. | 2,919,928; 614.642; 769.404) 69,521) 8, 872, 118] 1, 197, 804| 12, 561, 450) 1, 881, 967
WHALE PRODUCTS
Bpermioilses- 2222.3 86, 625 41620) 2-222 oe Soe ee 48, 870 2, 281] 135, 495 6, 901
Wihslooilses *<-2 =~ - MAD UIDG| cenit 3 (Op soto | Gee ee 1, 525, 733) 111,887] 1,667,858} 123, 257
Other whale prod- | }
GG eee Se kl; 000 |= 45501222 = 2-23 /ee Seek 1,108,833} 24, 675 1, 318, 833 29, 225
i 438, 750|_. 20, 540/222 -26-- |... 2, 683, 436) 138, 843) 3, 122,186) 159,383
| = = |
Grand total--_|130, 685, 560/9, 476, 449 40, 007, 349)3, 442, 366 440, 300, 515)11, 661, 709/610, 993, 424|24, 580, 524
WASHINGTON
In 1925 the fisheries of Washington employed 7,393 fishermen, 303
fishing vessels, 1,945 motor boats, 330 rowboats, and yielded
130,685,560 pounds of fishery products, valued at $9,476,449.
The five species of salmon were the most important of Washington’s
commercial fishes, yielding 95,964,331 pounds, valued at $6,170,768.
Chinook salmon ranked highest in value, yielding 23,756,404 pounds,
valued at $2,291,041. Next was sockeye salmon, yielding 10,211,758
pounds, valued at $1,296,596. Third in value but first in amount was
humpback salmon, yielding 35,308,770 pounds, valued at $1,290,550.
Second to the salmons, according to value, was the halibut. The
total credited to this State was 18,516,341 pounds, valued at
$2,079,833. Of this amount, 9,430,641 pounds, valued at $1,157,132,
were landed at ports in Washington, and 9,085,700 pounds, valued
at $922,701, were landed in Canada. In addition to this, vessels of
Washington landed 2,680,687 pounds, valued at $187,698, in Alaska.
The cod was of third importance among the fishes. It is taken in
Alaskan waters during the summer months, salted there, and landed
at ports in Washington at the end of the season. In 1925, 4,125,538
pounds, valued at $183,456, were so landed, which is estimated to be
the equivalent of 10,300,000 pounds of fresh cod. An additional
1,027 pounds of cod, valued at $58, were landed fresh. Sablefish
was of fourth importance, with 2,442,400 pounds, valued at $167,123,
and steelhead was fifth, with 1,718,786 pounds, valued at $113,399.
The production of all other fish in Washington in 1925 was 4,558,459
pounds, valued at $126,630, and consisted of carp, flounders, gray-
fish, herring, ‘‘lingcod,’”’ perch, rockfishes, shad, skates, smelts, sole,
and sturgeon.
The production of shellfish amounted to 2,919,928 pounds, valued
at $614,642. Oysters ranked first, according to value, with a yield
(mative, eastern, and Japanese oysters) of 701,680 pounds, valued at
$375,650. Of next importance was the razor clam, used mainly in
438
U. S&S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
canning, the yield of which amounted to 892,887 pounds, valued at
$123,992.
The catch of all other shellfish, including crabs, shrimp,
hard clams, scallops, octopus, and sea cucumbers, amounted to
1,325,361 pounds, valued at $115,000.
The products of the whale fishery, which is prosecuted by vessels
operating from shore stations, amounted to 438,750 pounds, valued
at $20,540, and consisted of sperm oil, whale oil, and other whale
products.
Yield of the fisheries of Washington in 1925, by districts and species
{
Species | Puget Sound W sSiiaeton | Columbia River Total
|
FISH |
Pounds | Value | Pounds Value} Pounds Value Pounds . Value
Car pases ee a aes Bee Re ea eee ee eae eee Ns | 286,187) $8, 584 286,137, $8, 584
Cod:
Brash 2 2h 5 Ges 1, 027/ S58) eee SRE aR es 9 1, 027) 58
Drysalteds 255-2 -=2= 4,125, 538} +183, 456]. .--~---- jzose¥es je ses oe BER 4,125, 538) 183, 456
Mlounders=s-> en Paras | 260, 665) HG (c) ates esl bas BP [oii SRS | Se 260,665, 6,678
Graghshé 275m oat 2S | 41, 549 7 i eee jee es jivad = 202m (e.0 41, 549, 86
Banh == — ae | 18, 516, 341/2, 079, 833]_--------|------- eet ns ae te 4k 18, 516, 341 2, 079, 833
erninp.) Jee" sieeli ol See 2 | 663,893] 4,435} 5,950} — $60|____. ._-_- JE eee ce 669, 843} 4, 495
CN bata Joe aes Bey 695,494) 21, 413|_________ Sees eae esate 695,494! 21, 413
RVOGHHSHES 2a se oaks Sa 442, 500} 17, 321}--_------ fesneess \Ssee ste 2S (2S SE 442,500) 17,321
Sables hom tio aS ee 1 42 ACG SGT iS) So Pe ee Eeosoet sols 222 secs 2, 442,400; 167, 123
Salmon: | | | |
Blueback or sockeye_-_} 9, 694, 34611, 246, 548| 328, 440, 27,370) 188,972, 22, 678) 10, 211, 758)1, 296, 596
Chinook __--_----------| 12, 831, 100)1, 115, 0971, 399, 969! 82, 430) 9, 525, 335)1, 093, 514) 23, 756, 404/2, 291, 041
Choma.) 2 | 6,064,550) 189, 096)4, 333, 464| 52, 957) 1,094,488! 19, 266) 11, 492, 502} 261, 319
ump bhacki2a! 2. 4s 35, 308, 770 1, 290, 554|--_---__- jst ets eae ie ay ee 35, 308, 70/1, 290, 554
Silver: seeer oe ee 10, 561, 744) 739, 323/1, 643, 842) 79,696) 2,989,311) 212, 239) 15,194, 897|1, 031, 258
Shad theese = Ps ieee eee ae | ASG e 2 Ate a SA eee Ee | 254, 610) 5, 086 254, 610) 5, 086
SEALS =< 22% 2. ot seo: aL 1, 287) 2G) ae 2a |e oe [Sap | ees 1, 287} 26
Smelt: | |
Silver 225, 664| 20, 317|_-------- es bake [C72 eel ae 225, 664| 20, 317
inl eM Otic ob eee ee ee [Sean At eee a RE ee 1, 249, 264 18,841) 1, 249,264) 18, 841
Sole? _- O31 TOI pag Oy220 |e ee Ee eee ee jw surpees 231,191] 10,229
Steelhead trout 77, 346 7, 735 56, 058; 4, 425) 1, 585, 382) 101,239 1, 718, 786} 113, 399
Sturgeon --__- 616 74 26,130] 1,829 93, 053) 5, 896 119, 799 7, 799
Surfetishes= 222 79, 748) 5, 707 708 c):| See ee 80, 456 5, 755
Total 102, 265, 769 7, 105, 1097, 794, 561/248, 815 17, 266, 552/1, 487, 343 127, 326, 82/8, 841, 267
SHELLFISH
(Ci fz) 0S es ae ies oy te at ee ae 685,199 46, 866 952, 345, 65, 080
Shrimp sees re | 35,761) 5, 363 35, 76] 5, 363
Clams:
bard ==2 2 2 tee tee 221,585) 36, 299 221,585} 36, 299
RAZORS et eS ete fe es 892, 887) 123, 992
Oysters, market:
INAtiVess2— 2 ed 656, 268 348, 004 7; 080) 2; 038)2- 2-382. 2E ee 663, 348) 350,042
HASt@EN 6s a eee ee eee LO. 332|\ >» 9 GOS sos ea ee eee 10, 332 9, 608
dapanesel: 4. 2) ei Be 2006 ghG OOO 22) ene Jeu Eee: tS) See EE 28, 066; 16,000
seallaps =. 225 =) see eee 6, 000 1 G00|- ol os dS ee ee 6, BOC 1, 650
Wlurijoi hea ees a eee 105, 576! ip $BA) ono cree eee | ease sen cel Sesto 105, 570 6, 423
Trepang or sea cucumber-- 4, 100) 1 | eee eae en) ye Ay ees |e 4, 100 185
otalieke, ast ai 4b 1, 742, 483] 460, 790|1, 177, 4451153, 852/_______-___]--_-_-___| 2,919,928) 614, 642
Whale oil
1, 177, 4451153, 852
|
86, 625
142, 125
210, 000
438, 750| 20, 540
4, 620
11, 370
4, 550
86,625] 4, 620
142,125] 11,370
210,000} 4,550
438, 750| 20, 540
104, 008, ee 565, 899
9, 410, 756
423, 207/17, 266, 552|1, 487, 343 130, 685, 560/9, 476, 449
Vessel fisheries—In 1925 the fisheries of Washington employed
303 fishing crafts of 5 tons net or over, as measured by the United
States Customs Service.
This included 6 steamers, totaling 220
net tons; 291 motor vessels, totaling 5,873 net tons; and 6 sailing
vessels, totaling 1,838 net tons, engaged in the fisheries of Washing-
ton, but does not include transporting vessels engaged principally
.
pea
ra
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 439
in carrying fish. The yield of the vessel fisheries was 62,081,687
pounds, valued at $4,119,254. This includes all products caught by
Washington vessels, except 2,680,687 pounds of halibut, valued at
$187,698; 155,263 pounds of sablefish, valued at $6,389; and 1,167
pounds of rockfishes, valued at $32, which were landed in Alaska.
Lines, catching all the halibut and cod and quantities of salmon,
were, according to value of products, the most important form of
apparatus, yielding 25,798,895 pounds, valued at $2,433,832. Purse
seines follow in importance, yielding 34,907,693 pounds, valued at
$1,620,043, consisting almost entirely of salmon.
The whale fishery, having its center of operations at Grays Harbor,
yielded 438,750 pounds of products, valued at $20,540. Haul
seines, drift gill nets, drag bag nets, beam trawls, and crab traps,
which constitute the remainder of the vessel apparatus, yielded
936,349 pounds, valued at $44,839.
Vessels engaged in the fisheries of Washington in 1925, by apparatus and rig
Apparatus Motor vessels | Sailing vessels | Steam vessels | Total
aor Oe ee ee ene < eee re
\Num-) Ton- | |Num-| Ton- ‘Num-| Ton- |Num- Ton-
ber | nage | Crew| ber | nage | Crew, ber | nage| Crew) ber | nage | Crew
Lines (ocean) - -.----.------ | 140 |2,904 | 988 | € |1,838 | 221 (Sahai Ca eal PN 146 4,742 | 1,209
Purse seines (Puget Sound)_| 152 |3,091 1,177 |_. .---|------|------ i a | Re 2 pea Ko Aeh Ht tft La on a ly
Haul seines (Puget Sound).| 14| 156) 42 |_.____|_..--_]------ ee (SEES eae | 14| 156] 42
Gill nets (Puget Sound)_.--| 4 2B ibkea O. |eeeeee anes o[esseee Eases te bases mee al farsa 8
Drag bag nets (Puget | | | |
-s[e ii: ic) ae ee eee | Celi 8B bg eo i ea |e eee bee ee ee oe ee Ceara tl 21
Beam trawls (Puget.Sound); 17) 188] 46 |..-.-|------|-----. are 25 8 20 | 213 54
Crapitcaps (Puget Sound)--|95, | 68 | > LO eet siee gees se et 5| 68 10
Wihishoe apparatus (ocean) 22. — 25. |" oe) 2S sas ace Jean SEs | 3} 195 31 3 | 195 31
Motali@e bss). sh 291 |5, 873 |2,078 6 {1,838 | 221 6 | 220 39 | 303 |7,931 | 2,338
1 Exclusive of duplication.
Yield of the vessel fisheries of Washington in 1925, by apparatus and species
: Purse seines Haul seines : ; Drift gill nets
Species (Puget Sound) (Puget Sound) Lines ! (ocean) (Puget Sound)
|
Cole < | Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value
GS Oye 2 SS SE ey gee Dh 8 aed CS ae Se) eg ee a PL TITSES LCA Ee! Se Se Eee ee ee, |
Ura SAILed Syosset J ees ieee | OS Pa pee | ae eee |e a 24,125, 538) $183, 456
HIGH Hers =o eee 85 Da) e- 15221 530] ee es a a
TES TUS sa a eee oe) emt ee nel | eet yee al (eS paces jee ee 18, 178, 882| 2, 046, 007
Daca as Se ee ee ee [ee ae oe eee ae 114, 765) A a [eg ais Se fen aes
LTE Ce ES oS ee Ee Soe ome 2) ee es | eee ey 681, 650 20, 772
Ut GE TS a 1, 037 52] 10, 761 545} 279, 088 9, 067 |
SED ISTRY Sep pare yu ee Fiabe aie (Rte Ae a Lape a hal Lelie an hee aes PBA AGO ESO 12d! eee es eee
Salmon: |
Blueback or sockeye-__---_-| 3, 006, 871 386,\605) -46761d| 15, 9O3i— 5 = I ee 5,440, $828
SnIFIOG Kemer ee 2 Es et | 203, 236 18,476} 41,492) 4,161} 348,415 4, 855 638 65
nee aes ae 5, 130, 760 159, 054 9, 350 aD ee ee | 18,630 1,117
LENSE TEGO) O(c) coe eee eee ae 23, 993, 505 875, 769| 24, 695 902 3 6, 500 247| 13,325 486
SuLN 2 eee Sane 028 eee ees 2,571,024! 179,971) 4,136 289) 329,272 2,049) 13,224) 926
SIMs silver cee eS 219 20) 5, 366) CRT eee el ee ae F oaeu ee jee
AD Es 2 ee ee 47 2 202 9 7,150 200 | Skee a oe
steelhead! troutl2-2 = .22-.-. _- 909 OL epee Wes See seo cpl Meet No a |e
‘Sinkds GAS GS ieee a a alee I [eres eee ta ees Te 11, 032) ea ase ah ie Ee il IP Ta (Somers
“CT EDEs o Se eR Re eee 8 Sl ee Le Pein oe) ms es ee en Oe eee Pe RIN (Co Rea
REST PENE AS Tie 3 = Sa ae [pe | a Se ee ae es on ee [nye ee
CLUE See a ae i ee SN Re ad oe || om Dal | > se ol ced Oe ee eee Oe Sy eee RLS y 4
LEVI Ti BLS ss Ms Se ee eres eee 18, ss eae eet RN el FE hE OS
PURI Tye Sen oe 1 i aa Se ed [eel NEY [aya ins 2 res mL Sten Lak As i | eR eg cae inaeny (A oeiieaias te et &
LENS > h 28 he oa a eee a ae Se Eee ee Se ee CT a ee ee ee es Ses oe lo ee Oe 4 ea ee
Other whale products=--.._+.._|_-2s2_2+-- eee S| ee aeee Cas ee bebe ae eee bosses
THD) le 34, 907, 693) 1, 620, 043] 269, 952) 14, 533 25, 798, 895] 2, 433,832) 52,257, 3, 422
1 The line fishery was prosecuted by vessels sailing from Puget Sound ports, and virtually all of the
catch was taken in ocean waters. This includes 9,085,700 pounds of halibut, valued at $922,701, and 55,000
pounds of sablefish, valued at $2,360, taken by Washington vessels and landed in Canada. In addition
to this, Washington vessels caught 2,680,687 pounds of halibut, valued at $187,698; 155,263 pounds of sable-
fish, valued at $6,389; and 1,167 pounds of rock fishes, valued at $32, which were landed in Alaska.
2? Taken in waters off Alaska.
3 Taken off Cape Flattery
440 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Yield of the vessel fisheries of Washington in 1925, by apparatus and spectes—Con.
|Drag bag nets| Beam trawls | Crabtrap |
Species | (Puget (Puget (Puget © paratus | Total
Sound) Sound) Sourid) (ocean)
ae | 4 | *
Cod: Pounds Value| Pounds Value) Pounds| Value| Pownds| Value| Pounds | Value
Eiresht a0 2 Seen pees ceed oe peer ty.: 1,027) _ .$58)s-----__ bey. Sxl Ray Sa ae 1, 027
Dry saltedass=-ereees| Sse (Sp a aparerel|8 o | P a ae a ee eee eae | 4, 125, 538) 183, 456
Hlounderss— setae | Soares [eeeeee By PAE ie S15) eee Se I a eee ee 174, 501 , 467
Halibutecs ate. Serr aay a eee | ee lexveee)) olece cleo 22 2| oe a ee eee /18, 178, 882/2, 046, 007
Penning. Leer e ee eee | JILTHG93)2 257402225 Seo he leas eee Jie apa, |e teem |e A | 226, 458 3
ON By bategeYoyo baa ss Ra SEES ea 5 2 194, GLa) le esittiie [Sees Geer h 681,844; 20, 781
Rockfishest == se SS ee ee ae ee 20 "493 | all 1042| hao yell |S ea sete eal IN Ses 22 | 311,379) 10, 706
Sablefish =e: Seek abet See ee eee | er Me RE A ae ae: pe A AA a 2, 442,400) 167, 123
Salmon: | | |
Blueback or sockeye_|__.____- | eiee we, | Coan a mee cele eae ope |i 2 Re ah oR eh ee 3, 059, 924) 393, 426
Chinvok2 3-2 Ea | 293, 781 27; 557.
@lnam 2 =e ee mes | | 5, 158, 740) 160, 731
Humpback 24, 038, 025) 877, 404
Silver’: 324 S28: | 2,617,656) 183, 235
Smelt, (silvers ccs nee 2 | i 522
SOS OLGR ee eta te ee : | | 176, 035 CASE
Steelhead trout | 909. 91
Surf-fishess 4. 14, 239) 1,015
Crabs22 saat set s 102, 489 $7, 133} 102, 489, 7, 133
Shirbwap as je. 2212. 232 Aiba or Sees 26, 886, 4,032|._._____ eee ESF ae eens 26,886) 4, 032
Scallops sete ee ed | ere Alene GOGO: 650 ease eel eaters [52 Sele eee 6, 000° 1, 650
Octo pis = SE eT are |e Oy Pili 1) le a ipa Yes oe | eases 399! 26
Wal alergile SPOS Tal ts ive | coe DO aes) Pd ais [ie see IPC psa | 142, 125)$11, 370) 142,125; 11, 370
Speraloiier S10 2-53 “aeet kee seas. Set aera Cea ea Be | 86,625) 4,620| 86,625 4,620
Other’ whale products» = |)2.-s Nie |e Nags Ooh | ce a 210,000| 4,550) 210, 000 4, 550
Motal:-2 eR 2: ya. 115, 243) 1,000} 396, 408 18, 751| 102, 489| 7, 133' 438, 750| 20, 540/62, 081, 687/4, 119, 254
| | | }
Shore and boat fisheries.—The statistics of the shore fisheries include
the catch by all fishing craft of less than 5 tons net, as measured by the
United States Customs Service, as well as all fish caught without the
use of boats. In 1925 there were 5,055 persons, 1,945 motor boats,
and 330 rowboats employed in the shore and boat fisheries of Wash-
ington, with a yield amounting to 68,603,873 pounds, valued at
$5,357,195.
The catch by pound nets ranked of first importance, both as to
amount and value, with a yield of 34,451,197 pounds, valued at
$2,551,413, consisting almost entirely of salmon and steelhead trout.
The catch by lines ranked second, with a yield of 15,403,607 pounds,
valued at $1,283,725, consisting almost entirely of salmon, some
halibut, and smaller quantities of other fish. Third in both amount
and value were drift and set gill nets with a total catch amounting to
11,455,401 pounds, valued at $877,577, which consisted of salmon
and steelhead trout, with much smaller quantities of shad, sturgeon,
and other fishes.
Next were haul seines, with a yield of 1,580,499 pounds, valued at
$117,997, of which salmon, carp, silver smelt, and steelhead trout
made up the greater part. The yield of dip nets amounted to
1,287,291 pounds, valued at $21,648, consisting almost entirely of
eulachons or smelts. The yield of fish wheels amounted to 873,347
pounds, valued at $82,477, and consisted of salmon, shad, steelhead
trout, and sturgeon. Other apparatus, including drag bag nets, beam
trawls, reef nets, and brush weirs, contributed 886,523 pounds,
valued at $28,470.
Among the shellfish appliances, tongs were most productive, with a
yield of 701,680 pounds of oysters, valued at $375,650. Shovels were
next, with 1,114,472 pounds of clams, valued at $160,291. Crab
traps took 849,856 pounds of crabs, valued at $57,947.
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 441
Men and boats engaged in the shore fisheries of Washington in 1925, by apparatus
and districts
Apparatus Puget Sound Washington coast! Columbia River Total
Motor| Row- Motor) Row- | Motor) Row- Motor; Row-
f Men | beats | boats | Men | boats | boats | Men boats | boats | Men | boats | boats
PRR SOMES soe ce = 2 = |} 152 (171) -2 | ee 207 15 17 361 81 | 17
Gi nets: | |
iD SS a re | 651 st LY aces 8 Pel fodiiy LOU, |< 2 23 861 Dae eee OSC) Gaus eee
Stet 2 areas | 8 4 4 168 45 121 63 | 44 19 | 239 93 | 144
Pound Hh 322 nti bog Pe 109 G53| e553 yf 31 Abe) ie fe 3 Ls | 562 14 eee
HAG Set Ae ee B42) AGG: |S oe 2 | 93 OG) 2 eee 138 | 102 6 |1,073 | 624 6
Draribar tetsei. 2222S. 90 45 1 AGyiwee 22
Beam trawls. :22.....:_-... | 14 7 a RES
Wish wiheel§ #2422225 -3-. pee ae See ceeces Soe | oe). 3-2 |h i 20) See eS 20) | See
Ip etcetera 2 1 Bares 2s
veetinets 2582 fe. oe es 12 6 brass:
Brush weirs a) 6 4 About oe
STAN raps see ease seee 101 73 100)|Sse2 =
Clam hoes, shovels, and |
GUESS: = a ee Sb ee apes eee ses
Qyster tongs: 322-2248. - 98 14 16 ~—s-: 163
es | |
Motalses 2 53. \2,206 | 958 |1, 945 330
1 Exclusive of duplication.
Yield of the shore fisheries of Washington in 1925, by districts and species
| .
Species Puget Sound | ee eee Columbia River Total
© |
| |
FISH Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value | Pownds Value | Pounds Value
(CLENGE a cp eae ne ee TG Cat Ss EL is Meee 5s eee 286, 137 $8, 584 286, 137 $8, 584
Pioundersesse | tev) ws 86,164, $2, 211) | 86, 164| 2, 211
Sniewailel ee See ewes 41, 549 BGS se es ea | 41, 549) 86
au iterate Se ei eek 337,459 33, 826) | 337, 459 33, 826
HICK P a te e e 437, 435) 2, 918) 443, 385) 2, 978
Sinecod eo ee Le 13, 650) Ry, 13, 650) 632
ROC RSHEGe heen ee eee 131, 121) 6, 615) 131, 121) 6, 615
Salmon: | | | | |
Biueback or sockeye__-_| 6,634,422 853,122) 328,440) 27,370 188,972} 22,678) 7,151,834; 903, 170
Chinook. 2 12, 537, 3191, 087, 540 1, 399, 969} 82, 439) 9, 525, 335 1, 093, 514/23, 462, 623 2, 263, 484
pres ee 905,810) 28, 365 4, 333,464, 52,957) 1,094, 488 19, 266) 6,333, 762) 100, 588
Humppacks| =) 356.4. MS eG ene oe Po SSE es 2 ee ae ee Se eee 11, 270, 745) 413, 150
Sniver lens Oe - = ae 7, 944, 088| 556, 088.1, 643, 842) 79, 696) 2,989,311! 212, 23¢|12,577, 241; 848,023
Dinero testin | Ashtgh . | Wee AE). .(Rew eo [SPE RNG ae ee oe | 254, 610 5,086, 254, 610 5, 086
Bratese: eames Sue 1, 287 Oi) Es See |: Ca Ls ee ee ee | 1, 287 26
Smelt: | |
Suih Cy ee i A 2AD BOO ko, fon ean sas [ae ee SS Se (eee ee ee 219,839 19, 795
lOSAeY TaD ee RR ERR eS SS ee a eee (Cg ears 1, 249, 264 18, 841, 1, 249, 264 18, 341
“STO Ngan 55, 156) Di ABD at oP, = al ae SS aes | 55, 156 2, 452
Steelhead trout____-________ 76, 437 7.644) 56,058) 4,425) 1, 585,382) 101,289) 1,717,877 113, 308
SHiblgee ae aN ee ee a 616 74| 26,130 1, 829 93, 053 5, 896 119, 799, 7, 799
Pbree ished ee ye 65, 509 4, 692 708 48) eyes ae gE ee OS | ere 66, 217 4, 740
ACY £2) be sae a aa i a '40, 758, 606/3, 019, 236 7, 794, 561]. 248, 815 17, 266, 552/)1, 487, 343 65, 819, 7194, 755, 394
SHELLFISH |
Crabs ots eee eee ee 582, 710 OO Taal PaO LAG el Oe 21 en ete 849, 856 57, 947
SLED 0 ete eee 8, 875 1, BBM ae PR oe Sees A a ee 8, 875 1, 331
Clams: }
(S76 ba ie ees ae O21, 58b\e% = 36; 200 |- aes ea Le ee ee ee al 221,585, 36,299
UAL Reta rere ernst et fp S025 887123, 902|ter See wales ores 892, 887 123, 992
Oysters, market: } |
Wargo sore es 656,268 348, 004! POS8O te 2088 | Sse xe eeten Less 663, 348 350, 042
LOST eine EE ER RO | [POSS 21 UORGOS |e oa tee 4, ate 10, 332 9, 608
Fapariese so. 807 MS) a [eee SS SOGOINN E16: OOO me: saeee = a8 | Ea eras eis eee 28,060 16,600
CLG DHS eee ee aa 105, 171 6530 7S ee es |e aie A ee 105, 171 6, 397 -
Trepang or sea cucumber-__| 4, 100 5 |e oe i |e a Sa 4, 100 185
AKO. | 1,606, 709) 447, 94911, dit, 445)-15S; B52|e. 2S lee 2, 784,154 601, 801
Grand total_._._____- 42, 365, 3153, 467, 1858, 972, 006} 402, 667|17, 266, 552/1, 487, 343/68, 603, 873'5, 357, 195
442 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Yield of the shore fisheries of Washington in 1925, by districts, apparatus, and species
=| : |
Apparatus and species Puget Sound Wie tie ee Columbia River | Total
peo — —__— -— | —
{ |
Haul seines: Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value Pounds Value
Odep. 2.22. . 22. 2. -_ Ae Sea Bese hee eee en Se [n------- 286, 137| $8, 584, 286,137| $8, 584
Mlounders: {4 = oar eee 8, 158 S200 Cee eo Lae 8, 158 209
Ghar Vhish2 = i eee DOG) en baka Sat Se eee eS ae Se ee [x22 eh 2, 096 5
Hering). .=--2> tessa 66, 135 Bate as a ee 2s Eee Se 66, 135 441
4 (OR incod 77.2235 pe sane eee » 514 0, EE Se eee Ee ae 514 24
Roekfishes-.82- 9, 378 413 ee S822 SA 9, 378 478
Salmon— | | | |
Blueback or sockeye-__--- 36, 904 EAST ee eee ee a 11,500) 1,380 48, 404 6, 125
Chinook 2432. 50, 138 Di Oneness ee eg 563, 868) 64,744, 614,006, 69,782
Chum.) 4 Ss eee 330 ii) is ees eee 16, 839 299 17, 169 318
Munpbacks 280s 222% 93, 330 ae: hs UE cE POND fl NE | fit 1k YI 8 ie 93, 330 3, 408
Silyer2= 2 £65- > = 26, 184) ARS a eee eee 13, 770 1,055 39, 954) 2, 888
Shade) cae ee eee oe ee dee) See 73. 671 1, 47: 73, 671 1, 474
BEatesse eee es ee 116 Di sae ee ee eee ane S= 116 3
SMel ba sihvien sses me ae ae 1403738) se 12, G66 Me S23 canara eee BSS RE? ye 140,738, 12, 666
SISOlG pee eee ee cae 17, 737 vat St ee | RR a Ree 8 ale Se! 17, 737 788
Steelhead trout____._-_-___- 180 i fy Ses ee 1s SEE 108,560) 6,924 108, 740 6, 942 |
Dturgeon aos Se ee | eee see ye eel Sere
Surisfishes” i sie Bic 2 oe 53, 937, 3, 845, 195 bs ae aoe (omer Eee 54, 132, 3, 857
RO bals oe coe eee 505, 875; 33, 520 195 12)1, 074. 429) 84, 465) 1 580, 499) 117, 997
Drift gill nets:
Herring, #-0o02) =. scoooe | es aaa 5, 950 60|2.223e Ae eee | 5, 950 60
DAP eOd rt sts a 950! Ey | WS eee eee een [eer eie oy ata Seater | 950) 57
Salmon— | we
Blueback or sockeye__-_-_- 69, 755, Pt eee (ee Sera 30,625) 3,677) 100,380; 12,646
Chinook 2 eee ea 765, 182} 69, 862} 362,411 18, 1195,003, 926) 574,449 6,131,519 662, 430
Chamien ee. ees | 273, 830 8, 666) 885,624) 10,821) 522,900) 9,202) 1,682,354) 28, 689
am pbacks2= a eee es SriGrasaiees Pete ee eens Pen eee ee | _ 178, 890 6, 347
Silversea eee 10,359; 281,540) 19, 991) 1,159,590; 77,314
EA See a en See | ates eee ge ee eet Ole | aed | 133,196} 2, 662 133, 196) 2, 662
SURE E SIL VOT sae a> BY ST a2 GOO) an Vid 200 Seer a8 is Be ea pa ele | 2, 900 290
Steelhead trout__.__._.---.- 226, 497,700 31, 118) 519, 285 33, 221
utr C ORs eas N 1,783; 46,920) 2,972 72, 390 4, 755
Surf fishes____._._- sees le gle oeol ea 92) 20. ee ee oS Sees eee 1, 225} 92
Chap iSM es 2 Se ATO 8s edo seen ee ae | Beas ea eet 470) 33
TOL Pen Bott sso eer 41, 368 6, 516, 807, 644,071, 9,984,099) 828, 596
Set gill nets |
Greys ae SS See ee 36, 673) 74
“Lingeod”’__ | PRP 101
Rockfishes__.---..--------- 2, 979! 161
Salmon— |
Blueback or sockeye--_-_--|----------|--------- 155, 412 | 161,267; 18, 654 F
Ghinoghe ee. eee 2 ee we ates a 175, 036) | 217,471 10, 178 :
Chomhet 2 2 cr as 2, 420. i 624, 612 | 638, 822 7, 688 +
IE pH Acka= 22 se eeweers 20 |e ae CHE Spd a ae 20
SALVOT Sa tee ete 19, 712) Ie 380 312, 650 | 340, 932 12, 241
Shad eerie ee Dees | Man ate ee ae lea eee 84 -
CENOIG so ae Sah ee eS 392 19 392 19 >
Steelhead: trout £250 a Noe ee pe ee 27, 738 55, 168) 3, 876 >
Blt peones 20! 35222 aees eee | ea coe Se [egee ee Als ee oS 9, 880! 625 N
Sariifishes: e220 oie Fes 3, 467 268) s_ = 3, 467 268 “
Ogtopus:2. 253.425. See 1, 225 Sch eee 1, 225 86 j
Totals ete. so oe 2k 69, 110) 2, 235)1, 295, 448} 38, 008 106, 744, 8, 738 1, 471, 302! 48, 981 i
Pound nets | #
MiGungerSs. 5-28 eee 5, 796 8 A i a PS Se fet ae en Pare BE 5, 796 148 .
Gra yiishrse | Soa ee 40 1) EE SS ST a ONE SE | ee 40 1
al pubsee ee = a ee 242 ee ee eee 2) eT a [oe eet ee Ee ee 242 30
Hetringee ss. oe ies 140 jf eee eS eae a eee tke ee 140) 1
Rockfishes= as ers 8, 782, cs | ee ares 3 ee ee SES Fears | 8, 782 418
Salmon— |
Blueback or sockeye_-__- 6, 502, 762! 836,070} 173,028 14, 419 25,115) 3,013) 6,700,905) 853, 502 7
Chinceks Se 5, 162,212! 356,662) 344,494 15, 602 2; 808, 369) 322, 399, 8,315,075 694, 663 ‘
C@littimet 2 bes eke ht 621, 790 19, 275|2, 810, 808 34, 645) 542, 331 9, 545) 3,974,929 63, 465 ,
ium packs = 22 £25 re 9.656, 315)) 3852, 000|2-2 2 a eS el aes ee jecoan ee 9,656,315 352, 555
SiVerseo- = eas 3, 348, 472) 234,393) 673,700) 32, 0811, 002,200; 71,155) 5,024,372) 337, 629 q
ahs Sea Ne ae ee eee ee pa eS al A ola 30, 984 621 30, 984 621
kates sito end See 1, 051) 21S el baer Sears 1, 051 21 j
Steelhead trout___...._____- 55, 368 5,537; 25,500) 2, 010 638,960; 39,934! 719,828) 47,511 4
SMUITe6On. 22) =. (os ey 616 74 660 46, 11, 36¢ 721 12, 636, *
OCA DUSSs se en eee 102 | eee jsatoee Sbreraens Wao hs 102 4 ¢
EPR DERN ota SUS 2) Dae Pate (ek eee MEtS MIE i. ee ec a
“LIXa |i US eee ee eel 25, 363, 683, 1, 805, 192/4, 028, 190) 98, 833 5, 059, 319 447, 388. 34, 451, 197)2, 351, 413 ¥
— —— ———_—————e| ——— a ee &.
*
é
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926
443
Yield of the shore fisheries of Washington in 1925, by districts, apparatyvs, and
species—Continued
Apparatus and species Puget Sound W poe Columbia River Total
Lines: Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds Value
MIGunOerS.<. =. e~ = 2 =e 166 SIO = =- loo... See eee 166 $10
ray ishte 2086 och 2, 740 SibS-20 2 e eee 2,740 6
Hel Davee a2 SL 337, 217 BOAT OO anon wens -| 2.2 3h 52 Bee oe oe eee 337, 217 33, 796
TST ee a ee | 20 1 ee Ne Eee aS se ee 20 1
pelieipipoed 4. Re occute 9, 944 Et) SR A ee Py eee Peel [eo a 9, 944 449
Mockhshes 2+. <2. S sess 99, 881 PS oe Se he ec en 99, 881 5, 048
Salmon— |
Blueback or sockeye - - --- 5, 772 SOG ee saat S22 e Lien |ond. 2 ee | eee 5; 242) 866
Ming kKss2< 2-2 ts oe 16,559, 369} 655, 936) 2 517, 269) $43, 360 3 728, 249 $83, 604! 7, 804, 887) 782, 900
ON vevete Do Se RS SSS RES eS ed es ee eee eee eres 286) 5 286 5
unpack. 6 Sse - PU LAO EO | eu DS | ee IE _ _ eeel eeea aee ee 1,111,010) 42, 218
RM WEE Son 3 xnewsewas |1 3,856, 424) 269,949) 445,872) 26, 782)1, 611,683) 114, 425) 5, 913,929) 411, 156
SRNR CO eee ee 120 74 eee: ee ee | Pe ee |e ee 120 2
Gist) Oy 22s 100 BRE Se Pe eS ee | ee ae 100 5
Steelhead trout__....-.-----| 2, 124 7] 64 Oe ee | 938) 59 3, 062 274
SON ROTR ETE ol ae ae |S) eee eee ee Pee 8, 609) 546 8, 609 546
Sarfifishese= 242222 2.222 2, 490 iy) SaaS eee ae [Eee one ee 2, 490 175
REL ODS cea see a cece 103, 374 (60070 ES aoe Se ate ged SS eels ecient ee 103, 374 6, 271
Ral ee eee ns a, 12, 090, 751)1, 014, 944; 963,141) 70, 1422, 349, 715) 198, 639/15, 403, 607/1, 283, 725
Drag bag nets: . |
Le bntu rt SEO SSE ae ees 11, 740) | a See ae leseecsea|eeseecce| coca se 11, 740 if
ROCKHSNESS 22 e252 22 Se fe Cee ER ee Se eee 22 1
Salmon— }
RINOG Kes Sats Aeros (Son eee en | eee 759 Olam ae ae 759 38
CVT Tt) Ae Dope ae a a pow! cad Ces VEE Ue Ts 12, 420) ITE) (pee ee | Pees | 12,420 155
STURT 5 SSS SS a eee (ese eet Lae ee eae 4, 450) OPS) aly SSE Nl aa 4, 450) 223
Smielisilver-- ao bai) 0e35 75, 301 6)758| 52 oe eee eke a es eee See Ie ee75, 50! 6, 758
Syl SiN eee Se oae 4, 150) 295 513 6 it ee ee ee eae | 4, 663 331
fRotalce ty? es ee 91, 213 7, 182| 18, 142 AnD eh een eee Sa, 109, 355 7, 584
Beam trawls: oy,
iKlgunders=— -*2-=- 2 Ae 72, 044 aa a ee Se a ee as Ye ee eee 72, 044 1, 844
ean poog ts feet) eee 20 OT A a Mee ea ge I TS a | an | 20 1
imelohishes= eee Fer 10, 079 AO) te Fa | es SR ne S| a | 10, 079 509
~ystLie he See eee 36, 927 ie GAGIS TITEL EE a ae Fe 36, 927 1, 640
Gerintishes oe) oes) R78 4 240) 7, A Aa RB 240 17
Trepang or sea cucumber-___ 4, 100 ictal RE ea Ae | Sea OME | AE Wee | 4, 100 185
SLOT CE, Soe os See 8, 875 aL ej heer ee, ee SaaS ee SS 8, 875 1, 331
CEL ss eae 132, 285 65 2T | mess as TS PE [epee -=3 |e 132, 285 5, 527
Fish wheels:
Salmon—
BING ACRAOISUCKEV Os 6 =a ee ee ae tml | 110, 570; 13, 268) 110, 570} =—-:13, 268
TR A a ie ae | yes Ce PDE a chal 376, 602| 43,234 376,602) 43, 234
DUM OL eee an atone en ence eas easel ee el = So | 68,680) 4, 796) 68, 680 4, 796 -
SG Le = a eg ee al Ee a Fe eee eS 2 ae ee 12s SOT 320 15, 975 320
“Sy Retet DYE Ue PEN FY re a at Se ey (aps ieee | (eS (aera) POE ee | 285, 320; 19,832} 285,320) 19, 832
Rare a ee (siedosieed|ooee sce ss sess seediazsschce i. 2 6H200|" al 027 16, 200 1, 027
| |
Ae) i SS ea ee fee eee ee | ees 873, 347| 82,477 | 873, 347| 82, 477
Dip nets: =
isla: (rch aes Beeee eee 200 QELS Ae a ee eS ees gs: eee ee 200 2
Salmon—
Bimehsek or sockeye. =-l2_~ 222_ oud oR Se 5, 307 637 5, 307 637
Git GG Kerr ee a eee oS ae 1, 886 217) 1, 886 217
(Clava 24. 222 Se ee ete er eel eee tiene eee er ee 342 8) 342 &
ec ae og A ge es ees ae ee ee ee (ee eee wl [Pe ges 2 2, 918 207 2, 918 207
Smelt— |
lly ee aay Se eg BS ee 900 Bi Pose 2 Se SE ee ee eee eee 81
TOT See 32 Sie ee ee ee eel Pe eee (ee See 41,249,264) 18,841) 1, 249,264) 18, 841
Steelhead trout__.....-.---- | Be Spe (lea reat [Egy cons ER Te 26,474) = 1, 655 26, 474 1, 655
|
ol be) 121 | ae ae eer 1, 100 83) Se ee Ss. | eens 1, 286,191} 21, 565) 1, 287, 291 21, 648
Reef nets: SSI See a Se
Salmon—
Blueback or sockeye_--__- 19, 229 Pe Pd ed rag || Ne 2 ee ne | 19, 229 2, 472
Clg ie) 40a ee 418 CPA eee Las ee ee bn ee | 418 42
li(hier aE ps 5? ke eee 7, 440 We) ee one eS ee Re 7, 440 260
Hump packs = Ss3- 2-32 236, 180 Cy Ma i | Sk alegre Ba 236, 180 8, 621
QthGrs la Ss See | 22, 416 nA Ee eS ee ee ee aes (See Se 22, 416 1, 569
ING: LS Se a ea Ce 285/683 | eet Ot ween ise ete TAPE) ath ae 285, 683) 12, 964
1 Caught largely by trollers off Neah Bay.
2 Caught largely by trollers off Grays Harbcr and Willipa Harbor, though a small portion of this catch
may have been taken off the mouth of the Columbia River.
