. s SL ct eee aes 17, 202 17, 669 31,041 39, 554 Springs; whitesso- = 2 oo8 con. odes eee 1,986 2,544 7, 866 11, 225 Precihesds sss)... bees ae Je ee 985 712 926 702 MOGAL Sch ps veces Stace ete en ooo eee 313, 894 453, 398 672, 481 788, 875 657, 682 TOTAL BY SPECIES. CHENIGS.> adoseodsen -ncdte ace eee = ace ee ap 82,000 240, 201 475, 273 497, 615 372, 035 CONOR a Sat en see oe eee 146, 956 186,719 165, 309 199, 124 199, 993 PNR Bese ns ot oe 2) Sab eens ooceee ber. 367, 352 280, 644 496, 759 527,745 346, 639 Soikeyes; - Ae. ut Dee. Ses 476,042 214,789 339, 848 276, 459 369, 445 Springs Neds > assac2 scp tne eees dees ase 51, 734 51, 231 48, 630 65, 535 82, 256 Springa white: eer, Sete F 6,370 15, 495 27, 646 41, 819 18, 295 Steclhends: 5.2755: sk oe seas cess coeee 2,927 5, 986 4,020 |} 7, 860 4,493 Grand LOralt. ids 2sucececcseetseece 1, 133, 381 995,065 | 1,557,485 | 1,616,157 1,393, 156 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. hip MARKET PRICES FOR CANNED SALMON. The manner of fixing the selling price at which the canner is willing to dispose of his canned product varies slightly in certain regions. In May or June, when the spring-packing season has sufficiently advanced so that a line can be gotten on the probable pack of chi- nook, the highest priced of the pack, the Columbia River canners Sern upon a price, this usually being high or low, as the pack is small or large. Brae the Alaska Packers Association was formed, through a com- bination of a number of canneries operating in the Territory of Alaska, it has packed annually in recent years about one-fourth of the salmon canned. It also owns several canneries on Puget Sound, thus being quite a factor in that region also. In the early days of the association the custom grew up amongst the smaller packers of Alaska and Puget Sound of waiting until the association fixed the prices on its own pack, when the others would generally fall into line with the same prices for their packs. This custom is still in vogue. At no time We it ever been compulsory on the part of any packer to adopt the same prices as the association. In fact, it has sometimes been the case that, while the small packer publicly quoted the association’s opening prices, yet in secret he was shading it by 24 to 5 cents per dozen on certain grades. In recent years his has frequently been the case and the big packers, who adhered to the opening prices, have had to sit idly by and watch their small competitors underselling them and getting the bulk of the business until they had finally disposed of their goods, when, necessarily, they would have to drop out of the market until the next season. Occasionally the other packers do not like a certain quotation of the association and make one more nearly in consonance with their own views. This happened in 1913, when the association quoted 60 cents for chums, while the Puget Sound canners quoted 55 cents for this grade, and in 1915 when the association quoted 65 cents for chums and the Puget Sound interests 70 cents for the same grade, thus showing clearly the independence of the smaller packers. Owing to a peculiar feature of the salmon marketing business, more depends upon the opening prices than appears on the surface to the uninitiated. Shortly after the first of the year buyers throughout the world begin to take stock of their salmon supplies and shortly thereafter begin placing their “future” orders. These cover the quantity required of each grade, and when the buyer orders through a broker the orders are placed subject to a contract similar to the following: The undersigned hereby authorizes to book the number of cases of canned salmon specified below; said booking to be filed with packers for delivery from (naming year) pack, subject to buyers’ approval of opening prices when named; the option being granted buyers of confirming the total number of cases specified below; con- rming a smaller quantity, or declining any confirmation. furthermore agrees that buyers shall have the option of increasing quantities listed below, when he names opening prices for his packers, contingent upon his ability to secure at that time an increased allotment from his packers. In event secures an increased allotment from his packers insufficient to meet all increases requested by his patrons, he will distribute such increase as he can secure among the dealers who have filed conditional contracts with him, according to the date order that said contracts have been received in his office. 176 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Under this form of contract the packer is expected to be ready to fulfill the terms of same, except in case of a short pack, when the orders are generally prorated; i. e., all orders are proportionately reduced until they come within the compass of the pack. Should the buyer dislike the opening price he has the privilege of canceling the order. While this utter privilege may not, at first glance, look just to the packer, yet it 1s doubtful if any buyer would place a “future” order unless he was assured of a chance to cancel it should he feel that too high a sum was fixed in the opening prices. Some canneries contract to sell their entire output to one buyer, and the price fixed is usually the opening prices for the year in question. In such cases the buyer and seller are both compelled to abide by the price, no matter how unjust one or the other may consider it. The association does not announce its opening prices until late in August or early in September, when the greater part of the packing is over with and a good line on the total pack has been obtained, an it speaks well for the discernment of the officials of the association that their judgment as to prices should meet with the general approval as often as it does. AMERICAN OPENING PRICES, Below are shown the yearly opening prices on the various grades and sizes from 1890 to 1919. Tne most interesting part of this is the increase shown in the value of high-grade salmon. Columbia River chinook was quoted at $1.05 for 1-pound talls in 1897, and it gradually advances until in 1919 it is quoted at $3.15. Alaska red 1-pound talls in 1897 sold for 90 cents, the lowest during the period in question, advancing, with occasional recessions, until in 1919 it reached high-water mark of $3.25. In 1897 Puget Sound 1-pound tall sockeye sold for 80 cents, 10 cents below Alaska red. In 1898 it sold for 20 cents less than reds. In 1902 it sold for $1 as compared with 95 cents for Alaska red, and from that time on brought a higher price, being quoted at $3.15 in 1919 as compared with $2.35 for Alaska red. No sockeye 1-pound talls were packed in 1919. Medium red or coho does not figure in the opening prices until 1908, when Puget Sound coho sold for 5 cents a doaen more than Alaska coho. Very shortly thereafter, however, both were classed together and sold for the same price. This grade has not had the wide fluc- tuations of the others, due mainly to the generally small pack made annually. Pink salmon has been the football of the salmon market ever since the pack became of sufficient size to become a feature in it. The size of the pack has been steadily increasing, as the fish became better known, and while the price obtained has been excellent in certain years (in 1911 it sold at $1 per dozen, the highest point reached up to that time, usually the price has been low. In 1897 it was quoted at 65 cents. In 1915 the opening price was 75 cents, but as a matter of fact a large part of the pack really sold for 65 cents. The lowest point it reached was in 1903, when it was quoted at 50 cents a dozen. As a result of the demand created by the war pink salmon opened at 90 cents in 1916, $1.65 in 1917 and 1918, and $2.25 in 1919. The market collapsed under the last-named price, how- ever, and is now (1920) not more than one-half of it. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 177 It is only of recent years that chum salmon has become a factor in the market. Although sold for some time before then, chum salmon appears first in the regular opening prices in 1908, when it was quoted at 70 cents a dozen. In 1913 it was ee at 55 cents while the opening price in 1915 was 70 cents on Puget Sound and 65 cents at San Francisco. During the war the opening prices on chums were materially increased, being 85 cents in 1916, $1.60 in 1917, $1.75 in 1918, and $2.15 in 1919. As in the case of chums the market collapsed under the 1919 price, and some sales under $1 were made in 1920. The pack of Alaska and Puget Sound kings or springs has always been small, and while they have always been quoted at $1 per dozen or better (in 1919 they were quoted at $3.124) they have always been slow sellers. It is extremely improbable that the canned pack will increase much in the future, as this fish is the best for mild curing, and as the mild curers are able to offer better prices for the raw fish than the canneries, they will always get the fish when desired. AMERICAN OPENING Prices Per Dozen Cans SINCE 1890. 1890 to 1902. Year and species. Talls. | Year and species. Talls. | Year and species. Talls. ees ed ees 1890. 1895. 1899. Columbia Riverchinook | $1. 40 Columbia River chinook | $1.32} || Columbia Riverchinook] $1. 25 SS: a 1.20 BiSaks TAG 2.2 Ro Spee. 15157 |], \ipske red =<... en 1.10 ji) a <(@ |) Alnske pink..c- sesene =< . 80 Puget Sound sockeye...| 1.10 Alaska pink. ...0s-1,326 | 2,355] 1,055 | 17,184 otal." 5. 51,069 | 23, 467 | 32,887 | 1,244 249 |109,660 | 12,158 | 2,589 | 57,781 | 9,564 | 300, 668 | | | a The net weight of fish in a tierce is about 800 pounds. King almost exclusively. From most places the data are complete from the time of but from a few minor places the data are somewhat fragmentary. > Includes Fort Bragg, on Noyo River. chinook, or spring salmon were used the inception of the industry, YUKON TERRITORY, CANADA. Some salmon fishing is carried on in that section of the upper Yukon River which lies in Yukon Territory, Dominion of Canada. The species taken are principally king and dog, and these are sold mainly in a fresh condition. The following table shows the quantity taken and the value of same in certain years: Catcu or SaALmon in YUKON Terrirory, CANADA, IN SPECIFIED YEARS. Salmon, Salmon, Year. Year. Pounds. Value, Pounds. TRADE WITH OUTLYING POSSESSIONS. As a result of the war with Spain the United States in 1898 ac- quired possession of Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands, while in the same year Hawaii became a pee of this country at its own “in and in 1900 two islands of the Samoan Rae were acquired by a partition agreement with Great Britain and Germany. The trade with the Philippine Islands is shown to date in the tables 184 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. of exports and imports to foreign countries, but the trade with the other possessions has been eliminated from these tables and shown separately ever since their annexation to the United States. HAWAII. The islands constituting this Territory, owing to their reciprocity treaty with this country for a number of years before annexation, purchased their supplies of salmon from the United States almost exclusively. In recent years the Territory has imported the following quantities of salmon from the mainland: Canned salmon. All other Canned salmon. All other Year ending salmon, Year ending salmon, June 30— ; fresh or June 30— fresh or Pounds. Value. cured. Pounds. Value. cured. Value. Value. cy el es 2 1,126,217 | $80,286 | $64,232 || 1914.............- 1,418,941 | $97,532 (a) TOORE baad? 2B 3 965,029 | 89,025 671435 | OIL eee 2 4 eo 1,005,848 | 90,705 a 1900 Tse ths 2B 1,440,410 | 121,716 FE? A PT eee se ce 1,582,528 | 132,597 a AGI DIE: Peer cbs 1,381,398 | 113,526 DSTGAN || IOUT So se see ee 1, 463,729 | 145,531 a AOTIEG FB. tot 1,231, 264 | 119,872 WG:572 4101S cepessaceeen 1,168,528 | 174,777 a HOU pee ane 1,850,567 | 194,385 yee Sil 1): ee eS 979,895 | 159,577 C 1913%¢ 3 pa oS 1,841,874 | 173,202 (@) a4 Not shown separately. PORTO RICO. Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have been made to this island: Canned salmon. All other . Canned salmon, All other Year ending salmon, Year ending salmon, June 30— fresh or June 30— fresh or Pounds. Value. cured, Pounds. Value. cured. Value. Value. UU (ASRS eE ee sore 604, 627 $53, 916 $2,893 || 1914............-- 416,414 | $41,726 a 11D pO eater 512, 038 48,195 TRA a Noloee sce se tee os 588, 889 56, 527 a Ch ee a 381,171 | 34,777 8-810) | O16 seae kn wee eee 860,873 | 60, 453 a TIO b ae soe ese 511, 055 43,494 Gp-2A3 | OLEE coos ceiee as 881, 360 70, 427 a JOU soars coelencem 357, 382 30, 699 ope yl | MERE se oaasdadsdad 378, 266 52, 787 a iC) DES Re Feeeee 710, 721 65, 354 Tee TEE ER As panceecicee 468, 501 68, 532 a NSIS a eaasceeses 666, 602 66, 811 (2) a Not shown separately. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have been made to these islands: — Canned salmon. All other Canned salmon. All other Year ending salmon, Year ending salmon, June 30— fresh or June 30— fresh or Pounds. Value. cured. Pounds. Value. cured. Value Value 11 ee eee, Spee 1,126,470 | $74,792 Slat WLOLD Sc onc cece 4, 159, 580 | $288, 548 (a JOH AIT DE 5,425,404 | 396, 604 BOSON! 1916220. 2.822.005. 5,640,858 | 356,366 a AO ee «ey hanes 3,069,118 | 225,885 BURAD Mal Olibeccacse be. os 4,202,574 | 351,633 a 5 Lap aae i aes 5,096,810 | 422,001 PLES YS || Cs i i Spee 5,558, 796 | 618, 697 a) jb) be a 9 A ee | 10,122,820 | 590,128 (a) 1910F Fy. SHS 3,880,425 | 431,616 (a) Le Sea ee Be 5, 034, 252 266, 369 (a) a Not shown separately. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES, 185 ALASKA, It seems like “carrying coals to Newcastle” to ship canned salmon to Alaska, from which Territory more than half the canned salmon of the world is produced, and yet a small business is done each year in this line, most of the product going to the mining camps and towns somewhat removed from the fishing sections. The table below shows the shipments of such fish in recent years. After 1914 the shipments were lumped together with all other kinds of fish and thus prevented the listing of salmon separately. Canned salmon. All other || Canned salmon. All other Year ending salmon, Year ending salmon, June 30— fresh or June 30— fresh or Pounds. Value. cured. Pounds. Value. cured. Value. || Value. of 67, 132 $7,123 eS le | ao 2 a i eee 134,320 | $15,022 $4, 218 (a ee 67, 658 7, 204 3 6b8, || lle 32 es 43, 346 5,074 (a) 177 RCE eee 38, 265 4,513 1,061 | WOME LIT ess) 42,945 5,278 (a) @ Not shown separately. GUAM. Since annexation, this country and Japan have been competing for the trade of this island, which, in earlier years, Japan controlled quite largely. During the last two years shown in the statement, however, the United States has secured the advantage. The table below shows the extent of the trade, which is made up almost entirely of salted or pickled salmon, only 900 pounds of fresh salmon, valued at $92, having been shipped by this country to Guam in 1908. Since 1909 all the fishery products imported have been lumped under one head- ing and it has been impossible to distinguish the salmon from the other species. Pickled salmon. Pickled salmon. Year and country. we Year and country. aE er Pounds. | Value. Pounds. | Value. 1905. 1908. WMS BtAteS 2.00.2. deaee-e 1,415 $71 || United States................. 7, 406 $623 UEPMEE adn aeudaldbth dudvccanné 16, 526 WysaL WPORPAM.. atusadédetdoodos abscess 6,130 465 1907. 1909 Lei 7” ee 13, 604 1,086 || United States................< 10,779 740 SOOM etd d ccatdesdeadedbbecss 19, 862 Re ee eee 4, 295 344 TUTUILA, SAMOA. The customs statistics lump the imports of fish under one general heading, thus making it impossible to show separately the imports of salmon. FOREIGN TRADE IN SALMON. As we do not consume all of the salmon produced by our fisheries, it is necessary to find a foreign market for the surplus each season, but, as canned salmon bas become one of the staples of the world, there 186 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, is not much difficulty in this respect, especially since our only compet- itors are Canada, Siberia, and Japan. The two last named have not yet become important factors in the canned-salmon market, though they will as their fishing operations are extended. There is more competition in the pickled, fresh, and frozen markets, several Euro- pean and Asiatic countries being large producers of these goods, as is Canada also, for a considerable proportion of which she is com- pelled to find an outside market. The World War greatly disturbed the usual course of our foreign trade. Because of the need for foodstuffs a tremendous demand arose in Europe for our salmon, resulting in a decided increase in the quantities shipped there and, for a while, in a reduction of our exports in other directions. In time, however, the markets adjusted themselves to the changed conditions of trade. EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC CANNED SALMON. From the beginning of the industry a considerable proportion of the salmon canned has been exported, especially of the higher grades. In Europe the chief customer is Great Britain, followed closely in the closing years of the war by Italy. Great Britain does not, how- ever, consume this quantity, for a considerable part of her importa- tions are reexported. On the North American Pauiian and adja- cent islands the best customers are Mexico, Cuba, Panama, and the British West Indies, in the order named. The heavy shipments to Canada since 1916 are mainly in transit shipments to pens by Canadian steamship lines as our lines were overburdened with war shipments. In South America, Chile, Peru, Argentina, and Ecuador were the leading markets in 1918. In Asia, Hongkong and China import canned salmon, although neither buys great quantities. The islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans are large consumers. British Australasia took 7,811,387 pounds, valued at $1,407,561 in 1918, and other good customers were the British East Indies and British, French, and German Oceania. In Africa the British and Portuguese possessions are the largest importers. The movements of these products are naturally often influenced favorably or adversely as the tariffs of the various countries in which they are marketed are raised or lowered. Some countries maintain excessively high tariffs, among these being srazil, 30 cents per pound; Colombia, 84 cents; Mexico, 4 cents; Guatemala, 64 cents; Patera 7 cents; Uruguay, 6 cents; Austria- Hungary, 8 cents, and Germany, 7 cents. Norway levies 6 cents a pound duty, but this is undoubtedly to protect her own salmon industry. In but few of the tariff acts is canned salmon distinguished by name, being usually classed as ‘‘preserved fish,’ and as these are usually luxuries in many countries they bear an extra high duty as a result. In addition to these high duties in some countries, especially im South America, there are various other charges, fees, etc., which materially enhance the value of the goods before they reach the consumer. (©. H. Clarke, of the salmon brokerage firm of Kelley- Clarke Co., of Seattle, Wash., prepared and published a statement 4 @ Pacific Fisherman, Vol. 13, No. 5, p. 11, 1915. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 18% showing the comparative charges on 100 cases each of red Alaska and pink canned salmon from the time they leave Seattle up to the time they reach the hands of wholesalers in South America. This shows that the f. o. b. Seattle value of the red salmon was $500 and of the ink salmon $280. By the time these goods reached the hands of the io de Janeiro wholesalers the red salmon were worth $1,900.07, while the pink salmon were worth $1,677.87. At Montevideo, Uruguay, the red salmon were worth $1,436.01 and the pink salmon $1,213.81. The table is so interesting and instructive that it is reproduced entire herewith. COMPARATIVE CHARGES ON 100 Cases Eacu or RED ALASKA AND PINK CANNED SALMON FROM SEATTLE, WASH., TO HANDS OF WHOLESALERS IN SOUTH AMERICA. Argentina Brazil Chile Ecuador (Buenos Aires). | (Rio de Janeiro). (Valparaiso). (Guayaquil) Red. Pink. Red. Pink. Red. | Pink. | Red. | Pink, F. o. b. Seattle value..........- $500.00 |$280.00 | $500.00 | $280.00 |$500.00 |$280.00 |$500.00 | $280.00 yy i ime | 5.00 5.00 5.00 PA BA eases Beemer | err accel bs ay. 3 ieht eee outa eee 104.75 | 104.75 114.50 114.50 45.00 45.00 | 45.00 45.00 Marine insurance, 5 per cent MIME tetany asec es ana aaa 6.10 3.90 6.20 4.00 5.50 3.25 5.50 3.25 SE TAING Aco ernweew ens eae 615.85 | 393.65 625.70 403.50 | 550.50 | 328.25 | 550.50 | 328.25 Consular feesin United States. 2.00 2.00 3.25 3.25 6.25 4.25 | 22.385 | 14.00 SPABLOINS GUGY cd vewvevccsas sense 519.56 | 519.56 | 1,138.78 | 1,138.78 | 160.46 | 160.46 | 345.37 234.37 1 OES as See eee 2.12 2.12 6.47 | TT, A PES: Reopen) (pea eagle [ope SAS (a TUE Storage in customhouse........ 2.41 2.41 33.90 | 33.90 5.35 DLB0) | Joven nce eye Handling in customhouse...... 7.24 CED. Sie SEES. |-eeeeeeeee 2.51 2iD1s |Goerawes lows v5 Stamps and entry blanks...... 1.49 LAG Peoas voc \eeeowen cae 1.43 1 eee ene epee a, a es CC ee eS Te a ae! oe Ee Td -10 | ¥10) |. ecues Calor totes ansee {aes Internal-revenue tax.... 2 ee ee a) Oe eee 7.77 GENT Ne caxbbsalizcccvanleateeeeclenee cue ifs qty) eee ee ee ee 3 PA Gea 57.20 DUC 20) |, ses vselsotcocdlawecceenss eee Customs brokerage. ........- : vty, Oe Se biuteiasesé 7.15 WWIBHessbeens is Seeeues Wharfage, lighterage, cartage... 7.64 | 7.64 26.90 26.90 3.65 3.65 | 19.30) 19.30 Value ex customhouse. ........ 1,171.05 | 948.85 | 1,900.07 | 1,677.87 | 736.30 | 513.05 | 937.52 | 706.92 aoe ae) | Paraguay Peru a Venezuela (Asuncion). (Callao). (Montevideo). (La Guayra). Red. | Pink.:'| Red. Pink. Red. Pink. Red. | Pink. F. o. b. Seattle value........... $500.00 |$280.00 |$500.00 | $280.00 | $500.00 | $280.00 |$500.00 | $280.00 SS Se ee eer 5.00 B00) 13.380. Sh ova- baa 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Freight idan. Mela a Sw enn Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. |) |__| | EUROPE Le fo Uti es ee Meee a eee eee 1, 115, 792 DST es See ee eee 366, 948 $29, 255 89,405 OS ee eee eee 3, 447, 022 377, 597 985, 582 fa Ee eet ee eS ee See ad cose oc See batterers 70, 560 6,059 190, 736 Iceland, and Faroe Islands 136 16 2, 820 ioe 2 ee ie 34,184 3,170 | 4,169, 250 Malta, Gozo, ete é 9,120 702 5, 520 Netherlands....... 21, 868 2,865 20, 450 MUEWAYs os ovnedaccwssxosscasae 41, 280 4,383 54, 440 SECU U O at ipe aie C 20 2 60 EMRE TORNGRIG sere 3 ooo tse ata| ee ee owen fen eins o~ 2s sm 240 Serbia and Monten: gro........ 170 DY, |aeiln nS cmig a skate ccw ase slacieteneares hee come LoL a? See: See 4,995 382 37, 481 ly Se eee ere 60, 122 6, 666 14, 100 United Kingdom engine 655.546 26 2 2 92s 109, 039, 707 | 11,105,506 | 74,941,169 | 8,536,248 | 46,415,026 | 7,447,389 mag D ahtes ieide wa a ate ORS 1, 067 , 990 111, 381 1, 131, 832 139, 718 ee 129, 652 Re SEs ha pets esa ol Pec ca sew enen lds wasesm daca |akcaceckanns 220 NORTH AMERICA ES a ee eee 89, 599 8, 741 -93, 523 22,066 87,832 16, 028 British Honduras..........-.. 32,021 3,228 30,057 3, 072 25,178 3, 410 Canada. i ee Sigige 7,994, 185 677,655 | 9,158,079 838, 734 | 12,184,077 | 1,755,690 tral American States; Costa Rica 118, 002 8, 878 95, 435 8,065 10, 750 1, 643 Guatemala. . . 58, 528 4, 084 45, 484 4, 708 19, 026 2, 584 Honduras. 37, 695 3, 651 26, 168 3,080 10, 536 1,612 Nicaragua. i 36, 644 3,064 50, 719 6, 029 33, 421 5, 15 Panama... 633, 645 57, 042 454, 064 50, 793 306, 765 49, 031 Salvador 21, 404 1, 826 18, 368 2, 134 6,691 1, 144 Warigoiets: 4 Sica... 3.658. 1,611, 929 132,406 | 3,707,225 342,564 | 1,800,185 246, 830 Miquelon, Langley, etc........ 957 100 3, 026 377 60 8 Newfoundland and Labrador.. 700 37 2,640 Pod ee Py eek ed ee awe we tawe West Indies: British— Set a ee 60, 361 5, 767 73, 610 8, 643 97, 722 18, 121 Jaannloae. 05: 4-01 255. 228, 973 19,017 180, 965 18,347 86, 503 14,170 Trinidad and Tobago.. 267, 548 26, 060 134, 832 18, 230 372, 420 61, 443 Other British......... 75, 578 7,097 103, 004 12, 001 32, 116 5, 760 87,479 | 1,619, 236 149, 492 | 1,632,073 210, 167 1,063 34, 598 4,100 23, 629 4, 633 2,122 24, 673 2, 782 8, 370 1, 683 477 4,770 543 548 361 4, 297 486 1, 793 34y 7, 048 231, 413 22, 859 100, 417 14, 148 23, 429 191,618 19, 043 353, 103 61, 428 1, 466 rts | y 724 aoe 978 24, ie 3,921 64, 65 7 599 187,615 26, 24 192,581 | 1, 452, 155 121,019 | 2,304, 499 330, 244 11,514 126, 861 ae a a i 4 os 16, 009 276, 654 » 302 15, 4 ag 18, 249 196, 261 26, 637 151, 719 27, 749 237 | izeo| too} 20%500| stag A p 6, 560 82 523, 580 36, 361 434, 329 37,447 | 1, 150, 276 158, 794 WTUBUGY . 2. -cccraxasdancsandys 23, 464 1, S41 5, 258 590 6,630 1, 509 Wallentigla A 3555.32 aes 195, 618 16, 234 297, 125 28,158 181) 236 26, 834 ASIA, ren 27,716 SSL Jaeesgaateus PENTEL: 2,832 472 China..... a eee Whinledeaiersceenls eienwaewaen 42,017 5,177 68, 949 13,372 Japanese..........-... cad 96 16 192 32 144 30 SE aecelhs olldyeresdas was 1,632 172 2, 620 456 1,062 207 «* From Pacific Fisherman Yearbook ; June 30 of the year noted. J for 1919, p. 93. Customs returns are for the fiscal year ending 190 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Exports, By COUNTRIES RECEIVING, OF DomEsTIcC CANNED SALMON—Continued. DETAILS, 1916 TO 1918—Continued. 1916 1917 1918 Country receiving. SSS SSS Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. AsIA—continued. East Indies: British— British India.........-. 1, 117, 839 $91, 767 601, 935 $62,264 | 1,349,057 $222, 947 Straits Settlements....| 1,215,214 71, 585 106, 896 9, 081 232, 755 34, 468 Other British........- 166, 144 12, 787 101, 286 10, 355 41, 818 6,944 Dutch... Bes ee eee 727, 006 81,121 374, 832 42, 693 405, 326 66, 240 4, 712 615 6,816 1,340 240 69 47, 558 5,170 74, 585 9,570 86, 203 14,678 1,348 141 2,604 340 4, 590 883 24,960 1, 892 9, 600 UN eee aaa Briscicisainnas 48 AO ee wicinsk aes s||'scemecacichealtcsnecn cents | Comee eee 1,392 219 2,880 533 6, 048 1,012 OCEANIA. British: : , Australia and Tasmania...| 11,035,294 | 1,204,354 | 6,990,835 865,865 | 7,397,009 | 1,337,231 New Zealand.............. 216, 292 24,684 96, 912 10, 332 240, 240 45, 409 Other British. 252.25 bees 30, 878 2,923 141, 735 14,749 174, 138 24,921 Mrovidhi 22 33: Ase. eoe ees 290, 854 29, 201 248, 415 32, 643 186, 574 31, 160 German’ seo) ase 448, 860 29, 434 357, 386 37, 172 285, 605 39, 071 Philippine Islands............ 5, 640, 858 356,366 | 4,202, 574 351,633 | 5,558, 796 618, 697 AFRICA, British Africa: WV OSE. = cess toe cecs oe bene 100, 310 7, 860 613, 545 62, 925 480, 414 72, 960 Sonth:-. 4 Sees: Sa: 620, 555 56,255] 1,421,021 157,853 | 1,293,714 161, 423 PGASL o.oo co tet cca ae eS oe oa eaters ces wee 25, 608 2, 543 57, 275 8, 938 Boeleian Congo ls) Ae... i Seth. 2 ae PAG ee eee, 1,750 331 2,293 463 Cartary Islands=:: 032... 2s. 10, 480 1,071 7, 200 432 836 ; 115 Mpg ni cena RON AL oo. : 2 aRN 105, 800 OQ: Soa b esas. MIE Oe eae 261, 673 42, 335 Branch (Africa 25! 9.22 2. Se Gee a5 Sas eee eene See 2, 250 235 20, 268 4,255 Maan AtTiCA ee. co. 2. bots 110 WO | acdc See. ose amtel Serene eee elles tees 10h 107s a SS eee 3, 624 366 2, 810 258 9, 448 1, 499 Portuguese Africa............. 37, 508 3, 231 138, 580 13, 291 52, 298 7, 207 Spanish Africa............-..- 9, 700 911 138, 580 13, 291 8, 845 1,175 Dotal’. tee sae. Jo eek 152,943,962 | 15,032,497 |117, 962, 807 | 12,963, 425 |110,060, 480 | 16,570,834 RECAPITULATION. f Binrope. .. ciate sh sok ee. 114, 163, 722 | 11,648,003 | 82,758,877 | 9,390,858 | 70,092,226 | 10,692, 246 North America.............--- 12,322,259 | 1,056,904 | 16,196,177 | 1,565,409 | 16, 840, 112 2, 413, 649 South America. ............02 4, 563, 993 332,024 | 3,314,969 305,964 | 4,899, 692 706, 757 US Pa Eee eee eee 3, 336, 665 268,306 | 1,326,163 142,641 | 2,199,024 361, 322 Oceania: 2s diese eat. ob ae 17,659,036 | 1,646,962 | 12,037,857 | 1,312,394 | 13,842,362] 2,096, 439 TAG ec EE SR pe NG 898, 298 80, 298 2,328, 764 246, 159 2,187, 064 300, 371 In 1918 the practice of publishing customs figures for the calendar ear instead of the fiscal year, as had prevailed previously, was inaugurated. The following tables show the exports of canned salmon, by countries, for the calendar years 1918 and 1919: PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 191 Exports, BY COUNTRIES RECEIVING, OF CANNED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 AND 1919. 1919 Pounds. Austria-Hun: 157, 396 Azores, and Ma 8 Lo EG 2 2 2 RS See eS t S-eeaee e 5, 179, 022 [DS Pn as Ba ASAE A ee = a Re Sees eee nese 1, 082, 434 Thi ci ote pet SRE BERETS OL See 68, 000 _ LEE aT Be as See 15, 947, 105 2, 2 aja t Bee SER ete to i Be ORS Pe eae 833, 793 Gueeitar ae Se BRE SR oP Sa > Sak a 370, 890 oe ee gE ES Wk Es ES Pees (ae eet 2, 722, 686 ieeand, and Faroe Islands 12, 025 tic) bye Ae ee UES eae Sn ore ee bn ee 36, 925, 190 Malta, Gozo, etc... it 892 Netherlands..... 231, 710 Norway... 441,776 RR MIGAL: 3. = S032 200 Wumanig-s----=--.-- 9, 720 Russia in Europe........--..-.. 19, 500 Serbia, Montenegro, and Albania 480 Coin or see ia See eM Se eee Be ee ES Meee eee ae 79, 457 DET SRS ok Oh Saal) ES Sel 88, 012 PENEMEIRE DS eee oo DUS od Bread cols attwuntest dadbuwsecvosts 12, 184 SERUM i IGUIT IOs owen cement ne cuca wamemceteuyss fee SD ha eo Lite FEY he cea 100, 040 United Kingdom: MEER ETIRES rete a Seo sae sane aeaiae viaee eins nice | 43, 515, 880 6, 742, 494 66, 524, 438 PRUE MER on oe taki ne octane man axe eke 154, 495 22, 672 1, 460, 082 Sha al Sah 2 aR RS POSS Oo SS FO SS 1,320 286 1) 459; 360 NORTH AMERICA RpPIMAMRn ot Soe Oc aU sabe ee po en acs pledscedans 35, 144 6, 288 53, 429 MMAMPIONOULGS 4.6) $222. snetektussssun sddecedanen 8, 560 1,181 58, 194 “CHD Ga EE See ae ore are BO Fae 4, 077, 166 620, 195 9, 587, 861 Central American States Renate Ricci: Sekt ase tek Sete ae 5,310 818 98, 155 dbeind tae! <7. 2-154 MEA ch = sens & Udo olen 10, 492 1, 374 74, 407 UN TISEGGN SNE ts vio ee caaee hind nga chm en apna 3, 459 488 50, 936 RORRER Cee. 2 oo. oi tee. oe uk SO cc 11, 586 1, 866 125,179 it Ue eS eae ee a aan 172, 2% 30, 485 141, 733 CLUS 6 ae o™ Se Smee © pee Spa eee Sie eee 4,290 | 741 29, 783 RR pas a eae FS a See 347, 384 | 54, 709 4, 917, 900 Ce Eh TS ESS. | ae Fe See ee Pes Pe 3, 090 Newfoundland and Labrador........-.....-.--.-.-. ieraas sucess shaeweeheouce 108 West Indies: British— ORL Gn oa ppeee peepee ee Sn a ae Ee 33, 074 6,305 65, 114 MIURA Ay 50a 4a 4 2h ieee me caw cevees 77, 002 12, 225 367, 119 Pemidad and. LovaeOs 4. b's wands dec 0ud asics 153, 207 24, 923 143, 694 Mogtion Wribidlice....2 see. een chen cate ls ce: 10, 148 1, 983 37, 935 NE ORE: BIS PS BRD LaCe pee ets SOT Seer 428, 208 60, 432 1, 646, 913 Waomigican enn Des. 14 - 34 q-peppanasa cap seca 50, 887 7,973 "238, 502 io. SS et Oa ee ER aoe PS i ee 3, 206 70) 17, 678 i eke GER Ae Segre SS er Se oeage eee oe oe ; 184 24 10, 456 CO SA OAS te Bete! Ea ahd 1,036 190 6,199 Virgin Islands of United States................. fi 4, 221 22, 498 SOUTH AMERICA Pl al, S8) a eae oe 8 § eee ees 255, 950 51, 437 403, 019 GIRO HED siete o8 Bos Sg Paee SA IIs. agen ate ess fay 94, 076 8, 765 84, 559 PPRGREME og RUDWUE Pecle Meteo ee oo ean wo5 eee sateen ee 161, 529 21, 625 31, 113 Wiig e.. .aitat eo case - dgdeceesh cli -doaan te bi ced: 1,316, 148 195, 478 1,331, 484 SAMUI: nea tneder ccs aob dina as a> aha vets haomawee 31, 816 5, 493 275, 050 HGRMAOUT 2. itate. Bosses tS. 69. LS aes 40,358 5, 895 368, 939 Guiana: BY. oNiike Sate s Feed ad awd ee hn a tha els Baa 38, 595 7, 765 122,715 122 EEE Pee oe ee Pareto ane 13, 769 2,380 68, 581 PICMG... ccacwccssdecateusaran nese 2.50. - tals ee, &P rye 182,717 19, 787 261, 709 28, 682 pt ene ae See ee ee ee i ddlvdd vada 120, 140 9,045 176, 390 12,348 San Francisco................. 31, 687,774 | 3,277,841 | 38,844,912 | 3,600,636 | 35,321,058 | 4,209,914 BIROROEL . 65 00's cui waht ohh do a ale 624, 000 83} 000 124, 512 9,391 ” 671, 452 64, 517 Washington...........-0-00000 19, 821, 745 | 1,434,451 | 45,876,703 | 4,138,449 | 41,064,868 | 4, 183, 410 All other districts............. 215, 566 "118, 089 197, 716 14,061 634, 183 60, 663 4 Detailed statistics for 1900 to 1915, inclusive, may be found in “‘ Pacific Salmon Fisheries,” by John N, Cobb, Appendix III, Report U. 8. Commissioner o Fisheries, 1916, pp. 194-198. Washington, 1917, 11312°—21 13 194 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Exports, sy Customs Districts, oF CANNED SALMoN—Continued. DETAILS, 1916 TO 1918. Customs district from which exported. FOOr HIS 7.256 ete; cee Maine and New Hampshire. - Maryland Massachusetts........-...... Mobile jaeecattacacn nace eae Sabinee te eee een Bir Moye hk Se ee cee Orerons «2 eons san ceeee wee SaniKranciscos. siae.-< sebee Bit alo at oe Son ee eee Duluth and Superior........ Michipane: 2). ooccneeens oie Montana and Idaho....... Bis DAWIONCes.-5 = a5 jonas Wermont.. 2.-0- ss es ceeenen 1916 Pounds. Value 2,583,306 | $274, 432 517, 800 47, 603 1,314, 77 130, 701 24, 257,388 | 2,339,629 111,578 8, 680 9,813 578 2,589, 040 211, 848 4, 252 350 3,211 159 7, 635 851 1,125, 031 109, 238 4, 867 428 134, 358 10, 263 37, 922 3, 496 117, 715 8, 876 252, 826 16, 637 87,371 6, 319 7 15 657, 121 ‘60, 257 53,221,608 | 5,845,811 33, 455 2, 463 60,520,904 | 5,461,097 850 1, 949, 086 207, 808 3, 389, 969 283, 727 12, 000 1, 124 152, 943,962 | 15,032, 497 1917 Pounds. Value 156, 000 $37, 052 1, 186, 871 160, 399 1, 884, 672 168, 537 2,447, 156 279, 184 23,993,032 | 2,607, 602 2, 445, 373 237, 540 3, 060 384 5, 969, 268 551, 269 9,971 672 30, 096 3, 467 7, 055 686 8, 003, 488 967, 410 8, 244 1233 170, 372 15, 005 95, 077 7, 783 196, 331 15, 878 367, 324 33, 159 3, 094, 290 267, 489 137, 328 13, 959 303, 888 36, 105 32,390,693 | 3,910,592 35, 133 3, 758 30,549,747 | 3,034, 487 5, 437 722 66, 825 5,906 171 39 3, 354, 350 427, 810 987, 925 166, 323 100 28 63, 530 | 8,957 117, 962, 807 | 12, 963, 425 1918 Pounds. Value 96 $24 3, 336 621 1, 208, 142 149, 080 789, 629 159, 052 49,034,077 | 7,690, 025 302, 740 40, 431 6, 106 839 489, 242 82, 563 7, 262 1, 623 16, 457, 201 2,124, 530 6, 505 838 1, 720, 839 223, 676 5,411 1,325 97, 046 12, 228 105, 630 12,547 401, 640 47,445 5, 396, 783 691, 897 56, 044 8, 195 18, 278,622 | 3, 153,508 30, 009 4,327 13, 783, 070 1, 874, 726 250 25 2, 630 437 15 1 1, 814, 899 284, 746 1, 248 222 61, 990 5, 901 18 110, 060, 480 | 16,570, 834 In 1918 was inaugurated the practice of publishing customs figures for calendar years instead of, as previously, for the fiscal June 30. The following tables show the exports of canne customs districts for the calendar years 1918 and 1919: es ending salmon by Exports, By Oustoms Districts, oF CANNED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 AND 1919. Customs district from which exported. GODT EIA. ond osciece veces sew ove en ee ss bee ees totes eee Maine and New Hampshire... ......)... 522 ccencoe Marviand s+ 25.40 5. cee eee eee ae Massachusetts: «. onine0 ctig= cis aus nasat saonnsecapeeeee New York Galveston. . {90 f053.. es eee Mobile. 2... 2.4) 2) th GPE eee ees SADING «oxic ccessunncncucdase cals fame ceclleome ae eee 1918 517, 456 1919 Value. Pounds. Value. $25 | ove oe om naphe tel eee ee 24 130, 994 $27, 831 220, 669 2, 385, 585 411, 895 84,118 331, 296 58, 267 7, 500, 562 85, 463, 019 |. 13, 977, 432 42, 261 2, 593, 197 322, 858 394 7, 458 1, 262 44, 586 1, 203, 496 211, 701 171, 653 20, 673 1,942,094 | 11,156,255} 1, 357, 799 482, 945 1, 654, 115 219, 879 80, 586 10, 060, 979 1, 613, 503 833 16, 439 3, 354 4, 319 118, 946 17, 726 2, 891 320, 836 41, 491 7, 373 855, 588 116, 612 12 1, 594, 476 188, 038 7, 052 49, 232 7, 718 ia'ataleiaaieteia 244, 600 56, 680 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 195 Exports, BY Customs Districts, oF CANNED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 AND 1919—Continued. 1918 1919 Customs district from which exported. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. BIE ICIAC Es ok oo RS cesses 4, 490, 375 $749, 095 19, 596, 548 | $4, 359, 336 PoMINOMINOCINAS 2 a5. tne cedsaneeeec st ecoes i 34, 045 5, 159 125, 793 21, 856 “EST Ta 16, 422,108 | 1,764,105 | 27,911,740] 4,930,335 LEVEL LICU 2 22 Ba ad al pees Se 501 75 863, 795 140, 568 TP Sai a: a es C1 ee 2, 541 437 90, 206 19, 841 22 TL SAC TVE @S 5 Og ERE ISS Ose Oe EE ene See ea 13, 460 2, 996 COST Tae Se a a ei SCP Raters CES eee 1, 345, 300 200, 873 1, 057, 458 199, 096 Maran ane TASHO. ...2... 22s ecese ences ene ana sah ERP ROR EE A EO aerate 1, 527, 576 281, 707 TS ee ES tes Seis Ee eee 52, 800 8, 819 163, 063 26, 108 CTE Oe pp Ot a Se TEE ee Fee sce soc ated ae Sasoe nee 42, 869 8, 144 oa Sap ie bile Rieter dl 06 lox cS in ems | 91, 101, 734 | 13, 149, 307 | 169, 750,672 | 28, 644, 706 EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC FRESH AND CURED SALMON. The following’ table shows in summarized form the value of the exports of fresh and cured salmon, by countries to which exported, for the period 1900 to 1915, inclusive, and in detailed form for the years 1916 to 1919, inclusive. As with the canned salmon, the greater part of these exports go to European countries, Germany, under ordinary conditions, taking by far the largest quantity. A small portion of this is salmon caught in Atlantic waters. Exports, BY COUNTRIES RECEIVING, OF Domestic PICKLED, FRESH, ETC., SALMON. SUMMARY, FISCAL YEARS 1900 TO 1915.4 Country receiving. 1900 1901 1902 | 1903 1904 1905 BOE nixttanindicum eae oe $340,643 | $344,368 | $496,637 | $760,197 | $1,094,950 | $1,748,039 North America................ 87, 964 60, 416 132, 704 67, 225 | 36, 408 25, 809 Borat) AINIGNICE, .W....c0sic wees 1,702 901 3,063 1, 690 1, 822 3, 438 PLE) 4g eS awesk amo 3 3, 324 15, 037 25, 843 5, 393 1,382 30, 170 DATS an cd ast w am aeare's 101, 388 5, 982 35, 863 34, 835 28, 063 25,085 SE ae ees 255 24 325 | 12 864 1l4 —= — = ; — —_— — =: Country receiving 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 Lo IN BD) PORE TE 22k pee nee $1,776,086 | $1,794,885 | $1,587,535 | $1,225,948 | $1,468,015 BERT ATOMIC oe 2 5d dip vincisa donne nvecdl 36, 943 23, 204 27, 263 28, 383 _ 29, 688 eRe PACE eek se le oe nnn deep apawame 2, 600 2,351 517 1, 365 5, 242 MI Se 2 3 AD. na noboos ht 92, 861 19, 384 3, 962 3, 640 348 ON A eae aan Sane 18, 914 38, 721 28, 767 28, 935 28,079 PCS. 5 SAS Se ine ine ae 0 108: WS oss se ro'3 289 1, 268 Country receiving. 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Europe..... | Airs Ate ifhe rues cxwhesai’ $1,511,184 | $1,587,973 | $2,055,109 | $2,074,499 | $1,375, 123 North AMGPCS. ....00ssssbdeecnccesesscesa 24, 880 20, 350 34, 741 86, 087 20, 336 OUCH ATHOCTICNS, ....- Straits Settlements Other British-...- Dutch.......- JVM 22 Fo Bae oe an wie ede laden nie me no me aels wees aimee British: Merstinlig cs. cscees co coer ce ccc ore a sete eee eserh a iieia. 6 New Zealand.c3i2¢2 fini ac. Sea ns ae eee wee atintels \ CGTETIBN. aie Po eos wean hols cc ene pe wide e sta ne eee ee alate a 1917 1918 eee cn eee es eleecesecccece PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 197 Exports, py Countries RECEIVING, oF Domestic PICKLED, FrREsH, ETC., SALMON— Continued. DETAILS, FISCAL YEARS 1916 TO 1918—Continued. Country receiving. {1917 1918 AFRICA British Africa: MIOSE occas sccess boososeeesseass FOROS OSS (eerie es $376 $152 PTR ooo ns oh sas tce laa te eee ee wondvstwessestsase eG ESAS pee WNT yg RG th ee Beal oe Be eee) oe ee ee ee eee eee seas = LON is SS Bea ee eer Seer 479) | sccdeetaes s SST als Be eee ees Bae eae je |S a a ne eee MRL Yl (tor ane SS TEAS : Taco TL go eee ES Se ee eee 47 \AxeeeAE cuon.< LASTS CAS SIR hg RS De TOS ee ee pee aee aieea MN bop (1) Wl ieee ts Pa ln Potalites sao ssea sone aa sea catte ete ssasewssescceweswcaccecesss 492, 879 205, 446 RECAPITULATION WI Seen, ee ee SE Se! > ae eee eee 364, 098 134, 657 LESS Se Ee Se 2 See ee | ae ae eee 97,139 66, 089 South MN = AP grat cee Ag aan oh wee hen die BRE 4,051 1,692 Eigen OE ee ee SRT rere errr eee 333 895 ELD he eee ies Der oid ESR ee See ee eee 24,339 1,961 Re te ee te ee a of tent anita coer nao caswe seus ncecclc a3 2,919 Country receiving. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. EUROPE. oe eaOeTrS MRSC IS ARM eee won wale aon dw egndaclcsnvepnset as 2 $62 EU Se Sala toa ern Gwanwu dee ei dalawecenweccddel onsen tourna] peeas eeees 1 UTE oe op ga Ee > El a Ree A ee ears) bees ae ar 10, 044 466, 359 ecmany Bee bes oe ae ee ee eee Be ee eee Bes -* = Bape 2, es 41, 538 Ae nee ia aoe > Oiiihs dh o's a de a we dal denon de tlie web o'6'ox 00's bu Alem mind wodipci 1 Nether UT? og ya, BF ee Se a Bee Seer eee Saeed © ae eae 270 15, 995 oe Dee RRR Bev Se EEE 2 Pe PR aR Oe | mire Sinan naire ae see 2,514 123, 069 Er ioe s fcc as A CAA SR MOT oes c eae ias Lowes ves ae elncmn be its 1 PRI etre SSIs cae gee eevee ee ea aT ese sodeceppsaees hive anya ees) aabinnnr ieee 2,178 105, 010 ase Kingdom RT ETE Tee rererTTercerreeeeee rer eee | 419 $17, 800 2, 210 124, 152 Bou RAL Sa trae nee ren te Ws Ae theta sta Seca s See eewtd |seteraup ue caletestooead oe 101 2, 830 NORTH AMERICA MEME ee ve neti e ean eer aa Sena at Eb as bah a bb bah eels donee na oahnad Spades 37 662 mepitaeny eapictiieng@e sy. 23515. tee boi idse dil. cli ded psde ebeda lis .piotkaees 2 1 20 ER re a aed ee ee eee 66 1,300 272 5, 031 Central American States: REMEDY 6 oe S27 SS e Les st itass ties cusesebeek ele 43deh55« stivebpessc: 3 66 DRM Wao e eos. ys Sh ek. Sie Eee ce 138 5 199 oun Se SS re seen on ee 1 a) Pe Cem eme! Ps ecre RUMP RE ee het Lt Unt dbase onouces cope we ehiwaxwnele ceva fc -% > 3 59 Panama....... Soap ndeudessrsasveckbabe ees eawee us 31 817 28 846 RS ee EN eh oo ae bn awe benee 104 2 36 West Indies: British— ey pt a A a ee 7 176 301 11, 380 SITTIN oie Pom a oe LS cry nw oe eu pcm 1 17 18 Prhiided QnA POUSRO’ fos. ie eaie's occas ow owsee 6 115 659 18, 148 OCIre ATI ee Sn eased 3 59 9 17 452 31 1,008 18 SDO i eases aebseleoaete douse 54 1, 180 35 1, 004 2 13 213 2 46 19 547 * 497 20 652 weebenaawel aaa sapekawiGl 20 454 @ Included in ‘‘All others” in previous yeara, > Barrel A 200 pounds of fish, 198 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Exports, BY CouNTRIES RECEIVING, OF Domestic PIcKLED, FRESH, ETC., SALMON— ‘Continued. DOMESTIC PICKLED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 AND 1919—Continued. 1918 1919 Country receiving. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value, SOUTH AMERICA. Colombia. cca ccecccasncestesccssbesseeaeeeete coneeas 1 $20 2 $36 Guiana: British: 38, 520253. S42 se wc ctaa pees penaemomacieeee 14 369 10 270 Dutchess eos eae 5c tee eee 15 386 101 2,726 Mrenchisss os ete co rcenmocion s Ses ace eee eee eee 35 865 35 1, 186 IPOPthal': YR eens wor as ce idee maces UC Mee eee ee eid areca ae aeclindecteceieitete 3 72 Venema a reer ee eee oreo teeee oo een e 2 42 1 50 ASIA Ching 2c ab ees oo se cagabeee ee onan s oe bos aaaneneeaace 9 210 3 86 AAPA: 2 o5 Uae a nose sees eee ae sa eor dasa wos aoacmea tec accnis coca bedesicsoaeee 93 1, 864 OCEANIA British: AUStIAlia.. 2 c5- sceaccnees cubmes dee nse bcesibemiee cone: 1,058 23, 704 736 16, 292 New: Zealand. £1.2.0. 7s ee ee Ore ee eee ee ee ee a ane een eee eee Other British os) eye osks eek Sac ees see eee eee 2 35 3 70 Firench i222 2a sated cosaonecawes sores cae mee sen Sameue 44 937 29 692 CE Catal ie BEE So ae Chey cericeaoaste 14 Sona SdoosmacDeooss 75 1, 645 19 413 Philippine Islands: 3-2 4.5 ccsoks cis ameee sig seus cttecinnte me 3 vanusads stat |pacwowemenen AFRICA. British: SouthwA fricay« .& - <. ..3-..23 dasss25- 139, 606 | 73,927} 44,313 | 50,834] 50,521 | 46,167 33, 190 Northern border and Lake ports., 5,580 | 6, 705 5, 560 7,110 2,187 | 10,813 10, 440 | Customs district | | Customs district from which ex- 1913 1914 1915 || from which ex- 1913 1914 1915 ported. I ported. VS Re ee ea i “EE ee ee ee ee ee New York. ....../$2, 060,068 |$2, 067,366 |$1,377,840 San Francisco....| $26,080 $29, 880 $28,777 Os ae 20, 995 16, 932 6,630 | Allother districts 8,119 21, 418 9, 592 Puget Sound..... | 7,354 59, 713 2,020 || DETAILS, FISCAL YEARS 1916 TO 1918. Customs district from which exported. 1916 1917 1918 MAAS ENE INOW SLAIN PALNG ss. 45058. Vow. cuss bdes sade ch eonsdeccess ss $16 $22, 480 $37 CALC 5 ae Se ee ae ee nee ees, 8 See ear ere 2,925 14, 764 32, 002 MEN Bae ald ca Deere rir uderwwed SOTHO OU nA bx aeh ata etaaae ac x 732, 782 360, 348 106, 636 7 NS 5 Stnaven cers ccteO vse Upto, Oem podastediectecveu s 33, 648 23, 804 6, 907 Co IE a eee ct ese eS Ey eee 80 255 191 ERE lo oe owas 1d ames Js ices nctsent=thtesboan alos ; 1,155 4,779 19, 825 RRA en TE Ube bis cpwaa ovbue niPEULUE Joc awodpac dt andevede's's iJ 394 2,939 6, 450 PRE nde nal cxnw adi dacadenssonkueburdveaws eede 706 2,233 1,942 atl PORES gi 5 oda ew oss dnc cs ob oe'ch en cee onanaeh ans 13 42 251 EE ee eee aetna Ee a an caadug ae osvadecudaceddenpanseaktaes 7 8, 845 12,695 11,910 (UNAMAIEIEDA CUCL LI So chad ako laa bb h ae daw ad srndsect eames uecuddows doe 5, 567 49 PMA WIOHOD.o 0s SAE NOSE find Seva UES edie ele lcasaccccunetacedeuts - 1,300 7,167 1, 258 Vermont....... ehbidbanshteiaerbaitte bw aie tiaas rhnaal hw ieee ewam ene n a by 565 4, 433 174 Total is swouens ie PECTIN TOME Fest lie ccc aes tUib ee wae 790, 198 492, 879 205, 446 a A more detailed statement for 1900 to 1912 may be found in ‘‘ Pacific Salmon Fisheries,”’ by John N, Cobb, Appendix III, Report U, S, Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, pp. 202-203. Washington, 1917. 200 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Exports, By Customs Disticrs, or Domestic PickLep, FresH, ET¢., SALMON— Continued. DOMESTIC PICKLED SALMON, CALENDAR YEARS 1918 AND 1919. 1918 1919 Customs district from which exported. Barrels. Value Barrels. Value Maine and New Hampshire .............-..-....-...- Fe oo orararaniete| Sa eaten eta 120 $2, 220 Massachusetts . ci 5 tercoes ocec se tae a Sar cn Tae ee ee tae | Sore cronies oes oe | eee 2 65 Now YORK 2 Sect se ee oe 657 $23, 346 21,041 919,375 POPtOsRi00« - Soa ses Soc occ s Shen's ao ee ee ee 1 23) | cc wets(Gnlemertel esi eeeeeiets Philadolphias iis...) eed ee. ee SES ck es Se erdere oe 44 3,500 INGwWiOrleans =<. on odecec ne coche nee ane ~ ate a oe os 2 39 7 163 1 ETS Cee en eee teem merce Soles Nae 40 770 4 100 PAN VNTANGISCO. © os Lo. nn yo tence ee ee ee eee 1,185 26, 443 797 17,724 Southern California. O21 {03.)8. RiGee ere oe Ee 3 58 2 36 Washington... 2.832. 2. Fs ee eee 20 458 100 2,017 Dakota. :: fei oe BR CeBe Michioant GUC 00 Paseo SRE: £m ory eet. 3 53 4 168 Montanaiand Idaho. 3.102. besos seer ee eens eee. sane eteee nee 1 34 baa Wrence sa eee a te ees terete eee | 3 60 9 180 Total. 3 545-- 5639 hegek os hee eee pee eee | 1,922 51, 401 22, 256 947, 694 Exports, By COUNTRIES RECEIVING, OF ALL OTHER SALMON, CALENDAR YEAR 1919, Country receiving. Value. nS 12) (os Rb ha Dig eipalipetale BS Bh a ere apgecmtinr artes a4 $1, 230 Denmark. 2.55. .526.-- 75, 095 BYBUGCE. 54.0 cascode. sade screen acsase rere 6, 444 Iceland, and Faroe Islands.............- 200 Wwetherlands:<2= ¢ 2255s a eee eo ee 617 INGIWER Vote et Cece nse eae ere roe. 43, 840 SDAIN 2. a geek fees Oot BIS: ecece ase dak 16 SIOUCN vin fattest. ts ote See ne ee 2, 430 United Kingdom—England............. 251, 730 Lefaynta hits [Weep 0 eee ea Site ee a 25 RSAMIAOH. <2. foo. eb Soe bat Reece ccae ses 421, 498 RIUIMLOINAIA Fee ec oan oe eee Sea eee 96 PRONGUTES= $63... 22k apts =e ee eae cs 5 PICATA IAS 5. 0. odd o'c- soci s Bees axiemon eases 21 PANAMA. os oeke. ocho s ch eee de nse aosae 646 MalVARUS 5.2265 .cn cae ke ocr eae 26 MPGKICO Soa ares econ. Sobers ceemedae eet 13, 884 IBATWAGOS? J. 02288 oS: oc santo P oes aioss 4, 000 VAUISICH <2 eee cn otc ae eas on eee 108 Trinidad and) Dobago. - oss. ~.-2.2..-, 16 Other British West Indies.............-.. 15 bas. .22 Spee ee. soo P eee ee donee 1, 643 |) Dominican WRepublic...b a... ..2-.-sssee 25 Duteh West Imdies-: oF aac e 2 occ d ee 110 French West:Indies.. 2.) in. - cece ccceens 255 1 Re Fs ee ee ac eee eee. ae 38 Country receiving. Value. Virgin Islands of United States.......... $241 BOlLWISss cccdacn mate saocses eee eee 2 Brazil 2, 194 Chiles fH ARs eS 190 Colombia-ci.s.3 52s eee eee 182 Duteh Guiana: .:- 5.35. ac.6 50 cheese eee 238 French Guiana...) eiebhs nee eee 135 (POT oe oo heen eer eccee oat Dae 10 Venezuela... taccs-) sc se eee ee eee 49 Chinas. oo. ch Se be eee eee 286 British Straits Settlements.............. 29 Other British East Indies............... 3 Dutch Hast Indies: 2. 2-2. eee ee 749 Rrench= ast In0led eens: eee eee 5 JODBD co occeaeres rer cceer eee ener oateee 6, 214 IRvssig in -Asige> oo. SS. a aemens Seen 6 BLAME | ee ease ec an ae 3 ATS UPR Bence toner Dnicncey koe pene one eee 4, 840 Brench Oceania. a: socccnspceeosnees ae 134 GermaniOreania’s. oo ice..2-1 es cte oneness 36 lePhilippine islands...) -.o7enece eterna 1, 513 British West Africa ;...2 0.05 ssuesss ane 381 Mrench Agric... .. oce..-csenesceeeeetees 450 Motel >. <3 sis scce Cots pee ee eRe 842, 464 Exports, By Customs Districts, or ALL OrHER SALMON, CALENDAR YEAR 1919. Customs district. Value. Customs district. Value. Maine and New Hampshire............. $72, 305 |} Southern California. ...........-...---.- $315 Massathusettssi vise yi. oka 16; OSpa Washington y. 2.0.2. oS2u072. A eae 13, 861 INGW. VOM. isos ace ee eee Pee eee aes 218, 2045 IP Butielo:..-_. 5 cece asnces cope eee ae 5, 964 Philadelphia. 2) 2scssssece se esees see 44, 625i\\N Dakota... ....<2 5... cece su see Renee 4, 250 Onto NGO: A. ob Mw cake conndeeee anise 199 |} Duluth and Superior........:..-........ 44 1 Go bs Te Si a eds AE ee SS REL NA 4. || Wiichigan... 22.865. 0.2 5 2c eee 13, 591 MAW Onleans-s2 2h. 20S ne we eee 4,049 || Montana and Idaho...................-. 12, 283 BSMING 2 57.2: a~atees cto dee th econ Tee 29 IO)... 3 css Soc socie oe ae eee ee EERE ee 123 SATIRONG s 22 .< Secon Sein eno e see ene 65, || SiiWawrencs: 2.22. ..0-clescn eee aes 29, 252 1 Dil 2c CY ae ee Ve Re ee Pe ee a 5 || Vermiont.. do ocnccciccmaeaeeamemaeesis n= 2, 831 par ALONG! 22, cencweac sawmacseoeemens 13, 365 ISAS 2 oan. fs bea te ae eo eee se cet aeee 347, 068 Dotal...ccccsccesussmase eh nceeae wee 842, 464 San Nranciseo:. ..522.. 052-22 s- cesenseer 41, 046 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 201 IMPORTS OF FRESH SALMON. . For some years it was the custom of the canneries on Puget Sound, when fish were scarce on the American side and abundant on the Canadian side, to import fresh salmon to fill out the domestic supply and the Canadian canneries would do the same when the conditions were reversed. In 1904 the Canadian Government prohibited the export of fresh sockeye salmon to Puget Sound for packing purposes, and in 1910 an effort was made to have Congress retaliate by enacting a similar law for this side of the line, but the bill failed of passage. The table below shows the yearly imports of fresh salmon from British Columbia: Imports oF FRESH SALMON FROM BritTIsH COLUMBIA, CANADA, FOR A SERIES OF YEARS.@ Year. Pounds. | Value. Year. Pounds. | Value. | Year. | Pounds. | Value. 40,610 | $1,025 015 35 41, 0 2,346 198,251 | 10, 116 @ After 1909 all imports of fresh salmon are listed under ‘‘ Fish, fresh.” After 1911 the imports of fresh salmon from both coasts of Canada and from Newfoundland were lumped together, and are shown in the table below. Fully cialetarithe, if not more, of this salmon eame from the Province of British Columbia in Canada, and the Stead part of this was canned in the canneries on Puget Sound, ash. Fiscal year || Fiscal year Fiscal year ending Pounds. Value. ending Pounds. Value. ending Pounds. | Value. June 30— June 30— | June | | 1 a 1, 122, 286 | $114,123 || 1914....... 3, 262,828 | $245,791 || 1917....... 19, 769, 660 | $599, 442 Cr ae 1, 520,687 | 135,416 || 1915....... 10,676,296 | 383,697 || 1918....... 14,408,294 | 957, 169 ee 2,089,781 | 180,513 || 1916....... 24,026,481 | 501,115 ies. -3 15, 571,451 | 928, 552 ' The following table shows, by customs districts, the imports of fresh salmon during the calendar year 1918: Imports, By Customs Districts, or Fresh SALMON, CALENDAR YEAR 1918. Customs district. Pounds. Value. Customs district. ES —EEee | Maine and New Hampshire. 449, 244 Se TAN | DAKO 25s cnc apeceserendan Massachusetts 4, 318 || Duluth and Superior...... New York...... 12, 400 8, 636 || St. Lawrence.........- Philadelphia... a 1% Vatmtont. . coss.025050c8ee WOISEON . ese sanceeeEe 421,713 REID, os dns a dae cnaende veel iad ae 3 TOA avasavaapacees During the calendar year 1919, imports of fresh salmon amounted to 752,480 pounds, valued at $101,121, and during the calendar year 1920, to 676,359 pounds, valued at $125,863. 202 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. IMPORTS OF CURED SALMON. Below are shown the imports into this country of foreign-cured salmon, the product of the Pacific salmon fisheries, from 1886 to 1909, inclusive. Imports OF FOREIGN PICKLED Pacriric SALMon, 1886 Tro 1909.4 Year. Britis 1 Columbia. Pounds. | Value. 5,600 | $224 4 200 86,000 | 4,031 18, 200 860 600 36 200 5 5,478 291 149,410 | 17,592 6,550 250 6,530 474 6, 890 156 4145 188 15,875 | 1,554 161,549 | 11,756 282,210 | 23,319 282) 027 | 25, 584 35,475 | 1,730 6, 393 322 13, 230 631 30,710 | 1,523 Japan. Pounds. | Value. aan ol ee \eeeaeeal ile 600 | $41 He 606 | 28 360 18 1, 400 52 3,015 133 5, 510 175 680 31 4,185 174 3,537 148 Hongkong. Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. eT S0pu ieee $29 | 11,875. 600 1B i) sete ee ota Hct 30). | Seat) OC 870" Russia, Asiatic. Value. Total. Pounds. | Value. 5, 600 $224 200 4 86,000} 4,031 18, 200 860 600 36 200 5 5,478 291 162,485 | 17,919 7, 150 263 6, 530 474 6, 890 156 14, 045 456 b 16,032 | »1,560 163,158 | 11, 102 165,243 | 11,225 176,017 | 13,822 161,909 | 11,774 283,610 | 23,371 285,042 | 25,717 40,985 | 1,905 7, 073 353 17, 415 805 34,247 | 1,617 @ After 1909 all imports of salmon, pickled or salted, are included under “All other cured or preserved.” b Includes 157 pounds, valued at $6, from China. Since 1910 all imports of pickled salmon have been lumped together and it has been impossible to distinguish the imports of Pacific salmon from those imported from Atlantic districts. he table below shows the total imports, almost all of which comprise salmon from the Province of Fiscal year ending June 30— ritish Columbia in the Dominion of Canada. Fiscal Pounds. Value. | cade Pounds. } June 30— 695,878 | $62,769 || 1914...... 1, 114, 927 417,938 | 33,901 || 1915...... 1) 162) 341 344,530 | 28,650 || 1916...... 1) 0107 844 Fiscal Value. ss ao g | Pounds. | Value. June 30— $84, 503 || 1917...... 945,394 | $81,776 104,451 |} 1918...... 739, 759 74, 70,837 || 1919. ..... 859, 276 117, 352 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 203 EXPORTS OF CANADIAN CANNED SALMON, Exports oF CANNED SALMON FROM CanapbA, 1916-1919. [Fiscal year ended Mar. 31.] Destination. 1916 1917 1918 1919 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. LARISSUR 2 BaP ae ey ee are te oe ? 3,365,149 | 2,236,742 | 3,750,194 DS Ts pe i a eo a a a ee RE Na ie eimai tl UL eet apes Pe tee fe 2 1,642 Ui uit CRs ee ea er ere rk anc eee 10, 934 9, 132 25, 884 gel ee a eS ee a rere: eee er et Aone 9,600) |....0=4.seues 120, 000 LOST (on COO SS nS ES a OSE Ee 48) |i Sccceeece SERS hag Ye OEE SDM SS TS BE 101, 344 2, 400 55, 950 poral SUN shes (a WG cg (ot RS pe SS Ee eS i t-te Peneietes ae oo 48, 000 116, 112 Co) As eae Boose oe oh ce ee ee a ee 14,400.) -_. -.Seeee 614, 016 abies 25) 230) 8. oie tt 1, 440 101 2,540 iT SS SSE Ss, © eee a ed Es Pe een eee ee 1, 048, 800 Dutch East Indies 319, 344 47, 768 28, a0) 850, 400 736, 616 354, 196 5,521,100 | 13,529,569 | 2, 869, 658 14, 400 48° Oi Ssodst ce PERRO Sie A ORIR TIE OLE eta Ge acica son ce naw atin aalancem ome nsins|suasdacwe nea P1010 | a a PMOUPROBE 2:60 02532 Ssass doe ds ch lt wasaes anata secctaven 18.240 sd eke. 7, 300 15,550 TL aes. O15, CRS ih Ge Ss SSP RP ee ae eA eA 60 | 3,109,694 | 5,454,670 PROUT. Brat oe ann copidnak «mts stewe am oamec maa ee Se cael baces dst eh oul cee a ute 576 DIR aE 26 heer og a ae vole seb Lacakys «sate wae ee peeeereereen eee eee er pereeereen es 192 rere ONT rae o oe fie Ses. Gusset be a fas eces swrectlossetnbesecs 120 48, 000 CoA IAEA STs Lakh pa Ie Oe DIE ay ERG 7 1,338,050 | 1,339,282 | 1,689,652] 1,623, 496 YORE PACE UES RRL slate ala nh Iw mina inincamape | ahs anaes dagm [he chve'Sdpansts qaheaAe oan 36, 000 ther british Oeearilass. 3289 Oe ee | 91, 056 105, 360 6, 000 12, 000 Other British West Indies............... Bee Ay al AEA re Aes. Secloed nar obeeeee 8, 646 RUMEANEL. oe pudeeeat sta teat eden ame was «cos SRE RES wep abecae A100) Ihe Se ela |e ce ae ck Ra <2 tae OM a etc ar ptt tS a whew kok Ga dees tthe mals oie ai Pt Un | Ses [ee Pereeste wit WUT sa ae Coe Senet none nue aeumeet Sela ccauccadlsabevare dunc|wasmeneeaaan 48, 600 CRE SS = SESE SRS ee eee ae en aa 14, 400 194 S48" |. Seer 24, 096 Gr 1OtrG Git MRICTIOION wo see nanos ccna de ees eeuecenecs 2,394 1,351 1, 869 4,784 ETERS OLUIOIU PES fo aos eS oo nk cau abedsakentien 2,064,736 | 1,060,018 292, 800 412, 810 BS PEOMAUE soccer coer dew dwoewesedeteotere settee j | Sl ee ae aes eee yates lau cous one RMIT LODE: 205, oe co cscs co dann oickdendacrs|seausswecscaleadiacaneeee|oncasaectune 240 Dilbert MSOOM. . occ c coed -occtnc bocce cescns= de cunpes| 90) 22D, ODE | 849772, 679'1 21, 117, 314 | 20,265, 108 mare Sentes). If Asse A i aa 18, 725 567, 758 893,639 | 1, 936, 753 CURES Sa ok Ree pte ta ie Mi Pe ete eee | 49, 142, 882 48, 332,127 | 43,777,154 | 47,813,697 SALMON CULTURE. The artificial culture of salmon on the Pacifie coast has developed into a large and constantly expanding industry. The United States Bureau of Fisheries operates a number of large and well-equipped hatcheries, while the State governments of California, Oregon, and Washington, the Dominion of Canada and the Province of British Columbia, and certain private companies have built and maintain a large number of hatcheries, some of these being among the largest in the world. OBTAINING THE SPAWNING FISH. The eggs used for artifical propagation are obtained from salmon taken on their way upstream to the natural spawning grounds. In order to arrest the ascent of the fish a rack 1s usually built across the stream. Where this is not feasible a trap is sometimes con- structed for the purpose of catching the fish. Sista the racks have slat traps attached in which some fish are caught. # Since this revision was completed there has appeared an excellent work on this subject, entitled “ Arti- ficial Propagation of the Salmons of the Pacific Coast,’’ revised and enlarged by Henry O'Malley. Appendix Il, Report, U, 8. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1919, 32 pp., 9 pls. Washington, 1920. 204 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. A number of methods have been employed for taking the fish as they are eronned below the rack and seeking for an opening, but the most practicable has been found to be by means of drag or haul selnes swept across the area just below the rack. When the pocket or bunt is brought close to shore the workmen pick out the ripe fish and turn the others back to remain until they reach this stage. The ripe fish are placed in pens or live boxes made for this purpose, the males and females being kept separate. These live boxes are usuall on the under side of a floating platform, and are accessible rss | hinged covers set in the plank flooring. Projecting beyond this platform is usually another, upon which the actual work of stripping the fish and caring for the pans is performed. At a few places where the fish are caught before they have reached the ripe stage, notably Karluk, the fish are placed in a pound or corral and held until they become ripe. This method is resorted to only in case of necessity. The surest sign of ripeness in a female is the separation of the eggs in the ovaries, but the experienced spawn taker can, from the general appearance of the fish, usually tell whether she is ripe or not, according to bower: % An interesting experiment was conducted at the Afognak station last season [1910] to determine the degree of ripeness producing the best quality of eggs. The loss on the lot taken from females which were dead ripe—eggs flowing very freely—was less than 1 per cent, while with another lot, where the females were ordinarily ripe upon testing in the usual manner, the loss was about 5 per cent. This shows the need of caution in having fish fully ripe before stripping, if the highest degree of efficiency is to be expected. TAKING THE EGGS. As the eggs of the females confined in pens are likely to be injured within the fish, stripping is usually done every day. When ready for spawn taking, one man lifts a female from the live box by means of a small dip net, while another man lifts out a male in the same manner. They are held suspended in the net until their violent struggles are over, when it is easy to handle them. For many years, and even yet at many hatcheries, the method of taking salmon spawn has been by pressing the eggs out by steady downward pressure on the belly of thie fish. The milt from the male is obtained in the same way. Where the force is large and the fish rather small the quickest way is for one to hold the fish in one hand and press out the eggs or milt with the other. When the fish are large, or the working force is small, a strait-jacket is used. This is a sort of trough made about the average length of the salmon and hollowed out to fit its general shape. A permanent cleat is set across the lower end, while at the upper end is a strip with a buckle. The fish is slid into the trough, the tail going below the cleat, where it is securely held, and the head buckled in at the upper end with the strap. In this con- dition the fish is unable to do any harm by its struggles and the eggs can be pressed out at leisure. @ Fish Culture in Alaska, by Ward T. Bower. In Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1911, by B. W. Evermann. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 766, p. 70. Washington, 1912. U. S. B. F—Doc. 902. FIG. 40.—STRIPPING SALMON WITH AID OF STRAIT JACKET. UL VEE Nam bone: s*. — — ipl se Ne 7 a FIG, 41.—CHEHALIS HATCHERY, WASHINGTON FISH AND GAME COMMISSION, SHOWING RACKS TO PREVENT SALMON FROM GOING UPSTREAM, AND PEN FOR HOLDING SPAWNING FISH. ‘SGNOd SNIYVSY ONIMOHS 'NOISSINWOS AWYSD GNV HSIld NODSSYO SHL 4O AYSHOLVH NOW VS STTIASNNOG—Z?P ‘DIS Li da) kel ey an eee Ee oo EL on | PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 205 A more modern method in use at many hatcheries, which has been . well described by Mr. Bower,? is as follows: The long-followed process of taking Pacific salmon eggs by hand expression has been superseded in the last few years by the method of incision, a method discovered and developed by the late Cloudsley Rutter in connection with his study of the life history of the salmon of the Sacramento River. This consists simply of making a cut in the abdominal walls from the throat or near the pectoral fins to the vent, the fish just previously having been killed by a blow on the back of the head. When making the cut the knife is either shielded by a guard or is so held between the thumb and fore- finger as to allow not more than half an inch of the blade to project, thus precluding the ossibility of injuring any of the eggs. Immediately following the incision the eggs Row in a mass into the spawning pan beneath. The operator’s fingers are inserted into the abdominal cavity gently to assist in removing any eggs that may be enfolded in the organs or that may merely adhere to the walls of the cavity. Fertilization is accomplished in the usual manner. Care must be exercised not to tear loose from the ovaries any eggs that do not come freely when the organs are moved from side to side by the fingers. Eggs thus torn loose are immature, and if taken it becomes necessary to eliminate them subsequently in the hatchery. It is preferable also to have the fish either in a vertical position or with the head Le en sh higher than the tail, that gravity may assist the flow of eggs. It was at first thought necessary—and the practice still obtains at some stations— to bleed the fish either by cutting off the head or tail before making the incision. Experimentation, however, has conclusively demonstrated that no advantage results from this procedure, as the few drops of blood that may occasionally fall into a pan of eggs result in no harm. The extra labor involved in bleeding may therefore be i mo with entirely. yhen taken by the method of incision the eggs are of greatly improved quality; there is no straining or rupture of good eggs as is inevitably the result when heavy hand pressure is exerted: no unripe eggs are torn from the ovaries; and at the same time there is no waste of good eggs left enfolded in the organs, as is certain to be the case in stripping by hand. The improvement in quality is from 5 to 10 per cent and the saving in labor, too, is of noteworthy consideration. The taking of Pacific salmon eggs by incision marks so distinct an advance in fish culture that it is no longer permissible to continue the obsolete method of stripping by hand. FERTILIZING THE EGGS, > In impregnating the eggs the main object is to bring the milt and the eggs together as quickly as possible after they have left the fish. By some persons a little water is considered desirable to give greater activity to the milt, but if left more than a minute in the water there is a decided loss of fertilizing power. The eggs do not suffer so quickly from immersion in water. The absorbing property which they possess when they first leave the parent fish, and which attracts to the micropyle the spermatozoa, lasts several minutes, but it is not prudent to leave the eggs in the water a moment longer than is necessary before adding the milt. The addition of the water is not essential to a good impregnation; in some instances better results are secured without the use of water and, after all, if the main object is secured, of bringing the milt and the eggs together with the slightest possible delay after they leave the fish, it makes very little difference whether water 1s used or not. The milt retains its fertilizing power several days when kept from air and water, and impregnation can be effected between fishes widely separated by merely forwarding the milt properly sealed. At Baird impregnation by the dry method, which has always been followed there, has resulted in the fertilization of about 90 per cent of the eggs so treated. The Russian or dry method of impregnating eggs consists simply in taking both the eggs and the milt in a moist pan. It may be urged as an objection to this method that the eggs will be injured by striking against the pan, but it is a fact that although the same eggs would be destroyed by the concussion a week later, or even 24 hours later, they do not suffer in the least from it at the moment of extrusion from the fish. It was at one time considered an important question whether the eggs or milt should be taken first, but with the dry method it makes no difference, as, either way, both eggs and milt remain operative long enough for all practical purposes of impregnation. 2 Fish Culture in Alaska, by Ward T. Bower. Jn Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1911, by B. W. Evermann. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 766, pp. 80, 81. Washington, 1912. >A Manual of Fish-culture, Based on the Methods of the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, revised edition, pp. 10-12. Washington, 1900. 206 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Various methods of treating the eggs in the pan after impregnation has taken place have been tried. Some operators leave the eggs in the pans as first taken with the milt for two or three minutes and then add water, after which they are left to stand in the pan until they separate, when they are washed clean, taken to the hatching house, and placed in the troughs. Others pour the contents of the several pans— eggs, milt, and all—into a large can after the eggs become impregnated, and when the eggs separate the contents of the can are poured into the hatching troughs, trusting to the current in the troughs to wash the milt from the eggs. At Baird water is poured on the eggs a few moments after they become impregnated, after which they are left perfectly quiet until they separate, which, in water of the temperature of the McCloud River in September, 52° to 53°, takes about an hour. The pans, in the meanwhile, are put in a trough filled with river water to keep them from becoming too warm, After the eggs separate they are carefully washed and are carried in buckets to the hatching house, where they are measured and placed in the hatching trays. Mr. Bower? has the following to say as to the loss by concussion and the proper method of preventing same: Coincident with the absorptive period in salmon eggs is an adhesive stage varying with the temperature from one to two hours, when the eggs are exceedingly sensitive, This is the so-called period of water hardening. Under no circumstances should the eggs be handled during this stage, nor should they be subjected to the slightest. con- cussion. Repeated tests have demonstrated conclusively that even allowing the buckets containing the eggs to stand on the same platform where spawning operations are being carried on results in considerable loss. To guard against this, the buckets should either stand on the bottom of the stream or else on a platform in every way independent of and having absolutely no connec- tion with the main platform. To some this may seem like a small and irrelevant consideration, but strict observance is certain to reduce the loss by at least 2 or 3 per cent. During the process of water hardening the buckets should be partly submerged to properly regulate the temperature. Due caution must be observed not to move the eggs until water hardening is com- plete. After a little experience the operator can readily tell, upon carefully inserting the hand and finding the eggs free and hard and no longer soft and velvety, even toward the bottom of the bucket, that they may be moved to the hatchery without fear of loss. HATCHING APPARATUS AND METHODS.) The hatching apparatus generally employed on this coast is pretty much of the same pattern and is described as follows:“ The hatching apparatus generally employed on the Pacific coast in salmon propaga- tion consists of a combination of troughs and baskets. The troughs in common use are the so-called ‘‘ Williamson troughs,”’ which are 16 feet long, 12 or 16 inches wide, and 6} inches deep. The troughs are arranged in pairs, and usually two or three pairs are placed end to end on different levels. The fall of water in each trough is 14 inches. The troughs are divided by double partitions of wood or metal into com- partments just enough longer than the baskets to enable the latter to be raised and lowered and to be tilted slightly. The essential feature of these troughs is that at the lower end of each compartment a partition, extending entirely across the trough, reaches from the bottom almost to the top, and another similar partition at the upper end of the compartment reaches from the top almost to the bottom of the trough, each set of partitions being about an inch apart. The water is consequently forced to flow under the upper partition and over the lower partition, and to do this it must necessarily ascend through the tray of eggs. The troughs are provided with canvas covers stretched upon light frames and made sunlight proof by saturation with asphaltum varnish, and their interiors are thickly coated with asphaltum. The egg receptacles are wire trays or baskets about 12 inches wide, 24 inches long, and deep enough to project an inch or two above the water, which is 5 or 6 inches deep in the troughs in which they are placed. Into each of these baskets 2 gallons of salmon eggs, equivalent to about 30,000, are poured ata time. The eggs suffer no ¢ Fish Culture in Alaska, by Ward T. Bower. Jn Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1911, by B. W. Evermann. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 766, pp. 81, 82. Washington, 1912. b At some of the Alaska hatcheries quite large baskets, some holding as many as 103,000 red salmon eggs are used. ¢ A Manual of Fish-culture, Based on the Methods of the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, revised edition, pp. 12, 13. Washington, 1900, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 207 injury whatever from being packed together in this manner, the water being supplied in a way that forces it through the eggs, partially supporting and circulating through them. The meshes are too small to permit the eggs to pass through, although the fry are able to do so. The advantages of this apparatus and method are: (1) The top of the tray or basket is out of the water and always entirely dry; con- sequently in handling it the hands are kept dry. (2) By tilting one end of the tray up or down a little or by lifting it entirely and settling it gently back again in its place the bad eggs will be forced to the top; thusa feather is not required in picking over the eggs and the injuries very often inflicted with it are avoided. (3) The top of the tray being above water, the eggs can never run over the top nor escape in any way, which is a great advantage over the shallow form of tray. (4) There is economy of space; 30,000 to 40,000 eggs can be placed in each basket, rovided a sufficient quantity of water is available. Two troughs 16 feet long and 1 foot wide will by this method carry about 500,000 salmon eggs. The deep trays may be filled at least half full of eggs, and thus 10 times as many eggs can be hatched in the same space and with the same supply of water as by the old method. A good but gentle circulation is continually maintained through the eggs. (5) The deep-tray system is admirably adapted to getting rid of mud that has col- lected on the eggs, for all sediment accumulating about them can be easily removed by gently moving the tray up and down a few times in the water; but if the deposit of mud on the troughs becomes so excessive as to be unmanageable, a false bottom of wire cloth or perforated zinc can be placed in the troughs at a suitable distance above their real bottom, leaving a space of about 1 or 14 inches between the wire cloth and the trough bottom. By this means the mud that comes into the trough will sift down into the space below the wire cloth entirely out of the way of the fish, the movements of the fish themselves helping very much to produce this result. Should the accu- mulation of mud in the space below the false bottom of the trough become too great, it can easily be sluiced out in various ways. When seme salmon eggs are simply to be matured for shipment, hatching trays with one-fourth or one-fifth inch square mesh will answer the purpose, but when the eggs are to be hatched in them, every alternate strand of wire running lengthwise, or, better still, every second and third thread, should be left out in order to form an oblong mesh through which the newly hatched fry, after separating themselves from the unhatched eggs, can escape from the hatching trays into the trough below. At Baird eggs kept in water averaging about 54° F. hatch in 35 days. The allowance of 5 days’ difference in the time of hatching for each degree of change in the water temperature is approximately correct. For the first few days the eggs of the quinnat salmon are very hardy, and at this time they should be thoroughly picked over and the dead ones removed as far as possible before the delicate stage during the formation of the spinal column comes on, so that during that critical period they may be left in perfect quiet. As soon as the ae column and the head show plainly, the eggs are hardy enough to ship, but when ere is time enough it is better to wait a day or two until the eye-spot is distinctl visible, after which time the eggs will stand handling and may ts safely shipped if properly packed. HANDLING EGGS IN HATCHERY.¢ At some of the Bureau’s stations where salmon eggs are handled it was the custom until a few years ago to ‘‘bury”’ the eggs or leave them undisturbed (aside from picking once the day after spawning) for two or three weeks after putting them in the baskets, The result was that they were in some instances literally buried under and in such a mass of mud and sediment that many eggs were killed. Discontinuance of the prac- tice resulted in a very appreciable improvement. When the water is so turbid as to cause a heavy deposit of sediment, it is better to go over the eggs occasionally, even through the critical stages of development, or until the line of the fish is well formed. Of course the eggs must be handled with utmost caution at all times, but owing to their extreme sensitiveness during the two or three days following the closing of the blastopore and until a perceptible curve shows in the tail, they should be left entirely untouched. It soon becomes easy to determine the stage of an egg’s development by holding it up to the light between the thumb and forefinger. In the absence of cautious and skilled operatives and unless the water is roily for an extended period, it is undoubtedly better to let the eggs a Fish Culture in Alaska, by Ward T. Bower. Jn Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1911. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 766, pp. 81,82. Washington, 1912. 208 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. remain undisturbed until the curvature of the tail is visible to the unaided eye. The accumulation of a moderate coating of sediment which readily washes off is not injurious. In a few instances it has become necessary to handle the eggs during the tender stage to arrest the spread of fungus, but where the water supply is reasonably well adapted to fish-cultural purposes such a course is rarely if ever necessary. REMOVAL OF DEAD EGGS BY THE USE OF SALT SOLUTION. Among the most noteworthy advances in the fish-cultural methods during the last few years has been the use of salt as an aid in the removal of dead eggs. The develop- ment of this process has extended over a period of several years, but it is more during the last year or so through the efforts of L. E. Baldridge, of the Yes Bay station, that it has reached a high degree of efficiency. Compared with the time-honored process of picking by hand, there are marked advantages in using the salt solution, and chief among these is the great saving of labor. It is estimated that if the eggs happen to be of not more than mediocre quality it would take at least 20 pickers to remove as many dead eggs as could two men using the salt solution. Moreover, the operation is much more thoroughly performed in the latter process than is possible in picking by hand. Another advantage of using the solution is that it is possible thoroughly to clean the eggs. This greatly reduces any loss through contamination and infection resulting from the decomposition and fungous growths which inevitably follow the long-con- tinued presence of dead eggs that in the hand-picking method frequently escape attention. Even when utmost care is taken to pick out all dead eggs, fungoused masses will occasionally appear. This condition is rarely observed when the salt solution has been used, and it undoubtedly means that in the aggregate many eggs are saved. Still another point in favor of the solution, it is generally believed, is that it acts as a tonic or stimulant to the good eggs while at the same time as a deterrent to the growth of fungus. Again, in picking by hand there is apt to be loss by move- ment of the eggs during delicate stages of development; and the oft-repeated insertion of egg tweezers, which are bound to touch other eggs, undoubtedly at times results in injury. Recent experience has demonstrated that the solution may be applied effectively to eggs freshly taken as well as those in more advanced stages of development. The principle of the salt bath is simply that the specific gravity of the good eggs is greater than that of the bad eggs, hence upon being placed in the salt solution the good eggs sink and the bad remain afloat and are easily removed. It is vitally essen- tial to the success of the undertaking that the solution be of the proper strength, and it is for this reason that the beginner is apt to become discouraged. If the solution is too weak all the eggs, both good and bad, will sink, while if it is too strong all will remain afloat. The margin of the proper density is so narrow that in the operation it is necessary every few minutes to strengthen the solution by adding more salt or brine, otherwise the small amount of fresh water which adheres to a basket of eggs as it is lifted from the hatching trough into the solution will affect unfavorably the results when treating succeeding baskets. Experience and careful observation, however, will soon make it possible for the operator accurately to judge when to add a bit of the stock solution. It is a convenience, of course, to have a salinometer at hand when preparing the solution. _It is commonly the practice as an aid in preparing the solution to test it occasionally with a few eggs. Highly successful results in using the solution with red salmon eggs have been attained at the Yes Bay station, and a detailed description is accordingly given of the methods pursued at that place. The chief item of equipment consists of a water-tight wooden tank 4 feet long, 24 feet wide, and 10 inches deep for holding the solution in which the eggs are immersed. Before each basket is immersed it is necessary that the surface of the solution be perfectly quiet, for any ripple or current will tend to disturb the buoyant effect of the solution upon the eggs. ‘Therefore it was found of great convenience last winter to use a floating frame made of half-inch material 6 inches wide fastened together verti- cally and at right angles, thus forming apen squares about 6 inches either way. After each basket of eggs is lifted from the salt bath this frame is placed in the solution to stop all motion of the water, being pushed down untilit is almost submerged and held firmly against the side of the tank fora few seconds. Upon being carefully withdrawn the solution is quiet and the next basket of eggs may be immersed without further delay. eee piece of equipment is a feather fan with which gently to push the floating dead eggs away from over the submerged basketinto which the good eggs have settled. Unless the dead eggs are quickly moved they too willsink, A feather fan made by PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 209 fastening eagle feathers to a thin strip 8 inches long by 13 inches wide works much more satisfactorily for this purpose than a wing. An ordinary hand scaff net about 12 by 14 inches in size for removing dead eggs from the tank, a dipper, and a bucket complete the outfit. Wood and metal surfaces in all equipment should be well coated with asphaltum or some similar preparation. At Yes Bay as soon as five or ten million eggs are far enough advanced to stand light concussion the baskets are lifted out of the troughs and the eggs are stirred thoroughly with the hand, which causes practically all of the unfertile or empty eggs to turn white. As soon as the line of the fish shows Bialy when held up to the light and there is a distinct curvature to the tail, the eggs are sufficiently well advanced in development tostand stirring. After this process the baskets are returned to the troughs and allowed to remain three days, for when first turned the unfertile eggs are about as heavy as the good eggs and consequently would sink if the salt solution were applied at once. On the fourth day after stirring, everything being in readiness, five or six baskets are removed from a trough and set on top todrain. Aftera few momentsa basket is grasped at each end and is lowered into the tank containing the solution until the liquid comes through the eggs. A light shake is then given to level up the eggsin the basket. Next, slowly and very gently. the basket is lowered until the brine comes almost to its rim and is held perfectly still fora moment. All the eggs in the basket will rise, but soon the good eggs will begin to sink, and presently, ifit isa basket of poor eggs, the surface will be completely covered with bad eggs. Now, without the slightest jar, the basket is lowered far enough below the surface to permit an egg to float over the rim. The bad eggs will immediately start toward the edges of the tank. After a few seconds the basket is gently lowered untilit rests upon the bottom. The remaining dead eggs are then brushed away from over the basket by means of quick, short, and light strokes of the feather fan, long, sweeping strokes are to be Set, avoided. One end of the basket is then gently raised until it is above the surface of the brine and the basket is drawn toward the end of the tank and out from under the floating dead eggs. At the same time the fan is used with the other hand to aid in moving any of these floating eggs to one side. The fan is then dropped and the lower end of the basket is grasped and the whole is quickly raised out oF the solution. The basket is set at an angle on the tank for a moment to drain and is then carried to the hatching trough. The attendant lifts out another basket to drain along with the four or five others originally ees and returns to the tank of brine with the basket that has been draining the ongest. While this is being done the other operator skims the dead eggs off the surface of the brine and places the frame described above in the tank for a moment to stop all motion of the solution. After five or six baskets have been treated, any eggs that have settled to the bottom of the tank are removed, as they absorb and weaken the brine. It is necessary, as earlier mentioned, to add a little fresh brine after handling each basket. The eggs should be as clean as possible, as the solution will not be effective when it contains much sediment. A 1l-1nch hole with plug in one corner of the tank is con- venient for drawing off any deposit of this character. Should failure occur in treating a basket of eggs, as, for py Ps if by sudden jar they are all caused to sink, or if the brin e is too weak or too strong, the basket must be put back in the hatching trough, as it will not respond to treatment again the same day. At Yes Bay last winter a large portion of the 72,000,000 eggs were thoroughly cleaned up atone handling. Two men ran as many as 10,000,000 eggs through the salt bath in asingle day. Itis customary on the day after treating the eggs to have them gone over so that if any dead eggs remain they may be picked out by hand. This, however, requires very little time, as but few dead eggs are found. No alarm need be felt if the eggs seem to shrink as a result of the immersion, for they will soon resume their normal 81ze upon being replaced in fresh water. The use of the salt solution has been extended lately to the handling of lake trout eggs in Michigan and Minnesota, and there appears to be no reason why it is not equally well adapted to the eggs of other salmonoids. Certainly its many advantages com- mend further experimentation in this direction. The eggs of the salmon hatch very gradually at first, only a small proportion coming out the first day, but the number increases daily until the climax is reached, when large numbers of young burst their shells in a single day. As at this time the vast number of dis- carded shells are apt to clog up the guard screens at the outlets of the troughs, great care and vigilance is necessary to prevent this by thoroughly cleansing them frequently. 11312°—21——_14 210 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The hatched fish easily slip through the oblong mesh in the bottom of the trays into the space below. They should be assisted in doing | this by gently raismg and lowering the tray at intervals, care being taken not to raise them out of the water. After they are all hatched out and in the bottom of the troughs. about the only danger to guard against is that of suffocation. They frequently crowd together in heaps and dig down under one another until some of them die for want of running water, which is less than an inch away from them. The best remedy is to thin them out. John Pease Babcock, Assistant to the Commissioner of Fisheries of the Province of British Columbia, in 1910 advanced a novel sug- gestion that freshly fertilized eggs buried immediately under sand and gravel would produce strong healthy fry at less cost than under exist- ing hatching methods, and that fry so produced are stronger and more capable of resisting the attacks of their active enemies. The interesting account of his experiments is reproduced entire :? In writing of the propagation of salmon and trout, some authorities state that con- siderable loss is occasioned in natural propagation by many of the eggs becoming embedded in sand and gravel; that all the eggs so embedded are lost. Observation and experiment in the propagation of Pacific salmon and trout for a considerable period lead me to advance the theory that in natural propagation only those eggs which become embedded beneath several inches of an and gravel pro- duce alevins which live to attain the fry stage; and that those eggs which are not covered by several inches of sand and gravel are either consumed by active aquatic enemies or destroyed by vegetable molds, commonly termed “‘fungus.”’ My experiments have demonstrated that the burial of freshly fertilized eggs of the nerka and other Pacific salmon does not smother them; that eggs so treated not only live but hatch; and that if they are covered to a sufficient depth the alevins produced survive and possess the instinct and power to work their way gradually to the surface; that if buried beneath 5 or 6 inches of sand and gravel such eggs will hatch, and the young will work their way up through the sand and gravel to the surface, and that by the time they emerge, have absorbed their sacs and are then exempt from the attacks of vegetable molds. Eggs buried under 1 or 2 inches of sand and gravel produce alevins that work their way up to the surface before the sac is absorbed, and upon reaching the surface are subject to attack by vegetable molds, and a very large percentage are thus destroyed, as well as by the more developed forms of aquatic life. Eggs buried to a depth of 3 inches produce alevins that work their way to the surface so gradually that by the time they reach the surface their sacs are so nearly absorbed that many, but not all, resist the effects of fungus. Alevins from ges buried beneath less than 4 inches of sand are liable to reach the surface while the sac is so thinly covered that few, if any, survive the effects of fungous growth. The spawning beds of Pacific coast streams from California to Alaska (to which my observations have been confined), where the salmon spawn in numbers are, during and after the spawning period, covered with more or less vegetable molds. These molds are particularly common in the beds of streams where great numbers of salmon have spawned and died. Every experienced fish culturist knows that most waters carry great numbers of spores of fungi, and how difficult it is to prevent eggs and alevins from being attacked and injured by their growth. I believe that in natural propagation fungous growths destroy more salmon eggs and alevins than all other causes combined. The vegetable molds of Pacific streams are not active beneath the surface of the beds of streams. Salmon eggs cast therein, if even thinly covered with sand, are not injured by them. These molds do not affect the fry that have nearly or entirely absorbed their sacs, but they are deadly if permitted to attach themselves to either the eggs or the alevins. 4 Some Experiments in the Burial of Salmon Eggs—Suggesting a New Method of Hatching Salmon and Trout. By John Pease Babcock. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, 1910, pp. 393-395. Wash- ington, 1911. This method has been carried out on a considerable scale by A. Robertson, a Dominion of Canada hatchery superintendent located on the Fraser River, and the results published in ‘‘Hatching Salmon Fry in Gravel,” Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., Vol. 17, No. 6, June, 1919, p. 38, illus. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Git My experiments along this line lead me to express the opinion that by the burial of freshly fertilized salmon eggs under 6 or 7 inches of sand and gravel strong healthy fry can be produced at less cost than under existing hatching methods, and that fry so produced are stronger and more capable of resisting the attacks of their active enemies. I trust that this short statement of my experiments in the burial of salmon eggs may be deemed of sufficient economic importance to stimulate fish culturists generally in experimenting along similar lines. Those who do will perhaps experience some difficulty at first in the covering of a large number of eggs. Experimenters will find that after preparing suitable beds of sand and small gravel the eggs can be evenly laid and held until covered, if the surface of the bed is first thickly indented with cells a little deeper than the eggs. This can be readily accomplished by stamping the bed with a board covered with projections or pegs of suitable size. My experiments suggest that in the near future most of the buildings and hatching apparatus now used in the propagation of salmon and trout will be dispensed with; that after the eggs have been expressed and fertilized, instead of being placed in wire baskets in hatcheries, they will be buried beneath the sand and gravel of the beds of natural or prepared streams, and that with the exception of watchmen to protect them, little or no other labor will be required. FEEDING AND PLANTING THE FRY. For some time the fry remain at the bottom of the trough, but when the yolk sac is nearly absorbed they rise from the bottom and begin swimming. As a rule the fry are planted about the time the olk sac is absorbed, thus obviating the necessity for feeding them. ome experts advise planting young red salmon when the umbilical sac is about two-thirds absorbed, which is the time when the fish begin to swim up freely. With the temperatures prevailing at the Alaska hatcheries, this means that the fry must be held at least four or five weeks after hatching. PACKING EGGS FOR SHIPMENT, In packing salmon eggs for shipment it is the custom at the Bureau of Fisheries’ hatcheries to use a packing box made of one-half inch pine, 2 feet square and 1 foot deep.* At the bottom is placed a thick layer of moss, then a layer of mosquito netting, then a layer of eggs, then mosquito netting again, then successive layers of moss, netting, eggs, netting, and so on to the middle of the box. Here a firm wooden partition is fastened in and the packing renewed above in the same manner as below. The cover is then laid on the top, and when two boxes are ready they are placed in a wooden crate, made large enough to allow a space of 3 inches on all sides of the boxes. This space is filled with hay to protect the eggs against changes of temperature, and, the cover being hee on the eggs, they are ready to ship. In the middle of the crate an open space about 4 inches in depth is left, between the two boxes of eggs, for ice. As soon as the crates arrive at the railway station this space, as well as the top of the crate is filled in with ice. Recent experiments show that salmon eggs can be packed and safely transported to considerable distances when they are first taken. REARING SALMON FRY. For many years it was the custom to plant the fry as soon as they had absorbed the yolk sac, a period of about 30 days. Sain eeiul one ase sa ec) satoaedica-us|anaccumee 1892... AERO US Sy, OU tesco, ces ats ony elas conceal ease aces al denwoewecccs| sasae game ee ee Mee Ne 55 en ult ere Stans ahaa bcpse on|Neccested orale oes women OT EAST oy PRIS SERIE Fore BC SRT IRS BARBI FS Ties (1 0 i Ica ee Ua Ean 2S 1901....| 36,563,138} 1,668 | 20,047,935 |...........] 16,478,280 |........... BR ee Sep le ply Sects eal AL tl TIE EEE Oy RS Re A yA iy See SRE eae Bapebtees © Reco! Sen ranee bass 2c tae Segara tule MLL. oe~ 5. POR AOU lsc ecch cca saleecaceccsctals eos haaune 1904.... ye eS ET ee FL Ae oo] SR AR iat iat I ae Oa1 707 ‘13. *-s Sauee ee be ee eee een, cote eee Hone meee a ee ee eres see ee OUR Cee Sei fel ach bonnes 1906... 47,356,449} 300] 3,268,800 |........... 060)900))" 8. cco Saf)” AOS, 1G, OOO Ln ows a's Seen S455, OU lantcaenuaen| (Os) 20,; 000 Vecacdnsb ens 4,224,255 |.....-..0- 1908. ... G4; L0G G57 ln cscccwssn| (4,042,000 lo. ac ecccses $1020; 063 '!.7.. 5. oe 1909.... 5, CART OTS Wonc ene ons alll! 45 O00, 000) Inaensc stone TOSGO0't. GUS 1910... AD, Gs WON Vaan dence’ a Ol, DOO [asanec. =a S251 340"! 5. 38e0 cee 1911... 52, 900; WOOL ieee. 2%: | 18/485, 760 [cos ies ABOFIGO) I. eee 1912... 66,087,446 | 116,300} 4,684,950 |........... S45 2057460 1h Sete nes ws. 1 +212, 008, BEG |. = 25232 oes 79, 313, ee Be GD ee te 1914.. 133, 271,477 | 2,571,711 | 67,682, 576 |...........| 16,623, 984 |........... G0; 680 S14". eee 1915... 149, 666,221 | 9,875,745 | 92,926,831 |...........| 63,088,372 |........... Lp QOL FAO Cc cecceeee 1916.. 151, 649, 595 | 26,070,128 | 56,647 1,000,000 | 15,842,627 | 2,915,000 1917... 96, 975,725 581 828 7,014,580 | 4,953,000 | 7,449,030 22] 133; 102) 069 | 22) 3847 610 . pT ee eae 22? 1597 186 ' 47736000 1919....| 67,908,011 | 58,007,670 5,426,000 | 369,958 Total. /2, 438, 054, 687 |150, 527, 774 170, 499, 653 |15, 469, 988 12, 539, 140 216 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. DISTRIBUTION OF SALMON IN THE Paciric CoAsTaL STREAMS OF NortTH AMERICA, IN SPEcIFIED YEARS—Continued. Sockeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout. Total. Year. : Finger- Finger- : Finger- ngs, year- ngs, year- ngs, year Fry. lings, and Fry. lings, and Fry. ies and adults. adults. adults. eet By eae fe B20 NOOK eseteeue eee pea its SBO4000/| Soe. emcee Pec AU ree oe: DPA5OSN00 NI ce ceeeee ee ely en anaes 2/000; 000.\|-<2:2c2n sees Wes -A sid teins 25550! OOO | secetsbions = eR se eae D582, O20 arenes reese BRS AASS Se See 5, 376,500) |socccess secs Erreen eyes 47059;200) |saumeee ne lee 3 te RASS 4974; 790. |sec cosets cca Pate | Fe Goer 3:90: 750 teeseennenee 93 = CaP AN 600) 000). 2Saaete eee 1, 800, 000 1; 800; 0008/22 osenee uae 2, 625, 000 27775" 000) | S-beeePeeeee 4, 414, 000 4°614-000) |Seeueeen eee 5, 807, 000 8307000) | sae een Eee 4,419,000 |... 12/587: 0003 | Suen eee eee 6, 640, 000 |. WSSO0 475 ale eeeee eee 3, 603, 800 125872. 800)0|) eee eee 6, 000, 000 10, 299, 000 25,000 6, 274, 000 170907 950) |peeeeeeeeree 8, 504, 000 17, 565,406, owe soutecese 11, 681, 000 19, 049, 000 560, 000 15, 868, 000 41,556, 841 807, 150 18, 374, 440 SOOO) 672) loceeseeeeees 20, 916, 000 65; 250/070 bee meen ene 15, 761, 000 72, 731; 97 6y)|- mee cece 29, 590, 000 80: Bho Aaa Wpeo re ae 1Q00Is Bose seenseee eens Tp eh abla sabes ee 94, 699, 932 1, 668 TVA VC VAUS I Sep eta Sin GApr a beet 20 lass5elale cence eee SOVSOR TRON Cree seman 4,509, 641 37,033 | 213,939, 500 37, 033 ONMOTZ00 Ee ae eee ee ASODT SOO: | eens ote 260,864, 906i|pseseeee eee ITGGGS “200 lean ees SGp 167 balcee ee eee DOR 29 8 AAs |e meee DAPIAIR TEC O™ | Be Wiel a Oe 6,725, 965 24,383 | 458, 104, 140 147, 663 OOM TSEA DTN eee Sem eens BAG20FdbBt use tee cen ee - 412996, 988.i4-- +. oseere 30 SoerAn ss ese BAGSZ SOU vl oa. Senet tee 462,184,874 | 2,165,797 939 /2h lato ee oie SUT O3 77 8a| tess seeks 394, 097, 305 16,949 396, 215, 795 I 36854465 |e Senet oee 561, 668, 565 225 257, 463, 497 |. . 14,995, 717 419, 795, 138 11, 700 324, 325, 768 |... 12,710, 382 543,824,521 | 1, 699, 950 242,146, 069 |. -| 16, 654, 906 485,918,098) |aa0u-o-ceeee 261, 365, 781 11, 719,558 |.. 530,349,190 | 2,571, 711 198,910,010 | 8,369,830 | 22,942,900 535,401,818 | 18,245,575 256, 582,879 | 15,292,732 | 18,952,136 | 3,480,092 | 563,065,182 | 54,301, 664 215, 853, 504 | 12,305,953 | 15,241,720 | 1,887,950 | 376,986,109 | 60,381, 654 155, 043,461 | 12,705,285 | 18,480,440 | 3,520,420 | 466,502,407 | 53, 495, 130 62, 397, 320 | 14,299,960 | 17,755, 206 135,500 | 212,465,988 | 80, 624, 228 Total ws ssuseseess '3, 835, 069, 259 62,973, 760 |208, 128, 321 | 9, 263,168 |7,990, 416, 264 | 275, 093, 097 \ Output of United States Bureau of Fisheries hatcheries.—The next table shows by years and species the combined output of the various hatcheries of the United States Bureau of Fisheries on this coast. The greater part of the egg output was to various State hatcheries on the Pacific coast, more particularly those belonging to the State of California. The total figures show that since t a Bure began operations on this coast it has distributed 1,173,825,343 eggs, 2,063,076,832 fry, and 281,317,294 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 917 Ovureut or Paciric Coast SALMON HatTcHERIES OWNED BY THE U. S. BUREAU OF FIsHERIES, 1872 To 1919. ee ass ——S>4»> Chinook, king, or spring. : Coho, or silver. Finger- Finger- Year. lings, lings, Eggs. Fry. yearlings, Eggs. Fry. yearlings, and and adults adults = ) a ae eee | ee ay) pA BA Re aR | Pee peceeecc |. wc nnnnccnne|-oeeeenerecnnn|-onecennnns = 4,155,000 850, 000 6, 250, 000 1, 750, 000 5,065, 000 1,500, 0C0 4, 983, 000 2,000, 006 7,810,000 2,500, 000 4, 250, C00 2,300,000 3, 800, 000 2,000, 000 4,300, 000 3, 100, 000 ee ee eee” SL een. aad’ a 3,991, 750 12s BOR el ee ee eee 776, 125 3, 450, 000 6, 000, 000 2, 554,000 2,860,475 3, 688, COO 5, 678, 525 2,902, 000 1,647, 900 3, 530, 000 GOTO 1 Se ye dit cee Bl a , 7, 500, 000 74 077) a ae ied eenetals 280) 000 ||... 25.- See 3, 699, 000 PARE OO otros co cole Secu n aaa - 5 690, 000 560, 000 2,798, 500 3,547,850 BGT 160 oe oo cen we. 33) 3050555 aee| kee sane 18, 232, 590 @, 828, 005 || aee. te... 208187, |e. eee H 30, 605, 000 80,950, 698 |......s..... ese 58 dA [ak ieksndaenanclee wee ee 32,618, 000 D506. OG | Gamantees =o) eeek ba doe weal a0 ance ane aeeel wah mecca ee ; 7,411, 000 14, A87 204 || COS SHS SS ERIS ceca 146,829) [ote coe 11, 615, 036 7,987,107 D OO8) Settee cs wae B02 OAL ins cconceeee 4 19, 446, 410 DA CAL, GUS |dedaadssosss sek sedaccen B24 60) los no ee 16, 160,177 23, 845, 956 250 680, 800 SL SUF set conan 75, 217, 354 Gb. 006, O88 ilies. td~..-. see see. 2.556 §, 984; 6455). <1. cn 2 Bee 96, 055, 765 1 ne 107,000 9,321, 513 oc... bas 115, 648, 145 20, 797, 543 123,118 239, 180 6,445, 574 300 78, 587, 705 ih, G7, O02 | seas. =. 24 760, C00 3,680,952"), ......ceee 68, 520, 550 24,998,185 | 2,165,797 296, 000 13, 420,714 57, 932 38, 859, 265 20,177, 286 16, 949 272,000 ey 1 Ree ko | 38, 306, 709 15, 682, C64 225 275, COO 10; S88 025 |e weccw ea coe 37,314,514 16, 659, 684 211,700 | 2,391,900 G21 206 lo ck wie ae 36, 837,550 31,040,893 | 1,405, 860 52, 000 12,065, 824 Neu. 3... es 58, 296, 873 ps AE 2 ee ee 202, 000 US BGR, OGG ls cichdatss 0 SoBe 31, 032, 645 48,895,607 | 5,582,796 95, 840 24,619, 456 27,258 25,751,005 53,612,056 | 9,604,985 111, 200 24,018, 355 267, 662 20, 622,340 198, 8,124,334 1, 469, 507 7,191, 200 4,403, 700 4, 662, 960 18, 074, 900 280,300 | 10,504,115 12, 782, 500 7,544,020 1, 291,730 PENIEAA he ote ah mete 967,351.733 | 601,720,170 |167, 775.573 | 5,681,420 | 162,200,940 | 18,841,464 Chum, Humpback, or pink. Sockeye, red, or blueback. Finger- Finger- nthe Year. lings, lings, : lings, Fry. yearlings,| Eggs. Fry. yearlings, Eggs. Fry. yearlings, and and and adults. -| adults. adults. Se ope Pt Oe U7, OA ole sap arne RON ie 2,000| 969,990 |........... LS atAh veel 502,000 | 6,764,762 |........... ee Pe Pe | sane ee ee eee. oon AU MEO his a washes 100, C00 93), 408, 496 Stowe] sched AS Berea 1, 731, 740 |.....220...|e-c-ne-eeeee| 146,081,595 911, 650: | sdsnsaseaew 100,000 MDOADO bass ats. clecdasesde eed 100, 490; 900 Pate ee Bet 3,271, 740 | 2,566,325 |...........| 2,000,000 91, 422, 273 wtiLos Meals Wosbee ds 1,880 |...........| 2,000,000 78, 724, 900 pessadiens 13, 260,000 |37, 648, 422 4,355 | 6,020,000 53, 071,574 oateesecues 4 500, 000 | 7,153,500 119, 480 155,000 46,282, 691 Ne aa 1,000,060 7, 000; 000 | 6,106,400 | 2,915,000 | 3,100,000 90, 988, 566 Piges 4 7,014, 580 |...........| 165,000 | 7,499,030 | 2,000,000 84,152,825 | eee eles, ee 2,132,831 | 3,736,000 | 18,000,000 67,591, 200 12/705, 285 1919.....| 4,544,000 | 4,524,560 |10,062,000 | 5,426,500 369,958 101 981,000 48,393,000 | 25,959,960 Total. /117,403,481 12,539, 140 48,697,740 |71, 314,097 |14, 643,823 |136,311,000 1, 072, 544, 583 62,033, 411 2 Operations suspended from 1884 to 1888, both inclusive. 218 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Ourrut oF Pacrric Coast SALMON HATCHERIES OWNED BY THE U.S. BuREAU oF FisHERIES, 1872 ro 1919—Continued. ° Steelhead trout. Finger- Finger- Year. lings, aes Fry. yearlings, Eggs. Fry. yearlings, and an adults. adults. 3, 2, 3, 2, 3; 90 808,500) sae eaeeae ae 7,575,000 1,240,000 |cecov- esses 852, 500 332, 000 3, 699, 000 2,042, 500 892, 000 107, 808 ee es 2,973, 500 3, 655, 658 557, 150 2505000 1 See cteererters < 18, 282, 590 10, 883, 232) |5:. deena ss G50; 000) Sivcce cerctei ara 30, 665, 000 40,600,698 |... .hscecee 12,125 Heese ees 82,777, 000 9,378, 40) |ssccesscaecs 125,000 ee. See eee 7, 826, 000: 25,242,088 |. .ca.s..--00 65, 850 25,000 | 11,861,036 | 12,189,451 26, 668 130,250 || Sees ee eee 19,927,410 | 33,266,088 |............ 702, 700 285,848 | 17,320,977] 28,362,257 286, 098 93, 205 11,090 | 75,442,354 | 43,116, 435 11,090 587, 205 1] 2o5. oe eee 96, 627, 165 39, 298, 291 10,000 1, 834, 485 40,383 | 117,127,325 | 39,971,272 173,301 1;.190: 305} seenseende 79,597,705 | 81,229,404 |......---.-« 1; O80! 596 || 20. Seek le. 69,881,275 | 116,156,562] 2,223,729 1,670; 371 || Se SL ae 39,714,990 | 124,737,078 16,949 3, SLL, 228 i Sesoseensees 38,881,709 | 177,894,650 225 3, 826,490 joe crete. 40, 466, 414 128, 559, 119 211, 700 4,289, 415 294,090 | 43,066,290 | 144,769,730 | 1,699,950 4) 272,225 oka. sose ees 61,828,873 | 149,850,391 |.......---.. A; O22) 458\|| SORE Hi UE 51,137,485 | 176,930,232] 5,734,409 5,262,973 | 1,048,317 | . 41,394,205 | 171,834,282] 19,456,849 841,600 | 3,676,805 | 32,410,840 | 185,432,558 | 34,710,275 2,013,510 | 1,891,450] 12,428,800] 121,542,739 | 51,071,999 103,000 | 6,854,785 | 37,144,900 | 86,728,394 | 96,976,429 Boece sone 1,148,000 | 125,600, 500 66,296,522 | 67,382,358 Total sc. cessaee we 15.783, 450 | 37,769,726 | 15.607, 768 |1,173, 825,343 |2,062,952,997 | 281,441,179 a Operations suspended from 1884 to 1888, both inclusive. ACCLIMATIZING PACIFIC SALMON IN OTHER WATERS. For many years efforts have been made by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and various State fish commissions to introduce Pacific coast salmon in eastern waters. In the early history of fish culture chinook fry were planted in almost every imaginable stream along the Atlantic seaboard, in various streams in the Mississippi Valley, and also in tributaries of the Great Lakes. In most cases, owing to the unsuitability of the water, the experiment was doomed to failure from the start. In the case of a few streams where results might have been obtained, the plantings were at long intervals and the fish were too small to protect themselves, while no effort was made by the State authorities to protect them. The most successful results with plants of chinook salmon have been obtained in Lake Sunapee, N. H., where it is now a not uncom- mon thing for anglers to catch chinook with rod and reel. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 219 In 1912 about 10,000 chinook fingerlings from Columbia River eggs furnished by the United States Bureau of Fisheries were planted by the Massachusetts Fish Commission in Lake Quinsigamond, and during July, 1914, about 20 months after they were hatched, over 600 salmon, according to a member of the commission, were caught, ranging from 14 to 5 pounds each. Other plants have been made since in Lake Quinsigamond and other lakes and ponds, with fairly satisfactory results, and the ultimate outcome of the experiment is awaited with much interest. The most successful effort in this line was initiated by the United States Bureau of Fisheries in the fall of 1913, when it transferred from its hatcheries on the Pacific coast to those in Maine 13,240,000 humpback-salmon eggs. These were followed by a second shipment of 7,022,000 eggs in the fall of 1914, a third shipment of about 7,000,000 eggs in the fall of 1915, and others each year since. These eggs were hatched out and the fry planted in various selected New England streams where the conditions seemed favorable. arly in August, 1915, a female humpback salmon 224 inches long and weighing 4 pounds 3 ounces was taken at the Bangor water- works in the Penobscot River. Shortly after a male fish of about the same size was taken in thisriver at Orland Dam. A little later agents of the Bureau captured 20 alive near Bangor, and about 3,000 eggs were obtained and fertilized. In Dennys River, in Maine, during the period between August 15 and September 24, local fishermen caught a number. Since then they have been running regularly each season into certain of these streams. The chinook salmon has also been acclimatized in the waters of New Zealand. They were first introduced in 1900, and eggs were imported for six years in succession. A considerable annual run now enters those rivers in which the salmon were planted. In 1908 the United States Bureau of Fisheries initiated an effort to establish a run of sockeye salmon in Grandy Creek, a stream in the immediate vicinity of the Birdsview (Wash.) hatchery of the Bureau, and one which had not been visited by this species. The first fish, numbering 64,000, were planted in the creek in 1908. Four years afterwards, in September, 1912, the first sockeye salmon entered the hatchery trap in Grandy Creek, and from them 222,000 eggs were secured. In 1916 the water in the creek was too low to permit the ascent of salmon until September 26, when its level was slightly raised by local rains, and a few fish immediately entered it and were taken in the hatchery trap. The eggs secured from the small number available amounted to 24,500. The 1920 run is being awaited with much interest. In 1916 L. H. Darwin, commissioner of fish and game for the State of Washington, began an experiment looking to the stocking, with sockeye salmon, of the Samish River, a stream debouching in Puget Sound, and in which this species had not hitherto been found. The parent fish were obtained from traps and transported alive in crates to the Samish State hatchery, where they were held until ripe and then stripped and fertilized. After hatching, the fry were planted in the stream. A few returned in 1920. 220 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. CALIFORNIA. HISTORY. The first fish-cultural station on the Pacific coast was located on McCloud River, a stream of the Sierra Nevada Mountains emptying into Pit River, a tributary to the Sacramento, 323 miles nearly due north of San Francisco. The site on the west bank of the river, about 3 miles above the mouth, was chosen after investigation of a number of places on the Sacramento, by Livingston Stone, one of America’s pioneer fish culturists, and the station was named Baird, in honor of the then Commissioner of Fisheries, Prof. Spencer F. Baird. Although the season had nearly passed when the station was sufficiently advanced to handle eggs, 50,000 eggs were secured, and while 20,000 were lost, owing to the excessive heat, the remaining 30,000 were shipped east, all of which were eventually lost but 7,000 fry, which were planted in the Susquehanna River, in Pennsylvania. The main object of the hatchery the first few years was to secure eggs to ship to the East for the purpose of introducing Pacific salmon in the waters of that section. The commission early made an agree- ment with the State of California, however, under which the latter at first paid part of the expense, and the commission hatched and planted a portion of the take in the McCloud River. Later, part of the eggs were turned over to the State, which hatched and planted the salmon in local waters. In 1881 the station buildings were washed away in a freshet, but were immediately rebuilt. From 1884 to 1887, both inclusive, all operations were suspended. In 1889 a hatchery was established at Fort Gaston, on the Army reservation in the Hoopa Indian Reservation in Humboldt County, but it was not put into operation until 1890. As the reservation was abolished on July 1, 1892, the commission took complete charge of the plant, and in 1893 established a tributary station on Redwood Creek. The same year Korbel station was established about one- half mile above Korbel, on Mad River, in Humboldt County. Owing to the lack of money this station was closed in the fiscal year 1896, but was reopened during the fiscal year 1897. That same year the commission erected, on ground owned by the State, a hatchery at Battle Creek, in Tehama County, and also took charge of and operated the hatchery erected at this place by the State fish commission the previous year. Under the terms of an agreement the commission was to deliver to the State as many eyed spawn as the latter could hatch at Sisson, its own station. Owing to their inaccessibility, the Fort Gaston hatchery and its substations were abandoned in 1898. The same year an experi- mental station was established at Olema, Bear Valley, in Marin County, whence eggs were transferred from Baird station, hatched out here, and planted in Olema Creek in order to see if they could not uP domesticated here, where they had not been found pre- viously. During the fiscal year 1902 a substation was established on Mill Creek, a stream which has its source in the foothills of the Sierra Mountains, in the northeastern part of Tehama County, and empties into the Sacramento River from the east about a mile above the town of Tehama. The eggs are retained here until eyed and then shipped to other hatcheries. ‘"1SVOO DISIDVd SJHL NO NOILVILS AVYUNLINO-HSIS LSYI4d SHL **SITVO ‘dY¥!lva LV AYSHOLVH SSIYSHSIS JO NVSYNG SALVIS G3ALINN—ZLY Sls : - ar Ot a a a an “ea q. - ' /9 “ ” i libdiais ee "411VO ‘NOSSIS LV ‘NOISSINWOO 3WYS GNV HSI4 VINYOSINVS SZHL SO AYSAHOLVH VISVHS LNNOW—'8¢ “SIs W006 20G Se all dies oi PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 221 As stated above, the State aided the work of the United States Fish Commission in a financial way and also by hatching and dis- tributing the eggs turned over to its care. In 1885 the State legis- lature passed a bill authorizing the establishment of a hatchery of its own, and the same year such a station was built upon Hat Creek about 24 miles above its junction with Pitt River, a tributary of the Sacramento River. As the work of the first few seasons devel- oped that the location was unsuitable, the hatchery was removed in 1888 to Sisson, in Siskiyou County. It is now known as the Mount Shasta hatchery. The work of this hatchery was to handle the eggs turned over to it by the United States Fish Commission. It was almost doubled in size in 1917. In 1895 another hatchery was built by the State near the mouth of Battle Creek, a tributary of the Sacramento River. In 1896 and 1897 this hatchery was operated jointly by the State and the United States Fish Commission while awaiting the appropriation of money by the commission to purchase it from the State. In the fall of 1897 a hatchery was established by the State at Grizzly Bluff, on Price Creek, a tributary of Eel River, in Humboldt County, and in 1902 this hatchery made the first plant in the State of steelhead trout fry. In 1916 it was moved to a point on Eel River near Fort Seward. Santa Cruz County has had a hatchery at Brookdale for a number of years. In 1911 it was leased to the State and operated by the latter during the seasons of 1911 and 1912. In 1913 the State gave up the lease and entered into a contract to purchase the eggs pro- duced from this hatchery. The price agreed upon was that the State commission was to pay $1.50 per thousand for the eyed steel- head eggs, up to the number of 2,000,000, and $1 per thousand for all eggs oe 3,000,000, provided that the eggs were collected and eyed by a skilled fish culturist and would pass inspection before they were accepted. In 1916 the State leased the plant for a term of years. A hatchery was established by the United States Bureau of Fish- eries at Hornbrook, on Klamath River, in 1913. At first this hatch- | ery was devoted to rainbow-trout work, but later the collection and distribution of silver and chinook salmon was taken up. During the fall of 1911 the State established an experimental station at Sacramento in order to carry on a series of experiments to determine whether the eggs of the quinnat salmon could be success- fully hatched and the fry reared near the city of Sacramento. Of the fish hatched at this station 50,000 were marked. Nearly all of the fry that were liberated in the Sacramento River were floated in a screen cage by boat into the middle of the stream and there released. N. B. Scofield took 500 in a floating box down the river, where they were held and fed for several weeks in brackish and salt water. They were apparently not affected by the changes in the salinity of the water. Experiments were carried on until the summer of 1913, when Oy were abandoned due to the killing of the embryos by the min- eral substances in the water used at the station. During the fiscal year 1912 the Mill Creek hatchery of the United States Bureau of Fisheries was operated by the California Commission. Some years ago the town of Ukiah, Mendocino County, estab- lished a hatchery 1 mile from the town, and on Russian River. 9292 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. For some years it was operated as a trout station, but eventually became an important steelhead hatchery. It was not operated in 1913. In 1914 the State Fish Commission collected staotheddl eggs at the Eel River dam of the Snow Mountain Water & Power Co., and having secured permission from the town of Ukiah, hatched them out in its hatchery. As the Hornbrook hatchery on Klamath River was on private roperty, the United States Bureau of Fisheries in 1915 removed the uildings from the old location on the south side to property owned by the Government on the north side of the river. In 1915 new hatchery buildings were erected at the Mill Creek hatchery. OUTPUT. The following tables show separately the quantity of salmon eggs, fry, fingerlings, yearlings, and adults distributed by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and by the State since the inception of the work. The large quantity of eggs shown by the Bureau represents largely the eggs supplied to the State, which hatched and distributed them, and eggs sent to other States and to foreign countries. Ovureur or HatcHERIES IN CALIFORNIA OWNED BY THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Chinook. Silver. Fingerlings, Fingerlings, Fry. yearlings, Eggs. Fry. yearlings, and adults. and adults. 80,000: | Sie sse tees al a oo cs Sook online soemece@e | seas cwtene hae] Geena 400; 000 ase ce 282 e< R ech seek | all. RSS be Meet ie 155, 000 0800 ee ae ee A RGSS cOcred me sckicmonc ca 250, 000'|'' 1,'760):000:). tha Pas] AA ea ta es Sa eee ee eee 065,000.) 1,500,000 522-25. - close. cst eckeliy ee Nee eee 983: 000'| 9,000! 000 |! cate SUIN Sei SS SIS oe ee 810,000 |} 2 /500'000 4) 22% Fle S02 SS | eR. SF ere | erecta tate 25D; 000!) 12,800 0004) acu, Se alles ce bal ge ee {3 ¢ seeeeeet = B00;'000 |) 2000 000s eee tee 2] Ges ese eae nae eee ae lace ghaeelewtee 00,000 | 3,100,000 BOON TOO coe oo s.ccelie setae to Seok |S Sing > sovieretnr el ees aerate MAO SAL WRT ee el, SU he cent tage tale ela cee iat bite fete Stele 1500; O00 iJon eee selec ene met cd lije aia sores tas aera ete SA OOONS RE9.S Fe SER REE te RPG Se Siem aerate 126,000 os yedes - Nigdves esate sz. . See. Hoek Et eee B15 BOOS Aes occa conlocnas~soade. cle soa caecn act eee eee 19190; 100) Get. So IS/b. RE lh: JOS eee ETE 14 [ee ei el |S RS 280) 000)\|'. 52 Aeeeeee 500,000 |_....: a SOA! Hea 690, 000 560, 000 f TAB: TON Be tase 02i2'veiale cde ese 2] ak ee ee 190723 30) 22 DAE, Bee LSID HOM Mao WHO AT Oly! fe: cee 8 Seb enmeteccan- 298; 137) 153. nae 4998... va dadec cee epee eee 80, BOD OGG N 1G GSS BOON Fe sss he. bo. ieee snde|ce she esas eee mtn POU So) res na oa eee 7 BOB 00015 16)2 00 210) fo cco n ie ae. -| et acleinicnsace| oe ft he BeBe | eee eee 1 a pee BERR Di GISvOUO MB ADHD OHO Ve et kee lil cook SESE! Ss SEM Oe eee MOO ee oe ee oe 3, 934, 036 BORON eartae's ares llc «tek ca ehh cameras tee daeeet ts 1000.5 35. ER TENE Eee Ie B80 ATO) eet GO "2 Seto. so =| 2o- bance acta lene See oe ee ees jh ee ees eS ps fe PLDpQTE a RIL Ol egUOR 10S 232. E Lhe to ee So see hoc ae eee T9048 foo onc eeo ene te cue oes Ree 64; DUR SDA PerOUU BOO NS. oo sed oel oe nok eel ee Sapp ied Looe bear te 190802) 25013: AAS 1 OBsOZ5h Caimi ADO cOON oot sco h0 2) Ce ee eee ae =. Sai [7 Se eed i Se 107,905,945 | 3,496, 267 138] ca.cgeb cb Sg eee eo TR es BOO Taig TE PE ADE ERS eee | 73,376,315 1908 occ cecles: oa tac tees eee | 64,990, 550 TOOD Cc ceres ccc ca ens ae | 32, 278, 265 IGIOGS 2 ers ae | 30,539, 467 NOUN es. de gt Moe ate | 33/364, 514 TOUPLL YC. 2 5 ORR AS Pe | 20,697, 550 ISL oe. 2283. Od Aas ee | 17,092, 873 1Gttee ee -| 25,373,645 | 5,598,349] 3,8 95,840.| 2,536,460 |........-.-- MGI es 25a 268 - ..| 20,716,005 | 5,015,400) 8,086,139 |............ 971, 740 226, 162 foe eee 19, 622,340 | 9,940,950 | 11,938, 224 |............ 2, 169 O50R I I9.05.8. 2.2 tpt ses | 7,027,300 800,000 | 14,628,300 |.........--. 50, 000 11, 000 1:14, 421, 900". cass Bees 10,680 /400") ALS, |e eee ee | 11, 802;500"||.22 no aeeeee 10, 287,800; |... sba-2 ewe lb armen | eepeeeee os 25) oe 5 SE $25,864,901 |117, 457,334 | 59,479,992 | 2,485,740 7,012, 707 797, 162 a The calendar year was used up to 1889. b The hatchery was closed from 1884 to 1888. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. ~ 223 Ourrut or HATCHERIES IN CALIFORNIA OWNED BY THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF FIsHERIES—Continued. Steelhead trout. Total. Year ending June 30 —e | Fingerlings, Fingerlings, Eggs. Fry. yearlings, Eggs. Fry. yearlings, and adults. and adults. ae nr at ie Jess8esssss 28 > WwWNWNNhy er woe wee _ . eel S88 8 — PARAL 107,905, 945 | 73,376, 215 64)990, 550 | 82) 278) 265 | 30,539) 467 y 35, 654, 414 BS Sabine ch 20, 697, 550 | 17/192) 873 eee a eS bey. ck 4¥ds ld oko nk dat hbeeebadws nn] 25, 409,400 ; 20,716, 005 | 19; 622/340 7,027,300 | 850,000 | 14/639;300 Pe 7 aaa 10, 689, 400 RE ge Ron 9564 ool ove den ens eal ods cokae bet Ray reyen| 11, 802, 500 |............| 10, 287,800 2,175,808 | 332,000 ‘828, 710, 641 126, 645, 849 | 60, 609.154 @ The calendar year was used up to 1889. 6 The hatchery was closed from 1884 to 1888. _~.~ewe ewe - bO.01 00 tO STOO tO OR tO IDO — aay a koe _ cs —] = 00 wn = do S — U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, OvurrutT oF HATCHERIES OWNED BY THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. Year. Chinook. Total. Silver fry. oe Eggs Fry.a Eggs 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3 3, 435, 000 15, 283, 183 18, 123, 000 31, 476, 388 21, 234, 000 63, 632, 000 87, 000, 000 105, 815, 920 98) 469,745 29) 657, 263 18,909, 445 16, 277, 227 25, 290, 615 33, 313,150 | 1,417,000 | 8,582,500 |...........- 10,85007S8)|beenereese 5: 213; 170: ls sanaeaeaes rT ne 6, 690;420:| saz sesoseese 250,000 | 797,224,001 | 3,693,410 | 41,657,531 250, 000 Fry. 8 ST rr S2388se88 ee BEE EEE 332888 a ot i) By —) noe Rey = 43, 312) 650 24) 552, 908 13,552, 420 18, 922, 17, 098, 000 842, 574, 942 a The greater part of the output of chinook fry was from eggs supplied by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries hatcheries in California. b All were lost. DISTRIBUTION. The following table shows, by streams and species, the distribution in California of the salmon eggs, fry, fingerlings, yearlings, and adults, from the hatcheries of the United States Bureau of Fisheries and the State. This far from represents the work of the hatcheries, as large quantities of eggs were sent to other States and foreign countries. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 225 DIsTRIBUTION OF SALMON IN THE WATERS OF CALIFORNIA. ee Klamath River and tributaries. Redwood Creek and tributaries. Chinook. Silver. Silver. Year. Jer Yearli aie se Peis Jina ¥ eartlings 5 earlings| head fry. Fry. z ae Fry. and Fry. and , HES adults. adults. BA sas oo~ 3's GO; 900 | «oe farts eae al = anc coca c] eee es ece ss nnfumee ces clsic|wnnpileemnn|nicniemeae “A (i eae 30; OOD: | eee er eects so c[ece =< 5-08! 255000 (eos. 05 Jo ooereseeee | oceee Besse (te 127,600 |p ta nOON este ee tae ee 149:'500*|)_ 2. 2.5. |e. Soe sae pee: /- ae £37 200s 5 ee eee T70,D00i10. eos neces OTT ae ees he eee teppei et 300,000 | 160,000 |.........-.. 140,000 | 400,000 |.......... SET) Re eae (ES Raa ares |e ie 1 ie a ee ae 65, 700 524... 41 Weeks 107,808 CLP Sp Renae eh ie wees [be BN a ela aa ee 280,250 | 124,750 |.......... 202,000 eee eae RL Ls SRE Sie a ek sileame inee e 1; 200, 000: | sar: 220153 ase ada 650, 000 PeMER sce 2 wan SU COU snc ane tele ete ea s| aap wecews |= ss a> eran tht) ltdncesens|smasesesm|earen ates s “UVic ness ial [ie Sane betel BiNie a SNOT ec, LAER daa Y chelsea Ieee ny Le ead tee eee Panter Be UE ES | IR a2 Eee ee Se [ee Sere 8 sed ee 2,155, 100 ol UE RS CR RRR WETS os Ars Wy Ri DS r TE ele salad 5,820, 000 UU BO dE ono osh CEel hte doa Seek eee) ace 3 ON a 7, 733, 135 BAGO OOO, scorch le scce seas tke] t3s. 284 loaepappennlereb canoe J Ciel 1, 728, 000 50, CTY RR, SRI SE ca i cy > a ace Bae UN el A oe oan oe sede tok ce aid saenvnsy QUE AUES.. 4 eadeanen a Y 7 ei 1, 148, 000 P15, OUI coerulea sc evan tee [lee ~ ts cuulonemwep geil emer eas Total... .