3 all taken by trollers off the mouth of the Columbia River.
‘ Caught in tributaries of the Columbia River.
&.
444 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Yield of the shore fisheries of Washington in 1925, by districts, apparatus, and
species—Continued
Apparatus and species Puget Sound Washington Columbia River Total
Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds Value Pounds Value
Brush weirs: Herring -------- 359, 200) $2, 395)-..-_-__- ee ee See {a ee | 359,200 $2,395
—_ | —————— ] ; | ————tl
Grab traps: ‘Crabsi222== 222228 582, 710 39, 733| 267, 146 | $18, 214) Se ee ee 849,856 - 57, 947
Shoveis:
Glamsshard= 2232s 22:45'585|*--36.209)- 2 2822 = ee (ie 2: | 2 ee i 221,585) 36,299
Glams"razors) Ss. oe ee ee 8927887) 123,992 |EeseS == |S sa ee 892, 887; 123, 992
|} a
"TOCA eh weirs 221,585) 36,299) 892, 887, 123, '992)=2s:.3-=|2- 2-39-28 1,114,472) 160,291
Tongs: |
Oysters, market, private— |
Natives®2222s.3222 2. 656, 268) 348, 004) 73080). -2;088) 5.2 ss 2 aseaeese 663, 348, 350, 042
‘Basten 2-2 eS eer bene es 10,332} 9, 608).-------- lsccscces 10, 332 9, 608
Japanese= 2.2 2seie 28,000} 16, 000|--------- | SEE yg ON ee ah 16, 000
Totals == ee 684, 268} 364, 004 D212 (646 |e se ee See ee 701,680 375, 650
OREGON
The fisheries of Oregon employed 4,945 persons, 8 vessels, 2,224
motor boats, and 539 rowboats in 1925. The products of the fish-
eries amounted to 40,007,349 pounds, valued at $3,442,366.
The various species of salmon were by far the most important of
Oregon’s commercial fishes, yielding 34,357,936 pounds, valued at
$3,059,473. Steelhead trout contributed 2,307,062 pounds, valued
at $169,410; shad, 1,016,776 pounds, valued at $31,381; halibut,
577,742 pounds, valued at $75,713; sablefish, 347,592 pounds, valued
at $17,271; and eulachon or smelt, 308,676 pounds, valued at $4,352.
The remaining portion of the catch amounted to 322,161 pounds,
valued at $15,245, and consisted of carp, “‘lingcod,” rockfishes, sole,
striped bass, and sturgeon. The yield of the various kinds of shell-
fish, consisting of crabs, crawfish, clams, and oysters, amounted to
769,404 pounds, valued at $69,521.
Vessel fisheries—In the vessel fishery only 8 vessels, having a net
tonnage of 80 and carrying 36 fishermen, were actually engaged in
fishing. The catch was made up entirely of halibut, ‘‘lingcod,”’
rockfishes, and sablefish, amounting to 1,015,222 pounds, valued at
$95,459. The fares of these vessels were landed at Portland and
Astoria, Oreg.
Shore and boat fisheries—The shore and boat fisheries greatly
exceeded the vessel fisheries in importance, employing 4,909 fisher-
men, 2,224 motor boats of under 5 tons net, and 539 rowboats,
and yielded products amounting to 38,992,127 pounds, valued at
$3,346,907.
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 445
Men and boats engaged in the shore fisheries of Oregon in 1925, by apparatus and
districts
Apparatus Columbia River Oregon coast | Total
|
r
Motor | Row- | | Motor | Row- | Motor | Row-
Gill nets: | Men | boats | boats | Men | boats | boats | Men | boats boats
To) he eee eae ay |- 1, 634 Oras |e 1, 026 677 eee i oreB0r| 4856" |-2 02 <—-
Gy eee tee ee ESO | 138 62 | 76 577 206 | 371 715 268 447
Pare paines -55 2 fl (= ee en Pens DED eel ae | 37
Whee JOU ZG BoP Tel nA Cs () Ramey gael eae al 43>: 7 Dey Meee Ee eee
LOPRELE A ET c facelly J SRG NS eS Pe At 2 ee Re ee ee 259 259) |. es 259 Oboe ase
Crawfish traps.------------- 44; 24 7:1) ttapeaals pee RES Rete rs8 7 44 24 20
Glan showers and forks !22<<4)__ . 23. .|--e Seat 2. oo Ve P236 18. 2. See ee 238i) == = 28ers
Ovstertongs 252. £5 =~ se eee ee eas (ieee ae | 5 1 3 5 1 3
| | | |
Ty aN Ee tS oe | 3,013 1, 303 157 1, 896 921 382 | 4,909 | 2,224 | 539
1 | ! i
1 Exclusive of duplication.
Yield of the fisheries of Oregon in 1925, by districts and species }
| |
Species Columbia River | Oregon coast | Total
eee ees |
| |
aE Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value
CTH 5 Se 5 2 AEE eee > eee a eee aes G2, (008) R°SL, S8ii|a- ess 22 ee eee 2 ee 62, 700 $1, 881
IS(SUN trie. a eee ee 577, 742 (OR Ak ee es Ss 577, 742 75, 713
Gi iene ee op 58, 592 POUT e|Ewo et SEs faire es a 58, 592 1, 617
RUG PRAISHEGE Se O88 vee eer ee nl id 31, 296 tie) = See [ee See 31, 296 858
BUSS, 2 Re RN EE BS Se one 347, 592 ie ft a ae a ae 12 ees. 2 347, 592 17, 271
Salmon:
Blueback or sockeye--.-.-------- 352,726 | 42, 327 73 | $9 | 352, 799 42, 336
OREO Kone ee ee ke 17, 211, 872 |1,975, 923 | 4,208,395 | 381,772 | 21,420, 267 | 2,357, 695
ii (ica SES Eee ee 1, 108,849 | 19, 516 1,229,496 | 14,566 | 2,338,345 34, 082
SSL PS A a ae ee 4,703,124 | 333,922 5, 543, 401 | 291, 438 10, 246, 525 625, 360
S]2G | oS ee eee 410, 527 8, 211 606, 249 | 23,170 1, 016, 776 31, 381
PMB EPOMIACHON ee pee eee fe 308, 676 Re eee ero ae | Sacto wae! 308, 676 | 4, 352
USD = ee ee ee 2, 243 1G 5) ee jeveveesecs 2, 243 | 112
Bieelheadstroub.=.— 228 ee 1, 770, 839 110, 677 536, 223 | 58, 733 2, 307, 062 169, 410
BSE TIPIG OD ASS ete nee nes ee ne alee Se | 6, 000 | 600 6, 000 600
‘Shnrie stl oo ee er er a | 138, 309 8, 989 | 23, 021 | 1, 188 161, 330 | 10, 177
ee ee ee
27, 085, 087 2, 601,369 | 12,152,858 | 771,476 | 39, 237,945 | 3,372, 845
_— | — _————————e = _
522, 201 35, 402 522, 201 | 35, 402
Cs Nae Boks Sasses 128, 250 | 12, 255
89,132 | 13,845 89, 132 13, 845
20, 128 3, 719 20, 128 3, 719
9,693 | 4,300 9, 693 | 4,300
TN He oe Se ee 128,250 | 12, 255 641, 154 57, 266 769, 404 69, 521
ErAnCeLOLals==- = 292.2 Sees o 27, 213, 337 613, 624 | 12, 794, 012 | 828, 742 | 40, 007,349 | 3, 442, 366
1 All taken by shore fisheries except the halibut, ‘‘lingcod,’’ rockfishes, and sablefish, totaling 1,015,222
pounds and valued at $95,459, which were taken by 8 vessels operating trawl lines and landing their fares
qaecpally. at Portland and Astoria, Oreg. These vessels had a total net tonnage of 80 and carried 36
ermen.
CALIFORNIA
In 1925 the fisheries of California were prosecuted by 4,518 fisher-
men, who used 362 vessels with a tonnage of 5,350 net tons, as well
as 1,255 motor boats and 150 rowboats. The greater part of their
catch was made in waters off California, where 414,503,026 pounds,
valued at $9,716,492, were taken. From waters off Mexico, 22,381,881
pounds, valued at $1,707,493, were landed, and 3,415,608 pounds of
dried cod, valued at $237,724, were caught by California fishermen
in the waters off Alaska. The total yield amounted to 440,300,515
pounds, valued at $11,661,709.
J
446 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
The various species used for canning loom largest in the California
catch. The pilchard or sardine, with a yield of 315,294,986 pounds,
valued at $2,087,756, accounted for three-fourths of the total quantity
and one-fifth of the value. Next was the albacore, with 22,206,923
pounds, valued at $2,333,600. The two tunas—bluefin and yellow-
fin—accounted for 17,468,428 pounds, valued at $1,446,991. Salmon
yielded 9,525,753 pounds, valued at $919,720; skipjack, 14,235,089
pounds, valued at $751,609; and bonita, 866,530 pounds, valued at
$25,983.
Of the market species, the flounder group was most important,
yielding 13,765,487 pounds, valued at $736,996, of which 2,451,759
pounds, valued at $334,136, were reported as ‘‘California halibut,”
and 8,762,535 pounds, valued at $331,391, as soles. Barracuda was
next, with 8,005,601 pounds, valued at $340,341; yellowtail,
3,179,891 pounds, valued at $272,717; the rockfishes, 5,453,510
pounds, valued at $266,069; and white sea bass, 1,920,295 pounds,
valued at $252,144. The salt-cod production was 3,415,608 pounds,
valued at $237,724. The remaining 13,406,860 pounds, valued at
ee were made up of smaller quantities of over 30 varieties of
sh. :
The production of shellfish amounted to 8,872,118 pounds, valued
at $1,197,804. Spiny lobsters, crabs, and abalone, each with more
than $250,000 worth of products, were the most important items in
the catch. In addition to the fish and shellfish products, there were
whale products to the value of $138,848, consisting of 1,525,733
pounds of whale oil, valued at $111,887; 48,870 pounds of sperm
oil, valued at $2,281, and 1,108,833 pounds of other whale products,
valued at $24,675.
Vessels engaged in the fisheries of California in 1925, by apparatus and districts
Apparatus Northern district San Francisco district | | Monterey district
|
| Num- | Ton Num- | Ton Num- | Ton
ber | nage Crew | ober nage | Crew | ober nage Crew
TINGS *22)o ee Sel os Se ee | Tail 18 11 1, 408 114 3 26 17
Tampara metsanss2222< 22 22/5 eee 2 eS ee EE ee a ee eee wae ee | 4 34 46
Paranzella:nets:. 2-—2- 2-2-2 = 2 | 14 10 12 211 | 50) a ee
Gillriets: 42s Cee ae 1s 5 2 1 5 | pi eee ay (eet te
Bape ts: 8s pase ois tee an ee Ae ee eee See ee eS 1 6 7 es Sl a | IS SS
Crabyirapsice seo. A ee ise eal sla ped Pl fe ee | ee 1 5 1
Avalone outht. = ase Sel ee ee 1 7 5 3 27 15
Whaling apparatus___-..___- ae RS eZ ee 4 147 44.\\ so | es eee
Totalil 22538 aw od 9 55 21 25 1, 761 223 8 66 62
| if
Apparatus Los Angeles district San Diego district Total
1= — a
Num- | Ton Num- | Ton- Num- | Ton- |
| ber nage Crew | ber nage Crew ber nage |
iN Gseasee ere ace ee 164 1, 403 984 101 935 | 432 282 3,813 | 1,558
Mamparametsacses=-= 22226 119 |} 1,103 815 | 85 822 | 388 207 | 1,959; . 1,24
IPMITSe SPINES == ee ee 43 | 1,022 367 3 75 | 25 46 | 1,097 392
mranimel nets. 2-22 ee 13 115 38 9 64 33 22 179 | 71
Paranzella nets. 2... 22.25: =- | Sakae oe eer ee 16 235 | 73
GHP ROUS eee ae eee 23 152 83 ll 7: 38 36 236 | 124
Wak Dotsly Bet he ce eh ec TN | el eee 1 6 | 2
TROWSTOR taps wey 2 eee 4 23) | 10 | 5 63 14 9 86 24
Crap traps. 2-20) eee [sae Es 0b EES SS 2 hae eee ene atte beni See 1 5 |
MbAlGww OUT Se ce a a Ma Siege A ES ode Sees | ee ee 4 34 20
Whaling apparatus_____---_- eee || eS oS Pe Sire | Raed So 28 Bd wo Re sasaee 4 147 | 44
Dismehs fe s78) 2 ae) oe TE 1 8 | PAN ee 38 oe Ge at oe See 1 8) 2
Total ie ee | 912] 2,434) 1,274 106 | 1,034| 464 362 | 5,350 | 2,044
|
1 Exclusive of duplication.
Nore.—All of the above were motor vessels, except 10 vessels sailing from the San Francisco district, as
follows: 4 schooners in the line fishery, 4 steamers in the whale fishery, and 2 steamers in the paranzella fishery.
Pages
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926
447
Men and boats engaged in the shore fisheries of California in 1925, by apparatus and
districts
Apparatus Northern district San Francisco district Monterey district
| Motor | Row- Motor | Row- Motor | Row-
Men boats boats Men boats boats Men boats boats
JWT 2 pies SERS SS ee ee 166 133 4 356 | 274 | 5 208 LAG yea eS
ATS rear a 190 | 3 128.) 225 132 | 10 8 Vin Se eee
Tampara netSu2._---_-.=-.- 2 | Sig ees | 47 | hi ee 286 Grimes eke
Aiea Gelnes == eee == oy ee | 1 | 8 5 | ie ese cae ae ete ae
perinicmes cee Stal ete ES eaiens. scp y= 26 | 13 | sR TNS Ne a AON A
voc tis Det: ae 5 Sale 2 Pe se 9 | 7 nO (A See ne A oe
ipa) trans: oes. YS 29 DG || 178 | 172 1 PA Je) es eee te
Less SL tae oe ee a Se (eet Ssai23 1 | Des | aera | ere ee | ae
iGiamishovels: 92-S.<- -2. 2222 Gi a = teres to 16 | a es | er oe eee ee se
OM SUGTe es a SES ee eS i eel Reese |--------| 2 | 1 |--------|--------|--------|--------
(RGR ae ee 375 135 | 126 618 | 414 | 20 417 M65: as sS8e 5
Apparatus Los Angeles district San Diego district Total
| Motor | Row- Motor | Row- Motor | Row-
| Men | boats boats | Men boats boats Men boats boats
inrie eee Eee ee | 601 | 346 3 | 266 ia pee alae 1, 597 1, 056 | 12
LUN GS ees a 105 | 32 1 56 30) Bee ee 584 201 134
Lampara nets_---.---------- 218 Se, | eee ere 63 Zon Rone = 616 | 114s ee eS
Efeirseines +2 == + so 3 (es a ayy ont ss ee ON 26 6 2
EEPAnMelne ts == == 2-8 a= 67 PATH ecards 32 i Ya ge 99 8 il ato
Paranzella nets_.--_---------- 15 Es (eee a pee ee (ee eee 15 aie ee
Loy Ere Sa Re SIRE aie a Vega | ase (SS) (I a el | Ca | ere 26 13 1
LQ AERS TEUT) ES) ae PR a DN te aS | ee es eee ll 9 1
CI OE eee ee ae See | et | Ro 1 i ee eae 210 192 if
POUSEOMLTE DS ee ce 5 ee e| 42 PA) ie = sinters 2 31 yp | | een Rca 7 Os re Be
SlAWUSROVE Isso = 8 (i) Wee ree ee Be a Sk ON | Se cece [eee eee 86 pa ee ares ee oe
Oyster tongs: ss we 8 eae ES eT ea | ee cee ER, pee ee a Sa 2 i} s/s eee
AYR) i A ree | 788 382 4 276 alse | Ro Sara 2,474 | 1,255 150
1 Exclusive of duplication.
Summary of the yield of the California fisheries in 1925, by species
F ff | F ff
. rom waters 0 rom waters 0
Species California | Mexico Total
|
|
Se Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
CACY 2a) 9 en a 21, 684, 942 |$2, wi ut | 521,981 | $50, 824 22, 206, 923 |$2, 333, 600
Auchovies VIPAT C818) TE sod Uae Yl gee cee re ec a ete 128, 919 1,2
Barracuda 5; 945, 605 268 753 2, 059, 996 71, 588 8, 005, 601 340, 341
Bonites= sees 770, 232 23, 980 | 96, 298 2, 003 866, 530 25, 983
(C4 i 94, 935 L 928 | A eres | Beso ae 94, 935 1, 928
CHET 211 1 bea oe as a a 366, 279 4; O42) ||. ee eee eee 366, 279 54, 942
ead, Pry saledcn oa osueee = eee P3415 O08) | e2OU eeu aoe se eee eee ones 13, 415,608 237, 724
Sa aes ig ee ena 246 | OT HEY Vie a Bee 5 a | ht oe le 246 13
Pieunders ee ee ae 2. bolehO3 | -<-71;,469 4) See ee a a 2. 551, 193 71, 469
Rar yiisk eee a kee 372, 332 9,128) oe eee eee oe, 372, 332 3, 723
LE ee Se eee 22, 017 BAY | ce oe eee ae a 22, 017 441
TENE inhib le = ee a BE ee Oe AGEL OD a2 21 B79] ee ee | ae re ee 162, 102 21, 579
Halibut, “California?’_.---— = 2. 1,351,456 189,407 | 1,100,303 | 144,729 2, 451, 759 334, 136
“TUNEL hi eee aegiees ae ea Deas 24, 028 | es ere t ea pale caren 24, 028 961
13 hae ee a ee ee 862, 974 17, 259 2, 800 56 865, 774 17, 315
ater fintys assent eee 536, 604 12, 867 50 1 536, 654 12, 868
sigpend at ee a ee Pas eee 68351300 4059 ( 57 een enee eee eee 683, 130 40, 975
Witickeroleets is So re pe shed 3, 506, 103 97, 408 16, 316 346 3, 522, 419 97, 754
Wo els Se ee Seen 21, 651 | 1, 861 15, 156 758 36, 807 2, 619
hike; Sactamento.__..-.==- 2. -_ 5, 764 | GAIN | aes al | een 5, 764 231
Pilchard or sardine--.._________- 315; 294 986.2) 087,756) |p = - ane. |2=----- ne 315, 294, 986 | 2, 087, 756
POM PANO ree ose 9,111 | 4,181 10, 536 4, 808
PEGCKa DABS 70 cess So assess! 310, 061 27, 004 330, 285 28, 543
apkiushipsesmes ss 2 5, 449, 694 | 265, 914 5, 453, 510 266, 069
722, 472 | 26, 118 722, 472 26, 118
9, 525,753 | 919, 720 |- 9, 525, 753 919, 720
226,456 | 22,419 226, 456 22, 419
1 From waters off Alaska.
68078—28——_8
448
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Summary of the yield ef the California fisheries in 1925, by species—Continued
< From waters off From waters off
Species California Mexico Total
FisH—continued
Sea bass: Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value
Black. - 3333333 eee 102, 804 $2, 286 86, 168 $1, 316 189, 072 $3, 602
White or squeteague---_____- 925,623 120, 986 994,672 | 131,158 1, 920, 295 252, 144
Shad i284. 22 ht eee 2543927263 105 108! |e Se Ie es 2, 439, 726 105, 118
Sheepsheade 25-6 es 2 a 47, 748 1,042 | 1, 063 16 48, 811 1, 058
Skates’ 25 Se eee = 183, 484 05.625! (ese 2k 22 ee: | ee 183, 484 3, 625
Skipjack or striped tuna_-_-_.___- 8, 768,114 501,101 5, 466,975 250, 508 14, 235; 089 751, 609
Smelt; Silvers sess -- eb | 749, 798 40, 911 | 1, 871 42 751, 669 40, 953
“ Sole’its = Breese we Eee 8, 756,338 331, 196 6, 197 195 8, 762, 535 331, 391
Splittailsressieen eg eee eee 6, 557 TY lek = Ea eal (ee eet 6,557 131
Steelhead trout_....-----.----.-- 222 Bll |Ss22 ee eee Soles ce 222 31
Striped! bass. 22-3 Seo See 837, 773 ATG HO28 | ceaeke 1c STE Paka we ee 837, 773 116, 028
Stidkersas0amot Aca ee enter net 5, 709 fide Ire? eee |e ee 5, 709 114
Sori fishes st. <> eereaen ee Shs 473 eran (ogee eee ee 268, 473 13, 126
Swordfish seems es Px) eae 25, 612 3, 665 | 1, 433 186 27, 045 3, 851
Momcodses => eee ee A eee 14, 508 S63) oe eases 14, 508 363
Tuna: ;
185 Foe) ab aR Eos ies cr, oe ieee RES) 3, 803,677 | 342,140 Pe ee ee |e 3, 803, 677 342, 140
Mellowhin= 222 2- <= trees | 2, 963,620 | 266,114 | 10,274,278 | 800,307 13, 237, 898 | 1, 066, 421
IEG oe eR a ns Da Tae 385, 463 35, 077 | 41, 390 3, 353 426, 853 38, 430
Wihite bates: = so ee eee sae 70, 968 3;:903>|. 22 ees ee 70, 968 3, 903
Wihitetishee 2-22 sss 219, 430 11, 925 | 2, 682 109 222, 112 12, 034
PYGH Oy bal lees sae ee 2, 586, 621 226, 628 | 593, 270 46, 089 3, 179, 891 272, 717
Other Shes 28s wae ee ea ane 215,653 | 10, 089 18, 923 917 234, 57! 11, 006
otal e222... - ee 407, 417. 674 |8, 818,240 | 21,327, 287 |1,506,822 | 428, 744, 961 |10, 325, 062
1 _————————— od
SHELLFISH |
(Org: eye) AS Ee ee Pe Ee ae 3, 234,312 | 269, 526 | Se Ae cme = 9) Ee it 3, 234, 312 269, 526
Shrimipiet Saree eas aes Le os 1 4G08234- | 621464 005) |oo wee ie ee 1, 460,234 | 146, 023
Sea crawfish or spiny lobster -_-_-_- 432, 059 89,207 | 1,054,347 | 200,578 1,486,406 | 289, 785
Oysters, eastern, market___-__-__ 56, 900 PANS RG a eee SS sa a Sa 56, 900 24, 386
Oysters, native, market________- 25 | bye ae ee ee a ee ae ee 25 8
ams:
) 399 399 299
9, 265 | 9, 276 6, 182
80, 811 | 80, 811 40, 406
44, 009 44, 009 27, 856
4, 324 | 4, 324 631
470,572 | 261, 429 160 78 470,732 | 261,507
133, 394 12, 019 | 55 8 133, 449 | 12, 027
Squidie: = sale tt ee AS9L 2208), VGH 6 sal ee eee eee 1, 891, 220 119, 167
Murtless 46S 2. ee ee ee 2 S| } 21 1 21
ea as eS Ele es | re
TROpal: 222 Pe Ss, 7, 817, 524 | 997,133 | 1, 054,594 | 200, 671 8, 872,118 | 1,197, 804
—<$<—<—<$<>$—=—$———————— |_| —<— iene
WHALE FRODUCTS |
Spehmionss- ee eee eee 48, 870 LOL, | ee ee er ee” 2 48, 870 2, 281
WEL AYORE eo eee ee Teen eee ee 4 i Uta 74s Se 8 be a LL RES a ee = a Tg ee 1,525,783 111, 887
Other whale products___________ 1, 108, 833 DANO TON Sccete eee Tapes ee 1, 108, 833 24, 675
Mio} Fr ihee 9 ee oe eee ae 256837436 alos S4an eee ae |---------- 2, 683, 436 138, 843
Grandirotsi==s2- 2-2 = =seen 417, 918, 634 |9, 954, 216 | 22,381,881 |1, 707,493 | 440, 300, 515 ae 661, 709
Yield of the fisheries off the California coast in 1925, by districts and species
]
Species Northern district Sai Francisco District | Monterey district
|
He Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value
AIDA COLO oe ek 2 oe a ea keene ae] Fein ED 20, 525 $2, 258 | 439, 304 $32, 296
ANCHOVIES seo ake Ta Cae ae Ea 26, 012 | 260 1, 400 7
OHIO 5 eee Obs ee WE Ee ead a Ree 13 if 6, 025 301
Caip sas ee 2 Te ea 29, 652 $593 65, 028 1, 32%" |sos2t. 22S eee
api sty eu Re ee sy es ese 163, 239 24, 486 203, 040 30; 456 |=. -=2. 2252S | eee
Gods dry salicds. 225. Sbe noes | SO ee OR ee 13, 415, 608 237, 124°| 2-35.22. 3 See
OGTR eA BO ag wore ces hee ee Boe ROE a 130 Y fal es
elganidersss-seee <7 ances 73, 418 1,736 | 2,085, 734 58, 843 | 379, 889 10, 329
ray fishies tS. 33 3s 27s see eS ete ea = Ee ae rn 196, 131 1, 9617 870 9
RG! See See te ee oe Na bee Sait ae ane Lee 16, 892 5, 125 103
1 Taken in Bering Sea.
338
a i
a
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926
449
Yield of the fisheries off the California coast in 1925, by districts and species—Contd.
Species Northern district | son San Francisco district Monterey district
——— ——$————————— —— | —— | es = —
|
FlsH—continued
Pounds Value | Pou rds Value Pounds Value
OO oa eS ee 151, 262 | $20,278 10, 840 18012 ki cee eee eee
Halibut, “‘California”’_----------|-------....- [eases coon BRAS 32 oo ee 8, 761 $1, 051
SCS LS a a 23, 597 eae eee ee | Jeera
Grin g =e ee sa ssnccce 847, 071 16, 941 2,136 | 43
TAS Te (i ee 3, 888 136 103, 832 | 4, 153
SIP COU ener: =. Se aes =o 426, 571 25, 594 204, 862 | 12, 292
Mackeroters: 2) 208 a5. 446 13 845, 764 | 25, 373
Pike, Sacramento------- 5, 764 yap eee ee | S¥gan aes
Pilchard or sardine 464, 182 | 9, 284 124, 756, 314 | 785, 965
TECOVPOV OTT: (0) 4a oe et Sy a pe Oe mee ee et (ene lee 18
TOR ORR ee ee | 747, 191 42, 324 1, 190, 918 39, 388
Mr Oita ee 11, 275 564 | 418, 442 16, 738 291, 929 8, 758
SEU Srna Se a ee 4, 377,256 | 323,874 | 4,049, 782 485, 974 1, 098, 715 109, 872
SOUNDS 25 Sek Sa a a oes ate Leas 125 13 BPP 323
Sea bass: White or squeteague__-. 29 | 35) HO, Leal 5, 231 41, 686 1, 294
UR GLOR eS. 5 eee! a es ee eee fae eet 2, 439, 726 HOSP 1LSt 2 oes Se Soe eae eee
icties Cet ee 650 13 | 156,328 3, 127 17, 452 349
SIDINGHIOL Spi PU) LUNA en a~ | a2 2 =e esl seca aese | 1, 344 81 11, 292 565
ESET LPORATL NGA 2) 9 oS a 39, 473 2, 763 110, 247 th, ul 142, 606 12, 319
Sos 33 ee ee ee 257,797 | 10,312) 6,845, 793 239, 604 1, 462, 006 73, 100
SS ouch Ls Sea eR eS CS SS ee eee ee ee ees oe | 6, 557 ADTs RGSS eS be eho) Bien ee
Sreeinesd trove... she 222 | Dilecieenen eee eed tak IS alo ee eee ae o>
SUAPCTR DEN OS = eae ae ee eee cee ee | $37, 716 116, 021 57 7
BRIS eee ee one = ee el 4,972 | 99 737 LGR) Sie Ge Seema et 5 come
SUS ct ere 41,013 1, 230 89, 209 2, 676 32, 255 1, 290
PG HIN eee 2 250 ee oe pul See eee es 12, 633 316 1, 875 47
UL AO i ek Se 38, 017 2, 091 32, 951 VSL 2 i lee eh a ae | ee SR
ROU er TSH seater eee OE 15, 640 782 | 10, 226 511 24, 350 487
5, 323, 247 | 395, 208 | 23, 626, 610 1,415,028 | 131,072,710 | 1,119,739
__——————————| ; _——————_—
196, 944 16,412 2,962,800 246, 900 74, 568 6, 214
ce Sh reece 1, 460, 234 146023 Ns eS ae ae eS
He tetas Eesessacce 1, 827, 416 109, 645
200,882 | 18,986 | 4,549, 271 450, 901 2, 487, 368 386, 156
eee S| Semen 48, 870 PRO een oe ene ali eee
pe ea ee BES Ne eis oe 1, 525, 733 TOG RCE YS Sees ee eae ee ee
eee 1, 108, 833 Pea 3) | eee ye Bee ee en ae
es ee 2, 683, 436 133) S407 |p oens eee | See
Grand itotals 2-52-2222 5,524,129 414,194 | 30,859,317 | 2,004,772 | 183, 560, 078 | 1, 505, 895
!
Species Los Angeles district San Diego district Total
|
|
oe Pounds | Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value
PAU ACOT RE aca aa an 16, 760,017 $1,801,712 | 4,465,096 $446, 510 21, 684, 942 |$2, 282, 776
PRON OVIGS ne an 96, 507 iS) eee Se saos Rees eeeae 123, 919 1, 232
IBATTACU OS. (ae onacscscu eens 5, 154, 707 | 237, 117 790, 898 31, 636 5, 945, 605 268, 753
SBYCTEVA 7 As Ama, pe i al a ea 629, 065 | 19, 624 135, 129 | 4, 054 770, 232 23, 980
tee ck Saas Cee Sel en ae Renner a [ae be ees 255 | 94, 935 1, 928
SS AUHEY Senne noe cabo senses |seos tosooe stone eee oes ee ee a eeeee- eee 366, 279 54, 942
eed, TURRET Le Se ee a eee eS [eee = 2 re ee ee ee 3, 415, 608 237, 724
Rue eyes tit So eT 116 CHR Aine toes 246 13
LGTY CS 9 eS a 12, 112 | 560 4 1 2, 551, 193 71, 469
iy fishers tonne Soe oo Le 8, 992 90 166, 339 1, 663 372, 332 3, 723
[BUD a a Pe Se eel = ea Pee eee ee (eee ee 22, 017 441
ST Dice CSG ORs Remicce eres | tiem | Oe em ee aR 162, 102 21, 579
Halibut, ‘“‘ California’”’__.._-.-- 1, 087, 508 | 152, 630 255, 187 35, 726 1, 351, 456 | 189, 407
450
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Yield of the fisheries off the California coast in 1925, by districts and species—Contd.
Species Los Angeles district San Diego district Total
FIsH—continued
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
Wardhead: ~~ 2. -ca2-25 22 Ses es | a ee | eee See ee 24, 028 | $961
PGRN g 222 ee ote ee ee 1, 480 $30 | 9, 065 $181 862, 974 17, 259
Ranphishy: <2) ae | 419, 378 8, 388 9, 506 190 536, 604 12, 867
SST INP COC ce eee ae oe eS 2, 5382 TSO = aaa Ss |e 683, 180 | 40, 975
NMackerelis 2 Set ass eee 2, 074, 768 57, 393 | 585, 025 14, 626 3, 506, 103 97, 408.
MMe 5 35s ee ee 6, 419 642 | 15, 232 1, 219 21, 651 1, 861
Pike, Sacramento. =.-.--<3---+ ist. Se ee See ey ee (ate pee et eed Ie te 5, 764 231
Pilchard or sardine 174, 405, 326 1,185,957 | 15, 669, 164 106,550 | 315,294, 986 | 2, 087, 756
Ponipano-e es 8, 974 4,128 | 77 35 9, 111 4,181
ROCK passe aeeee a 122, 076 11, 025 | 187, 985 15, 979 310, 061 | 27, 004
RoGkAShes=as see sea 1, 889, 387 103,094 | 1, 555, 784 77, 789 5, 449, 694 265, 914
Salblefish 22s et os wee Si 826 ORI e Stee eT ee 722, 472 26, 118
Salmon= Jes oe fr See ae Sees ae ee ree eee cena Fide SSE 9,525,753 | 919, 720
Sculpin 22s Sete os Seas 200, 395 20, 039 | 22, 709 2, 044 226, 456 | 22, 419
Sea bass: |
IBIS Gke 28 2 es es eae | 42, 488 | 1,078 | 60, 416 1, 208 102, 904 2, 286
White or squeteague______| 662, 748 91, 481 | 165, 029 22, 977 925, 623 120, 986
Shadie 3 ee ee ee ee Cee bis aS: [ee Pe Se oro | Cees 2,439,726 | 105,118
Sheepshead 245 =--2 eS) 28, 850 664 18, 898 378 47, 7: 1, 042
Dcate Ses t ee oupe 8 Ie 8, 984 135 eaT0 1 183, 484 3, 625
Skipjack or striped tuna_-__--__ 6, 268, 079 376,085 | 2,487,399 | 124,370 8,768,114; 501,101
Smeltesilvers.. Sos ecole 438, 714 17, 549 18, 758 563 749, 798 40, 911
SOOO ease ee 3 eee eed 183, 394 7, 886 7, 348 294 8, 756, 338 | 331,196
Splittailie vos s Se eae Shae Se ewes | ee eee © Preece 6, 557 131
Steclheaditrouts 22S see te | Sok aera g ae ed Oe | ake eee 222 | 31
Striped bass’ 2) o> eee ae eS eas Sete ig ay Oe ONE eo an ed | erates Mh 837,773 | 116,028
Suckerstee ass. 3. ee at [he ee SS | Sree eas | Oe ee 5, 709 | 114
SITE HSHOS Seem = oe eee | 100, 286 | 7, 530 5, 710 400 268, 473 | 13, 126
Swwiordtishtseen. seo 8, 023 1, 203 17, 589 2, 462 25, 612 | 3, 665
ROMO Tee Nae ee ak ee ale ee A ley ier a wee et ence | ee oe ee 14, 508 363
Tuna: |
BT fin es See ee 3, 765, 496 338, 895 38, 181 3, 245 3,803,677 | 342,140
bell oni 25 ie ee 2, 841, 212 | 255, 709 122, 408 10, 405 2, 963, 620 266, 114
Mixedieee eae oe: se a 385, 463 SONOT Tee oe | ee eee 385, 463 | 35, 077
WWVALTET Co an tees eS aa he Ni atte fn ee ae dais all ered Uae onllae nae 70, 968 | 3, 903
Wik tenses Gai eee ae 136, 235 7, 765 83, 195 4, 160 219, 430 | 11, 925
mvellowtatle =: Hae ie ee ae 1, 353, 045 121, 774 1, 233, 576 104, 854 2, 586,621 | 226,628
Othertishvers es ee eis 165, 437 8 300) ee a Sas Re ea ee 215, 653 10, 089
PROTale ut Clee wes eis 2 219, 269, 039 4, 874, 737 | 28, 126, 068 |1, 013, 528 | 407,417,674 (8, 818, 240
SHELLFISH
(Oye oA Re See Se a 2 Se el NR ee OR ee Be ee a a | Be ee eal ee a er ar 3, 234,312 | 269, 526-
Shrmpe nse eee el Sa ee oer eee eae eS ae ee Vg te RS WEN ies 1,460,234 146,023
nee crawfish or spiny lobster- -| 293, 401 61, 475 138, 658 27, 732 432, 059 89, 207
ysters:
MAS TORN WAT KG hse o5- S| S250 ree a Lesa ie Sans ee eh eee 56, 900 24, 386.
Nativesmankete= = 5 eee |e iP Tee Sut eb cake S| eae Aye | eke 25 | 8
Clams:
Gockles< 45s eit eee SU ere ore oe na) Gey Re ee | ee i ole ea Oe 399 299
Mixed canes OE eee] 74 49 132 88 9, 265 6, 176
IRism ols sie es seers 80, 796 40N398" see See a | eee 80, 811 | 40, 406.
LS 0) Fe Sey a PC 8) Mh pH | eS oS ak eS ee A eat 44,009 | 27, 856
IMIG SSel See see Se seer ee ees 214 Bile | See ae a se | Rene eee 4, 324 | 631
JAM AI OTC ais as oe eo 3, 220 Lf 80ulS. cee ee eee 470, 572 261, 429
Octapigsee => mea 2% Pee ae 196 By Se eS ee |S ee 133, 394 12, 019
BS Gand see ee a epee i es 44, 867 6, 730 18, 445 2, 767 1, 891, 220 119, 167
Ota ee Saeed e938 5 es 422, 768 _ 110, 503 157, 235 30, 587 7, 817, 524 997, 133
WHALE PRODUCTS |
Soe} oat (OVI oe a. Oe eee 48, 870 2, 281
Wihalle toile sare eae Sy 1, 525, 733 111, 887
Other whale produets____.___- 1, 108, 833 24, 675
*Pobiler ic. > = See he eee Pest aiken nna EAN a ae 2, 683,436 | 138, 843
Grand) total- 2-2. =-2=22 = 219, 691,807 | 4,985, 240 | 28, 283,303 |1,044,115 | 417, 918, 634 | 9, 954, 216
|
;
.
,
|
i
)
|
|
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 451
Yield of the fisheries by California fishermen in waters off the coast of Mexico, 1925
Species Landed at San Pedro | Landed at San Diego Total
FISH
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value
PRUNE oe BS eee SL ke 512,748 | $49, 993 9, 233 | $831 521, 981 $50, 824
HOTPRCUGG St sen fo 3H a ke 1,631,427 | 58, 731 428,569 | 12,857 2, 059, 996 — 71, 588
TA NEVER DS oS 20S eo eae 77, 675 1, 631 18, 623 372 96, 298 | 2, 003
sbatbius,. “Calitomia’’=—=2- = -0 ee 168,972 | 28.656 931, 331 121, 073 1,100,303 144, 729
EU gore Sa ok a A RR ied hee = Seed | 3 ee 2, 800 56 2, 800 | 56
DONS US rege ee oe ae eae ee ete oac ne 50 1 50 1
PEICOV Olena ao eae ee 3, 869 97 12, 447 249 | 16, 316 346
REID) fg aa a ee eae | er rs Se ale a aS 15, 156 758 | 15, 156 758
PSE AT ere Se tee eae en | oe eemeeee ke [oe ee 1, 425 627 | 1, 425 | 627
OGRA DSS ees 3, 676 298 16, 548 1, 241 20, 224 | 1, 5389
PRE RSS eer ge ee a 326 15 3, 490 140 3, 816 155
Sea bass: ;
L1G e oe a Se ee 4, 696 94 81, 472 1, 222 86, 168 1, 316
White or squeteague - - te 370,254 49, 984 624,418 | 81, 174 994, 672 131, 158
Sheepshead -_ -........--- $2 70 | 1 993 15 | i, 063 16
Skipjack or striped tuna --..| 3,182, 899 159, 145 2, 284, 076 91, 363 | 5, 466, 975 290, 508
Sines, Silbver.— "5-22... Seas 472 | 14 1, 399 28 | 1, 871
mei ba seetey Sas) ees SREREE rey 5 I 1, 483 186 | 1, 433 186
Tuna: |
AVG iP Bak onl salt | RE aes as 5, 947,255 | 475,780 , 4,327,023 324,527 | 10, 274, 278 800. 307
[SVs La a OS AT 300 |» SBASh are sae sc aod eee | 41, 390 3, 353
MEE QVEn pA Ses SP ae Se es 222 11 2, 460 98 2, 682 109
SE Og) LES ee ee eee eee 318, 767 | 25, 501 274, 503 20, 588 593, 270 46, 089
SUTHANET LNT G bot es ig nee { 16, 288 | 764 2, 635 153 18, 923 917
ARLE |e SE ee 2 ae ai 12, 284,196 | 849,173 9,043, 091 657, 649 | 21, 327, 287 | 1, 506, 822
SHELLFISH
Sea crawfish or spiny lobster_---_._- 19, 363 | 3,931 | 1,034,984 196,647 1, 054, 347 200, 578
lara Ss amni gegen ses eet AE a a 11 | (ay bee ee SO) Pe ee 11 6
POI MOT ED ee 9 cerns ISAS Sah 1d 160 | Mpales 2 she Sete ea. 160 ih
Metomwse = seek! eee eae eas 55 | fo (Aer ae oa OF ed EP 55 | 8
ES HS a noel ee 21 | i Rete ee ee aes | 21 1
TN ie AS eee | 19,616 | 4,024 | 1,034,984 | 196,647 | 1,054,594 | 200, 671
(GRAINS Ue (1c) 1721 Nee a a | 12, 303, 806 | 853, 197 | 10, 078, 075 854, 296 | 22,381, 881 | 1, 707, 493
COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC
COAST STATES
With the presentation in this report of the 1924 and 1925 statistics,
there are available four successive sets of annual data on the fisheries
ofgthe Pacific Coast States. It seems desirable to bring together
these four years’ statistics for ready reference purposes. This is
especially desirable because some revisions have been necessary in
the data for 1922 and 1923, particularly as regards the oysters, clams,
scallops, and mussels. In the first presentation of the statistics there
was some confusion in reporting these shellfish, with respect to their
poundage on a shell-free basis. In the tables given herewith they
are all reported on the basis of pounds of meats without shells. The
following statement shows the equivalents used:_
§ In all statistical reports of the Bureau of Fisheries it has béen customary to report the oysters, clams,
scallops, and mussels on the basis of pounds of meats. Through misunderstanding of the State reports,
the 1923 poundage reported (and to a lesser extent that of 1922), included the shells of some of these mollusks.
452 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
| Equivalent
} neue weight of
Variety tee a | | meats as
RE ESTES with Phat given in
| table
Oysters:
Native— | Pounds Pounds
Wasbinetont 22 22o- oe. Be eS ae eee PACK case ee 120 | 24
Oregon ‘and: California S2~ =e oe oe a eee ee dosz=-et=-~ 120 | 18
Eastern and Japaneseo= sss eee ee re ue ee ee Bushelaes=-veee a= 70 if
Clams |
Hard'and cockle: ses 2) ees ae een eee SE eas ote d@ercte Sey 60 &
SOft eee ee a a ere ee em ee ee ae tes owe Suns eee | 60 10.
Pisin 08 ee er ee a 8 EO gees Pee Le Dozens= = sees 24
RGZOL 28 cata a nos shee ens ete ee eo Bee a eee Sack sweewee =< See 100 36-
MUIXGd= =e ae Se he Ne ee ee ee ) Busheles. See eee: | 60 9
Scallops se a ee ee ee Ee ose ce == Sas 40 6
IMGussels 8 23 sc eee ok Se aoe ee Se a ee ee ee lee G0 2-3. se | 60 10:
(A BlONG 228 eee Sees se Sa eee ee ee ne Sy ee ee he Dozens sees eeee 50 10
It should be pointed out also that not all of the statistics in this
section are strictly comparable. Those for 1922 were collected in a
canvass by the bureau’s agents, and those for 1923, 1924, and 1925
were collected largely by the States (which require reports from the
various fishing operators) and supplemented with canvassing by the
bureau’s agents (see explanation, p. 419).
As bearing on the comparability of the statistics collected by various
agencies, the records of California for the year 1922, as collected by
the California Fish and Game Commission and by the Bureau of
Fisheries, may be of significance. The statistics collected by the
State agency were secured by means of duplicates of sales slips, which
all fish dealers are required to transmit to the State authorities. This
gives a bookkeeping record for compilation and must be considered
as highly accurate, unless there is some loss through illegibility of slips
and failure to transmit slips to the State. We believe these losses to.
be negligible. The statistics collected by the bureau were taken by
means of a canvass by field agents, who derived most of their informa-
tion direct from fishermen and wholesalers and used the State com-
pilations to a certain extent. The use of the State figures was limited
by the necessity of collecting the data on the catches of each type of
gear and each vessel engaged in fishing. As such classification was
not available from State compilations, the information was sought
ere from operators and consisted largely of estimates of their
catches.
From the table given herewith, it may be seen that the totals differ
by about 1 per cent. The differences of various items exceed 11 per
cent in only three cases. Two of these (the carp and catfish) are
differences that probably arose from the restriction of the bureau’s
canvass to the lower portions of the rivers while the State statistics
included the catch from the upper portions of the rivers. The third
large difference (in mullet) may be due to confusion of names or to
exclusion of the Salton Sea statistics from the State tabulations.
The well-known staple fishes were reported in substantially the same
amounts by both agencies. In many cases the comparison is closer
than would be expected from independent collections of data, and,
indeed, the two collections were not wholly independent, for the State
figures were used where possible by the bureau’s agents. On the
whole, it may be concluded that the statistics are in sufficient agree-
Se ae OA) Sa RP Nt I te el SBihiggtia ar
453
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926
ment to be comparable within certain limits, and the agreement is
closer than would be expected of entirely independent collections
of data.
Comparison of the collection of fisheries statistics by the California Fish and Game
Commission and the United States Bureau of Fisheries }
| Per cent
| that the
5 iris of
. isheries
| fee coe | As collected by | statistics
Variety | ays 1 the Bureau of | are more
| Fish and Game! “Fisheries (+) or less
| Commission | * : (—) than
| those of the
California
| | commission
lee — ——— ae
Pounds Pounds
wok UAE TIRE 27000 MN Te a 2 ES SE a See a or 24, 099, 773 | 25, 252, 392 +5
GAA CES SE SR aS eS oe ee ean ae See | 652, 516 652, 516 0
ishhereh arg t= ae Oe Se re eee eee | 6, 250, 218 6, 284, 065 +1
(SiG: Deh Glof ENO eee Rs SR i ee 12, 791, 447 11, 648, 413 —9
WER Os Seen ene eR line a a ER saat a ae Ye ee ee 66, 915 55, 054 2—18
RR Siipee ee ee a Sa Ee 125, 679 | 7, 361 2—94
Ti SSN OS ee eee eS: See ranean 12, 158, 553 11, 692, 376 —4
Rebyey yess eee ie eS Ae ts So esate | 282, 018 314, 176 +11
PIR Genie oe et ee es er 74, 516 78, 763 +6
TSI QGnGig |. =... = eS Re ee eee eae 18, 206 18, 206 | 0
LBS ra eee de SR ne Seti pS Pee ae | 341, 621 341, 614 | 0
LEDs Oe ee EA BE ee ie ee Ee ee ee | 581, 863 579, 754 | 0
SLUESTN X01 6 EASE SR Dee pe eee Se ee ee el 568, 481 569, 821 | 0
VTericD ne ae see eres on Sea 2 i se SO Ae | 2, 495, 928 2, 498, 197 | 0
DF D 2 ee iene 1s 2 0 See 30, 946 148, 628 | 24471
[EMI DED SG Rete PICT OS Spe a eS eee 93, 399, 900 92, 114, 542 | =)
UREA eee eee ee te Seceiea st Det See ese sen a2 16, 422 16, 494 | 0
Lee A SL eS Se ee ie Se et eee eee 316, 051 285, 494 | —10
Ea Kali OG gee Oe Ea ey ee ee ES ek 4, 262, 678 4, 219, 650 | —l
SSE LRLTEN EIST A Dua wp a ek |Salad tcp SE Pa agate eT 268, 554 268, 905 | 0
Nalmon=) 22+. a ge Tee ee Pe on Sona St a 7, 235, 124 7, 236, 580 | 0
SiG(eU TT ala Seger ne SS Ae is Sei det as Se eae ee 42, 121 44,176 | 0
Sea bass: |
Ted silos a: yeni ne enone Bet on oe 97, 354 87, 559 | —10
\WWRESG 2 22 Dogs St Bier a tp Deed WE soe og Re aah 2, 981, 488 2, 904, 054 | —3
SLEGVC|. Ta JG 8 ee ie Sg Sa a 1, 109, 445 1, 133, 270 | +2
Sheepshead. 18, 205 18, 245 | 0
Skates___- 121, 210 121, 753 | 0
Smelt___- $30, 140 728, 406 | —7
Steelhead_ 2, 490 2, 480 0
Striped bass 684, 198 678, 820 —1
Surf fishes__ 237, 634 236, 431 —il
Swordfish__ 23, 256 24, 363 | +5
Tomcod-_.- 32, 114 31, 344 —2
dates cee eee ree oe ee re ee nee eee 84, 007 84, 007 0
TUE FECTISIE © © a GAN Be EE) ec ele a | 30, 270 32, 184 | +6
GUA WaT ee Ss ea eS eee Big Sioa tod pe SEAS tA eR | 3, 414, 423 3, 416, 572 | 0
GFA EDeT=Ut EIS ay or <0) ln ea ey a A 279, 651 273, 193 —2
DE CYEEN as eh i Se a i Sl A er oe 176, 025, 413 174, 099, 868 =
1 The material used herewith are the data on 1922 production of fishes, exclusive of salt cod.
2 See discussion in text, p. 452.
As the State-collected statistics of California are considered the
more reliable of the two sets available, they have been used in the
tables given in this section. In those tables requiring the values as
well as quantities of California fish the 1922 statistics were omitted
because there are no values available for the specific quantities re-
ported by the State.
The comparative tables that follow give the statistics on fishermen,
vessels, and boats for the Pacific Coast States as a whole for the years
1922 to 1925, inclusive, and for each State separately; on quantities
and values, by species, of the yield of the fisheries of the Pacific Coast
States for the years 1923 to 1925, inclusive; on quantities and values,
by species, for Washington and Oregon, 1922 to 1925, inclusive;
454
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
on quantities, by species, for California, 1918 to 1925, inclusive, and
on values, by species, for California, for the years 1923 to 1925.
Separate tables are given, showing the yield by species, of the fisheries
prosecuted by California fishermen off the coast of Mexico and off the
coast of California.
Comparative statistics of the personnel and fishing craft employed in the fisheries of
the Pacific Coast States, 1922 to 1925
Items
Vessel fishery:
Fishermen
Tonnage
Shore fishery:
Risheramien <2 San ek Sey FAA eS Le ee
1922 1923 | 1924 1925
|
Number Number | Number Number
3, 162 | 3, 932 3, 597 4, 418
526 556 | 560 673
10, 265 11,095 12, 064 13, 361
8,439! 10,309 ~—«‘11, 762 12, 438
4,173 5, 100 5, 727 5, 424
1,041 | 657 676 1,019
Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1923
to 1925
|
Species | 1923 1924 1925
ee ere
oS Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pounds Value
Albacore Sao t= oe ae eee 12, 514, 833 | $1, 627, 193 17, 695, 362 | $1, 828, 812 22, 206, 923 |$2, 333, 600
SAT CHO VICES seat tet ye ee 307, 074 19, 292 346, 951 1, 984 | 123, 919 1, 232
Barracuda Ce ae a 7, 200, 575 575, 285 7, 128, 523 257, 022 8, 005, 601 340, 341
oritt green eee Do ae 1, 115, 247 47, 310 1, 038, 369 29, 130 866, 530 25, 983
Carp See See ee er §32, 312 14, 483 455, 223 12, 930 443, 772 12, 393
oe be SE A Sete San eS eee 130, 516 23, 333 351, 960 51, 977 366, 279 54, 942
od:
(Beet tet Ee EES oes | 1, 027
253, 936 6, 584, 819 366,856 | 7, 541, 146 421, 180
74, 260 2, 269; 743 63, 068 2, 811, 858 78, 147
1, 887 489, 639 12, 229 413, 881 3, 809
1S 0A ci ee pe eee ee ere 78, 969 7389 60, 780 1, 519 22, 017 441
Halihute Hoe ese eee 25, 015, 540 3, 319, 876 15, 973, 188 2, 138, 170 19, 256,185 | 2,177, 125
Halibut, “California” ___-___ | 2, 426, 837 392, 749 | 2, 576, 261 348,759 | 2,451,759 | 334,136
ardtidad ss Samet eck ea a | 9, 563 96 19, 023 761 24, 028 961
Herring 22 saw. Ce eee ed | 903, 089 | 10, 124 619, 064 10, 488 1, 535, 617 21, 810
Kanefishms ota eee | 411, 564 | 10, 301 384, 317 8, 892 | 536, 654 12, 868
SPL E COMM eee wee be (1) | (4) 928, 988 40,600 | = 1,.437, 216 64, 005
IMiackeralese eset yma sit 2oaet | 3,592, 446 144,082 | 3, 240, 534 86,834) 3, 522, 419 97, 754
Ving ete eee eee ae | 74, 225 8, 065 61, 971 3, 343 | 36, 807 2, 619
Pilchard or sardine__---______ | 159, 197, 006 704, 280 | 242,685,958 | 2,079,727 | 315, 294, 986 | 2, 087, 756
IPampaAnOwes tae ee ewe 32, 918 13, 298 17, 579 7, 855 | 10, 536 4, 808
Rock assets pees awe SORTED 357, 269 30, 301 466, 208 38, 876 330, 285 28, 543
ack fishes dee) seed ee Ae 6, 136, 813 294, 977 5, 051, 200 223,231 | 5, 927, 306 284, 248
Sablplshe ssa ee eee 3, 014, 772 156,871 | 2,989,185 | 146,001 | 3,512,464 | 210, 512
ror. heo(ai4 Seen eee om nee Seen | 106, 089,172 | 7, 208, 526 | 101,960,651 | 7,825,101 | 139, 848, 020 |10, 149, 961
Sei pitie eee ear oF Wi oe | 60, 466 6, 046 109, 070 10, 213 226, 456 22, 419
Sea bass: |
BiaGk 2 3s Sosa Soe 226, 995 22, 168 231, 404 | 4, 163 189, 072 3, 602
White, or squeteague 2, 520, 263 224, 869 1, 515, 584 185, 086 1, 920, 295 252, 144
Shadkte Pa Gs hay 1, 778, 009 66,870 | 2,716,081 | 87,054 | 3,711,112 | 141,585
Sheepshead =e = a= = 31, 628 639 24, 267 493 48, 811 1, 058
Skates oe wat et as eee 141, 198 791 141, 316 2, 070 184, 771 3, 651
Skipjack or striped tuna______, 11, 462, 522 298,085 | 3, 780, 971 179,210 | 14,235,089 | 751, 609
melt:
Silver e040 ah be a! ete 22.1073 .7860 43, 661 1, 179, 418 86, 401 977, 333 61, 270
Mplachon sa Meenas | 1, 188,390 11,882 | 1, 210, 153 12,103 | 1, 557,940 23, 193
SO SOLES Peete eee Sr eathes 9 | 7,205, 939 290, 268 9, 101, 728 315, 795 8, 995, 969 341, 732
Steelhead trout____.-.--___-_- | 4, 259, 527 301,505 | 4, 835, 099 270, 894 | 4,026,070 | 282, 840
Striped bass___...------_-_-_- 909, 573 90, 957 661, 777 87, 493 843,773 | 116, 628
Sturgeon ss sis 2s ek ee 208, 178 16, 726 261, 712 16, 930 281, 129 17, 976
Suri sishes=o sos eee | 394, 792 20, 638 332, 865 15, 961 348, 929 18, 881
Swordhehtecs!: iin a en 11, 691 1, 468 31, 833 3, 610 27, 045 3, 851
Homeod nas ie nds EA 47, 551 3, 754 42, 948 982 14, 508 363
una:
lien £2 oh eee 2 eee a 3, 301, 087 165, 885 3, 241, 110 291, 306 3, 803, 677 342, 140
Vellowtme 8s set eenen 10, 836, 925 600,412 | 3, 063, 398 244,389 | 13, 237, 898 | 1, 066, 421
Vixed 2 Widnthed S25 289 73 | 662, 370 35, 471 546, 538 48, 577 426, 853 38, 430
1 Included with rockfishes,
er. ed
<
PS th nina ea penie nt ibd a pindnici Soten nota = Sele «each
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 455
Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1923 to
1925—Continued
Species 1923 1924 | 1925
| |
FIsH—continued
| Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
WarHtopaiye oe 2 oo 67, 818 $1, 356 122, 483 $2, 449 | 70, 968 $3, 903 *
Mu LM AN To a Se eee 39, 908 | 2, 089 273, O77 14, 391 222, 112 12, 034
alawiaiios: = 2022 o 3, 979, 611 | 217, 050 4, 714, 149 375, 156 3, 179, 891 272, 717
Otnerrcheeene 22 ose | 237, 073 9, 762 376, 640 18, 658 252, 852 11, 495
MBOt ees eat | 387, 358, 947 | 17,363, 666 | 451, 909, 112 | 17,857,499 | 595, 309, 788 /22, 539, 174
SHELLFISH |
CSD Ses eee eee | 2 588, 748 | 253, 87 3, 085, 814 224,668 | 4, 708, 858 370, 008
Cen See Nal ee eee ae | 141, 800 12, 000 12, 200 966 | 128, 250 12, 255
Sea crawfish or spiny lobster_| 1, 092, 858 225,656 | 1,027,312 199, 650 1, 486, 406 289, 785
Sania pe seece he a | 1,148,015 | 71,305 | 1, 589, 098 160,811 1,495,995 | 151, 386
Clams:
Wocki-=c-<- 2° 2. 4,815 3, 973 845 571 399 299
Hard nes OG oa SS aS 79, 825 17, 276 | 204, 212 26, 659 | 221, 585 36, 299
Mixed a eee a= 3, 877 | 2, 076 7, 407 3, 333 | 9, 276 6, 182
SING aes rea 8S 59, 487 16, 656 73, 287 35, 178 80, 811 40, 406
LTO es Seen aes 430, 698 53, 839 557, 084 | 77, 874 982, 019 137, 837
Si) ii Soe ae ee eee 52, 469 125752 DOmuToN 18, 447 | 64, 137 “31, 575
ip ithe cS See Se 10, 004 3, 002 8, 204 | 1,119 4, 324 631
Oysters: |
ASTOR Seen = S55 SS 113, 764 62, 319 88, 700 | 45, 938 67, 232 33, 994
PRE Vee Abed eh er 696, 240 327, 970 661,770 | 346, 752 673, 066 354, 350
apanese keke ss 9, 800 7, 000 15, 680 9,997 | 28, 000 16, 000
RPBUODS ees sree A. eee Ee Spe 4, 200 | 1,155 | 6, 000 1, 650
PML OHG © feee sen Be SS 317, 547 60, 367 449, 362 249, 646 470, 732 261, 507
Octopus Se ae 162, 670 12, 599 | 270, 825 | 9, 707 239, 019 18, 450
‘STG (Sie ee Doe 2 a eee 1, 180, 446 7, 680 6, 831, 029 | 409, 350 1, 891, 220 119, 167
OmhenshellAshias a os 1, 270 77 363 | 28 4,121 186
\ | |
TR Fil ig es eae 8, 094, 333 1, 150, 426 14, 942,567 | 1,821, 849 12, 561, 450 | 1, 881, 967
WHALE PRODUCTS
Spermap ilar te eee 362, 835 19, 782 67, 875 3, 620 | 135, 495 6, 901
Wihalesoilsa oto essa: 6, 019, 793 407, 950 4, 403, 963 314, 475 | 1, 667, 858 128, 257
Other whale products --_---_- 3, 114, 000 100, 306 2, 373, 500 | 54,771 | 1,318, 833 29, 225
Mobabeaet ot 2) 9, 496, 628 528,038 | 6,845,338 | 372,866 | 3,122,186 | 159,383
i De et
Grand total___________- 404, 949, 908 | 19, 042, 130 | 473, 697, 017 | 20, 052, 214 | 610, 993, 424 |24, 580, 524
}
Comparative statistics of the personnel and fisheries craft employed in the fisheries
of Washington, 1922 to 1925
1922 1923 1924 | 1925
1
Items | ;
| |
| | |
Vessel fishery: | Number Number | Number Number
FEISLAYEI oe; adhoc 2 Ge ee SU fA ete ae 1,811 1, 945 | 1,639 | 2, 338
ERC IGES NE EO RS oe 313 267 | 217 303
A TTTG ot re Le epee Se Re ee ka eee | 6, 330 6, 980 6,175 7,931
Shore fishery:
Peis isetni oiilee eee eee ee ee ote | 3,109 3, 454 | 4,551 | 5, 055
LPT 0) ie ae Se ee ee eee 1,158 1,751 2,036 1, 945
LRG YES REL An ee ee 248 289 | 261 330
| |
456
Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of Washington, 1922 to 1925
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Species 1922 1923 1924 1925
FISH | |
Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value
penis Se a ee eran 375, 160} $12, 054) aoe ae 379,258 $11,376 286,137} $8, 584
MUASH: . 2.2 SJusyetes SalG_ saa eo abies 230 fob. 162| sees = apse ie eee [ee en
* Cod:
Freshs. 202 2io-2 = (1) (1) a () Qe eas ae 1,027
Diy salbed eee ae see 1,175,875} 86,395) 3,680,711) 184,036 3,700,791 176,815| 4,125,538] 183,456
Flounders! Sees 85,211 2,454 195, 600) 4,092} 188,273) 3, 778 260, 665 6, 678
Grayfishos= 6,359 22) 59, 400 85 97,005, 247 41,549 86
Halibuts22 =. 3 2, 18, 467, 49911, 904,915, 24, 151, 374/3, 183, 820/15, 329, 5692, 040,881) 18, 516, 341)2, 079, 833
Herring 2222 2td= eeres 260, 338 2, 605 425, 389 4,254 183, 444 1,836 669, 843 4,495
Toingeodee se 1 Om 1 (1) 476, 926) 15, 025 695,494) 21,413
Rockfishes--_....-._--- 2361,082} 29,234) 2579,259) 217,097]. 295,187; 10,715 442,500) 17,321
Bablofish Bhi en 1,021,700) 42,866| 2,226,480, 112,074] 1,894,527 103,394) 2,442,400, 167, 128
almon: |
Blueback or sock- | |
Ohi Se eet eee 5,104,380, 543,743) 3,664,245) 514,257| 5,052,576| 658,923) 10, 211, 758/1, 296, 596
Chincok=== == 10, 969, §02| 946,422) 13,217, 424)1, 374, 204/24, 697, 911 2,086, 769; 23, 756, 404|2, 291, 041
Chums sors 6, 319, 808} 137,180) 8,791,085} 190, 158/12,219,145, 253,973] 11,492,502) 261,319
Humpback..--__---- 144, 683 5,262) 33,096,940) 960,590) 498,250, 22,932) 35,308, 7701, 290, 554
Sil Veneie eee 14, 816,994) 546,495) 12,950,359! 473,258/16, 158,108) 930,501) 15, 194,897/1, 031, 258
SFY \G EAE eae be dk SEE 48,039 769) 88, 767 2,710) 193,442 1, 940 254, 610 5, 086
pees Seen ts 8 4,227 27 7,210 74 10, 179 103 1, 287 26
melt | |
Silversea 238,414) 19, 046 267,356] 19,512; 457,506 45,750, 225,664! 20,317
Eulachon_______-_- 1, 154, 002 11, 542) 911, 195 9, it 983, 353) 9,835| 1,249,264 18,841
rapOle es eae ee eee 130, 886 3, 931 119, 904 3, 637 266, 377| 7, 986 231,191} 10,229
Steelhead trout_____-__- 475, 687 34/075 1,400,973] 100, 902| 1,143,453! 66,439] 1,718,786) 113,399
Stureoness 22 267,782} 18,670 84, 057 6, 798) 86, 205 6,109 119, 799) 7,799
ae ee pene eee ee 50, 927 2,616 53, 743 2, 224; are 2, 194| 80, 456, 5, 755
INCOM ee een ee tees iil ES a een tee 784 13} 42 A) eee | SR
Other fish222 22-2 1,660,143 89 IE Rb D 2.45: | | eee
opal eee as too 61,480, 438/4, 331, 376 106, 357, 279|7, 174, 483 84, 355, 805 6, 457, 525]127, 326, 882/8, 841, 267
SHELLFISH | | |
} |
Grabs: sobs a: bie eed 1,172,092} 59,221) 1,153,665} 57, 683 1, 145, 587 66, 578 952,345 65,080
euHip me geo eae 62,000! 7,439 34,657] 4, 504 38,012! 5, 702| 35, 761 5,363
ams: |
TEV Me pe tik Pel pear 92,433, 11,424 79,825] 17, 276 203, 412 26,479, 221,585] 36,299
0 AZ ORS ea aeee | 949,086) 106,905 381, 268 47, 659 524, 205) 72, 842) 892,887| 123, 992
ysters: |
asterl= ee 22 ne 45,332) 34,668 44, 954 38, 235 36,022} - 23,362 10, 332 9, 608
INST Os ore ees 554, 640) 251,400 681,840} 323,770, 650,700, 342,447 663,348) 350,042
: Bees seen eeroee 35,336] 27,131 9,8 O00) a 15; Sao a pe eee 16,000
CAMODS ooo 2 aoe ee eel Se ae ae ee ee (ee 4,2 , 155)
Onfopusin sus ten 790, 295 640| 52,377} ‘1,573| 104,534| 3,137) + 105,570| «6, 428
Trepang or sea cucum- | |
Derssae ae eee ee ag jaa See id ieee Beet 88 Fe aed ots ae ae es eee 4,100 185
Ota se eee 2,931,144) 498,828) 2,438,386) 497, 700) 2,722, 352| 551,699} 2,919,928} 614, 642
WHALE PRODUCTS | | |
| | |
Sperm Oil =e ee | 260, 625) 12,163 347,250) 18,500 67, 875 3, 620) 86, 625 4,620
Whale sony sea ee | 1,762,500) 94,000} 1,375,500} 91,500) 1,471,875 98,125, 142,125| 11,370
Other whale products_- i 130, 000. 30, 180 744,000) 18,510, 606,000, 12,488 210, 000 4,550
Topaleee es | 3,153,125, 136,343] 2,466,750, 128,510, 2,145,750) 114,233 438, 750| 20, 540
Grand total. ----- 67, 564, 707 4, 966, 547|111, 262, 41517, 800, 693.89, 223, 907 7, 123, 457/130, 685, 560|9, 476, 449
| | | |
1 Included with rockfishes.
2 Includes fresh cod and ‘‘lingeod.’”’
Comparative statistics of the personnel and fishing craft employed in the fisheries
of Oregon, 1922 to 1925
Items 1922 1923 1924
Vessel fishery: Number | Number Number
LOGY sc} te (25 6 eR en em A pee LATS CaS Ene ae 20 15 25
Messels@ 83 2x hart Sar ase) eee aes tok Ae SIA 4 | 3 6
Monn ages 5. Fl eas eee apn WORE Ie EN | 48 44 68
Shore fishery:
Hishermen esos ee ee oe eae 3, 999 4, 230 4, 335
ACME ChE ORES ere Seng ee ee = oe, Ce oie aera tc 2, 042 2, 178
OW MOSES Be aoe eet ee ete ee ao ee 501 233 283
———
Bad, i.
—— ee ee
——
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926
457
Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of Oregon, 1922 to 1925
|
Species 1922 1923 1924
- : =| <
FISH Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds
(SUC ioe ES Sea a Re ee Seen eee [een eeeeeee
WEI GIS ROR set tec ons) eae tea| ooo qe <= ae 5, 000 S150| See
LET 1 a 239,095) $20,567) 864,166) 136,056) 510, 977)
UTUN ge) te, ea sel REE Bees Sean Se Fe eee 93, 750 16876 cone
RIP COG. one ae 21, 198 513 77, 500 2,325) - 51, 630)
Roekfishes--.....-_-.---- 2, 270) 88| 62,510/ ‘1,875; 39, 223)
SOUR ae ee 57, 108 2,528} 250,000} 12,500) 161,348
Salmon:
Blueback or sockeye- 935, 789} 114,980! 2,085,031) 278,837) 436, 340,
12, 650, 132) 757, 546/17, 360, 898|2, 430, 544 19, 605, 761 2, 352, 669
128, 385) 1,413) 1, 136, 268 13, 126| 2, 998, 456
4,378,922) 125,428] 6,716, 662) 335, 430 10, 278, 835)
578, 003 11, 332} 403, 859 6,072} 9838, 422)
217, a50 2, 174 277, 195 Pau Al 226, 800.
25 1 bce A eS De ee
1, 820, 734) 136, 802| 2, 855, 543) 200, 181) 3, 604, 558
Sturgeon.....-..._..-..-.| 216,765] 13, 257| 124,121, 9,928] 175, 507|
SRE 5 ESCO TOONS Si gia UBS Sel eee 15, 000) 750
AB syed ctey lp eee S aeiraie \52 52 ls| RST | 5, 000. 400,
SLD eS eae 5, 343 Dif lea shee {pen Beate
4} A 5, SS a 121, 251, 119)1, 186, 896 32, 312, 503 3, 432, 821/39, 072, 857
SHELLFISH
CWS ee ee ee | 730, 802} 36,499) 359, 283 47,737, 433,411
CTA ETS Chee tie oA Rea na 68, 935 9, 226 141,800 12,000 12, 200
‘Clams:
TECTIA) pee Se lee re 58, 720 7, 290. 49, 430, 6, 180 32, 879
SVD i) eM a a re ee ag 13, 800 8, 278 5, 286) 1, 429 14, 621
Lies Deg fe Soe a a al a eR a eS WIS een = en 800
‘Oysters, native__-.._-_-__ 11, 250 3, 750 14, 400 4, 200 11, 070
BYGiAG) AY ays ee eS ee [age a ese |. Sosy eee 71) inte eek
“hs Ea ga di ae | $83,507| 65,043) 570,270) 71, 550| 504, 981
Grand total -_..._. 2, 134, 626|1, 251, 939/32, 882, 773'3, 504, 371
| |
1925
Value | Pounds Value
PRR Aa Se 62,700; $1,881
$81,373) 577,742) 75, 713
8,067} 347,592) 17,271
52,356] 352,799) 42,336
21, 420, 267)2, 357, 695
29, 986) 2, 338, 345, 34, 082
411, 154/10, 246, 525) 625, 360
10, 561) 1,016,776) 31, 381
2,268) 308, 676 4, 352
2, 243 112
197, 053) 2,307, 062) 169, 410
6, 000 600
10,821, 161,330) 10,177
Sek see |e
3, 159, 029 39, 237, 945/3, 372, 845
31,474) 522,201) 35, 402
966, 128,250] 12, 255
|
ele at oi 2 eee
44,588) 769,404 69, 521
39, 577, 838)3, 203, a, 007, 349 3, 442, 366
California, 1922 to 1925
‘Comparative statistics of the personnel and fishing craft employed in the fisheries of
Items 1922 1923 1924 1925
Vessel fishery: Number Number Number Number
LG Gretta Oe es Se ee eee 1, 321 1, 972 1, 933 2. 044
\SUESCH Rae 1 Sant be 5 ee ee eet ee ee 209 285 337 362
SGHHAPGLeaee eee So ne eet 8S es 3, 887 4, 071 5, 821 5, 350
Shore fishery:
Ig i@iniGik 250 ee 2 eet ee ee 3, 136 2, 625 2, 876 2, 474
Power boats 1, 297 1, 307 1, 513 1, 255
Rains. 5 SRE AS ie ee ee) ae ee 292 135 132 150
Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of California, 1918 to 1925
Species 1918 1919
i Pounds Pounds
LaCie. ee ee 7, 265, 422 13, 630, 899
PEMEH OMICS meee moe Fy te TSA 867, 851 1, 609, 548
ECC ieee ae eee 4, 837, 594 5, 824, 957
LE). 5 Oe Sa ee ee ae ee ee 2, 440, 831 3, 504, 041
CHT Ds x ae ee eee ee eae ae 312, 774 261, 388
CEG) tases San he ea le Ee PO a ee | 204, 876 164, 856
OU NGIY SANE see nas eK nee eee ees 4, 713, 018 2, 086, 200
LONG EVEVG FE Sao ha Sie a oe ee ee ee 2, 574, 108 1, 147, 584
GRR iin Sa loa ee ES Bee ae ee eee es | 403, 093 612, 683
PEEK Ga phe erga tee Be Set Dado oes 218, 672 133, 181
PERU eee eee ee ee a eee ee (1) (1)
1 Included with halibut, ‘‘ California.”
1920 1921
Pounds Pounds
18, 876, 647 15, 276, 727
569, 774 1, 946, 881
8, 201, 335 7, 625, 162
873, 498 320, 737
134, 420 102, 126
112, 365 148, 116
2, 473, 800 805, 383
1, 204, 252 1, 077, 886
811, 349 539, 333
141, 981 90, 218
(1) (1)
458
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of California, 1918 to 1925—Con.
Species | 1918 1919 1920 1921
Fise_ee nr sues Pounds Pounds Pounds | Pounds
Halibut, “Californias. oe- nae = eo een eee 4, 753, 691 4, 859, 498 4, 444, 890 3, 795, 757
5 age te 0 eal MG te We -alac ee pec) ae ae 27, 861 | 49, 291 13, 323 | 75, 811
RCREING 2S. - = ee te aa ee ee eee ee 7, 938, 280 4, 289, 899 274, 364 | 542, 124
Gin pTISH 2.53 eee See eae oe 975, 095 | 609, 175 461, 459 391, 085:
Sing codgs tees a ose ee ee See eee 915, 836 1, 063, 136 687, 954 425, 543.
Miackerblcc. 25. eS a eee 4, 076, 084 | 2, 702, 682 3, 048, 040 2, 975, 259
INTC G8 Ses ee re ee eS 91, 402 9, 199 17, 603 28, 955:
Pilchard; ,orjsardine: +e: 2 ee 157, 652,811 | 153,877,179 | 118, 520, 914 | 59, 323, 305
Bont panoessetce 25-325. ia oekel oe seen 24, 260 | 61, 424 30, 357 | 16, 703
ROCKS D ASS itm oe ote Ba sie ee Etre pn a les ee 783, 864 | 450, 229 219, 380 — 363, 856
ROC SNesse Sess Sass sh ela ae St eee ee 7, 889, 838 5, 333, 313 5, 600, 848 | 4, 687, 879
Sablefish tax. b Jee se a ee eS ree | 498, 937 | 334, 950 781, 032 | 1, 022, 642
Salmons s2¢3 Ga. Bose Se ee ce oe | 13,026,076 | 13, 145, 553 11, 133, 819 | 7, 990, 932
Scull pint ae ee ea Ee Ae oe eee eee 28, 404 | 25, 432 35, 674 | 58, 380:
Sea bass:
IBA Ck pest pe) - ot ee aie =e en ee ae 248, 795 | 185, 270 148, 037 | 127, 431
WHERE ESI eae ee Be eet 1, 683, 603 | 2, 520, 210 2, 660, 984 | 2, 643, 398:
S00: (0 See T = OLE a aE Seat ot ha we eet 2, 383, 635 | 1, 573, 738 1, 409, 768 | 862, 897
Sheepsherd 4222. ose eS ee See oe 22, 978 17, 972 14, 567 | 23, 925
Skates = 54. Shenae Ser a ee bee ee 246, 231 | 252, 776 88, 931 | 60, 164
Ship jackss= 52 ene he ee ee ee ee ae oe 3, 023, 847 | 6, 897, 484 7, 957, 427 | 1, 138, 993
Smelt t aes sare ee ee eb os el gales 796, 984 756, 980 744, 187 | 765, 073
SES OL 2 ee noon he oy ee Pe Oy 7, 027, 767 | 5, 528, 685 3, 821, 748 | 4, 870, 870
Steelhenditrout =o eee os See eee 21,819 17, 217 6, 999 | 3, 605
SUBD ECNP ASS Hea Stee ee ae Rae 1, 407, 841 762, 345 671, 747 €01, 614
Sania fishest ties: tet weet Ape we Si eet oe 8 198, 167 191, 341 181,131 | 242, 774
SwWOranish mie aoe. 2s eee LT Pie ph ae ah 18, 442 18, 252 ibsiates| 14, 803
ROTC OG Sr So See eS ea ee 48, 536 31, 310 37, 237 | 41, 77
Tuna:
plueiine "5-24 fe Se OS ee eS. se Seiten 14, 990, 860 10, 530, 272 2, 031, 648
NGM ib oleae sae Oe oe ace een al ee ee eee | 348, 081 1, 965, 024 | 1, 237, 616
IW (ec |S aa ET PS 9 Ea ee | 6, 240, 971 | 2, 461, 311 5, 482, 574 1, 552, 845
Waite Daxts=-<* e-A0o eet ae a es Fe 135, 857 5, 915 678 5, 229
VOWS) ESTOS LS EET Re SY SR Se ae ee eer a wee 27, 261 13, 711 | 29, 439
Micllowitailine sere S ie 18 Sag ae 2 ee cel 11, 798, 205 5, 905, 265 2, 704, 937 2, 490, 796
AO Ghiersishise oak 2k 5s oe ead 858, 774 654, 745 680, 695 | 1, 358, 748
Se ee eee
dl Noy EN ee i OS ee ee 258, 683,130 | 258,033,315 | 217,793,245 | 129, 734, 447
SHELLFISH |
VC SBEEY OS AIPA ge hen an a BW Eye ph eh 1, 618, 992 | 1, 305, 024 1, 220, 568 800, 952:
SDNY LODSECIS =o eee ts See | 930, 827 | 1, 089, 465 1, 189, 776 1, 277, 848.
SRrimp Sao s Sh oe eat 2 ee Cee eee See 722, 178 | 813, 035 818, 042 909, 844
Clams: | |
Cockle S2e,3 25 ptr Ae ee) es ce) 5, 991 | 3, 304 2, 407 1, 934
Mixed 22: 5 Sees 2a) 2 eee 19, 363 | 9, 912 11, 981 8, 975
FRIST OS sed a ee ee eet Or Sita rate: ot 166,421 © 104, 379 74, 754 54, 877
$0) ee ae Sh I Ea REN es sl Shr SE 52, 174 | 50, 429 38, 854 36, 100
IVITIBSCL GS: 2: +. ROR 2 oot Ih ees 8, 053 5, 849 5, 519 1, 533
Oysters:
Hastennes eee co at ees es yr eee me 136, 137 | 151, 543 112, 116 76, 712
INSUIVGS = sesso ee ee ee ee 5, 892 13, 793 8, 961 1,014
3X) OF: 10) 21 a ee ea Se 2 Se NS, keen Rene 120, 584 | 151, 841 180, 365 297, 853
Octopusie5 se Sh eee ees 32, 739 | 21, 492 70, 740 56, 266
SCWIGe 5 SEP Bi oo bee. | ee a 361, 714 | 3, 698, 242 508, 219 432, 559
Other shellfish 21, 031 269, 722 96, 836 4, 062
PE GUS Lipo ets a Ameo eee I eer sh re 4, 202, 096 | 7, 688, 030 4, 339, 138 3, 960, 529
DORM ROM eg Se cee cero 8 a ae Pre ae As SE Se en RS a | PO 13, 125 9, 375
Whale oil 3, 120, 000 4, 425, 000 1, 561, 065
Other whale products 1, 500, 000 2, 390, 000 696, 000
motel: ches. Se Eh A eee ee 22, 500 4, 620, 000 6, 828, 125 2, 266, 440
Grand :total2 5-27 ee ee Sab | 262,907,726 | 270,341,345 | 228, 960, 508 135, 961, 416
ae a
FISHERY 1N
Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of California, 1918 to 192
DUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926
459
5—Con.