| 23,070,035 8,422,240] 171,000] 1,943,450 | 264,750 | 400,000] 959,808 : Marin Mad River and North Fork. Eel River. Russian | Skaggs | County creeks. River. | Springs. Year. Chinook Silver Steel- Chinook Steel- fry. fry. head fry. fry. head fry. Chinook fry. eee eee ee eee ee eee eee ee ee ee ewe ewe ewww eww ene 1,820,365 | 923,387 | 368,500 | 84,479,810 | 1,789,800 11312°—21——15 226 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. DISTRIBUTION OF SALMON IN THE WATERS OF CALIFORNIA—Continued. Sacramento River and tributaries. Year. Chinook. ‘canes: nger- Eggs Fry lings, and adults. a All were lost. 435,500 |788,832, 798 | 50,917,465 |1, 194, 762 929, 000 314, 660 500, 000 mee Ais Mou Tan- . anta | rey Bay cisco saith Ynez and Ba River. | tributa- streams. Ties. Chinook fry. 142, 000 |2, 930, 000 » Includes 15,000 chinook fry plantedin San Gregorio River and 15,000 chinook fry plantedin Pescadero Creek. ¢ Includes the following plants in Santa Barbara county streams: Bear Creek, 4,000; Maguelito Creek, 2,000; and Salispuedes Creek, 2,000. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 227 DISTRIBUTION OF SALMON IN THE WATERS OF CALIFORNIA—Oontinued. Total. Year. Chinook. Silver. Year- Steel- lings, Adults| head Fry. finger- Fry. and | fry.d Big tee Vabcatickked «<|>~<~ op 15, 748, 883 OU |--nn----4éals vccace|, 107,808 CRAL. Joss esd dd..c Bosh. ddd. Ciao D0, 324; 701! |... shah. SON. 2d 262',000 PSY SE se) ae Oe ee: PR AR AOU OSE Ye 205 one |navedease se] e-ane<}7.800;000 al iondeeleeenetaaleteeates SB DW | MN 1109. oc se Rate asded sa. docncs.|Lenkeen2! autem |aod in P85 c logan nee <3 = 1,151,720 |1,872,473 1,753, 104 Total.|17, 940,074 |19,819,371 eee) 2%, eas, 19,553,869 2,818,055 | 6,986,539, |9,680, 117 |3,248, 419 @ All fingerlings, 230 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. DISTRIBUTION OF SALMON IN THE COASTAL STREAMS OF OREGON—Continued. Siuslaw River. Umpqua River. Coos Bay and tributaries. Year ending sa June 30— Chinook | Silver- | Steel- | Chinook | Steel- | Chinook | Silver- Steol- fry. side fry. | head fry. fry. head fry. fry. side fry. | head fry. bc dakota ae 730,000, oat eh dona eee cree 1, 136, 000 1, 596, 213 1: 399° 860 2) 654,905 |. LET BST Te |S). TeeLOAL th Eta AWO03 70)! ocean "744000 | A812 44 oP eee 4,685,900 |........-- 40141400" 2 aye cee ae 2,378; Sa3i | | ace cee 35000, 000 | ieeers sae dt | aaa 4,088, 848 Usb ehe bed Fret 1,032,000 | 222, 000 D941 Jocwceedsee|) LGUGDS 100 foc cle one 6 wi elall ale ele Bl alete 2’ 541,236 | 203,996 | 2,374,200 |.....:....-|-accseceee iNI5S B16:)| 29-4) 1,767,170 | 2,317,370 |.....-..-. 903,704 | 181,085 | 1,281/120 | 962/528 |.......... 1,882/985 | 80,000 | 1,331,217 | 2,973}390 |.......... 1, 333,171 Ailey Ne 805 5 sin 645 192,625 ale) 210,518. |--bee od 2,236,229 |a2,4 Ane en Vo - S ”918,622 | 65,200 | 2)3707000 | 1,089,500 |........-. ANZ 200 onan s ee i, 208° 840 iif 193° 960) |. eehe eee 3,259,258 |........-. 1,932; 210 | 2416,680 |.......... Total. .....|16, 252,717 |7,028, 884 |1,177,577 |43,777,282 | 620,281 |39,848, 225 |16,029,290 | 414,625 Coquille River. Rogue River and tributaries. Chinook. Year ending June 30— Chinook | Silverside : Silverside | Steelhead fry. fry. = Spantar fry. fry. y lings, and adults aeiehee eset 50, 000 cian a de meenet 1,910, 045 | Meneecentid 2,156,945 | ececutanee 2, 967, 058 gap bees 720 4,750, 763 See eee 3, 480, 300 el AMEE 9, 023, 428 See 4, 758, 653, SS Ee 47,500 Goer RNAS “1 8 5, 880, 290 226,600 | 6,597,027 1,185, 800 771, 710 ies THe! ia 1, 430, 292 980, 770 » 364, 1,672,850 | 9,574,340 962,528 | 4,169,150 1,331,910 | 3,752,483 , 1,365,815 | 4,747,623 9,309 | 2,336,359 | 4@ 3,908,699 1,451,858 | 2,515,500 | 2,517,892 | © 198,103 | f 3,083,092 674, 293 171, 500 ry 758,800 | 9 399,700] 561,955 os ge RS fe oS ee te pace re 219, 628 1,098, GOON Goce asamsacee ”900; 750 366, 500 2,810, 700 Oe awish wade as sb eae tPA ane i ADT LON Lg AB OA Ne enn nse emme 1, 032) 950 592, 150 807, 000 Mitac sheet sees 22, 255, 384 | 12,420,514 | 70,118,855 | 6,464,752 | 22,439,886 | 21, 898, 859 oo eS SS ee a Ajl fingerlings. b Includes 177,790 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. c Includes 860, 903 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. d Includes 27, 958 fingerlings. ¢ Includes 9, 153 fingerlings. 7 Includes 2 583,092 fingerlings; all were planted by U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 9 Includes 6, 000 fingerlings. h Includes 128,600 fingerlings. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 231 DISTRIBUTION OF SALMON IN THE CoAsTAL STREAMS OF OREGON—Continued. Year ending June 30— Total. Chinook. Grand total, all Yearlings, | Silverside | Steelh species Fry finger- fry. fry. z lings, and adults > FA ODO | Secon saree os bake) ee 50, 000 PODSO00!|* 225-2201 |e ee ee 180, 000 QIOTD Mids afc s = 2 | cok se ee 2,370, 314 BAOO 000.42 2252: wae | aaa. ck cee ee eee 2,700, 000 DpASGe 4G 42k Se. Sarva] toads See es Sees 6, 672, 842 221, 180, 549 1,758, 800 900, 750 1, 032, 950 14, 984, 370 11, 037,510 | 37, 616, 453 106, 971, 931 The following tables show separately the total output of the hatcheries in Oregon owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and of those owned by the State: Outreut or HATCHERIES IN OREGON OWNED By THE U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Silverside. Fingerlings Eggs. Fry. yearli 3, . and adults. LER SED aE 146, 824 15.0 000rocee éedaeicwdass 128, 000: |e iwousrete ee dacgassecety 424, 680) 152 esse cleee BSD BOO we ine owen ake adadavesuase basadreeceus) ' ty SOO MSENG cyanea | si devaca sé blloia eee wewein 300 SS OS Se Ae 158,000 | 57, 932 phatin deka es 1, 799; 916 Neacscccsware Jddssesdsdas) Sy GOpMRliel tty targus coe dite tative dds 2,860; 885" loscicceece ht maT ere ee ee 3) 108 BAB: poeta erat ee Ree SEES 8, 441, 642 27,2.8 16; 200 Te 22s GOO lee uiencasu es 196, 000 88, 950 9, 153 eg Ans, 393, 700 92, 100 oad danaeh = 8, 000 885, 300 ind gana oie Reaebaascace 594, 350 953,000 | 22, 827, 464 1, 166, 393 Chinook. Year ending June 30— Fingerlings, Eggs Fry. yearlings, and adults. NEI sie rule w teicher dbl Tao acon ice a2, 832,150 | 6557, 150 i baknse 11S ein stare aagocuans 4, 922, 634 ME PaPEe Alla docirtus cvslencasandnvc 16,915, 512 a i aa a 27,000 | 4,300, 200 ks 30 Si ae 1,800,000 | 4,126,367 |............ LS ae Oe earns 1,100,000 | 1,669, 857 1, 668 1; & okie eects 1,866,000 | 11,587,061 |............ Be on es SD PAna ws bates ys 4,884,400 | 5,453, 250 Ed, Ss cheldeth suhana st’: 3, 113, 000 | 15,270,675 |............ CUPL. . saadanwankitaas ott: 30,000 | 9,822,636 |°.---7...-.: C2 EY SRS oS BEE: | 4 28,200 | 2,454, 37) 122, 980 See nck eeaplaen dane eons 1,661,390} 8,542,104 |............ Esti oocdseahs son en seTN 2,045,000 | 7,844,827 627, 856 YE TEIN & » 3,531,000 | 5,021,655 2) 763 Li os ode xhnateapaen eee 3,953,992 | 4,220; 197 225 5 ES EPPO eT 600,000 | 5,686; 168 200, Oe 22459527 8,000,000 | 12; 837, 840 750, 765 PE on a00sdsn0es 21,491,000 | 11, 291,023 j............ inde oi 20'ds' i ¢n Aan 1,075,000 | 12,156,818 |” 602,300 Fin inns c che coe Sa Ree 37,000 | 10,434,517 531, 351 RS Jodedndidwaiciae eT oee eae 1,000,000 | 9,916,900 | 3, 556; 161 RT. tere 163, 900 634,500 | 7,364, 500 SOS PRI, ST RE PIR Se 3,000 | 3,843,700 | 117 284/150 BOR Shore a7 aged, A ‘| 20,000 |...2...-....| 5,325,450 Total... ...+++++eeeen04] 58, 152, 882 [189,608,972 | 30,927, 569 @ All but 17,000 of these were from eggs received from the California stations. > Allraised from eggs received from the California stations. 232 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Output or HATCHERIES IN OREGON OWNED BY THE U.S. BuREAU OF FISHERIES— Continued. Steelhead trout. Total. Year ending June 30— Fingerlings, Fingerlings, Eggs Fry. yearlings, Eggs Fry. yearlings, and adults. and adults. BE AROSE OC Cee et See SRR Roane Esisscr od cdc Sain CadgGeee Bagodacsas5- 4, 500, Saseceoseuee POOR IIE Ri eto are Fs Sy eee sade. de! Os eae 1,;,000;'000)|\92517:70; 475 |e. ccocnemeee Be i 8 ee Oe ses Sodack- 8 ae. See eee 700,000") “4,901; 525) |oc2c 22. see ee hk Vath Ree aloacanae ee mule cc aee caret es Ren eeee EME TBE -Sovekeacc|escccee eee 15332, 400555 20 Soe ee nh ci8 ibe Suh Sabie See be mon dU ae a ccne oe eae EEO Semone boos u| Rais ccm snes 4,100, 000, |o22-2 [= ewes tt. eat oe eee 8) So Ree Aaa de ye 5-2026 Sel Sia | ee ee SoS 213 O00 cree ces cae Ine aR 5 AB GRR RE el Hane R Ser e6eSSa0 5k) > SBE RGSS 23;,000) | amet onaienl emcee ieee Beeseehe awe s|scscareroese 2, 832, 150 557, 150 SE ES sis tne 3 4,922, Oodle. a2 secs Be esses cs |oosmecteeees 16, 915,512 oct eae +5 Ae 186,000 | 4,312,325 |............ RAINE) ES 25915, 000 | 14/372) 101 (sane ae cane 25,000 | 1,346,000 | 1,863,707 26, 668 Se eae 2,347,000 OSL, S40 reece cee eee 62,033 | 5,965,200 | 5,716, 560 62, 283 11,090 | 3,113,000 | 15, 293, 880 11,090 as eee 80,000 | 11,607,068 |............ 40, 383 38,200 | 3,748, 856 163, 663 Che eee 1, 711,300) | 8,647,404 205-5. eee elennasininen -| 2,308,725 | 8,955,507 685, 788 eae. ....2-| 3,582,468 | 8,195,878 2,763 BOCs aoBe soe 3, 953, 992 , 294, 385 225, sSaatotee Sees 600, 10, 260, 638 200, 000 294,090 | 8,000,000 | 17,198,825 | 1,044, 855 BASS ee 21,491, 000 aE Sais wim cele Roanvcedeson 1,075,000 | 22,828, 468 629, 558 : 52, 910, 652 865, 16,062,351 | 1,442,003 A) a an ceeeecocecr o 450, 000 500,000 | 2,785,805 | 1,646,000 | 10,905, 850 6,351, 119 VOUT PAL TT) TILE 2, 687, 600 34, 500 467,450 | 2,851,500 | 1,062,700] 7,924,050 TQIRE SELL Ae 750s 0008) 343. sone 3, 372, 165 758,000 | 3,851,700 | 15,041,615 1919S, oust Scuosecesenes cece 525,000) 3. seaccsace 843, 000 G00 4S ceanecaeeite 6, 762, 800 Potalsc:t. W575 sth sees 7,290,793 | 20,551,838 | 8,811,668 | 66,396,675 |232,988,274 | 40,905,630 OurpuT oF HATCHERIES OWNED BY THE STATE OF OREGON. Chinook | Silverside | Steelhead | Sockeye Year fry. fry. trout fry. fry. Total USilleeicwacrine rs ceane=r es enaa cna tae ere's 50,000 000 a ys RPA Re Pore Concer cor ony Smee 79,620 620 17) OEE eee. ee babene carne hr 1,876,500 500 ASSO Ree ats seen 1, 834, 290 290 1) a eae ee eee ree ny xt 2,554, 290 290 MBBS MOE oe oa pine pee dgintte aaa mc aeian ae 1,300,000 000 TARO is oe ee coe oe faa ioe aoe 4,500, 000 — 000 NO ene sgt soe ae te oases aoa 980, 000 © 000 pA) Re ee) 8 Se Oa score rice cic @ 792,000 | 000 1 RD ae Se Deen SS Res 2,500,000 000 WRG in ce nf eee ee oc es easeaeaeeesiee 2,500, 000 000 Oe Re Pn eck cbriche re oo 2,700, 000 000 11 Se See Be eee es SE eases ha , £00, 000 000 1 epee See oe ie Sere en a ee , 562, 000 000 pS ae TR Se ome OE IRR SEES. 11, 220, 550 877 DUS oe ee fae gaan om ene te en ail Oe eee 18, 502, 072 522 W048 er 5 SAA eke cd dees ae cen coe ee 648, 730, 791 2, 848. 825 1000 Aa Ses Se ee bs op co oe ee 16,393, 249 23, 398, 069 Ur Ar sa See Bait BR ee OF, €27, 404, 596 36, 767 , 947 TOOT oe icc ag ORE RABE. bon comnea enone 425,156, 732 31,979,605 ADDB ois nce vetekes ane dea E ne nau see eee €21 , 209,394 26 , 569, 103 ID00S 6 ca cnenmobrettly se ateosocscea-eae ees 420,108,990 30, 724, 768 a fggs from which hatched obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. + 6,826,540 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. ¢7,714 ,000 eggs obtained from U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries. d 3,550,000 eggs obtained from U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries. ¢ 3,020,000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 16,581, 000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. S33 Ovureut or HATCHERIES OWNED BY THE STATE OF OREGON—Continued. Chinook | Silverside | Steelhead | Sockeye Total. Year. fry. fry. trout fry. fry. a24, 169,365 | 3,631,827 | 2,364,120 |............ 30, 165, 312 D19, 762,229 | 4,749,319 | 4,018,598 | ¢1,488,327 | 30,018,473 418,077,971 | 9,580,497 | 1,358,742 | €1,957,825 | 30,975,035 €26, 623,268 | 9,879,666 | 1,136,031 | 71,937,134 | 39.576, 099 9 21,945,746 5, 893, 965 758, 233 | €1,978,140 30, 576, O84 A27, 532, 168 2,917, 460 4,798, 208 nes ca seen 35, 242, 836 127,120, $4,215,705 | 3,180,709 | * 2,399,000 | 736,915, 668 27.615, 600 4,183, 000 4,804,743 | ¢1,526,024 | 138,129, 367 28,109,125 | 4,556,207 | 1,633,580 | * 2,731,823 | 437,030, 735 33,732 431 | 9,140,769 | 4,004,754 3,199,800 | 450,077, 754 SE o nde iuaenmvn soma ucdsemmaenesineae f: 153, 231 |107, 999,926 | 34,333,549 | 17,218,073 | 634, 704,779 6,465,300 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 3,950,000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 1,500,000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 8,000,000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 2,000,000 eggs obtained from U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 2 1 38 491 eggs obtained from U.8. Bureau of Fisheries. 000,000 eggs obtained from U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries. h Eggs from which hatched obtained from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, # All but 490,000 were fingerlings. J All but 41,500 were fingerlings. & 3,000,000 eggs obtained from U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries. 1 Most of the output comprised of fish 4 to 9 months old. ™ 3,174,800 from eggs obtained from Alaska, and 25,000 from dwarf sockeye eggs obtained from Montana. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. The first fish-cultural work upon the Columbia River and in Oregon was at Clackamas, on the Clackanas River, a tributary of the Willam- ette River, which empties into the Columbia River about 180 miles from its mouth. This hatchery was built in 1876 by the Oregon & Washington Fish Propagating Co., which operated it until 1880. In 1887 the State provided for and there was appointed a State fish commission. Almost the first work of the commission was to spend $12,000 appro- riated by the legislature to put in repair and operate this Seiwa n July 1, 1888, it was informally turned over to the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, which paid over the purchase price, took formal possession in the following winter, and has oper- ated it ever since, with the exception of several years when the build- ing of dams stopped the progress of salmon to the hatchery. During this pemod a temporary station for the collection of eggs was estab- lished on Sandy River, about 15 miles away, and on Salmon River, a tributary of Sandy River, both tributaries of the Columbia River. Some eggs were also brought in from the California hatcheries and hatched at the Clackamas station. In 1901 the hatchery was moved about 4 miles down the river and has since been operated as both a Avena and a collecting station. In 1901 the State established another hatchery on the Clackamas River about 30 miles below the main station and between the north and south forks. In 1904 all were turned over to the United States. In 1915 the hatchery was moved again. In 1907 an experimental station for the collection of eggs of the early variety of chinook salmon was established by the State of Oregon on the Clackamas River below the Portland Railway, Light & Power Co.’s dam at Cazadero, but this was later operated by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. The building of a dam having cut off this station, another was established in 1913 at a point 30 miles distant from Portland. 934 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, In 1889 the State established a hatchery in the cannery of F. M. Warren, at Warrendale, in Multnomah County, on the Columbia River, which was operated in that year and in 1890. In 1895 some of the Oregon salmon packers combined and organ- ized the Columbia River Packers’ Propagating Co., which estab- lished a hatchery on the upper Clackamas River at the junction of the Warm Springs and the Clackamas and operated it in 1895 and 1896. The Givenivibht operated it in 1897 and 1898, after which it was turned over to the State and moved to the opposite side of the river. In 1898 the collection of steelhead-trout eggs was first undertaken on the northwest coast by the State of Oregon on Salmon River, a tributary of the Columbia River, and met with fair success. In March, 1899, the Government sent a party to the falls of the Willam- ette River, near Oregon City, to collect steelhead eggs, and also se be for this purpose at its substation on the Salmon River, but the latter effort met with failure, as the rack was washed away. This station was turned over to the State on June 15, 1899. In 1901 the State of Oregon did some experimental work at Swan Falls, on Snake River, the boundary for a considerable distance between Oregon and Idaho. During the winter and early spring of 1902 the State also worked Tucannon River, which is a tributary of Snake River, for steelhead, but met with poor success. Snake River was worked again in 1902 at the foot of Morton Island, which is situated 2 miles above Ontario, in Malheur County. Title to the necessary property was secured from the War Department in 1903 and permanent buildings were erected. It was closed for some years and finally abandoned in 1911. In 1901 the State of Oregon established an experimental hatchery in Wallowa County, on the Grande Ronde River, at the mouth of a small tributary called the Wenaha River, which enters the main stream about 50 miles from its mouth. A permanent station was established in the canyon about 14 miles below the Wallowa bridge on the Wallowa River, a tributary of the Grande Ronde River, in 1903. In 1902 the State of Oregon erected a permanent plant on Salmon River at its junction with Boulder Creek. This plant was closed in 1911. In the same year the State established an experimental station on the McKenzie River, a tributary of the Willamette River, about one- half mile above Vida post office. This experimental work was resumed in 1905 at a point 2 miles below Gate Creek. The hatchery was permanently established at a spot about 30 miles from Eugene and near the town of Leaburg a year or two later. In 1903 a hatchery was built by the State of Oregon on the Snake River near the town of Ontario, in eastern Oregon. In 1906 an experimental station was established by the State on Breitenbush Creek, a short distance above its junction with the Santiam River, a tributary of the Willamette River, but the plant was destroyed, very shortly after its establishment, by a forest fire. An experimental station was reestablished here in 1909, but a heavy oat nb the river so high that the penned fish escaped around the rack, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 235 In 1909 the State of Oregon built at Bonneville, on Tanner Creek, a tributary of the Columbia River, a large central hatchery capable of handling 60,000,000 eggs, it being the intention of the State to hatch at this plant the eggs collected at other stations. In the same year a temporary hatchery was located on the Santiam River by the State of Oregon. During 1910 the State of Oregon received 1,500,000 red salmon ones from the Yes Bay (Alaska) hatchery of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, and yearly since they have received a consignment from the same source, as will be noted in the statistical tables. These were aes out in the Bonneville hatchery and planted in the Columbia iver. The State of Oregon built a hatchery on the Klaskanine River, a tributary of Youngs River, near Olney, in Clatsop County, in 1911. In the same year an eyeing station for spring chinooks was opened by the State on the Willamette River, near Lowell. The first entrance of Washington (then a Territory) into fish- cultural operations was in 1879, when the State fish commissioner paid the Oregon & Washington Fish Propagating Co., which was operating the hatchery on the Clackamas River, $2,000 for salmon fry deposited in that river. In 1893 the State legislature estab- lished a hatchery fund which was to be supplied by licenses from certain lines of the fishery business. In 1895 its first hatchery in the Columbia River Basin was built on the Kalama River, about 4 miles distant from its junction with the Columbia, and in Cowlitz County. Shortly after this hatchery was built it was discovered that it was above where the salmon spawned, and a second hatchery was built 1} miles below the first named, as the rugged mountainous character of the country made transportation between the two sites difficult. Of recent years a road has been constructed along the river bank, and it is probable that the upper buildings will be aban- doned entirely. Another station for the collection and eyeing of eggs was estab- lished on the Chinook River, a small stream which empties into Baker Bay near the mouth of the Columbia. uring the fiscal year 1897 the United States Fish Commission established a station on Little White Salmon River, a stream which empties into the Columbia, on the Washington side, about 14 miles above the Cascades. During the fiscal year 1901 an auxiliary station was operated on Big White Salmon River, while fishing was carried on in Eagle and Tanner Creeks, in Oregon, the eggs obtained from these creeks being brought to the Little White Salmon hatchery. In 1899 the State of Washington built and operated hatcheries on the Wenatchee River, a tributary of the Columbia River, about 14 miles from Chiwaukum Station on the Great Northern Railway, and on Wind River, a tributary of the Columbia, about 1 mile from the junction. In 1900 Washington State hatcheries were established in the Columbia River Basin as follows: White River hatchery, which was built on Coos Creek, which empties into a tributary of the White River, the location being about 24 miles from where the Green River joins the White River; Methow River hatchery, built on the Methow River at the point where it is joined by the Twisp, about 22 miles from the Columbia River; Colville River hatchery, built 236 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. on the north bank of Colville River, about 14 miles from its mouth, and about 1 mile from Kettle Falls; Klickitat River hatchery, located on the east bank of the Klickitat River, about 6 miles from its mouth; and one on the Little Spokane River, about 10 miles from its mouth and about 9 miles north of the city of Spokane. The Klickitat River hatchery never was operated, while most of the others were operated intermittently. In 1906 a hatahiar was established by the State of Washington on the Lewis River, some distance above the town of Woodland. In 1919 this hatchery was operated by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. In 1909 the State of Washington established a hatchery near Pateros, on the Methow River, a tributary of the Columbia River, and on the Tilton. In 1915 Clarke County, Wash., built a hatchery on the east side of Cold Creek, about 2 miles from the town of Vancouver. A temporary station was established by the State of Washington on Wenatchee Lake, near Leavenworth, in 1915. The following table shows the plants of salmon and steelhead trout in the Columbia River and its tributaries by the Bureau of Fisheries and the States of Oregon and Washington: PLANTS or SALMON IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES SINCE 1877. Sockeye. Chinook. Silverside. Year ending June 30— Yearlings, Yearlings, Yearlings, Fry. fingerlings, Fry. ps le Fry. fingerlings, and adults. and adults. and adults, MEQ peticmacace tee cowesice sce foe cceeccet ele aeetcer ars 300; 000' [cess ccea. 0 |S ee ecmsece| et penceemee TI tek API Ea Bed ee aah ook. Sheek oe re 79, G20) |cie'cars'sbghrcel| ee cad eile eee RR tess aed to nnc.c canine Ble eteiaceites oe eae ae eas 33076; 500 |. sstice beu.< olin nsemane® ol Reee es eee TQSDPE SSS. EL NSE. SNORT REDTY “WORD ER AEE oa 1,834) DOO LSE S Se CES ie so 6 Ae TTT SE RSS RTT e alee tes (Gene atte int Gane 2) SO 9: 554,200'|- cicccce ce. | cetaceans dl uaaee ea TERE Sed aT pe Eh a de aA HY BE 1; 300;.000) ||. < Siisoanc 2 | neem ee eee TAROR Ee Oey. eile Pcl rea ae a Meret 4500; 000-2. ictan. 34|Se.0 ee a eee 1 ERE LS Gea RS Sa a a alain, SR nn aie A Ae RiP 3 756/475 |escss esac. lee deca oe eee SOU SALES SV LIVE SCOR UCEES Pe ITA RATS et geteh ta 5} 804; 0002 cco ee ceo a ee pELY “5 Sa ieee eee ee oe one ane ahaa 2 aoe tare Sw ae Seta cueatwe 1, BS2, A400 Ce aees tokens cismree or ee eS TAOS a a an eee. LP cede, fae Ai eee Oe AG 000 eases nee | ceneas i glee eine TO, Saks ERT ee earl Roya! Mae 9, Gok eee, Seem es Se Se J13" OOM nebes ss iccp lsc weet Lelee eee SRE e Sree OE TL: Mp ea ep ime ae Me Be @2, 523,000 |......--.0.|-.seeeeeee--|ooensennneee SEUUEE LEV SUED See ONG? PRE SEE ES Bec EPS 9, 832, 150 557), 150) |.534.45 eee Tis5. ae en See ray Pe ee BENS 10641, 3040122 bo 2 4 AN|L 295 5 LEAR Ae hf EF INTE: PRES ORO Nate tos eee ey ie 26 FS O74 | EEN IL TRESS one ree ob FEY eet Sagan eimas LOOT O 2a oe. elise eee ose noel ccan aa eee Dry ie, ie ete Hel! 99 5IONBED: oes ceo cet 7,175, 824 DUAL SEs ce cal eeeees| ey 977, 010 1,668 | 5,559,750 TEL er eres eee een Ws Er Sa ei ee 44,328,085 |.........---| 17,545, 724 AS 2 NES Od ME OAS ae A nee 40, 174,313 |.. APG Te a: 3 ..--| 71, 694, 587 |.. ele 7 07 2h ...-|036, 324, 805 cme ey 23,171, 235 “COE 32, 856, 262 1,995, 746 soe es 33, 081, 994 16, 949 Ss coma des 37,743,777 225 ORAL) Ae anes 29% 791,095 11,700 Pe Fp ee 49,335,065 | 1,405, 860 Ree Se POV2IN 177 | | cn seen eee wage 481,995,039 | 1,732,805 BP Sm ad 81, 504, 641 812, 801 W016 32. SOIT 5 eee 4,478,362 | 1,526,024 | 85,657,635 | 8, 686,789 OIG AEE ot Aare ge 15526, 024. ||s eter eee 47,187,410 | 9,922, 869 Wirscc as. cascaee toe nape ee 25791, 820. | scutes 64, 929, 898 | 10,383, 400 1102s {5-43-55 5.01 EE 3, 199, 800 939, 960 | 22,571,500 | 46,382, 420 Natal. PLE. ee: | 19, 297,435 | 2, 465, 984 |1,014,082,348) 81, 958, 362 78, 400, 425 107, 409 « Includes 23,000 eggs ¢ Includes 100,000 eggs. b Includes 48,200 eggs. @ Includes 1,060,000 eggs. , PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 237 PLANTS OF SALMON IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES Since 1877—Contd. Steelhead trout. Chum. Total. Year ending June 30— Yearlings, Yearlings, Yearlings, and adults. adults. and adults. Fry. fingerlings, Fry. fingerings, Fry. fin ger! ings, an 36, 580, 066 43, 182, 198 225 33, 991, 383 11, 700 54,030,070 | 1,522, 160 10,000, G11 [on setscte oe 86,134,417 | 1,732, 805 108 oz uae 10 O18 a 4; 074, 33 é 5,332,125 | 248,050 | 59,501,804 | 10,595, 869 7 Eg SR oi cata Ae BW 5 out sien Bast, OAD" |e a 84,581,523 | 10, 402, 200 MEPS Ade Aawusstee vd sous. 4, 663, 820 135, 500 210, 600 460,800 | 34,851,584 | 47,920,880 Tota... -.-.e.ee0e---- 30,151,725 | 658, 066 40, 396, 324 708, 850 |1, 182, 328, 257 | 85, 898, 662 } @ Includes 50,000 eggs. ¢ Includes 25,000 eggs. + Includes 58,000 eggs 4 Includes 79,000 eggs. WASHINGTON. Willapa River.—In 1899 Washington established a hatchery on Trap Creek, a tributary of the Willapa River, situated about 200 yards from the creek’s mouth. In 1916 local residents along the North River, a tributary of Wil- lapa Harbor, contributed the Panda to build a salmon hatchery, and this was constructed and put into operation the same year. In 1917 a salmon wd Sry was built and put into operation at Raymond. It is designated as Willapa Hatchery No. 2. n 1918 some fishermen and public-spirited citizens of this section contributed the money for the building of a State hatchery on the Nasel River, a tributary of Willapa Harbor. Chehalis River.—The construction of a hatchery on the Chehalis River, about 4 miles above the city of Montesano, was begun by the State in October, 1897, but owing to bad weather and extreme high water was not completed until late in 1898. The hatchery was a failure until 1902 when a fair season was had, as was again true in 1903. It was not operated in 1904. Since the State began taking 238 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. : eggs from the Satsop River, a tributary of the Chehalis, it has been possible to fill the hatchery each season. In 1909 the site where eggs had been gathered on the Satsop River was purchased, and a new hatchery was erected there. It has three concrete rearing ponds and is fully equipped for the taking of spawn and the hatching out and caring for 5,000,000 fry. This plant was first operated in the fall of 1909. Work was begun in September, 1914, by the United States Bureau of Fisheries on a hatching station on Lake Quinault, Wash., and a take of eggs was made the same year. In lieu of installing fishways in their dams in the Humptulips River and tributaries, in the Grays Harbor section, two timber firms agreed to furnish the money needed to build a hatchery on Stevens — Creek, west of Humptulips, and the same was constructed and put into operation in October of 1914. The plant is now the property of the State. In 1917 a hatchery was built by the State on Chehalis River near Dryad, with money contributed by two lumber companies in lieu of building fishway over a dam. Puget Sound and iributaries.—In 1896 the State established a hatch- ery on Baker Lake, which is the head of Baker River, a tributary of the Skagit River, and this was the first establishment for the hatch- ing of sockeye salmon. In July, 1899, it was sold to the United States Fish Commission. In 1901 steelhead trout eggs were collected on Phinney Creek, about 5 miles from the town of Birdsview, and some 30 miles from Baker Lake. In 1901 an auxiliary station was opened at Birdsview, on Skagit River, and steelhead trout eggs were col- lected on Phinney and Grandy Creeks and brought to Baker Lake to be hatched. In 1898 a private hatchery (the necessary money being raised by subscription among the residents of Fairhaven, now Bellingham, and vicinity) was built near Lake Samish, a few miles from Fairhaven. In 1899 a hatchery was built by the State on Kendall Creek, a tributary of the Nooksack River, about 300 yards from same, and about 2 miles from the railway station of Kendall. Except in 1903, this hatchery has since been operated continuously. An eyeing sta- tion was built in 1907 on the south fork of the Nooksack River, about 1 mile from Acme. This hatchery is now used as a reserve station. In the same year the State built a hatchery on the Skokomish River, about 4 miles from its mouth. An eyeing station was also erected on the north fork of the same river. The main station was not operated in 1904 and only on a small scale in 1903 and 1905. The State in 1889 built a hatchery on Friday Creek, a tributary of the Samish River, situated about 1 mile from the mouth of the creck, The following State hatcheries were first operated in 1900: Snoho- mish hatchery, built on the west bank of Skykomish River, a few miles from its mouth; Nisqually River hatchery, built on Muck Creek, about one-half mile fron the Nisqually River, and about 4 miles from the town of Roy, in Pierce County; and the Stillaguamish hatch- ery, located on the Stillaguamish River, about 4 miles from the town of Arlington, in Snohomish County. The latter has since been moved to Jim Creek, a tributary of the south branch of the Stilla- guamish River. It is merely used as an eyeing station now, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 239 The Startup hatchery, located near Startup, on the Skykomish River, was formerly used as a collecting station for the Snohomish hatchery. It is still used for this purpose, but also retains and hatches a considerable quantity of spawn. The station is about 4 miles from the Snohomish hatchery. In 1918 it was rebuilt and now bears the name of Skykomish hatchery In 1900 the State established a fisheries experimental station at Keyport Landing, on the east arm of Port Orchard Bay, with Pearson as the nearest post office. The work of the station was devoted to salmon and oysters until it was abandoned a few years later. The State established a hatchery on the Dungeness River, about 7 miles from the town of Dungeness, in Clallam County, in 1901. In 1906 it constructed a hatchery on a small tributary of the Skagit River, between Hamilton and Lyman. This was destroyed in 1917 by floods. The station built on Sauk River, a tributary of the Skagit, has been operated only occasionally since the Skagit hatchery was built. The White River hatchery was constructed on Suice Creek, a trib- utary of Green River, some years ago. During the summer of 1909 a new hatchery was built at this station, the old one beg too small to accommodate the amount of spawn that could be taken. The new hatchery is located on the east side of Suice Creek near the county road. The building contains 140 hatching troughs. The plant has a pond system, where the fry are kept ant fed until they are able to shift for themselves. During the summer of 1911 the city of Tacoma constructed a large concrete dam in the Green River, about 4 miles west of Eagle Gorge. As this dam prevented the salmon from reaching the spawning beds, the State established an eyeing station the same year just below the dam. In 1913 the name was changed to Green River hatchery, to conform to the name of the main stream. In 1912 the United States Bureau of Fisheries completed the Quil- cene and Duckabush hatcheries. Both are on small tributaries enter- ing the west side of Hoods Canal, an arm of Puget Sound. n 1913 a new station was operated by the Bureau on the Duse- wallips River, a tributary of Hoods Canal, Puget Sound, near Brin- non. Two new field stations—on Elwell River, a tributary of the Skykomish River, near Sultan, and on Sauk River, a tributary of the Skagit River, near Darrington—were also put into operation the same year. The Sauk River had been worked by the State at one time. In 1913 the Middle Fork Nooksak eyeing station was transformed into a hatchery. In the same year the eyeing station on the south fork was moved farther up the river. In 1914 stations were established by the United States Bureau of Fisheries on Day Creek and Illabot Creek, tributaries of the Skagit River, while a substation was opened on Hamahama River at Eldon, distant about 9 miles up Hood Canal from the mouth of the Ducka- bush River. On May 23, 1914, the Baker Lake hatchery building was destroyed by fire. In addition to the building and equipment, 1,305,820 silver fry and 823,097 sockeye fry were destroyed. ‘The station was rebuilt but was burned down again in 1919. It has since been rebuilt. 240 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In 1915 the State built a hatchery on the Pilchuck River, a tribu- tary of the Skykomish River, near Granite Falls. In lieu of building a fishway in its dam on the Elwha River, near Port Angeles, the Olympic Power Co. furnished the funds needed to build a hatchery below the dam, and this was opened by the State in 1915. In 1916 the city of Tacoma furnished funds to build a hatchery in lieu of a fish ladder over the Nisqually power plant dam, and the hatchery was constructed by the State at Chambers Prairie and opened in 1916. It is known as the Chambers Creek hatchery. In 1917 a new hatchery was established by the State at Orting, on the Puyallup River, while in 1918 an eyeing station was established at Tahuya, on Hoods Canal, near the Skokomish hatchery. In 1919 the Nisqually hatchery was destroyed by floods. The following tables show the total output of the salmon hatcheries in the State of Washington owned ‘by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and the hatcheries owned by the State itself: OuTPUT OF THE SALMON HATCHERIES IN WASHINGTON OWNED BY THE U. 8S. BurEAU OF FISHERIES. Chinook. Sockeye, or blueback. Silver, or coho. Year end-’ Fin Fi 33 Fi tip datie inger- inger inger- a 8a lings, lings, lings, Eggs. Fry. yearlings,| Eggs. Fry. |yearlings,| Eggs. Fry. __|yearlings, and and \ and adults. adults. adults. 1s07 sth Sie 15848, 7e0|t el oeeet ethos: a seeerdate TRONS 558 he a. ZF SOI RSH ec eee | Seeks raul sates TRGG ee 4,926,000] 1,791,056]. pa eels PE ae 1900 ....... 2,686,000} 6,626,947]... 10,683, 000, iL: [iy @g aaa 6,581,000! 5,427,680 Busse ana | tc te shoe ea cme 7A O41 oe Cece ROOD Bee cloebe nee < ct 15,637, 687 D7 OtL, 000): J. sons s|eidoeet elena mentee ome be. a 1OO3 oe S18. cE oo oem 16,774,030 BIE MSS cs enced Nl aint waged ae Sle SZ e cepts 1904.......| 7,506,000) 17, 386, 183 OOS OU | oc cteeeralc | entero 3) 9R4'645|_ 31 2 eee $005 eee SS|:spesc cae 4, 236, 276| 7,819,281] 10,000 107,000! 8,071,081|.......... 1906.2... 7,714,000, 14,846, 905 3, 285, 130 9'500) 239,180] 6,445,574|.......... 1907) S25. 3,550,000] 6,512,738 ANDOALOBS|. SL ROp NS 760,000} 3,636,952)... 2.20.2. 1908.36: 1, 485,000| 12,372,503] 1,537,941) 75,000) 8,514,305|.......... 296,000] 13, 262,714|.......... 1909.......| 3,650,000! 11,565,553) 14,186, 100,000) 5,430, 626!.......... 272: 0007661110] sen eee 1910245355 3/813, 250l (9, 7b 610 bese he. tere ae 4554: 825|! jeeccacee 275,000| 10,888,025|........-. iL rae ees 3,350,000] 7,307,455] 11, 700]......... 5,496, 000|.....se00- 102,000] 4,550,615|.......... 191 EP 3: 8,020,000] 10,959,728] 655,095|......... 45602578] i seeee se 52,000] 10,599, 939|.......-.- 101923 = - 119, 713, 000] 19, 933, 300].....--...|-.------- Ligh fatty (411 [ego ne 102,000} 10,754,617|.......... ba ie 4,584,000] 31,140,440) 1,130,505} 50,000) 2,583, 469 120! O00) Fs ectene a 13; 591, 304). oes lace 1915.f 4: 4 998, 000] 38,162,139} 987,495] 155,000/10,820,441| 46,575) 35,000] 20,673,056} 41, 500 TC Reema] toate oe 38, 012, 864| 7,488, 270|......... 15,737, 420| 2,666,308) 2,500| 5,466, 334| 1, 460, 354 AGU 2. Be STS Us 14,969, 904] 5,865, 226)......... 11, 861, 825] 2,145,953]......... 3,960,000} 4, 559, 860 1Gig wee 3,150,000} 2,185, 218/41, 202,694)......... 3, 625, 000/12, 705, 285|......... 972, 300/10, 118, 815 19197 Se 960,000| 389,002/18, 474, 900|......... 1,000, 000|15, 799, 960|......... 7,544,020! 697, 380 Total +5 686, 250/294, 653, eae 368, 012|1, 260, 000/120,872,092|33, 503, 581)2, 242, 680/132, 318, 189/16, $77, 909 | OOOO PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 941 Ovrrut or THE SALMON HATCHERIES IN WASHINGTON OWNED BY THE U.S. BuREAU oF FisHERIES—Continued. Humpback. Steelhead trout. Year ending June 30— Fingerlings, Fingerlings, Eggs. Fry. yearlings, Eggs. Fry. yearli and adults. and adults. | 20,764,000 50,745,808 17,38 7,950, 400| 15, 320, 208 | ~ ep a] ot hee eat | 19/4797 000]. 2222222272 21° 145,000] 5773977 647 Sale Sanaa een enaes 8/672, 735)... 22.2002. 18/ 623/000 7878947 451 Meee <-. 1 .-.......... 900 35,504,707|............ 5,313,000) 114/098) 541 WGiicak.. i i end ie 21} 500; 944) 1,000,000) 870427500] 87° 1857562 LRA) 7 a aman lets 14,403,300} 7,0147580) 550000] 4773307039, ML Se 1. Soh 9,892, 145]....7 3,470,000] 1879107494 71/2457 414 TT ali yo, i RR ae 4,544, 000| 4,524,560) 1,210,000 15,831,522, 40,171,758 Total........ a 116,560, 831) 12,539, 140) 118, 993, 390) 730,470,902) 161, 227,085 11312°—21——-16 2492 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. OutTpuT oF THE SALMON HATCHERIES OWNED BY THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.S or blue- Year ending Chinook Chum fry Hump- ks Sockeye, Bepsinead: Total. » ITY. | back, fry. | tout fry. June 30— frv. back fry. “17 Teall ied Ca 10, 301° 760 |" eeeeeeee AOD aso eee 12, 275, 400 | 16,478,280 |............ 1) 1p pei RE 14, 766, 822 | 9,937,390 |.......-...- 1903-2 ssa 14; 283,499 | 9,937)390 |............ 28) 659,079 TY SR Li £3) 961 186) | bo eh eke 295, 200 | 15,725,196 1005. olanaearge eel! 7, LOU PRI Toe «ce ee eee: 12) 296; 294 1906 sss ee 10,943,550 | 3,268,800 |............ 28) 96, 380 10072 2522 SAL 8,897,670 | 6,120,000 |.......-...- 28) 668, 600 1908-3235: Bae 18,647,600 | 433421350 | 2,655,900 | 29, 273, 202 1900 25352 BE 17, 440,950 | 8,218,000 |............ 24) 543, 200 ING eee | 217 168,350 | 8; 607,500 519, 600 | 30, 894, 100 WOT 22 16, 458,502 | 13,326,750 |.......----- 33, 097,750 Cy ene laa | 23'380,516 | 4,684,950 | 370,785 | 37, 164,125 rh eae Se 30, 542,928 | 14,711,400 |...........- 50, 263, 290 : ry Oe eres AE 35,529,709 | 7,842)266 | 1,532,737 | 33, 494, 380 49,792 | 3,601,514 | 82,050,398 4015 bes 22305 39,784,092 | 27/458,665 | 578,504 | 60,169,474 62,631 | 3,457,130 | 131,510, 496 Wif divs es 48, 239,092 | 41/890/354 | 5,902,227 | 38,877,396 607,979 | 9,984,852 | 145,501, 900 ee ee 34, 228,979 | 15,086,648 |...........- 5, 842,775 B Meaccccccesie 55, 966, 857 AG oes tk 83,175,074 | 71,750,001 | 6,086,256 | 45,660, 603 10, 250, 532 | 223) 494, 236 POD eet jen A 45,773, 506 | 22,228,025 |.......-.... 16, 220, 087 645,520 | 7,993,452 | 92,860,590 Total....... (529, 570, 203 |296, 190, 529 | 17,941, 209 |586, 365, 698 | 19, 646, 147 | 89, 284, 213 |1,538,997,999 a As the printed reports of the State before 1913 in many instances report as the output the number of eggs gathered, it has been necessary in such cases to make an arbitrary reduction from these figures, in order to allow for the loss in the egg stage. In addition to figures in table, in 1916, 13,424,362; in 1918, 6,745,823; and in 1919, 12,351,780 dwarf sockeyes were hatched and planted in waters of the State. b A considerable proportion of the fry was fed in rearing ponds for some time before planting. c 29,900 eggs were distributed in addition. @ Year ends Nov. 30, 1916. ¢ Period from Nov. 30, 1916, to Mar. 31, 1917. y Year ending Mar. 31. g In addition 6,000,000 eggs were furnished by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. The following table shows the plantings made in waters of Wash- ington other than the Columbia River by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and the State of Washington: PLANTS OF SALMON IN THE WATERS OF WASHINGTON OTHER THAN THE COLUMBIA RIveErR. Puget Sound and tributaries. Chinook. Sockeye. ‘ Silver, or coho. Year ending June 30— eee Yearlings, Yearlings, Yearlings, Fry. fingerlings, Fry. fingerlings, Fry. fingerlings, or adults. or adults. or adults. ee 14, 071, 845 ico he aaa ia peice ees 16, 441, 375 ORE se V0r eae 3, 573, 130 9,500 | 29, 755,574 ELS LGA RRR eat ece ° 26, 960, 552 Dee is 8,514, 305 |......-.-...| 37,613, 466 ies Can ae 5, 430, 626 |.........--.| 28, 622, 310 Bie ee 4,554,825 |....2cee----| 36, 887, 125 aes: 5,496,000 |......-.-.-.| 29, 941, 865 ier cesses] 4, 002,578 |. cancoceas 4 Go reanene BEGETS FSR 5,751,700 | .........-.| 56, 128, 207 RES 2 a 2,683,261 | 120,000 | 42, 213, 911 91: 5, 229, 708 lac see ees < 7,371, O60 Eee 74, 505, 147 IBS 22 3.4: cankeen wees 22, 022, 439 802,795 | 1,897, 420 520 | 42,696,932 | 1, 455, 190 Ty GRR ABET RENIN HEE 26, 890, 383 750,612 | 1,520,280 | 2,093,000 | 6,227,775 | 4,560, 160 CT ES RN OMEN ia 35, 318, 366 411,060 | 7,696,750 | 9,319,275 | 29,249,710 | 6, 845, 115 2 EGER CDS SEATS GASH 22) 244, 102 195, 900 645,520 | 8,622,000 | 12,285,222 | 2,864,980 Gutalen! 3 se eee. (201, 176,702 | 2,160,367 | 96, 202, 688 | 20, 164, 295 |589, 306,935 | 15, 740, 885 En a Tnelndes 50.000 eggs. >DAIl fingerlings, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 243 PLANTS oF SALMON IN THE WATERS OF WASHINGTON OTHER THAN THE COLUMBIA River—Continued. Puget Sound and tributaries. Humpback. Chum. Steelhead. Year ending June 30— : Yearlings, Yearlings, Yearlings, Fry. fingerlings, Fry. fingerlings, Fry. fingerlings, or adults. or adults. or adults. “SAR ee Ae Se a SO | eee 10; 301; 760) |e oo boo o5 el] SIRS 72 SOU ee eee Bee eg es occ see valle de cewenenaleseacceca sss 163478, 280) | 0.5. 25.c.24) 15 S98; a76 eee oceans oe RARE Se ee eee 9937, 300! [sou non waco By OOlsaT ibe ee eon eee OTS LR Se RR 8 (Mi [as Be a | ee 9,937,390 |............] 3,107,891 218, 200 SSS ASD (Ry ar | ge a ee 3,018; 476) S22. o ome ot BESS, peek PROS a bea S| ee Ee aS (ee ae ee area 21,929; $40) oo S55 sees 4. aA 4 800; 000 oe ct apeend ee 15, 000 ee BD, 220; 000) |. m2 6 occ wale ap GON GUS: | senna ened Ree: Ie 2978 Sab: | os. Le 3 | MER RR Cag): |e eee eee Perea awn wt wack ee tee. t i lage ce ate atledawaca secon EU emia! ee oy (8) Pay aN Pee See oe Penna ceeteet 75 F485; QUO |. snc cseness) - Op eeepoon locas cee cue oR na 32 O74 DOO, os noc coca af sae eals SOU toe te ane RM 3,526,170 |............] €6, 732, 805 1,000 dada ucOheaee B15 408, 960 Poo Seas cone ch Oy 2015400 loco ccceomene TOS 030 MW tae oe vc <3 2 8 4,444; O71 iso ccaes eens ae BY; 862; O50 |e 203.21 4s Ob apt hose ree 41,541,949 | 1,000,000] 5, 102, 566 891, 000 12,955,800 | 6,766,530] 1,979,010] 1,420,500 Ce BG te Rar a ee cain 4,851, 092 3, 520, 420 21, 490,325 | 4,063,760 | 3,152,452 |............ 15, 477, 343 |312, 798, 782 | 11,830, 290 | 81, 763,647 6, 066, 120 Quinault Lake and River. Chinook. Sockeye. Silverside. Year ending June 30— Yearl a i ae a aan Steel- : Shick bik: Yearlings, Yearlings, | head Fry. ite Fry. fingerlings,| Fry. fingerlings,| fry. gE adults or adults. or adults. CE, $k pi ae oe Wh eee 106,066 Foo: 6 eh 10, 598 29) 600 4,810 | 13,840,000 | 2,665,788 , 650 LOS \lewec canals 160; 000s) fo) ada. « 11, 150, 000 82, 958, || 93; 91010005): so. dics Peal are ay IM, m Ope Pee 2,500,000 | 3,386,010 200,000 | 3,303,700 |.......... 100,000 | 109,400 | 1,000,000 | 4,738,000 600, 000 419,400 |.......... 529,513 | 114,210 | 32,048,591 | 10,842,751 | 3,005,616 | 3,727, 964 10, 598 Chehalis River. Willapa River. a wi NES af : i eae ahaa: Fence we, ending Silver, or Steel- Silver, or Steel- June 30— | Chinook. aohe, Chum. heat, Chinook. | Golie: Chum. haed. 1899...... LACES AN 21 eles Satine be Pea OE ae} (Rena eran 356 | RRS ares Ae DES Ds EO APR PEM SORA BLY bh pt Be py? “aa Ol ae a) rs eas aes Seay IMC SASH Uy SR RS ee ae Fr IGUG < Sewaleewetoenneal/aee Pvedime lav deaceth Jb sae kimeuwers pl eee MEP STE CE este lacc ca ates yan lacernteastws pt peed Peer ty ie ee a ee a es aes ee ee eee Bs 0 1,814, OTE. sores 7401; BB0'|S sace aut coed 59, 435, 750 ST a Mev iaihagiy dus sabvncae. _ 22,500, 000 74,196,150 |...... yeast 110, 107) 150 MO ENoesL. 229154. 545060. «~3) 17,876,800) 2D, 7724001 LS cc 8. a , 591,900 |...... ee.---| 84,739, 700 Re accel seo nadl », 40,0000 6,200,000 Io. 2044-823. 184, 639, 200 |. 0... ance a. 141,389, 200 CS EO ee eed 3 62,414,770 145,200 | 75,023,270 LO Seal ey gaeets | 28,773,350 | 77,077,600 37,200 | 119,693,650 yy) aga “eee iale apna Bose 83, 486, 880 173,900 | 95,182,430 Uy ba a Ee ka 500,000 |136,915, 700 87,200 | 142,027,900 Ce ee ae 16,000 | 72,898,613 55,000 | 80,385, 133 (A 7 OS ae 3,834,000 |103, 943,357 38,600 | 114,274,183 1917 Sheds ast ont 4,788,000 | 56,176,200 |............ 72,473, 760 19 (So seat eee | 13,940,100 | 52,502,288 |............ 74,022,548 yO aR ee 40, 000 | 62, 539, 875 63,798 | 69, 702, 452 Total: - +" 74, 441, 450 |1,316,299,233 691, 898 |1,468,190,276 @ Includes 24,361 lings. ¢ Includes 5,357 fingerlings. b Includes 205,700 advanced fry and 26,000 fingerlings. ALASKA, In 1891 several of the canneries operating at Karluk, on Kodiak Island, combined forces and built a Galant on the lagoon at that lace. As the cannery men were at swords’ points in regard to their ishing rights on the spit, in 1892 the hatchery was closed. In May, 1896, the Alaska Packers Association broke ground for a hatchery at the eastern end of the lagoon, near the ak of Karluk River, a short distance from where the hatchery was located in 1891, and operated it until 1916, when it was abandoned as a hatchery. 248 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In 1892 Capt. John C. Callbreath, manager of the Point Ellis | cannery on Kuiu Island, operated a small hatchery on the left bank of Kutlakoo stream. It was a very primitive place, and an excep- tionally high tide destroyed the whole plant in September. It was never rebuilt. Capt. Callbreath, however, after seeing to the operation of the hatchery, had returned to Wrangell during the summer, where his attention was again attracted to hatchery work, and in the fall of 1892 he built a small hatchery on Jadjeska stream, Etolin Island, about 200 yards from its mouth. The stream is about one-half mile in length and is the outlet of a small lake. Finding the location unsuitable, Capt. Callbreath removed the hatchery in 1893 to the northern side of the lake, about three-eighths of a mile from the head of the outlet, where it still stands. The owner’s intention was to build up a stream which had a small natural run of red salmon until i> had a large run, with the hope that the Government would then give him the exclusive right to take these fish from the stream for commercial purposes. The experiment was kept up until the end of the season of 1905, when Capt. Callbreath’s failing eyesight compelled the cessation of the actual hatching. Until 1910 a man was stationed on the stream during the run of spawning fish for the purpose of lift- ing them over the dam, so that they could reach the spawning beds at the head of the lake, and the project was abandoned entirely shortly thereafter. The owner’s expectation of a big run as a result of hatching operations was never realized. In 1896 the Baranof Packing Co., which operated a cannery on Redfish Bay, on the western coast of Baranof Island, built a small hatchery on the lake at the head of Redfish stream. The following winter was so cold that not only the flume but the whole cataract froze solid, and as the hatchery was thus left without water the eggs were put into the lake and left to their fate and the hatchery closed down permanently. In 1897 the North Pacific Trading & Packing Co., at Klawak, Prince of Wales Island, established a hatchery near the head of Klawak stream, close to Klawak Lake. In 1898 the plant was moved to the mouth of a small stream entering the lake about halfway up the western shore. This hatchery was operated continuously until the end of 1917, since when it has been shut down. In 1909 the — North Alaska Salmon Co. acquired a half interest in it, which it relinquished to the original owners a few years later. The Pacific Steam Whaling Co. in 1898 erected a small hatcher on Hetta Lake, on the west side of Prince of Wales Island, whic was operated until the close of the hatching season of 1903-4, when the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co., successor to the original owner, went into the hands of a receiver. In 1907 it was reopened by the Northwestern Fisheries Co., which had acquired the interests of the old company, and has been operated each season since, with the exception of 1919. Up to 1900 the work of hatching salmon was entirely voluntary on the part of the packers. On May 2 of that year the following regulation was promulgated at the Treasury Department, which at that time had control of the Alaska salmon-inspection service: 7. Each person, company, or corporation taking salmon in Alaskan waters shall establish and conduct, at or near the fisheries operated by him or them, a suitable PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Z49 artificial propagating plant or hatchery, and shall produce yearly and place in the natural spawning waters of each fishery so operated red-salmon fry in such numbers as shall he equal to at least four times the number of mature fish taken from the said fisheries by or for him or them during the preceding fishing season. The manage- ment and operation of such hatcheries shall be subject to such rules and regulations as may hereafter be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. They sha!! he open for inspection by the authorized official of this department; annual reports shall be made, giving full particulars of the number of male and female salmon stripped, the number of eggs treated, the number and percentage of fish hatched, and all other con- ditions of interest; and there shall be made a sworn yearly statement of the number of fry planted’and the exact location where said planting was done. On January 24, 1902, this regulation was amended so as to require the planting of ‘‘red-salmon fry in such numbers as shall be equal to at least ten times the number of salmon of all varieties taken from the said fisheries.’ Although the regulation was mandatory, but few of the packers obeyed it, some because no suitable place was to be found within a reasonable distance of their plants, others because the establishment and operation of such a hatehary would cost more than their returns from the industry justified, and others because of lack of knowledge required in hatchery work. The greater number of them absolutely ignored it, and as a result those who conformed to the regulation were placed under a heavy financial handicap. The injustice of this arrangement was patent on its face, and in 1906, when a compre- hensive revision of the law was made by Congress, provision was made for reimbursing in the future those cannery men who operated salmon hatcheries. The section covering this point reads as follows: Sec. 2. That the catch and pack of salmon made in Alaska by the owners of pri- vate salmon hatcheries operated in Alaska shall be exempt from all license fees and taxation of every nature at the rate of ten cases of canned salmon to every one thousand red or king salmon fry liberated, upon the following conditions: That the Secretary of Commerce and Labor may from time to time, and on the application of the hatchery owner shall, within a reasonable time thereafter, cause such private hatcheries to be inspected for the purpose of determining the character of their operations, efficiency, and productiveness, and if he approve the same shall cause notice of such seinred te be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the United States district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein any such hatchery is located, and shall also notify the owners of such hatchery of the action taken by him. The owner, agent, officer, or superintendent of any hatchery the effectiveness and productiveness of which has been approved as above provided shall, between the thirtieth day of June and the thirty-first day of December of each year, make proof of the number of salmon fry liberated during the twelve months immediately preceding the thirtieth day of June by a written statement under oath. Such proof shall be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the United States district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein such hatchery is located, and when so filed shall entitle the respective hatchery owners to the exemption as ae and a false oath as to the number of salmon fry liberated shall be deemed perjury and subject the offender to all the pains and penalties thereof. Dupli- cates of such statements shall also be filed with the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, It shall be the duty of such clerk or deputy clerk in whose office the approval and proof heretofore provided for are filed to forthwith issue to the hatchery owner, caus- ing such proofs to be filed, certificates which shall not be transferable and of such denominations as said owner may request (no certificate to cover fewer than one thousand fry), covering in the aggregate the number of fry so proved to have been liberated ; and such certificates may be used at any time by the person, company, cor- poration, or association to whom issued for the payment pro tanto of any license fees or taxes upon or against or on account of any catch or pack of salmon made by them in Alaska; and it shall be the duty of all public officials charged with the duty of col- lecting or receiving such license fees or taxes to accept such certificates in lieu of money in payment of all license fees or taxes upon or against the pack of canned salmon at the ratio of one thousand fry for each ten cases of salmon. No hatchery owner shall obtain the rebates from the output of any hatchery to which he might 250 . U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. otherwise be entitled under this act unless the efficiency of said hatchery has first been approved by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor in the manner herein pro- vided for. Of recent years so much objection has been raised to the system of hatchery rebates that the matter of the Federal Government taking over all private hatcheries in Alaska, at a fair valuation, and operating same, is being favorably considered. In 1901 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. established two small hatcheries—one on Nagel Stream, which enters the northern side of Quadra Lake, on the mainland of southeast Alaska, and one on a stream entering Freshwater Lake Bay, Chatham Strait. Both were closed down in 1904 when the company failed. In 1908 the North- western Fisheries Co., which had acquired the Quadra plant, removed it to a small stream entering the head of the lake and has operated it ever since. In 1901 the Alaska Packers Association erected a hatchery on Heckman Lake, the third of a series of lakes on Naha Stream, Revilla- igedo Island, and about 8 miles from Loring, where the association fas acannery. This, known as Fortmann hatchery, is without ques- tion the largest and costliest salmon hatchery in the world, having a capacity of 110,000,000 eggs, and the association is entitled to great credit for the public spirit it has shown and the work it has done, entirely without remuneration until 1906, in building and operating not only this hatchery but also the one at Karluk. The Union Packing Co., at Kell Bay, on Kuiu Island, and F. C. Barnes, at Lake Bay, on Prince of Wales Island, in 1902 built and operated small hatcheries, both of which were abandoned after one season’s work. Up to 1905 the work of hatching salmon in Alaska was confined to the salmon cannery men. In that year, however, the United States Bureau of Fisheries erected a hatchery on Yes Lake, which empties through a short stream into Yes Bay, on Cleveland Peninsula. In 1907 the Bureau constructed another hatchery, on Afognak Lake, near Litnik Bay, Afognak Island. The eruption of Katmai volcano, on the Alaska Peninsula, June 6, 1912, covered the island of Afognak with volcanic ash and sand to an average depth of 9 inches. It is estimated that 20,000 salmon erished at the head of Litnik Lake, while thousands were driven ack into the ocean. As a result of these conditions the work at the Afognak station was much hampered and curtailed. Even as late as 1915 work at this station was still being hampered by the volcanic ash and sand which fell in 1912. In 1918 collecting stations were established at Eagle Harbor and Uganak Lake, on Kodiak Island. In 1915 another was established at Seal Bay, on Afognak Island. In 1913 a collecting station was established on Ketchikan Creek, but, owing to the objections of the citizens of the town against the taking away of the eggs, the station was abandoned in 1915. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 951 The following tables show the eggs and fry distributed by the Government and privately owned hatcheries in Alaska: OurTruT OF THE SALMON HATCHERIES IN ALASKA OWNED BY THE U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, 1906 To 1919. McDonald Lake or Yes Bay hatchery. Year ending 30 F Humpback. Total. Sari Red, or sockeye Coho, | Steel- p ME RTORY SBT Eggs. Fry. fry. fry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. ) So JE ty a ER Ee 1906..... Bes | Eee pp ets ans Ae ee i ee! ee ee |---seeeeee 6, 638, 550 U2 = eee 54, 610, 800'|:.....-. TAS S008) 28s. eas Paseewe. odws Ses are 54,754, 300 Oh ee ee eee Ce ERS Bara er 18 Sela Be eee a eee 61, 369, 000 Oe a ete ee FAVES OOOH. 93000. |. fu 2ots3|-2-~0-a2 Sequeee ates. [verre 5 48, 662, 900 CTT Se Saini eT ee ae TOAST Dy i yee (Repent 5 8 oman, wetes to. 69, 879, 600 Th Ce ee GAS MOON asta oh 45555. 100, OOOH ESS os. 0 100, 68, 239, 900 AOTODER. £9. AL oS cee Ch SSC eae ee a a | REE Oe ee a ee 68, 335, 000 HOSE FG... Pie. pre Meee GREED DON Sos fo tog ad [ee ast te bweeass NO Paes 60, 422, 100 WE secre 3. | 4,000,000 | 42,726,400 |........ eS oer pe cree | 4,500,000 | 2,000,000 | 47, 226, 400 ROU ION. 1M. 5 1d) 43 5-. 4312 53) '037, 445, 000 |........ [cceeeees 2,000; 000i 250-2... 2,000,000 | 37, 445,000 DL eae 18, 100,000 |052, 317,500 |........ lscupmepes|ier-cn-taalasasauesan- 18,100,000 | 52,317,500 ea Tne, LTT RS wp cc Pei eel ca ea 2/000,000 | 51; 175'.000 7 SS coi a pa 32,539,200 |........ | Th Sn OE DMN aI (ia A 32,539, 200 j (ost Rae aS aN d 47,300, 000 |¢32,650,000 |........|.......-- 1,365,000 | 930,000 |48, 665,000 | 33,580, 000 Total...| 69, 400, 000 (687,001, 050 | 9,900 143, 500 | 3,465,000 | 5,430,000 |72, 865,000 | 692, 584, 450 | | Afognak hatchery. Year ending June - back Total 30— Red, or sockeye. Coho, Humpback. otal. CST a | Sa Eggs | Fry. Iry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. UO LUSE eee See Be ze A ---| 39,335, 870 1910. . Se : aye --| 72,010,910 1911 27, 119, 150 1912. 18, 394, 700 1913... 12,551, 100 1914... 19, 846, 104 1915 6, 730, 560 1916. . 22, 933, 640 Uh... Sel ee atp 21, 116, 000 AS. eee Ape ee ee 18, 000, 000 31, 427,000 (| ee fina gs J 54,681,000 27,045, 000 Total. ... cae eis 76, 651, 000 (as8.209, 265 | 50,000) 24, 468, 740 15, 257,769 |101,119,740 | 298,510,034 @ Includes 2,925,000 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. » Includes 19,402,500 fingerlings. ¢ Includes 1,575,000 fingerlings. 4 1,059,900 sockeye eggs were shipped to the Little White Salmon hatchery, and 3,440,100 to the Oregon Fish Commission. ¢ Includes 6,000,000 fingerlings. / Includes 5,444,830 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. 9 Includes 119,480 a fovea yearlings, or adults. h Includes 11 100,440 rlings. Ofthe eggs from which these fry and fingerlings were hatched 15,000,- 000 came from Yes Bay hatchery. 4 Includes 10,160,000 fingerlings. 45,100,000 of these ogee were shipped to the Bureau’s Quinault (Wash.) hatchery, and 20,700,000 to the Province of British Columbia. & 5,760,000 of these eggs were shipped to the Bureau’s Puget Sound hatcheries, 252 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Output or THE SALMON HATCHERIES IN ALASKA OWNED BY THE U.S. BUREAU OF FIsHERIES, 1906 to 1919—Continued. Total, by species, both hatcheries. eae tend : : i ie Grand total. i c I m ck. ing ee ed, or sockeye Coho iateer umpbai or silver} head =F Eggs. Fry. fry. fry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. 1906! 2-020 Vb aac Seasases 8; 638 550s cL ee eee. 2 cwirelaie clave) |occ aie mecorise atencie sible 6, 638, 550 1S 1 genes psn rsedl Rae Tae whee | are 54, G10) BOO are ARN latein slate aicte eoveil ore: ) (>) OST EY rae eee 5, 127, 500 3, 750, 000 600, 000 ¢ 400, 000 (d) (4) 1 Ss a a ea (¢) (¢) (¢) (€) iG (Cr) oe e) (¢) (¢) (¢) (e) (e 1 ee ae (¢€) (¢) (¢) (€) (¢) (e Tl ae 8, 000, 000 6, 125, 000 (¢) (¢) (¢) e) iS aes 8, 400, 000 8, 134,000 3, 325, 000 3,025, 750 (e) e) en ea 2 10, 313, 000 9, 000, 000 10, 863, 000 9, 850, 000 (¢) <4 9, 141,000 8, 552, 500 11, 200, 000 10, 350, 000 (¢) e 2,585, 000 2,342, 000 11, 000, 000 10, 166, 000 (¢) (¢) 3, 780, 000 3,592,000! 10,000,000 8, 127, 000 (e) (e) 4, 082, 000 3,590,500 | 18,400,000} 17,054,000 (e) (e) 7, 438, 500 7,142,500 | 21,300,000 | 20,300,000 (¢) (e) 7, 408, 000 7, 092, 000 8, 114,000 7,598, 000 (¢) (¢) 3, 247, 000 3,120,000 | 16,125,000] 15,003, 000 (>) (¢) 4,826, 000 4,587,000} 13,600,000} 12,990,000 (ec) (e) (¢) (¢) 20, 400, 000 19,852,000 (¢) (€) 88, 248, 000 77,327,500 | 154,927,000 142, 215,750 | 1, 500, 000 1, 000, 000 Fortmann hatchery. Kell Bay hatchery. Total Fry. Eggs. | Fry. Eggs Fry. nae epas en Elo TA penaMeuanE l= cata can noe) scacecmaaan= 900, 000 600, 000 EVEL chOhLbL 53003 reneas aes bon dadee --|s comedemed tee 3,000, 000 2, 204, 000 Oe RUE eS SS eee SSE ae ee lnctecw aan ide slicce cad dace tain 6, 300, 000 5, 291, 000 Beis tila ad Mek whe Soda awh, J ae fais were sera ate Pele Joe ites 6, 200, 000 5, 475, 000 Be EE Eee RS Bae ed pees 3 ES EE eS Se 7, 636, 000 6, 946, 440 ERE CPZ EEN, Cr Se epee Rie PARDEE BAM Ty cit 9, 666, 000 ce Sep sae IF edbauiaiiiacd -ueail| 13, 891, 000 11, 019, 000 De atide buds di eaedcauscieee he ere cts tween | 19,496, 900 12, 707, 000 ph TE RE RR RO SN a Iho ata) Fe Saas | 21, 134, 000 16, 066, 800 10, 300,000 |....... eee Syl t pip ee: ee 62, 260, 000 53, 500, 000 29,005,000 2,500, 000 2,000,000 | 85, 750, 000 63, 060, 000 13, 780, 000 (¢) (¢) 65, 043, 500 46, 630, 000 63, 181, 000 | (¢) (¢) 119,360,000 | 104, 101, 000 67, 643, 000 | (¢) (¢) 116, 148, 000 104, 679, 412 80, 973, 000 (¢) (¢) 147, 729, 200 119, 006, 000 33, 920, 000 (¢) (¢) 100, 588, 200 86, 476, 000 22, 785, 000 (¢) (¢) 80, 010, 000 74, 249, 750 50, 725, 000 (¢) (¢) 125, 544,000 115, 495, 000 30, 245, 000 (¢) (€) 111, 673, 500 93, 069, 500 1: ES eS | 107,520, 000 100, 335, 000 (¢) (¢) 167, 731, 800 153, 868, 100 ee ee ee. 23,160,000} 20, 800, 000 (¢) (€) 86, 375, 000 77, 997, 155 . . No ae 9, 480, 000 8, 700, 000 (¢) (¢) 70, 236, 160 , 355, 580 sf) AL eae 22,500,000 | 20,820, 000 (¢) (¢) 85, 294, 500 79, 619, 500 Rice anit ay awa 26,520,000 | 9 25,615, 000 (¢) (¢) 87, 357, 000 68, 273, 000 Co a ea 62,580,000} 57, 405,000 (©) (¢) 91, 128, 000 83, 350, 000 1 Re 8 a ae h 4, 240, 000 1 7,980, 000 (¢) (¢) 22, 666, 000 25, 557, 000 ec, 4 23,250,000] 15,205,000 (e) (¢) 43, 680, 000 35,057,000 Motel. sie. 746, 173,000 | 659,417,000 2, 500, 000 2,000, 000 1,761,009, 760 | 1,518,319, 237 «4 Many eggs frozen > No run of fish. © Hatchery was not used, the eggs being hatched in the lake. da No report. ¢ Not operated. / Includes 30,000 coho se ge and 27,000 fry liberated. 9 Includes 600,000 humpback eggs taken and 560,000 fry liberated. h Includes 2,400,000 humpback eggs taken. 1 Includes 1,845,000 humpback fry planted. J Includes 3,660,000 humpback eggs. THE SALMON FISHERIES OF SIBERIA. As on the Alaska coast, the aborigines of Siberia must have learned early of the excellent food qualities of the salmon which each year frequented the rivers of that country for spawning purposes, and 254 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. not only ate them fresh but also dried large quantities for winter use for themselves and their dogs. Owing to the inaccessibility of the Siberian coast, due mainly to the lack of transportation facilities for many years and the decided objection of the jaa Government to travelers roaming over the country, partly because of the presence of political and. criminal convicts and partly because of a fear that they might learn too much of its resources, there has been but little written, especially with regard to its fishery resources, about this remote section of the Russian Empire, and what little has been published is usually filled with inaccuracies, due, doubtless, in many instances to the fact that the writer generally had to get most of his information at second and third hand and was also unfamiliar with fisher subjects. Most of the data given below were oBteinie | directly from persons living in Siberia or Boats most of whom are engaged in the fishing industry of Siberia, or from Americans who have on various occa- sions visited the country in order to view its fishing possibilities at first hand. SPECIES OF SALMON. All five species of salmon are to be found along the Siberian coast, and the schools appear to run about the same as they do on the American side. Although we have very little authentic data relating to their movements, these are doubtless similar to the runs on the Alaska coast, where climatic and other conditions are very similar. Nearly all streams from the Arctic Ocean to north China seem to have runs of one or more species. The steelhead does not appear to be an inhabitant of the Asian coast. The fishing carried on by the Russians has usually been along the rivers of the mainland, principally in the Amur and on Sakhalin Island. From very early times Japanese fishermen have frequented the Siberian coast and Sakhalin ae (the southern portion of which they at one time owned, exchanging it to Russia for the Kurile Islandsin 1875 and again acquiring itin 1905, as a result of the Russian- Japanese war), being drawn here mainly by the rich stores of salmon which could be secured easily and quickly, and were so necessary to eke out the vast quantity needed to supply such a fish-eating nation as Japan. FISHING DISTRICTS. The Priamur fishing district is subdivided into several districts as follows: Nikolaevsk district.—This district comprises the whole lower part of the Amur River from the village Zimmermanovka down to the mouth of the river, about 300 miles; the River Amgun, 200 miles; the Amur estuary, about 150 miles on the mainland and about 130 miles on the coast of Sakhalin Island, and about 865 miles of the coast line on the southwestern shore of the Okhotsk Sea. In 1913 there were 139 fishing stations operated in this district, and this number has been materially increased since. Humpbacks and chums were the principal species of salmon taken. Sakhalin district—The Sakhalin district includes the entire coast line of Sakhalin island with the exception of that facing the Amur estuary, which belongs to the Nikolaevsk district. It is the smallest PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 255 district, and at present is of little importance. In 1913 there were 14 stations on the island and they produced chum and humpback salmon: Okhotsk- Kamchatka distric.—The Okhotsk section covers the coast line of the northern part of the Okhotsk Sea from Port Ayan to Penjin Promontory, about 1,620 miles. Chum, humpback, coho, and red salmon, and Dolly Varden trout are found here. The West Kamchatka section includes the coast line from the Sopotshnaya River down to the southern Ozernof shore fishing stations, a distance of about 335 miles. The Ozernaya River is, so far as known, the only river in this section that the red salmon visit in any quantities. In 1913 there were 152 fishing stations in this section, most of which were leased to Japanese. The number has since been increased. All five species of salmon and the Dolly Varden trout are found here. The East Kamchatka section covers the coast line of eastern Kam- chatka and Anadir Peninsulas, about 1,843 miles. The majority of the fishing stations are concentrated around Karaginsky (Count Litka) Bay, in the straits from the Malo-Voyam River to Kitchigin River, about 135 miles long, and in the region of Kamchatka River. All five species of salmon and Dolly Varden trout are taken here and most of the canneries are located here and in the West Kamchatka section. Southwestern district—This district covers the waters from the southern boundary of the Amur River estuary (the line between Capes Lazarey and Pogibi) down to the Chosen frontier, including Vanina Bay, Imperial Harbor, Peter the Great Bay, and other bays. The total length of the shore line is about 1,350 miles. The northern part,from Lazarev-Pogibi line to Cape Povorotni, with the excep- tion of various bays, includes the conventional waters, while the southern part, composed of Peter the Great Bay and Posiet Bay, are excluded from the conventional waters. In the first-named section chum and humpback salmon are caught to some extent. In the southern section chum and humpback salmon are taken and marketed fresh. Amur River.—The Amur River is subdivided into two districts— the Marinsk, or the Lower Amur, district and the Khabarovsk dis- trict. The first named includes the area from the village Troitskoo to the village Sophiskoe, or a tract about 278 miles long. The Khabarovsk district includes the river line from the northern bound- ary of the Maryinsk district up the river to Khabarovsk, about 127 miles. Chum salmon form the bulk of the catch in this district. FISHERY RIGHTS AND REGULATIONS. Along the entire seacoast of Siberia, by virtue of the Russo-Japa- nese convention of 1907, concluded for 12 years, and, it is reported, with what truth we have no means of telling at present, renewed in 1919, the Japanese are permitted to engage in fishing on equal terms with Russians. In such sections there is no restriction with regard to the nationality of the laborers employed, or the method of preparing the fish, except that the manufacture of fish manure from fish of the salmon variety is prohibited. On the face of it this convention looks like an equitable agreement, but in putting the Japanese on the same footing as the Russians it subjected them 956 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. to a lot of unstated and arbitrary laws, by-laws, and local regula- tions, besides making the tenure exceedingly short, virtually only one year, as a result of which Japanese capital refuses to erect more than the crudest of plants. The Department of Domains fixes the limits of the stations, and these are sold at public tender, usually during February and March. The exhaustion of the fishery resources of many of the European waters belonging to Russia has forced some of her more enterprising fishermen to seek for new supplies in her Siberian waters, and as these resources become better known, and means of transportation are increased and improved, there will doubtless be a tremendous impetus given to their development. The World War which devastated Kurope between 1914 and 1918 had a particularly disastrous effect on Russia, where the terribly devastating internecine warfare resulting from the revolution within her borders sapped her resources to such an extent that her Siberian fishery operators have been unable to do anything other than make a bare living out of the business and not even that in many cases owing to the uncertainty of business conditions. As a result of these distressing handicaps upon the operations of the Russians, the Japanese have had virtually a free hand in their exploitation of the coastal fishery resources of Siberia. As Siberia in the near future will be the greatest producer of salmon, it behooves us to bestir ourselves if we are to retain our command of the salmon market by taking an active part in the development of Siberia’s fishery resources, for which development Russia has not heretofore welcomed foreign capital. When peace finally comes to that devastated land, how- ever, her capital will be so depleted that she will doubtless welcome relief from whatever source it comes, and as she knows the United States has no territorial aspirations in her direction we will doubtless be far more welcome tints the Japanese, of whose disinterestedness the Russians are extremely suspicious. Fishing rights in the gulfs and bays not cneiaded in the Russo- Japanese convention, such as Peter the Great Bay, Imperial Har- bor, Vanina Bay, Avatchinsk Bay, and others, as well as the rivers of Okhotsk and Kamchatka, are granted by the Governor General, without public tenders, to persons of good repute, but for one year only, aaa if they show their ability to establish a successful fishing station a lease for 12 years can be secured on the basis of paying a royalty of 24 cents per pood (36.112 pounds) of prepared fish. - Under the terms of the lease only Russian subjects can be employed at the stations, while all sailing vessels serving the stations must be under the Russian flag. The regulations governing the river districts vary from those re- lating to coast concessions, and also vary from each other, as the local authorities in the river districts are authorized to issue tem- porary rules and regulations to cover local conditions. On the Amur River, within the boundaries of the Nikolaevsk, Maryinsk, and Khabarovsk districts, the fishing stations are leased by public auction to the highest bidder, some on a long-term basis and others for only one year. At stations above the city of Nikola- evsk, within 30 miles of the Amur estuary and farther, no foreign labor is allowed. Below the city of Nikolaevsk foreign labor can be PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 957 employed to handle the fish on shore, but the actual fishing can be done only by Russian subjects. rola At the present time the chief aim of the Russian authorities is to break the monopoly the Japanese have of the fisheries along the ereater part of the coast. This will be an exceedingly difficult thing to do, owing to the proximity of the Japanese to the Siberian coast, the ease with which they can transport by water the cated ee plies, etc., for carrying on the fisheries, the vastly greater skill in carrying on this work displayed by them over their Russian com- titors, and their unlimited supply of cheap labor, while the Russian Uae are badly hampered as a result of the few Russian subjects available for such work and the consequent high wage cost of same. Japan also has another big advantage in that she is at present almost the sole market for the greater part of the salmon and other fishes taken in Siberia. The very fact of this fish being necessary for feeding her people will cause Japan to battle hard to hold her present advan- tage. In order to encourage opposition to the Japanese, the Russian authorities in 1913 gave to Denbigh & Biritch, on a long lease, a fishing station on the Kamchatka River (eastern shore of Kamchatka peninsula), and to S. Grooshetsky & Co. one on the Bolsha River (western shore of Kamchatka). In order to safeguard the fishery in the lease each was to build a fish hatchery with a capacity of 3,000,000 salmon per annum in the vicinity of the station. Hach was to release 500,000 in 1914, 1,000,000 in 1915, and 3,000,000 yearly from 1916 to the end of the lease. Owing to technical difficulties only the latter firm built a hatchery, and this not until 1915 or 1916. It has since been shut down. The development of the salmon and other fisheries of Siberia has been much hampered by the disinclination of the Russian Govern- ment to permit foreigners to acquire fishing concessions except on very short tenure. As the Russians themselves are generally un- skilled in fishing operations, and are compelled to do the work with Russian labor, which is quite scarce, they do but little with their concessions. American capital would doubtless be available for gee! oping Siberia’s fisheries were it assured of a sufficiently long tenure of lease with some other minor concessions, APPARATUS EMPLOYED. In the river districts somewhat primitive fishing apparatus is employed. Spears, dip nets, and the other simple forms which seem to be common to all savage tribes depending upon the water for the eet part of their subsistence, are all in use by the natives living along the upper reaches. Weirs of a primitive type known as ‘“zaezdka,” are also used. These have a lead consisting of willow poles and branches built from the river bank or a sand bank out into the stream. At the outer end is attached a net compartment with a lead, into which the fish, which have been following the lead in the search for an opening, pass. Two men in a boat are anchored close by, and as soon as 30 or 40 salmon have passed into the compartment, it is hauled up and the fish emptied into the boat, after which the net is reset. 11312°—21——-17 258 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Haul seines of varying lengths and depths are used in connection with the more important river fishing stations. Along the coast the Japanese use a floating trap net somewhat similar to the type used in Alaska, also haul seines and a few gill nets. ABUNDANCE OF SALMON. It is exceedingly difficult to secure even approximate statistics of the Siberian catch of salmon, owing to the wide extent of coast, the totally inadequate means of transportation preventing close super- vision, the presence of so many foreigners who go directly home with their catches at the end of the season, and the crude system of control in operation by the authorities. The following table shows the catch of salmon in the four districts for the year 1898: District. Spring. Summer. | Autumn, INSKOINGVSK ons soak noe enee Sect ee ee oe eee acccincide ae owes chenaeoss semen 7, 464, 896 4, 685, 480 Okhotsk: 5 . 22.4534: ; 3s PR eee AE eet 3 ASE 60, 000 873, 000 2, 662, 000 RCSINGHATER - S res 58 Eee ee oe ee Spe = 5a 1, 067, 000 316, 950 665, 500 Sakhalin? 04): 5S Re a Ef a ee 666, 000 635, 000 748, 000 Total: concen sccse cece tesacer statin coe ate es coe Cente eee ae 1,793,000 | 9,289,846 8, 760, 980 In the Anadir district the catch in 1909 was as follows: Cape St. Michael, 91,616; above Cape Neuman, 8,234; Anadir River, 150,746; Anadir River estuary, 9,864; Hanchelar River, 6,121; Cape Observation, 270,000; total, 536,581. The catch by natives and small Russian fishermen is estimated at about 3,000,000 and 500,000 fish, respectively. In addition to this, 130 barrels of caviar, weighing 14 tons, were prepared, and there were 20 tons from Cape Observation. According to the statistics of the Fisheries Control, the catch of salmon in the Amur River in 1910 was as follows: Spring salmon, 7,701,344; summer salmon, 21,384,549; autumn salmon, 9,546,254; in all, 38,632,147. Of this number 34,649,025 fish were marketed and the balance consumed locally. Japan bought 23,228,481 fish, valued at $473,800; the balance was valued at $681,345. In addition there were 4,766,784 pounds of salmon caviar, valued at an average price of $0.114 per pound, totaling $543,413, which brings the total value of the salmon catch and by-products up to $1,698,558. During the same year, in Peter the Great Bay, 8,263 salmon were caught. The number of salmon caught in eastern and western Kamchatka and in the bays and rivers in this region not included in the Fishing Convention, and at the Russian river stations, in 1911, was as follows: Western Eastern Bays and River Species. Kam- Kam- : river Total. chatka. chatka, | Stations. | outiets, Chavitch,@ring) ¢:5:..a4a4. fp uiivsn O24 5, 421 7,818 207 590 14, 036 Kets (chum). cscs csig) oe all eee 3,082,300 | 2,675,000 297, 300 890, 790 6, 945, 390 Krasnaia (red) 2.3. be. Ie 2, 136, 800 747, 000 689, 000 236, 240 3, 809, 040 Garbusha (humpback)................-.+- 39, 448,500 | 1,411,000 | 1,320,200 175,980 | 42,355, 680 Isishutclt. (Conse. hoon. Sees test oe tee aces 327, 200 179, 000 114, 200 7,770 628, 170 Pitali Sets. 50k 45,000,221 | 5,019,818 | 2,420,907 | 1,311,370 | 53, 752,316 i PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 259 In the Okhotsk district the catch amounted to 827,274 keta and 37,790 krasnaia. Of salmon caviar 489 tons were prepared by the Japanese and 60 tons by the Russians. 1915 about 50,000 barrels of pickled salmon were prepared on the Amur River. In the sections covered by the Fishing Convention 6,000,000 salmon, mostly keta with a few krasnaia, were dry-salted, while 80,000,000 humpback salmon, called ‘‘salmon trout” in Japan, were so prepared. No fish were frozen for the European market, due to the war. A considerable quantity of caviar was prepared, but the quantity isunknown. The pack of canned salmon is shown elsewhere. In the ‘Pacific Fisherman’? (February, 1917), Seattle, Wash., its Hakodate (Japan) correspondent reports the following partic- ulars of the 1916 salmon season: During the year 1916 the salmon catches in the States of Kamchatka and Okhotsk, Siberia, varied greatly according to districts. On the west coast of Kamchatka and Okhotsk there was a big run all season, but the run on the east coast of Kamchatka was extremely poor, except in the Kamchatka River. The distribution of salmon varieties is always limited to about the following districts: Chums are present in large quantities on the east coast of Kamchatka and Okhotsk, but on the west coast of Kamchatka they are never plentiful. Red salmon are almost entirely limited to two districts, the Kamchatka and Ozer- naya rivers, being very scarce in other districts. Humpbacks are found all along the coast, but most especially in the district of Boliskreska | Bolsheryetzk], where there is always a large run. Silver salmon are found in small quantities on the west and east coasts of Kam- chatka at certain seasons of every year. King salmon are present in very limited quantities, early in the season on the west and east coasts of Kamchatka. There were 17 canneries operated in 1916, and they packed about 470,000 cases. There were 218 fishing places on the shores, and the number of salmon caught during the season was 94,582,228. All the salmon packers and fishermen in Siberia have used steamers for the trans- ortation of their goods for several years past, but owing to the high rates now prevail- ing on steamer tonnage they were obliged again to make use of sailing vessels. Prices of all equipment and outfits for the canneries and salting stations were from 30 per cent to 50 per cent higher than for the previous year, but as a result of the strong demand for salmon products due to the European war, all the markets are in good condi- tion. Accordingly, preparations for the coming season are expected to be on a more none ie scale, both as to number and size of canneries and development of the sheries. The above statement is accompanied by the following estimate of the number of salmon caught in 1916 in the States of Kamchatka and Okhotsk, except in the rivers: Species. Ontotak. | Sart Bear | Wise SOUP |. Rota: — ee ee eee Number. Number. Number. Number. ee ys pha ps AE. er ai 1, 482,312 | 2,318,964] 1,669,056] 5,170,332 Eanes pe ak. s35)).. 2025 805i 3,710,320 | 1,776,112 | 79,926,512 | 85, 412,944 le 5 heat ER a aE dann doe o> ps hdue al So aasthob seas SA Odea 3, 276 HOU.2 dsdsssd Pees orunEAtd Be ede Joh dan cess shin dets|tecadeatdess 308,502 | 3,311,304 3,619, 806 GUST vc nae ototiph ammnal Rae thi h A hn dha ikke 655 bs Aik dy Total Pr iad Reds. |Springs.| Silvers. | Chums. ¢ Bee A. G. Denbigh, Kamchatka River (2) Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. 8nd KOM pakOVaeeriqnen- scope --bis 34 eipo,COUs| fear ma 26,000 | 38,000 |......... 122, 000 Food Products Exp. Co.......-....--- ECE (00,1) Ber eSe pea Apseocaud ljaaca-del abe so54sc 35, 000 S. Grooshetsky & Co., Bolsheryetzk -.. 1 GFOOOL| Eo cone cee eee eee = 23,000: |<. 3-ciaee 29,000 UN TWTYs feta br il C1 a ee Be re ere 1] BeBe SHE Seeecora pasos se c fy OCOD er eimtel= are 7, 000 Nichiro Fishing Co. (Ltd.), Kamchatka (a7) eae ee a SEEN EE 2s 1| 14,703 3,334 2, 19k 11981 jars ees 32,209 Sera eee Bea aan Ee BRSCREESGEE 1 PEGASO BR RARERRC| AAGe5a: cA base sees! ARAB Ann 2,200 Tsutsumi & Co., Ozernaya...-..-.---.- 15] €37;800 |... els. teodee 87800) |}. so 5. bee 46, 600 Hand-pack canneries, East and West Kamchatka. 3252 tenssetk eccthecebe 2 1,000 |-...--20-|--seeeee- 4,000 | 10,000 15, 000 Moteleee See ee ee eee 10 | 154,703 | 3,334 | 28,191 | 92,781 | 10,000] 289,009 a From Pacific Fisherman Yearbook for 1916, p. 44. b There were also a couple of small canneries operated on the Amur River which are not shown here. ¢ Called ‘“‘ Pinks” in Siberia. d Includes 10,000 cases one-half pound flats of 8 dozen each. ¢ Includes 10,800 cases one-half pound flats of § dozen each. In order to show the changes which have occurred since 1915 the detailed pack made by the various companies for 1919 is given. SrpeRIA CANNED SALMON PAcK IN 1919.4 2 eee se ———___—__—_____________= 1 nnEEEEELEE EET EDDEEEEEISEEENEEET [SUEUENEN TEENS SE eB Num- | Spring. Red. ber of Name. Cannery location. nertes |" Leto, t tibe tbe) eae oper- | flats. | talls. | flats. ats. ated. Grooshetsky, 8., & Co......-| Ozernaya, Bolsheryetzk.......- lee Bes J Hakania, 8, 6 Cols. ozesa0,3- Opal? osc e srr eae rein =a 01 1 | Seaeray a Hokuyo-Gyogyo Kabushiki | Ust-Kamchatkab.........-.--. Dl odes cael se Kaisha (Ltd.). Nichiro Gyogyo Kabushiki | Bolsheryetzk, Opala, and Ust- 3) 1,533 Kaisha (Ltd.). Kamchatka, Shindo, 8.6400 -22-.6 6 .c-n> Naracholsky \ o> sseseere seas. Wilsc oat Sel hase s Suda, K., A 8 PE ae Palan® Ros oe soweeens st ee ee oe pale seer Tsutsuml & Col..35-55>-amses Ust-Kamchatka, Ozernaya, 7 | 3,575 Javino, Koshegochinsky, Bolsheryetzk (2),and Kuftoi. Yushutsu-Shokuhin Kabu-| Opala Goluiginsky, Koshego- 4 lee net «el omaeeiaes 80,832 | 17,604 shiki Kaisha (Ltd.). chinsky, Javino ¢ Total: 32.20 ccccsc access cesvens dee oad~ ones te aan os ors 21.| 5,108 557 |340,863 | 35,870 a From Pacific Fisherman Yearbook for 1920, p. 86. b Formerly Denbigh canneries at a and Seaside, ¢ Javino cannery bought from A. G. Denbigh & Co. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 263 SrpERIA CANNED SALMON Pack In 1919—Continued. Silver. Chum.} Humpback. | Total. Name. Cannery location. he ce | 1-lb. 1-lb. 1-Ib. 1-lb. 1-lb. Full talls. | flats. | flats. | talls. | flats. | cases. Grooshetsky, S., & Co....| Ozernaya, Bolsheryetzk..|........ eS 57 Al BSS [Sees 20, 248 | 33,948 Hakama, S., & pei): t} Oper ee eee tees nS lt ost S. Soy. LOE ee 7,550 Hokuyo-Gyogyo Kabu- | Ust-Kamchatkac.........|.......- 315.484.) 78,589, |acecs Scheaus quce 183,131 shiki Kaisha (Ltd.). Nichiro Gyogyo Kabu-| Bolsheryetzk, Opala, and |........ 20,941 | 11,018 |........ 12,200 102,569 shiki Kaisha (Ltd.). Ust-Kamchatka. Shindo, S., & Co. Naragheiskey or sso. [bh ee. AGT od fae | OR te ate ee 1, 065 Suda, K., & Co.. PAN CR AS See See 2 ee ee a renee ere ae sassoe eee e 900° Tsutsumi & Co.......... | Ust - Kamchatka, Ozer- | 17,909 | 30,516 | 12,376 | 50,027 | 60,807 | 306, 429 naya, Javino, Koshego- chinsky, Bolsheryetzk (2), and Kuftoi. Yushutsu-S ho kuhin/| Opala, GONNEIBSIs 0= h loan st goohinnn done] toc caee 14, 484 | 112,920 maaan = Kaisha shegochinsky, Javino.> td.). ARONA a5 3: white dace cs |scaeants aotcseuedeaeeucees 17,909 | 88, 455 panes 50,027 107,739 | 748,512 a Formerly Denbigh canneries at Nerpichr and Seaside. + Javino cannery bought from A. G. Denbigh & Co. The following table shows the pack of canned salmon in Siberia from 1910, the virtual inception of the industry, to 1919, inclusive: Year. eam Reds. Silvers. eed Springs. Mame Total. | Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Full cases. IMG FAIA oS. oS 1 5, 500 2,500 A es | ae Re | Sa ed 10, 000 mC IP ae ss ee i pee 1 15,000 | 6, 000 SURO acne & wine ste oa cea tes weal ose 25, 000 UP ee ee me ee eee 43, 500 18,000 CA US Pay ies eerie nl |p Se ait g 77, 500 COL es Oe a ees) A ae ey 102, 900 7,000 BH DOO" ss och hc ad 2,500 133, 400 OTe pop Es, Ve ae 85, 000 22, 500 F7 Lees dees eo. 2,000 136, 500 pL pad PR EES Te 10 119, 703 28,191 92,781 3,334 10, 000 254, 009 PN terete kas eee 18 | 229, 406 54, 652 129, 598 2,047 56, 064 471, 767 Bele as Sede te code ae 18 275, 212 29,980 66,056 2,556 137, 197 511, 001 De ccs kn wets Saas 15 296, 960 43, 588 23, 585 2,027 15,177 331,337 ft. eee 21 377, 290 106, 3€4 101, 983 5,108 157, 766 743,512 1 ene ele ean aaa 1, 55), 471 318,775 484, 003 15,072 380, 704 | 2,749, 026 @ Dog salmon are marketed under a “ pink”’ label. SALTING SALMON, By far the greater part of the salmon catch of Siberia is either ickled or dry salted. This was the earliest commercial method initiated on the coast and has been followed for a number of years, mainly by the Japanese. The coast is dotted with concessions worked by Japanese, while there are large numbers in operation along the rivers, these being restricted to Russians. An idea of the extent of this branch of the industry may be gathered when it is stated that in 1915 there were 50,000 barrels of pickled salmon prepared in the Amur region, while the Japanese dry salted about 6,000,000 dog salm- on, including also a few reds, and 80,000,000 humpbacks, or ‘‘salmon trout,’ as they are called in Japan. In pickling salmon the fish are split down the back, the sides bein held together by the belly. The roe, gills, and viscera are remove and the fish are then washed, and after salting are placed in large 964 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. tanks for seven or more days, or until they are thoroughly struck, after which they are packed in barrels, flesh side up, except the two top layers, which have the skin side up. To about 700 pounds of fish 180 pounds of salt are used. The dry salting, next to drying, is the most primitive method employed in preserving salmon. The process consists simply in splitting the fish up the belly, removing the gills and entrails, and han filling the belly with salt. The fish are then placed in rows on matting and covered with salt, and other rows are placed on top of them until the pile is from 8 to 10 feet high, when the entire lot is covered with matting and left for about seven days, after which they are relaid and again covered with salt. For shipping, the fish are packed in mats. A very odd feature in connection with the operation of most of the Japanese plants is that the salt to be used in curing the fish is usually dumped loose onto some level spot, with absolutely no cov- ering over it, and exposed. to the elements. The Japanese consume enormous quantities of these dry-salted salmon. During the Russian-Japanese war the latter country’s fish- ermen were cut off from access to their usual fishing grounds, with the result that they were forced to look elsewhere for fish. During 1905 and 1906 large quantities were prepared in Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington for this trade, but as soon as the war ended and the Japanese got access once more to their old fishing grounds, the Jap- anese duty on salt fish, which had been suspended during and for a short period after the war, was reimposed. As a result our fishermen soon quit the business, and since then operations on this coast have been almost wholly restricted to Japanese operating in British Columbia waters. At the height of the production on this coast Mr. King, the Amer- ican consular agent at Hakodate, Japan, made the following sugges- tions to preparers and shippers of dry-salted salmon for the Japanese trade: The salmon should arrive in Japan by December 1. Most of these fish are used among the Japanese for New Year’s presents. After the new year the price invariabl declines 20 to 30 per cent, and for a month or two the fish are difficult to dispose om as the consumers always stock up before the new year. The salmon should weigh not less than 5 pounds when thoroughly cured. The should be free from spots, which are usually found on the salmon if caught in fres or brackish water. No Japanese would think of giving a salmon with red and black spots to a friend for a New Year’s present, and spotted fish never realize more than half the price obtainable for clean white fish. The salmon should be split up the belly and should be salted with fine salt. Coarse salt always tears the flesh of the fish when being rubbed in. Care should be taken that the salmon are not oversalted. Semga salting is a more improved and sanitary method than that of straight sith tias and is used when the fish are being prepared for the European market. Selected fish are cut open along the belly and the viscera and gills are carefully removed. In order that the salt may penetrate the flesh more thoroughly, the flesh on the inside is scored several times. The fish are then carefully washed and rubbed with brushes, after which they are kept on ice for 24 hours. The brine is carefully prepared and very strong. When properly struck the fish are repacked into barrels. | PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 265 “Kolodka” is a very crude and cheap method of salting. The fish are half salted and half dried without being cut open, and are sold at the place where prepared. The natives prepare a great many salmon for the winter use of themselves and their dogs, the same as do the Alaskan natives. The fish are dried without the use of salt. The product is known as “youkala.”’ Some salmon bellies are also cut out and salted, although this has never attained to prominence. Some fresh salmon, as well as salted, are smoked for local con- sumption. Barrels, or tierces, for packing salmon are made from cedar, larch, or fir, with a net capacity of 900 to 1,000 pounds of fish, and are bound with wooden and iron hoops. THE SALMON FISHERIES OF JAPAN. Outside of Karafuto (that portion of Sakhalin Island, south of 50° north latitude, which belongs to Japan) and the Kuril Islands, the salmon fisheries of Japan are comparatively small, the principal por- tion’ of the immense catches made by Japanese fishermen being along the coasts of Siberia and Karafuto. All of the five species of salmon found on the American side are to be found in the waters of Sakhalin during the usual spawning eriods. = The dog salmon (O. keta), which is known in Japan as “‘sake,’”’ and when canned as ‘“‘pink” salmon, is to be found on Hokushu Island, running up the various streams for spawning purposes from Septem- ber to December. On the same island is to be found also the masu (O. masow), a salmon, according to Dr. Jordan,* very similar to the humpback, the scales being a little larger, the caudal fin without black spots, and the back usually immaculate. It is fairly abundant in the streams of Kokushu, the island formerly known as Yezo, and is found nowhere else in the world. The author had an opportunity to ex- amine a dry-salted masu (it might be well to state here that in Jap- anese masu means ‘‘trout”’) at the fish house of the Royal Fish Co., in Vancouver, British Columbia, in January, 1916. The manager, Mr. Emy, had imported the fish from his own country. Both in size and general appearance it closely resembled a humpback salmon, and when cut open the flesh had the same coloring observable in our humpback. This species, and the true humpback found in more northern waters, especially in Siberia, are dry salted in immense num- bers and are generally marketed under the name of ‘‘white trout” or ‘‘salmon trout.” In Japan the “red trout’? seem to be our rainbow and brook trouts, which were introduced into Japanese waters some years ago. The red salmon (QO. nerka) is to be found landlocked in Lake Akan in the northern part of the island. It is smaller in size than the sea species. This species has been introduced into the waters of Honshu. The section of this report devoted to the salmon fisheries of Siberia treats quite fully of the activities of the Japanese in that quarter. a Fishes, p. 206. By David Starr Jordan. N. Y., 1907. 266 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. In Sakhalin, or Karafuto, as it is called in Japan, the Japanese have had a rather checkered career. At one time ae island belonged to the Chinese Empire. Early in the nineteenth century the southern ortion was occupied by the Japanese. In 1875 she bartered it to ussia in exchange for some small islands in the Kuril group. As a result of the Russo-Japanese war the southern half, or all that portion south of 50° north latitude, was in 1905 ceded to Japan. The salmon fisheries of this island are of much importance. For many years the Japanese had a virtual monopoly of them, but very early in the present century the Russians attempted to restrict con- siderably the activities of the Japanese fishermen, and encouraged her own subjects to compete with them. Many hundreds of Rus- sians and Koreans were encouraged to migrate to the island and engage in its fisheries. Despite these handicaps, the operations of the Japanese fishermen, according to the statistics shown below, do not seem to have suffered. : Spring Year. Salmon.a aefhivian} Total. UO HEIDE Oe GES U Src ssa doe SO SF BEG NODASaaSaS fos S55 stiadetsces 8, 589 34, 24 42, 835 URE As Aen Re Sas 5s Goda gsser eson se jSacpsedosecsstocosocsesscasss 6, 335 11, 228 17, 563 18904, i 4951). SoU Sh ER a oe IE oe 2 oe ee, 8, 379 22, 959 31, 338 TN: SB sa Se ease ge US aS Sad oe seccee Aeeeeses5- SS SepSSSScneee 7,719 8, 797 16,516 TOQUE (YER epg es Leek ASSES SCR US LSE SE foe ee eee 3, 089 12,735 15, 824 WOODS oe Boel dss ss. tele hasinat -chawlSe= Rank eb st sues casnaeenctiosas daliacease scene eeaaaeamene 24,726 a Species not specified. +» Koku equals about 54 bushels. Considerable fishing is carried on around the island of Yetorofu, one of the Kuril group. Here are found red (O. nerka), silver (O. kisutch), and dog salmon (0. keta), also either the humpback or Dr. Jordan’s masu. CANNING INDUSTRY. The salmon canning industry in Japan proper was inaugurated by the Hokushu Colonization Department, a local branch of the Federal Government. For some time this department had operated a fishery school on Hokushu Island, at which experimental work in the canning of salmon and other fishery products was carried on. This estab- lishment canned considerable salmon during the Russo-Japanese war. This same department also established a fishery school on Yetorofu Island, one of the Kuril group, which was, in 1908, taken over by Suhara Kakubei, a fisherman and graduate of the school, and used as a salmon cannery. Some years earlier, however, about 1892 or 1893, Fujino Shirobei started canneries in Shibetsu and Bekkai, Nemuro Province, Hok- ushu Island, and a short time later Idzumi Shozo also started a plant at Nemuro. For a number of years these three canneries were the only producers. The plants were quite primitive, the product small, «ad most of it was consumed by the Japanese navy. A demand for the product was gradually worked up, however, and as a result there are now a number of small canning plants on Hokushu Island proper, the Kuril Islands, and Japanese Sakhalin. Most of these plants devote the major part of their energies to the packing PACIFIG SALMON FISHERIES. 267 of crab meat, the canning of salmon being in most cases a side issue. A few of the plants have been equipped with machinery, but the large majority are hand-pack plants, employing but a few persons. Most of these plants pack what is called ‘“‘white trout,” which is really the humpback or masu salmon. In 1912 there were in Hok- ushu and adjacent islands 21 canneries which packed 730 cases (48 one-pound flat cans each) of red (O. nerka) and 72,770 cases (48 one-pound cans each) of “‘white trout,” a total of 73,500 cases. On the Japanese portion of Sakhalin Island 4 canneries packed 10,120 cases (48 one-pound cans each) of ‘‘white trout” in 1912. The pack of canned salmon in Japanese territory in recent years has been as follows: Hokkaido | Karafuto and Year. (Japanese Total. Kurils. Sakhalin), Cases. Cases Cases UY SSE SPE Sane sees oo, Sane Cee en eh ee! Same eee eee 73,500 10,1 83, 620 Be AS SES ED aD SD es ee ee) SS eee 46,000! fs hae soe = 0 46, 000 NA Saisie ie E28) a cea ed sie ced treance ocige «wah Ors Baws « 50, 450 15, 000 65, 450 teh nelied Tila ase: gee AE Supe inline dodieg toca % | 55,000 15,000 70; 000 CLE pn SIS ASUS See EEA So EAS AIR 37, 800 1, 39, 600 AT TS EES Rees St SE IES ENPPREE Be SPRY OSE e MEE 39, 545 16, 607 56, 152 LE eh i aS Bele a I i st ge 2 ol os} BD Sa ee Ee 21, 490 5, 26, 490 ee rs Sti ee Som eres ads ied 4k acts bese sbep tede OCA « te ant 50, 500 18, 000 @ 68,500 2 Composed of 2,500 cases of 1-pound flat red salmon and 66,000 cases of 1-pound flat chum salmon. The following table shows the quantities and value of salmon and trout taken by the Japanese fishermen in certain years: Salmon. Trout Year. Pounds Yen. Pounds Yen i ee Se, fa ee Le on, 5, 722, 475 454, 662 923, 025 121, 499 TS Be 2 SS BORE Ae 9, 286, 267 892,879 | 4,500,008 332, 316 ER ai din de - sing Sr Read odddane lo ebeek | 26,438,017 | 1,594,230 | 44038, 383 928) 513 | FISHERY METHODS. In Japanese waters salmon are taken by means of trap nets, haul seines, and gill nets. The haul seines used along the seashore have a length of about 500 fathoms. Each is carried by a boat of 9 feet beam with 30 men, and the right wing, called the ‘‘outing wing,” is first paid out as the boat heads out from the beach. When the pocket, or bunt, is cast the boat turns its course toward the right and steers gradually landward, casting the left wing. When the school is encircled the seine is hauled ashore by the seine ropes. The floating trap net used for salmon is known as ‘‘kaku-ami,” or square trap net. is consists of a main net and lead. The main net, or heart, is 70 fathoms long, 10 fathoms wide, and 10 fathoms deep, and the lead is 120 fathoms long. The latter guides the fish toward the main net. When being fished the pot is hauled up by a boat crew and the fish transferred to the boat by means of a dip net. 268 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. FISH CULTURE. The artificial culture of salmon is carried on in 56 hatcheries, which are distributed in Hokkaido and the prefectures of Aomori, Akita, Yamagata, Niigata, Toyama, Kyoto, Iwate, and Miyagi. Nine of these belong to the government of Hokkaido and other prefectures, while the rest are owned by fishing associations, individuals, or corpo- rations. The number of young salmon distributed by these hatch- erles amounts to over 80,000,000 a year. The largest hatchery is the one at Chitose, under the supervision of the Hokkaido Fishery Experimental Station. It was established in 1887, and it is estimated that the fish distributed by it number from 20,000,000 to 30,000,000 yearly. The salmon hatchery of Murakami, Niigata prefecture, dates as far back as 1881, when a regulation pertaining to the preservation of young salmon in the River Miomote was enacted by the prefecture of Nugata. This was first called the ‘‘Murakami Salmon Raising Plant,” but in 1891 it was turned into a hatchery, and ‘is now dis- tributing 2,000,000 young salmon a year. The salmon hatchery of Nitta River, Fukushima prefecture, is very similar in its history and organization to the above. The industry has during the last few years become very popular in Yamagata prefecture, where 22 hatcheries are in operation as private enterprises. In the prefectures of Shiga, Miye, Shizuoka, Nagano, Yamanashi, Kanagawa, Akita, Niigata, Hyogo, Miyazaki, and Hokkaido, the masu (QO. masou) and the landlocked hime-masu (0. nerka) are raised and distributed in the lakes and rivers. There are eight hatcheries working on these species. The hatchery of Lake Towada, Akita prefecture, first transplanted hime-masu from Hokkaido in 1902, and it is now hatching from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 eggs a year for the purpose of distributing the fish among the different districts. O IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESS OF SALTING RIVER HERRING, ESPECIALLY ADAPTED TO WARM CLIMATES.’ By HarpEen F. Taytor, Technologist, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Contribution from the Fishery Products Laboratory, Washington, D. C. INTRODUCTION. In the warmer parts of the United States it has generally proved to be difficult, if not impossible, to preserve certain kinds of fish by salting, though some kinds appear to be more difficult of preserva- tion than others. The reason for failure was believed to be that at warm temperatures the fish spoils before the salt penetrates to the innermost parts; this belief was verified experimentally in an investi- gation*® in which several improvements in the process of salting alewives or river herring were evolved. No doubt these improvements are applicable also to other kinds of fish. As will be seen below, none of them are really new, but well known procedures were studied chemically and variations which gave best results were followed in every case, so that the process is very much more successful under adverse conditions, and the final product is superior in quality. While the procedure herein described has been quite successful in a small way, it will be understood by all cautious persons that no unusual methods should be applied on a large scale until their prac- ticability has been thoroughly established by commercial applica- tion. In Florida some 80,000 river herring, or alewives, were salted under the supervision of this Bureau in the 1920 season. These were marketed at a good price, and no complaints were lodged with the producers, so far as known. It therefore seems proper to make available in practicable form the details of the process employed for those who care to try it. As stated above, the difficulty in salting fish in warm climates seemed to be due to slow penetration of salt and rapid decomposition of the fish. Obviously, then, any procedure that hastens penetration of salt and retards decomposition of fish should improve the pros- pects of success. A number of simple and practicable ways of doing both of these things were found, For example, it was found that calcium, or lime, and magnesium, the common impurities in salts used commercially, retard penetration altogether out of proportion to the quantities present. A salt consisting of 4.7 parts of magnesium a Appendix II to the Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1921. B. F. Doc. No. 903. * For original chemical and scientific data on which this paper is based, see “ Some Considerations Concerning the Salting of Fish,’ by Donald Kk. Tressler, B, F. Doe. No. 884, Appendix V, Report, U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1919. 39522°—21 3 4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. chloride and 95.3 parts of pure salt required five days to penetrate fish to the extent that pure salt did in three days; and the same salt required nine days to penetrate as far as pure salt did in four and one-half days. It was found that salt applied dry to fish penetrated fish as deeply in five days as saturated brine did in eight days. It was found that blood spoiled at a lower temperature than fish flesh, and that fish containing blood, roe, and milt spoiled at about 65° F., while thoroughly cleaned fish could be salted successfully at 90° or even 100° F. It remained, therefore, only to take advantage of these principles and to apply certain facts already known from other sources to hasten penetration of salt and retard decomposition of fish until they are preserved. PRINCIPLES OF IMPROVED PROCESS. The principles will now be taken up and discussed in such a way that by following in detail the method outlined it is believed any person can carry them successfully into practice. The principles are: 1. Careful handling of fish before salting. 2. Thorough cleaning, especially removal of all blood. 3. Use of salt of a high degree of purity. 4. Application of salt in the dry condition. To these should be added—if the fish are to be stored for any considerable length of time—storage of fish in brine. (There is considerable doubt of the feasibility of storing salt fish in very warm climates; until this subject is investigated it seems advisable to hold only in cool storage.) These principles are known, at least in part, to many experienced salters of fish, yet the combination of them all is rarely or never fol- lowed. The great difference that is made in the quality of salt fish by following them will be readily observed upon comparing the product with that of ordinary processes. 1. CareFrUL HANDLING OF FISH BEFORE SALTING.—I wo precautions are particularly important under this head, namely, to avoid bruises and to avoid warmth. Bruises promote decomposition of fish in the same way that they cause fruits to rot. Therefore, fish should not be forked, walked on, squeezed when taken from nets, nor packed deep in boats, boxes, or barrels, and care should be exercised to see that they are not crushed or bruised by large chunks of ice. Warmth, as every fisherman knows, hastens decomposition. It is best to put the fish in finely crushed ice immediately after capture, but if not so treated they should be kept as cool as possible and should be salted with the least possible delay. It is well to remember that fish are of about the same temperature as that of the water from which they come, and therefore fish taken from warm water should be handled more expeditiously than those from cold water. Fish should be shielded from direct sunlight and should not be allowed to dry, as the skin shrinks and loses its luster if dried. 9. THOROUGH CLEANING, ESPECIALLY REMOVAL OF ALL BLoop.—It has been found in the case of river herring that blood spoils at.a much lower temperature than flesh. These fish can be salted at from 90° to 100° F. or higher if the blood is all removed, while those containing SALTING RIVER HERRING. 5 blood will sour if salted at 65° F. In cool climates the blood may be left in the fish if desired, as it imparts a distinct flavor, for example, in the Scotch method of curing herring. But in warm climates, where conditions are unfavorable at best, there is no choice but to remove every trace of blood as well as all entrails and roe and the head. To do this it is necessary to behead the fish, take out entrails, scrape the kidney out (the bloody strip lying under the backbone), and wash the fish thoroughly. (A 20-penny wire nail, the head of which has been sharpened with a file, makes a convenient instrument for scraping out the kidney.) Large fish may be split through the back and laid open. The washing should preferably be done by rousing the fish in brine of about the strength of sea water, but it may be done in cold fresh water. In the case of alewives or river herring, the washing operation should also serve to remove scales by vigorous rousing. It may seem that if the blood spoils at 65° F. the meat of the fish would not necessarily be ruined. But the taint of spoiled blood is sufficient to make the entire fish unfit for food. It is also probable that the presence of blood may initiate a kind of decomposition of the flesh. 3. Usk OF SALT OF A HIGH DEGREE OF PURITY.—This is the most im- portant factor in salting fish in warm climates; yet some people are inclined to question the truth of this statement. Fishermen gen- erally have no first-hand way of knowing whether or not any par- ticular lot of salt is pure, as neither the looks of salt nor the claims of advertising matter are always reliable indications of purity. By purity is meant not cleanness but the scarcity of foreign substance in the salt. Salt may be highly impure yet perfectly white and very fine and clean, for the two most objectionable impurities, lime and magnesium salts, are white, like salt. On the other hand, salt may be dirty or colored, and yet if lime and magnesium salts are absent may penetrate and preserve the fish. It is therefore necessary to have-a salt of a very high degree of purity; that is, with less than 1 per cent total impurity. There are grades of salt on the market containing a total of less than one- tenth of 1 per cent impurity.’ These salts are especially suitable for salting fish by this method. Chemical analysis is the only reliable guide to purity; most reliable dealers are able to give the correct analyses of their brands of salt, and these figures should be required before purchase. The figures for sodium chloride (pure salt) should be 99 per cent or over—the higher the better, 99.96 per cent some- times appearing. The figures for calcium (lime) and magnesium salts should be as low as possible. It makes little difference whether they are sulphates or chlorides, any salt in which calcium and mag- nesium taken together are more than 1 per cent should be looked upon with suspicion for salting fish in warm climates. The presence of moisture does not cause the salt to be unsuitable. If moisture is present, as it usually is, allowance should be made for it; pure salt (sodium chloride) and moisture added together should * Names of manufacturers of satisfactory brands of salt will be supplied on application to this Bureau; also if analysis of a salt is furnished, the Bureau will, upon request, give opinion as to its suitability for curing fish. 6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. exceed 99 per cent. The following example will illustrate the point. A chemical analysis of some lot of salt is, let us say: ‘ Per cent. Sodium. chloride.« 3: os.) y (24:) Agee es) re eee he ee 97. 50 Moisture ._... 8. oe ee SE ee ee eee eee 2. 00 Magnesium, chlorides 2.222) 10.020 52.7 ee ee. . 25 Galcitim-Sulphateess ses ee eee = . 25 Potal ita 7 dw iH 7 s | d A coe ru ai>) “) oy i ieih d Uae } - - f 1 f hs i rT Mihi Pore Ft, ) J * “4 ‘ j . ‘ he 1 : % wines af an rev , A eI ry Ls ' ‘y eis : Tide (43. Y jie beat, Alt eee lS) 7 Ais : i‘? : 1 wha ie 7") 7 i. Leia Air Hot VioTt Stak QM ae. 2 Hugete) bs vee ing “LNOYL GALLOdSMOvVIE !1NOYL LVONHLINOD fSinoYL IVOYHLGSY—€ “D514 706 9900 — "4 “8 Sn FISHES OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.’ With Description of the Park Waters and Notes on Fishing. By Hues M. Smirx and Wri11aM C. KenpDALL. CONTENTS. Page Introduction:..-.-.=:.--'. 5) 2 Pil AN! Desa ie 12° I ed Sd Gna a a 3 ee NICE RISES CML igs he nab aed hc e Ci ap Se Bn tae eles owes 4 Gh 2 a ee Sy ee ee ee ee 5 pEENPE nea REMORSE ctl Ar = ain aimee ge ae 2 5 SpE REMERON eat ee Jee en) tule cr Ses See i 6 a= i TU EN Ss eR aoe en es ey ee At Saene 16 SE A Se ee ee ene ee Ret ore oe 7 16 Lo ENE oa ee ee ee See ee ee eee eee 16 Pe MaRRie TCRINIIRIN WRALOUBIN 602 oo oo cin yceee anal ed acne nds esse one 17 3. Redthroat trout; cutthroat trout; blackspotted trout........ serene Ni tied 18 MpeOI W9OHE 2. Sco ss do out Bad at eee Poe dst k euch AA 21 mawcocn lake trout; Loch Leven trout. 2.) visi). a-~ 2-6 ~36-: decide ied 22 6. European brown trout; Von Behr trout... .................----... 23 WepEAketrouL Mackinaw tout.’ 8 oe eit ee oe 24 8.) Hastern brook trout; speckled trout: 2/0... 2000.02, .00 2221... 26 Be dicmenm ewer) 652, aren. Uae aeide eS ote ee eS RY a Boss wa 27 SC MRIMEPIEMSASiia a Salas A hie ee Te is Ocha a Sitabd gota sae e ss dea qc ee 28 ire UnIHOTIONG MUCK ath Ns a sodas A Byes eet oe es ty ely A. Sees 28 rem TLS UCC x, oes Cees kas ts Ot eR ot Ng 29 Br OU ace Caren nat a Atak ae ae de = Ace Pte RY ies Gp ee 29 Sey Clivernias remunOW ed bi! P38) 2oe/st eile ki erect lt 30 EAD a Ss RAs] cee a ee ne Oe ee ae 30 eee A SIG, CMR testo Caled as wan wdtick une valiatnely Kiplgha cy abec ¢ 30 INTRODUCTION. The fishes of the Yellowstone National Park constitute one of the most interesting and noteworthy attractions of that wonderland. The special appeal which the fishes make to the park visitors comes partly from the beauty, gameness, and variety of the fishes, and partly from the inspiring environment in which fishing may be done. Among the wild, backboned animals in the park the fishes are the ny ones whose killing is allowed and encouraged by the park authorities. The greatly increased number of visitors to the park in recent years has brought the fishes into unusual prominence and necessitates renewed efforts to maintain the supply by means of artificial propagation and protection. It is hoped that this little document relating to fishes and fishing may serve a useful purpose beyond merely furnishing information for anglers. Increased knowledge of the park fishes should have the effect of increasing the public appreciation of the extraordinary opportunity for healthful recreation that the park affords, and at ' Appendix III to the Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1921. B. F. Doc. 904. 3 4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, the same time should discourage unnecessary destruction of fish life and develop a spirit of cooperation with the Government agencies that are striving to maintain the fish supply. . The present report is a revised and Bee cl edition of the one published by the Bureau of Fisheries in 1915.2. The exhaustion of the supply of that document and the continued public demand for information on this subject, together with the availability of new data on the fishes, make this publication desirable. INDIGENOUS FISHES. The native fish life of the park was profoundly affected by the great lava flow which occurred over a large part of the park in Pliocene times. Whatever fishes were then present were necessarily killed, and, with the reestablishment of the watercourses after the cooling of the surface of the lava, fishes in outside waters were to a great extent pees from reaching the lofty plateau, which comprises most of the area of the park, by the high and steep falls over which the streams leave the lava beds. It thus follows that the native fish fauna of the park is very limited. Except in Yellowstone River and its tributaries practically no fishes occur naturally above the falls, and in the extensive basin of that river the few species that do exist gained access to the region above the falls because of the imperfect watershed separating the Yellow- stone and the Snake River basins. The original comparative barrenness of the park in fish life was due entirely to topographical conditions. The physical character of the waters is, in general, highly favorable for fishes, and an examina- tion of the streams and lakes of the park by Prof. Forbes in 1890* disclosed the presence in certain barren waters of an abundant in- sect and crustacean food well suited for sustaining certain kinds of fishes. The theory that would account for the original absence of fishes in particular park waters as due to the high temperature and chemical constituents of the great volumes of water flowing from the geysers and hot springs is entirely untenable for several reasons: first, native trout abound and flourish in various streams and lakes in close proximity to the outpourings of geysers and hot springs, and, secondly, both native and exotic trouts have been successfully planted in barren waters receiving the discharge of geysers and hot springs. The fishes of natural occurrence in the park represent 10 species, as follows: Longnose sucker, rosyside Tibeee chub, silverside min- now, longnose eam dusky dace, Rocky Mountain whitefish, red- throat trout, Montana grayling, and blob. Of these only the trout and the grayling have generally been recognized as game fishes, although the whitefish might properly be so considered. While these were very abundant in certain waters, the annually increasing num- bers of angler-tourists in the park made it desirable to augment the natural supply of game fishes by the introduction into barren waters of selected species of other game fishes. 2 The fishes of the Yellowstone National Park. By William C. Kendall. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 818. 1915. 8 A preliminary report on the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the Yellowstone National Park, Wyo., and the Flathead region of Montana. By 8. A. Forbes. Bulletin U. 8S. Fish Commission, vol. x1, for 1891, v. 207-258, pl. XXXVII-XLU. 1893. FISHES OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 5 INTRODUCED FISHES. In immediate response to the outcome of investigations to deter- mine the suitability of fishless park waters for game fishes, the Bureau of Fisheries in 1889 inaugurated the planting of selected species in predetermined waters, and this work has been continued to the pres- ent time. The one species of native trout was soon supplemented by the very successful introduction of five other trouts, and in a short time the park became an angler’s peradtie, affording better and more varied trout fishing than could be found anywhere else in the country, if not in the world. The nonindigenous trouts that have been introduced into park waters are the rainbow, Loch Leven, brown, lake, and eastern brook trouts, all of which have become firmly established. The distribu- tion of the native redthroat trout has been greatly extended into previously barren waters. The introduction of two other game fishes has been attempted, but apparently without positive results. One of these is the landlocked salmon (Salmo sebago), of which 7,000 fry were planted in Yellowstone Lake and 2,000 in Duck Lake in 1908, but not a vestige of these plants has ever been seen. The other species is the largemouth black bass soapy etna salmoides), of which 500 fingerlings were planted in ‘lakes in Yellowstone National Park,” according to the indefinite official record. These lakes are thought to have been Feather Lake and Goose Lake, in the Lower Geyser Basin. An earlier plant of 250 black bass was made in the Gibbon River, in 1893, but it is not known which of the two species of black bass composed this plant. There is no evidence of the survival of black bass anywhere in the park, and this may be regarded as a fortunate circumstance. In our opinion, there should be no further attempts to establish black bass in the park, as they do not harmonize with the trouts, and their predatory habits make them unsafe species to introduce among the soft-finned fishes which, with two minor exceptions, constitute the local fauna. The only other species of fish that has been introduced into park waters is the yellow perch, whose planting was unofficial and is apparently to be ascribed to the unauthorized act of a private individual. This. fish now abounds in certain lakes in the Lower Geyser Basin. FISH CULTURE IN THE PARK. The hundreds of thousands of visitors who have already been in the park and the millions of others who are destined to visit it owe to fish culture and fish acclimatization a debt whose value can hardly be estimated. Within a few years after experienced fish-culturists began to give attention to needs of the park the hitherto fishless waters began to produce desirable game fish in abundance, and this has continued up to the present time. ‘The early work, as well as the efforts of the fish-culturists of late, has been directed mostly to maintaining the supply of fishes already established. For many years the Bureau of Fisheries has conducted fish- hatching operations in the park. The first hatchery was located at the Thumb of Yellowstone Lake; the principal hatchery now is on the lake shore near the Lake Hotel. In 1921 a permanent hatchery was erected on Soda Butte Creek, which had been the site of a field 6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. hatchery for a number of years. The hatcheries are maintained, pri- marily, for the purpose of keeping up the supply of redthroat trout. The redthroat trout is the only local trout which spawns during the season when the park is easily accessible and when it is possible without unwarranted effort and expense to obtain a supply of run- ning water for hatching purposes. The adult fish begin to ascend the streams that are put into flood by the melting snows and they continue to run until the latter part of July. Some fish, however, doubtless spawn also in Yellowstone Lake and other large lakes. The principal supply of eggs for hatching purposes comes from creeks on the eastern side of Yellowstone Lake. Into these creeks the trout run at spawning time and across them the fish-culturists erect intercepting barricades or racks. These racks are provided with narrow passageways that lead into traps in which the fish congregate. The trout are transferred to live cars, where they are held pending the ripening of their eggs. At the proper time the eggs are stripped from the fish and held at improvised field hatcheries eae shipment to the central station. The adult fish are released alive. | The questions naturally arise, Why not let the trout run up the creeks and spawn eer Why not permit the eggs to hatch in the manner intended by nature and let the young remain for awhile in the water where they were born and then run back to the lake at the proper time? These questions, which will, no doubt, be asked by many thoughtful park visitors, afford an opportunity to indicate one way in which it is possible to improve on nature and to point out why in the Yellowstone National Park, as elsewhere, it is desirable or necessary for the fish-culturist to go to nature’s assistance. The streams in which the redthroat trout spawn are usually much swollen at the time of the run. Pushing upstream energetically, the fish often go far from the lake and deposit their spawn during high water in places which later, with the complete melting of the snow, may become exposed to the air. Hohyy tomes of eggs occur in this way. If conditions are favorable for the laying and hatching of the eggs in streams that may be raging torrents in spring and early summer, it frequently happens that by July and August such streams become almost dry, are cut off from the lake and reduced to disconnected pools, and the young fish necessarily perish sooner or later. The adverse conditions occurring in nature make it probable that at best only 5 or 10 per cent of the eggs produce fry that reach the feeding stage at which the hatchery turns the fish loose. On the other hand, fully 90 per cent of the eggs taken by artificial methods are safely incubated and yield fry that are liberated in selected places—along the lake shore or near the mouths of open creeks where there is a good prospect of survival. There are still a few fishless waters in the park, but each season additional lakes and streams are stocked and ultimately all waters suitable for fish will have received attention. In 1919 Mallard Lake, a beautiful mountain gem not far from Old Faithful Inn, was found to be fishless and was planted with eastern brook trout. This seems destined to become a favorite angler’s resort. Other waters FISHES OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. € recently stocked with redthroat trout for the first time are various lakes in the southwest section of the park. PRINCIPAL FISHING WATERS. The fishing season in the park does not ordinarily begin before July, by which time, according to one of the angling writers here- after cited, ‘‘the plethora of water has disappeared and the streams flow swift, clear, and cold. At this season of the year trout fishing is at its best.” Die). ie Information regarding the fishing in various localities may be found in the annual reports of the superintendent of the park, articularly the report for 1897, and in the annual circulars of in- ormation issued by the National Park Service. The following cars pertaining wholly or gives to fishing in the park may e consulted for detailed or special data: Fish in the National Park and tributaries of Snake River. By J. E. Curtis. Bul- letin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. rv, for 1884, p. 335-336. A reconnoissance of the streams and lakes of the Yellowstone National Park, Wyo., in the interest of the United States Fish Commission. By David Starr Jordan. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. 1x, for 1899, p. 41-63, with map and many plates. A reconnoissance of the streams and lakes of western Montana and northwestern Wyoming. By Barton W. Evermann. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission, vol. x1, for 1891, p. 3-60, with plates and maps. A woman’s trout fishing in Yellowstone Park. By Mary Trowbridge Townsend. Outing, vol. xxx, no. 2, May, 1897, p. 163-164. A list of the fishes of Montana, with notes on the game fishes. By James A. Hen- shall. Bulletin of the University of Montana, No. 34, Biological series no. 11. 1906. Wyoming summer fishing and the Yellowstone Park. By Ralph E. Clark. Out- ing, vol. ti, no. 4, July, 1908, p. 508-511. ), Fly fishing in wonderland. By Klahowya (O. P. Barnes). 56 p. 1910. The Yellowstone National Park. By Hiram Martin Chittenden. Fishes, p. 210- 212. 1915. The following annotated list of park fishing waters is based partly on information kindly furnished by Col. L. M. Brett, United States Army, formerly acting superintendent of the park; partly on notes taken from the works before cited; partly on observations by A. H. Dinsmore, of the Bureau of Fisheries, in 1919 and 1920; aid partly on the senior author’s observations in 1914 and 1919. YELLOWSTONE LAKE. Yellowstone Lake is one of the most beautiful lakes in the world. It and some of the tributary creeks abound with the native or red- throat trout. There appear to be no other game species in the lake. Landlocked salmon planted in 1908 and 1909 have not been seen since. The rainbow trout, planted at the same time in some of the affluents, have shown no evidence of establishment, excepting on the statement of Mr. Croley, a hotel fisherman for 12 years, to the effect that he had seen only one fish other than the blackspotted trout. This fish “looked different and had a broad side band” and was thought to be a rainbow. In 1919 the senior author found the water of Flat Mountain Arm, though shallow, distinctly colder than in the lake, evidently owin to the inflow of springs and the creek at its head. Near the head of 8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. this arm he found the largest redthroat trout met with in the park, fine, clean, trim, vigorous fellows, not like those observed elsewhere. All suitable tributary creeks contain redthroat trout. The most notable creeks on the east side of the lake, enumerated from north to south, are: Pelican, Cub, Clear, Columbine, and Beaverdam Creeks. All contain native trout. Sylvan Lake, which discharges through Clear Creek in times of high water, contains a few trout. It is a beautiful mountain lake, clear and moderately cold. Ralph E. Clark said of Pelican Creek: One mile east of Yellowstone River outlet is Pelican stream, which rises in the cold snows of the mountains and empties its waters into the lake. Here you catch quan- tities of uncontaminated trout, large, beautiful, fat, and gamy, as free from worms as the fresh cold waters they swim in are free from pollution. On the west side of the lake, named in the same order, are Bridge Creek, entering Bridge Bay; Arnica Creek, an affluent of the north- west side of the Thumb; Solution Creek, a small, narrow stream, with lava bottom and grassy banks bordered with willows, the outlet of Riddle Lake, sometimes going dry. Riddle Lake, so called because of the former mystery of its outlet, is a clear pond of roundish outline, about 14 miles in diameter, about whose outlet are numerous lily pads and other plants. Its shores are shallow, and its bottom is chiefly of lava gravel. The temperature is about 50° F. Trout are numerous. Near West Thumb is another small, deep-set lake, named Duck Lake, which has no outlet. It formerly contained no trout, but red- throat trout and landlocked salmon were planted in it. Redthroat trout now appear to be abundant, but landlocked salmon have never been observed. However, the senior author found good-sized Loch Leven trout common in 1919. Grouse and Chipmunk Creeks enter opposite sides of the southern end of the South hea Besides these there are numerous unnamed creeks, some of which go dry insummer. One, however, flowing into Flat Mountain Arm, was found by the senior author on July 17, 1919, to contain more water than many of the other creeks around the lake, probably never going dry. A creek that will flow as did this one during a period of drought, with the lake level one-third lower than ever before known, must be permanent. The creek, unnamed on the available maps, clear and cold, with beautiful green, grassy banks with trees here and there, meanders to an extraordinary degree through a broad, open valley, flowing over a gravelly bed, now with riffles, now with deep holes, making a charming trout brook. At its mouth is a flat much frequented by elk. This creek was found to contain numerous trout of season’s hatch; some 3 to 5 inches long of the previous season; and older fish up to 12 inches in length. YELLOWSTONE RIVER ABOVE THE LAKE. Above the lake the Yellowstone River winds through marshy meadows, between wooded hills, behind which are the rugged peaks of high voleanic mountains. The current is sluggish, and, according to Mr. Dinsmore, the fall is so slight that it would be a comparatively easy matter in times of ordinary flow to travel by canoe the entire distance from the lake to the southern boundary of the park. FISHES OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 9 The principal tributaries of this portion of the river from the lake southward on the left are Cabin, Trappers, Mountain, Cliff, Escarp- ment, and Thoroughfare Creeks. On the other side in the same direction are Badger, Phlox, and Lynx Creeks. Good fishing is found in the river and in the creeks high up where they meander from the mountains. YELLOWSTONE RIVER BELOW THE LAKE. Below the lake to the upper falls there is no great descent, and the river flows for about 15 miles with a quiet current. Here its banks are bordered with low hills, some of them wooded, others formin open pastures. On the right side going northward the principa creeks are Cotton Grass and Sour Creeks, which unite to discharge their waters into the Yellowstone not far from Alum Creek on the opposite side of the river. On the west side of the river is Trout Creek, which is a clear stream, with grassy banks and gravelly bottom. It has a summer temperature of about 58° F. and is a good trout stream. Alum Creek is a clear stream about 8 feet wide and 1 or 2 feet deep, rising in the Continental Divide opposite the head of Nez Perce Creek and flowing eastward through tie grassy fields of Hayden Valley. Its bed contains much white alkali from the hot springs above, and there is a perceptible alkaline taste to the water, which has a temperature of about 60° F. in summer. In its upper course it has some hot tributaries. One of these is Violet Creek, with a number of hot springs and mudholes. Still another fork is charged with alum, but a third branch is said to be one of the best redthroat trout streams in the park. YELLOWSTONE RIVER AND BRANCHES BELOW THE FALLS. About 15 miles below the lake the river plunges into a deep canyon over two vertical falls 109 feet and 308 feet in height. This remark- able canyon is more than 20 miles long, with nearly perpendicular walls 800 to 1,100 feet in height. The current below the falls is swift until the river leaves the park. _ The most important eastern tributary of the Yellowstone River is Lamar River. It is a large stream, sometimes referred to as the East Fork of the Yellowstone. It joins the Yellowstone not far below Butte Junction. There are many tributary creeks of various sizes, particularly on the north and northeast side. The principal of these are: Miller, Calfee, Cache, Soda Butte, joined by Am < theater and Pebble Creeks; Slough Creek, the largest branch of which is Buffalo Creek. On the west side the creeks are smaller than most of those of the other side, the principal ones being Cold, Willow, and Timothy, near the upper course. Chalcedony Creek is farther down, and all but Cold Creek are in rather deep ravines near the river. Cascade Creek is a clear brook a few feet wide which enters the Yellowstone between the falls. The high, nearly vertical “Crystal Falls” (129 feet) is near the mouth of the stream and, of course, prevents the ascent of fishes. Redthroat trout were once planted above the falls. 62806°—21——-2 10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Lamar River and most of its tributaries are inhabited by native trout. The junction of Yellowstone and Lamar Rivers is noted for fine fishing. Soda Butte is well stocked up to near its head, where a waterfall keeps the fish back. According to Mr. Dinsmore, Fish Lake, where the Bureau of Fisheries has for a number of years col- lected native trout eggs and where in 1921 a small hatchery was established, is a very remarkable water, with an area of only 75 acres. It contains a dense growth of vegetation, which in the late summer blossoms near the surface. After sundown the fish, which average about 2 pounds each, will come up out of the weeds and take gray-hackle flies almost as fast as they can be placed upon the water. Slough Creek is said to be well stocked with trout up to the lakes at its head, only one of which, Lake Abundance, in Montana, con- tains trout. Hellroarmg Creek, which joins the Yellowstone from the north below the mouth of Lamar River, is abundantly supplied with native trout in its lower part. The tributaries of the west side of the Yellowstone worthy of men- tion all enter this river below the Grand Canyon. The uppermost is Antelope Creek, which joins the river not far from the mouth of Tower Creek. It contains native trout. Tower Creek, for almost its whole length, is hidden in dense forests. Its current is swift, and it is perhaps the coldest stream in the park, the summer tempera- ture being about 45° F. Carnelian Creek is one of its upper branches. About one-fourth mile from its mouth the creek forms a singularly pie paae, quite vertical fall of 132 feet, which is surrounded by ofty towers of volcanic conglomerate. Below the falls is a deep canyon, where the stream is about 10 feet wide and shallow. The waters above the falls were barren previous to the introduction of eastern brook, rainbow, and redthroat trouts. The lower tributaries of the Yellowstone in the park are Geode Creek, Blacktail Deer Creek,’ and Gardiner River. Geode Creek is small. Rainbow trout planted in it in 1909 have not since been observed. Blacktail Deer Creek is a clear, rather cold (55° F.) stream running largely through open pastures, with willows alon its course. It has no canyons or falls. Its bottom is of laval grave and rocks, with some water weeds. In summer it is usually 5 or 6 feet wide by 1 or 2 feet deep and is well stocked with native red- throat trout and rainbow trout. Eastern brook trout were planted in 1912, 1913, and 1914. GARDINER RIVER AND ITS BRANCHES. In the park Gardiner River may be said to be formed by two branches, designated on the maps as Lava Creek and Gardiner River, but the latter is sometimes referred to as the “‘ Middle Fork.” Lava Creek is a clear, mountain stream in its upper course, flowing through evergreen forests on the north side of the mountain range. The stream is normally about 10 feet wide and 1 or 2 feet deep. Toward its mouth it cuts its way into a broad, flat shelf of lava, form- ing two falls about one-tenth of a mile apart. The upper falls, called Undine Falls, are vertical for about 30 feet, with two additional leaps of about 20 and 10 feet. The lower falls are vertical and about 50 FISHES OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. oe feet high. Below these falls the stream flows through a highly picturesque canyon, joing Gardiner River above Mammoth Hot Springs. ae Creek is a small tributary of Lava Creek, entering it above the falls. Near its junction with Lava Creek this creek has a cascade about 100 feet high called Wraith Falls. Notwithstanding the bar- rier offered by the falls, Dr. Jordan said that it was reported on good authority that small trout had been taken in Lava Creek above the falls. His attention was called to a possible means of access from Blacktail Deer Creek to Lava Creek in times of high water. In Lava and Lupine Creeks the only trout is the native redthroat. Below the falls native redthroat and Loch Leven trouts occur in Lava Creek. Gardmer River, or Middle Fork, rises on the east slope of the Gallatin Mountains in the northwestern part of the park. It flows eastward, southward, then abruptly northward, bending around Bunsen Peak and forming a deep canyon, toward the head of which are Osprey Falls. Gardiner Canyon is some 800 to 1,000 feet deep, with vertical walls of lava, basalt, etc., and in grandeur is surpassed only by the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. Osprey Falls are about 150 feet high and nearly vertical. The principal headwaters of the Gardiner are Fawn, Panther, and Indian Creeks, which, with their branches, unite near Seven-mile Bridge. Winter and Straight Creeks unite into one stream and join Obsidian Creek to form Willow Park Creek, which also joins the Middle Fork near Seven-mile Bridge. Obsidian Creek originates in or near Twin Lakes, according to Jordan, and some of its branches in other small lakes, notably Lake of the Woods, which flows into Beaver Lake. At first the creek is very small, and its course for 2 or 3 miles is full of hot springs, solfataras, boiling mudholes, and various similar heated areas. Lower down cold springs enter the stream, and at Beaver Lake the water is clear and cold. Beaver Lake is a shallow, grassy pond, about a mile long, formed in the stream by the beavers. Eastern brook trout are re- ported as plentiful, but the rainbow trout, also planted there, have never been heard of. Below this lake the creek receives the clear, cold waters of Winter Creek and Straight Creek. Winter Creek is a large stream which heads in Christmas Tree Park at the foot of Mount Holmes. Straight Creek flows through dense woods, open grass-grown meadows, and narrow canyons. It is a very pretty stream, with many riffles and deep holes behind pros- trate logs, and wide, shallow, gravelly reaches. In the course of Straight Creek is Grizzly Lake. It is a gem, with steep, wooded banks, clear, cold water, with shelving bottom and quite deep center. After their junction the waters of eas creeks, under the name of Willow Park Creek, flow through Willow Park, a large mountain meadow, at the foot of which it meets the waters of Indian Creek and the others which have been mentioned, forming the Middle Fork of Gardiner River. Indian Creek is a clear, cold stream similar to the Gardiner. All of the aforementioned creeks, previously barren, now teem with eastern brook trout, the only trout occurring in them. Jordan re- ported that Obsidian Creek with Winter Creek was one of the best eastern brook trout streams in the park. Its summer temperature is about 50° F. Its bottom is composed of laval gravel, lined with 12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. grass, alge, and other water plants in which small crustaceans abound. The senior author observed that Straight Creek teemed with brook trout of all sizes up to 12 inches long. Hundreds, mostly about 6 or 7 inches long, were observed. The fish were the most beautifully colored seen in the park. Males only 3 or 4 inches long showed the brilliant coloration of the fully developed fish in breeding season. Females 6 inches in length and upward had well-developed eggs. Grizzly Lake contains very large brook trout. Above Osprey Falls the Gardiner is a clear, cold stream, having a temperature of about 50° F. The bottom is composed of numerous stones and bowlders, and there are many deep holes. This previously barren stretch of water now contains the introduced eastern brook, Loch Leven, brown, and rainbow trouts. About halfway down from the falls to the junction with the East Fork Glen Creek joins the river on the left side. Glen Creek has been called the West Fork of the Gardi- ner. It rises in the Sepulcher Mountain region and flows southeast to Swan Lake outlet, thence northeast, joining the Gardiner at the foot of the canyon. It is a small stream, only 5 or 6 feet wide and 1 or 2 deep, which runs mostly through open meadows, with gravelly and grassy bottom. Its waters are very cold, about 48° F. in summer. len Creek has a waterfall some 70 feet high, known as Rustic Falls, at the Golden Gate near the base of Bunsen Peak. » ~*~ + a4 oH “YSIMVYEL WVSLS OGNVIONA MAN— | ‘Sls "806 ‘90GQ—"d “8 ‘S '/N FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF STATISTICS AND METHODS OF THE FISHERIES FOR 1920.! By Lewis Rapcuirre, Assistant in Charge. CONTENTS. Page, 0 OS SUS Jags SAT oo: acai § Sag ee a oe Ot Se ee oa 5 Summary of operations. .......... Beene hiss tien = es See ete Mts ee ois ch eS SSP reas Pea ae 52 Cold-storage holdings during 1920............--- Pam ath La oa de 52 Quantities frozen, during 1920 2c. ween -y 3s: -oypreg veers: 5 eR AR eerieeee eee 53 Fisheries of Californid-in 19200.) eh 28. Ae. Sree Cotte ee ee ee 54 Common and scientific names of fishes... . - - ec” (ca ca ae ee ee 55 Products 153505 sis. SLSR ere = hea Es AE ORE Re ee 56 Fisheries of the South Atlantic Statesin 1918. ..- 2.29.12... 3.0552. 2 ae 59 Earlier publications: .<-.< =i Bere er So eens dea ee 60 Common and scientific names of fishes.....-....--.-- 2-52 .4-2212+2--2242 60 General statistics: 2.0... 2222S es OUT ee ee se ot eres 61 Fisheries of North: Carolina: 3220). 9... S52 Shoe ea ees see oe eee 70 Fisheries by counties... 2¢!o22)-..-- ~~ Saeko 12 Fisheries by apparatus, ./. ges ooo ze jae oe tee ERS ee Oe ee 80 Industries.<5 .-$-- 2. Weimer o- =. - ee Oe ee ee ee 91 Menhaden industry.222-4.2-: .. 4: sae ee eee 91 Wholesale trades. oc ncccs shes. 32 ie een Sens eee ee 91 Canine mdustey.. 235.02 22's. 2s 2 DC on 91 Fisheries of South Carolina.......-.-. he oa USUI SS Hae to, a 92 Fisheries by coumties..../ 0-00.22. 3 ae ee te ee 93 Fisheries by apparatus... 2. 0./. Senin: cc nae ee ee eee ee 95 Industries. - 2 5 Ac Sec So 2s ig ae ee aa 2 2 hy a 97 Wholesalevtrade. 05> sees SSG uc Se eee ee ea yaa ee 97 Oyster-canining industry 22199052). 62 ao pee eee ol aaa ane 97 Wisheriés of Georgia... 2.0050 5 oh Soe grape are eee ae 98 Fisheries by counties: 2205... 425 5 (See a eee ape ee bse 99 Fisheries. by apparatus. . 25.2022) 08 lamers eel ae i ate 3 2102 Industries.) 242.5222 2 Ac3c ee eens Ce eee (ce ee ce 104 Wholesale trade. 2.22 feo oie oe etek en ee ee 104 Canning industry). .22- 1. 0 . LOOKING OBLIQUELY FROM TOP. CORK LINE I2"MANILA CORKS ARE ABOUT 5" IN DIA. ANO EITHER ROUND OR OVAL. LASHINGS USED ACCORDING TO EXPECTED STRAIN ON NRT oOo Ooo oro TARING 4 MESHES TO THE LASHING PARANZELLA NET SAN FRANCISCO,CAL SEPTEMBER 6™,1920 RA COLEMAN AGENT US BUREAU wap move Pisnenies BOTTOM Of LEAD LINE, SOFT MANILA NT 120 (E03 ARE 8° LONG, MADE OF SHEET OF LEAD BEATEN TIGHT OM LINE THIMBLE TURNED IN TWO BIECES TO FIT ROPE AND LASHED OM NO SCALE FIG, 2.—PARANZELLA NET. 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OORT cos uly, cantata ces souk scce| O89 Mon [008 is che 3 tam NC a Sf JS a PP jor ee ne 8zF ‘6 =| - 289 ‘TOF L toy el) Me a ee Raat Enns eune | “USLSTOAOTO LY GIGNVT sia tel ae an zor‘oo | sez‘eee | 6c0‘2 | oos'‘zz | oz6‘ze | z89'¢eu‘T | ZOR‘ST | OOE ‘cee | OOF 'TEY | SOR‘HRRTR [TL re Mek. =| ine ON wl) Seatsbenl, codusiecte ler Fase IR cl OL, Pees aeRO, 3 Lh EER a LP ae GRR ae RR apace | Smit ol Lae SRE 2 ; a seine as vapempiraetrctas) C55 Sie A de SA Pr Re lene ana bt i Be 2 SERS STEP ASIP ROR EME he a U OaD ON. pe ba. |: ane eee 609 fs =| O08 es erla. < comet rah Good OOS aS Fickiaee Wameeiens Ioneneeeee FS eam us deme Haat eter 8 eee heey hbase atta ; TO9 (OLE youl.) gape cat ab eee LE | O00 08 Rename Meeremial 6 NU Regie a i eee toe ae oe ee ee? oe See ae ee et ne 929 12 | Les GIT SR TRUE | LP RR GD. mae eR RS A Ace aS reeset Lie iy ¥ ' OZ ‘TL | 098 'Sz9 828 ‘T 009 ‘ST OSL ‘0S | SBE FTE, Ame Oe ree. |. 4 Mee Lee al « G86 TS |_| OGT FG | OL8 TS _ | 000.12 AVG 82S] OSE OTE | | FRG OT | O0L LET 905 {80G: | 000 ea ee ee tinct -cores oer -os ges errr eee eee ee eee ee ee eee C ‘ ‘ . eee ee ee eseeseeeeseeseee essere Heeeeeesee Sw e “anyDA *“spunod ‘any DA *spunod *anyDA *spunogd ‘anjD, *spunod eee Caer ala i ed - “NOLSOM LY GIANVT powes “YSoLL *poqtes “YsolT “pores “YSOLT ‘(spunod fy] z9pun) qyeurg *(spunod $z 09 Ft) umMrpoyy *(spunod $z Jao) o8re'T “quo *PISHOV IV FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 40 262 ‘96 188 ‘F21'% — | O8T 260% STI ‘96 Z6L Cal ‘F Sy \ Sen eye eee G22 ‘eg eS Ree ame rs psa wT CEs ‘692 ‘1 #€0 “¢ €9T ‘6c8 ick, brag (f pieses a RAO 260 ‘19 THI ‘960 ‘T WE ore ‘9 8L ‘09 962 ‘650 ‘T 80F 819 FT Bic ea en ng ar OFT ‘CF T6S ‘T8¢ CIT SLL ‘T G20 ‘cr 9I8 “629 669 T¥0 ‘ST pORATS Se pecan 98T ‘Ee 860 ‘88 sie oir Heap be 860 °F 399 680 ‘OT oS ghaneses +s ac engeg: GFF ‘96 182 “908 Bg tl de oe AE i ae 182 ‘908 818 £0 ‘OT “IGT UE UOISOg 98 Pepuey ERT 909 (9 | 286 ‘ZG8 ‘OFT | GEG ‘Fh | GOOEY, | L6G *TOF ‘9 | SLE ‘ECE ‘ORE fe") TOO ASL | FOL ORE TE [oo re Te Trrtt ttt * "BOOT" AL 099 JO 4S9.A\ Spun oes “0 "T | FIL ‘Ler'Le | 109 '69e_| C80 "i8o"2 | Vee "Ise‘T | Te"eIS"6c__| LCL‘OTT | F0'L60°E | Let'eT | Lee "GL roteecoreseccesccovorcrers**ZUOT “M 099 J0 9Sv0 SpunorH 10 ‘Lee ‘8 | TOL ‘08a ‘szt_| 961 “b1F “269 @I'S | L18BI8‘L | 600 ‘zor‘ozt | zex‘ort | ¥20‘L60‘G | SAL‘OLL | TLe‘BTRATT [rrrrtetetetttttttttetteseeeeeeee ees TEI puBID 801 ‘O89 09186 ‘Zt | OSE'SE | BF “62a Gy Bt. | te eben ee See OG OL Ol CRE ee eee es. “oo 18IOL OLE “TS 192 ‘SPF or ry ae “*"**] O18 “IZ 193 ‘SPP ee TE et > zel 1919 Te Re tc eee eR oe [woes 2, lee, amie «| | auetoeg | [eeeseeenn feo oe | soe 727: eo eee | M eh ee as inate Be ee ee eee gh és Ste OFS (88 930 (686 | OFE“TT | L60/012 | O0E (AF a i oe RE 1 ALE TRE Tih A RE Es BGG ‘89 861 ‘9LF ‘T oes SLL‘9 968 ‘29 Lay . ogo 3555 72d ee Se Bato 14} = 952, 050 HAS O24 | nonin taal eeod se Seas <3 1 ale SN apn Se EL RR I Poe $22 | 12,683,450 | 1,913,849 | 950, 200 49, 963 BY MONTHS. BEIM 20 Se cas a Sah cote tan es chads aed wee 7 191, 700 30, 130 9, 000 460 MOLINE E = 1 fa ot danse aoe cbt 28 563, 900 75,410 | 31,500 1,555 WOE ernie 9 pips RR Re a aA IRS ge Oe Sia A 68 935, 000 128, 394 59, 800 2,970 ON il Sake oe SS ee es eee hoaeee eae 88 977, 200 154, 618 22, 200 1, 020 RS ee SPE ee to os nn tau ganeneseeny ae 119 | 1,717,600 234, 024 29, 500 1 MICS. Bed, 825 et, oP ee ent 100 | 1,769,050 265,044] 70,600 3,125 ths BESS Rep eae: Ree eget ae Seay eee cee 105 | 1,932, 000 276,791 | 235, 800 11,790 ERG ERM aes eS dank be - ok iy ees oat on 111 | 1,802, 800 269,672 | 213, 000 10, 650 RT ES 5 ee Sod cass cated hws cewnt wnok aire 76 | 1,094, 600 178,657 | 115, 000 7, 285 RCL It Sade ce ves daban ont an duele Aue o> so wine 64 740, 800 147,894 | 108,000 6, 480 DSU Sit tonsa + 63S EE - ada = obo aes eee 46 917, 000 144, 075 50, 000 5 ee Sa ee oe ee apes 10 | 41, 800 9,140 5, 800 348 S _ esbeeapen ~ Receh ipOr? eer: 822 | 12,683,450 1,913, 849 | 950,200 | 49,963 PEN coi 7 | ; ) ‘* Lingeod.’” Rockfishes. Total. BY FISHING GROUNDS. Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. Pounds. Value. SAS SRE, Ia OR care 25 5 Fae SSS cies aE 2 ol Bae a Pak Se Vaiebin pw sates 49, 000 $7, 137 Columbia River grounds..............-- 4,180 Gray’s Harbor grounds............... fs! 41, 102 MABGNCLY) ARES 23 ..-. a gute dap een cabo 459, 920 West coast, Vancouver Island. ........ 337, 812 Dape scott erounds.: 3... bce eee 28, 362 Queen Charlotte Islands grounds. ...... 88, 167 CUE ae ee Se re Pome 711, 053 Forrester Island grounds. - 74, 583 REO DCUCON iy 35.0. -Used.:-. 2.4 agke les af 11, 145 PERIL PORTING! G55 -- O34. . 5s ont dee wale =~ 0ann'e ee a A ite al 115, 243 Lh UT) ee ee + Sane 114, 055 Linn ls 2 SNE epee ...-| 513,035 21,153 | 208,765 7, 794 | 14,355,450 | 1,992, 7&9 | 31, 120 78, 685 133, 515 159, 250 236, 305 269 120 289) 501 283,11? 197, 094 158, 044 147; 520 9, 488 7,794 | 14,355,450} 1,992,759 48 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. FisHery Propucts, By Montus, TAKEN IN PuGet SounND AND LANDED AT SEATTLE, WASH., BY CoLLectiIna VESSELS, 1920. Species. | January. February. March. April. Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. 2D gt aaa fe ad MT 42,000 | $2,440} 144,000] $1,440 55, 000 $950] .2s ncareenleeeeeee s Salmon: Chum or keta......... 120,000 B2OOD Yon oie a a's Sie fa etme cin tray] -)ais eterno Rearmed es oe Se ce King or spring........ 14, 000 AOO i OL: SERIES OS eC CA ene 2 47,200 | $7,080 Coho. ofsilvarce.! tists. 0] DON ee. el gous ae ese ae rie 60, 000 9, 000 Miscellaneous......... 4, 000 B00) 2 ew Skee scene aces tee close ee aerate ee Oatel ak ale nee Trout: Steelbopdeys a: § i225 4) sesso oe wee | ee erated Seg meres a [reer 21, 600 3, 190 Smelt oS O Us ee 55, 000 2, 200 56, 000 1, 960 20, 000 1,600 25, 000 3, 000 Perola! oo. Pes. is Se SS ara eEr SS See See 5, 100 357 8, 2 452 Roekfishes: Ws. of oe 8, 400 504 16, 600 1, 162 15, 550 782 11, 000 770 SEPT COG? 8 eke ad ete 6, 000 300 12, 000 720 8, 000 AOON As ECR Lea See Hienniders ste os 5) er aa 2 Mes “Bp SCEBB at cbesnee Becreeen. 12, 600 252 6, 880 137 tess. 22. Le eb eae 21, 600 840 28, 000 700 | 20, 000 800 14, 000 560 Grabs ss ch hess eee 56, 078 4,678 48, 000 3,491 | 70,620 4, 865 19, 260 1, 400 DOTA esoca. a 17519 312 cca eS cL a se LC ene, aad sv iviadcudaedaone 2,490 11, 602 71, 167 25, 459 10, 363 4,994 3,976 mE ees be 99) Vinee fan, | i = [lap wea we ce wlomeneoiden| Mnenscevalsecthiotae Pike/or pickerel..-............ 1,875 3, 864 3, 362 250 100 15 88 Deeb a acd... 2'700 | 1800 4” 100 2,000 600 | 1,000 900 200 550 nena Ward... .. 2600 ceescsede 5,632 | 8,768 6,656 6,376 | 14,520 | -9,888'| 17,387 1 Includes 100 pounds white bass. 6 Daily reports of the quantity of fishery Lpradacs received at this market are received by the Bureau for ta tion through the courtesy of the Health Department of the District of Columbia. 52025°—21 4 50 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. FisHerY Propucts, In Pounpbs, RECEIVED at Municipau Fish WHARF AND MARKET, Wasuineron, D. C., 1920—Continued. Species. January. eas March. April. May. June. July. Oysters: Tn the shell -0s eee oee se 74,018 | 56,021 98, 819 32, 508 3, 871 518 194 Opened. 3. es eee 3 137, 259 91, 550 77,958 28,342 3,218). 25 Fe ee SallODs «eS auab e | iy ge toy antetasearsioT* “eroan teen JFADS.3o oebe ee dace copes one ence sera h eects mel i= omen aisles ; , 690 Crabs, oysters. tock pa | UO Eee Se ean Ree eiese ner Peake oemtee fs soc- Ae erage Crabineatetca cee ae! | 2, 455 2,240 2,620 A 630 4,093 2,960 6, 650 [yg ees, Seer Be be tee Bee Be SRR yA cers S aoe meee amet oe UE es se 5 Lobe 0 ne eed! of star 7B. ee As Be see asec] bp aapmesc ted oSoncrsaradliocsoseps Saaloere so ac. SHV eee bs eco ee see eee ee 1,945 1,190 400 P00) 018) NS, ee 250! ||| 25 eee TUDHeS s jacwes scenes Seeiteh ee 1,245 SSO a ccmae ete 6 177 285 215 Motaleth ec eeern) ae 588,522 | 435,748 | 1,074,849 | 1,720,092 | 914,806 | 531,693 | 480,723 ? s - N -| D Species. August. i ls October.| “Ser | ber, | Total Bass, black and sea 2',293 280 1,386 16, 044 32,001 142, 069 Bluefish 10,975 11,695 13, 875 600 1,590 , 980 Butterfish 68,600 | 66,850 | 27,100] 22,400 }.......... 297, 600 AT Ss Pec ccsce pee ate anes 5, 694 8, 585 8, 633 5,235 17, 167 120, 400 Catfish 8,402 | 10,296 | 15,082] 14,053 | 10,501 192, 136 Codes. ac). PR ig ian. ape eee te oe Sates aoe! 2,400 4,100 1, 400 4, 800 10,380 60, 580 Croaker 69, 066 5, 537 19,459 16, 152 5, 530 743, 415 DO Ce A a EIDE Ga ase a ee ee ee 79 458 2,111 1,378 509 9,054 ree ot Piadearme eet secps or 3,175 7,90. 13, 004 15, 686 Bo os 117, 390 PAZATONSH ACES 2 Shiv sicixinlnrs vista e cteje we © atone) eater crcele ewan wietete cial wolotalalatetelal sist meter) =raye 40,427 1 ie NRA TR RCE 2,600 |” 7,800} 14,625 | 5,400 | 2127650] 120, 162 BE RGO os ajoinrn Sian smtalsieie onic o's mae Seats! egachoa|| ome Meee! ceteias sre ere mmistee aes 13, 500 6,950 22,950 Halibut EN ET Sa i RON ES, TR TEE i: 3,325 5, 516 2,400 2,942 4, 250 75,966 erring 1A (hk Se I Nia ATE ALINE 7, YORI INO LA iC det io 2a 8 De 800 | 1,068,660 Sia. 8. SUN Ee wan fateh oa MES nal cabo eie| caeMe Rue alle AME a aan tte a 30, 000 Midkory shadion'jacks’%-<.. -.).2.5/-2- eke alice ode dliceina cule ele cia einen steliembee alae ata) eee ear 21, 872 Kingfish. 228i cee fhe te oes oS cnc cacsanate |aotote abr eienaia oe aeereior lesa acto inetc a |e eee 600. Mackerel: (7:60 fe ooh ee oe eee 5,600 11, 500 2, 200 10,300 13, 450 162, 167 Millet... 2.220, sobs ea 3. ee 81 119 678 1,875 3, 084 8,411 Peach SEAL eGR Dee. eB od 5, 764 2,878 4, 886 12,571 9,390 165, 540: RN AC Cee rch epeaae ome Mae yal baat} AIC Los Se Ease eo ameclodosno ch 200: Pike/or pickerel:..-.. save .-2e0-b dead = 280 850 2,144 2,754 5,094 20,676 eats Bio ot See ie eral s/oi aiepicio pio sinlam eee 2,400 2, aa 1, 400 2,700 10, 150 32,050 OULU ANOS matinee sSeie ome see ee rice cn Smee AP OOO 1 |.u'c aa eters ateieteert tule eieem eee ee 1,000 Radish lor rediGgrunt Leste. ce dase ence bene See 675 40 8,100) --esestee 4,815 eae epee aadtlpeeneacencaraaienen sass 715 5, 525 10,580 900 |). se steeee 25,928 Scup or porgy Shad Seater Rone hie ahtalo pio otaras ie ae ean | Oe Sheepshead BINALD 3 ve necina casas SOSPPeNs- asus. cece als . Spotted. batac area ee 19,863 | 36,395 | 32,480 7, 200 1, 800 137, 487 Squeteagues or “‘sea trout”. .......--...- 199,518 | 304,186 | 307,564 | 115,600 48,530 | 1,925,334 Striped bass... x6 3t heb onc sc eee 17,192 25, 350 37, 413 48, 230 5, 704 228, 123 Sturgeon... $55% 3... bee e ot pe ate 03||saeeee 107 200 En teee eae 3,291 aa bi Nala Sie dae pons ee ee ee eel ete eam ae doe 900 5,300 1,700 900 esi THUD 00. 2/5 cide carwano Sse ewe see c MIM pees a dk, co |mek seh mite |b. cts amtbeie icles atten atate laee e eae ' Wihitefish . 2055.00 Soe eae ee asec tee LOD) || safer cleekeeee ens 200 Waitin gee coda nnn cence ecb d peeea eee IER eas 2 ase] schoe tecen| seme 44, 300 400 167,030 pe Clo Et Spee ee ee oe eel 8, 864 5, 871 4,526 1,760 1,344 91, 592 ysters: In the shells; .-.3-225 212. Ase cee 323 3,588 | 103,898 | 164,374 | 147,539 | %685,671 3 ‘ 45111-0392 Neon 413 30,116 52, 431 2, 436 95,313 | 4 oe CALLIOPE. pisawiwind 5 aemap're rene ss vhiewincl ae ee aire «aie | aio’ SEE. | tem ates (as ease ia | Comme iene pers pales in no nwedy ARIA rep pe 15, 550 24, 213 6,525 B75 || won cheese bet SEADS, OV SUL sass 2s galt’ oles c - SEO. S. sree itn tn |- oemnomemel ab pomeenee| ae maw wats] ema eee ee as aU uh PHL ERE sb Seue SIL oe 7,290 2,700 100! |. tbenectwe 45 32} ih NOQS 2 3-2) obs teh gcd Ei ee be ete wala pees |e ode ee oa eee 2 | an prevncloete| ae meereietes ODSEGR 5 oo nae ch SEES. SPER ain Pateeenretete istered oa pans oscthecocel oye etctctebanetial eine reer (alee aracan a 2,000 ParinD . esp dide foot caOeie koh a kame ~ | i oH 437 298 | = 785 eS Ree Gea ee tai ee ee hoa iste pistene ave eile asieiain iene } 411 | ’ MNCL dace earns ayes ean ee ee 455,865 | 587,361. | 683,175 | 620, 152 | 480,998 | 8,573,984 1 Includes 250 pounds smoked haddock. 2 Includes 600 pounds smoked haddock. 3 97,953 bushels. and 8+ pounds to a gallon 472,610 gallons. The oysters have been reduced to pounds on the basis of 7 pounds of meat to a bushel FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 51 SHAD FISHERY OF THE HUDSON RIVER.’ In 1920 there were 368 persons engaged in this fishery, an increase of 69 persons as compared with 1919. The investment amounted to $40,351, which includes 185 rowboats, valued at $10,011; 10 gasoline boats, valued at $2,050; 200 gill nets, valued at $23,710; 10 seines, valued at $1,655; and shore and accessory property to the value of $2,925. The catch numbered 49,315 fish, or 199,844 pounds, valued at $56,309. Of this quantity the number of shad taken on the New York side of the river was 39,692, or 157,715 pounds, valued at $43,882, and on the New Jersey side, 9,623 shad, or 42,129 pounds, valued at $12,427. The catch with gill nets was 47,444 shad, or 96.2 per cent of the total catch. The average number of shad taken per gill net was 237. Compared with 1919 there was a decrease in the number of shad taken of 40,986, or 45.38 per cent, and of $27,415, or 32.74 per cent, in the value. Compared with 1918 there was a decrease of 18,088, or 26.83 per cent, in the number of fish and an increase of $1,131, or 2.34 per cent, in the value. SHap FISHERY OF THE Hupson River, 1920. | rus ae Item. New York. New Jersey. Total. | : Number.| Pounds.| Value. | Nwmber. Pounds.) Value. | Number., Pounds.| Value. JOSLSD 0 ee > Pe pt PN | ae sae TOY Naren ctio de pawecone' TO eo epee fed occas Rowboats...............-- Wate $9, 486 ye Sei a ee 0 ae a $10, Oii Gasoline boats............- (A Poe 1, 100 Ue eee 950 AOL laos en Se 2, 050 Lr alae a doy ties. nt 217 810 1 Dae eS 1,900} 200 22222272: 23) 710 aS aR ee 1d el eee 77) a Ree LER 10 bidsa405- 42 1, 655 Shore and accessory prop- [DoS ale Oe ee a eee ase Jone | 22s752.. ict. A theta 1. ADU AAS be eee ee Oe SS as | vo US OSes ea | a 9701 GLE AS 2 | mere t sts FOR AS | 40,351 Shad caught: | 4 With gill nets. ........| 37,821 | 150,658 | 42,089 | 9,623 | 42,129 | 12,427 | 47,444 | 192,787 54,516 With seines............ 8 ae co gy ges ae ry, Iam: 13871| 7,057| 1,798 ee tS | 39,692 | 157,715 | 43,882 | 9,623 | 42,129 | 12,427 | 49,315 | 199,844 | 56,309 SHAD AND ALEWIFE FISHERY OF THE POTOMAC RIVER.‘ In 1920 there were 753 persons engaged in this fishery, using 451 boats, valued at $83,889; 271 pound nets, valued at $126,455; 211 gill nets and 1 haul seine, valued at $39,620; and shore and acces- sory property to the value of $1,375. he catch of shad was slightly smaller than in 1919, numbering 529,358, or 1,979,780 pounds, valued at $334,464. Of this quantity 80,944 shad, or 302,237 pounds, valued at $55,963, were taken by Maryland fishermen and 448,414 shad, or 1,677,543 pounds, valued at $278,501, by Virginia fishermen. The catch of river herring by Maryland fishermen numbered 1,077,775, or 538,888 pounds, valued at $13,940, and by Virginia fishermen 7,681,561, or 3,813,780 pounds, valued at $41,197, the total catch being 8,759,336, or 4,352,668 pounds, valued at $55,137. This represents a decrease of 108,566 in number and $5,879 in the value as compared with 1919. 7 The canvass of this fishery was made by Rob Leon Greer, Statistical Agent, U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries. * The canvass of this fishery was made by G. W. Hoofnagle, apprentice fis -culturist, Edenton, N.C. 52 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. SHAD AND ALEWIFrE FISHERY OF THE Potomac River, 1920. | Item. Maryland. Virginia. Total. | | Wumber. |Pounds.| Value. | Number. | Pounds.| Value. | Nwmber.| Pounds. | Value. iy LG 001 0 sn a ada ZO ae erienie otcicients O40]. 2 Ske sc en sects ce y GS) ese Bie a Rowboatss.: sci cee Biieecshas $3, 225 iS) ” Tee 422) 208 282,791 183, 922 95, 895 93,745 517,814 EE eye os’ Serene | 2,290°140| 1,964,965 | 1,371) 491 822) 721 381) 594 987’ 471 TT Be Cae CSR ee 9,319,624 | 6,864,067 | 3,470,098 | 2,287,080 | 1,332,930 2,374, 659 Miscellaneous.............---. 10, 635, 10,292,863 | 6,775,413 | 5,501,952 | 5,717,307| 7,428,240 Total, 1920...) .......3-. | 61,499,121 | 47,962,625 | 29,379,676 | 20,569,824 | 20,284,470 | 27,730, 842 ELA Ct i ii i ri | 80,844,524 | 66,675,012 | 49, 889/032 | 37,110/856 | 37,068)407 | 47/370, 741 OST Eee | 49, 562, 848 | 35,907,071 | 28,457,301 | 26,548,472 | 31,403,425 | 50,298,027 ———=_ = — —— ———————— — - = — - —-= ae — Species. | July 15. Aug. 15. Sept. 15. Oct. 15. Nov. 15. Dec. 15. ; Se S——“—s—S— —— OE ea ule eae 153, 286 240, 881 283,771 308,195 402, 451 411, 000 _ a gra 283, 174 507,992 515,035 933,513 | 1,353,337 | 1,199,000 Pe cai ae pony a 620,704 | 2,152,253 | 4,868,638 | 6,306,065 | 6,045,595 6, 533, 000 ’ ’ ’ = 3% (SoS | a ae 1,690,736 | 2,113,959 2,577,704 | 3,040,676 | 3,785,894 | 3, 538,000 TE AR eas 108,777 281, 429 108, 882 706, 404 703, 814 577, 000 a 6,609,561 | 8,629,889 | 10,340,381 | 10,661,832 | 9,761,076 | 8,694,000 TE cae Ea eee 5,342,182 | 5,480,143 | 5,430,419 | 6,083,108 | 6,582,737 | 7,738,000 Seetrent..:..--.:.....--<-.. 463, 036 1365 554,590 | 953,691 | 1°675,026| 2° 108, 000 Sa a ea ee 3,064,809 | 3,014,641 | 2,677,822 | 2,620,092 | 2'788'666 | 2) 405,000 Rockfishes . 124” 330 185, 199; 928 200, 548 215, 944 143, 000 Sablefish. - 2837 333 596, 683 834,172 | 1,118,903} 1,019,398 919, 000 Salmon. . 2,563,384 | 3,467,706 | 4,676,452 | 6,771,546 | 8,094,984 | 7,128,000 Sea bass. 85, 493 121,771 109; 134 106, 504 123, 598 130, 000 Shad..... 433, 773 473, 731 502, 435 493, 734 475, 704 340, 000 Shad roe.......... 62, 328 49) 416 42) 973 41, 984 41,772 42, 000 Smelt, eulachon, et 88, 826 100, 968 115,625 162, 557 162, 197 182, 000 Squeteague....... 460, 703 449,301 498, 421 861,561 | 1,007,848 812) 000 tapes 699, 532 865,924 | 2,162,909] 2,580,377 | 2,625,801] 2,226,000 tefish ‘| 331,269 623,567 | 1,015,279] 1,100,929 1,089,815 | 1,985,000 Whiting... ‘| 4,395,069 | 8,630,018 | 9,648,503 | 9,536,391 | 9,412,377| 7,811,000 Miscellaneous. .... -..| 7,928,975 | 8,563,480 | 8,439,277 | 9,854,135 | 10,459,900 | 10, 466, 000 Total, 1920. ...| 35,793, 280 | 47,073,345 | 55,602,350 | 64,437,745 | 67,827,934 | 65,387,000 Total, 1919....... ..| 59,363,929 | 64/740; 173 | 69,554,969 | 76,138,809 | 78,477,504 | 73,936,025 Total, 1918..... .| 64, 859, 532 | 82,773,229 | 89,557,970 | 94, 411, 748 | 99,631,789 | 96,600, 247 1 The 1918 totals are taken from ‘‘ Reports of Storage Holdings of Certain Food Products during 1918,’’ _ by John O. Bell, U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 792, and the 1919 and 1920 holdings from the ~ mimeographed memoranda issued monthly by the Bureau of Markets. QUANTITIES FROZEN IN 1920. The quantities of fish frozen between January 15, 1920, and January 15, 1921, based on the monthly memoranda issued by the Bureau of Markets was 85,324,366 pounds. The principal varie- ties frozen were as follows: Halibut, 10,625,029 pounds; herring, 10,356,305 pounds; whiting, 10,208,755 pounds; salmon, 7,836,620 pounds; ciscoes, 6,968,750 pounds; mackerel, 4,835,173 pounds; cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, 3,940,163 pounds; and squid, 3,252,720 pounds. The item of miscellaneous fishes amounted to 54 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 16,454,317 pounds and includes albacore, bonito, burbot, catfish, eels, flounders, German and buffalo carp, horse mackerel, Spanish mackerel, perch, pike, pickerel, pompano, red snapper, sheepshead, swordfish, tilefish, tuna, all kinds of fresh and salt water bass except sea bass, and all other frozen fish including soft crabs and bay scallops. The item of frozen shad of 411,398 pounds includes 31,063 pounds of shad roe. Figure 6 shows the relative amounts of each species frozen. SPECIES MILLIONS OF POUNDS Shin See US 7 oane MISCELLANEOUS : 16454317 cae Sa A a a HS HALIBUT pase re ee HERRING OREO! 10356 305 SRR WHITING ae Be 10205, 755 —ap memes Ee A eB] SALMON a: | 7,836,620 Fae ee (a ee ee CISCOES Lin tid CEG ee ET a! MACKEREL an 7.935,73 Bea COD,HADDOCK, pg Lay ; ape y HARE, E POLLOCK Pr ote SQUID Erez [aa [ Sa LAKE TROUT eT aa WHITEFISH 1,715, 937 SABLEFISH BUTTERFISH SQUETEAGUES OR SEA TROUT CROAKERS 719,845 SMELTS, EULACHON ea — ETC. _ 4 477,598 SHAD 411,398 SEABASS 197,311 ROCKFISHES Fic. 6.—Quantities of fish frozen during 1920, shown by species. FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA IN 1920. Through the courtesy of the California State Fish and Game Commission the Bureau has received copies of its monthly sheets showing the catch of fish by species and by localities for the calendar year 1920. In the appended table, page 57, these figures have been compiled by months and by species, such an arrangement being of value in ascertaining seasonal variation in catch. There has also been added a table, page 59, of the imports of fresh fish from Mexico to California centers during 1920. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 55 COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF FISHES. To provide a clearer understanding of the species to which refer- ence is made in the tables and discussions, the following list of com- mon and scientific names of the fishes of California, as accurately as it has been possible to ascertain them, is appended. As the reports do not in all cases distinguish between albacore and the species of tuna it is impracticable to separate the catch by species. Under flounders have been grouped the “‘bastard halibut” (Paralichthys californicus), the “turbot” (Hypsopsetia guttulata), sand dabs (Citharichthys sordidus), and a ed er of flounders locally designated as soles. The “hake” (Merluccius productus) of the west coast is closely related to the New England whiting, being a member of the same genus, and the adoption of the latter name would avoid con- fusion. Menticirrhus undulatus is designated as surffish, kingfish, and California whiting by the fishermen, and Genyonemus lineatus, another species belonging to the family of croakers, is commonly called kingfish. On the Atlantic seaboard the Bureau has recom- mended the adoption of the name king whiting for species of Men- ticirrhus. The “lingeod” is called cultus-cod on the California coast. Included with the catch of rockfishes are boceaccio (Sebas- todes paucispinis) and chilipepper (S. goodet and jordani). The young of the white sea bass (Ovahecsa nobilis) are designated as ‘sea trout’’ and the species of sharks as grayfish by the fishermen. Germo alalunga, URIS MELT RIE es eg Oks Dae dea k oes Germo macropterus. hidaanger thynnus. . Engraulis (species). Anchovies... ....-+- +--+ +++ ++ 2e2eeeee ee eeeee eee reat esta. MNRAS NL Seda ood ces ie ov elalc eas oie aero eek Sphyrena argentea. Bluefish, California, or squeteague................-.-Cynoscion parvipinnis. UNINC SNe ca nick. d vig oem ay bin ee whe Sarda chilensis. / Ue nates cake tt con Apel Otani nb ko.a 6s vine Cyprinus carpio. ra sot Se ice ER PO dw eS des. 2 crab bauwea ot \meiurus (species). Eels { Lycodontis mordax. USO Seales et et Slee Raker sakes Bet a Sak Saat Mureena (species). I ee enh dV cWi tue ba dod ak Wes tapes Pleuronectide (species). RT POGOCTAN oo unica oie saee ne dos acucend Girella nigricans. RS sr Claes oni gp ertae Bick at Ys teqe amra leis Merluccius productus. NE tae ea ha ect h aa 4 ie ehh n a ah oo 4 Ap Orthodon microlepidotus. Stas Sl eet da. Sonat vee oh ws Clupéa pallasit. Beaters. li. see La AS Genyonemus lineatus. RN I oe elie tit 91/5/44) kata pupidns cubes Usp «de Ophiodon elongatus. URC des os ool od acu ew gic wdemo thie Scomber japonicus. Ws eS he Se Se ale a Sie ie Pe Mugil cephalus. ee aM REE OE? oe oe pions sae sent Embiotccide (species). Pike; PACMAN ALI DISES3. De UA Iya. Ptychocheilus oregonensis. PUCUARS;s CV MOeee ) Mt debi ire dat Se. deuds's Sardinia cxrulea. Om pane, Omran os hh ea, is ole ORs alate ® Palometa simillima. Sebastodes (species). Rockfishes.......--- ++. .-1-+-0202- ee ee eeeee ee eeee |Sebastichthys (species). Sablefish. 2. : 2562.0. to tel ol lt... J Anoplopoma fimbria. PION...» «4 y:l's pad ute Wed dala b low a's abtoe pS a Oncorhynchus (species). REIT sw etn. 5 dale ceed eas PEM EER whe tts og a Senin 2 pl Scorpena guttata, OD, DIRCK. to veas sarerudet ee eR we cas ds ap! Stereolepis gigas. Paralabraz clathratus. Sea basses or ‘‘rock bass”’..........-2....00....--- | Paralabrax maculatofasciatus. Paralabrax nebulifer. Sea bass, white or squeteague....................-.- Cynoscion nobilis. TOD tine Le vuina ts aun tices OSES > oh yb em) Alosa sapidissima. EE oh 08S 6 o> spite os 40s basin SEOREO Cok oe he's All Selachii except Batoidei. 56 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Anisotremus davidsonit. SReOPENEA...- 2 2. oon eee cine ee ae eee Caulolatilus princeps. Pimelometopon pulcher. Raja (species). Skates: ... 5 .+3- Species. August. |September.| October. | November.| December. Total. | Albacore and tuna............ 14, 819, 308 | 3, 801,885 | 1,954,324 8,948 1,159 | 36,144,340 Mtrchovies 5. bees ee oe 16, 485 | 199,577 87, 561 28” 405 14,695 "570, 686 ACACUGS <1. oo cmee Oe tome coe 219, 553 308, 829 285, 362 53, 022 97,717 4, 584) 476 Bluefish, California, or sque- Peague 2 7 Lesa ce ence coe oe Be eerecaer Ee 6, 724 6, 045 2,798 32, 229 Bonito or skipjack 8,975 | 3,784, i 474, 619 112, 557 51,490 | 18,614,581 Carp 340 | 150 "302 1,614 6, 213 134, 420 Catfish. . Mak 3, 014 9,931 4, 872 112, 365 Hels. ..- a TSO" Seeman: ate ca otras 180 Flounders 371, 617 389, 434 412, 453 7, 792, 626 Green fish OF FudGerfish-- 2.22 o]h Bioanal c he aking eee e eee Ae eee |e eae eee 4 | ieee Se 412 “Hake” 16, 207 29,925 11, 925 141, 981 1S Ego 16 (2s Ee i ae ieee Da eet (0) Fae eee a ane) Pe UR liek Ms ran oe 7 13, 323 Herring 130 303 47, 605 274, 364 Kingfish : 23, 477 30, 989 35, 968 461, 411 ST PUNE COU 4 nea tt tae Ven ee 72,105 47, 725 50, 019 45, 847 30, 246 687, 954 Mackorel..........-.- cf Sees 306,088 | * 383)946 306, 474 188) 653 340,066 | 2,997, 308 Millote 28 eae. | See 980 [fa a Se A ARB PY wee BR JAN So 17, 513 SE PLCDGS, 7” SURED Soac ooeeacciet- 2,121 2,590 17, 105 14, 784 26, 585 181,131 Pike, Sacramento...........-. 62 Uy274) fegee eae DES 899 1,570 8,138 Pilchard.......... BPD ob THON 13,130,386 | 14,163,753 | 11, 102, 753 | 8,990,053 | 4,098) 151 | 118,517; 729 Pompano, California.......... 75 858 6, 436 1, 060 719 30; 126 ROG CH SHEG ae See gen er eee 298, 448 285, 248 321) 742 421, 234 669, 933 5, 503, 187 Sa blegsh 3.5809! ok eae 45, 386 9, 233 67,814 86, 772 27,106 781, 032 SELLS 010 ey ae ape ap me et a pa 2, 862, 287 | 1,879,429 152, 691 172,114 37,226 | 11, 077, 014 ns qe ha) a hpi Cal tye» ES Uo 22 1,610 7,451 2,367 5,101 35, 674 Sea bass, black..............-- 4,215 4,784 6, 552 7, 026 5, 441 89, 869 Sea basses or ‘‘rock bass”’..... 28, 742 27, 715 23, 665 12, 059 11, 675 2077 075 Sea bass, white or squeteague. . 443, 558 263, 553 42,526 45,651 35, 896 2, 376, 293 “310 fo ATR See SPS tes cee 1 1, 169 TS Rae Sn eae I 639 282 1 408, 980 ETI eae ee ine CS BE 45,319 39, 153 30, 414 41,154 56, 662 798, 721 Shoapshead . 222 00.2 becca 280 "107 877 1,027 1,990 14, 402 Piketen 2.02 25.3 3) 5 EAR OR 437 6, 774 1, 020 6, 650 11, 652 _ 88,931 SOMO a tao 8 Aer. Mace chee 59, 727 76, 895 77, 129 82, 057 42,491 720, 475 TOS ee as ee ele 23 14, 084 Steelhead trout............2.. 6,999 Soriped Dass .-.G see see ee 671, 731 Stingarees or stingrays........ 820 365, 996 oi Tel 1 PR OE) | 264 2,712 imrisiis... 06 Seo cen ak aaa 10 Shy fey th) eS ee op ee 5 12, 240 ARCTIC 070 ip Bed fa SY eS a 128 : 37, 237 MLE DAI ses 9.0 eee a? oe 738 iW anitetish =: sno 8 Go elec l sa. Cli Bega ey 20 1,517 2,385 7, 419 etowtall. pesos) ake eee 108, 582 250, 128 632, 753 463, 334 84,119 2, 475, 283 Cha OE See ae i to 18, 921 6, 082 28° 988 54, 002 19, 054 256, 938 RES Seth ose se che atase ele cus pe awe owl so eee tee cel ane ecme meee 96, O74 165, 880 | 21,115, 862 NGS 222 9h gk. 2 eee 82, 015 141, 048 32, 955 24,148 17, 275 818, 042 Sea crawfish or spiny lobster. -|_.........2.|..0cee0 sess 40, 509 68, 861 49,935 247) 156 Abalones 2) teed | noe 105, 061 59, 365 55, 859 95, 430 71, 998 806, 716 Ginnis.. 12 57a ee seas te 42, 245 58, 659 51, 662 45, 370 44,181 568, 405 GNciIps: 227-5 Jone eee aes see 550 167 75 1,801 18, 054 LIMPCUs v5.2 5.2 eke ee gee BRC UG eee | er ames Se Rae eens pee Ga os 18, 835 Mussels: sf2222-P ot onan 3,070 139 140 224 125 32,710 Oysters WABLOINS So asco cueetuces 5, 229 6, 751 8,976 8, 997 10, 839 3 89,183 Natives! fost ho stares 4, 594 2, 1,575 GOO! |, mceiseae see , 741 Seatlops. lbs. 02 oss bale al Sa oe one See ese ee eee steel Sma enees seer goat sus cee 759 Sela tlk ee Jeu ete cretknel CO eae eee oe detbe come 175 GO ee ene 788 Cetanus Oe beens). eee 4,102 375 2,199 3, 207 2,796 70,740 ro. [51% ype fs opp iy OBIE al tn oe ZANE SVN ee 2 Se bale eae a 322 53 507, 751 Mobley a Nie prec 36, 454, 270 | 26, 413, 036 | 17,297,606 | 11,693,776 | 6,632,750 | 212, 635, 075 1 This item may include some striped tuna. 2 50,721 in number. 3 5,096,182 in number. \ FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 59 MeExIcAN FisHeRy Propucts, in Pounps, ImMportepD INTO CALIFORNIA, 1920. | Species. January. | February.| March. April. May. | June. | July. | PiLET (OT nTG Gh ae a ER ee | 651,055 | 480,903 | 608,706) 21,604 |.....22...J.1...2--.- 1,615 Bonito or skipjack.......--.-- 106, 050 31, 085 1,955 NO, S44. [yap ee Se foe | ra 5 Blauvberas es Ne 104,988 | 160,078 | 87,377] 61,529] 48,180] 12,980| 100,674 CIP To | a eee 28,056 3,450 745 GS Be || ae eee ere ciberches,4 surf: . 7-0 -< 54... 40 YY ee eee Pee ered ee ees tae ee ee JG) ie», Oa a ee ae) Ae, |e ee SB ASG he. Ow yl eS ee oe ee en ae Pompano, California..-.....-. 80 89 Be ects a2] S wre crore gee | eee erates oe rene OCR NAHES.- bss k... dtl l<... 2,210 80, 099 22. Ge 0) a eat oe 8 PQ) ere re Sea basses or “frock bass’’..--- 125 190 1D) |S See EIS AN AON Se es Sea bass, black.........:..-.. 8,063 9,757 9,398 OQu 2 8. Sle ee 2,412 Sea bass, white, or squeteague - 23, 900 23,343 5,478 3,505 1, 560 4,780 26, 497 (Dho [ir Gh: Spe 2 ae eee Pam See pierag eae WELZ M2050 ae eS Be BRE! BSA LO el ome ss Cn a2 Se ee ee | BOM es caste Veapoephe paren [Cae Sat ee ES | oe (Mee ee ee Pe SS 5? 8 Biseareed OF SUUETAVS..-- 22-216. 5.65 3cecfa-nnare- doe pd ee Ne Se ne ee eS Sees ee ee ESE «ee ME ee” AR tn 2 yO! ale a Ne Sans eRe aes CE 3 ae mle lees eee Vp ia) St hip REASSURES cto A 2 ES) Ae eee 122,316 (feet yh ileal Peis [ead Gee 2 = i Ci Ls eS eS oe Dee Sree ae 2, 137 Pes UM Pa ee 2 | Ep Reged eres ae Lea) ees ees 8 Madicewtatle<) yoy 24,517 14,793 | 29,528] 15,845 }...._..... 5, 045 915 LU) nEG wih) ey eee ae ee DO ae ee cen tal soe wees hull opts abe w aetet cela cjcscck chs ceaeowe Sea crawfish or spiny lobster... 77,440 103,508 | 136,008 | 131,030 | 118,408 TASS05: |= Soo 1 SUS OTs a eee ZO 200 ee ss Spee 9,750 Ants By ae ee |S Bee eee 16,642 Cll Meee oe 12, 900 E600) boned, p03 23 A BOT sis. 58 FSay 22950 i... RE ajo) lt ead es - Tha we ie as FS Fs pela hee 38,399 | 34,039 17) ee ee ee 1,060,243 | 915,282 | 936,100 | 374,074 | 543, 795 | 135,392 | 182,794 —-——- -——— _— : — — -——— ~ — : Species. August sii shag October. | X beet Diets Total. OS a ee ee eee 147,511 | 173,622 531,107 | 543,124 | 456,700 | 3,615,947 iBonitoor skipjack. .......2.6s-...-.<5. 798 11, 028 18, 539 20, 038 16, 007 216,344 cE Se SS ee ee eae ai! 229,603 | 297,907 432,770 | 106,278 35,950 | 1,678,264 bs ee OE eee ee Pee Pee pen ae ae ky Bee pa a =| 48 [TS Ce ee ee 1,912 5,230 8,895 390 1, 539 50, 732 EE ee tN - cael an wits ng PALATE s . PAO P a ob oninncate | Jap te oe aew hn Paaw'ep aol waneetne 90 (TS SEs EE Bae eS ae Be eee 50 670 4, 230 5, 240 Je OE GS ee ee ee dk Sl Pe eats Desa So ne wow dels weed ble aeee seers 3,185 POEL S CAMILINTREEL 6 oS 5 fod co's ww nh aen SEs Bent t Al ciel deal pao th ak Semele ewan ee altWice deenes 231 UTI ae re Se Re ene a 1,745 885 1,733 9,009 190 97,661 Domspavses Or “rock Dass”? 2. 4260255 i oie ns ede ke 485 75 | 1,090 815 3, 305 SOME SIO oe onto cc ans ona sc ante’e oa 1,858 2,018 6, 923 | 4,397 12,792 58, 168 Sea bass, white, or squeteague.......... 90, 245 41,414 20, 360 | 9,174 2,2 252, 462 SER UES fol es an nba e Ss. ola uty |p why baa onlsan deus Jd o[> > wag bectin SEE pee | eae 12, 628 SOROBRIOONY <4 <= sonic ical is at + ch ook sloveseme sae ABBY at ed teen, oe tenes Be leg aim eens 165 ici hie etal Sie Re ARE Aes SR 500 171 | 966 6, 396 5,640 13, 712 AIEEE REMIT MURTIOT ON od ait bs. SU) ehh vals sa nacias~|, caesepadalweedonue rte slevee svt aee|deudech o> 24, 885 TE MOR Ss Sian Sh dat ag a Roe ludee es cus alpine cP oeuleaesse ete Saal s =a aee bee] feed Ja 273 I ae dns te an cote man ware alan eae se 200, 415 16, 278 / 2508 pf P he 9,625 724, 281 a PRS SS ed Bae Ey! PSS me ee kee fits oetttet tel < pit Meet cee cee te 4,852 SEE es U Soke. 2 hee cece oe tears 3,952 26, 870 48, 535 43,140 5, 260 218, 400 ERT 830.508 auocns th were |sdce dada slat doa acs nalts ictawoasadl dudeaeskan|t scat tan xe 630 Sea crawfish or spiny lobster. ..........|.........- 22, 443 90,590,| 105,330 | 85,958 942, 020 SN ae ay Apap ee 11, 287 7,367 | 19,317 6,651 2,387 95,110 i a ASPIRE BE SEY, 8 ary gue Sl PS re em — aoe Peep Mee ao fay uae See 25, 557 STI 06 eos 5 casio ncdsceda[beaen wees Bt eee Sy ee ee oe retake dd lea teats Sade 76,918 Ji Nhe SS ere Se PRET 489, 501 | 792,500 | 1,196,123 | 856,122 | 639,299 | 8, 121, 225 | FISHERIES OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES IN 1918. The statistics of the fisheries contained in this report apply to the commercial coast fisheries of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and the eastern coast of Florida for the calendar year, 1918.° results of a similar canvass of the fisheries of the Gulf States in 1918, including the western coast of Florida, are included in “ Fishery Indus- tries of the United States. he d Sta Report of the Division of Statistics and Methods of the Fisheries for 1919,” pages 129 to 191. ® The data were collected by Winthrop A. Roberts and Rob Leon Greer, assisted in North Carolina by Arthur Orr, E. M. Haynes, and G. W. Hoofnagle. 60 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, EARLIER PUBLICATIONS. Some of the earlier publications relating to the fisheries of the South Atlantic States and published in Washington, D. C., follow: 1887. North Carolina and Its Fisheries. By R. Edward Earll. Jn The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, by G. Brown Goode et al., Sec. II, Pt. XII, p. 475-497. The Fisheries of South Carolina and Georgia. By R. Edward Earll. Ibid., Sec. II, Pt. XIII, p. 499-518. Eastern Florida and Its Fisheries. By R. Edward Earll. Ibid., Sec. II, Pt. XIV, p. 519-531. History and Methods of the Fisheries. Ibid., Sec. V, Vol. I (xi+808 p.), Vol. II (xx+881 p.), and atlas of 275 pls. 1892. VY. The Fisheries of the South Atlantic States [1887 and 1888]. Jn Statistical Review of the Coast Fisheries of the United States, prepared under the direction of J. W. Collins. Report, U. 8S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 1888 (1892), p. 351-361. 1893. Report on the Fisheries of the South Atlantic States. By Hugh M. Smith. Bulletin, U. 8. Fish Commission, Vol. XI, 1891 (1893), p. 269-356, Pl. XLITI-LXXIV. 1897. Report on the Fisheries of Indian River, Florida. By John J. Brice et al. ee U. 8. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 1896 (1898), p. 223-262, pl. 23-59. 1898. Report on the Fish and Fisheries of the Coastal Waters of Florida. By John J- Brice. Report, U. 8. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 1896 (1898), p. 263-342. 1899. Notes on the Extent and Condition of the Alewife Fisheries of the United States in 1896. By Hugh M. Smith. Report, U. 8. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 1898 (1899), p. 31-43. The Shad Fisheries of the Atlantic Coast of the United States. By Charles H. Stevenson. Ibid., p. 101-176. 1900. Statistics of the Fisheries of the South Atlantic States [1897]. Report, U. 8. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 1899 (1900), p. 171-227. 1905. Statistics of the Seuth Atlantic States, 1902. Report, U. 8. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 1903 (1905), p. 343-410. 1911. Fisheries of the United States, 1908. Special Revorts, Bureau of the Census, 1911. COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF FISHES. In the appended list are given the common and scientific names of the species of fishes of the South Atlantic States listed in the statis- tical tables, as accurately as it has been practicable to determine them, for the guidance of the reader. higy os \eoneehn exstivalis. sa ithe et data itn geet taps owe y sh triiln ict sd» Si = Pomolobus pseudoharengus. Amiberfishs +: je) a5 2 ee eee 28 Ae ee Seriola (species). PANT OOM feat. ane et oe 3 oe De Ri Seas Mise Chextodipterus faber. Barracuda:.. .. 32s sch. 2020 ee ee ee eee Sphyrzena (species). Wiacl bass { Micropterus dolomieu. oe oe ES Fe eat OT RT Ae Micropterus salmoides. Blwehsh 234 oe ee Bs ke ss Pomatomus saltatriz. Blie runner or hard taal yo. oe. 1 eee: ee Caranx crysos. BOO A FEE: LF BS ESE Oe A a 2 2 Sarda sarda. Bown. 2t4hi2 48 Pe PAE OP EEO * Amiatus calvus. Burtterfish po. bobs Hh Le as teed. Phe Poronotus triacanthus. Carp. nos et dea ah Abe alo SR LE 2 Pea Cyprinus carpio. ARTIS ooh ne Aycan oak ala hota et os arb. ore (species). r ‘ , : Scomberomorus cavalla. Cero and kingfish.......... weer e eee e eee ete eee Apa naonns regalis. Gowfish.and “shellfish”. ..2 Si. ees: -/s ....Ostraciidee (species). GFED DIC: 3 «25 ieee Jie! aOR et Le ae Pomoxis sparoides. Grevalle. i... us. sugebsa. 22 ke oe eee Ue eee Caranx (species). BOE ss oo 250 os ws os ae ee en ee aoe Micropogon undulatus. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Sciznops ocellatus. Spam toe alien bite 5°. uemeee 2 See eee | Anguilla rostrata. eres ~~~ eee ~~ = Lone Apodes. EN eA 3 a Pleuronectidz (species). SS ES ES n> 5 2 ee Dorosoma cepedianum. Epinephelus (species). 0 Sa eee ieee SS a aS Se Mycteroperca (species). Garrupa nigrita. eENERP Es Save 22) tS. |. 3c ee. ee SE Heemulide (species). a eg) ge ne ere eee Pomolobus mediocris. PRs Be ae ef cos - 3 eS PER Liss cy ee - Lachnolaimus maximus. 7 Do eee 2 ae ee Promicrops guttatus. Seerrtieethe 3: o. - S eU aaron ae Menticirrhus (species). UT eo al 2 2 a rage LO ga Albula vulpes. Beaver iacket or ‘turbot, bait. eee. Balistes carolinensis. LO ee) >) CR ee eee ee Brevoortia tyrannus. IE yh IE Se ae pee i. sett; or Mugil cephalus. Mullet........--.----- +--+ +++2-+ 20s sees eee eee eee { Mugil curema. SP AD Re or ey ers | oe ns Scaridze (species). PPGLG WAL hak 35 Sao Se te et et Morone americana, a ie iS oe 1 ee Mees 6 ne Perca flavescens, te Se gs OS Wein as in ape oe ogra wed nn Trachinotus goodei. EE A Hr Sik byt. Lng PINS L le 20s n ws Ee 2 Orthopristis chrysopterus. Dea eMC MONOL., fh) 3205. Js). Le. cbs Low ds Bole ek Esox (species). _ iPintish'or sailor's choice. 2. )telth i dee dss ork { Lagodon rhombordes. \ Other species. Trachinotus carolinus. 2 EES DEES Wea BS oe pe SLRS, SOROS ee Trachinotus (other species). ‘ana also amet : alamus (species). Porgies (Gulf). ...........---++-22++2+- eee eee eee e ee ipa. (species). SR RT a ies a cp Satie: gg sal on ilies aa Sa eee Anisotremus virginicus. Cl eo SS PR Ce Bs eee Bee Stenotomus (species). Sea a RR ty ll Zi cpa AOpen eo iri Tylosurus (species). Sea gar or needlefish..............-.....+.+-+--+-- at Sema (species). PerwomNtsl OF BNOOK. 2 foo es ce ed acdine anes Centropomus undecimalis. Lod 2 Ee TERRELL (Ske ULE ee ee ith: Aa ee Alosa sapidissima. 8 Se ESSAI EES eco, a2, = eh CRS All Selachii except Batoidei EE Ep Sas 2S eo se eter Archosargus probatocephalus. EY Ae ont ve ASS: -'s dy ga kee 1A AC's no's noes ate Batoidei (species). EN LOWE ak oe Dale eon oboe see sae ow A Lutianus griseus. TSR BE REARS i a ee aes Baie Lutianus analis. a EEE BESPRE 79 wie er OE LOPE Tes | Lutianus blackfordi. URRROL 2 5 9 0s) Bones class's oc bors eddie sia Scomberomorus maculatus, eth Sir 12 ache dodgy kideap beng navn cpeeee ois Leiostomus xanthurus. Cynoscion regalis. Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout”......................- Cynoscion nothus. ; Cynoscion nebulosus. SOOUA DURES EN yo, ocr dn dowd sbrecds «dy qede Roccus lineatus. SGU es ee Be De ie wie Bie dns nbn dob oe 62 Acipenser sturio. Ris) yas OM oe cine a oc a ces 4c neeete s Castostomidse fe enpen SRCUMMANEL! 15> 3 ee a onc tee ke) ae Centrarchidse (species). RMNOG. |. ieee See eey ae LLU sash Tautoga onitis. , Tilefish......... a are Se emt Wik maura bee bid Kw was ti 5- Lopholatilus chamzxleonticeps. Yellowtail or ‘silver perch”.................2.00-- Bairdiella chrysura, GENERAL STATISTICS 61 The number of persons engaged in the fisheries of the South Atlantic States in 1918 was 15,046, of whom 1,964 were on vessels fishing, 91 on vessels transporting fishery products, 8,604 in shore fisheries, and 4,387 shoremen in the wholesale fishery trade, oyster canneries, fertilizer factories, and other industries connected with 62 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. the fisheries. Of the total, 8,036 are credited to North Carolina, 2,000 to South Carolina, 1,680 to Georgia, and 3,330 to the east coast of Florida. Compared with the returns for 1902, there has been a decrease in the number of persons employed in North Carolina of 6,719, or 45.54 per cent; in South Carolina, a decrease of 1,713, or 46.14 per cent; in Georgia, a decrease of 606, or 26.51 per cent, and in Florida, an increase of 632 persons, or 23.42 per cent. The total decrease for the entire region amounts to 8,406, or 35.84 per cent. The capital invested in the fisheries of this region amounted to $7,423,971, distributed as follows: North Carolina, $4,222,043; South Carolina, $221,251; Georgia, $769,998; and the east coast of Florida, $2,210,679. The investment included 261 fishing and trans- porting vessels, valued at $1,855,588 and having a net tonnage of 5,597 tons and outfits valued at $565,858; 5,632 boats, valued at $910,218; fishing apparatus used by vessels and _ boats, valued at $957,239; shore and accessory property to the value of $2,731,918; and cash capital to the amount of $403,150. Compared with 1902, there has been an increase in the investment in North Carolina amounting to $2,248,602, or 113.94 per cent; in South Carolina, a decrease of $99,472, or 31.01 per cent; in Georgia, an increase of $427,848, or 125.04 per cent, and on the east coast of Florida, an increase of $1,855,844, or 523.01 per cent, representing a total increase for the region of $4,432,822, or 148.19 per cent. The principal forms of fishing apparatus arranged in order of their value were: 3,779 pound nets, valued at $355,439; 15,399 gill nets, valued at $233,883; 91 purse seines, valued at $219,027; 582 haul seines, valued at $102,193; and 371 otter trawls, valued at $22,055. Other apparatus employed included fyke nets, dredges, lines, cast nets, stop nets, eel pots, tongs, grabs, rakes, spears, etc., to the value of $24,642. The use of the otter trawl introduced in the shrimp fishery at Fernandina, Fla., about 1915, represents the most important change in fishing apparatus since 1902. The products of the fisheries amounted to 332,614,123 pounds, having a value to the fishermen of $5,348,616. The yield of the various States was as follows: North Carolina, 210,501,750 pounds, valued at $2,978,708; South Carolina, 3,746,932 pounds, valued at $207,690; Georgia, 37,153,953 pounds, valued at $416,043; and east coast of Florida, 81,211,488 pounds, valued at $1,746,175. The more important species taken in these States were: Alewives, fresh and salted, taken mostly in North Carolina, 15,185,585 pounds, valued at $412,067; black bass, credited to North Carolina, 551,125 pounds, valued at $63,137; bluefish, 892,045 pounds, valued at $85,567; cero and kingfish, taken mostly in Florida, 2,483,647 pounds, valued at $161,562; menhaden, 257,757,799 pounds, val- ued at $1,605,117; mullet, fresh and salted, 11,757,318 pounds, valued at $508,044; sea bass, 577,596 pounds, valued at $50,592; shad, 2,888,644 pounds, valued at $568,585; Spanish mackerel, credited mostly to Florida, 3,211,405 pounds, valued at $232,355; spot, 1,692,775 pounds, valued at $72,795; squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout,” 5,105,249 pounds, valued at $360,527; shrimp, 15,656,903 pounds, valued at $470,346; and oysters, 5,871,376 pounds, or 838,768 bush- els, valued at $260,863. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 63 Compared with the Bureau’s returns for de there has been an increase in the products of the fisheries of 226,168,051 pounds, or 212.47 per cent, in quantity and of $2,508, 983, or 88.35 per cent, in value. Compared with the census returns for 1908, the increase MILLIONS OF POUNDS STATES TOTAL yuu ill 7 NORTH CAROLINA COI. SOUTH CAROLINA J GEORGIA S.CAROLINA| 3, 746,932 aNAzR Oe GEORGIA | 37, 153,953) 14 828000 FLORIDA (EAST COAST) 1908277 HUNDEDS OF SHOUSANDS. oF HOLL One STATES 5 lem RR Ea ae 45 5 rs A OE TS Ria edi epee er ae NORTH CAROLINA Wet a PER CENT OF TOTAL QUANTITY & VALUE 1918 | STATES [| 1918 | 1908 | TOTAL | 5,348,616 | 4,034,000 N.CAROLINA | 2,378, 708 S. CAROLINA GEORGIA FLORIDA SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA FLORIDA (EAST COAST) 1908277 70 N. CAROLINA 63.28 55.69 S.CAROLINA 1.12 QUANTITY [ae GEORGIA iW ue VALUE Wt: FLORIDA = 24.41 Fic. 7.—Top: Quantities of fish taken in the commercial fisheries of the South Atlantic States in 1918 compared with 1908. Center: Values of fish taken in the commercial fisheries of the South Atlantic States in 1918 compared with 1908. Bottom: Percentages of total quantity and value of fishery prod- ucts for each of the South Atlantic States in 1918. amounts to 165,739,123 pounds, or 99.31 per cent, in quantity and $1,314,616, or 32. 58 per cent, in value. Whe large increase in the catch for 1918 over that of previous years is due to the increase in the catch of menhaden, the 1902 catch amounting to 18,862,000 pounds, valued at $31, 420. The catch of other species in 1902 64 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. amounted to 87,584,072 pounds, valued at $2,808,213, and in 1918 to 74,856,324 pounds, ea at $3,743,499, a decrease of 14.53 per cent in quantity and an increase of 33.30 per cent in value. Com- pared with 1902 the increase in North Carolina amounted to 142,- 917,016 pounds, or 211.46 per cent, in quantity and $1,239,047, or 71.22 per cent, in value; in Georgia, to 26,051,343 pounds, or 234.64 per cent, in quantity and $56,962, or 15.86 per cent, in value; and on the east coast of Florida, to 61,627,223 pounds, or 314.67 per cent, in quantity and $1,268,307, or 265.41 per cent, in value. In South Carolina there was a decrease in the quantity amounting to 4,427,531 pounds, or 54.16 per cent, and in value of $55,333, or 21.03 per cent. As an index of the trend of the fisheries of the South Atlantic States it is of interest to compare for various years from 1890 to 1918 the catch of certain staple species with the take of forms which have increased greatly in importance in recent years, species of which in the past there has been a comparative abundance but a lack of demand. For this purpose alewives, mullet, shad, squeteagues, and oysters have been selected as representative of staple varieties and cero (including kingfish), red and black drum, menhaden, Spanish mack- erel, and shrimp, representing species for which the demand has ereeny. toareniaeel in recent years, resulting in much more intensive ishing operations. Lacking accurate data, for comparative purposes, as to the intensiveness with which these fisheries were prosecuted, it is difficult to draw definite conclusions regarding the present status of these fisheries, but the figures are nevertheless of interest. A study of the appended table reveals comparatively small fluctuations in the catch of alewives over the entire period. ‘The fishery for mullet has more than doubled since 1890 but shows a reduction in the catch in 1918 as compared with 1902 and 1908. That the supply of shad is being depleted is indicated by the striking reduction in the catch in 1918 in comparison with that for other years. In comparison with 1908, the decrease amounts to 5,683,356 pounds, or 66.30 per cent. The fluctuation in the catch of squeteagues is not so marked, and in the absence of accurate information as to the intensiveness of fishing operations for the various years, the status of this fishery is largely conjectural. As on other parts of the coast, there has been a striking cli in the take of oysters. With greater development of the fisheries and inability to supply the demand for staple varieties, the growth of other final bee been quite striking as indicated by the statistics for cero and kinegfish, red and black drum, Spanish mackerel, and shrimp. On the Atlantic seaboard, the demand for red drum or “channel bass,”’ as it is often called, has never been as great as on the Gulf and difficulty has been experienced in marketing it, particularly in the more northern part of its range. The increased catch of menhaden for conversion into oil and scrap is also of interest. Propucts, In Pounps, or CerTaIn FIisHeries or THE Souts ATLANTIC STATES, Various YEARS, 1890 ro 1918. Year. | Alewives. | Mullet. | Shad. | Squeteague’ oysters. 1D: _ i=) .-osuegaaee arty tas, ee 16, 543, 783 | 5,573,623 | 9,385,354 | 2,368,067 | 8,344, 805 ee ee 15, 856, 350 | 5, 934,942 | 11, 268, 343 | 3,741,274 | 11, 285, 268 OO RLS LAME, 11, 601, 172 | 14,310, 908 | 9, 849, 338 | 4, 848, 269 | 22) 719, 074 IMB Oia -4 {2-34 naeg pe 12; 180,000 | 14,501,800 | 8 572,000 | 8,615,000 | 30, 549, 000 MR eS) ee ee eee 15, 185, 585 | 11/757,318 | 2, 888,644 | 5,105,249 | 5, 871, 376 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 65 Propucts, IN Pounps, oF CERTAIN FISHERIES OF THE SoutTH ATLANTIC STATES, Various YEARS, 1890 to 1918—Continued. Ceroand | Drum, red Spanish A Year, kingfish. | and black.| Menhaden. | packerel. | Shrimp. | a. SE ee ee | . | ie ee a eee So. ccs aceite Wooo te a aaees 692, 003 12541040070 Sea 744, 025 cin ree Sie SE a Se eee 358, 070 772, 032 11, 310, 000 362, 390 627, 221 SE YOS GSTs Oe 77,170 583,394} 18,862,000 1,013,172! 3,810, 641 _ UTE DSE SEs te a aes Thee eet SEP | 1,421,000 | 57,412,000 | 1,685,000 | 5,697,000 OS OS i eS 2, 483, 647 | 1,007,311 | 257,757,799 | 3,211,405 | 15,656, 903 As indicative of the trend of important fisheries common to the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts the following table is of interest. In view of the present high degree of development of the fisheries in these sections, it is becoming increasingly important that frequent statistical inventories be made to supply information as to whether these fisheries are being endangered and as to the needs for restrictive measures to safeguard the harvests of the future. Propucts, iN Pounps, or CERTAIN FISHERIES OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULY Srares, Various YEARS, 1890 To 1918. Year. Mullet. Spanish Squeteague | Shrimp. Oysters. mackerel. | or sea trout. | TN) ho Mama ee a Oe eee 20, 758, 740 700,459 | 5,327,500 | 8,195,375] 28,931, 903 ee eA, So cc dent 21, 286,828 | 1,089,066 | 6,835,377 | 7,418,246 | 27, 942, 406 PeeeEee ne SS ee Laos 41, 544,130 | 2,597,063 | 9,637,316 | 16,177,551 | 56, 835, 009 erent ck PELE Cy oy 33, 354,800 | 3,171,000 | 12,705,000 | 18,258,001 | 747 952, 000 DL Ed. OS a ea eee S 40, 398,682 | 6,706,250 | 10,065,987 | 42,799,902 | 29,625, 841 The following tables contain statistics of the number of persons employed, the amount of capital invested, the quantity and value of the products of the fisheries of the South Atlantic States in 1918, and comparative statistics of persons, investment, and products for various years from 1880 to 1918. FISHERIES OF THE SoutH ATLANTIC States, 1918. Item. North Carolina. South Carolina. PERSONS ENGAGED. Number. Value. Number. Value. Cs i ty 2 9 oe a Ap) aS eae TOR: ree 3, pe Pass Se rr a LN ee Sa BR ae PO) eee REL SMP de ok dace sslelnde Geo Ph 1) a a yi bo) Re) Ce Pye coi: Ep ES As oe ee geet arene een 1,784 "756 a re 9000 |. 2c 6807, 9165 |... | 2 aaa vinainiaa seye | ees att Sheepshead........-...-- DOE Ree om, 05> ee 26, 223 1,839 Skates: coos aks i ees tics Peet See Boece’ bs Spanish mackerell/.'23: > vast 32-2 yan aeeenen pee 149, 440 14, 270 Spot: | WTOGH i. 5 ool See eee ian Sk ee ee. > ot 1, 193, 270 52, 531 Salted. 0s. iso. Seed a RL Ie 42,825 3 768 Squeteagues or ‘sea trout”’ Breeng.. 2.645 ssa gets coe te cee ee ee en oe 3, 361, 246 209, 483 Salted). - 322... 2osb eee Eee ee eee ee oe oe 80 10 Striped baes..52-22: = 52. eee se ee ees 286, 528 46,030 Sirreeon 2: Leos SL oe. ee ae ee see 6,916 974 Silreeon CAVIAr. ©. 2-225 ES eee 671 1,497 South Carolina. Number. Value. 639 $15, 810 51 20, 600 Te 100 eae 515 2 90 Ne ol 549 | 1, 482 36 27 BME ei | 25 er Se 95,775 Ue 20, 100 ibn tr es *. 221, 251 600 45 firey: 2,900! «108 isan 300 | «65 16, 000 1,062 6,000 285 nie 16,200 | 1,061 re ad 100'| "Shag 20, 500 2, 000 40, 125 4,707 58, 050 4, 223 2, 300 148 Ber 2,000} —*130 132,000 | 13, 200 167,462 | 29,085 20,000 175 2) 100 210 2; 000 15 37,000 2,354 25, 550 2) 085 59, 150 4, 846 117, 225 21,136 665 889 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 67 FISHERIES OF THE SoutTH ATLANTIC States, 1918—Continued. Item. PRODUCTS—continued. Tauto; Turtles Shark hides | North Carolina. South Carolina. ee 3,000} - $180 ICY, 900| 37 55, 400 6, 220 18, 000 400 300 75 800 200 2,631,755 | 83, 892 152; 075 12; 650 3,746,932 | 207,690 Total. | a a on lana Number. Value Number. | Value. Number Value On vessels fishing.-........... 1 i eee 8 On vessels transporting. ..... 2 A ae In shore fisheries........ §, 602 leaien. oete Shoresmen.............- 4,387 |ocad seatanee RN ae Ricca wn ok CS eee ON re epee U5, 046 10. aces INVESTMENT. Vessels fishing: dees sor A Pr Ee a Oy ere or Por eee Pe ne pee eas ; aor $807, 315 RaAe Samah aCe eg siting uy Er elRew aks as ohlde edad dwckmh|eana 4 keep pf Ne eg Se | ESAS Pee stieie as PAR MERRIE, TRE EGE S,) SERS ‘.2-] 246,685 Ce hey i, a oo 27 | $119, 848 23 $377, 600 918, 163 YF 281, 138 52,010 + Ee 14, 485 Vessels transportng: $ gig ae eee asd poon 68, 400 CAMBROT Ss tinthae gece SO Aes. inh! VOR 2 sss tee) Sar Beg) pe eres Ta cae ead cadson pce arae 19, 100 “ery 8 ERE ee 12 9, 700 hai: ae Nise Ape eieead ane naa s eelbeh sonst oes ae daneeee ann dy eee bo iets: Oe Pe vis AS LE EE EL, PPS EE eS Sea rewen ans shu a dae eens 4, 450 ote cons es aaa W's Bia’ bd — 805 607 ' 20, 180 3, 286 82, 848 ities bas Ded dpe a6 « on <0 7,400 839 459, 650 Apparatus, vessel fisheries: : ei ie Boy Guin mr eg 4 RR ee 4 4,800 25 52, 900 - 214, 427 OT) eas mana ‘aaa TIN BR ew 8a ake. OC RE es a 335 Otter trawisi-:......../... 12 (Ut PRA ey Pri ee, eee 14 805 Poe aod Sgessrstcor J B00, 155562565 ac | bets se Seng 92 | 2, 955 oleh neces TOS tei so. ene ae tne skate | Apparatus, shore fisheries: ” | a nrsescingss oN oles, i Pe S¥e125 es 2 3, 000 5 4,600 Haulseines..............- 80 115 58, 030 582 102, 193 Gl note esse cot ee 139 5,955 715 101, 725 15, 386 | 233, 083 eames — eee ae een ee eee el Stes 25 inl vos bac cn gayelapesacintan te 3, ie a vod pe ee) AU es tie yaa 7) aa 80° 88 "238 RO TIGiS sc asso kes eed eee aneta eee ats of. elec caenc ase 8 220 oT Pay Per ree ns 3, 826 SIPLOE PERG. 2 nos.nbs mote 21} 250 re ER ti 2 21648 Tongs, grabs, and rakes. 5,016 Spears or gigs.......... "117 Crab traps and drags. . 615 Other apparatus. ......... 406 MIM GOCERBOSY DIOPELUY.2| 5. acces cee) Sa peIM leesscsteca..| 868) 720188. loueode 2,731, 918 Cash capital....... decuseverene|sesesdstenety IAGMOO loscerncnssss| 161;600'|\cstaxieisesys: 3, 150 ROMs BB pwaadd dasbeceasl os ocodedesdl TLOIOOS [vie sh cw sas |) 27 LI tee eee eke fe. 7,423, 971 68 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. FISHERIES OF THE SoutH ATLANTIC STaTES—Continued. Item Georgia. PRODUCTS. Alewives: ‘Ambenfish ese ee Angelfish Ss. 25242 ccecs eect aewer Barracudas oe. Some coats ees Cero and Kanefish =. s22.5 =n ~~ Cowfish and ‘‘shellfish”’....... CTADDIOn seo - oe cee ea eee Grovalle: 3 sa.2355-dee tp Sar sess CTORKON Rees cece ce Hane eee Drum, red and black....-...-.. WY) (| ee eae pee or oa Mioundersssoee eee ee eee Gigard shad’. 2.222-2<5--252- Groupers-- --s> oes se eee eee. Grits: Sct a schee aoe sees Je ewfish. . ..------------------- BG Slee ae cette seme eee eae Leatherjacket or “turbot”... Menhaden Pike. -.-.-------5--- Jeera: Sea ba Sea gar or needlefish. .-.-...... Sergeantfish or snook..-.-...-..- PUSLES. oh Lewes detey seems s PIRAUGRE oc cma stoke puis eee Palfed. inc spect os ectascmels Fresh BiTiped DGSS-3.. «6 sole ween so ees SUULCCOM eo a vieste ee oe ee baie Sturgeon'caviar. .<...).sc2sasmne DUCKS 22. sweeties: sees cadanse Prrifish 22 Sse geese ce sac seek PPAULO’, « canteens se ko saad SPiletish:, ..-.ccshe=s eee ~e abee Yellowtail or “silver perch’. . SLIMY 5c Sd teases we aeceee Crabs: Value. 7 mee 5,900 |. 255. 1, 674 112 shy 10,800} 650. Nae 27,758 | 1,019 512 26 35, 000 2; 000 100 5,793,465 | 173,990 8, 455 504 1 672,180 in number. Florida (east coast). Total. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value 692,265 | $10,373} 9,441,709 | $249,472 SPARE FS ce 5, 743, 876 162) 595 11, 686 390 11, 686 390 2? 915 91 11; 890 431 23915 97 2) 915 97 fe co Ee Benes 551, 125 63, 137 561, 301 54, 715 892, 045 85, 567 50, 750 1,542 50, 750 1, 542 8) 141 258 11, 156 365 Renmin, ARE LI 34, 372 319 4, 200 170 736, 057 25, 000 Rie is;a00'| 77ers] asta | aaa 2,271,792 | 147,608| 2,483, 647 161) 562 EPS S56) i) ap niet 5, 340 568 321, 030 9, 833 321, 534 9, 909 124) 278 3,447 532, 985 16,676 900; 091 247638 | 1,007,311 28) 281 PPE AIS | AB» 4 174, 541 13, 333 13, 490 737 131, LL 9, 470 if hey ia Mae 7 Die 44) 5 74, 783 3, 622 102) 541 4) 641 113) 679 3,629 129, 291 4,811 ec Tae 7h een Yh mae Ot 12, 487 365 12, 487 365 297, 008 15, 604 364) 363 21,779 +70 13 +370 re 48,362,600 | 210,175 | 257,757,799 | 1,605, 117 970 245 11, 299, 268 454, 797 458, 050 53,247 3,500 70 617, 088 31, 150 223) 813 10, 147 7,290 244 279, 034 13, 126 3,125 63 20, 552 1, 898 495,014 14, 406 142) 104 } 883 7, 950 458 1,710 57 12? 000 900 : 57, 596 50, 602 314,774 8,629 314, 774 8,629 “B75 | | sasoes| gal 6 104} 303 4,115 133, 026 6, 189 RATIO NE AP ‘ 15 23, 186 975 23, 186 975 oe) ie a 5A 3,061,965 | 218,085] 3,211,405 232) 355 393, 030 11,998 | 1,624, 400 66, 942 Ba ee ee 68, 375 5, 853 1,645,223 | 142,091 | 5,105, 169 300, 517 a 286,653 46, 040 163, 291 26, 810 1, 336 2) 386 16, 464 680 126, 980 1,382 35,000} 2,400 5 43, 970 1,279 78, 148 2) 795 8,867,918 | 266,651 | 15,656, 903 470, 346 en as 23, 503 Liv 93} 503 1,174 2 702,015 in number. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 69 FISHERIES OF THE SoutH ATLANTIC StaTes—Continued. Item. Georgia. Florida (east coast). Total. PRODUCTsS—Ccontinued. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Miamesnards-2 2-2-0522. 2... 120 $75 2,400 1 200, 896 $47,473 .) OST SS ae ee eee ele oe ee 7,000 700 7, 000 700 Oysters, market: DUG? eee oes 2 481, 530 30, 884 313, 425 15, 134 2 4,927, 244 197, 290 Private. . 3 944, 132 63, 573 Scallops. --. 4 422, 832 31,618 Octopus... . 2,731 268 Terrapin ..... 3, 597 1,091 SNE G Seelam 26, 500 579 SHarsBiten 6g eee |S: 19, 125 2, 868 Other aquatic hides........... 1,050 157 Potal.. -...=....---.----| 37)153,953 | 416,043 | 81,211,488 | 1,746,175 | 332,614,123 | 5,348,616 | | 1 25,112 bushels. 2 703,892 bushels. 3 134,876 bushels. 470,472 bushels. EXTENT OF FISHERIES OF SouTH ATLANTIC STATES, VARIOUS YEARS, 1880 To 1918.1 State. 1880 1887 1888 1889 PERSONS ENGAGED. SOUR MEIN te ot Hartge Sb Ok se awS oe the ows qb etes 5,274 7,352 7,704 8,655 SUE 2S eS eee See ee oe 1,005 1, 280 1,346 2,642 1 SE PRE, EO eS 899 627 638 1, 497 REIOOABD COMRY) cats. fo. els = 5. eee, AT. hS. 368 @) 851 1, 244 ORIN See ie PEA A AS UL Sees SA ae ae oe 7, 546 (2) 10, 539 14,038 t INVESTMENT PTO ND Se aee ee eeh aeee Seen $506, 561 $766, 881 $801, 474 $968, 600) 2OpC Dini CEM Say aay i eat ie Bee 66, 275 92,930 97,189 107, 205 Cin Bl een Bae ed te Bee ee Nd Beet OSES ae eee 78,770 |. 61, 806 65, 556 120,975 DP STG CS) ES ee ee eee eS ee, eee ey ae 43, 554 (2) 109, 670 128, 434 Re ere eo 5 ae Ad rdw awk wees e FS Anna ole 695, 160 (2) 1,073, 889 1,325, 214 PRODUCTS. Pounds: MEM MANO MARIMNILER Sie on ana Pon aaa BE ws cag dee cate 32, 249, 488 | 45,124,956 | 43,022,855 | 45,545,643 UMN RI so Pk Saas 45S 2n 2 oe Src oes EOC See LoS RS 6,143,250 | 4,075,537 | 4,180,847 4, 879,125 Georzia +O a AG BS SR RS 2,272,500} 1,882,790] 1,957,749 | 2,643/533 PR OURET 221225, 2s ocd. cdot nt ete awe tm aoe 2,286, 750 (?) (*) 5,982,375 SR eet ee es ys aoe o 42,951,988 | (*) AND 59, 050, 676 yitcen Carolin, a RS See AE SRE ele bn ee at a . $845,695 $772, 957 $776, 439 $950, 427 South Carolina.....--.-.-2..2.-20c.eeecec ee ceecees 212, 482 157, 688 165, 657 | 200, 381 (Sak a a es ae i 4 105,7 MUN OONELY 08k). oacncesssececcce sce 78, 408 @y 173, 886 199, 043 Li LA RA) Sin re i aaa | 1, 256, 578 (?) 1,196, 892 1,455, 578 See ee EE a a eo 2 Statistics for 1908 are from data published by the Bureau of the Ce : 2 Statistics not available. ' . sant 70 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Extent or FisHertes or Sout Artantic States, Various YEARS, 1880 To 1918— Continued. | State. 1890 | 1897 1902 1908 1918 | PERSONS ENGAGED. 10, 274 12, 045 14, 755 9,681 8,036 2,701 2,139 3,713 2,559 2,000 1,622 1, 869 2,286 2,525 1,680 1,404 1,132 2,698 3,196 3,330 16, 001 17,185 23, 452 117,961 15, 046 NiortiiCaroligig. oa. 2: > oacs ace eee ee $1, 243,988 | $1,218,459 | $1,973,441 | $1,270,000 | $4,222,043 South Carolinas: oct 5.0 cee enone 127, 762 174, 354 320, 723 114, 000 221, 251 Georpid se. ee eee 174, 431 284, 864 342,150 409, 000 769, 998 Bloriga (Gast Coast): oan alee ees 142,105 151, 155 354, 835 531, 000 2,210,679 ANG) CY eee Shee aha aE oe 1,688,286 | 1,828,832 | 2,991,149 | 12,324,000 7, 423,971 PRODUCTS. Pounds: g Worth Carolinas: fete oie so Cee 51, 799, 142 | 64, 234, 257 | 67,584,734 {101,422,000 | 210,501,750 South Carona. oc .cr ee see eens. . o@) 99,434 | 15,415 2 (2) 1897....| 858,818 | 241,099 | 214,900] 45,360] 486,634] 86,709 | 51,829) 11,766 |1,612,181 | 384,934 1902... .|1,022, 813 | 268,363 | 689,700 | 118, 460 |1, 224,000 | 220, 467 | 309,069 | 37,188 |3, 245, 582 | 644,478 1908....| °812; 500 | 236, 100 |1, 563,000 | 137,000 |1,459, 000 | 338,600 | 529,000 | 108,600 |4, 363, 500 | $20,300 1910....| 332,257 | 63,405 | '710,124 | 94,677 | 505,157 | 170,812 | 153,460 | 35,290 |1, 700,998 | 364, 184 1918....| 216,962 | 70,280| 397,690] 96,542] 158,516 | 73,913 | 65,570 | 20,128) 838,738 | 260, 863 1 Statistics for 1908 are from data published by the Bureau of the Census. 2 Statistics not available. FISHERIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. The fisheries of North Carolina were more extensive than those of South Carolina, Georgia, and eastern coast of Florida combined in ersons engaged, investment, and quantity and value of the products. n 1918 the number of persons employed in the coastal fisheries of this State was 8,036, of whom 1,295 were on vessels fishing, 54 on transporting vessels, 4,903 in the shore or boat fisheries, and 1,784 on shore in the wholesale establishments, canneries, and other fishery industries. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. as The investment in the fisheries of $4,222,043 includes 118 fishin vessels, valued at $1,249,725, with a net tonnage of 3,437 tons aad outfits valued at $422,790; 37 transporting vessels, valued at $34,300, with a net tonnage of 289 tons and outfits valued at $18,225; 3,084 power, sail, row, and other boats valued at $307,773; fishing appa- ratus employed on vessels to the value of $160,432; fishing apparatus employed in shore or boat fisheries to the value of $522,104; shore and accessory property valued at $1,347,644; and cash capital amounting to $159,050. The products amounted to 210,501,750 pounds, valued at $2,978,- 708. The species of chief importance arranged in order of their value were: Menhaden,’ 179,910,599 pounds, valued at $1,306,489; alewives, 14,483,820 pounds, valued at $401,219, of which 5,743,876 pounds, valued at $162,595, were salted; shad, 1,657,036 pounds, valued at $376,696; squeteague or “‘sea trout,’ 3,361,326 pounds, valued at $209,493; mullet, 1,128,029 pounds, valued at $91,075, of which 315,350 pounds, valued at $38,341, were salted; oysters, 1,518,734 pounds, or 216,962 bushels, valued at $70,280; black bass, 551,125 pounds, valued at $63,137; spot, 1,236,095 pounds, valued at $56,299, of which 42,825 pounds, valued at $3,768, were salted; hard clams, 197,576 pounds, or 24,697 bushels, valued at $46,598; and striped bass, 286,528 pounds, valued at $46,030. Menhaden represents 85.46 per cent of the total quantity and 43.86 per cent of the total value of the products of the State in 1918. The products of the fisheries exclusive of menhaden for various years follow: 39,388,742 pounds, valued at $1,011,498, in 1890; 52,924,257 pounds, valued at $1,296,317, in 1897; 48,722,734 pounds, valued at $1,708,241, in 1902; 44,010,000 pounds, valued at $1,706,000, in 1908, and 30,591,151 pounds, valued at $1,672,219, in 1918. From the foregoing it will i evident that the trend of production of food fishes is downward and should be a matter of some concern to the State. As indicative of the trend of certain of the important fisheries of the State, the following table gives the comparative production figures for various years: Propvucts or CerTAIN FisHertres oF NortH CAROLINA, VARIOUS YEARS, 1890 701918. Species. 1890 1897 1902 1908 1918 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Rivet, fete TT ee 16, 481, 063 | 15, 790, 437 | 11, 172,975 | 10,928,000 | 14, 483, 820 CE Re OO a a rian 1, 345, 194} 1,696, 175 977, 142 | 1, 256, 000 322, WARS see oe aes eos noose. cc e-.+-5;| 3) 08D, 981 |’ “3, 409, 585 | » 0, 705, 492 | 6,070, 800 1, 128, 029 iT Wier eee 9 2 a a eae | 5, 768, 413 | 8,963,488 | 6,566,724 | 3,942, 000 1, 657, 036 Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout”’................ 1, 885, 677 | 3,090,254 | 3,781,456 | 4,635, 000 3, 361, 326 Bitined Dane: Stier set. dices. sence be. 568, 341 5,123 | 1,175, 400 510, 000 286, 5 Bushels. Bushels Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. RAGS oo. ns ee ee edie eed 28, 269 1 91, 000 24, 697 17, 226 146, 897 ; Se RIC a0 SS FN | 807, 260 858, 818 | 1,022, 813 812, 500 216, 962 An examination of this table reveals a very marked decline in the catch of bluefish, mullet, shad, striped bass, clams, and oysters, while the fisheries for alewives i squeteagues have fluctuated comparatively little. In 1918 the catch of bluefish amounted to only 25.69 per cent of that in 1908; of mullet, to only 22.25 per cent of the 1908 catch; of shad, to only 42.04 per cent of the catch in 1908, and 25.23 per cent of the catch in 1902; of striped bass, to 12 : FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. only 56.18 per cent of the 1908 catch and 24.38 per cent of the 1902 eatch; of clams, to only 27.14 per cent of the 1908 catch and 16.81 per cent of the 1902 catch; and of oysters, to only 26.70 per cent of the 1908 catch and 21.21 per cent of the 1902 catch. The principal factors affecting the abundance of shad in our Atlantic coast waters appear to be unsatisfactory spawning areas, due to pollution and artificial barriers restricting the movements of the fish in the rivers, and interference with the fish in their migra- tions to the spawning areas and while on these areas. It is con- ceivable that, unless these conditions are rectified, the consumer may have to depend on the Pacific coast for these fish at some not far distant date. In North Carolina, while*pollution is believed to have been a less significant factor than in some of the other States, interference with the free movement of a sufficient body of the fish to the spawning areas and during the spawning period is considered io be an important factor affecting the supply ae fish in the waters, which fish-cultural operations have been unable to wholly counter- act. A study of the production figures for striped bass would: indi- cate that the supply of this fish is being depleted. Difficulties in propagation, such as inability to procure ripe fish of both sexes at same time, handicap operations in this field. The decline in the catch of oysters would indicate how important it is for the State to give more serious consideration to the encouragement of oyster arming. In this connection the results of former investigations of the Bureau should prove of interest, notably a document by Dr. “aswell Grave.!° FISHERIES BY COUNTIES. The statistics as to the number of persons employed, investment, and products of the fisheries of North Carolina in 1918 are given b counties in the appended table. It will be noted that of the cate of sea bass of 111,650 pounds, valued at $10,928, 59,650 pounds, valued at $5,763, are credited to Carteret County. The increase in the catch for this county is directly attributable in large part to the Bureau for its work in fiche the small fishing grounds along this section of the coast and for encouragement given to the setae ment of an important fishery. Difficulties in marketing the catch at satisfactory prices are reported to have retarded the fullest de- velopment of this fishery. As a result of the Bureau’s efforts to develop fisheries for sharks and other unutilized aquatic animals and to encourage the saving of the hides for tanning into leather and the extraction of the liver oil of sharks, etc., 20,175 pounds of the hides of sharks, porpoise, etc., valued at $3,025, and 720 gallons of shark oil, valued at $540, were saved in 1918. io Grave, Caswell: Investigations for the Promotion of the Oyster Industry of North America. Report U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 1903 (1905), p. 247-341, X pl. ~ FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 73 Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF NoRTH CAROLINA IN 1918, By CoUNTIES. Item. Beaufort. Bertie. Bladen. Brunswick. | PERSONS ENGAGED. Value. | Number. On vessels fishing. ......- On vessels transporting. . In shore fisheries. ....--..- Shiereamen ose 2—. . 202. 31a 21 eo Ae INVESTMENT Vessels fishing Vane Se | BP eer onmage........- Dita ee ae Tennage..-. =... - 3 Tina ek Slee AON eee CBs ba transporting: REIS 105232 9.2) Tonnage... -.\..: Cu ae Se ae le ee Tonnage. .-...... OL eee SO Pe ee Boats: Sail, row, etc........- 5 5 | > a eegeaiee 1, 600 : Apparatus, vessel fish- eries: PPR RLS See. os Potten Sa ose ears le Snece x= PE es ee mh SAL IS te 3 9, 000 CS OE oa is eS a Daiat ee 0s OE ee, es See ee 2 100 (2) cit: Se ee ee a 8 11a fe Ree ee Hos dasha eters at [ate desler aie see Ena eae Apparatus, shore fish- / / eries: Haul seines a eee Tea glee O/B Rare 21} 1,800 iE a cls We gt | ee ee ee | eee 22 350 100 2,475 roe in Pee eas 137 | 10,210 Tas SOADOD, Nis dawiis e [ae oan a ke tewateie als Ge oe Cees ae Se han go ot. 0 | Saeeeiiea nhe hae a [are RN CAI See Ted Ea, PRES! | aC oT Vo 1 Otter init ak ot eG FTE aE Pairs: Sere | ROT A Dae PR GAP are 14) 570 Timedies, -< 3. m4 ~ J aE CGA, CATE Oy Sa ASE "Mt Ba BY ot |e OID Tongs and rakes..... 2 Oe (ed eS eto aa ott lke eos aoe 160 | 268 MOG IURE 5 op foo 250 - 7 ee ees ge SSE FES Ae Se a on | Seine See Other apparatus.....|.....-.... hee eed Ek ee ae TS ae 1 12 6 90 > Shore and accessory prop- ) (Ae See et ee eee OOD is ha cs dis ob SG OBO s Ce de Boa |oceb beanie om cecee Hea MNO ORD oo TS ee a as Re 2771p) Ee CPR Pally MY, ERR Or hae (ER aS at |S RES TS S EASE | 5, 800 7 ao Te ZS 132, 123 |......... | inten) ect PY REA | 153, 579 PRODUCTS ) Alewives: Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. Value. re G20, Gou.| Leg Od A oan: byt 84 200 To a oes ee ao edge ek | Coe taeoe | Se eee | er eee 216, 039 A Re Re «eae eee mee 2 ae Se STP IN PT AR Se Pee RE Pee ae Wg SE eae | Pa eee ES Be Butera ee ss FALL ag (ie 0 0 ee Lee Ne) Re ge” Re eee Rg SAT 72 e oor) oe es 44,008 | 1,113 982 1 Ne RRR a (CFR red secre = Cee A ge oo Bete Uh oe ed en 3, 250 $178 Coa ae ,...|.......... ee ae aaa ee FORE rk BO AES) 1, 500 43 Drum, red and black.....|.......... eh eee ed eae saan [ie Pah Ba [ie ASE Fe 1, 500 73 Bas, . Scone eects.) 80,164 | 1,076.1. .:..0... aap BS EST rae 8B oe scan [es res ne ee Flounders....2222202272! 5, 800 Le no oe Eee ee eatily sae eanoe 8, 800 433 Hickory shad..-......... 16,760} 1,515 628 5 | ee a ee ova csa|¥ vote 8 el eee PIORUAGREL os acs.0 tists lceacaen.. [os Se Sle ke Wee dele Pet ee | ha OER es ee 9, 300,000 33, 325 Mullet: BEAM. 35 vette tle ote Seek er 473 8 ee dnvcemean eetccccsslccccrce= 28, 700 2,180 Salted ob dist aahwe pt Sages 4 cere ae ae ee A eer oree eecctce-- 213, 900 25, Perch: WWE. 6. mrw nasal) OO ROO | TI \2 981 Dibba Jot cl yis pnp teed nes pe mE OL ESS a, SOARES heaerinda cals panendss|acseowess 5 kine o'n.o'd ledge weiner eink hte Os: | Pep pRe ene a (5 Lato YI» oe fg oe 7 ae PARE oe See ee 150 9 ee it Oe Wremies Pit 2,2. 1... <2... ce Wen: aise fa Seal REL RES oo. BODAIND » «0 a0. >> aes’ 750 | OO TEE. awane Lithie on oe pane Peprieie| meebo ods fe adn te miata Seana sb eee Pr lecmesb il panties ca aa ieee tw hisecan 1,000 70 aed x tin's,49 ag ue TF 80, 057 14, 270 5, 366 i "182 |"""4, 077" $1, 165 2, 050 425 PRE Fe reall gabe sash lesan aN ae leva osyocc|oovdensealedvesrcene 1, 800 106 Spot: Sakis seca ¢es 5, 148 | PDD APR MOBIN no's goa <9 sloyveeterasleeeeseuae 11, 250 587 EDN San dctsdopvadiistes edascalae assis Sp alive RMANEeo occ dtacccleesece aval ehatennse 36, 700 3, 370 es, or ‘sea trout,” trea. ......... Ge, 002 1D, TR a cereces'aswecsucs oxduaad em eupen enue 8, 600 604 74 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRopUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF NortH CAROLINA IN 1918, By CountTIEs—Continued. Item. Beaufort. Bertie. Bladen. Brunswick. PRopUcTs—continued. Number. | Valwe. | Number.| Value. | Number.| Value. Number. | Value. Striped‘ bass 424.4 ees , 701 5 333 $50 )5 4. ake wal bee es 1, $1 Subkers 2. hte nee 4, 390 124 131 9 ET OCA A OE Tartoe 2s ete kone ee eee nae eee renee | Sette near lac ehcrene |) soc caceeleme emacs 15 Shrimp =5220 252) ot Ses sabe ae ee es Se ean eee eee | A PC ee Bae 370, 000 11, 100 Crabs: Hard se oto ee ee I ea ieee oes 650 20 Sots 8 82 cae eae oc See ea eee ee 40 10 Trurleseee A ere c POSER EC Oe cece cctlaseeseeclssne esac. 500 13 Clams shards? 4) Bae ee att She ale oe eee aee sh 44, 000 8, 350 Oysters, market, public..| 65, 415 StbOD ule oe2=- <.'. 4,725 5 Wotales.. sce tetas 1, 066,698 | 54,140 | 437,585 | 11,527| 4,077 $1,165 | 10,040,265 | 86, 955 Item. Camden. Carteret. Chowan. Columbus. PERSONS ENGAGED. Number.| Value.| Number. | Value. | Nuwmber.| Value. | Number. | Value. On vessels Ashing «joe - eee | eee 656 )) Se Se Sale cesta J Oe ee ees On vessels transporting. -.-.|....-.-.-|-.---.-- BD. isle ee Sn | Ce ae cine ool cha Oe In shore fisheries.......---- Do eee ates LoL cue nse aes 2B Ey aemenare OOM oesene Shoresmens-.: . 2s. ob heen a pee eee ae Sinan Tse SoeN Seah ii fa ent eet HANTS 14 RE Noe Mopslse hoe aceee shee Bil one coe 2) LOS Wee io ee 8 B52 ete es BOl eee. INVESTMENT. Vessels fishing: | Gasoline 49 | $356, 150 Tonnage Outfit SAUL Jc Sees Tonnage. Outfit Vessels transporting: Gasoline Tonnage Outfit ie nO. dae on enonl ote meee Tonnage Outfit Boats: A Sail) row; ete:: 5.625% 3 $45 414 9, 755 29 | $1,100 15 $160 IPOWOres 22 ees ean aoe 5 835 461 112, 875 LOL) 226,410) eee se cleraeeee Apparatus, vessel fisheries: Prirse Seinesss,-ce een cast eeceslaneccane 38, |), 102,600 Nooo. crest teeta sols a mate fener eta F Gillmnicts (Reg fs. eae rae a8 stews ete 13 B00") cc os Soesee Sol eee eee TANGS 2. Ce on eee Oe erence eee beaten ie Sl aie ole iota alate Oe BS eer enor oes Aico acictic aon YG OS.- = one o ee Bec ce lac cae ane | aoe 42 De O30 Eee nbece le bvevecse| core useeel ame Potion 2s Gee so) ee ae ee eens 16 77g ESE Mee ere al eee cecal or ae Apparatus, shore fisheries: Han) seines 2. teen elas bee kee 123 3, 1857). sce eso bee ele Sete tee ene PHrseSelNeS. ..02 65215. lsoee bene eee 1 17 0) SA Posie Tenia UNCLS eae ot oe Sac ber 82 972 1,877 49, 305 234 6, 288 15 150 ‘Porid nets’. .7-s5 Le leoseeaee eee 268 24, 750 967"! 108; 936) 5.2 sooce. eet PV RO MOS oe ena pana 15. bs(-': ats Ste Be esa Otter trawls......-.... | DTCUROB socks a sbes oe Tongs and rakes....... Kel potsic <> a.sete- ene Other apparatus. ...... Shore and accessory prop- Ve seoss dpe tee ape dt oe Cash capitals. ...2....-2-.- MOtGl ne cnsdece sce. PRODUCTS. Alewives: Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. Value. | Pownds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. Freah..\.) Ws boot Lt ieee aodnel ss eae 75,636 | $3,774 |4, 747, 518 | $08,415 |.........].--...- Balted . fo 7 ee eae i ee eee eee eC cl noeeeneeta 35.280; 0205| V8Y, (OBN as en <0 |e eer impel fish 9. eo. fst Se aed a ree 3, 800 Dd ects) errr ten: Wee ae 2 ee UCAS «2. 5 oe = bol Dees epaleceousen eine eee 261, 055 DB DAS |. sce asta) e me ve enone s ae asl one i TR aa ar ages. fee 3, 015 107 | RSE cen ee emer ae Be: 3 Bineerfish . $0.20. ..2.2.el¥eeeivaclegsel aes 71, 999 ASO hs ee es ee eae eee eee eee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 75 Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PropucTS OF THE FISHERIES OF NorRTH CAROLINA IN 1918, By CountTIES—Continued. Item. Camden. Carteret. Chowan Columbus PRODUCTS—continued | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. Meno ance mae FISD 2 | 2.2. = - 2 |2 saeco UE Sy A S30 G98 ae re 2 di oe ee bee ee Crev: oo eee eS ee 204 1 ie eee see ella) + eee eee OY Tay Las at i eee A ee 323, 226 Qu BGS) | So. cage lee aa ee ee eae Drum, ee righ hlnck se Se * 3]... 32, 165 ogee, |b 22 -2ss-- ReIEEISI eco se yee ee eee PTADS MATOS auiss eee cate DIMITAR so sss 205 Sh eee ‘)ysters, market, public PROLALEE ot: 2s oon see 378,761 | 75,252 | 1,417 Item. Halifax. Hertford. Hyde. - Martin. PERSONS ENGAGED. Number.| Value. | Number. On-veasels fishing: 20ers SS see hehe eer en eae In shore fisheries 2.2222... 22 263.4 tt ea ee 29 |. Shorpsmons:. 2522S eae le. over cl eeeewees 2 A Na 1: Ba ya fe TZ eed Be ae 39) 2eceaes 31 INVESTMENT. . Vessels fishing: Gal Sos Soph doa See eee we cole Sees Oa ee eee eases. Monnager. eek po. oe oo bee seal eee eles ee ok oe Oui fy. S262 ot ee ese ee eee ete ose Boats: aL TOW RM ELC rsa. oe Lal | 4 $50 il POW CL vcd a oa Soe ae a | 19} 1,170 4 Apparatus, vessel fisheries, OLedfOS se 20 2 See sos 5 des aoe nae eetoe as = nto Apparatus, shore fisheries: Haul spines /5/35160.8 ot fades ata. b tee see ee 1 Gill nete... 7.0 es Se ek els cne See ae. Ae 50 POUNG NCS 5 oss ons a Sols ere pe Ree = > Se 37 DOORS 5 a Se he peste tee ate ee aoe one Seles s cool anes Tongs ad Takegs oot eels sock ee ane eee © ine |eeemeees Other apparatus............. 47 27h Ses... Selena abe cen ewboeloacie see aaeees tel sapere Shore and accessory property.....|-.-.2 om oe - 38, 500" | 2; 200: sae Se ae ees ve Og i NE a tet eee 6,635 | 2/770 | 218,709 | 5,351 | 499,681 | 34,603 | 46,630 | 2,812 Pasquotank Item. New Hanover. Onslow. Pamlico. and Perqui- mans. se yeh quai cmerate Number. | Value. |Number.| Value. Number. Value. |Number. | Value See EPRINTS 5a. ce ade (Mh, |) .) OLS |x io ood ara lth ccmen ae eas eecsl: po PAB [he sc case ceesalsteome eee eC RROMINDON GNIS. cocse fs 20.00) boucle date net tbladohoe eee ES. See 4 a nae edulis Sy ctetes Maaee o In shore fisheries............- PO ion san ch CE eee LU Eee Se Al locemee. CLO 1 ee | pt eae Pit Sopra 6 OF Lens ons he ee 10 er ae ea A, Wiad tetadl iy OOM? leo ao AS ad oh 88 OS: ies MO DON ob «ais» «eon 2) ea eee by | | eee 50 6B. |... ss sccdclesPauneremiat cut s|aveee ne Other apparatus......... 25 23 14 14: |. <:cuanin a lapel aad cia tae ix Shore and ~ steeped property. ... ss dm DOME wis ies os 2 6; BOG) lao deunwke Ce" (0 Eee ae 13, 000 SMU ino sail ssnvoddoaraladebs aide MUM \obis's ean a 2,000 || nccurdeees hp Ud ees a 11, 000 BN sd shiv onsdnJovels dckusiee cee ty 30,696 |......... a ae 35, 145 78 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRopucTs OF THE FIsHERIES OF NorTH CAROLINA IN 1918, By CounTIES—Continued. Pasquotank Item. New Hanover. Onslow. Pamlico. and Perqui- mans. PRODUCTS. Alewives: Pounds. Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. Brest s-\ eee eee 15, 000 $1,200 | 177,507 | $6, 250 3, 750 $125 | 150,000 | $3,000 Catfish Drum, red and black..-...... 8, 000 480 3, 000 22 3 110 AIS se eee S52 re 2 Se ee aa | Pare eee 3, 293 S20 Sciacca] Noeiee cee | eee | Rieter MOgNGerS 2 en ee ae eee 10, 300 1, 545 4, 300 335 Huiekory Shad 5o-8e Ate 5, 000 ADO URS 2 Salt eso ee 8 ee ooo ae ee ae eee eee Menhaden /22)32 Beco ncn eees 805371, S00 Stee, Coals fc ccc ene Semel: ome om eee states . 4 Raliegh ie ee ee tee hs tae 47,000 | 5,232| 5, Spanish mackerel............ SY a26 vl OS eo tbe ae Squeteagues, or ‘‘sea trout’’: Fresh Striped basso<.:-5<-s eo. eee SCMNPRON te. Snot oeces ce eee ese Sturgeon caviar... .. Wellowtail=... 222. 5228s # SHTNIp Betas see se eee Craps; Bards: 5h. eccc acto DEITADIN: 2). Aten eee bessees TTS 2. Son sb seee es ae ce Clams: hard’: S227 aa eseee Oysters, market: Piolitne o22bc sie. ieee. PTIVabesst Pose ees ee Bealops wes 282 eae cee Ue a 8 ee 80, 865,575 | 847,503 | 727,830 | 55,043 | 741,132 | 31,550 | 335,025 | 32,340 = <== — = =: Item. Pender. Tyrrell. | Washington. Total. PERSONS ENGAGED. Number.| Value. | Number.| Value. | Number.| Value. | Nwmber. Value. Or ‘vessels fishing: ee ie S-o a eal Seemed dice ol Se ale cine a | ote ke et bend Oe coltect os On"vessels transporting: ..2|f2 7 aoe ee el seen Sec) oc cone ces an Se Ceeeemates DAR scorer In shore fisheries........... 264515 5S 3 2 | eee ees LSB Wri ade ree A, OS Mee tone BHOresMen=¢ S405. 362s < Tale eee 74 Te Be cep ar ial. settee 1, Ot Some ae INVESTMENT. Vessels fishing: DUGG. Fae ceetk te as UTGM Ge ca ee oe ee Outfit..... Vessels transporting: Gasoline; 22553 Seen a: TONRALOr eens s ais OUth Te sce lesen Tonnige ses be 2-2 Outhit.. cc cscs cotlectsac wud cn ASE INEeea. col] ue euews| sane anes acuset FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 79 Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND Propucts OF THE FisHERIES OF. NoRTH CAROLINA IN 1918, By CounTIEs—Continued. Item. Pender. | Washington. Total. INVESTMENT—Continued. Boats: Number. Value. | Number. | Value. Nan. Value. Sail, row, Gt¢:.-..2..<.- 182 $237 42 $827 38, 053 CWer.----.-----.----- 3 4,915 36 | 5,645 269, 720 Apparatus, vessel fisheries: LT Say RE Ne a! ee I Pee meee 156, 727 Dredg: Tongs and rakes....... Cy yi TERS Cs 8 5 I ae ele 4 DE ee ee eel ee Sa Da 5 Other apparatus....... RE 3) |e SP ae 1,108 aiee and accessory prop- tne aad king fish. if 211, 781 13, 947 CIN te danas 1 one cas 4 5, 340 568 UL. ga RS Se 204 ll 0 cil Se ee eee 386, 807 11, 912 Drum, red and black , 946 3, ah a REE Ee 174, 541 13, 333 LS SE Peer es 91, 121 7,022 are Te Ey Be 44, 525 1, 154 ee, FEM sh: 34s: 15, 000 1,15 Hickor LOT ee ae 158,443 | 13,388 Menhaden................. 179, 910, 599 |1, 306, 489 Mullet: Lo as 812, 679 52, 734 0 ae 315,350 | 38,341 Perch: be 617,088 | 31,150 Pi 223,813 | 10, 147 Pigfish: Bronitererso05 264, 272 12, 675 Sdlietc:tty.o 4 ae... 3, 125 63 Ba ice coc eed ESP a Laer as eas ee 20} 552 1, 898 Pinfish, or sailor’s choice 50, 179 1, 225 Pompano Be erie 8 on on i de Pe ea en See ae 8, 685 994 Bea. ties. 252 os See 111, 650 10,928 TS ES OE - 1,657,036 | 376, 696 BOCDONCAG. ¢.3.°t ware ane ren Ds. UR Lee an lyn esa deloouws vues 26; 223 1, 839 ee mackerel. ose uee erste li ete ition Jab se] fe cacse| occ dk ntl 149) 440 14, 270 pot: eee 8 Soe = oy 1, 193, 270 52, 531 errr ee 3 42) 825 3, 768 ae rout’’: RON aie oa hot saeteg ta) (OFM MORE SAREE es 062 2i0 2. |o as deen nebledpoexen 8,361,246 | 209, 483 SONS 696 FFAS 2 wu Ja ahd LOL ELEE SOMME PIS MOLOR LCE © odccss|oeccncesan|scesuene 10 Striped bass.............-. 286, 528 46, 030 Ll, pd a Pala ip Iie Se > oe 6, 916 974 SPN OOUIBL 65 bo daa nb bbs lced’’ 450 0)evld deel eE Rabat hs lo tu asics|2. Ae (9) ue ee een loess Sane 57, 000 TTBS os cacseen|| ee eoee Kin 4 Se Aa cae OR a 8d Cao ea 250 10 fos ee SERN where. San das de caloe tae 9, 300, 000 |$33, 325 | 88, 190,799 | 471,305 |....-....|....... Ch Ly) eR AP so) RO ene) Ceaeeery pieear ered Pre ere ce 71, 165 pl eee oes nS Srameumackerel- 2-0.) 2225240 1S. 5 sae ae / cM ERE 500 Fi ae TS RT ORR Wo) 2ob atlas heen) tec Searhces slop ei eseamaplorss ont 69, 300 15-385) |S acs.) aoe SEL CS er el Soe eerie eee sor es Sores easezesc 28, 500 aT 1 Remy si ce led (5 TE, i RS Se a | Foe | eae 9, 300, 000 | 33,325 | 88, 424,014 | 478,780 |.........]....--- Gill nets: } | DLE LOS a A a Bee ee Be es Pe ee 4, 800 BLN ciean<.ae|uipnteseis MCRAE SN SS Ho ashe e ete epee fw aw Wenlod-LsJede~ 1, 200 OO coated ara MEER ay ot vb ekv enna) sscee- [pp deeus|5 3.564206 13, 000 oN PR eet 0S Sa Ue) Cees a ERT a ae meee 8, 700 is tr ae NS Joab rat os sheet Denedectdvredies seaerd: 2,600 IT EE OS ere Pe SR eer Bee 2 Dp We (er Sep) | See 1, 000 1) Eg a eee DEERING 5 do Ain ichisal ci bode pues Stl see owstes 52, 000 8: (3G (eae |--<2e0- eos ok) Pee ae, lasseadeves $3, 300.1" 9"6; 2b Wcotsas:| iL: eee pa ee! | eee eae imene einer: any ape Bi, O00} 9A, P20) | Mecbatais| anaes Cpe eeerenNRC Se ot eaele Se cloc nas as el 10;000'}), | 300 [i asea so ocbiles'sc sane] docs eatiee|Seudere Dredges: Oysters, market, Prada sate Jepee ct ake. 43,610 | $3, 300 420,175 | 18,702] 10,000} $750 Tongs: Oysters, market, pub- 1 RE RE Be OE | | Ee (ee Bl eee ae |e ene 93, 359 3,675 | 11, 000 750 Grand total............ 43,610 | 3,300 |9, 310, 000 | 33,625 | 89, 068,348 | 512,147 | 21,000) 1,500 52025°—21——_-6 82 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. YieELD oF VessEL FISHERIES OF NorRTH CAROLINA IN 1918, BY CouUNTIES, APPARA- TUS, AND SpEcreEs—Continued. Apparatus and species. Hyde. New Hanover. Pamilico. Total. 1 1 Purse seines: Pounds. Value.| Pounds. Value. | Pounds.\ Value.| Pownds. Value. . Bluelish4>, 2559524 aaa | 4, 100 $240 Butterfish:22.2.-22 Croaker = 226 = 3sa26 Drm is ese eee. Konensh 3228 ee Menhaden.......... (ROE DS ae tee ollie 4 A Spanish) mackerel ® 3). Sel ek See Se hn es eee ees 500 50 SPGUS S$. a Gof Ese oee ee ee Wend tes 2a Rape AS. TI] 2 Ses J SH) Se ae eg eta 69, 300 1, 385 Squoeteseue.._ toe 2.8). yes /o tt ys Se Sea cS eee ee ee | ee 28, 500 1, 300 otal meee rit eee || ee ee eee eae RO NaTT G00 | 792.052 1| pene eee ee eee 178, 101, 814 | 1, 305, 057 Gill nets Bltietishy) Seek A Pee Ake AS at 2 ag 8 2s a A a oe OB tt me 4, 800 415 ASOD Keg ols aie a aegh MO eT] Pe ROR |. ST ee ere eh Be oes oe ee 1, 200 60 Crogan. sre ees tee ees eo ene ot fon tere | ee” ocr | Qe 13, 000 420 an phish se. saab 3 28/200 22 21 1S: eee eee Bes SS TOE ere SNe ee eee 8, 700 502 Ua Ta alt eR gg NED) leg iat eed Sr|| 7" | a a ena SE aes ae AE 2, 600 83 Spots sc. one ee ke oe a eS Od Ser 1, 000 30 Pqueteagiue.--.. 2k a|h ies ee Jectecece eee c[eetece tee] ee eee ere feeee sees 52, 000 4,755 Total we PRE LS i Se | eee ae | Se |e ee 2 83, 300 6, 265 Nines Sealbass\.63--- |e 47, 500 4, 725 Otter trawls: Shrimp. .|.......-- 10, 000 00 Dredges: Oysters, mar- kets publicwes. =. .2 252 T0001. S500N eaten tah Ne el os So ates 244, 433 |$11, 660 725, 218 34, 912 Tongs: Oysters, mar- ; Ket, piblic! 2245. se2 sy Bet eleencss fecha cee salt eee lppec supa coed se 104, 359 4, 425 Grand total...... 7, 000 500 | 80, 377, 800 | 792, 952 | 244, 433 | 11,660 | 179, 072, 191 | 1, 355, 684 Y1evp or SHoreE Fisueries or NortH Carona IN 1918, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, AND SPECIES. BY SEINES. Apparatus aad aan 1 ee eae | ; species. Beaufort. Brunswick. | Carteret. Currituck. | Craven. Purse seines: Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Valuc.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. Morthadent. segs ne ee gett ultei ne S00500011$1500:| seach ees meres Peters Allan oe 2 Shrimp= 4.22 pana ts bess Sere a | See TOD NO40 | U Boyi ie ea ome oe Rens (ea | Wopales =e eens -* ee Seen ik ee 24 ie ee ADS O40 WKS, BO tal ecece wt: sion aeeeaae | ec ia | oer Haul seines: | Alewives— Preshs ss 3187365: |S2- O70 se eines seers ee Scat SS 86,653 |$1,835 | 22, 600 $715 Salted..... i easeeee oe Fees 121,000 |), (6945 Soe soeoern | aetna BISGE PASS Je 52 |) aslOs ule els oan eee Se semenel| & oiacre-ccia(c ete 'everctc 490, 089 |55, 654 |.........|..---.- Bluefish. ...... 7,400 |, $6382 53.2 See ee eer 700 42 Bowens = 2 So ce Eee a er ee cial sak ote S21. Ph 2b AS (GI ed | eee | ee es Butterfish 5 disae wees Carp 2 LS i: Catfish Croaker 60 Drom: <5, 522] 4 «5d san lesbo nse as emnce Geen |. 19; 265.) DOOR as Eesti be ee | eee | MOMS soc ccccc es]. Ly Oko || Ab peewee leec eel tae an aches ace Sollee eae oar mel eee tRGee | an ee aoa | ere Flounders i 16 Q@ivvard stad) ji: 2003 S23 eon eee ees [aio sk oecctio ee eee 9,371 7 el ee ae SA aioe ENickory ehiad 2}? 14,000" |" 1 272ie 2 seems easier =~) = in one ~ <2 ee csiomel meme seers a ae 5, 000 250 Kine figh 930 | oe ere eed eee 1.” 38,700 | 2:767 | 910/960)" W548) os. 2. eaoaeee Mullet— | Kreshss 53: 1S syste saleee sae D200 1S15700 | 267, 4655113) 009) | eres cee | Sermiaeete| sewstetes sci | eee Salted oH atc seal aoe ce LGA DIDS ADD | . o's. sc s0cn [aes eeel mecen ones fo fe eral ee. ee Perch, white =<). '3;845.|) 1.366 |= see meee. 3)... =. 15, an ee 303,514 |11,927| 1,400 112 Perch, yellow .|, <38,728)|:25655)|" 2 ooomenieees. = pean tts Hanes. 101, 753 )|\O5 986 Neen coer =| teem Pigtish <2 20 2532 ea ae oS ee ee cos 13, 419 B00) [Late eae nome 200 5 Pike A0. Sb f 11; 013)\1}1 032 sce eee eee | 22 ital eon the 4.467. | 4093 | nea ee aaerae PINGS: ooo al een ee al Soe ee te 5, O00"! SSS Ske see cececes ae 3, 000 50 POMPpANG «<= 2.1. 5a loo oee | See 790 Qi Seas See eee 50 6 sith SS eee 26; 600) (2787) | ao 2 ee eee i ee ee ree .| 24,000 | 4,000} 2,060 535 pheepahead:: - 2)... 5.5 ovale nae eel eee mee oe 4, 1/805 le Se allee aie Mae | ad leer ates cS FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 83 YIELD of SHORE FisHERIES OF NorTH CAROLINA IN 1918, BY APPARATUS, COUNTIES, AND SpeciEs—Continued. BY SEINES—Continued. Apparatus and . he wit species. Beaufort. Brunswick. | Carteret. Currituck. Craven Haul seines—Con. | 2 sag mack-| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. Pounds. | Value. 45, 887 | 11, 534, 052 haae ' 73, 960 | | 4,171 | Apparatus and species. Dare. Hertford. Purse eines Striped Pounds. | ee | Pounds. | Value. 18,000 ($4, 500 31, 944 Salted Perch, white .. Perch, y yellow... 580, 915 Hyde. Pounds. Value.| Pounds. _ 46, 083 eh 3, 885 ae Martin. Onslow. Value.| Pownds.| Value. 56, 630 | / 2,818 84 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Yrevtp oF Suore FisHerres oF Norts Carouina In 1918, py Apparatus, CoUNTIES, AND SpecteEsS—Continued. BY SEINES—Continued. Apparatus and species. New Hanover. / Pender. Washington. Total. Purse seines: Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.) Pownds. | Value. Menhaden? 2::.... 220220320 2 es ee an at ebitoape dl. ah. Cee oS 300, 000 | $1, 500 Striped! bass: 25-22: 3.sty ete el Meee eee ee eee ee (pocemne| AeCin4 4 oe ||yencrae 18,900 | 4,500 Shrimpuce oe eo eee ae teeeere sl Peymeremes Uo oes Selle Sack eee (Sears | 105,040 | 1,857 POT owe sst Cocos Seek ale eens | Meant alae sae [stis sale eee 423,040 | 7, 857 Haul seines: Alewives— Lp ate) a Se Pen [Pier ee Af a Oe ee en ge Eee 600, 000 $30,000 | 930,837 | 38,321 SI L711 Bee ea em (1 oe) eS est ee 512, 200 |25,610 | 658,200 | 28, 504 Black: Dass) Sees os oa ta in| ie eee cede -t) | sures Sete | ceo a | eran ieia tine | eeeteate 533, 364 | 60,977 Blush. os Se Ta ea 500 $62 150 S138. eee ae 43) 529 4,498 Rowinse.- = Pcs: te PLR Fo see oie wala onctrata Sette lotatedoy neal Se Ne ote ated | een en 25, 979 242 Buy 1st 6 Cc) | eee Mea NE eal me hese ee) a | Pa Le RR MN |) ENE a ee Seis 3; 850 | 217 5 oy A a Biel Tak 35 ie (ere 8 Dek eee Bee i ENE as ee a eet rele is ee 1237 472 | 4,631 CAthehse 53535. we ee Sh ae 500 15 1,000 30 1, 267 76 |\° 114, 566 | 2,602 Progen Sa ses ceete sede e nol ees aS 8 6, LOO DAA akc le Sal eemenine 74, 176 | 2,413 MOR oe Feet es a ee oe Sa Mee eee eee ae 5, 500 O80) Sos bse. oe S| pee 46, 831 | 1,937 GSS Se a he erate | co. SRM hee 2 mall es Stark in| Se a ee ea cae 1,512 45 Higunidens ye setees Sete wie ae 200 30 4, 200 7 ee ere Procter 7,375 498 Gizzard shad6 is: 2b SE Se, Bae Soe he a 2 Bs Rs eR eg aan 9,371 97 ‘Hickory Shad 6255252 eso See sa Soo ese eo a ee | ee 19,060 | 1,522 aenetish te es eee Bie ee BOO! hr STA ec es As | Se Ie ae ee 61,160 | 4,077 Mullet— Mesh. t) e bee eee W750), 10255005} 0: O00) | S22 soa se leeiscers 447,165 | 27,949 , 20500 Wea, NOON eee see els coer 219,900 | 25,610 ded c\y eta sth ee Boe Un ee EY, 2 Te ae eae | ee co leis he 2, 000 160 354, 509 | 14, 362 Perch, yellow. 154) 467 | 7,200 47, 572 | 2,122 15,480 | 1,441 30,049 460 4,448 591 73,585 | 13,507 Sheepshead: a insta ae hae ae alae deat Ae 6, 845 385 Spanish mackerel. 52855. Sos bse ae | eee | eee as sae eet becca | eeeieeee 9, 805 755 Spot— 1k 2's Wee ot fos See eee 19; 000?) £45011 178} 200+) "9, 940) | soo eke coe 458,946 | 21, 860 oi ais Set See ai 2a ape ED oe gal loeb seid Bt 000 BaOu|oosee nebo lesa eee om) 700 | 2,505 Squeteague OPP ra een Ree 3, 500 465 Nt A215 200))| 25485! ie Pe eee te 610,053 | 42,753 Striper Pass: ..fs5 cs oo. Sas ed eae ee eS Soe Oats ee | naeteete 31,673 | 3,235 Suckers de wcamee Sede SDS a ok Lie Oh Sea ME le Name sll a ere ts | Ae ee 4,890 124 S021 a0) Tae a Smee et IP eG ee tel Ince cne chard nen epet ears See N eS eels S ci Se 104,422 | 1,026 Voeulowiailj25- 2-2 852. Fae aie 3,000 180 | 20,000 Q6Sn F226 See Ere 24, 50 1, 187 Cranis: B0ft. co c2eh3t cs se lace Banh ce eee cs SP ean aa 8 oe aE Ae eee eee 90,009 | 9,020 Sheinip 225 2. See oe rae eee 120:,000/)):3000)| 52a e|co5 Stee. os Se ceeee aaeeer 237,000 | 6,254 imho. 32 ose Sets Soa od han cic lows 3h can SSO Sete (amas See Se ee allele eee eee 2, 000 il LAN fo LA Ee ae iA 170,500 | 7,484 | 370,500 |26, 505 |1, 136, 267 |60,006 |5, 605, 300 1332, 938 Total, by seines............-- 170, 500 | 7,484 | 370,500 |26, 505 |1, 136, 267 160,006 16, 028, 340 |340, 795 BY GILL NETS. . Species. Beaufort. Bladen. Brunswick. Camden. | Carteret. Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. Value. |P ounds.| Value.| Pownds., Value.| Pounds. Valuc. Alewives: Presi 2.) ooo 30 sles eo Coste nee oacuctte ace eer ceed nl -aabe sincelie erent. 45,000 | $2,380 BNSHSU Gs sos 2 sos]. pote eee | Sane eee ene eee se cal mening a FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 85 Yievp or SHore FisHeries or NortH CARro.uina IN 1918, By APPARATUS, COUNTIZs, AND Species—Continued. BY GILL NETS—Continued. Species. Chowan. | Columbus. | Craven. Currituck. Alewives: Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. “Cae A Se ee 4, 750 0" ea i RRs Ree neers eek ae ke ee ES eg Salteare » o.. l eS | 1,900 Zh ee eee rere neers eee ee) liege cat CSUNECI 28 Se a P25 es ee 1,100 $22) 10 2t S 3 eee a ak. Ee SE oe) |e FS |e ie eye 350 17 oe ee ee eed Mipnneeraiee = 25. 8 eee (ie REN | 23 EA ee 250 15) [oat Se Geetha Hickory shad................-...- Pit 7: aaa eae | 10,940 600:),vccscoslees eee TE ei Spel ET Pk es (a SS eee eee } 17,400 | 3,395 |. = eae eee ly TE a i eS Re Be ES ER eS a? ee ee ee ee | 1,400 140 |... cee ose 3 3° 2 ee me 79,792 | 17,404 | 1,575 | $450} 9,288] 2,433 | 13,284 | $2,214 oe nro at SO Se ee ieee Pe ee Se. Aes See |neeeeeee 4, 500 194 |: .. copa Squeteag ue: Greens tte hoe oe yee [eezi tees 910 cg een i a | 7080 G06 }s22......|20c--.. | 500 50 356 50 = aan ase Peter 2 | 0p, 432 | 21,068 | 1,575 | 450 | 46,638 | 5,039| 13,534| 2,264 Species. Dare. Gates. Hertford. Hyde. Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.) Value. Pounds4 Value. | Pounds.| Value. RINE WIN ETOH 528 5G6s o. 5ne Boe nb cote w ne Seen 21,688 BEET ee oe er eee le eee 7) Sa a ee Baia TAT ey Rag) mae Bes [ARS Bie pee AE 6, 600 748 7 ie a Oh ghey ot Ane Ped GRE Ce 250 3 ie aE eae seis Eee jt Maa had easel feed bies Pl (pt eS, BS 9 225 11 eC aoe ae Be fern BE Sale Ns Bae OE, Rei fee 2 835 50 Mul et: Salted. ........----------|s0ee-20e i DS) (EE EEE ag ER Rip laa RR ea 650 169 > I 15, 000 Of eee ee eee eo ae reer op 500 25 1S Sipe as lal ad dete alga 3,125 Lh RGR E SFR Winch ok Marie apa peo BLE) e+ 8" Pane ea ees 2. 52 os coche we wie 750 Ble pote @adclow ni tde alas xenn on] atac 9 cnn baw eal Seer To SSE ae Soma 151,634 | 43,512 Peers eee 125 $25 | 38,961 | 6, 202 UE: SS rae Sar ir ke BO ein Simla cals cctts-|ocescuben|s2. 23) eee 13, 000 OO | Perccicin cl ee eae ental ia ete et ae ape tena 14, 900 178 ilnefish-.-.-:..2 2 5. seme nc sake | Se ae een eee oe eee ae e esee e ce (cre eee ere 267,515 | 24, 296 BONITO = 22 )o w's.n. 5 cee eee oe Se ee anne ae cee [iA Se) S24) = cecal Peeters s 1,015 Butterfish: 2: 2605. SRA, a2 Se Ps Cea As ee ae eee ee 9, 225 462 Cy | eee ee teen ee eee ees See WE Ae es sod ere oaoe 1 aia 71 5 71 5 Catiish <5. 02 tote 58 ce Sas ee Oe eH oe a a ene 300 15 1, 400 37 6) ae ee eg ane men a EE Cara Pee ee Le oe ee et (ete sce|Yeeceee Mela segeen 1, 758 95 Croaker thon ots ess ee eee ee aii I ak eee Ven oe | he Soe | eee 178, 551 5, 456 PEUTIC ee ce eke Oe EA | Se re ee leuk ence OR SRN Ve reper ie Soe te 32, 000 593 Wels) eee a ee PaaS oe PES oo sel eee aee He Seyi et NS ners jacaatevaterd 1, 645 164 Wlotind ers-2sc0-- cee sass sd e| a oh | eee posotencel hie eee lematoctes|eeeeeee 4, 350 232 Hickory; shads=<.. 084 5-5 2 ees |S es Bee ee eee: 6, 125 735 53, 983 4,894 A 2G (-ti1S1 1h Son ee ae ee AN, ae ad lS ca] DADRA, Se Spee Pr rete 120, 898 8, 534 Menhadenec: ce hes Ae leg ad ete ae Oe] 8 WEE Pera cee oh UL A Ra aE Sa 1, 740, 000 7, 395 Mullet: | | Mreshivers 2. 2OR Ad ease |e = Shee | Ee | a 2 ae PRES EY, A PUN it 292,849 | 22,075 Daltodhe seni wate iy a | titi ee [oaconsee|gasnamand leeddscedlonen sbbse||s6cec05- 95,450 | 12, 731 Perch: | IWinHG2 3. Shc eee ee ek ee TE Se aN (ir PM mens 2 wee el [pe 1, 400 140 os Eee ona ee 625 | 10) (oma es ae ae ga 7 Hebe paella os 625 50 a | dy St 6 ee =e oy nema ees (ER Semel i Nl Va Sn, oe NERD Pl Fe eee Se ae A 156, 100 5, 528 Baliems= 28 sae see IE oe Lea ee RA a ered Re ase ea sete set 3; 125 PPAMNSR ee ee ce eek A el Le 4 eae <| (Seek aan eee ape I | tte 14, 130 165 Ponrpanigene Boks ae ES OWE Eo) see A eee SE et NAR SN GL | LR oe [A SESE 1, 353 147 nad: he eee! ....| 109, 21, 920 875| $175} 26,844 5,253 | 521, 982 | 123, 685 Sheepshead............- DENS PEP Yee ord ti 40 ei SON Ee Ss okt 3: eye Ae eel (ipa meee bes CER, A iL 428 671 pena MAckerelisc ssi ars eee sons ea RPE Be PC Ca tery I ee ete Stes 101; 260 | 10, 052 po i Ty Rosle ee ee eT SD RE ees SB ese es sees ees Lea eer) 2 ates eel Soe eee 657, 495 | 29, 062 Saltediss. oc) oss oes etete ee enehecode \estkaaw best Carls Wie hear oer eel sss aaa 18, 125 1, 263 Squeteague: | | Mypesnaet so! 25a 52,32 fase py Vee es ee payne Ro room ne alia clsoatellecioa aoe 1, 266, 505 | 107, 302 (Salted 22) teuee see estes. 8k eee ate bala gee ia ahaa? NOR eeS Aue Reaeee 80 10 Siztped( bass 2 s22 58s | 7,250} 1,450 | 988 | 238 |..------- 17,993 | 3, 487 Sitireeo me Sree es ee Se Soe eo eee ae ee aa eee Fee eee 4, 837 748 Sturgeon caviar......-:....--.- pee oe me eat) Ree as ane e leo ae el eee eek 321 707 Mellowtanerss 2). S4o/ eile) eae eerie ai (Pe ROSPRL Abe FAR car a oeer 8 6,778 192 POPIAT RES Sones eee eens arent ia ee Ree eee RRS aS a SONA 19, 125 2, 868 Other aquatic hides-...-:2.....)..2t...2./o210. me eee fee weese ease (oe , 050 157 Shrimy 6 ee oe os Fk: SN Ree eee Hee ey a Eee | Be Ae 5, 500 220 PRGIPA DIN eee oe si vaio ka ek eee aS ee ed SES eA AR eerste \ 150 35 Lg PES aes pa aie een Sed) [Pe SG He a Din a OE Lic | pao 2, 500 26 LPs lysate Ogierata tees Spey 198, 475 | 24,910 | 1, 863 | 13. 69,840 | 6,823 | 5,995,917 | 386, 224 BY POUND NETS. Species. |__ Beaufort. | Bertie. { Carteret. Chowan. Currituck. Aiewives: Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Valuwe.| Pounds. | Value. Renee | Value. Fresh!........- | 189,500 |$3,790 | 211,845 [$4,209 | 30,636 /$1,394 |4, 742, 768 \g98, 295 Balted Ses cee a cuiote se beeesee 21650395 |R5 006 tenes eee cme eee By "998" 125 | 87,720 PATIP ELAS: a8 ep smin ene toe : Daten gat cs|=cow ene a|seatanee BATICTIS USE SES SE Tle SE) ee Os) OOD shi 090 eb. os te pales S OMG) 26 Oa dasa been 5 nu atehae| eee eery beet eS OOU | BOL}. ForeaC PP ee era Butterfish....:....| TO O08 | (AE A28 Eos CR ee SN) 6S" | 2 cet ecole aes @attigue. 5555520 | 6,400 62,727 | 2/218 Caro ee. a oe a es 2 See ne ee eee OOO) O0 Nido natcteelesaeae ee Creyalies i) cosas oc cea eee ne Bl as dente petal imate Ue | ade UL I ee es CLOSER Soo sao = clover ces =) wt eae | Pet ee I Se e000. || Ls S00: |: opp tema names PU ae ooo wba ode omens loa oe ae ore ee rer rae epee eee [Pamir CN ALINE” Ot IG irene iecceat aorta amr i rer aarcs ake | 835 6, 860 549 Flounders......... 5, 800)'|),,. B43 Pasa eat P2500) 1480). cep aeaeee Gizzard shad...... [peewee ane 34,629 | 1,036 Hickory shad..... 2,700 43,273 | 3,932 Kingfish 2% 2... 2 es oan oats BD Soa Sie et ee eel 100 3. 85.) Saeemen een eee eee Manbeden: 205 Ne ese es ee ee D000 | 16 APD Ee eee eae AS Perch: WEG. <5 at oe 2,785 72,890 | 6,333 7,249 319 MOUOW. 2 sso 4ce ple Wr 5) li b-5 a) a a” |} SN | a Se) Pe eee ee ee ae 12a Peciase 2,416 106 miphsh tes Sele ee 1a 17: aid ens a ae Pompano......... (16:7 REDDY et Splees e Sheepshead ....... Spanish mackerel. Stee Ee eS Cs Squeteague. . -! 150, 609 | 4,912 ! Striped bass....... | 18,807 | 2,633 IEP COM oot. cs ll hbo aw cee eae ce sea eee ae ‘lel: ys RS SE Fa APEIUINER tooo eso. calok cwndaedseiesoe ase ee Total. ......| 492,969 |24, 422 497,841 '31,677 |8, 303,837 |219,807 | 130,401 | 12,181 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 87 Yrevp or SHorE FisHeries oF NortH CAROLINA IN 1918, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, AND SpEcIES—Continued. BY POUND NETS—Continued. Species | Craven. | Dare. Gates. Hertford. Hyde. Alewives: ey Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. Powders Pounds. | Value. Lie OS Seen 200 $10 | 777,636 |$36,700 | 52,000 | $832 | 162,656 $3,904 | 87,706 | $3,054 Sheil (See Se en GE aS ee ibe K Sty |e tare (a Rae aN MIR RR Sa Le a) a ae OI Angelfish. ........ 50 Ure) 2a! el a Bae fetuses 5,125 |. 183 Pin eee Oa ae es eee 3, 686 118 3) eh ae a RID Mea Se Ta |- Seance seeceeeaals seme Butterfish......... 30,000 } 1,200 | 437,473 | 12,345 |.........|....--- See ne a 39, 626 978 oo aie re ee 100 2 SEU IW eg TES 3 Tl (ee eee Eee Pe eae ese 2, 560 64 DUTT OES Se be eee enema 350 Pee so oo Solas aocn tls cdas oe os ]aace ono amaneeee eee COTE Free Sets ees Se eee 5, 387 LAS DY ES SESS ee se eet (5 ae ay 1,993 43 EST Se Si EO A OR a ata Ce Ae eo) ES Bees Core Kea Sse 1,100 ll | Re ERE STE (9% 2 Caton Ic 7 a PE Ane eae ie 333 10 Flounders.......-- 100 4 19, 567 Ll Aa ee et ees SEES Eaeeese 10, 556 383 Hickory shad...-- 2000.) SOalee 7 abe | BRE satel ae eae | 15,112| 730 Kingfish Ee uel See |e oa 11,815 212 Ud Se ee WES, SE i et Dee , 900 69 Pere | Wihite:......-- 30 PASIOL Wao lga Soe oe oe 3 792 48 3,078 277 MOUOWe. soa = [ass ocean | See e das 9,900 899 |--- 22 --|o- 2. =| now ee a | ene 700 49 Tt C1 ee) eine) cen ne (ae SE eae le a a a eee ents Be eetad PI aiae 2, 250 55 Pompano.......-- 25 2 204 1a | SR IE | (8 1, 280 92 ii ih ea ee 2,665 | 665 729,636 |175,760 CT Ps 8 | RS os 2 70, 866 |-12, 194 Spanish mackerel - 2501 4200, [in 2IS78) 1 VOR. sooo: fe, ae) eae ey ee 2, 902 232 Snpiees-232.0055- 300 15 629 ID eake se. - Fee Se Se | Lee 450 10 Squet e@.....--| 20,000 800 | 578,951 | 20,555 |......... oo Ree, \Ps ee 133,164 | 3,648 Striped bass.....-. 375 75/P A265, Be: IS, 10Fi (ase kes se RS Saal PRR RRSE 6 8 10,829 | 1,509 LU Tey el re Dee ae 1,539 198: | 2 lowed sto uvc.sctS| sappeen es eaeaenl teeters Total.......| 55,365 | 3,055 2, 922, 822 276, 782 | 52,600 | 952 | 163,448 | 3,952 | 392, 130 | 23, 591 Species. | Pamlico. Perquimans. | Tyrrell. Washington. Total. Alewives: Pownds.| Value.| Pownds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. Fresh...... 3,750 | $125} 82,000 |$1,640 | 762,350 |$10,417 | 31,600 [$1,044 | 7, 183,952 |$167, 664 CG Ue PE eae 7 ee 26, 000 260 |1, 151,383 | 27,623 | 308,791 | 7,411 5, 070, 776 133) eat 442 90 80 23, 976 165 5, 460 790 50 11 1,684 98 815 2, 162 1, 057 6,972 574 12 12, 308 777 73 28 256 Shade 30; 350 | 3,750 | 25,000 5, 000° 875 | 17,745 | 3, 472 a 061; 382 | 239, 479 Sheepshead ....|..