Species 1922 1923 1924 a 1925
a A ee = | a
ISH Pounds | Pounds Pounds | Pounds
Weel ce Soe ee 13, 231, 823 12, 514,833 | 17, 695,362 | 22, 206, 923
Anchovies__ 652, 516 307, 074 346, 951 } 123, 919
Barracuda_- 6, 250, 218 7, 200, 575 7, 128, 523 | | 8, 005, €01
SM seseaed ee eee 929, 065 | 1, 115, 247 1 038, 369 | 866, 530
die ee SS ee ee eee 66,913 | 148, 607 75, 965 | 94, 935
UME les see Se 2 SS a eee 125, 679 129, 286 351, 960 | 366, 279
LED PE SSCS IL ai eS ee 1, 680, 000 1, 398, 000 rs 884, 028 | 3, 415, 608
5 aS 3 ne ans 1, 711, 733 1, 873, 883 2, 081, 470 | 2, 551, 193
LSICS HSL) 5 gee 5 ee 282, 018 360, 363 392, 634 | 372, 332
ea peer REN 22k Oe es Se 74, 516 78, 969 60, 780 | 22, 017
TE! SAO Geb rs Saee See Dae Sa eT Ee eee eae ae 1) (1) 132, 637 162, 102
Pile Coliferninn ne 22 ee eee 3, 403, 484 2, 426, 837 2, 576, 261 2, 451, 759
Hardhe; ad ee Seat Re te SS Ie eee Dee 2 18, 206 9, 563 19, 023 | 24, 028
TUMUN NUE G hee ge oe dd ene ee ee ee ee 341, 621 383, 950 435, 620 | 865, 774
DUNG LS le See eS a Pe Fe oer ee ogee 581, 863 411, 564 384, 317 | 536, 654
S.Lby 3 (0 6 | AS eS Sc ae ae a 568, 481 | 467, 300 400, 432 | 683, 130
Wi wit les Seis SES Sale eee 2, 495, 928 3, 592, 446 3, 240, 534 | 3, 522, 419
SURE ee oo eee eee oe ee Ry de 30, 946 74, 225 61, 971 | 36, 807
LET PELE Wio LARS 6 Ba 61: oo a ee gs 93, 399, 900 | 159,197,006 | 242,685,958 | 315, 294, 986
Ue EERO Dia Wet ae se whe ees SS eens 16, 422 | 32, 918 17, 579 | 10, 536
TRC PLE Dee Se hea So ee nr | 316, 051 357, 269 466, 208 330, 285
RAI SHOS So ora te ee er ee oe 4, 262, 678 | 4, 956, 244 4, 716, 790 | 5, 453, 510
Reis eeerenmaetibee Ls SoC erm a Lo A 268, 554 538, 292 933, 310 722, 472
CS DUPE et ay ie tile ha paleo 2 ie is 235, 124 7, 090, 260 10, 015, 269 | 9, 525, 753
SUSU CUTIES ea Bein Ne pees hsp eal pee ee ae 42, 121 | 60, 466 109, 070 | 226, 456
Sea bass:
ELS UCL EE a at 2 Bip Se a a pe Fie a Se ae ee eR 97, 354 226, 995 231, 404 | 189, 072
White_____ 2, 981, 488 2, 520, 263 1, 515, 584 | 1, 920, 295
Rhee BCRP E CAC TSS 2 etme es. koe A 1, 109, 445 1, 285, 383 1, 539, 217 2, 439, 726
Sheepshead 18, 205 31, 628 24, 267 48, 811
SSURD FEGich Saat LD beable ila eb ae Sie eed nape ger 121, 210 133, 988 131, 137 183, 484
SUS CT OCs as Oe Se ee ae See at eee. 11, 862, 382 11, 462, 522 3, 780, 971 14, 235, 089
‘SUERTED hp SUR BA soe | ai 9 RMS os 1 830, 140 806, 380 721, 912 751, 669
2 S)F1CE Oe tee 2p Bs Se a 0 0 SE Pig 7, 043, 336 7, 086, 035 8, 835, 351 8, 762, 535
EEE INBAMSEROt boos ee oe ee a | 2, 490 3, O11 87, 088 eee,
DiPAPEUHOASS eee et Se oe a yl | 684, 198 909, 573 661, 777 837, 773
DYSIE HRS HES os amen Man Ol eee SU Ue | 237, 634 326, 049 288, 969 | 268, 473
Rimoelhishie- ee eel ele yo ee ee ee | 23,250) 11, 691 31, 833 27, 045
AD STUNT yo Bee ce ea i Bil a oe a oe ee BB 32, 114 | 41, 767 42, 524 14, 508
Tuna:
TREE GU ER ETC Si cate a eek ON Si re OP a ent a | 2, 838, 193 | 3, 301, 087 3, 241, 110 3, 803, 677
SEM OW oe eee eee eee Rea St 7,337,405 | 10,836,925 3, 063, 398 13, 237, 898
Rial eee ere ge een EE Re ee 692, 352 662, 370 546, 538 | 426, 853
PUB ARG =t fat ee een rs ee 84, 007 67, 818 122, 483 70, 968
Si UNCLES Fie ae eS eae aE a ES See ee 30, 270 39, 908 273, 077 222, 112
REPL a DV All ee ene ee cue ee AN ee 3, 414, 423 | 3, 979, 611 4,714, 149 3, 179, 891
OTRAS Tle eee en ee, ce 7, SE Re nn ee 279, 651 | 236, 984 376, 640 252, 852
ToT ee ental | 177,705,413 | 248,689,165 | 328,480,450 | 428, 744, 961
SHELLFISH
Crabs 5S SS de re eee | 860, 328 1, 075, 800 1, 506, 816 3, 234, 312
1, 016, 776 1, 092, 858 1, 027, 312 1, 486, 406
990, 349 1, 113, 358 1, 551, 086 1, 460, 234
4, 2C8 4,815 | 845 399
5, 294 3, 877 | 7,407 9, 276
48, 373 59, 487 73, 287 80, 811
57, 210 | 47, 183 | 40, 554 44, 009
7,312 | 10, 004 8, 204 4, 324
74, 325 | 68, 810 52, 678 56, a
312, 087 | 317, 547 449, 362 470, =
98, 588 110, 222 166, 291 133, 449
209, 641 1, 180, 446 | 6, 831, 029 dF 891, 220
12, 696 1, 270 363 21
3, 697, 187 | 5, 085, 677 11, 715, 234 8, 872, 118
———SSS =—
37, 875 daha shi na a ee es 48, 870
6, 862, 500 4, 644, 293 | 2, 932, 088 al 525, 733
3, 136, 000 2, 370, 000 1, 767, 500 i 108, 833
PANU Het oye oe ea i rte byt Spd Bere a SE 10, 036, 375 7, 029, 878 pete 699, 588 2, 683, 436
CN AMIOLGUAL es noes ene he ee 191, 438,975 | 260, 804, 720 344, 895, 272. 272 440, 300, 415
460
Comparative statistics of the value of the yield of the fisheries
1925
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
of California, 1923 to
Species 1923 1924 | 1925
FISH
PAIDAGORG - — «3-25 a eee san SE ee ee ee $1, 627,193 | - $1, 828, 812 $2, 333, 600.
AM ChOVI0S. = J SReaess SERE - EAR See eae 19, 292 1,984 | 1, 232,
PES ANTS CUA 25 oe ee ee 575, 285 | 257, 022 340, 341
BONLGO =» = 5 ee a a ee Se sos Se 47, 310 29, 130 25, 983:
Carp. 2s 22-25 sae en aoe een eee eames a ES 2, 972 1, 554 1, 928
HEHE. eae IE Reet Pe es 23, 271 51, 977 54, 942:
Ood, ary Salted ss l22e 2-3 _ 5.2 Oe See eee ee ee. 69, 900 | 190, 041 237, 724
Blound ors 2s2348 ease. oes ae ee ae ee eee 70,018 | 59, 290 | 71, 469
Grayfish-_. <2 Sr etn 2 ee ee ee ee 1,802 | 11, 982 3, 723
LS «Bape OD id) 1 een Dene ene Le SRRERM AE Yee INES Ad 789 | 1, 519 441
ialipape ses 2a Oe Ue. a SE Oe ae BO ee ee () 15, 916 21, 579:
Halibut; << 'Calitormigits 2-2 ke ee aS 392, 749 348, 759 334, 136
Havitead’. 22 St see 7) See ee FT A Ae eae 96 761 961 |
1ST EC ea Se oe Se a SL SE 3, 994 8, 602 17,315
DQ Oe = a eo ee eae oe es eee SE | 10, 301 8, 892 | 12, 868
SEINE COG = ose sek ey a eee are RE op 23, 366 24, 026 40, 975
iWaeK ere) fe 52 48 Vee Sk ee a Sa a eee 144, 082 86, 834 97, 754
MGM G Gees: 22 SS Ot see 7s Peo TE ee ee et 8, 065 3, 343 | 2, 619»
704, 280 2, 079, 727 2, 087, 756
13, 298 7, 855 4,808.
30, 301 38, 876 28, 543
250, 314 | 211, 344 266, 069-
32, 297 34, 540 26, 118
638,122 | 1, 025, 838 919, 720
6, 046 10, 213 22,419:
Black. _ Sites s bees = 7a ees ee 22, 168 | 4, 163 3, 602
AVAGO 2 Fo eee Be a = sk i ane Re LEI Ee 224, 869 185, 086 252, 144
Sine eno TAR Ra re EER ay ee 58, 088 74, 553 105, 118
BHGOHSHOAG A =) UmPan 22 o.- Reta ie eens Ee ee 639 493° | 1, 058
SAL CSRS RIE Ae 2 ae 5 Eee 717 1, 937 3, 625
{SH Of) ee 1 rr 2 a ae See Oe ee ee, is) Pee eae 298, 085 | 179, 210 781, 609
MMGlis Sven: sew ee aes = OR Oe a os Ee 24, 149 40, 651 40, 953
SIO) CEA SERN, eS SRN BE SS ree aE Us SE oS ee a 286, 631 307, 809 331, 391
BLreciierGd: troutseens et. - Ae ee ee eee ee eee 452 7, 402 | 31
Striped! bass. lee wets fone em ee Sek i | 90, 957 87, 493 | 116, 028
Swi alsl CRESS SS Se ae 6 Ws eee eo Se | 17, 664 13, 767 | 13, 126
1, 468 3, 610 3, 851
3, 341 978 363.
165, 885 291, 306 342, 140:
600, 412 | 244, 389 1, 066, 421
35,471 | 48, 577 38, 430.
1,356 | 2,449 3, 903-
AVI LGTIS Tee ie Sees en a eee ee 2,089 | 14, 391 12, 034:
AGL tke ete 1 2 NE Rs BA Sg OS I SS ele 217, 050 | 375, 156 272, 717
OPTOReTS Ty eae ee ea rey ee en eee tn 9, 758 | 18, 658 11, 495
EO Geel ee ear OD AOE Lene ee a | 6, 756, 362 | 8, 240, 945 10, 325, 062:
SHELLFISH
rast 52) ie pee) the ae CS Beae Ene ee Re | 148, 459 © 126, 616 269, 526
Searcrawiish/ Or, Spiny ilobstenee= = soo ean eee ee aa | 225, 656 199, 650 289, 785:
SEA Vectual 0 eae Soaps ee See Seen aeee ee ee PRS UE ee ets 9 eae 66, 801 — 155, 109 146, 023.
Clams:
Cocke iaz7 eee ns a AS Ss ee 3, 973 | 571 £99»
IVI Css ee ee 6 le ER ee ne 2, 076 | 3, 333 6, 182
(PISMO == Seer 5 AR ee a ee aes 16, 656 35, 178 40, 406.
oi2) | eps Soe, See ee Seep ae tLe ne ee tee nee ee 11, 323 15, 816 27,856.
VETISS OIG See AOE laren ee Ee aT ree ta eee 3, 002 1,119 631
Oysters:
WaStenni: # Ore «5 See re A ee oe a eel, ey ee es 24, 084 | 22, 576 24,386.
INAtiVe® OF EMER ssa tork a BOER os Se BE eG 2 de ost ee | re 8.
AD alane es <— read RS SE ee 60, 367 249, 646 261, 507
OCLODUS. 2: eet alae et BSS DE be «ka 11, 022 6, 570 12, 027-
SQuid 2S. 2-25 J Be Os rE Pe Ee ee ae ees 7, 680 409, 350 119, 167~
Tuirilese= t= feos Sat Dy pee aerated eae Al aed Ae oe Wi 28 Uy
eae ——_—$_____—_.
0 Le pt gg pc a ee a 581, 176 | 1, 225, 562 1, 197, 804
WHALE PRODUCTS |
Sperm Ol... ee eee: ee ee: Oe Ee Se 1 980)|2 2, 281°
Whale oil. <.* Saat oe SE Se i a See 316, 450 216, 350 111, 887°
Optier whale prod ict: ee in et 81, 796 42, 283 24, 675..
TG teal ee ee ee aes ees ee 399, 528 258, 633 138, 843 .
Grandstotali.2° 2 <2 te ea pe at ee Pe 7, 737, 066 9, 725, 140 11, 661, 709»
1 Included with halibut, ‘‘ California.”’
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926
Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries off the California coast, 1918 to 1925
Species
VR ate = ae ee
OER Ur RR AE 2 a Sa oe
Heibot;
RPTEIOT eee eee ee 2 oes ee
VRE ee Ses ee ek Se ee a
UBL a hs Sey eee ees Bey ee
1918
Pounds
| 7, 263, 895
867, 851
| 8, 885, 691
| 2, 264, 164
312, 774
| 204, 876
4, 713, 018
2, 574, 108
400, 478
| 218, 672
1
Q)
2, 837, 987
27, 861
7, 938, 280
975, 095
915, 836
4, 005, 906
89, 657
157, 652, 811
24, 260
776, 645
7, 876, 926
498, 937
13, 026, 076
28, 404
210, 432
1, 528, 750
2, 383, 635
22, 488
246, 231
3, 023, 847
788, 923
7, 027, 767
6, 240, 971
135, 857
11, 658, 259°
588, 886
1, 618, 992
195, 750
722, 178
5, 991
19, 363
166, 421
52, 174
8, 053
136, 137
5, 892
120, 584
32, 739
361, 714
20, 196
1 Included with halibut, “California.”
254, 931, 059
3, 466, 184
1919
Pounds
18, 553, 025 |
1, 609, 548
4, 038, 852
2, 903, 688
261, 388 |
164, 856 |
2, 086, 200
1, 147, 584 |
612, 683
133, 181
(1)
2, 523, 895 |
49, 291
4, 289, 899
608, 561
1, 063, 136
2, 654, 596
7, 539
153, 877, 179
61, 424 |
442, 555 |
5, 265, 664 |
334, 950 |
13, 145, 553 |
25, 432
126, 997 |
2, 445, 556
1, 573, 738
17, 972
252, 776
6, 885, 369
751, 870
5, 528, 685
17, 217
762, 345
191, 341
18, 252 |
31, 310
14, 990, 860 |
348, 081
2, 194, 584
5, 915
27, 191
4, 871, 763
636, 943
252, 539, 444
1, 305, 024
256, 894
747, 130
3, 304
9, 912
104, 379
50, 429
5, 849
151, 543
13, 793
151, 841
21, 492
3, 698, 242
14, 483
6, 534, 315
1, 500, 000
4, 620, 000
263, 693, 759
461
1920 1921
Pounds | Pounds
18, 876,647 | 15, 274, 528
569, 774 | 1, 946, 881
4, 585, 388 4, 588, 900
672, 243 237, 859
134, 420 102, 126
112, 365 148, 116
2, 473, 800 | 805, 383
1, 204, 252 1, 077, 113
798, 721 539, 333
141, 981 90, 218
(4) | (1)
2, 767, 351 | 2, 482, 324
13, 323 75, 811
274, 364 542, 124
461, 411 389, 390
687, 954 425, 543
2, 997, 308 | 2, 914, 613
17, 513 | 17, 140
118, 517, 729 59, 323, 305
30, 126 | 16, 333
207, 075 355, 702
5, 503, 187 4, 641, 156
781, 032 1, 022, 642
11, 133, 819 7,990, 932
35, 674 | 58, 068
89, 869 87, 196
2, 408, 522 2, 143, 323
1, 409, 768 862, 897
14, 402 23, 925
88, 931 60, 164
7, 942, 338 | 1, 138, 853
730, 475 | 755, 738
3, 821, 023 | 4, 870, 158
6,999 | 3, 605
671, 747 | 601, 614
181, 131 242, 774
12, 240 | 14, 803
37, 237 | 41,779
10, 530,272 | - 1,971,813
1, 477, 905 1, 200, 600
5, 245, 412 1, 384, 739
678 5, 229
8, 859 28, 639
2, 486, 537 2, 139, 626
649, 940 1, 345, 561
210, 811, 742
1, 220, 568 |
247, 156
818, 042
2, 407
8, 148
74, 754 |
38, 854
5, 519
112, 116
8, 961
161, 343
70, 740 |
508, 219
19, 918
3, 296, 745
13, 125
4, 425, 000
2, 390, 000
6, 828, 125
“990, 936, 612
123, 988, 576
800, 952
334, 271
909, 844
1, 934
8, 975
54, 877
36, 100
1, 533
76, 712
1, 014
296, 234
56, 266
432, 559
1, 787
3, 013, 098
9, 375
1, 561, 065
696, 000
2, 266, 440
129, 278, 114
462
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries off the California coast, 1918 to
1925—Continued
4 ]
Species 1922 1923 1924 1925
ae “Ths
|
BSE Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds
Pipacore__-- = sae eee se eee pipe eo Sa 13, 231,823 | 12,488,199 | 17, 280, 346 21, 684, 942
ANCHOVIES... 5- ose” ae 652, 516 | 307, 074 | 346, 951 123, 919
Barracuda: - 32S Se ee ee ee 4, 721, 448 | 5, 135, 824 4, 733, 779 5, 945, 605
BODILO=—- === 3 883, 143 478, 771 836, 182 770, 232
are eae 66, 913 | 148, 607 | 75, 965 94, 935
GSifish 5-2 a 125, 679 | 129, 286 | 351, 960 366, 279
Cod, salted 1, 680, 000 | 1, 398, 000 2, 884, 028 3, 415, 608
MlouMuerses = fi Sek CE Le Ae eae. 1, 711, 193 | 1,873, 7! 2, 081, 196 | 2, 551, 193
Grayfish= 0. > eee aE aa tne Ree eee 282, 018 | 360, 363 | 392, 634 372, 332
FLGE GE A SE ee Se ee ae ee 74, 516 | 78, 969 60, 780 22, 017
ali pHs eee See ae a on oh eae (1) 1) 132, 637 162, 102
Halibut, oCaliforniaye 202) alee et Sra ae 2, 586,945 | 1,544,699 | 1, 527, 778 1, 351, 456
an dheads-2:5 6 soins ere Ba ee 18, 206 9, 563 | 19, 023 24, 028
EGRET ps wae ee ee a ee ee | 341, 621 383, 950 — 435, 620 862, 974
Rong fisiie oe, ee CN SD es ee | 581, 698 | 403, 435 | 383, 927 536, 604
SS Riripeod eee seas ee a See pole” Se 568, 481 467, 300 | 400, 432 683, 130
Vic Kerele ee Jes SRE See ee ee 2, 466, 762 © 3, 553, 951 3, 227, 300 3, 506, 103
24, 364 | 10, 007 24, 496 21, 651
93, 399, 900 | 159,197,006 | 242,685,958 | 315, 294, 986
16, 050 | 19, 780 | 13, 059 9,
311, 362 | 328, 039 | 380, 620 310, 061
4,238,480 | 4,932,350 | 4, 684, 065 5, 449, 694
268, 554 538, 292 | 933, 310 722, 472
7, 235,124 | 7,090,260 | 10, 015, 269 9, 525, 753
41, 940 | 60, 466 | 109, 070 226, 456
83, 692 | 75, 740 | 88, 677 102, 904
2,245,268 | —«:1, 928, 386 964, 755 925, 623
1, 109, 445 | 1, 285, 383 1, 539, 217 2, 439, 726
18, 183 31, 111 | 23, 427 47, 748
ates 121, 210 133, 988 131, 137 183, 484
BRT JACK foe eke een 2 3 eRe ey ee 10, 115, 712 | 4, 579, 077 1, 356, 426 8, 768, 114
PSP EY SG Py SO ek gO Se 822, 928 798, 840 715, 280 749, 798
CSE aR Ree) «eta Seana: NS See a 7, 043, 111 | 7, 085, 085 8, 828, 380 8, 756, 338
SPEEA frOlinee a ne ee eae ee 2, 490 3, 011 87, 088
SERCO ASS: ae se en see 2 TN Sele bie Ve re BE 684, 198 909, 573 661, 777 837, 773
Nun gushes= tee sees eo se See ea oe ea 237, 634 | 326, 049 288, 969 268, 473
PAW ASLO Hy Se Se NEL Pee OE Tare oe Ae Ee | 23, 256 | 11, 056 31, 833 25, 612
A NaTTT (C010 Liye et atags See as Vega oat ee Rae 32, 114 |. 41, 767 42, 524 14, 508
Tuna:
PERE: Soe ee ee es CR el ae 2, 811, 283 3, 218, 090 | 3, 241, 110 3, 803, 677
VGH O Whit 222 aes ee eT ee ee et | 1, 205, 023 428, 896 680, 759 2, 963, 620
Tae Ee nee nt ee Ard GHD Ahh. SERRE } 671, 890 | 427, 166 485, 401 385, 463
Ny ALS Wi FS) OFF 98 Rg Re Res A ae ie ata ae ee 84, 007 | 67, 818 122, 483 70, 968
WK Lenses so ee are vee eee bee Ser 27, 779 34, 503 250, 663 219, 430
SOLOW Lall a se een Ne SEE ee an AS 3, 111, 131 | 2, 968, 596 2, 863, 012 2, 586, 621
OS HEYSTON TG | EB ed an rea, 6s a Done peeme ee. Hae ae 270, 509 189, 520 349, 798 233, 929
| :
Li 0) 2 ee rn gin oS Cap cae | 166, 249,599 | 225,481,554 | 316, 769, 101 407, 417, 674
| ——
SHELLFISH |
Cig ees ie Ete Oe a? eI ee se 860, 328 1, 075, 800 1, 506, 816 3, 234, 312
Spiny lobsters es 5 2 et =e eee | 3, 136, 000 2, 370, 000 1, 767, 500 1, 108, 833
Total sok a oe ae ee eS ee 10, 036, 375 7, 029, 878 4, 699, 588 2, 683, 436
Grand:totali. = 7-03 ss ee ke eee 179, 322,710 | 236,877,469 | 332, 449, 967 417, 918, 634
1 Included with halibut, ‘‘ California.”
RIOT Ve Mi) RRM “pein He
.
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 463
Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries prosecuted by California fishermen
in waters off the coast of Mexico, 1918 to 1925
|
Species } 1918 1919 1920 1921 | 1922 1923 1924 1925
} }
| |
FISH |
Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds| Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds
MUIBQOORO oS esece 22h to 1, 527 (yA! a 2; L9Ops Bz es see es } 26, 634 415, 016 521, 981
iit GC ea oe 951, 903|1, 786, 105|3, 615, 947/3, 036, 262) 1, 528, 770) 2, 064, 751) 2, 394, 744) 2, 059, 996
BORO eso 2 So. Fe 176, 667; 600,353} 201,255} 82, 87. 45,922} 636,476) 202, 187 96, 298
TOL SHG bir Bde ie pas ea par te 773| 540) 175 Dial es ase
CoN Th i 2, G85)2.2- 2 == 1262812225 5 2 | Sooner: pee $e ee St ee eee
Halibut, “California’’___|1, 915, 70412 , 335, 603)1, 677, 539/1, 318, 433, 816, 539) 882, 138) 1, 048, 483) 1, 100, 303
LEP AE rat eo SE SS SE eee | ee Rae, een ee bios setae |E ee eee 2, 800
LAG TES cS See ey aes 614 48 1, 695) 165) 8, 129 390 50
RWinekerels coe 70, 178 48, 086 50, 732 60, 646 29, 166) 38, 495) 13, 234 16, 316
INCU CS eS ee 1, 745) 1, 660 90 11, 815) 6, 582 64, 218 37, 475 14, 156
Pilchard or sardine__._.._|_..-..._- ote Se 5 He Sots eS ee ee een oy Sore ee
OMAN Oo ee ae. [nates era ee 231 370 372) 13, 138 4, 520 1, 425
Rock bass -2 454 ee 7, 219 7, 674 3, 305 8, 154 4, 689 29, 230 85, 588 20, 224
Rockfishes_----..-.-.-.--| 12,912] 67,649] 97,661) 46,723 24, 198 17, 894 32, 725 3, 816
Pen BP ee See ae ae ee Pee ee |p oeeoe ee 312 ee Bene jeassoeee a: |eseeccnees
Sea bass
ite ae ee ee 38,363, 58,273) 58,168) 40, 235 13, 662 151,255) 142, 727 86, 168
DIED? Oe = Sen oes be 154,853 74,654) 252,462) 500, 075 736, 220) 591,877) 550,829] 994, 672
mnpepsmead==2o-- = 5. cee | Gt 22) 517) 840, 1, 063
‘Sing bid 28 pre i a aS 12, 115) 15, 089 140} 1, 746, 670; 6, 883, 445) 2, 424, 545) 5, 466, 975
Si ee 8, 061, 5 110) 2, 712 9, 335 ie 212) le 540, 6 632 L 871
SSL ae Be eee [42 2 3a 725 712 225) 950, 6, 971 6, 197
Shih eS ee rr ee ee eee 21S) se oe <= See Sa (Si) ea es 1, 433
Tuna: |
BUT (ei its eee Oe ee ee eee [2 oeeee 2 59, 835 26, 910) S2ROOT ene tse se Cee
MAGUS 7a fir a eee |e | | 487,119] 37, 016) 6, 132, 382,10, 408, 029) 2, 382, 639) 10, 274, 278
KOC eee er a ee Ny rs 266, 727) 237,162} 168, 106 20, 462 235, 204) 61, 137 41, 390
VSL RS Ee cos Ok Sale eS Saar 70 4, 852 800 2, 491) 5, 405) 22, 414 2; 682
wellowtaH 25. Schees: 139, 946! 133, 502) 218,400’ 351,170} 303, 292) 1,011,015) 1,851,137! 593, 270
THER tisha a as = 269, 888} 17,802; 30,755) 13,187 9, 142 47, 464 26, 842 18, 923
pQbale s2G See Ss 3, 752, 071)5, 493, 8716, 981, 503)5, 745, 871/11, 455, 814)23, 207, 611/11, 711, 349/21, 327, 287
SHELLFISH
Sea erawfish or spiny
fabstersse ee Se 735, 077} 832,571! 942,620) 943,577| 640,466) 708,477| 732,956) 1, 054, 347
PAG AI OHB ssa Pe” e0re |e te Eo 13,181} 19, 022) 1, 619 7, 408) 6, 520 1, 000 160
Clams: |
LS OTS ESS eae EE ere |S (eee ee SNS33 [pesos Bessa es 120| Eee xd 11
ETSI — CS ty | SE ee eae eee ae eee Glee ese Sas es Ee Ee
Seu AN YSU ee ar ete Se a Bae Se ee Ed Be 55
SE Ta! oes et (ee ee ee ee a eet ee eee a Deen eee 45381222 2S |e eee
Other shellfish ---________ 835] 255,239) 76,918 2, 275 12, 521 1 ae eee 21
Ltn rs Le Se a Poh ees 735, 912)1, 100, 9911, 042, 393) 947,471) 660,451! 719,640 733, 956) 1, 054, 594
Grand total. -_..._- 4, 487, 983)6, 594, 862/8, 023, 896.6, 693, 342/12, 116, 265/23, 927, 251/12, 445, 305/22, 381, 881
FISHERIES OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA, 1925
The statistics contained in this report are based on the regular
canvass of the fisheries of Maryland and Virginia for the calendar year
1925.’ The statistics of the oyster industry, however, represent the
oyster season of 1924-25. ‘This report also includes comparative sta-
tistics of the production of shad, alewives, crabs, and oysters in the
two States for various years from 1880 to 1925. Statistics of the shad
and alewife fisheries of the Potomac River for 1926 (following the prac-
tice of making an annual canvass of these fisheries, beginning with
1919) and comparative statistics of the production of shad for various
years from 1896 to 1926 and of alewives for various years from 1909
to 1926 are given on page 394.
7 The canvass was made by Winthrop A. Roberts, Rob Leon Greer, R. N. Burrows, W. A. Galloway,
and C. E. Brandon. °
68078—28——9
464 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
EARLIER PUBLICATIONS
Some of the earlier publications relating to the fisheries of Maryland
and Virginia, and published in Washington, D. C., follow:
1887. Maryland and its fisheries. By R. Edward Earll. Jn The Fisheries and
Fishery Industries of the United States, by G. Brown Goode et al.,
Sec. II, Pt. X, pp. 421-448.
Virginia and its fisheries. By Marshall McDonald. Jbid., Sec. II, Pt.
XI, pp. 449-473.
History and methods of the fisheries. Jbid., Sec. V, Vol. I, xi+808 pp.,
and Vol. II, xx+881 pp. and atlas of 275 pls.
1892. IV. Fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States (1887 and 1888). Jn Sta-
tistical review of the coast fisheries of the United States, prepared
under the direction of J. W. Collins. Report, U. S. Commissioner of
Fish and Fisheries, 1888 (1892), pp. 323-351.
1894. The oyster industry of Maryland. By Charles H. Stevenson. Bulletin,
U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. XII, 1892 (1894), pp. 203-297.
1895. A statistical report on the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States. By
Hugh M. Smith. Bulletin, U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. XIV, 1894
(1895), pp. 339-467.
1899. The shad fisheries of the Atlantic coast of the United States. By Charles
H. Stevenson. Appendix, Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of Fish
and Fisheries for 1898 (1899), pp. 101-269.
Notes on the extent and condition of the alewife fisheries of the United
States in 1896. By Hugh M. Smith. Jbid., pp. 31-48.
1901. Statistics of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States (1897). By C. H.
Townsend. Appendix, Report, U. 8S. Commissioner of Fish and
Fisheries for 1900 (1901), pp. 195-310.
1904. Statistics of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States (1901). By
Barton W. Evermann. Appendix, Report, U. 8. Commissioner of
Fish and Fisheries for 1902 (1904), pp. 4383-540.
1905. The crab industry of Maryland. By Winthrop A. Roberts. Jn Report
of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1904 (1905), pp. 415-482.
1907. Statistics of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States for 1904. In
Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1905 (1907), 122 pp.
1911. sare of the United States, 1908. Special Reports, Bureau of the
ensus.
1911. Shad and alewife fisheries (1909). Jn Report of the U. 8. Commissioner
of Fisheries for 1910 (1911), pp. 27-28.
1914. Oyster industry (1912). Jn Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries
for 1913 (1914), pp. 40-49.
1915. The menhaden industry of the Atlantic coast. By Rob Leon Greer.
Appendix III, Report of the U. 8S. Commissioner of fisheries for 1914
(1915), 27 pp. 7 pl.
1917. Crab industry of Maryland and Virginia (1915). Jn Report of the U. 8.
Commissioner of Fisheries for 1916 (1917), pp. 60-64.
Shad and alewife industry of Chesapeake Bay and tributaries (1915).
Ibid., pp. 65-72.
1919. Crab industry of Chesapeake Bay. By E. P. Churchill, jr. Appendix
IV, Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1918 (1920),
25 pp., XII pls.
1920. The oyster and the oyster industry of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. By
E. P. Churchill, jr. Appendix VIII, Report of the U. S. Commissioner
of Fisheries for 1919 (1921), 51 pp., X XIX pls., 5 figs.
1922. Fishery industries of the United States. Report of the Division of
Fishery Industries for 1921. By Lewis Radcliffe. Appendix IX,
Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. Bureau of Fisheries
Document No. 932, pp. 77-136.
COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF FISHES
Following is a list of the common and scientific names of the fishes
of Maryland and Virginia included in this report:
Alewives { Pomolobus xstivalis.
ek geen oN are a ae Cerra g Pomolobus pseudoharengus.
Angelfishzis. 22 Sa cc beusseosceta eee oes Chetodipterus faber.
wags
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926
ba A Sete le
Crevalle (including blue runner)
OTST ELS a ee ee es Se
LOVEE, OTL eS SR are cranny emp et ee een Sm ee
Wdnimnperecs Or Tedishs 2 2-4 2 oo ee
TEIN. SHOVE LS Leto pg cee en Se SS ea
ERG Pere OKO iesemeue ar ae Se et ai Sa Se
JAS ra cs SLA gh ag ee ee pag ei Ns
Nistekcerelmeriere eileen ier! Biot e Toe
LPXOW GB OEY aVos © 22S, any arene a OY CU ra a Oy
SDD 1 CESS a as ee aa a a ile ciao nares
Shi meee ae Sie Ae Sach Roum
SRSUi cp emer re ss Pa ed eo le oh
Spanishgmachkercle eeu 9 a cae
SDD Lee ee eer eae ee Che kW Ko
sqmeteaguesior “sea trout”... -__._.-- ==
SHEDS ECAP GS a ea A ae a
RRPINIRE OE ny SS ty Ee NR
SIE AEE 2 Lee koh et lta ee eaear 2 e
SOTTIE Si Spc 7 ASR a he EN
TEETINKO Se, 2 Da eles 2 Eee ed ee a me ede eet
Mienpletanwec= = S"! Da See BS hi eae
MMe EDecCne ae key erate So Sa OES
VAN IT ees es e e So ee she
Brie Wowaper el ic as Meth Se te oS
“CURD Sy a le a tne Sd Te a eee
eer erates ergs Es Sy
PTE SIIS SEE SO Ee RS cS ae er in
© DLL SP oe ON ae aie OD Saar, pe ar ae a
“ST Ca a oa I tr
1a icropterus salmoides.
Micropterus dolomieu.
Pomatomus saltatriz.
Sarda sarda.
Amiatus calvus,
Poronotus triacanthus.
Cyprinus carpio,
Siluride (species).
Rachycentron canadum.
Gadus callarias.
Caranx (species).
Micropogon undulatus.
Pogonias cromis.
Scienops ocellatus.
Anguilla rostrata.
Veeco dentatus.
Pleuronectide (species).
Dorosoma cepedianum.
Carassius auratus
Melanogrammus xglifinus.
Urophycis (species).
Peprilus alepidotus.
Pomolobus mediocris.
Achirus fasciatus.
Menticirrhus (species).
Scomber scombrus.
Brevoortia tyrannus.
‘er cephalus.
Mugil curema.
Orthopristis chrysopterus.
Esox (species).
Lagodon rhomboides.
Trachinotus (species).
Stenotomus chrysops.
Centropristes striatus.
Prionotus (species).
Alosa sapidissima.
Selachii (species).
Archosargus probatocephalus.
Batoidei (species).
Scomberomorus maculatus.
Leiostomus canthurus.
tee regalis.
Cynoscion nebulosus.
Roccus lineatus.
Acipenser sturio.
Catostomide (species).
Centrarchide (species).
Tetraodon maculatus.
Tautoga onitis.
Scomber colias.
Microgadus tomcod.
Lobotes surinamensis.
Morone americana.
Merluccius bilinearis.
Perca flavescens.
Callinectes sapidus.
Cambarus (species).
Crangon vulgaris.
Loligo pealei.
Venus mercenaria.
Ostrea elongata.
Pecten irradians.
Malaclemmys (species) .
465
466 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
GENERAL STATISTICS
The fisheries and fishery industries of Maryland and Virginia in
1925 gave employment to 39,091 persons, of whom 25,856 were en-
gaged in fishing operations, 9,671 in the wholesale fishery trade, and
3,564 in the canning, salting, smoking, and by-products industries.
The investment amounted to $19,322,844, of which amount
$10,635,397 were invested in vessels, boats, fishing apparatus, and
shore and accessory property used by the fishermen, $4,259,205 in
property and cash capital in the wholesale fishery trade, and
$4,428,242 in property and cash capital in the canning, salting, smok-
ing, and by-products industries. The products of the fisheries of
these two, States amounted to 333,205,769 pounds, valued at
$13,948,060. The products of the canning and other fishery indus-
tries had a value of $4,936,664.
Compared with 1920, there was a decrease of 1,670, or about 5 per
cent, in the number of persons engaged; an increase of $1,046,911,
or 5.73 per cent, in the investment; and a decrease of 197,544,115
pounds, or 37.22 per cent, in the quantity, with an increase of
$1,207,668, or 9.48 per cent, in the value of the products of the fish-
erles. The decrease in quantity of products was due largely to a
smaller catch of menhaden in Virginia. The output of the canning
and other fishery industries showed a decrease of $1,388,621, or 21.95
per cent, in value.
The following tables contain condensed statistics of the fisheries
and fishery industries of Maryland and Virginia for 1925 and com-
parative statistics of the products of the fisheries and of shad, ale-
wives, crabs, and oysters for various years from 1880 to 1925.
Fisheries of Maryland and Virginia, 1925
Items Maryland Virginia Total
| er ee
PERSONS ENGAGED |
Number Value | Number Value Number Value
On) vessels fishing= == -<-_ | OD) | a | PAU) i pe ee 3; GOON eee
On vessels transporting _- ------ | DEH |B see eee 467) |222 2 985 eas ae
In shore or boat fisheries - --_-_-_- OF 320) ee es 6i3i| === 20) 9930 | see soe
Shoresmen = eee Aled sane Shee ae 18 |223S Ree
LAT 0) fo [Se ae ee re eee T680r| 22s. eee | 14, 176 Sees Sse 25,800) |e soaaenes
INVESTMENT |
Messels fishing steam <22= 029s 22a Jee oh eee eee 44 \$2, 219, 912 $2, 219, 912
MDonTing ete eee eS en Se eres Fae Al See pene 0; 00) ase eee 5, O10) Saeeneee
COE (ntl oe peewee ee SNS ee ote eee Se Pesce See a iets Save 237; 643 .\223. eee 237, 643
Vessels, fishing, motor__---__-- 37 $45, 900 | 97 501, 125 | 134 547, 025
Ronnare sen o-=- ee ee BIOS), | ew eee | 1S O04 | 6 Sak ae Eo 1,304) |=
Outfits: ee ee ee ee 128i See 745.207 :|== = ee 87, 032
Vessels, fishing, sail___._._-._-_- 354 499, 850 42 41, 450 396 541, 300
"Nonnage 0. ae 75.970 elt a Be rt a Eee ee ees, 4/523) ee soe Ee eS
Outi see aes a eee CS eee 138;605s/-e s2o-e tae 12, '000)\|5. 2s 151, 105
JA:CCOSSOLY: MOLOL HORUS! Ses |e eee ee eee eee 126 34, 600 126 34, 600
Vessels) transporting; steamiaa|e seo 2 2 |= se 1 51, 875 1 51, 875
TRONHAgS A Ae soe eee | eee | oe CA tig Eaeeeeg a eee 76 | eee
OEE Ne Se a yeaa ak lel g enter a eee eee es 1, 204 || <= 1, 204
Vessels, transporting, motor. —_ 168 464, 250 265 471, 900 433 936, 150
Nonndges:--) eee 6) 1 ee eee DAN if Aol eee ees 5, 1803/3. .2i2282=
OUItA Ge ee ee 684,925 || Soa eee 63,750: ||-=== ees 132, 675
Vessels, trasporting, sail______-- 74 195, 650 15 26, 850 89 222, 500
Tonnage. =. - 2 Res Fae Bt Pa ROL AL ane ere Ir ae tah he 7s eee ee Sew 2:907 |e
Onin As= 2; 4759 -sokae cakes 22, 310
IBOats pMOLOn. 2 =e == a 1, 264, 085 8,188 | 2, 408, 674
Boats, sail, row, etc.-...__.____ } 3, 271 166, 422 5, 436 198, 530 8, 707 364, 952
*
Ye tn Besa: +s
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926
Fisheries of Maryland and Virginia, 1925—Continued
Items
INVESTMENT—Continued
Apparatus, vessel fisheries:
mse: Seinesse. —- 8 22S 3k
iter tra Wises 5.24 os seue
Crab dredges.....---.--.---
Oyster dredges_.-.--.--.---
Seallop dredges-_-..--------
RarohisGrapecec «=. -62sae~=
pROm PS: Pee sss Le
Clam picks or hoes__-------
Apparatus, shore fisheries:
MaDSeMmeSe = .2=525625.-_-
Purse seines
Guiinoetss +. s>=:-=-
| aye eel si a
DIP) NBUSHee. -5 = =o eee we
Minor mets.2 oo s- Sass 5K
Lines, hand and trot__-----
Slat traps or baskets_------
piwspeceese..- 2.55 -—4 .
NS) OEE) oye ot ee
Grab scrapesee --. - 5-266_2.-
Crabidredges-_--.=5-22=.--.
Oyster dredges_-_--_---------
Scallop dredges_--.---------
Tongs, nippers, rakes, and
Clam picks or hoes---------
Shore and accessory property-.-
PRODUCTS
Alewives:
PAMIPIDfISH he ato nce ce cae
(CORTE i a ee ee
Drum:
Bilagkes sha! oj. toe sos se
Eel
Goldfish
ENG Csi miki eee ee
ERICK Gr ysl oe = = em tee Tee -
Hog-chokers, salted_.----------
Being hiting se. ee
Nid i ae a eae
POMIDANO: so ances oe naa cas sn ace
BCUPIOMDOLGY= -- a cscccensnasn oe
SICH (CCIE SE ee a SE eee ents
Maryland
Number
276, 575
198, 353 |
474, 719
2, 602, 861
25, 150
4 160
197, 862
Virginia
Number
Pounds
17, 886, 647
23, 600
22, 649, 295
228, 180
125, 390
181, 948
iS 581, 817.
350, 283
122, 838
11, 840
150, 485, 623
122, 072
140, 799
17, 855
1) 400
4, 584
402, 274
51, 340
50, 000
6, 103, 704
17, 154
122
Total
Pounds
25, 366, 761
224,
20, 400
4, 050
93, 027
215, 001
304, 410
24, 775
6, 112, 932
660, 772 |
1, 009, 049
3, 260
17, 000
701, 445
25, 252, 156
253, 330
129, 550
379, 810
67, 200
699, 895
381, 308
3; 000
000
141, 799
468
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Fisheries of Maryland and Virginia, 1925—Continued
Items Maryland Virginia Total
PRODUCTS—continued
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
Scabies oi ahs eee A pri eae ey ue | Aa eee 23, 600 $1 23, 600 $148
Spanish mackeral-_-_-..-----.--- 290 $65 127, 445 16, 679 127, 735 16, 744
DOba. cet nes ene sean eee 208, 377 11, 485 1, 768, 206 88, 090 1, 976, 583 99, 575
Squeteagues or “sea trout’’._--| 1, 480, 209 88, 733 | 12, 444, 450 579, 563 | 18, 924, 659 668, 296
Striped bassse = tas) eee 1, 413, 999 240, 388 821, 309 151, 027 2, 235, 308 391, 415
SLUTS CONS een eee eee 19, 225 4,321 65, 977 16, 167 85, 202 20, 488
Sturgeon cavair and roe-_-.------ 2, 500 | 2, 500 5, 353 5, 752 7, 853 8, 252
Suckers. 2233 2a 2 3, 775 | 155 4,113 250 7, 888 405
Sunfish2i shee eae 7, 733 322 400 20 8, 133 342
Swellfishi22e.cte ee eee each enema a Mea ee Oe 35, 000 | 49 35, 000 49
AUTOR Se nae ea eee 400 24 2, 870 225 3, 270 249
‘Thimble-eyed mackeral -- 5, 000 100 13, 700 428 18, 700 528
Tomcod sas ceee a aacce 800 25 17, 400 420 18, 200 445
Tripletall ase ane see ee eta a a Se ape oe ce ie 2 25 4 25 4
White perch 629, 485 59, 278 427, 275 35, 230 1, 056, 760 94, 508
Whiting =4 223 he ee 8 | 80, 000 800 33, 600 716 113, 600 i, 516
Yellow: perchic 222. 52-2 8ss2-42 231, 861 25, 379 79, 687 7, 338 311, 548 32, 717
ue TiS sees oe ee eee 4, 720 70 970 65 5, 690 135
rabs: |
ard’io2 7.2 822s. ee aes | 17,321,116 303, 507 | 2 18, 531, 994 523, 733 | 3 25, 853, 110 827, 240
Rothe pee ee PEO eee ae 7 | 42,325,245 | 264,276] 51,422,250 | 157,981 | °3,747,495 | 422, 257
Crawfish =e a 400 40 lo es Se 8 |p eee 400 40
Shrimp oS 2232-2 eee 550 275) So 226-223. | ee ee aes 550 275
Squid=22s te 2 ee a 38, 000 2, 440 415, 825 23, 607 453, 825 26, 047
Clams, hard:
iIPUbliGieee es sc eee 7 109, 720 46,450 | 81,048, 544 400,908 | 91,158, 264 447, 358
IB TEVALO Sete se ees oe Se er | ene SE SENS eee 10 32,008 21, 426 10 32, 008 21, 426
Oysters, market:
Public_....-.---.----------/!1 28, 650, 678 | 3, 102,960 | 12 9, 546,327 | 1,036, 500 |!3 38,197,005 | 4,139, 460
Private weeee ssc ae aee 8 14 1,106, 042 152, 547 |15 11,013,366 | 1,367, 761 |16 12,119,408 | 1,520,308
Oysters, seed:
17 13,300 765 | 18 9,855, 769 358, 555 | 19 9,869, 069 359, 320
20 79, 450 2, 518 20 79, 450 2, 518
21 360, 732 | 74, 272 21 360, 732 74, 272
8, 400 || 4, 400 9, 830 5, 400
2, 700 | 49 3, 733 102
100,000 10, 000 100, 000 10, 000
56, 977, 985
1 21,963,348 in number.
2 55,595,982 in number.
3 77,559,330 in number.
4 6,975,735 in number.
5 4,266,750 in number.
8 11,242,485 in number.
713,715 bushels.
8 131,068 bushels.
9 144,783 bushels.
10 4,001 bushels.
11 4,092,954 bushels.
12 1,363,761 bushels.
4, 863, 419
276, 227, 784 | 9,084, 641
|
13 5,456,715 bushels.
14 158,006 bushels.
16 1,573,338 bushels.
16 1,731,344 bushels.
17 1,900 bushels.
18 1,407,967 bushels.
333, 205, 769 |13, 948, 060
19 1,409,867 bushels.
20 11,350 bushels.
21 60,122 bushels.
Fishery industries of Maryland and Virginia, 1925
Canning, salting, smoking, and by-products industries
Items as
Maryland Virginia Total
Number Value Number | Value Number Value
Hstablishments== = 222-65 --~ 42 28 36 | $1,087, 203 50 | $2, 093, 239 86 | $3,180,442
(BersonsienParedec abe eee a ee seas oe Ue PR eee eon nti iy pte es hs 564 | oe eee
NIST REST O12 apak Ll OL US AI af Lg Erb 27486 130 eee mi 924.,| SS Oe eae 926, 537
@ashitcap i tales: eee ee Ty ef ee 607,900) o ee 639; 900) |222 Sees 1, 247, 800
Producisys = te aeee toe es bh RUA oe tly U IS Calis eee oes eat 937194809) Sanaeeanen 4, 936, 664
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 469
Products of the fisheries of Maryland and Virginia for various years from 1880 to 1925
Years Maryland Virginia Total
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
Le a eee 95,712,570 | $5,221,715 | 158,874,609 | $3,124,444 | 254,587,179 | $8,346, 159
f. 3.5 eee 107,981,976 | 3,514,182 97,635,402 | 1,606,811 | 205,617,378 5, 120, 993
a= -S5 ee eee 114, 788,113 | 3,813,199 | 101,318,814 | 1,836,155 | 216, 106, 927 5, 649, 354
Li as eee 148, 905, 576 6, 019, 165 185, 282, 705 3, 636, 351 329, 188, 281 9, 655, 516
/ Se See 141,177,827 | 6,460,759 | 183,993,834 | 3,647,845 | 325,171,661 | 10,108,604
o. Bae te ee 88,588,018 | 3,617,306 | 277,993,949 | 3,179,498 | 366,581, 967 6, 796, 804
Js Estee en ee ee 82,975,245 | 3,767,461 | 378,183,358 | 4,613,384 | 461,158, 603 8, 380, 845
SAREE ae erat ee 81,128,866 | 3,336,560 | 355,315,798 | 5,584,354 | 486,444, 664 8, 920, 914
32 a ee ee 113,796,000 | 3,306,000 | 312,515,000 | 4,716,000 | 426,311,000 8, 022, 000
--| 59,530,795 | 4,198,668 | 471,219,089 | 8,541,724 | 530,749,884 | 12,740,392
2 2 ae 56,977,985 | 4,863,419 | 276,227,784 | 9,084,641 | 333,205,769 | 13, 948, 060
Nore.—The statistics for 1908 in this table are from data published by the Bureau of the Census.
Comparative statistics of the crab product of Maryland and Virginia, various years,
1880 to 1925
Maryland
Years j
Crabs, hard Crabs, soft | Total
il
Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pounds Value
1,166,667 | $46,850 (1) Og Nens2c=" Sc4| See
2, 757, 638 36,969 | 1,636,530 | $133,788 | 4,394,168 | $170,757
2, 674, 675 37,438 | 2,208,829 | 161,331 | 4,883, 504 198, 769
2, 388, 099 31,723 | 4,056,110 | 228,690 | 6,444,209 260, 413
2, 776, 898 37,460 | 4,828,872 | 266,256 | 7,605,770 303, 716
5, 333,316 39,949 | 4,115,879 | 177,637 | 9,449,195 217, 586
9, 824, 793 85,884 | 4,303,582 | 202,563 | 14, 128,375 288, 447
12, 665,282 | 168,996 | 5,732,865 | 189,851 | 18,398, 147 358, 847
12,786,000 | 124,000 | 7,587,000 | 195,000 | 20,373,000 319, 000
22,491,675 | 335,375 | 7,602,207 | 329,276 | 30,093, 882 664, 651
5,165,703 | 248,160 | 3,897,271 | 494,784 | 9,062,974 742, 944
7,321,116 | 303,507 | 2,325,245 | 264,276 | 9,646,361 567, 783
Virginia
Years 7 : Grand total
Crabs, hard | Crabs, soft Total
| Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
2,139,200 | $32, 088 (1) COR ay ea Se gi be a ee eee ©
| 626,820 | 15,479 (1) (aia (Ei ae ae eo eed Pe eee ass
956,843 | 24,669 (1) ee se ers ee orl ee |S aE a ae
| 2,584,794 | 28,210 440,310 | $26,054 | 3,025,104 | $54,264 | 9,469,313 | $314,677
2,208,071 | 32,683 585,956 | 29,379 | 2,794,027 | 62,062 | 10,399, 797 365, 778
5,331,398 | 28,331 | 1,068,116 | 39,914 | 6,399,514 | 68,245 | 15,848,709
6,113,277 | 52,863 | 1,288,424 | 65,972 | 7,401,701 | 118,835 | 21,530,076 | 407,282
10,356,052 | 179,575 | 1,910,654 | 92,909 | 12,266,706 | 272,484 | 30,664,853 | 631,331
23,001,000 | 235,000 | 2,082,000 | 87,000 | 25,083,000 | 326,000 | 45,456, 000 645, 000
18,765,148 | 242,754 | 1,484,238 | 74,402 | 20,249,386 | 317,156 | 50,343,268 981, 807
12,465, 342 | 401,295 | 1,171,737 | 164,269 | 13,637,079 | 565, 564 | 22,700,053 | 1,308, 508
18, 531, 994 | 523,733 | 1,422,250 | 157,981 | 19,954,244 | 681,714 | 29,600,605 | 1,249,497
1 Statistics not available. ‘
Note.—The statistics for 1908 in this table are from data published by the Bureau of the Census.
470 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Comparative statistics of the shad and alewife product of Maryland
various years, 1850 to 1925
Maryland Virginia
Years |
Shad Alewives Total | Shad
i.
Pounds Value Pounds Value Value Pounds Value
3, 774, 426 | $140,926 | 9, 203, 959 | $139, 667 | $280,593 | 3,171,953 | $134, 496
4,040,820 | 146,951 | 11,062,270 | 89,273 | 236,234 3,815,126 | 172,272
4, 868, 435 | 176,655 | 11,511,774 | 110,291 | 286,946 | 7,056,473 | 321, 634
7, 127, 486 | 242,909 | 19,766,994 | 143,793 | 386,702 | 7,266,207 | 228, 897
6, 224, 873 | 211,575 |-17, 418,850 | 131,245 342,820) 6,498,242! 207,394
5, 541, 499 | 166,551 | 17,667,315 | 126,050 | 292,601 | 11,170,519 | 307, 055
5, 799, 563 | 159,365 | 17,139,459 | 123,453 | 282,818 | 11,529,474 | 304, 448
3,111,181 | 120,602 | 13,747,157 | 91, 308
2,912,249 | 159,772 | 14,484,970 | 137,982 | 297,754 7,419,899 | 439, 625
3, 937, 000 | 247,000 | 28,805,000 | 157, 000 |
3, 252, 688 | 272,869 | 23, 637,320 | 155,499 | 428,368 6,030,200 | 488, 336
1, 454, 535 | 191,517 | 12, 567,580 | 131,779 | 323,296 | 4,
1, 867,196 | 355,217 | 7,071,688 | 177,190 | 532,407} 7,293, 80.
1, 807,074 | 347,396 | 6,504,845 | 144,584 491,980, 6,
1,260,152 | 264,388 | 7,700,914 | 84,284 | 348,672 | 6, 103,704 | 1,372, 491
bob
coor
Cae
Sze
:
o
PANS
RES
SLRS.
33k
re
bo
Laos
SSS
S85
| Virginia—Continued Grand total
|
Years j
Alewives | Total Shad Alewives
| Pounds Value | Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
Wie 2 8 aes eS | 6,925,413 | $76,300 $210, 796 | 6, 946,379 | $275,422 | 16,129,372 | $215, 967
ete eee ee eee a | 4, 401, 635 29, 585 | 201,857 | 7,855,946 | 319,223 | 15, 463, 905 118, 858
ee eee | 6,453, 005 40, 369 362, 003 | 11,924,908 | 498,289 | 17, 964, 779 150, 660
Pee e Ss eee en | 10, 641, 698 91, 674 320, 571 | 14,393,693 | 471,806 | 30, 408, 692 235, 467
Been ene eee ae | 11, 013, 485 93, 905 301, 299 | 12,723,115 | 418,969 | 28, 432, 335 225, 150
Loe Sat ese | 12, 197, 607 63, 024 | 370, 079 | 16,712,018 | 473, 606 | 29, 864, 922 189, 074
= Sn Sees Ee eee | 13, 689, 510 70, 841 375, 289 | 17,329,037 | 463,813 | 30, 828, 969 194, 294
See ceasssacnsos-3| 198, 913; 444019 Tilo, 424 481, 627 | 10, 083,393 | 486, 805 | 27, 660, 601 206, 732
| 14, 603, 866 90, 733 530, 358 | 10,332,148 | 599,397 | 29, 088, 836 228, 715
. | 37, 885, 000 | 171, 000 657, 000 | 11, 251,000 | 733,000 | 66, 690, 000 328, 000
weaseeascecee=5 | 27, 787, 980 | 128,375 616,711 | 9,282,888 | 761,205 | 51, 425, 300 283, 874
BS ae ee | 16, 054, 130 | 165, 950 | 823, 960 | 6,168,669 | 849,527 | 28, 621, 710 297, 729
vane eeaaas ae sreeee | 16, 665, 100 | 259,258 | 1,404,364 | 9,161,001 |1, 500, 323 | 23, 736, 788 436, 448
ee er | | 18, 834, 164 | 245,945 | 1,445,539 | 8, 716, 250 |1, 546, 990 | 25, 339, 009 390, 529
bosestec cet baeneo se | 17, 910, 247 | 209,723 | 1,582,214 | 7, 363, 856 |1, 636,879 | 25, 611, 161 294, 007
| }
Note.—The catch of shad and alewives in these States, outside of the Chesapeake Bay region, is included
for some years but is practically negligible. In 1925 it amounted to 4,180 pounds of shad, valued at $647,
and 5,247 pounds of alewives, valued at $142, in Maryland and 30,313 pounds of shad, valued at $5,741,
and 311,065 pounds of alewives, valued at $3,163, in Virginia, included in the above table.
The statistics for 1908 in this table are from data published by the Bureau of the Census.
Oyster industry of Maryland and Virginia for various years from 1880 to 1925
|
Years Maryland Virginia Totai
Bushels | Pounds Value Bushels | Pounds Value | Bushels | Pounds Value
1880__..--|10, 600, 000/74, 200, 000'$4, 730, 476 6, 837, 320 47, 861, 240 $2, 218, 376 17, 437, 320|122, 061, 240'$6, 948, 852
117 ee 8, 148, 217/57, 037, 519| 2, 683, 43512, 921, 140/20, 447, 980) 1, 002, 901/11, 069, 357| 77, 485, 499) 3, 686, 336
TRBSS sas 8, 531, 658/59, 721, 606| 2,877, 790, 3, 664, 433/25, 651, 031| 1,336, 012/12, 196, 091) 85,372, 637| 4, 213, 802
1890. - - ---|10, 450, 087/73, 150, 609| 4, 854,746 6, 074, 025/42, 518, 175| 2, 482, 348116, 524, 112/115, 668, 784| 7, 337, 094
9, 945, 058 69, 615, 406| 5, 295, 866, 6, 162, 086/43, 134, 602| 2, 524, 348/16, 107, 144|112, 750, 008) 7, 820, 214
7, 254, 934/50, 784, 538) 2,885, 202 7, 023, 848/49, 166, 936) 2, 041, 683/14, 278, 782| 99, 951, 474) 4, 926, 885
5, 685, 561/39, 798, 927| 3,031, 518, 6, 067, 669|42, 473, 683| 2, 621, 915 11, 753, 230| 82, 272, 610| 5, 653, 433
4, 429, 650/31, 007, 550) 2, 417, 674 7, 612, 289/53, 286, 023) 3, 459, 676/12, 041, 939) 84, 293, 573| 5, 877, 350
6, 232, 000 43, 624, 000| 2, 228, 000 5, 075, 000/35, 525, 000) 2, 348, 000111, 307, 000] 79, 149, 000| 4, 576, 000
5, 510, 421/38, 572, 947| 2, 127,759 6, 206, 098/43, 442, 686| 2, 286, 34011, 716, 519| 82,015, 633| 4, 414, 099
4, 547, 47131, 832, 297| 2, 291, 120 3, 963, 569/27, 744, 983! 2) 348, 961) 8,511,040) 59, 577, 280| 4, 640, 081
1925____--| 4,252, 860 '29; 770, 020| 3, 256,272) 4, 356, 416(30, 494, 912' 2,765, 334) 8, 609, 276| 60, 264, 932| 6, 021, 606
1 Exclusive of the James and Potomac Rivers,
Note.—The statistics for 1908 in this table are from data published by the Bureau of the Census.
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 471
MARYLAND
The fisheries of Maryland in 1925 gave employment to 19,725
persons, of whom 1,795 were on vessels fishing, 518 on vessels trans-
porting fishery products, 9,320 in the shore or boat fisheries, and
8,092 on shore in connection with the fisheries, in wholesale estab-
lishments, canneries, and other fishery industries.
The investment in the fisheries and fishery industries amounted to
$8,053,239 and includes 391 motor and sail fishing vessels valued at
$545,750, with a net tonnage of 4,423 tons and outfits valued at
$151,430; 242 motor and sail transporting vessels valued at $659,900,
with a net tonnage of 5,003 tons and outfits valued at $88,760;
7,406 motor, sail, row, and other boats valued at $1,311,011; fishing
apparatus employed on vessels, to the value of $37,156, and on boats,
to the value of $503,609; and shore and accessory property valued
at $133,975. Additional shore property employed in the wholesale
fishery trade and other fishery industries amounted to $2,891,048 in
value and cash capital to $1,730,600.
The products of the fisheries amounted to 56,977,985 pounds, with
a value to the fishermen of $4,863,419. The principal species,
arranged in the order of their value, included oysters, 29,770,020
pounds, or 4,252,860 bushels, valued at $3,256,272; crabs, 9,646,361
pounds, or 28,939,083 in number, valued at $567,783; shad, 1,260,152
pounds, valued at $264,388; striped bass, 1,413,999 pounds, valued
at $240,388; squeteagues or ‘“‘sea trout,’’ 1,480,209 pounds, valued
at $88,793; alewives, fresh, salted, and smoked, 7,700,914 pounds,
valued at $84,284; and croaker, 2,602,861 pounds, valued at $63,326.
Compared with 1920, there was a decrease of 1,658, or 7.75 per cent,
in the number of persons employed in the fisheries and fishery indus-
tries of Maryland but an increase of $486,805, or 6.43 per cent, in the
investment. There was a decrease in the products of the fisheries
of 2,552,810 pounds, or 4.29 per cent, in the quantity, with an in-
crease of $664,751 or 15.83 per cent in the value. There was a
small decrease in the value of the products of the canning and other
fishery industries amounting to $10,100 or 0.58 per cent.
Fisheries by apparatus.—The vessel fisheries of Maryland in 1925
yielded 6,879,398 pounds of products, valued at $951,678, consisting
principally of oysters, taken mostly with dredges. The yield of the
shore or boat fisheries amounted to 50,098,587 pounds of products,
valued at $3,911,741. The most productive forms of apparatus were
tongs and rakes, with a catch of 22,084,416 pounds of oysters and
clams, valued at $2,225,706; pound nets, with a catch of 12,519,118
pounds of alewives, butterfish, catfish, croaker, shad, squeteagues,
striped bass, white perch, and other species, valued at $478,697;
lines, used chiefly in the crab fishery, 6,825,544 pounds, valued at
$295,697; haul seines, 2,300,760 pounds, valued at $157,718, the more
important species taken being alewives, carp, catfish, croaker, striped
bass, and white perch; dip nets, 1,690,250 pounds, valued at $159,155,
consisting chiefly of crabs; gill nets, 1,311,820 pounds, valued at
$219,616, the more important species being shad, striped bass, and
white perch; dredges, 1,264,851 pounds of oysters, valued at $169,293;
and crab scrapes, 1,252,140 pounds of crabs, valued at $118,925.
The products of the vessel fisheries and of the shore or boat fisheries
are shown separately in the following tables:
472 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Yield of the vessel fisheries of Maryland in 1925, by apparatus and species
~— . : ;
Species Oyster dredges Purse seines Crab scrapes | Otter trawls
|
| Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds) Value | Pounds) Value
Bltietish. 3-2 22- )Sk Sek SEE eek |e Oe 11, 750 S980 oat Base Bee | 22 [eee
Wroaker. os. 2325222 ste es aa eee Pea 41,420 | -2,.071 12.2.2 -.)=22 2-5 | eee ee
BDOb! Cot ae eee [canoe eee ee eee ay ee 3, 125 250 [oi 2- Sess ee eee
Sdueteseues: -- 262 32 Sere eee ees Pee eae a 11:9;'040):)<11: 904 |.0_-_- 220/552 See ee eee
SUL MO. DASS a= = ee eee en | epee ine lire Fe ol a 150) 2624027, 0b0))| 2262 2 eS eee 2,000 | $300
Wihite-perch:f SiO ae sa Ia ane 3, 963 ry Reeeen aa eae S75: 2,000 | 160
Crabs: |
ard: +h tes aA Ran BM ie ESSE Rae CL RSD teens Men 1eceea. | PURSES 5, 165¢|) $105] seen eres
Soft. eee ie a ee ep re ra mee eee CEs EN Se ae aye 12, 200 1, 450 (RE ee ees eee
Oysters, market: | |
Publics teen. Seay 156,(502,(041 7} $903, 429° |! SERA | ee ase ead ee
(Private. Sas ee le Sie Os 26, 432 | 3,000) 24-4325. S| oes 22) oe ae ee ee ae
Notalee:ss-22= 3p 2b 6, 528, 473 | 906, 723 | 329, 560 | 42, 850 | 17, 365 1,645 | 4,000 460
1 Includes 21,259 pounds of oysters, valued at $2,100, taken with tongs.
Yield of the shore or boat fisheries of Maryland in 1925, by apparatus and species
Species Pound nets Gill nets Haul seines
Alewives: Pounds Value |-Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value
7, 163, 039 | $72, 285 59, 183 | $2,014 | 200,939 | $2, 984
198, 000 4,477 2, 000 TOO (38: 3232 {opie
SE a Rat So ee A eee | a 8 20,400 | 1,200
5, 909 1,175 1, 900 314 15,882 | 3,110
10, 912 1, 069 26, 406 4,484 875 | 100
6, 000 5A al PR * Epa, pe bees Aaa,
QTGPSTAN|| UBAbO4: |= 2. ae es 4, 160 4, 160 107
Eels:
er OSH bee tae le Ae 2 ee Ee 197, 862 197, 862 23, 423
aCe: ee ae) res 67, 200 67, 200 8, 064
Wlotrdcrs Seas: et SC Se ee 118, 078 118, 078 7, 704
azar shadser m5 sity toe 31, 025 31, 025 973
SOIC (ls Os a ee ae eee 400 400 20
Harvest fish____- 3, 700 3, 700 428
Hickory shad_____--- 20, 561 20, 561 1, 132
Hog-chokers, salted_-_-_-- 23, 525 23, 525 1, 379
eTipiwitinp. 22 s- 2 S32 ees 3, 600 3, 600 424
nck ere Ss: 8 eee 5 ee oS 9, 460 9, 460 980
474
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Summary of the yield of the fisheries of Maryland in 1925—Continued
Species Shore fisheries Vessel fisheries Total
{ |
Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pounds Value
Mienhaden-=.---). 2 ae ee 7, 000 | , $25
Ya CTL) we aR a SP Mi Fat a ye 14, 509 | 999
ISTISH 2S 7" een ee 1, 000 34
Ley hip aia ide ideas Ale Pa 4) KC 3. aaah 71, 691 16, 456
OM DANO sen eee Seren 250 70
SCUp OL POLLY 2-5 - eee eee 45, 000 3, 100
DOM ASS San ee eee 54, 700 3, 788
Slade Ae shee e rays eee eee 1, 260, 152 264, 388
Spanishimackerele see ae
Spots. ee eee 205, 252 11, 485
Suuctiesguess tees ae ee 1, 361, 169 88, 733
ptiripedibass= 22 {222s 1, 261, 737 240, 388
Sturgeqn eee ee es eee ear 19, 225 4, 321
PLUTPEOneAVinn: seen eens 2, 500 | 2, 500
SUCKEES= See te Se eee ee es Se hiho 155
SOUT AT SLY ae Sil Re Ae aay, ighos 322
Rant cabs gee ahe Rees Sa 4 24
Thimble-eyed mackerel___-____--- 5, 000 | 100
sROMCOdeE sees eee tee SE 800 | | 25
Wabitesperchaten eae eR) | 623, 522 59, 278
AWAD hin eer ae ee Se ae a 80, 000 | 800
VellowaperGhe- eran seo ee ens | 231, 861 | 25, 379
ODMGE fiShe= ss2 5 fed OREN Ea 4, 720 70
Crabs:
Har es nee ee Pee et inolosoal 303, 312 5, 165 | 195 7, 321, 116 303, 507
Sei dpe Sakae ae eas am Sete 2, 313, 045 262, $26 12, 200 1,450 | 2,325,245 | 264, 276
Crawidish Creare! Se TN er oe 400 40S ae | ae | 400 40
Satta eee ee ee ane 550 fii ee Es (eee 550 275
(S(eibtsliss Sees ee Bere ee he 38, 000 D2 NAEO 1 Se a eee 38, 000 2, 440
Clams, hard, public___--__-------- 109, 720 46, 450)| seks Syl eae eae 109, 720 46, 450
Oysters:
Wiarket; publi¢s-- 3... 22, 148, 637 | 2, 199, 537 6, 502, 041 903, 423 | 28, 650, 678 | 3, 102, 960
Market privatessi22 o-oo 1, 079, 610 149, 247 26, 432 3,300 | 1,106, 042 152, 547
Sed spublie a ee ee 13, 300 G0, |e ae 13, 300 765
ROLES DLN es Sas gi ges ae) et te 1, 430 UEC Uk ee es el ae 1, 430 1, 000
PTItUleS = eee eee eae 1, 033 (ia oe es TOI 3) 1, 033 53
“Noy fr le Seed ee wee Borie spe Ne | 50, 098, 587 3, 911, 741 6, 879, 398 | 951,678 | 56,977,985 | 4, 863, 419
Summary by counties
Counties Se Tnvest Products
|
Number Dollars Pounds Value
AmnesvATInGdel so.) =. he eee eR, Yo wi ety e 1, 258 351, 008 3, 633, 839 $300, 128
Balm One leet ee ele ee ee eee ee os 2,168 | 2,776, 387 1, 118, 321 134, 921
SE sf eae eae ee eee Oe ee 657 121, 727 1, 761, 169 172, 038
Garoline- = =s2 5 Ra) EV eee ae ee 60 7, 877 130, 683 14, 563
Cecile seer 222 oe: ds Oe ee a = ee 159 74, 437 1, 410, 119 60, 226
ie neanlechete a ole ae ts a a a ee 545 75, 620 1, 051, 951 102, 369
Worchesterns so Nie. Pe eee ee er ee 4,057 | 1,352, 132 10, 952, 248 1, 104, 098
Elariord= 2 erent cae ieee See Coe 213 54, 569 432, 480 25, 411
iGavel he aie oe SS Au ae a eke eee Sle eae ae 774 218, 815 4, 211, 307 338, 428
Prince! Genres een Le Pe ee ee 31 2, 803 58, 985 5, 723
GisceneAninese sae n= - 5 le ee er ee eee 1, 058 196, 241 5, 757, 415 427, 041
Sliema IaveaT ie Se ee ee A ce Ce Re 2 Fee 1, 123 191, 600 3, 680, 596 294, 720
Somersep Ses: Sos). tee a eee a 4,471 1, 792, 897 8, 111, 844 848, 019
SRE DO tee mes yo RE ey 1, 983 610, 231 8, 989, 328 630, 641
AWW COIN COlere eet ahs bt ON AE eal 5 2 SS et 605 108, 470 1, 676, 042 175, 124
HoTcesterae aan a. (ol ee Se ea 563 118, 425 4, 001, 658 229, 969
Mo tale Sees es. See he eR 19, 725 | 8, 053, 239 56, 977, 985 4, 863, 419
Salt-fish industry—Alewives are the only species of importance
salted in Maryland, the output in 1925 amounting to 2,677,490
pound
s, valued at $48,412.
The number of firms engaged was as
follows: In Talbot County, 4; in Harford, Anne Arundel, Cecil, and
Dorchester Counties, 1 each.
Canning industry.—The pack of fishery products in cans in Mary-
land in 1925 amounted to 122,281 cases, valued at $764,691, of which
Ee a ae
475
104,379 cases, valued at $703,869, were canned oysters. The
remainder of the pack consisted ‘of 3. 186 cases of canned alewives,
valued at $5,728, and 14,716 cases of canned alewife roe, valued at
$55,094. Of the total pack of canned products, 89,999 cases,
consisting of canned oysters, are credited to Baltimore City.
By-products—The most important source of by-products in
Maryland is the oyster-shell crushing industry, which in 1925
yielded 63,709 tons of poultry grit, valued at $643,889, and 27,488
tons of lime, valued at $76,747. The ereater part of this industry i is
in Baltimore. In addition, there were produced 360 tons of dry
scrap, valued at $7,150, and fish oil to the value of $1,200.
Wholesale trade —In 1925 there were 316 wholesale fishery establish-
ments in Maryland valued at $1,803,845, with a cash capital amount-
ing to $1,122,700 and employing 6, 312 es to whom were paid
$1,662, 282 in wages.
The important features of each of the phore fishery industries are
shown in the following tables:
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926
Quantity and value of fishery products prepared in Maryland in 1925
Items | Baltimore City Remainder of State Total
l
PRODUCTS CANNED | |
Oysters: | Number Value Number Value Number | Value
4-ounce (4 dozen to case) !_____cases__ 12,944 | $74, 504 223 | $367 13, 167 | $74, 871
5-ounce (4 dozen to case)-_--__- doses 45,215 | 289, 705 11, 809 | 71, 702 57,024 | 361, 407
6-ounce (4 dozen to case) _-_--- do=—- 12,008 | 119, 434 2, 023 19, 381 14,031 | 138, 815
8-ounce (2 dozen to case)_-__-- doz--- 3, 902 222370 paaes eee Sa aR 3,902 | 22,370
10-ounce (2 dozen to case) ____- Gozz2- 14, 872 94, 592 300 | 1, 940 15,172 | 96, 5382
12-ounce (2 dozen to case) _---- doz 1, 058 9, 611 25 | 263 1, 083 9, 874
TUNE eS ae ene ee Ghee 89,999 | 610, 216 14, 380 93, 653 104, 379 703, 869
Alewives: | ms
18-ounce (2 dozen to case) ?__..do_.-.|.--.------ |e ee 3,186 | 5,728 | 3,186 | 5, 728
Alewife roe: | |
10-ounce (4 dozen to case) __--- Os eek esas Sk 6, 800 29, 920 6,800 | 29,920
18-ounce (2 dozen to case) #....do_-__|------__-- pecrcceoee 7, 916 | 25, 174 7,916 | 25,174
TROLS eee ee ee ee Goess=|seer sees eee ose 14,716 | 55,094 14,716 | 55,094
PRODUCTS SALTED | | |
Micwivesterets © is hee eee opens eel ek ee ale ee ee “| 2,677, 490 | 48,412 | 2,677,490 | 48,412
emidtotabee.ne: A STAC POLS | iG, 216 |S eee Soneay ee Sy | 813, 103
|
1 Includes a few cases packed in 3-ounce cans, reduced to the equivalent of 4-ounce cans.
2 Includes some cases packed in 10-ounce cans, reduced to the equivalent of 18-ounce cans.
3 Includes some cases packed in 19-ounce cans, reduced to the equivalent of 18-ounce cans.
Norte.—In addition to the above products, 586,870 pounds of fish, valued at $200,360, were smoked by 3
firms in the State, the greater part of which were from the Great Lakes and the Pacific coast.
Quantity and value of by-products manufactured from fishery products in Baltimore
City and various counties in Maryland in 1925
Anne Arundel
: : Somerset and
By-products | Baltimore City | and Dorchester F Total
orntics Talbot Counties |
Ground oyster shells: Tons Value Tons | Value Tons Value Tons Value
$374, 214 4, 175 | $45, 925 | 23,389 | $223, 750 | 63, 709 $643, 889
39, 169 2,412 | 12,410 10,391 | 25,168 | 27, 488 76, 747
Dry scrap and oil (from |
waste fish and crab shells)_- _______- eaprpees EEE [e=osesee | UE AS 44/823 eh TS TAC6B mle ses 7, 666
Mopaloessesres ses ANE 3 ere 413/383) p28 87. PRS grag5 hts ihe | Pay k=l MY a ae 728, 302
| ;
476 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Investment, persons engaged, and wages paid in the wholesale trade of fresh fishery
products in Maryland in 1925, by localities
|
Establishments | |
whe Cash Number} Wages
Localities capital |ofpersons| paid
Number Value | | engaged
|
Annapolis and Hastponte 2-225 ees 4 $57, 100 | $4, 800 | 118 $16, 500
Galloways and: Mayors se ee ens ees 3 6, 200 — 1, 700 | 38 6, 425
Nutwell:and Shady: Sidet.222 = eae 3 7, 650 | 1,800. 36 7, 100
Baltimore 2 2-2 ee ee ee ee eee 69 829, 120 | 681, 200 | 1, 071 705, 140
Solomons and Broomes Island_------------------ 6 20, 525 3, 800 98 13, 800
Perry.ville;and Northeast. 35" 75225 <2 eat 3 4,100 | 2, 500 | 12 4, 348
BenedichandsHock: boints= 42-55 eases 4 5, 300 2, 900 71 9, 750
Bishops Head, Crocheron, and Elliott_-_-----_-- 3 6, 300 | 11, 200 — 106 18, 048
@ambrideese se == Css 2 Si aa eee ee 17 158, 200 155, 950 | 874 182, 913
FIOODERS Islan Gses 238 ot See ee See 7g 32, 350 23, 500 | 372 39, 863
Hudson, Honga, and Secretary -_-_---.-----_---. 3 | 11, 200 10, 000 | 95 27, 120
Wingateland! Roddivalle=--== 3 ~ Sa e e 6 24, 500 20, 500 | 255 28, 379
@Hestentiowmese— ss ed tee ee 3 500 | 900 Ibe, 3
Rio Ck hia ies ee es 8s ee ee eee 9 3, 600 3, 900 58 12,111
Cesta ee ee a ee eee el 17 42, 575 28, 550 260 67, 290
Blakistone, Compton, and Ridge_-__---____----- 4 4, 100 2, 100 52 8, 450
GRISHCIORE SS eee Se uC a } 83 | 416, 050 71, 500 1, 660 318, 086
Deal Island, Chance, and Wenona------_----_-_- | 12 34, 300 | 16, 200 | 224 48, 136
Inverness und sRumibleye---— 2s 5 a ee 4 5, 100 | 2, 900 | 52 11, 800
Mount Vernon and Marion Station_________-__-_ 5 34, 650 10, 100 169 38, 300
SMITH eESlan dah ie re eee ee a 25 10, 800 13, 400 108 8, 150
Oxford, Neavitt, and Newcomb. -.-_--._._-----_-- 6 | 24, 575 11, 000 142 17, 638
St, Michaels:and Claiborne: 2 °--2== 3 29, 500 11, 000 145 27, 692
Tilghman Island -_-_-_--_- Je et 22 6 20, 650 | 18, 200 155 26, 725
Salisbury, Bivalve, and Nanticoke__-_____-_-__- 4 | 12, 300 9, 800 | 109 14, 918
(indleuresas sees to: eS Se oe eee 3 1, 500 1, 700 10 350
Océan City andsNewark.2. =. =. e285. ee 4 | 1, 100 1, 600 | 7 250
STS eal era ee eg Oe Se eee 316 | 1,803,845 | 1,122, 700 | 6,312 | 1, 662, 282
VIRGINIA
The number of persons engaged in the fisheries and related in-
dustries of Virginia in 1925 was 19,366, of whom 2,005 were on fishing
vessels, 467 on vessels transporting fishery products, 11,673 in the
shore or boat fisheries, and 5,221 engaged as shoremen connected
with the fisheries and in the wholesale fishery trade, canning, and
other fishery industries.
The amount of capital invested in the fisheries and fishery in-
dustries was $11,269,605 and included 464 fishing and transporting
vessels valued at $3,313,112, with a net tonnage of 9,577 tons and
outfits valued at $391,779; 9,615 boats valued at $1,497,215; fishing
apparatus with a value of $1,607,290; shore and accessory property
to the value of $3,424,709; and cash capital amounting to $1,035,500.