aa auek | AS eee Stimifish 52 524. feet h id see oie cee ete aeeee UE Se oe 19, 558 76) 2 rece See Oe Dotal S22 2 ae beees A a sees hoes 4,700 350 | 271,615 10, 311 964 118 Species. Perquimans. ‘Tyrrell. Washington. Total. Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.}; Value. Be a tL 6, 710 $167 14, 075 1,718 8, 393 ate 27, 269 818 38, 538 709 5, 340 568 White ced fe ese | heen Se eee hae 750 60 | 104,327} 4,340! VCO re ane cee eee ee ee ones Lee che all crete teee'I re ete erccet fetes ws ctatets Sel Beta eat 52, 698 2,120 Pike ee ee Ge aS ie ES | ee ta ee ee eye Peer arer ee 4,778 429 Sirmed'bass: - 2 ic525|soack te ck S| ee cere oe td] chet teeter tel | iets creme 1, 943 253 Sriatish fa PS 4 Se ee Cee Ee Nc eae he || eee: oe | te cect 19, 558 176 Totaly sta 300 30 4,700 470 1,350 96 | 283,629 11,375 BY STOP NETS. Species. Brunswick. Total. Species. Brunswick. Total. Pounds. | Value.| Pounds.| Value. Pounds. | Value.| Pounds.| Value. CYORKET- <9- 55 « 200 $9 200 $9 || Squeteague...... 500 $34 500 $34 Dyas pene aes 1, 500 73 1, 500 TET |i Wo) ee 150 9 150 9 Flounders......-| 4,500 265 4, 500 265 || Crabs: Kingfish......... 150 8 150 8 13 CGS Ae Se fer 650 20 650 20 Mullet. <. 62-2025 1, 500 80 1, 500 80 Softy. acesecs 40 |, 10 40 10 Pigtish: o2c2. a0. 150 9 150 9 ee — Sheepshead. ..... 1,500 88 1,500 88 Totaly =. 10, 840 605 | 10,840 605 BY LINES. Apparatus and species. Brunswick. Carteret. Dare. Hand lines: Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. 1,300 $1 4,200 110 325 7, 500 175 12, 150 1,038 450 5, 000 500 ‘Trot lines: Crabs, ard. 25-2 .ssss = 15, 000 i) fog) pee meee tte eee Slane ea aaa]. c sateen 15, 000 1, 150 Kinpfish..-.....- 300 fh] aeackod oc Bue BEES Fete SESE Pere 300 eign ces, 45, 000 rar) ae Sere ‘Oe | 185 | 55,000 4, 860 Sailor’s choice. -- - aL UU | Geer! Oe) a ey BAS BA SSA Besa 6, 000 600 Sea bass. ..-...--- 59, 000 5, 000 | 200 | $25 70 | 64,159 6, 203 Sheepshead . - 5, 600 1) Ret nl hawt Ona Posckeases Cane oe 5, 450 635 Spanish mack eae a rR ST SIR pasth sees oe sbc ee SES 5, 000 500 cb) SAS es EAE Eee aiid EP ans ep pie 2 ian ie lel Roeae ay Sapa peteae 150 7 Squeteague....... | 10,090 1, 300 | 45 | 5 2, 000 | 240 | 53,845 4,920 ANT 1 A ge EE 400 BY eone Jenne Atter Ate SE eA Eee 400 20 a SSS ee ee ee Ee Eee eee SS ee ee SES Motabscsest 2 | 144.700 | 14, 437 245 | 30| 7,400 | 603 | 226,220| 20,505 [eo ee OO SSS" _____S= = ees Set lines: Catfish... . | 17,500 | O75, tees snes Rn ss BRA ee Pe 17, 500 975 So eli BS Cel Be Sey) BNE SSE 8 ee ek oe ae, Rep ey eee Re ee Peseescc: 142, 290 1,778 ——_—S=-s—nX=rL||=«FPNnananDanDhAha2BDaRnnELa)e——=—>=S=aapyp»a»_ana_—NLPPjaQaQaQjqqqq—K—| Total, by Hines, 162, 200 15, 412 | 245 30 7, 400 603 | 386,010 | 23, 258 BY OTTER TRAWLS. Species. | Brunswick. Carteret. Total. Pounds. | Value. | Pounds, Value. | Pounds. Value. ae ARAN CBE Suc Bense he 1,000 $25 Swab trame cals oe ehennls 2,000 60 eS Seen COPE OEE 2,000 60 BE LE 8 / 3, 000 90 Uy Heeceecae| HS oie cea / 2, 000 60 4,054 | 592, 580 15, 149 BY DREDGES AND CRAB DRAGS. Apparatus and species. | Beaufort. Carteret. | Hyde. Met pe LESS EL ok Fe ; Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. Value. Oyster dredges: Oysters, market, public ..| 20, 405 SI IO5 linus er eonnl Ment saan 7, 000 $400 Scallop dredges: Scaliops bvnbiceielsaweetdnbiiswed an sm) adi areeev as 404, 443'| Ce rr ed ee SES Be RS ef ie 20, 405 1,165 | 404,448 | 29,726; 7,000 400 Crab oe pt ens I RASS UF Sed pr ou ee be ae 38, 660 0; 1D: edn «nan colnet ae eeee Apparatus and species. Onslow. Pamiico. Total. Value. | Pounds.| Value. Oyster dredges: Oysters, market, public...|..........|....-.-..- $4,620 | 130, 655 $6, 185 Scallop dredges: Scatiops. .............-... BU ote ee dnt Sarees Oe sin 411, 708 30, 576 : 4,620 | 542,363 | 36,761 BPG SD A nah i! ty 38, 660 3, 725 90 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Yrewp or Suore Fisuertes or Norra Carontna In 1918, py APPARATUS, COUNTIES, | AND Sprectes—Continued. BY TONGS, RAKES, AND HAND. salient san Beaufort. Brunswick. Carteret. Dare. Hyde. Tongs: Pounds. | Value.| Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pownds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. Clams, hard..... PRE occ |S aprebtet 4,000 | $750 3,000) | S845" | 5 Seema ce J.) =. eo ates ere Oysters, _Mar- Y ket, public....| 1,400} $100 |--.......|....-.. 275, 884 | 7,368 | 39,900 |$2,850 | 24,500 | $1,300 Totale-- son. 1, 400 100 4, 000 750 | 278,884 | 8,213 | 39,900 | 2,850 | 24,500) 1,300 Rakes: is Sy Slams Ans ets epoca leone 40,000 | 7,600 | 43,576 | 7,127 6,400) 1; 200 ee cS nes lee ee CHNODSSe eee eon] aie les | Smee | nce ae ere ed ee ra 900 WOSsh 5 nice ta Stelle miersinecel emilee 2 | eee Totalessee fon el ssckerecs| = eee 40, 000 | 7,600 | 44,476 | 7,232 | 6,400 | 1,200 |.-.......|....... Hand: adem eg aly i ae fs apy Se ae GIaINS Hardee sect oo epee eel scenes | eae eee ee 600 11) 0 BASE Bera Nenenos saenae ssa lA cac- Oysters, mar- ‘ket, PUblICeS: -|-Gee eer hens (Ses asae eee seon Ssaere- 10, 224 ERY ie Besmcesod Gocbeed becdocsicd lacoccc SPOREA Da te cee ace e aie (Pes Sti Saoeoee 60 BY Mil Beemer os Goraose|riscescc- ec cn. Motaless cst | eames sears 4,725 500 j;| AOL, 443135305 [c's aisles jac w ctel tiie cesar | Meee Apparatus and Z : species. New Hanover. Onslow. Pamlico. Pender. Total. Tongs: Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value.) Pounds. | Value. Clams Hards. -.iseso2-acc|esnoeee 2 OOO UI) 1280" | em enee cee| amet ee ere taeciste | eens 9, 000 | $2, 080 Oysters, mar- et— Publics ccdoee- cscs] bat sees 18,025 | 3,050 | 54,684 /$2, 210 |.........|....... 414, 393 | 16, 878 PYIVALOR «2. \ ace ne onal seaseons 14, 700 | 2, 500 3, 500 A00 MN coe cece eisai 18,200 | 2,900 VOL erst hk. | 52 - Paces aeten coe $4,725 |G 03ba ln OS, LS4 | 2kG1O ce alae ames 441, 593 | 21, 858 Rakes: | “K Clams, hard....| 48,000 |$14, 500 I CSTOLO)M MALES ON CO INS ti hye se 35, 200 |$9, 800 | 176,776 | 41, 237 Oysters, mar- REG, UIUC ss lence cee | cleans aeasncimae eRae aA Rncsacee tessa 7, 000 500 7, 000 500 BEsUOUSssseseslon-sa.-— = nn SScoceleeee eee etadee Boo sara Boomer bcos soe aca coc 900 105 Mataleeessc.s 48,000 | 14,500'| 3,600 | 1,010 |........-]....¢.- 42, 200 |10, 300 | 184,676 | 41, 812 Hand: ie Clams, Dard:..: .|o-<.2-.2. sePacear el oe Oh RO lace) 8 | eee) ReneS co ante Sood aetiS cy 11,800 | 3,281 Oysters, Mar- ket, public...) 10, 500 600 6, 125 COON See Aseeal eat wick 7, 000 500 | 118,909 | 4,480 Scallops. .....--)-2-- 6522. [oc ence nee eee eee e[e eee eel eee eee e|e oe nee ele eee eee nle nee ee 10, 224 937 TOrrapiN....--)--- - ee eee [e ne cece afm scene eee wala we cee ne|e cence nl ees eeceen|sscenae 60 57 Total......-..| 10,500 GOO!) 1748254] :3850! teteemee o.| 2.0 5.'s2 7,000 | 500 | 140,993 | 8, 755 BY POTS AND alIGS. Apparatus and 5 | ‘ species. Beaufort. Carteret. Craven. Currituck. ~- — — — — Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. Pots: Wels, 2 tee ce 36, 817 $1, 006 1, 500 $150 | 500 $40 | 112, 581 $10, 268 Gics:) Mlounderss. ...120i oe. 1b beesvecan ee 3, OOO 230 | es fae ae berate pete b ene oieiaeees | UWE ot eie = 1 — fi = — — — — ~ —— —s —— = — —— Apparatus and | § species. | Dare. _ | New Hanover. | Onslow. Pender. Total. Pounds. | Value.| Pounds.| Value. Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value | Pounds. | Value. POLS? OeIS: vss etEd 8; 000 |; $6804 22522 eeeeeeeea 1,648 |r SkObn ee eee sere 161, 046 |$12, 309 Gigs PIOUNGers: 2. 2|- 2-02 an |asene ce 5,000 | $750 4, 000 310 | 13,000 hace 7 25,000 | 3,030 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 91 Yrevp or SHore FisHeries or NortH CAROLINA IN 1918, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, AND SpEectEs—Continued. BY SCOOP, DIP, AND BOW NETS. Apparatus and species. Bladen. Carteret. Halifax. Scoop and dip nets: Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. ee EN ek ee eee Ee 87 - Si EG ROESOR USER Ag |e 5 2 oo (| ee ene: Crabs— 12d SS Fee eee te 9 8) ey SS 2, 000 S150) eee aclecet see SOU pe Sel etl Rien Be ape oe ee I erie RE ae | 104,996 T1066: | 22232 ee eee a eee 87 25) a08,996 |». 11,216 [ek ose emcee Dh ng ta 12 ee ae |e SA! |g eee | Soe Sees 4 Apparatus and species. | New Hanover. Washington. | Total. = Se eee Scoop and dip nets: Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. SU Gh CSS oe eee Pes wee, BPs aoe, © Se ke Bee ee ees | 250,000 | $20,000 | 250, 000 $20, 000 NDS S 2a poe ERE RN Fo 5 8e oe |S EE eer 87 25 Crabs— 2 rh BASS See a oe ee a 665 ED Caen ae Wao ce ee 2, 665 185 PR eee o Ponta ee ne sa on ines Sameera ne tealeiee = joe tare== fee e-remee 104, 996 11, 066 27 eh MSE ee i ee 665 35 250), 000 20, 000 357, 748 31, 276 ——— | | — —— —- = —— — — Bow nets: Striped bass.............../.... pee cet [encncaesc | ea eee 6, 635 2,770 | INDUSTRIES. Menhaden industry.—In 1918 there were 21 factories in operation as compared with 9 in 1902 and 6 in 1897. These 21 factories were valued at $905,436, employing cash capital to the amount of $66,800, and gave employment to 599 persons, to whom $260,037 were paid in wages. These plants handled 179,910,599 pounds of menhaden, valued at $1,306,489. Manufactured products included 979,068 gal- lons of oil, valued at $761,588, of thigh 720 gallons, valued at $540, was shark oil; and 23,088 tons of dried and acidulated scrap, valued at $1,290,614. Other by-products of the fisheries of the State included 3,100 tons of ground oyster shells, valued at $18,600, and 20,175 pounds of shark and other aquatic hides, valued at $3,025, the total value of by-products being $2,073,827. Wholesale trade.—In 1918 there were 46 wholesale fishery estab- lishments in the coastal region of North Carolina handling fresh and salt fish, oysters, clams, and other fishery products, valued at $158,950, with a cash capital amounting to $61,750, and engaging 208 persons to whom $85,475 were paid in wages. Canning industry.—There were8 establishments, valued at $130,715, engaged in canning fishery products and the crushing of oyster shells, employing working capital to the amount of $30,500, and en- gaging 500 pareoh to whom $49,100 were paid in wages. The products included canned oysters to the value of $112,334; canned shrimp to the value of $39,576; canned alewife or river herring roe to the value of $4,070; canned redfish or red drum to the value of $450; 392,667 pounds of salted alewives or river herring to the value of $7,068; and 3,100 tons of crushed oyster shells to the value of $18,600. The important features of each of the above shore industries are shown in the appended tables. 92 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. INDUSTRIES OF NORTH CAROLINA IN 1918. MENHADEN INDUSTRY. Item. Number. Value. Item. Number. | Value. Establishments............- 21 | $905, 436 PRODUCTS. Cash’ capitals. cc< eaeeees| teen nae 66, 800 Persons engaged....----.--- 509 cree eee OU A= eee gallons..| 1979,068 | $761,588 WAGES ISIC sccm ee sco come | = enh eeee 260,037 || Dry scrap...-.......- tons... 9,488 674, 850 Acidulated scrap. ...d0.... 13,600 615, 764 | WHOLESALE TRADE IN FRESH AND SALOED FISH, OYSTERS, CLAMS, SCALLOPS, AND SRABS. Establishments......------- 46 | $158, 950 Persons engaged........---- 208) lhe tate Gashicanital 22 -n =~ t seen sere senna | Gl (DON!) WiS2eS Dald oe oe areca. ee en cle tenet $85, 475 | PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND CERTAIN BY-PRODUCTS. Establishments......-.----- 8 | $130,715 || Shrimp, canned: (QS S ean | Sie esata Sy So es es ee 30, 500 INO: Uicanse ce cee cases. -| 3.9, 200 $38, 256 Persons engaged....-------- | DOO) | oe atten se Noe it icans. 2-2 do-se 1550 1,320 Wages palds sets ee eee proc eeenseea. | 49,100 |———__—__|______ _—_ Totals. .<256 seiosese Once a ae eee 39, 576 PRODUCTS. a Alewife roe, canned: No. 2 Cysters, canned: CANS oe eae eseeees cases. . 21,100 4,070 4-ounce cans-....- cases. 2 724 | 1,665 || Redfish, canned: No. 2 Don 2s. 2-22d0l 31,700 8, 500 CANS ss Stee cine cases. . 2 200 450 5-ounce cans. . -.-d0.... 2 23, 389 45,034 || Alewives, salted...pounds. . 392, 667 7,068 D Yo} Seneers aoe dose 3 5,000 26,500 |) Oyster shells, crushed (ag- Sounce cans. ....do.... 2 526 2,420 ricultural lime)..-pounds..} 6,200,000 18, 600 10-ounce cans. . --do.... 25,643 28,215 ADOUGL Se oo Se one eee erat sate were 112,334 1 Includes 720 gallons of shark oil, valued at $540. 3 Four dozen cans per case. 2 Two dozen cans per case. FISHERIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. The coastal fisheries of South Carolina are less extensive than those of the other South Atlantic States, the products representing only 1.13 per cent of the total quantity and 3.88 per cent of the total value for the region. In 1918 the number of persons employed in the fish- eries of this State was 2,000, of whom 103 were on fishing vessels, 20 on vessels transporting fishery products, 1,121 in the shore and boat fisheries, and 756 shoresmen in the wholesale fish establishments and other fishery industries. Compared with 1902, there has been a de- crease of 1,713 persons, or 46.14 per cent. The total investment of the fisheries of the State was $221,251. This included 43 fishing and transporting vessels, valued at $39,000, of a net tonnage of 505 tons, and with outfits valued at $7,840; 690 boats, valued at $36,410; fishing apparatus used on vessels and boats to the value of $22,126; shore and accessory property worth $95,775, and working cash capital to the value of $20,100. The totey yield of the fisheries in 1918 was 3,746,932 pounds, valued at $207,690, representing a decrease as compared with 1902 of 4,427,531 pounds, or 54.16 per cent in quantity, and $55,333, or 21.03 per cent in value. The five most important species arranged in order of value were as follows: Oysters, 2,783,830 pounds, or 397,690 bushels, valued at $96,542; shad, 167,462 pounds, valued at $29,085; : . FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 93 sturgeon, including sturgeon caviar, 117,890 pounds, valued at $22,025; mullet, fresh and salted, 200,750 pounds, valued at $19,129; and sea bass, 132,000 pounds, valued at $13,200. Compared with 1902, there has been a decrease in the take of oysters of 292,010 bushels; of shad, of 266,671 pounds; an increase in the catch of sturgeon of 33,275 pounds, but a decrease of 9,535 pounds in the production of caviar; an increase in the catch of mullet of 62,150 pounds; and a decrease in the catch of sea bass amounting to 577,545 pounds. For years there has been a small fishery for sharks for food, the catch in 1918 amounting to 20,000 pounds, a decrease of 70,000 pounds as compared with 1902. FISHERIES BY COUNTIES. The following table gives, by counties, the number of persons em- loyed, investment, and products of the fisheries of South Carolina in 1918. Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRropUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN 1918, BY COUNTIES. Item. Beaufort. Charleston. Colleton. PERSONS ENGAGED. Number. Value. Number. Value. | Number.| Value. Ue OTA UY et, a ee al (PS SS 6 fens ccucnaclae Ronee sie eemamee Sar LEHTISDOLEINS = oo tenw a tansesa laine onde ela deaen seas 20 LEAL i Beg Ce a eee eae (ee ee eee 358 OGL Te: ae a Se eS eee rr eee 299 Vessels transporting: Gasoline. .......]....- OTT RS ie SS aie ee Meee PE Outfit Boats: RE ROY 5a 0 Fai Aun 3 2g daa ea Oe Power ee ee Iino oy Skea s kad edsbee Apparatus, shore fisheries: Haul seines GQrADB a ee eos tO oh sacha hines Shore and accessory property Cash capital i ed Se es ee ed ee ee es ee ed ee Oe ee rr er. 2 ed Perr etme sewer esse as esesesesesasalscessesawaselensusecese STI IRGALIG 25,5 uit te aus s suas cae Pemed Mullet, is whi yaa de cnadunees aun ss eee Eee bis dais bo Pinfish or sailor’s choice 1 94 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND Propucts OF THE FISHERIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN 1918, By CountTies—Continued. Item. Beaufort. Charleston. Colleton. PERSONS ENGAGED. Number. Value. Numioer. Value. | Number.| Value. Redfish Orwed aru sere nee ee eae een eon 1, 000 SOO) ens oc. 2 2 oles Sea Dassisc2scede ck Rites So See SS eee eta a aI tee seater 72, 000 WEZOOR 2 2 Pht tke jcc ees Shad... - ceo ssesn one o tee hoe ee See 8, 762 $1, 400 20, 700 3, 260 32, 600 $5, 110 Shiarks 0S) Osis d oS eS ys Be eek Pan leer oe cere iln erteetne ate 20, 000 L758 |S 3.525.250) eee Sheepshead.) sas ee eens senna eel ee ee toe ect entra 1, 500 LOO oe epee ore'l eta ee ees Bkatesizc5 22-22% 2.5052 - : Sob aresbes ae ses eee eee eee Squeteague or *fsea trout”’ Sturgeon: =... 22.<5---2 tei Mere os etn Sfurreoniesvian. osss- 22) 3 c 222525542 bcoowowerten dees cnene eee LOO}. oo Scho |eeecemnieicee Se eee 100 Monese =. 23245 435 at cers Sk Ce eee se accep es PERE CEE ES Cocececoac 81 443 Ei C: eee ae a eee mane May || ok bo Ee OEE ne ese eae ase ore ac ac 84 84 Apparatus, shore fisheries: Hisl somes. ..22 ss cineca eee eee 5 390 16 2, 100 25 2, 550 Galbnets s2.32082 258s sco oe ene one 153 URC He) Rheem ores) pncmianoccr: 233 16, 525 Stop nets: 122 22 asse seh soe seas se 2 eee see cae ease 2 130 2 130 BOW. NOtGs-a22te2 ses wee eke ae eae 5 DOU hs comecltes ome 5 25 Cngt nets. 2: thie et ode Se eke Cos See eats Votes ap i a He ae ele | eters 71 155 Gigs: OFSpears-euncs ss. ce t-te eee ot 26 20 10 it. 36 27 ANION 3 == 220 Seno Pen Ose e tae eke 515 Ottertrawis 2. oie een tsecse ce Tongs and rakes Be eee Seer oa cate Pr eri ere GTADS! 2 sen sh52 sue rete sours bse neee s Shore and accessory property Bee erus eee or Cesh capital wo. so. soe seas «a dene saeea | eee Motals s.csiccctcapescs Soot ees aa hanes FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 95 Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRopUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN 1918, By CounTIES—Continued. Item. Georgetown. Horry. Total. Sade an Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. hb (PEE eS eee eee 9, 500 cy G7 ean peed st A 9, 500 $475 Becher mpentiemae petty. Dee tees Ss od wy: ye eee eee Fd Dect oc. soos 5, 000 225 ISR CI RSOES OB 36 ee ERR oe 0 .ecced Mensee ae 1,500 $135 3, 000 275 506 600 45 2, 900 108 300 65 16, 000 1, 082 16, 200 1, 061 100 6 20, 500 2,000 | 40, 125 4,707 58, 050 4, 293 142, 700 14, 906 2,300 148 2, 000 130 1, 000 60 132, 000 13, 200 315 | 167, 462 29, 085 RS EN onc oislo < Seen tae a hw annie = oe bs seee- Laas seca Beeceeees Pereeceere 20, 000 175 SUT SSG ee ee es Jae 3 Benes eee 600 60 2, 100 210 a ay ee eee eee eee aes tose ekee ns | ae ome ae ae s[uataesbcealbee se cco. 2, 000 15 ot: ss ho Rie IRS ne 3 eee | 20, 000 1, 060 14, 800 1, 144 37, 000 2, 354 CULL OT LES aa Se ere one EE, | eee 25, 550 2,085 25, 550 2, 085 Squeteague or “‘sea trout”....-.-..--..-. 3, 550 246 4,100 360 | 59, 150 4, 846 Runcorn tes 35220 F A. Lhe ae 110,000") AU/BOO) | Fcc dank, but dS } 6 -117),.295 21, 136 IPECPOOLYORWARE. 26 20s 5 w oe de eran wie orar ore Junnoee=sealna--seee- eee eee 6 152,075 12, 650 I hoo oc tome wen senace sess 385, 320 53, 544 214,200; 20,501 3, 716, 932 207, 690. 1 54,000 in number. 2900 in number. 3 100 bushels. 4 375,965 bushels. § 21,725 bushels. FISHERIES BY APPARATUS. The combined yield of the vessel and shore fisheries of South Caro- lina in 1918 with all forms of apparatus amounted to 3,746,932 pounds, valued at $207,690. Grabs were the most productive form of gear used, taking 283,288 bushels of oysters, valued at $67,139. The catch with oil nets, consisting chiefly of shad and sturgeon, amounted to 350,902 pounds, valued at $55,827. The catch of oysters with tongs amounted to 114,402 bushels, valued at $29,403. Sea bass, king whiting, and squeteague were the principal species taken with lines, the total catch with this form of apparatus being 291,575 pounds, valued at $24,751. The catch with seines was - 237,375 pounds, valued at $22,439, of which 176,350 pounds, valued at $17,531, were mullet. The two leading forms of a paratus used in the shore fisheries were gill nets and grabs. Other kinds of gear used in the shore fisheries were seines, cast nets, otter trawls, gigs, stop nets, bow nets, and rakes. Only three forms of fishing apparatus were employed in the vessel fisheries, namely, grabs, tongs, and lines. 96 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. The products of the vessel and shore or boat fisheries are shown in the following tables: YreLD or VESSEL FISHERIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN 1918, By CounTrIES, APPARATUS, AND SPECIES. Apparatus and species. Lines? Sea bass...-...<-.<2 Tongs: Oysters, market, public... -. Ser cicca ene Grabs: Oysters, market, DUMNC. see ee- se oo ee Beaufort. Charleston. Georgetown. Total. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Parente Value. Pounds. | Value. Ler oeigon se ea astctes ac =a tectonic ower 60,000 |. $6,000 60,000 | $6,000 |, 440508331 $12) 216) | ono ee a al nlm eee 440,048 | 12,216 435,148 | 12,076] 66,500 | $13,976 |........- |: nama 501,648 | 26,052 875,196 | 24,292] 66,500] 13,976/| 60,000 | 6,000 | 1,001,696 | 44,268 YrevLD or SHORE FisHertes or SouTH CaRo.ina IN 1918, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, AND SPECIES. BY GILL NETS. Species. Beaufort. Charleston. Georgetown. Colleton. Total. | : ' Pounds.| Value. jPounds. Value. |Pounds., Value. |Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. PIOWIVCS ssa ses =| Sac Sone o|aocea ees lance neel eee ee 9, 500 be a PER ocece passe 9, 500 3475 Caffish sere). |s.o se atek Seach safeties eet 1. areas 400 hl Goce eene anaes a 400 8 ne CER SP RO re trl Renee cl PAE ome nian ae 700 Yl Werescic ser ccaon 700 47 WMI OTS* eee! anes. aad wan ees aeemcies sl ao ceaas 500 2b ill ames pall stan ete 500 25 Hickory shad) 25-\0022-52:|o% a0. se [eect Saleatene mess 1952503 )) db G00] Sec encaal sees cee 19, 250 1, 900 ein pywhitimeees tj) cos col gue lan en uel sania 200 ee ee ee oie eee 200 14 Mullet: HOSS ee Foc few saa ssc ue aes | Se ee eee eee AG SOON = Ue SOOti are ee celle re 19, 500 1, 300 SLi '0 Cal 5 Me ea Ree ae ore ba Pe hp ll ae Ee 1, 000 11-555 | Seen a Sas 1, 000 125 Sindee ee fF oP 8,762 | $1,400 | 20,700 | $3,260 |105,400 | 19,315 | 32,600 | $5,110 | 167,462 | 29,085 Savin - 2. tS Seal Sew. sec sl asacsses|Gsaaeaes satan 13, 000 T20 er cere els eae 13, 000 720 Bre IPaClioss estes [suces c ge some ce sede nee Sie 1, 500 LORS] eee a eA t 1, 500 103 Sturgeon.......... 4,101 735 324 97 |110,000 | 19,800} 2,800 117,225 | 21, 136 Sturgeon caviar... 75 OOM Sees slaceee ss 520 783 70 665 889 TOtAE Se 12,938 | 2,191 | 21,024 | 3,357 |/281,470 | 44,615 | 35,470 350,902 | 55, 827 BY ALL OTHER APPARATUS. zie a eae | Beaufort. Charleston. Georgetown. Horry. Total. | u | Seines: | Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds.| Value.) Pownds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. BIGGS. 22. Jc | boo cece ccleee tess |-t eee eee Eeeeere eee ees Eeee ae 1,500 | $135 | 1, 500 $135 Butterfish....|......... eae | ME Iea yD oe ey dT ane cite 600 45 | 600 45 Croaker...... oe Sat anes ale a al Watters Ath 600 $41 2, 400 114 | 3, 000 155 Fidanderd. « £.|5.1..2.2\osses st | ened ch csapemeanes 2,000 | 100 600} 48/ 2,600] 148 King whiting |......-.. toc cheba areas Sf okerd | eee oe 50 3 1, 700 140 | 1, 750 1438 Mullet— | Wrecker Leis ase PE pps bis 16,100 | 1,195 | 18,550 | 1,555 | 34,650 | 2,750 Saltede—--\eosecceee asses Peres Cc - 2, 400 245 | 139,300 |14,536 141,700 | 14, 781 Ballor’s choice 42422. eh e228 os eee bees ct ca \aennoe 300 18 300 18 Sheepshead . .| -.....2c|ecwcceus eto Bee Be eer Pere 600 60 600 60 Spots— Preshe Sit lou taste dl. too See i gdaeas 7, 000 340 | 13,800 | 1,064 20,800 | 1,404 "PTS ae NERY A ial SA RS PS Ripe ed Bbe ahah 5: w------} 18,550] 1,535} 18,550] 1, 535 Squeteipae! =} ues. ke ee Bee 2, 050 143 | 4, 100 360 | 6, 150 503 Brmfist casts of be aoe k ase lBost eee pa Ele es 2. ilo aoe 3, 000 180 3, 000 180 MWSUOW LGUs) coors oes au cece ce Sue eee ete yall 400 12 500 25 900 37 Terrapin..... PE Sa GAS reps) (o-Ps e SS ee Es ae 1, 275 545 Potal! 5) OSS eee 1,275 | 545 30,600 | 2,079 | 205, 500 |19, 815 | 237,375 | 22, 439 Otter trawls: | Shirin - Ce2. so. Leo Ap ssiaae) 30; 0001}! 45 200") 2025-222 PP een ee peers rr Seis 30,000 | 1,200 Bow nets: hick- ory shad....... | eae eee See pantie & 1, 250 HOOVES? Set Foire 1, 250 100 _ FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 97 Yrewp oF SHore FisHertes or SoutH CaRo.ina In 1918, By APPARATUS, COUNTIES, AND SpeciEs—-Continued. BY ALL OTHER APPARATUS—Continued. | Apparatus and species. Beaufort. | Charleston. Cast nets: Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value Ce DS $25 Stop nets: Mlouriders. 22). 2 s5% lewatcugaladeceise tases TELE SCT ee 5 ene Be SF aoe Fe Sa moe Spots— 1 Si ES (ee ee | Pee ne © ee Aosce ses sl WE Le Saltedius:|.-. | ee epee ae OE ee Ae Cg ee [Ee | Pepeeein oe oe arto (eae Gigs or spears: eotowriier sss ots: yes: 2 12, 000 750 Lines: 5, 000 225 1, 500 140 1, 500 75 1, 000 60 300 65 11, 500 835 ‘ 1, 000 130 s: 100 6 King whiting y 5 ae isha ae aad sta ees 38,175 | 4,550 Porgy [eee Te Ms a oreos. sie. ELLA ome see lac eee 2, 000 130 at ae See Pees ei eee Ss 2, 000 130 2 We aed FE a Ne 18001 iy A111 | ie) EE ei a) RE a 72,000 | 7,200 ER RIPE 1558505) slo. se soll) aS DOO Il | BBO eo Ee Se ee: 1 Sapetcte. daira etn, gare 1, 500 150 = ia aa ae [eee abecwa|aenavns Pegi He Gupeenees ts D000 ts: * GOD t+ 40, BOOT me OdON sc jec cle cs tesla enc cacluenaces ’ . SiiAeenest et. fesdosec| eed. ah 20,000) | * 175i Si Ie oe eerste 20, 000 175 US EE eee PEs ee 11 ue Uy eee oases 4 Care Ee 2, 000 15 Crabs— EOE Pe eed Paar |e | tl |) ee | ir atae Jt.celebes weal AOHOOD 400 P| Ee Re ER ee Nie | UN a Diy (3) Oe POR FI ae i AS BAAR for le tele 300 75 ota. {| 12) 025)|) 1,250! |) “219; 550 127, GOL jess. ih na noe ea eee |B Eeyore 231, 575 | 18, 751 _————— ———— ————— Tongs: Oysters, market— Public....... 304, 941 | 11, 987 1, 750 BOW ©. asa postuese Aredia ose nn ae eae 306, 691 | 12, 237 Private. .....| 45,500 | 3,450 ECA RR oN Daag eal Pe al Be ee ae 54,075 | 4,950 Total....... 350, 441 | 15,437 | 10,325 | 1,750 |......... to aoa Los dads bs go | 360,766 | 17, 187 Grabs: Oysters, | | ot Public. ...... 381, 948 | 12, 744 |1, 001, 420 |20, 643 |.........|....... ees 2 cm ane ‘1, 383, 368 | 33, 387 Private......| 87,500 | 5,850] » 10,500 | 1,850 |......... REN labiaseess eae | 98,000 | 7, 700 Total.-..).. 469, 448 | 18, 594 |1, 011, 920 /22,493 |......... peed Hs 2 eA en Bs 1, 481, 368 | 41,087 Rakes: Clams, | hag 5. sevcatehtied 2 2b252 1) ety 800} 200 |......... | eS tk eae | wel cy | 800 | 200 / 1 Taken with the hands. INDUSTRIES. Wholesale trade.—In 1918 there were 6 wholesale establishments, valued at $51,820, with cash capital amounting to $8,100, employing 59 persons, to whom $40,678 were paid in wages. yster-canning industry.—In addition to those given above, there were 9 establishments engaged in the canning of oysters and utiliza- tion of shells, valued at $121,925, using cash capital to the amount of 52025°—21 7 98 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. a $12,000, employing 592 persons, to whom $60,985 were paid in wages during the year. The pack amounted to 2,769,168 cans of various sizes, valued at $338,843. The following table contains statistics of the canning industry for South Carolina in 1918: OystTER-CANNING INDUSTRY IN SouTH CAROLINA IN 1918. Item. Number.| Value. Item. Number.! Value. Pstablishments:-.--.522-..-22 9} $121,925 PRODUCTs—continued. Cashicapitale a. Si. ssccecee secl see steers 12, 000 Persons engaged .............. DOZs (tere ene ee Oysters canned—Continued. | WVAPCS PAINS 200 Pee se eee le ences | 60, 985 5-ounce cans. .....cases..| 250,496 | $154, 028 Dosis ee. Geek do....| 323, 705 117, 235 PRODUCTS.1 6-ounce cans. ..----d0...-. 8100 800 8-ounce cans.....--do0....| 21,826 7, 690 Oysters canned: 10-ounce cans. .-....d0....}| 29,190 45, 700 3-ounce Cans. ..... cases... 3 401 1, 746 i 4ounce cans......-d0.... 2 880 1; 822 Total. 2 J. .2 205222. 25k eee 338, 843 TORE saat do....| 82,289 9, 822 1 The by-products are included with the statistics for Georgia. 2 Two dozen cans per case. 3 Four dozen cans per case. FISHERIES OF GEORGIA. In 1918 the fisheries of Georgia gave employment to 1,680 persons, of whom 188 were on fishing and transporting vessels, 476 in the shore fisheries, and 1,016 shoresmen in the wholesale fishery trade and oyster and shrimp canning industry. The investment amounted to $769,998, which includes 33 fishing and transporting vessels, valued at $122,663, with a net tonnage of 552 tons and outfits valued at $41,866; 412 power and other boats, valued at $86,205; fishing apparatus employed on vessels and boats, valued at $17,085; shore and accessory property, valued at $429,779; and cash capital amounting to $72,400. The products amounted to 37,153,953 pounds, valued at $416,043, and represent an increase of 26,051,343 pounds in quantity and $56,962 in value as compared with 1902. The 5 most important products, arranged in the order of their value, are as follows: Shrimp, 5,793,465 pounds, valued at $173,990; menhaden, 29,484,600 pounds, valued at $88,453; oysters, 1,109,822 pounds, or 158,546 bushels, valued at $73,913; shad, 100,540 pounds, valued at $26,960; and sea bass, 292,615 pounds, valued at $23,765. Compared with 1902, there has been an increase in the catch of shrimp of 5,449,338 pounds in quantity and $165,582 in value, and an increase in the catch of sea bass amounting to 216,115 pounds in quantity and $17,683 in value; a decrease in the take of oysters amounting to 7,458,178 pounds, or 1,065,454 bushels, in quantity, and $146,554 in value; a decrease of 928,510 pounds in quantity of shad and $48,229 in value; a decrease in the catch of slide amounting to 115,150 pounds in quantity and $1,883 in the value; and a decrease in the catch of terrapin amount- ing to 31,196 pounds in quantity and $10,682 in value. In 1902 there was no fishery for menhaden in the State. , FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 99 FISHERIES BY COUNTIES. The following table shows, by counties, the number of persons em- ployed, number and value of vessels, boats and apparatus used, amount of capital invested, and the quantity and value of the prod- ucts of the fisheries in 1918. Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND Propucts oF THE FISHERIES OF GEORGIA IN 1918, By CouNTIEs. Item. Bryan. Camden. | Chatham. PERSONS ENGAGED. | | Number. Value. Number. Value. Number. Value BEG ORSOLS DSNINE .<. Soncss 25 Sot it ee te cere Ss WOR or ate SES 2 So RL eee In shore fisheries............-- BP Phe ede «3 SB Piscine 16719 ee UGG ein) ee ee Se OU Ee eal See LOU cas sonel eos | BI Eater h wees Pabak 32 S.-i ae. ex rene ey or een SGT i} soe motes’: 558) |). eae — | ee ee OOS eS ———— INVESTMENT. | } Vessels fishing: REO AE Rr eto Soe hrc oan cas wctads |usnu see aces 5 7 $56, 900 7 $37, 040 I SPO yas 2 ao SA Sys SA S|. eee ae cea V3 EY Ee eee Ge 3 See oe REG 5s hs Tee ee WI SER Le sce 28, 238i -seee a eee 9,308 arene es ies bo yes oN eee eee SRG op ee) ae Ie eae ee 5 2,315 SEMPER NEMS Nn UST poe a in Bae a ath ease chgeadftenoweseacer ee BAIS Bears Eeriber es se omces 22 es [Sede nee leah eo ncet Wes | elas Jasdd 35,3] See eee 325 Boats: | SalpTOw, Gl0s220 50 2....5. 21 $315 2 1,115 186 5, 850 Bie ew eed Pe ak Sak 25 24, 400 10 2, 225 Apparatus, vessel fisheries: MCE ROMNES 2.530 505.5 d oe htt wo ab bua dtooecotdas ons 4 4,002 eve eee VATS Tes pee eee eet Pea reas chen Sober errenty aval eaten oeb ea ales ocd So ee Lace ome 105 Cle US eR Sai es bree 2 eee bapa ieriee 3 LOO" 28s go Sas. os [ee cee eee Shore and accessory property aE Siu Sh 0g Ries eee Doe eee i era nO 7: |ewewseesceus : 2 36, 600 LY ie > Sate Ree Ee Bad EPS ae ea 175 290, 543 Pounds: Value. Pounds. SEN ae ee] Cerne ge Pye veetioaseselascee / Value. | Pounds. Value. Re otiat eos) ed APN ike Rereee es | OU aa? Red snapper Scu NG a aie shes w-sipiad a ee Lee eee ss e Yak 412,930 28, 364 Private 261,079 24, 288 2,731 268 2,030 419 My Ficaan 2s tetes 13, 500 8,202 | 3,875,743 | 146,979 | 1,185,468 94,217 100 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Persons Enaacep, INVESTMENT, AND PrRopucTS OF THE FISHERIES OF GEORGIA IN 1918, By CountTres—Continued. Item. Effingham. Glynn. Liberty. PERSONS ENGAGED. Number. Value. Number Value Number. Value. On vessels fishing 22375) Sele AR Been on ee ee 1) Rect Se | RRA RY IO so Oh vessels transportang.— 52 2.2| 025 shoe cae mS Po ore Rhea ABBE CORES Ben AS ese ree 4 4, 800 LE eS ee 8 Se erg) S20 Ss PG (ee oe eee ee el Pees 105 RRL RIGRECWEIS Fook hac alle idacn ou Os Pee ee te [ne anne ee awe cl st mpietee Ga oe 12 705 ERRIDOR Dace oo oso Sees Nos Sli ed eee eee Reel oko SESE ase ot Bee 6 300 OSL ES Beds RS a0 a EE (SEY eee oo) (ees, 2 ek ee ee ee | eee 21 136 LESS ha eee PRA Ee Ra hare 22,10, 2Ot a DE sie cee, (a, eee mE 21 24 Apparatus, shore fisheries: Ps he ed ae NS 2 ee ed 7 Ss te al ee eee al | SNe ee 2 LE ae aes ees 18 2,425 33 325 139 5,955 So) es a ge 1 Oe Bh ee SEN Se ee 1 3 UTE soph a aod Se ke ee a a a ae Deters seas cel poeta de ae celseee coe eee 13 Otter trawils. : 2... 3..2.2. 5 2 DOO ee s Seed xe dl tate toon oe 73 3, 700 Le eee 8 LD 5S Ae in| he ee EE PS 190 1,040 CO Sie ae a 28 ip SES AERA ET See Eee Ee 210 224 Shore and accessory property..|......-...-. 7 ie 10 ||. 2-5 4ic,-.- 429,779 CE Cr MES RE mee! Peres pene | ALU Ld ip dpe ae ete Re ae eee Se [aes aaa sae es 72,400 510) SR She, Be Spee Peano es PEN ry A+ i Be ee pee MM oe Soide one 769,998 PRODUCTS. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value Pounds. Value. IMINO SO ened cg ccs, hla ae een SEL tomes an] fee te hod tea ar oe 5,000 $900 RRR. Bo stan tec cawe 2,675 GR ie eck eek salakwiee.acnece 2,675 265 PERC MALIPAIRLE Sore hse > caso | pied oan ESE me OR CHS Sb vin ore oe Sel aw os eae 74 7 Ce Se ere eee 300 Ae ancostinseales in cage wee 5,900 255 CUTE: a ens eee 300 a AD A SR Se ae 10, 800 650 SEE SIR. SS ae We Lek ove saa she laks daawe ened keke eae wa cel deeay tee be 27, 758 | 1,019 nied sa daee es dee Jos. edocs cadens PAS a BTS iS Bes | Teer 512 26 iemorrMNAd co. bce. cn see 7, 887 1,350 4,925 $660 13,007 2,035 King whiting eitgee te A852 2 oe 920 BO bates atl bend cree a 27, 230 1,468 RIMMER rar fina nen a7 2 tt eo ted Ce LARS dials Ae |p hans Se eaes [eaaeee dae an 29,484, 600 453 UI Oo rains cis inn tne 5,150 cE aN p a aaa ERPS SS, BR, 10, 650 693 Redfish, or red drum.. 1,550 pA iy. 3| [aps SNES CS Bee ae 1, 674 112 OO ey Sa EE Rs TS £95 PES ge > Pees) 1 ON fingers ee ie 112, 349 7,810 Rye Ad I Fe eg hl oe, Sa Pact aes VRS ae ie 12,000 900 A, MEPS Se er ee ee ER Are em ae pos) WAR ee eer 292,615 23, 765 1 ES ER Dy 2,485 519 | 6, 200 1,080 | 100,540 26, 960 SEMPRE Skee OK dS, ON ais SRBC aekiet dh Lbeed| aoc audun me leeeacede peice 1, 289 30 Jao Lo. ee / 225 CS AR eprops 400 25 ty 'Ey ee ee ee ihe an Oe Levdis due sealer 1,100 59 Squeteague, or ‘sea trout”. ...| 7, 300 18 RE RY 2 es Nias tie 39,550 4,097 PEG ii AS Ry a (6 Sly BAO) BS ee ee! ita eae cane aa era 125 10 ys is ae a ae 39, 150 4,700 So oa ais PROSNCS oe awe oS 2 39, 150 4,700 LIE te CES ee peed Dee oe ee Eee ee aes ammeter baa earetan 83 35,000 2,400 Wellowrau, ae elved perch’. Ne 524 oes sc| inte ese s em 1 Oe SS Be Be ee rs eT 2,000 CRADS (MAM pecrsives rei fou wslen irron ees vel bwemus ees «os AE Ee ek, 28) SE A ia 18,455 SiiSinty 2oa.ste sneaked d= tae PRG Se ae ee 1, 135, 163 \se4, 446 4, 001, 882 120, 528 90,000 | 2,594 |5, 227 045 | 157, 565 Bran bid. 25 gus sia des ce oper ee 11) 250 OO! | aes ceil oge tina's 11, 250 100 a) OM eas TL 135, 163 | 34, 446 446 (4,046,632 122,265 | 90,000 | 2,594 [5,271,795 | 159,305 Cast nets: Mullet.............. mre Te fogaWa ak. \easc ana | MEY a 50 Lines: Tees ly vse ek 9S | |S eee Re Hand lines— (oS eae oe ey Ee oes Meee Pa Pe ees Vth a She 300 20 300 20 IOUT ce gad Noa ee aed Phat L ainsi asta it RS 150 10 150 10 PELE dv la fae gy gee, Ol ae ES Se = ae a Re ede ae 600 40 600 40 EpCumelay On Fock Crlaiiby 00 Jet Se eee As deol olasse odes 600 40 600 40 ROH DAA i S35 od tee 125 MY A Dan ieee | aod is = Sm| a ae Se 125 10 Sheepshead........... 175 Ln a eaaee beara: 150 10 325 20 Squeteague, or ‘sea PROUL «2. see ore tore 850 PM abies 6 sie’ a| adm eo ss 1, 000 70 1, 850 120 eG hae (Saeeie Ree. ese 1 10 2, 800 190 4,075 270 Bot linds—catiieh 7. 0. |ssscnseee. | SRN OES: Us scse-e Be eee 2, 675 265 2,675 265 Trotlines—crabs, hard....|..........|.-...-++ ' $7835.,th.-) B00 Seo vnc 8,335 500 Total, by lines. ......... 1, 275 80 | 8,335 | 000| 5,475 455 15, O85 1,035 Hand: = SS |— ——_ SESS PEIN 5 2 ais ood ad edoludxe tuueiet Pe aeers 82 | 85! |arae seat pisavcewas 82 35 St, AAI: 6 6 isdn scowl ves souk teal ade tees 120, 16 ||oSswe Gawd pecaen ss 120 75 Oyster, market, public... B71, B00) |S ya Ne sevss<- ss Sona Joe ulnee ape Lease 37, 800 1, 400 MEU d ocd e xae> > oad AEE a 37,800 | 1,400 202 | pW Ge rel oe ee 38, 002 1,510 104 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. YIELD oF SHORE FISHERIES OF GEORGIA IN 1918, BY APPARATUS, COUNTIES, AND Spectes—Continued. BY TONGS AND GRABS. rcics and Chatham. Glynn. Liberty. McIntosh. Total. Tongs: Oysters, market: Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value., Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds.| Value. Publie=s22>.< 167, 881 |$12, 195 2 OOO! S200) ifs 2 Beno sho Seacsaces slbosesses In shore fisheries. . 773; a ee aot 229|....--- TOU Semicea cs Shoresmene= os jo 2c) oe chip winwis| a eatn opines ae pees ameicc == 48 | face 163) -.asc= Potalicici<. po ee eae ae £00| 5. «her Bas) sass ee INVESTMENT. Vessels _ fishing: Gasoline 2222 fo .0 |S oodles e S525 lense cee =i 12/389, 100 9/$258, 500 MONTNALCs ooo n.5| oe ae eee [aes ela lee ee race 2D 2 amen AGT | Seemcteete COyi yn th oe meee Shy RES eS ee ee ee) 2) ees Aj143| eet 48, 997 Vessels transport- Ane GSO sees se tae ee oe serena | seeeemc a een = PAP ABLY Bese sa ese] Seiacscas TODNALS tesa eee esee sels siei= FA] Bop bosael te secicae 86 | Said. wos | Pee sees sea e eerie Outi hae ee Aes eal ae nea a ear ee oat: See PNW h(a] ae aia sO a Boats: Sail, row etc.. 216, $5,820 ] $40 [oo eem|se eee 20 550 OwWeI.......-. 98) 29,100 1 250 124| 59,300 73) 20,250 Apparatus, vessel fisheries: Purse BOMICS e aeiniale Snel) emia winetme =|] smieieinin's [ion lamin aie 22,400; 9| 22,500 Apparatus, shore fisheries: HIsulipeinGs= oa l|oetsee dee |pnee ence! > | Webelos ames aera cemtetise 8 280 Gill nets. ..... 6, 450 92| 12,800 Gast mnetsy 22 F.jars Shc REL |S SSS ee he nee wee ret = cra faere ier 6 3 Dip nets. ..... Bleac soa aee naan ingest oe sease G20 ee. ee wie 190 TPA DSiasc cee eh | tex cee eee Wee aeicee [Soc teme rn eC ees eee omlne ects 20 50 Garis ee Bede Bei coerce Mone cas hs Se SS ee SARA, Ba EET ELL, See GT oe 10 70, Shore and acces- sory property... 104, 806 583, 835 Cash capital ...... 18, 000 55, 000 Total aoe cu ey eee eee BO FGA - | Ree I399, 675|......---- 1,003,052! PRODUCTS. | | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.) Value|. Pounds.| Value., Pounds. | Value. VANGWIVGS: = == oa oe sleciomc ance lecawencn|toeece solo ikea ested mecell orcs alas aemeeee etme Ampentiahe his tloescase os eee sen oe 150} $12 200 CRONIES Sea ESP Sake PATI POLLARD Se eee oe aa cictatiet at lam niemrainnl| setec sear otereiae.. te 175 (AER oe oe BREE Is 2 IBAITACUGR . ous eon nate Se cine awceaeiatm 150) 12 200 Soe seccosiae see eet Black drum....... 36,500) $1,095 160 Biss Seer AoE ee 32,400) $1,020 BiweHishse ese oes else oe ea aeee a 300 60| 23, 864| 1,866 1, 600 165 Blue runner or Mardis. cess, 2,500 Bonito 22 22sec css 50 Biabtertish:-: 2 22.2 4, 200 Cero and kingfish .| 973, 331 Cowfish and RECA LUIS s eas Se | aie oaacoe Jeeneenne|enee ene |ennenne 50, Olbene dees nesses Grevalle.. 2. 222 52 3,300) 132 800) 80 800) 1 eee te toc. 2G Flounders......... 1, 210) 48|c js Sa paleeeR eee ltt deck ce la cemmate | 400) 40, GTONDEIS-5 sc cesac| =n aerccee|eoee= one 200} 201)” 41,978) 2; 518) 062 2s aie | seine «ems | RANTES 2 on o'te ones Wintec et alae anes 400 40 10, 650 PB Se ee ae boson t ct OSHS Mee oa see os de law els cases [eo one eae] Sah ome ate ee 150 7} pee en ei OA eee King wiibing 6 ..| 18) 900)) ies 2)5o 0 rs peers s enc neice ances 32,000} 2, 240) Leather jacket or “turbot’’. ......!| ee ec ae eee ls Soe 200] Sp whSlasenees col teenie MCNHAGGN =) ooo cnsle scone sel aeare ee ola = cea) eerteete Wie eieieinet eaten 42,635,400} 181, 201 Moonfish. . AA peooaoe 100 8 540 1G Se ere eecastemsts siete Mulletese: Jess? 2, 600) 171, 704 500 50 2,651,085) 90,395 78,000, 4,740 efi att h | pa eee eye papel [aie eahar ie el |p se 1510] ane cy 5] Ae SE a PS a A eT eee c Righshy2¢2 essen 2,000 64). osoce neelaeeete 100 WEES Se SMA rae tA Pinfish or sailor’s choices: te | 43,150] 1,386 200 20 200 10 esc eee Pompano s. s.52 252 100) 15 30 6 446 68 240) 36 1200) ¢ (eee ae ers Borer Pal ero ene oe 5,000 S00 |Fan nfo ateats | sesteeears orks... 25. see seep mee walleicatep awe See aan arete's 350 V7 | scaseu ose laden ere Redfish or red itor eee ye 31, 400) 1, 256 100 MONEE ct Seta a ees 26,400, 1,680 Sea bass........... |oucocdoeul doccteaetoocameeelaesrene 100 8 20,000, 1, Sergeantfish or | BAOOK 25 os c0s 005 } 430) 15 350 DE S| CSRS) Beseeaar booee s03 ppuetccoe|i2 Orcs oe See Pe Pera sal seated et sale ke BAA love dines poleceaccelt mnebo, OOS} mi aG,c00 4,850} 678 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 107 Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF THE EAST Coast or Fioripa IN 1918, By CounTreEs—Continued. Item. Brevard. Broward. Dade. Duval. Lake. PRODUCTS—Ccon. Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value., Pounds. Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pownds. |Value. STS Te aes ue Sa ee | 2 ee Sl ee ee eel 50, 000 $250) ne eae Sheepshead ..-.... 11, 945 2478 50 $5 100 $6 14, 000 (| Se ees Snapper: Mangrove..... 200 8 2,700 135|22.< PERSONS ENGAGED. i a ag i Value. | Number. | Value. |Number.| Value. | Number.) Value On vessels fishing In shore Seliarien: Shoresmen INVESTMENT. wee eee eee ewww ne we eee ewww wwe es A ee Gill nets. .. if ee Otter trawls Wi ay Ee, Shore ane accessory property Cash capital Angelfish eee Cneetealiesit cv iee Barracuda Rete Cero and kingfish Crevalle Croaker eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee SSS | 132} 154, 700 4) 8,000 ees eer, Rete ewe cee twee wenn eee twee nee eee wwe eee ween eee eee eee re es Ae eee eee eee eee :.| 5,660, 000) "28, 300 | 2, 380 Da eee www ene 1, 298, 161 61, 910 108 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND Propucts oF THE FisHERIES OF THE EAST Coast or Frioria 1n 1918, By Countirzs—Continued. Item. Nassau. Palm Beach. Putnam. Seminole. PRODUCTS—Ccontinued, Pounds. | Value.| Pownds.| Value. Pounds.) Value. | Pounds.| Value. 1,016, 734| $87, 466 3,500 6, 465 4,932 34, 135 Sea gar or needlefish............ Sergeantfish or snook.........-. Snapper: ManeTOVve-easatecsicc once ann |nemcoe sh eee IMEGtOM Se ecc cass secre losen nee seas Squeteague or ‘‘sea trout’ -...-|.-....--.-- Yellowtail or ‘‘silver perch’”’ Shrimp sss oo. Sen shes sacks Sea crawfish or spiny lobster...|.....-.----|-------- Oysters, market: Pabligs isos. pees scone 90,293] 3,315 IREIN ATE. os cece encase sleet 135,065} 3, 994 Tif Re SR nO SE 14, 853, 176] 319, 806 5,094,853) 301,372] 790,997] 61,804| 102,161] 13,277 Item. St. John. St. Lucie. Volusia. Total. | PERSONS ENGAGED. Number. Value. | Number.| Value. | Number.| Value. | Number. | Value. Origversels Astine oe e .-|' Fe sons elelss near =| -icumcme ens poe meen Peeeeaee eit Soeenei Se Aasebsac : On vessels transporting. .-..|.........'..-.-..- SSeeeres Wiej~ ofl ed oN a oe LO Pee Ee ss In shore fisheries..........-- | Be eee OFM ii SR ey os 2 LOSI: Oa aE Ss) 20)65 SER ECE Re ae geen ene ee 37|--2-----|--2-2-2--- jahicyansticit atieeinshbrss INVESTMENT. be} S es 4 H ‘ ‘ ' : : : ‘ ; oo _ : 5 ‘ : go mt oo s 2 ws S —~ wa bo wo ae Go x = for} S i) Vessels fishing: Gasoline.-...|......... (Beds Reel ees ase cles eel ee essa) ela ct PR OVMSEG ss - aries soe en obs) hoe ene Soni e ree [pane ciaw sets ceiame ctee | Sataia pater ae Nae P45) eer is ONGI girs sa oa ean |o Bement Vessels transporting: Gaso- MTOR eo tee Baa ao a hae ee Mes oeeldhaen nea 2! $20, 000 ...----...]-------- i 32, 300 3 O71 ree eam OI eS a) Fite SEA pease NU ae aie D600 ence eek. |Ue tear coe oes 3, 850 Boats: | | : Saul, row, Ctc-..0¢--->+ + 15, $375 52} 2,185 66) $1, 840 607; 20,180 BOWS concur censs 7 ent 9| 2, 550 120) 49, 250 22) 5, 600 839] 459, 650 ~ Apparatus, vesse aes seines...... pesca Led ote ticles = REneeea emioerete Sie | a men tates | cetera ee estore 25] 52,900 Apparatus, shore fisheries: erie SEMGS ene ego e seers oni aeere 3, 000 Hail seltiess occas. 58, 030 Gillimete (5.2 s8teo essen | a 101, 725 Gast Nets. 32S eeksee 10 bd ITDIIGUS es eon wens Semel sae sate Vines ot nacadete se see cases ott Z 2, 965 Oftertrawls-3:- 2. 222... 16, 500 50 12 3 219 5 Shore and accessory property|....-.--. | 858, 720 Cash'capital. 65. toi es | Ae ee a ee 19,500) 8 2) SES ee oe ee eae 151, 600 ' ' . ‘ 7 . . ' ' ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ’ i ’ ' ‘ ' . ' ~ Ace bo Lee} x _—. | a FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 109 Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PropuUcts OF THE FISHERIES OF THE EAST Coast or FLoripa IN 1918, By CountTIEs—Continued. Item. St. John. | St. Lucie. Volusia. Total. Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. | 7 OT ee RN 327, 739| $4,905] 692, 265) $10, 373 Pounds.| Value. 11, 686 390 2,915 91 2,915 97 531,332] 12,178 561,301] 54,715 50,750) 1, 542 8, 141 4,200 170 13, 900 78 2 321,030; 9, 833 124,278) 3, 447 13, 490 737 74,783 3,622 113,679] 3, 629 250 il 12, 487] 365 297, 008 15, 604 1, 280) 13 2 370 13 48, 362,600) 210,175 7, 970 245 728) 10, 417, 889) 397, 147 3, 500 70 7, 290 244 14, 762 451 442,535] 13, 033 133, 419] 19, 889 5, 950) 328 Por » 1,710 57 Redfish or red drum. ....... 9, 230) 431 259, 874 7, 482 9, 400 368, 759 12, 460 LL = Bl a are 1, 410 1) Ree e ies bane fee cw : 41, 331 2, 699 Sea gar or needlefish.........|..-...... " ~| PREPARE (set y el Oe eis SB z 1 5 ee ee or snook....5..2 : 4 J------- 2 | 314, 774 8, 629 Ss OS 52 oll Dee ae oe 4 « or 5 Sheepshead Snapper: Spaniel i 1 ee ea 3, 590, 144, 331,140) 9, 938) 5, 560 206| 393,030} 11, 998 Squeteague or “sea trout”..| 25,372, 1,947| 667,534) 57,746, 136,000} 12,260, 1,645,223] 142, 091 Yellowtail or “‘silver perch”’.|......... Pet 23, 290) QUAL. c-2 ce tt lemae Ae 43, 970 1, 279 ini ty ot Ce a a ae | 61,350) 2,454).......... [esses { Besos ele eee 1 52, 000) 1, 800 Sea crawfish or spiny lobster. -.......- oe Ee RSS VST 8A RR Jrececees | 93° 503] ~—s-1,.174 yes ogee cama ae 2, 400, 1) i ne ae Farr | fs 5 en rer 22, 400 600 Ss 3 / “ SE gat a ee 31,500 2, 250) 4, 900 455, 153,132} 7,119| %313,425| 15, 134 MMIVELGSe So beh above sso ee: Lae Saee Of ee pine Pee ass Were. 3: 4145,565| 4, 994 RUMI Jee ee Say SiG ate ois darwlcal wena un! 600) BO] oo aie saebaaee see 6, 850 402 CRMIU SINNED 298 Ok cae feos Pode deli ce cin sa| anna dnien ao eg Ake a leSoae ac dh hee ano okt 7, 000) 700 Totals Pees tome bs | 182,707} 10, 158) 5, 398, 140, 261, 513) 1,725,557, 78, $74) 81, 211, 4881, 746, 175 / } 1 156,000 in number. 2300 bushels. 3 44,775 bushels. 420,795 bushels. FISHERIES BY APPARATUS. Gill nets were the most productive form of apparatus employed in the fisheries of the east coast of Florida in 1918, the catch amounting to 11,636,930 pounds, valued at $671,599. The principal species taken with this form of apparatus were: Mullet, 6,882,403 pounds, valued at $275,395; Spanish mackerel, 2,301,590 pounds, valued at $166,592; shad, 591,719 pounds, valued at $87,789; squeteague or “sea trout,’ 1,030,347 pounds, valued at $86,549; and bluefish, 374,340 pounds, valued at $36,156. Purse seines, taking mostly menhaden, mullet, and Spanish mackerel, yielded 51,446,435 pounds, 110 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. valued at $332,812. Other leading forms of apparatus, in the order of their importance, based on the value of their catch, were: Otter trawls with 8,967,918 pounds, principally shrimp, valued at $268,651; haul seines with 5,699,060 pounds, valued at $254,635; and lines with 2,914,917 pounds, valued at $192,880. The total yield of all forms of apparatus employed in the fisheries of the east coast of Florida amounted to 81,211,488 pounds, valued at $1,746,175, of which 63.04 per cent of the quantity and 18.63 per cent of the value are credited to purse seines operated in the vessel fisheries, the remainder being credited to the various forms of appa- ratus employed in the shore fisheries. The products of the vessel and shore fisheries of the east coast of Florida in 1918 are shown in the following tables, by counties, appa- ratus, and species: YIELD oF VESSEL FisHERIES OF East Coast oF FLortDaA IN 1918, BY PURSE SEINES, CoUNTIES, AND SPECIES. Species. Dade. Duval. Nassau. Total. Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value. Pounds. | Value. Bluefish. ...........- Ce ML Sik Aa A AR SP ar Be ord DANE lla EP 23,564 | $1,836 Eiuerunner or hard- Ta oo aoe ees ee 900 Ba eee cai le ere re oo, ail bis laters ete 900 34 iBnpherhsu- cesses 5. | 4, 200 PTO sss ope elise orice ate Setaes eists [rain atelier 4, 200 170 ter haere css s! eel = Socal ene cee 42, 635, 400 |$181, 201 | 5,660,000 | $28,300 | 48,205, 400 | 209, 501 Mies cote aee a see 2, DAD ABBY | ASOD Rok se eee alee oh ema cine eec cers Relat 2,242,485 | 74,051 IPOMPAanO ono. -- cee 86 i al re ay pret beets Se Sheet oats atail aterere etbtaene 86 14 DUSTER es eee KeistsiG se ene Reiol Geer oe Sete 50, 000 DE oe Meteetsetel oeete sales 50, 000 250 Spanish mackerel...| 579,800 | 39,456 |......-..-.. eee eee eee Sec 579,800 | 39, 456 Totales = atecce 2, 851,035 | 115,561 | 42,685,400 | 181,451 | 5,660,000 | 28,300 | 51,196, 435 | 325, 312 Yievp or SHore FisHERIES or THE East Coast or FLoripa In 1918, BY APPARA= TUS, COUNTIES, AND SPECIES. BY SEINES. Species. Broward. | Duval. Lake. Palm Beach. Putnam. | } | | | | Pownds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value. |\Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. Alewives........-- [ease [twits 2 lhe Visa 305000) $450 Lio Al aaa 334, 526] $5, 018 Angelfish......... eoeiesee | ees ee Pe See ae eae AS Fes re ee ee 400 $12|. 220 At. eee Barracudas. 2. spi) asses ce ao ae oe Dl Se tea wae ace seecee ¢ 100 $/ so eee Black drum....... 160 $8 PRAIQS $1 20\2: ee aoe paced ras 21, 500 ABO 2 2.) Se Bluefish. .......... | 300 60 100) [5 | ee | Nee ea 64, 340): 6,834). nee eee Blue runner or | [0 aa 7 aR SIRS i A tc) Pee Val dios, td. iD ee a [oS tac itaea | ayant 25,175 TTDI cin ooo ania oheme ee IONSOLe 8 sen: pe Eee) OR a el ee ae JOSEE Seal eee } 2,190 665: Soa eee CATHSi ne Se esa ee ies Ne il PRICE hs AAP eerie eae eee 1, 600 PABA ea [Schr hed = Cero or kingfish...)........-. 1 deat Gob | he reat Este es | 3 otarctece oe | Sraepueene 18,000)" B OSO) oii oe le eer Srevalle. - 22... + 3 800 RO io sco Seite etter [iste ares eral eemslola ote 43-830) | 465) cee oe |\scraretee Cronker. 209 oe ees be Seales 5 eee a Eh el ule 21, 850) GDS aos (eee PAUGUNOCKS: 2 tas. lee ase clea caee | 400 BON water age eee 230, Tiaras he ier eae (irturiers oe ee 200, 20 2 cee elo. Se Se eases 7,390 261) ooo eee Uae Sup op! Hop tisht eo ee el cate ea ates biomes | ome taary 1 5) eet ieee] eee VOwsishtcts 2-75 Ago Fe lec ee ee ABS 2). ppc bealereeties 1, 450) 43) jane eee aes Rinpiwhitines.: coos le cnelnoet eae leet OUD RCO] wise cael cm ee 7, 936 261 |S eee apie = Wad yfisktciss.55. eo eee clea secse| eae aoe 2 eh oe) Paap ee (EAE ESTO 1, 280 ASSES ooe levees Menhaden........ EP eee ty el RP see dl SOE ae) Me oer 57, 000 STO pet esorier (eee Moonfish.........- 100 Sites en ee | ote ee eee eee 1, 475 OIE enane one Mullet. c.g 2ce : 500 50 16, O00} als230)- 25 et ealeeses 2 1727, 89M 263368) <2 --yonz- -|le seme PATTOUNS ME. honk sole o em ere se bares ee ci Se eee se te 6 |injco sae See raters 3, 500 WO hige = eiemioids | ste Meee Gaemite 6. 212s 50 Gi OME |: 2 WS cee 4,130, J) 42/0 wo jsibeney 12 {11 | Spe ere rac as Fe tee eee ge se |” os Re RR ee Se 3, 800 DTA) oie, refs S| ate Pinfish or “‘sailor’s | | | GUO cs eek 200 D0. 8), See ee a She a eee eee sc 31,310 940) << chee eee HOWMAUO. << --.2. - 30 6. 240) Oblates cee ha acts oe 41,427» - 6,604)... .2- oe See 10:3 1 ee SR Ie eee oS 0S al aes eel Py aR ar ere bees es 2 100, Bleck = terete ee ee Redfish or red | | dime ce. DS. ey ae eR, dingy eoapi 2s 8S, oeETS 21,285. 682 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Pie YrELD oF SHORE FisHERIES OF THE East Coast or Fiorina In 1918, By APPARA- TUS, COUNTIES, AND SpecreEs—Continued. BY SEINES—Continued. Species. Broward. Duval. Lake. Palm Beach. Putnam. See 6 gar or needle- | Pounds. / | Value. Pounds. Value.| Pounds. | Value. aban Yontae Pounds. | Value. Si ep a ne er Pe. 6 2) sR aS 1 ee IN le ana Sergeantfish or snook........... 150), ¥.. S12] ee INAS. ow. Weick | -50:376|/9 eB 71a een ttaeee en pam ils Re Bees eee eee ah eae 4,350} $678|.......- Be gee 191, 6i0 $23, 852 Erte tae coon | rs. 2a] cuccow a one eeetee tee alee ese ce cdase--'s- | 5, 100) ee ee tae Reet et Se a SS neee ean Beem (So - PS 8 ke ee | 9,715 298) 02 See na F angrove..... 300: bl Pee ae nee Bee ae el Cer Saat 1,920) 59} sm eee leaee oe Mutton... .... eee Re OG |e Ba eds 47, 680) \':'1, 430} - 7. agentur Spanish mackerel.|......... Beenie SRS oe eel NCEA 0 Te | Sa 166, 122| 20, G83) soe ssc aimee Spot. Ee ee are Rane 1, 200 i LS aps ea BD, 800): ° «7 692) 23. 4cce eee sea trout”. ss ieee pee 29, 761| 2, 530| 2. cose Yellowtail or “‘sil- TUN See! pails Pe ile 0 Ea ce ne eee 19, 020 BTL) score suscteeeeeee crawfish or spiny lobster. ...|-.......- 652) 33 idles ices: ees eS at : 250 12 } ——————— —EEE>E>>EE—eEy~xL——EE—E—E Momsl2t Sas. 2, 390 359] 38,740, 3,427, 34,850, 1,128 1,471,785, 65,806) 526,136 28, 870 } | | Species. Seminole. | St. Lucie. | St. John. | Volusia. Total. | | | { ) / | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. Value. Pounds. | Yate. | Pounds. | | Value. Pounds. | Value. ae eee RE SE ae ert | eee emai (Frye 739 $4, 905) 692, 265 $10, 373 WTO) SAk tee eli WOE | ee ee Ae rt 870 56 50) | ORS BEE 10 PE ae | hee PoC ens 150 4 406,292) 8,388) 7,120] $214) 9,600) 480] 447,072) 9,640 Bluefish Po eS a ae 46,610) 4,629 150 15 650 65| 112,150) 11,618 ue runner or ogi." ee a Peesaee 650 gs | |S de al ee ae a 18 Rae ee al (pore 25, 825) 788 PRATER te eee Ne SN eh 5 ee See Le ae Sele ad ae l altes das ad dane xe 2,190 66 LE Be SEA BESS er 12, 300) ys I Meee A FR) (ape Debacle ... .|..-.~ boc[poe ence “he op eee PO aa 400 | 19 eee 3 yet es a A a eee (3. hae 100 10 50"). 53) | cee eeee Neen Cero or kingfish...............|..--...-. (epee fre ai 45 | 973,331 05/133; |). eee [aseeaees Cowfish an se epalidish ih ae a AES RE i Nees Sie Saat Wee hae 50 2 | ga acieene) eee CE UG oe ee Sed eee ee et, pee oes eee ee 200 & 135 Gcaceedeeeae cee “ETL GI ol sad a SB eS Sin eee aa at es | 200 A Als O78 | 2) 518) Sscrs eee en Die ae 8 CE ee es ed Ses J 200 | 20 - 10, 650 Fre Peay ede ads Hogfish - - .-- 2... one enn ene] n enone hn seco enn mene eens sence eee 150 6 2 eee PROVES EEIE ns 228 ee Soe oR Een e ae, Sos ecicke Mace ce eelscm|'s occ os sm 24, 000 1,440 PERU BOOG OF OUDDOb -s-—.1- 222/553] ecco ns22 eeeesae otas Sms wos 200 ih Bees ts Pees = ETL yas SR Se 2) PRP re ey et tent Coney So ee 40 Wl eae, ppyiie wo ESP ag WER ES, eR ee PRE a hy 8 ea ee nat 5 100 SM EE, arty yee a Subtle Oi hai) felt: te oe Ce ann ee eee Si? ee ee eae 200 | AU Pee eA feu 9 SI Et ie ale aa ww neta econ = ine Slams rei tm ear 360 TEL (ieee Meet ROME SS LD AMS Eos 222) 9 ie Se ae eee) a eae RR ee el le el 5,000 DOO) Nona oo tt ee Sd “ST ney! Sie a ee Re | aes eet as eee ens et ere ae 350 Uy (a CR i ea be CS ge Te ie A a a ash ii oe | 100 1 (71) ie Peat incatacy os heal as {8 24,000 1,440 TRE SAGs eee Bee er Ens ae Ee ESA Pe 8. / 100 5 , 000 1,600 Sopeaniiek MESNOOK 2 Scans ufo sa-> Sade Bae FB 5. 200 | UA) Oe aes BEER. 55 Cee ye Rel eee aS MRBOUAUGMR Sas a2 oe nos - neo oceufsscs cae pee 5B 50 | 5 100 | 6 14, 600 $40 Snapper: } | : 2,700? 135 Red , SPM UNIPRTIEMOL Or. oa oe. nas homeo es’ | ee teka nlapaeeals | SaSaiseals s 780 62) ee eee ese seeaee Squeteague or “‘sea trout’’.....- | 73,082 | $8,039 |..-...... ee aes 1,000 | 80 | 80,000 | 6,400 Yellowtail or ‘‘silver perch’’...|......... Ket ae [one ee Peper ee 450 | Si}. pee Fee ee ee “oo Gi ee ree eens Hage erel a= sae 42 a Aah SURE RES a 2 | 32,000 800 LG SR ES See | 73, 082 8,039 1,850 192 | 1,046,564 | 72,164 | 244,700 | 15,490 -, Bpecies.. | Palm Beach. St. John. } Volusia. Total. | Pounds. Vales. Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. ARIS RIE hs Sos cede Sib PCE ete ; 11,336 | bf OO! mee oie Pees Poke kee eR ene 11, 686 | $390 MRMOORTINNS Reto ob ahdde woe = 3 UES RIS BEE EP RPE earn ee SN re Sara RARE ee lactone 175 | if PMIEMOCIIOE Spelasa x00ns dees dens | 180 | TF ee a eee (ee EP PRE 8 530 26 RN MGNT sg oa... oe. |5 00 ee cacas [eed 1,300 Sl eee Cee 31, 300 952 fT as 48,797 | 4, 360 | 650 Ci OE Re, REIN | 51,247 | 5,105 Blue runner or hardtail...... a 250 aad oan te tobe we tee Rae A 650 19 Ci a ee 1,460 44 | 150 | Oil ses ataoaels ties abe 1,760 66 Cero or kingfish.............. S250 2061s W7BASBO Mes oer teee Hoe Peansae SLs face 2,253,792 | 146,528 Cowfish and “shellfish’’...... OR PES Bo ULE inl ee aS CR eee ss Coe eee 9 oak 50 2 MOV HU Ht ds .3 Fd cack ones ee | 6,105 | Dt eG oo eas ee ee get 8 RLS = 6,305 205 MERLE iy seta t ab Swe loeen | 100 5 | 170 id Rae el Se Ra 270 15 | eae ie eee 4 mT FR PCR ODE Sh Ca aa 74,783 | 3,622 See ee Eee 5, 840 175 | 150 D Sere tee le ng Ae AF MR 24, 000 1,440 Leather Soke or “‘turbot’’.. 170 Biv teredes bts By en, oe ee 370 13 RES etna s 2 Sie ace a atreeasleowipeeate cows t de> We SP th eG pe he 8 ofl) Oe 40 1 MNTPAUDENAIT 05.0 J. y8 Shae can. docsliceeaabadeck woe. | WAR Spel ae (een 100 4 a se a POY 6 LS AGES | BR aE Sl Ee NEG] FRET RR ol NEATH RIT ae A 200 10 BIG isercvnaedessv~ tt ("ip 0 eaiipeb a A hE lqeGies Fre Gi aes 440 70 IE a SIDE aS Fonds thee oa cicas 5, 850 325 Porkfish 350 17 Red drum 26, 100 1, 532 Sea bass 40, 631 Sergeantfish or sucok j BA |. ona etek 14, 557 528 MER ache wt Soldce pea ; sald 500 15 Sheepshead on 17, 231 999 Snapper: angrove 6, 790 353 Mutton 19, 885 847 Red 1,000 80 er 2,000 Spanish mackerel............ 5,190 514 1,510 TI | al face el Sanu coe 7,480 727 Squeteague or ‘‘sea trout’. 38,876 | 3,888 9, 360 749 | 40,000 | $3,600 249’ i, 22,756 Yellowtail or ‘‘silver perch ON eS Mer Ma EN a cyciodke sd. aed Pebte ee, ; 18 SME ASAD 3 os 0 wig a5 oxen do pl we 6 nua ada ees ele ee ee PR re reer 32, 000 800 ME Piast Dae dect ld hes oe 1,492,601 | 92,223 | 16,120 | 1,172 | 40,000 | | 3,600 | 2,914,917 | 192, 880 5202%°—21 —8 114 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, Yretp or Snore FisHeries oF THE East Coast or Fioripa IN 1918, BY APPARA- TUS, COUNTIES, AND SpEcres—Continued. BY OTTER TRAWLS, CAST NETS, DIP NETS, TRAPS, AND SPEARS. jgliedantas oo Dade. Duval. Nassau. St. John. Total. i | Otter trawls: Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds.| Value. Pounds. | Valuc.|Pounds. | Value. Shrimp? {5-2} )-= 22-20 ss)eed~ nce | queen ae eee 8, 806, 568 $264,197) 61, 350) $2, 454/8, 867, 918/$266, 651 King whiting so2tos 2 ees sa| hoo cece 100, 000) 2,000 BREE ot BPareee \ » 900 Totals. sks oe 8 oe teal in clon ae ees ae 8,906,563 266,197) 61,350) 2,454 8, 967,918) 268, 651 Cast nets: | | Croaker 222002 | 00 82s 2 cc I: Se een |) ae eam 700 28 700) 28 SUES AT TELS eke 3. sfsey Un | See eae ng» SIRS SEA 510 20 510, 20 Mullet 7222 5:25 ar oe eee , 12,000) ‘$840)......... Ssactebee 8, 250 330; 20,250} 1,170 Pinfish, or | Sadllron?'s | Choice! 22 ss] Besees sees aad | eee eens: el o..,ie seas oe seeee 390 16 390 16 pheepshead’> Sa so. cce. Sa) aod “Poe eee el eeae cic}. \ice coon ceaceaee 80 5 80) 5 S) ss EME ase Wee ed wee ice she A eee Mele ee sac ole. sdebees|aee neers 650 26 650) 26 Squeteague or | *FSG8 GFOUG elisa scod- dee. co |eneeetce eee ares 4 BEPC sa; 350) 28 350 28 ia ele oP RRS ECS of AR ADPOOG|e * S40|ys. 2555 fe He aver’ 10,930} 453] 22,930} 1, 293 Dip nets: Sea ; | | & crawfish or spiny } lobsters s3e 55 Glamia ard soc 5 seen lacs ae ses] ceeees can 2,400 | $600)|- 2 -eeUe le ee eee 2,400 $600 Tongs: Oysters, market, pub- 1A fa rik faa Rep , 900 $455 | 31,500 | 2,250 | 153,182 | $7,119 | 2238, 132 11,819 By hand: Oyaters; makkot, DUPLO 2S: |S .-«. wciros|! sooo 2 athe eens eh | \ ae epee [oe nerseee | pre ees 90, 293 3,315 Oysters, market, private. : Ree Say) Pee ergs, hia SR ere A treat A 145, 565 4,994 Conchnrieat. fo oo oe ie lies on otc lece cea eee ep none cece terete Seales eacete 7,000 700 DUPbLOS Se Soci e PE flask a 2 wate dei) Oc Fea Rs ee a oa, 2 eee Be ee oe eS eee Yellowtail or “silver perch” .. 43, 970 CUO i ee eee DE cope 8, 867,918 lp gS Sa are ae 23, 503 | Crabs: on DS 2 ee Byer 52, 000 | LESS SE Sa GRR F, Kind. | 1919 1920 | Pounds. Value. | Pounds.| Value. Large wool... 205,462 $544,222 | 176,722 | $522, 399 aN Small wool. | 76,309 | 95,386 | 60,902 | 79,172 Yellow..... ..| 73,051} 39,161] 72,648 43, 499 TASS 12. ..| 62,547 25,171 | 92,880 29, 722 0 tI a RR RS RCIA, | 6,706| 4,024] 6,504 3, 417 1 Total Se neem he! Rb eh rae | SUMMARIES OF THE FISHERIES OF THE GULF STATES FOR VARIOUS YEARS. 424, 075 | 707,964 | 409,746 | 678, 209 In the appended table are given comparative statistics showing the number of persons engaged, investment, and quantities and values of the products of the fisheries of the Gulf States for various ears from 1880 to 1918. A similar summary of the fisheries of the outh Atlantic States for the same years appears on page 65 of this report. In view of the increasing attention which the fisheries of these regions are receiving, these will serve to indicate the relative rate of growth and development of these fisheries. EXTENT oF FISHERIES OF THE GULF STATES, VARIOUS YEARS, 1880 To 1918.! Item. 1880 1887 | 1888 1839 PERSONS ENGAGED. | } PME WOR COAG). oad ddne ton tusee nas she 2,112 (?) 3, 066 3, 739 ee a as ass See ON aaa w daw. des 635 (?) 318 594 a a i Sse AST age Ae Viera 186 1, 153 1, 380 1, 809 So NTs AE i a ee ae, 2S Raa eee 1, 597 3, 607 3, 758 3, 966 “1 Lela Ts RS BF ot ORR Sate ah es 601 1, 027 1, 021 | 1, 211 1S Re. Sa | ee anes ee ee eee a 5, 131 (?) 9, 543 11, 319 INVESTMENT. 1S dhe AGAIN oat T+. ve SVL ie: MORIUAUR WCHL CORNON b.- -ct Placa tomes cache ecacee $362, 563 & 3613, 736 | $1, 281, 190 Alabama. SAS SCUEEE Ona + cascode rveuvcnehans «duauuvdess | 38, 200 (? 61, 904 126, 925 LLL LED ad. 2 REA I GS GER SeRrs Srey y | 8, 800 $284, 760 | 329, 632 455, 300 cei TIE Se a a RES ee Ri ieee 93, 621 633,007 | 664, 927 706, 557 ay ESS SE | SEO ESE See Pepa) Cae ae meat 42, 400 206,591, = 214, 511 256, 431 rere es 5 acs. 2 on eR ts ___ 545,584 | (2) |_—1, 884,710 |__ 2, 826, 403 PRODUCTS.? / Pounds: . | Winvigs (west Cunee).. 22702322, ae ieee eh ey | 8,376, 335 (2) (?) 23, 597, 240 IR DANII Soe ste has eke dee ok wals door casedaee sc et | 3,541, 500 (2) 1, 633, 589 4, 560, 269 MARSBISRISN I Serene Ste os ys oe wc ae lac Thies. | 788,500 | 6,548,175 | 7,833,010 | 8, 933, 339 Leigh UENO ace ae AEs ONES ES GSR er eer Oe 6, 996, 000 | 18, 455, 489 | 19,121,056 | 20, 947, 239 ROLES, Sorte are ene ee es 3, 858, 875 | 6,282,489 | 6,609,161 | 7,357, 800 Oval: Ss seek steer ted Seek) ey ee 23, 561, 210 (2) (2) | 65,395, 887 Value: | Florida (west coast) ! (3 | $628, 396 $948, 845 BIGDAIMNAL 52555. dgcaneedte sees na Ne 9, (3) 75, 560 146, 841 Mississippi . : $189, 716 231, 712 250, 884 ET bs eG ag FDL IRE Se é 579, 504 612, 820 621, 048 PREG gob rac» ow oa aed ae ee ON ee L : 256, 250 271, 257 297, 258 BON 00 é Siam san nnss dann geee bees TEA. 4 oa | 1,227,544} (2) 1, 819, 745 | 2, 264, 876 ' Statistics for 1908 are from data published by the Bureau of the Census. 2 Statistics not available. * The quantity and value of products given for Florida for 1888 in the report of the Division of Statistics and Methods of the Fisheries for 1919, page 137, include both coasts of the State, and those for Alabama for 1908 include the Tennessee River district. 120 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Exrent oF FISHERIES OF THE GULF States, VARtIouS YEARS, 1880 To 1918—Contd. Item. 1890 1897 1902 1908 1918 PERSONS ENGAGED. Florida (west coast). +. o-c.555 228 sb cn omer 4, 068 5, 011 6, 416 6, 016 5, 161 Alabamarwee oo. Fo a Se ea ae 618 789 1, 098 895 783 Mississippi: 2:25 4. --- ; Serene ee ee 1,721 2, 565 4, 344 1, 561 2, 867 Louisiana® 4a <4 3, s~ gee seen oe cae eee 4, 068 4, 403 | 5, 027 5, 152 4, 191 MO@XAS.7.0 Jos deee es os UE ed oe RU eae 1,277 1,199 1, 144 1, 780 1, S86 MP Otalie Me et ee: Sn ae ee | 11, 752 13, 967 | 18, 029 115, 404 14, 888 INVESTMENT | ie } LONI ANC WES GORSE)bis, sx cee ce eens aa a | $1, 369, 294 | $1, 149, 262 | $1, 945,320 | $1,884,000 $2, 404, 245 Aieama 4. ee se oe ae a ee ene ee 35, 290 165, 189 328, 285 262, 000 334, 741 WEISSISSID Dis pe) coo eae a ee eee See | 434, 710 518, 301 | 1,270, 408 461, 000 1, 433, 585 MUOUISIATIG Sy Sse es se Sec tae ceca cere | 719, 876 513, 813 789, 723 841, 000 1, 475, 188 Rea 5 Cb ett ae Ae eee ne pemigeme oe ele | 319, 122 237, 496 373, 724 454, 000 890, 100 Potal Season seen Aarne Seca ase aa aac | 2,978, 292 | 2,584,061 | 4, 707, 460 | 13, 902, 000 6, 537, 859 PRODUCTS.? | j a Chey Pounds: ; MOridgd (West COAST) Lee npec cc se Semis a= | 27,4187 562 | 28, 255, 219 | 48, 120,019 | 37,566,000 | 54, 753, 639 Gaara teh Ar ORE A ee | 4,776,968 | 4,699,381 | 9,351,447 | 9,918,450 | 5, 609, 219 Mississippi 8,131,401 | 7,829,685 | 23,426,965 | 17,302,000 | 20,592,089 WGUISIONI OG «08 SER} Cdhes ee OE oe Pomatomus saltatriz. oo) 2A Sa Re iy 08 sb gan AP A gis Sarda sarda. Bullhead............ cp RE VATE OEE Oa 02 OP 8, Ameiurus nebulosus. SOT a ele ae em Paesy tS, 4; Seg eee ae Poronotus triacanthus. OS Ee eee 2 ee ey asere Cyprinus carpio. SMUT nse oo toh... ee SS Gadus callarias. SIIICE ES foc oer ie oats. cee ates ited ce ope Tautogolabrus adspersus. Cs Peg Up Ene REE Pa unis ao ae are * 2 ics AA er ee Brosmius brosme. Eels Anguilla rostrata. DEAS: cn MAT bs er ee ees Re Leptocephalus conger. OE E> Gatos Liss ae Fe ee ee oe Pleuronectidee (species). ia gt ea en he nae nS kaon oe has ele a Ra re Squalus acanthias. AOC 2s es ee sacks See ase eee oe. v's UMelanogrammus egiuiimile: Urophycis tenuis. Hake. ........------ 2-2-0. sees ee eee sees eee {t rophycis chuss. | RE GS Reo PES I Te i EL Pe ITippoglossus hippoglossus ENED We ona! ss gata eek eee RE SMS soo ooo Clupea harengus. POMOEe BUG... 20. s2d pe LCM aera tra, aes! Pomolobus mediocris. 122 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. PATHG Oe ts 5k DL eRe bg Le AO RAL Ammodytes americanus. PAGCROTOL Seo. oo. oo Sis scte se a a See tne ae Scomber scombrus. UTNE TUINACLO NA 2 oo 2a lS See a ce ea Be TL Brevoortia tyrannus. MMonmkfish . 2.2 5c ae AS ere Ceneeeet 5 e et Lophius piscatorius. Minnows. 2 ...2ctest san a er ee Various species small fishes. Perch, white.2.- 23) ee Sea a eee eee Morone americana. Perch, yellow2t= S424 a2. See yee ee be eo Serrate Perca flavescens. Pickerel: - 252 Buel k Sec Ga tere AS ee oe Esox reticulatus. Pollock’< Gemhhee St Wee ee eee Sut eeeeneweny 2). aes Pollachius virens. Pompanozs. sek oe Pm hake Trachinotus (species). Ryone tisha =... isthe 2) 05 ok ES ei eS «ee Sebastes marinus. Round herring: f= Seso ste Sees Lom eee 2.1 Re Etrumeus teres. Salmon SA thantie 04s... P25 <3 2. ease oh ae Salmo salar. Sabon, humpback: (2.305 Jee E> 5 Pal Se 3A Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. Sombra yeh ely 5 Ae ey fee SUG tt Cottidz (species). Seupes. --< - Peppa pee eens oes SO... ke . .Sienotomus chrysops. Sea Wansis. 2d... 5. S265. el eee ee. See ; ipa a striatus. pe rionotus carolinus. Ben SQM 2 6b ieee ae oar ao Siar \Prionotus strigatus. Shad. 22) Senet: cee ths a ea Alosa sapidissima. athe 2 ere). Ae Balt cope Sette eee sd Af Oe ee All Selachii except Batoidei. SATCS ANG. HAV: 2. vee ties he tgs ...-Batoidei (species). “S110Re) be By ee eae See eee FN aR UL RTL ak, ALS Fy SO es Oe ..Osmerus mordaz. Squeteague......... ae Sha A AY I (> PR A Cynoscion regalis. Siriped WAS... oe ee ele eS ae A eS Ne Roccus lineatus. Siammerconit! Gee TS eee ee ae Soa ola Regen Acipenser sturio. Birelcars- iat ee 7S NY ee el ko ae ne Catostomidee (species). Simm fish’ 2) ee ey I OU NS eee ie Centrarchidee (species). BWORMTS. ofr one ott Sue eee ee a ee Xiphias gladius. ULC 22 28. ce EE Se ae ea Tautoga onitis. PGSM ea a Mets core. Seite Dee Abe A alae Ca ees Lopholatilus chameveonticeps. Tin COd eek. gE ASG ee a Oe es a a ee Microgadus tomcod. AP ae os fs ie Se TE PANU TEESE SOS is Ee eee Thuinnus thynnus. Wiking) by A ee ee RS a eg Meriuccius bilinearis. SSPHIN Ree ey he | 95,284,000 | 34,121,300 | 11,492,000 | 2,703,000 | 1, 381, 000 TON Oe etre hase ates gas eee eee a aren | 84,917,535 | 20, 222,267 | 15,785,012 | 1, 325, 980 1, 082, 152 Year. Halibut. Alewives. Shad. Lobster. | Clams, soft. 10, 740, 843 | 7,882,682] 1,334,714 30,449,603 | 11, 542, 272 | 10,828,187 | 6,985,948} 1,415,649 | 14,661,808 | 11, 296, 901 12, 365,705 | 8, 437,446 | 1,380,812 | 14,756,495 | 8, 345, 470 | 3,017,776 | 8,743,284} 1,260,904 | 11,524,499 | 6, 375, 850 4,353,500 | 7,581,000 | 1,285,500 | 14,734,000] 7, 294, 000 i, 960, 030 3, 782, 289 939, 995 | 10, 666, 707 4, 992, 874. Year. | Haddock. Pollock. Herring. Whiting. | Flounders. 43, 473, 627 8, 442,397 | 36, 316, 259 126, 089 2, 950, 978 45, 676, 155 9, 444, 887 | 64, 587, 461 41, 050 4, 109, 494 47,077,315 | 17,744, 127 | 191, 739, 467 | 2,513,470 | 4, 808, 746 76, 617, 156 | 28,949,359 | 83,390,554 | 4,812,840 | 5, 761, 473 59, 544,000 | 29, 244; 300 | 121, 700, 000 713,000 | 9, 753, 000: 89, 405, 609 | 25,009,639 | 97,636,395 | 16,199,637 | 15, 541, 047 The following tables contain statistics of the number of persons employed, the amount of capital invested, the quantity and value of the products of the fisheries of the New England States in 1919, statistics of certain shellfish products in bushels and number, and comparative statistics of persons, investment, and products for various years from 1880 to 1919: FISHERIES OF THE NEW ENGLAND States, 1919. Item. Maine. | New Hampshire. Massachusetts. { | PERSONS ENGAGED. Number. Value. Number.| Value. Number. Value. On vessels fishing. _..........--- L004 | aetoe oS - wo -|o oneal eee 4,459 | Ji sch saree On vessels transporting. ....--.- SOU eee ee. 2 BB ROE A ites 4 OG ne oe ee aerate In shore fisheries ...........2.--- BiBoer lake oees ean 3 oF Ee name Oy (ON) | ane ee ene PUOLESIMENS 3s eee. oa coverses Tp eee ok na «2 Ailsa me 45084 | os kcice eames otal gk. anos ee Sah TA AARON IE cee 2 100) baer ee 12; 346\| eee INVESTMENT. Vessels, fishing: Steams fos poh sare See Sel 002,500 120 sta erie! era eeie bis ae 34 $2, 484, 545 TONMALC He Lo oS) ocd. o Se OD eut te eau soos ce |. eee oe saree ners 3,010" |. Nid ctied ies hl T Ad Vee tabd asian suet 680 500 Shore and accessory property. . - TOSS) so coset eu de | 7,900, 239 MAB CANItSl seeace oc bot ioc a) seen ece cess D, DOO Lens seawda ee | 1, 902, 945 UGH ace eacesans > aee'de a a[ te -nannaas a=] iz, 5A, B69) |r Ieee - MD PDO Uc ws tots sot 19, 111, 269 PRODUCTS. aE Fo | aS Alewives: Pounds. | Value. Pounds Value Pounds. | Value. py sl Se sper at oe pee 580, 811 | C1808 ss... cals eee sees 1, 097, 476 $23, 070 Da lGees aes sores 55 Jo 6, 860 1d ERE ane |S erg 1, 259, 134 55, 995 TRA 5 Solas Ar. idhee are 352, 203 MOOG Tica ie ts one See ae | 39, 000 2, 845 BCG EE ec ee ae Pee ie > 39 AN te cede Ihe open 4,721 791 DT eS Re } re a en” i ree eee, | ered: oy 189, 727 18, O16 peerenen Wieeibet sceat sen nt 32, 763 | A RS fas OE WE eS | 296, 828 26, 810 : Sn eee Ma 13, 095, 145 479,827 | 98,354! $3,609 | 66,320,920 | 2, 826, 091 CS ee eee 983, 244 OVE RE Se Sara 3, 175, 405 166, 702 yo EE 65 ee 30, 695 OLB Tops eee ee eae 9, 959 585 Cusk: ee, ee 1, 046, 147 1, 561, 337 55, 068 | ; 16, 870 759 374, 167 47, 714 10, 262, 693 478, 850 63, 667 184 7 Preah BAN wes ee a ee 11, 124, 411 332,215 | 18, 764 829 | 77,804,810 | 2, 191, 215 Salted 2 -c certs. sus seeder 73, 400 gt eared ER a Ce 373, 574 16, 996 e: Wrodht 3 vethecsaseats a----| 16,108,575 329, 227 3, 000 98 | 4,066, 437 156, 353 OE Een SE ee POO ANN DOG aa dnc wire wre | aw eteeereiacare 29, 095 1, 307 Halibut: DROOL 5 nie dwne'fe'c'e sm ananeee 217, 476 BLP SAL ee Sos. 3 eee 1, 708, 509 296, 232 AE EP E eer errr ay SO cad 5652252)oee ee 8, 045 1, Herring: } BIO wee seniolevannsestinda 86,646,126} 455,604 |........2.|..-ce scene 10, 811, 409 129, 408 BOOS 25 ots cdereidoactances 6, 200 7 eps oe Lik Rokio@l tts win Wal, dallts heres lwkon Bites aa BMOKed .. 2.0 sss cccnnnm bien ews 161, 550 C700 lesddncneae EES Bel ES CAE aE SNe ee 126 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. FISHERIES OF THE NEw ENGLAND States, 1919—Continued. Item. PrRoDuUcTs—continued. eigkory shad): 2922. -0ee=t eee King whiting EUNES c's 52s se ee a ae Mackerel: Fresh Salted Frigate Menhaden Perch: Pompano..... Rosefish Round herring Salmon: Atlantic Humpback Seulpin Seu Skates and Tays-. 2. is..steescee Smelt Squeteague Striped bass AbUlSCON.. sasssce ter tenes Sturgeon caviar Sturgeon roe Srckerss =. 2 see S es ook oo OS cee MIPVOLGDSHG. esl aectcee ssteenese Mee i 2 i ced pias iia Market— Porpoise RAV CTS Sc Sack shine ee = ox eee Spawn Tongues and cheeks..........--- BOuudS. 2826) oases > se eee 2 Oil: ME UCLOTIS «2 2268 veccumae see eme PAlewile SCAICS* 25328. ksicenecane Irish moss Maine. New Hampshire. Massachusetts. Pounds. Value. Pounds. | Value Pounds. Value. eerie 4! 2) ae |= eee een 12, 800 $830 1 ee 72 18 ee a c's 67, 800 838. fa Sees See ee 12, 267, 132 1, 212, 463. 8, 000 650 Nc aes oe eee 1, 249, 062 109, 948. a ok 2 REO Cee CEN eis <5 | sc SUN ees See eee 61, 361 1, 862 Be ac) eee eee ee sel see OR 161, 219 2, 231 Smee eum ee siete see. ce sme ce ee eee 1, 000 425 | Lae ee fr 5 aL Af SBS 6, 200 920 eae eee eaten Acc ancseped beosse foceots des ce 500 25 5, 597, 163 113,487 | 25, 600 $615 | 19, 192, 388 468, 169- 34, 800 QVA4D! |. SSeS aoe aero ce 50, 153 1,774 Bee ee sete) ae ee Pen os Se teticicahese ne 14 = 17, 322 DAB |: Re | SO eee 36, 773 1,124 Loot amee eee [ete eeccceec lessee sees e[oeeeeee eee 941 19 20, 610 | 7, 926 | -ccakowrws| caida mod Meccan ee cee Cee ees F 310 62: [ie Baekee | o eE ee ee Re Seeman seta Yo Jae tin ceeic| Siege pines lee ee 6, 000: 5- Le eae ae ce Ppabosn eee aco easce lance Saas si 78, 624 5, 666 let ae iSeieeis'l Secon a cian 6 ols | Do bee ee | See REESE 15, 067 1, 649 Bae Sey Peete Bata bleercice Sete cae Ob ral eee Ute 400 1 414, 455 28, SOR see oe heat oiniteetreratale 62, 337 4, 309° 39, 747 BRA oe ee ee ee 328, 399 3, 664 2, 385 ATalB Coe Sire) ||heee ares 100, 354 503. 523, 967 OS A9GH See cv cccca| see eee ee 39, 150 10, 690° BS Aci acne eee Wes toeee| Mise tn Se BCCI 908. 592 LIST ee [ee ee cme 971 231 8, 129 1 Ry AV Re ee ee ees sete 12, 098 3, 358 agetiesde cennlsteee ke aes Ss oeeeese neato eeeee 150 356. 143 297 | Aueee =. S| cae eee 181 163 110, 400 116852). eck) Aloha tne. sal lsc eae ce 424, 813 LOA 734i eee cee lence ere 711, 729 155, 320 nT ar as Oa 1h een | al he I a 91, 876 8, 885 Soe e A Shee Meehee a clos eee eae eter Sai ee oes 188, 180 9, 803. 147, 160 4 SLL tice sewcalinaeeeee cee 7, 890 239: 31, 909 | 2} O40) | caterers tserem cere 42, 901 3, 548. 684, 970 AT 2T beds ara matics Senter ae 13, 918, 650 148, 854 3, 000 90 \eeee ccccd cls le keuciwnlace cae potas | See eee 83, 958 Q06Uit ca eal scaeeeeeee 291, 188 9, 219 ne APP ee er areal te res Shoe (Oy pe Se eee 38, 232 2,117 5, 545, 884 | 1,411,548 | 298,012] 73,203] 2,387, 636 516, 393 oe Seta eee LO alaiets Ae Note ne Sete Ok stele cll ree mee 3, 400 ts 70, 575 SOD | te Nel alters ite dace 1, 764, 961 49, 424 aaenemn Sys wise |. daapaee ace | essen eee aes cee 266 AQ 377 AS sterner oaiatne ate alee a 6, 134, 557 108, 864 hE NEN Bd call eS ow AS Oe Bt al Leh 853, 304 271, 342 Be RTE ae SS 21. ieee SY TSS Gi NO ee ise 22, 640 12, 425. | 2, 105, 734 163, 209 66, 600 13, 320 2, 062, 630 232, 194 a Rieke the OU eet oa ics aloeiouicn nce eee eee eee 125, 000 10, 750. sins Sradeiare aan Poke xc cll ede ee ea clel Beer ree 23, 300 3, 500: Be plane ba ee EE Res ol x ee Se ee telat 5, 579 K Se eee a | 5. ela ai RE ory SEE ae ae 769, 055 278, 164 23, 100 1, 320° 80, 178 6, 552 1, 332, 486 439, 382 577, 400 3, 425. 40, 000 AD 750 15. 112, 587 UL | Je aetale ll eeiiere ete hay 313, 575 4, 844 18, 857 LIS Vo seme eee elas sites tes 146, 929 8, 826. 5, 200 | 190 \|goeee cee ee ee 600 12 5, 212 | 06 |. ueDaeee elites emee tS eae Sate cekeee Be ie eee Seen cs (al ota ers Se eee 1, 545, 413 218, 11h. 8, 625 895 | 5 eee sere | 5 WER Sere tare ice Ste eee | ee ie eee 2 || a eee ees bec es Se Se ORlis A tele Ss 30. 5, 000 EO ee? | 2 a Hho = ee et eee ees 10, 400 5, 200 Saale: c, ars am eae EM ete | 6, 000 420 204, 200 15, 027 147, 956, 369 | 3, 889, 035 | 528, 730 92, 660 | 246,951,241 | 10, 859, 746» FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. FISHERIES OF THE New ENGLAND States, 1919—Continued. Item. Rhode Island. Connecticut. Total. =< | | PERSONS ENGAGED. | whic: Number. Value. Number. Value. Number. | Value Wmivessels fishing.) - =... -...-<- Sily/) Ce See Ee eres 32 Grssbi ee as: Bee * On vessels transporting. ........ oe BAe to) Me) eee ected eee eee = In shore fisheries..-.......-...-. | TOD Etat cial at=/='< DOLD see sae IO; 9G8ties eee set EINEM eens =o: <== | iL Do | She eee 6235 Wes Sas sacnae 12. G20) eee = Taian ai i ee ae BRON sate 30; 767) |e eee INVESTMENT. { Vessels, fishing: } “i i ae 9} $141,000 24} $328, 243 72 | $3,956, 288 LGn Ca re ee i (ee LN Rae te 6,776) |-ceeeeeee as TET isla Re ana are pe BAPSIO | soe be 135) 346 |v= Sto sseeeen 687, 267 DET T pgp ai ee 9 i Aad 55 199, 400 67 180, 425 603 | 3,670,983 RONUALO 5 2 Jao kh ail aoe go LE cal ane eelete 12, 014 Pee UTC ake A ae a 8 (ie arg? ED New omar aia oi 94° 800) |. .s ss cueccaeeet 1, 327, 166 ST aaa 2S ER CEES | ARERR RET te ae 24| 12,495 82] 873,810 LNG ies eS ee we eee NPL ee 12-1 f eee 5, 309 Soe (QUT SE EE a5 al aT dem aed Sane ao oS ae 7,955. |.cn..0-a-0c0-)) COSHp00g Vessels transporting: } SN L2 ied Sage ea Se at 5 22,000 2 13, 200 , | 44, 200 : 36, 227 662, 290 138, 548 30, 515 MEER te rR Poo SURE orca ns ocd OR Sch ou Soak cole ccudees can 25S | «asc aeee cee er Gee Fae oem EES Fea) Sean ete | -opnentencae 8, 750 LSS iat op eS Ag) EE ae ee eae aed 2 | 4,000 2} 4, 000 UHC Bee Rd ie ed Pe SAG} ba tees te 316. |; scaeeee ee Cee iS Se Rae ET ce Se Re nee | eure enh 1500). eee seas 1, 900 Boats: Banlrows te. 2243-0 <.- 004! 196 | 4,503 399 9, 670 4, 693 157, 102 Oni eee Sete Nis es 432 | 182,780 364 | 136, 881 5,671 | 2,123,611 Apparatus, vessel fisheries ET te Re RS ee 18 24, 695 4 | 7, 800 206 319, 615 PAE nes ie nk 780 14, 445 115 2, 680 7, 578 154, 499 POUUa MOUS. 8st socks aks 7a NY (ALG UM ek Me a (RS oe A 25 75, 000 Otter trawis:/-- 0) 2250.00.05. 20 973 14 680 166 22, 023 Lines, hand and trawl......|....-......- WED). «+ deren Acts DOD! leanne 169, 745 2 Oe a abe on] i NS Mie | LN Bees ae ROO saris fic eatin 10, 046 MODELER POUR! soc fone se snee 635 1, 985 480 | 745 2,630 5, 975 oe a ee ieee 48 2,092 372 | 8, 437 648 13, 445 PRO GTUU AROS: ..- tes oh ae fet Sept 4 RU pone el J UR eal 3 | 49 Whalingapparatus.....°....|.-.)-.5..... pee es Ow. Se Pi adews phe Pomoc: Meee 29, 000 Apparatus, shore fisheries: | IUGR eee ec al ul 5A | 4,893 | 235 | 95, 892 SN tigteeeerees eg 360 | 204} 13,910 | 7, 038 169, 747 Pound nets, trap nets, and WHIHIEEEE ee... re. 42 9,112 1,094 | 1,012,997 Rykenagee c=... css 439 3,985 928 14, 473 eo CDR OL TICLES, cls ooo. <5 ie loud howe tele nes~ sce sc bouae eee 2 95 8, 675 Li 2, 2 RS ae Se Be SEMEN ere Re Semana ae eae ate 13 | 36 Dip nets and scoop nets..... : 7 35 243 1,635 Otter trawis:-.-..2.-........ 53 2,394 326 15, 964 PANGS, TMA GAWlo: == .|/ic-csaseus.] 4,492 |o..ncacasns DOr |eacaisetdartet oe 117, 834 SSI cee te Eien i a a ae asa BON Bee abc semee 1, 525 Py ee eee ie See oy ie a (ER a Seri 30 39 144 267 Ey ag 8 a PO CR Ten (nS! (ee ae ened (ee 84 | 146 Eel pots and traps. 801 617 4, 239 | 7, 341 Dobster poe ores 8 ccs 16, 173 42, 534 236, 928 606, 232 CORD Upp aee ee tet cee eee Ber te ee ce! 180 | 330 ROE so cdakatnwapuaees 55 395 3,044 | 20, 535 Tongs and grabs. ........... 244 1,994 726 5, 348 pkeés..c32 2th ti oss Meee 61 367 876 6, 201 Forks and hoes.............. : 68 69 1, 823 2,321 Shovels. 52. soo sa 13 13 56 56 RE gt Meas Se 0 Sg | NE SES TY a - Paani Set eee 680 500 Winkle pots.............1... 20114 0s nei a a ees 3 i 260 | 880 e and accessory property. ..|.....-......| 978,622 |............ | 408! 69B. |o.4 so 2 a aoe | 20, 354, 089 MRUOMEMLAL 5 ota acme hua nome ee 21h Ot ie OS; 500): ions cote 3, 245, 952 OGG, .|2. Wasa «garctocec eee ess CLE] le Se aaa 1 G45, 790: |sscsi aaa ens 40, 597, 097 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. FISHERIES OF THE NEw ENGLAND Srares, 1919—Continued. | Item. Rhode Island. | Connecticut. Total PRODUCTS. | Alewives: | Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. Pounds Value. Wreshi; Wheat e dee tee oe 269, 565 $5,916 | 177,150 | $6,637 | 2,125, 002 $43, 078 pelted Se Ue, seca Chdenndl acs reece ee alae \./2 cement | peers we | 1,265, 994 56, 171 Smoked ey. 0h 654 echoes cel Ahoy eee sh Saher «|= Co orleans | emer | 391, 293 22, 451 Biyotishy. <2 on, ceesnee et hoeees 25, 675 3,170 3, 710 386 34, 145 4,35! Bonito ccsteok sone ss ce ceee ees 114,810 10, 825 6,120 912 | 310, 701 29,739 Bullhiadsecd 50250 eee ee ee ee | A Lc 1,492 100 | 1, 492 100 Bulterishs Ys.tee wee ee eee 758, 845 39, 188 18, 810 2,607 | 1,107,246 71, 636 Carp MEER Lye esha Sk a gh 5 oe eh ea | 40, 141 4,922 | 40, 141 4,922 Coc | Wresbe jy 8%... 0 eet 1,148,331 | 49,747 96, 136 9,603 | 80,758,886 | 3,368,877 STH ais Ms crisis cits b Bae cin le | Cid Eee 0 | SEIN Lea 4,158,649 | 229, O14 rhea bok acim aee a htes Oe ok 8, 000 O60) | ee ee ee re ae | 48, 654 | 2,160 Susk: | Mresh.usratuoes wie ovecsknete ses a eres Bee oS sae 6, 767 73 2,616, 651 88, 807 12 een ae CSR aS 1 EE Ek SR rs AIS Re ea | * 16,870 759 BINGE EL ER en eee ee 274,735 29,637 | 63,046 9, 839 1,018, 998 112, 67' Bicnnd cree steerer ye ee 2,451, 579 79,567 | 2,349,181 91,962 | 15,541,047 672, 846 Gra ya Shs BS bis ial sto epaera| Se ae erie ad aie aot ale eR SP REA Cite tea ert Geemtetete 63, 667 184 tet ee ORMMONKASHE 22 50358 a let Oe cnceemlan of ceise tee gone cuca soe naeaene eee 2) 500 7 ock (Eo Pee es eke ee eR 10,300 512 350 38 | 88,958,635 | 2,524,809 ae Bete seicade dw syeeeeen |S re eon ete eee aR lace ia lai ee eeatee cents 446, 974 19, 808 e: RYOSD . do Goh a ose catenkee ces | plc oteees tee lea eeneee 10, 100 102 | 20,188,112 485, 780 te ee Bayer .ajartiese ahaa aizsete caret oils Wi ate he lia lle nett ate eee [infu aie teeininvoratel chad etoever ate 34, 155 063 alibut: nga (elt tes Hee ESE SIO [see Dy Deere ie 25, 000 5,000 | 1,950,985 333, 073 Salted a. desc noma tne tal she een eee e nee Gece scot sediescaceecsee 9,045 1,140 Herrin g: Fresh AEs ii Hote 34k RE 169, 660 4,010 | 3, 000 71 | 97,630, 195 589, 093 Salled 2 S55 see ode Ate als aula Me ieee ret eee ce aes eater rele ere ie 6, 200 187 Smokede we osc s Moo chasis ged abies see calloae sama cee | Momcaislee eae le meee seer 161, 550 6,715 iatbary shaded. 5.0. vhs: | Len eee Lee ae ea 12) 800 $30 Hei pawn ees Ges Sos ke nae laae eee comlee sees or ee eee tess leceeenoeens 72 18 PSITIC OR See te we’ ene eae BRO RR EEN Gl Se SHED ea Say Nbeaesceeer esc oeasar 67, 800 838 Mackerel: | Meshic E2355). oop cececeee ses 1, 575, 923 146, 611 91,329 10,990 | 14,527,950 | 1,451, 490 ae i Gales eeeeentse cere FRCS eS ee ciel RGAE est eeis eh asthe? Ae ee chs a 1, 257, ae 110, pe PEP AGO iia a bin aiaiz ate etc aa Se ials Bec be ape lls ere ee eateret ol obs ciao nee eee eraeee 61 1, 86 or ero Sire ee oo ee AL 21, 536, 000 268,700 | 6,736, 564 93,312 | 28, 433, nA 364, 243 MIRTIOW Ss 252 oioicis teres ee een tl eat ne te enn Toya tar heny es On te Pst at ; 125 Perch: SVILEGE FUR oS SP ee 5,043 TO2e coe er ail Soe eee 11, 243 1,622 OUOW : Foie ce oan. ces tesco eens ens Sa lL eee eee 6, 108 595 6, 608 620 “Spot Suoeehee Caos uae ose bee oars SRO IEE eae ares } 1,079 143 1,079 143 Pollock: Wirpshit, 0 fdsu i Pe cece 99, 400 5, 920 10, 135 717 | 24,924, 686 588, 908 SE TG 2 5) Ee ee Ape aed ocnt| ppecancee ce) Macposeaesadie 4452564 ee sea 4,214 ROM PANO Se 5: novice cisiow whos oars | se tans aided] oft Soe amar tcal a sislee pitti aa | Siciinniaiaee 2 LUSTER Ee Ae ea see aevac etal ben shatia ines bape omni Bae Hest?-Wnod bepeaacb. ae 54,095 1,369 Mots herring... ss. oe ess Se | ite oP Bacies some atice calesaee ase sn ols asmeeeeaere 941 19 Salmon: IB MATTICL US fate enw tasaseae 70 20, 680 7,938 aM PDSCK = ss). oe eal eae eed one ane 310 62 SSCs teeta = ofa 2 slo eaten ee aie ate 6, 000 15 Bop te he dece on Need Mes, 2 8, 261, 140 | 8, 341, 744 823,714 BED BSS. or Ge tee ke eee 52, O4L 70, 663 8, 131 SQDUODIN Ss coe ee cic cece tees nls see eee 400 1 Biiid ee oae ce. ee oe a 939, 995 119, 339 Sh I cer ap eieer Ea As Bea ea 368, 146 4,548 Skates and TAYS* 8) s.-.~ cece s| sk ee eee eine i nee SRUGIL See he coh ee oe oer hole aaa ee 588, « 5 SHTUCKOAL UG cat cis sa's Sets «alee seis | 353, 860 382) 713 37, 994 Sitped PASS: Saeco 8) eet } 40, ie 6, 639 DEES RCOM. cee. tac Ste sinister | 20 5,077 Sturgeon caviar | "150 ” 356 erateron TGe eee . Be pre ss a SOCK OUSs wow a be cidat ancl feds By Seria: oot hes. . ven ce es "105 | sd SUG ARAL 0S Sc u5u eek see eee L#f 8, 42% 1,325, 980 294, 827 TATUM PS telco echoes shh bands seic 371, 660 22,19) 21,942 2, 068 rrr ea 33, 146 A MUTE) 11 1 Sa SR peti ie Se one | [as ULES As terorota'e,3 [1k ecb stares a Ne oi aes eae 88, 180 9, 803 Midthcod 0. fice ccal a eS RAN Le a 455 37 155, 505 4) 787 Titi, oe see aun 61, 350 4, 810 5,114 550 141,274 10,948 Whiting: MYvesh . oc cea seeeee eee 1, 583, 700 16,010 9,317 175 | 16,196,637 169, 766 BAIiOd: os, Soc ae Sus elas Siero See feta sis bier eis | ackre ai ate sateeh sarees 3, 000 90 WWOMBISN ¢ «oo 5 5 2 sae noe ceed es nate sae etal pekee osc sin iene ea ela | a 375, 146 11, 280 GtHAE Tish... 2. csanan sles oon lsh oleae eaten e mee eaten ies 27] thre cee one ne 38, 232 2,117 MROHSLED 0 So. ko noah at be ok seer 1,694,327 | 360,679 740,848 | 189,157 | 10,666,707 | 2,550,980 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 129 FISHERIES OF THE NEw ENGLAND States, 1919—Continued. Item. ; Rhode Island. Connecticut. Total. l PRopDUCTs—continued. j ; | Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. TSE [onceetteeee 3, 400 $1,589 set see | age ee | 1, 859, 866 54, S21 2 DAES hee eee 266 40 3,612 $258 | 6,516,125 | 127, 856 49,976 18,912 | 1,059,512 349, 903 op to 28 ee 22,640 12,425 229, 150 | 32,07 4,867,874 | 464, 868 (Lplae ahd ks ee . 125,000 10, 750 Ase ae) a 23,300 | 3,500 136,654 | 21,900 142, 233 | 23, 283 | 261,75 4,826,668 | 471,766 | 11,857,482 | 1,992,515 : | Publie 740, 516 68, 349 763,616 69, 669 Private... 6,493,865 | 525,001 | 6,574,043 | 531, 53 Guin Sa Ry ee 33, 994 | 38, 400 13,717 1) 477, 392 499, 123 Mussels... ... we career ene eeneeee : LI one Pte 2 Re | 26, 970 1,367 © Cockles and winkles............ pit (0) oe aOR Sey et 587, 900 5,525 AEE Ree ee a Seat Ces ae ste Sees The te (ee mene 40,000 40 Le 0 a ae ARSE CERT SS at pe a SRSA Se ane 750 | 15 wal Rj ser En ae PRS eee STE Oe a, IE Phe 3 426, 162 | 6,556 So A ee he ee pete Te ae Ae IES Pony Spee 165, 786 9,614 ongues and cheeks: -...-....... ) Beep RE ee felines aia eee oso 5, 800 202 ag [eA SS a SO BA RS fa | |e Rs EO ere ples De 5, 212 96 es, oe / 1,545,413 | 218, 111 eens ETC ee toner | 8,625 895 Ambergris .......-. 30 | 5,000 Alewife scales... 10, 400 5,200 wig tal o SS a ae y 212’ 20 | 15, 687 AAG) LSS EE Se FF | 3,296,578 | 23,652, 647 | 1, 700, 638 | 467,339, 879 | 19, 838, 657 CERTAIN OF THE FOREGOING SHELLFISH PRODUCTS IN BUSHELS AND NUMBER. Products. Maine. New Hampshire. Massachusetts. Clams: / oe (quahogs)— Quantity. Value. | Quantity.| Value. | Quantity. Value. PULL TL: Le ae Se ee PRIMHRIRE cba cent she. oh ee aloes. Soa Fs Meee ta 106,663 | $271, 342 Private Sane Peer eee PL pantie Cea bAaebaloceic fou ce ees eee 2, 830 12, 425 Soft— Meee fee, ee oy do....| 210,573 $163, 209 6,660 | $13,320 206, 263 232, 194 Prtvihee facts. otek Oe ER Se Ak hee BLP aA =| (meee nee of ae sa ae a 12, 500 10, 750 0 Pd A: ha SES es “A Mee ORG AS eee Pe err eel pone ee” 2, 330 3, 500 Oysters: Market— CEL A a a. Cy) (Ses HOE ate aaa | 797 1, 383 - EXAVAGE soos ann-'a cereals Bo ee best. fo 266 (Chee Ee Pepe aed oot ie ae 109, 865 278, 164 USL a pase Che cus) yee ny id Sie 2S ES UR a oe (rs 3, 300 | 1, 320 Vaca ot a Beg Oe Weer uals cost fo asl cec Suis t Se ses A 11, 454 6 552 a Sid SS Ss | Got 2 12, 085 Gy AIO) | Rec eWeeal sets eto a . 222, O81 439, 382 | ES oa a ee oF do.... 1, 697 | CUA RE PAE Aare aan etek bate Tai < SO AS eS aS oP CRN (Te Ra ps A ee 5 ae a 57, 740 3, 423 Crabs Cd Bee at Ey © number..} 211,725 D505 || ote elie ees 5, 294, 883 49, 424 FEL A eee eee ears. Ces | hes as ek in layatden soa eae ak uae 025°—21——_9 130 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. CERTAIN OF THE FOREGOING SHELLFISH PRODUCTS IN BuUSHELS AND NumMBER— Continued. — Products. Rhode Island. Connecticut. Total. Clams: i Hard (quahogs)— : Quantity. Valuc. | Quantity.| Value. | Quantity. Value. Publiczes. 8. 2 c8 bushels. . 19, 529 $59, 649 6, 247 | $18, 912 132, 439 $349, 903 Privale esse he wcens (6 (aie Nhe ee? | mL aria Be Peg ns 7h 2, 830 12, 425 Soft— . Public 40, 376 22, 915 32, 070 486, 787 464, 868 Private:eu te sete Ole tie eee ae Shon |e 12, 500 10,750 NAZOD! ee Beebe = sonst See eects eede-wis ea Sata - calles Seen 2, 330 3, 500 Oysters: Market— Puplie xe ons. See oa ei pere roe sO) Sole ern 19; 522 21, 990 20, 319 23, 283 3 Private Bare! Shite, nee do 894, 537 | 1, 242,585 | 689,524 | 471,766 | 1,693,926 | 1,992,515 Seed— . Pie so ee eee COs ee ea 5 See 105, 788 68, 349 199, O88 69, 669 IBELV ALO sh siate 3 oh Be [ik oyid ORNE [St ores ok ree ae «8 927, 695 525, 001 939, 149 531, 553 Seatidpssoitae apie teat do... 5, 666 14, 608 6,400 | 13, 717 246, 232 499, 123 Wrussels:-) ea sag aay | 2 Be Sa do 1,090 Ti; OOO) ae. eer 2) ere ee ee 2, 697 1, 367 Cocklass 23 S022 2 SR tee v7 Raj |e ea Toa nen ree (ES gee pe rT eee 57, 740 8, 425 Wilnikléss- Sa c= eee a Sei ee do 1, 050 D JOO" | See, Sic erea eee ae 1, 050 2, 100 Crabs: ’ PATO. ete cats. os Sab se MUMDEL S15. oes c | hen Se ote se eee See eee ele aS 5, 506, 608 53, 019 BS Oltiss Meee im al Bee ate (0 Yo, piel NA deck pines EEN pane She paki hema eae sh 4 798 40 Extent or Fisnertes or New ENGLAND States, Various YEARS, 1880 To 1919.! Item 1880 1887 1888 1889 PERSONS ENGAGED RETO ei ee Pee) Sets Sok ooo ae eee 11, 071 15, 323 15,171 14, 129 Wey HAM pSINIe: 245s ee ee ae es 414 346 362 365 NASSACRTISCLIG 2 ~ han acca theres ciated Pam ce wee 20, 117 17, 053 17, 037 17, 238 Rhode Island ie? eas ote Meee em Vine he as 2,310 1, 635 1,703 1, 757 Mannecticnts 4 se. 3: sa ale cele 3, 131 3, 024 3, 037 3, 047 A 10] 9:1 MRE Ae aes ee Se. ees eee JP 37, 043 37, 381 | 37, 310 36, 536 MIMD OE eos eWiscka ninety sae aoe oa as Pee a eee $3, 341, 344 $3, 179, 233 $3, 023, 921 $2, 889, 893 New Hampshire. ..... 209, 465 106, 110 107, 144 112, 660 Massachusetts... 2008) 2: Ses eas (Se ear kee 14, 334, 450 13, 205, 050 13, 110, 765 13, 245, 229 Rioneisianids 362 Mo) ee, 596, 678 992, 761 1, 022, 876 1, 020, 178 Connecticntss. <2: 22 ee Pe Dapeteane 1, 421, 020 2, 897, 687 2, 869, 314 2, 826, 834 TD Oteled wats to toc see on ch toe Cee 19, 902, 957 20, 380, 841 20, 134, 020 20, 094, 794 PRODUCTS e Pounds: ; MSI a Pei > ooh osu cata oe cece ahaa Meese Selene ae 131, 379, 591 132, 929, 594 129, 559, 864 IN GW ASI DALITOU Hoon oo a hore cee en etal Gaye eae ee a aoe 4, 254, 727 3, 843, 479 4, 354, 568 MASSRCRUSELES 2: - Ss cuekon atte eee ee aioe oe ae eee 299, 544, 343 | 302, 045, 686 299, 217. 669 Rhode Islands soe ee es CA ee ae oe eee 45, 284, 872 91, 687, 487 127, 365, 475 Conniechient-3- 2. fe ee ae eer cb ea cueemee 39, 750, 008 42, 401, 612 92, 672, 464 Mata or) JAPA en PEIAE pay. m Were (OMIM Whe 520, 213,541 | 572,907,858 | 653, 170, 040 Value: | MGINCs 25 come oo = oes eee sae see See $2, 742, 571 $2, 364, 906 $2, 292, 043 $2, 111, 206 New Hampshirésoc... 2. ab eceee cee 170, 634 99, 460 | 90, 044 | 88, 51 MAGSHEHISOLIG Se as Ske ee wan 7, 959, 760 6, 464, 396 6, 355, 495 5, 858, 274 Rhodeisiands: oss os ee ooo eee 696, 814 683, 495 825, 092 935, 144 Conmiechicuis. 25... sek en, ee ee 933, 242 | 300, 746 297, 337 1, 557. 506 TP obaltes: tom et ape te oe ee 12,503,021 9,913,003 —-9, 860, O11 10, 550, 641 1 The statistics for 1908 are from data published by the Bureau of the Census. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 131 Extent or FIisHERIES OF NEw ENGLAND States, Various YEARS, 1880 To 1919 Continued. 1898 1902 1905 1908 1919 PERSONS ENGAGED. 7 oS Sn Se ea 16, 954 19, 832 15, 881 6, 861 14, 386 New Hampshire. ................ 1s 161 145 79 100 Massachusetts.....:...-..--.--.2 14, 363 14, 300 15, 694 11,577 12, 346 renpetsingt ose 1, 687 2,117 2,212 1, 493 1, 646 Connechent. Yr eee. sec... 2, 473 2, 840 3, 407 2, 147 2, 289 iiriabees weld hehe seb e 2s 35, 631 39, 250 37, 339 | 22, 157 30, 767 INVESTMENT ra Maine........ 2. | $4,013,053 | $6,939,503 | $8,972,049 | $2,411,000] $17, 544, 969 New eampshire: ..:.2:..--.----- | 52, 648 42, 002 47, 050 23, 000 45, 530: Massachusetts. ::................ 13,372,902 | 10,811,594 | 10,810, 442 5, 750, 000 19, 111, 269 Maodo island... .-2.2-s2---.0-0- 957, 142 1, 014, 280 1, 065, 426 1, 504, 000 2, 249, 488 GCannoctiont) 2202.81. Jes 1, 241, 291 1, 201,055 | 1, 635, 753 , 2, 281, 000 1, 645, 793 20) Oe Eo Sse 20, 008, 434 | 22, 530, 720 | 11,969,000 | 40, 597, 049: PRODUCTS. [amir ca. 10. = 0 Dl Ls > | san Ebi Pounds: | Moalvip= p62 0099). eo 8) 242, 390,371 | 124,723,786 | 173,843,000 | 147, 956, 369 New Hampshire. 1, 593, 013 1, 036, 452 677, 000 528, 730 Massachusetts - 230, 645,950 | 255,654,475 | 244,313,000 | 246,951, 241 Bbodo Island: «522+... -:-.- 32, 854,396 | 21,613,964 | 23,896,243 | 44, 254, 000 48, 250, 883 Connecticut..5-2-. 5 .i.:.-.-- 31, 920, 417 | 37,832, 149 | 74,972,648 | 66,942,000 | 2, 652, 647 Ee peels Ale ie ae 393, 457,906 | 534,075,447 | 480, 283, 604 | 530,029,000 | 470, 995, 169 Value: | ESD Ss Se eee $2,654,919 | $2,918,772 $2,386,406 | $3, 257, 000 $3, 889, 035 New Hampshire............. 48, 987 50, 003 51, 944 53, 000 92, 660 Massachusetts..........--... 4, 463, 727 6, 482, 427 7, 025, 249 7, 095, 000 10, 859, 746. Pinode taland. ss ied a. ck 955, 058 1, 155, 701 1, 546, 658 1, 752, 000 3, 296, 578 @artechiertt Le. ..s22-2222~.-- 1,559,599 | 1,799,381 | _3, 173,948 | _2, 982, 000 1, 700, 638 cif Se lig SE es ©, 682,290 | 12, 406,284 | 14, 184,205 | 15, 139, 000 19, 887, 406 BY-PRODUCTS. Only a few firms are engaged solely in the preparation of by- products in the New England States and several of these are the sole manufacturers of a particular product within the State or section, the eater part of the material being prepared incidental to other ranches of the fishery trade. It is therefore impracticable to present a detailed table of this important industry for individual States. In the following table the quantity and value of the products are shown as completely as possible without disclosing private enterprise. In view of the increased demand for protein feed for hogs, cattle, and poultry, it is suggested that New England producers of scrap and omace give consideration to the manufacture of fish waste and waste fish into fish meal for feeding purposes. QUANTITY AND VALUE or Various FisHery By-Propucts PrepareD IN NEW ENGLAND IN 1919. Item. Maine. Massachusetts. Total. Oil: Number. Value. Number. Value. Number. Value. Liver..... 197,077 | $106,363 158, 797 $180, 635 2 255, 874 $286, 998 Herring. 23, 861 TAS Sa ck caue av eelaaken save ace 23, 861 14, 569 Sperm.... oe ee ae 206, 055 218,111 | % 206,055 218, 111 Liquid glue... 25,058 | 34,583 | 41388, 252 474, 924 413, 310 509, 507 Fish scrap and meal 4,115,200 | 130,461 | 6,291, 997 140,570 | 10, 407, 197 271,031 Herring pomace...-. 1, 271, 424 ph fl eee PEE Ss ae 1,271, 424 16,411 SE ORUGIE seins cgevessreutsas ebeeresesrlnes = Wisedl Keb ociaevee Pieters aaeledie eaCiaeae 5 333, 135 NE Pak Sices neancatd sapien iF oA i | "1,014, 238 |- Item. | Cumberland. Hancock. Kennebec. ) Knox | i a a eee ee INVESTMENT. \ | Vessels fishing: Number. | Value. |’ Number. Value. | Number. Value. | Number. | Value. SC a aoe 1 $2; WO) 5 oe eos see. jee caters Page es Rees ee 4 $1,000,000 Tonnage. ---.. | 9.5 eee / Cok ae 3 il ES ee Sa Panne | hele rifts s 23.2 oe SUV) 22 ano onal Ce Raa | RE bee eats. £5 69, 750 Gasoline. ......... 62 214, 250 tiie S50 500). eke Close. a 40} 68, 200 Tonnage... --: ees 2 ES eS Beene S308 |25sb eee 22 Outhibies 220. bts! weet Mf) SRD) es eee as | Shia) eee es Sa CaaS 8, 730 (ilo se: eos SRS Se ee eee f EoBS O00 )a pacsn>-|5 222. 3..2|-=-.<0>. eee) ee it ed eae Seer eee i) dees oe CE i en ere Cs TCS is ee Rey eee ee er ae er) bea SAE ct BR PE eee aceon re [fae Vessels transporting: j Gasoline. .......-. 9 26, 900 29}, 169; 530)-=- 2422S h-5- 2. -| 22) $4, 200 Tonnage. .....| Fee a cose ie BOO 3. atest ola. cee fccwx css 213|- <2 2eee irtiG® 2s. --4 ' Oe Eee rE ees / 21, 250). nc esa SSS. a eer | 13,128 SDT RE (oe eee er ee Be ee TE GONE: PES obs c 2- 8... | wane ach Tonnage...... aed eee ye ETA (is) ane eee Ase eo Se ee ee eet OF eS SENG See See SY ee awe Gs a ae : 5 1) RS oh | URE Ol RS) PES Boats: | / Dewar vos e203 2- 488 173, 325 832), (4 286/210}... 222.5 Pee San 522) 147, 900 ~ Sail, row, ete...... 150 4,070 654] 15,195 12} $320 537, 17,995 Apparatus, vessel Retodten” Gill’ note .-. 2.2.2. 1,020} 29, 630) 213) 6, 265) 19} 550 6| 120 i ee 42} 14, 130 FOODS: SOMSOR teats 1d ns ae 20| 3, 200 Bag nets and | mockey nets. 2.2). 220.252... tee ee a 15) 1, 025) 6 0 ed Pe ee Fyke nets. ........ 1 gE SRA ee Ree 8] DEAR] ss < ah ohne \eateon nae 0S eS Pe ee Sone ree | 4 Wircdsebced | sheen 22 43 Lobster pots. ..... 20,696) 41, 734) 38,101), 96, 291/....-.-.- Hi 3% Os. 28,270) 55, 505 el potsand traps.|...:-:.-..-|.------.»s 60 990| 28| 53) 12/ 25 Otter trawls....... 15 475) 1 ot, Milan «clot Pea 5| 250 Sore tines... 2 180 Cou cea Acie re et: fees hee | rst aa fos Aerie nthe Hasan 4 Cunner traps...... 80 re epee sya aiend ERAS Bie IB ESUSSE lage aees Fe ee AE leeeee Dene + ech at vl ee eee 13 Ihiekoe ee cee ES Ss oC pla ead Inika =, | no ee eee DEM Aaron cree eee StRR EY Aas Leena PEE CACY: Hoes and forks... . 424 BAe aeietne anna 69 ~ 70 Wrodumaess bess Joo 15 At G50 Vee Eh acest 9 Shore and accessory eS ae bP 9 |) 1,586 DAB. seecaiiiy.: rel tT aes BID cook ot Te eee ee lars a | ee 116, B50). .- 2 -.22|<>-2 ane wansenenbnnls ASL BOD Peeeh es eee es PP, OBA olaaye oe eh ed 2, 522, 718\.........| 2, 860|.........-.(3, 108, 726 Pounds. Value. Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. $4 134, 638 re eae Bg 224, 200 ) [| I er, Ee on Remon a NE ree b 39, 973 3, 4 Re 23 eee Ch Ae 109, 620) 6, 187 “Reise ran | Smap ier (iu areas aa 17a| ey di 86 Meee Acwaleeegos> 46, 309 1, 266 A tele) ee ir 2, 751,122) 98, 607 SA, Sop pees A by gh oe De Nec tibs gies 954,959] 50, 980|.........|.....6-. 2, 000 00 MEMOS o.4ip bbs 55a 25d 30, 695 [17] PS eee! ba eae bdleroe ee (dee wees ly ne ae a ee 7 eo oT) IRS El vp, 72,749| ‘1, 510 DDL anual cneyarles ccereee ds Fares 7, 050 950 7,050| $608 1, 000 100 Flounders PSO tad 145, 223 4, 309 17, 330 6 SPEEA 124,537} 6, 541 Fresh............. 1,459,468} 40,701} 579,031] 28, 267/.........|.....--. 7, 683, 357, 220, 907 OS RRR fees 25 522 DO Pee tge » 73, 400 PSN. 5 2u'aaed| sede r ea eae ee eres oes 3 Hake: \ } lp Mets ss ce CB A a ee cee ech: A aaa 134 FISHERY IN DUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PropuctTs OF THE FISHERIES OF MAINE IN 1919, By CountTres—Continued. Item. Cumberland. Hancock. Ikennebec. Knox. | PRODUCTsS—continued. Halibut: Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. | Pownds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. Breshyee eae. 38,215) $6, 507 91:'087| .~ S8y 50012 6:2 eee 72,048| $9, 918 Saltedwetee. ens Es ae eee 1, 000 80). ees ee eso eee Herring: Mreshascs.. Sook. 3, 390, 072 38, 763]/ 22,178, 901| 122, 6411.....-- 12.2 9, 888, 575} 45, 009 Smokes? 2255 [ee |o 0 ee ee. A See 3 | 0S 2 ena Se 29,000| 1, 700 Mackerel, fresh....... 223, 184 33, 918 16, 214 23100) < S22 Saae cl somes 41, 747 5, 926 Pollock: 4 BY, 583| MIDOTaIN Ses hele eee 1,321, 818} 24, 136 7, 700 D451... BL SE |e Snel 7, 050 D795) <2 20. 012 = ood oleae 78, 286 4,840| 7,280} $1,365] 120, 843| «2, 429 SESS Ia Wars oot Chap [ER ety oc a 15 95, 435 16, 470 1, 350 340 93,600) 17,150 2, 000 LG0|2 See: al ee eee 7 207 a 2 ale cee eee 5,300]... 6, 540| beeen Mere deieltie ciSlei| a aeretoe Se ae ape pore ree 27, 000 5, 840 Le Lee ee ae S| Spe aA 65,175). 1; O55 sulicedu See eee ees eee ee eee ees ee es bo Whiting: WReSH So ee ad | 610, 535} ASQUG | So meena] 55 aoe ae Se erctirele ie eee 11, 100 61 3,000} sis QOl ches cclescoeec ee] abe! | ee 296 ee 7 ne Re | Ree rer Pee yada Pee ace Mal eeeordoa oe sene ee secils uo dac 670,050, 187,904] 1,394,959] 346, 903/.........]........ 1, 362, 219] 348, 850 70, 575, 3, 5OB|. chil. -ssalucciot seadlec. co econflabentn eles aCeaaes Eitan 449,659| 48,131] 636,135| 42, 416|...".....|.---.... 162, 070] 10, 376 a eee sn he a 30! R00] ches 200 [tices 5 41,712] 17,216 shih sit fecical| hae oto si pele Se Banas all eer cme He eae PRE 16, 970 367 692 13 120 tL | ee die ste] ceteans Gee 4, 200 42 10, 546) BBS |b ve aschee ic dead TOS | eee 272 20 74, 949) 1, 009 1, 100 TSI Raters ans te 3, 063 40 16, 135, 178 768, 836] 39,485,158] 882,175] 136,155] 10, 809} 26,669,546] 870, 229 | | Item. Lincoln. | Penobscot. Sagadahoc. Waldo PERSONS ENGAGED. Number Value. |Number. Value. | Number. Value. | Number. | Value. On vessels fishing-........ ic ea ee ee, eat gs 55 die eres Boe ee | erevelatait oe l= a ee ere On vessels transporting. . - (es AV EU Dad, ‘ate Sl reer ee lara Sit eeeeee in shore fisheries. -........ OSSD ae. os Dole sa DOBlensnce ane TAG | eee cee UIONESIMCE co weceen see eee 92, Seas Mers | 61) pS ee ie Dhcie Beene 154) floes yt Stee MR Tae ad ale eee 268| 2443 B08) eps aes INVESTMENT. Vessels fishing: Gasoline. U7) $82,700) 2 ieee est ee ee re OUNALO! Soa haeiee 164 oo. cioe cia] oe (seo || ee dod ape Bae leie'oe oh oimeit oat | oom eet OGL Sa. cine acl o nce dees once see ODL einem wie mie) o eieseinieais lem mnie scien | minieein es = Cite eae tees ree Vessels transporting: Cer | bie (gene ba aa ene 2 e200 |2 28 oh eal eet he oe lo 2 tape an eee 8) $18, 800 UWerebtt: 1-2 ee Sas Pe Jbl sae ee 1-85 eee lhascte cate Sa ates Deoeiey eae creecrare 691 2 yee Ontilbaeonies «owt 025. press sarees LD pci ogi) eo ~ been ga eee [earata bre <1s/s| etelaie eee 2,225 Boats: ; VOW OI). vor, SAS ESA 298} 73,010) 4 $600 136} $28, 140 56) 14,075 Sail, row, etc.......... 410) 11, 440 391,550 162} 4,890 186] 10, 054 Apparatus, Vessel fish- | eries: Otter trawls........... 1 TAN OOS. be 2. coon kee taaaisteeiseeic Solttes.se > Awe. i= Soce 18 Gilmn6ts S22 Seeds sos. 15 Apparatus, shore fisheries: Pound nets, trap nets, and weirs...........| 25} 15, 050 1 100 32} 22,500 103) 77,315 Lines, hand and trawl.|........... BL eee 1200) 8) oo: aoe PAR UN Sete a Mee 200 Gh neta rcs 759) 18,755 60 705 287). 8 77Olncax--- al aaa Seingsa2 sos Tie) S: 18 PEDO) 2 stavseel aes ere 3 BOO) oss < 3 3 2 ee aces eee Bag nets and pocket | Heth Ae rE OS" 16} 1, 200 6 550 9 750 13] 1,300 es DELS 4a. ae oa e< ose 41 15160) 2nd 3:23 | pone 23 840). ess con eeereces Dip nets oe ae a eee 4 BY. racic a0 oa migresasocal| cia tpe tele tate etel| Meeratarsle ters | wales tener ean | eee Lobster pots. .......2. 162366] ada sdibloeds cece eceeeee 3, 213 6, 505 600} 1,200 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 135 Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF MAINE IN 1919, By CounTIEs—Continued. Item. Lincoln. Penobscot. Sagadahoc. | Waldo. 4 INVESTMENT—continued. Apparatus,shore fisheries— Co ntinued. | Number. | Value. |Number| Value.| Number. | Value. | Number. | Value. Eel potsand traps. ... 43) $75 30) $60 289) $546 55) $115 Otter trawis-.=........ 11 500 ME Sc oss eeet tl! ee Ul. yy S00 Scenee eee eee s De ee | 25) Ce eo Bees oe ae rN emer ree as ae DEUS Too y=) eee Sees es Beeeeeeee Meee twee emcas..| + 30. SS osoeeee eames Hoes and forks........ 78 0 ae PE ES re Pe ee (Perens St 8) oo | | } Break ro 141, 640 ........, 82,600 195, 216 ee 34,530'........| 10,000 20, 000 Be ae ee | 465, 067|........| 97,365 / 340, 500 . | | Pounts. | Value. Pounds.| Value.| Pounds Value. | Pounds. | Value. 40, 200) $296) 19, 000 $400) 3, 200) $85 7, 000 $190 6, 800) Reese plateau’ / Seine Bedeec] Je wee boclnmck waceeoe \scctenen 104, 700) Re eee | eet 74, 000 257 (|| eA es eee 800 ee Rane? 3 DNase 27 es Oe ee Ye 100 Wt oe Ais Ted Re a ele ia (aaa es ie ey / 809, 711 Pe | | eee eed 7S bo ee } 330,728, 16,079 14,300 600 3, 000 RL a SS Be ee 9 ee Ee eae er Eee es OS ee AB OTN. 5. AMD Ce Oe 14, 720 587] e252 See 52,000, 4,060 24,000) 2,400, 175,650] 12, 525 8, 000 800 AAO a BD, VARI ent le sce c te 39, 950 30) ee mee I ee 188, 714 (aT Cos eres Ala Pee 32, 382 1,187 2,000, 80 1, 079, 617 CLT eee ae ek 309,940} 12,238 4, 300) 130 811 4 eS I< Seem ia rT 771} ae eae | (ie ae 5,174,117| 41,658)........|........| 641,400 O11 5,479,880} 22,518 120, 000) 5am SL ae REESE (eee | Ue S20 emer OY SEA a7OfG41 | 24, O40}. 5 deo | 72,143} 8, 801 8,707, 1,354 8, 000) G50 es 26h | peeen ce ee | See (ee rre es (o a aoen 468, Bh EL eae BEES Bee | 109, 650 1,773 4, 000 110 et Mie a a3) 4 819] 745] 8 85711 845 39,050) 6, 330 3, 121 220 iti... J staesteea vai}. \,. 53,600) 18,342, 1,000, “A75). 74,230) 18,811)" 23,450) 5, 862 Ce Ee ee | Po ors Pama bse 535 101 57 12 eTeCOR: «. -£-haee c= ee ; | 2,777 De EE TLE | ne BEreaeOn TOG cs 2455-2 ge il. oon evens Ree este. cs 143 PUTA pte ee Pee A Be RHGROES -|.-... cotaneehs> os 11, 600 eee eee ere Te EL 7 eee | ee LOO! |) F TLIG 2 OOO) O00 ooo cen ce 15, 000 375 pe eee ee EY 5, 875 Fy] eee ame Donen are Weatting, freah...- 2s. si2.82 59, 600 BOG iio s, acm oan a ek the ate ETOMGCNES |. -Uthc ... eee 147, 664; 39, 739 8, 800 640 (3 | ee ne eee cf 860 || ee eee [rp eset ae A Se petites © ck aM tO cy ee cola tae ultle = Maser eel ase oa aisee ane Ee JOOS a Ee ef 7 en | aeons eee Eman ee Myse meetin Bone fiee 5.8 kylie Motel isi orb. des! 2s 2, 185 50 141,588) “5, 582,472| 34,736 : Item. York. Total. heen a ae d . | Number. | Value. | Number. Value. On vessels fishing............ eases 58 ROG Fe nose.> 1, QOS. . Sores mre onsols Lranemariatien se see sth >) ID Foo ware 2 ckeelaaee sees O89) 2 - Se sadeey EmuOre fisheries f.0s basccycsoeees. Th] pee 5y be) Ve a a ee "oe ene: 1 SP A eye Foe 6 i ot 5 RS | ee Pee 5) $1,002, 500 Tonnage vo besguees oe PREP adda dne ta bitrs nace cu dieerccen an celawcceded=|, a, 1) SAUDE IRORUB SR «2 Cr RP AES SoS See al |e Se: CRS 01 ee IS Re Op ieee he oa 70,050 ROUOBU A, clr 53-252 etean 14) $81,500 173] 514,650 SRORIMORES 2 030.0:43 nasa sani rb | Z,089|s-bouloss os 2 Sree a pape |S ree Se Bl RS (| 13; 101 aaron =o 91,013 Re ruaW eh rb0.es so 5 6t4 500 cack arated hal bedbud ese NGS dees ce culasideowwsm 4 53,000 ID 40.00 042 bebe 0. xOUA CREA PITTA Tok ao tl raew'es ba oclees vrnend GOD b cio taeas hie aba ss on bavardearis cad tes Weal asen steels ls opens va Folsncdasascalunoes amine 4 25, 800 136 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT. AND PrRopUCTS OF THE FISHERIES OF MAINE IN 1919, By CountTres—Continued. | | Item. Washington. York. | Total. INVESTMENT—Continued. | | Vesseis transporting: | Number. | Value. | Number. | Value. | Nwimober. Value. BieaMi<-ostesse open oe ee 2 $2; 000 | soS2Re 1. elses 2 $9, 000 Tohnape- = 2 a3 sa aes 2B iRiee. 2 oteleee ele eres | ae eae eee y+) ae ene er fol estes Ve ck ee ee eas 1 DSO itor ae a a a a tb ioe ae , 800 Gascline > £22). 5-2 aes 95 306, ALORS cect kc setae 165, 51 040 Tonnare. 222 oe 6b np ee Dip GE | Sana ME | Sees 2 IB SS 28 1, (62\yo Teh eee CO) rine ee es CR aay tarred eS RG NET 63, 155/Ro2e ea |S ee ee 103, 998 ret I ae a os UR ee te ee 1 1; 71d) See oil toe ener a 2 16, 715 Tonnage® . 3. 23 soc settee ece AG\ see < « 5 ak SENS ie 45 |: CO ee 121. 2 eee Ought o>. RR take eee LS hes es atc lence esccn| see eee 6, 375 Boats PAWER ee A tee 613, 139,945 141] $38, 875 3,090} 902, 080 PA STOW OCC--. > eee eee 507 16, 550 42, 1,575 2, 789 83, 639 Appardtus, vessel fisheries: Oftentrawlsss.c2- sae bee 2 2,520 (GINS. {eS eaeaSe slat LS Ee 34, 747 STINTS EBD a Ror eae ee 93, 270 Gilltiets = Ft ose h peta tek ha a 29, 689 FAT DOONS 2 = 2 betas on(ienes -& 2, 230 TADStaY POS. - se abite aera 2,195 red Gass. 22 ce eee aes 400 Apparatus, shore fisherie.;: Pound nets, trap nets, and WEITHS2 P= Sec eae gate eee ee 514, 665 Lines, hand and trawl.........- 61, 410 Gini ws. 2 eh eee 71, 214 BOINOB a2. Wks eee takes saa 44,055 Bag nets and pocket nets... 8, 675 Wy Komets. 52.2 Woscte nee eee 3, 685 Pipers. ss. 5 fees. . a e 776 OBSter NOUS =n pees ace ete as , 932 382, 258 Eel pots and traps. ......--2-- 63 194 19 2s 599 1, 198 Often trans. .<) csc Seb od ree | 142, 085 5,522) 1,086,774) 34,958) 11,124,411 332, 215 pie h rote Pe ee RE |S oe eA Ee ae ieee, eae Rag || ph ae ore 73, 400 2, 812 Ifake: iy eo) ie a, Sa 140, 278 2,862/ 477,910] 19,710] 16,108,575] 320,227 Dralion Si SI occ ava Ga tatatcacne 4, 300 LOG|YS dooks eee ee see 5,060 256 Halibut ros 3) Yeh. 3: .sci0, Ane 53, 345 6,422 20,930} 3, 600 217,476 31, 841 Salted seh son ccssdvstek oe anes Conan’ aaa eee Mates oo ogee eats Ine eee cee 1, 600 80 Herring Liga sae a a, Seip Rea 39, 893, 181 PEO epee Seas ace] sectors ---| | 86,646, 126 455, 604 SINE a dee eee) ada ES 6, 200 Fh 7] ee ee Ee ae ae 6, 200 187 Soke St oO ty ake 12,550 Fc) aig eR kere Dee 161, 550 6,715 Mackerel: | a a ak PR 2 SAS Ola = Met es ("a (1,000/ 5,280 593, 506 81,428 Baliad 4 ee Uiee : ee as es os A Re, ye al met ene Sen peti oa | AE oe 8, 0UL 650 Pollock: r | BeOS: . Bosse so28 ae: Bese ee 638, 680 12, 657 252, 880 7, 784 5, 597, 163 113, 487 Batted rie i) ae ou Bee ee 25, 100 2) 095 2; 000 100 34, 800 2,440 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Tear Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND Propucts or THE FISHERIES oF MAINE IN 1919, By CounTres—Continued. Item. Washington. | York. Total. | | PRODUCTS—Continued. : | A Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. Pownds. Value. yi So DR SEL Sees Selene el Oe air | a See 905 $14 17,322) . $245 Salmon: OOS heh ee 1, 280 PSP hr ena Le 20, 610 7,926 Humpback 316 (2) Eee ae ee Se 310 62 PM eee ei $000 390 446 53 414, 455 28,393 LILES soc ae eee a eg eas ie | Nee 5S aaa 1, S45 54 39, 747 8 Tet Sb ee es pate ee) Oe eee SoS) RE eee Heanr aes 2, 385 47 Baieite os 8 Sieh ee | 36, 390 §, 226 8,000] 1,575 523, 967 94,496 0 TUM al oe ee SE «SS ee) SP A S| Ee ee aes ES a eee ee eee 592 113 Geecon ee ae deg d= era nen see PEER Ae nie ae eae cts 8, 129) 1, 744 STS Diy) S25: ele a POY. | neti aly bo ceds oh No ees oe 143 297 1 ea ae RES € be tt ee RRS ae ee 110,400) 11, 852 |S SS iene: Tepaeyssiay pleats 90,103] “247379 44? s13| 1047734 LTT eg a ee a a ey | 53 Goan aed PR aR BEE es | See 14) 2 TTT 2s oe ae na eae Oe 5, 825 7 TT Dee |S Seat 147, 160] 4.511 [anG Sa a ee ee ee Re | a oe eS: Eee 31, 909 2,040 Whiting: | Uo) pea SERN note 3, 335 | a (etre 684,970 4,727 ESS ie SSE EA eee ener ae Ee ee ee ee esas | 3, 000 90 Sa tL UA a eee eee fe a Sie ee pee rn 377 4 Labetens Eee OMENS ind» ails cd's M2, 300) 206,425 493,000) 128,760) ® 5,545,884) 1,411,548 OL SU a eer SR eee ope ed ee eS” Bid Per ee a BIE ee } 170,579) 3,595 Mamimcnth . 4 58 cs sn. (51, 919 43, 365 12,500} 2,770) 22,105,734) 163,209 tears Ree Beads Som ics apis e - Reece lecteur thao wen ky | oa-bhe Ae. [bee hee eee cat BLUSSGIS . - 2-2 ~~ eens wesc ween ene lee cece es cnnes | Soe See eee ees Cee 1,940) ) Tongues and cheeks................ | 201) 40 5, 000 150) 5, 200 190 eet 2") ah) en th ee 5) 212, 95 Co, Ee eS es sae eal 29) 1} 7,7 386) 18, 857) 778 OE Se eee eee ae / 17, 025} 391 12,075 186) 112, 587) 1, 712 OS Ep pee ee / 3, 730) 375 4,875 520) 5 8, 625 895 ee ee ei seo ad Aa ee PRN oett 25 S55 Anew ss, s me ne ---] 43,919, 195) 520, 561 4,328, 216) 312, 592) ibenes | 3, 889,035 i | ! 1 211,725 in number. 512,085 bushels. 61,150 gallon. 2 210,573 bushels. 4 1,697bushels. FISHERIES BY APPARATUS. In the fisheries of Maine in 1919 pots ranked above all other forms of apparatus in the value of their catch, with 5,793,784 pounds of lobsters, valued at $1,432,004, and 247,950 pounds of eels, valued at $20,480. Lines ranked second with 32,992,588 pounds, valued at $978,134, the principal species taken with lines arranged in the order of their value being: Cod, 7,432,231 pounds, valued at $397,322; hake, 15,230,183 pounds, valued at $309,878; and haddock, 3,857,610 pounds, valued at $129,678. The yield of the pound net, trap net, and weir fishery amounted to 76,231,256 pounds, valued at $452,146, of which 74,043,982 pounds, valued at $362,339, were herring. Otter trawls taking mostly haddock, cod, and flounders, yielded 9,316,245 pounds, valued at $296,356. Various species were taken in seines to the amount of 15,626,164 pounds, valued at $220,530, and in gill nets to the amount of 4,283,308 pounds, valued at $156,546. The catch with hoes and forks, consisting principally of soft clams, amounted to 2,122,704 pounds, valued at $163,576; and that with harpoons, consisting mostly of swordfish, amounted to 452,633 ounds, valued at $106,499. The combined catch of all forms of hing apparatus employed in both the shore and vessel fisheries amounted to 147,956,369 pounds, valued at $3,889,035. 138 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. The following tables show by counties, App ae and species the products of the vessel and shore fisheries of Maine in 1919: YieLtp or VESSEL FISHERIES OF MAINE IN 1919, BY CouNnTIES, APPARATUS, AND SPECIES. a SS: : ————— Apparatus and species.| Cumberland. Hancock. Knox. Lincoln. Otter trawls: | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value. Buttertisnses tess eee owen ale eee ees oo | 25 C7 ere SS oh oom Catfish and wollf- Sh fdessl ss let meted pel eats od |bune aaeermene| eas. ee 8 45, 660 a? OG) ee eee pie os = ps Nigra PAC A BEES ee ae SE ea 11), 889/051: ||’ 59,4720) | sey ate ea eee Flounders........- 20, 034 7 IY ee ee | 67, 301 3, O88 8, 695 $260 PROCS fst e eal e Cees eines |e seen nel eee coe eee 7.001.906) .|) 296; O54: | seer anatase enee WT RIKGS 2 SCR cc Lite culeee pcunitet locnedose ae eeeem eel ire ee 52, 262 2164S se oe APANDUGA ecu tb ten|o bette nee sb |e acto ween eames sence 46, 207 7; BAGH ae See ee Pook meses. ele cceteasies| sexe 4 seaeeeene ne | fe Lo ee 64, 940 T5560) | soc ne eecete ees SRATESE Pes eet eek sb anes sc) cc panier |paeemmaaen false oe ae 19 tg ere pei acl scenes oro SUUTPOGU ee eee Leah. cas het a oe eae omen | -eeeeomencin| menses oe 784 207) eae eee aetna SPAWMs Seep ee se cs eames Rein alee rine [ote cee ot eee oe 150 1} | .d.ceoteeee eames Total..2........| 20,034 (116 a Ce eae Be | 8,668, 305 | 271, 897 8, 695 260 Lines: 4 Catfish and wolf- | . ish. eee: oe 5, 815 152 86 $2 649 25 100 il Cod— | Fresh......... 1,384,643 | 59,534 | 285,519 | 6,908 505,993 | 17,025 69,434 | 2,683 Salted ices nce ce meeaos woulaeecsocue 951,000)! BOFG6G0%).< 201/542 -10l sa cetera | tate saeco eee Cuskis Ben: | 483,865 | 17,310 1, 816 29 21, 129 562 13, 936 | 497 Flounders......... 5, 823 95 30 1 | 286 Gilera) SBS 2 Haddock— | Hreshicc. 222. - 696,608 | 19,616 14, 920 734 320, 181 9, 813 18, 080 482 Saltedos 2.524 ee Sau ese ms| See seat oe 73; 400) QS R02 ole ee I ca cuenetstal ae Nae eee |eeeneeee ake setiese nes ct | 839,392 | 34,380 108,385 | 1,999 853,597 | 15,378 138,749 , 3, 001 alibut— Fresh......... | 34,353 | 5,842 3,707 | 586 3, 566 540 il 2 Salted... . 2. ee iat ate 1, 000 7 Ree i FN OE PERI EI - Pollock— EAS 22638 | 146,531 4, 952 43, 443 626 206, 982 3, 641 3,931 106 TEE a ee ae eaelauen 7, 700 B45 cos scdoalece adtee 51 Sreustle Rosefish.......... | "14, 332 ike Sl eee SA ee Tae) ane St ght aed)” Be 800 Qn Shapkse- coh os 1, 827 FC) (Ea Oe Sk SN ee ee | 200 5 644 2B Skatese este asoh 188 BW ects cies 505 | SR kites [eee cide Dacor Peteecie ate Re | eee ae aes hae POMS! <_ = £5 55 GN eee S| ee ed 120 Lijscade dese te ada c seas [Came eee seer paw estos soe 7, 240 DICTA e 7 ieee 3 LOR a a 122 9 163 8 Daiversochs2s, hee: 24, 893 vy eee eee [os 1k in | 2,413 32 4,375 73 Notalel. su. | 3,645,510 | 142,849 | 1,491, 126 | 73,653 | 1,915,118 | 47,036 | 250,396 | 6, 886 Seines: Alewives: -...-2..-- 3, 800 | 45 Butterfish. ce 628 | 80 Code.) 2.7 98>. eo stcde se lsoctnie Flounders......... 20 | 1 - Ada OGis ss eo: "rhea es nae ee Sea Ui Sen Sale pa iy Ea SP ay x ene Sp 25 1 Bakes 22. deteg |e ose sete ee | 110 5 | sete k cen [nee seal same cee ese Maree IOTEID Fo on Se in = 3, 167,907 | 31,542 Mackerel— x BODOG ere csr 25, 488 4, 004 Salted eee een eon clare en POUGCKS | fos tsonkS 139, 094 3, 342 Salmon, Atlantic... 7 SHad’)- 38) Fea: 9, 368 695 SHArKS-£) 2.5. s oe 5, 275 142 Simeiteso. . 5 22 16,422 | 1,565 Sturgeon. aed 202 | 15 Wither nn 8.. ae | 2,065 16 TSVerse;.- Stl ic. 1,023 16 EQUALS nee oe oe ee 3,371,299 | 41, 465 Gill nets: Catfish and wolf- PIsn ate feo Ae 978 3 * Cod—Fresh...... 543,253 | 22,660 COS i stec tt acteee 1,620 103 Flounders......... 2,690 60 Haddock.......... 164,591 | 4,556 Wakes ose aes ne 37, 107 1, 449 Halibut 18 | 2 Mackerel. 46,115 | 6,011 Pollock 626,359 | 15,032 Rosefish 55 — <— 2. ——_ FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 139 Yietp or VEssEL FISHERIES OF MAINE IN 1919, BY CouNTIES, APPARATUS, AND Sprecres—Continued. Apparatus and species.| | Cumberland. Hancock ‘Knox. Lincoln OE ES ee Se eS ame ee Gill nets—Continued. | Pownds. pons Pounds. | Value | Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value. SU ee oa pe Pte (pe sai 2 ee ee ee ae te tion eu Jan See eee eee seca leeeeeees SLU S ae Se 4,150 [IM Bee oe ee ee eee Face sioicie «5 oad eee ee ee eee Skates. -:.-4---.- 55 | oC RE 5 eed EE Ea mY Pec ca) ee cis I ee ee eae Sturgeon. ......-.. 400 | Li DLS es | Ses (ERIS ea ea 5 Fae PES | Se ee Lobsters. - ......-- 50 5) (3CEe eee Saeed Oe eee Pemassr rs eo) eae Spawn. .*-.-.....- 1,110 Hh ae ee ere | Bs soe | eee Peeenen Senet ceer nd Ennion oo ea 5, 906 it 5.9 te. ee, Fees a ene Re feces 8 |e Sie Lan 1,434, 719) | (60245, |2_.-....--- estes | 12,500 | $1,500 15, 130 $428 ’ nn Harpoons: Swordfish.! 305,200 | 73,963 |..........-]-.------ 27, 000''|..5; $40: |. ass / eee iobster pots: Lobsters |........---|b222-25.- 14, 845 | $3,750 S80195)) 12,033 |... S55. eae IPE ORNOPS An. [oj oo. 5 sod fee ease at aaa ens oaahoer> aide 42968.) 5,349 |. 255.5) OR eee Grand total..... 8, 776, 762 | 309, 153 | 2,648,695 | 95,877 | 12,590,265 | 369,973 | 3,402,866 | 57,071 Apparatus and species. Washington. York. Total. ee ora Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Ui Tee ae Be | Tea OP) ope ieee Oe) i. ST i i ane rs 25 PALER ANA WOUDSH «713 ctke = Js ioe Loses ee wens cS leds oles pis pansies see — , 660 1, 241 eee A Se st OED haa toate CGE os Lo Ca nalite Seley cmoles tenet eaten) esse cobbled 1, 389, 051 59, 729 aa ap Seemann iO DS 31,000 127,030 5,029 oe paces _ Hh See eee oO aay es > oy OR aa ee 7, 001, 906 196, 054 URN Se ah, acta erat sath Sr SID g Stree SNES Marae esac be 52, 262 2,144 ERROR rs Sint a OS a SIE ie Bock el eee we ee es hoe 46, 207 7, 856 eae oY See Bee beet eS See ig Ae ae 70 65, 210 1,569 ERR at shoe CUNT aS eRe PUR e hares - Owe lay weno Loe leamancoeeee 19 1 “Lhe a bgt gS ieee oe I) Oe ae A Oe La eee 784 207 Tr hee Bea ee eee ory | (Pee an | Ueber eae oe Ce Amen Pee 150 11 ONE Sa ee Re ert a Phe aaa, aid bods Ail 31, 270 8. 728, 304 273, S47 Lines: i zz re a UO WOMGSINas 5. ee Beats ee ee Gos wll cea 662 7,312 197 UT a ah eR a 270,390 | $8,278] 1,045,546 3,561, 575 A ee ae aati 500 | GON cocoa ata ete due San 951, 500 2) SRO. Sinaia nite ite 11, 040 25 208, 076 739, 362 MITTEE Go <, 5.9 sek re No wits Ailes Os 240 | 11 ot ENS Ed Pag Re 6,502 Haddock— | | 4 ONES 97.81 Zee tre abe 18,075 688 829, 952 | 1, 897, 816 LTO ee Sehr eke bee de Papel s ee aee alles noe ce Wace al 73,400 Ramee Se So Ys tere gel, 17, 643 651 385, 266 2, 343, 032 Halibut— ‘ CS i ees ee 15, 180 1,985 17, 880 74, 697 SN ate ald es nc slr errenitinrwiicas oreo ake wuake tated sox cechachc ur woes 1,000 Pollock— Oe iain oe 42, 630 701 32, 550 . 476, 067 AS sete ade este Si Pas estes cae ord e ee |: eo ecee th afoes Jobe t eco]: tek bo swe 7, 700 0G) PEE. ae ey ee ieee eee ue ed arene ee 905 16, 037 ESL i eS SES CREE » em SE. Ae |e 155 , 826 OMA ce OMe aes Inn J ORs 3 rat eee walk Sob Kee rs |s 2s Ee oad eet 188 RUMI. Soo Seamer y das Loken alede cen Ee eo EAS Cae RE |e 120 Ly aoe, ie ae 29 1 7,529 15, 083 (VL EE RES, ere ae OREN 25 1.) * "44,195 42, 831 _ os Rn EF ae 375,752 | 12,641 | 2,530,646 10,217,548 | 379, 005 Seines: | | oa RRR OS oa J. «hu,s «along SOME te etek 2c | ee MN MANE te an BE ae 8, 800 Butterfish ae S| CE Re Hickptn sess tes eee 781 le nea a co on so Lenape Wee oe oe ua |h sos) 3%4> baller tase oie. 2,546 LT Ae ee a ee, £3.) PPS oe Pee ogee ann (ie kere 20 OIG Ts Fo a 55 <5 5 Te ee ee es AT ne ners We ae 25 Re IOO UNE Fo so onan cast sal enereeee bass | de deeh secs | os ate ee ee 110 + rer ah hp ae al 2, 348, 400 CH tol bere oh a nal op 10, 150, 149 UE ONCE EA nuns Sad =n | gent ale ty. sca ten lee ddae.ss 650 155,172 ra Salted = SS PS: OR Me Oy Et ai 8,000 BO tA eee 215, 000 Say WU wie va > vx 0 = 1, 448, 827 > ala RUMOR aes oc drcu'e av he deoc de AEE eA eeoceltaseses.. os ONE MS 7: RUM osc... 00. ce Mcleod chce en... 73 38 NEE G) 16 cet MDs, 0) at Aenea ae ol cdvnass ics. 16) 422 yo RE ET SE eae eo) CPR Ae A Re ae "202 POE aio a 54 SAME ees ak sy s(n oA ee Jaden Ue ob. «casa «xe 13, 565 RAVORD, tis toi e AN ew td Aealev'sv.o Ses Ribs nee paces les os ee sid dee a 2,773 4 | Ee Or | op pen i 2,563,400 1, TAO |o ccs 60a Coad eee k 12, 112, 317 } =———$—_$_______.. 140 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Yie_p or VESSEL FisHERIES OF MAINE IN 1919, By CouNnTIES, APPARATUS. AND SpecrEs—Continued. Apparatus and species. Washington. York. Total. Gill nets: Pounds. Value Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Catfish and wolffish............- EE re Sok eee : $2 1,057 3 Cod— WY CSI Ss ce choc LOE coke SHO eee gees Jeisteem nian = 165, 130 7,100 719, 883 30,105 palfed’s. fo 3 ook. cost ote cellent eee cl eee e ae 4, 360 327 4, 360 327 (1 i OCR am ER AR ae BF 905K) BC 1,145 42 2, 765 145 HMlounwMers.2 s558. ists ee suc 271 7 2, 961 67 L211 (ce a aay A eet tS 47, 226 1,137 213, 047 5, 731 WIARS 2o05 $8 2S Ae SR Age ae | eas Seat 25, 169 1,032 63, 226 2,499 Halibtacn2..ic-ntecsconsenss tas acts acting onlleeeekiass |Sagsseeceeee RPoeeeeees 18 oe Mackerel... * 0.) oti: Ce Cr ee | Woe meee S| |i eae Re Wee er IP eor ee a 58, 615 7,511 IPONOCK fac 552 he oe ae aes oe Hosc so gaa eel epeee ces 104, 960 2,628 732, 769 17, 687 Resefish:. .. .2-. 4088 Beek ae Sei cebu es cis eS Pore A Rei 1 Polit a OO AN | le a ea 55 2 NAG a no code abies cee cade tick ee ee oz 2 446 53 708 76 Riharks: fe ey. 22. 260 [Geo eis NI Se ee See 696 21 4, 840 122 ACOS oS seine te he eek yA een ci ve |S CORR Pee ER RE |S On Pe 55 2 PPUTHCOM Seo ea gece tun etd s Somes Wevanied bieufue cscs = ons] Ate ree Oe eee as ae 400 47 WODSPAMS:. SE. ecto oO a ede sees hie e call hada eee ital ce Se Le S| ese ae 50 24 payee sorte au fee ee Ph es RR ee aE 318 17 1,428 51 Maer oe se es Noses 2 Ee ee a ee oe ds as 950 12 6, 856 118 PR ape eee ee eth Aare en | emp eee fore te 350,744 | 12,378 | 1,813,093 64, 551 Harpoons; Swordfish............... ee Sa are 89,302 | 24,179 421,502 | 103, 982 Babster potssLobsters. 2401355. S24 oleae so «eal ere eee reese seers 62,970 15, 783 Dredges: Scallops...........-- Sa Me te ra iy nh EP ors) Per cia) eRe nes 12, 968 5,349 Grand tata. 40. sce Gab bo 2,939,152 | $25,386) 3,010,962 | 133,55 | 33,368,702 | 991,016 YIELD oF SHORE FIsHERIES OF MAINE IN 1919, BY CouNTIES, APPARATUS, AND SPECIES. A 1 } Apparatus and +, le r morvine species. Cumberland. Hancock. Kennebec. Knox. Pound nets, trap nets, / and weirs: Alewives— Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value.| Pounds. Value. Rresh: feo. 1,125 $6 99'636) >. $3,198) |ss-8. 22502 ao a Balbed>- hi z/t| nS ss (aie ke 60 B |utdsss-s| cae ead ec eee POR OOF oi auto] Wo afin al sine a] eisiatnata'= aie ‘ OTe) sae Soe) [aBesiace = 55, 670 $3,340 IBlyefishy.= be) Ni ice BO hinge tT ach motte soe | naan See) asa tte nate neeys ats! ely ae en eae rr Bonitosusecae-=--2]) 7) SAN oy A ee eee Bete oe 522 alee wane einen etecal Se eh oe ae Butperash™. 244 225|).. V4, 507 Hoo B12 oe Len Papaec tes cheb pee aa] Means ae eee cee Herring— rashes = ..2..-|),. 197,420 AL ONOBG! | a2 2 socal pera ee 8, 858, 600 36, 765 INO ON Fa 2] 5 nin So ona | ene tela ete ckes See eae pleas serie | Cee me 23, 000 1,700 Mackerel... ...-... LNG; G8O') PAN O2Mil alte cnet ose ease em anata seen eee. 9, 121 1,187 Pollock. 26--4-- 3. 426, 92 LOO Wee ches | oe 3) eae Ae oe ee Salmon, Atlantic. . MOD, |eined's ahs 6a |< aint aml ae ae oan eee p a et ae lad... see eles | Ap Oyo0e die CoO | eee eer Me alte ok aaa oe - saul eerie ee BHAYES.) po ents 3!) pe every | aut BBO Wee Be mite. a| saeele ee alice eae ete |/mibsé asta! Sem] BO, S io lesa ete remem TION ae cc ise nina) Sis erate ter S05 wee ae ce tia 1h aim ole m.<]| Wes cia oO ee | ee DSLUFLCOM. FJ. ote let] op AOL) rg DIS. ogee Ss | SL eRe |S tae civ alee nen een sei eee eee rs STAULOR seek = ese ee a ee eee Peer eeer es Preece : sel ee WANE 5 jo cces cece] >) CAROBB OS 27 Ds) le eee eee | is eects joe eaaieate | tee re Meets tee eae oe eee Whiting— Hresh.= 4.02. 6085270 |, «4,000. 22 sere olan a te Sele oS eices cle visteusinjeieis| sale oe erates ee ee Salfed-2- 25: ot NOUIO. ceo eseere Dotale ..s sao 1,397,477 | 35,728 | 21,051,820 | 119,097 |........- eae P 8,952,391 | 42,992 Lines: | . Catfish and wolf- | TSH ete 5 cess oer 29, 829 | GBT Act eee al od Slee ete aeeete cece ose Oe cree ee Cod— | C2, a 1,276,020 | 54,905.) 1,979,108 | 52,206 }......... aie Wen 856, 078 21, 853 Salledles dae. ..|05-25 seaee sansa 3,959 S00 | saxeorcee seers 2,000 |, 300 Ousk. ’s2yesk soo 3s 79, 116 2,776 111, 956 ty (Ub yee ae ene tere 51,620 948 WIOMNGSES. 3°22 o1s-- dear emealsvaka cose 7, 800 re eo AE Se, ee 5, 100 Haddock......... ‘577, 269 | 15,939 DAA I, | 22 Sa keane nena 361,270 | 15,040 1,115,037 | 45,045 26, eis 3, 844 663 1,522 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 141 Yrevp or Snore Fisweries or Marve In 1919, By CounrTigs, APPARATUS; AND Spectes—Continued. ——— Apparatus and | z= species. Cumberland. ! Hancock. Kennebec. Knox. Lines—Continued. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. Value.| Pounds. | Value ; Pollock, fresh... .. 127,244 | $2,637 404,860 | $5,403 |... 22... we Se 324,304 | $6, 422 Husenish <2 =. 1, 230 18— Sasce.ckuecs = uo ee 2,142 Zo ee. Le oe ("73,650 oO a 692 UR? ee ee Sepa 6S. 2,196 io) 2 eS eee LOS Oe a } 43,127 433 Jn------+---+ : Woteliwss).. 2. | 3,257,746 | 123,124 | 12, 688, 159 Gill nets: | } Palowives, SMOKCG-|*. ..-. 5.22 alan ttten safe —2-=~-~=- Beans ee ee 15, 000 900 Cod, Gresh..2- 5-3! 637,735 | 27,331 360,600 | 8,580 | ele... . |e en Ge ee Flounders........-. 2, 000 once ase 152 et Gas ore Sh) Uae ee Haddock.........- 21,000 51) pie Vie a ee ae ea (oadeeesce |e —--<=-|--.--.-\- 9 ee (in Rese eee aed sin So Cea ae 15,000 | Baie ele es | ods Mackerel. ........- ST.tOb \t 0M ee. ate = 2 pik” See oil ey nee 122 5 57] ae ge Blea 8s! 2 Nea) Pa aon 10,000 | ib-iy|\d ase 8 alld CET eS ol eee 1c ee OEE aied see RIN ite SAC Sf lb ade eS -*) (* pamanil Si Sig |Cs.......:--\eseemeee CLOT ci ak es alee Fie pa, PE a LGD sk sake k= |a—+r~ nn 5[smnent= 2 wialaseassewe Mpiel-.. 5.0255 698,630 | 33, 9S7 | Seines: _ | (0 a 24,745 247 (EE Re a eae Pers. Palate <4 3: 3. 518,197 | 10,831 | SOT bt ae one 3, 100 216 Th | ay Oe 119,780 | 10,780 intel. 5... see 665,822 | 22,074 | Bag nets and pocket nets: “| pie ee 3 ee eg ee 8, 785 } 1,615) 1,350) 340 |..........2s}iteoe see TES aa (GRE es ARS oe [ox sth nea Saclatas arama) wa, DOU, |) a OO) [oem pe eeee aa emenee rio oy ig aes Eee SEs 8, 785 | SPACER Si ORS ke nets: = Se a nn SIR es SES eos eorcaeh een Sey I Lote Deets | aay a” 0 ee ed | (Me ee kay fate re cu 5.:-: 57, 425 Dg LOB. fe nets, 0i| 12 oa i= dG | mimpe'ns ibis ocdre'e)| oteiale, Sie ef leet eee ee POMOC, seen seees 55, 000 W075 | 5 SIS Hse Oo lec dec certs dle ate ee ell ata clel erate eae ee nee EG NS Se oe hen et 2,000 BOON er se cee oec seas ae ee ed Se ee 111) | ee es Se es 19, 950 UE STU A 2 oe eR OR EC 5, 400 15350 |e Seb: a+ =e eee Sturgeon ...5. oa... 28 50 BS ae aac | bin n.d apepilinl anteotele nsovele tet llejereta tes shes e hele elena te MOLE ate ook oe 1,034, 425°) 197 542) eae Ne cis ce 65, 400 L950) poet rat alae Bag netsand pocket nets: Smelt 16, 100 4,072 1, 600 400 8,500 2,375 23, 450 5, 862 Tomcod... 30, 000 900 | 24,000 B00 |. se isstac lesen been 15, 000 375. Total 46,100} 4,972) 25,600} 1,000 8,500 | 2,375 38,450 | 6, 237 Fyke nets: 111 ae ea SP a esp PIE RE tes SY | PPC | pg Pe 8 750 75) 22 eee coe Smelt cee se oe kee ale tebe sere te ole ne ee eee oe an ea ake 4,120 1,'080, |\.5 2. ste ee : Suckers... 220 tech 36; 500;|) SaNGo0il ates. «lc cake se 11, '600) |) 01.262) (2 sae |e Tomcod 37 ee ee 6, 660 ZOU ose. Saree seat e eee lca 2 hema ee ate eter te | eee Motale -e-7s es 43: 160.1 9G oy ObIet sche ele. Sack» 16,470) | .2°367) |S eee aloes FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 1438 Yirerp or Snore FisHEeRIES oF MAINE IN 1919, BY CoUNTIES, APPARATUS, AND Species—Continued. Apparatus and species. | Lincoln. | Penobscot. Sagadahoc. Waldo. | i é l Dip nets | Alewives— Powe Value. | Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value Peet eee | 25, 1 2A Ss Be GaSe ES Se ernes Pepe in J - ae = Se oe] ees Midis A... G80 EM TO 22. ne Caan Pes 0, PS Smoked.......... SU; COU! pea an et sk 8 (SSS ees pasecnaeeas sas a See See os | 112, 400 |" 2,724} 2... ie Seer eR ee Eel pois, eel traps, and | | lobster pots: ; r I's ; os rs 34,509 | 2,660 | 24,000 | $2,400) 144, 550 | $10, 246 8, 000 $800 Loo) 1c) 2 619, 886 | 152) | eae gy ee a 147, 664 | 39,739 8, 800 640 SOE aE a i a OE ee a a ee ee ee ee a Na 7) Se 654,386 | 154,987 | 24,000) 2,400; 292,214) 49, 985 16, 800 1,440 Otter trawls: | } \ | Flowunders............| 48,585 | 3,486]......... eee 39, 950 3,196 | ao ka kt ee) Cee eae Mee ee 120, 000 PIU Se Sea Bee 162, 800 OyOO8 |. > 24 Sete bee eee oe NS ate Ae pe) ee") SA eee 202,750| 8,894 }........... (Lies ‘\ —— ———_—_—S_“————=—| = ah Sn _——$—$—$———— Spears: Eels. .......:.... Pe Sete DOON).. 1 ADO eee 3a Ret See Fano ee bs RRL ra | ht de he F Harpoons: Tuna.......... 17,300| 1,088 |.........|........ | 5,875 7 fy eee ela eet Hoes and forks: Clams, % oa | eet fee Ss (C2 g ee Ge ee ee! 7,860 809 aces eee ok Grand total........ 6, 040, 421 | 285,424 | 71,563 | 5,014 | 2,185, 599 141, 588 5, 582,472 | 34, 736 Apparatus and species. Washington. York. Total. 4 re} = w)" eS Ee | hee dae Pound nets, trap nets, and weirs: / Alewives— Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value. Pounds. Value. Bs See eee re PR ey 85, 750"} $1, 420°). 2205.0%.. Se oat 214, 611 $5, 048 BAC. Dn oo ktaaae patti wea ee Be ee Ret RS RS 5 a 8 ae EC Livokieo eae 60 6 Bintokedy 5: Aphis Pe ae ne 2 4, 000 BOO) LF Lee cee sp oomerece 192, 743 12, 909 TS RE coe ee Roles erg eon eee bts an ees Soo nat ors ahh ie aides c 39 7 SR RN WS Fae een Re, Po PTE Lad Fal ae ooh Spee rey) Rape eed Ay 4 DEARIASEL Sc ho dee Ie so ta denne ate Are es ahs ol odes Shas slots Beene Su ake 31, 957 | 2, 930 | 5a Ata es os eee 2, 000 IM Beg ident cess lose nw ok 5, 200 231 | SS ater ce ee 2,000 1h eee ge Heed ee 32, 350 2, 354 Flounders Big) OP ep ne RI 2, 500 Ci) 4 Te Rear enrer | 2, 500 250 erring— } I. Se, ea ae Be ae Ae AR Dh (10 + A a a 73, 882,232 | 355,612 ER RRME a rap oF 3 200 Ws Heats Shed Ie oS ae 200 12 Sh La RR eee SaaS eee | 12, 550 2 EE SA ae “7 ee 161, 550 | 6, 715 Ppa eee cs Bb atiksie Rar eee “woevieey 214,899 | 30, 700 Li liwo | ES See ee 184, 900 OFOLDLE: oaceeeees elegy ey ee 719, 957 | 14, 228 Salmon— "Lo i ils Tee 645 iC. g erty oe fee 17, 388 6, 628 faye) a Se eee 310 yd aoa Re ke Rint. 310 62 ee ete SS eet lars cared te clncnswa-cnltadea teres tle ntas ce 39, 501 1, 076 AU) os, SAEs RES CAR RR LE eae ae eee 14, 477 330 Tn en tr te ae ane 6, 245 13, 630 3, 345 SURO ER ook Joo 5 57 ules aed ten at lds oo suwe 592 113 pe So PA ee ee Se eee ee eee 1, 601 304 Bttitweorenwer er eee eure sees ho oon a de ee Ua yeeeasae 30 90 Eg a ner Saleen oc Aetna Sealine een oe 4, 000 160 J MES. age SUE eee Cie ree. oe ee i eee 14 2 POMC se ae Toe te oun ae Soke ols see eeeeEl. obandeekael aswus nw ne 500 15 DUG 5 2c ene een ee Joh hate we wah Los |oG x2 nnn ndlemonde te ucs 4, 089. 275 Whiting— Bresh3.02 525 J0vaie pene: 3, 335 671, 405 4, 646 Balitd 5). 3in Ba tess owas: 3263 }0 44 «ce. 3, 000 SQGI . . 5 Fifa ack Ds CEES Pad evacasczosclcase Se Bae 377 4 Motel: 2.211. ee eel 36, 720, 216 | 178, 602 76, 231,256 | 452, 146 © ey prio een Fae pe! ONE Re al feet ae 29, 829 587 28,600 | 260,500 | $14, 717 5,894,772 | 196, 095 1,385 2, 000 | 00 | 2A, 384 2, 085 78 9, 000 340 297, O85 7, 126 earn PP a oa ae | 2,000 280 2, 000 280 a ys arya 3 2s) te Sse ee an 45,400 | 1,816 5x, 200 2, 320 TE aE REN go oy cs, 124,610 | 4,534 | 141,400 | 9,911 1,886, 394 72, 297 144 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. YreELD OF SHORE FISHERIES OF MAINE IN 1919, BY CouUNTIES, APPARATUS, AND ” Srectes—Continued. ; | | ‘ Avnvaratus and species. Washington. | York. Total. | | peve EAE ANE —— ms | x ib ze we Lines—Continued. Hake— | Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value. Pounds. Value. PYv@st i272 3k oon teense. cents 122, 635 | $2, 211 67,475 | $2, 881 12, 882, 091 $238, 416° Salted i) Seo Se eee 4, 300 166. x2 35-besteleaeceee 5, 060 256 Haliputnes: oss Ses sccepee cae 38, 165 4, 437 3, 050 561 96, 554 12, 019 Pollock— MYOSILE fs ods cece Scaseemceaee 196, 150 5, 386 82, 500 3, 416 1, 318, 954 27, 341 Salted sie ose meas tn eee 25, 100 2, 095 2, 000 100 27, 100 2,195 ROSCMSH 2-55. ase ceosigeacsce ste als cineca sone wees ns = = asl alae eeinneleeier aaa 1, 230 18 Salmon, Atlantic............. Teel ee eee eso) Seeeeeeeel eae Paes rae Ak 630 209 SLED EGE ASE ee Bs Cee SESE aoe Sea 3 2 See 1, 000 30 | 1, 000 30 DRALGS? oma eee er es Sek ee ae ine Cee stale << sala ae = Aone eeetecet 2, 142 42 SNE A SS a eS BPON Re RENAE R Em Sc sino) bio S SES sc ince) cal Scteer sly! 166, 375 35, 684 Tongues and cheeks............--- 200 40 5, 000 150 5, 200 190 DQUMUSS fe ee ce et eget aoe eee 200 AO) | elemate Meets Meters a sic 5, 092 95 (Sof hy 0 aS sees Tae i Se te Re ed gmp My eh IL ao ar 2, 196 66 TAVIS 2 soe ee as 17, 000 S00 Pha: eo neoniteeerae 60, 127 823 ON Seer 2 he ee Ne eo a atatse osu 3, 750 375 4, 875 520 8, 625 895 TOURER GOSS ean ene i cee ect 1, 484, 896 | 50, 037 626, 200 | 34, 822 | 22, 775, 040 599, 129 Gill nets: y f Alewives— BT OSH ee we Soe ea Sa owe hao 5h ee ae mse See ea | ae aan ere ere 10, 700 285 PIMOK AS Sees Seon Seen ae Be ete Re eee ee ac Eis RS SEE iS Sea a AP | 15, 000 900 einige MMIC IWOUNSOS -- oee oes wae ance cetan| t+ cee eee 100 1 100 1 od— POSH Ase haere ca eg Wop Me oe oa ere 44, 554 2, 102 1, 522, 118 54, 136 SEC | eye Snel eens eapaimneraerel R meetpcie she 2 alll Pees Se lh Se 3, 000 180 LTS) cay ea pep er ae ede Aen oe UES Se 2 8 aly Ss OR 64 1 6, 435 117 Flounders........ : 4, oe eee oe 240 4 2, 240 94 PAO GGCK Set se toes soa nae oe cee ee UN osc de 18, 196 674 125, 223 3, 563 FERC eee oe 55 FASS cis sys Sates Pete ote pars = sae So ME Oe Otte aera eee neta ereraa 440, 054 6, 309 Herring— | eStats See ee ee ce 3, 000 AD! Ages eeeaslaaewnane 3, 000 40 PL UCO cers pemee eee ta ome nee 6, 900 V75 I oat incites gene anon 6, 000 diZ5', * Maererel a: sso ck 2 aa Bebe ee See, Set ma wren eta 9, 000 1, 080 50, 395 7, 482 OUUCK ea sect eee coe nak Soe see tas oee, ee 32, 600 947 193, 182 3, 628 Salnion, -Atlanticn. 322... 42-2226 500 150 keane ae eee [Se obi cere 2, 450 982 SHAG ones ee ee ee eee oe | 4, 000 SOO ME Neu es ae ae Choice 57, 313 8, 421 BHANES San oe. 2 so7 eee ae eta Fae es Pe AE Rees Join al ee toctsbies 9, 000 180 SiTSIE ee Mth kd Gore neces | TBS5ON| Anda ccke ee eee 18, 800 4, 158 SY DT 0) 1 EP ny a Sd Pm ara (ee Dg Se a ech 5, 092 1, 137 PIUPIT COCONUT OO see oe fe ws wide dale Cee yates eo eee | Oe eet aia tclenaae ce ree nee (eee 113 207 ANGI 2d ON rt cl gh » 2 yy St 31,850} 4,800} 104,754 | 4,800] 2,470,215 91, 995 Seines: MIG Gta tet secs cae ces ate gee meee tbe ie nee 10, 000 500 10, 000 500 Fenris aes 5. sa ene sae LOZ0000)| NARZbO lave: Soce eee 2, 504, 745 16, 247 MACKOrGl ass fe at ca-te ct o~ Seee coke PEs Ss eae 52, 000 4, 200 114, 425 11, 813 POMOC mae ena ook ee aeiaan eee Rear Eee oere 2s ee (e-em me eee) IF fue Se 642, 197 12, 936 PAGE ai cet eet ea cadsceuet aa pers oraharatatote ee aise eis alee ain set asa Se ate meee 17, 600 1, 316 RT Re ee ee ey oe | 700 110 4, 000 775 224, 330 29, 215 BLE POOU Ean acme cong ee cee ee Rees Ree es tee eters eae ey Lis Str 50 4 POUR ts then ewe so wen eee se 1, 020, 700 4, 360 66, 000 5, 475 3, 518, 847 72, 031 Bag nets and pocket nets: IEMs e sea Watton emee eee 11, 005 2; OSD jl aise sinesineae| ste e eee 70, 790 17, 199 PE OTC: otc (no rnin vce meio vaewe 5, 825 AGB see 2 le len sear Meee 101, 325 3, 135 a 2 Ha AR ey i i 16, 830 3 O00 ince ate seat | tee aoe cee 172, 115 20, 334 Fyke nets: Balsa scree ate san se ctredte tS. Li |alee sae eomat] «sic can balsas eeeia| yan temale 1, 250 135 Sittelt coc sdc tas oe aa Bae eel le Sete [oe , Ree ok be a ee pees 4, 120 1, 030 Stickers.j5- ss sees eee dt aso kaa |2 be ner ea maces ce |e eee aes nee 106, 400 11, 692 POM COG == vrs 2 Sere oot aes ee ee hes ba eee eH ee Sea ea eee Tee eer 45, 335 1, 361 TOLL wn sects. sso] Soe eee ell. ee Rea eer ee [ener eeeeee[e-ees eee 157, 105 14,218 Dip nets: | Alewives— } | | PRCS Se erage ede Sevan eee pee soe 61, 900 | G00 Vo.5 6 atin cen |es ee teeia 346, 700 2, 038 Salted x. ges. ebeas st aes ose ae Lee oe ee ee see se eee Cee 6, 800 170 Smioked sie. seco ee ee wees 20, 000 Ob0M 2034 toc octelee net eee 144, 550 5, 797 Herrin gf. cco tenisevmeses severe ps 106, 000 LOA eile mtcioete re! hema 106, 000 716 Salmon, Atlantic Le 135 ES) earls ae oeceniee 135 45 DMElt.. 0 a Sed. a eee e ee Se eect Seen nals - dames 4, 000 800 9, 000 2, 300 110 | 771 A MES ee He Sie | 188,035 | 2,611 4, 000 800 613, 185 11, 066 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 145 Yretp or SHoreE FisHeRres OF MAINE IN 1919, By CoUNTIES, APPARATUS, AND Species—Continued. Apparatus and species. Washington. York. Total. Eel pots, eel traps, and lobster pots: Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value. Pounds. Value. Fels “oh hie ea eee 16,300 | $1, 975 10, 000 | $1, 400 247,950 | $20, 480 Tener eco Ne Lr ee oe roe = 849, 306 | 206,425 | 493, 000 | 128,760 | 5, 482, 864 | 1,395, 741 Cyt oi) Se ee eee ree 865, 606 | 208,400 | 503, 000 | 130,160 | 5, 730, 814 | 1, 416, 221 Otter trawls: ere) Apes Fo eke a Du GS hs ee ee eo) nd a panes Resa 260, 141 13, 861 REISS Aesth hess 2: 2 ok nec ee |S ea AE 2S Pees 327, 800 ; 17] 216 5 2t SR e S OB) 2 Si a eee |e ae ae ee ee a 587, 941 22, 509 Crab traps and cunner traps: Le oe. Rete, AEC. 5 422.2 Sec ea eae seem eee| tt ec Eeckleeceecesasult ss =.’ 62% 70, 575 3, 595 (AE eee) See Se 3d Paes Bos oeee| Gaeeaeon 30, 695 615 LUT oe Ere Se eit 4s ee ee Rem ae 101, 270 4, 210 To ETS e PE Ee aps Tal ae Oe ea 2 PC FL Te | a Dapp 8 eee eae 21, 500 | 2, 000 Harpoons: Mima) Gn ss MEDICS. soca c cee Sad si. DOSES 800 200 3, 311 752 Bicms de maan dons dea ee ee a Seed Cae 27, 820 1, 765 Mae es ee ee ae ee 800 | 200 31, 131 2, 517 Hoes and forks: TS. oa. a || eee.) Uaecs eee en aris Silt... .23-25- 0b 2 =. fiecce. | 651,910 | 43, 365 12,500 | 2,770 | 2,105,734 | 163, 209 OT Ene? SORE A: SEE? CEng Paras aeesel bas Sees aera eee [eae 16, 970 | 367 LY 770 (ED ep Ses A en Perera 651,910 | 43, 365 12,500 | 2,770 | 2,122,704} 163, 576 eM den it veades ace lake -s ab ook BBE Rane Pe eee 59, 544 26, 067 Peesaciatigal 22 300. aks. ie “40, 980, 043° fea 8 I, 317, 254 [ 179, 036 114, 587,667 | 2, 898, 019 SALMON FISHERY OF PENOBSCOT RIVER AND BAY. The greater part of the catch of Atlantic salmon in Maine is usually taken in Penobscot River and Bay. In 1920, the latest year for which statistics are available, there were 128 persons engaged in the salmon fishery in these waters. The investment included 68 weirs and traps, valued at $6,175; 15 gill nets, valued at $240; rods and lines to the value of $1,500; 7 gasoline boats, valued at $700; 85 rowboats, etc., valued at $2,845; and shore and accessory property, valued at $1,365; a total of $12,825. The catch amounted to 1,598 salmon in number, or 15,135 pounds, having a value to the fishermen of $7,210. The catch in 1919 was 1,322 salmon in number, or 13,557 pounds, valued at $5,771. The following tables give the extent of this fishery by localities, in 1918, 1919, and 1920, and comparative statistics of the catch for various years from 1895 to 1920: EXTENT, BY LOcALITIES, OF THE SALMON FISHERY OF PENOBSCOT RIVER AND Bay IN 1918, 1919, anv 1920. y Weirs and traps. Gill nets. Town. 1918 1919 1920 1918 1919 1920 No. | Value.| No. | Value.| No. | Value.| No. | Value.| No. | Value.| No. | Value. Bucksport>..<.u=ses0% 1 2 4 dE : . 900 5 7 550 7 525 21 | 2, 8 Orland ss3<% . 300.3001 Hampden...... Lincolnville. ... § Sandy Point......... Winterport.'. ../...4: Totals 235... . ...-2-6540 4 4 3 17 1 103 12 120 52 20 205 ill Orrington:! £23200..33 12 12 12 80 880 91} 120] 1,200 511 45 495 266 South Orrington..... 2| SPO restos 70 770 188 |e aicee| tc egos [hose ceehae ater eaten Seeman Lincolnville.........-. 6 6 6} 148 | 1,480 544 | 105 | 1,050 525 | 124 | 1,116 558 Sandy Point......... 3 3 3 99 | 1,089 378 85 | 1,020 500 | 104 | 1,054 524 Bearsport 5. <2 sews $5~ ofnaoptse|aap'en el = Speeclees beri epeset-|ple= pane 10 100 50 21 189 95 Stockton Springs. oo. .|.o5.- | ase me -| septate 103 | 1,133 395 61 732 364 26 260 140 Winterport.......... Petes 3 4} 86/ 950} 203] 91] 955] 406] 106 | 1,168 622 etal s. coeac ot | 124 | 126 | 128 |1,653 |17,212 | 5,500 |1,322 |13,557 | 5,771 |1,598 |15,135 | 7,210 1 The salmon credited to Orland in 1918, 1919, and 1920, and to Searsport in 1919 and 1920 were taken incidentally with apparatus fished for other species. Catcu or SALMON IN PENoBscoT RIVER AND BAY FOR VARIOUS YEARS. Year. Number.| Pounds.| Value. Year. Number.} Pounds.| Value. 1 epee ate Preyer 4,395| 65,011] $11,356 || 1902.............0.. 3,289 | 45,782] $9,950 Rp hy oe 6,403 | 80,225] 12 716 || 1903................ 4,859] 67,470| 14,935 7 a eee eee 3.985 | 51,522 7, M1 || 1904... 25.25. oes 4,776 | 63,395 Ms 451 eeepc: Spo) eae 3,225 | 42° 560 1 842'|| 1005. co vcccodeteuve 6,378 | 74158| 17,503 [hel a ig « 3,515 | 45,688] 10, 424 || 1918.22.22 222 1,653 | 17,212 5, 500 on a ie lig Se 3,541 | 44, 660 Pete || 1010". keke 1,322 | 13,557 3 771 Coe 6,821 | 86, 055 12983 || 1920....-c-o2segend. 1,598 | 15, 135 210 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 147 HUMPBACK SALMON. In recent years humpback or pink salmon from the Pacific coast have been planted by the Bureau in the Dennys, Pembroke, St. Croix, Pennteeot, and other rivers in Maine, beginning with the year 1906, and runs of adult fish have appeared during a number of years. The fish occurred in greatest abundance in the early autumn of 1919, when there were large runs in Dennys and Pembroke Rivers, and smaller runs in various other rivers. In July, 1919, a weir fisherman of Perry caught 17 humpback salmon in Little River and sold about 12 fish at $1 each. They averaged from 4 to 6 pounds in weight. The total catch marketed in 1919 was 310 pounds, valued at $62. Many were taken and released and probably a considerable number were consumed locally. There seems to be no doubt that this species, if properly protected, can maintain itself in certain New England rivers and become a valuable addition to the local fish supply. INDUSTRIES. Wholesale fishery trade-—In 1919, including one plant engaged solely in the production of liver oil, 99 firms engaged in the wholesale trade in fresh and salted fishery products, valued at $1,722,094, using cash capital to the amount of $274,550 and giving employment to 872 persons, to whom $616,858 were paid in wages. As the prepara- tion of by-products is for the most part conducted incidentally to activities in the wholesale trade, the canning and smoked fish indus- tries, the prepared products have been listed under the respective industries. e following table gives the extent of the wholesale trade in fresh and salted Huhery products of Maine in 1919: WHOLESALE TRADE IN FRESH AND SALTED FisHery Propucts, BY COUNTIES. ~ — _ ; — = Item. Cumberland. | Hancock. | Knox and Waldo. Number Value. | Number.| Value. | Number Value. ee ges Suwa ot en's chk siatn vo $s i7 $346, 928 35 | $164, 250 19 | $1, 058, 906 MINES Osada = apwan neuen pdelanace usin |) 08) O00. sn ennagsee BO 000) |. netacs cop 147, 550 Persons eneeed acles Wanner cman 44 ates. PE None ce candi US cig ee ee a oY ESS REESE ae oie eae Site |snesneeees Se, NNR ee Bly L0G Se. sc 398, 993 Products: KGRTAR TTI) \C Sea US via Ta Se gallons..| 44, 561 | 58, O89 28, 750 | 27, 280 11, 893 10, 517 vet MRS EER ES ee | Oe nD ead Se | See 4 Jo ncenccwralanrenecnce 44, 587 OL a A ea i 58, 089 |.......... bie ete 55, 104 incoln, P | ; Item. serene You 4 Washington. Total. Number.| Value. | Number.| Value. | Number. Value. Plants.. teen een ne eee ene en enn enee 9 $96, 160 19 $55, 850 199 $1, 722, 094 Cant capital 3: Soa: paige el yaar len ke. 47, 200 feasted: ZZ ADD) | scctetwow 274, 550 Persons engaged Seta pie wens ses da 4 hy ee eee i) IS SSRs See BTA e. deta Shea SV URGE DGICL ... 0 cidScxven-t eho ves so aldtees dazed ZA OBS soo caw dea fy 1 720 ee pecee ce 616, 858 rete: i gall hia) Sat ae a EG OR) Gils bss 0503 antataAad ons.. 5, 450 BODOG Va we wakes pc'elh ctdet deed 90, 654 100, 482 Other products. 5025 evade etwas bela sce PS RAS NEP Se the MaMa | cd Wi. ie 587 d2cccaesaseedessenesvesdasbhwsleeat aatpwely ~My OOO 145003 crceelprescacens spokes apes 145, 069 1 Includes one plant engaged solely in production of liver oil. Smoked-fish industry.—In 1919 there were 50 firms engaged pri- marily in smoking fishery products in Maine. These plants utilized 23,142,814 pounds of fishery products, valued at $359,750. 148 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. The prepared products amounted to 4,415,582 pounds, valued at $626,835. The most important items were: Boneless smoked her- ring, 1,729,219 pounds, valued at $256,740; whole smoked herring, 1,141,278 pounds, valued at $102,334; and finnan haddie, 785,333 pounds, valued at $95,480. The value of the secondary products was $73,687, which included 730 tons of fish scrap, valued at $38,500; 1,271,424 pounds of pomace, valued at $16,411; and 28,044 gallons of herring oil and liver oil, valued at $18,664. SMOKED-FisH INpustTRY oF MAINE IN 1919. Item. Number. Value. Item. Number. Value. PIA GS .-2 Fe. th0. Se cae ee 150 | $716,589 PRODUCTS—continued. Costof materials..6 1A ie 109, 577 Cash caplfalansy co. shee Pe i Sea 131,700 || Prepared—Continued. Persons engaged............ 1010 seopieecctse Kippered herring, Wiseesaintves --.es se 08) be ees 260,179 polnds "ese s cs seeee 4156, 500 $15, 845 aaa SS Smoked herring— PRODUCTS. Bloaters...pounds. . 327, 330 20, 629 ny Lengthwise..do.... 37, 053 2,511 Utilized: | Medium scale, Alewives..... -pounds.. 650 26 Pounds see oe 238, 534 13, 036 Cod,salted,dried.do.... 569, 055 60, 970 Boneless. .pounds..| 1,729,219 256, 740 Haddock......... do....| 8,122,798 192, 485 Whole.......do....| 1,141, 278 102, 334 Herring— Other products: 494). 2) Ue es 5 120, 200 Hyesbe et. Come. Ooo don 69, 629 | —_____— _ Smoked ?..... does! 247, 000 12,712 Totals.Vsocsag teers 4, 415, 582 626, 835 Fish skins, waste, etc., a DOUNAS eur se. ebay 3, 228, 184 10, 928 || Secondary: Pomace.......pounds..| 1,400,000 13, 000 Oil—) «, FS Herring....gallons.. 23,171 14, 086 Wotaly = 238) aks 23,142,814 | 359,750 Liver eAtee.: dove 4, 873 4,578 STS SS Pomace.......pounds..| 1,271, 424 16, 411 Prepared: g Fish scrap..-....- do....| 1,460,000 38, 500 Smoked alewives, Other products3.22 fiche hase 112 penhds 32. ee 335 60 oa Finnan haddie, Totals erec2e ces en see eee 73, 687 MIQUTLOS se Bee eet 3785, 333 95, 480 ) 1 Includes one firm in Cumberland County and three in Washington County also engaged in’ making herring oil, pomace, and fish scrap. 2 All smoked herring under products utilized were imported from Canada and used for preparing bone- less herring. 3 Includes the output of one plant in Penobscot County and two in Cumberland County listed with canners. 4 Includes the output of one plant in Penobscot pouty leis with canners. 5 Includes the value of herring pickled by one firm in Washington County. Canning industry—The canning industry of Maine is of growing importance, the chief products packed being sardines, finnan haddie, and clams. In 1919, 77 plants were operated, representing a value of $4,315,878 and employing cash or working capital to the amount of $625,257. The cost of materials amounted to $4,768,040; the number of persons employed was 6,116, to whom $1,795,506 were paid in wages; and the value of the products utilized was $1,145,614, of which the most important were: Herring, 128,163,663 pounds, valued at $875,627; haddock, 6,983,629 pounds, valued at $149,496; and soft clams, 1,801,070 pounds, valued at $119,083. It is of interest to note that 19,670 bushels of mussels were utilized, and it is believed that the work of the Bureau in encouraging the use of this product has aided in the development of this fishery. The manu- factured products included 2,774,656 cases of canned products, valued at $13,086,886, and secondary products such as scrap, meal, and oil to the value of $82,328. The canned products included 2,450,268 cases of sardines, valued at $11,933,986; 228,127 cases of finnan haddie, valued at $603,696, and 85,426 cases of clam products, valued at $439,221. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 149 The clam pack represents the output of nine firms in Washington County, five in Cumberland County, nine in Hancock County, four in Knox County, two in Lincoln County, one in Penobscot County, and one in York County. Of these firms, seven also canned sardines, one mussels, and three smoked fish. As it has been found impracti- cable to show the pack of clams by grades and counties without disclosing private enterprise, the pack in detailed form has been omitted from the appended table. The pack was made up of the following items: 259 cases of clams in 4-ounce containers, valued at $1,471; 24,935 cases of 5-ounce cans, valued at $113,373; 2,954 cases of 6-ounce cans, valued at $10,930; 6,641 cases of 8-ounce cans, valued at $49,847; 679 cases of 84-ounce cans, valued at $3,058; 4,406 cases of 10-ounce cans, valued at $20,730; 200 cases of 11-ounce cans, valued at $760; 19,234 cases of 1-pound cans, valued at $115,068; 4,199 cases of 2-pound cans, ete at $25,194; 1,327 cases of No. 3 cans, valued at $6,348; 74 cases of clam juice in 5-ounce eans, valued at $222; 3,843 cases of clam juice in 10-ounce cans, valued at $4,903; 16 cases in No. 1 cans, valued at $48; 503 cases in No. 10 cans, valued at $946; and 16,156 cases of clam chowder and bouillon in containers of various sizes, valued at $86,328. CANNING INDUSTRY OF MAINE IN 1919, BY COUNTIES. Item. Cumberland. Hancock. Knox and Waldo. Value. Number. | Value. | Number. | Value. $591, 262 17 | $469,590 8 | $240, 537 ECT (eae > ie (5G PE ies Bee 194, 373 Gf Gd NS ell phages / Ypres) | ee ing hc 55, reds ieee Ld ae Sivan ts oe 17, 70 |Z. s4-5-~2 B17, 8804-2. eae -| 111,347 BM CS ES, (0 mais) rb) Re a oe | eae ER Sd en RRR AE iter ah ads sy Pea oem |e ey 35,572 | 21,325,259 | 152,271 | 5,424,020] 30,945 3, 444 637,770 37,984 | 184,910] 11,907 el PRA TE ht 8 alte SS 1 67, 300 ; Sem tel a! Re Co, REE Sea CUTE pd REEL, tae BOE carey Seeing: Bel Non 2? Sonat 19,670 367 Canned: 2 Sardines— In oil—Quarters...... 3 452, 237 314,909 | 1,754,761 71,769 | 369,714 In mustard— ~ ee e Dey 6, 164 9,434 43, 559 1, 406 6, 467 ee en eee otc onatvaane coves: f Lae orboid A AS hep 52,477 47,882 | 258,025 8,871 | 39,357 Total 302,532 | 1,144,663 | 391,545 | 2,183,307 86,190 | 451,286 Secondary: Fish scrap and meal, MBIIMAS | 3 dns db Uo eed Saas fae aes Bale Pee m0 2's taal ese ge wwe os -|2 basen AELe 356, 200 14, 886 Grand total [2202 AVA ane: Dau 608 S001 20. | 2 1SBseb7t| CeO AES | 466, 172 ' 1 Steamed by the fishermen. 2 Sardine quarters are packed 100 cans to the case and other sardines usually 48 cans to the case, except half-pound ovals, which sometimes contain 72 cans per case. The number of cans per case of canned clams vary as follows: The 6-07z., 8}-0z., 10-0z., 11-oz, 2-lb., and No. 3 average 2 dozen per case, while the 4-0z., 5-0z., #oz., and 1-lb. average ozen per case. The clam juice, 5-0z., 10-0z., and No. | cans, average 2 dozen per case, and the No. 10 are packed one-half dozen to the case. The one-half pound kippered herring are packed % dozen to the case, and the 1-lb, cans are packed 4 and 6 dozen to the case. 150 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. CanninGc InpustRY oF Maine In 1919, By CountTrrs—Continued. Lincoln, Penobscot, Item. pe ee Washington. Total Number.| Value. Number. Value. Number. Value. Plants 2a: .gcse oceania ese aeeeees 4 | $84, 023 139 | $2,930, 466 77 | $4,315, 878 » Cost of mSterials £00.77 Yee Ae. Ha S7ai [Lee eset ese 3; 40 (2a J. ba ake 4,768, 040 Cash capifall. jet. Bash 32k same ec Ne) Pa D430) Sos scekodes DOA TOO eae decent 625, 257 Persons engaped. fos oe ce es tec ee TOG ERM LE. S28 AP LOG | |S. svar 6,116) | 22 eee Wagesspaidiyai ss -sis vain Sys al ee pe ASA DID i [ebAs P a 151884786) N= cpcs ais 2, 1,795,506 PRODUCTS. Utilized ROG Seite cate osname POMMOS Sale. hos tore a eeeneee cee 36, 016 955 40, 336 1,041 Haddockinn 2H is CLOSE SIAR ot Pee eee AI OR eager ee ae ee ga 6, 983, 629 149, 496 4 Ty ube Eee ET do.. 101, 553 1,800 | 97,859, 933 655, 039 |128, 163, 663 875, 627 Clams) Sol6. -. 94 eee do....| 134,190 , 082 727,970 46,977 | 1,733,770 109, 894 Clams soft, SteAted 5 c.5< OG acces sac DUSHGIS! |i Soo Seem eee ee clear eee nal Aenea 19,670 367 Canned: 2 Sardines— In oil— Quarters... -.5-2 CASOS = |Cm ee eee| wee Ae ae 1,458,681 | 6,750,953 | 1,902,430 | 9,327,665 Halves. 2s. i3is2 (ole Pees | SS eRe gees 4 (ir aii 5 878 11,500 878 11, 500 In mustard— Quarters........- OF sae eS 115, 484 546, 607 127, 664 602, 797 Halvess.es 2.5. GOs sad Saas cede | hrs ceceergaelaesie base aotla mew ose wane 7, 862 66, 000 Three-quarters. cdOl se | cee seselecsee aes oe 242, 363 973, 555 311,647 | 1,323,414 In tomato sauce— Quarters.........- GOs = ol) al eee ee 76, 407 457,073 90, 392 532, 185 Halves, oso. 5. Ot cali Geet ec eeeleecueeeen 1,166 , 522 5, 053 44,534 PpounNd Joc cee: GOs Ese She ale ean oe 1,334 6, 413 2,171 16, 457 Plain— alvess) eeu S GO sce sees hee lb aoe 127 490 483 3,121 INGadtee Meee COT ae epes ean elne tener 1,688 6,313 1,688 6, 313 sid Ye herring— SLR pOUNGE 5 oo 5. GO Se lao os aie arstc lio miteetee, Bee] a ae aie Sree | ars Serena oe 1,917 15,386 uM of] b ea egies SURI A Vie Oe ESS 2 ap | nee mee Uo So Oe So eae 7,631 86, 385 Finnan haddie— OF-OUNCE AS Pee ces GOs: Scheel eee eee ee cee a 197, 546 486,134 COUDLE ods cee ae GO eae REECE, OE URS OC Pe eal eee ee ee 25 325 10}-o1nce. 023252 ..5. C6 Ko pepe | RRA RAA | i eH ee oy oe er 29, 378 111, 638 pond 2) ee ee GO 223.5) siete eis pel meke esis oleae ee ee atone aeen ee 1,178 5, 599 Clams (various sizes)... .. QO eal avn se cme ke eine Sec ectela merece et ee ae meee 85, 426 439, 221 Miscellaneous............ GO Fits bee ao pace ae ne Leal Sea ae sah eee es ee 1, 287 8, 212 AGG E feccttee Sal sis amine: Riper thal ET Oy SS ie ASST 1,898,128 | 8,758,426 | 2,774,656 | 13, 086, 886 Secondary: Fish scrap and meal..pounds..|..........}.......-.- 1,972,000 66,959 | 2,328, 200 ~ 81, 845 erring ous: == te 2s. Pallonss loco ssc lsteee wees 690 48 690 483 NAN ao Os eee Sect eeeac asd |Ssuec me sale tht: nee aie Re Gi Aaa Cee cee 82,328 Grand (opalin 2.) Se cen sues |e eee aCe Soe hy en eae 8,825,608) aces ce eans 13, 169, 214 1 This includes one plant located at Belfast, in Waldo County. 2 See footnote 2 on p, 149. Sardine industry in 1919 and 1920.—In 1919, 53 plants were engaged in canning sardines, employing 5,463 $1,685,409 were paid in wages. ersons, to whom The plants were valued at $3,764,875, the cost of materials used was $4,556,963, and the working capital The herring utilized amounted to 125,309,415 pounds, valued at $852,450. The total pack was 2,450,268 cases, valued at $11,933,986, of which 1,902,430 cases, valued at $9,327,665, amounted to $256,107. were quarter oils. In 1920 the number of plants operated was 50, valued at $3,816,388; the cost of materials amounted to $3,907,878; the working capital was $250,000; and the number of persons employed was 5,109, to FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 151 whom $1,787,402 were paid in wages. The herring utilized amounted to 104,700,010 pounds, valued at $767,141, and the pack was 1,877,757 cases, valued at $7,435,056, of which 1,458,670 cases, valued at $5,669,352, were quarter oils. whey The detailed statistics of the sardine industry of Maine in 1919 and 1920, by counties, are shown in the appended tables: SarRDINE INpDusTRY oF MAINE IN 1919 AND 1920, By CouNTIEs. 1919. Item. Knox and Waldo. E i Value. Number. Value. LED So a ee y $456, 090 a) $225, 146 ary etineterial so. cts! Aes St ok ee 7:1) Bee P(E th LE 185, 186 LSC OS See 8 ee a a en ABS O00}: 253 EE. 40, 000 Persons engaged ee Se rt a a eee 2d [4-2 ae 235, | xecanas aes Vi eS os es Be ee 8 | eS el ib -. . e BOs GA soaks cn 100, 769 Src8ky Value. | Pounds. Value. Herring utilized..............- 3, 395, 203 $152,271 | 5,424, 020 $30, 945 Canned sardines: ! ; In oil— Cases. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Quarters. | 25-2... a.5. 314, 909 | $1,754, 761 71, 769 $369, 714 DEEDES Se nese bee Oe tee Soke ote Owen deae omcls Gud dodecncc|é coupe Suk eme pies noe oar In mustard— OUST EM CS Se ae ee eee LL IE eS oda hoe de ll Rg Three-quarters........ In tomato sauce— Parters< ota ceste aoield OO Repel er eros 64, 520 Se a | Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Herring nized: . =: .0s202 2. Se 3, 073, 468 $30,114 | 9,878,319 $80, 701 | 2,034, 800 $15, 915 Canned sardines: ! In oil— Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. IPUATTOIN. 220. .coccee 36, 510 $206, 232 142, 985 $789, 168 22,077 $149, 628 Lal Ves ns eee ieee aa sae ee A eee eee 2, 228 22; 280" |iscs hos ese a oleeee See In mustard— Quarters>2255-. 222s ene 1, 226 4, 523 6, 261 31, 824 51 204 Three-quarters........ 5, 492 16, 650 18, 067 89, 842 785 3, 242 In tomato sauce— Qiarterseeeses ss 2528 3,317 15,155 6,143 25, 499 2,949 11, 796 Halvesteet M.j.5 32 2 150 Ls O80! peters ocias FOR Be 1,331 15, 956 Dhree-quartersa. tree eos OSS a ees eee | ee eee SRE eee Old O. 5 ct reel ee One pounds sis 18, 075 TEREST i (ROAR Tena i Po ONO Toe 3, 712 33, 408 Total sardines........... 64, 770 319, 486 175, 684 958, 613 30, 905 214, 234 Item. Washington. Total. Number. Value. Number. Value. PGiitia ee bee i Seo oer aon eee che aan a eee 133 | $2,799, 604 50 | $3, 816, 388 CosOlmaterinlee. 2222 e eae eS amen Ree Ie Gos oe seer 3, SOO 080. | aaa vs eee 3, 907, 878 Cash capital ee 2 225 a ee Ne een eae | eee a 169.0500) 2c eee ee 250, 000 Personsioneaged 222 52 2: dss oe ew ece teense 3) SOT een saeoes SP LOON ETE ae NTR 6 bape We a a UT nec aye Seana AP ESTE TEES, Bole Sty als 1, 463, 845 |_....- uty 1,787, 402 PRODUCTS: Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. erringutilived.- 3) cios ce ec.d> ow ames ae seihnimn apins oer 89, 713, 423 $640, 411 |104, 700, 010 $767, 141 Canned sa1dines;: 2 In oil— Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Quarters os sdek esos oo Fe aed 1, 257, 098 | $4,524,324 | 1,458,670 | $5, 669, 352 TSIV GBs ooo So cok atl me te ie ee oak oie ele aie re ia all ac talc Wipietreell sic eis ce enya 2, 228 22, 280 In mustard— QS) COINS oe ares bine seinen et amid 43, 945 185, 493 51, 483 222, 044 THVEG-CQUATUCID. ns Meta seae ce ame ee eecec eee | 158, 625 586, 330 182, 969 696, 064 In tomato sauce— | Qusrtere eee doe qewede cise sans eee 145, 905 641, 8382 158, 314 694, 282 13 Ae ce COE Eat PEE Means 40, 2 e # Be | sic eae fe afeatee Nat mn est omseba 1, 481 17, 036 "THYOG-QUayr COIS). ob seein op ae meee cael -tee 348 1,643 348 1,643 Orie potndsss22 : .5... eae sos 5 aaron oe 477 3, 101 22, 264 112, 355 Total sardinesas~ css eS ee ae de ee ee ee 1,606,398 | 5,942,723 | 1,877,757 7, 435, 056 1 Includes two plants located in Waldo County. 2 Quarters are packed 100 cans to the case and others usually 48 cans to the case, except half-pound ovals, which sometimes contain 72 cans to the case. FISHERIES OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. The coastal fisheries of New Hampshire are unimportant in com- parison with the fisheries of the other New England States and are confined to Rockingham County, the only coastal county. In 1919 the number of persons employed was 100, of whom 3 were on a vessel transporting fishery products, 85 in the shore and boat fisheries, and 12 shoresmen in wholesale fish establishments. The amount of capital invested was $45,530 and included: A transporting vessel with outfit, valued at $9,300; 31 small boats, valued at $802; 53 power boats, valued at $10,675; fishing apparatus in the shore fish- FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 153 eries to the value of $7,295; shore and accessory property with a value of $11,958, and cash capital amounting to $5,500. The products amounted to 528,730 pounds, valued at $92,660. The species of chief importance were as follows: Lobsters, 298,012 pounds, valued at $73,203; soft clams, 66,600 pounds, valued at $13,320; and cod, 98,354 pounds, valued at $3,609. Compared with 1905, there has been a decrease of 45 in the number of persons employed, of $1,520 in the capital invested, and of 507,722 pounds in the quantity of products; but an increase in the value of the products of $40,716. There has been an increase in the catch of lobsters as compared with 1905 of 41,960 pounds in quantity and $40,628 in value and a decrease in the collection of Irish moss of 54,000 pounds in quantity and $1,980 in the value. FISHERIES OF ROCKINGHAM COUNTY. _ The following table shows the number of toa employed, the investment, and the quantity and value of the products of the fisheries of Rockingham County, N. H., in 1919: Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND Propucts or FisHERIES Or ROCKINGHAM County, N. H., mv 1919. Item. Number.| Value. | = Item. Number.} Value. PERSONS ENGAGED. | INVESTMEN T—continued. On vessels transporting. ...... ESSE 35 Shore and accessory property.|.........- $11, 958 Inshore fisheries. ............- ieee once CRAM CONNER © «on y- sep ate <= cal s cwalcelaxcuconey ab kines cateueslMaakbcm seen Geshe teee SU AM ee tok eae as lyases aa aed ott te 8. ADO Ta at res ue onl ts aw ae aealko ee deasconle etee Boats: WMG NOW 7 OWGii ss datas ceacc secu 633 RUC re aos oS score toacvelia 500 Apparatus, vessel fisheries: Da Ce on a eee oe a6: 15 GRUNER a case dics coos scans 661 OUSRERW IS... Seep eee: 35 Lines, hand and trawl. .......|........s.e. EOUIMRMaaan CoS cob pos sue edugsbes dee RMDEIE DOS «5 alot ndessct ods 75 DOT OU Sette aks t atiy Ser nwhde « 158 ORE ew ING ee hpiwe ctin wes ale cowy airesaw als np eae PME TEE LUO Sat dpi tuts os [an angus a haela, pb Loy Calon awa senn. cnet, bibs OOdilip des cecsceclacthunson Apparatus, shore fisheries: en ae 4 aMMEIS BORON S . Scachicucsavesdue 13 (thE aS ST aes Soe 881 Pound nets, trap nets, and NES hierateds Viva bone aa wid a 151 oc, TS are ea 44 NOM Po ds thw dow crtew ESD Ger

iuse oe shee a UOMAL 1635205 Sasser eveMeniaetvaadetine > PRODUCTS. Alewives: Pounds. EM bsdacedecsbaesd Seveedee 313, 466 OE ee 5 801, 600 I RR IRS ie 3 39, 000 OR wide cc ow ode vosusenaes 3, 932 PMN ns ON dilie 96 cata cutematne 33, 956 But SE paegedents 180, 500 156 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND Propucts oF FISHERIES OF MASSACHUSETTS In 1919, By CountiEs—Continued. Item. Barnstable. Bristol. Dukes. PRoDuUCcTs—continued. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Catfish and wolffish..............- 20, 976 Cod: Rresh . 0) 2 Seco ee ea 6, 132, 372 Salted oo sae op ce cae eee nes 6, 500 Crinnere jo 3 wt oon. eGo Sa rete swiss bre Cusk; freshiie oS ccc ae sa eoleeres 16, 428 Belseor sitereeseceursee: theses ee 112, 708 lounderse. 22 tees EAs eee es 3, 979, 872 STAytise feo ccc mar cane eeu See 1, 000 GovsBiinh S: Silence ede e act ae colseee ro aenee ely Sa Haddocks fresh... saz 2c 2c i2ib- 5, 865, 917 | Prakevtresiin <27) 475 te ares sa ste 644, 902 Halipubsfrestt: 2 s3hs. sess soe ee 19, 318 Wrerming seh oo. . veo ts toss ee 6, 445, 441 Hickory Shad>. 22-28. season 11, 650 Kang etish’ sk Ve 2: ee ease reek st NEY ie le THMICO st bee concer cae ais one cak. 67, 800 Mackerel: Fresh 3, 596, 851 Bripeterc tof. Seer eee eee eee a Menhaden $ 69, 303 Minnow é 1, 000 Perch Aw hie 0 oe eee Sale eons sete. Pollock, fresh 1, 242, 907 Pompano 4 Rosefish 305 Round herring 941 BCU ps ee eee oes Bee eae tt e|- coca cnet al mecanecee eee Scup 10, 344 SOAIDASS ba cbto suns todas Cac cee ora 345 NOMTOULIN sos eee eeu ete eee |secceesnareclaccacenceaen Potato: WERE 22 EE US ORE ead erate ls 98 5, 645 paliartse 5 ee ee ae Pee 314, 525 Skatesiand Ways: 222242 ss-5- 0520 2 885 tale (2) | Se Oe EES Ene Se ee 257 PUMOUCA PUR am nla ve. o tee ee ps 613 Bi Od. DASE < o/22 sa Sogtee deo tka 307 PUP OOM foes once edad dees s chi 5, 183 BLULECOR CAVIBT 2.5.5 cool ease eek 30 SLULPCOM MOG. «cos cn andeawaecns set 175 SpyOrausiitees he wn cee cheba ose see 112, 935 EULLOS ott eem an oun teste as nce = ie 35, 427 TWlefish'ss oe ee een ona ccbuleeccecsnsobclemeeccceeek slap (Gs GOD neler DOOM st rte cterewm a= meen STOMGOGL: fee eta sis aCe ee be 2, 200 Bt BOOT SSBB NTs Se se ere et ames FINA ae oe oe ae lew stn ep BRE aie to 37, (50H eli ita -Piy (bang allie Jes Wana pak’ gol ar terse Bel Sear a be A fara tc hp ed SER LAA Bie "oh bd oe ool ll, 173, 383 Other Bpetiesy =: 5 250k sore see ses Pas Squid 5, 837, 988 Blackfish 40, 000 AD) Werte cep c cue loncs eaten) sp weciae ea opi peas Porpoise POO Ree See aun alts esmrnte sls peer on een ae eens Clams: Hard— UG S Soe ee tees ae a 293, 520 PRVATO ME de. oe neces 22, 640 Soft— Paves. ot odes vetoes cee 136, 000 PIV AU: Or ean tees oe 125, 000 Te) 9 ous SE ly, pe EE ah 3 Oysters: Market— Paplivc.. s5-scdaccasccsts 875 : A0O [oso ae PH VAUGs oc Sspuctens ch 723, 835 Seed—Private.............---- 68, 978 6,912 Wen pce eels LR LETe De coek ae otal eee Bontiopss teh eraes ogre ae We kee fy 501, 264 145, 523 42,300 | 14,200 301, 020 88, 325 FO o's Dag Geel ea As edb and a 2, 400 Wi O2B wel cin ccike eebeall Se tea hen | lente ere ete el ha ad TOstersi ae. s cst ee tie ke 99, 420 26, 988 256,618 | 54, 402 610,497 | 104, 610 ShTIMP oi sos scene cee ade ee 3, 100 1,55) "| on 5 od gate be cepnietese| pete pene mais he caee ee SOAWIL-- 58. -ccccue ote aa meen Oke 37, 107 1, 600 ss sso col Eee ee sceel oeeee rs on palace einem 2 5: ee ee Ee Se ET, ot 150 1 A es -g eapes Geb Miateret [sigh Hehe Samal lon pois oS xf SRD ETA OU oie a 3.2 ccs eee eee Bini h a 678, 375 92, 450 867, 038") 125, 661 | 0 oon ca sin ae rele eae AOA OTIS «2 Sa pete a ee ce 30 $90.0, Pome eels, bie ope mika Pity Beebe es hiatal a Bilowife Scsdles: .. eh seen cceene 4, 000 2, 000 Vo uacke secstee leak sean Jeneeeererree|eereeesees LOLGI. .. omits sear bomen aceebe 49,916,193 | 2,077,114 | 2,964,672 | 360,649 | 3, 869, 707 428, 770 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 157 Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PrRopucts OF FISHERIES OF MASSACHUSETTS IN 1919, By CounTIEs—Continued. Item. Essex. Nantucket. Norfolk. PERSONS ENGAGED. Number. Value Value Number Value. Onu-geescls fishing - <2. 56.00... cee 281A Ae Bia Sl SB eee pe eee [eee Te Le On vessels transporting ............ Mine horace caste es OB le el see ee TEEGTIN oy eT) 5 [ce ae ar TEES SSS Eo 2 | (tN (ee cy ay gs PIMORINIEE oo tee se Sa 5 os. ea cdacecs USS | SR a Se | ee OS [eee eras 2) (Sarena: LG TUS a ea eee Sak ZiT) Ro S| OS ae rd eee 47. [i282 ben INVESTMENT. Vesvels eee: Bc aa 5 Se dnb adae au nae il $502, 065 mits OD oe nc oet ales. cteiees 1 6 wr idl Moa steare ae tele MBE ocamtas aaacl et Ly tag ROE c ptneere| Neos aos ou | oer nee Outfit. .....: ee Ribate wen 655 ~ 3 119, 866 IEG e sa oud ax-|Boee estes Gasoline. ..... sa pnedeaeeedetas 146 | 1, 950, 303 2 1 eee het SR eee To Ce aes ete Shee - Oe eee | PT ae el cca S| op eeeeees EGS 23) tse oe. anne 3-2. 3 671, 348 IG OTD os oee es > «las canara MESe autalupe don cddiog «ca 6 ame gi 23 379, 500 TDD. | os aot Sen oul ieee PBN TAPG. ~ 2.25 wc anowe = LEC Uh) SE eS a ea ae es eee PE cr Demi 8 sh i) ea aE ee Ee ae “Me ee dre 110, 222 UD le e's cise sing «anemone Vessels transporting LT a ee 5 59, 350 1 BOD) loc ob win n's niin aaa BOMMALG - = - 5 iss -b 2s = on ba oe |. = = i aes Gi miseitnet | sienna ea] nee Ui a eee lee e feoondenn ans : | SL Ra Ae Eee Dr. rr aa Wigtccectttterettesereeces ue IBIBOD feet eeu ed, nt | Ae wosee| eee rr Oe Se ye | RE By Se IO 3 ons 9 ita Ged eteiaaaiaanain o's Ge eine LN PERE SBR ee Fe Cine ae 2, 375 Boats Spe bi EN hens wild wee. gaan 163 4, 435 | 20 i Bi Ss Wes i ae. 324 152, 390 | 78 | 25,655 ‘Aoneestys, vessel fisheries: BSPENGMUAELORS coon tec ea w'ak nies = 64 130, 700 1 600 PPPUIBES pew. 3 554 Re ata ae aes 3, 089 63, 875 100 1, 600. |. os -S6lica ls oe dace Otter trawlss- -...-2--.2---..- 36 4, 145 6 360 Lines, hand and trawl... -......'......-....-- 2 ee ee ee Be Harpoons of SS Ep aes FASS i en PP ae PET |S Se A tg 200 PEE MOL Gd vs ibys yo wmrkacl pace yop daetinln ts acumen AD ee IDB Vain cnta a cele pare See Rakes 2 Apparatus, shore fisheries: Purseseines 20 Ed Dee ee A Nps Pepe Haulseines..... 11 PING io dd nig dele pie des delwaxWdea swale ee eee Gillnets........ 1, 724 | , 363 10 |). 345 500; | cadodccnculseaeaeeoe Pound nets, trap nets, and Lo. SS Se SE ere 43 19, 650 3!) PhS ODOT sons | ee eee Or ge Ee oe ae eS Re 2) ae ee ee Mee YT ve ee Pa PORAOIEN os toes now tS wsaweps ih PaO hts h tag MMOih . coy Gade sh Bee tog eatoes cle) geemmear Pein, BANE ONO-tAWh. soa sditesocesese dee MARSTOE lesa ess SI ROB eles IONS dos a waco ded Cockle traps Lobster pots. . Eel pots. ..... Dredges....... Seem IIS Gia wis eoewasnsasap Heeb lLO4S. | 1). ) ors POS BS avececawmablcosdéezess Shore and papery property. wats canbdanetncac| (Oy 000; 900 Ip asccaee=nsp|) --SOIED NEI, De teas age saradsdeilies sere ss cann))) Ble TOR Ink ocesc eel -<18) 000 Vocdeser ee Pounds. Value. 39, 449, 727 3, 137, 905 809 1, 073, 168 16, 870 113, 991 2, 171, 726 25, 468, 781 373, 574 1,695,709 | 192, 400 $1, 760 162, 452 30, 000 3,000) erate ie | ahs ees on BON Faddtisusccy | (83/0 a aes Clams: Hard puplicr ccd. Wes esas ane Sate 68, 836 «|! asin be sce abe eeeras Sort, PUDLICTS..- J Ateawe saceeeee 460, 060 58,206: sos eee con hest ee. 63, 470 9, 620 PCO DB be i so cbuk twwnb owcEusealect bes en mena Meds te pone 46,230" | We Saale ees eee 1 SORE 6 TG RG 300, 000 1)350: 1202223 ctemes| cxsdaseaee he tee eee Lt oy SEBDS HANG ic Sine ee Ae sc sree one 18, 167 B95). |aewecistaemier| caccsacses 18, 475 554 OpSkars: Ras RS Ae eS 677, 387 161, 249 8,759 | 77, 054 19, 390 BRIS tro eee eee oe eae 300 | 8B). Fenctcccs i. | oS. neceuition cole ane Meee mene IBN OMEN ebise Botiwcses gabe comer ceee 600 12) | oc ccs cewes| casemeweculore te keel meneeeiomes eo) aS Sas RON ed oS 57, 462 3, 404 len ono ewes] snes) ocewel abe come ene Ree eee (Oy eee SS 21s Ee Sapa ae 17 282, 875 4, 366 «| cso 52 Se ekilescs ends oc|ceten cap eeteL eee nae MPIRGEMOBS 6 Oo 2 fo eo cafe bb ebelemecoas bade Ralc cebcie He pie eel ele emcees te eee eee oe 25, 500 1, 912 ata wee eee. oes) eee 104, 762,381 | 4,531,677 | 1,553,572 | 210,391 | 248, 199 41, 291 | Item. Plymouth. Suffolk. Total. PERSONS ENGAGED. Number. Value. Number. Value. Number. Value. On vessels fishing.............. 2 208 | habihe e's ates 91, BOD rc eet eaetes 352, 312 Vessels transporting: GASOUNE. «.. «0.0 cdckec cso oul obese cares oa) Teme 13 40, 800 |° 22 108, 950 TOMNAE. - onc o oss sass lon’ ee peneee el tee oe MAT cheb ahiae of 460") tediee 2% Outht...2: 3. eee. fsa] eeaeee) -2- o eee spakeectiens 13,060) sasuke ole wets 16, 680 BAY SJ sas on clas acl c sa) aots opts ee ale | ata skis AE lceepipyenceets 3 13, 800 PONTE 2a ova oc dc clee Eamene dalee ne eetteet |S Bais cledaseye otal wee eet aoee bE SP eel oee Sj sini | Pee ee oes SE, se seb eeee pebiaia e}s Sisto ae wie eles Fee st ote tied seeubese 2,375 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 159 Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND PRopucTS oF FISHERIES OF MASSACHUSETTS In 1919, By CountTres—Continued. Item. Plymouth. Suffolk. Total. INVESTMENT—continued. Boats: Number. Value. | Number. Value. Value. BALE MOMBOLC.. o--.b. 2-2-5. 219 $5, 655 33 $1, 830 $58, 488 ia: eee ee 2¢ Beet. 280 90,570 191 258, 860 891, 195 Apparatus, vessel fisheries: TATE Soe ba RR VAR Cs ate Be no 9 eae 9 24, 000 193, 850 MPEGS. Mie cs Gk 2k. o- seek ee as eee ee Ne 685 12, 745 107, 985 TE he a dn (92 Se opp | Be 8 2 33 10, 100 17, 850 Hips; BANG AN CLAW LS. silk os aa teen ea een ols Seales Oe clara SUy ako ea. sea ee 133, 658 PIBPOOUN Es 4 5.82 358 5s eR. ee elapse cclads Aas e eee 1 7 AAR ed ep gh 6, 655 AGT NTS es cp abe lente anette atte ole - so amSeues|- ab cane Sac'es 1, 050 Lf end Se er es een ae poe 10 PONE ae oe as 2,516 EE A RNS lin a8 | ie ge ce ol beens Bt A SA Nes SES 9 EP ae tee ee Ne ir ee Se ee ae See er le, . ca sctc a [ests heck cach 40 1 ASUS SS) cert ge Me 8 RA Co Bored Pe ae a ee (ore ee Cee ee 29, 000 Apparatus, shore fisheries: PUIG SPINED .>. co tans 42,050 ISOS CS ae § 6 3, 995 Meee sana d pan See sez ee ¢ 77, 323 Pound nets, trap nets, and AE ee 387, 470 URGES SES obey. amet fae spac ks eka | One etnotee 1,585 cd St SS eR ee Ieee eee ae bees 36 Dip nets....... ras Sa et SS 374 QS | ee os 9,510 Lines, hand and trawl 5, 06 51, 412 Le jics 10 Ss 68 SEG yd Seer R hy OE, Peis) we] AE ae 540 ha ee ele ees 171 Cunner traps.. 6 VG yr oe Gee) Fd OE A el Bae me eee 500 Lobster pow. .--.-.222.. 52: i ' 109, 309 REMMI oto saee ess |. ok bY LAGS for y TIDOO' loeveets bes clavicsoeen ates s “1 Uo i S eA PRIEST fecal Haag iil ido! Ribble? 1: vin eee heeled Pelli es pe Beye ¢ 16,521 “CEES Ss SS a ae Geter Dan tc ee cece le ematnto tees H 1,355 PRR Mt etek sagt 1) fb OG | MOOD hws Shans caf oaswdearans 5, 656 Forks and hoes............. 130 26: 887 Shore and accessory property...|...........-] 106,136 |............| 1,614,181 |............. 7, 000, 239 CRIOOINCONS dau: 5 aad dep oi sin ga Cudee exo} opecpa ok 6,1, Pe aa A AUSSO00) te ons oe Shan ant 1, 902, 945 MAM atte eed oa gud cat la reew tcc cere eke eAOTO. lowe caee tees 6, pag R10 denen e sthae 19, 111, 269 PRODUCTS. Alewives: Pounds. Value. Value. OSS gp pee ee aad ia 81,050 $8 $23,070 EA is ak wala earns ae SOOONE * Shite ln canse et ens lavac nae tecee 55, 995 ERIM gre 2, fey. as told oa eoviee ae akmw cola | ihre emiae ae catn tase One 2, 845 NEE Os ah nas Talia ARG ahead bade Exped ap] (eget lps ft el [igh 5 RD ei retapay She DY ' 791 EEO Ray Kasi. ki py ¢ Sob ac olan ven deta ora. [ine tedaded 18,018 26, 810 she es Riot win te gate = pera] ety Rae 9,219 7,926 2, 826, 091 SO lash oa alee lnlee Poe ad peek 166, 792 EEE EE So te he foe's ave Ooenansis |avetadain< liens chued ov claecee giapole 585 84 468, 741 1,561, 337 55, 068 BPD, Boil ein sore pes ERED CEB Dh ae OU p eget tt 16, 870 759 : 1, 203 49) 7 374, 167 47, 714 . 1,994 | 2,348, 824 102, 883 | 10, 262, 693 478, 850 DRMEEs wale a0 36 adn EAw ole cama tesWalod et ope Piaralbeded aie tce ve 63, 667 184 ISMN Sado ota lta sos Cenk Ses) ies avcraytelipb ss taemat cle Ree adeeb oe ai a 183 | 46,383,268 | 1,298,776 | 77,804,810 | 2,191,215 OP era A Peet, a iteate sl lat Mani aceal ade as sige Pian can 373, 574 16, 996 125 | 1,443, 416 59,107 | 4,066, 437 156, 352 naan ome fede heme ME ULee + ve eb isle aetnatens ol Pepe ead fo ows less rep cabs , OF 1,307 Loyd nichole tee | aaa ate le cine f 37,593 | 1,708, 509 296, 232 ERS ppp aias wie SA) ty ce EL Sa oat ba a ER ea 8,045 1, 060 6,304 | 10,811, 409 129) 408 a wEOOC 0 £9 dea ceicss 6 Aba ess REP ORsleh Fewie awa lenesos nan'e% olahave heap ae i 830 re Ropes sadseedd cs sovseualss sq Mts eMdl Matha SEK. va fell) Jp Ved |Sy aioe veshded 72 18 SMUG p dena ncbasssdeunvens setae webu aswaeilss wemewdaeloandecracedes|occecabauves 67, 800 838 Mackerel ; ape A Dy ch bles 13540505 ee 48, 887 12, 267, 1382 1, 212, 461 1 eh PEE Mop ti h Saal Tike ta FES Sas 1, 249,062 109, 948 eed COLE EEO PE EEE Pee) meee eats Ad pl 0. 09s | SaaS BNE eo 61, 361 1, 862 Menhaden............ op uhh 505% A GOO Ne 6) BOO . das 0) vals burger au 161, 219 2,231 Minnows......... Pncadentscavatlahusetun bhenlateaeeemboress «saccecccles severe 1,000 125 160 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND Propucts of FISHERIES OF MASSACHUSETTS IN 1919, By CountTIEsS—Continued. Item. PpRODUCTS—Ccontinued. POMmpanOs ssa reese es oF eee Se PROSERAN cas Os 2 kL Cit. Shee ane Round herring... Senlpin...... Bone ee Sea PUNBIChs: fa sygetins ost ch eee eee Squebeagues ics. --: -. sees se Striped bass............- TaUeee piurceon 4 = Privace Seed— PGi Gee ee aoe ren Sb, Les aN SEE, “alifeesr) egdi th Boks of beget Mey Dale Ee PA GMSUGS. a sowsr- enh cies ete Sperm oil BUWOEIPTIS. Sonn toncts. at keke te Alewife scales: oc 25-22. 20.0 it ahliqerilen

ow cccecel eae ea DORMS 5 = 12s 1 Ry Sep 2 OR UA GLE OO! ..) SITES i. 2c ccccslsevevensslsaantegstaly Wa tses an MOORES, STOR 6 dacsedeeenteeesnn 1, 616, 538 127, 500 13, 750 37, 500 MIO 6 10,2 4. date tite sod anata deka WARGO. TN SIO |, den enecccdalsnscdceceMaceuaeteutwnne takes « MME shop adioscaneds india died xara See MROMUAL) «1 GUO look. .wanwapel din use anal Samoa een ce ccck |S RES RAH, Ss 2, 210,622 | 137,714 127,500 | 13,750| 37,500 52025°—21 162 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. YreLp oF VESSEL FISHERIES OF MASSACHUSETTS IN 1919, By CouNTIES, APPARATUS, AND Sprectrs—Continued. Apparatus and species. Gill nets: Mackorel so 20.500 = 2.0 sot ae Harpoons:|Swerdfish': {2.22 J... Ee: Whaling gear: AMPCrevis Les 2.esFle- HERAT EL SOMO SG ore ens eset ewes Totals 222 <8 cece eae Lobster pots: Lobsters..-.......-...-. Dredges: Olams hard: Site SY ci Oysters— Manket; private 4 -o- esc cccs xc Seed) private. ): 62222222252. 14 gh Lee ae ee 8 RE | EE A ER Re hy ee asl bie csee Round herring............ 941 Td BEREP S| BGA | CORPS PS ESET eee e cee 8. gg lit PAE a Ge Sa Ey A el ery Ped 6, 000 1 (a RO SY PEGE Fy Pe Se Be este: = oe Beup..2s2...-28 22 sss2het 8, 634 494 52 B63, 578'| ’ 4,308! |. 4-4. oe calc ea Dake: 6) clase essere | ssde225. oe ans 2, 289 50 , 865 532 18 2 Bea TOM | beavis died. iaaseer. de leecaes. 400 OSes Ses) cleedss cocle sen ea etek os Se eee bey 5,645 | 1, 553 54 17 37 7 435 47 harks 24. .2..52sss52554 11, 300 183} 3,175 1 6's | FeCl eee 3, 000 75 Beats arid THys: <)07. soto aan ca taelae td ew dt 93, 649 SHEA avi pen'e wid sin| e maa ciao hal ene : eee BRMGIUSLA. s. . 1.12 P20 Sea o sp ee tole redeses 97 TB. Sunn dsolacsvesasleesaenneedl aeueeees Squet Bicsaevivomaaameda 613 74 962 151 4, 202 O58. dobaepcelkaws vein Striped bass............... 287 110 605 103 59 13: [basse ceed cles ROOM oo oo6 5s oot ds seeds Pm) SS ib Os On Se |e =| Dye le 2 180 22 Sturgeon caviar........... 30 oD) REAR ACE) DOOR CEEe PRED Cerer Ge [e eraee) eo aane rd |, ae aaa Sturgeon roe........-.-.-. 175 UD ee el ere el RE eer ey 6 13 Ee meee 23,627 | 1,362] 13,519 | 1,316 222 19 158 6 oo a rer ry 2 2, 200 6 2, 390 OS | ise Santee eee Wun dhe dda sso dae’ c Mati eh i dncdeu ssl telswh we 37,048 | 2,716 5 D | saudtdupnolacnaeeee 5, 000 750 DIMMING 9s cece. vices 11, 173, 383 |135, 485 | 57, 709 948 | 62, 727 365 |2, 563,786 | 11, 339 166 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. YreLp or SHore FisHEeRrES OF MASSACHUSETTS IN 1919, By CouNTIES, APPARATUS, AND SpEcieEs—Continued. BY POUND NETS, TRAPS, WEIRS, DREDGES, OTTER TRAWLS, GILL NETS, DIP NETS, AND SEINES—Continued. Apparatus and species. Barnstable. Bristol. Dukes. Essex. Pound nets, trap nets, and weirs—Continued. Pounds. | Value.| Pownds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pownds. | Value. Other species.............. 9, 500 $100 8, 411 $388,,| » 20,322 ||'$1,,629) |) 0. ee ee Sauide: ees Ske 5, 837, 988 |104, a 141, 129 | 2,184] 16,459 253 | 121,831} $1,671 Porpoise: 2. Lis. ledenteee TOO hhe TS bide cco sale Sascl he ec ceecwel tecee ces eee eee ae Tota tas Bee ee 25, 382, 735 (509, 347 | 675, 555 | 14, 406 | 703, 929 | 40, 875 |4, 546,068 | 55, 569 Dredges: @lamashard’. °F. 25-3. 4 A800} 1) BOON ois aiw'a win win| atic, d ciate | are wteretacotesgl ames ieietele| en eee ee |e eee Oysters, market, private. . 138, 915; O25 287 | sto Sse ccc awic af miecim Seatac terme arctan | Scallopss. 2 ceennoeoscenees 397, 656 |114, 328 | 42,000 | 14,000 | 298,620 | 87,325 |..........|......-. Ota ssa soe eens 541, 371 {168,365 | 42,000 | 14,000 | 298,620 | 87,325 }..........|........ Otter trawls 2OG Sa ae 2 ES SE won| eee. TN | eee eh oe Se al ee ee Cee 19 MUOHUNOErSs: 5 2 = eee 891, 315 | 41,712 | 69,000 | 2,800 | 639,275 | 44,490 | 713,567 | 30, 798 ROSGHSH Foes Soe tec ek Alte ee ce acta oe cect ccl stack tees teehee nd hee ee EEee eae 6, 715 101 DCHPBE onan ccis = otc ce amen ene] wane neta acl rigs sac letise conee | Comeanese 1, 000 180° | 5.5. scene Sea basse 4 codes ee eas ed See 8 oe ae 6, 000 GOO 260 eae eee ih Wo) 1 Mi a il ee OR 891,315 | 41,712 | 69,000} 2,800 | 646, 275 | 45,270 | 720,732) 30,918 Gill nets: UOUIC eT She Seo eee o| ean = ae = res Oe areata ese eee | eecnceeb Steen ta Seine 500 25 1S Colin Es ep dim Spa ape i eal Pag py oe | PR er Pe rl eee en Pate etc sa 152, 950 4, 268 POMCH VeuOW ia. | te ea lates on asl mide sani es neeedas| seceiemts|ca ate nRale lo aeemaete 500 25 Scallops See oe thes coeacatud 34) SDD) 8) SOOM ee oe tele Cis- aeleel aw opmimeietele| mm epee cle) yee te er PT OAL esate ase. Sosa 289/350 | 172506) sts knee ec Bes eae sme ae |b are sleiciels 153, 950 4, 318 Seines: 60, 538) | "2 230 ee A 24, 309 959 1 | i i i ee 547, 860 | 30,441 | 88,067 | 2,863 | 486,100 | 14,835 | 758,988 | 39, 122 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 167 Yretp or SHoreE FISHERIES OF MASSACHUSETTS IN 1919, BY COUNTIES, APPARATUS, AND SpecrEs—Continued. BY POUND NETS, TRAPS, WEIRS, DREDGES, OTTER TRAWLS, GILL NETS, DIP NETS, AND SEINES— Continued. ) | Apparatusandspecies. | Nantucket. | Plymouth. Suffolk. Total. | Pound nets, trap nets, and | | | weirs: Alewives— | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. Pounds. | Value. Ot Sr | 16,400 $164 | 80,050 482,176 | $7,812 (os ee | 27,000 | 1,080 | 230,000 432) 18) 905 jo )in 2 1 11 ee ae ele Bee ee 2 |e Be 4,721 791 Reem 0. | 5. 5k: 59, 400 | 2h Lee ae 188,947 | 17,961 ero} pee eis Donon Bie | 4,715 268, 474 | 24" 997 Saifish and wolffish... 2 -[52)2..2. )0c-ee Patel. 14 1 a ae 1, 400 Ye Wee 288,950 | 10,335 Cistirtit: See eee) ae see Os OS re 2, 309 ees SS oS oe Pra eet 8,350 905 IGHMMETS.. 12. 3 one we 4,210 To po ee 199, 897 | 10,595 Mripate mackerel «3520 --'-= 61, 361 1, 862 Coe fil eer wee ROPE ep pee Mee 2 tee ce | eee aes 63, 667 184 ctoonmaan 82 33 -+ Se 3. Nie eee bse eS ee i 2,500 7 7 7 aa ee eee peer ger ee fea: 5, 421 109 ike es oe de Panesar S es. ee 2 5, 474 118 Sacemie. 8. 252._.-.-2). | 2,000 |""~”300 | 406, 600 7,750,055 | 94,546 SRIGMINIOHEAG 22 2 cn ol scion on] pene Cee Boose ae 12, 800 830 eae ta seeee severest seeetes|eceseaeesfeesesees| sees 72 18 rr eee ee er ee Faas ee Pe ee Ge Been en 3, 800 38 LoD ee ae eee 63,7 5,325 | 8,687 1,698, 198 | 175, 250 LUNAS Ci ee EOS | Eee WORE SS. Seen) pee ee 121, 219 1,931 GE A SE Se eS A Sees RE A SE as Dean ee 6, 000 CL ied RE ae REE AG 900 sll RE eel SRS RE 292,808] 6,528 IRantiang see. 3.2 stes & ond Sk Sh clears. (or OR Te) ae eee ees 14 2 Round herring. -..-2---.-|s0..--00 8 ie be aang eal sear: endear 941 19 ey ip i met aaa ef BIRR FA hth (SDI Can 6, 000 15 et ee ee a 2, 450 0 CA | REN Vee NSN +a 74,714] 5,138 aS eee 2, VG bop pete ETT eRe a ete pe eee - 8,172 884 Rica SPEC Rs ane Late ef ut el ban ane se] bean se om slow eceeentoata 1 i Eee a 12, 800 TES eRe ies ers ee fae eae 18, 971 2,374 a So 2 aS SRE ol | SEE NO bab: > WS tae ets Fe) 17,475 329 ERE! TA YSi oy /. octet eee UL ss [ae Sere a bea = tells 93, 649 381 CUTIE 3 > a ae ee! ice (ies Peper Umea sas 97 13 A, SEES et RS SEES 8 ST ed cree 5,777 908 gt ee BR aed ee ee ae Rn ae Fakes bran ry ya 951 226 SIRI Jers ens ei ate: Set ateel Se ne oo | Smee cen since eee se 5, 363 1, 213 Strirpood Caviar s../. 225: |vscvseews fone s fons pac gh ang Oe ye aes 85 CLS 0p ee Pe Se ater boreers er 181 163 1 ie ST Pec terere Cpr re PASS ee ae 37,526] 2,703 Cpe Sef ee! | Cetera reper Peart is 4,590 99 - =| en rcs Peotorn Peerorer pam 42,101 3, 468 ul os ae 53, 600 660 7,000 13, 918, 205 | 148, 850 Sop NPOCINS- =>) 255 2c. Seca obese s. apa aa | le SI Ieee. eee Re eM F 38, 232 2,117 tit LR Se ae 8, 350 83 | 13,800 6, 134) 557 | 108, 864 RMUUNNG eS ces ek Elnora tt Man teknos| has cedaselemoueenspltedeeeiss 750 15 CU LORS eee eee Baer pee eee 6, 400 6, 400 3, 200 a 249, 210. |. 15, O18. | 7575312 | 39, 706 | wees ew sl a sewennis 32,314, 809 | 655,005 Dredges: Clams, i Oe eee rer ee) Bee ae) Perey | tg) ERE Pe] Peis PRENOL Ee 1, 800 Oysters— Market— Sp Oe i ER ei |e EN INVERN Y scree nick. eno | pe Ors ee 57, 124 PAM log ants sas clos wate med] os eee 1,320 PINAL So asad [von awas> as leok dane 640 Sadliope:. 0222532225322: 94,752 | 42,730 402, 167 WPotaba “Ses Saat 94,752 | 42,730 4 et ee Ee , 407, 463, 114 Otter trawls: | Oaiiisls and OMsis = oll bree ae creratte fore ee aaa MACK Opel isc <3 Jane 2a! OS) SEaee 2, 226 197 3, 705 475 1, 000 120 Pollock Fresh. 2252 60. ees 856, 526 20) FEO ns ees ee ee 43, 500 1, 285 Scups Wee. oo. Stee. bee eek 1,710 QO S7snte seoel ose neces 700 Bea Wass9 5s. 22 eee ee ld 345 LAO) | s2 20) Set ee ees Ree ¢ §=§00 50 Shierkes. - 22... 32. Sse 303, 225 85 O87: eres ce a) ee oe eee Skatedas. Fo. .5 028 eGe e e 88 LA petin te 8) BOS. ee ee eee en ee Birippd Hass: 2: scctee sn tee sonsocaseesk 20 Fol Eee ena EO neE end ore aeuedles soce onde Wantoget D1 Lodeeceras sees ees 11, 800 1,227 | 28,725 3, 655 600 30 PRR OLS snes arn ener seo pene anne 150 ) Di re eae Rages So [oecereres|erseteeee Total osc: con. Se 5, 285, 504 187, 805 39, 475 4,700 | 110,050 4,293 SS SSS a FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 169 Yretp or SHoreE FIsHERIES OF MASSACHUSETTS IN 1919, By CounTIES, APPARATUS, AND Species—Continued. BY LINES, TONGS, RAKES, HOES, FORKS, EEL POTS, LOBSTER POTS, AND SPEARS— Continued. Apparatus and species. Barnstable. Bristol. “ Dukes. ; Tongs, rakes, hoes, and forks: | | Hard— Pounds. | Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. rE Set hd eee 281,520} $95,523 | 192,560 | $62,550 79,120 $27, 300 ‘ ge: eee ates Sn gies ae 22, 640 Paes bee ace reed Mae teed Fe as es ae oft— eemibes Sooo se ee 136, 000 13, 189 6, 000 900 5, 000 875 a8 LACS ee aan gis Se RAL i ee nae SRN 4 hel Se a hed bt eed eet ate 95 Te a SR ARS ARR, opie Be 4 #200 (Balen see ie el pa BE (ep ek eel x acon, Ss Oysters, market— eet or eee 2 ee eae s 875 150 1,120 BOO | 2 oo cee eee AEN Tee es RES ee ee 228, 235 71, 120 945 130 [ceed oanaeeeete PRI 2 Ge tran hs hee 48 BOS ee eee eden Sal 5 ated es soe sels a.m myetats wis asin arernrein ] bon RE creectata eps | Pu: iki ere ale oe | ere Cae 6, 900 575 PROG ce cits Ree ee a ne ae eas 500 Fibs) |i ceo eee al ce oe eee 38, 341 6, 017 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 171 Yrevp or SHORE FIsHERIES OF MASSACHUSETTS IN 1919, By CoUNTIES, APPARATUS, AND SpecreEs—Continued. BY BOW NETS, FYKE NETS, HARPOONS, COCKLE TRAPS, AND CUNNER TRAPS. | Apparatus and : species. Barnstable. Bristol. Dukes. Essex. Total. Bow nets: Ale- wives— Pounds.| Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. | Value.| Pounds.| Value.|Pounds. | Value. regh et... 41, 500.1 Stes eee te de. 2 (RN (i 1 SS" 41,500 | $475 Ti 162; 000:}''%, 28042. . <2: Jape? .8 EE ears WER eo 162,000 | 7,280 Smoked........- 37, 000: |)2,006:|22uccvtecters. c= ceed Wepeatee es trntore 7° Sar 37,000 | 2,695 oh ae 1, 000) |expOUrl; eee re 2. ASE er aD Baraat Wk eee ede | 1, 000 500 Total. ........ 241,500 10,950 |_........ Slee Breeeus CAOROS Pee eh: Bem 241,500 | 10,950 Fyke nets | TE eS oe 33,180 | 6,577 | 10,600} $950 | 40,000 ($8,000 |.........)....-.. 83, 780 | 15,527 Le bin Pe: Se a |e eee ee 3, TS RES) eeeeiael Repairer ees eee ' 181 Perch; witlte + oe): 722k 5528). AES 200 BOL sal dantsiss seca usawadusl ocwoue 20 (POMCOGe,... 5/241: S53. oee hose eo 2,300 OD 5x sk hig s 5% TU RS Se emcee 2,300 90 Tow < sss 33,180 | 6,577 | 16,300 1, 241 40,000) 8) G00 )|s3: Sagas 2c S003 89, 480 | 15, 818 Harpoons: Sword- | / | Bins S382 orice ice ere eee 2, 400 600} 15,500 | 2,620 |......... eee 17,900 | 3,220 Cockletraps:Cockles| 1, 450 prt] eee eee) Se Sete NT We Bes 300, 000 |$1,350 | 301,450 | 2,075 Cunner traps: Cun- Ti? 2. Sh SAR Ee | ee Te Se a eR pushes eer: 7,150 500 WITHOUT APPARATUS. Species. Barnstable. Plymouth. Total. < en a a 2d SEE eee | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds. | Value. Blackfish 40, 000 ot ERED Nate SE 40, 000 $40 Clams, hard wrad 2,400 825 800 $250 3.200 1,075 Oysters, seed, private 51, 688 1) ee SE ae PS | 51,688 4, 430 CHAR SASS rs reac zie eins so eecs ee: 950 300 | 275,000} — 1,050 | 275,950 | 1,350 Of. Soe mene ees EBS eet 95, 038 5,595 | 275,800 1,300 | 370,838 | 6, 895 ! | ( INDUSTRIES. Wholesale fishery trade.—In 1919 there were 139 wholesale fisher establishments in Massachusetts, valued at $2,928,405, with a ak capital amounting to $1,522,545, in which 1,468 persons were engaged, to whom $1,790,495 were paid in wages. Five of these firms engaged in the manufacture of oil and fertilizer incidental to their wholesale business. The uantity of fish oil manu- factured amounted to 56,250 gallons, valued at $60,147, and of fer- tilizer to 324,750 pounds, valued at $2,000. Smoked, canned, and by-product industries.—In the appended table the statistics of the smoked, canned, and by-product industries of Massachusetts in 1919 are shown in detail. The quantity of fish smoked, salted, and pickled amounted to 12,807,782 pounds, valued at $863,927, the principal items being finnan haddie, 4,506,216 pounds, valued at $352,692, and salted and pickled herring, 3,299,950 pounds, valued at $100,530. The pack of canned products amounted to 52,474 cases, valued at $362,926, and the value of the by-products was $1,050,317. 172 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. INDUSTRIES OF MASSACHUSETTS IN 1919. Smoked fish, and Item. salted and pickled Canned. By-products. Total. herring. Number. | Value. | Number.| Value. Number. Value. Number. Value. Plants: - osecaceet 116 |$694, 688 6 |$1, 513, 725 212 | $447,389 34 |$2, 655, 802 Cost of materials. --|........... P hog Ge4. se eee 694,079 |e -2esccicnns |. octet |b hie eerste See eee Cash‘eapital.2.3.. 9222 S5o5 (022.800) .< cee. %) $94) S00 ie wes tackles BOD AAND IS Sk eee 399, 400 Persons =) uate S60) ea caais = ME Mees OSLy os Heat ee 2, 1862) seen ane Wages paid........ eeeaesaes- BS P-ALt (lh) eae 1,082,065, }o.22-22e OZ OT eo cient wie 1, 843, 973 | oS ee OS _—— FFF —————q—_]——— | MANUFACTURED | PRODUCTS. Liver and menha- } Geno} gatlons..). Ss. oo 5. se letew cece slaee ecko wee ee ee 3 207,627 | 236,110 207,627 236, 110 Wiqwid elue.:d0 5...) 2.5 -asc|. cteeigael eee ecale eee. see 4388,252 | 474,924 388, 252 474, 924 Fish scrap and fer- ° VINZET-AepOUNds~.|... susmsasa|obeamacns| = ameecaee Mec ee 14,895,358 | 339,283 |14, 895,358 339, 283 Kippered herring, pounds: 25.2 nese we 233,378) 28,440 | e:c aj ecules cota weosse|salceeks Seafoukeeeteee 233, 378 28, 440 innan haddie, | pounds: <).c-sss=4 4,506; 216: | 352:692:|- ccabecbeleccececextn|Aeeesceses \eizsomtewg 4,506,216 | 352,692 Smoked henne ‘ Plain and Bis- { marks spounds-2]| 3,045, 400/201, 650 vac 5-- « 17 eee QU abaeme cus ROEOMIMON 2s .5 5 cadabccdeee os awed okies SWAN lat tpt Pw We bs bh es [ee oe en Ai leab cavew ds Total...) 2170 coe ae 126 |...... par rT ee INVESTMENT. aia Re Vessels fishing: epee reer ee a. | A GLO, 199: |. 5 555d anledan nee ae ees atens|y ae we dee ee RORIALG 95 iss dad eek akan ie CU Inoscca ccs s|ss sass wowsliue deere weclauksasraaniuwidontsee 182 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Persons ENGAGED, INVESTMENT, AND Propucts or FISHERIES OF CONNECTICUT IN 1919, By CountTreEs—Continued. | Item. Fairfield. Hartford. Middlesex. INVESTMENT—Continued. Vessels fishing—Continued. Number. Value. | Number.| Value. | Number.| Value. Gasolinid. o2 50k ee eee eee AN | $98:025)|: 2.220 sec) -coeeecee < -|Eaee emanate ee Mennaro sect te tal~ Senses oe 010 aa EA (Sea etre eee te sl conic OUthib. cores ai eas) 6 eB t Le eee 53,740 esocerek no 2|socaeees. eee Bee meee ae BS OP er aD eee ae At RAR ts 8 SS 19 Gy 195 (ooo ae Lear 2 See Tonnage. - es eke ce ae TSB | s2265 cS Sek. ce doe tl ee eae. 2| Bee | aera Ombhit roe ee ee eee | sae B: O85 oe0 8 deed] teseesecec wees ele Vessels transporting: : SlCGM 3 oe. - cana oo eae e mace es ses 2 DEFY 20h eee se Ber naesera Bamdcrcg sc] acosnsccor Wonnages- 23. es oo cee eae BUD fe ceaselccdl cascode coc |e cee cad|oeaes ee be | eee eee Ou bhtsss shee sea ees eae ae OF 6272 oes, 5 A Se ae Boats: Hail row, ete. =2:.4-becncosecceeee oS 35 2,040 73 1,582 73 $1,814 Poweros2: S26 sagen neo sesss eee s ls. 39 11, 325 8 825 93 22,455 Apparatus, vessel fisheries: Otteritrawlsit 2222s asis esse. 53 7 300 HAT POONS © oe ecten cee sere ee ae ohn din ae eres Dobster pots. <2eth fo te ee 430 TPOGPLES: Sak << ce ecm mevaiersee at eee sere 289 Apparatus, shore fisheries Seines: .. 38. Sate ekt betas 6 Gillnets: Jco2. Seek ee eect one 1 (PON MOTs: V2.) See ce ca eae ae re ts eel eee metal ie acre sae eee | leet inete Bykeniete:, 5504 cides scene ose cerns elec meee eee] om ale ceet 266 2,043 37 447 BCOOD MCtS* «cde cu etc son ces cctase be maninceesiael wecmeeniona 3 15). 2. UC oullete ce cee Otter trawls: 3 f2sos5 5 Soe 3 NOPE te eeees sade oeten se ul 280 ebster Pots ce oes aupeede eae Se 2,085 U0) ae ese ehe asae ered 3 1,353 3,053 MOLTO tes oes e ee beers ce eee Potten [erosate Sica Ro eae eel se cee 145 123 Dredges! 25222. o2is3.5 oes ee 51 BU BPE ee Sa bela Jee eel Ti ong cee Sees OUPSS. coco beset een noes ehoomn ce 28 TOO AMS cose cles eeisecee 6 55 Rakessccet fy 3 ot yah eepi soaks 17 116). sock 2th. eek ee eee TOES Ske atk otk ete Akcce hae eee 8 sO bee eee Moros seeks 15 18 Shore and accessory property .--...-....].----------- 279084 ||sa ihn ee. DUO Sal les Sastre 7,986 Cashveapital «cei ccas sotras cca nae coe peel he iceits oe cise 29; 000922 ass eL eel Aes sae ee | S25. ae ee Motals sities Rae! DRE Spee ate Pe S21 240 A eee, 9068: | /seeaenee 49,779 PRODUCTS. Pounds. Value. | Pounds.| Value. | Pounds.| Value. 40,161 $2,008 98,713 $2,122 965 95") taces steel nastics 60 6 365 17 we ite cel eceee tee la meee eee 50 3 11,854 1,637 18, 509 2,145 4,768 1,038 6, 420 608 Base Sodletoacmeree 184, 160 6, 202 Meena saluAgecetee implant 1,110 Oren NVAUOW noo 2. basel me coc Eee eeone em a econ ea eeaae ates 2,434 235 1,213 109 Picmercl <5 32 ker ee oe ee ee eae bee sealed ans ate 128 20 340 0 TA ee re ee rte eee a eg oral ee eer ete 34,959 8,627) 329,829 59, 309 Sinlesee es PNR mn td ee 4,114 986 lnc csacc lee sss 2 ocet mee ote Eee polefels| ect): een eee oe Re RRS Her eS es SAP, All stediny ese) PApoe cocoa prcootons 2,721 231 SETIPGO DAS. So cock eas ccs a eee eee eed een teen ela caniae cers seer eenee a eee eee mee 850 110 Sirrpeon ss ee ee oe ae Oe Naat eee wea wom ae eeer ane | came ead 25 5 Sockerasst hs i20 soe Pose eee. Soe | ea ee bes eee 55, 576 4, 564 28, 527 1,918 MUMS: oot oo See ee eee Soe ee eee tens | eee ce ie 80 8 25 3 Swordfish: sees 95.2. See ee ecco 1,480 206. wks Coen cities otercel| erates ee eee tere Patiageen ee Oe ee I ees etee ae oot oa see heer eee Meereeameees 809 61 SO DAUBES oS sets See oa ane ee 72,924 ZBj{B80 |Posccebeed| senecaeeee 80,355 23,092 Clams: Pigtds tee ees ON ee ee eee 30,472°| 14,589 [oot ou. 2c] sues cecil unos a eee ae ht) | Bs Os SR CES 6 hee igre yh 5 be | 8,000 NZON Coos sues tee suecaks 12,200 804 Oysters: Market— Puplide seh esos 18,942 21880) | ate aaa eae 4,004 810 Private: /2)2ussielea sa! ete D570, 107) |: 227,986 |ctepee | fue ae aaes 5,614 1,001 eeea— PUD Ge 2 o-oo ote secede coca eeee 633, 885 685346 oie ie ben a1 wee selon) awwicee = isin simile ace Private co yrs seedesc cee eee 4.'076,.454.| 8725677 |<. .deteclosecsedeee a pbeekeeee|aceseeamem Total, ree ssc ees oh ee ee 8,410,873 | 705,969 | 150,985 | 18,238 | 793,043 99, 695 a a FT ye ee a OS Eh Pn a a _ FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 183 Persons EnGaGep, INVESTMENT, AND PRopUCTS OF FISHERIES OF CONNECTICUT In 1919, By CountTieEs—Continued. Item. New Haven. New London. Total. PERSONS ENGAGED. Value. Number. On vessels fishing. ........-..------ 566 On vessels transporting - 2 81 In shore fisheries.......--- E 1,019 BhoresmMen. ooo sco. eee oss , 623 Mopiltees «05: Ss. sc. = une fee CTR SE 2, 289 INVESTMENT. Vessels fishing BS RGAEET oth on aa mien ae ae 6 2 | $60,000 24 $328, 243 WORTAPG.. <= os assem en aeoe = Ll nr Rae ee 25240 | See = MOTE 5 oe See eee ee cemrreasce at 28 FOB eo cas oes. 12.600; ..s: sess 128 20 231 234 Role 3a SSS 611 88 970 131 Sqneteamieter nee sects al cea each eens |e eteainets 808 58 111 14 919 72 Striped bass: 255. |bas sess Bey oeu|te eee Secon 21 5 210 39 231 44 SuUCKersee sos 28,065 | 2,326 7,410 DLS} eee ek eee ae 14,950 | 1,006 ; 50,425 | 3,850 Sunish- sya BOs eeBe eee Bese See ee Cae ater TT ae 80 8 FP THO RT RA Sa oo ES re eS | er ar 390 33 390 33 Ste] AY eer Ae. 38,103 | 3,859] 11,565] 735] 41,424 93 | 35,154 | 3,789 | 86,246] 8476 Lines: Ty aera 124467555 FL a Sp is A | Mae a aac OA ee [a pa 2s (EO, 660 80 1, 885 179 2,545 259 HE Yay 1 4 0 eee a ae i Pare epee SF eae Fy [SS aD a ee a | 6, 120 912 6,120 912 Oe reels ye SE ash ae RN Sees eee ea pe MLL, (tee 2, 442 100 2, 442 100 1 Ra ee ] RE a anya INGE Hie CVS SUE ta 515 48'| |) 21012)" (S57) |e soubor 405 Mloumdersiecs220 |b oe | ae eS ee Pe aes 2,450 216 3,110 155 5, 560 371 1 2 H:¥5 Co Kore Epa 2 PS pe Ka eh a eee | aie ee Cc ae 350 38 350 38 Mackerel: 2 23:2 Pe es oa ace Se ce eae See 7,400 | 1,572 | 25,051 | 2,994 | 32,451 | 4,566 POMOC on 2 See cee | SP ate Pk pee eee rene ce RN 325 30 325 30 HOS DASS.05 5 ho celeste snc! oale s ceil Se aeoewte re | ome eere |iaie aotearoa Sintarelomts 3,345 468 3, 345 468 Smell sok s5 shes thet 45 310 45 Squeteague.. 113 786 113 Striped bas 195 780 195 Tautog... 999 | 10,604 999 pines 2 foe ee 550| 5,114] 550 SIDHU aso ae ates |i aces ol roe oe | ok he DO eM ees eee 11,025 | 1,916 | 62,234 | 7,185 | 73,259 | 9,051 BY OTTER TRAWLS, HARPOONS, SCOOP NETS, POTS, AND SPEARS. Apparatus and species. Fairfield. Hartford. Middlesex. Pounds. | Value. | Pownds.| Value. | Pownds.| Value. Otter trawls: Flounders..............-.-.-- 39, 500 $3,200 tee Soe Pe eee 177, 810 $6, 015 Beoop rietar BhEds../22.ssyonshca-pPtees-e Ea, 2 Re 621 Site open \ nana thee Pots: Belge cos econ cds satus Soh lesa co eee Sel ete aoe eR Ee 8 eave rare 6, 322 598 Lobsters’ 23s eesses deem son caeee eee se 58, 793 18) 744: || Zetec mame sions 80, 355 23, 092 Total... tas eee se. lees eae 58, 793 18} (4s Ns bn) top eet 86, 677 23, 690 trend total ee cee ees ee 98, 293 19, 944 621 156 | 264, 487 29, 705 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 187 YreLD OF SHORE FISHERIES OF CONNECTICUT IN 1919, BY APPARATUS, COUNTIES, AND SpEecies—Continued. BY OTTER TRAWLS, HARPOONS, SCOOP NETS, POTS, AND SPEARS—Continued. Apparatus and species. New Haven. New London. Total. Otter trawls: Pounds.| Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. oiereitlere: eee A ee 93,200 | $4,357 | 1,511,535 | $59,972} 1,822,045| $71,544 SUPE oy he 5 Sih SE a || a ie el (a Ce 35, 584 12, 864 35, 584 12, 864 iatale ero 2)... eee 93, 200 4,357 | 1,547,119 | 72, 836 | 1, 857, 629 84, 408 Harpoons: Swordfish. ..........2-2--|-..2---2--[oeee-eeee / 10,120} 2,210 10, 120 2, 210 Scoop nets ak Ga oe) ws a). eee ee a ma ae EE Os Atte race bwoatt and eean|uewwennuee 621 156 TT Seeman ane se oe [eceseetece|eeeeeeeee 20, 500 3, 485 20, 500 3, 485 Bette oe oe ee 20,500 | 3, 485 21, 121 "3,641 Pots: | LT ee 276 42 20, 632 2, 832 | 27, 230 3, 472 Molnters= ape ee. 8. x: | 161,198 | 44, 840 423,895 | 96,547 | 724,241 | 183, 223 LT Eee A Sr | 161,474 | 44,882 444,527| 99,379| 751,471 | 186, 695 CLS RCE a a a 5S ee ee | 13, 362 1, 870 | 277 50 | 13, 639 1, 920 Gruridh (opal 2,62 aba et cess | 268,036 | 51,109 | 2, 022, 543 177,960 | 2,653,980 | 278, 874 BY DREDGES, TONGS, RAKES, HOES, AND SHOVELS. Species. Fairfield. | Middlesex. New Haven. | New London. Total. Clams: Pounds.| Value. Pounds.| Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds.| Value. Pounds.| Value. NN pce» ne | 39,472) $14,580).........]....... 10, 504) $4, 323)......... [owen ade 49, 976/$18, 912 * Biter ts 4! | 8,000} 725) 12, 200, $804) 208, 950) 30, 541......... | SaaS 229, 150) 32, 070 ers: } Market— Public...... 17, 542) 2,720) 4,004) 810) 103, 208] 14, 600 7,000) $3,000) 131, 754 21, 130 Private.....| 15,036] 2,391 5,614] 1,001) 49, 714] 10,654|......... settee | 70, 364) 14, 046 Public...... TN 7) BEC, a B8; O66) ScIstt Felt peli Ain | 140, 301] 13, 163 Parr ee ae US | ORD) ooh. vtec Gone lence toes de teae Ne eee |b At ae 11, 200 960 Total.....| 197,552) 31,361) 21,818] 2,615] 406, 375] 63, 305) 7,009 3,000) 632, 745|100, 281 WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE AND MENHADEN INDUSTRY. In 1919 there were 25 establishments engaged in the wholesale fishery trade of Connecticut, employing 559 persons, to whom $338,884 were paid in wages. The value of these establishments with their equipment, etc., was $418,801 and the cash capital utilized amounted to $81,500. There were only two factories engaged in the reduction of men- haden to oil and scrap. The statistics of these plants have been in- cluded in the fishery industries table of Massachusetts. O ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES IN 1920.* By Warp T. Bower, Agent, Alaska Service. CONTENTS. Page. LOPS DEE TTD TEAL Tic PS es ee Nae Ae A ae eee ee ea See epee eee ee en 6 Reatiar employees: Alaska S@ryices——— es re she 7 TOTS Ear an see L 1a Seu Ws Pe a Eo RI el a se pS SeBeS eT TE 9 Waters closed to.commercial fishing... oes see 9 CERES COATT ied <1 ee a ee toe ee ee ets oS 12 “SHAW E ATT ane (2 a ee hes seks Te, 12 LELISTR( ie] 0s fn 0) ae SESS pm a ipa anal oe ET, Re ee Reverie ree SS Fs Sa 13 OTOH ARCO LORS eon eh ee 13 Nadya ang. OLuer jublic., Vessels. — =. ee 14 tA PSnAriinent, Peet la Lions == oe Se 8 eee 15 Wisske fener: intelligence. service ee 17 ISDECLION OL, CHNUCTICN - eae Se a ee eee 17 Violations of fisheries laws and regulations_________-________-______- 18 SIpRTARTIn Las ay Cle paid inert a ware dd... 344, 619 22, 199 Fertilizer te ee ee) NY eee Es eee Te OCR EEE ee do.. yk 078, 000 316, 161 A6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. SUMMARY OF PRODUCTS OF THE ALASKAN FISHERIES IN 1920—Continued. Products. Quantity. Value. Cod: Dry salted: . 22 cE = 1919 | 1920 1919 | 1920 1919 1920 Leet Per cent. | Per cent.| Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. DRITIOS. 4 eee ee ee eee eeerE ee 46 30 31 34 3 6 Pound nets sss 5 Shee eee eee eee 49 66 50 59 4 8 Guill mets 22! st 52 Se eee 2 2 18 7 92 86. In 1920 the production of salmon in Alaska was 65,080,539 as com- pared with 58,172,665 in 1919, an increase of approximately 12 p cent. The decrease in southeastern Alaska was 6,446,220, or a little more than 16 per cent. In central Alaska there was an increase of 9,836,712, or approximately 101 per cent; in the western district the increase was 3,517,382, or approximately 40 per cent. The striking development of the season was the large catch of salmon in central Alaska, it being next to the largest ever recorded for that district, the catch of 1918 alone exceeding it. Considering Alaska as a whole, the 1920 catch shows that in comparison with ‘that of 1919, cohos decreased 538,987, chums decreased 2,065,483, humpbacks increased 6,217,635, kings decreased 192,525, and reds increased 3,487,194. SALMON TAKEN IN 1920, By APPARATUS AND SPECIES, FOR HACH GEOGRAPHIC SECTION OF ALASKA. P Southeast | Central Western Apparatus and species. Tipe Masi PAIRS Total. Seines: COO, OF SUV EP s-nssc beac eae peices ees Petits 2) tees 284, 106 85, 014 2, 790 371, 910 Chim ‘or Reta os: .0 baa sae eek aoe ee eee noe 4, 264, 032 308, 537 3, 622 4, 576, 191 Ebumipback;orpinks 173s o- eo ecke se et e are 4,618,516 | 4,362,069 |....--.-.-.. 8, 980, 585 Kang Onspmugece tact cee eae a. eee ere ee eee 6, 540 2, 187 8, 257 16, 984 RAd, OF SOCK OVO. sata atee = gat os eerie sec 795,631 | 1, 864, 565 761, 682 3, 421, 878 Potalis 3... 228s. bo 6 cses SaaS. eee aseesctae ts 9, 968, 825 | 6, 622, 372 776,351 | 17,367, 548 Gill nets: | H Coho; Or SilVer.2% cee oda tse eee eee eens ae eee | 163, 521 130, 211 160, 125 ' 453, 857 Chitm, Or Ketae ooo. tecc concede ere eee cosa 60, 243 6, 002 581, 470 647,715 Humpback; or pink: .=.-.22525224 SP Eka e oss « | 73, 898 74, 940 937, 335 1, 086, 173 King, O6 Spring = 52 - 2-252 < ames dens -aaee eee eae 7 eSee | 60, 295 22, 320 189, 252 271, 867 Red. of sockeyo: 5.2228 te eee 392, 882 | 1,113,349] 8,787,947 | 10,294,178 ROA. aoa e oetst emvtetenws.. a ame te amen ept see ate 750, 839 | 1,346,822 | 10,656,129 | 12, 753, 790 Pound nets: , | Coho) of silvern i ties222c- ans ee eee oe Pr 552, 972 445, 828 6, 380 1, 005, 180 Chum, Or eta. 1 CRTOG PANE CCK OO oo. ais ou Wo oae 55 pes o> 1 | Isanotski Strait............. 3 Hayoststalinnr Wisin Geis oiaia vans cdnuhnasce ds vs ubankns Bl RLOQUINO™ o% 3.0 rcttapepaaen set aes so PEF O0UG Occ BE ROEEL «BA DA es hv ebb oovctad«ss>eeeue 2 EI COUOVG. .55.242 bcadaue povcrue 1 Fioonshs PACKING Gaitwee segs chsieSheducb ds odkedecovws Lt | Bering River sc. sssneseeee. 4 BESGISIE MISNEOO Dts cen eeaen spars acane coon ne aasdennss Lol’ IROGIHIC. ct cceewwacaman tases es 1 mons! Packing Cp, cacy sev etse ss tub os. codadindeeps cls i “Drier Bayliss cagemssav teas 2 ing Salmon: Pisum vewsy sox k sae ds cccwss’ss90 0s ux 1 | Unakwik Inlet*............. 74 ibby, MeN GIR TADO So Joti sac Hee ntsc ctv anwernee DL | OMAR Aue dasstee yess he's 13 HE, MeAAgih, cp Re Reha ois tated « 252-2. 324| is GOA vebcdecs seecee 281 Do. Mawéema ts ovs.ei so Sec (3 Fe es ee oe 392 Do 5, IN. ashlee eee lees C0022 {ec eee 464 Do. Alasco:.. 2 See eS Power schooner. .-..... 23 Do Mlascoll 2. sie 28 2. eee O56. « Eee era 223 | Union Fish Co., San Francisco, Calif. 2h Ce eee 35 Do. 2 Pee 115 Do. SSE Se eee! ee 21 Do. 64 Do. 422 Do. 324 Do. 328 Do. 339 Do. 328 Do. 14 Do. 30 Do. 7 Do. STATISTICAL SUMMARY. The total investment in the cod industry of Alaska in 1920 was $2,057,728, as compared with $1,286,075 in 1919, an increase of $771, 653. Employment was given to 803 men, as against 702 in 1919. The production of cod in 1920 was 12,763,899 pounds, valued at $1,117,464, being an increase over the output of 1919 by 1,870,587 pounds and $991, A7T4 in value. INVESTMENT, PERSONS ENGAGED, AND Propucts oF ALASKA CoD FISHERY IN 1920. Item. INVESTMENT. Value of shore stations. .... Cost of operations Wages paid Vessels: Power vessels over 5 Net tonnage Sabie = oo shes se Net tonnage Launches DONies sso. ae Pile drivers Apparatus: Seines (75 fathoms) Gill nets (75 fathoms) . . -| Lines PERSONS ENGAGED. Fishermen: Whites Shoresmen: LU Fee Pe RIG 320s fennel cas Quantity. | Value. Number. Seat «hate $405, 583 RSS See or eee 490, 229 ae Ey 440, 384 20 | 232,912 NOL | sabes Sutgs 16 380, 074 SAMO 8 sees 115 67, 373 371 17,761 3 3, 603 1 250 1 195 472 19, 364 ob tae sete oes 2, 057, 728 | OOK |p hncw date ON ap Sa Cl eee 7-1 il Pre eee El ee rrr | 29 | 54777 ° —21—_5 Item. | Quantity. | Value. PERSONS ENGAGED—contd. | Number. || Transporters: Whites..... CS a ee Grand total. ........ S03 \le-- eto PRODUCTS. || Vessel catch: Pounds | Dry-salted cod ....-... 8, 887, 339 | $712, 948 Pickled cod: .o 26 2225-9 . bl cceedee ciel eee aes eseceer eon ane emc|oueinieleimn=!| alee ioe 427 | $2,126 Dolly Varden... 233/52 252% 3, 420 342 379 20 5 | Toul zeae ee Py Set ee meal Sn Se EM 3, 420 342 379 20 5 | 75 4271 2,126 Western Alaska: Dolly Var- [ dont 2255 219 ees. Sb d. Cae - ee eee ee. be Sere Ee cige | ee eeeeeer [teers 43 258 Grandtotal............ | 56,497| 8,482 | 17,973 | - 2,646 | 10 | 150 | 470 | 2,384 SABLEFISH. As may be generally known, the catch of sablefish each year is made almost wholly by halibut fishermen operating in the offshore waters of Alaska, and the quantity reported annually fluctuates with market demands and the willingness of the fishermen to utilize space in their boats for sablefish which might be filled more profitably with ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 69 halibut. In 1920 the production of sablefish reached a total of 584,251 pounds, valued at $28,544. There was an increase of 74,882 pounds in products but a decline of $6,941 in value from the corre- sponding figures reported in 1919. Statistics show that 565,926 ounds, valued at $27,770, were frozen; 3,000 pounds, valued at £140, were pickled; and 15,325 pounds, valued at $634, were shipped fresh to the States. CRABS. Some change was noted in 1920 with respect to the utilization of crabs in Alaska. The Arctic Packing Co. and Eda O. Kitzman canned experimentally a few cases of crabs at Seldovia, in central Alaska. John Murphy, at Tenakee, was the only operator engaged in crab fishing in southeastern Alaska. The investment in the crab fishery was $750. The products were 70 cases of canned crabs, valued at $1,050, and 6,350 pounds of crabs sold fresh for $690. The total value of all crab products was $1,740. SHRIMPS. Encouraging interest in the shrimp fishery of southeastern Alaska was manifested in 1920 by the Alaskan Glacier Sea Food Co., at Petersburg. The investment in the shrimp industry was reported as $76,100, of which amount $24,500 was paid in wages to 14 whites, 5 natives, 20 Japanese, and 1 Mexican. oor boats and six trawls, valued at $29,600, were operated in this fishery. The total produc- tion of shrimp was 112,045 pounds, valued at $49,123. The products of this fishery were more than double those of 1919, and it would therefore seem that the competition of the southern shrimp fisheries had not seriously affected operations in Alaska. MISCELLANEOUS FISHERY PRODUCTS. This classification of products includes red rockfish, flatfish, and smelts. Products aggregated 11,073 pounds, valued at $229, prac- tically all of which were frozen. FUR-SEAL INDUSTRY. PRIBILOF ISLANDS. GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE WORK. In 1920 the work of the Bureau at the Pribilof Islands was car- ried on in the usual manner. Sealing operations were upon prac- tically the same scale as in the previous year, but a more extensive study of experimental methods in taking and curing skins was made, the results of which will be applied upon a commercial scale in suc- ceeding seasons. The take of pelts from the blue fox herds was the largest for many years. Progress was made in construction work, additional housing facilities being provided for natives on St. Paul Island and increased salt house and workshop space on both islands to handle larger takes of fur-seal and fox skins. The census of the fur-seal herd was taken as usual. The annual supplies for the islands were transported chiefly by the Navy Department, but considerable assistance was given by Coast Guard vessels, and the Bureau’s vessel Eider rendered valuable service between Unalaska and the Pribilofs. PERSONNEL. Effective July 1, Agent and Caretaker A. H. Proctor, of St. Paul Island, was appointed to the new position of superintendent, Pribilof Islands, to have general direction of the work on the two islands. Storekeeper H. D. Aller, who had been detailed to the Washington office during the previous winter, was appointed agent and caretaker of St. Paul Island, arriving there October 26 on the U. S. 8. Saturn. When Agent and Caretaker Charles E. Crompton left for the States September 9 on the Saturn, St. George Island was placed in charge of Storekeeper E. C. Johnston. After taking leave of absence, Mr. Crompton proceeded east via St. Louis, arriving at the Washington office January 5, 1921, for duty through the winter. School-teacher E. C. Johnston, of St. George Island, was appointed storekeeper, effective April 27; he was succeeded by Car] E. Fletcher, who reached the island on the Saturn June 16, and, having tendered his resigna- tion, left on the same vessel in October. John M. Orchard was then appointed school-teacher of St. George Island and arrived there on the Saturn October 29. Herschel Silverstone, assistant to the agent on St. Paul Island, tendered his resignation and left by the Coast Guard cutter Bear in October. Mr. Silverstone was succeeded by Henry Mygatt, who arrived on the Saturn October 26. Assistant Agent H. C. Scudder was appointed storekeeper on St. Paul Island, arriving there October 26. George Haley resigned as school-teacher 70 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. <1 on St. Paul Island and left the islands on the Saturn in June. Mr. Haley was succeeded by Richard Culbertson, who arrived at St. Paul Island on the Saturn June 17. Dr.. Washington C. Huyler was ap- pointed physician for St. Paul Island, but resigned soon after his arrival and returned on the Saturn in November. Dr. J. J. Rich- stein, resigned, left St. Paul Island at the same time. Dr. G. B. Bowlby was appointed to succeed Dr. Huyler and was en route to the island via Kodiak at the close of the year. Warden Joseph N. Braun arrived at St. George Island on the Algonquin September 19, having been detailed for general duty there during the winter. In the list of temporary employees was Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, cura- tor of invertebrate paleontology at the California Academy of Sci- ences and formerly in the Alaska service of the Bureau, who arrived at the islands on the Saturn June 16 and left on the same vessel Sep- tember 9; in the interim he was engaged in taking the annual census of fur seals, making several trips between the islands. Dr. H. A. Swanson was employed as a dentist for several months, spending art of his time on each island. W. C. Allis, special assistant on St. aul Island, left there in October for a winter in the south, having been on the island since early in 1919. H. A. Peterson, sealing assist- ant, arrived on the Saturn in June and remained for the winter. Messrs. W. P. Zschorna, F. L. Milligan, O. E. Klockenbrink, M. Syron, and J. H. Quatmann, employees of Funsten Bros. & Co., of St. Louis, spent the summer on the island in connection with ex- perimental work in improving methods of handling and salting seal- skins. Mr. Milligan spent part of his time on St. George elas Andrew Pearson and Ole Holum, carpenters, were on hand from May until November; the former was continuously on St. Paul Island but the latter was sent to St. George Island for a few weeks. Ward T. Bower, of the Washington office, visited the islands dur- ing the summer for the purpose of getting in closer contact with the activities there, reaching the islands Fale 1 and leaving July 18. Passage between the islands and King Cove was furnished by the Bureau’s vessel Lider, and between King Cove and Seattle by com- mercial vessels. PURCHASE AND TRANSPORTATION OF SUPPLIES. As in previous seasons, printed schedules of annual supplies of general merchandise required for the Pribilof Islands were prepared and competitive bids received for the sale and delivery of the goods at Seattle, Wash. Through the courtesy of the Navy Department the radio tender Saturn was made available for the transportation of the annual supplies, the vessel making two trips to the islands to com- plete the work. On the first trip the Satwrn had considerable cargo for the radio stations, hence only part of the Bureau’s supplies could be taken. On this voyage the vessel sailed from Seattle August 8, carrying 260 tons of general supplies, 77,000 feet of lumber, and 225 tons of coal for St. George Island; and a shipment of empty barrels, 80 tons of coal, and a few tons of general merchandise for St. Paul Island. Owing to unusually severe weather conditions, however, but very little of this cargo was discharged at the Pribilofs, the major portion 12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. being unloaded at Dutch Harbor. The vessel then returned to Brem- erton and Seattle, leaving the latter place October 13 with the bal- ance of the supplies. This cargo, and a part of that which had been left at Dutch Harbor, was landed at the islands under adverse condi- tions. The lumber and some of the coal purchased for St. George Island remained at Dutch Harbor. During the summer and fall the vessels Unalga and Algonquin of the Coast Guard very courteously assisted the islands in the trans- portation of coal and much-needed supphes from Unalaska and Dutch Harbor. The Bureau’s tender “ider made a trip to the islands in the month of September and again in October, carrying staple foodstuffs and coal to relieve the shortage which existed until the arrival of the Saturn on her second trip. POWER SCHOONER “ EIDER.” The Bureau’s power schooner “der, which was purchased and sent to Alaska late in 1919 as a tender for the Pribilof Islands, thoroughly demonstrated its value in the calendar year 1920, making in all 11 round trips between Unalaska and the islands and 2 trips to King Cove from Unalaska before it became necessary in November for the vessel to proceed to Kodiak for certain urgent repairs. All told, 7,959 miles were covered during the year. As Bering Sea is not generally navigated during the winter months and a vessel operat- ing there would be unable to secure assistance in distress, all precau- tions possible were taken for the safety of the craft during periods of severe weather. Trips to the islands were made as follows: One in January, two in April, one in May, one in June, three in July, one in August, one in September, and one in October. Trips to King Cove were made in June and July. Early in April the /ider transported a special shipment of 1,312 fur-seal skins and 938 fox skins from the islands to Unalaska, from which place they were taken by the commercial steamer Victoria to Seattle. The second trip in April from Unalaska to the islands was chiefly to deliver fuel oil for the naval radio stations. During the season the vessel transported general cargo and carried passengers for the radio stations as well as white employees and native work- men of the Bureau’s service between Unalaska and the islands, and was also used at St. Paul Island to transfer salted sealskins from Northeast Point to the village. Naval stores were carried on a num- ber of trips by the vessel. The better mail service between the islands and Unalaska, the nearest post office, was of special value. ; On October 18 the /ider was placed under quarantine for small- pox, of which there was a rather serious outbreak at Unalaska. After the quarantine was lifted the vessel aided in landing cargo from the Saturn and otherwise acted as tender for that vessel until again quarantined when a case of smallpox developed aboard the Hider November 10. After clearing the second quarantine the der lett for Kodiak November 28 for repairs and to furnish transportation to a physician for St. Paul Island on the return trip. The vessel was at Kodiak at the end of the year. 7 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. (is The officers and crew of the /ider deserve commendation for mak- ing hazardous trips to the islands during the winter season and at times of the year when no vessel ever before was at the Pribilofs. DEPARTMENTAL ORDER REGARDING VISITING OF FUR-SEAL ROOKERIES. For the purpose of definitely regulating the movements of persons temporarily or otherwise present at the Pribilof Islands, the follow- ing order was issued by the Secretary of Commerce on March 2, 1920, and the regulations therein were put into effect at the islands during the summer of 1920: . Section 293, Compiled Laws of Alaska, 1918, provides that it shall be unlaw- ful for any person to land or remain on any of the Pribilof Islands, except through stress of weather or like unavoidable cause or by authority of the Secretary of Commerce. In order that the interests of the Government may be properly served in the matter of protecting the fur-seal rookeries from unnecessary disturbance and in the matter of avoiding the driving of hauling-ground seals into the water, the following regulations are hereby promulgated : 1. Persons lawfully landing, whether to remain temporarily or otherwise, must confine themselves to their lawful activities, and any visiting of rookeries or hauling grounds of seals or sea lions must first be authorized by the Depart- ment’s agents in charge. 2. In order that persons authorized or permitted to land may have an oppor- tunity to observe seal life, the Department’s agents in charge will provide escorts, when practicable, to accompany interested persons to proper observa- tion points. No side digressions from the designated observation points will be permitted. There will be no visiting of rookeries except under such escorts. On St. Paul Island the usual observation point for persons temporarily present shall be what are commonly known as “ Observation Rocks” at Gorbatch rookery. 8. Persons authorized to land at St. Paul Island, whether to remain tem- porarily or otherwise, are required, except under circumstances specifically authorized by the Department’s agent in charge, to remain on that portion of the island in and about the village of St. Paul which is bounded by the shore line, including that of the salt lagoon and its outlet, and two straight lines running approximately as follows: The first from the shore at Black Bluffs to the southerly portion of the salt lagoon, passing to the eastward of the natives’ cemetery, the natives’ wells, and the by-products plant; the second to cut across the isthmus at Zolotoi Sands. The land lines as described will be indi- cated by notices posted at suitable intervals. 4. Any person willfully violating these regulations will be regarded as a trespasser and will be required to leave the islands at the first opportunity, or will be subject to such other action as may be deemed appropriate. The above rules have become necessary primarily because of the great importance of nondisturbance of hauling ground seals during the few weeks of active commercial sealing when a thoughtless intru- sion upon the seals of that class might mean a large financial loss to the United States. The unnecessary disturbance of seals on their breeding areas is also quite undesirable. Signs designating the limits of the unrestricted district in the vicinity of the village were posted on St. Paul Island, and on St. George Island a definite observation point was selected and marked where visitors, under escort, might see the rookery life without disturbing seals of any class, CONSTRUCTION WORK. Considerable construction work has been accomplished at the Pri- bilofs during the year. On St. Paul Island a new salt house was com- 74 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. pleted, a concrete native dwelling was built, and two frame houses for natives were completed. Some of this work had been started the previous year. A garage to house the four tractors on St. Paul Tsland was built. A concrete extension to the wharf was completed. There is more work to be done along this line as soon as time and funds permit. Various repairs to native dwellings, improvements at the by-products plant, the construction of outhouses, and minor matters were given attention. A road grader was sent to St. Paul Island and some work in improving roads was undertaken. On St. George Island an extension to the wharf was completed and the landing slip was enlarged, thus facilitating the discharge of small boats lightering cargo ashore. Also some blasting was done at East Landing, thus making possible the construction of a short roadway for handling boats. Preliminary work, including completion of excavation, was done toward the construction of a combined shop and warehouse urgently necessary to provide storage and handling space for the increased take of fox skins. The kenches in the old salt house were transferred to the new salt house, thus bringing sealskin work into a single building. Alterations were made at the fox house to allow trapping, regardless of the direction of the wind. USE OF TRACTORS. The four tractors which were forwarded to St. Paul Island on the supply vessel late in 1919 were used during the season of 1920 with satisfactory results. They were employed, with trailers, for general hauling in and about the village, hauling sealskins from the killing fields to the salt houses and moving carcasses to the by-products plant. Also they were found to be of great value in handling the large quantities of lumber, coal, and general cargo landed from the supply ship, and which, owing to the uncertainty of weather conditions in Bering Sea, must be landed and stored as rapidly as possible. In conjunction with a road grader and trailers the tractors rendered good service in the construction of roads. BY-PRODUCTS PLANT. The by-products plant on St. Paul Island was operated during a part of the summer of 1920: A shortage of coal made it necessary to close the plant much earlier than had been originally intended. During the period the plant was in operation it produced approxi- mately 19,000 pounds of fertilizer meal and 1,853 gallons of oil, of which 361 gallons were No. 1, 1,299 gallons No. 2, and 193 gallons No. 3. A shipment of 15,393 pounds of meal produced this season was sold at Seattle for $68 per ton, bringing a total of $523.36; the remainder of the meal is still at the island. The oil is in storage at Seattle pending decision as to its most advantageous disposition ; the market for this product was very poor at the close of the year. During the summer of 1920 an experiment was conducted to deter- mine the comparative values of oil rendered from the carcasses of seals which had been dead for different lengths of time. It was con- sidered possible that in the cool climate of the Pribilofs the factor of decomposition might be of less consequence than is the case where ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 75 animal oils are handled in warmer regions. Accordingly samples were taken of oil rendered from carcasses of seals which had been dead 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, and 12 days, and these were later for- warded to the Bureau of Standards. The report on the analyses showed that with seal blubber, as in other animal fats, a decided increase in free fatty acids takes place within a very few days. The acid number of the seal oil samples ranged from a minimum of 2.8 for the first two days to a maximum of 13.3 on the tenth day after killing. Reference to the New York market quotations at the end of the year showed a price of 45 cents per gallon for herring oil containing less than 5 per cent of acids, while only 28 cents per gallon was offered for the same oil containing between 5 and 10 per cent of acids. The seal-oil samples taken 10, 11, and 12 days after killing showed an average acid number of 11.2, and the samples for the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh days had an average acid number of well over 5. In view of the great depre- ciation in value of oils having a high acid content, it is of primary importance that the oil be rendered from the animal tissues as early as practicable. Other features of the analyses did not show progres- sive changes on which sound conclusions could be based. IMPROVED SEALING METHODS, With a view to securing improvement in the quality of the seal- skins prior to the dressing and dyeing processes, the study of sealing methods at the islands was continued in 1920. W. P. Zschorna, who carried on preliminary work in 1919 for the Bureau, was in charge of experimental work this year for Funsten Bros. & Co. Four other employees of the company, namely, Michael Syron, Oliver E. Klock- enbrink, Frank L. Milligan, and J. H. Quatmann, were detailed for duty at the Pribilofs during the active sealing season and assisted in this special work. Particular attention was given the features of blubbering and washing the raw pelts before salting, and of salting the skins only once instead of twice, as formerly. While this work was of an experimental character, it was on a scale sufficiently large ’ to warrant its being used as the basis for making changes if any were found to be desirable. The method of handling raw sealskins in effect for many years was to allow them to lose their natural heat while lying on the killing field. They were then taken to the salt houses, and at the end of five days were removed, examined for faulty curing, and returned to the salt to await shipment, usually at least five or six weeks later. In the summer of 1920, however, 1,000 skins were given different treatment on St. Paul Island. Immediately after killing, or as soon as they could be hauled in from the killing fields, these skins were cooled in a tank of running sea water; all blubber and meat was carefully removed, they were again washed, and then were stretched and placed in salt to remain until removed for shipment. Advance reports on these skins indicate that they are of such an improved quality as to warrant the extension of the washing, blubbering, and stretching of the pelts to the whole take of skins. A feature of the new plan is the taking of sealskins by the so- called rough method, which consists in leaving considerable quanti- 76 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ties of blubber and meat on the pelt when it is removed from the animal. In addition to securing more evenly cured skins, the new method does away with the chances for cutting or flaying the skins on the killing field as the subsequent removal of the blubber and meat makes it unnecessary for the skinner to cut close to the pelt. The following comments by the Gibbins & Lohn Dressing & Dyeing Co., of St. Louis, in regard to the blubbered and washed skins of 1920, show some of the practical advantages of the new treatment: The benefit of the better curing and more uniform condition of the pelts is apparent throughout the various dressing processes. The washing is rendered easier, more eflicacious, and safer than on ordinary skins. The better condi- tion of the pelts is also felt in the unhairing process. The hair on the yellow spots is always quite difficult to remove. It is generally necessary on such pelts to loosen the hair by a slight and controlled sweating action, which can not be advantageous, for it has a tendency to loosen fur as well as hair. It was found that in the white-blubbered pelts the hair could be loosened by the unhairing process and the fur left firmer and set tighter when the process was finished. In other words, the hair was easier to remove because the fur held firm. Another result is that more of the fine hair is removed during the unhairing. While this fine hair can be clipped out during the subsequent machining process, a better finished product is obtained if it is removed during the unhairing. In addition to the skins which were washed and blubbered, a por- tion of the catch was handled in the usual manner and then cooled by washing before salting; others were given no special treatment beyond a stretching at the time of salting. Various small lots of skins were treated in different ways, the entire effort bemg toward developing improved methods. : It is probable that the blubbering, washing, stretching, and single salting will be conducted on a larger scale in the season of 1921, as there is every reason to believe that the new methods result in a superior finished product. NATIVES. HEALTH CONDITIONS. The maintenance of good health among the natives on the Pribilof: Islands is not only one of the responsibilities resting upon the Bureau in its administration of affairs there, but it is greatly to the interest of the Government to give the best of care to the communities which perform the bulk of the manual labor incidental to the valuable and remunerative industries centering on the islands. A resident physician is stationed on each of the two islands pri- marily for the purpose of attending to the health of the natives. Well-stocked dispensaries are provided and a small hospital is avail- able on St. Paul Island. A building to contain hospital facilities is to be constructed on St. George Island in the near future. During the summer and fall of 1920 a dentist was employed to give attention to the needs of the natives and others on the Pribilofs and he was fully occupied during his entire stay. Another dentist will be secured for the coming year to continue this important work. It is especially noteworthy that on St. George Island, with a popu- lation of about 135 persons, no deaths occurred for a period of 15 months ending June 19, 1920. This is unprecedented in the history of the Pribilofs. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. TT SCHOOLS. St. Paul Island—The senior school on St. Paul Island, under the direction of George Haley, was opened on September 22, 1919, and continued until May 28, 1920. The enrollment consisted of 66 pupils. The usual methods were followed in the teaching of the children,. particular stress being placed upon subjects which would tend to bring about the increased use of the English language. In resigning at the close of the session, Mr. Haley terminated a period of service in the island schools extending over six years. St. George Island—On St. George Island the senior school was opened on October 7, 1919, and closed May 14, 1920, with an enroll- ment of 34 pupils. The percentages of attendance and punctuality were 99.45 and 99.52, respectively. In discussing the methods of in- struction and administration used in the school, Mr. Johnston states: The pupils were divided into five general classes and again subdivided where necessary. These subdivisions varied with the different subjects of instruction, but were determined more by the intelligence and capabilities of the pupils. The use of English was always required in the schoolroom. Several days sometimes passed without a word of Aleut being spoken. At recess and at home the pupils were encouraged to speak English. When the Aleut children can understand English with more ease and quick- ness, especially as it is spoken, they will advance in their other studies at a surprisingly rapid rate. This inability to understand many explanations given by the teachers, no matter how simple they are, makes such studies as arith- metie difficult. In every recitation the study and use of English was of para- mount importance. In the fourth and fifth reading classes the text was discussed and commented upon by the pupils so that they would understand the English phraseology The lower classes were given drills in vocabulary and pronunciation. Composi- tions on stories in the readers were rather poor, as it seemed hard for most of the children to grasp the important points of a story. The following will illus- trate: In the geography textbook a paragraph would describe a river system. The final sentence of the description would be: “ This is called a river system.” The pupils, in spite of continuous instruction, would give the sentence quoted above as the definition of a river system. Compositions were frequently called for, the subjects being chosen by the pupils or by the teacher. Letters were written to friends at other places. All written work was corrected and handed back to be rewritten or discussed in class. During the second half of the term the fifth class kept individual diaries. They understood the purpose of the diary easily, and noted many details which most children would not remember ‘The diaries were examined once a week and individual instruction was given to the writer on his mistakes in grammar, spelling, ete. It was not necessary to inflict corporal punishment at any time. Standing up in front of the school, staying in at recess, etc., proved sufficient. Strange to say, the pupils did not like to be sent home from school, a fact used to advan- tage in inflicting punishment. In addition to the senior school, classes for small children were con- ducted by Mrs. Ella J. Johnston. This junior school was carried on between the dates given above for the session of the larger school. The enrollment was made up of six girls and five boys. Simple work, similar to that given in kindergarten classes, forms the basis of the work in the junior school. These classes are very valuable in preparing the children for entrance into the senior school and en- abling them to take up their work to greater advantage than would otherwise be the case. Mr. Johnston’s report comments upon the work of the junior school as follows: The value of this preparatory course can be realized best by those who take up the child’s instruction in the senior school, Last term one of the boys com- 73 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ing to the junior school for the first time was so frightened that he cried lustily until one of his sisters stood beside him. He continued to do this for six weeks. At the end of that time he became interested, and it was hard to persuade him to go home at the end of the period. Without this experience in the junior school, the boy would have caused considerable trouble in the senior school, besides delaying his own advancement. Sewing classes were also conducted for the larger girls by Mrs. Johnston, various practical stitches being taught. Useful articles, such as sewing bags, needlecases, and aprons were made, and in- terest was stimulated by the fact that the girls were allowed to keep the articles made. ATTENDANCE AT SALEM INDIAN TRAINING SCHOOL, CHEMAWA, OREG. Several native students from the Pribilof Islands are at the Salem Indian Training School at Chemawa, Oreg. None of the pupils returned to the islands, nor were any enrolled during the year; the list of pupils, therefore, remains the same as at the close of 1919. Prrprtor IsLANDS NATIVES AT SALEM INDIAN TRAINING ScHooL, Dec. 31, 1920. Bratis, Akalina/} 2522-42232 et ee Resident of St. Paul Island. Hratis: (Oullang222 32522) ee eee Do. SiPercyinualy oe tea) Fie ee ee es Do. Stepetin;. Viasiliie2 === a ee eee Do. ekanog, Georeesa 6 ae a ee ee ees Resident of St. George Island. MeTCIIGt wlan CM CC tee ee eee Do. Ouliana Fratis has completed a course of study at the school and has since been given the responsibilities of acting as matron in one of the buildings for the smaller girls. It is doubtful whether she or ber mother will ever return to the Pribilof Islands. On November 18, 1920, Agent Crompton made an official visit to Chemawa for the purpose of later making recommendations regard- ing the policy of sending natives from the Pribilof Islands to that school. The following is extracted from his report: Rumors had reached the island that the natives who were at Chemawa were not receiving good care, that their food was not plentiful and was of poor quality, and that the sleeping quarters were poorly heated. At first but little attention was paid to these reports, but they became quite persistent and resulted in my request for authority to investigate the matter. In addition there was a question regarding the general policy of sending natives to the States for their schooling. I arrived at Chemawa late in the evening of November 17, 1920, and spent the entire following day at the school. The superintendent, Mr. Harwood Hall, showed me through the classrooms of the institution during the forenoon, and the remainder of the day was spent in the various workshops and other buildings. During the day all of the Pribilof boys were separately questioned regarding their comforts and treatment. They were informed that my visit was for the purpose of hearing their grievances if they had any, but they were unanimous in praise of their treatment, and in addition seemed to have a strong “ school spirit” of pride in the institution. The boys were told that if they ever had any real grievances the agents at the Pribilof Islands wished to know of them, but that they should not worry their parents by writing about petty matters. Though I observed closely, nothing seemed to indicate that they were not well cared for in all respects. ‘The food was inspected and the dormitories seen, and all was on an equality with conditions in first-class boarding schools. 1 Mother of Ouliana Fratis and employed at the school, ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 79 The question of sending natives from the Pribilofs to Chemawa, then, becomes one of policy rather than one of doubt regarding the care they might receive while there. In the writer’s opinion it is not to the interest of the United States to send them to outside schools, and there is doubt that it adds to the ultimate happiness of the individuals. * * * It is recommended that no more children be sent to the Chemawa school at the instigation of the Bureau. SAVINGS ACCOUNTS. Certain of the Pribilof Islands natives have personal funds in the custody of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries as trustee. These funds are still on deposit with the Washington Loan & Trust Co., Washington, D. C., and draw interest at 3 per cent per annum, calculated on monthly balances. The condition of the account as a whole on December 31, 1920, is shown in the statement which follows: alaner- On Hand iat t Lote es eee = ee ES AE eee Tee Sees $3, 093. 57 fniferest carned. from.Jan--2 to.Dec, 31/1920 222 2 ee ee 89. 92 3, 183. 49 Withdrawn by natives during above period_-___-____~_--__---____- 343. 62 EAPO RATTAN TED LSTA CE OSs ee LON eee ne ee ge ee 2, 839. 87 An itemized statement of the account showing the individual bal- ances of the natives is as follows: Prrpitor ISLANDS NATIVES’ SAVINGS ACCOUNTS IN CUSTODY or THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES, AS TRUSTEE, Dec. 31, 1920. ST. PAUL ISLAND. Merculieff, Paul A_________-_ $15. 16 Pankoin,, AcTipping = 2 2=— 235. 69 Bourdukofsky, Apollon_—---—_ $90.42 Pankoff, Maria M___._.-___ 43.13 Bourdukofsky, Peter__------~ 60.70 Sedick, Feofania_-________- 13. 47 Wratisy Agrifina * 2.2L 4200-4 92.90 Sedick, Lavrenty__-________ 13. 47 Bratio, “Akaling? 5.22 222125 547.73 Sedick, Leonty______--_-__- 13. 47 Mratis, Martha 2. 3022 92, 91. i Sedick, » Marina, 1s. --- 2. 2» . 