The products of the fisheries amounted to 276,227,784 pounds,
valued at $9,084,641. The principal species, arranged in the order of
their value, were as follows: Oysters, 30,494,912 pounds, or 4,356,416
bushels, valued at $2,765,334; menhaden, 150,485,623 pounds,
valued at $1,434,681; shad, 6,103,704 pounds, valued at $1,372,491;
crabs, 19,945,244 pounds, valued at $681,714; croaker, 22,649,295
pounds, valued at $648,090; squeteagues, 12,444,450 pounds, valued
at $579,563; clams, 1,080,552 pounds, valued at $422,334; butterfish,
5,836,357 pounds, valued at $252,298; and alewives, 17,910,247
pounds, valued at $209,723.
Compared with 1920, there was a decrease of 12 in the number of
persons engaged in the fisheries and fishery industries and an increase
of $560,106, or 5.23 per cent, in the investment. The products of the
fisheries showed a decrease of 194,991,305 pounds, or 41.38 per cent,
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 477
in the quantity but an increase of $542,917, or 6.36 per cent, in the
value. There was a decrease in the value of the products of the
canning and other fishery industries amounting to $1,376,521, or
30.10 per cent.
Fisheries by apparatus.—The products of the vessel fisheries of
Virginia in 1925 amounted to 159,439,533 pounds, valued at $2,138,-
127, consisting chiefly of menhaden taken with purse seines, 146,008,-
200 pounds, valued at $1,416,422; oysters taken with dredges and
tongs, 7,505,033 pounds, or 1,072,148 bushels, valued at $624,881;
and crabs taken with dredges, 3,345,587 pounds, valued at $115,595.
In the shore or boat fisheries the most productive torm of apparatus
used is the pound net, the catch amounting to 66,244,102 pounds,
valued at $2,959,881. The species taken in the largest quantities
with pound nets were alewives, croaker, squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout,”’
butterfish, shad, and menhaden. Tongs, nippers, rakes, forks, and
clam picks or hoes, used chiefly in taking oysters, yielded a catch of
24,035,361 pounds, valued at $2,400,112. The catch with lines, con-
sisting principally of hard crabs, amounted to 15,138,799 pounds,
valued at $424,086. Gill nets tock 3,463,948 pounds, valued at $338,-
951, the principal species being croaker and shad. The catch with
haul seines amounted to 3,977,704 pounds, valued at $190,503, the
principal species being croaker, spot, squeteagues or “‘sea trout,”
and carp. Dredges took 1,658,043 pounds, valued at $171,819; dip
nets, 790,215 pounds, valued at $83,746; fyke nets, 1,243,694 pounds,
valued at $83,499; crab scrapes, 482,124 pounds, valued at $45,141;
pots, 183,115 pounds, valued at $13,305; slat traps, 318,310 pounds,
valued at $8,612; stop nets, 83,000 pounds, valued at $8,240; otter
trawls, 51,000 pounds, valued at $2,500; spears, 15,000 pounds,
valued at $1,880; and purse seines, 264,404 pounds, valued at $1,311,
The products of the vessel and shore fisheries are shown separately
in the following tables:
Yield of the vessel fisheries of Virginia in 1925, by apparatus and species
|
Species | Purse seines | Otter trawls
Pounds Value Pounds Value
ROA RC a ec ee roca Puen nave oooh [ee Sona b oe ee ee 1, 492, 000 $59, 680
LDIIDE E13 (Gi Seep a ee a) [ee ohare |e ieee 5s 152,000 | 12, 160
DEG GVOVT I ness on See ER pee he a ee | ee eee ae ee ee 2, 000 80
ERCOPRNS S7VUNTN en) Te SI ele SR a ee ee ap eee eg (Ue etn oe Veer oe se 17, 750 | 1,775
vinta prime eae ena! 1. SENS | AEE fe ee ee Wh 146).008, 200: |$1;,416,422 |. 22 lea
SCH TUDOR yeaa mete ne ein yet Sa Sy a Wc nies ok eta be Ph ie Tod 14, 000 700
SERS DES Sa ere a cD SU Rs gaa | ty a oe (ee 18, 000 2, 230
ro] 0) 6) Page eae eles Ee See S et eh le SNA SE IRS TN oe op 30, 000 2, 270
SHOITEHIGT O EES Bt sa I Ne 2 ae am | RRL ee vs) Irae eee | 22, 400 | 1, 690
a |
TG a ell Ae De gn em | 146,008,200 | 1,416,422 | 1,748,150 | 80,585
| i
:
Species Dredges Tongs
Pounds Value | Pounds Value
UDI OS, VET Lee gel ah Ae a 3, 339, 187 $113; 145: |-22t Soe eee ee eee
latin NAAT eae ee ney Stews Teka ier NEY Sh ges ed 6, 400 2, 450 | 2, 000 $692
Oysters, market: |
(HU Nee pee ae ek ee, ha eee | 651, 420 78, 624 | 9, 100 970
peiiaia ser gens os liga GTA Ua 3, 488,926 | 428° 016 | 5, 600 184
SETH Gast le Ee earn aS 6 ee ee en 2, 400 ESTOr OY (tse sei ea [ange nS Sar
kg talsa eter mera isso ean wey eae AFT ey? 7, 488, 333 623, 035 | 16, 700 1, 846
H
478
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Yield of the vessel fisheries of Virginia in 1925, by apparatus and species—Con.
Species Clam picks or hoes By hand
Pounds Value Pounds Value
G@lams; hard: =----¢s2Seeee2 aes ae te 19, 120 $7, 533 8, 880 $3, 475-
Olysters; seed, DUD @l223 eae ne ee ee oe ae eee 150, 150 5, 231
Total 2: 355 eee eh Bee eee 19, 120 | 7, 533 159, 030 8, 706-
Yield of the shore
or boat fisheries of Virginia in 1925, by apparatus and species
Species Pound nets Gill nets Haul seines Fyke nets
| |
Alewives: Pounds Value Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value
lpia ets re es 5 ELS ee 17, 313, 300 | $195, 952 98, 000 | $2,675 79,097 | $2,143 | 136,250 $2, 683
Sultedaseee stan sa | 23, 600 770. |sccnsnte be) eee ln ee wat eee! cba 23, 600 148) |e. 5:2 252|beeeee |b ote See eee ee
Spanish mackerel----------- | 118, 974 15, 482 2, 000 100 6, 4701 W097 |S 2a e ee
SpOtess see eke see 799, 654 37, 198 228, 329 | 10,045 662, 694 | 35,979 7,479 440
Squeteaguesss=_ 2-255 ---eL e \11, 790, 280 | 539, 982 159, 010 7,004 | 381,871 | 25, 269 19, 699 | 1,275
Striped bass: 220-2222 _ 2 a 4753686 84, 466 68,930 | 13, 103 175, 698 | 32, 295 99, 795 |20, 923
Sturgeon= 2 60, 527 14, 790 4,200 | 1,065 1, 250 $12))|22- 32.22
Sturgeon caviar and roe-_-____ 4, 585 4, 984 750 750 18 13: oS SS ee
SiTCKersee eee ie a ees See eek Sel aN ah aa I ee 870 48 3, 043 186
Strmfish= = see Soe So ee ase 400 20) 22225 2532 |eeaeeuee lesec3 222 |- ee es ee ee
Svwellfish=2 32 22ee ease 35, 000 40n|Ss252 2FC 3 Jeeb 6. 3.|bec oe ee eee
Ratton Gee ee ee ae 2, 870 Days MEE See |e tence IE 2 2s = se ie | Sipe
Thimble-eyed mackerel - ___- 13, 700 498) 72 ee a Se ee ee
PROMCOGSes = ease 17, 400 420!) 3 2 Bos | esl os =| See ee eee
Ep letail aes eee Bee 25 4ie oe es ek ee eel ae |e Se ee | asian
una) se oa cee: San nt 320 Uae 3 a8 eo. 3. 2 ee eee oe
WiktibesnGrchiesssunece ane 115, 384 9,189 | 27,960 | 3,239 | 123,338! 7,722 | 142,543 |13, 609
Wihitine?=.25 2 ea 33, 600 (1 «(epee et) He a ear IR fe ae | ns | ee
Yellow percht=—- === Se 6, 845 692) 5-2-8 jemeeaes <4 31,412 | 2,086 41, 430 | 4,560:
Other fish 4s- sass 55 eee 350 18) | s282 a ee ee
Crabs:
10h a0 Cee eee ee ae Saleh aes Stes ee oe 1, 250 80. |- 02-22. - 2224-22. 2/e ee ee
SOlto. ose a eee a ee ee eee 2,000 "| 1,000! |= <2 = =2 Ie SS ee ee
poke (b bts Re eee eee SS tke 415, 825 23) 607 osc. oases Stee 22S ES eee
Murtlessac- sa eS 2, 700 QQ) | eter nos ht sue Ses eo eee ee
Alewife scales: --.2_----.=--- 100, 090 FOSOOON SS. See se2 |. 2-saean|aancee see | ee
otal aa. 8s eee 66, 244, 102 (> 959, 881 Ig, 463, 948 338,951 |8, 977, 704 |190, 503 |1, 243, 694 ss, 499°
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 479
Yield of the shore or boat fisheries of Virginia in 1925, by apparatus and spe-
cies—Continued
Species Lines _ Stop nets Otter trawls Purse seines
| Pounds Value Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pownds | Value
OTT ET Ree ee a 1, 320 $63) [222.---..- [oes aoe Ree eas
PASM eee =< one 49, 059 AN201) Oss. an eS SAP ee a S «
J OUTS ik oe SS ee See 83,000 | $8,240 |____------
MENGSK Ole. een ssn k 486, 300 LHs6NG) ESS 5. | ee ckes 40, 000
OT Tp (ee rie 1, 000 Dit |e ee 2 aS | ee
iG ee re 18, 760 CAL |e 10, 000
King whiting____--__--_- 9, 415 (TU) [eo ei MR | Rammer 5
Mrenhaden=2=-<2- ..-._ +. [enna Stew ean soe en CNS on 20S S| cc cece
TET FS 1 Ses fen 25, 648 ING96) joerc 2-52) s_ a Pet |. oS cone!
Scup or porgy--_--------- | 700 OQ) (PES ee he ee co |e ocae aes eoeeees
aghassee eek Dan 20, 125 Tas 1) Oe (Ea 1, 000
‘Shot pe eee ee rr 40, 050 yuh ital Cites aa Ve ed Be Caer Leos cr |beln AMUSE OL) = ft Fe
Squeteagues___._.--.----- 71, 240 Bo S43) |e 2-8 =. S| a | 23 a ee | eee a
Sirmed: bass 22 = =. =. 1, 200 240) See ee Ns Pc ae Sec bes | bee eee Eee = ee E
Wihite perch’... .=.=.-== 6, 450 563), |Bis2=. 22 |- 254 2222) - nn cones | sae se seen oo Sa pee
uner fishes eos. ts 300 30! [ios 2. s|a cScndoe | oa beaedsleaee see Se eeeee <=] basen
Crabs:
lett Ree Lin ee eo 14-3932397-||'--890,863 \|S2 202 o/h eke AS | aoa o| et tooo
BR ee eo? ee Be 13, 835 W245) |e co obit te eb ac esalocsiecen beoce bess PSE
LOY) ae | 15, 138,799 | 424, 086 83,000 | 8, 240 51,000 | 2,500 | 264, 404 1,311
i j
Species Dip nets Pots, eel, ete. Slat traps Spears
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value
See? Pa See 260: 000))0 a $55 500) sa = en eee
Pe Saws 2 |i. Bee 8 3, 850 O80) |aae ene =e. | sae
105, 425 $5, 088 7, 800 390) 2 sok ee 4S pee ee
77, 690 8, 217 5, 200 520 | 15,000 | $1,880
eee Se nee A eres ae 29, 600 880>|- 22-522 = eee
Sina sees. Ba Se SY ee eee ee Aer Cees beeen eemetert pre 60 LOY Se = 2S eee ee
Sy DGS gs 28 oS ct sara Se Ee eee (ee ee Le ge | eee Eo 200 CLG) | ee oe ee 2 ae
WON COG 15 Sas SEE ee ere ieee eee! Meare Oe ay Pease ee 11, 600 GOR sae 2 So eee
Crabs:
Hard rest = == 93, 500 ST O53 gas eee Se ee a SG 2 ean one en PA en eee
SOT: ee ee 696, 715 SU) | eae eer A OR ee | A he oe | ee
ome 790, 215 83, 746 | 183,115 13,305 | 318,310 8, 612 15, 000 1, 880
; Tongs, nippers,
Species Dredges rakes, forks, clam By hand Crab scrapes
picks, and hoes
Crabs: Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value
ard ae Ss ho ee Fs GaOROHOp SLC dai, aoe see S| ee a ee ee Eee 44, 700 $921
esti eae aS [ee See | ee ee ee 272,276 | $29, 723 | 437,424 | 44,220
Oysters, market:
lic soe se eS 196;525,| 225260) ||: 8) 478-274. | $920.66: 211008: 14,390) |--_---= —- |. =
Privateees 2 2 2 466,200 | 64,995 | 5, 862, 094 783%209) (1; 1969146 | 86,540 |b. 22-2 oe =
Oysters, seed:
LETS OR. Ae eee ae 83 718,619: || 32051257) 9815400) 333015 |------- Ie = sas
REV ate ee eee! Skee Oe Sa eet SS = 22, 750 1, 138 56, 700 13380) |E-see es Eas 2
Scallops Se weecs | 335, 358 | 67, 803 1, 200 350 21, 774 5, S19) ees | ae eS
Clams, hard:
TejFlafitos Gs Ses Soa eee (NS ee ree Weeven ae O27-21Gh1, 355848.) + 84.998) = 33, O10) |e. eee ee oe
ai) 3) eee ae See 25, 208 17, 176 6, 800 ys: Ui eee ll [are
Cgc Tariana | ee Ee (EE ET ae) ee a SSZ00N|t 4s 400 | eee ee |
“Nt | eee ne ee 1, 658, 043 | 171,819 | 24, 035,361 |2, 400, 112 |2, 839, 432 | 212,928 | 482,124 | 45, 141
480.
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Summary of the yield of the fisheries of Virginia in 1925
Species Shore fisheries Vessel fisheries
Alewives: Pounds Value
resh 42-232: 24 Rees Paes 17, 886, 647 | $208, 953
Salted. 22 obese eae ue aes 23, 600 770
PAgipelfish = = 2 222s see 4, 050 225
Black ibass2 224222 etree ees 57, 418 7, 734
157, 258 18, 858
288, 110 15, 891
24, 775 753
5, 836, 357 | 252, 298
462, 419 30, 997
534, 330 32, 057
3, 260 265
17, 000
701, 445
21, 157, 295 588, 410
228, 180 3, 529
125, 390 2, 248
181, 948 21, 900
429, 817 25, 742
350, 283 8, 785
Gold fishes eae ee a 2, 600 129
TSE Co KG (Yc) conten ann She GTS VET BS SR ae | eee
PAK 6 yds Atte nee aa 11, 800 232
ITA VEStis het) see aes are 42, 325 1, 488
Hickory‘shad= === SS 235, 127 11, 034
Kingswhiting=— 02 ei ee 105, 088 7, 144
Mackerel
Menhaden
IME Ot seater ae A EE
Pinfish Sei be A
eA asp le Ee) RL Ped
Pinfish____
Pompano
Scup and porgy
Seatbassi sole hie ae
Sea robin
Shadtea ae. ae a eee
Sharks 2s 20. Soa ee cee EY
Sheepsheaduce fete ee 122 17
suicr Gi). Se Lee ee eee 23, 600 148
Spanish mackerel._.__......---. | 127, 445 16, 679
SOG ee i eee a een 1, 738, 206 85, 820
Saquetearues: 2. = SDP. Sali 12, 422, 050 577, 873
Stripedsbass = ess ae Tae ee 821, 309 151, 027
BLUreeoe. 22 ao eee eae 65, 977 16, 167
Sturgeon caviar and roe_.------ 5, 353 5, 752
Suckers. mets o t a 4,113 250
Sunishe—) es eet ee ee 400 20
Swellfishes 3 sob boas 35, 000 49 |
Taitoget 22 o-oo es 2, 870 225
Thimble-eyed mackerel 13, 700 428
OMICO GH es Pa Atle saat) 17, 400 420
Tripletail____ 25 4
Nas ee 320 17
White perch 427, 275 35, 230
Wihitings seehe4 LE acca ed 33, 600 716
Wellow perch 452 2o ae 79, 687 7, 338
Other fishes ese Tee ea 650 48
Crabs:
NEP LT ere eaten nh Ta SL 15, 192, 807 410, 588
(SY6) jek EI pas Se ee 1, 422, 250 157, 981 |
Clams, hard:
IPUbNCe anes 2 Ube tee 1, 012, 144 386, 758
IPLLVatOm ee eset ete eee ee ee 32, 008 21, 426
Sqiiideae a=ses nek oe a. eae 415, 825 23, 607
Oysters, market:
PTD 1iC sae Oe see ei ee 8, 885, 807 | 956, 906 660, 520 79, 594
Privates see See eee 7, 524, 440 939,745 | 3, 494, 526 428, 200
Oysters, seed:
PHDliCwS or nc oe ee a 9, 700, 019 353, 140 150, 150 5, 231
Privates eee scccsee cone eee 79, 450 2 S18 see oe os ae ose
Begllopsseeessseeseeeseane=saa=e 358, 332 73, 472 2, 400 | 800
Terrapin. ao cceccaeee-cneesee 8, 400 4,400) | eee Ss newest
EDIT ElGS eee ae Re ee ed ee 2, 700 49) | Soha So Sho cae
iMewitlerscalesie 222-2 ooo eee 100, 000 10, 000 eeteicteieetsietel eietaiieienatan
otal Se = <2 ee eae 120, 788, 251 | 6,946, 514 | 159, 439, 533 | 2, 138, 127
Total
Pounds Value
17, 886, 647 | $208, 953
23, 600 770
4, 050 225
57, 418 7, 734
157, 258 18, 858
288, 110 15, 891
24, 775 753
5, 836, 357 252, 298
462, 419 30, 997
534, 330 32, 057
3, 260 265
17, 000 406
701, 445 25, 376
22, 649,295 | 648, 090
228, 180 3, 529
125, 390 2, 243
181, 948 21, 900
581, 817 37, 902
350, 283 8, 785
2, 600 129
2, 000 80
11, 800 232
42, 325 1, 488
235, 127 11, 034
122, 838 8,919
11, 840 1, 234
150, 485, 623 | 1, 4384, 681
122, 072 8, 161
140, 799 7, 558
17, 855 2, 983
1, 400 130
4, 584 1, 003
402, 274 27, 928
51, 340 4, 568
50, 000 71
6, 103, 704 | 1,372, 491
17, 154 1, 021
122 17
23, 600 148
127, 445 16, 679
1, 768, 206 88, 090
12, 444, 450 579, 563
821, 309 151, 027
65, 977 16, 167
5, 353 5, 752
4,113 250
400 20
35, 000 49
2, 870 225
13, 700 428
17, 400 420
25 4
320 17
427,275 35, 230
33, 600 716
79, 687 7, 338
650 48
18, 531, 994 523, 733
1, 422, 250 157, 981
1, 048, 544 400, 908
32, 008 21, 426
415, 825 23, 607
9, 546, 327 | 1, 036, 500
11, 013, 366 | 1, 367, 761
9, 855, 769 358, 555
79, 450 2, 518
360, 732 74, 272
8, 4 4, 400
2, 700 49
100, 000 10, 000
276, 227, 784 | 9, 084, 641
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 481
Summary by counties
Counties inter Investment Products
° Number Dollars Pounds Value
Accomac.--- 3,175 1,412,182} 41,275,492 | $1,651, 491
Arlington--- 66 | 70, 390 30, 591 4, 943
Caroline -- -- 9 425 6, 350 625
OP an Sah yo See ee 237 13, 325 242, 018 42, 080
CURES SEL DOSS os ae Se eee eee | 22 655 33, 000 4, 675
iri. Gi Ree ae 8 | 270 27, 350 1, 125
TENT EA) aH (KS) nan pea Sa 1, 143 1,077,279 | 15, 205, 633 953, 161
eee 184 21, 592 394 40, 083
Lg ES oe ee Se ee ee 69 12, 304 108, 417 15, 275
QUEEF gE Se SE ES CS ee 953 204, 153 9, 348, 417 527, 096
ceiearir iceman eee ae ee et a oe ecase 21 1, 945 277, 000 7,776
TRU Or WAT kee ge ee el NE Eee ae 387 89, 340 2, 856, 827 192, 987
GAMES O LE oan coe 126 25, 060 702, 189 | 92, 492
King and Queen-_ 67 6, 452 288, 680 29, 122
King George----- | 113 28, 314 457, 260 38, 725
King William_....-.--. 204 185, 990 | 547, 991 | 59, 594
NSHP ASLOD SY tee oo ean sacar eon aanceeeeosesasccc-s< 2, 381 1, 719, 272 47, 317, 013 764, 769
fiTart Heys eee ae es eme mints oe SS Se eke | 1, 125 555,945 | 12, 557, 881 | 873, 593
TSI ES Ty Cal Se a a 1,175 170, 606 2, 369, 675 209, 956
IN EVEIS g1e110) 000 [a ee ee a 210 63, 637 2, 002, 891 | 149, 492
LST, LT pS Se ee 71 5, 850 187, 336 | 21, 060
IsSTSYAID Ue a3 Se he a ee 1, 354 1, 090, 295 4, 484, 511 293, 160
Rinrebam prone eae ae eee en eS ee 1, 216 506,163) 12, 705,068 567, 777
INeruntiniherlands-o2 2.522 2s-5 55 snc see sce aasasscecee 2, 560 3, 255,096 | 101, 096, 696 1, 337, 725
Prince George 64 7, 70 220, 130 20, 343
Princess Anne 312 59, 788 2, 221, 618 134, 589
Prince William__. 46 10, 546 113, 525 14, 424
Richmond_.------ 203 42, 560 474, 363 56, 279
Spotsylvania 14 335 45, 450 1, 20
Staffor 79 17, 817 209, 930 20, 369
Surry 61 12, 853 274, 268 28, 269
Warwick 387 86, 855 3, 113, 458 191, 565
Westmoreland 458 92, 755 1, 616, 816 107, 319
York 866 421, 856 18, 478, 546 631, 499
19, 366 11, 269,605 | 276, 227, 784 9, 084, 641
Wholesale fishery trade—In 1925 there were 218 establishments
engaged in the wholesale fishery trade in Virginia, valued at $937,060,
using a cash or working capital amounting to $395,600, and employ-
ing 3,359 persons, to whom $917,263 were paid in wages.
Menhaden industry.—There were 15 menhaden factories operated in
Virginia in 1925, valued at $1,399,729, as compared with 18 factories,
valued at $1,727,063, in 1920, and the cash or working capital used
amounted to $326,000. The number of persons engaged in the fac-
tories was 598, to whom $225,199 was paid in wages. The number
of vessels operated in 1925 was 48, valued at $2,324,912, with a net
tonnage of 5,088 tons and outfits valued at $260,345. The apparatus
used on vessels, consisting of purse seines, was valued at $78,200.
There were also 126 accessory gasoline boats employed, valued at
$34,600. The number of persons employed on vessels was 1,466.
The number of menhaden utilized in the factories was 248,847,550,
valued at $1,423,612, as compared with 536,879,567, valued at
$2,192,837 in 1920. The manufactured products included 18,247
tons of dry scrap and fish meal, valued at $950,739, and 2,669,074
gallons of oil, valued at $1,330,799, as compared with 40,212 tons of
dry scrap and fish meal, valued at $3,035,169, and 2,053,363 gallons
of oil, valued at $546,198, in 1920.
Miscellaneous industries —In 1925 there were canned 5,669 cases
of alewives, valued at $9,317; 53,252 cases of alewife roe, valued at
$178,421; and 6,093 cases of other fishery products, valued at $48,823.
There were salted 6,206,748 pounds of alewives, valued at $158,768.
482
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
The by-products industry produced 1,308 tons of dry scrap and fish
meal, valued at $50,997; 32,389 gallons of fish oil, valued at $13,876;
24,872 tons of poultry grit, valued at $264,705; and 27,133 tons of
lime, valued at $188,474.
from oyster shells.
The poultry grit and lime were prepared
The detailed statistics of the industries*above referred to are given
in the following tables:
Investment, persons engaged, and wages paid in the wholesale trade in fresh fishery
products in Virginia in 1925, by localities
Establishments Number
she Cash of Wages
Localities capital | persons | paid
Number Value engaged
Accomac, Atlantic, and Belinda-_-._--____._-_=2- 3 $13, 350 $2, 700 62 $7, 600
@hineotenrue Islands 22-s pe) eee Cee ar Ps 25 45, 550 26, 100 235 47, 620
Franklin City, Greenbackville, and Sinnickson__ 12 11, 250 7, 000 74 13, 140
3 1, 150 1, 400 8 450
8 6, 000 6, 300 22 2, 850
4 3, 900 1, 800 54 3, 900
5 4, 650 3, 100 71 5, 900
9 4, 650 5, 900 69 10, 075
UN 32 (2 i() eee em ee, ie RC. eS Se Tea 20 11, 100 11, 500 52 7, 975
Wiarhapreaciiet effet Dee eae 8 3 5, 500 3, 600 84 13, 550
Hanipion: and Phoehuss222 ee 2 oo ee ee 14 294, 700 67, 900 456 139, 509
Bertrandand Invington:— i.e eh a oes | 4 13, 110 3, 900 67 11, 750
Millenbeck and Merry Point_..._.___-______-.-. 7 15, 200 4,100 107 19, 250
Morattico, Mollusk, and Monaskon_______--__-- 7 15, 700 3, 600 156 22, 750
iWeemsland Wikite:Stone:= = 2a. - 42 = 2 ees 12 5, 600 5, 200 123 28, 702
Urbanna, Remlik, and Water View___--_-------- 5 13, 000 7, 700 135 26, 160
INO ike 2 ete tert rant seid ee ee eee 8 13 264, 700 140, 000 613 326, 199
RDTiStn OU Giese San oe bee pes et 5 94, 750 38, 000 195 77, 372
Bayiord.angd Broad waters lee. ee 5 4, 900 2, 600 49 5
Gaper@iharlés Hor ayo shes art eee eee 5 4, 400 1, 400 35 6, 360
@aneyillevand*Magotha_- 44" - 22 ee 4 3, 300 2, 300 35 5,175
Mheritontand Oyster Ss a ae et 4 8, 700 3, 200 60 14, 800
SWilLISSWilarios = peel hole ee a ees ee ee ai - 41, 300 11, 700 186 31, 560
Binckowelistandv Milas =) ee pee Le ee ee ee 4 4, 750 1, 650 46 5, 950
Cowart, Lewisetta, and Lilian.___.-_--..________ 3 2, 900 2, 000 44 5, 623
Sampsons Wharf and Tipers_......-.-___.-._--.. 5 2, 700 1, 400 31 3, 100
SHanpsiands ign OMSOn=tasea oe ee ey 4 8, 650 1, 800 76 14, 400
IWew port News22) seo 28 8 ao ois iy cet Shae ee 3 5, 300 4, 100 33 11, 843
Messick, Odd, and Yorktown... _.___________-__- 4 7, 000 13, 000 32 13, 810
Miscellaneous localities 2= 53 2 11 19, 300 10, 650 149 32, 390
FD OG ATS ke hee See ae | a eee oN 218 937, 060 395, 600 3, 359 917, 263
The menhaden industry of Virginia in 1925
|
Items Number Value Items Number Value
Nactories= 222-2345 22a 15 | $1,399, 729 || Steam vessels, fishing__-_- 42 | $2, 264, 912
Gashicapitalic oP E. = js. f loess 326, 000 onnare. .--. 26a 4, 956;\|22 tae
Wages paid factory em- Ontht22=- 2 Ss ee 253, 933
DGVees -— ree ee eee de | fa SE ee 225, 199 || Gasoline vessels, fishing___ 1 60, 000
Persons in factories______-_ 008 pe eee Tenge: ee 132.2 ee
Persons on vessels_______- D466) Fee ee Outhit... 222.2: Cs eee 6, 412
Menhaden utilized_______ 248, 847, 550 | 1,423,612 |} Accessory gasoline boats__ 126 34, 600
Products: Apparatus on _ vessels:
Dry serapes 2212 tons__ 14, 792 742, 542 Purse seins (total length
Fish meal______ dosoas 3, 455 208, 197 12'612. yards) 2: | Swe Ses 42 78, 200
Ouest fete gallons__ 2, 669, 074 1, 330, 799
FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 483
Quantity and value of canned and salted fishery products and by-products manu-
factured in Virginia in 1925
Items Number} Value || Items Number} Value
| _ ee
Canned: |
Alewives, 15-ounce (2 dozen | Salted: Alewives_...pounds_-|6, 206,748 | $158, 768
ROICOSG) oon nt on cases__| 5, 668 $9, 317 | —S = ——
: —————— v= DrOducts:
Alewife roe— | Dry scrap and fish meal
15-ounce (2 dozen to Reyes hc aoe tons_- 1, 308 50, 977
RSG )fa fess ae cases... 46, 366 11645290) |) Bish’ oil--_=_- 22 gallons__| 32, 389 13, 876
18-ounce (2 dozen to pe .Ouliiy, etites- eee tons..| 24,872 264, 705
CASO) ers oe Sea cases..| 6, 886 PA Olive iimnes 2 eet do....| 27,133 188, 474
‘ta do..--| 53,252 | 178,421 | Mobal 25 222, ese ee 518, 032
ed —e Se ee SS
Other products_...._- do...-| 6,093 | 48,823 || Gremd total-—-- 2 A-<2 ae | 913, 361
Pocaless 0.3. do...-| 65,013 | 236, 561 |
1Includes a few cases packed in 18-ounce cans reduced to the equivalent of 15-ounce cans.
2Includes some cases packed in 71%, 10, and 17 ounce cans reduced to the equivalent of 15-ounce cans.
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TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS AND
hugion a NG CONSIDERATIONS IN GREATER ST.
By R. H. Frepier
Agent, United States Bureau of Fisheries
CONTENTS
Page
DENT OuL ON eae os etn eo ee -- 485 | Cold-storage facilities__......__.__.____._._---———4
HGrHe SMe eis ee Ol oP hha BU 2 ASGn SIZES OLS sa oe tees Le eet LT Cae ea ie
Source of supply of fishery products _-_--___- 486 Form in which fish are received
ECOL VAT Bi pL tS ee ee ot Ae ee Sek oe = 480) Shipping containers sess = = ees
Pipaiisretiorin sere sry F Sepress he FE ese De 490 | Trade categories of fishery products received. 502
Reshipment of fishery products_-_-_-________ 490 | Estimated population of the greater St. Louis
TiGeCam RNR LING ss = 2 cle et Lo sie Pe 491 ATCO LOD Ss cert Wes 2 APSE 2 ee St 507
Widolesilewirade = tee 491 Per capita consumption of fish__.__________ 507
Common and scientific names of fishery Summary of market survey__...__._________- 508
PEOGUCLS WANG eda FS eset e e ees 492 | Health regulations governing fish stores______ 508
Important commercial products__________- 493 | Regulations governing the sale of fish________ 509
Products of moderate importance__________ 491 | Directory of sea-food dealers in St. Louis____ 510
Products of slight importance_____.________ 494 | Express and freight rates_.._-.......__....-- 512
Retail trade and fish stores__.-______-_____- 495
Union Wiapket< aes sete ee 2 Tl rs oc). 497
Grocery and meat stores_-._....-__-.-__--- 500
INTRODUCTION
The present survey is the eighth of a series of trade investigations
made by the Bureau of Fisheries, the cities previously canvassed
being Louisville, Ky.; Pittsburgh, Pa.; Chicago, Ill.; Minneapolis
and St. Paul, Minn.; Seattle, Wash.; Boston, Mass.; and New York
City, N. Y. The following report is based on the calendar year
1926 as to amounts of fish handled and the spring of 1927 for market-
ing conditions.
The author wishes to express his appreciation to the fish trade
for its interest, cooperation, and many courtesies extended while
the information for this survey was being collected. Thanks are
especially due to George J. Goettling and William Goettling of the
Geo. J. Goettling Co.; W. A. Meletio and Frank J. Girse of the
Meletio Seafood Co.; G. Roettger of the Faust’s Fulton Market Co.;
and Carl A. Lammers of the Booth Fisheries Co., for supplying
data and helpful suggestions throughout the course of this survey.
Greater St. Louis is situated on the Mississippi River, near the
geographical center of the United States, near the center of popula-
tion, the center of agricultural production, and the center of many
of the sources of raw materials. Being neither eastern nor western,
northern nor southern, its population represents a mythical cross
section of the United States. The city of St Louis, considered
alone, is the most American city in the United States, with the
smallest number of foreign-born citizens of any metropolitan city,
according to the fourteenth United States census report.
1 Appendix VI to the Report of the U, S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1927. B. F. Doc. 1026.
485
486 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
FINDINGS
Through this study it has been found that—
1. Greater St. Louis is supplied with fresh and frozen fishery
products by 28 States and 4 Canadian Provinces.
2. Wholesale dealers distribute fresh and frozen fishery products
to 17 States.
3. Wholesale houses are in close proximity to terminal team tracks
and cold-storage warehouses, thereby minimizing time and expense
in intracity transportation of fishery products.
4. Consumer preference for fresh-water fishery products has been
replaced by a more general use of salt-water fishery products.
5. Six fishery products constitute 75 per cent of the trade, 4 of
which are salt-water products and 2 fresh-water products.
6. The popularity of whiting has been due, in no little degree,
to its being prepared for cooking and to its sale as a whiting sandwich
by hot-fish shops.
7. Most of the retail fish stores handling fishery products every
ey, in the week cater largely to the Jewish, Italian, and colored
trade.
8. The gentile trade deals largely with grocery stores that handle
fishery products only one or two days a week.
9. These grocery stores, while handling quantities of fish in the
round or viscerated are inclined to handle prepared packaged
products more readily.
10. Cold-storage facilities afforded in greater St. Louis have
tended to stabilize the fish trade.
11. Frozen fishery products amount to over one-half of the receipts.
12. Wholesale dealers prefer to have shipments made in boxes.
13. Wholesale dealers prefer fishery products prepared and pack-
oe at the point of production as far as consistent with the type
of fish.
14. The annual per capita consumption of fish in the round is
about 12 pounds and of the edible portion about 9 pounds.
SOURCES OF SUPPLY OF FISHERY PRODUCTS
The fisheries of 28 States and 4 Canadian Provinces contribute in
supplying greater St. Louis with fishery products. During 1926,
13,127,000 pounds of fishery products were received in this market,
of which 9,099,000 pounds, or 69 per cent, were salt-water varieties,
and 4,028,000 pounds, or 31 per cent, were fresh-water varieties. Of
the total amount, Massachusetts sent the largest supply, amounting
to 4,583,000 pounds, consisting entirely of salt-water varieties.
Florida was second with 1,384,000 pounds, consisting of 946,000
pounds of fresh-water varieties and 438,000 pounds of salt-water
varieties. Washington was third with 1,324,000 pounds, consisting
entirely of salt-water varieties. Louisiana was fourth with 1,166,000
pounds, consisting almost entirely of fresh-water varieties. New
York was fifth with 749,000 pounds, consisting entirely of salt-water
varieties. Other States or Provinces, in order of importance, were:
New Jersey, Illinois (quantities of these fish were reshipped through
Chicago and did not originate in the State), British Columbia, Mary-
land, Ohio, Mississippi, Arkansas, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, Ten-
nessee, Manitoba, Missouri, Connecticut, New Brunswick, Maine,
TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 487
Michigan, Georgia, Minnesota, Nova Scotia, Alabama, Kentucky,
Iowa, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, California, and North Carolina.
TABLE 1.—A mount of fresh and frozen fishery products received in greater St. Louis,
Mo., by States and Provinces where produced
||
State or Province | Pounds ae State or Province Pounds ral
:
S5H Ohio se. 2) Ss cee 369, 000 3
11 || Mississippi 331, 000 3
10 || Arkansas 229, 000 2
OM PeROXaS ssa. 2-2as-s5.5 190, 000 1
Oolmvirginl aes oe soo eek ee 146, 000 1
5 || All other States or Prov-
| be | ences aeete ten ee. Loe 2 581,000 | 3
3 Se
| 3 Bigtnleet ee th oe | 13, 127,000 | 100
1 About 260,000 pounds of these products were distributed through Chicago and were produced at points
outside of the State. :
2 Includes products produced in the following States or Provinces, ranked in order of importance: Wis-
consin, Tennessee, Manitoba, Missouri, Connecticut, New Brunswick, Maine, Michigan, Georgia,
eae, Nova Scotia, Alabama, Kentucky, Iowa, Rhode Tsland, Pennsylvania, California, and North
‘arolina.
TABLE 2.—Sources of supply of the fishery products received in greater St. Louis
Product
Massachu-
setts
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Maryland
North Caro-
lina
Florida
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Pennsylva-
nia
Black Passe cea es ss || a | ai Pog ian ee IT ci ges (aol Ey (eer |S. i ee eee eee ee
AES WTO ans ee
BESS Shaped os). 20a = Se meses /E S| sl ee [es Spe Cael are ae ee SES Bee eae PEI
Grouper
iEPaTTAyO 7 Tht Oe ie Bee a || Pd PR Pa PO | | [Spe eee 5 | eae |e (E(B =|
CTy Bs (Same ae ge a EB | [a La ae (a (eS caja le eae te ee ES SE
had
Sheepshead (fresh-water) ---_|---- fp | Sil AS | ee | | a bee eee eee Le a o.<
Smelfisseasternls-~ 2. + -=22--|2ss—
Spanish mackerel
EEoonbill (Cr) AS = aS ee ee ie sa
PERFOR AISKO sso. = ---— = a-|-2=—
PRTOUL, S@AE 2-5 28 S25 5 2s =| an
488 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
TABLE 2.—Sources of supply of the SE miodiees received in greater
. Loutis—Continue
Product
Massachu-
setts
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Murylend!
Virginia
| North Caro-
Jina
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
nia
| Pennsylva-
Clams-= 22 eee eel het S| | rs pe PE eC Ne ee | ee
Crabs, hard Ie Se Ee aie (cal sce ak Meee as Diath PRN sal eset ih teh
Crabs; ‘softeetoc 2 males Re) pra eee MES aoa D>. |=. ge (es el fea ee i c-
New Bruns-
wick
Product
British Co-
lumbia
Blacksbass: 2s = n= 30 A
Bass awhite se sera Site,
IBASSHBpri ped m= aa 2, Sees es ae
Bee fisheee a ss Se eee SF 3200
Buffalo fish, alive
Carp ise test ee ae ee ee
Carp, alive
@athishi sh Taeeie Bradt. Eee
x Di pee epee peered er. Gay eee paag peee aC ae) oe ae
Flerring) seasas (3s els ae —
Gakesherring 2 a se
Mackerpla= be 0k. Ye Re ue
Perch, white (fresh-water) -_____- x
Perch syellow2==)-*. 222-20 Se
Pike, blue *-. 2 eee ee es a
Dike, STASS -t22-= ON eh Se A ene
Pike, sauger-_____
Bike, yellow,--== 6222 1--- 25 ene
Redisnappers 220 es. he
Rockfish (red snapper)
Bablefishs.22- Se tala ak oe x
Smeltseastern sass ee eS meee
Smelts, western s-22---- 2252222 oa
Spoonbill cat.
TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 489
RECEIVING POINTS
Of the total fresh and frozen fishery products received in greater
St. Louis, 5,655,000 pounds, or 43 per cent, are received by freight,
7,257,000 pounds, or 55 per cent, by express, and 215,000 pounds, or
2 per cent, by barge.