88 Fratis,. Ouliana * ___________ 92.91 “Tetoff, Vikenty M22 -_-_<__ 43. 12 Gromoff, Iuliania_____-_---- 348. TO eI lie hi eatie Kozloff, Parascovia ____-___ 7.28 OF GHRCE Ste Krukoff, Ekaterina *_____~- 197.91. Borenien, Zoya’ _..12-.-2_ 235. 97 Krukof,. Iuleta i=... 2 8:90 Galanin, *Marye. sx 2 222 ape te Mandregan, Alexandra M__- 10.23 Lestenkof, Michael________- 118. 10 Melovidov, Alfey____.___-_- 43.13 Merculief, Agrippina_____-_ 64. 54 Melovidov, Anton _--__-__-~- 3.70 Merculief, Joseph —____-----_ 24. 28 Melovidov, Iosef _.______-_-- 43.13 Merculief, Polyxenia _______ 12. 28 Merculieff, Agafia *__.______ Se.67 Shane, Michaele 2 2 29. 65 Merculieff, Dosofey________- 38.67 Zacharof, Emanuel_______- # . 45 Merculieff, Makary____----- 38. 67 —_—————. Merculieff, Mariamna *_____ 64. 40 Tivo) 2:3 bee: apie) Se ae 2,839: 87 PAYMENTS FOR TAKING SEALSKINS. Following the plan of the two preceding seasons, funds for paying certain persons engaged in the sealing operations at the Pribilofs in 1920 were advanced by Funsten Bros. & Co., and the firm was 1 Not living on islands in 1920. 2 New account; formerly account of Alexey Emanoff, deceased. * New account; formerly account of Terenty Merculieff, deceased. * Includes $24.98 transferred from account of Auxenia Diakanoff (Mrs. C. H. Hope). ® Includes $115.14 transferred from account of Mary Philemonof, deceased. Zoya Bore- nien was formerly Zoya Philemonof; now deceased and estate undivided. 80 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. duly reimbursed from the proceeds of the sale of the dressed and dyed skins. Under this arrangement the funds are deposited in a Seattle bank to the credit of the Bureau’s authorized and bonded agent at the Pribilofs, who issues checks against the deposit covering accounts payable therefrom. The practice of paying the island natives for their labor in taking commercial skins was continued. They were paid on the basis of 50 cents each for skins taken from seals up to and including the 6-year-old class, and $1 each for skins taken from seals of 7 years and upward. No payments are made for labor in taking the skins of seals which are killed primarily for food. During the calendar year 1920 and through January 31, 1921, the following payments were made from funds advanced by Funsten Bros. & Co.: Salaries of SealinosassistantsS. St. Laultisland == *2 ss. eee eee $3,079. 49 Wages of Aleutian Islands natives at St. Paul Island_______________ 4, 275. 48 Amount earned by St. Paul natives, A920 se a2 2s ee eee 11 12500 Amount earned by St. George Island natives, 1920__________________ Ppa WAT fe, (09) Total © = a) Se ee ae eee ae 20, 593. 92 In addition to the above total, the sum of $645 was paid the natives of St. Paul Island during 1920, this amount representing an unpaid credit for the year 1919, which was entered as an undivided credit in the list of expenditures for that year. Owing to the death of Peter Tetoff, one of the natives at St. Paul Island, there remains an unpaid balance of $246.50 on ‘account of the sealing work for 1920 on that island; this amount will be paid to the estate of the deceased when it is settled, thus closing the account. St. Paul Island—Of the 22,220 skins taken on St. Paul Island during the calendar yéar 1920, the native workmen received payment for 21,097 skins at the rate of 50 cents each and 710 skins at the rate of $1 each; the other skins were from seals killed for food for which no payment was made. The fund was divided among the participat- ing natives according to their ability, as follows: DISBURSEMENTS TO St. PAuL NATIVES FOR SEALING OPERATIONS, CALENDAR YEAR 1920. | | |Num- Num- Classification. |ber of oat of Total. Classification. ber of share of Total. men. ; men. : Joabys) (al CCE ee | 28 | $246.50] $6,902.00 |) Fifthclass...........- 3 $99. 50 $298. 50 Second class.......... 13 197. 50 2,567. 50 || Additional compensa- Third class* 2.61. ihe 160. 00 1, 120. 00 Sion eee cee ese Sanaa ese ee | 100. 00 Fourthclass.......... 3 123. 50 370. 50 ————_ _—_ — — Potals: . Aste £8 5a aoneedecee|) WLrsDorOO | 1 Allowed 2 native foremen. St. George Island.—Of the 4,428 skins taken on St. George Island during the calendar year 1920, 4,030 were paid for at the rate of 50 cents each and 12 at the rate of $1 each; the balance of the year’s take was composed of skins from seals killed for food for which no credit was allowed. The resulting fund was divided among the natives who took part in the operations according to the extent and ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 81 proficiency of their work. The division was made as shown in the following table: DISBURSEMENTS TO St. GEORGE NATIVES FOR SEALING OPERATIONS, CALENDAR YEAR 1920. 'Num-;} Share | Num-} Share Classification. ber of of Total. Classification. ber of of Total. men.}| each. } men each Lose paeee ere SEs «al fees een DY MaFSGGlASS-— ccs eaoee 14 | $110.00 | $1,540.00 || Boys’ class........... 3 $10. 00 $30. 00 Second class........... 3 79. 00 237.00 || Additional compen- Jtit oo Vd oa 1 62. 50 62. 50 BE IOMee eevee ace ncls acs oc a|-seceweict 100. 00 Pourth class... ........ 3 52. 50 157. 50 a= hh fi) ee ae V2) Pe Goee Ee 2,127.00 1 Allowed 2 native foremen. PAYMENTS FOR TAKING FOX SKINS. Following the plan of past seasons, natives at the Pribilofs were paid for their labor in taking fox skins during the winter of 1919-20 on the basis of $5 for each skin secured. The funds are credited to each community as a whole and are later divided among the par- ticipating workmen according to the extent and skill of their work. On St. Paul Island 188 skins were taken, resulting in a total credit of $940 to be divided among 43 men. On St. George Island 750 skins were obtained, making a total credit of $3,750 to be divided among 30 men. These sums will be paid from the proceeds of the sale of the skins, in February of 1921. CENSUS. The usual annual census of native inhabitants of the Pribilof Islands was taken on March 31, 1920. The following recapitulation shows a total of 336 natives accredited to the two islands, 4 of whom are attending the Salem Indian Training School at Chemawa, Oreg. The census of 1920 gives the same number of resident inhabitants for St. Paul Island as were present on March 31, 1919. On St. George Island a gain of 6 inhabitants is shown in the number actually resident : RECAPITULATION OF CENSUS or Natives, Mar. 31, 1920. St. Paul Island: Remdecurpormacion (Mars G1, 1010. 35526555 es ee ek 188 Biriismosmenienden. Mar, Si, 1920020 2s 22 9 197 Weg rN Pai 0 oF we Sele A se ee ee ee a eee ee Jaggi ke: 211 Deathe vit Vegan ese eeae eat ee ok nee 7 204 Departures in year, permanent—To Biorka Island------~~-~~~.. ioe ER 201 54777 ° —21—_6 82 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Departures in year, temporary— To Unalaska) 2 — Ss). he ve ens ee 2 re ee ee alal To St; GeorgesIsland 2.2 ts ee 2 13 Total native resident population Mar. 31, 1920_____________________ 188 Natives at Salem Indian Training School, Chemawa, Oreg____________ 4 Others; temporarily: residin= elsewhere. a ae ee ee 14 Total natives aceredited to St. Paul islands 223) see eee 206 St. George Island: Resident population Mar sl 1019e se eee 122 Birthsin year ended Mar ol, 1920252 2s Uae ee ee 8 130 Arrivals invyear (frome st.eaul island) 2) eee 2 132 UBPEE HONS Seis oes ee EE i es Se puree Meee pee LI 182 Departures in year, permanent—To Seattle, Wash_____--__-_________ aft 131 Departures in year, temporary— To ‘Chemawa: (Oreg 28! Bas See Ce ee ee eee 1 To: Sty'Paul Islands sess. | 2 ee ee a ee 2 3 Total native resident population Mar. 31, 1920--+-__~=$_-=- = =e 128 Natives at Salem Indian Training School, Chemawa, Oreg____---___-~- Pe Total natives accredited to St. George Island__-_-*__=___=_ = =2=22=2 130 FUR-SEAL HERD. QUOTA FOR KILLING. On May 26, 1920, the Bureau made recommendation to the Secre- tary of Commerce regarding the number of male seals which might be authorized for killing at the Pribilof Islands during the calendar year 1920. The Bureau’s recommendation, approved by the Secre- tary May 26, 1920, was as follows: QuoTA OF SEALS FoR KILLING IN 1920. Age class. aa ce Total. S-VEAI-OIdS....-< 24 yA eed os ee eee ep 114 Zapadni Ree June 26 15 | Zapadni.. res 394 |} Aug. 4 4) Morj oviand Vostochni.. 406 June 28 16 | Reef and Gorbatch........ 1,127 WOss-5) 42 | Gorbatels..so: sccaceeeoes 257 June 30 ei Ty Co Pe rc op oa 536 || Aug. 5 45 | EOWOVING. Ssasussasmenaenee 323 DO seul, dah VOBLOcwnts ooo ls eoseeacss 496 || Aug. 6 44) POOF cs. dnecssenenes 70 July 1 10) (Polovinity So. ues a soos ass 270 Do....| 45 | Lukanin and Kitovi...... 40 July 2 Zt COMO e acts laws 315 || Aug. 7 AG || (2RNBON cows ceaccwnauee 49 July 3 21 | Reef and Gorbatch........ 840 || Aug. 8 47 | Reef and Gorbatch........ 101 July 5 22 | Zapadni, Little a 421 || Aug. 10 43'| Polovinds:..s..s0-breseees 143 and Zapadni Ree Do....| 49 i and Vostochni. . 257 July 7 | 23 | Morjoviand Vostochni....| 2,000 || Oct. 23 50 OCs cic depwee seein se auseys 175 July 9-| 24]! Lukaninand Kitovi...... 99 || Nov. 9 SLs COs anu asks Vows vento 34 Do....) 25: (OT OWbOl >. oe toss ae 399 Do.2.\0 -52 Fees aa jugeoheamuhees dass 23 July 10 | 26} Reefand Gorbatch........ 1,333 || Nov. 20 53:| Reet: .csivtensenatectecavs 34 July il 27 | Zapadni, Little res 669 || Nov. 29 54 Gana sawcecees iueceses 18 | and Zapadni Ree July 14| 28) Reefand Gorbatch........ 1,181 Ot. veveness avawes 22, 220 Do.... 29} Tolstoi, Lukanin, and 382 Kitovi. 84 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. SPAL KILLINGS ON PrIBILOF ISLANDS IN 1920—Continued. ST. GEORGE ISLAND. Pat by Skins pa Skins Date. |“. Hauling ground se- Date. Hauling ground se- of d of drive tore drive cured May 31 Lt Northits- Sass soe te eeee 5 || July 13 19' ). Zapadmissee- seta s eee 36 June 7 2| East Cliffs and Staraya 22 || July 15 20 | North and Staraya Artil.. 206 Artil. e July 17 21: | Hast Reeh as et 354 June 9 SPIN Grther + acne. Se 26 || July 19 22 | North and Staraya Artil.. 224 June 12 4 | East Cliffs... s 20 || July 22 23 | East Reefand North...... 430 June 16 5 | North, Staraya Artil, and 131 || July 24 24 | North and Staraya Artil-- 277 East Clifis. July 26 25) | Hasty eet ssc cecerereie 103 June 19 GN Wash: Chases. = saeco eee 11 || July 29 26 | North and Staraya Artil. . 269 June 21 7 | North and Staraya Artil.. 100 || July 31 27-| Masp Reeloo. 2. Sa. sch Gases 163 June 25 8 | East Cliffsand North..... 58 || Aug. 2 28 | North and Staraya Artil-.. 26 June 28 9 | East Reefand North...... 117 || Aug. 4 29 | East ee and North...... 80 June 29 LON PAs padnir So Pee cer Soe aan clas 58 || Aug. 9 BUN BAG OR ane ae ea aae nee, 3 104 June 30 it iStaraya Artile ss. S22oce. 2s 130 |) Oct. 20 31 | East Ciitis and North..... 199 Doss.) 12? | sNontheese hence ee cee 88 |} Oct. 23 S2Wesae GO noc cscotesnccsnanees 53 July 3 13,4) Mast Reels. 22. . cscs. 11 || Nov. 2 S33 eo GOs Fo axe Weaee eens 53 July 5 14 INOMUD eos asecacseseeret ee 170,|| Nov. 17 34 | North and Staraya Artil-- 69 July 6 15 nie Zapadnies 25 sites onan 87 || Nov. 19 35) Mast Clits. --% <2. asemscics 12 July 7 16 East Reef and North...... 175 July 10 17 | North and Staraya Artil.. 521 Total. 2:2.) <2se uate 4,428 | July 12 18°], Bast Reef... ca4. hi 90 AGE CLASSES OF SEALS. The present method of classifying seals of unknown age has been developed from experimental work conducted since the summer of 1912, when a large number of male and female pups of that season were branded with a permanent distinctive mark. A few of these animals have been killed in each season since 1912 and the body lengths—from tip of nose to root of tail—and other data have see recorded. On the basis of the growth attained by these seals in each of the several years, limits of carcass aap have been adopted for each year of age, and seals are now classified in accordance with the position their respective carcass lengths occupy in the scale taken from the branded animals. The limits now in use are as follows: AGE STANDARDS OF Bopy LENGTHS OF SEALS. higes Lengths of Lengths of Bee Lengths of | Lengths of Be. summer seals.| fall seals. £0. summer seals.| fall seals. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Weerinien so cmcaceces Up to 36.75 | Up to 38.75 || 4-year olds........... 46 to 51.75 48 to 53. 75 2-year olds........... 37 to 40.75 | 39to 42.75 || 5-year olds........... 52 to 57.75 54 to 59.75 3-year olds..........- 41 to 45.75 | 43 to 47.75 || 6-year olds........... 58 to 63. 75 60 to 65. 75 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920, 85 AGES OF SEALS KILLED ON PRIBILOF ISLANDS, CALENDAR YEAR 1920. Summer (Jan. 1-Aug. 10), Fall (Aug. 11-Dee. 31), 1920. 1920. Grand = ae x : total St. t. t. tis Paul. George. | Total. Paul. George. Total ie aie: eee Ze SS eee fea 7 PERORE OES 22 oe os 50 $ Sea 166 194 360 | 2 26 | 28 388 3-year olds...... = 15,914 2,917} 18,831 | 233 312 | 545 19,376 4-year olds... E 4, 988 $43 | 5,831 | 46 44 90 5,921 5-year olds... 45 61 | 106 2 3 5 lil 6-year olds.........- 39 40 MOC ee Ss woas slo ekwcetusa [see wucmace 43 7-year olds and over. 709 12 | 721 | 1 Sa eee 1 722 WS oe oF ois ceca ome 68 ll (2 eee Se 1 1 80 9 ea ea ter 21,936 | 4,042 | | 25, 978 284 386 670 | 26, 648 1 The few cows reported above, about one-third of 1 per cent of the total take, were accidentally and unavoidably killed. Every possibie effort is made to avoid the killing of cows, but persons familiar with conditions at theislands will readily appreciate that oncein a great while a cow is killed. BRANDED SEALS. Fifteen 8-year-old male seals, bearing the brand placed upon them as pups in 1912, were killed during the calendar year 1920. Of this eee six were taken on St. Paul Island and nine on St. George sland. It is from the 1912 series of branded seals that the data were ob- tained from which the age classification standards now in use were developed. Observations have also been made as to the develop- ment and movements of female seals bearing the 1912 brand. It is believed that more dependable information has been obtained as a result of the branding done in 1912 than from any similar work done in the past. The following table shows certain information secured from the animals killed this season : RECORDS OF BRANDED 8-YEAR-OLD MALE Fur SEALS KILLED ON PRIBILOF ISLANDS, CALENDAR YEAR 1920. Serial Green- | Trade Date of Carcass | Carcass ; : No. of fred Island. : skin classifi- skin, | Killing. weight.! | length. | weight. | cation. Pounds. | Inches. | Pounds. A P6828 INAH LRN Oh ot Sl 9 es aa dee Prey y 282 59. 50 154 | Wig. A P6829 0 Osseo s SO oF 288 70. 00 27 Do. A P6830 Suave sata aceemae oa 309 72.75 50 Do. AP ESSL | PUR 28 be os Osan epee cree oa 271 73. 25 41 Do A P6885 Se strata an ote he RRs 251 69. 25 27 Do AP7380 5 3 [> ee eS ee 297 73. 50 33 Do G6150 CP ee Pes 249 69. 25 24 Do G6158 Vrus Se ay ee Sos 351 72. 25 38 Do. G6159 B hea Speers aves of cos sawSes 260 69. 50 37 Do. G6160 Ss Ae ia dens Jew ask Meh iw = Ram Dio ete ce 243 68. 25 23 Do. BIG! GO aes aa eee eee hs 3s eet eae 273 69. 25 35 Do. GGIG2: |: , GOs. ob es ee caste save uen kes sertion par snge 286 73. 00 43 Do. CO183 |i Fully 22) |. 560s eet dtees ewes es sss p92 a5 ae one's 259 73. 50 37 Do. G6164 Lage 3) PC Fes oe at eh ES Ged yh ere 322 75. 50 32 Do. SIOIGE. |. 1 -ODiccsalsbcaclOsssape ees sabe eat atieusssiwewaras 252 72. 00 42 Do. 1 Seals were bled before being weighed. The above table presents information comparable with that secured from the branded seals of 1912 killed in past years. These earlier 86 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. data may be obtained by reference to the Alaska fisheries and fur industries reports for the years since the branding was done. In order to add to the data already secured, it is the purpose of the Bureau to kill some of these male seals in each of the years they may continue to exist, but to insure an adequate remainder for observa- tion during that period it will probably be necessary to reduce the number to be killed to three or four animals in each season. CENSUS. Following the practice of previous years a census of the fur-seal herd was taken in the summer of 1920. Details are contained in the report, printed on pages 104 to 120, by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, who has been in local charge of the census work for a series of years beginning in 1915. Edward C. Johnston, storekeeper on St. George Island, as- sisted in the actual census work in 1920 on both islands. The growth of the herd from year to year renders it increasingly difficult to enumerate the animals, but, on the other hand, the observations of each year add to the concrete information available as a basis of com- putation and enable the determination of relatively accurate per- centages of loss for the different age classes. The following is a comparative statement of the numerical strength of the various elements of the herd in the years 1912 to 1920, in- clusive: GENERAL COMPARISON OF RECENT CENSUSES OF THE SEAL HERD. | Class of seals. 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Harem bulls......--- 1,358{ 1,403| 1,559] 2,151] 3,500| 4,850] 5,344] 5,158| 4,066 Breeding cows.....--| 81,984 | 92,269 | 93,250 | 103,527 | 116,977 | 128,024 | 142,915 | 157,172 | 167,527 Surplus Lipp dik ee ess eee Se aa aS GO| PER SiS ODP OD ASS 8, 977 17, 110 9, 619 6, 115 Idle bulls. ...... Bs 113 105 172 673 2, 632 2, 706 2,444 2, 239 1, 161 Young bulls (chiefly J 5-year-olds)...-..-- 199 259 1B) | Bee pocn es sero aod) ose eceoa| Scecsena4 Sr: one |e 5 —orec 6-year-old males.....-|....-----|--------+|+-2--+---|--22-220- 11,167 | 15,397 | 18,755 8,991 4, 153 5-year-old males....-.|..---.---|---------|--------- 11,271 | 15,494 | 14,813 | 11,941 5, 282 5,007 4-year-old males...... i100 | 2,000 | 9,939 | 15,848] 15,427] 16,631 | 7,114 | 5,747| 5,667 3-year-old males......| 2,000 | 10,000 | 13,880 | 18,282) 19,402] 19,507) 9,117] 13,596 | 10,749 92-year-old males...... 11,000 | 15,000 | 17,422 | 23,990 | 24,169] 26,815 | 30,159 | 33,081 | 39,111 Yearling males......- 13,000 | 20,000 | 23,068 | 30,307 | 33,645 | 38,013 | 41,595 | 46,444 | 51,074 2-year-old COWS. ..--- 11,000 | 15,000 | 17,422] 23,990 | 24,245 | 26,017| 30,415 | 33,287 | 39,480 Yearling cows...-----| 13,000 | 20,000 | 23, 067 | 30,306 | 33,646 | 38,018 | 41,608 | 46,447 | 51,081 Pupsocrs eee essee 81,984 | 92,269 | 93,250 | 103,527 | 116,977 | 128,024 | 142,915 | 157,172 | 167, 527 Total.......--- 215,738 | 268,305 | 294,687 | 363, 872 | 417,281 | 468,692 | 496, 432 | 524,235 | 552, 718 SPECIMENS FOR SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES. For use in the preparation of a natural history group at the Amer- ican Museum of Natural History in New York, several specimens of fur seals were collected at the Pribilofs during 1920. Thirteen skins were furnished the museum, one from an adult bull and eight from pups, all found dead on St. Paul Island, and one from a pup found dead and three from cows unintentionally killed in the sealing work on St. George Island. The collection was appraised at $29, which amount was paid by the museum and properly deposited in the United States Treasury, ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920, 87 FOXES. The foxes on the Pribilof Islands have regularly been the source of considerable revenue to the United States. The animals run at large on both islands and call for scarcely any outlay of funds and comparatively little labor. One of the paradoxical features of the fox life on these islands is that the larger island, with a greater abundance of seal meat and more accessible beaches, has constantly furnished a smaller number of skins than St. George Island. Immediate conditions can not be assigned as the reason for this peculiar difference because of the fact that the situation has remained the same over a period of more than 40 years. Methods of feeding adopted on St. George Island in more recent years have caused a still greater contrast in the size of the catches on the two islands. In the assumption that the foxes obtain sufficient food from the seal bodies remaining on the killing fields and from the natural food on the seashore, no special effort to feed the animals is made on St. Paul Island. The foxes are trapped with common steel traps during a short season in the early winter. When possible it is always planned to do this trapping before the heavier snowfalls take place, so that the runways may be observed and the traps placed on the ground. The time for trapping is usually selected with respect to the condition of the ground surface and the outlook of the weather. TRAPPING SEASON OF 1920-21. During the trapping season of 1920-21 a total of 1,125 blue and 14 white fox skins was taken on the two islands. Of this number 123 blue and 13 white skins were taken on St. Paul Island and 1,002 blues and 1 white on St. George. In addition, there were reserved for breeding purposes on the latter island 242 male and 240 female foxes, making a grand total of 1,485 animals handled there during the win- ter. The above take is the largest since the winter of 1892-93 when 373 animals were caught on St. Paul Island and 928 on St. George; during that year no reservation of breeders was made, however. The gain in this season’s take, as in several past, comes entirely from St. George Island where the herd has been growing rapidly for a number of years. With respect to the methods in use at St. George Island, Agent C. E, Crompton has recently submitted a detailed report as follows: METHODS EMPLOYED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE BLUE FOXES ON ST. GEORG® ISLAND, ALASKA. The blue foxes of St. George Island, Alaska, are the stock of what is probably the most successful fox farm in the country at the present time, if not the most promising in the world. The history of the ebb and flow of fox life on that island and the relation of that fluctuation to the influences which man has directly or indirectly brought to bear form a very interesting nature study. History states that the furs of the seals, sea otters, and foxes were much exploited during the years immediately following the Russian discovery of the island, but no authentie records prior to 1840 are available. James Judge states that during the 19 years ending with 1860 the average annual catch was over 1,200 animals; during the first 19 years of the American tenure of the island the average catch was approximately 1,000 each season. Trapping was conducted during but four of the six winters from 1890 to 1896, inclusive, and 88 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. with such poor results that a total of only 2,825 pelts was secured. These latter years mark the most important changes in the history of the herd. Duing the years preceding 1896 the foxes had always been forced to seek their winter food from the summer’s accumulation of fur-seal carcasses on the killing fields, and up to the year 1885 had probably secured an abundance of food therefrom. Coincident with the decline of the seal herd, however, and particularly during the modus vivendi of 1891-1893, which restricted the land killing of seals to 7,500 annually, pending the award of the Tribunal of Fur- Seal Arbitration at Paris, the number of foxes became rapidly smaller. The situation, however, was not immediately recognized as a shortage of food, the agents of the Government placing the blame on excessive trapping by the lessees, The state of affairs was probably first seen in its true light by Treasury Agent James Judge, who, in the summer of 1896, prepared a quantity of surplus seal meat by lightly salting and storing the food in the manner of ensilage. The experiment was successful, and Mr. Judge immediately recog- nized the possibility of selective killing by catching the animals in box traps instead of the steel traps which had always been used theretofore. A trapping house, with a wire cage adjoining, was the final outcome of the above-described experiment. The foxes came readily to the cage to obtain the much-needed food and were caught when the cage door was closed by a rope leading from within the house. The methods of trapping outlined in the following pages are based on the work of James Judge, to whom much credit is due. That his principle was right and that it has been properly carried out was shown by the catch of 1919-20, when 750 pelts were secured and 454 animals released as breeders; the largest number of skins obtained since 1892-938, and, With a single excep- tion, the largest total of animals caught in any season since the inauguration of the present system. Food. The natural food of the blue fox of the Pribilof Islands is made up of birds, eggs, insects, berries, miscellaneous bits of animal matter cast up by the sea, and occasionally dead seals, sea lions, walruses, or whaies. While such food is plentiful during the milder seasons, it is reduced to the single item of beach food during the winter, when the shore is at times in the grip of frozen spray for long periods. Drift ice also closes the beaches for days at a time and usually large deposits of ice are left stranded, and these hinder the foxes in their search for food. It is at once apparent that comparatively few animals would survive a severe winter without a reserve supply of food. In ordinary seasons the foxes of St. George Island are dependent upon a reserve supply of seal meat as food from September 15 to April 80. These dates are very safe and they will, of course, vary as the seasons are mild or severe, early or late, but will in most instances mark the period of need. “Open ” or unfrozen beaches during the winter time often furnish much addi- tional food, and during such intervals the foxes feed but lightly on the seal meat. On the other hand, a protracted period of cold prevents the animals from obtaining the natural food of the seashore, and they then visit the feeding ground in large numbers, consuming surprising quantities of meat. This feed- ing is necessary by reason of the fact that there are on the island at the present time many more foxes than the comparatively small supply of natural food in the winter season can support, ané the size and rate of growth of the herd are primarily limited by the number which can be sustained during that trying period. Preparation of food.—Seal meat has been found to be a successful and most readily obtainable food for use aS a reserve. The foxes use ail the seal meat which is not consumed by the native inhabitants of the island. After a killing of seals has been made the natives cut up the carcasses, remove the choicest portions for their own immediate and future needs, and the surplus is stored for winter fox food. At a suitable time (usually the day following the killing) the carcasses are eviscerated and emptied of free blood clots to retard putrefac- tion. If large, the carcasses are cut into sections, but if the seals are of a size readily handled they may be stored whole. It is not a good practice to store the meat before it has cooled, nor should it be left on the field through a hot, sunny day. The carcasses are deposited in a large pit or silo, which is cut into the side of a hill of hard, scoriaceous earth. The outer side of this pit is bulkheaded ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAIL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 89 with strong planks and a small doorway, closed by means of flashboards, is placed near the center of the base of the bulkhead. This door serves both as a drain for the effluent water and oil and as a port from which the meat may be drawn as needed. As the meat is thrown into the pit it must be spread about evenly and sprinkled with a small amount of half-ground salt. Salt which has already served a part of its usefulness in the sealskin kenches is entirely satisfactory for salting fox food. It is of great importance to have the meat spread in such a manner as to leave as little air space as possible; the principle is pri- marily that of ensiling rather than salting. It is surprising how well the meat will be preserved with but very little salt if the air is properly excluded. After the summer’s sealing has been completed the silo is covered with a sectional hatch, which rests on the edges of the pit. It is not of advantage to store the seal meat resulting from the fall killings, as the natives take large quantities for salting and freezing and the foxes will consume the fresh re- mains in a short time. Before the feeding of the reserve food begins it should be freshened by the passage of fresh water through the pit. This is done by laying a pipe line to a Siphon, which draws the water from a lake near by. The water should run at least two weeks steadily, but must not be turned on until the time for feeding draws near, else the food will begin to decompose unnecessarily. Feeding—Having decided that feeding should begin, a supply of the pre- pared meat is removed from the silo to the food kenches in the trapping house, where it nray be drawn upon with ease as required. The native foreman is then instructed to put out a small experimental amount in the neighborhood of the building and to report the following morning as to the quantity consumed. Upon receiving this report the agent will know how to proceed the following evening. It is a commendable practice to provide for a remainder of food each morning, except during the active trapping season, when the animals must not become satiated. The foreman details a single workman to the work of setting out the food for a week at a time, after which that nran is relieved by some one who does the work for a similar period. The feeding is continued in the neighborhood of the trapping building until two weeks or more before it is expected to begin trapping, at which time it is placed within the cage. Much smaller quantities of food are then put out, and it may be well, in the case of a mild season, to suspend feeding for a day or two, putting out only enough food to attract the animals to that vicinity. This must be decided and gauged by the manner in which the foxes have been feed- ing during the interval immediately preceding, and it is largely a matter of judgment. When the beginning of trapping has been decided upon all waste bits of meat and bone are gathered together and stored in barrels in an inaccessible place, where they will not draw the foxes from the lure within the cage. After trap- ping has started, food is placed only within the cage and the accumulation of bones therein is cleaned out from time to time and disposed of as stated above. 3its of food which have been dragged outside the cage must not be allowed to accumulate, as the more timid foxes will feed on them in preference to enter- ing the cage. Trapping. Season.—The season for trapping prime-furred foxes varies in direct relation to the degree and duration of cold weather. Ordinarily the best of the pelts will be secured between December 1 and February 1, though prime furs may be taken on either side of these extremes. Toward the latter part of November a few foxes may be caught and the fur examined as to its marketable condition, The extent of growth of the guard or crown hairs is a very good guide, as when these hairs have reached a length extending well beyond the heavier fur the pelt takes on its well-known silkiness and luster so highly valued by the trade. The guard hairs are seldom, if ever, fully extended before the fur beneath has become prime. Many skins vary as to fur; some have a heavy growth of dark fur, while others may have compara- tively thin coats of light color, but the primeness consists in a uniform growth of whatever class of fur the animal happens to have, accompanied by the full growth of guard hairs. Animals are occasionally seen with no visible growth of guard hairs, but these are presumed to be diseased and are so few in num- ber as to be negligible. 90 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. During mild seasons it will be noted that some of the pelts have a decided reddish tinge to the guard hairs, and while the exact effect of this condition is not known to the writer, it appears that its presence is not of sufficient importance to warrant the cessation of trapping. In the two seasons of 1915— 16 and 1919-20 this “rusty” condition was particularly noticeable, but on both of these occasions the furriers subsequently stated that the value of the skins was but slightly lessened thereby. While the darkest furs are the most desirable, a good pelt commands a fair price even though the reddish tinge is in evidence. The approach of the end of the season and the lapse of primeness in the skins can not be determined by any rule. The condition of the fur must be earefully watched, for rubbed or felted patches about the throat or rump are a certain indication of unprimeness. The observations must naturally be made before the fox is killed. Weather conditions—There is probably no single indirect factor having a more important bearing on the outcome of the season’s trapping than that of weather. Clear, cold nights, with moderate winds from points in the north or east, are the conditions under which trapping may best be conducted at the village. Western winds favor the Zapadni cage. High night tides are advan- tageous, low ones the contrary. While moonlight makes the trapping work easier, the animals may be seen without difficulty on the darkest night if there is a little snow on the ground. The lower the temperature and the longer the period of cold, the more favorable is the situation; the cold keeps the beaches frozen and the continuation of it forces the most timid animals to visit the cage in search of food. Storms do not necessarily preclude trapping if the winds are from favorable directions and are not exceedingly strong. Wet snow or rain is unfavorable, as the furs become wet and soiled on such occasions; this dampness is very undesirable when the skins are made ready for stretch- ing. Trapping may, however, be conducted with fair results during mild weather when rain is not falling. Persistence is required if a large catch is to be made. Location of traps.——Two cage traps are used at the present time, one at the village, the second at Zapadni. The advisability of installing a third is doubtful. The second trap was the natural outcome of the feeding of foxes at Zapadni and it is useful when winds are unfavorable for work at the village. The desirability of securing the largest number of pelts at the village trap is readily seen. The village trap is the original building set up by James Judge shortly after his experiment of 1896, and, like all cage traps, it is near the shore line. The second is simply a wire cage set up in 1919 close by the Zapadni watch house. Efforts are occasionally made to secure foxes at Garden Cove (on the southern shore) by means of string or noose traps, but the results are quite dispropor- tionate to the labor involved. It should also be mentioned that the foxes having their homes in the immediate vicinity of the village form a distinct colony, the members of which rarely visit the cage trap and must be obtained by noose traps placed within the village and operated from the windows of the village buildings. Description of traps.—Herewith is a diagram showing the arrangement of the village trap. The drop door “F,” sliding in a groove, is operated by a man stationed within the darkened room “ B,”’ who watches the animals through the small window “HH,” which commands a view of the trap interior. The Zapadni trap is on the same general plan, the cage standing apart from the house and being operated from the window. At Zapadni the foxes must be caught and removed from the trap by hand, while at the village it is much more readily done, as will be seen later. The noose trap is a very simple arrangement. A small doorway is cut in the end of a common packing case, which is then placed with its open face to the ground, the door remaining open on the end of the case. Some bait having a strong odor, such as old seal meat or seal oil, is placed within the box, and a noose is hung about the doorway. As the fox endeavors to investigate the contents of the box, the noose is closed about his neck by an operator stationed within a near building. This trap is an unsatisfactory arrangement to use outside the precincts of the village, as when an animal is captured the result- ing commotion frightens other foxes away from that neighborhood. Further- more, but a single fox can be caught at each operation. Operation of traps——It must be borne in mind during the trapping season that the foxes are largely dependent upon the seal meat for their sustenance, oh ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. ‘mood Surddea} 0} 100(, “O “MOOI SuyuuTyYs 0} A0op [Rpedg “T ‘“100p UII0}S “~~ ‘SOXOJ PoSve[al 1OJ JIXe [eUly “MY “0uBIIU “qd ‘mOOI Surupejeit 0} 100q “f¢ ‘I00P Pood °N ‘soyouey Poo “TT “ASNOH SONIiddV¥l-xOd AO | N ‘SOXOJ Sulsvo[el 10] SIIxgq ‘| "MOPUIA [[BUIS “TT ‘yoqno deay, *H INASWSAONVYNV YO!INSLNI—L ‘Sls ‘100p doip Sutptis ‘aTNquseA ‘MOOI SUIUUIYS PUR SUIT[TYy “mo001 SUTURE “moor Surddeay, ‘dvd] a3vo oITA *° ply Se eee | 92 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. und, while large numbers of animals visit the cage in the morning after an evening’s trapping, continuous operation of the trap over too long a period will cause the foxes to abandon their trips to the cage for food. Such a prac- tice forces the foxes to search for food elsewhere and also prevents any record being made of those animals, either for their pelts or as breeders. ‘The more timid foxes may be seen to wander about the trap for long periods before enter- ing, and each time the trap is sprung these animals are frightened off. The writer believes that the trap should be left open to the foxes at least two full nights in seven, and if all-night trapping is practiced the feeding nights should be increased to three in each week. These precautions are not so necessary if the beaches are unfrozen. : The actual trapping of the foxes may be begun as early as 4.30 p. m. and continued as late as seems desirable. A responsible native, with an assistant, takes up his position in the trapping room opposite the small window and opens the sliding door by means of a rope. The opening of the door by the trapper exposes the food for the first time on any trapping night, so that no foxes will have previously satisfied their hunger. The trapper maintains a constant watch of the trap, and when several foxes are in the cage he lowers the door and imprisons them. This moment for dropping the door must be properly judged. There should be no foxes so near the door that they will be in danger of injury when it drops; the door should not be closed in the face of animals too near the trap, as they would only be unnecessarily frightened thereby ; on stormy nights the door may be so carefully closed that even the foxes within the trap are not aware of the change. Only responsible natives should ever be left in charge of the trap rope; such men understand the foxes and do the work well. After closing the trap the operator sends his assistant into the cage and the foxes are driven through the open doors “G” and “J” into the retaining room “CO,” where they are held until a sufficient number has been caught to war- rant further attention. After closing the doors to the retaining and trapping rooms the cage door is raised and the operation is repeated. Handling of animals.—It is not advisable to hold more than 20 foxes in the retaining room at one time, as the animals have a tendency to clamber about and will pile up and become overheated, particularly in mild weather. On the opening night of the season the foxes can be caught almost as rapidly as the skins can be handled, the trap taking as high as 10 or 12 in a single operation. Later in the season the more timid foxes appear and only 2 or 3 are taken at intervals of an hour or more. When a suitable number of foxes has been caught, the skinners and other men take up their places in the large room ‘*D” and the work begins. Two or three men, armed with forked sticks, are sent into the retaining room, where they catch the foxes by pressing them down to the floor until a proper hold has been secured with the hands; the animal is grasped about the neck from behind. This work must be done with as much care as is consistent with a fair degree of speed, as some of the animals are to be reserved as future breeders and must not be injured by unnecessarily rough handling. If any marked breeders are found, they are liberated through the door “I” and the exit “ K.” After catching the fox the native passes it through the opening in the special door “L,” whereupon a man on the opposite side takes it from him, holding the animal in the same manner. Another man examines the fox and calls out its sex that it may be written down by the agent. The latter then examines the teeth by pushing back the lips or opening the jaws with a soft gag. The weigher now places the fox’s tail in the loop of a broad strap attached to a spring balance and the head of the fox is then carefully lowered so that the animal hangs to the scale by its tail. The fox must not be dropped into a hanging position, as the sudden snap might injure the bone or eartilage of the tail. The weight is then called out and the agent makes note of it; he then notifies the weigher whether the fox is to be killed or released. If to be released, the animal is marked and dropped through the door “I” and makes its escape through the exit “K.” If to be killed, it is passed to another man (the fox is still held by the tail) who strikes it a smart blow on the head with a light club. After the fox has been stunned in this manner, its neck is broken by manipulation. The skinner waits a few moments to make certain that the animal is dead, after which he removes the pelt while the body is yet warm, ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 93 Handling of Skins. Skinning.—Fox skins are removed much in the same manner as those of most fur-bearing animals that are prepared for the market. The tail is split for a few inches on the lower side, the cut beginning at the anus; cuts are then made along the inner side of each hind leg, these incisions extending from the heel (the lower end of the metatarsal bones) to the anus. The pelt is first loosened around the base of the tail, the tail is then pulled from its sheath of skin, and the entire pelt is removed by pushing it loose from the fat and flesh with the fingers, a knife being used only about the head. After the skin has been loosened from the posterior part of the body it is simply everted over the head, so that the nose is the last part to be severed. The forelegs are pulled out of the skin without any cutting, except where a knife may be needed to separate the pelt from the tougher subcutaneous tissues. While the skin is being drawn off there is some danger of tearing it or of forcing a finger through it, but such holes are usually the result of haste or carelessness. However, tears are sometimes made by the best of skinners, and in a large catch it may be difficult to secure perfect work throughout. Natu- rally, the pressure is always toward better workmanship. After the skin has been entirely removed by the method outlined above, it is turned right side out and hung up on a peg or nail. When the work of the evening is over, the skins are counted, but are left in the trap building until ready for cleaning and stretching; the skins must be kept as cool as possible during this time. During the first few killings of the season it is advisable to examine the flesh side of the skins, as the color found there is a good guide to the degree of primeness of the furs as a whole. The earliest skins may be found to be rather dark on the flesh side because of the roots of the growing hair and fur. This eolor fades as the season advances. While the writer has seen skins having what appeared to be fully prime pelage with the flesh side quite dark, it is not advisable to take any large number of skins during that part of the season when the bluish color on the flesh side of the skin is most pronounced. The flesh side again darkens with the approach of unprimeness, but it has been observed on St. George Island that felted patches and rubbed spots are the first indication of the change. The fact that decision must be made before the fox is killed makes this a valuable point. Cleaning.—The morning after the trapping the skins are taken to another building where the cleaning, stretching, and drying is done. The more skillful men sit in a row behind a beam which is placed in a horizontal position about 2 feet above the floor. A nail or peg is fixed in the beam opposite each man. The skin is turned flesh side out, the nose is placed over the peg and all the fat and flesh is removed with a very sharp skinning knife having a. curved blade about 6 inches in length. The tail is split and all the fatty tissue removed from it; the forelegs can be cleaned without splitting. The work described here requires genuine skill with the knife. After the pelt has been thus cleaned it is taken by one of the other workmen who turns the skin, rubs dry corn meal through the fur for the purpose of removing free grease or dampness, and then shakes it out. It is now turned again and searched for holes and if any are found they are sewed up. Small sticks are then inserted within the skin of the forelegs and bound in place; the tail is spread and bound round a larger stick and the skin is then ready for the stretching frame. Stretching —tThe stretching frame is a very simple arrangement of two light boards (1-inch material is usually used) put together on an acute angle, the length of the sides being in the neighborhood of 4 feet. The boards are joined edgewise, the nails of the joint being carefully toed; no third piece enters into the construction. After the joint has been secured, the boards are planed so that the edges form a smooth wedge with a rounded point. Properly made frames will last many years. The skin is drawn on by inserting the smaller end of the frame in the opening across the hind legs and then slowly forcing it down the frame until the nose fits snugly. The entire surface of the pelt is then gently stretched downward with the palms of the workman’s hands, and when it is well in place the hind legs are spread and bound to the sides of the frame in the manner shown in figure 3. The lips have been previously stitched together to prevent distor- tion of that part of the skin, and after the whole pelt has ween well rubbed with corn meal it is set up for drying. 94 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Drying.—The drying may be done in any large room where an even tempera- — ture can be maintained. It is always desirable to dry the skins slowly and with as little artificial heat as possible. The present method is to lay the frames in rows across light racks suspended from the ceiling at suitable intervals, the remainder of the frames being stood up about the walls. With the improvement of facilities this practice may be bettered. After a lapse of from four to six days on the stretching frames the skins may be examined, and if dry all over, may be removed. The nose is one of the last parts of the skin to become fully dry. The skin should also be examined for excessive grease, and if any is found it must be removed with corn meal, for if it is left it will putrefy and weaken the skin. In taking the skin from the frame the hind and fore legs and tail are unbound and the skin gently started with the palms of the hands, after which it may be pulled off by the nose. When the skin has been removed from the frame a tag, bearing the date of capture, is tied into the mouth or eyeholes and the skin is hung up in the drying room for a few days, or until a sufficient number of peits has accumulated for removal to the storage room. Storing—The two most important requirements for a storage room are dry- ness and darkness. The necessity for keeping the skins dry is apparent; the darkness is a safeguard against the fading of the fur, as the darkest furs com- mand the highest prices. In storing the skins they are usually tied through the nose into clusters of 10 skins each, and these bunches are carefully tallied when stored. All the skins are again counted at the close of the season so as to verify the record of animals killed. Shipping —Fox skins are packed and shipped in boxes made of 1-inch boards of spruce or Douglas fir (spruce is preferable), with inside dimensions of 58 inches in length, 16 inches in width, and 12 inches in depth. The case is pro- yided with a set of battens near each end, which lend rigidity to the whole and at the same time prevent any face of the box from coming into solid contact with a flat surface. The packing of the skins is usually done within a day or two of the time shipment is to be made. The cases are lined with tarred building paper and relined with wrapping or newspaper as a protection against insects and damp- ness. The skins are carefully counted and laid flat in the case; unnecessary folding or creasing is to be avoided. The skins are shipped pelt side out. From 40 to 45 skins may be packed in a case such as the one described above. After the proper number of skins has been packed in the box, the top is elosed with the layers of paper and then the cover. The cover is nailed to the sides and ends of the case and to the battens on the sides. All cracks and holes are then closed by tacking on strips of galvanized iron or sheet zine. The cases should be marked on both sides with the name and address of the con- signee, the serial number and gross weight of the case, the number of skins it contains, and the legends, “ Keep Away From Boiler Bulkheads” and “ Keep Dry.” Disposition of Carcasses. The disposition of fox carcasses is a matter of some importance. It is well known that foxes are, aS a general rule, infested with parasites and intestinal worms of various kinds, and it should always be the effort of the agent to see that the carcasses of foxes killed are disposed of in such a manner as to pre- vent any possibility of infection from that source. The bodies of foxes found dead should be handled in a similar manner when practicable. The method now in use is that of putting the bodies into a covered pit, a practice both simple and effective. Breeding Reserve. Selection of animals.—The breeding foxes must be selected with care. The points of judgment are: (1) The condition of the teeth; (2) depth of color and condition of fur, short fur or white patches indicating an undesirable animal; and (3) weight, reserved males to weigh not less than 11 pounds and females not less than 84 pounds. Cripples are always killed, though a short-tailed fox may be released if the animal appears to be a particularly desirable one from other points of judgment. Since the beginning of the present method: of handling foxes on St. George Island it has been constantly the purpose to eliminate the white foxes. That it has been partially successful is shown by the presence of only 4 white U.S. B. F.—Doc. 909 FIG, 2.—NATIVE METHOD OF STRETCHING AND DRYING BLUE FOX SKINS, PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 95 skins in a catch of 750 taken during the season of 1919-20, as against 15 white pelts in a tetal of 486 secured in the season 1903-4. On St. Paul Island, where steel traps are being used and the selective killing is not carried-on, 33 white animals appeared in a catch of 188 during the winter of 1919-20. The fight against white foxes on St. George Island has in recent years been extended against blue foxes which bear white marks of any kind. After the selection of the breeder it is marked by clipping the fur of the tail and is then released. This mark is a notch near the tip of the tail in the case of a male and near the middle of the tail for a female. No such marked foxes are killed intentionally, and to avoid the possibility of such error it is a good plan to make the mark sufficiently plain to preclude any chance that the weigher may not notice it. Light marks made early in the Season may grow to be almost. indistinguishabie before trapping stops. The blue fox of St. George Island is monogamous, and because of this fact the sexes must be released in equal numbers when the reserve is made. Size of reserve—The amount of food available during the winter months is the factor which controls the size to which the herd may be allowed to grow. The release of 200 pairs of breeding animals for a number of years past has provided a steady supply of skins, but this number must be gradually increased in proportion to the food supply if a sound policy of growth is to be carried out. During the season of 1919-20 a reserve of 225 pairs was made with a view to such a growth, and it is intended that the reserve be further increased each season that the food situation will allow. A consideration of the reserve naturally must bring in the factors of the number of young which reach maturity for each pair released and the percentage of natural mortality for all classes of foxes. It is to be deplored that we know little of these factors, except as light has been thrown upon them by the growth or decline of the herd. From the past rate of growth we may assume a given number of maturing young and a given death rate, both of which are subject to an unknown correction of animals not caught, but such figures are somewhat arbitrary and must be used with caution. We can not place dependence on the uncertain figure of the number of maturing young or the unknown reserve of animals not handled; the only reliable figures are those from knowne reserves, and it is upon these we must base our policy. REINDEER, In August of 1911, 40 reindeer were brought to the Pribilof Islands to determine whether these animals would thrive and even- tually provide a source of fresh meat for the Government employees and natives stationed there. Twenty-one cows and 4 bulls were landed on St. Paul Island and 12 cows and 3 bulls on St. George Island. The experiment has proved entirely successful. While the herds have become quite wild and difficult to handle through lack of time for attending them, fairly accurate counts at the close of the calen- dar year 1920 showed 192 deer on St. Paul Island and 125 on St. George Island. The herds are becoming regularly more valuable as a meat supply, the number used for this purpose being larger each year. On St. Paul Island 22 reindeer were killed for food during the calendar year 1920 and on St. George Island 31 were so used. In the previous year 14 on St. Paul and 22 on St. George were killed for food. SHIPMENTS OF FUR-SEAL AND FOX SKINS FROM PRIBILOF ISLANDS IN 1920. Fur-seal skins.—Three shipments of sealskins were made from the Pribilof Islands in the calendar year 1920. The first of these was made up of 900 skins in 47 casks tae St. Paul Island and 412 skins in 11 casks from St. George Island, the number from the latter place being the entire remainder of the catch of 1919 on that island. The 96 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. shipment left the islands April 7 on the Bureau’s tender “der, was transferred to the Alaska Steamship Co.’s steamship Victoria at Unalaska on April 19 for shipment to Seattle, Wash., and left the latter place on April 27 for St. Louis by freight via Northern Pacific to Minnesota Transfer and Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, arriving at St. Louis May 20. On June 22 the U.S. S. Satwrn took the remainder of the 1919 skins from St. Paul Island; the shipment was made up of 87 casks containing 505 skins. The Saturn proceeded to Bremerton, Wash., from which place the skins were forwarded July 7 to St. Louis by he same route as the first shipment. They arrived at St. Louis uly 26. The third shipment consisted of 476 casks containing 21,929 skins from St. Paul Island and 24 casks containing 1,133 skins from St. George Island; all were skins of the 1920 take. The skins were placed on board the Saturn November 25 for transportation to Seattle, Wash., left that place December 6, and arrived at St. Louis December 15, having been shipped by freight via Northern Pacific to Billings, and Chicago, Burlington & Quincy to St. Louis. This shipment made remarkably good time between Seattle and St. Louis, arriving in a little less than nine days. Thirteen specimen skins were also shipped during the year. Four of these were from St. George Island and nine from St. Paul Island. The skins were brought south on the Saturn, arrived at Seattle September 26, and were shipped from there by express to the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History at New York City. Fou skins —A single shipment of fox skins was made during 1920. This shipment consisted of 4 cases containing 155 blue and 33 white fox skins from St. Paul Island and 18 cases containing 746 blue and 4 white skins from St. George Island, a total of 938 skins. These cases were shipped in the same manner as the first shipment of seal- skins as far as ‘Seattle, via the Bureau’s vessel 7ider and the com- mercial steamer Victoria, and from Seattle to St. Louis by express, where they arrived May 3. SALES OF FUR-SEAL SKINS. Two sales of dressed, dyed, and machined fur-seal skins from the Pribilof Islands were held in St. Louis during the calendar year 1920. One was on February 2 and the other May 10, at which times 9,100 and 5.752 skins were sold at auction for totals of $1,282,905 and $424.166, respectively. The highest price secured at the February sale was for a lot of 70 skins, which brought $177 each; the average price obtained was $140.97, an increase of nearly 55 per cent over the average price at the preceding sale in September, 1919. At the sale in May the max1- mum price was $125 per skin on two lots of wigs, 50 skins in each lot. The average price for the May sale was $73.74, showing a decrease of about 48 per cent as compared with the February sale. The first two of the following tables show details regarding the prices secured for each lot of skins in the two sales; the third table is a summary showing prices obtained for the skins in the various trade classes. with the percentages which the number of the skins in these several classes bore to the totals in each sale. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 97 SALES OF DRESSED, DYED, AND MACHINED Prinitor Fur-SEAL SKINS AT Sv. Louis, 1920. SALE OF 9,100 SKINS, ST. LOUIS, FEB. 2, 1920. Num- Price Num- Price Lot Trade Total for || Lot Trade Total for No. ate classification. ea lot. No. ene classification. ee lot. i $7,600.00 || 73 70 | Extra large; cut, |$127. 00 $8, 890. 00 scarred, etc..... 2 7, 850.00 || 74 7 d 9, 030. 00 3 7, 750.00 || 75 9, 100. 00 + 7, 850. 00 76 12, 800. 00 5 7, 800.00 || 77 12, 560. 00 6 7, 800. 00 78 13, 120. 00 7 7, 800.00 || 79 12, 960. 00 8 7, 800.00 |} 80 12, 960. 00 9 8,100.00 || 81 12, 880. 00 8,100.00 | 82 12, 880. 00 8, 150. 00 83 12, 800. 00 8,350.00 || 84 12,720. 00 8,450.00 |} 85 12, 800. 00 8,300.00 || 86 12, 880. 00 8, 450. 00 87 12, 960. 00 88 12, 960. 00 5, 750.00 || 89 12, 880. 00 5, 800.00 || 90 12, 800. 00 5,750.00 | 91 12, 880. 00 5, 850.00 || 92 12, 800. 00 6,000.00 | 93 13, 040. 00 5,900.00 || 94 13, 200. 00 10,020.00 | 95 10, 200. 00 9, 280. 00 10,020.00 || 96 9, 440. 00 9,960.00 | 97 9, 280. 00 9,960.00 | 98 9, 280. 00 10, 260.00 |} 99 10, 000. 00 10, 320.00 | 100 9, 200. 00 10, 200.00 | 101 9, 280. 00 10, 200. 00 || 102 9, 520. 00 10, 260.00 || 103 11, 160. 00 10, 080.00 | 104 11, 340. 00 10, 020.00 || 105 11, 070. 00 10, 440. 00 | 106 11,070. 00 10, 200.00 || 107 10, 980. 00 10, 380.00 | 108 10, 890. 00 10, 260.00 || 109 10, 890. 00 10, 140.00 || 110 10, 980. 00 10,080.00 | 111 10, 890. 00 10, 320. 00 |} 112 10, 890. 00 10, 320. 00 || 113 10, 935. 00 10, 320.00 | 114 10, 800. 00 10, 260.00 | 115 11, 070. 00 10, 260.00 | 116 10, 980. 00 45 60 | Extra extra large; 117 11, 070. 00 cut, scarred, etc .| 124.00 | 7,440.00 | 118 90 10, 980. 00 46 d | 7, 440. 00 || 119 90 | Mediums; cut, 47 7, 860. 00 * searred, ete....| 100.00 9, 000. 00 48 7, 620. 00 || 120 Mos eee 99. 00 8, 910. 00 49 7, 800. 00 || 121 bw reese 102. 50 9, 225. 00 50 7, 620.00 || 122 (3 RN, He 104. 00 9, 360. 00 51 7, 860. 00 123 eel: (i ey ed 7 Se 105. 00 9, 450. 00 52 7, 800. 00 || 124 90 | Small mediums..| 90.00 8, 100. 00 53 7, 860. 00 || 125 i a OOaesascaes 90. 00 5, 400. 00 54 7, 920. 00 || 126 90 | Small mediums; | 55 11, 270. 00 | cut, scarred, etc) 70.00 6, 300. 00 56 11, 830. 00 || 127 50") TEL wigs: oo. -<.-2= 71. 00 3, 550. 00 57 12,110.00 |} 128; 50 ]..... G0 Ie fos Xoo 71. 00 3, 550. 00 58 12. 040. 00 || 129 60 | III extra extra 59 11, 900. 00 IAT RO) asve tees 00 4, 920. 00 60 12, 180. 00 |) 130 70 | II—25 extra 61 | 11, 970. 00 |, large, 45 large..| 64.00 4, 480. 00 625 12,110.00 || 131 60 | I11—50 mediums, 63 | 11, 760. 00 10 small me- 64 | 11, 850. 00 diums... 2... 57.00 3, 420. 00 65 | 11,900.00 | 132 20 | IV—9 wigs, 3 ex- 66 11, 760. 00 tra extra large 67 11, 760. 00 | 2 extra large, 3 68 8. 11, 795. 00 large, 4 medi- 69 | a eae G0tes: oo eeetee 177.00 | 12,390. 00 TNS 373 canoe 56. 00 1, 120. 00 70 70 | Extra large; cut, | | —_—- ———_— scarred, etc...... 134.00 | 9,380. 00 9,100" |. = eiren same seees| Mee aoe | 1, 282, 905, 00 | a Ree Sars 130.00 9,100. 00 720 70 ae pis na seacea Taint 128.00 8, 960. 00 | } 98 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. SALES OF DRESSED, DyED, AND MACHINED PRIBILOF FuR-SEAL SKINS AT ST. Loutrs, 1920 Continued, SALE OF 5,752 SKINS, ST. LOUIS, MAY 10, 1920. ot| NuM-) Prade classifica- | Price | motattor || Lot | NY™-| rade classifica- | Price | otal tor No,| ber of tion pe lot Noo tion es lot 7% skins saree skin. . *| skins. | i skin. ’ — | eS 1 Oe Waesseee en eee $125.00 | $6, 250.00 || 49 80/ || Suarzess ee teeec ae $81.00 | $6, 480. 00 2 DON eisces do. -| 125. 00 6, 250. 00 50 SON eae do. apes 81. 00 6, 480. 00 3 UA eee (0 (os AS See les | 123. 00 6, 150. 00 51 80) eae GOs cca 81. 00 6, 480. 00 4 51) ee (10) yee | 123.00 6, 150. 00 52 BOI aa eet GOeti sess. 80. 00 6, 400. 00 5 |} D0) i= =e GOsb oo seas 122. 00 6, 100. 00 53 40) Jionaece GOv so eens 81. 00 3, 240. 00 6 | 50 | Wigs; cut, scar- 54 80 | Large; cut, scar- red, etc 3, 950. 00 TAQ CtC>-.- cee 57. 00 4, 560, 00 7 Gill ane se Gress eer 3,600.00 || 55 : 4, 160. 00 8 el |aesee doses 3,900.00 || 56 4, 000. 00 Dice 50) Sack doe ee p 3,950.00 || 57 4, 000. 00 10} 60} Extraextralarge | 124.00 7, 440.00 || 58 3, 920. 00 11 60) |'Saes': dg.8222 7, 260.00 j| 59 3, 430. 00 12 BOK | sae doe ee 7, 200.00 || 60 6, 390, GO 13 BO. ess. Domes | Of skins. sale. Food | Commer- skins.1|= 40s Mlec wae Pribilofs. 3 niga cial | Total. Ses: = * | skins.2 | RC RE een Bee ees A EES Oe SoeacG doo Se oo Se odabdcl asspecec 43 47,573 | 47,616 CE eae ees aaa Me ean | Jan. 20 SLY eee cee 31 12 47,573 | 47,585 ay AL 3 SPORE Re SSS EES Sse eee Heb 2-5— clases 9, 100 9,100 12 38,473 | 38,485 Apr.62sc. 22 May 20..... 1120 | ay we ee oe [ie rae ators aah et ee 12| 39,785} 39,797 Se ee oe ee eee Fak Seo Mayes soe 12 5,740 | 5,752 |.......-| 34,045 | 34,045 June 22...... July 30...-- DOD Soe Sacigice cs ot cose | See eee | oaee cel Cees 34,550 | 34,550 Nov. 25.....- Dee. 15..... 23062 Mean n eens eave 622 ee tron 57,612 | 57,612 1 Skins taken from seals killed for natives’ food prior to the termination on Aug. 24, 1917, of the 5-year period of restricted killings provided by the act of Aug. 24, 1912. 2 Skins taken subsequent to Aug. 24, 1917. FUR-SEAL SKINS ON HAND DECEMBER 31, 1920. As in the published report for the preceding calendar year, a state- ment as to the number of fur-seal skins handled during the year and the number on hand, both at the Pribilof Islands and at St. Louis, at the end of the calendar year 1920 is submitted as’ follows: St. Louris REcorD OF SEALSKINS. On hand) Jan: 1; 19202 eee Se ee ee a ee ee 47,616 Shipments received in 1920: May: 22 oe) oe RS ee ae Deel: Uys Bt Se ee ee a eee ee 505 December 2-2 3 Se ee ee eee 23, 062 24, 879 TPOtaL 2232s PSG rb Ne ee eS te ee ed See es ee ee 72, 495 Sales during 1920: ANTAL Ys eee 5 ees a as Se ee eee a eee 31 Webluary..2. 222.35 a Se ee ee ee 9, 100 1G ee es ee ee Stee 5, T52 14, 883 Balance on hand at St. Louis, Dec. 31, 1920-2=)—-==2 esse 57, 612 PrIBILoF RECORD oF SEALSKINS. On hand Jan. 1, 1920: Sti Paul; islands) ~ 223. see ee ee ee ee 1, 405 . SE" Georg US are ee 412 1, 817 2'The preceding report for 1919 gave the number on hand as 47,615, but when the ship- ment received November, 1919, was unpacked in 1920, one more skin was found than was reported shipped, thereby increasing the number on hand by itp 2Funsten Bros. & Co. paid the Government at the rate of $80 each for 31 sealskins, of which the firm reported 17 spoiled in work and 14 prepared for exhibition purposes, ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920, 101 Skins taken in 1920: STEEN GLE Ba BE eee ee Sie 22, 220 EE POLcer LSI anit esew seen ees Bee 2 8 a ek 4, 428 ———— 26, 648 Bite gall= <_<. | >a, SUR Wet he 28, 465 Shipments during 1920: Se ESET UES rye ene ee Ee ee ee ee ee 23, 334 SiGeorgse Island _:- 2. = ee eee ee 1, 545 —— 24, 879 Balance on hand. at Eribilots, Dec. 31, 19202... 3, 586 Grand yfotalon Hand Deere l 1920: 222 oe 8 og 61, 198 SALE OF FOX SKINS POSTPONED. The 901 blue and 37 white fox skins taken at the Pribilofs in the winter 1919-20 were not sold during the year 1920, the condition of the fur market making it advisable to defer their sale. PATROL OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN AND BERING SEA. As in previous years, a patrol was maintained by the Coast Guard for the protection of the migrating fur-seal herd and the prevention of poaching in the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands. Numerous courtesies in the way of transportation of passengers, mail, and freight for the Bureau are also gratefully acknowledged. The fol- lowing extracts from a statement prepared by the Coast Guard relate in detail the work performed during the year: MEMORANDUM CONCERNING OPERATIONS OF THE COAST GUARD IN CONNECTION WITH PATROLLING THE NorTH PACIFIC OCEAN AND BERING SEA DURING THE SEASON OF 1920. ; The North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea patrol, commanded by Commander J. H. Brown, United States Coast Guard, for the season of 1920 was made by the Coast Guard cutters Unalga, Algonquin, Bear, and Bothwell, These vessels were actively engaged during the season on patrol and in such additional work as furnishing transportation to various persons, including natives, civil authori- ties, school-teachers, and destitutes; delivering United States mail, food, and supplies to isolated settlements; assisting distressed vessels; extending succor to persons in need; furnishing medical treatment to natives; and enforcing the laws. The Unalga, in command of Lieut. Commander B. L. Brockway, left Seattle on April 28, 1920, for Unalaska. The cutter had on board seven passengers for transportation to various points in Alaska, four of whom were employees of the Bureau of Fisheries. On May 7 she arrived at Unalaska, where all pas- sengers left the vessel. The medical officer attached to the Unalga inspected the town of Unalaska and found the health and sanitary conditions to be good. On May 14 the Unalga left Unalaska on her first cruise in Alaskan waters. She proceeded to Unimak Pass, cruised along the southern shore of Unimak Island, then visited Davidson Bank, and traveled along the fishing banks as far east as Sannak Islands. During this trip no fishing vessels were sighted. On June 18 she left Unalaska for a cruise in the vicinity of Slime Bank. The only vessel seen on this trip was the American schooner Wawona, to which mail was delivered and to the crew of which medical treatment was afforded. The cutter later left for the Pribilof Islands and cruised in that vicinity for more than a week, but found no vessels in need of assistance. Two more trips were made to the Pribilof Islands and Slime Bank and to other fishing banks in Bristol Bay as far east as Ugashik River. While on one of these cruises the American schooner City of Papeete was boarded and medical treatment given to some members of her crew. 102 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. On August 14 the commanding officer of the Unalga, while serving in the capacity of United States commissioner, acted as arbitrator in a labor dispute at the Wood River cannery of the Alaska Salmon Co. Through his efforts a reconciliation was effected and the men returned to work. * * * On August 18 the Unalga cruised over the fishing grounds off Hagemeister Island, but sighted no fishing vessels while on this trip. On October 20 Mr. A. H. Proctor, superintendent, Pribilof Islands, and several natives, were transported to the northeast point of St. Paul Island to obtain a quantity of salted sealskins, the motor boat of the Bureau of Fisheries being disabled at the time. * * * On November 28 the cutter proceeded to Sand Point, where the medical officer vaccinated a number of persons. The vessel then left for Port Townsend and arrived there on December 1, 1920. The Algonquin, in command of Lieut. Commander W. A. Wiley, left Port Townsend on April 30, 1920, on her cruise in Alaskan waters, and arrived at Hydar, Alaska, on May 4. Four days later she proceeded to Ketchikan, where she remained until the 20th, awaiting the arrival of supplies forwarded to her from Seattle. On May 20 she left Ketchikan and took up the seal patrol the following day. Two herds, containing about eight seals each, were sighted off Sitka in the evening. The cutter continued the patrol until May 24, when she was called to Yakutat to transport a badly wounded Indian to the nearest hospital. * * * A rumor that about 500 fur seals had wintered in the vicinity of Attu was investigated, with the result that the report was found to be erroneous. On July 6 Lieut. Commander W. A. Wiley, having become ill, was forced to relinquish command of the Algonquin, whereupon Lieut. Commander W. T Stromberg assumed command. Lieut. Commander Wiley was invalided home. During the months of June, July, and August the Algonquin made a number of cruises in the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands and to other places. While on these cruises she carried United States mail, transported passengers, delivered supplies for the Bureau of Education and others, and afforded medical aid to the sick. On September 11 the Algonquin left Unalaska for a cruise to Unimak Island. Among others taken aboard for transportation to various points was Warden J. N. Braun, Bureau of Fisheries, who desired passage to St. George Island. On her return trip to Unalaska the cutter afforded transportation to Mr. H. Silverstone, of the Bureau of Fisheries. On September 27, in compliance with the request of Mr. A. H. Proctor, superintendent Pribilof Islands, a board was appointed to examine and report upon the machinery of the U. 8. F. 8. Hider. The board recommended that urgent repairs be made to the vessel. On October 10 the Algonquin, with the cutter Bear in tow, the latter having become disabled, set a course for Seattle and arrived there on October 20. * %* * Preparations being completed, the cutter left Seattle October 28 on her return to Bering Sea and arrived at Unalaska on November 5. * * * Her duties being completed, the Algonquin left Unalaska on November 12 for Seattle. On her return trip she stopped at Akutan, Lost Harbor, the canneries at Ikatan and King Cove, Unga Harbor, Valdez, Juneau, and other places. * # * Qn November 28 the Algonquin left Juneau and arrived at Seattle on December 2, 1920. The Bear, in command of Lieut. Commander F. 8. Van Boskerck, sailed from Seattle on May 8, 1920, for Alaskan waters. While en route the commanding officer became ill, which necessitated the vessel’s stopping at Alert Bay, British Columbia, where he disembarked hi await transportation to Seattle. The executive officer, Lieut. Commander C. G. Roemer, then assumed command. The cutter left Alert Bay on May 18 and sien ed at U nalaska on May 27, where she delivered the United States mail. On June 6 she left for a cruise to the Pribilof Islands. A number of natives. were afforded transportation on this trip. Navigation, especially in the vicinity of Nome, was rendered extremely difficult, owing to the prevalence of ice. On June 13 Lieut. Commander F. 8S. Van B oskerck poarded the vessel at Nome and resumed command. The Bear left for a cruise to St. Lawrence Island on June 22, but owing to severe ice conditions, it was found impossible to make a landing, so she returned to Nome, arriving there on September 21. * * * On October 10 the Bear, in tow of the Algonquin, left Unalaska. On October 19 the cutter Snohomish made contact with the vessels and relieved the (ae quin of the tow, arriving at Bremerton Navy Yard on October 28, 1920 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 103 The Bothwell, as part of the Bering Sea patrol force, reported for duty at Unalaska on August 1, 1920. This cutter made cruises to Bogoslof Island, Akutan, False Pass, King Cove, Latouche, and other places. While on these cruises the Bothwell collected certain geographic information, made recon- naissances of harbors, and delivered United States mail. On September 8 the Bothweli left Latouche on her return trip and arrived at Seattle on September 14, 1920. In his report on the Bering Sea patrol Commander J. H. Brown states that the fishing fleets were not operating during the season in accordance with their usual schedule, and because of this fact but few of these vessels were fallen in with. He further states that there were no fishing vessels operating on the Sannak and Davidson Banks and but few on Slime Bank. SEALING PRIVILEGES ACCORDED ABORIGINES. One thousand two hundred and eighty-five fur-seal skins were taken by Indians off the coast of Washington during the months of April, May, and June, 1920. These skins, together with two more taken in June, 1919, were properly authenticated through the cooperation of A. D. Dodge, superintendent of the U. S. Indian School at Neah Bay, Wash. These seals were taken by Indians of the Washington coast in accordance with the privilege granted by the North Pacific Sealing Convention of July 7, 1911, and the act of Congress approved August 24, 1912. Of the total of 1.287 skins, _ 656 were from male seals, 630 from females, and one from a seal whose sex was not recorded. JAPANESE SEALSKINS DELIVERED TO THE UNITED STATES. On January 17, 1921, the Bureau was advised that 56 fur-seal skins, constituting 10 per cent of the total number taken from the Japanese herd on Robben Island in the season of 1920, were ready for delivery to a representative of the United States. Under the convention of July 7, 1911, the United States receives a share of skins taken from the Japanese herd. Instructions were issued for the shipment of these skins, and they reached San Francisco April 15, being forwarded at once to the Bureau’s agents at St. Louis, where they were received on April 26. They will be dressed, dyed, and machined in the usual manner and sold for the account of the Government, FUR-SEAL CENSUS, PRIBILOF ISLANDS, 1920. By G. Dattas HAnna. I landed at the Pribilof Islands on June 16, 1920, from the U. S. naval radio tender Saturn for the purpose of making a census of the Alaska fur-seal herd which resorts there to breed. In order to complete the work it was necessary at various times to travel from St. Paul Island to St. George Island and vice versa. This was effected through the courtesy of the commanding officers of the Saturn, the Coast Guard cutter Algonquin, and the Bureau of Fisheries vessel Lider, to all of whom my appreciation is extended. The census was made possible through the active cooperation of the superintendent of the Pribilof Islands, A. H. Proctor, in fur- nishing material and labor on St. Paul Island when necessary. C. KE. Crompton, agent and caretaker, did likewise on St. George Island. E. C. Johnston, storekeeper on ion George Island, ably assisted in the actual census work as much as possible. The methods used in counting and computing the various classes as given below were similar to those which have been in use for several years and which were outlined in the report of the Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1918, page 116. PUPS. DISTRIBUTION OF Pups IN 1920. . Date of | Living | Dead Total | Per cent Rookery. counts. | pups. | pups. | pups. | dead. ST. PAUL ISLAND. | RRO wc crt Sots eels as ic a arate Oe cia I eI roa | Pees eee 3,718 46 13,764 1, 22 LO rte: 41h: eg ee ae Seg Se Se ae A RE SNe Se EN & el eee ee 2,853 79 | 12,932 2. 69 Cs Fa 00:1 1°00 Wa ag i Ag I ih ied oN Re uals hn Pe AE Phy de 9,970 281 | 110,251 2.74 ATOIPUGI Sues a8 Soe eee oa oe eee Lae eae eee 1, 163 17 11,180 1, 44 1 ie ee re RR Saye x ee ME Re Go fey Bee ae (Seu ellen as Yo. 23,048 590 | 123,638 2. 50 Biviriten ss: 2 Foe ote Coss. okie eee 2 REE oe nee eee 8, 281 94 18,375 112 TACOOM S|. oo a ekees o SE G s a ee ees Sete Aug. 12 333 8 341 2.35 WoIstGlss 2 Ae eee Se ee a ee ee a eee 16, 898 388 | 117,286 2. 24 ZEDAONI 3 ott. 5 4 at ee See 6 Sas eet ae Coen At. | pale ee 16,031 368 | 116,399 2. 24 Little sl pe Ses he et Se a 8 On 0 Se eee Bae 12, 214 280 | 112,494 2. 24 ZEDRATI RCCL fe oe S56 ot aac See Se eee eae eee eae Aug. 12 525 di 532 1.32 PE OLOVAT Hs ee es 5 ore eee net. cee Aug. 11 5,794 212 6, 006 3. 53 Poleving Clits 32s 2 oe oe so Seas ee Beet cee 2, 511 62 2,573 2. 41 Lapua, POLO Vitld =. oso ace naa aa eee eee nee fan oe lnetoe ae 1,690 21 11,711 123 MOM OVI cE Soo feo de so oa ee Nee Aug. 10 2,818 118 2,936 4, 02 Viostochni ste. Soc Seer ee nee = che vee 31,708 | 1,149} 1 32 857 3. 50 VOGAL S ce sak ees he OIA |e eee 139,555 | 3,720 | 143,275 2. 60 ST. GEORGE ISLAND Northiet cosa ers Se acter ea oot DE Sere 8, 944 182 19,126 1.99 StatavaArtil-c. (2. 5st che) Sie aa pains ed os | Saee 5,781 163 | 15,944 2. 74 PATIO es oo cabs ac Bere Ce ee a, Oe ee Ee Eos & Aug. 4 894 13 907 1. 43 SOUth. .3 228s SS ce see cee see eee see, seeds 98 1 99 1.01 Kast Reefs. : 322. Bee See ee Aug 5 2,543 28 2,571 1. 09 mast CUS. 5 eS: 2.5 -sb ost aat ee ee ee cee eee oe | one eee 5, 493 112 15,605 2. 00 Total oS See As 3 ee ees (Ran -- ose | 23,753 499 24, 252 2. 06 Total, Dothislandsosc..-csesisckee ee eee ee ae sla neee eee 163,308 | 4,219 | 167,527 2. O2 1 Based on estimated average harem. 104 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 105 The chief object in the counting of pups is the determination of the average number of cows to each bull, or the average harem. Since birth is given to but one young each year it follows that the determination of the number of young will give the number of breeding females, and by dividing this by the number of harem bulls found earlier in the season the average harem is determined. Obviously the greater the number of pups counted the greater the accuracy of the census as a whole. Up to and including 1916 it was possible to count this class on all of the rookeries. In 1917, however, the greatly increased number of bulls prevented pup counting until such a late date that breeding areas could not all be gone over. The increase in size of the herd has further complicated matters. While it is not physically impossible to make a complete pup count when bulls are present in no greater numbers than in 1920, still a much larger force of counters would be required for the work than has heretofore been available. Since 1917 a comparatively small proportion of the pups has been counted. Rookeries have been chosen, however, which were believed to represent the herd as a whole with regard to growth. They have been, in the main, the smaller ones, in order to reduce to a mini- mum the danger of loss from trampling by bulls and from smoth- ering. Neither of these factors enters largely into the operations if a competent force of white men is performing the work, because there are expedients which can be used in emergencies which effec- tually prevent deaths. For instance, if pups have piled up in the counting and are in danger of smothering, they can be scattered by a man wading into the mass. There is no other known means whereby the animals can be spread out quickly enough to prevent loss on a warm day. It so happens that the natives are entirely too irresponsible to be depended upon in such an emergency. In seven years of counting I have never seen one offer to do the scattering in such an emergency. It is obviously impossible for the person who does the actual counting to keep constant watch of the “ pod- ding” ahead of him, and if there should be no one else looking after that part of the work danger is sure to result; this is particularly true on the larger rookeries. Unfortunately the natives allowed eight pups to smother on Zapadni Reef rookery during the work on St. Paul in 1920. They have been included among the live pups on that rookery in the table because it is desirable to have the number of dead represent the natural loss only. In selecting rookeries for counting in 1920 it seemed desirable in many ways to choose those which were counted in 1919. The work- ing out of the average harem for those uncounted rookeries would then give results which were more strictly comparable than if new territory were selected. While it seems reasonable to suppose that any one rookery would grow at the same rate as the herd, this is unfortunately far from the case. There is great variation among the several rookeries and on any one from year to year. This makes the estimating of the average harem on rookeries where pups have not been counted more or less uncertain. But unless all rookeries are counted—a manifestly impracticable task with a limited force and a large herd—no way to avoid the difficulty is known, and the matter must devolve upon the best judgment of those who have it in hand. 106 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. INCREASE OR DECREASE IN NUMBER OF Pups IN 1920 FRom 1919. Increase Numerical] (+) or Rookery. | ‘Pobal MDE, Poti oupe; SHGréaso. decrease ; ST. PAUL ISLAND. Pevicane Wibod soi psc ok be ech ee eee ne te Ar NA 3, 565 3, 764 199 + 5.58 Tralee 0g Re HJ ee RE PG EL ee 2,788 2; 932 144 + 5.16 Gor lsg Vole 3 Sisye Suk sae es eet allel te BRE 12, 308 10, 251 —2,057 —16.65 Ardiguen..........--- [EE RO ale NESS TEAR INTE 1, 150 1, 180 30 + 2.61 iss Gia SNS arcane PRE SAE 7" iy FEV et Ge Obie eee 22, 457 23, 638 1,181 + 5.26 Sivutch...... ig td 5 Suny ee ec pe Sete Seu eae 7, 015 8,375 1,360 +19. 39 Wea POON. asa eens tetee ee OR EE eS AA ee Sy tne ae 2d 1445 - 1341 — 104 —23.37 OSUOL os se sc hiss SAR ERP Oe eee ee HOE eR et aoe 16, 027 17, 286 1,259 + 7.86 ZS Ci eo a eee ee ee ee en 14, 300 16,399 2,099 +14. 68 TattieiZanadnicts: stew fo 12s tee pred Pe eae 10,145 12, 494 2,349 423.15 AMO abr splits | oe ae ee Bem BeAr eNO 508 Soca ee na 1604 1 532 — 72 —11.92 FE OLO VARA | 48 ee ee ee ee Sri Ne ee 15, 794 16, 006 212 + 3.66 Polovina Cliffs. ..-.. tS Nests er a ee Re A aracn 2 S Sa ee 12,209 12,573 364 | +16.48 Little Poloyinsa chief ean. oT ae ee eee eee 1, 203 7p 508 | +42. 23 Moro vit 22 Spee Tae? Be Fe ee el Ph eae 13, 041 12,936 — 105 — 3.45 Wostochnign ote eet ek LUDA RY eS ier 30, 863 32) 857 1, 994 + 6.46 el 0) EATS |g Se AR SD al a Ee ae teh ae CT 133, 914 143, 275 9, 361 + 6.99 ST. GEORGE ISLAND. NORD 42 Dock oe = eee et BEER as rea ie 8, 802 9, 126 324 + 3.68 PLATA Ve ATT. oo. ee ee ee ee eens eee eee 15, 746 5, 944 198 + 3.44 Zap Rani es ee ee eee ee ae Vey sehr ee eee 1857 1907 50 + 5.83 Bouathisc. 35655 8 BR ye a eee Oe pe eis Oe 168 199 31 | +45. 59 Hast Reéfic: Ae ech 8). oa Rk Y Pe > ee 12,367 12,571 204 | + 8.62 Masti Glitss: cae ai ee che tl yy ene unease aN Tay oa 5, 418 5, 605 187 | + 3.45 TD otalss oe eee erp ees es pelea ares 23, 258 24, 252 994 | = A027 $e a Total, Poth idlandse.. cb: 400 p ee Rea bare Tan 72 167, 527 10,355; + 6.59 } | 1Pups counted. Tt will be noted that upon some of the eight rookeries counted there has been no gain, whereas on others it has been considerable, and again that the gain on the lot has been only 3.77 per cent. This latter fact indicates very strongly that the gain of breeding cows has not been the 9 per cent which has been considered to be the normal rate. It is true that the smaller rookeries do not increase as rapidly as the large ones, but there should not be this much discrepancy even though it is possible. It is entirely possible for the rookeries counted to have lost and the herd as a whole gain the normal amount, but it is not probable. The abnormal gain on the other rookeries would have been a noteworthy feature to a person who had had them in view during successive years. After a consideration of all of the factors which enter into the problem, the gains on the several rook- eries have been estimated as shown in the above table. This, of course, is made up largely from the data on average harems (p. 116). It shows the gain of pups (and breeding cows) for the entire herd to be 6.59 per cent. A noteworthy feature of the rookeries on which counts were made is the actual decrease in the number as well as the percentage of pups found dead in spite of an actual increase of total pups. This is entirely in accordance with predictions as to what would happen when the size of the harem would be increased. By using the figures of dead pups found on the various rookeries the numbers have been esti- mated for those which were not counted. This is shown in the table ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 107 above and illustrates the value of having a comparatively large aver- age harem. The various proportions of massed areas where death rates are high to scattered rocky areas where they are low have been taken into consideration in arriving at the percentages. Also of prime importance in this connection is the fact that the size of the average harem in 1920 stands almost halfway between the figures for 1915 and 1916. It is reasonable to suppose that the percentage of dead pups would be governed thereby. In the early days of pelagic sealing, when large numbers of dead pups were washed up by the surf, the impression was general that the animals were drowned by storms. The matter entered into inter- national negotiations when it was maintained by the representatives of the Government of Great Britain that this was a prime cause of pup mortality. The fact that starvation was the cause of death as a result of the mothers having been killed by pelagic sealers was thereby concealed. Dr. F. A. Lucas? has shown the subject in its true light and com- mented on the fallacy of the much-flaunted “ deadly surf nip.” By actual autopsy he demonstrated that the number of young animals drowned was insignificant. I personally had never had an opportunity to make any observa- tions on the subject until 1920, because violent storms had never occurred at the proper season during my seven years of work. But this year a heavy gale from the southwest drove an enormous surf into English Bay for three days during the latter part of July. It was precisely the time for deaths from drowning to occur, if such ever occur. Some pups are then dabbling in the edge of the water, while many others are young and weak. After the storm thorough search of the entire stretch of English Bay beach was made, where over a thousand had been counted at one time during the days of pelagic sealing, but only 17 dead pups were found there. Not one of these 17 animals had drowned, and the majority of them were in an advanced stage of decomposition. They were simply some of the usual dead which had been washed off the rookery. Thus the findings of Dr. Lucas in this respect are completely confirmed. Drowning is the cause of a very insignificant portion of the loss of fur seals. The intestinal parasite Uncinaria may be present among the pups and may cause a few of the deaths recorded from year to year. Autopsies were made in a few cases in 1920 where decomposition had not proceeded too far, but in no instance could death be attributed to this cause. It may be that the parasite is epidemic at periodical intervals and will recur some time in the future. It is a point well worth keeping in mind by future investigators. In 1915 the presence of a considerable number of animals, both young and adult, was noted and recorded which had the mange or some skin affection allied to it to a greater or less degree. Each year a few cases are seen, and they are usually marked by the presence of small, round, hairless spots. These are known inthe furtrade by 1 Fur Seal Investigations, 1896-97, pt. 3, pp. 83-84, 108 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. the erroneous term “rubbed spots.” These are usually on portions of the anatomy which could not be “ rubbed” under any circumstances. The number of cases of this disease gradually decreased to a mini- mum by 1917, which remained constant through 1920. Ectoparasites of the fur seal are very rare, although the enormous amount of scratching which is visible in any “ pod” would leave the casual observer with the impression that the opposite is the truth. In 1899 a louse, Hematopinus callorhini Osborn, was described from “a number of examples from the northern fur seal.” And at the same time a tick, /vodes arcticus Osborn, was described from a single individual.t. I have made repeated search for these parasites, and several years ago located the louse on pups. Not all are afflicted by any means, but occasionally a few specimens can be secured from the eyelids and less often in the fur of the head. No positive information regarding the tick could be secured. A reward of $1 per louse and $5 per tick has been offered to the native workmen who kill and skin some 25,000 animals each year, but there have been only negative results. This leads me to believe that the louse is almost, if not wholly, confined to the pups, and very serious doubt is cast upon the /zodes arcticus being a parasite of the fur seal at all. COWS. The number of breeding cows in the herd corresponds to the num- ber of pups, since the one is derived directly from the other. There naturally exists in any year an excess of adult females over young, because there are always a few barren animals. The number, how- ever, has never been considered other than inconsequential and is very properly ignored. ‘The increase or decrease, in fact the exist- ence of the species, is dependent upon the fertile cow; the others in no known way enter into commercial operations of man. Formerly it was supposed that the cows which resorted to the hauling grounds with the bachelors were barren, but this is not the case at all. Thirteen cows which had been accidentally killed on the fields during the past four years have been examined and only one was found barren. Several of them had already given birth to young, but others had not, while the majority were 2-year-olds with reproductive organs normal in every way. LOSS OF COWS ON THE ISLANDS. The spreading of the bulls incident to the larger average harem produced a noticeable decrease in the death rate of cows on the breeding grounds. Since much of the turmoil and fighting of the past three years was thus done away with, such a result would be naturally expected. During the counting of 15,965 pups 9 dead cows were found. This is a percentage of 0.000563, which applied to the entire herd gives 94 as the total number. Comparable figures for preceding years were: 195 in 1919, 213 in 1918, 129 in 1917, and 39 in 1916. It shows that in spite of the increase in the herd there 1Fur Seal Investigations, 1896—97, pt. 3, p. 553. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 109 has been an actual decrease in the number of dead cows, and it con- stitutes, along with the low death rate of pups, the strongest argu- ment in favor of a reasonably large harem. In addition to the decrease in number of dead cows found, there was a very noticeable decrease in the number of those which had been bitten and torn by the bulls. In no instance was an injury seen which was believed to be serious. The closing of commercial operations on July 31 instead of Au- gust 10 is even more necessary now than heretofore, and it is again urged that this action be delayed no longer. It is well known that up to 1910 the Government prohibited the leasing companies almost every year from conducting sealing after July 31 on account of the number of cows which would otherwise be driven and unavoidably killed. This was a very efficient and sensible regulation and should by all means be inaugurated in the work of the Government. During the commercial operations of 1917, 1918, and 1919 it has been pointed out many times that the resorting of the cows to the hauling grounds of the bachelors after August 1 interfered con- siderably with the work and caused the death of some of them. This flocking of the females to the hauling grounds is due chiefly to the fact that the breeding season has passed and they are free to move wherever they will. When bulls were abundant to replace each other on the rookeries, they held the cows longer in the harems. But the increase in the average harem in 1920 gave the cows a great deal more freedom than they had had for three years. This was evi- denced by their flocking to the hauling grounds in greatly increased numbers. It was no uncommon thing on St. Paul for 250 cows to come up in a single drive after August 1. And on St. George they were so abundant that work was very seriously hampered. Naturally some of them were killed; not a large number, to be sure, but it is impossible to conduct the killing with reasonable dispatch so that all will be spared. Some accidents are unavoidable, because the 3-year- olds of both sexes are almost indistinguishable even to the practiced eye. The native workmen are ashamed of the work and unless importuned will not report the killing of a cow. We may grant that the number of females killed by the extension of the season to August 10 is insignificant. Their value to the herd may not be as great as the increased revenue secured by the addi- tional take of males; a simple calculation will demonstrate that. But the driving of these several thousand mothers, heavy with milk, is very inhumane to say the least. And if we may judge by the effect of similar exertion upon domestic animals permanent injury in many eases results. The long drives particularly tire them to the » point of exhaustion, sometimes even to death. In dry weather the skin is worn from the flippers and leaves them raw or bleeding. All of these details are better left untold, but are given in hopes that the real importance of the situation will become apparent and that 1921 will see no driving permitted after July 31. e all of course know that it is not necessary to drive after that date in order to reduce the excess number of males satisfactorily. Forty years of com- mercial work has demonstrated that point. 110 - U.S BUREAU OF FISHERIES. LOSS OF COWS AT SEA. It has been ascertained several times the past few years that the loss of cows at sea the first three years is approximately 50 per cent of all of those born. No data have come to hand which call for a revision of this result. It is an enormous death toll, and though it is almost certainly due to the work of some pelagic enemy, we know very little of it. Miller whales are known to devour the animals and are suspected of being their only enemy, yet proof is not to be had. Bryant has recorded the taking of 18 and 24 fur-seal pups, respec- tively, from the stomachs of two killers—#2,000 meals, each of them. The investigation of this matter is one of the important tasks for the future. There are féw studies which promise such fruitful results as would attend the successful solving of this problem. The pro- tection afforded the cows and the consequent increased rate of growth of this class would be the permanent and most important benefit to the species and to man. Actual figures as to the number of fur seals killed at sea under the treaty provisions allowing aborigines to hunt them are not yet available to me. Dispatches in the daily press, however, indicate that they are assuming proportions little short of alarming. The proportions of the sexes taken in this pelagic catch are not known, but there is good reason to suppose that it consists largely of females. For the sake of convenience it may be assumed that 2,000 females were killed altogether on all coasts. This would reduce the Pribilof herd by double the number, or 4,000 in 1920, because the unborn pup is destroyed with the mother. In other words, the mainstay class of the herd has been reduced in a single season by over 1 per cent. This matter is called to attention in the hope that a beginning may be made in solving the difficulty. Rather than have cows slaugh- tered it would be far preferable, if skins the Indians must have, to do as we have with Great Britain and Japan, give them an equiva- lent number of males from the land catch. BRANDED ANIMALS. Cows bearing the inverted T brand of 1912 on the top of the head were, as usual, in evidence on many of the rookeries. At Lukanin on St. Paul Island one was noted which was not believed to have been many hours out of the water. Two days later she had given birth to her pup but was located in a harem two bulls removed from where she was first seen. She was then seen each day until the eighth after her arrival. She could not be located later on_the rookery, although she must have returned to nurse her pup. This confirms almost exactly a record made by W. I. Lembkey on the same rookery in 1902. Further information was gained regarding those branded animals which may be conveniently classed as the 1902 series. A close study of them was begun in 1918 and the subject is dealt with at some length in the Alaska report for that year, pages 121 and 122. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 111 The brands of this series consisted of one or more bars burned across the back or in a few cases with a longitudinal bar on the side combined with a cross bar. The work had for its object at the time of its inception the depreciation of the skin of the female to such an -extent that it would be unprofitable for pelagic hunters to take it. The first experimental brands were put on in 1896, and when the eperation was found to be practicable it was continued each season thereafter until 1902 on St. Paul Island and to 1903 on St. George Island, when it was abandoned. W. I. Lembkey states* that it was stopped in 1903 by departmental order. It was found a useless pro- cedure in so far as the original objective was concerned. 2 A table was published in the 1918 report, page 122, which showed the totals branded each year on St. Paul. It included St. George also for 1896 and 1897. Subsequent records for the latter island could not then be located. Mr. C. E. Crompton has since found some of them and has. kindly furnished them to me for use in this report. His records show the brandings on the smaller island for 1901 to 1903, inclusive, and they are embodied in the tables given below. Thus we now have the complete record of this work in so far as the island journals are kept, except for St. George Island, for the three years 1898, 1899, and 1900. The records secured by Mr. Crompton failed to include one for October 12, 1903, of which I find a published statement in Appendix A to Hearings before House Committee on Expenditures in the De- partment of Commerce, page 100. It is there stated by Chichester that 274 pups were branded on that date. These have been added to the St. George totals for that year. FEMALE Pups BRANDED 1896 ‘ro 1903. St. George : St. Paul Year. Island. Island. Total. Uo es a ee ee ee See eee ree Seaman Apap pine fe ane 1315 162 377 TER eS Sse tes hoki ae hes MES ee 25, 371 31,880 7, 251 eee he bere 2, oD ek db San. kesh ap aabh's dp tan seeaxdeae 2, 363 4 2, 363 DUPER ey Seen to gn ern ato tckednecckoupecys 2,191 ‘ 2,191 ee Se 2S REE a eI Oe FA er eC 1,698 4 1, 698 Co a ae nae See ge ee ae Se aes 4,173 686 4, 859 Les Sh Oy Aine CAS £2 SS i ae DE pany age fe 1, 416 1, 326 | 2, 742 TOG. ass saeco es sha edicts Sawada sabe eee Sha cian nesedant nites ase (*) 1, 352 | 1, 352 = pried ite: leone ATi ie See Se RNR ELEC et Ae ree ads at Mbae dre today awawesace wee se 17, 527 5, 306 22, 833 1 Jordan and Clark, Fur Seal Investigations, 1896-97, p. 326. 2 Murray, ibid., pp. 337, 338. : 3 Judge, ibid., p. 338. 4 No record. It seems desirable to record here the character of brands used when it has been possible to ascertain them. During several years when branding was done, a few cows were also captured and received the mark, but the number was so insignificant as to need no further mention in this connection. Vo eed A, Hearings House Committee on Expenditures, Department of Commerce, p. 388. 1911. 112 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. FEMALH Pup Fur SEALS BRANDED ON ST. PAUL AND ST. GEORGE ISLANDS, 1896 To 1908. $ A Quadruple Triple Single diag- Year. Unknown.1| Single bar. |Double bar.) Triple bar. bar. crossbar. | onal pee : 1896 5 2 Sook feral ee eee eee 1 2 62 29 124 seh eee 180722 S255! ct ee 3 5, 389 41,133 S47 JERR Sse ae RBs ace ees eee ee Tle: Sie le shi: eee oy ee REAS (URE RII RUS RD (GEC oe 7 334 TADS. 23. Ghee | Sepa PAO | ccc ecoktsnc| sect hesececepeek es -oee alt ne er Ne eee 51,076 62D. |_.scccccncc. (oe tetoascedslenccet os neal] oor seesnns ee eee ii kee eens (2) ir AT ESE eee | ee PRE eae ee 2 245 497 (2, eid, ESR SE Bul ee 7 Se ORG ir C7 i) eae ee! MMMM EH SERENA AMINA SONIA CT Sy 1 Believed to have been single bar across back. 2 All cows. 3 Includes 18 cows. 4 Includes 100 cows. 5 Includes 7 cows. § Includes 29 cows. Many records of “ branding” after 1903 have been made, but they refer in every case, it is believed, to the marking of a bachelor reserve. This was first undertaken in 1904 and continued up to and including 1911. In every case, with the possible exception of the first year and irregular branding on St. George from time to time, permanent brands were not used. The hair was simply clipped from a spot on the back of the head so as to make the animal recognizable the re- mainder of that season. Unfortunately this process has been called “ branding ” almost always and has so confused the record of the real hot-iron work that the truth is in some cases in doubt. A journal entry on September 25, 1901, was found which stated “x = * one [cow was seen] with a brand just behind its front flippers and another running parallel to its backbone, but a little to one side.” In commenting upon this, C. E. Crompton says: “TI posi- tively saw [a cow with] this same brand at Staraya Artil while counting pups this year [1919].” No record of the use of this brand has been found, but it was prob- ably in 1898, or else no record was made when the work was done. Unfortunately the journal entries are usually very brief and do not describe the character of mark at all. As, for instance, “ October 10, 1901, branded seals at Little East, 127 branded.” To have been a cow in 1901, the dnimal must have been born in 1898 or earlier. It is not likely that the odd brand was used on more than one batch of pups, nor in more than one year. This would make the cow seen by Mr. Crompton in 1919 at least 21 years of age. This is three years more than the maximum age which has heretofore been ascribed to a fur seal. In all, seven cows of the 1902 series were seen on the various rook- eries in 1920. Facilities for observation over the great mass of rook- ery areas are so poor, however, that this can represent but a small fraction of the number which must have actually been in existence. It is most important to note that these animals were 18 years old, unless by possible chance they were all from the lot branded on St. George in 1903, when they would be 17. ‘Uhis is so highly improbable that it may be dismissed. Thus the maximum age of the cow is several years more than the most sanguine have previously suspected. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 118 This leads to interesting speculation upon the comparative mor- tality of the sexes. But it will be sufficient here to dismiss the subject with the observation that no record is known to me of any individual bull having returned to the rookeries for more than three successive years. It is believed, however, that in the majority of cases they do return for at least five years. Undoubtedly a mistake was made once in the ies = in sorting the sexes, and a male pup got the mark across his back. He developed and occupied the same position on East Cliffs Rookery for three suc- cessive years, 1913, 1914, and 1915 In his last year he had to be at least 12 years old. BULLS. HAREM AND IDLE BULLS. At the height of the breeding season the bulls which had harems and those usually termed idle were counted with the greatest possible accuracy. Steps have already been taken to adopt certain rookery improvements whereby this important count can be continued in the future, regardless of how large the herd becomes. Experiments with a stable skeleton tripod in 1920 demonstrated the superiority of such a structure over any form of elevating apparatus previously tried. The manner in which this was used is shown in figure 3. By placing such a tripod near the beach line and having a skeleton walkway leading to it over the seals, a cheap and very effective means of counting large flat areas will be provided. It is expected that this will be tried out thoroughly in 1921. A few permanent markers on the breeding areas to divide them into sections should enable the enumerator to have absolute confidence in his result. On account of the absence of some trustworthy manner to get up high enough to view the rookeries the harem counts since 1917, when bulls became very abundant, have not been as good on the large rookeries as desired. Many expedients have been used to help, such as counting from a boat, erecting markers of driftwood, climbing a long ladder, as well as natural elevations, which are sometimes reached with great danger; but all were more or less makeshifts, which it is planned shall be abandoned. Although there doubtless is an error in the number of harems given for the larger rookeries, it is really very small and is conservatively estimated to be not greater than one-half of 1 per cent. The desir- ability of having even this small variation corrected is due to the fact that this is the basis of the census. A small error here will multiply throughout the computations. The decrease in the number of bulls from 1919 was apparent not only in the records; on the rookeries it was very much safer to ap- proach counting points, and disturbance of even the rear harems rarely resulted. There appeared to be a general “ loosening up” of the compact areas maintained when the bulls were stationed closer together, so that the increase of area over 1919 appeared to be more than the figures indicated had been the increase in cows. If it is possible to do so in the future, the counting dates on St. George Island should be set back to correspond with the beginning of the count on St. Paul Island. It has heretofore been customary to 54777 °—21—_8 114 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. make it after the St. Paul count, when one person was obliged to do both; and in 1920 it was thought best to continue the usual dates. However, if there is some one on the smaller island to whom the work can be delegated, it should be done. It was quite evident that harems had begun to break up, and some of the bulls which had completed their duties had resorted to the hauling grounds and elsewhere before the count was finished. Their places had been filled, of course, but : is better that the count be made just as the first harem masters are eaving. Before the count was made it was plainly to be seen that the class formerly called “surplus bulls” was not large enough to warrant much killing. It had been the practice in 1917, 1918, and 1919 to class those animals which were found in apparently permanent posi- tion as “idle bulls” and others which evidently moved from place to place as “surplus bulls.” Naturally, these latter did not constitute the whole of the class, because there were always some on the hauling grounds and in the water in front of the rookeries. Since conditions in 1920 had closely approached those of 1916 in this respect, it seemed entirely proper to follow the former practice and spare the class in the killings. By doing this there is a “ margin of sufety” for the breeding males which is maintained without enterin. into the com- putations. . HAREM AND IDLE BULLS AND PERCENTAGE oF IDLE BULLS to Harem Butts Com- PARED TO AVERAGE Harem, 1920. — é Idle bulls Rookery. Date. carne Idlebulls.| Total. | to harem pte F bulls. 5 a se ST. PAUL ISLAND. ‘Palen ; 132 43.1 28. 52 95 29. 47 30. 86 253 15. 81 40. 52 40 20. 00 29. 50 528 13. 26 44,77 : 190 31. 58 44, 08 SS Be. SA ee ase July 20 14 21. 43 24. 36 PL OHSUOL 25622 eso een akae tec tee tt eee a d0l tee 408 15. 93 42. 37 ARB MAT cosets we cio Sad Sack Se sseCLOb se. 423 20. 09 38. 77 SULMCUNIP A. -tassee ect cscess elo GO. 22) Ve Seca 5| 3 16 te = en eee ee | TIO ZANAGU cons. oo Woe a aes = peQove.te 297 20. 88 42. 07 Zas[0e to bat) 217) es ae eo a ES nests Oa 28 17. 86 19. 00 PROVING) 2leteeeen tie. ok tS. eee. July 18 177 42. 37 33. 93 P-Olovalia Clie sno 2) oe ede clachon. Soc tae dos. ! 86 27.91 29. 92 Re Le OOVINIA-- 2950 550 ec eee pepo Fas 49 97. 96 34, 92 PAMUIGNES cent bo cit eres 3 BER July 17 97 102. 06 30. 27 0 1/7 L201 el OT BO RMP ede 28s SS AS TS 7 > wedOr. 2 725 45. 93 45, 32 ORR 5 Soran ee a oe Ae MP eM ke 3, 542 30. 43 40. 45 ST. GEORGE ISLAND. ESS eee eee ay Rane July 23 199 8.54 45, 86 BI AVA AT ble took oe ss. Ales ev lOLn see 112 17. 86 53. 07 2) ih Sh See RECA RRO aS 050 J July 22 27 18. 52 33. 59 “lh Ree SERIES Re ies sesba apd i085 Xe fe See AY i hstose, Se teiot oa ls ney tas eee 24. 75 EE LDORE i te 1 ss) oe ee ee 33, 081 =VCaT-Old: ANAS KUNE. hell One Oi Oe as see ee een 214 22-year-old smales; vendvofslOiOie ee es ea 32, 867 10 per cent deducted for natural mortality______________ 3, 287 3-year-old males, beginning of 1920______.___ 29, 580 o-year-oldsmales' killed inil920U = 2s" See ee 18, 831 S-year-old males, Aug 10; 192052. ey Doe ee Pe 10, 749 4-year-old males, estimated: S-year-old males Aug, WO, {9102 Vase Nee Ap ee 18, 596 3-year-old males killed fall of 1919_____________________ 820 S-year-old.males, cndsofd O10n- ro: a ee Se ee UPA (Pa, 10 per cent deducted for natural mortality______________ 1, 278 4-year-old males, beginning of 1920__________________ 11, 498 4-year-old males killedmin glO20 22 seers (alee hese eee 5, 831 4-year-old' males; Ayr al0; 1920-2 82a ee ee eee 5, 667 5-year-old males, estimated : 4-year-oldsmales) Alig? IOP TOLO wR) See kt 2a ee ae aes 5, 747 4-year-old males killed fall of 1919.__._-________________ 66 4-year-old males, end of daQlOses=- s e e 5, 681 10 per cent deducted for natural mortality_______________ 568 5-year-old males, beginning of 1920_________________- 5,13 5-year-old; males: killed in Ag2Qssb = 0 tit ae ee 106 5-year-old males, Aug, 10, 1920_..-.-._=.__ 2425.2 2 eee 5, 007 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 121 6-year-old males, estimated: Peo Males: Ale 10. 1OIQUs 22> ok ee 5, 282 syear-old males killed fall of 1919... = 2 37 B-year-old malesend* ofi91902 =. eb 3 8 ee 5, 245 20 per cent deducted for natural mortality___-_---------- 1, 049 6-year-old males, beginning of 1920__________________ 4,196 6-year-old: males, killed) in, A920 2x ae oo we 43 year-old. males Ato Ot OO). owe fe Be = 4, 153 Surplus bulls (7-year-olds and over), estimated: G-year-old males. Aue. 1Ondgipeee ee PSS 8, 991 G-year-old males killed! fall of 1919.> = 300 G-Vear-Old. Males Orel OU a rye se et! 8, 691 20 per cent deducted for natural mortality_------------- 1, 738 7-year-old males, beginning of 1920-_--_-____________ 6, 953 SHE PIUS SOULS AEs LO tL oe See 9, 619 Surprus mulls citted, Tale Gl tatoo 980 SHEDLOSS DIS. POG OF oN Pe ee 8 5 8, 6389 30 per cent deducted for natural mortality_-_-___________ 2, 592 Remaining surplus bulls for 1920___-______-_________ 6, 047 Breeding bulls of 1919____-_-____- doch ia Palco 7, 397 30 per cent deducted for natural mortality___-____________ 2, 219 1919 bulls remaining in. 19202. ee 5, 178 peceaine Himtis in -1920l2 2st es ee ee ee 5, 227 $919: bulls: remaining; deducted: 222-528.) et 5, 178 Inerement of new bulls in 1920422 * Se 49 7-year-old males computed for 1920____-________________- 6, 953 Surplus} bulls computed, for 9202. ett 6, 047 Total theoretical surplus bull stock for 1920_______-~_ 18, 000 7-year-olds and over killed in 1920_____-______-_._-______ 721 Torai-smrp lass tn! kocsis ta ee ee ee 12, 279 Increment of new breeding bulls in 1920, deducted________ 49 SUE OULS ttt keen ee eS 12, 230 50 per cent deducted for abnornral losses due to excessive ‘ TRIED DCINOL, nis oy eed orate os OT eee et ee 6, 115 PEEP DLA) TIS, A CA LA) oe eS nS 6, 115 RECAPITULATION. bog (ce ee Ee eS ee ee ee eee: eee ee 167, 527 (Of. eee OS Te ee ees ee ee, ee, ee a oe a 167, 527 ERUPT Erte ee i nee Dee ne ee ee 4, 066 Togas a ea i as ea gh Ae pal Set aa leal Mearline, terriers 42) ire ee ee yer he ee se ee 51, 081 Mearlingy males © 2 ee 3 oe SE Se a Ai SS ot A 51, 074 Fao eal. Oe. See aes eee eS eee oe ee eee 39, 480 VCO IGG: TIEN a Eee rt el agg la pe mic reg i in Pee ha | VCHT-OlG Midles S25 Sa erase as hae eh ete et oe Sh eee 10, 749 A-VeRe-Old. MBLs 2 s2i. ee eee = one see Sk ea ee 5, 667 Seyearold: males 224 23: pheekt ee eit ed ea ee eee 5, OOT S-yenr-Old Timlee = = S5 aren Wee eon ie ne sa er 4, 153 Surplus bulls (males T years old atid over) — 2. 222 22 eee eee 6,115 NATURAL-HISTORY RECORDS OF PRIBILOF ISLANDS. By G. DALLAS HANNA. It seems to be highly desirable that there shall be published in a readily accessible place a résumé of the scientific work which has been done in connection with the biology of the Pribilof Islands. This group of islands has been more intensively studied than any other similar area in Alaska and will continue, doubtless, to attract attention in the future. Records of publications on the various groups of plants and animals are often widely scattered, and em- ployees of the Bureau stationed on the islands have little opportunity to search for them. The last bibliography of the subject was published in 1915 in a report by Osgood, Preble, and Parker.t. This list was known to be incomplete at the time of its preparation and was intended to cover the subject “ fur seals” only. Yet it is very valuable to anyone who has occasion to study the literature of the Pribilof Islands. The following list is the result of note taking through several suc- cessive years and is intended to cover the general natural history of the islands in so far as I have the records. It also is known to be incomplete, but it takes up the most important work which has been done since the appearance of the above-mentioned bibliography. In some cases papers published prior to 1914 are included because of their interest to island students. It should be explained that in addition to the following titles many Pribilof Islands records are contained in general publications which are not listed. For instance, Dall? has mentioned a large number of marine mollusks from the Pribilofs in his work on Northwest Coast Shells. The same is true of birds in Ridgway’s “ Birds of North and Middle America,” * Hamilton’s “ Coleoptera of Alaska,” + Evermann and Goldsborough’s “ Fishes of Alaska,”® and others. A new work is expected from the National Herbarium soon and it will contain full records of Alaska plants, including those from the Pribilof Islands. The report of Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1918 (Bu- reau of Fisheries Document No. 872, pp. 105-107) contained a check list of birds of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, with the names of per- sons first recording the species from the islands. This list contained names of 129 species and subspecies. It has been increased by six, the first three added in 1920, the fourth restored on evidence col- +The Fur Seals and Other Life of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, in 1914. Bulletin, Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXXIV, 1914 (1916), pp. 149-167. Washington, 1915. 2U. 8S. National Museum, Bulletin 112. 1921. 2U. S. National Museum, Bulletin 50. 4 Transactions, American Entomological Society, Vol. XXI, Pp: 1-38. 1894. 5 Bulletin, U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. KX Vi, pp. 219-360. 1906. 122 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 123 lected during the winter of 1919-20, and the remaining two recorded in 1921: Limnocryptes gallinula, European Jack-snipe.” * Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus, Long-billed Dowitcher.’ Passerella iliaca unalaschensis, Shumagin Fox Sparrow.* Corvus corar principalis, Northern Raven. Micropus pacificus, Japanese Swift.” * Loxia leucoptera leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill.® This brings the total number of species known from the Pribilof Islands up to 135. All but six of these records are supported by specimens in some public museum. Since the 1918 list was com- piled the little brown crane has been collected, but the restoration of the raven keeps the number of uncollected species the same as at that time. . In the paper by Mailliard and Hanna‘ a few corrections of former records were made. It was decided that the citation of Arquatella maritima couest, Aleutian sandpiper, from the Pribilof Islands, by Seale* was unwarranted, and the record would have to be based on later work. A specimen taken on St. George Island February 12, 1917, by G. Dallas Hanna, was referred to in support of the record. The specimen is now in the National Museum. The credit for recording Pisobia acuminata, sharp-tailed sand- iper, was given to Bishop’® in the 1918 list as Grinnell’ had done. eale, however, had recorded it three years previously.* The record of Larus hyperboreus hyperboreus, glaucus gull, by Oberholser, cited in the 1918 list, is rather obscure. It is to be found in The Auk, Volume XXXYV, No. 4, page 470, October, 1918. The subspecies L. h. barovianus, first taken by Palmer, is also listed by Oberholser from the Pribilofs on page 473 of his article. BIBLIOGRAPHY. FUR SEALS. APPENDIX A. 1911. Appendix to Hearings before the Committee on Expenditures in Department of Commerce and Labor, House Resolution No. 73, to investigate the fur-seal industry of Alaska; June 28 and July 6, 1911. [This publication is said to contain all the correspondence pertaining to the Pribilof Islands from 1905 to date of publication. It contains a wealth of information on administrative matters and natural history. The more important reports in the document are listed in this bibliography under the names of their authors.] CLARK, GEORGE A. 1911. Report of the seal census for 1909. Appendix A, Hearings before the Committee on Expenditures in Department of Commerce and Labor, pp. 827-897; comments thereon by W. I. Lembkey, pp. 898-903. Also preliminary report dated August 15, 1909, pp. 715-716 and 826-827. 1 Hanna, G. Dallas: New and interesting records of Pribilof Island birds, Condor, Vol. XXII, No. 5, pp. 173-175, September, 1920. 2 New to North America. *Mailliard, Joseph, and G. Dallas Hanna: New bird records for North America with notes on the Pribilof Islands list. Condor, Vol. XXIII, No. 3, pp. 938-95. 1921. 4 Seale, Alvin: Notes on Alaskan water birds. Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. 50, got 139. 5 Bishop, Louis B.: Birds of the Yukon region, with notes on other species. North American Fauna, Vol. 19, p. 66. 1901. * Grinnell, Joseph: Record of Alaskan Birds in the collection of the Leland Stanford Junior University, Condor, Vol. III, p. 19. 1901. 124 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. EVERMANN, BARTON WARREN. 1919. The northern fur-seal problem as a type of many problems of marine zoology. Scientific Monthly, September, 1919, pp. 263-282. [Fully illustrated. ] HANNA, G. DALLAS. 1917. Census of the fur seal herd. Jn Alaska fisheries and fur industries in 1915, by Ward T. Bower and Henry D. Aller, Appendix IIT, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1915, pp. 83-96. 1917a. Census of the fur seal herd. Jn Alaska fisheries and fur industries in 1916, by Ward T. Bower and Henry D. Aller, Appendix I, teport, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, pp. 91-98. 1918. Fur-seal census, Pribilof Islands, 1917. Jn Alaska fisheries and fur industries in 1917, by Ward T. Bower and Henry D. Aller, Ap- pendix II, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1917, pp. 97-128. 1919. Fur-seal census, Pribilof Islands, 1918. Jn Alaska fisheries and fur industries in 1918, by Ward T. Bower, Appendix VII, Report, U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1918, pp. 116-128. 1920. Fur-seal census, Pribilof Islands, 1919. Jn Alaska fisheries and fur industries in 1919, by Ward T. Bower, Appendix IX, Report, U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1919, pp. 106-117. 1921. Fur-seal census, Pribilof Islands, 1920. Jn Alaska fishery and fur- seal industries in 1920, by Ward T. Bower, Appendix VI, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1920, pp. 104-121. HEATH, HAROLD. . 1911. Fur-seal investigations in 1910. Appendix A, hearings before the Committee on Expenditures in Department of Commerce and Labor, pp. 1209-1225; uncorrected page proof. The full report appeared as U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 748. Quoted complete in Fur Trade Review for November, 1911, pp. 79-86. LEMBKEY, W. I. 1911. Reports for years 1905 to 1910, inclusive. Appendix A, hearings before the Committee on Expenditures in Department of Commerce and Labor as follows: 1905: pp. 157-208. 1906: pp. 260-319. 1907: Preliminary, pp. 482-485; annual, pp. 486-533. . Also published as Senate Document No. 376, 60th Cong., 1st sess. 1908: pp. 5938-658. Also published as House Document No. 63, 62d Cong., 1St sess. 1909: pp. 746-787. A summary appears on pp. 722-725. 1910: pp. 1011-1044. Uncorrected page proof. Also published as U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 749 and in Fur Trade Review, December, 1911, and succeeding numbers. {While these reports are largely of an administrative character, they contain a great deal of information on the censuses of fur seals for the several years mentioned. ] Marsh, M. C. 1911. Report of the census of fur seals in 1906 and other matters. Ap- pendix A, hearings before the Committee on Expenditures in De- partment of Commerce and Labor, pp. 351-871. Comments thereon by Lembkey, pp. 373-875. PARKER, GEO. H. 1915. The problem of adaptation as illustrated by the fur seals of the Pribilof Islands. Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, Vol. LIV, pp. 1-6, 1915. 1917. The fur seals of the Pribilof Islands. Scientific Monthly, Vol. IV, pp. 385-409, 1917. [A popular well illustrated account. ] 1918. The growth of the Alaska fur-seal herd between 1912 and 1917. Pro- ceedings National Academy of Sciences, Vol. IV, pp. 168-174, 1918. \ ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 125 Simms, E. W. 1911. Report on conditions on the fur-seal islands. Dated August 31, 1906; appendices omitted. Appendix A, hearings before the Committee on Expenditures in Department of Commerce and Labor, pp. 378— 402. Criticism and comment, pp. 403-434, and on p. 459. [This important document was published separately, but is exceedingly rare. It probably did more to secure the abolishment of pelagic sealing and provide adequate patrol than any other work.] FOXES. JUDGE, JAMES. 1909. The blue foxes of the Pribilof Islands. Report of American Breed- ers’ Association, Vol. V, pp. 325-840. Also in Fur farming in Canada, by J. Walter Jones, pp. 71-80; published by Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, Canada, 1914. [This article gives an account of the methods of farming blue foxes which were developed by Mr. Judge on St. George Island. The Judge method is the only one which has proved successful with this species and the results now being reaped are a tribute to the zeal of the man who had the courage to overcome the obstacles in his way.] MERRIAM, C. HART. 1902. Four new Arctic foxes. Proceedings Biological Society of Wash- ington, Vol. XV, pp. 167-172, 1902. On page 171 Vulpes pribilofensis is described as new from St. George Island. This is listed as Alopex pribilofensis (Merriam) by Miller in his North American Land Mammals in Bulletin No. 79, U. 8S. National Museum, p. 82, 1912. BIRDS. EVERMANN, BARTON WARREN. 1913. Eighteen species of birds new to the Pribilof Islands, including four new to North America. The Auk, Vol. XXX, No. 1, pp. 15-18, January, 19138. Hanna, G. DALLAS. 1916. Records of birds new to the Pribilof Islands, including two new to North America. The Auk, Vol. XXXIII, No. 4, pp. 401-403, 1916. [Thirteen species new to the islands are here recorded. ] 1919. Additions to the avifauna of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, including : species new to North America. Journal, Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. IX, No. 6, p. 176, 1919. [Here appears a list of the new birds for the Pribilof Islands, recorded in greater detail in The Auk, Vol. XXXVII, pp. 248-254, 1920. Also see The Auk, Vol. XXXIII, p. 448, 1919.] 1919a. Check list of birds of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, with the names of persons first recording the species from the islands. Jn Alaska fisheries and fur industries in 1918, by Ward T. Bower, Appendix VII, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1918, pp. 105-107. 1920. Additions to the avifauna of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, including four species new to North America. The Auk, Vol. XXXVII, pp. Vol. XXII, pp. 173-175, 1920. [Three species new to the islands are here recorded. ] 1920a. New and interesting records of Pribilof Islands birds. The Condor, Vol. XXII, pp 173-175, 1920. [Three species new to the island list are here recorded, including one new to North America. An- other species is restored to the list, and there is given in tabular form a list of the breeding species on each of the five islands of the group. ] 1920b. Birds of the Alaska fur-seal islands. The Gull, Vol. 2, No. 12, 1920. [Abstract of lecture given before the Audubon Association of the - Pacific. ] 1921. The Pribilof sandpiper. The Condor, Vol. XXIII, pp. 50-57, 1921. [An account of the nesting habits, migrations, etc., with a photo- graph of the eggs. | 126 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. JUDGE, JAMES. 1911. A report on Walrus Island. Appendix A, Hearings before the Com- mittee on Expenditures in Department of Commerce and Labor, pp. 907-912. [A detailed account of this wonderful bird rookery and its birds. Additional information on natives’ egging expedi- tions is given on p. 1180.] MAILLIARD, JOSEPH, and G. DALLAS HANNA. 1921. New bird records for North America, with notes on the Pribilof Island list. The Condor, Vol. XXIII, pp. 938-95, 1921. [Two species new to the Pribilofs are here recorded, and the entire list is corrected up to date, as shown in the notes herewith. ] OBERHOLSER, HARRY C., 1918. Subspecies of Larus hyperboreus. The Auk, Vol. XXXV, p. 470, 1918. [Two subspecies of the glaucous gull are recorded here from the Pribilofs, one of them for the first time.] Ray, hee 1917. A bird new to the North American fauna. The Auk, Vol. XXXIV, p. 210. [The Kamchatkan pine grosbeak, collected by A. H. Proc- tor, is here recorded from St. George Island. ] MISCELLANEOUS. ALLEN, J. A. 1902. The hair seals (family Phocide) of the North Pacific Ocean and Ber- ing Sea. Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 16, pp. 459-499, 1902. [On page 495 is described Phoca richardii pribilofensis, a new subspecies from the Pribilof Islands, collected by C. H. Townsend. On page 493 Phoca richardii is recorded from the islands, and on page 475 True’s record of the ribbon seal Histriophoca fasciata is repeated. Allen does not mention the bearded seal (Hrignathus barbatus) from the Pribilofs; it is known to have been taken on St. George Island on two occasions, however, the first authentic record having been made by C. E. Crompton from a specimen taken in the winter of 1917-18.] Banks, NATHAN; Harrison G. Dyar; TrEvoR KINCAID; THEODORE PERGANDE; E. A. ScHwarz; WILLIAM HARRIS ASHMEAD; and Justus WaTSON FoLsom. 1900-1902. A series of papers by the above entomologists appeared in Proceedings, Washington Academy of Sciences, Vols. II and IV, recording insects collected by the Harriman Expedition in Alaska. The papers were reprinted verbatim in Vols. VIII and IX of the reports of the Harriman Expedition, published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1910. To them was added a paper on Myriapoda by O. F. Cook in which three species were listed from St. Paul Island, one of them new. [Many Pribilof species of insects are mentioned in the above series of papers and they will be found invaluable to those making a study of the insect life of the islands.] CarpoT, JuLES, and I. TH“értor. 1900-1902. Mosses of Alaska. Proceedings, Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. IV. A joint paper on mosses collected by the Harriman Expedition. CHAMBERLAIN, RALPH V. 1921. Linyphiidee of St. Paul Island, Alaska. Journal, New York Entomo- logical Society, Vol. X XTX, No. 1, pp. 35-42, Plates III and IV, March, 1921. [A collection of spiders made on St. Paul Island in 1910 by Harold Heath is here described. Eleven species are listed of which six are described as new; four of them represent new genera, which are also described. ] COCKERELL, T. D. A. 1898. New North American insects. Annals and Magazine of Natural His- tory, Ser. 7; Vol. II, p. 324, 1898. [On page 324 is described Bombus kincaidii, a new species of bumblebee from St. Paul Island, Alaska. ] Dat, Wm. H. 1915. A new species of Modiolaria from Bering Sea. The Nautilus, Vol. XXVIII, No. 188, 1915. [Musculus phenar is described as new from specimens collected on kelp roots at St. George Island by G. Dallas Hanna.] ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 127 - Dat, WM. H.—Continued. 1916. A new species of Onchidiopsis from Bering Sea. Proceedings, Acad- emy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1916, p. 8376. [Onchidiopsis (Atlantolimar) hannai, a new sea slug, is described as new from specimens collected on St. Paul Island in 1914 by G. Dallas Hanna. ] 1919. Paleontology. Journal, Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. IX, No. 1, pp. 1-8, 1919. [A list of the fossil mollusks from two de- posits on the Pribilof Islands is here given; 44 species are listed, seven of them mentioned as new but only one of which, Chrysodomus solutus cordatus, is named. The deposits are located at Tolstoi Points, St. Paul and St. George Islands, and the material was col- lected by G. Dallas Hanna. ] 1919a. New shells from the northwest coast. Proceedings, Biological So- ' ciety of Washington, Vol. 32, pp. 249-252, December, 1919. [On page 251 Nodulus palmeri and Skeneopsis alaskana, two marine shells, are described as new from material collected by William Palmer and A, G. Whitney on St. Paul Island.] 1920. A new Alaska Chiton. Nautilus, Vol. XXXIV, p. 22, July, 1920. [Schizoplax muiticolor is described as new from St. Paul Island, Alaska. ] FRANKLIN, HENRY J. 1912. The Bombidae of the New World. Transactions, American Entomo- ; logical Society, Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3-4, 1912. [On p. 295 the description of Bombus kineaidii (Cockerell) from St. Paul Island is repeated. ] Hanna, G. DALLAS. 1914. Interesting mammals of the Pribilof Islands. Proceedings, Biological Society of Washington, Vol. XXVII, No. 218, 1914. [Polar bear, walrus, and sperm whale mentioned from St. George Island.] 1919. The introduction of Acanthinula harpa (Say) and Circinaria van- couverensis (Lea) into St. Paul Island, Alaska. The Nautilus, Vol. XXXII, p. 148, April, 1919. [An account of the introduction of two land snails from Unalaska is here given. ] 1919a. Geological notes on the Pribilof Islands with an account of the fossil diatoms. American Journal of Science, Vol. XLVIII, pp. 216-224, 1919. HARRING, Harry K. 1917.. A revision of the rotatorian genera Lepadella and Lophochasis with descriptions of new species. Proceedings, U. S. National Museum, Vol. LI, pp. 527-568, 1917. [On p. 550, Plate 92, figs. 13-16, is de- seribed Lepadelia borealis, a new species of rotifer from Ice House Lake, St. Paul Island, collected by Geo. H. Parker in 1914.] MALLocH, J. R. 1920. A synoptic revision of the Anthomyiidian genus Hydrophoria Robi- neau-Devoidy (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist, Vol. LII, pp. 253-257, 1920. [On page 257 appears the description of Hydro- phoria alaskensis, a new species from St. George Island, Alaska, collected by G. Dallas Hanna and on St. Paul Island by the same and Harold Heath.] 1921. A synopsis of the North American species of the genus Helina R.-D., Sens. Lat. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Ibid., Vol. LIII, No. 5, pp. 103-109, 1921. [Helina hannai, a species of Diptera, is described as new from St. George Island, Alaska.] PEARSE, A. S. 1913. Notes on a small collection of amphipods from the Pribilof Islands, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings, U. S. National Museum, Vol. XLV, pp. 571-573. 1913. [Five species are listed from St. Paul Island, two of which are described as new. They were collected by M. C. Marsh and W. L. Habn.] STERKI, V. 1917. A new mollusk of the genus Pisidium from Alaska, with field notes by G. Dallas Hanna. Proceedings, U. S. National Museum, Vol. LI, pp. 475-477, figs. 1-2, 1917. [Pisidiwm hannai, a minute fresh-water bivalve shell, is described as new from Ice House Lake, St. Paul Island, collected by G. Dallas Hanna.] INVESTIGATION OF THE SALMON FISHERIES OF THE YUKON RIVER. By CHARLES H. GitBert and Henry O’Matief. OUTLINE OF PROPOSED INVESTIGATIONS. An exhaustive investigation of the problems presented by the sal- mon run of the Yukon River obviously would require practical and scientific inquiry extending over a series of years. During the few summer months no very ambitious program could be attempted. Many of the most important problems must remain untouched. Time would not permit an examination of the tributaries with their spawning beds. No study could be made of spawning habits nor ob- servation of the fate of eggs and fry where these must lie beneath the gravel of the ice-locked streams during the long severe winter and spring. Yet the possible destruction of eggs by freezing may be an important factor in limiting the size of salmon runs in far northern rivers and may, indeed, be responsible for the practical elimination of salmon from the streams that enter the Arctic Ocean. If natural propagation on the Yukon is rendered relatively ineffective because of severe climatic conditions, the operation of hatcheries would here produce proportionately greater results than in more temperate regions. To the extent that natural propagation in any region is wasteful and unproductive do the advantages of artificial propaga- tion appear. In a single short season it could not be hoped to carry out more than the following program: 1. To inspect the spawning runs as these enter the mouth of the river and to ascertain by microscopic examination of the scales as much as this method can furnish of the life history of the Yukon salmon. 2. To examine the fishery operations carried on by the Carlisle Packing Co., in the Delta of the Yukon, this being the only can- nery which packs salmon bound for the spawning beds of the Yukon. 3. To investigate the consumption of fresh and dried salmon by the resident population of the Yukon Valley and to estimate the,im- portance to them of this salmon supply. 4. To draw such conclusions as the facts warrant concerning the magnitude of the Yukon salmon run and its adequacy to support can- nery operations in addition to meeting the needs of the local popula- tion and providing a sufficient spawning reserve. ITINERARY. In carrying out the program above outlined the writers arrived in Skagway on May 12 and crossed White Pass and Lake Lebarge in time to take the first steamer down the Yukon, close behind the running ice of the spring breakup. At Tanana, which was reached May 31, transfer was made to the gasoline launches of the Bureau of © 128 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 129 Fisheries, and from June 8 to 13, in company with C. F. Townsend, inspector, Alaska Fisheries Service, the party proceeded by launch to the mouth of the river, arriving June 13 at the entrance to Kwiguk sae where was located the floating cannery of the Carlisle Pack- ing Co. From this date until August 1 attention was given to the fishing grounds located in the Kwikluak mouth of the river and in the off- shore district beyond this mouth, and to the principal channels of the delta which are closed to commercial fishing. From June 25 to July 1 the party proceeded by launch from Kwiguk to Holy Cross and return, to inspect the fishing camps of the lower river during the height of the king-salmon run. From July 5 to 7 a trip was made by launch from Kwiguk to the middle mouth of the Yukon, traversing both the Kwikpak and the Kawanak Passes, returning by way of Old Fort Hamilton, and inspecting en route the run of salmon in these channels. From July 23 to 29 a trip was made by steamer from Kwiguk to St. Michael and return, passing through the Apoon mouth. During the fishing season in the delta careful scrutiny was given daily to the salmon runs, and scale data were secured from extensive series of the different species of salmon which comprise the run. From August 2 to 20 visits were made to fishing camps along the river from Kwiguk to Rampart, an approximate census secured of the amount of dried salmon, and fishermen interviewed concerning the runs of 1919 and 1920. Having proceeded by steamer from Rampart to Dawson, August 23 to 31, the return was made by launch from Dawson to Tanana, September 1 to 5, visiting on the way the fishing camps of the upper river. This phase of the inquiry terminated at Fairbanks on September 11, after ascending the Ta- nana River by launch as far as Nenana. IMPORTANT SPECIES OF SALMON WITH DATA CONCERNING RUNS. All five of the species of salmon known on the Pacific coast of North America make their appearance at the mouth of the Yukon and ascend that stream for a greater or less distance. Two of these species, however, the humpback salmon and the red or sockeye salmon, are present in such limited numbers as to have no practical significance. The three other species, namely, coho or silver, king, and chum or dog salmon, have substantial runs in the Yukon River, the latter two being of real economic importance. RED OR SOCKEYE SALMON. During the entire fishing season of 1920 the Carlisle cannery secured only 5 cases of sockeye salmon, in the neighborhood of 60 fish. As the majority of these were taken on the flats outside the mouth of the river, there might seem warrant to consider them as strays which had wandered from the Kuskokwim, or from some other stream to the southward which possesses a well-marked run of this species. In that case they might not even be entering the river, but playing about for a time in brackish water before finally resorting to their native streams for spawning purposes. In favor 54777°—21——9 130 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, of this theory stands the fact that no breeding ground of the red salmon has yet been reported from any part of the Yukon Basin. The breeding ground of this species could be looked for only in con- nection with some lake, as the red salmon will not spawn under other than lake conditions. And the males of the species, when on the spawning grounds along the shores of a lake, or in the shallows of the creeks which enter it, are of such brilliant color as invariably to attract attention. It may be, therefore, that no permanent colony of red salmon exists in the Yukon, and that the major portion of the individuals observed off the mouth of the river would not enter and ascend the stream. Occasional individuals do, however, ascend the Yukon, for the writers learned of their infrequent occurrence from observers acquainted with the different species of salmon, and one specimen (a male, decidedly pink in color) was seen at Ruby on August 14. During the much longer fishing season of 1919, 20 cases of red salmon were packed by the cannery. HUMPBACK SALMON. The humpbacks appear at the mouth of the river more numerously ‘than the red salmon, but never in sufficient numbers to constitute a run, even of small dimensions. It was noticeable that they were far advanced toward spawning in July, often with liquid milt and partly free eggs. It would be impossible for them to ascend the river far with their spawning period so close at hand. In fact, there were no reports of their occurrence above Andreafski, where a ripe male was observed on August 3. COHO SALMON. The least in value of the three principal species is the coho, which runs much less numerously than the other two, and, in addition, is the latest to appear, often not presenting itself in any numbers in the middle and upper reaches of the river until the ice is forming in the fall. This species is little dried on account of its late appearance, but may be fed fresh to the dogs or frozen for later consumption. It seems not to be highly valued for human food. During the season of 1920 it was entering the mouth of the river in very limited numbers during the last week in July, but nothing approximating a run had at that time developed. The individuals then entering were bright silvery on the sides of the body, without trace of the red coloration which later appears, and the jaws of the male had developed no hook. Later, while inspecting the fishing camps between the mouth of the river and Tanana, from August 2 to 15, everywhere occasional individuals of this species were being taken. At Ruby on August 14 the fish wheels were catching from one to six cohos each day; but at the Ramparts above Tanana on August 20 the species had not yet put in an appearance, nor could anything be learned of its occurrence in the main river above Tanana up to the date of the party’s return from Dawson on ‘September 5. The individuals observed below Tanana were running principally along the left (south) limit of the river, and it was reported that their main run was always along the left bank in company with the bright chums (“silver”) and such king salmon as run late. To what ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 131 extent the early cohos turn into the Tanana it was impossible to determine. In the lower two or three hundred miles of the river the cohos during the early days of August may maintain the bright silvery coloration with which they enter from salt water, but soon a pinkish tinge appears, which becomes intensified to a bright red before Ruby is reached. At the same time the upper jaw of the male becomes bluntly hooked over the lower jaw, producing the characteristic snub- nosed appearance of this species on the spawning grounds, and the enlarged teeth of the males are soon in evidence. These changes in appearance may have already occurred before entering the river in the case of the latest individuals to enter. It is most unfortunate that the only name by which the coho salmon is commonly known on the Yukon is “ chinook,” which is the special name of the king salmon of the Columbia River and is totally inap- plicable to the coho. Near the mouth of the Yukon, where the influ- ence of the cannery has been felt, the coho is generally and properly designated as the silver salmon, which is one of the two names by which the species is known in other fishing centers of Alaska. Unfor- tunately, as will later appear, elsewhere throughout the Yukon the term “silver salmon” is generally but mistakenly applied to an entirely different species. To avoid confusion, therefore, it is suggested that this species be known on the Yukon as the coho, a name by which it is generally known to the trade. KING SALMON, The king salmon appears at the river mouth shortly after the ice has run out—in the last week of May or the early days of June. The numbers rapidly increase, the run culminates quickly, and then almost as quickly declines. During the season of 1920 the first king salmon was obtained on June 13, although nets had been set to test the grounds for five days prior to that date. The rapidity with which the run sets in is well shown by the records of the first few days at the cannery. On June 15, 34 king salmon were obtained; on June 16, 175; June 17, 1,639; and on June 18, 5,228, this being the next to the largest take on any day during the season. The largest capture of king salmon in any one day was 6,104 on June 21. In no other day, except the two above mentioned, did the number captured quite reach 4,000. The run may be said to have begun on June 15 and to have culminated within the first week. It continued for some 10 days thereafter at a high level, and then registered un- mistakable decline. The average take at the cannery for the best consecutive 16 days of the run was a little more than 3,000 fish per day. The experience during the previous season, 1919, was very similar as regards the beginning, culmination, and decline of the king salmon run. The fish appeared during the second week in June, ran most abundantly during the following week, continued at a high level for two weeks more, and then rapidly fell off. The average size of the 1920 king salmon was greater than that of 1919, as is shown by the average number required to make a case in each of the two years. The average number in 1919 was 3.54 to the case, while in 1920 it required but 3.08, The difference was even 132 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. greater than is indicated by these figures, for in 1919 comparatively few fish of larger size were taken out for mild curing, while in 1920 there were put up 145 tierces of mild-cured kings, with 800 pounds to the tierce. These were all selected from the larger sizes and would have materially diminished the number required per case if all had been canned. During the early part of the fishing season the king salmon were silvery in color, without trace of red; the testes are small, hard, and purplish in color; the eggs are always small, not more than half the size when mature. The snout of the males was then so little pro- duced as to give no certain indication of sex. This condition con- tinued during the greater part of June, near the latter end of which the run indicated a decided falling off. But on June 29 a second run appeared of small dimensions, and it was at once apparent that these fish were further along in their development. The jaws of the male were now somewhat prolonged and hooked, and the enlarged teeth had begun to show. They were now reddish in color, and the bellies were so thin that they were little valued for mild-cure pur- poses. These changes were abrupt and coincided with the sudden increase in the run. The natural enemies which left traces of their presence on the entering salmon were the white whales, or belugas, and the lamprey eels. Belugas were very much in evidence in the lower river chan- nels during the latter part of the season, the size of their schools increasing as the salmon were running more abundantly. Un- doubtedly they were feeding on the salmon, and it is safe to assume that they captured and devoured a very large proportion of those on which they succeeded in closing their jaws. But the number of salmon which appeared on the cannery floor bearing unmistakable tooth marks of the beluga was surprising. The sides were scored lengthwise by widely spaced lines, which usually described a gentle curve, but were occasionally angulated. Evidently these salmon had escaped from the very jaws of their pursuers. . Other marks which attracted universal attention and were usually mistaken for hatchery brands were the scars made by the lamprey eel. This slender eel-shaped animal has an oval sucker-shaped mouth provided with rows of rasping teeth. By means of the sucker mouth it attaches itself to the salmon and may rasp off the skin and even deeper-lying tissues for food. A scar is left which often reproduces with great fidelity the details of the mouth, with its outer fringe of filaments and its inner groups of teeth, which in the scar often give the impression of printed characters. Such lamprey scars have been occasionally observed in other rivers, but never before in such abundance as on the Yukon. This fact probably stands related to the large lamprey run which is indigenous to this stream. They enter the mouth of the river in the fall after the surface has frozen and run up under the ice, to the under surface of which they often attach themselves when resting. Although the run lasts but few hours at any locality, it is of enor- mous dimensions and furnishes tons of food to those who dip them up through holes cut in the ice. Like the salmon, the lampreys enter the river for purposes of propagation, and all die after the eggs are laid. The young soon ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. oo after hatching burrow in the mud of the river banks and live like earthworms for an indefinite period of two or more years. After this they pass out to sea when some 6 inches long, and spend the remainder of their life in the ocean. So far as known to the writers, the lamprey scars have been found on salmon exclusively, and on the Yukon never on chums or dog salmon. Some king salmon would have two or even three scars and one was found on a sockeye, but among the thousands of Yukon chums that we in- spected there was not one that had been attacked by a lamprey. It is an interesting question whether the Yukon lampreys follow the king salmon of their own river on their feeding grounds and prey on them. It is not known that their attacks are ever dan- gerous. The salmon observed seemed in no case to have been seriously injured. That the king salmon ascend the Yukon at a high rate of speed has been accepted generally. An attempt was made to secure re- liable records of their first appearance at a large number of localities along the river. Wireless messages were sent to a number of points during the early days of the run before the dates should be for- gotten. And, in addition, a number of important records were secured during visits to the fishing camps, some of these giving the catch in detail day by day throughout the season. While it is recognized that the capture of the first salmon of the season at different points along the river may vary within a day or two in relation to the beginning of the run, an examination of the data indicates that this source of error is not serious and that reliable conclusions concerning the rate of travel can be drawn from the table presented. In this table, when two or more records have been obtained from the same locality, the earliest has been selected as giving the first appearance of the king salmon in that portion of the river. DATE OF CAPTURE OF FIRST KING SALMON AT LOCALITIES ON YUKON RIVER, SEASON oF 1920. ; eins : mate Locality. Date. aistunice . traveled. Koynkuk Widen solr Seat ia Ts DEERE an oe Ub Sena oo cata des on des oanes ote Sees 555 Witaky: Creek, 80cVe Oden g 2 ae Aa eek, «oie neces op! swins Panis cadce,ccewacwsant tl 622 11 A sono irl ee DIRE EEO An ee NCEE Pape Btee ba obs Fees 659 IRANANG J xc... «ss Ses cee EE aN De 804 Fish Creek, above Rampart Rapids. . 851 i Eee. epee ek sa 1, 227 CRO OLOEK 6 5/6 205s 4s dene tearade dete sae 1, 317 OE ee orp t eRe ne en nes. RRS sie aS es 1, 402 ONY Cee MAINE COTY: 5-5 is oh Dales de PINE Sea ee oo a tars 6 on ban teks nae eee 1, 478 RDS ay oh 5 a 0 sha wes o's sve en inate ae ae he PE ocak scale, ot ees duane ee hos 1, 504 134 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Inspection of the above table shows the slowest rate of travel in the first hundred miles of the river above its mouth. From the en- trance of the South Mouth to Pilot Station is approximately 130 miles, but it was five days after the run began in the mouth of the river before the first king salmon appeared at Pilot Station, indi- cating a rate of about 30 miles per day. Between Pilot Station and Tanana, on the other hand, the rate of travel was slightly more than 80 miles per day. This discrepancy is probably due to the habit of playing back and forth in brackish water, on entering the river mouth, before beginning their serious ascent of the river. It is well known to the fishermen at the mouth of the river that salmon enter the gill nets as numerously from the upstream as from the down- stream side. They pass back and forth on the tides, lingering within the fishing district, thus giving the nets many more opportunities to capture them than would be the case if they pursued a direct course ~ on entering the stream. Three records below Tanana, those of the camp 51 miles below Kaltag, Kaltag itself, and Koyukuk, do not align themselves with the remainder of the series. At the average rate of travel king salmon should have reached Kaltag by the 24th instead of the 28th and Koyukuk by the 25th instead of the 29th. In both of these localities the capture of king salmon was considered of little relative importance, and the records are doubtless defective. Above Tanana the current of the river increases materially, rapids are encountered, and the intricate channels of the Yukon Flats are to be threaded. It is not surprising to find that the rate of travel in the upper portion of the river becomes reduced. Not only are the difficulties of ascent increased but the potential store of energy in the fish approaches exhaustion. When they enter the mouth of the river they are the richest in oil of any salmon known, but by the time they reach Dawson their flesh is comparatively dry and flavor- less, the oil having been expended to supply the energy needed in ascending 1,500 miles against the current and in carrying forward at the same time the sexual changes which precede the act of spawn- ing. The average rate of travel from Tanana to Dawson was slightly less than 45 miles per day, while from Pilot Station to Dawson, involving practically the entire length of the river below Dawson, the average rate was 57 miles per day. No record of any other river approaches this in completeness nor in the high rate of travel indicated. The unexampled speed with which salmon ascend the Yukon is doubtless associated with the great distances to be traversed before reaching their upper spawning areas, taken in connection with the shortness of the northern summer. Inasmuch as the investigators were compelled to restrict their attention to the main river, they are unable to designate the prin- cipal spawning areas of the king salmon. Limited numbers of kings are reported to turn aside into all the principal tributaries of the lower and middle sections of the river, but it is believed that a rela- tively large proportion of the run passes beyond the mouth of the Porcupine into the upper portion of the basin. CHUM OR DOG SALMON. Although the king salmon is an important source of food to the natives and the white population, it is far surpassed in value by the ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. Pep chum or dog salmon, which must be considered the principal food product of the Yukon River. It makes its appearance off the mouth of the river only a few days later than the advent of the king salmon. In 1920 the first chum was obtained June 17, and from the 17th to the 19th, 138 became entangled in the coarse mesh of the king salmon nets set outside the mouth of the river; but none apparently had as yet entered the stream. On June 20, 2 were reported inside the river; June 21, 82; and June 22, 26; but during these three days 856 were taken in the outside nets, indicating clearly that the chums were beginning to school in some abundance outside the river, but that few were entering up to June 22, when the run up the river may be said to have begun. It became greatly accelerated on June 29 and maintained itself with minor fluctuations, until the cannery ceased operations the middle of July. No strictly quantitative results concerning the run of chums could be obtained from the cannery records during this season, as nets with appropriate mesh for capture of chums were not employed until the last week in June. For this reason, the apparent increase in size of run during the latter days of June is certainly overemphasized by the cannery statistics. The first chums to arrive were further advanced toward sexual maturity than were the king salmon. In the latter the testes and ovaries were small and the snout so little produced in the males that there was no certain external evidence of the sex of the individuals examined. But in the case of the chums, even those earliest to run had the milt white in color and obviously enlarged, and the large eggs were already loosening in the ovary. The jaws of the males were not hooked, but were showing a slight sharpening and elongation, so that sex determination could usually be made from the appearance of the head. All the early chums were bright silvery in color, with abun- dant oil, and pinkish flesh which turned a deeper red on drying. All of them were in such condition that they would have been classed as “silvers” rather than as “dog salmon” by fishermen of the upper river. But changes in the appearances of the chums were soon apparent. At first, as in the case of the king salmon, rare individuals, usuall males, showed themselves in an advanced stage of development, with brightly colored bars on the sides of the body and long hooked jaws. They stood out conspicuously from their fellows, which were still in the “ silver ” stage. But by the last of June, when a great increase suddenly occurred in the take of chum salmon, obvious seasonal changes had appeared in this species, as in the king salmon running at the same period. It was now the rule for the males to exhibit elongated jaws provided with canine teeth, and to show the beginnings of the conspicuous color marks which characterize the spawning males of this species. During the first days of July the run of chums again fell off, accom- panied by a further increase in the matured appearance of the fish. As this occurred at the same time in chums and in king salmon, it appeared to the fishermen that the end of the run was in sight. n July 7 a new run of chums suddenly set in, the great majority of which were of bright silvery appearance and with no further sea- sonal advancement than had been shown by the fish that ran first in June, Among them were a few stragglers of the previous run, the 136 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. males and females equally conspicuous among their silvery compan- — ions. On subsequent dates these stragglers became more rare, and when the party left for the upriver on August 2 the few chums that were then running were almost wholly of the pronounced silvery type. It is unfortunate that confusion should have arisen in the Yukon from a failure to recognize that the dog salmon and the so-called “silvers” represent different phases in the development of one and the same species. The “dog salmon” are the individuals furthest advanced toward spawning. They exhibit the elongated hooked jaws and enlarged teeth in the male, the bright nuptial coloration, and the impover- ished condition of the flesh, which is light in color, largely devoid of oil, and possessing very little substance when dried. In the “silvers” the eggs and milt are less developed, the jaws of the male are little or not at all hooked, the external coloration is sil- very, or with a light flush of red, and the meat is red in color when dried, rich in oil, and valuable both for human food and for dogs. In general, the “ dog salmon” along any stretch of the river con- sist of those individuals which will turn into some adjacent tributary to spawn, while the “silvers” are on their way to the upper reaches of the river, show relatively little of the sexual changes they will ex- hibit on their spawning beds, and are still richly provided with the oil which serves as fuel and principal source of nourishment during the long journey still before them. Many fishermen recognize the difficulty of distinguishing sharply between “ dogs” and “silvers” and relieve their embarrassment by recognizing a third class, the “half-breeds.” But the term “silver salmon” has acquired a fairly definite and useful significance in the trade. “Dog salmon” are so poor in nourishment that they have indifferent value even for dog feed, and will not be purchased except during times of extraordinary scarcity. The natives will feed them to their dogs, but will not eat them themselves unless king salmon and “silver salmon” are unobtainable. The use of the term “silver salmon” for bright silvery chums, still rich in substance, is so universal and of such long standing in the interior of Alaska that it seems useless to attempt to supplant it with any other name. Confusion will inevitably result owing to the pres- ence of the totally different species, the coho, which is commonly known in outside waters as the silver salmon. It is proposed, there- fore, that the term “silvers,” when referring to the Yukon basin, be restricted to the chums known commercially by that name, while the three species of salmon of importance on that stream be known as the king, the chum, and the coho. It became evident, as we were ascending the river in August, that the “dogs” and the “silvers” were in general keeping apart from each other and were following distinct migration routes. Through- out the entire lower course of the Yukon, from Tanana at least as far as Anvik, the “dogs” predominated on the right (north limit) of the river and the “silvers” on the left limit. This is generally recognized by all the fishermen of that region, who also agree that the “dog salmon” turn into all the creeks and smaller tributaries, while the silvers “ dislike the taste of fresh water,” as a native fisherman stated the case. It is also recognized that a heavier run of kings and ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920 BES if of cohos is found in company with the “silvers” along the left limit of the river. It appears, therefore, that there is a prevailing use of the left shore by those fish which are bound for the upper reaches of the river. This may have connection with the fact that the ma- jority of the tributaries of the lower river enter on the right bank. The run of chums is not of uniform character and quality through- out the season. Fishermen recognize a succession of phases in the run, characterized by fish which on the average are recognizably different. In general, it is stated that the run of chums which accom- pany the king salmon are of relatively small size and poor quality, commonly known as dog salmon. Following these is a run of bright fish of good quality but inferior size, known as “silvers,” while the last chums to run, late in August and early in September, are the finest of all, the “silvers” par excellence, a bright rich form dis- tinctly of larger size. This last run of “silvers” ordinarily is of short duration, but is frequently of great intensity, and furnishes the most highly prized fish of the season. As it was necessary to make a canvass of the entire river before the fishing season had come to a close, the writers were unable to observe the alleged succession of forms of the chum salmon at any locality. Distinct differences in the character and quality of the fish appeared at the various camps visited, but these differences were apparently dependent either on the proximity of the camp to important tributaries into which spawning chum salmon would pass, or, more especially, on the location of the camp with reference to the river itself, whether on the right bank or the left. In general when following up the right (north) bank of the river the quality of the fish became poorer as one approached the mouths of the tributaries. The impression was strong that the fish destined for these tributaries were farther advanced than those with which they were associated on the same side of the river bound for more dis- tant spawning grounds. A further more detailed study of the char- acteristics of the chums at different times and in different localities and the distribution of the various strains to their respective spawn- ing areas would offer results of importance equally from the bio- logical and from the strictly practical point of view. During the season of 1919 the bright chums, or “silvers,” were said to be almost wholly wanting. If these were the fish bound for the more distant spawning beds, then the upper sections of the river must have re- mained largely unseeded in 1919 and incapable of producing their quota of a subsequent season’s supply. In 1920 the run of chums was peculiar, in that it lasted longer than is usual in good years, but was of less intensity, and the August run of “silvers” failed to attain its usual proportions. In subsequent years the late run of “silvers” should be carefully noted. If there is evidence of a pro- gressive decline, steps should be taken to protect this most important part of the run. To accomplish this result information should be obtained concerning the spawning beds which are resorted to by this large and valuable race of chums. The chums travel up the river at a rate approximately equal to that of the king salmon. In 1920, as has been shown, they were schooling on the tide-flats off the mouth of the river nearly a week before they began to ascend the stream in any numbers on June 22. Adopting the latter date as the beginning of the run, it appears that they 138 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. ‘started about a week later than the king salmon. In the section of the river between Louden and Tanana, they were reported as 8 to 10 days behind the kings, and in the district between Circle and Dawson, the first chum was recorded 11 to 17 days later than the first king. It is evident, therefore, that the chum salmon, also, although apparently far less vigorous than the king, ascend the river at an astonishing rate of speed, maintained without cessation for well over a month, under the necessities imposed on them by the short summer and the rigorous fall climate of the Yukon. The opinion has already been recorded that the king salmon of the Yukon is the richest in oil of any known king salmon. The same statement, made with even greater emphasis, may be advanced re- garding the Yukon chums. This species is noted in other localities for its poor oil and poor color. The canned product is the reverse of attractive in color or in richness, and occupies the lowest rank in the markets of the world. In other river basins the chums do not travel far from the sea, but enter late in the season and seek spawning beds not far inland. But the best of the Yukon chums travel 1,000 to 2,000 miles up a river known for its consistently rapid current. They form a rich table fish in the lower section of the Yukon, where the king salmon, to ordinary palates, contains a superabundance of oil. No more striking evidence of the richness of the king salmon can be found than that presented in the smokehouses of natives in the lower river. Here the drying salmon constantly drip a pure, clear red oil, which is collected in vessels and preserved for winter use. At the village of Ohogamute, above Marshall, we observed some 30 quart bottles filled with red salmon oil, secured this season from drying king salmon. YUKON DELTA, ITS PRINCIPAL CHANNELS, AND ROUTES MAINLY FOLLOWED BY SALMON. The Yukon River subdivides numerously within its extensive delta, and sends its waters to the sea through a large number of distinct channels. Many of these are narrow winding canals, which meander in every direction interminably through the flat lands, before they attain the outer edge of the delta. Through all of them, doubtless, some salmon pass, but three of the channels so far transcend the others in size and importance that for practical pur- poses they may be considered as forming the mouths of the Yukon and the main migration routes of the entering salmon. The channels in question, in order of importance, are Kwikluak Pass, or south mouth, with its important branch, the Kwiguk Pass; Kawanak and Kwikpak Passes, which coalesce before entering the sea and form together the middle mouth; and Apoon Pass, or north mouth. Much the smallest of the three is the Apoon Channel, which traverses the northern sector of the delta, and forms the most direct route for river steamers bound to and from St. Michael. Although exclusively used as a steamer channel, it is poorly adapted for this purpose, being so shallow both within and without the mouth that light-draft boats have quite the habit of going aground there and waiting until a favoring tiae shall float them. Few salmon apparently find their way through Apoon Pass. A few families of natives from Kotlik village had established a fish ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 139 camp on the shore just outside the mouth of the river, but the drying frames were scantily supplied with salmon when they were seen in the last week of July. Between the mouth of the pass and old Fort Hamilton no fishing stations were occupied, and the nets operated by the white trader at old Fort Hamilton were having no success. The general belief that Apoon Pass is of little importance as a fishway seemed wholly justified by observations. It has probably no greater ance than have some of the subsidiary channels through the elta. The lower Kwikpak and the Kawanak Passes, which together con- stitute the middle mouth, are the least known of the three main divisions of the river. No steamers traverse them and very few natives have their summer fishing camps along their banks. The Kawanak is a stream of large size and fair depth of water and the lower Kwikpak, although choked with sandbars, carries a consider- able current. This middle mouth was visited July 5 to 7, at a time when the Carlisle Packing Co., on request, was testing the run of salmon by setting nets in the lower Kawanak Channel. Two nets were set along the left bank and two others were set offshore along the edge of a bank. This test was made during a slack period in the run in the south mouth, when the king salmon especially were running in greatly reduced numbers and the chums were not coming in full force. During 14 hours’ fishing in the Kawanak Channel the four nets took 3 king salmon and 67 chums. In a second test of equal length the following day the showing was even less favorable. ne native fishing camp, which obviously has been occupied for many years, is located on the upper point of the long island which separates the Kawanak and Kwipak channels, immediately below their first confluence near the mouth. Four families were encamped at this place, and reported a favorable catch of king salmon durin the preceding two weeks. The run had now slackened, they said, an the chums were just beginning to appear. They had found the season thus far very much better than the preceding year, when they had fished in the same locality. During the season of 1919 they had been unable to secure many more salmon than they had needed for their summer’s use. At the time the camp was visited they had caught enough king salmon to fill one rack and two smokehouses, and had made use of two short gill nets of their own make set in an eddy along the bank of the island. The nets were not more than 25 feet long. Later, when a fresh run had entered the south mouth, word was re- ceived that the native fishermen in the middle mouth were again making good catches. It seemed, therefore, that the runs in the two mouths were well synchronized, the fiuctuations during different seasons and between different days of the same season, following each other closely. This was well shown in a test made in the middle mouth, on request, during the earlier part of the season, when king salmon were running abundantly in the south mouth. This test was made on June 25 and 26, and resulted in a satisfactory catch of king salmon, with very few chums. In view of the tests here indicated and observations at the fishing camp, it can not be said that the middle mouth lacks importance as a route for salmon. Yet it is considered to be very far indeed behind the south mouth in this respect. It is doubtful whether it equals in 140 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. importance the subsidiary channel known as the Kwiguk, which branches off from the Kwikluak Pass, a few miles above its mouth. It may safely be inferred that the native fish camps are located at the most favorable fishing sites. These are occupied year after year and generation after generation by the same families and their de- scendants. Where native fishing villages are most thickly grouped will be found the largest and most unfailing supply of salmon. With this as a basis, the writers are compelled to conclude that the south mouth serves as the migration route for the greater part of the Yukon run. While no data are available for an estimate, it is not considered beyond the bounds of probability that nine-tenths of the entire run enter by the Kwikluak Pass and its subsidiary channel, the Kwiguk. About 100 families of natives were fishing in this district in 1920, while not to exceed 10 families were seen in the middle mouth below Dogfish Village. In no case did the latter pu have equal success with those camped on the Kwikluak ass. It is on the Kwiguk Channel, just below its emergence from the ~ Kwikluak, that the floating cannery of the Carlisle Packing Co. has been located during the two seasons of its operation in the delta. Protected from the heavy southerly winds which blow up the main channel during the summer months, this site is within easy distance of the main fishing grounds in the lower part of the Kwikluak Chan- nel and among the offshore shoals and islands. Inasmuch as the Yukon salmon appear largely to travel along the banks, in the eddies, and along the margins of submerged banks, it is believed possible during a favorable fishing season to secure from this location as a base a very considerable proportion of the salmon of the Kwikluak Channel. Fortunately, no commercial fishing for export is per- mitted in the Kwiguk Channel. Several native families were lo- cated on this channel in 1920, and one white trader maintained a wheel. Good catches of king salmon and chums were secured at all of these camps, but it was believed that the run of kings was proportionally not as heavy as in the main channel. — COMMERCIAL FISHERY OPERATIONS IN YUKON DELTA IN 1920. The fishery operations of the Carlisle Packing Co. in 1920 were conducted principally in the south or Kwiklyuak mouth of the river and beyond that mouth among the seaward channels which diverge from it. The mouth of the Kwikluak Channel was designated as it was during the previous season by a stake set in the right or north- ern bank on the projecting point of land at Ingrakaklak (see U. S. C. & G. S. chart 9373) and by a stake set on the left or southern bank of the channel at the entrance to the well-marked lagoon some half mile below Nilak. A few fishing camps were established by the company as far up the Kwikluak Channel as Dogfish Village, where the main river makes its first grand division into the Kwikluak Channel and a channel which later divides to reach the middle and the Apoon mouths. Above Dogfish Village no fishing camps were established by the company, but they purchased limited numbers of salmon from a few independent fishermen, who operated at points below, the mouth of Clear River near Andreafski. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 141 Commercial fishing for export was thus carried on exclusively in the main Yukon, between the mouth of Clear River and Dogfish Village and below Dogfish Village, in the main Kwikluak Channel and its seaward extensions. All subsidiary channels branching off from the Kwikluak were closed to commercial fishing, whether these served as communicating links between larger channels, as in the case . of Aproka. Pass, or, as in the case of the Kwiguk Channel, secured independent egress to the sea. But in no case were the salmon which entered through these pro- tected channels given unimpeded access to the upper river. All of them must pass through the 40 or 50 mile stretch of the main river between Dogfish Village and Andreafski, where they were exposed to capture for. commercial purposes; and those that enter through the important Kwiguk Channel must in addition run the gauntlet of a further 40 miles of river between the Kwiguk entrance and Dogfish Village. During the past season very little commercial fishing was in fact carried on in the stretch of river above Dogfish Village, but this was of choice and not from necessity, for no restrictions are there imposed by existing regulations. During the season of 1919, 65 per cent of the king salmon and 61 per cent of the smaller fish—chums, cohos, and sockeyes—were taken beyond the mouth of the river, while in 1920 the proportion was even greater, 69 per cent of the king salmon and 68 per cent of the chums being taken outside. The fishing grounds in 1920 extended much farther away from the river than in 1919. During a part of the season 12 fishing boats were located between 10 and 20 miles outside Nilak, along the shallow banks bordering the Acharon Channel on the mainland side (U. S. C. & G. S. chart 9373). The outermost stations were for a time the most successful, meeting the Yukon salmon well down the coast toward the mouth of Black River. How much farther in the direc- tion of the Kuskokwim the advancing schools may be encountered in numbers adequate to warrant commercial fishing is as yet undeter- mined. An expedition which they sent down the coast to Cape Romanof testifies to the interest of the Carlisle Packing Co. in this question. The fishing methods employed by the company in 1920 did not differ from those in use in 1919. Almost their sole dependence was on gill nets, set in convenient lengths in the eddies and on shallow banks along the main channels. For the most part these were set nets or anchored gill nets, with one end made fast to the shore and the outer end anchored. But during the latter end of the season, when the river was no longer at flood, it became possible to fish on shallow banks, which were not available during the height of the king salmon run. Stake nets were then used in larger numbers and would unquestionably have been availed of more extensively throughout the season had the stage of water permitted. The gill nets used were of two kinds, the king salmon nets of 83- inch mesh and the nets for chums and other small salmon of 5%-inch mesh. As the company from the beginning of the season contem- plated fishing largely, if not exclusively, for the king salmon, only nets of the larger mesh were issued during the height of the king salmon run, which lasted up to the last days of June. After this 142 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. date the smaller mesh nets were also issued, but the number of these on hand was not adequate to supply all the fishermen. Forty-one boats in. all were employed in fishing, 34 of these throughout the season, the remainder for varying periods. Four of them were engaged so short a time and obtained so few fish that they may well be omitted from consideration. To each boat was issued 200 fathoms of king salmon net, and subsequently 200 fathoms of the small mesh salmon net, to the extent that this was obtainable. In addition to the gill nets, renewed attempts were made in 1920 to use fish wheels. Two of these were constructed by the company, but were no sooner placed for fishing than they were put out of commission by the heavy drift which was running during the early days of the fishing season. n addition to the above, nine wheels were privately owned and operated within the area open to commercial fishing, and the catch of seven of these was sold in whole or in part to the cannery. A very limited number of salmon were obtained from independent fishermen using nets. The number thus purchased from independent operators using wheels or nets amounted to some 7,400 kings and 27,000 chums, out of a total number handled by the cannery of 58,467 kings and 155,655 chums. The fishing gear operated by the cannery and by private parties occupied only a narrow fringe along the margins of the channels. No attempt was made to fence or block the main channels in any manner, nor could such an attempt at any time be successful. The employees at the cannery numbered 254. Of these, 122 were brought in from Seattle, including 40 Orientals and 44 fishermen. Of the 182 Alaskans, 40 were employed as fishermen, while 48 were natives, of which the first crew of 25 ceased work in the middle of the season. It was pleasing to learn from the superintendent that the Alaskan fishermen gave a good account of themselves and would hereafter be preferred by the company. The pack put up by the cannery in 1920 was far less extensive than in the previous year, as is shown by the following table: Pack oF SALMON By YUKON CANNERY IN 1919 AND 1920. Product. 1919 1920 Canned (cases): Kane salmon. 23a sac dee ce ean = tice noe noses sapiens een iia ine eee 28, 582 15, 934 Gir ees Sea Seen Se Oe ey ee ey ei) RB erent yc tocar 24, 543 12, 819 CONOG io 3 oa! so Pees Pee ee ds ais: cee aians whiaat hens etal ae ae 3,1 0 6 | eee fe Se ee Se Spe Desf vat ema Madi Ae cate, Fe AY Ye ETS ae ev geen A 5 Mild-care (tierces). +: ...s3cs56 Ra Oet es bn See 8 eee Ee oc ee ae Pee eee 145 The comparative lack of success in 1920 was due in part to the un- favorable fishing conditions and in part to voluntary shortening of the fishing season. In 1919 fishing was continued until the close of August, but in 1920 only until the middle of July, as the low market price for chums did not warrant the company in continuing to oper- ate after the run of king salmon was over. The season of 1920 was extremely late on the Yukon, and the king salmon entered with a rush, while yet the river was very high and was carrying down enor- ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 143 mous quantities of drift, which clogged the nets and rendered them inefficient. Also, during July the weather was unusually stormy, in- terfering with the fishing and endangering both fishing gear and the lives of the fishermen exposed on the flats beyond the river’s mouth. From the cannery standpoint, the season was a failure, redeemed from actual loss—if such indeed was the case—by the extremely high price quoted this year for king salmon. Yet the cannery pack of 28,758 cases fell short only 1,242 cases of the maximum number of salmon which had been designated by the Secretary of Commerce as safely to be spared for commercial purposes from the Yukon River run. No fish intended for export from Alaska were salted on the Yukon River in 1920. SUPPLY OF DRIED SALMON PREPARED ON YUKON RIVER IN 1920. On the voyage down the Yukon from Lower Lebarge to the delta, following close behind the running ice, May 24 to June 13, few indi- cations could be observed of preparation for the fishing season. Here and there a white fisherman was engaged in constructing his fish wheel in time for the short king salmon run, but the native fish camps were unoccupied. Later it was evident that in comparatively few instances did the natives have wheels in the water in time to obtain any considerable number of king salmon. On the lower river, below Holy Cross or Paimiut, the natives be- long to the Innuit stock, and fish much less extensively with wheels than do the Indians of the upper river. They employ for the most part short lengths of homemade gill nets, which they set in eddies behind projecting points of the shore. As favorable localities are found almost exclusively along the high right (north) bank of the lower river, the fishing villages are confined to that side. Above Holy Cross the use of nets becomes less and less an im- portant factor, and wheels are relied on almost exclusively for the capture of salmon. Rarely was the primitive fish trap or basket or the dip net seen in use. The small fish wheels, which seem to have been introduced on the Tanana River in 1904, have been generally adopted on the upper river by whites and natives alike. They cost about $50 each, in addition to the labor of building them, and are wonderfully effective when skillfully placed: In the section of the river between Holy Cross and Rampart little dependence is placed by the natives on the king salmon. There is an early short run, and the natives are traditionally dilatory in mak- ing preparations. By the time their wheels are in the water the king salmon run is largely over. It is also true that the king salmon are more difficult to preserve, being larger in size and richer in oil. Those that are put up by the natives are kept largely for their own consumption and for this purpose are most highly prized. Taking the river as a whole, a distinct hardship is imposed on whites and natives alike when the king salmon run is below normal. Unquestionably, however, the chum furnishes by far the larger share of the dried salmon. Along some stretches of the river almost complete dependence is placed on this species, locally known as the dog salmon and the “silvers.” The higher grade of chums, known as “silvers,” form the staple dog food throughout the Yukon country. 144 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. All the traders handle them and may deal in from 5 to 50 tons in a year. But they refuse to purchase dog salmon except as a last re- sort. The majority of the natives at the close of the fishing season sell a portion of their salmon supply to the trader with whom they deal, frequently leaving themselves without adequate provision for their families and their dogs. Later in the year they are often com- pelled to repurchase dried salmon at an advanced price, paying for it with the proceeds of their winter trapping. They are, of course, more or less improvident, as in the case of other primitive peoples. Their sale of salmon in the fall is frequently to liquidate their debts to traders who had extended them credit earlier in the season. In the section of the main river below Rampart, where salmon are still rich in oil and the rainfall during the summer months is usually heavy, resort is had to smoking the salmon in order to preserve them. There is no commoner sight along the Yukon than the cluster of white tents in some picturesque nook among the hills of the right bank, and with them one or more high, barnlike smokehouses, which emit a faint blue vapor. There will be a fish wheel turning in the current along the rocky shore and a number of open-air racks, more or less protected from the weather, on which the salmon are hung for a time until partially dried and ready to be smoked. The pic- ture is, of course, not complete without the native men, women, and children of the summer camp, nor without the invariable row of dogs closely tethered to stakes driven near the water’s edge. Here the dogs fatten on the salmon heads and back bones and other refuse. They scratch out shallow holes to lie in alongside their stakes or burrow deep into the adjacent bank, if one be at hand, to escape the implacable swarm of mosquitoes. Along the Tanana and the upper Yukon is a region of less rain- fall, in which also the salmon have relatively dry meat, which is easily preserved. Here smoking is frequently dispensed with and dependence had entirely on air drying. But, by whatever method prepared, the fish of the upper river, of the Innoko, the Koyukuk, and the Tanana, are of inferior grade, and bring a lower price than do fish imported into these districts from the main river. The best .— product of all is. secured from the Rampart Rapids. Here the “ silvers” are said to average larger and fatter than in any other sec- tion. It is not improbable that inferior strains of dogs and “silvers” have turned into the lower tributaries, leaving at the rapids almost exclusively high-grade fish bound far up the river. In the coastal district when salmon are running abundantly trenches are often dug in the soil by natives and hundreds of salmon are thrown in without preparation of any kind. They are then covered with earth and nature is permitted to have her unrestricted way with them. When the contents of these trenches are scooped out at some convenient season, perhaps in midwinter, they are said to make acceptable dog feed and to be not wholly shunned by the natives themselves. The king salmon intended for their own food is often carefully prepared and stored away by natives of the lower river. When suffi- ciently dried and smoked, the sides are cut into pieces of convenient size and packed solidly in large baskets made for the purpose of woven grass, or willow roots, or frequently of salmon skins which / ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 145 are neatly fitted together and sewed with sinew. The dog and “sil- ver” salmon are tied in bundles weighing about 60 pounds and stored away in the caches in this shape. King salmon are also put in bun- dles on the upper river. Mention has been made of the salmon oil obtained as drippings from king salmon. In addition to this product, the eggs are very generally saved, being closely packed in any convenient receptacle, without special attempt at preservation. During the early part of the king salmon run, from June 25 to July 1, a launch trip was made from Kwiguk to Holy Cross and return for the purpose of inspecting the condition of the salmon racks and obtaining a clue to the extent of the king salmon run along the river. The run had been on in this district about one week, and all the fish racks along the river contained considerable numbers of king salmon. The opinion was general that the season was opening favorably. It is in the delta and along this stretch of river that fishing is conducted largely with short lengths of gill nets set in eddies, and in this district the run of king salmon is a very important factor in providing the winter’s supply of food. In addition to the native camps, there are numerous fishing sta- tions occupied by white men. Many of these men are married to native women, and some of them are found in native camps, divid- ing the proceeds with the native families. In such cases we observed commonly that the efficiency of the camp was increased. The white men operating on the largest scale were usually holders of winter mail contracts, which necessitated the use of large numbers of dogs. One such mail carrier keeps some 60 dogs and requires annually for their feed from 12 to 14 tons of dried salmon. As these are exclu- sively dog or “silver” salmon, the number used is between 15,000 and 20,000. Other white men take dogs to board during the summer and sell all salmon they are able to put up beyond their own needs. Many of the more intelligent natives now count on doing the same. There is a wide and legitimate demand for dried salmon, for use during the winter season when all travel in the interior of Alaska must be by dog team. As it is impossible to carry enough salmon for a long journey, all “dog mushers” depend on the country they pass through. The road houses maintain a supply for this purpose, the dried salmon taking the place of hay and grain in regions where horses are em- ployed, and being equally indispensable. During the month of August and the first 10 days of September the Yukon was traversed from the delta to Dawson and the Tanana as far upstream as Nenana, traveling in a launch and calling at the fish camps on the way. The number of families was ascertained as accurately as possible, the number of wheels engaged in fishing, and the total amount of dried salmon prepared for the season. In practically every native camp visited, one or more persons had a sufficient understanding of English to enable them to furnish the required information. In the majority of instances the racks, smoke- houses, and caches were inspected, and finally some facility was ac- quired in verifying by observation the estimates furnished. By this method the writers are enabled to present an estimate of the dried salmon prepared on the Yukon in 1920, which is based on 54777 ° —21——__10 146 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. more extended data than any heretofore furnished. That it is an understatement of the amount of salmon actually captured and used on the river is obvious from the following considerations : 1. The lower river was canvassed from the 1st to the 15th of August, and there was a later run of “silvers” of limited extent, of which the figures give no account. A message from Holy Cross, dated September 15, indicated a medium run of “silvers” for some three weeks after that point was passed. The still later run of cohos is also not included in the estimates. 2. No clue could be obtained as to the number of salmon eaten fresh during the season, but this must be a considerable item. 3. None of the tributaries of the Yukon were visited, with the exception of the Tanana below Nenana, yet some of these, like the Innoko, the Koyukuk, the Porcupine, and the Stewart, are im- portant streams. The natives in these regions draw on the rivers for their supply of dried salmon, and the white prospectors and miners out on the creeks may obtain their dog feed from the very spawning beds. To what extent spawning beds are invaded for this purpose is not known, but from reports that have been received it would seem probable the figures may reach dimensions of some local importance. On the Yukon River, from the mouth to Dawson, 97 native fish camps were observed, each of which contained from 1 to 15 families. Three hundred and seventy families were listed, who were engaged in fishing, but the matter was sometimes obscure and the number of families may have been somewhat greater than this. The natives operated 166 wheels, in addition to the short gill nets of the lower river, which were not enumerated. The dried salmon put up by them amounted approximately to 350 tons, or nearly 1 ton to each known family. Many families had less than this amount, but others compensated for the deficiency by harvests of 3, 4, or even 5 tons. The younger generation gives promise of being more provident than the old. Some of them put up large surplus stocks for sale and rarry over fish from one season to the next. There is some ap- parently well-founded complaint that sufficient care is not always given to curing the salmon, so that in rainy seasons like 1920 large stocks may be offered for sale which are rendered almost worthless by mold and decay. One Japanese fisherman operated a wheel on the river and put up 1,200 pounds. There were 76 white fishing camps, usually with a single white man in a camp, but in a few instances two white men were working in partnership, or a white man in conjunction with natives. There were 91 white men in all, and they prepared approximately 190 tous of dried fish. On the Tanana River below Fairbanks there were 24 native fishing camps, operating 24 fish wheels and containing approximately 30 tons of salmon. There were also 26 white fishing camps, with 34 wheels and some 52 tons of salmon. Altogether, on the Yukon and the Tanana, 301 fish wheels were operated in 1920 and resulted in a take of 622 tons. Of this amount 8 per cent were king salmon and 92 per cent were chums. If an allowance of 100 tons is made for the tributaries not visited and for the later runs on the Yukon which were not seen—and this allowance ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 147 is almost certainly inadequate—there would be a total provision of dried salmon for the Yukon and its tributaries in 1920 amounting to 722 tons. The only previous estimate known, based on a partial canvass of the fishing camps, was that prepared by Messrs. H. J. Christoffers and C. F. Townsend, of the Bureau of Fisheries, in 1918 for the purpose of the Yukon hearing of that year. They enumerated 393 fish wheels and a total product of 650 to 700 tons for the Yukon and Tanana Rivers, exclusive of Yukon Territory. Mr. Volney Richmond, manager of the Northern Commercial Co. stores, basing his estimate on conditions throughout the Yukon Valley, intimately known by him for many years, gave 600 tons as a fair annual provl- sion of dried salmon for the region. It is possible that more salmon were dried in 1920 than would represent a fair average for the river, inasmuch as the previous year had been largely a failure, prices for dried salmon had risen to unheard of figures, and all reserve stocks had been exhausted. Estimating the average dried king salmon at 5 pounds, and the average chum at 14 pounds, there were about 23,000 kings and 1,000,000 chums put up on the Yukon in 1920 for local use. COMPARISON OF 1920 WITH toi. At all fish camps visited expressions of opinion were invited as to the relative size of the runs in 1920 and in 1919.” The evidence given was overwhelmingly in favor of the run of 1919 being considered one of the worst if not the very worst ever known on the Yukon. Natives and whites all were practically a unit in this belief. Those who believed the cannery was not responsible for the shortage were as well satisfied on the subject of the shortage itself as were those who laid the entire responsibility at the door of the cannery. Those who did put up fairly satisfactory supplies of salmon recognized that they were especially favored in their locations, but thought that the river as a whole was relatively bare of fish. In the lower section of the river more fish would have been pre- pared if storms had not broken the wheels and interrupted the fish- ing. Storms also broke wheels and interrupted fishing along this section of the river in 1920, but racks and smokehouses were not empty of fish. The natives about Nulato and Koyukuk would have made better provision for the winter of 1919 had they fished dili- gently throughout the season instead of potlatching as they did. They would unquestionably have had more fish. but it is doubtful whether they could have secured enough even had they fished consist- ently with as much diligence as they ever display. It was impos- sible to doubt, after interviewing several hundred people distributed along the entire length of the Yukon, that the run of 1919 was phe- nomenally deficient; and, furthermore, that if this condition should become permanent, or should frequently recur, a very serious condi- tion would arise in the interior of Alaska. No basis is available for a well-founded estimate of the amount of dried salmon put up in 1919, but we believe that 150 or 200 tons would be an outside estimate for the entire river. The price rose to 25, 30, and 35 cents per pound, with no stocks available even at those prices. Men compelled to travel during the winter experienced 148 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, the utmost difficulty in securing substitute dog feed. Fresh meat was used, although this is by no means satisfactory, and deplorable num- bers of caribou were slaughtered by natives and others for this purpose. Cereals and bacon were made use of, and stores and trading posts soon found their stocks running low. The natives killed, or permitted to die of starvation, half or more than half of their dogs, and many white men were compelled to adopt the same course. Undoubtedly the best dogs were retained and the least valuable were culled out of the teams. But the general opinion entertained by those best acquainted with the natives and their needs was to the effect that the great reduction in the size of their dog teams was disastrous and the dog shortage was sure to hamper them in their efforts to make a living during the coming winter. There were no reported cases of starvation or of serious suffering among the natives during the winter of 1919 because of the shortage of salmon, although they might well have occurred in outlying dis- tricts if help had not been given by white traders and by others. At Tanana rations were issued from the military post at Fort Gibbon, intended to relieve distress among the sick and aged natives of that vicinity. But the winter was in some respects unusually favorable. On the upper river heavy snows drove the caribou to the lowlands near the river, where natives could hunt them without making long sledge journeys with their dog teams into the mountains. Com- missioner Mackenzie at Dawson said that had it not been for this fortunate coincidence the Indians in that vicinity would have suf- fered severely. In the Tanana-Fairbanks district moose were abun- dant and were easily captured in the deep snows. And farther down the river, in the Nulato-Koyukuk region, the grouse, which had been scarce for a number of years, had begun to come back in their former abundance. Here again had the season not been unusually favorable for securing fresh meat near at hand severe suffering would have been experienced. Such favorable conditions can not be expected to recur should the salmon supply again fail. To resume, it does not admit of doubt that there was a most serious scarcity of salmon last winter, nor that this was occasioned primarily by an equally serious shortage in the run. By no other theory can so general a failure in the river fishing be explained. The lower and middle sections of the river, the Ramparts and Upper Yukon, the Porcupine, the Tanana, and the Koyukuk, all tell the same story. Dogs were sacrificed in large numbers, which were neither useless nor superfluous, and the natives were saved from serious suffering only by a series of happy coincidences, which could not again be expected. TO WHAT EXTENT WAS YUKON CANNERY RESPONSIBLE FOR 1919 SHORTAGE? " As the cannery of the Carlisle Packing Co. at the mouth of the Yukon did not operate prior to 1917, and as neither the king, chum, nor coho salmon matures in two-year cycles, it is evident that the cannery could have had no influence on the size of the run which presented itself at the mouth of the river in 1919 and sought access to the spawning beds. The individuals which comprised this run ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 149 had all been derived from eggs deposited in the Yukon gravels before ever the cannery was established. There could be no ques- tion, therefore of impairment of the run having resulted in 1919 from previous cannery operations. The only possible effect of the Carlisle cannery up to the present time has been to diminish, by the number of salmon captured, the runs which enter the river and are available to the native and white inhabitants of the valley. In 1919 the company reported the capture of 101,107 king salmon and 357,081 small salmon, largely chums. If these had been captured upriver and dried, the king salmon would then have averaged about 5 pounds each and the chums 1} to 14 pounds. Adopting the lower figure, the cannery pack, dried, would have amounted to 252 tons of king salmon and 223 tons of the smaller varieties, or 475 tons altogether. This is held to be more than twice any possible estimate of the amount of dried salmon actually put up during that season on the entire river. If the 100,000 kings and the 350,000 chums taken by the cannery had been permitted to ascend the river, to what extent, we may ask, would the situation have been helped? It would depend on the size of the run and the proportion which, under the conditions of 1919, would escape capture at the hands of the river fishermen. If the fishing camps along the river were catching 50 per cent of the run, the cannery fish would have added some 235 tons, and the catch would thus have been more than doubled. If they were capturing a third of the run, the cannery fish would have increased their small catch by over 150 tons. Data for such an estimate are not available. In the muddy waters of the Yukon the schools of salmon are invisible, and no direct estimate can be formed of their numbers. There is abundant evi- dence, however, that a large majority of the king salmon running in 1919 were captured in nets or encountered nets and escaped from them on the way into the river. White fishermen and natives, prac- tically without exception, including those who felt no hostility to the cannery, agreed that the king salmon averaged smaller in size than ever before and that the relatively few larger individuals were net © marked in the majority of cases. The same fishermen, operating in the same localities in 1920, state almost without exception that the king salmon in 1920 averaged large in size, and the number of net- marked fish was so small as to be negligible. Many opportunities have occurred to observe elsewhere salmon caught in wheels or traps above a district heavily fished with gill nets. The results are always the same. The smaller salmon filter through the nets, which screen out the larger sizes, leaving the average size of the escaping fish always greatly diminished. And many of the fish escape through the web after being temporarily captured, the twine having become so tightly constricted about the body as to leave permanent marks that can not be mistaken. At the rack which was maintained in Wood River above the Nushagak fish- ing district there was opportunity to examine the fish escaping from gill nets that were capturing from 75 to 90 per cent of the running fish, but never were the escaping sockeyes so extensively net marked as the Yukon king salmon are credibly reported to have been in 1919. 150 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Not all the screening out of the larger sizes and the net marking was due to the operations of the cannery. Natives in the lower river also fish for king salmon with nets, but the extent of their operations is so very small compared with that of the cannery in 1919 that the effect was negligible. Fishermen interviewed stated that they had in previous years seen a few net-marked fish prior to the opening of the cannery, but never anything to compare with the condition observed in 1919. The prevalence of small-sized king salmon in 1919, taken in connection with the extent of the net marking, may justly be considered a measure of the closeness with which these salmon were fished in 1919. What was true of the king salmon was true also, it is believed, of the run of chums. Fishing for these was prosecuted during the months of June, July, and August. Conditions at the mouth of the river were comparatively favorable for a maximum catch through- out the season. As the salmon move back and forth with the tides, passing up and down the banks where nets are staked, and loitering in the eddies where other nets are anchored, the cannery gear has repeated chances to ensnare them. One of the principal deficiencies in the 1919 run in the upper river was the almost total failure of the “silvers.” These, it will be recalled, are the bright chums of high quality which run after the king salmon have passed. It was to these that the cannery devoted its attention after the king salmon. nets had been retired. In 1919 the king salmon run had materially declined by July 5, and it was after this date that 272,717 out of the total 357,081 small salmon (principally chums) were taken. It is considered certain that the operations of the cannery in 1919 very materially added to the scarcity of fish on the river. Had the fish captured by the cannery been free to enter the river, the run would still have been below the normal size, but the distress and incon- venience occasioned to the interior of Alaska by the salmon short- age would have been largely mitigated. EFFECT OF CANNERY IN 1920. The run of 1920 has been universally approved by fishermen as the most favorable since 1916. Salmon were abundant, of good average size, and of excellent quality. Some fishermen acclaimed it the largest run they had ever seen on the river, but the majority called it a fair average run of the better class of years. Certain it was there was no necessary lack of dried salmon anywhere on the. main river as far upstream as Dawson. Some complaint was heard of insufficient fish supply on the Yukon Flats in the vicinity of Fort Yukon, and it was noted in certain native villages between Circle and Forty-Mile that scant provision seemed to have been made for the winter. But it was not evident that there was any lack of salmon. All white fishermen and some natives in these.districts made good catches and reported the fish abundant. At Dawson, where serious complaints were heard the previous year, sufficient supplies were secured in 1920. Such slackness as apparently existed in certain native camps may find its explanation perhaps partly in the effects of the “flu,” which ravaged some of these communities in the spring of the year, partly in superabundance of money, owing to high prices received for muskrat pelts, and partly, in some com- ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 151 munities, to a general shiftlessness, which habitually leads to priva- tion and suffering in the winter. A similar condition was observed in certain fish camps on the lower Tanana, in which natives seemed obviously less intelligent and less efficient than in the great majority of camps on the main river. In a few of these was heard the complaint that there were no fish, but it is believed that their scant supply was due to other causes. It is of course true that any scarcity will first declare itself on the upper river and among the tributaries, after the salmon, which run in a single channel in the main river, have distributed them- selves over a far wider area. It is regretted that reliable reports could not be obtained from the Innoko, the Koyukuk, and the Por- cupine. n comparing the effects of the cannery in 1920 with those in 1919 conditions are met in the two years that were the very reverse of one another. In 1919 the total run of salmon was far below normal, the condi- tions for fishing at the mouth of the river were favorable, the can- nery catch was very large, and considered in relation to the number of salmon running it was far larger. In 1920 there was at least a fair average run of the better class, and not improbably it was one of the best runs that can be expected in the Yukon; but the cannery was unsuccessful, owing to adverse fish- ing conditions. It obtained little more than half as many kings as in 1919 and less than half as many chums. Had the 58,000 kings and 155,000 chums been permitted to enter the river more salmon un- doubtedly would have reached the spawning grounds, but the amount of dried salmon would not have been greatly increased. In the first place the number released would bear a small ratio to the total num- ber running in so good a year; and, furthermore, along that section of the river which put up by far the larger amount of dried salmon, wheels, if operated more than a few hours each day during the height of the run, caught more fish than could be cleaned and pre- pared for drying. It does not then appear that with a large run of salmon and a relatively small cannery pack the latter has any recog- nizable effect in lessening the dried salmon supply of the Yukon. We are not prepared, however, to venture the assertion that such would have been the case had the cannery pack in 1920 reached as large proportions as it attained in 1919. But even had the cannery put up the full 60,000 cases in 1920, for which it made preparations, it would not have reproduced the severe conditions which existed on the river in 1919. These, as has been shown, were the result of a aera poor season, made much worse by a large cannery pack. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. The dependence of the native and white population on the salmon supply of the Yukon admits of no question in the minds of any who have acquaintance with the conditions of life in the great interior of Alaska. The natives have other sources of food, but the salmon form their main provision for the winter—their insurance against starvation when other sources of food fail them, as they not infre- quently do. No one who inquires into the matter can doubt that if 152 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. the supply of Yukon salmon should become seriously curtailed wide- spread suffering and death would in many seasons be visited on the natives. The question of furnishing food for the whites is less urgent, but is not without importance. Tt was brought to our attention that with the price of all articles of food rapidly rising, while wages in the interior of Alaska have shown practically no increase during recent years, the presence of a cheap source of food is of value. But one of the most important phases of the salmon question, which concerns whites and natives alike, is in relation to the dog. The whole scheme of things in the sparsely populated Yukon wilder- ness is predicated on the dog, and the use of the dog necessitates dried salmon. The winter is the only time for travel except along the waterways of Alaska, and winter travel is impossible without the dog team. Dogs are equally indispensable as draft animals and pack animals. Transportation of the winter mails over thousands of miles of the interior of Alaska must be accomplished by dog team. Men of the Army and the Signal Corps, like all other people in Alaska, are dependent on the dog whenever business makes it necessary for them to undertake winter travei. Fort Gibbon alone needs 40 tons of dried salmon each year to feed the dogs that they find indis- pensable in their work. Prospectors need them to carry their sup- plies into the hills. Wood choppers require them to haul in the wood. Indians must have them on their long hunting and trapping expeditions, and without them can neither secure meat for their families nor furs to exchange for the other necessaries of life. The dog is as essential in Alaska as is the horse in other regions, and the only acceptable dog feed is dried salmon. Various substi- tutes have been tried out when salmon could not be procured. They were used extensively by the “dog-mushers” of 1919, when dried salmon often could not be had at any price. Fresh meat was used, and enormous numbers of caribou and moose were slaughtered for this purpose. But it is impossible to carry sufficient meat for many days, and the supply is precarious. Furthermore, the dogs do not thrive and work well on this diet. A diet of cereals and fat in some form wasextensively used. Stocks of rice, flour, corn meal, and bacon were heavily drawn on. Dogs traveled well on a ration of corn meal and bacon, but the expense was almost prohibitive, and there was the labor of cooking up each night in camp a meal for the dogs after the exhausting travel of the day with the temperature perhaps 50° below zero and a weary famished team waiting to be fed. Dried salmon forms a light condensed food which contains all the elements needed to keep a hard-working team in excellent condition, and it is always ready to be fed without preparation. There is no acceptable substitute, and there is not in Alaska any divergence of opinion on this subject. No single need in the interior of Alaska is more gen- erally or more urgently felt than dried salmon for its various uses. It is clear, then, that the Yukon and the Kuskokwim offer salmon problems which are not pressing on any other Alaskan rivers with the exception of the Copper River. These streams drain the far northern interior districts of Alaska with long severe winters and the briefest of summers. The inhabitants are few in number and are distributed widely over a wilderness which is largely without ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1920. 153 population. Their lives are subject to the most severe conditions of existence. Largely they are dependent on the resources of the country. To deprive these people of one of their most valued and most important resources would seem under such circumstances peculiarly indefensible. The principle should be adopted with regard to the interior rivers of Alaska that no commercial interests should be permitted to exploit them until it should be demonstrated that a portion of their salmon run could be spared without detriment to the run itself and without encroaching on the supply needed by the populations that inhabit the valleys of these rivers. And if there is any question whether the salmon run in a given stream is adequate to supply the demands of commercial operations as well as the needs of the inhabitants, the doubt should at once be resolved in favor of the people. The subject should not be one for experiment. Canneries should not be permitted to establish themselves on these streams while we calmly await the result. They may create havoc before the evidence thereof is clearly shown, and in the meantime they will have secured those highly prized “ vested rights” which make their position difficult of attack. A floating cannery operated by the Carlisle Packing Co. is already established at the mouth of the Yukon, and it becomes appropriate to inquire whether the continued operation of this cannery is com- patible with the best interests of the Yukon Valley. It is evident that if the fish required by this company can without question be safely spared, the cannery should be welcomed, for it provides much needed freight for a transportation company that supplies the Yukon and it offers much needed employment for a limited number of natives and others during a brief period of the summer. But if the operation of the cannery should threaten encroachment on the supply of-salmon needed in the interior it should be com- pelled to close, as no advantage to its few employees could possibly compensate for widespread inconvenience, distress, and suffering. As a result of the Yukon hearing, given in Seattle, Wash., No- vember 20, 1918, the Secretary of Commerce promulgated an order that limited the pack of canned salmon to 30,000 cases in any year from the Yukon River, embracing all waters of its delta to and in- cluding the area 500 yards outside each mouth or slough of the delta at mean high tide. Beyond this area of 500 yards outside the mouth or mouths of the river the Secretary of Commerce exercises no jurisdiction, the Congress having failed to confer it upon him. He is therefore helpless to extend protection to channels between shoals and islands off the mouth of any river, although such chan- nels may be regular migration routes of the salmon bound for that river and as much open to attack as any part of the river channels. Realizing this deficiency of the laws, the Carlisle Packing Co. in 1919 put up approximately the maximum pack inside the river, and then proceeded nearly to double this with salmon equally bound for the Yukon which they captured outside the mouth of the river. In doing this they were wholly within their legal rights, but they evinced thereby an indifference to the obvious purport of the order, which was to provide for a strictly limited pack of Yukon fish. In making this increased pack they happened on a year when the run was poor and the fishing conditions were excellent. They were 154 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. enabled, therefore, to give a demonstration of the results of such operations when these two conditions appear in conjunction. The disastrous year of 1919 resulted. As to the future, there is no assurance of better protection than in 1919. From our inquiries it appears that the Yukon runs of salmon are by no means uniform in size. Good years and poor years alter- nate, and occasional very poor years have always appeared. Mean- while the Carlisle company continues to operate without check be- yond the mouth of the river. Should they consider the prospect of success warranted the expenditure, there is nothing to prevent their increasing the number of fishermen and preparing for a pack of 100,000 instead of 60,000 cases. Or one or more other companies may join in the business of catching Yukon salmon off the mouth of the river if they consider the venture a promising one. The Yukon run is wholly without adequate protection as long as the approaches to the river are open to unrestricted fishing and are outside the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Commerce. Finally, it is the judgment of the writers that the Yukon River salmon run is not to be relied on annually to produce a surplus for export in addition to the supply needed for local requirements and the further quantity essential for propagation. During good years a surplus might be spared sufficient to produce a limited pack, but during poor years the operation of a cannery will have the effect of making a bad situation very decidedly worse. It is recommended, therefore, that all commercial fishing for export be prohibited in the Yukon River and its tributaries, includ- ing the waters of the delta and an area 500 yards outside the mouth of each channel or slough of the delta. Furthermore, it is recommended that immediate steps be taken to have brought within the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Commerce all those channels between the shoals and islands which form the approaches to the Yukon in order that commercial fishing in said channels for export may be effectively limited or entirely prohibited. S DANGER TO FISHERIES FROM OIL AND TAR POLLUTION OF WATERS." By J. 8S. GuTsEtt, Scientific Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Recently the casting of oil on already sorely troubled waters has increased at such a rate, has been accused as the source of so many ills of fishermen and shell fishermen and even of ornithologists, and has become such an obvious nuisance, that a considerable realization of the extent of the contamination and a sense of the possible evil effects have been aroused. So great is the discharge of oils of various sorts that in this country it has been proposed to skim off the oil from some harbor waters and make it available by proper treatment. In Switzerland a patent has been taken out for the recovery of oils from backwaters. It is very desirable, therefore, to present a brief review of the information available regarding the extent and nature of oil and oil-like pollutions with consideration of the possibilities of danger therefrom. SOURCES OF POLLUTION. Danger of fatal contamination from the poisonous substances seems to lie chiefly in the gas plants and petroleum distilleries, which on one occasion or another, if not regularly, find it convenient to let certain products drain into the nearest body of water; in tankers and oil- engined craft, which are able to use tar, tar oils, and a great variety of petroleum distillates; in oil-burning steamships; and in the wash- ings of oils and tars from roads. Gas houses and oil refineries are located on all sorts of bodies of water larger than brooks. In smaller streams, and particularly in those inhabited by salmonids, discharges are uth ae frequently fatal to fish life and quite ruinous to the fish value of the water. In larger bodies the actual destruction of fish is apt to be small or incident to exceptional discharges, and the chief harm probably will come from the uninhabitability of the water, especially if this means the rendering unfit of a spawning ground or the forming of a barrier thereto as for salmon or shad. In streams large enough for steamers, and in all larger bodies of water, there are added to the contributions from gas houses and refineries those from tankers and other ships, and the dangers to fishes from poisoning or coating of gills are correspondingly increased. These larger navigable bodies may be spawning grounds and are almost sure to be gateways to what should be spawning grounds. The danger here, therefore, of keeping fish away from the spawning 1 Appendix VII to the Report of the U. 8, Commissioner of Fisheries for 1921. B. F. Doc. 910, 3 4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. grounds is far greater than the danger of destruction. It has been charged, but apparently not specifically established, that fish in har- bors and the lower stretches of rivers have been killed by the dump- ing of oil from tankers.. All of these vessels must clean out their tanks before they refill them and are prone to do so in harbor or as near there as may be. Well out at sea and in the larger bays the only source of consider- able oil pollution seems to lie in the shipping, which, if it can not discharge in or near harbors, will do so at sea. Moreover, it seems clearly established that great oil films do form at sea. Huge patches have frequently been observed, and Collinge reports that sea birds have been found dead and dying by hundreds off the English coast, their feathers saturated with oil. Death of sea birds from the same cause is reported from our Pacific coast. Tar from freshly tarred roads may be washed bodily into gutters and thence into streams or other. bodies of water. Apparently, how- ever, the greatest danger of direct action from tarred roads is from the fact that under the various influences at work—presumably heat, the mechanical action of vehicles, and soluble action of oils—poisonous substances are yielded to road washings for a great length of time. Various people in England, as recorded especially in the (London) Fishing Gazette, have described instances or experiments which indi- cate the continued poisonous action of tarred roads. Richmond found that although an undisturbed tarred surface became innocuous in three weeks, washings from material chipped from a road which had not been tarred for approximately one year were fatal to fish. Tarred road washings appear to be noticeably destructive of fish and, largely through the destruction of food organisms, of fisheries, chiefly. in streams not larger than small rivers and ponds, particularly trout waters. In well-developed country so fortunate as to possess salmon streams, tarred roads doubtless constitute a menace to the salmon fishery. Oil from motor cars, etc., goes into small as well as large bodies of water and is of greatest volume at large towns. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION. Oil remains in part as a surface film on the water, and is probably in part emulsified and distributed in intermediate strata, while the heavier fractions are deposited on the bottom, where they persist for along time. All parts are washed ashore to be deposited on the beaches and vegetation between tide marks. This pollution may affect the fisheries in various ways: By actu- ally killing or repelling the fish when they approach the shores in their migrations, at the only time when they can be caught; by sick- ening or killing bottom-dwelling species such as oysters; by killing floating eggs and the delicate larvee which, swimming at or near the surface, are suffocated by the deposit of an impervious film on the gill surface; by destroying the minute surface plants and animals on which these laryze and some of the adult fishes subsist; by diminish- ing the aeration of the water at the surface and thereby aggravating the deoxidizing effects of organic pollutions from municipal sewage and similar sources; by destroying spawning grounds; by killing the OIL AND TAR POLLUTION OF WATERS. 5 shallow water vegetation which directly or indirectly furnishes fish food and shelter; and by impairment of the market value of fish through imparting to them an offensive taste. DIRECT TOXIC EFFECTS. A great variety of tars and tar oils, either from coal or petroleum, have been shown to be highly poisonous. Butterfield and writers in the (London) Fishing Gazette and the Salmon and Trout Maga- zine, and Shelford and Thomas in this country (see bibliography) have reported various experiments which show that tar and tar oils are poisonous in great dilutions. Tars or tar oils result from distillations of coal, leet gai woods, etc. These distillation roducts are very complex and varying in composition, but all ma be assumed to contain some of the substances which, in very weak dilutions, have been shown to be highly poisonous to various fishes. Phenols and cresols (in dilutions of less than 100 parts per million) have been found quickly fatal by Butterfield and Shelford. Other constituents which are quickly fatul in the dilutions indicated are phenanthene and naphthalene (4 to 5 parts per million); xylene, toluene, benzenc, and ethylene (22 to 65 parts per million): sulphur compounds, as hydrogen sulphide (5 parts per million), sulphur dioxide (16 parts per million); carbon bisulphide (100 parts per million); thiophene (27 parts per million); ammonia (7 parts per million); and ammonium salts and other nitrogenized compounds (some hundred parts per million); quinoline and isoquinoline (50 to 65 parts per million). The strengths given as quickly fatal are those which have caused death in one hour, or very little more, to sunfish (American) or gudgeon (Kuropean), fish which seem more than ordi- narily resistant to poisons. It is stated (Seydel) that Russian investigators find hexahydrobenzoic acid (C,H,,CO.CH), to be the essential poison of Russian petroleum, and that 4 to 16 parts per million were quickly fatal to a cyprinid and a percid. The experiments of Thomas and others indicate that prolonged exposure to very much greater dilutions of these substances are fatal. Dilutions of various tars and crude distillates of petroleum, which required 66 or more parts per million for quick fatality, have proved fatal in strengths of from 13 to 33 parts per million in from 1 to 3 days. A great variety at 13 parts per million proved fatal in 3 days. One liquid tar waste at 2 parts per million killed sunfish (Lepomis humilis) in one day. MECHANICAL EFFECTS. Certain petroleum products appear to contain no poisonous sub- stances soluble in water and to have little direct effect when allowed to form a surface film, but when emulsified by agitation prove deadly. A high-boiling petroleum distillate and a light fuel oil were found by Thomas to be quite harmless, unless as aeration retarders, or unless emulsified, as by continued moderate agitation, when they coated the gill membranes of the fish and caused death by suffocation. Rushton found that by shaking up 1 part of benzine with 40,000 parts of water, a mixture was formed which killed fish in five minutes, apparently entirely from poisonous action. 68637°—21——-2 6 U. Ss. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Doubtless under the agitation of continued wave action many, if not all, oils and oily substances will emulsify or mix to a considerable extent and so coat the gills of fish or other forms, or have a poisonous effect which their insolubility would otherwise prevent. According to Weigelt, ulcerations and attacks of disease ee been found to follow the irritating action of petroleum products. The eggs of sea fishes which do not seek fresh, brackish, or shore waters in which to spawn differ from the eggs of all these and of fresh-water species in that they are typically floating. In many cases, at least, the larvee for a time are also floating. This fact ren- ders the possibility of grave danger to the great sea fisheries a very striking one, for it can scarcely be thought that eggs can hatch and young normally develop in a medium of oil. The eggs and larve of oysters and other shellfish are not surface floating, but are carried up and down by the current, sometimes to the surface. A special danger to them lies in the fact that both oil and larvee (and eggs) are prone to collect in eddies. PREVENTION OF AERATION OF THE WATER. The question of aeration prevention by an oil film is a very impor- tant one. Butterfield axed! Thomas have questioned considerable prevention, Butterfield on the supposition that mineral oil is similar to water in its oxygen absorption, and Thomas apparently on the: theory that incomplete rather than complete films tend to form. There need be no question that extensive films do form. Further- more it seems established by Adeney, especially in salt water and any water of considerable mineral content, that streaming, with the consequent distribution of the air saturated surface water, is largely dependent upon evaporation and increased density at the surface. If this is the case it must follow that an oil film, by preventing evaporation, greatly checks aeration. Danger from this seems. chiefly to center m harbors where, because of general pollution, particularly sewage pollution, the oxygen consumption is greatest and where, because of gas plants and shipping and the great number of automobiles, the Kieohor e of oil is also extreme. These are the same harbors which are the gateways to the great natural spawning areas of the anadromous fishes. In connection with the prevention of aeration, oxygen, loss by the absorption of dissolved oxygen, by fatty acids and other substances present in oils and tars, should be taken into consideration. DESTRUCTION OF FISH FOOD. Indirect action of oils and tars may consist of poisonous action on food organisms. Prawns appear very susceptible to tar poisons, and in Ruatish streams it has appeared that tarred road washings are even more destructive of insect life than of trout directly. It can scarcely be doubted that the susceptibility of minute forms is at least of the same order as that of fish. With a number of micro- scopic forms, particularly diatoms, it is known that their suscepti- bility to a number of poisons is greater than that of fish (Whipple, Moore, and Kellerman). Destruction may, of course, be secondary,, OIL AND TAR POLLUTION OF WATERS. {i as from lack of oxygen, or from the destruction or spoiling of emergent or littoral vegetation with an oil coating, particularly in tidal areas (by which means wild fowls may also greatly suffer), and the conse- quent loss of a productive habitat. From gas houses, tarred roads, and refineries much of the contam- ination eventually finds its way to the bottom to render it more or less sterile according to thickness and completeness of the deposit and the constancy with which the deposit is maintained. Wadham indicates that he found apparently complete strata for each fresh tarring of road, and that it took two or more years for a trout brook to recover proper productivity of fish. In some waters the basic fish food consists in part of air-breathi larve and pupe of insects, which, if a layer of oil is present, as is wel known, will e unable to come to the surface to breathe and so will be destroyed. Young of food fishes or the small fish on which food fishes feed will in consequence be deprived of an important source of food, and the productivity of the region will be correspondingly decreased. In 1920, through the Gulf States, Mr. Hildebrand found that Gambusia and Fundulus, which feed largely on such larve and pupe, disappeared from oil-covered water. e took no special notes in regard to larger species, but believed they disappeared also, pre- sumably because their food had disappeared. SUMMARY. Three main sources of oil and tar pollution have been found: Road washings, carrying great quantities of lubricating oil; gas houses and oil refineries; tankers, oil burners, and oil-engined shipping. Tars, tar oils, and crude distillery products are found generally to be highly oisonous, whether in weak or great dilution. Some oils have been ound to emulsify to a sufficient degree, with continued agitation, to coat the gills of fish and so produce death by suffocation. An oil film, through prevention or checking of aeration, is dangerous, par- ticularly in busy harbors. The deleterious effect on spawning, by rendering spawning grounds unfit or inaccessible, is a grave danger arising from the pollution of harbors and streams. Another serious danger is found to lie in the possible effects on the diminution of the food supply. Through whatever means, it is an observed fact, according to Weigelt, that in Germany fish have completely disap- peared from pools and ponds following the discharge of mineral oil into the water. In the sea a great danger is suggested by the fact that the eggs of sea fishes are typically floating, and that oil-burning and oil-engined shipping is greatly increasing. Remedial measures may (now or in the Futsirey be found: (1) In the recovery of oils from drainage water, as already has been pro- posed; (2) in the prevention of gas-house and refinery pollution, which prevention should be helped by the increased use of “wastes”’ in by-products; and (3) in prevention, by international arrange- ments, of the dumping of oil from ships in harbors or in the region of spawning grounds or special feeding areas. BIBLIOGRAPHY. s ADENEY, W. E. 1912. Report of W. E. Adeney. Jn Present sanitary condition of New York harbor and the degree of cleanness which is necessary and sufficient for the water. Report of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New York, 1912, p. 80-121. Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., New York. ALLEN, E. J. . 1914. Letter telling of deadly effects on swimming prawn of creosote oil in great dilutions. In Net curing by creosote. Fish Trades Gazette, Vol. 31, Feb. 28, 1914, p. 36. London. BurrerriELp, W. J. A. 1912. The relation of modern road surfacing to fish life. The Surveyor, Vol. 41, Feb. 16, 1912, p. 277-284. London. CoKER, R. E. 1920. Progress in biological inquiries. Report of the Division of Scientific Inquiry for the fiscal year 1920. Appendix II, Report, U. S. Com- missioner of Fisheries for 1920. Bureau of Fisheries Doc. No. 896. p. 23. Washington. CoLLINGE, WALTER E. 1921. The effects of oil from ships on certain sea birds. Nature, Vol. 106, Feb. 24, 1921, p. 830. London. Fisnine GazeTtE (THE). Lonpon. 1910. Note by editor, R. B. Marston, containing letter from R. C. W. H. Butler tellmg of harmless leakage of a barrel of crude tar into trout ponds. The Fishing Gazette, Vol. LX, June 4, 1910, p. 508. Note by editor quoting letter from Arthur J. Belcher (extracted from the Daily Mail of June 14) telling of the immediate destruction of hundreds of trout following the -washing of tar from a freshly tarred road into trout brook. Jbid., Vol. LX, June 18, 1910, p. 559. Letter from A. R. Peart telling of experiments showing deadliness to fish life of water which has been in contact with fresh crude tar; also pointing out that road washings may be expected to reach stream while it is still shrunken by preceding drought. Ibid., Vol. LX, June 25, . 607. Account by Field of destruction of fish and vegetation following tarring of roads, and of finding a high tar content in road washings. Ihbid.. Vol. LXI, July 23, 1910, p. 99-100. Letter (anon.) telling of experiments showing deadliness to trout at various dilutions of water which had been in contact with coal tar. IJbid., Vol. LXI, July 30, 1910, p. 125-126. Note by editor containing letter from ‘‘Elfa” telling of development of fungoid growth following the washing of tar from road into stream. Ibid., Vol. LXI, Aug. 6, 1910, p. 144. Note by editor quoting note from Percy Wadham on the road-tarring question. Ibid., Vol. LXI, Aug. 20, 1910, p. 188. Investigation of an epidemic of fish poisoning by tar at Drinkwater Park, Manchoater’ by E. J. Sidebotham and A. Sellers. (From Archives of the Public Health Laboratory of the University of Manchester, Vol. I, 1906.) Ibid., Vol. LXI, Aug. 27, 1910, pp. 210-211. 1911, Note by editor quoting account from Dundee Courier of Aug. 5, 1911, of the washing by thunder storm of tar from freshly tarred road in the iver Fary, the killing of many scores of fine trout, and the ruining of the fishing below. Ibid., Vol. LXIII, Aug. 12, 1911, p. 163. Letter from I. I. C., one technically informed, telling of amounts of naphthaline and phenol bodies allowed in road tar and maintaining that treatment which renders tar innocuous spoils it for road work. Ibid., Vol. LXIII, Aug. 26, 1911, p. 233. OIL AND TAR POLLUTION OF WATERS. 9 1912. Note by editor quoting letter from S. Jafié telling of destruction of fish and small and microscopic forms by leakage of 2,200 cubic yards of tar and by-products and of over £1,600 paid in damages; and letter from Karl Heintz to the effect that it is illegal in Bavaria (or all Germany?) to construct drains from tarred roads into streams. Ibid., Vol. LXV, Dec. 21, 1912, p. 582. 1913. Note by editor quoting extract from Isle of Wight County Press telling of settling with oa T. Mew, of Carrisbrooke, Isle of Wight, for £325 for damage to fishery by tarred-road washings. Ibid., Vol. LX VI, Mar. 15, 1913, p. 66. Letter from Perey Wadham on the difficulty of determining the real danger from tar poisoning by laboratory experimentation. Ibid., Vol. : LXVI, May 24, 1913, p. 480. 1914. Note by editor quoting letter from F. Napier Sutton on the effect of leak- age from gas works on a fishery. Ibid., Vol. LXVIII, Jan. 3, 1914, p. 2. 1917. Note by editor quoting letter from Perey Wadham telling of lasting poison- ousness of tar on roads and of formation oi tarry strata on pond bottoms, ete. Ibid., Vol. LXXIV, Feb. 24, 1917, p. 100. 1921. Report of address by J. A. Simpson delivered at Nottingham January 12 before ‘“‘An Alliance for Prevention of River Pollution,” telling of fining of Derbyshire County Council and of damages obtained by riparian owners for destruction of fishing by tarred-road washings. Ibid., Vol. LXXXII, Jan. 22, 1921, p. 45. Note by editor to the effect that the Joint (‘ommittee of Ministry of Agri- culture and Fisheries and the Ministry of Transport have been unable to find a safe tar; refers to an account by Dr. Smith, U. S. Commis- sioner Fisheries, of experiments to find a sate tar without success. Ibid., Vol. LXXXII, Feb. 26, 1921, p. 117. Fornes, 8. A. 1894. Report on effect of oil-well and gas-house waste on fish and fisheries of the Wabash itiver. In House of Representatives Miscellaneous Document No. 196, 53d Congress, 2d Session, p. 2-5. Also quoted by Richard Rathbun in Report of Commissioner, U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries for 1894 (1896), p. 109-112. Washington. HiILpeBpRanpD, Samvuen F. 1921. Top minnows in relation to malaria control, with notes on their habits and istribution. Public Health Bulletin No. 114, U. S. Public Health Service, Treasury Department, p. 17. Washington. Home, Davin MILNE ; 1883. Salmon and salmon fisheries. International fisheries exhibition. Lon- don, 1883. Conference on July 17, 1883. The Fisheries Exhibition Literature, Vol. VI, Conferences, Part III, 58 p. William Cloues and’ Sons, Limited, London. LENznG, C. W. 1917. Effect of gas-house waste on the biochemical oxydation of sewage. Uni- versity of Illinois Bulletin, Vol. 15, No, 11, Water Survey Series No. 15, Chemical and Biological Survey of the Waters of Illinois, Report for . 