Express shipments.—All express shipments carried by the American
Railway Express Co. or the Southeastern Express Co. are received
at their terminal at the Union Depot in the vicinity of Twentieth
and Clark Streets. Fish arriving by express in less-than-carload lots
are delivered to the consignees’ door without further charge than that
included in the regular tariff rate. In some cases, where the fish are
urgently needed, the consignee calls at the express terminal in person
and obtains the shipment, although no allowance is made the con-
signee for performing this transportation service. When express
shipments are received in carload lots and nondelivery from the ter-
minal to the consignees’ door is specified, a charge is made by the
express company for such delivery. Usually a carload express ship-
ment is composed of parcels for various consignees. In some cases
the express company delivers the goods of only one person without
further charge. The consignee who obtains this service usually
receives the largest shipment in the particular car. The other con-
signees must truck their goods themselves or hire it done by a trucking
firm. In other cases, particularly with shipments of fish from the
west, no free delivery is made.
Freight shipments —Freight shipments are received over four routes
from the east, three from the west, and three from the south. The
freight terminals of these various trunk-line railroads are situated
both in St. Louis and East St. Louis; the latter city is directly east
across the Mississippi River. Shipments arriving by freight over
these lines usually are handled by a terminal railroad company,
which switches the freight cars of fish to various convenient localities
in St. Louis known as terminal team tracks. No charges are assessed
the consignee for the transfer of his carload freight shipments by the
terminal railroad company, as all such charges are absorbed in the
tariff rate charged for transporting the commodity over the trunk-line
railroad. In many instances team tracks are situated less than one-
balf mile from the majority of the wholesale fishery establishments.
While the traffic over the arteries between the team tracks and the
wholesale fishery establishments is somewhat heavy at intervals, the
loss of time in intracity transportation of fishery products is of no
great importance. Most of the wholesale fishery firms do their own
trucking to and from the freight tracks, as well as any needed trucking
between the express terminals. Should the contents of a freight
shipment be urgently desired, the wholesaler will instruct the carrier
of the shipment to leave the car containing that shipment at its
freight terminal and his trucks will then call for the shipment. This
method of obtaining the freight shipments is sometimes a little
quicker than waiting for the terminal railroad company to switch
the car to a team track, which sometimes requires half a day.
Barge shipments of live fish. During 1926, 215,000 pounds of live
fish, consisting of buffalo fish, carp, and catfish, were received in
greater St. Louis. All originated in Illinois. These live fish are
shipped in barges from the point of origin to the foot of Franklin
490 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Street in St. Louis. Here they are unloaded into tanks of water on
trucks, or into containers without water, and then transported to
the wholesale establishment, where they are held in tanks of running
water pending sale.
In addition to the live fish, 72,000 pounds of live soft crabs, craw-
fish, lobsters, and turtles were received in 1926. The method of
shipping these products is described under the subject ‘‘containers”’
in the latter portion of this report.
PRODUCTION
The waters surrounding greater St. Louis support no extensive
commercial fishery. A few fishermen make small catches of buffalo
fish and other species in surrounding streams, but the catch amounts
to only a few thousand pounds annually. The fishermen dispose of
their catches locally to wholesalers or by peddling direct to the
consumer.
RESHIPMENT OF FISHERY PRODUCTS
Greater St. Louis is favorably situated for the distribution of fishery
products. During 1926, 1,191,000 pounds, or 9 per cent, of the fresh
and frozen fishery products received in this market, and large amounts
of cured and canned fish, were distributed in the several States, in-
cluding and adjoining Missouri, and also the States directly to the
south. Direct and fast rail communication with the principal cities
in these States is available.
Reshipment by States—During 1926 Illinois received the largest
amount of fish distributed from greater St. Louis, amounting to
344,000 pounds; Missouri was second, receiving 305,000 pounds;
Oklahoma was third, receiving 165,000 pounds; and Arkansas was
fourth, receiving 131,000 pounds. Other States that receive fishery
products from greater St. Louis, ranked in order of importance, were
Texas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Kansas, Indiana, Louisiana, Iowa,
Kentucky, Alabama, Nebraska, Florida, Ohio, and New Mexico.
TaBLE 3.—Amount of fresh and frozen fishery products distributed by greater St.
Louis fish dealers, by the States receiving these products
Per cent | Per cent
State | Pounds SEtatale| State Pounds | ‘oF total
Mlinoiss<222 44 = 5 344, 000 SOiN KANSAS: ste ee rae 27, 000 9
IVISSouriae= ao: 2a EL ES 305, 000 257|| “indiana 688525 tee se ees 24, 000 2
ORlshomar— 3 aeons 165, 000 145 | Ouisianae= 202652 eee” 15, 000 1
IT EKANISAS =o gee Se, 131, 000 Tbe] | OW Se oe ee. se ee ee 13, 000 1
exasee ce: it Fe) TS 78, 000 62! Other States: 222-22 ee 1 20, 000 2
‘Mennessees 22.7 2 35, 3 | ae
Mississippisio- 2: 22a se Ses 34, 000 3 SRotales- tera tec eee 1, 191, 000 100
1 Includes fresh and frozen fishery products distributed to the following States, ranked in order of im-
portance: Kentucky, Alabama, Nebraska, Florida, Ohio, and New Mexico.
Reshipment by species.—It is interesting to note that the varieties
reshipped in the largest quantities from this market are those that
have been received from distant production points. During 1926
whiting led the reshipments, with 259,000 pounds; halibut was second,
with 215,000 pounds; catfish third, with 212,000 pounds; haddock
TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 491
fillets fourth, with 116,000 pounds; and oysters fifth, with 111,000
pounds. Quantities of 33 other products also were reshipped.
TABLE 4.—A mount of fresh and frozen fishery products distributed by greater St.
Louis fish dealers, by species
I!
Species | Pounds | Species Pounds
|
VLR ESV ay ey os Fa ee Ba ee 259, 000 | White perch (fresh-water)_....-------- 17, 000
PT Sd ID iboats snore ee eee 215, 000 || Buffalo fish._.____- JSS ene ees 13, 000
PEST 22 5 eS eS ee 212, 000 | HORS! oe ae ee ee 13, 000
Haddocks Gillets)- sec. 2 on cco cncccee MG.O00l | Red snapper... eee 10, 000
With s hee ne ee ee cee ect TLINO00T| |Phlack bass. =. ..-2 LDS See Sa eee 9, 000
Spanishsmaekerel. =.— so. <2 anosant sete ADS OUOM BOARD coe == ue coe eee eee 7, 000
Gig ee oe eS ee ea SOLOOOR i Vellow: perch... 2h Si? is ea Se See 7, 000
Sth Sitehi ek CE A ee eee 23; O00 Other Drow tCts omen eee eee eee 43, 000
SING GASLOn-- oe nea ak 22, 000 ||
Shrimps see ee ee 19, 000 Totaleci k=. seb. 7 er St oc eee 1, 191, 000
GARGUTOH 6 Sone a aces 17, 000 |
1 Includes sablefish, lobsters, whitefish, shad roe, red rockfish, spoonbill cat, soft crabs, scallops, blue
pike, pulpo, flounders, pompano, crab meat, cod, sunfish, sole, white bass, clams, mackerel, and tilefish.
LOCAL MARKETING
WHOLESALE TRADE
The wholesale fisheries trade is conducted at various places through-
out the city, although most of it is centered in the wholesale com-
mission section, where Broadway crosses Franklin Avenue. None of
the firms has direct rail communication with any railroad, although
terminal team tracks for unloading freight shipments are situated
less than one-half mile from the wholesale commission section.
In 1926 there were 12 wholesale establishments engaged in han-
dling 13,127,000 pounds of 74 varieties of fresh and frozen fishery
products with a wholesale value of approximately $3,200,000. The
total investment was $574,000, and the cash or working capital
amounted to $104,500. There were 208 persons engaged in the
trade, receiving $262,000 in wages.
The wholesale dealers are equipped to handle shipments in an
efficient and regular manner. Some of the wholesalers repack, grade,
inspect, and freeze or otherwise prepare the fishery products for the
local trade. Most firms have large rooms for repacking and grading,
several have freezing plants on their premises, others have cold
storage supplied by a local cold-storage firm, while still others have
insulated cold rooms in which to hold fish for several days. Local
sales are made at the wholesale house at a market price stated over
the telephone or by direct contact. Small orders are wrapped in
paper and the larger ones are packed in baskets. Free deliveries are
made by the wholesalers within the greater St. Louis area. Some of
the wholesale firms have regular routes covered by their trucks each
day or at regular intervals. Orders are taken by the drivers and
are delivered when wanted. Out-of-town shipments are packed in
boxes and usually are sold f. 0. b. St. Louis. A charge sometimes is
made for the container.
71447—28——2
zZ ~>3~m aw
S\N mass’ oy
by, a2 cy
BOSC # Ss
492
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS HANDLED
Following is a list of common and scientific names of fishery prod-
ucts handled by the wholesale and retail fisheries trade in greater
St. Louis, to which reference is made in this report:
Common name
Other common names
Scientific name
Bass, sea.
Bream (Florida)
Buffalo fish
HIGIrIN Ge ASOAL > os eee ee tee
King mackerel
Mackerel
Perch, white (salt-water)
Perch, yellow
Pike, blue
Pompano
Red snapper
Red rockfish
Smelts, eastern
Smelts, western
Spanish mackerel
Spoonbill cat
Spot
Suckers
"Gerian erp. 2c ee are
Bullhead
Kingfish eis | are ace en EEE s |
Pounnon mackerel, native mack-
erel.
Jumping mullet
Sheepshead, fresh-water drum,
gaspergou.
Gulf red snapper
Western red snapper-__-__._--___--
Black cod
Paddlefish 22ers Seen
Lafayette
Frogs
Oysters
Octopus, devilfish
Boned squid
Periwinkle: 222. ce ares eee
Micropterus sp.
Centropristes striatus.
Roccus lineatus.
Roccus chrysops.
Pomatomus saltatrix.
Sarda sarda.
Centrarchide sp.
Ictiobus cyprinella.
Poronotus triacanthus.
Cyprinus carpio.
~
| Ameiurus sp. and Ictalurus sp.
Gadus callarias.
Pomoxis sp.
Anguilla rostrata.
Pleuronectid& sp. :
Epinephelus mycteroperca.
| Melanogrammus aeglifinus.
Hippoglossus hippoglossus.
Leucichthys sp.
Clupea harengus.
comberomorus regalis.
Scomber scombrus.
Mugil cephalus.
Aplodinotus grunniens.
Morone americana.
Perca flavescens.
Stizostedion glaucum.
Esox sp.
Stizostedion canadense griseum.
Stizostedion vitreum.
Pollachius virens.
Trachinotus carolinus.
LIntianus blackfordi.
Sebastodes sp.
Anaplopoma fimbria.
Oncorhynchus sp.
Ammodytes americanus.
Alosa sapidissima.
Stenotomus chrysops.
Aplodinotus grunniens.
Pleuronectide sp.
Osmerus sp.
Argentinid sp.
Scomberomorus maculatus.
Polyodon spathula.
Leiostomus ranthurus.
Acipenser rubicundus.
Catostomide sp.
Centrarchidz sp
Lopholatilus cliarisloaniteane:
Cristivomer namaycush.
Salmo irideus.
Salmo gairdneri.
Cynoscion regalis.
Leucichthys tullibee.
Coregonus clupeaformis.
Merluccius bilinearis.
Venus mercenaria.
Callinectes sapidus.
Cambarus sp.
Rana sp. :
Homarus americanus.
Mytilus edulis.
Osirea elongata, .
Pecten irridians, Pecten majellani-
cus.
Peneus setiferus.
Octopus vulgaris.
Loligo sp.
Trionychid® sp.
Chelydride@ sp.
Testudinide sp.
Littorina littorea.
|
*
TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 493
IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
While 74 varieties of fishery products are handled by the trade in
greater St. Louis, 6 of these, amounting to 9,873,000 pounds, consti-
tute 75 per cent of the trade. Four of these are not common to this
locality, while two represent species that formerly were caught in
large quantities locally but now are shipped in from distant points.
TaBLe 5.—Fishery products upon which 75 per cent of the trade is based !
Rank Product | Rank Product
| xo ey ne pease —- i 5 >
1 Sal el Whiting. |p et Cattish:
7 | Halibut. ie See ae | Oysters.
Sea ears Buffalo fish, Gee eee | Haddock.?
1 Tables 5, 6, and 7 are to be considered together as regards the relative rank of importance of the
npduels as a whole.
2 Fillets.
In years past the trade in greater St. Louis preferred varieties of
Great Lakes and local fresh-water fish. When near-by supplies
became insufficient, shipments were received from more distant
points. As other cities were drawing upon the same supply and
shipments became unsteady with intermittent high and low prices,
the fisheries trade became more or less erratic, with the trade during
the summer months almost at a standstill. Stabilization was needed
if the trade was to remain in a prosperous condition. About 1915
a search was made for varieties of fish that would be available in
steady quantities throughout the year at a fairly uniform price.
Various species were introduced, including the whiting. This fish
readily gained favor with the trade and sales increased steadily,
so that now it ranks first in importance in this market.
Whiting is taken chiefly along the coastal waters of Massachusetts
and New Jersey during the late spring, summer, and fall months,
where it is frozen in the round, boxed, and held in cold storage. As
supplies are needed, they are shipped to St. Louis, usually in carload
pe where they are again placed in cold-storage warehouses pending
sale.
The vast majority of whiting sold are beheaded, viscerated, and
skinned in St. Louis, ready for cooking, and then sorted according to
sizes of one to a pound, two to a pound, three to a pound, and so on.
The finished product might’ be called a whiting ‘‘stick.’”’ As it is
eually boneless, it is especially acceptable to children as well as
adults.
Dealers in greater St. Louis say that the whiting has become popu-
lar in this market because it resembles varieties of fish once popular,
the supply is steady, and it can be graded and sold by number as well
as by weight. This is especially acceptable to the restaurant dealer,
as he knows the cost of the fish in each portion served.
Barbecue stands and hot-fish shops (an American modification of
the European fish and chip shops) have aided in popularizing whiting
in greater St. Louis. These shops range in size from an out-of-door
lunch counter to a restaurant or hot-fish shop that makes a specialty
of selling only cooked whiting. On one of the main highways near
St. Louis is such a shop handling only whiting of a size of about three
494 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
toa pound. The whiting “sticks”? are cooked in hot fat and then
placed on a steam table, where they are kept hot until sold. A suffi-
cient number are cooked to supply the trade expected at a given
time. Portions are served as a whiting sandwich, consisting of a
whiting and two slices of bread, which sells for 15 cents. During the
course of a year this establishment sold 72,000 pounds of this fish
and as high as 2,200 pounds in one week. ‘The trade is best during
the summer, particularly on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. Ice
chests capable of holding a reserve supply of 3,600 pounds of fish were
installed in a building adjoining the shop.
PRODUCTS OF MODERATE IMPORTANCE
In this class of fishery products are some that have been important
in this market and are now of secondary importance because the
supply is limited or too seasonal. There are others, also, which
ranked in the third class in years past but now are becoming more
important. It is believed that in future years some of these species
will rank among those commercially important. The 15 species of
this group amount to 2,626,000 pounds and constitute 20 per cent
of the trade.
TABLE 6.—Fishery products upon which 20 per cent of the trade is based !
Rank | Product Rank Product.
Ae mPa
(j2atee NEY Pee Se | Lake herring. DY sjee Eee tees. see ee Sablefish.
Set eee oe | Spanish mackerel. 1622 Red snapper (Gulf).
Ores 2 ae ICR | Carp oa U7 fe ene Salmon.
WOS.E6. Sone soos | Frogs Tee ts tere | Whitefish.
1 a ERE | Shrimp 1k? See eo Spoonbill cat.
i Ee nS Fe ee | Tilefish 20. sake SIR Crappie.
Lge ane ee e™ eee Lake trout. A ee White perch (fresh-water).
Mais svat oan 2 ot | Black bass.
1 Tables 5, 6, and 7 are to be considered together as regards the relative rank of importance of the products
as a whole.
PRODUCTS OF SLIGHT IMPORTANCE
Limited quantities of 53 fishery products, amounting to 628,000
pounds, or 5 per cent of the trade, are marketed in greater St. Louis.
Many of these products are used mainly by the foreign trade, some
are species of which the supply is declining, and some are unpopular
in this market.
TaBLEe 7.—Fishery products upon which & per cent of the trade is based !
Rank Product Reasons for limited sale
PP pee Blnempiket = 2052. Deane Seasonal variety; relatively high priced.
O35 eae Sunfish]. - 222.8 ee Limited supply; high priced.
?, Smelts, eastern__----.---- Seasonal variety. ; ;
Rote=tes Tallibess.:. 2a ess Limited supply; used largely for smoking and substituted for ciscoes
and whitefish.
26 Pak (lObstersaa-asess sae neene Limited supply; high priced.
Pt eer Mlounders:#25: Seas Not well known; demand increasing.
eae Yellow perch:----- == 2222 Seasonal variety.
p1! ee Rees j\ Crabsshard2e2 2) See Poor shipper; too many losses en route.
1 alice 5, 6, and 7 are to be considered tozether as regards the relative rank of importance of the products
as a whole,
Se,
EOE TO ARS, At pls 5 ope Epo!
ET
TRADE IN FRESH AND FISHERY FROZEN PRODUCTS
495
TABLE 7.—Fishery products upon which 5 per cent of the trade is based—Continued
Rank Product Reasons for limited sale
S022 Sauger pike. .........._-- Limited supply; seasonal.
Sie ae era whishetes Se Fe oe to ae Used mainly by hotels and restaurants.
pee Sheepshead (Lake Erie)__. Seasonal variety.
Soh 2 Wellow: pike 222. 2s- .--. Seasonal variety; relatively high priced.
at Orang ssort- sso e 2 Seasonal variety; poor shipper; popular.
So. P\eelorring. Sea. oS o=2t 2S Used mainly by the Italian trade.
Se mcalopesssk. tee te: oes Not well known; becoming popular.
SiGe Shas lites pS est a ea Limited supply; seasonal; high priced.
38 d5o32 Pompano--_.-........-.-| Seasonal variety; high-priced; popular.
SOs 2 HGS 232 SS Ew es | Limited local supply and price too high for eastern supply.
BORE EELS Red rockfish, western___.| Substituted for red snapper, but the quality is considered not as good.
rh ee Cod ees See Not well known on this market.
ies dat SRuntleo an eee Used mainly by hotels and restaurants,
433 vet! Smelts, western ___.---._- Accepted when eastern smelts are not available; quality considered
Bream
King mackerel
oes (octopus)
medium.
Considered poor quality in this market; some smoked.
Limited supply; usually arrives in poor condition.
DEriped bass. oe Used mainly by the Italian trade.
DIG eee et ST ee CFS | Not well known; demand increasing for fillets.
Grabumneate 2s 22732. = | Searcity and high prices.
Mackeraleew 2= 2) fated Unpopular; not well known.
Grouper sesso se Ss -.| Unpopular; not highly esteemed; not well known.
Oli a ee Used mainly by hotels and restaurants.
Siihvob Bees e eS eee Seasonal variety; high priced.
Used mainly by the Italian trade.
0.
Do.
_| Used mainly by the Jewish trade.
Seasonal variety; unpopular.
Limited supply; seasonal variety; popular.
Used mainly by the Italian trade.
Bluefish___-- .| Limited supply; relatively high priced.
Marippite soe tee Used mainly by the Italian trade.
ihszez Wor Cos sae elceas Do.
G32 se" BORO E ate 2 ete Do.
eee | White perch (salt-water) - Do.
6be=-3| Pollock} sss ese 2 2 see Do.
6652=-< ieoandiecis-s:. si2 2s ses Do.
626 = SPOTS tee cee eee eee Do.
eS Soa nOULe tas tae ee ot Do.
goviket sturpoone 5 Bea hal ios Limited supply.
Vil eee WAN KIGS tees DSSS ae 2 Used mainly by the Italian trade.
7 eerie WESSOISSs ee Do.
WietS Rainbow trout____..___-- | Limited supply; high priced; used mainly by hotels and restaurants.
WB255225 Salmon:trout.-- 22. = Do.
4282 | Caviar (in bulk) ____.__--| Do.
A study of Table 7 reveals that the sale of 16 products is limited to
the Italian trade; 13 are restricted because of a limited supply; 14,
because of the high price; 11, because the products are seasonal; 6,
because the products are not well known; 6, because the sale of the
products is limited mainly to hotels and restaurants; 4, because the
products are considered of medium or poor quality; 3, because the
products are poor shippers; and 3, because the products are generally
unpopular.
RETAIL TRADE AND FISH STORES
During this survey the author visited 62 retail stores that handled
fish every day in the week either entirely or in connection with poul-
try and fruits or vegetables, and a study was made of the retail
merchandizing of fish in these stores. Most of these retail stores
cater entirely to the Jewish, colored, or foreign trade, except for a
few stores in outlying districts and those in the new Union Market,
which cater to a mixed trade.
Interior construction.—The display fixtures and appurtenances of
the majority of the stores outside of Union Market are much alike.
Those selling live fish have a glass aquarium in the window displaying
496 U. S} BUREAU OF FISHERIES
carp, buffalo fish, and catfish. Those having window displays of
fresh fish show these products on crushed ice in metal pans. Others
have no window displays. One side of the interior usually contains a
wooden, metal-lined display case of various dimensions, ranging
from 5 to 8 or more feet in length, 214 feet high, sloping to the front,
and about 3 feet wide. Crushed ice is placed in the bottom of such a
case, upon which the fish are laid. Sometimes the fish are placed in
porcelain pans, the pans resting on crushed ice. Usually a glass
cover fits over the top of the case to keep off insects and dust. An
ice box of much the same dimensions as the display case, but with a
wooden cover instead of glass, is used for storing the reserve supply
of fish. Some of the larger firms have insulated cold rooms for storing
the reserve supply. Some of the firms that sell live fish have an
auxiliary metal or concrete tank containing live fish in the rear of
the storeroom.
Should other products be sold, one usually finds opposite the fish
display cages containing live poultry or counters upon which are
displayed fruits and vegetables.
Window displays —Window displays of fishery products were made
by 27 stores at all times. Of these, 20 consisted of glass aquaria and
7 of cured, fresh, or frozen fish. Occasional displays were made by 7
other firms. Of the window displays of cured, fresh, or frozen fish,
7 were inclosed in glass, 3 used the original containers to display cured
fish, and 9 used metal pans filled with crushed ice, upon which the
fresh or frozen fish were displayed. Of the latter, 4 placed the fish,
garnished with greens, first in porcelain pans and then on the crushed
ice.
Inside displays.—Inside displays were made by 60 firms, of which
50 were metal-lined display cases (described above) filled with crushed
ice, directly upon which the fish were laid. Earthen jars for holding
oysters were sunk, neck deep, in the crushed ice. * Sunken white
porcelain counters were used by 4 stores. These were filled with
crushed ice and the fish were arranged in porcelain pans laid upon
the ice. Raised-edge metal-covered tables were used by 3 stores,
while 3 other stores used only their ice boxes with the lids left off
during business hours for displaying the fish. The majority of the
stores held quantities of fish in reserve, of which 46 had ice boxes
solely for this purpose and 10 had insulated cold rooms.
Wrapping paper.—Standard white or brown paper only was used
by 14 firms for wrapping all packages of fish, 7 used only newspaper,
while 41 used first a layer of standard paper and then an outer
wrapper of newspaper. In most instances those firms using only
standard wrapping paper ranked excellent in sanitary conditions,
those using one wrapper of each kind of paper ranked fair or good,
and those using only newspapers as poor. Retailers stated that news-
papers tend to impart an inky taste and odor to the fish, and thus
in most instances the first wrapper is of standard paper.
Payment for retail sales, deliveries, and advertising.—Retails ales
were made for cash only in every store except 7, which intimated
that credit sometimes was extended to a few regular customers.
Deliveries of retail purchases were made by only 3 “stores, and then
only in the immediate vicinity. Advertising was done by 12 stores
or firms, daily, weekly, or monthly, at intervals. One wholesaler
stated that billboard advertising was used at times. The consensus
SY: Coty inl eth nie yon,
TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 497
of opinion among the dealers is that newspaper advertising is the
most effective.
Prices.—Prices were adjusted by 55 retailers, meaning that the
retail price is raised or lowered according to the wholesale price.
An attempt is made by the retail shops to sell a variety at approxi-
mately the same price during the season unless the wholesale price
fluctuates more than 6 or 7 cents. Only two stores marked the
fishery product with the price or variety, and one had signs on the
walls quoting prices on certain varieties.
Class of trade—Of the retailers 26 stated that 75 per cent or more
of their trade was colored; 9, Jewish; 6, gentile; 2, foreign; 2, about
equal between the colored and Jewish trade; and 17, a mixed trade
among all races or creeds. Upon analysis it may be judged that
the majority of the retail stores cater to a trade other than the
gentile. It was found that the latter trade, which buys more or
less but one day a week, obtains fishery products from the grocery
or meat store.
Sanitary conditions—Sanitary conditions in the stores were rated
as follows: First, excellent; second, good; third, fair; fourth, poor;
fifth, very poor. The author rated 6 stores as having excellent sani-
tary conditions, 9 as good, 37 as fair, 9 as poor, and 1 as very
poor.
Trade during the week.—Inquiry was made as to the trade during
the week, and the retailer was asked to state the day upon which
most of his business was done, the day of second importance, the
day of third importance, and so on. It was found that Monday,
Tuesday, and Wednesday invariably were listed as second or third,
and that Thursday, Friday, and Saturday were ranked mostly first
or second. On Sunday 42 retailers remained open until about
noon, and most of these retailers ranked this day as either second or
third. The stores catering to the Jewish trade reported Thursday as
the busiest day; Friday was busiest with those catering to the gentile
and mixed trade, and Saturday and Sunday with those catering to
the colored trade. Following is a table showing the results of the
inquiry into the trade during the week:
TaBLe 8.—Trade during the week for 62 retail fish stores selling fish every day of
the week, greater St. Louis, Mo., 1927
Wednes-} Thurs-
Rank Monday | Tuesday day day Friday |Saturday| Sunday
TS Gee re ea re (aes se ee 19 32 24 8
SSCONGE eee ee=t 2 eae Se 27 27 30 19 26 29 21
Phird==seee 29. 29 29 24 4 7 12
OUr GE See sae oe 3 AUAIE ot FO ig) | azstent 2 1S pe (Oh) ee
ithe ee Se ee 3 OAs Se oo ol ae el eee 1
Total reporting-_________- 62 62 62 62 62 62 142
1 20 stores not open.
UNION MARKET
The new Union Market, situated in the entire square surrounded
by Sixth Street, Broadway, Lucas Avenue, and Morgan Street, was
constructed by the city at a cost of $1,500,000. The market is on
the ground floor. On the second floor is a garage, where cars may
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
498
oe Paaxer a
ie
OW ‘SInO'T “4g ‘([}8}e1) yoxIVP, UOIUQ—'T “org
hs San
TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 499
be parked by persons marketing. All kinds of food products are
sold in this market, including fruits, vegetables, meats, groceries,
delicatessen foods, and sea food. The sea-food division is a separate
section, set off from the rest of the market with a partition. Four
fisheries firms occupy stalls in this department.
The fixtures in the sea-food department are arranged for the proper
and sanitary display of sea foods. Each stall consists of a counter
with a white-tile front. Midway between the floor and the top of
the front of the counter is a brass shelf, upon which to rest a market
basket. The top of the counter is a series of sunken porcelain pans
about 8 inches deep and 3 feet long, much resembling a series of
kitchen sinks, placed end toend. Crushed ice is placed in these trays,
and on this fish are displayed, either directly upon the ice or in porce-
Fig. 2.—A section of the sea-food department of the new Union Market, St. Louis, Mo.
lain pans. Some of the displays are attractively arranged with
garmishes, and present a very appetizing product. Extending up
from the top of the front of the counter for about 12 inches and then
inward for about 12 inches is a glass covering. Electric lights inclosed
in nickel boxes, with the light reflected down upon the fish, are
arranged along the top section of the glass inclosure. The fish can
not be handled by the customer, but can be handled easily by the
salesmen. To the rear of each stall are tables upon which to clean
or otherwise prepare the fish. Each stall is provided with hot and
cold running water. Insulated cold rooms are provided in the base-
ment for each dealer. The floors of the aisles are of polished concrete
and the walls are of tile. Electric lights hung from the ceiling provide
general light. In the summer all the exits and windows are provided
with screens, to exclude both insects and dust. Each salesman is
required to wear white clothes. The interior of this market is clean,
sanitary, and of pleasing appearance. Prices for fishery products
500 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
are as low, if not lower, than in some other stores, and the products
sold are of the best grade.
While the interior of the building is well arranged for the display
of food products, the exterior lacks the appearance of a market.
One can not see into the interior except through the exits. It is
believed that patronage would be encouraged if show windows or
ordinary windows were placed around the entire four sides, so that
one might see into the interior. People passing the market could then
see the bountiful display of food products and possibly might be
induced to enter and purchase. Replacement of the heavy, cumber-
some doors at the entrance with some less heavy would make access
and departure easy for a person with a market basket.
GROCERY AND MEAT STORES
Fishery products are also handled by grocery and meat stores
throughout the city. It is in these stores that the gentile trade
makes most of its purchases. Some of these stores handle fish only
one or several days a week and some every day during Lent. Be-
cause of the large number of such stores, no survey was made of these
outlets for fish to determine existing conditions, although a few were
visited. The fish usually is kept in an ice box or ice chest. Generally
there is no display. Standardized varieties constitute the bulk of
the trade. In most cases these varieties already are prepared and
sometimes wrapped. Large quantities of whiting ‘‘sticks,”’ fillet of
haddock, and steaked fish are sold by these retail stores.
To the author it seems that the grocery and meat stores are to
become one of the main outlets for fishery products. Not many
years ago one bought only meat in a meat shop and groceries
in a grocery store. At present there are few meat shops conducted
as such, but usually they are combined with a grocery store. As
has been shown, the bulk of the trade in fishery products in a store
handling fish 6 or 7 days a week is confined to the end of the week.
In other words, the fish store is open 6 or 7 days to do a 3-day, and
in some cases, even a 1-day business. When conducted along with
another business, the overhead on each of the consolidated lines of
business can be minimized. However, to induce the grocer or meat
dealer to handle fish, the product must be made attractive, standard,
and easy for him to handle, and he must make a profit from its sale.
This inducement is being given him in greater St. Louis, where such
varieties as whiting, halibut, and haddock, either skinned, filleted,
or eteeeed in packages, or in bulk, are supplied by the wholesale
trade.
COLD-STORAGE FACILITIES
During 1926, 6,761,000 pounds of frozen fish were handled in this
market, consisting mainly of halibut, salmon, Spanish mackerel, and
whiting. In most cases these fish are frozen at the point of produc-
duction. Excellent sharp-freezing equipment is available in St.
Louis and quantities of fish are frozen there. Cold-storage ware-
houses are favorably situated with respect to connection with railroad
lines and the large wholesale houses.
Carload-freight shipments of frozen fish intended for cold storage
and fresh-fish shipments intended for freezing are switched directly
to a siding at any one of the three cold-storage warehouses, where the
contents are unloaded from the freight car into the warehouse. These
three cold-storage establishments have siding space in which to unload
:
TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 501
about 20 cars at one time. Two of these warehouses are within
one-half mile and one warehouse within three-fourths mile of the
majority of the wholesale fish houses.
SIZES OF FISH
Virtually every variety of fish received in greater St. Louis is sold
according to a certain size. Usually each variety is divided into three
size classifications—viz, small, medium, and large. Some varieties,
however, have only two classifications, and where the size of the fish
is fairly uniform no sizes are stated. This is the case with salmon,
as each variety has a fairly uniform size.
' FORM IN WHICH FISH ARE RECEIVED
While many of the varieties of fish are sold as steaked, filleted, or
skinned fish in this market, comparatively few of these varieties are
received in this condition originally. Possible exceptions are the
fillet of haddock, a few skinned whiting, fleeced buffalo fish and carp,
and skinned catfish. Fish received in the round, fresh or frozen, are
prepared by the wholesalers for the consumer in the style that he
prefers. Wholesalers in greater St. Louis are of the opinion that
their trade would be benefited if more of the varieties were prepared
at the point of production to suit local needs. A variety could be
more nearly standardized and the force, as now required by these
inland wholesalers to prepare these fish, could be reduced. By
properly preparing the fish at the point of production the waste
products would accumulate at one central place and the utilization
of this waste for making by-products could assume greater and
possibly more profitable proportions.
SHIPPING CONTAINERS
Inasmuch as the greater St. Louis market handles standardized
and graded varieties of fish, it follows that most of the fish are received
in standard containers. Boxes predominate for shipments from the
west coast, the Great Lakes, Canadian points, Massachusetts, and
New Jersey, ranging from the 10, 15, and 25 pound smelt boxes and
the 100-pound ‘‘Lake Erie”? box to the large 200 and 350 pound
North Pacific halibut boxes. Except for filleted and skinned fish
shipped from New York City, the shipments of fish from the Middle
Atlantic States arrive in standardized sugar and flour barrels having
an approximate capacity of 200 pounds. Shipments of fish from the
South Atlantic, Gulf, and Mississippi River States also usually arrive
in sugar and flour barrels, but the capacity is restricted to 150 to 175
pounds of fish, due to the large amount of ice required to keep the
products fresh while in transit. Some of the southern shippers place
up to 200 pounds of fish in the barrels. This overcrowds them and
leaves a smaller space for ice, with the result that these overcrowded
shipments do not arrive in as good condition in St. Louis as those
containing less fish and more ice. Dealers in St. Louis suggest that
less fish and more ice be placed in the barrels when shipped from
southern points, especially during warm weather.
Incorporated in the table following are the fresh and frozen fishery
products received in this market, the sizes in which received, form in
which received, and the usual containers. There is shown also the
style in which the products usually are sold and the sizes and styles
preferred by the consumer.
‘spunod
*poyeoqs 08 03 O¢ ‘mmIpeuT *saxoq punod o¢g
‘UINTpem ‘FIV, ‘spunod esiel ‘spunod 9¢ -00g ‘uezoI1j fsexoq "poyeleostA ‘fo
TOR UIS: sO HOTU) sae eee ee syeaig | 08 IoAO = ‘OTB AA | 09 OT ‘MNIpou [[emg | spunod¢ 07g ‘ueyDIYO | punod-o0z ‘qs ai peoy‘uezolj‘yselg |-------- 7 ynuqrey
‘s[oizeq puno
*poqol ‘spunod -00Z 10q30 ‘{sexoq *peqelly :peye1ed
‘DOTS LEE AON POLBACOST AY 554 Ce adOAO) san OdNG]) |imun ran enue ce oe nmen a -spunod %z 0} [ ‘poiog | punod-ct ‘peqel | -STA ‘uezodj fysetg |--~~ ~77~ ysooppeH
BULAN US ch a | rite na DOMBIOOS LAN ae wr ar sca GUT: Gl ek OR RE ae (ee ae eae (0) OP ea maa sjoizeq punod-00z |*"peyereosta ‘yseryy |--~-- > 77> qodnoiy
“soxoq
punod-¢t !po4e] *poqol
OSH AS) Gis ef meet OLS AS) GH cnet COR) 0.79 CONG i a a ee ag a poyloods jou soztg | -[y ‘sfedieq punod-poz | -[¥ ‘punod ‘ysory |[-~~-~--~ s1opuno] qT
‘Usg
*peuurys oqo YIM pextur *peqe100
*pouurys {odie |{poyedioosta ‘punoy |spunod Z 4eAo ‘adder [--7 spunod z 03 % ‘{7eurg | fspo1teq punod-00Z | -SIA ‘punod ‘ysolg |--~~7- >>> --"s[oq
wm *punod
pea “DUTON sOZTS) OUT Ta |cenem en semen joleqatoeps my74 witevoy CGyae) MGpoR(a) yz yononqlofol (7s Moon qhihme |sarerepens eabrrn oes. jo .0 0 es ODs- =. |e PUTLON SOL samen we e1ddeig
rs *poyveys 10 *spunod ‘spunod *poqBIOOSTA
*poyeojs {odie | poyedoosta {yo pvoH{ | OT Joao ‘asivy | OL 03 %% ‘yayIVIW |-Sspunod zZ 04% ‘posag |--~~~sjo1zeq punod-00z ‘JJO poy ‘qselg j----"7- ~~~ --- poo
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F ‘syvojs 10 pouurys ‘syeojs ‘pouurys “STA {pouurys ‘yo
4 ‘aziel JO wIntIpey | !Pe}wddostA {yo pyax{ | spunod g19A0 ‘od1vT |-spunod ¢ 04 [‘umrpeyy |-“punod { 04 & ‘[TeuIg | ~~~ OD ie aa PBOU-USOIAOAT We nace ss ea se ysyyeo
& ‘OATL “puno.l ‘peqyeied
‘pooveg pue T ‘ON ‘OATT 'PpoJBIOOSIA ‘sod1eq Ul OATTB ‘slot “SIA !paoooy ‘yo
Fy poqyeieostA {yo prox | ‘peooeg ‘yo pvoy |-spunod ¢g40A0 ‘Tt ‘ON |*~-spunod ¢ 03Z ‘Z ‘ON |°~“spunod zZ 09 [ ‘[[vurg | -Ieq punod 90z puv ost | peey ‘ysedj foatpy |°~ 7777777777 dieo
° *pexouls 10 “pexyouls
RCI DINOleOdIE | PUNOL.Gsot PUNO, |sOUNOM 470184 "Os ICT.| scars ssiu, 29 \u ePulpuelkeEe oianuminon Gtne|) ame slerieq punod-00g |~~"~~"punoa ‘ysolg [~~ ~~ ~~~ ysgioqgng
=) ‘OAT !paqe *‘so3.1Bq ULOAT[B!Sax0q “punol ‘poze.i9d
-190SIA ‘YO poy “OAT (poov0yy punod-got ‘sor “SIA !padoey ‘yo
‘pesdoy, pue ‘T ‘ON | {poqetoostA {yo peey |-spunod ga9A0‘] ‘ON |---spunod ¢ 03 Z ‘Z ‘ON | °~"spunod Z 04 [ ‘[[vtg | -1eq punod 99z puvosT | PveY ‘Used ‘OATTW |77777 7" ysy oreypng
‘lopun pue
1p {PUNOL OBO | |iceaint ea) OD ies oloqaCVol Ra yNO MES hiciae |} joreaglfoleee7s Cuooqahgoenig |[Pemy= pee ees al Galas ain ODsFiss| or nee a 2) OTe aie oe fre a me RIESE
SDUMOL: sOZTS Wy || en eet o ae e DUNO ices aacas ats ese ae Se ee ee eae aeR en POYIOSUS, WOU ISOZISN S95 sme sens cs n= ODES ga lonaor punol ‘yso1q |~ 755 mOFTUO Gi
: » *peqe ‘lapun
n IO0SIA ‘OZIS OBIBT |>~~-777 7 DOVBLOOST AY |FSDUNLOM ClO CC OAIGTalssn scan imc une vuaaun oa 9 pue spunod ¢ ‘[[eulg |-~-~~ s[otueq punod-o90z |~~PeyedoostA ‘ysoty |-- ~~ 7 77777 ysgon[ gd
Q ‘soTpury
P (OG). ailc see eo ODairi |e ace asa ODE si taeo eet Sy ODF se “la eee eS Se qjim xoq punod-gor )~~77777777 SOD% ae |"e man oTITM ‘sseg
*punod
*punor ‘ozs 1euIty | 77 OMY | jm COLI VEVAG! weapon (yl yahonatolod We Moogayqoisyigl ne, 2 lee dee ODEeras|i2e punod ‘ysolg |--- ~~ pedis ‘sseg
*DALEROOS TAL emia VAT Waele ea ae eg iO Dera i= |e hee pi ae ee a oe A Se ee gate ae Ae SCE tel DODTOOUSHOURSOZIGN eon en cme nmen one ODsi ses we cence ODS 25 gaa oats vos ‘ssvg
“peye1odstA ‘uIMIp ‘dn ‘spunod ‘spunod ‘spunod
-OlW JO) OZIS| LOPLO@N ines anes -paqeroosta | 34g as9Aao ‘asaury | 24% 03 {1 ‘umIpoyy | %1 03 % ‘ozIs 1opiO |---~~s[eiteq punod-00z | Pe}e1eost A SUTSOL Hn | tae eae yovlq ‘ssvg:
O310'T MINIpeyl Tews
9oue pojoyreur SOZIS poAaleoo1 qonpolg
-Jojoid s,1laumnsuo0g
ora Ur WOLTPUoD
yonpoid Jo sopeis 10 sazig
pue sJourezu0d [ens
Yop Ul WI0.T
502
‘OW ‘smo7T “}8 a7pa16 ur paarasas sjonpoid fisaysyf fo sarsobaypa appt [—'§ ATAV I,
508
RY PRODUCTS
rl
wi
TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHEI
‘UMOYS SV
*punoi ‘azis AWW
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U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
504
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505
TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS
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506 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Green shrimp arrive in barrels holding about 150 pounds, while
the cooked shrimp come in 5-pound tins, about 100 pounds to the
barrel. Lobsters are received in ordinary slat barrels with a net
weight of 50 to 100 pounds. Scallops are received in 9-pound cloth
sacks (1 gallon), 10 to 20 sacks to a barrel. Live hard crabs arrive
in 30-pound boxes and soft crabs in the Chesapeake crab box, which
is known as a “crab trunk,’’ so-called because of its several layers
of trays. Crawfish are received in 10 and 15 pound baskets and
sacks. Shell clams are received in 70-pound sacks, 180-pound
boxes, and 270-pound barrels. Shell oysters are received in barrels
containing about 270 pounds, while shucked oysters arrive in 1-gallon
cans, 15 or 20 cans to a barrel. Live fish are brought down the
Mississippi River in specially constructed barges. Shad roe is
received in 1, 3, and 5 gallon pails, packed in barrels. Pulpo is
received in 15-pound boxes and squid in 120-pound boxes. Frogs
arrive in barrels with a net weight of 100, 150, or 200 pounds, depend-
ing on the weather. Caviar is received in pails of various sizes.