1916, p. 168-174. Urbana. McDona.p, MArsHaLy 1885. Report on the pollution of the Potomac River by the discharge of waste roducts from gas manufacture. Bulletin, U. S. Fish Commission, ol. V, 1885, p. 125-126. Washington. Effect of waste products from Page’s ammoniacal works upon young shad fry. Ibid., p. 313-314. Marsa, Mrizrarp Cates 1907. The effect of some industrial wastes on fishes. (Reprint from The Potomac River Basin, U. 8S. Geological Survey, Water Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 192, p. 337-348.) U.S. Fisheries Doc. No. 619. Washington. Moore, GeorGe T., and Karu F. KettermMan 1905. ad as an algicide and disinfectant in water ye Gren Bulletin 76, ureau of Plant Industry, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, 55 p.’ Washington. Mose ty, Martin PB. 1920. Trout fishing and road tarring. Salmon and Trout Magazine, No. 21, March 1920, p. 70-73. London. 10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Ricumonp, F.G. 9 1914. Some questions of tar. Salmon and Trout Magazine, No. 9, December, 1914, p. 35-42. London. RusuHton, W. 1921. pos notes. Salmon and Trout Magazine, No. 25, April, 1921, p. 114. vondon. SALMON AND Trout MaGazine. LONDON. 1916. Road tarring. Salmon and Trout Magazine, No. 14, October, 1916, im Editorial Notes, p. 6-7. 1919. The road-tarring question. Ibid., No. 18, April, 1919, p. 51-57. Road tarring. Ibid., No. 20, November, 1919, in Editorial Notes, p. 7. 1920. Road tarring and fisheries.—Work of the Joint Committee. Ibid., No. 23, September, 1920, in Editorial Notes, p. 9-10. Screntiric AMERICAN. 1921. When oil stops the shifting sands. Scientific American, Vol. CXXV, No. 5, July 30, 1921, p. 88. Munn & Co., New York. SrypeE., E... . 1914. Uber die Wirkung von Mineralélen auf Fischwasser. Mitteilungen des Fischereivereins, {. d. Provinz Brandenburg, Bd. 5, p. 26-28. Re- viewed in Wasser U. Abwasser, Bd. 7, p. 49. SHELFORD, Victor E. 1917. An experimental study of the effects of gas waste upon fishes, with especial reference to stream pollution. Bulletin, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Vol. XI, Art. VI, p. 381-412. Urbana. Suretey, A. E. 1921. Oil from ships. Effects of discharge in the sea. Suffering fisheries. Letter to the editor, London Times, January 21, 1921, p. 6. Tuomas, ADRIAN. —. A study of the effects of certain oils, tars, and creosotes upon brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Manuscript. TOWNSEND, CHARLES H. 1908. Pollution of streams—an appeal to anglers. Reprinted from the twelfth annual report of the New York Zoological Society, 1908, 7p. New York. Warp, Henry B. 1919. Stream pollution in New York State. A preliminary investigation of the problem from the standpoint of the biologist. Made in July and August, 1918. State of New York Conservation Commission, Albany. J. B. Lyon & Co., Printers. WEIGELT, C. 1904. L’assainissement et le rapeuplement des riviéres. Traduction frangaise de C. Julin. (Extrait du tome LXIV, Mémoires couronnés et autres Mémoires, publiés par |’Académie royale de Belgique, 1903.) 668 p. Carl Heymanns Verlag, Berlin. WuirrLe, GEORGE CHANDLER. 1914. The microscopy of drinking water. 409 p. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Witson, H. Maciean and H. T. Catverr. 1913. A text-book on trade waste waters: their nature and disposal. XII, 340 p. ©. Griffin & Co., Limited, London. O PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1921. REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1921.’ By R. E. CoKer,’ Assistant in Charge of Scientific Inquiry. CONTENTS. Page ater Cre CULO tie ee ee fe Ne eo dl hate 4 Pe RIPELTONU Chie LIS Tex to as ere eae See wes ete oe ee ee 5 Riese a CrheT Sal Tih eee ees eee ne a 5 lieittathn chess lraiejay rnin tetalocr: Va ee Da eee 6 Results On imisrkinevernemimenGs ssi: 5212 tes anh Lee oe ee 7 Salen Aves TIoMTrON i MUON boLveD 2. 2 Ft a Tf Si NGINLCHE ALUOICN TOI SaiONe a ee 9 ELeTintOLiCN Om Marine tstes a f= wall i oe ee ee 10 DER ep lre maid eee Oe pT bee. i ee Be a ee ee a 8 11 Then Shed) Oluniies Gren: Dinkes ts 027 fe Se ee a ee 11 INUIPR OO PAUVINCOUSILUDIKCR =) eh te ee 13 SIPEG Rss ee ee ee Ne ae 14 POnuoin sCHlOmm ParinOG. ats 8 See ee ke a eee 14 PBEM MILO KE ADA Remon. clin be i eA he at eee 15 LE 2 SET) ol agai Be ois Se PE A OE SL Pe Seen he Se eee gts Bo 16 CARE TNL COMI DAkIe Witt ey eS 16 Hogperswlol i antimatiria campaign =.= 5. 22 ee 16 Conditions governing abundance of mosquito-destroying fish _____--__ ily 4 Wise WiLoCcOntmolun Tor therm Waterss. i) Soe a aes 18 ADR CESTI TS iLL e DOR LING G atUOn Kes — ott se ese oe ye i! oe os 19 Experiments in propagating and rearing fish in ponds______________ 19 WistteraDeetlesiin relation: to pond culture... = 2 2s 20 Studies of Salmonid# in relation to fish culture_________-____________ 20 Minnews in relation to fish’ eultures-1 0) 2 fee ee ee es 24h PERSO UROT Is OF MOU OULLEG 29o elec Ree ek es oe J Ee wer 21 Eradication of some objectionable 1) Cah: eee ae Se Lae ee eee eee ae ee 24 BIRHPT ONCE THOT CINCO SC an ke a ee ee ee ee 25 MOniat incur Dike HeTCn Copy. > tik) Ft ee eee 25 ADUOLing HeOnOmiOns OL fish’ OVHTICS= 225. 2 es oe ee 25 CUR MGT uae oro CUS sone Sa ee eee Pees ee es een see eee 26 Parasitic flatworms of fresh-water fishes___._____-____.-_-_________ 26 LLectuenlL OL Pent Vvonutnirius disease. 27 Ocernographic rand limnological studies... 9). ee 28 MORE CHOU LY COC HA tina GIG: ts! a2 tie) 2 al |e rhe eee 28 ST MCH Ue NCHA DEA RG: sti terre ed es oe LE ee BN es eel 29 Survey of selected areas in Mississippi River______-___-____________ 29) pqeutele uae S ie les ia es Wg bed -{2's ane aa ay 8 ee ea Se Ie ea a 30: Agar-isar and ouler Selatine trom senweedes- fe 81 EMC OF StCr rs ee rete ters 2 etna Fe TE et ee By4 Iiiveniicn OUSOL Gy BLeGheCUlOUNe 4.8 = ate en J re se ee 32: Effect of pollutions upon propagation of oysters__.___-______--______ 33: Bes -WALel nee eee eeeene eee fe, a ees 35) PROPASHION ULB SG Is satan oe See ao | a eee 35 PYrotectionwrinisne yeeese ne Os. fee ee Von. go ee eae 35, Mussel survey in. upper Mississippi, River n=. ~2- 2 ssc sees eee 36 Experiments relating to mussel propagation________________________ 36 DUVESTIZATIONS Itt Ue IREUDUCKY HAVO! 2.22.2 ee ee 37 ne Diclogical lahorstonicr sare eee eset A ee eee ee 37 1 Ta age oo VIII to the Report of the U. 8S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1921. B. F. With the collaboration of the investigators. 3 +b U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. INTRODUCTION. The fisheries industries are immediately confronted with such acute problems of distribution of products that it would seem only natural if attention were temporarily detracted from the underlying and enduring problems of the industry—those relating to maintenance of the resources upon which the industries are based. Nevertheless the discussions among representatives of all phases of the industry when gathered together in such meetings and conferences as have been held during the recent period of stress have always brought to the front the problems that have to do with the perpetuation of fishery re- sources. Such conditions as the depletion of shad, the decline of the blue-crab fishery, and the deterioration of inshore waters through pollution, command such earnest consideration on these occasions as to prove that fishermen and dealers of broad vision are not misled through immediate difficulties in one department of the industry to minimize the importance of permanent sources of supply. Upon due thought, of course, it 1s evident that the problems of supply must not be forgotten even momentarily; for the difficulties of distribution can be only heightened by continued depletion of re- sources and an inevitably accompanying increase in costs of produc- tion relative to the costs in competing industries. Obviously it can not become easier to market fish when they become less easily obtain- able relative to other materials of protein food. No economic fact ean be plainer than that diminishing abundance of fish must be followed by increasing prices and decreasing consumption. It is, then, a fundamental and enduring principle that the perpetua- tion of the fisheries and the maintenance of their relative rank among other food-producing industries are contingent upon the continued productiveness of the fisheries—in a word, upon conservation. Con- servation in turn depends upon the exercise of intelligence and re- straint in the exploitation of fisheries resources, upon sound action in removing unnecessary causes of depletion, and upon wisdom in adopting plans for bringing about where possible an increase of particular fish or shellfish. The decline of valuable fisheries has been witnessed too often to admit of continued faith in the inexhaustibility of fish or shellfish of any kind. Yet the intelligent determination of what restrictive measures are necessary, what means of exploitation are unreasonable, or what plans of propagation or development are profitable can be made only upon the foundation of full and correct knowledge of the life histories, habits, and conditions of life of the fish that are to be considered. It seems generally agreed, for example, that the blue crab of the Chesapeake is in actual course of extermination by unwise fishery methods, although there may not yet be agreement as to the particular methods which are unwise. Recently this very important question was referred to a conference of representatives of the two States concerned, together with officers of the Department of Commerce. The practical results of such a conference depend much, of course, upon the sound practical judgment and the broad spirit of those bearing the responsibility for determination of action; but the one indispensable basis of action is an understanding of the life of the crab. The sole hope of practical results from a conference of any group of persons having this problem in view rests upon such PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1921. 5 knowledge as we have of the life history of the crab—in short, upon the results of scientific work previously done. Emphasis must be put upon the adverb of time. The significant thing is that the work must in great part, at least, have been already done; for knowledge can not be secured immediately; one can not produce the life history of an aquatic animal upon demand; it is the result of painstaking study through a period of time which can not be fixed in advance, and by the application of methods which can not be definitely plotted beforehand. It is work of this kind which must be done, and continuously done, so that gradually and steadily we learn more and more about our fishery animals, 1f we are to be ready at all times to meet the chang- ing problems of regulation and exploitation as they arise. The scientific knowledge which is the basis of the future welfare of the fisheries requires not only time and application, but also skill and special training. Of greatest importance are the services of men who have not only natural qualifications and the preliminary training which institutions of learning can give, but also such special experience, interest, and devotion as can be gained only as the result of prolonged application to fisheries studies. Something may be done with inexperienced and changing agents, but the most successful and economical work will be done with a trained and continuing force. In the following report will be found not an account of what might have been done, or what ought to have been done—but rather a state- ment of the progress which has been attained under the difficult con- ditions by which the scientific work of the Bureau has been circum- scribed. It may be added that the Bureau again closes the year with a less effective force than it had at the beginning. Two members of the already depleted staff have resigned to accept better paying posi- tions elsewhere, and two (including one rendering largely volunteer service) have died and not been replaced. Special acknowledgments are due to those whose interest and loyalty have held them in the public service. In reviewing the subject of investigation it must be understood that while the Bureau has a definite policy of restricting expendi- tures to investigations of the most direct practical bearing, it is not entirely untrammeled in the selection of subjects of investigation. The qualifications of the personnel available necessarily determine in part the character of problems which can be profitably attacked. STUDIES OF FISHES. THE PACIFIC SALMON. When consideration is given to the magnitude of the industries based een the salmons and their near relatives, to the unrivaled rank which some of these fishes hold in the realms of sport and recreation, to the comparative ease with which the more important eee may be brought to virtual extermination, and to the fact that all important species are the subject of artificial propagation, it is apparent that no group of fishes demands a greater share of attention in the way of scientific study. 6 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. For many years investigations have been directed particularly at the Pacific salmon, and the facts of life histories which are easiest to secure have been acquired, but yet we are far from having pos- session of the full knowledge necessary to direct propagation most efficiently, or to determine correctly the restrictive measures which may be enforced with least interference with the proper utilization of the fishes. The problems before us now are those requiring the closest and most persistent study, and yielding solution only slowly and by small stages. IMMATURE SALMON IN THE OCEAN. The investigations of salmon in Pacific Coast States have been conducted by Willis H. Rich, special assistant. The study of salmon taken by troll and purse seine in the open ocean has practically been completed. A preliminary report was prepared and, by authority of this Bureau, was published by the California Fish and Game Commission. The conclusions reached may be briefly summarized. The fish taken in the ocean off the mouth of the Columbia River contain, in the spring and early summer, approximately 70 per cent of individuals which will not become sexually mature for one or two years, but by the middle of August this condition has changed so that nearly 90 per cent are fish which will soon enter the river for the purpose of spawning. The rate at which this change takes place and the time at which it occurs have not yet been determined, but will be taken up in a later report. A comparatively small per- centage of the fish found just within the mouth of the Columbia River are immature. It should be mentioned in this connection that it is only occasionally, when unusual tidal conditions obtain, that any immature fish are taken inside the mouth of the stream. The fish taken by troll in Monterey Bay in June contain a con- siderable proportion of immature individuals. The data obtained in 1918 are most reliable and indicate that only about 40 per cent of the fish taken would have spawned during the same year. The data for 1915 indicate that 75 per cent were mature, but selection may well have taken place in making this collection which consisted of egg samples only. The fish taken near Drakes Bay and Fort Bragg in July and August, 1918, contain approximately 30 per cent of immature fish. It is of interest to note that this is an approach to the conditions found off the mouth of the Columbia River in August and suggests that the composition of all the schools found near the coast changes materially during the summer season. It is understood that the preliminary report was used to advan- tage in the recent movement restricting the operations of both troll- ers and purse seiners off the coasts of Oregon and Washington. Ad- ditional data will be embodied in a later report. Incidental to the work with the fish taken in the ocean considerable data have been collected which will apply to the report dealing with the general life history of the chinook salmon. Progress has been made in the identification of races, and additional evidence from the scales of returned marked fish has confirmed the work done last year on the significance of the various types of nuclear growth. PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1921. 6 RESULTS OF MARKING EXPERIMENTS. Mr. Rich has also submitted a report on “ Returns from the ex- periments on the marking of young chinook salmon on the Columbia River.” The experiments were started in 1916-17 and described in Economic Circular No. 45. : _ The percentage of returns of marked salmon was rather low, but the results obtained are of some significance. Examination of the scales of the marked fish which have returned after a period of three to four years corroborates the theory that the arrangement of the con- centric rings (circuli) provides an accurate record of the previous history of the fish. A study of the scales of these marked fish will, moreover, aid very materially in the solution of perplexing problems which have arisen in interpretation of the scales of the chinook salmon. Facts gathered during the investigation throw some light upon the rate of spawning migration of adult chinooks, indicating that the rate is approximately the same as that previously determined for sockeye salmon passing through Puget Sound and the Fraser River, that is, some 10 to 15 miles per day. Perhaps the most interesting and important contribution which these experiments have made to our knowledge of the biology of the salmons relates to the hereditary character of the factors determin- ing the time of the year at which the adults enter fresh water and begin their upward migration to the spawning grounds. It is an important practical question whether or not it is necessary to breed from fish of the spring run in order to produce the spring-run fish, which are more desired than the fall-run fish. The evidence of the marking experiments gives some indication that spring-run fish will be derived from spring-run parents and fall-run fish from fall- run parents. A comprehensive program of experiment has been planned to ex- tend over a period of several years. ‘Two new marking experiments have been started on the Columbia River in cooperation with the Oregon Fish and Game Commission, nearly 100,000 young chinooks having been marked at Little White Salmon station and the State hatchery at Bonneville. SALMON INVESTIGATION IN YUKON RIVER.® During 1920, from May until September, Prof. Charles H. Gilbert, temporary investigator, and Henry O’Malley, field assistant in charge of Pacific coast work, conducted an investigation in Yukon River with reference to the runs of salmon, the commercial packs in and near the mouths of the rivers, and the requirements of the natives and others dependent on the runs of salmon in the Yukon River system. Data were secured for a comparison of: conditions prevailing in 1919 and 1920. The primary object was to determine whether or not commercial fishing for export should be allowed in the Yukon River and its tributaries. While all five of the Pacific coast species of salmon make their appearance at the mouth of the Yukon, only three species have sub- * Cooperative investigation of! Divisions of Fish Culture, Alaska Fisheries, and Scientific Inquiry. Only the biological data are summarized here. The full report is published on pp. 128-154 in Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries in 1920, by Ward T. Bower, Ap- pendix VI, Report of the U, 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1921, B. F. Doe. No. 909. 8 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. stantial runs in the Yukon River (king, chum, and coho), and of these king and chum are of the greatest importance by far. The few reds or sockeyes taken near the mouth of the river are perhaps strays, for no breeding has yet been reported from any part of the Yukon Basin. Humpbacks appear at the mouth of the river more numerously than the red salmon, but never in sufficient numbers to constitute a run even of small dimensions. As they were far ad- vanced toward spawning in July, it was evidently impossible that they could ascend the river far with their spawning period so close at hand. The coho runs more or less numerously than the king or chum salmon and in addition is the latest to appear, often not pre- senting itself in any numbers in the middle and upper reaches of the river until the ice is forming in the fall. The king salmon begins running in the last week of May or the early days ‘of June. The run culminates quickly and then almost as quickly declines. The rate of migration was found to be remarkably high, the average rate of travel from Tanana to Dawson being slightly less than 45 miles per day, and from Pilot station to Daw- son, involving practically the entire length of the river below Daw- son, the average rate was 57 miles per day. No record of any other river approaches this in completeness, nor in the high rate of travel — indicated. This unexampled speed with which salmon ascend the Yukon is doubtless associated with the great distances to be traversed before reaching their upper spawning areas, taken in connection with the shortness of the summer season. The most important natural enemies of the king salmon are the white whales, or belugas, and the lamprey eels, the former being undoubtedly exceedingly destructive, while the latter, though caus- ing scars on the fish in much greater abundance than in any other river, as observed by investigators, do not appear to effect serious injury to the fish. The chum salmon, which is the principal food product of the Yukon River, made its appearance but a few days later than the advent of the king salmon, the rate of migration being approxi- mately the same as : that of the king. Two phases in the development. of the chum salmon are distin- guished by the natives under the names of “dog salmon ” and “ silver salmon,” the dog salmon comprising the individuals furthest ad- vanced toward spawning. In general the “dog salmon” along any stretch of the river consist of those indiv iduals. ‘which will turn into some adjacent tributary to spawn, while the “ silvers” are on their way to the upper reaches of the river, show relatively little of the sexual changes they will exhibit on their spawning beds, and are still richly provided with the oil which serves as fuel and the princi- pal source of nourishment during the long journey still before them. “ Dogs” ‘and “silvers” were in general keeping apart from each other and following distinct migration routes, the “dogs” pre- dominating on the right and the “silvers” on the left side of the stream. Heavier runs of kings and cohos were found in company with the “silvers” along the left limit of the river. It a appears, therefore, that there is a prevailing use of the left shore by those fish which are found in the upper reaches of the river. This may have PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1921. 9 connection with the fact that the majority of the tributaries of the lower river enter on the right bank. Fishermen recognize the succession of phases in the run—the chums which accompany the king salmon being of relatively small size and poor quality, after which there is a run of bright fish of good quality, but inferior size (“silvers”), and finally the last run of “silvers” of a bright rich form and of distinctly larger size. This last run of “silvers” is ordinarily of short duration and fur- nishes the most highly prized fish of the season. A further more detailed study of the characteristics of the chums at different times and in different localities and the distribution of the various strains to their respective spawning areas would offer results of importance from the biological and equally from the strictly practical points of view. The investigators record their opinion that the king salmon of the Yukon is the richest in oil of any known king salmon, and ex- press the same view with even greater emphasis regarding the Yukon chums. In this connection it is remarked that in other river basins the chums do not travel far from the sea, but enter late in the season to seek spawning beds not far inland, while the best of the Yukon chums travel 1,000 to 2,000 miles up a river known for its con- sistently rapid current. Consideration was given to the passage through which the salmon enter the river, and the investigators considered it not beyond the bounds of probability that nine-tenths of the salmon run enter by the Kwikluak Pass and its subsidiary channel, the Kwiguk. CHEMICAL STUDIES OF SALMON. Without expense to the Bureau, Prof. C. W. Greene, of the Uni- versity of Missouri, has continued his chemical studies of material collected several years ago to determine the changes in salmon ovaries and tissues during the period of migration from sea to breeding grounds. The results of such studies can at first be given only technical expression, but they are none the less likely to yield in the end data of direct economic value. The chemistry of the king salmon ovaries during their develop- ment in the migration period followed in the year 1908 on a series of samples collected on the Columbia River and its tributaries has been tabulated and prepared for publication. These studies show the following major points: First, the growth of the ovary takes place primarily during the migration while the salmon is fasting. The average increase in weight is from about 135 to 150 grams at the end of the feeding period to 2,000 to 2,500 grams at maturity. In short, about 90 per cent or more of the development takes place during the prolonged fast of the migration. Chemical analyses of developing ovaries show that between the 500-gram stage and the mature-egg stage there is a remarkable uni- formity of chemical composition. The proteins are high, averaging from 29.38 to 31.16 per cent. This is undoubtedly all stored protein. The neutral fats decrease with the development and migration, from an average of 14.15 per cent at the mouth of the river to 10.83 per cent at the spawning. Phospholipins average 4.78 at the mouth of 69869°—22 9 ‘ad 10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. the river and 2.85 at the spawning, showing a decrease with develop- ment. The phospholipins are much lower than in the yolk of bird eggs, the hen’s egg averaging 11 per cent. The water-soluble organic extractives and the ash are both remarkably uniform, the extractives averaging 1.87 to 1.65, the ash 0.66 to 0.81 per cent. ‘The organic extractives and ash are both low in comparison with other salmon tissues, but compare favorably with their percentages in the yolk of other eggs. The salient points in this study are found in the showing of high protein storage in the salmon-egg yolk, the relatively low percentage of neutral fats and of phospholipins, and the decrease of neutral fats and phospholipins during development. Since in other eggs these fatty contituents are higher and tend to increase with development, it is probable that in the salmon the decrease is due to the extreme drain on the fatty deposits for the production*of dynamic energy during the migration. Determination of carbohydrate content of certain tissues of the king salmon during the spawning migration was undertaken as an acces- sory test. The gross samples were preserved in alcohol, and in the final analysis all glycogen was converted to glucose and the deter- mination made in that form. The results show a very low glucose content of all organs and tissues. Glucose was present in all the tissues of the feeding salmon, Monterey Bay and Bolinus Bay speci- mens, but was absent or in reduced amount in the migrating and spawning salmon, with the exception of one tissue, the ovaries. In the ovaries, the percentage of glucose was practically constant throughout the migration. LIFE HISTORIES OF MARINE FISHES, During July and August, 1920, studies of the life histories of fishes of the middle Atlantic coast were carried on by W. W. Welsh, scientific assistant, aided by C. M. Breder, at a temporary station on Young’s Pier, Atlantic City, N. J. Through the courtesy of Capt. J. L. Young, owner of the pier, a serviceable two-room building, formerly used as a wireless telegraph office, was adapted for use as alaboratory. A small hatchery, equipped with tidal box and Chester jars, was set up and supplied with filtered salt water from the pier aquarium. A great variety of material was obtained from the two pound nets operated under the pier. Eggs of several species, ob- tained from fish taken in these nets, were hatched in Chester jars, and the fry carried on as long as possible for study. Series of scale samples for the determination of age and growth were also taken. Among the species studied were northern and southern king whit- ing (Menticirrhus sawatilis and M, americanus), squeteague (Cyno- scion regalis), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), croaker (AMicropogon undulatus), silver perch (Bairdiclla chrysura), menhaden (Bre- voortia tyrannus), and puffer (Spheroides maculatus). Although the facilities generously furnished by Capt. Young could hardly have been improved upon, the work was greatly handicapped by the abnormally cold water which prevailed throughout the sum- mer. Water temperatures ranged from 53 to 65° F. and averaged about 57° F. This low temperature is believed to be the cause of the PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1921. tt. scarcity or entire absence of a number of species which it was hoped could be obtained and studied. | The same investigators completed during the year a valuable report on the life histories of fishes of the family Sciznide of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The family includes some of the most important food fishes, the annual catch on these coasts approximating $3,000,000 in value. No less than 373 per cent of the fish landed at the municipal fish wharf, Washington, D. C., in 1919 were of this family; the prin- cipal species were the squeteague, or weakfish, often erroneously called sea trout, the highly esteemed king whiting, the red drum, or channel bass, the croaker, spot, and silver perch. How can we act intelligently with reference to the exploitation of such resources or determine wisely how to preserve them for all time if we do not know the life histories of the fishes, when and where they breed, their migrations in summer and in winter, the rate of growth, and the food they require? The present report not only brings to- gether the fragmentary data hitherto available but adds materially to existing knowledge by embodying the results of years of researches, particularly those of the senior author, whose death unfortunately preceded the final completion of the paper. The report also serves the valuable purpose of making evident the gaps in existing knowledge, revealing the need of additional observa- tions, and showing plainly the directions which further studies should follow. As similar work is done for other families of fishes we shall come nearer to realizing the practical value of applying science to the study of fishes. My, Welsh also completed descriptions of seven new species of ma- rine fishes (Malacopterygii) taken during the explorations of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey steamer Bache, conducted in 1914 under the direction of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. The fish were taken at various stations in the vicinities, respectively, of Cape Hatteras, the Bermudas, and Bahama Islands. After Mr. Welsh’s death the descriptions were prepared for publication by C. M. Breder. The report has been accepted for publication by the United States National Museum. Both assistants have been lost to the Bureau during the year, the one by untimely death, the other by resignation. FRESH-WATER FISHES. WHITEFISHES OF THE GREAT LAKES. There is scarcely a sadder feature of the history of American fisheries than the progressive depletion of the important resources of the Great Lakes, notably in respect to the whitefishes. We may have overestimated the possibilities of exploitation, we may have been shortsighted in the fishery policies we pursued, or we may not have propagated them with proper energy or efficieycy. But the simple fact is that no one has had enough knowledge of the distribu- tion, habits, and requirements of whitefishes to give proper advice. The best intentions can not save a situation when founded upon igno- rance. If the whitefish fisheries of the Great Lakes are to be pre- served to the future or perhaps restored in part to their earlier rank, we must study the fishes and ascertain the condition of their existence. 12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Therefore, for several years the Bureau has had a skilled assistant devote exclusive attention to the whitefishes and related species. This investigation, pursued by Walter Koelz, scientific assistant, is not all that is required, but it will surely provide a fund of informa- tion for more intelligent guidance in future. The investigation of the systematic relationships and habits of the coregonines was conducted in the year 1920 on Lake Michigan. Forms allied to those which the investigations of the previous year disclosed in Lake Huron, and in addition two undescribed species, of which at least one is now known to occur also in Huron, were ob- tained. Diagnoses of the species have been prepared from over 2,000 preserved specimens. Data have been collected bearing on the dis- tribution in the lake and on the spawning habits of the various forms. To avoid dissemination of premature conclusions a report will not be published until work is done upon other lakes. These studies have been supplemented by microscopic examination of the scales and systematic investigation of the food, conducted, respectively, by John Van Oosten and Carl L. Hubbs, temporary in- vestigators, under the direction of Prof. Jacob Reighard. Mr. Van Oosten first determined that the scale characters of the lake herring (Coregonus artedi) are so well defined as to permit the determination from them of the age of individuals and the rate of growth of the species. The variations in the scales of individuals were found to be within specific limits. But scales from different parts of the body of an individual are so unlike that for comparison of individuals or species it is necessary to use scales from the same body region. The scales of 10 specimens of each of the 10 Lake Huron forms recognized by Koelz were next compared, and it was found that 8 of them (including the two races) are discriminable. Further study will probably enable discrimination of the two other forms. It appeared that in one of these forms (Coregonus artedi) there are probably two geographic races which differ in rate of growth, but the matter needs further study. Through the courtesy of Dr. C. H. Townsend, director of the New York Aquarium, it was possible to secure specimens of whitefish. (Coregonus clupeaformis) hatched and reared at the aquarium and therefore of known age (7 years). The 10 specimens studied show that there is one annulus for each year of age. This, so far as known, is the first demonstration of this fact and enables the determination of the age of coregonine fish from scale characters to be undertaken with confidence. Two individuals of the 7-year-old whitefish were segregated at the New York Aquarium and kept living, while seales were removed at intervals of a month. A study of these scales shows that the annuli are formed in winter, fixes the time of formation, and indicates temperature change as one of the factors. It is believed that a continuation of these studies will add materially to our knowl- edge of age ’nd rate of growth of coregonine fishes, aid in their systematic grouping, and lead to the discovery of local races in some of the forms. The food of the whitefish, lake herring, and allied species of Lake Huron coregonines in the Koelz collection was investigated by a volumetric method by Carl L. Hubbs, of the Museum of Zoology, PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1921. 113; University of Michigan. The deep-water forms, as the blackfin (Leucichthys nigripinnis), were found to feed almost exclusively upon the crustacean Mysts relicta, probably the only available food. The deep-water race of the bloater (Leucichthys hoyi) feeds chiefly on Mysis, while a 30-fathom race eats for the most part another lake crustacean, Pontoporeia hoyi. The food of the shallow-water forms is much more varied. The pilot or menominee (Prosopium quadri- laterale) is strictly a bottom feeder, subsisting on mollusks, insect larve, crayfishes, ete. The whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) 1s also a bottom feeder, but its food is, on the average, not so coarse as that of the pilot, consisting largely of insect larvee, as those of the mayflies Hexagenia and Ephemera. The lake herring feeds in part upon the same animals, in part upon the minute Crustacea of the plankton. In reference to their available food supply the deep- water forms are absolutely competitive (more so perhaps than any other group of fishes), while the shallow-water forms are only in part competitive. It is probable, however, in view of the former greater. abundance of these fishes, that sufficient food exists in the lakes to support a larger population of all the species of whitefishes. FISHES OF WISCONSIN LAKES. The food and distribution of the fishes in certain Wisconsin lakes have been studied by Dr. A. S. Pearse.t The results indicate that in summer fishes are generally more abundant as conditions ap- proach those in swamps and are fewest when the environment is most like that in rivers. When food is present in quantity and when other conditions are favorable, there are more fishes per unit area in certain inland lakes than in the Mississippi River or in Lake Michigan. Lakes produce considerable food supplies within them- selves, while rivers are more dependent on swamps, ponds, and other tributaries. The factors of importance in limiting the distribution of fishes are discussed (shores, turbidity, depth, bottom, height of water, currents, etc.). An abundant supply of food and vegetation permits many fishes to east in a lake, but other favorable conditions -must be present in order that they may grow to large size. A statistical study of the infection of fishes by parasites has been made, the Mississippi and St. Lawrence drainage systems being compared, and various types of lakes studied. The results are now being tabulated and will soon be ready for publication. A short paper on the habits of the mud puppy, in which its relations to fishes are discussed, has been published.® In order to secure information on the rate of growth of cold- blooded animals in natural conditions, attempts are being made to recover the fishes and turtles tagged and released in Lake Mendota during the summer of 1919. Some specimens have already been secured. Studies on the metabolism of fishes are being continued. In this connection quantitative analyses are being made to show the water, ash, he and ether extractives of fishes at various stages of growth. *Pearse, A. §.: The Distribution and Food of the Fishes of Three Wisconsin Lakes in Summer. University of Wisconsin Studies in Science, No. 3, June, 1921, 60 p. Madison. ® Pearse, A. 8.: Habits of the Mud-Puppy Necturus, an Enemy of Food Fishes. Bureau of Fisheries, Economic Circular No. 49, issued May 16, 1921, 8 p. Washington. ; 14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. THE PADDLEFISH. The study of the natural history and artificial propagation of the paddlefish in Bayou Pierre at Westdale, La., was continued by Dr. A. D. Howard, scientific assistant, with the cooperation of the Louisiana Conservation Commission. During March good catches of egg-bearing females and sufficiently ripe males were obtained, but no females were ripe enough to allow of fertilization of eggs. Late in the month heavy rains flooded the Red River and Bayou Pierre and prevented the capture of fish in sufficient numbers to continue the investigation. There are few added data regarding the breeding grounds of the fish and the time and manner of spawning. Some information of minor importance was obtained regarding certain habits of the species. Bottoms suspected of being the breeding grounds of the paddlefish were dredged for the purpose of obtaining eggs, but without success. POISONOUS ACTION OF GAR ROE, In a previous year experimental attempts to produce caviar of gar roe were made by Prof. C. W. Greene, temporary investigator. Out of this work it developed that the pigment in the gar roe is not a melanin as in the sturgeon roe, but a form of pigment that changes color under various chemical treatments of the roe. The pigment color is changed to an orange red on boiling the gar eggs, on treat- ment with alcohol or ether, and on salting. This changes the com- mercial quality of the product and gives easy methods for detecting the adulteration of sturgeon roe by gar roe. The important observation, however, was the demonstration of an active physiological principle of a toxic nature present in gar roe. It is apparently this principle that gives the unpleasant acrid taste to gar-roe caviar. When tested biologically by the method of feeding the natural product the following points were made: (1) Gar roe is poisonous to the chicken and to the rat; (2) it paralyzes the neuro- muscular mechanism of the chicken crop; (3) it produces in the rat an intestinal irritation with active diarrhea. During the summer of 1920 a series of experiments were made to chemically separate and biologically test the unknown toxic sub- stance. It was shown that (1) extracts in boiling water free from coagulable protein and (2) similar alcoholic extracts contained an active principle toxic to the heart of the frog; (3) globulin fractions made by the method of salting out, centrifuging, and purifying by dialysis were sharply toxic to the heart; (4) the globulin fractions fed to a young rat produced extreme diarrhea and death in about 20 hours, effects comparable to feeding the entire fresh ovary; (5) the effect on the chicken’s crop was positively toxic; (6) not only was the crop paralyzed but an acute diarrhea occurred in the chicken through some alimentary canal poisoning; (7) these effects also occurred after feeding the purified globulin. Attempts to isolate sind identify the individual chemicals, of which at least two classes are present, have thus far not been brought to a successful issue. Further experiments are planned. PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1921. 15 FISHES OF THE PANAMA REGION, The Bureau of Fisheries, late in 1910, entered into an agreement with the Smithsonian Institution and the Field Museum of Natural History for a cooperative study of the fishes of the Panama Canal Zone. The work was carried on under the auspices of the Smith- sonian Biological Survey of the Panama Canal Zone. The field work was done by Dr. Seth E. Meek, of the Field Museum, and Samuel F. Hildebrand, of the Bureau of Fisheries, during two expeditions made to the Canal Zone, from January to June, 1911, and January to March, 1912, respectively. The study of the collections which were sent to the National Museum was begun during the interval between the two expeditions and continued after the second visit to Panama by the collectors. After two small preliminary papers containing descriptions of new species of fresh-water fishes had been written, and a majority of the forms had been roughly identified and sepa- rated, Dr. Meek was obliged to withdraw from the work because of an illness from which he never recovered. The completion of the work was then left to Mr. Hildebrand. As other duties were necessarily assigned to Mr. Hildebrand from time to time, the completion of the study of the collections was greatly delayed. The final report on the fresh-water fishes, however, was completed and published in 1916, but the study of the marine forms was not completed until the spring of 1921. in the last months of the work the author was assisted by W. C. Schroeder. The total number of species recorded from the coasts of Panama, either taken by Messrs. Meek and Hildebrand, or previous collectors, or both, is 640. The remainder of the species included in the paper were discussed because their known range of distribution is such that they may be expected on the coasts of the Isthmus. The fishes on the Pacific coast run larger than those on the Atlantic and are more numerous both as to species and individuals. Much more col- lecting, however, has been done on the Pacific side than on the At- lantic, which undoubtedly accounts in part for the large difference in the number of species recorded. The total number of species listed as common to both coasts of Panama is 72, but of these 48 are more or less cosmopolitan in their distribution, that is, they are not con- fined to American waters. A very large number of species consid- ered distinct are, however, very closely related, differing only slightly but in apparently constant characters. It was pointed out in the report on the fresh-water species that the fishes of the opposite slopes of Panama are very closely related, some of them remaining identical. This close relationship indicates that the fishes of the two slopes had not long been separated. Since the opening of the Canal they, of course, can again freely intermingle in those streams which are connected with the Canal. The close parallelism of the marine species of the opposite coasts is evidence of a comparatively recent passageway from ocean to ocean, even for salt-water forms. The genera of many families have representatives on both coasts, and if they do not include identical species they at least have very closely related forms on the opposite coasts. A few families, however, deviate from this general rule in having many more representatives on one coast than on the other. The reasons 16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. for this may be found by consideration of the habits of the species of those families which do not conform to the usual rule. The Siluride (including the catfishes), for example, are very much more numerous on the Pacific coast than on the Atlantic. The Scaride (including the parrot fishes and viejas), on the other hand, are much more numerous on the Atlantic than on the Pacific. It is well known that most catfishes frequent water with soft or muddy bottom. The Pacific coast of Panama has many large mud flats partly or wholly exposed at low tide but flooded during high water. The Scaride prefer rocky bottom, and especially coral reefs, which are large and extensive on the Atlantic side. These conditions undoubtedly pre- vailed, in part at least, before the last. passageway between the two oceans was closed, and it is probable that these families had already sought out regions best suited to their particular needs. The commercial fisheries of Panama are still largely undeveloped. The possibilities for profitable fisheries appear to be.especially good on the Pacific coast, but apparently less promising on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus. The people of the Isthmus are less wasteful of fishes than the people of the United States, as nearly all species of fish taken, including sharks and skates, are utilized as food. PACIFIC HERRING. During the year the Bureau issued a memorandum dealing with — the distribution, migrations, sizes, and spawning times and places of the Pacific herring in southeast Alaska and British Columbia, based upon the observations of D. R. Crawford, scientific assistant. There are apparently two races of herring (Clupea pallasiz), one of which resides in the bays and inner waterways along the coast from Puget Sound northward to British Columbia and southeast Alaska. The other, which is composed of larger individuals, passes along the outer coasts where it is taken off Vancouver Island in June, July, and August.. The smaller race of herring is found to be sexually mature in the summer, but no milt or roe is found during the winter. Sexually mature individuals vary in size from 6 to 10 ‘inches. The probable spawning time is late summer or early fall. The larger race of her- ring reaches sexual maturity in the fall and winter, the individuals varying in size from 9 to 12 inches or longer. The probable spawn- ing time is winter or early spring. USE OF FISH IN COMBATING MALARIA. COOPERATION IN ANTIMALARIA CAMPAIGN, Investigations of fishes in relation to mosquito control were con- ducted during the mosquito-breeding season of 1920 by Samuel F. Hildebrand, scientific assistant, working in cooperation with the United States Public Health Service. In the spring and early part of the summer Mr. Hildebrand inspected various localities in 12 Southern States where malaria-control work was to be undertaken. Suggestions were offered concerning the employment of fish for the control of the mosquito, and the waters suitable for fish control were pointed out to the officers in charge. The result of these inspections PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1921. 17- was that the top minnow, Gambusia affinis, was very widely employed as an agent in the control of malaria. toe ena hed (us Size. of allotments2=2-2225= os 93 Tests with herring milt as food Time and method of delivery---- 93 for rainbow trout—..=c.ciS-2=- 77 INTRODUCTION. In considering the value of any branch of governmental work it is clearly just to take cognizance of the progress made, as evidenced by an increased volume of work, but improved methods and lower costs of producing and distributing the output are, in the case of fish culture, of more importance, as indicating efficiency and sus- tained interest in the work. For a number of years there has been no increase in the funds pro- vided for the propagation and distribution of food fishes, and only the very inadequate increase in compensation of faithful employees as provided by the so-called bonus of $240 per annum. In the face of this condition and the fact that the cost of all commodities, labor, and railroad rates increased many fold during the period of the World War, it is particularly gratifying to note that the bureau maintained its fish-cultural establishment, if not intact, still at a point of efficiency where it handled an increased volume of work without material increase in the cost of production or distribution. The value of modern fish culture is so generally accepted by those having knowledge of the facts as to need no defense and is shown by the action of many States in providing funds for such work, by the numbers of fish-cultural plants financed by commercial interests, and by individuals who are interested only in maintaining the fish supply in a given locality. The bureau’s fish-cultural division is probably more completely organized and equipped than any similar -institution in the world. It has been built up through a long period of years and represents the thoughtful and painstaking effort of many persons. It has reached a point in its history where its movement must either ad- vance or retrograde. To longer maintain the present magnitude of the work with the funds provided is manifestly impracticable. On the other hand, the opportunities for its continued enlargement and extension are restricted only by the facilities available. | PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1921. 3 During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1921, 62 per cent of the appropriation provided by Congress for the propagation and dis- tribution of food fishes was expended in the maintenance and develop- ment of the commercial fisheries.2 The remaining portion of the fund was devoted to the equally important, though less extensive, work of producing and disseminating in the interior waters of the country various species of trout and the so-called warm-water fishes, including the black basses, crappies, and sunfish. The widely ex- tended and rapidly increasing use of the automobile has opened to tourists and sportsmen numerous trout and bass waters which were formerly inaccessible, with the result that interior streams and lakes in all parts of the country have been heavily overfished. Of all fishermen concerned automobilists as a class are perhaps the most law-abiding, but their rapidly increasing numbers and their habit of camping near a promising body of water and fishing it for an extended period—sometimes for several days—has constituted a drain which it will not be easy to make good. A most serious aspect of the situation is that it threatens the resources of waters which have never heretofore required any appreciable effort on the part of either Federal or State agencies to maintain. The greatest danger in this respect lies in the Western mountain States, in New England, and in other parts of the country which abound in natural scenic beauty. The situation is a grave one, and if not given proper and imme- diate attention by the States concerned and by the Federal Govern- ment there is imminent danger of the total depletion of fish life in many valuable waters which have heretofore yielded an abundant supply. The advantages of keeping the interior waters of the coun- try well stocked with the game and food fishes adapted to them are many and obvious. By such means a cheap and very desirable food supply is afforded to a certain class of people who would otherwise be unable to’ enjoy it. Vast numbers of people are inspired by the lure of good fishing to seek the great out-of-doors, with very bene- ficial results to their health, aside from the recreation afforded. Certain of the State authorities who are not able to cope with the difficulty have applied to the Bureau of Fisheries for aid, but in most instances it could not be given, the bureau’s resources having been already greatly overtaxed in the effort to maintain the scope of its work along previously established lines. The bureau’s efforts in fish culture are directed chiefly toward the maintenance of the existing fisheries of the country and toward the development of new and profitable sources of fish supply by extend- ing its operations over a wider territory in fields contiguous to the present stations. Five important functions are involved in this work, namely, the collections of eggs from various species of fish of economic value, the incubation of the eggs in properly equipped hatcheries, the rearing and feeding of the young of certain species, the rescue of stranded fishes from overflow waters in the Mississippi Valley, and the distribution of fish and fish eggs in suitable waters. 2The expenditures involved in distributing the output of the hatcheries represents approximately 17 per cent of the total appropriation, and 30 per cent of this amount represents the expenditures in connection with the commercial species. 4 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Part 1—FISH PROPAGATION AND RESCUE. Summary of Operations. SPECIES OF FISHES HANDLED. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1921, the bureau propagated and distributed some 48 species of fishes, as shown in the following list. Fishes rescued from overflowed lands in the Mississippi Basin and restored to original waters or distributed in other sections of the United States are included. LIST OF SPECIES HANDLED, THE CATFISHES (SILURIDZ) : Horned pout, bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus). Marbled catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus marmoratus). Mississippi catfish (Ameiurus lacustris). Spotted catfish, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Yellow catfish (Leptops olivaris). THE SUCKERS (CATOSTOMIDZ) : Mongrel buffalofish (Jctiobus urus). Common buffalofish (Jctiobus cyprinelia). Smallmouth buffalofish (Jetiobus bubalus). THE CARPS (CYPRINIDA) : ~ Asiatic carp (Cyprinus carpio). ; THE SHADS AND HERRINGS (CLUPEIDZ) : Shad (Alosa sapidissima). Glut herring (Pomolobus aestivalis). Skipjack (Pomolubus chrysochloris). THE SALMONS, TROUTS, WHITEFISHES, ETC. (SALMONID) : Common whitefishes (Coregonus albus and C. clupeaformis). Cisco (chiefly Leucichthys artedi). Chinook salmon, king salmon, quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus tscha- wytscha). Chum salmon, dog salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Humpback salmon, pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Silver salmon, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus Iisutch). Sockeye salmon, blueback salmon, redfish (Oncorhynchus nerka). Steelhead salmon (Salmo gairdner?). Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Landlocked salmon (Salmo sebago). Rainbow trout (Salmo shasta). Blackspotted trout, redthroat trout (Salmo lewisi). Loch Leven trout (Salmo levenensis). Lake trout, Mackinaw trout (Cristivomer namaycush). Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). THE GRAYLINGS (THYMALLIDZ) : Montana grayling (Thymallus montanus). THE SMELTS (OSMERID2) : Smelt (Osmerus mordaz). THE PIKES (LUCIID2) : Little pickerel (Lucius vermiculatus). Common pickerel (Lucius lcs). THE SUNFISHES, BLACK BASSES, AND CRAPPIES (CENTRARCHID2:) | Crappies (Pomozis annularis and P. sparoides). Largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides). Smallmouth black bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris). Warmouth bass, goggle-eye (Chenobryttus gulosus). Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis pallidus). Common sunfish (Hupomotis gibbosus). THE PERCHES (PERCID2) : Pike perch (Stizostedion vitreum). Yellow perch (Perca flavescens). PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1921. 5 THE BASSES (SERRANID2) Striped bass, rockfish (Roccus lineatus). White bass (Roccus chrysops). White perch (Morone americana). THE DRUMS (ScIAENID2): Fresh-water drum, lake sheepshead (Aplodinotus grunniens). THE cops (GADID2) : Cod (Gadus callarias). Haddock (Melanogrammus eglefinus). Pollock (Pollachius virens). THE FLOUNDERS (PLEURONECTID2) : Winter flounder, American flatfish (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). Pole flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus). SUMMARY OF OUTPUT. During the fiscal year 1921 the bureau’s efforts in fish propagation and rescue of stranded fishes resulted in a gross output of 4,962,- 583,555 fish and fish eggs for distribution, 93 per cent of which was made up of the important commercial species and 7 per cent of the species used in stocking interior waters. Losses due to transporta- tion amounted to 94,150, making a net product of fish and fish eggs actually distributed of 4 ‘962, 489,405. A summary of this net output, shown by species, is given in the following table: SuMMARY, BY SPECIES, OF Net Output or FisH ANpD FisH Eags, FIscan YEAR 1921. Species. Eggs. Fry. Fingerlings. Total. a a ee ee ee eee ciel. SeaRNDes 3 Seek Saud. -ck 11 5- ca ache didal > abies. Jac RR SS Se ee 35, 257, 070 35, 257, 070 MOET S, 59... Sa. See et 108, 307, 000 1, 645, 835 109, 952, 835 STE ER) TR IATA PR: RE et | 106, 043, 000 3, 918, 580 109, 961, 580 TUT Le” Se a ES te ea PENRYN |) | $82,292,276 |. asceews.- 4-20! 32, 792, 275 EMER Tew Mita t os ew nae nnee pale tars 20 ecole anes 83 SID JOON 1. soot cso tone oat | 43, 815, 000 DURNCRION 3550024. epics ade 4. caayds - 0 181, 650, 000 238, 800, 000 |..........--.2-. 420, 450, 000 eR os Shs fen eed ass 186, 510, 000 $0, 800;000 bess gs 276, 310, 000 Chinook salmon. ..........-...22..-.-+- G,/780, OOO] 42. 2be 228 32, 780, 765 39, 560, 765 DUIS ATEN os an «ae Eee Px danse haere «ada 7, 000, 000 19, 436, 400 26, 436, 400 ET Mp SRS SESS Sh eS Re EAL ee Ag eens 600, 000 6, 486, 150 7, 086, 150 Sockeye salmon.............-------+-++ 350, 000 38, 778, 500 30, 434, 500 69, 563, 000 PERCRIOMELBRAINON ncn ons. scemen sds 493, 000 38, 810 2, 928, 915 3, 460, 725 Mplantoraitions) 23260130 4 Le ee 1, 387, 000 280 1, 387, 280 Laemdlocked salmon... ....% iG). soe ce ae Grayline-rs. esc ess 700, 000 |.......s2astost Whitefish............ 422,769, 000 PAT 16; O00 | Smelts*: UH oc ecs ce ccleamswecsceictae 8, 000, 000 DISCOS wee os sadecccs|) | ASL) ADO NOUN 317, 200, 000 || Pike perch........... 416, 100, 000 508, 942, 000 Chinook salmon..... 51,793, 000 43, 829, 820 || Yellow perch........ 175, 398, 000 218, 333, 750 Chum salmon........ 15, 417, 000 28, 182, 000 || Striped bass.-....... 19, 358, 000 24, 600, 000 Humpback salmon.. B79 BOO ee Sapte 22d oy God wis WAL csdees 912, 417, 000 482,012, 000 Silver salmon........ 10,079 000 8,273, 000 |} Haddock.........-.. 406, 235, 000 635, 950, 000 Sockeye salmon...... 108, 115, 000 76,012,500 |} Pollock:=:..-.-2--.2- , 800, 000 650, 850, 000 Steelhead salmon.... 4, 006, 609 1,603, 000 || Winter flounder. ...-. 1, 805, 167, 000 | 1,980, 291, 000 Atlantic salmon. .... 797, 600 911,720 || Pole flounder.......-. wae Seles cae 19, 410, 000 Landlocked salmon. . 2,026, 800 1,063, 200 Rainbow trout. ..... 9; 631, 200 10, 994; 750 Potals:. J5.4 6, 121, 390, 009 | 5,996, 844, 870. PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1921. 7 SUMMARY OF FISH-RESCUE WORK. That part of the net output for the fiscal year 1921 derived from the rescue of stranded fishes is shown in the following table, which gives for each point from which the rescue work was conducted the total number of each species salvaged, the portion of that total restored to the original waters and the portion deliverd to appli- cants; and for each species the total number rescued, the portion of that total restored to the original waters, and the portion delivered to applicants. For a discussion of the rescue operations and suggestions for the enlargement of their scope, see page 78. NUMBER AND DISPOSITION OF FISH RESCUED FROM OVERFLOWED LANDS, FIscan YEAR 1921. Delivered to | Restored to Station. Species. applicants. oe Total. Bellevue, Iowa..:............ OMIA. Sooo ba cseses es Asn 150 313, 865 314, 015 SRRRS cares eich cat oe 434 138, 325 138, 759 Cg EE, ee I RO Se a 64, 390 2, 147, 350 2,211, 740 MDDS Aas. Soar sos fot cs 7, 565 4, 780, 935 4, 788, 5 Br hig Se SS SESS eee meme ST 2,295 2, 295 Largemouth black bass........ 30, 510 27, 400 57,910 Pike and pickerel. ............ 410 19, 185 19, 595 PARE POTCR 252...

12, 635 4, 980, 187 4, 992, 822 Miscdilbneotis ss Jivs3iioct. COLT ds 527, 080 527, 080 Proud. 212/;.207. 1 ED ea yeh yyy ca 164,610 | 45, 540, 335 45, 704, 945 8 * U.S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, NUMBER AND DISPOSITION OF FISH RESCUED FROM OVERFLOWED LANDS, Erc.—Con. Delivered to | Restored to Station. ies. ( rete f tation Species applicants. pap Total La Crosse, Wis............... Buttalonshet cet ews accemssnet 1,020 799, 510 800, 530 Carpeccce. eit tee gaan 25 2, 059, 164 2, 059, 189 CatHShUst he. OsccwceuiensHI HOS Ea EEE ¢ Berkshire, Mass.: . Entire year....:...... Mrook trout: ........<.]-.-.-.- snide sore biel. Hambow trout ....+-~|--<.--.-2. ?..|..-.------.--.- Big White Salmon, Wash.— Entire veal. ..5....--6 Chinook salmorit=-2---|->-----'- cece Little White Salmon, Wash.— Entire year........-<.|(02.2 OFe eee beeen oe 950, 000 Chumi'salman=, =. 2226). ceececessees Rogue River, Oreg.— Entire year........... Salmon, Idaho— July-September...... Upper Clackamas, Oreg.— Entire yearo...2..:... Washougal, Wash.— April-June........-..- Willamette, Oreg.— July-June............ Cold Springs, Ga.: Entire year.<.:...--.- Craig Brook, Me.: Entire year-..25-..-..- Duluth, Minn.: * Pintirewear..--< 222.3 Edenton, N. C.: Entire year. ........-- Weldon, N. C.— April-May... oo Erwin, Tenn.: Entire year......----- Fairport, lowa, and sub- Stations: Entire year........... Fingerlings, Fry. yearlings, and adults. EEE A NEE | 95, 000 Pen Fated 8 5 4,000 4, 362; 000 77, 400 35, 150 450, 000 5, 067, 900 Silver salmon}. =5 soe 35: PA 552 ewes | soe et oer ae 381, 900 Steelhead'salmon. .< 2)... toca. nnn ne eVeeeeees.¢ , 000 Chinook salmon......-. 2, 400;000 | 2225-2225 5.652 |-s sence ees ass GO... sb eweoteeees|ocs+renaseeeeelee eee eeeebece|) OLyeco 7000 Steelhead salmon... ... 223, 000 BbO00! | 5.522288 Shad. 20-2 ee ee see oe cee 2347 900). cbeecees Cathsh ooo e oe ncco cea wee es en pa eee eee 4, 120 CTAPDIC. Ste ae ana seo eee taco 9; 600; 000))|-2 2s Glut herring: 23582 easiness 43,815,000 ||. . eens a 53, 757 Catiisit S: - :fewetesie ctl... 2055 - nets eee meee 1, 013, 826 RADIO ic x rk alee oa 3 | 2 > oe oe paige a |S eS 170, 827 PUI oe Seeman ae |> oe oe cee eees| See 420 Largemouth” bilaie K |: 3: . <5 2265. eated eng > 6, 288 bass. Pike and)pickerel- 3 .2|).5. 5 5... cele des eee 471 BUNAR 5 pbs foe olsen lon 5 nce =o eee eee eee 80, O11 Willte Dass_2.2 osc .as|- nc s oon cel eee memes 3,176 Miscellaneous Total. 1, 935, 500 238, 000 2, 347, 100 PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1921. 11 STATIONS AND SUBSTATIONS OPERATED, AND OUTPUT OF EACH, FISCAL YEAR 1921—Continued. [Asterisk (*) denotes transfer of eggs. See table, p. 15.] Station and period of operation. Gloucester, Mass.: * TAGES YeHT. 522. = 25 Green Lake, Me.: Entire year. .......... Grand Lake Stream, Me.*#— Entire year........... Homer, Minn.: Entire year........... Atchafalaya, La.— Februar April. SE Pr Bellevue, lowa— July-November. ee La Crosse, Wis.— Entire year........... Marquette, lowa—July- November Meredosia, I1].— July-November...... 3 Species. ea a {pole) Flounder (winter)... .. Brook trouts ==. 522. .: Landlocked salmon. .. Rainbow trout.......- Smelt Brook trout. ...2<<... Landlocked salmon... Car Benes black bass Pike and pickerel Yellow perch Miscellaneous......... Buffalofish...........- i eaere ai: black bass| Pike and pickerel. .... Buffalofish............ Largemouth black bass Pike and pickerel Rainbow trout Sunfish Yellow perch Miscellaneous......... URED 5 odes oo Laremoutin black bass Pike and pickerel. .... | EO RS AL a Sunfis Hee www www, ee Yallow rberch RS Miscellaneous Fingerlings, Eggs. Fry. yearlings, Total. and adults. 2 208,800,000 | 50,900,000 |............ 259, 709, 000 ROSATO OUG cen ee ad 19, 410, 000 ae: Kerrey 132, 070, 000 |.-----"-."7"] 132,070, 000 188, 940,000 | 271,886,000 |... =... 460, 820, 000 (*) 443, 160,000 |..........-- 443, 160, 000 Loe: oe 608;.050')|. .. ne 608, 050 495, 000 peed tec a Ree gin ne BAe Sie ae 2 26, eet em S ‘ 600, 000 TRON A. eee 7, 600, 000 AEM Sn eee yaa 1) RR Bee 5 47, 880 * 80,000 55, 000 79, 100 214, 100 ee OE RE] Biel pela tla 30, 165 30, 165 Rab A Wim Ue 1, 190, 360 1, 190, 360 ooh ESE ed One ae eat Lege aati Garg 10, 769, 828 10, 769, 828 i 15,959, 460 | 15, 959, 460 DESEO BSE Gee Sober ea Bement ee 19) 405 19, 405 perpoeys vis: Ga OREN ES 169, 815 169, 815 i A ere. 175, 040 175, 040 tebe taeaes Sohn Pein Monnet en me et 108, 265 108, 265 Tie eee His Rarer aEe av AD 3, 300 3, 300 Bee Seen Tee pea oa epee 11, 755, 715 11,755, 06 a Robe el PRES 6, 990 aiigss ict ca oe 4,992,822 | 4,992, 822 RaSh ant SEE Some ee 527, 080 527, 080 od ee: Saee 40,040,000 ............} 40,040, 000 (neat toe Siege | 68,267,000! 314,015 | 68, 581, O15 osha sete’ | 42, 718, 000 138, 759 42, 856, 759 BE foe ary |p watt ecole 2, 211, 740 2,211, 740 eg ae Rene pee 5 reas St 4, 788, 500 4) 788, 500 Boke Cee GN, Aa 2, 295 2, 205 Sat RR PP rie oi baleen 2 57,910 57, 910 ASS DERE Sos eens hoe, $s 19,595 ig SE ine Beare be Sey . 9]. see as Sane 91, 200 91, 200 PE Oe Lee p ee ae CMe beb ase 800, 175 800, 175 Oe etree baer ct oot 93, 300 93, 300 Pi Hess te 54 ses hotpekac tee 37, 590 37, 590 ay daasticts cc dhemeee ieee AE 145, 300 145, 300 SERFS REP PEED tan! Peis, co fe 200 gee eEnll uionks op uwittcs!nensednaeea bey 11, 000 11, 000 7 Represents eggs fertilized and planted on spaw ning grounds, 12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. STATIONS AND SUBSTATIONS OPERATED, AND OUTPUT OF HACH, FISCAL YEAR 1921—Continued. [Asterisk (*) denotes transfer of eggs. See table, p. 15.] | , ; Fingerlings. Station and period of Speci : ? : pecies. Eggs. Fry. yearlings, Total. operation. andadults: Leadville, Colo.:* Entire year.........-- Blackspotted trout....]......-..--..: 950 {600 || ek coeccbmne 950, 500 BLOORS UDG se: oo oce se ¥500;000 4u- wasjsesnensais4 2, 706, 000 3, 206, 000 Lake trout so pec- ues cles cc. cc ccc sc|- 2 Steeeeeeees 24, 000 24, 000 Loch, Leyen Bout 6. .| 0 sac neces sacal| sao s eee 34, 000 34, 000 Rainbow trout roo. so .seeneecocee decane arene 99, 500 99, 500 Louisville, Ky.: Entire year........... oe pela Miagkcipass).. ..oo 0. anaes 32, 000 1, 100 se eH Fa a a Se NOE SS mt bie oa tre eS 4, 500 Shaltnon th bisakmass| ook sc csteee 146, 000 10,700 156, 700 SLM ki Nea, Seer nel AEs eee aadont er Hs S5onc5en6¢ 76, 150 76, 150 Woellow perch ois) sceslose cece sees 150000120) =yaeee 750, 000 Cairo, Il.— July-October......... ee saa Sete Bebo dea] - sietsicwscepaideee > bale a eesee 107, ay pit pe ET ere ae ce |: ae SEU a ep na ie ee 44,715 S pee GING cess eObenaedd| Mabe crococoseale os. 20226 or, 800 ores on TAD DIB see ns eee se oe ans | Sa omer 170, 800 ; La eemanti Dlack Dass}. 22-2. sane sale ee eee 2, 600 2, 600 Pikeand pickerel 2 528\-. oo oe eee ase 4, 900 4, 900 BUMUISH ge Soc. ae nome) sonic cee eae tall ee ee ce 55, 250 55, 250 WHITE DASS co. < cccecec| toe concer anata eee meee. 800 Mammoth Spring, Ark.: Entire year_.......... TLarzemouthiblack bass|>.---+-0c--.- ale -aeancseeeeee 1, 400 1, 400 Rogk basse cet ee |e ceesae Seen | eee oan ere 4,725 4,725 Smallmouth black bass]. ...-...-.-.-. 24, 000 2, 200 26, 200 Manchester, lowa:* Entire year........... Brook troiit| soeisec- ese oc deoseece ose pee ereetee 466, 225 466, 225 Rainbow ETOH eee 465, 500) |n pect ee 1565, 950 = Fi OCK WaASS 5 orac ew cpiee:s |= rocio cist eae an tel aeietoeereieteee eines ,91 P Smalhnonth black bass|:22...... 0... cid. aogaeee eee 2, 500 2, 500 Nashua, N. H.: Entire year........... Brooktrouts: -s.s-.- close cus ssces Soc Seaee aan 735, 600 735, 600 PIKE PCLCW. 32 enne le ltmcceteroenees LTS ROO ese ceeaeets 1, 175, 000 ainWOw trolte ce eee Noone secon toe clos eee 42, 000 42, 000 Smallmouth black bass}......-..----- SL 70 ll jane ere see 31, 700 Neosho, Mo.:* - Entire year 3, 000 3, 000 ppie 13, 222 13, 222 Largemouth black bass|)< 2.22.02 in IU Boe 20, 175 20, 175 petal TOUlon os *1005000" |S 2 cease oes mth Hore an ra OC. CSE AR SAR ASS Sooo oseesea) fees =e oo. ~ o 1 , 04 , praetenouts plack bass|--- sos. c-ctes 1, 500 A va oa aa Se Swine crea es sie| eb a pa oes mas oo/a| ieee tse , ’ Yellow perch. < 2.5 i25.|-tececes cece | peer eemeeaeees 58 Northville, Mich.: Entire year..._....... Brook trout 22.2622. - 5s sees see woe 321, 000 148, 225 469, 225 Rambow trot... -c\ece esac sees 42, 000 51,575 93, 575 Smallmouth black bass}........+.....[.-.----2-00-s- 31, 200 31, 200 Bay City, Mich.— April-May ...........- Pike peten.3:-.-.2--5- Charlevoix, Mich.+— Entire year........... Lake trout.....:-.-..- Steelhead salmon...... | NWYEIPEUA oc oe cosets Orangeburg, S. C.: Entire year........... Srey Lek SH ace aeene] FES: Abeer Largemouth black bass MOCK UUSS aon homens ceaeeeeoe ine oe feb | Rees serena] eisncutmiie cate Put in Bay, Ohio:* Entire year..........- OO Ee, ao dedaariad Boer acahic tdacic PIEG DOLCM oc 5sc2)-<<2=|> cee saeen sacs WIKIDEHAL ope tee ae St. Johnsbury, Vt.: Entire year...:.-..... Brook trout........-.-- TAKS TORU b cates e|sechioneceache Landlocked salmon. ; Steelhead ‘salidn i225. oe ose. clpmpa et ema eee Holden, Vt.— Entire year........... Brook trots cot encwes lessee. cee seee TARO trl ce. cseeeeen|sccse eee. Raitibdw touts. 2... > -|--- noe tose cc oss ee eee ee Steelhead saliion..- 5-2) 0. epee ne|e> ope aeoeents Swanton, Vt.*— March-May........... PIES Perch ~~ pos. sense Yellow perch.......--- PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1921. 13 STATIONS AND SUBSTATIONS OPERATED, AND OUTPUT OF EACH, FISCAL YEAR 1921—Continued. [Asterisk (*) denotes transter of eggs. Station and period of operation. San Marcos, Tex.: Entire year. ......-... Saratoga, Wyo.:* Entire year..........-. Springville, Utah:* Entire year........... Paris, Idaho— March-April.......... Tupelo, Miss.: Entire year.-.......-- White Sulphur Springs, aie Va* aie Entire year.......-:.. Woods Hole, Mass.:* Entire year........... Wytheville, Va.:* Entire year........... Yes Bay, Alaska: Entire year........... Gross output Species. Blackspotted trout. ... LODE LEOMb so a2 2. Rainbow trout........ Brook trout... ..-~-.. WED SOOG ec cece cae Loch Leven trout..... Rainbow trout.....-... Blackspotted trout... . Brovk trout... 5... 5;- ert a eee ae ee oe Rainbow trout........ eS el Ane Largemouth black | Dn a Se ae Smallmouth black bass. Cod Blonudee..jyss > a5=%% = Brook trout.......:.; on Bae eee Largemouth black ass. Loss in ang Ie eer Net output 1, 109, 637, 130 Eggs. Fry. 124, 441, 000 See table, p.15.] Fingerlings yearlin 257, 715 5, 904 320 74, 872 eee eeceeeeee 9, 380, 500 3, 626, 264, 230 |226, 682, 195 1, 500 92, 650 EGG-COLLECTING OR AUXILIARY STATIONS. The eggs hatched at the main stations and substations listed in the foregoing table are in many cases obtained from auxiliary sources, usually temporary stations occupied during the season only or, in some instances, mere camps, which are shifted from year to year. S, : and adults. Total. 257, 715 857, 400 550 26, 400 913, 151 175 100, 625 124, 441,000 795, 355, 000 , (3, 626, 262, 730 |226, 589, 545 |4, 962, 489, 405 In the Great Lakes and off the New England coast col- lections are made by the bureau’s vessels or boats in favorable lo- calities. The following stations and egg-collecting points, operative for the periods indicated, furnished eggs of the given species for the main hatcheries during 1921, 14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Eac-CoLLecTING STATIONS AND SPECIES HANDLED, FiscAL YEAR 1921. Stations. Period of operation. Species handled. April to JRNOs:. 250. the see feadow Creek, Mont..........----.--- Yellowstone Park 5 VE Oban cea cte ees July to September. ........-. Clear Creek. ss ewnq oweweeiecemrectisonlnore= CS ene mRAREEs ASCH ES Columbine Creek i.- 3-22). -2.-2 <5 ee lncoee (ca Rae eee eae RA ty Cob @reak 2p te toc ee elem GD. -< S.2eer eae ee eee ThomD Greece. tae ane eee eee OO Eee eet ser emai Cape Vincent, N. Y.: Bygotts Point, ING SY aacecinaienesee sees INOVeriben oe occ ect e eee Chaumont Bay, IN. Yje2e25¢2eeses2 cee. November and December. -. Heseronte; Canada ..3-22 355526 5s552--|s525- ca 0 ess ees tet Ree ar air Haven bay, N., 8 .~.- -s-<2-- eee. fee co Ko aan, Speer SP Se ey SASS bay... 4 sccesotecee nce y Pigeon Island, Canada SOdNS Bay, Ne Ms. cdsrgse tb ose See South Bay, Canada. .-................ mrony Islafid Naty ..2-s2 42532 soa. oe Duluth, Minn.: Boy River! Mim ...2 sss .jasete sek STCSDUrs eMneae . . «dao tn escort Grand) Marais® Mich. j5-<2-2.--0.05:-- Meystone, Wiehe 3. aisasaeew esse ee esac La Bele: Mich: 2.2222 2225. sce c5,- Manitou Island, Mich Marquette, MAGNE. dosscetcecse: MRanIsing, Michee ., doacosemcaticn see Ontonagon, Mich.............-....-.-- Portage, Mich.........--- ecacesee 5 Sect BO! So. oe ee Fe one Washington Harbor, Mich..-.-........|..... Os So Bae eect ee Green Lake, Me.: Fish River Lake, Me..... November... -s2eece-et eas Leadville, Colo.: Carroll ake Golo... sas. Sosa eke October and November. - -.- Crystaltake; Colo: j-cecer cesses | eine 00 eee eS Bch esas ce Engelbrecht Lake, Clowes: Sete aes GOli. tk. ee eee Evergreen Lake, Colo......-.....5....[-..:- (se aes See ote te ty Ive Hen and Ford Lakes, Colo. ......-....|..... 0 fo ag a en BS Oe Muserove Lake, Colossn so eee ccciee sks lee see WO aie ate oe Leen ae Nortifield (Colo. >>.>sees]sos0- BO sess = ia te atiakins eee Springville, Utah: Fish Lake, Utah....... October and November, April and May. Woods Hole, Mass.: Onissett,, Mass. 4% 502-5 neta ogee February and March........ Weavell, Mass. 2/2 fi)" 3 TT i neal fo ng th fe Wic ord, Wiss bea pss hs, Aas Magn. 5552p. eeaeddew an =i ae Rainbow trout. Blackspotted trout. 0. Cisco, whitefish. Do. Do. Do. Yellow perch. Lake trout. Cisco. Whitefish. Lake trout. Pike perch. D 0. Lake trout. 0. Landlocked salmon. Brook trout. 0. Brook and Loch Leven trouts, Lake trout, white fish. 0. Do. Whitefish. Do. Do. Whitefish, carp, pike perch. Whitefish, pike, perch. Brook trout. Do. Do. Rainbow trout. Do. Do. Do. PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1921. 15 TRANSFERS OF EGGS. For the convenient reference of persons interested in the results of the frequent interchange of fish eggs between the various stations of the bureau this table is prepared, indicating all such transfers of eggs during the fiscal year 1921. It is the intention to include a similar table in all future reports. : TRANSFERS OF Eaes, FiscaLn YEAR 1921. Species. a praetey From To— Final See lines o fry or finger Blacksp ot t ed 50,000 | Yellowstone Park.| Birdsview, Wash. ..| Washington waters. trout.2 25,000 |..... doy sch eS Clackamas, Oreg....} Oregon waters. 1,000,000 |..... TOE eee om Leadville, Colo...... Colorado waters. 200,000 |....- 3 Ee ae efile Saratoga, Wyo...... Wyoming waters. Brook trout ?... 800,000 | Leadville, Colo....| Bozeman, Mont..... Two Medicine Lake and Grinnel Creek, Glacier Park, and other Montana waters. 350,000 | Springville, Utah.|..... CA et a Rae dies Do. 200,000 |..... (hh as Se Clackamas, Oreg....| Oregon waters. 452, 800 |..... ( ea ne Saratoga, Wyo a alae Wyoming waters. 200,000 |..... CC ie Sa as ae Spearfish, S. Dak...) South Dakota waters. Chinook salmon 120,000 | Battle Creek, Calif.| Central station, | Pennsylvania waters. Washington, D. Cc. Cisee 5552-2: .: 1,000,000 | Cape Vincent,N.Y.|..... G6. 232. MSI. ves a Lake, N. Y. i ee | 8,700,000 | Woods Hole, Mass.| Gloucester, Mass....| Atlantic Ocean. Lake trout..... 25,000 | Charlevoix, Mich..| Leadville, Colo. ..... Twin Lakes, Colo. 25,000 |.....d0.....-.....- St. Johnsbury, Vt...| Averill Lakes and Lowell Lake, Vt.; Silver Lake, Taylors Pond, and Winnesquam Lake, N. H. 25,000 | Duluth, Minn..... Spearfish, S. Dak. ..| Reclamation Reservoir, S. Dak.; ‘ Big Wind River, Wyo. Landlocked 10,000 Grand Lake | Craig Brook, Me..-..} Pleasant Lake and Toddy Pond, salmon.? Stream, Me. Me. 25,000 |..... tees PED Se St. Johnsbury, Vt...) Lake St. Catherine, Vt.; Lake George, N. Y. Pike perch..... | 8,000,000 | Swanton, Vt...... | Cape Vincent, N. Y.| Lake Ontario, N. Y. 2,025,000 |..... 0... 327245 ees' Central station, | Perkiomen Creek, Lake Sheri- Washington, D. Cc. dan, Paupack River, and other Pennsylvania waters. 2,000, 000 |..... 1h RSS See Nashua, N. H....... Meret River and tributaries, 500,000 |..... G0 ints. 24713. Wytheville, Va.....| New River, Va. a! 1 ge ei 24, 350,000 | Gloucester, Mass. . San Harbor, | Boothbay Harbor, Me. e. Rainbow trout. 250,600 | Bozeman: Meadow} Duluth, Minn....... | Clearwater River, tributary of, Creek, Mont. Minn. 325,000 |..... OO. o> .6 28S. Manchester, lowa...| Reserved for brood stock. 250,000 |..... i ee Spearfish, $. Dak. .. Spearfish Creek and tributaries, S. Dak. 360,000 | Manchester, lowa.| La Crosse, Wis...... | Spring Valley Creek and tribu- taries, and other Wisspusin waters. ae 398,991 | Neosho, Mo....... Erwin, Tenn........ Pigeon River and Nth Indian ' reek, Tenn. * 2105,000 | Saratoga: Sage | Leadville, Colo...... Platte River, ‘Rifle Creek, and Creek, Wyo. other Colorado waters. ?100,000 | Springville: Fish | Clackamas, Oreg....' \lder Creek and Clackamas and Lake, Utah. Molalla Rivers, Oreg. 250,000 |..... eee ee ----| Duluth, Minn. ..... French and Sucker Rivers, Minn, 225,000 |..... Ch eS Leadville, Colo...... Platte River, Rifle Creek, and other Colorado waters. 2100, 000 |..... (BBs epee et Spearfish, S. Dak...| Bear Butte, Horse, and Castle Creeks, 8. Dak. 350,000 | WhiteSulphur | Berkshire: Harts-| Housatonic and Westfield Springs, W. Va. ville, Mass. Rivers, Mass. 325, 000"]..... Sl tie = o45,0 Central station, | Potomacand Beaverdam Rivers, Washington, D.¢.| Md. 357,000 |..... rf a eae ee Northville, Mich....) Au Sable and Pere Marquette Rivers, Mich. 350,000 |..... UOswewawonae.. St. Johnsbury, Vt...) Crescent Pond, N. Y. *150,000 | Wytheville, Va...| Cape Vincent, N. Y.| Horseshoe Pond, Salmon Creek, and Neversink River, N. Y. 320,000 |..... hs ae Central station , | Potomacand Beaverdam Rivers, : Washington, D.C.) Md. 350,000 |..... bE ie a te els Green Lake, Me....- Great Brook and Beaver Pond, e. 4 50,000 |..... Os AS Nashua, N.H....... Cold and Nashua Rivers, N. H. 3100, 000 |..... eases aad White Sulphur | Cheat and Cranberry Rivers and Springs, W. Va. tributaries and other West Virginia waters. 100267 ° —22——-2 16 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. TRANSFERS OF Haas, FiscaAL YEAR 1921—Continued. Species. Number From— To— Final Pp fry or finger- | ¥ i Sockeye salmon! 3,000,000 | Afognak, Alaska. .| Quinault, Wash.....| Quinault Lake, Wash. 5, 000, 000 |..... Goze unseen Yes Bay, Alaska....| McDonald Lake, Alaska. 30,000 | Birdsview, Wash -.| Clackamas, Oreg-....| Columbia River, Oreg. 420,000 |..... Gres eee Craig Brook, Me...-.| Pleasant River, Me. Stealhead Sal- 25,000 |..... dest ito Charlevoix, Mich....| Hortons Creek, Mich. mon. 10, 000 |..... aan hd | = | | a | ry i 5 ae —f Vee ee eee +l+ 4+ We eee ee ell! = H ee x [| a + + t+ ++ + = 4 ae e E | if 5 l s = h awh s | : T a Wee Pe ee Se ape Po ee dt, rot + + +s = f 74 | f [ S | i ses iat : i te af es coeeeall: tee ¥ 7 eT |, \eezererre Box Jo) 3o ca A | YE et | oT ai ELEVATION < D SECTION A-B. — - — 46-0" - a | i as | mere teil i! ‘ —i =a | 7 i ‘4° Leu" ree 4 mee 4 \ = A 73% = a 743) re 7:34 <= 3-0 56-4 = ts = _ PLAN Fic, 1—Plan of hatching battery in use at the Cape Vineent (N. Y.) station for the incubation of whitefish snd cisco eggs. (Designed by J. P. Snyder.) 100267°—22. (Face p. 32.) eit A SOOY Ber + 4 : ‘pf : Awe : se ri?" “ ad 7 nm - ; b-we 4 | ; - vt PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1921. 33 species as the whitefish, lake trout, cisco, pike perch, and yellow perch, they also include brook trout, rainbow trout, and smallmouth black bass, which species are produced in limited numbers at several of these stations. DULUTH (MINN.) STATION. [S. P. Wrrns, Superintendent. ] The spawning season of the lake trout in Lake Superior fields, on which the Duluth hatchery depends for its stock of eggs, began about four days later than usual at nearly all points, the bulk of the eggs being taken between October 17 and November 1, though in the vicinity of Isle Royale, Mich., small lots were secured at intervals from the last week in September to about the middle of November. The run of fish was irregular and the egg collections light, the total aggregating only 12,726,500, or little more than half the take of an average season. On account of unseasonable weather and water con- ditions, poor transportation facilities, and a lack of ice at some of the more isolated fisheries, the quality of the eggs obtained was so im- paired as to cut down the output of lake trout from this station to a total of 6,379,500, of which 175,000 were eyed eggs, shipped on as- signment to other hatcheries, 6,057,000 fry, and 147,500 fingerling fish. In the course of the lake-trout spawning season 940,000 white- fish eggs were collected in the Isle Royale field, and on January 6 this number was augmented by the receipt of 10,000,000 eyed eggs of very good quality from the Put in Bay (Ohio) hatchery. The combined stock yielded an output of 9,600,000 fry, all of which were planted in good condition, in various parts of Lake Superior. The station also distributed the product of 150,000 brook-trout eggs re- ceived from a commercial hatchery in New England and two con- signments of rainbow-trout eggs, aggregating in the neighborhood of 100,000, the latter being transferred to the station from western hatcheries of the bureau. In cooperation with the Minnesota fisheries authorities the force of the Duluth station established and operated two field stations for the collection of pike-perch eggs during the spring—one on the Rat Root River and the other on Boy River, a tributary of Leech Lake. The bureau’s share in the proceeds of these operations amounted to 13,680,000 eggs. At Boy River the work was not altogether suc- cessful, as more than 98 per cent of the fish taken had deposited their eggs previous to capture. This may have been due to the unusually low water stages that obtained in the early part of the season, the fish not being attracted to the streams and spawning in the shallow waters of Leech Lake. NORTHVILLE (MICH.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS, [W. W. THaypr, Superintendent. ] There was a further decrease in the number of whitefish and lake- trout eggs secured from Lakes Michigan and Huron, two causes for which are assigned—the State laws and inexperienced and unreliable spawn-takers. Under the present laws fishermen are permitted to use an unlimited number of nets alge the fishing season and are not required to make any provision for the salvage of ripe eggs taken. 34 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The effect of this is that so many nets are operated by the fisher- men that they are not able to lift them at proper intervals, and the fish taken are either dead or the quality of their eggs impaired. During the spawning season in the fiscal year 1921 there was a good catch of fish and weather conditions were generally favorable, but for the reasons stated the egg collections were unsatisfactory, both as to quantity and quality. This applies to both the lake trout and the whitefish. The egg collections amounted to 30,876,000 of the lake trout and 12,080,000 of the whitefish, and all of them were incubated at the Charlevoix hatchery. The loss on the former amounted to 59 per cent and on the latter to 51 per cent. The output of the station was augmented by the transfer of 59,120,000 whitefish eggs from the Put in Bay station and 25,000 steelhead eggs from the Birdsview (Wash.) field, the fry from both lots entering into the general distribution. The pike-perch work on Saginaw Bay was fairly successful, but it does not represent by any means the potential value of this region as an egg-collecting field. The spawning season extended from March 26 to April 16, during which period 284,290,000 eggs were taken. Of this number 54,050,000 were deposited on the spawning erounds after being fertilized and 223,200,000 were sent to the De- troit hatchery of the Michigan Fish Commission for incubation. The importance of the work in this field has been mentioned on sey- eral oceasions and funds should be forthcoming to place hatchery facilities in this field for the full development of the work. From the Northville station there were distributed 475,000 brook- trout fry and fingerlings, resulting from eggs purchased of commer- cial fish-culturists, and 90,500 rainbow trout were produced from eggs transferred from the West Virginia and Missouri stations of the bureau. Approximately 31,200 smallmouth black bass reared from the Northville station brood stock were also distributed, and at the close of the year there remained in the station ponds about 75,000 bass and 2,000 rainbow-trout fry. PUT IN BAY (OHIO) STATION. [S. W. Downinea, Superintendent.] Owing to quite generally favorable weather conditions in Lake Erie and to the close cooperation of the commercial fishermen, the whitefish work of the Put in Bay station resulted very satisfactorily, though the spawning season was unusually late. Between November 20 and December 12 eggs to the number of 376,500,000 were collected from fishermen operating in the various fields and placed in the Put in Bay hatchery. Of these, 141,060,000 were secured in the vicinity of Port Clinton, Ohio; 93,840,000 at Isle St. George; and smaller numbers from the fisheries around Toledo, Middle Bass Island, and Catawba Island. In the former prolific whitefish field near Monroe Piers, Mich., no eggs whatever were obtained, as fishing operations were brought to a close very early in the spawning season by a heavy and protracted wind and rain storm which came on just as prepara- tions had been completed for the penning of the partially ripe fish. Shipments of green and eyed eggs aggregating 139,870,000 were for- warded to various State and Federal hatcheries and 7,000,000 fer- PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1921. 35 tilized eggs were deposited on the reefs where taken. The remaining stock produced 167,500,000 fry, which were liberated on the spawning grounds in the lake, care being taken to scatter them over as wide an area as possible. The incubation period was shortened by the un- EA mild winter, averaging only 119 days, in a mean temperature of 382° F. The high-water temperatures prevailing during most of the winter brought on a run of pike perch in March, and some of the commer- cial fishermen reaped very good returns during the latter part of that month. No spawning fish were in evidence in March, however, and the run throughout the entire season was characterized by the very small number of spawners included in it. Egg-collecting oper- ations extended from April 5 to April 24, but the number of eggs taken was proportionately small. Despite the fact that the fisher- men were willing and anxious to act on any suggestion with a view to obtaining good eggs, the quality of the eggs was uniformly poor, being about the poorest, in tact, ever noted in eggs handled at the station. The total of 111,600,000 laid down in the hatchery yielded only 12,600,000 fry. These were strong and active, however, and the entire output was liberated in good condition on the spawning grounds in the lake. Soon after the middle of May the carp propagation work, inaugu- rated, two seasons ago in connection with the Port Clinton fisheries, was taken up, a small hatching battery for the purpose being set up in one of the fish houses at that point. During the egg-collecting period, extending from May 23 to June 11, spawn takers made daily visits to the fishing grounds to take eggs from the ripe fish landed in the seines, liberating at the same time the fry hatched from earlier lots. The catch of carp was below that of a normal season, but the egg collections were considerably larger than in either of the two previous seasons, the total amounting to 74,325,000. From this stock 63,325,000 fry were hatched and planted on the spawning grounds in the Portage River, between Port Clinton and Oak Harbor. During the fall, arrangements were made with local fishermen on Lake Erie to save all smallmouth black bass taken in their seines - and hold them in live boxes until a sufficient number could be secured to warrant a shipment. By this means 805 adult fish of that species were collected during October and forwarded to various pond fish- cultural stations of the bureau to serve as a brood stock. CAPE VINCENT (N. Y.) STATION. [J. P. Snyper, Superintendent. ] During the first half of November lake-trout eggs to the number of 549,000 were taken at points on Stony Island, N. Y., and Pigeon Island, on the Canadian side of Lake Ontario. As is usual at that time of the year, stormy weather was encountered and all of the eggs were obtained during but four days of weather suitable for fishing. Thirty-nine thousand eggs were shipped to applicants, and of the 450,000 fry hatched from the remainder 80,000 were furnished for stocking interior waters in the State of New York and 370,000 were returned to Lake Ontario waters. Collections of whitefish eggs from Lake Ontario amounted to 150,200,000, 86 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. The collecting operations for both lake trout and whitefish were conducted in American and Canadian waters under the same co- operative agreement that was effective last season. In Canadian waters the work was handicapped by lack of a suitable boat, making it necessary to plant on the spawning grounds immediately after fertilization 29,650,000 of the eggs taken at Deseronto and Big Island. Canadian hatcheries received 30,000,000 of the eggs ob- tained, in accordance with the terms of the agreement; 29,300,000 were turned over to hatcheries of the New York Conservation Com- mission and 1,000,000 were diverted to the Washington exhibit. The remainder were incubated at the Cape Vincent station and the resulting fry planted in Lake Ontario waters. Egg collections of cisco (lake herring) from Ontario waters totaled 317,200,000, of which 73,200,000 were obtained in Canadian waters at Deseronto and Bygotts Point, The fisheries authorities of Pennsylvania and New York received 104,410,000 and 65,000,000, respectively; 17,100,000 fertilized eggs were planted on the spawning grounds, and the fry hatched from the remainder were returned to Lake Ontario waters. During the spring a small number of brood yellow perch were obtained from trap nets set in the St. Lawrence River, and from the 15,000,000 eggs thus secured 11,000,000 fry were hatched and _ re- turned to the St. Lawrence River. A consignment of 8,000,000 eyed pike-perch eggs received from the Lake Champlain hatchery yielded for distribution 7,970,000 fry of excellent quality, an usually high. percentage. In addition to the commercial species enumerated 150,000 rainbow-trout eggs from the bureau’s Virginia station and approximately 450,000 brook-trout eggs from commercial dealers were incubated and the fry distributed to applicants in New York State. : A boat suited to the needs of the station was obtained by transfer from the Navy, but because of the time consumed in making needed repairs to motors was not available for service during the past season. When fully equipped, this boat will add much to the pro- ductivity of the station, being particularly valuable in connection with the whitefish and cisco work in Canadian waters. SWANTON (VT.) SUBSTATION. [A. H. Dinsmorn, Superintendent. ] The work at this point is conducted cooperatively with the State of Vermont. During the operating season of 1921, extending from March 2 to May 10, pike-perch eggs to the number of 112,312,500, also 43,950,000 yellow-perch eggs, were secured for incubation. The winter being unusually mild, the Missisquoi River was open at an early date. Nets were set during the first part of March and hauled at frequent intervals at the various points to anticipate the presence of fish. The first pike perch were taken at Sandy Point March 25 and at Campbell’s on April 4. Three trap nets were in operation at the mouth of the river, but the results from their use would not appear to warrant their continuance. All fish taken were immediately trans- ferred to the inclosure for ripening, but because of low water stages, resulting in an improper circulation of water through the inclosure, the mortality was high, and all brood fish on hand were released on PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1921. 37 April 20. A cold spell in April, following the warm weather of March, caused a protracted incubation period for the pike-perch eggs. In this connection it is interesting to note that while the egg collections were made during the period from April 6 to 20 there was very little difference in the dates on which any lot of eggs reached the eyed stage or completed incubation. The eggs were of extremely poor quality, the loss during incubation being in excess of 77 per cent. Collections of yellow-perch eggs were in progress from April 21 to April 23. Of the 48,950,000 taken 12,000,000 were delivered to the State hatchery at Burlington, Vt. The remainder were incubated with but slight loss. Upward of 33,000,000 of the pike-perch eggs were shipped to applicants, 14,700,000 going to hatcheries in the State of Vermont. PROPAGATION OF YELLOW PERCH, BRYANS POINT (MD.) STATION. [L. G. Harron, Superintendent.] Fish-cultural operations were undertaken at this point on March 1, the work being addressed to the propagation of the yellow perch. Between the 3d and the 10th of March 18226 brood fish were taken. Spawning occurred between the 10th and the 23d of March, resulting in a total collection of 172,630,000 eggs of excellent quality. Of these 2,600,000 were shipped to Washington, where they served as an exhibit during incubation, the fry being used to supply appli- cants in Virginia. The remaining eggs were incubated in the hatch- ery, producing 158,819,450 fry, which were planted on the spawning grounds, MARINE FISH CULTURE. The season’s work in this field may be considered satisfactory, the output of eggs and fry comparing favorably with that of the year previous. While there was a falling off of nearly 50 per cent in the output of cod as compared with last year, this is compensated for by satisfactory increases in the production of other species, not- ably the haddock. The work during the past season was extended to include the pole flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), a species not previously propagated. This fish, locally known as the “gray sole,” has only recently been introduced in the markets of New Eng- land. Its existence in these waters has long been known, but pre- vious to the use of the otter trawl in the shore fisheries it was not generally known to fishermen. Because of its small, weak mouth it was not taken on the trawl lines. It has since proved to be a popular fish, commands a high price in the markets, and a fishery of importance is being built up in connection with it. Inadequate funds have prevented the development of possibilities for valuable work in the conservation of the large number of eggs of the marine fishes that are annually lost in connection with commercial fishing. Such work has now been undertaken on a limited scale by placing spawn takers on the fishing vessels operating in the offshore fisheries, to strip the mature eggs from the fish taken, fertilize, and return them immediately to the water. The work is considered of special value, since it deals with the conservation of vast quantities of eggs of the cod and haddock which have heretofore been annually destroyed. 88 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES, BOOTHBAY HARBOR (ME.) STATION. [E. E. Hawn, Superintendent. ] Fish-cultural work at this station during the year was addressed ° to the winter flounder and the pollock and resulted in an output of 841,235,000 and 11,906,000 of the respective species. The pollock fry were produced from eggs collected in the Gloucester fields and rep- resent the first really successful attempt to make long-distance ship- ments of pollock eggs. Collection of flatfish eggs was commenced February 23 and continued to April 22. . Oct.8 to Feb. 2. -~-..5---- 49 42 Steelhead salmon.... -....) Mar. 10 to May 28.-.-.-..-.-.- 42 45 > PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1921. 73 SPAWNING SEASONS OF FISHES HANDLED AT STATIONS, ETC.—Continued. PACIFIC SALMON STATIONS—Continued. Water tempera- tures, °F. Station. Species. Spawning season. meen, | End of season, | Season Clackamas, Oreg..........- Chinook salmon..........- Sept. 19 to Nov. 15........ 56 48 Upper Clackamas. ..... Chinook salmon, spring | Aug. 25 to Sept. 24........ 59 60 run. Little White Salmon...| Chinook salmon..........- Sept. 19 to Oct. 14......... 47 46 Chum salmon...........-- Oct. 28:to Dee. 2-.:....... 42 39 Silver salmon............-. Nov. 26 to Dec. 2.......... 41 39 Big White Salmon. .... Chinook salmon........... Sept. 19 to.Oct, 15:........ 47 47 Rogue River..........- Blackspotted trout........ Mar. 29 to May 12........-. 40 46 cake salmon, spring | Aug. 11 to Oct. 15......... 56 40 Silver salmon..........-.. Oct. 10 to Nov. 25......... 45 40 Steelhead salmon........-. Feb. 26 to May 10......... 40 46 Applegate Creek....... Chinook salmon......-.... Nov.ito/ Deer. i ...-.--- 42 40 Silver salmon............- Nov. 13to Mars t.......... 40 40 Steelhead salmon.......... Jan. 5 to May 19..........-. 37 50 eel EE VORS os boy GO sore 8. soph. - eas oe May 10 to June 2.......... 48 62 Salmon, Idaho......... “Chinook salmon, spring | Aug. 14 to Sept. 15.......-. 63 60 run. Baird, Calif.: Battle Creek..........-. Chinook salmon.........-.. Oct. 19 to Nov. 14........- 48 49 LOS date abl airy paid Boe cidny devon scdeus s Oct. 26 to Nov. 18.......-. 54 52 GREAT LAKES STATIONS. Peiath, Minn: Marquette, | Lake trout...............-. Oct: 10it0 NOV. 102 2 5. col anole tel oe ee — Mich.: Charle- |...... Ci fae ae Rp te TE BREE p. NOV. 190 2b ae oe as 48 45 Puti in "Ba , Ohio: Catawba Island........ ACRE es ares eee Nov..19. 60 DOs ve cn cswscs 40 41 North Bass Island......|- eal S. eee SA SAE Nov. 1010.20. 2-1 0..-...2. 43 41 Port Clinton..........- ee Me She Beige ES ER LTR May 23 to June 13......... « 68 75 La: 9 Call Sa EE tS es Be eee 48 49 ate Oe Re NOVUIS 80 0 ose os nnn oes 40 41 OL Daa a eae e Spey ee Re ee Aprre to 28s 8 ore oo. ic wee 48 49 Cape Vincent, N. Y.: vibe Point.......... SR ae eae ae cece ree Nov. 22 to Dec. 1.......... 35 32 WHnQOiE Senes a sa bee ae Nov. 100 Pa Fe) ccs 43 34 geon Island.......... Pane tou 2.2. 62. FH Nov: 3 toh. Ae 2)... 50 48 BE PLapdience River ....| Yellow perch.............. May 15 to June 15......... 46 50 - _BRYANS POINT (MD.) STATION. Bryans Point, Md.......... RS oy) J ne ita alt SAF Del oa Mapif0 10 20- caveeee .. 3s 53 57 me en ap he at a a Apr. 22 to May 9.......... 56.5 57 MARINE STATIONS. Boothbay Harbor, Me Mar. 10 to Apr. 22......... 36 45 Gloucester, Mass. .........- Cod ..| Jan. 15 to Apr. 29... 38 48 Jan. 22 to Apr. 25......... 36 46 May 22 to end ofsummer, i) eee aac probably. Nov. 15 to Jan. 21... 46 36 .-| Mar. 18 to Apr. 22. 40 46 Woods Hole, Mass......... Cod Nov. 26 to Feb. 4. 45 34 Jan. 16 to Mar. 30......... 38 43 NEW ENGLAND SALMON AND TROUT STATIONS. Berkshire, Mass............ TFOOM Gtivaet 3 «2 en deess Oct. 21 to Nov. 10......... 44 44 Rainbow trout............ Dec. 22 to Jan. 20.......... 44 40 Craig Brook, Me............ Atlantic salmon........... Oct. 20 to Nov. 12......... 55 46 Green Lake, Me............ Landlocked salmon....... Nov. 10to Dec. 1.......... 48 37 iL eat: SE ee Apr. 20 t0 22.........----- 51 51 Grand Lake Stream....| Landlocked salmon....... Oct. 31 to Nov. 28.........- 54 36 5 a | i. See ees DORN o bb ove cle sone’ Nov. 3to Dec. 20.......... 48 47 Rainbow trout............ Nov. 3 t0 Dee 23.. ....552- 48 46 St. Johnsbury, Vt.......... be i Se oe Oat,.16 to Nov... s2..20- 54 43 | LAROTOOUU Mads deivsescees|scses Di avirw ss eid ahudueawins t 54 43 74 s U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. SPAWNING SEASONS OF FISHES HANDLED AT STATIONS, ETC.—Continued. ROCKY MOUNTAIN TROUT STATIONS. SeSeeaeaeaeaeaeaeoeoeaeaoa—Oo——wae@qoo“$»@amRyqxyzwuw9WTOOOO a Water tempera- Station. Species. Bozeman, Mont.: Meadow Creek, Mont.. ee Park, | Blackspotted trout........ yo. Leadville, Colo............. Brookitronte..00% -2 2 dae Saratoga, Wyo.............|.---- GOL he ete es ccn Rainbow trout............ Loch Leven trout......... Spearfish, S. Dak.......... Brook trout, brood stock. . Springville, Utah: Fish Lake. .....2....2% Loch Leven trout, wild fish. Rainbow trout, brood stock. Spawning season. Apr. 15 to June 10......... June 13 to July 22......... Oct.,10:to Deen Tet .-.e October and November... April and Ma October and November. - - Oct. 25 to Jan. 14 Oct. 16'to'Deeri2-. 2... <2. Jan. 18 to Mar. 20......... tures, ° Begin- |- ning ot | nd of season $ 43 54 40 55 40 32 51 41 48 54 51 41 46 44 46 45 44 39 42 42 42 42 FISH-CULTURAL STATIONS. Manchester, Iowa.,...-...- LCST LT fe) ce ees See White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. Wytheville, Va............ Cat Dee ek aan dad aebes «nee Largemouth black bass.... Rainbow, trout..2<..---... Smallmouth black bass.... Punishss see a2ek Pon Yellow perch. ............. Brook router -ooRe- 5 -c ~ se Largemouth black bass.... Rainbow trout......------ ROCK DASS:5-Sc4n.fete- eee Crappie Largemouth black bass... Rainbow trout........-..- November to February..-- ROCK DasSiscovwasbes--2>-- Apr 2) to, julyl8- |. -2-.- = Smallmouth black bass.-.-.| Apr. 22 to June 10.-......-- S]Hi it ee Oe ees Sees May 10 to Sept. 1..-....... Wellow perchtes-e ee ADAG CO Os pheteeines ence Brook trout..........-.--- Nov. 15 to Dee. 13......... Largemouth black bass....| May 1 to 25...-...---.---.- Rainbow drgat Me 8 SE oa Nov. 11 to Jan. 31......... FROCE DaSS sess pn se eis May 1to June 15.....-..-.. Smallmouth black bass:...| May 1't0 25.......-.....-.. Sun fishisieasinesaseewawee se May 1to June 15......---- Largemouth black bass....| Apr. 15to June 20.....-..-.- Rainbow trout...........- Oct. 20'to, Mar... sc ..ca Bock ase". Aye. s-besesoe Maytovuly.. ce. seee set Smallmouth black bass....| Apr. 15 to June 20......-.-.- Sint 2 kes oe May toJuly.i: site coe Oct. Ato Vansls 5 oat. <5 Marvy st-toniuly lectect. cere June lt to,Oct..20 72 -F...5-. Apr: 15'to. June le. Stas Ov.1 to Jan. 152. oo May ito Sept: 1ee.c..- Apres toned e beeebe May 1 to Sept. te. -).- 2... Mar. 1 to Apr: 30-2325. 2 Nov’. 260° DeC ges sp eae May 15to Junel.......-.. Dec..22 tor Apr; 49>-).. 4. - = May 15 to Junel.......... Apriland May.........--- Apr.'8to Jume2gpe. = 2. POND FISH-CULTURAL STATIONS. Cold Springs, Ga.........-- MUBNTOUS IN. Cn2ss> cee c mse Louisville, Ky........-..-. Mammoth Spring, Ark...-. CALISDEG AP adaettat 6 -cccae Crappie Sunfish Lar poront black bass. . GUUS ee eee ao eee Lar; eiath black bass... Apr. 7 to 24. BOCK, DSSS saat ssa -b abcess Apr. %4 to June 1 r smallmouth black bass....] Apr.14to May 2... BODES Da: Akomcle oy swag ae perch. "PE TB OE PBOR Rock Largemouth black bsss.... alee. 15 to July 15 Bwnalimouth black bass....] Mar. 28 to ae A be May 1 to June 30.... Apr. 1 to June30. Apr.1 to July 31. “| ta r.20 to June 15 June 1to July 15 aes 25 to June 30 May 1 to Junel.. 54 53 54 54 54 54 54 55 53 53 54 54 54 55 54 54 54 54 50 50 50 50 50 60 50 50 57 57 57 58 57 57 57 58 57 58 57 58 57 57 53 50 64 73 53 49 67 75 64 73 67 75 60 60 54 54 60 60 60 60 60 60 64 80 61 80 64 72 61 72 64 80 74 80 60 64 64 76 60 61 68 85 58 58 59 60 67 64 = PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1921. 75 SPAWNING SEASONS OF FISHES HANDLED AT STATIONS, ETC.—Continued. ’ POND FISH-CULTURAL STATIONS—Continued. Water tempera- tures, °F. Stations. Species. Spawning season. Be 2egin | End of niet season. Orangeburg, §. C........... Ort 1 Tee i ea ig Apr. 25 to June 30.22. -.-- 74 78 ae 2 bas iy ee Bie Apr. 10 to June 30.......-.. 70 78 s outh black bass....| Mar. 15 to June l.......... 63 76 SIPS ess Vast ae tak Dito s o0. o 3. -5,.= 68 7 San Marcos, Tex..........-. Crappids iis. A Le a5: March through June, |.......-..|-.-------- mainly. Largemouth black bass....| Whole year, but mainly |..........|....--.--- March through May. RSMAS oon ot 5 ies cas soe Wihole vent. .J28-o5..s0.2 ie Pees a sec [easneae te Dapelo, Miss 66.6 wen. ose CADIS once wewtn vee « comin Apr. 5 to- May: 202.5 ....4.- 68 77 rok et black bass...-| Mar. 15 to Junel.......-... 69 82 Pojytici cl Bae ee op A Apr. 14 to June 20......... 63 8 Fish Food Used at Fish-Cultural Stations. AMOUNT AND COST OF FISH FOOD USED. The ideal condition sought by all fish-culturists is a water area so arranged that a natural food supply is available when needed, but from our present knowledge the ideal is impossible of attainment in most cases and artificial feeding must be resorted to. In the rearing of fish under artificial environment, therefore, the problem of a sat- isfactory food supply at a reasonably low cost is ever present. The following table gives for the fiscal year 1921 the number of pounds and the cost per pound of artificial fish food used at the various fish-cultural stations during the fiscal year 1921; PoUNDS AND Cost PER PouND or FisH Foop Usep, Fiscau Year 1921, PACIFIC SALMON STATIONS. is F 7 Canned Frozen salmon Station. Salted salmon. dalnriont eggs. Beef liver. Giaseksiiceke ren Pig Lbs. Cost. Lbs. | Cost. Lbs. Cost. 1 EP, S -- - e UO, CR RSS, SS | oa oh ered o> Pod <@ | enbinidaie el eee alles ot dope Yes Ba A ARRAS 558d Sp Sindee sn aie 600 FOB cee ade] Soe 35 in| ae oo ~/asnllm Saeed: |e eon iere | ae eee Baker Lake and substations, Wash...| 1,215 GODT WSeweencs| ose ecules ese. sce] ea ee ones 114 $0.15 Quinault, Wash. .........s see. LESS Chee ts ees ee oe eee RC a) pe 54 Ors 2 Clackamas, Oreg., and substations. ..| 43,200 | [03 | 9,000 | $0.001 | 9,440'| $0.04 °]72222772)22727777 Baird, Calif., and substations... .. OOO | becca Oliar | Saeen ss ul Sew. foeligtapt cols. Sepp 880 11 UIA.) . 0200 205 a wh Sera 9,000 |........ | 9,440 |. 22.2204 904 | Bie Station. Beefspleen. | Pork liver. Milk. ws Lbs. Cost Lbs. Cost. | Gals. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. Pay RIOR eo uene sat asic rnatelabceeieubde os 4 avesus<|<0sseeraleespeteeetas aa'de MRR IQR 8 4 Akh no xnniatdes an 2laato tere IRE he ed Mey dal easy gdh sight weit Saale sv aawe s Baker Lake and substations, Wash ..| 2, 886 $0; 06st lea’. 3. >is 176: | $0) 26" |. eta dteat ye. MPU VF BERL 5 Seo sinia asaeed slave ade |oe sao oe £260 |" $0500). b eeceslenns Bo ie Os a en ees Clackamas, Oreg., and substations. ...| 10,395 A eee MP be erat een. esr (o eR LEI Cheese Baird, Calif., and substations. .......|........ daa poe Pedimeb'd ds |- «=n od labibel spinal este aback 760 | 20.03 ie 76 PouNDS AND Cost PER PoUND Ws BUREAU OF FISHERIES. or FisH Foop Usep, FiscaL YEAR 1921—Continued. NEW ENGLAND SALMON AND TROUT STATIONS. Station. Beefliver. | Beefhearts.| Beefspleen.| Sheep liver. | Pork liver. | Fishotine. Berkshire trout hatch- | Lbs. | Cost.| Lbs. | Cost.| Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. ery, MasS.....:....--- TeS8GF SIS [5 scee desde. 4,100 |$0.05 | 372 |$0.05 | 347 [$0.07 |......|.....- Craig Brook, Me......-.. 192 ot Pes Se Bee Be ec Pence eased seetars|semcsajrcteGe-|[of 0 sioo. 2. - Green Lake, Me......... 352 SION SR aoale Wace: sees le oie 80 | .07 170: |, 0% |22eame| ees INGSHASIN, bloc oo eee 1, 263 08')]' 225° 1$005" | 225 cc} ses. 1,337 | ..04% | 512°) 06" |aescalee cee St. Johnsbury, Vt......- Cc, fe Asia eee bee ONE Bima an erie Herta) Sect haem Mcciconc 57 | $0.09 Hl Lo) 2 WES ee 3, 8924 |....-. AN Ys Re 4100 | Secon nD 3} Yl Mage a Se if OZOM ie cma Of |.aaese ROCKY MOUNTAIN TROUT STATIONS. Station. Beefliver. | Beefhearts. | Beefspleen. | Sheep liver. | Wheat chop. Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. Bozeman, Mont............... 92640" $0: 09. 9|=-# ho. .c] Bete s en's como eceeeea| emcee 2 Smim oatel) ae sicte sl eee Leadville; Colo:- sso s:csseesse: 32) 2124-1 2; 711 (SOs08t |. wos af ecenealoa kes Sec cecs eee eee Spearfish, S. Dak............. DPT) 2 wal) LS ASO) I Mienhd oO ere eee eerie 2,680 1$0. O74 |-.5----|op--eeo Springville, Utah. 245242 4,234] .07 | 1,018 | .07 | 1,770 | $0.05 | 8,064] .06 | 4,000 | $0.034 Baratopa, Wiy0--s-cerrcc ro eos BS 90 | 6S [mess cafagemnctte lens acme seesere 204, ee esces| aoe Totals: ..23-¢-ceeeeer | ER Re Aa a 5000, |scive c 17 70r nate We 579' lene ssae 4; 000)|-oaeeee COMBINED TROUT AND POND FISH-CULTURAL STATIONS. Station. Beef liver. Beef hearts. Sheep liver. Sheep hearts. re | Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost..| Lbs. | Cost. MEE Wilts WOU cc ccc. ciccc ct cece eeetee erence iad ets 2,896 | $0. 0: 6, 431°) '$0:062 oes elo eee Manchester, jlowa-ct¢> 7-420. Ab. dens. 2h0)4- eo dadg 2, 637 - 064 | 13, 697 J0BK TSF ECE Bate Naosho, Mz o.....< 235s snap seeee oeels eo Pare 385 - 064 | 10, 919 404 |pes se... a| pepe White Sulphur Springs, W. Va... 74 | $0.09} 2,903 a 21, 3874 . 04 8,275 | $0. 044 WV PET OVINLOR V8 = 25 -Ccpae BoceSes e eee et ede on 2, 705 - 08: 6, (06 C5) opp: 2 ato pepe Motal:-...2.4.{/ 20 2xneyet Tanck tsa re 11,526 |.....--. 59/3164 |. !2-2.-¢ 8) 275 aseesede Station. Ny rd Meatein. Azotine. Shorts s Lbs. Cost. | Lbs. Cost. | Lbs Cost. Lbs. Cost. Mar witl, HON. 0s n25- oop cece teeta cts oe 96 h i z . Manchester; lows: 2-2-2. o.-52e-trse-|eo- -oneelo-et geen Neosho; M02. 35 oss a8 De cae Sea Sele cee cae lasin boca White Sulphur Springs, W. Va......- 96 A WEN GNOVINO SING 5. 2-2. os tpg ce ee eee | Ee Reas| eo ten <2 keke eer esses 250 | $0. 073 | 5, 825 - 034 POUR 5 cts 6. eee Seo dees | LOD, Jacies Sates ral PS Sea 200 | eeectons 15; 3254 Dene e. POND FISH-CULTURAL STATIONS.?2 Station. Beef liver. Beef hearts. Fresh fish. Fishotine. Shorts. Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. | Lbs. | Cost. Cold Springs, Ga..:. 2:2 ol se ee 2853 |$0. 08} |5,154 |$0. 164 400 |$0. 094 400 | $0.04 Wdextton, N.C. toss cec. stewie 564 || $0.20") .ccgeetlaowers » 2694 154 MOaisville sh Key. ewww ascn dd (Saves Sp cae 289 AD a epee ocala Mammoth. Spring, Ark........]......-|-..---- ASB eee 2 | 22s | ete Wn:e [etm Ordneebure Bs C.2- 0. io cee ae eel Bae 971 (iL) a eeaetece ls Sere eerie fy Wupelo, Miss 2223532545. 2ssssa A sass | hae dea 1, 908 TS PS tN GEG | Sst yd ee Wothl:..:..:) 2 He. AS 56} | eran) 3, 900% |....2.- '5, 4234 1 Beefliver and hearts combined. 2 No artificial foods used at the San Marcos (Tex.) station. PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1921. 77 FOOD FOR BASS. One of the principal problems encountered at most of the pond fish-cultural stations pertains to a suitable food supply for both young and adult bass. At the Cold Springs (Ga.) station fresh mullet was for a number of years the staple food for the bass, but this material has not given entire satisfactiony.and recently the price has been prohibitive. Beef hearts and groupers have been tried, but the fish show some reluctance in accepting either of these materials. More recently pork hearts have been tried with very satisfactory results. TESTS WITH HERRING MILT AS FOOD FOR RAINBOW TROUT. During the past year the bureau has purchased several cases of canned herring milt for the purpose of testing its value as a food for young rainbow trout. It has been tried at several hatcheries, and while the results of the tests made in comparison with other foods in more general use are not necessarily conclusive they seem to indicate that canned herring milt when used alone is not a satisfactory article of diet for young trout, though when used in combination with a meat product it may perhaps be considered a desirable article for the fish-culturists to keep on hand as an emergency food. It has the advantage of being easily prepared, does not “ smoke ” or discolor the water, and will keep for a long period. A noticeable feature in connection with this experiment is that for a short period—ranging from 10 to 17 days—the fish receiving herring milt exclusively appeared to thrive equally as well as those receiving a meat diet and the mortality was not greater, but beyond that time the death rate increased so rapidly that in most cases the experiments were discontinued, as it appeared that none of the fish would survive under the treatment. A change to the usual foods ap- pears to have restored normal conditions among the fish. The tabulated statement of the results of these tests in feeding may be of interest. Rainbow trout were involved exclusively, and in each instance the fish had not previously received artificial] food. RESULTS oF TESTS WITH HerrRING Mitt As Foop rork RAINnBow TrRovT. ERWIN (TENN.) STATION. {Test continued for 16 days—-2,500 fish per trough.] Weight per 1,000 fish— i Loss per Trough yar 1,000 fish num- Food used. At be- | ay pe Gained | ‘4 uring > ginning of of test during test. test. ¢ test. Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces. | Per cent. Agi obp> pret hheartsvicsiy. 23th): ship. Bod sa cried. wo Plo 6 8 Wired | Canmed herring mitt eee 6 | 7 1 214 78 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. RESULTS OF TESTS WITH HERRING Mitr As Foop ror RAINBow Trout—Contd. NEOSHO (MO.) STATION, [Test continued for 30 days—2,000 fish per trough.] Weight per 1,000 fish. Trough So I a eS or fey cigiaety OuE At be- || Atend Gained during ; ginning 0 uring est. test, | Of test. | “tos Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces, | P er cent. ieee ome Canned herring milt 3 days, beef hearts 3 days, alter- aay SIE SEEN SAPS She Bh SA hepa i 6 124 64 ly a aa Canned herring milt 3 days, sheep liver 3 days, alter- midtelpye (22 CLE fe - Soi Ese Mw «Riaftle aide at, SADE 6 114 54 5s Siasace Beet Heart « Jone ce ncierianae 100 Missouri: Buffalofish 8, 395 (Cha See pang sosice 19, 684 (atfish=sa2seceee se 269, 638 Crappie. 22--5--6-s- sees 130, 570 DTU Foto ta ene etait Sea Largemouth black bass... .-.--- 21, 361 Pik@ perch ese sen eeeee r= eres 470 Rainbow trout. ........--------- 59, 329 Rock bass..-..--...------------- 4,125 Smallmouth black bass. -..------ 2, 260 SURDUISDL 56 pot neais ain efetel ele ieee 51, 680 Wb DSS! : ae ee eR el = fa) EE Le 2 é B = 3 = > Landlocked salmon............- Largemouth black bass... .-..... RARO VOROR 5 whee co. eee Mami OW thoub. 25.02 cs. ses woes 3 = 5 & 8 g A a eee North Carolina: Sa er ra eae Ls yg Se ES Senne ae meee Glut Car Roc Ohio: rok BONG 255. ee. eats. po, ere sae Roe Number. State and species. Ohio—Continued. 7,400 Yell 600 low perch? 27°27. 2oaceses ee 400 || Oklahoma: 4,040 | Oxtiish Se he *1,000, 000 | Crappie. foie... ce 71, 050, 000 || Largemouth black bass.......-. 2 300 Rainbow trout’....2.2..~2..22cee 100 Rock bass: -.ccesuscicicnscecte Gunfight: 6 5 eeee fee ee +73, 500 Wiellow Werch. 22-2... Sere 492° 000 || Oregon: 3’ 600 lack-spotted trout..........--- 3,755 Brook trout..-:-..<.. . othe 900 Chinook salmon.............---- 1,400 Lae Rainbow trout... cede peice NOMBAPTIGN.. . 55... cs nannesetee *10, 000 Steelhead salmon...........-.... 1446, 000 || Pen nsylvania: 42,000 Brook Outs < 2002554. ose eee 100 7,200 Carpe ee) op ee ee eee *121, 210,000 Cattigbe Doe a2 eA eee 789, 800,000 Chinon BALMONS 226 5. eae 750 C1500. ss ae 2s a *1, 510,000 CHAO e.2-. et 7456, 000 MAKe Trott o¢- 2: asc Sates 5, 550 Landlocked salmon............. *125, 000 Largemouth black bass.......-.. 4,000 1p i a a ee 12, 490 Rainbow trout. . 2:52.25. 2-8 i. *525, 000 Rock: Dass.2ee 555). cbh ctr anes $10,495, 800 Smallmouth black bass......... *10, Steelhead salmon..............-. 765, 100 cl ya eae a eae See 1,900 VCD oe aa a *199, 000 MONOUN PACH: fo, 20 5. 2g 2,500 {| Rhode Island: #59, 300, 000 PITOGNG LOUIE a= S226 oc ne = bho oe bn 741, 100, 000 Flounder (winter)............... +13, 700, 000 Largemouth black bass.........- 3,700 Smallmouth black bass.......... South Carolina: 253, 500 MEPREIDIO Soo. cu Wate trae oan Largemouth black bass.......... $43, 815, 000 inainbow trout. ---...2o2s.cca82 75, 500 PASE ron. bi oh cen un See ce AN 102, 580 |} South Dakota: 453, 100 TS TOORMGE OI Gen sited oe cco nts ogee 11, 200 CACIAN. nos teas Sees 715, 756, 000 ROLE = 2c terns Born eee 1,635 Loch Leven trout............... 20, 184, 000 TAKS thOMtdiss 13 ce eee 27,520 Largemouth black bass.......... Bambow trout... .<¢-s-ccaensore 5 Sash: (532-2 Ss eee 300 || Tennessee: 500 PATGOK WOU bss.» vuic De wn ahd See 6,380 CE RES Ae ee 400 SEDO <5 Sees sa sore ee eee Largemouth black bass , Baeinbow trout: ...wicoces soe eoe ne $63,325, 000 6,375 ESCM ISB. tebe a= 4 tttn matin oo 1, 800 Salih out black bass... 14, 380 BTR PER NS nic cote ans ae cle Pe $12,600, 000 Yellow perches .2i 142g 234... 410,000 || Texas: 600 Prd Seed tie pn te aa eee 6,300} . | Crappie....-...:.-.---+-: a4. 10, 570 tar emouti black bass. *30, 640,000 Roe 608 29444; %p-hoee 67,500,000, _ Stina. | oo veenamereh soos { Number. E * — PVE BSwp SSS55 SESSEUEE SS 2 — mons ~ Rese Hee, SSSSSSRSES8 ~ _ Sa 3 i—) 74, 872 86 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. SUMMARY, By SPECIES, OF DISTRIBUTION oF FISH AND Hees, Erc.—Continued. [Asterisk (*) denotes eggs; dagger (t+), fry; all others are fingerlings or yearlings.] UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES—Continued. State and species. Utah: Blackspotted trout..........-.-- IBTOOK tht 2 an Seno eee DIN HLL Wie Ba a ee ee I ie TARO ONG <2 02. seeedeseseees RAIN DOWIELOUL- == 555 cnn sae caace Whitefish .........ssulgeatel sts Vermont: STOOK WOU tip 55.secsaccesssateed ake troutss2-ssic2ccsssscct ees Landlocked salmon..........--- Pekpiperen === -25.2252+cshs eee Ban bow tlOul... -<--- css. - -teges Steelhead salmon..........-.---- Wellow perch..-....-<+-= 42st hes Virginia: POOL Wb cc os nieeanee=sis.o-ae Largemouth black bass... ....--- { HEIKO DOLCN is i. cctcctceccsees sean ain DOWAPEOUE St csccaxccewcstiat Weock DaSS-=<=<-<. -ac.c--.'ce eee Rainbow trout....:.:-.-22.-14.- Pilver salmon. oS. .cccdieteeeee oe oH Country and species. Canada: ! Blackspotted trout........-.-.-- MAINIbOW{TTOUU..2 sees 28 ceen te ae WEnILenah. 55 cw. oo ceccrteen cote Number. State and species. Number. ate Washington—Continued. ai , 8, 000, 188, 300 Sockeye salmon...--.-.--------- ' 3) 457, 000 2, 250 * 49, 000 *50, 000 Steelhead salmon..-_...--...--.- + 15, 000 161, 000 1, 603, 550 7100, 000 || West Virginia: Brook trout...2..-.------.-aeeees 212,815 +591, 400 Oni as ERE Re ASR See SReS Sheer 8,100 89, 200 Crappie. t s-mrise deoen -ec oc ee 2, 700 sae nah Largemouth black bass......--- t uA op Aire Rainbow trout: :2:- 22a nesses 181) 100 #20, 000 ROCK. PASS'=2 +c - 222155 2eeeeeee eee 0 175 6, 12, 000 #14, 700, 000 Smallmouth black bass... .----- 50 +13, 150, 000 Sunfish. ..--.------+---+-+----+- 3, 400 7 200 CHOW DeLGhe wana. ss eeee ne eee 800 *25, 000 || Wisconsin: 000 6, 320 + 103 #12. 000. 000 Brook trout.....----------+--+-- 655, 355 600. Buffalofish.<-t. 2. ese. Jett Sas 799, 520 +2, 600, 000 , (6: (a Ces ee eee eS | 2, 009, 104 118, 350 CRTC OR: HeR PRESS re eS amen m= Kote 18, 580, 500 ee Crappie. (eck secxrccececuscemeewe 14, 470, 840 1,300 Drum 11} 960 160/000 Jel aes: anda t 512’ 000 +15, 000 » ake TOU. <2. _ " jam % . beahdesinmihatsandeded : holsstagataen eee rie ner nah ether yeni ss septate sn rchane negate epenateiope chek Ane oe