All shipments of fresh fishery products are packed in ice.
Some of the local wholesalers express a desire for the adoption
of standard boxes for the shipment of products received in their
market. This is especially true of fish shipments. For the ship-
ment of the smaller varieties of fish, such as Spanish mackerel,
flounder, catfish, and similar varieties, the 100-pound box is suggested ;
the 140-pound box for varieties of medium size, such as the red
snapper, buffalo fish, and carp; and the 200 or 300 pound box for
larger varieties, like the halibut. A box of larger proportions is
cumbersome to handle. The smaller and medium sized boxes
should be equipped with handles extending not more than 4 inches
over each end. Each container should provide for the proper amount
of fish, with sufficient space remaining for snow or ice to insure
preservation en route.
From a selling standpoint, the contents of such containers will
represent a standard net weight for each class of fishery product.
Then, should occasion warrant, the contents could be sold by the
container, eliminating weighing and rehandling at the market.
From the standpoint of transportation, an express or freight car
could be filled more completely. The extension handles make
picking up and setting down easy, and eliminate the possibility
of upending the boxes while in transit. The 100 and 140 pound
boxes, being of medium size, can be handled easily by two men.
Shipments made in containers of this style present a better appear-
ance upon arrival at their destination. The fish lie flat in the boxes,
and loss due to spoilage (caused by the breaking of the body wall
of fish packed in containers not conforming to their size) will be
eliminated. Also, the lower layers will not present that ‘‘squashed”’
appearance, which is frequently seen in fish packed in boxes or
barrels of larger dimensions and holding a greater quantity of fish.
Shrinkage of shipments made in boxes is about 1 per cent less
than when made in barrels. While this amount is of no great signifi-
cance in the case of a single package, the aggregate will amount
to several hundred pounds in a carload shipment.
The use of stencils instead of shipping tags is suggested where
possible for marking the name and address of the consignee onthe
container. Such stenciling should always be done on each end of the
boxes.
ee ee ee Pe ee ee ee a a ee er
:
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4
:
TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 507
ESTIMATED POPULATION OF THE GREATER ST. LOUIS AREA, 1926
The estimated population of the greater St. Louis area in 1926,
including 22 separate municipalities, and covered by the section 16 by
21 miles according to ‘‘A Study of Principal American Markets”’? for
1927, was as follows:
Missouri:
ERISA ea ee, ee ay aed A. os 834, 392
Role pine eee ee Sl ee woe bs
LS ERIN Dice pee ges ae 2, 030
POtGROEeArEAGKRar 2 tes S58 ee 1, 000
UTR ee ea 3, 725
ING mWOUCeese eerers Serer eee ge ee ES 1, 298
BINS Kay, OG) ere ae pian el 4, 604
emcee ie sea Ser ee ee tt 2, 000
IMctale wou deems seme wee eh ee See ee 9, 208
OVERLAIN GMteai seres en Pie ee Pe ae eee oe Se 1, 000
Richmondsetleiphtsesss ech. 2 es Pa 2, 500
WmniversitveGiiyese. se eee 2 mere cree a ee 9, 960
WWicbsterg Groves == Sie oa a Pee a Be 11, 207
NVGlIS Homies ee aie ae uted Ser ee oe ee See ee 7, 433
Illinois:
ESO SOU ses st4 pm ete Se erie ier ge 72, 726
Belleville 25s es Fd ee SS om 2 oa 27, 503
IBROO kiliy rae eee = Cee peg te, ee ee one tee 1, 769
Barman Gaby ees 8 re Be ig A 1, 500
Granite lye: a Cte ee Lae Ta os a EL 18, 271
Tees ons aie reas ene bere e A eS lo Boe et 4, 996
MERIC ERse Sasa cioee re oad eee saci pees egret jus tat Ue 4, 023
\PaTAEEVSH WON a {OY Olea] BEEN ere = Me ccd IS ep a ec 1, 663
agai. free op ts riya syn Dee ete s TIT eG 1, 025, 934
PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF FISH
The estimated population of greater St. Louis in 1926 was 1,025,934.
During this period, 13,127,000 pounds of fresh and frozen fishery prod-
ucts were received in greater St. Louis. Of this amount 1,191,000
pounds were reshipped, leaving 11,936,000 pounds for consumption,
making an annual per capita consumption of these products, in the
round, of about 12 pounds. Considering only the edible portion,
amounting to 9,295,000 pounds, the annual per capita consumption
is about 9 pounds.
In the survey of the fisheries trade in New York City, it was stated
that the per capita consumption of fish was influenced by the large
foreign-born, Jewish, and Catholic populations and to the unusually
large number of transients. While the fisheries trade in greater St.
Louis depends to some extent on the Jewish population as well as the
negro population for a large percentage of its trade, it is believed that
these are minor factors in influencing consumption and that the trade
has been developed to a large degree among all races and creeds by
the efficient methods employed by the wholesalers, coupled with
advertising. As has been shown, the trade is supplied largely with
filleted, steaked, or skinned varieties of fish. It is easy for the retailer
to handle these, for the housewife to cook, and, as the portions con-
ae few or no bones, they are eaten readily by children as well as
adults.
2 Published by the 100,000 group of American Cities, Chicago, Ill.
508 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
TaBLE 10.—Summary of greater St. Louis market survey
Item Quantity
Number of wholesale fish dealers----_._.-.--.-----_--_----_---_-_- te See 12
Number of retail dealers handling fish every day in the week_-_______.__...-.------------ 62
Number. of fish: products;handledi eset 2 er i) Gea See Pe eee 74
Products on which bulk of trade is based (75 per cent)_.......__...---.-.-.--_---.---
AOU Tn Seer a a er ae ee ee 9, 873, 000
Prodiee: te moderate importance (20 per cent) 1
ge teet sas ds ea ET ae ee eee ee Bee 2, 626, 000
Produits ot slight importance (5 per cent) ‘ 53
ASO UTNE ae Se ee ka Se a sed TLE ES ee ee 2 628, 000
Reasons for limited sale—
Used mainly by the Italian trade_- 16
Mimited Supplysess se sea ee 13
High price s2* 22a eee ee 13
Saaspnalvarniety..--32- - ee kee Se ee 2 ae ee ee ll
INotawell known 222 ee == Se a es ee eee 6
Usadamainly- by notelsjandirestaurantSs- -—- ===. ee eee 6
Considered: mediumor-poor quality... ee eee ee 4
ROG Shippers S55 S54 5 Fe ae Se ee eee 3
fa Mmbopular. = 22s 2-8 22 fas S85 2a soo ee Seng ween ee eee 3
Principal containers:
Boxes—
IReSh= Water TiSh et esto 2 ee A a a Oe ee eee pounds_-_} 100-140-150-175
Saltewater fish 2=2 seat = sc ee a ee ee Se eee do__--| 10-15-25-125-
150-200-350
Barrels—
Ibresh=wateriishee ses ee oe oe ee ee ae eee Sees 1s 8 doa== 200
Salt-water, fishwt: 2 o- owas or oh oe Se ee ens aon ee ee doze=y 200
Quantityzoiproducts: hand lediinil 92h ses ee a ee ee ee eee Cote | 13, 127, 000
Quantity shipped to other States (9 per cent):._.-_.--._.-.-------------------- (CKD 8) 1, 191,000
Quantity consumediinigreater, St.lowis-. = eee ido=22 11, 936, 000
Quantity consumed in greater St. Louis area, reduced to the edible portion__.-do___- 9, 295, 000
Estimated population of greater St. Louis, 1926__.___......_--.----__---------- number_-_ i 025, 934
Per capita consumption of fresh and frozen fishery products, 1926 (edible portion) -_pounds_- 9
Per capita consumption of fresh and frozen fishery products, 1926 (in the round) ---do_--- 12
HEALTH REGULATIONS GOVERNING FISH STORES
Stores in St. Louis handling fish are subject to the following regu-
lations, as stated in the Sanitary Code of the Division of Health of
the City of St. Louis, for 1927:
Sec. 73. Powers of inspectors: The said inspectors shall have power to enter all
markets, stores, houses, or other places where food products are offered for sale
for human food. When such human food products are found on inspection to
be tainted, diseased, corrupted, or unwholesome from any cause, the said in-
spector shall condemn the same as unfit for human food, mutilate or mark the same
in such a manner as he may deem best to indicate condemnation of the same, and
order the same to be immediately disposed of otherwise than for food.
If, under this section, any shipment of fish received in St. Louis is
condemned upon arrival, the consignee is given a receipt by the
division of health, showing that such goods were officially condemned.
This receipt acts in lieu of payment to the shipper for this shipment
and officially declares that the fish covered by the receipt arrived at
destination in bad order, either due to fault of the shipper or the
carrier. If the carrier is at fault, the claim for reimbursement for
the value of the fish carried in this shipment can be taken up with
them and payment is made more certain.
Sec. 78. Shops to be kept clean: Every person * * *_ shall keep his meat
(fish) shop or stand pogo cleaned and free from all foul smells and nuisances
of every description *
Section 79 states in atiseasde that from the Ist day of May to
the last day of October of each year all substances intended for
human food or drink shall be screened or otherwise protected to
prevent access of insects.
TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 509
Section 80 states in substance that no meat or meat products (fish)
intended for human food may be displayed on the sidewalk or other
public place within the city.
Any of the above sections that are applicable apply to products in
cold storage also.
REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE SALE OF FISH
The sale in Missouri of certain species of fish obtained in the waters
of Missouri and elsewhere, and the sale of fish caught in a certain
manner, are subject to the following regulations, as stated in the
game and fish laws of Missouri, chapter 37, article 11, for 1927-28:
Sec. 5621. * * * It shall be unlawful for any person to ship or offer for
shipment any fish which has been killed, or taken by use of spear or gig, * * *.
[Fish gigged or speared are permitted for family consumption only and ean not
be sold.] It shall be unlawful for any person or persons, firms, or associations,
whatsoever, to catch, kill, take, ship, convey, or transport, or cause to be trans-
ported, any species of game fish from the waters of this State, as herein provided,
for commercial purposes. The term ‘‘game fish”’ shall include bass of all species,
crappie, goggle-eye, trout of all species, and all other species known as game fish
not specially named herein * *
Sec. 5625. It shall be unlawful ee any person, firm, or partnership to offer for
sale, sell, or ship for market purposes, when caught ‘or taken from the waters
of this State, any of the following-named game fish: Channel catfish, rainbow
trout, crappie, large-mouth black bass, small-mouth black bass, rock bass, black
perch or green sunfish, pike perch, yellow perch, white bass, yellow bass, blue
bream * * *, Bass from without the State may be Jee or shipped only on
permit is sued by the game and fish commissioner * *
Sec. 5627. * * *. It shall be unlawful to sell or SHEE for sale any of the
following-named fish mentioned below which are less than the length specified
for each: Trout, 8 inches; pike, 11 inches; jack salmon, 11 inches; crappie, 8
inches; black bass, 11 inches; white or striped bass, 8 inches; sunfish, 6 inches;
blue or channel catfish, 13 inches; white perch, 10 inches; said fish to be measured
from the end of nose to fork of tail * * *.
Sec. 5636. * * *.~ It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corpora-
tion to solicit, by correspondence, printed cards, circulars, shipping tags, adver-
tisement, or otherwise, any illegal shipments, consignments, or delivery of game
one fish contrary to the laws of this State, whether taken within or without this
state * *
510 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
TABLE 11.—Directory of sea-food dealers in St. Louis, Mo.
[|W =wholesaler; R=retailer,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL
Fish handled Other goods
B
a °
n
Dealers a 6| 8
x 2 R/ 2/3
ra n a| od ima) Sie
2] olalslslsl8izislielsls
PifIS(s|els\elSi el zlsie
alin || l/O/O/O/O/HI|AIAIS
Biddle Fish Market, 72-73 Biddle Market_______- WER eek 9 [0 |, oer heme al el eee Soc | Se | eee eee
Booth Fisheries Co., 409 Franklin Ave-____----__- AWW Sete Mx" Nee: Secu] X |p Ss es ee
Bruno Fish Co., 906-8 North 6th St--._.._...___- W Ri loeee| x viet xe xt Exes Se eee
Bruno-Franz Sons, 919 North Broadway----_----- Wee ix x Pee x |C so ee Sees
Consumers Commission Co., 718 North 4th St--.| W |---- 1x |!x |__--|----|----|---- X, |=22 teas
Faust’s Fulton Market Co., 922 North Broadway.| W |_---| x | x |-x | x | x | x |£+--|--c}>x [===
Franz, Walter, 716 North 4th St__........________ Wit coe} 15 Ca | (25 ih ee =| pest (ee LE pe Pope LAR te
French Market Fish & Oyster Co., 1234 South
IB LORG Wi Vet eee see Bren ae ee cee 29 a ING il sal) NS cel fl eal Lae [cba ia) ye Oe
Goettling, George J., & Co., 812 North 3d St_.-_- We ERE SS a Sc ee RD ee ee
Grafton Fish Co., 2011 Franklin Ave_.-__-----.-- WR |x. Pack [Px xp Soe | ae ee ee SEES
Haase, A.C. L.,.& Sans Fish'Co.,415 North 2d St-=| W_ |=22-!£--<|==--|-=--|=2-2|-=<2 bm ee ee | ere
Kopperman Fish Co., 1121 Franklin Ave__._-_--- Veo | cee S| eee ees | oes |e re eee eee
Lynch, E. L., Poultry Co., 807 North 4th St____- 1,5 al ees Fo cl (PY eat a ei eR cea Ke | eee ee ae ee
Mathis Bish &.Oyster Co:; 3112) Easton Ave.----|-WR |!_22)) x |) x) |>x 0x |) xiax SSeS
Meletio Seafood Co., 820-822 North Broadway ---| WR) [esd] — oe | ex fee ee en x a
Mississippi Live Fish Market, 1307 Biddle St--..| WR | x | x | x | x |_---|---- Se 5 i AE cea Ee |e
North Side Fish Co., 2332a Russell Blvd-__.-.-.-- 0, ap) Ra bee i (Me ideo. Ph CSE Sale| MS ae ee eee
Progressive Commission Co., 819 North 3d St.-..| W |----)1x |1x |----|----|---- Cole | Pe |e ae ee
St. Clair Fish Co., 101 Collinsville Ave., East |
STpILOUIS I Seema Se tay ree ey ae WR, |o.0-}) Xe) x ox. [rac | xe | Sees es |e
Whrig Bross sla Noreh 4thiStess- 2 ee eee ee WV ara eg e 2 |e =. 5 | ge ee ee ee
|
1 Frogs only.
TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS
511
TABLE 11.—Directory of sea-food dealers in St. Louis, Mo—Continued
RETAIL ONLY
Fish handled Other goods
een te
| Z | 5 q 2
Dealers = | lo | 2 |" a
) ° a |\OS| a
(gi aid b> | as |B) 2
als/si\s|a\8lS1 be] 8 les
alee ta ss fice cet fe epi) Sepa rede Gerrans S
— 2 a < = is] =| io} Ss 2 le a
Ale /eH)/O}/O;/O;O};a1A A |> o)
— | — | — | |
American Live Fish Co., 2706 Market St_..-------- alex ext x” || k ees ee iene Ser ee Ps
Barth-Bernard Fish & Poultry Co., 1923 South
IMAG Wa yrs tee ne oo ee eee 2x
Barth, Harry, Fish Market, 3322 Laclede Ave_-__--- x
Bernstein Fish Co., 5546 Ridge Aves ee eer ee Poe
Biddle Fish Market, 1217 North 13th St....-.-_._- x
Blackstone Fish Market, 1303 Blackstone Ave----- x
Bodeman, William, 1109 "East Gano Ave
Booth Fisheries Co., Union Market_--
Bruno Fish Co., Union Market_..._-.------------- a
Buerger Fish & Oyster Co., 1504 North Taylor Ave_-_|__--
wes Bee Fish Market, 1019 North Vandeventer
Central Fish Market, 111 North 15th St_____--_--_- Seay
Ciluffo, Clemente, 1003 North 7th St._.-.._-...:__- eee
Davis Fish Market, 1314 Biddle St__._--._-_-_---_- x
Dellas Fish Market, 1146 Walton St___--_-..------|----
Dien and Sobel, 1306 North Pendelton Ave_--_-___|----
Easton Avenue Fish & Oyster Market, 4146 Easton
JAG LS. aie a ES Re ee a ee ae (ees x
Morlich Hy 4000 nage Blvd 2.2 5-528 22 2522 2-- 2-3 x
Ebrlichs Market, 5645 Easton Ave_.--_.----------- XF|| x
Franklin Fish & Oyster Co., 2636 Franklin Ave___-|__-- x
Goldstein, Nat B., Fish Market, 2803 Market St__-|_--- x
Gordoneds.- 2830 DICKSON Obs eee. 8 SS 2G |
Heil, Edward C., 621 North Broadway-__-_----------|_---- ee
Jacks Fish Market, 2630 Market St_____._________- Xn) x
Jefferson Fish Market, 2323 Franklin Ave_-__.-____|---- x
Jenner Fish & Poultry Co., 4501 North 19th St____- 2G || 52
Kentucky & Tennessee Live Fish Market, 2820
TATE TLE Se ee SF SS ee ce Xe |) aX:
Lasky, Joseph, 1505 Biddle St x
Lazaroff Fish Market, 2818 North Newstead Ave__- x
Leonard Fish Market, 3223 Franklin Ave_-__._--__- ei bee.4
Tapety Live Fish & Poultry Co., 2325 Franklin
Lo-S-s26 205-2 Suse = = So ee ee x 9.4%
Tae Meat Co., 800 North 6th St.4_-_.--_--___-____ = | 5
Meletio Seafood’ Co:,; Union Market-)-_ 255 2e2" so eRe x:
Millers Fish & Oyster Market, 5711 Easton Ave_-_-|----| x
Nekola, Charles, Union Market_....._....__-----_- repos
Newman, Max, 1804 North Taylor Ave-_-______---- = ee x
North St. Louis Fish Market, 3609 North 11th St--| x | x
Peoples Fish Market, 4407 Easton Ave______-_-__-_- asmeaell ox:
Quality Fish Market, 1265 Bayard Ave___-_______- PA e.<
Remley-Leber Market, 6th St. and Franklin Ave.5_|____) x
Roodman Fish Co., 2224 Franklin Ave_____________ Bee i <
Rosen, William, 1914 Biddle St___-_._..._________- xox
St. Louis Fish Co., 2722 Franklin Ave--_----.-_---- Kx
St. Louis Fish Market, 2124 Market St_____________ es) ll eal
Sanitary Market, 4265 West Easton Ave__-________- Bee ip
Sarah Live Fish Market, 1010 North Sarah St_____-_ > ml hao <
Seiler, Charles, 1926 Biddle St_____...___-__--_-___- 6 1| fo
Square Deal Live Fish Market, 1205 North 13th St_|2x | x
Star Live Fish Co., 2702 Chauteau Ave___-________ pal oes
Swailes, John & Son, 3214 Franklin Ave___-_______- BEPPIIES <
Thomas Market, 709 North 6th St.§_-_._.__________ | ec
Tocco, Anton, paiddis Sh she2 2). soon. Some ic
United Fish and Poultry Co., 2607 Franklin Ave___|____| x
Western Fish & Oyster Co., 3028 Market St__-___- See
1
'
1
'
rei i Be << =
1
ial
i
io I oo a
Beles = x
eeees| een
x x
2 Includes goldfish.
3 Operates restaurant,
4 Also meats. i :
5 Operated as a department in a public market,
512
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
TABLE 12.—Short-line travel distance and freight and express rates on fresh and
frozen fish and oysters from principal sources of supply to St. Louis, Mo.
[Prepared by the Interstate Commerce Commission, Bureau of Traffic. Distances shown were taken
from War Department mileages or War Department mileages in connection with Official Railway Guide.
Notes to reference symbols are grouped at end of table]
Rate in cents per 100 pounds
Short-
line Fresh or frozen fish | Fresh onntes fish and
Points of origin travel, y'
een
in miles
Carload, Tee aay Carload, | Less-than-car-
freight freight. | express load, express
DOMINION OF CANADA
British Columbia:
Prince Ru pense 32 eo sass ese 2, 726 187% 495 D393 #1390
Vaio y pes ak Sth ere SA ola E 2,486 { .38y%|} 495 | Dass #865
Manitoba;. Winnipeg_.2-=_--.-...-_-------- 1, 032 108% 224 | #290 #490
New Brunswick: Loggieville--------------- 1, 885 108 213) fe 5 #525
Nova Scotia:
IMalifax. 52 = 1, 948 108 #580
Lockeport 2, 097 126% #580
UNITED STATES
Alabama:
Birmingham == 23. se es ee 486 70 1626:|2_ 2s VX 190 #221
1M lo) ¢ (ee ee ee eel 657 Bl1l1l% 173)4|2 2 oes VX 226 #274
AISCHIO OSA ae ase Se oa sae Aces 2 535 744 173: Tse V¥xX 294 #326
Georgia:
IBTUMSWiGkia= <= =5 bce ee oo ee 887 94 | OA eS VX 273 #811
Sdvaniishs oe as eee ee 872 94 218Yg| Sc. eee VX 273 #311
Illinois:
lethal ee eo ees a ee eS Saas eee 153 33 6524| eu. + 2a #124
Beardstowae -seeee eee ee ee 113 2814 561g) 32 Soe #124
IBTOW]IN Ge eo ee eee ene eS 122 2916 5815) tick fees #124
@hieagortet 2a! be se ot ee eee 284 3914 POS | cose Bie ey #154
Depues 2.2. Bisse gees 238 3714) fi eee #154
Gratton(> ===) _ se ee ee 41 2014) 4035) Vise 22S v¥xX 67 # 71
IA Van tents 2 ee ae eee 145 33 651625. See #124
Ley) gee ae Per ee ee ae ee 162 32 6314) 82S: Be #124
Towa:
Clinton ssa ee ea ee eee 300 | 3914 7924) 222 Ses #154
IDUbUQUO 2. Soe See tee kk see eas 362 4216 Sor tea steeeees #169
Kentucky:
I CKIMSN Eso s ee een cee ee 214 4014 1045) = ee VX 112 #124
iPadticah £2 8s ee Eee ee 171 35 6634/5. 2-5 = VX 96 #124
Louisiana:
Atchafalaya River 704 | 121% 20214 Vv | A247 ¥B205 #274
Ber wickos 32-2 2-2 *Drs GC: H.- Gilbert... =-= 2524226 22 ooo eee
Columbia River salmon. Harlan B. Holmes_____---2-22--2-22
Alaska herring. George A. Rownsefell) 2-2 == 25 283 ee eee
‘Thesrazor- clam. -Dr. FP. W. Weymouth.-_.—..25-- 22 = eee
Oysterss222Uheds jen tee dof be ee Dee ee
General review—Oyster surveys and experimental physiology.
Dr: -P."S; Galtsofia< 2.2) fe. fone ace ee ee
Collector experiments. H., ¥. Prytherch. 2 :2-/22 2420 i Sie
Oyster-drill control. Dr. Henry Federighi_-.......__-2. 2922
Mishertes of the-Great Lakes... 2 outer
General review. Dr... Walter Koelz_._-..._ 222220 ses eee ee
Life histories of the Coregonine. Dr. John Van Oosten__------
Fisheries of the ‘Mississippi) River2o2--. 2-21 802 Ses eee
General review—Work of the fisheries biological station, Fair-
port, lowa:— T. K. Chamberlain: "s2_ 222 P22oo: Sa
Mississippi River pollution. A. H. Wiebe__.----=~~2-2222222=
Aqiicubiniress22% — eee ee ee oe eee eae EU Sa
General review—Pathology and experimental fish culture. Dr.
HeS Daviss<<<4-.2--. = Die Bei. So Uo ea ee
Trout culture at the Holden experimental station. M.C. James-
Pond culture!) Russell) ord. 29 Se a) oo) eee eee
Page
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FOREWORD
As indicated by the table of contents, the following report of the
division of scientific inquiry is presented in two parts: Part I is a
condensed statement of the chief results of the investigations con-
ducted by the division during the calendar year; Part II is a tran-
script of the proceedings of the divisional conference held January
4 to 7, 1927. While both parts treat of the work of the division, it
will be seen that the accounts of the various investigations, as given
in the proceedings of the conference, are less detailed in nature but
include the general and historical bearings of the problems, in most
cases stressing the practical significance of results. The accounts
of the investigations given in the first section are more nearly
restricted to the detailed results obtained during the current year,
and therefore supplement the more general treatment.
The divisional conference of January, 1927, was the first meeting
of its kind ever held by the Bureau of Fisheries. There have been
many fisheries conventions, in which the bureau’s investigators have
participated; there have been frequent conferences between the offi-
cers of the bureau and smaller groups of workers interested in par-
ticular problems; but never before, except, perhaps in the early days
of the Fish Commission, has the entire staff of the division of
inquiry been assembled for a general consideration of its prob-
lems. The undertaking was an experiment, therefore, and it yet
remains to be determined if the experiment be a success or if it will
be repeated. It can hardly be doubted, however, that the efficiency
of the bureau’s work will be increased materially by overcoming the
effects of the isolation that surrounds the field investigators by bring-
ing them into contact with others in the same and associated fields,
by the mutual exchange of ideas, and by the friendly criticism of
their fellows on the staff. General satisfaction and approval were
expressed by all who were in attendance.
The conference was planned for the midwinter season, when field
work is at a minimum; and the investigators’ regular visits to
Washington, which formerly were scattered through the year, were
delayed or hastened in order to bring the staff together at one time.
The meeting of the advisory committee on scientific investigations
of the bureau, appointed by Secretary Hoover, was also scheduled
to occur at this time; and the bureau was further fortunate in
having as guests noted visitors of other departments, who were
visiting Washington in connection with their own work. Approxi-
mately 40 persons took part in the discussions, including the com-
missioner, deputy commissioner, chiefs of the divisions, investigators
of the division of scientific inquiry, members of the advisory com-
mittee on scientific investigation, and several invited guests. The
program continued through 3% days, and included many carefully
prepared papers, followed by extended and stimulating discussion.
517
518 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Several evening gatherings of a social nature were arranged pri-
vately, also affording opportunity for personal contact and acquaint-
anceship among members of the staff and materially contributing to
the development of a real esprit de corps.
Because of the comprehensive treatment of the various fields of
investigation by the investigators at the conference, it is considered
worth while to publish the transcript of the proceedings. -Although
most of the discussion was of such an mformal nature that it has
been deleted editorially, the papers and parts of the discussion are
included herewith in the belief that they present a more complete
and readable statement of the widespread and complex activities of
the division of scientific inquiry in the interests of fishery conserva-
tion than could well be presented in the regular report.
Part I.—INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED DURING 1926
INTRODUCTION
During 1926 the work of the division of scientific inquiry has
shown, in increasing degree, the effect of the conscious and deliberate
effort to center attention upon the problems of the fisheries as a
distinct branch of marine biology. While none of the lines of in-
vestigation under way in 1925 have been abandoned, no effort has
been spared to so conduct the work that results of practical benefit
to the fisheries and to the fishery administrator may speedily be
attained ; and it is believed that gratifying progress, comparing well
with that of the past and promising much for the future, has been
made.
It should not be understood by this that only temporary and insig-
nificant problems, bearing solely on immediate needs, have been un-
dertaken; for it is realized that the big problem that the fishery
biologist faces—the problem that enlists his deepest concern and
demands his best effort—is the task of conserving or rebuilding a
dwindling fish supply. The problem has not always been attacked
directly, but in all cases a necessary groundwork has been laid as
the basis for more immediately productive studies in the future.
The practical utility of the bureau’s investigations is becoming
more apparent to the public at large, and with public confidence has
come a demand for additional investigations. The Congress and
many State fishery departments have responded with greater finan-
cial support, and as a result it is confidently believed that the
science of fishery husbandry and the conservation of aquatic resources
will be advanced more rapidly during the coming years than ever
before.
Perhaps the outstanding accomplishments during the past year
are the development and application of principles of oyster culture
to the varying conditions found on the Atlantic seaboard, the scien-
tific regulation of the Alaska salmon fishery, and the development
of aquiculture as appled to fresh-water fishes. Extensive surveys
have been made of the oyster industry from Cape Cod through Long
Island Sound, and on the southern shore of Long Island, in South
Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas; and recommendations on
which the various States may base an oyster-cultural program have
been offered. Hydrobiological conditions differ so greatly in the
various localities that different procedures must be followed to in-
crease oyster production. ‘There have been discovered great areas,
now barren, which, without doubt, can be utilized for the production
of oysters. Other areas, which have been depleted by overfishing,
can be restocked; and in many cases the yield and quality of beds
now productive can be increased materially.
Not only have these field observations been of aid in drafting
general oyster-cultural programs, but fundamental researches upon
519
520 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
the feeding and reproduction of oysters have contributed to our
knowledge and made possible the more complete utilization of the
present supply and a material increase in reproduction in unfavor-
able areas or seasons. Thus, through these studies of physiology, the
fact of hibernation at a temperature below 41° F. has been re-
affirmed; at which time, as feeding is discontinued, it may be
possible to market, without danger to the public health, oysters
from areas that, during warm weather, may be condemned be-
cause of slight pollution. Likewise, through studies of the physi-
ology of reproduction, it has been possible to induce spawning under
experimental conditions. The possibility, therefore, is by no means
remote that spawning on the natural beds likewise may be induced
artificially during seasons when natural spawning would not occur
otherwise, thus materially increasing the supply of oysters by insur-
ing an abundant supply of seed. In addition, studies on the ecology
and behavior of oyster larvee have resulted in the designing of highly
efficient spat collectors, making it possible, at small cost, to harvest
a profitable crop of seed oysters on bottoms where setting does not
occur naturally.
Congress has vested the control of the Alaskan fisheries in the
Department of Commerce, and the regulations promulgated by the
Secretary are administered by the Commissioner of Fisheries. Per-
haps in no other locality has it been realized so keenly that fishery
regulations must rest upon a solid foundation of biological knowl-
edge; and it has been one of the most important functions of the
division of scientific inquiry, with the extensive cooperation of the
Alaska division, to conduct the biological researches which make pos-
sible the scientific husbanding of the great salmon fisheries. The past
year has marked the culmination of a long period of investigation
of the biology of the Pacific salmon. As a result of these studies,
an understanding of many of the factors that cause the fiuctuation
in supply has been gained. To be able to predict the degree of
abundance of any species of fish in future years is one goal of all
fishery investigators, and it now appears that eventually reliable
predictions concerning the magnitude of the runs of salmon in certain
localities may be made a year or more in advance. The realization
of these hopes will not only make possible the fullest control of the
supply through regulation of the fishery, but will afford economic
protection to the industry in years when poor runs are anticipated,
which should result in the saving of millions of dollars.
Gratifying results in the newly initiated work in aquiculture also
have been obtained. The first year’s pond experiments at Fairport,
in which the ponds were fertilized to increase plankton production
and in which various plankton-feeding species of fish were used as
forage for the game species, has resulted in a marked increase in
total production. Results of equal promise have followed the bu-
reau’s investigations in the treatment and control of diseases of
hatchery-reared fish. Because of the greater demand in recent years
for larger fingerlings for stocking streams and lakes, fish-culturists
have attempted to rear their stocks to larger sizes. The effectiveness
of the hundreds of hatcheries throughout the country has been les-
ian pases on experiments initiated before, but completed after, the end of the calendar yeal
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 521
sened materially, however, by the heavy mortality of the older fish.
The bureau’s efforts, therefore, are of great importance, for its
studies on nutrition and diseases have made possible an increased
output of the larger fingerlings from hatcheries that formerly suf-
fered the ravages of disease.
Studies of the Atlantic marine fisheries have been prosecuted with
increased vigor. Contributions to the basic knowledge of the biology
of the region have been made through studies of the fish fauna,
plankton, and oceanography of the Gulf of Maine; the fauna of
Chesapeake Bay; cod-egg production in Massachusetts Bay; and mi-
erations of the adult cod on the shore and offshore banks. The key
to the fluctuation in the mackerel supply also has been discovered in
the phenomenon of dominant year classes. These investigations dis-
close the fact that the mackerel in the tremendous catches of the
past two years are the progeny of but two successful spawning
years. It is believed that continued observations will make possible
the forecasting of the immediate future success or failure of the
mackerel fishery.
The extent and effectiveness of the bureau’s investigations has been
increased materially by the cooperation of various State departments.
During the past year, work was conducted in cooperation with the
States of North Carolina, Texas, Arkansas, Minnesota, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Washington, Oregon, and California. The States pro-
vided men, laboratories, boats, and other equipment, and have been
enthusiastic over the results obtained.
An important conference of the North American Committee on
Fishery Investigations was held at St. Johns, Newfoundland, on
July 9, 1926, for the purpose of further coordinating the efforts of
the several nations interested in the fisheries of the North Atlantic
region. Dr. H. B. Bigelow, Elmer Higgins, and O. E. Sette rep-
resented the United States; W. A. Found, Dr. A. H. Leim, and H. E.
Tanner represented Canada; and D. James Davies, A. C. Goodrich,
and G. F. Sleggs were the Newfoundland representatives. No rep-
resentatives from France or Portugal were present. The various
fishery investigations were considered by the committee and recom-
mendations of extension or modification were made in some cases.
The importance of statistics in the codfishery of the entire region
was dwelt upon, and plans for participation by Newfoundland in
the investigation of the oceanography of that region were made.
Undoubtedly the most serious handicap to the proper development
of effective fishery conservation in the United States is the almost
uniform lack of adequate statistics of the fisheries. While there has
always been a more or less general realjzation of the economic value
of records of total annual yield, the numbers of persons engaged,
and the amount of investment in the fisheries, less attention has been
given to the need for determining the relative abundance of the fish
stock, year by year, as an indication of the state of the fisheries: It
has been announced repeatedly that the aim of the division of
scientific inquiry is to study fluctuations in the fisheries and to deter-
mine their immediate causes; but in nearly every case it has been
impossible to attack the problem from a quantitative standpoint,
which is by far the most important aspect, because of the lack of
suitable statistical data. The yield per unit of effort, such as the boat
522 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
catch per day, has long been recognized as a useful index of abund-
ance of fish in the sea, but the present records can not be analyzed
on that basis. Suitable statistics must contain these essential details;
they must be uniform throughout the range of a fishery, continuous,
free from bias, and stored in central places in such a way that they
may be preserved for subsequent analysis by fishery investigators.
Only the State governments have authority to enforce the collection
of these records; and inasmuch as the various States divide jurisdic-
tion over the shore and lake fisheries, it 1s necessary that concerted
action be taken and that some central agency supervise and coordinate
the States’ activities in this direction. It seems essential, therefore,
in order to obtain that intimate knowledge of fish life upon which all
rational regulation must depend, that the Bureau of Fisheries should
take a leading part in bringing to the attention of the State govern-
ments this need, and in advising them concerning the character of
legislation necessary to set up an adequate statistical system. The
bureau should serve as the coordinating agency in bringing the
statistics together and making them available to the biologist. This
the bureau is prepared to de, and it is anticipated that material
progress toward the accomplishment of such a program will be made
during the coming year. ;
The following progress reports, covering the most important
investigations conducted by the division during the calendar year
1926, were prepared in the main by the investigators in charge.
FISHERIES OF THE ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS
LIFE HISTORIES AND MIGRATIONS OF COD, POLLOCK, AND HADDOCK
Investigations of the great codfisheries of the New England coast,
begun several years ago, were continued. The first method of attack
has been to conduct tagging experiments to determine the move-
ments and segregation of the various stocks of cod, pollock, and
haddock that inhabit the region, and to study the development and
early life history of the eggs and larve of these fishes.
Tagging operations in 1926 received a late start, owing to the
conditioning of the newly acquired vessel, Albatross JI.. The
Halcyon, which has carried on this investigation ever since it was
begun in April, 1923, has been taken out of service.
The first cruise of the Albatross JJ was made to the northeast peak
of Georges Bank, where, fishing from August 13 to 19, 1,014 cod,
23 pollock, and 66 haddock were tagged. The depth of water was
nearly uniform (at 47 fathoms), and it was possible to utilize for
tagging about 75 per cent of the total number of fish caught.
The second cruise was directed to southwest Georges Bank and
Nantucket Shoals from September 5 to 11, where 1,606 cod, 10 pol-
lock, and 114 haddock were tagged; but of these, only 5 fish were
caught on Georges Bank.
The Albatross IT fished off Mount Desert, Me., from August 20 to
23 and from September 26 to October 1, tagging 945 cod, 6 pollock,
and 461 haddock. At the Bureau of Fisheries’ Woods Hole biologi-
cal station 946 cod were tagged on January 6 and 7, 1926. These
fish had been held as a brood stock since November, 1925, and after
spawning were tagged and liberated from the station’s dock.
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 523
Exclusive of the Woods Hole fish, 40,097 cod, pollock, and haddock
have been caught and tagged at sea from 1923 to 1926. A complete
statistical summary follows: ¢
Item | 1923 1924 1925 1926
|
IN DF Pay PLS) (EL ER CUES oe ii ee RS he SS ee | 7 9 16 4
aystonactuslunahing: 2 Sins). es saa eo ee sess 5 kee. 43 51 76 23
EUS RACLUA NSM NG a ane oe soe Se eats cana a nsancccocne 333 318.5 461 167
INTENDED OPCOG WAGROU ous oo ea aes oes nae sane wase ena nssaseee 7, 618 | 6, 209 10, 420 3, 565
Number of poles (nett (0 ae ee Se eee en ee a | 2, 215 916 949 39
Nin DEL OhNAOOUCKLOPEOUS=.) nc oc tnna- heen Saoccet-cuccstoce 411 | 3, 223 | 3, 891 641
otalmumiperionfishtapged.. ..2- 2-4. 2e sehen eases 10, 244 | 10,348 | 15, 260 | 4, 245
Average number of fish tagged per day.------..-.---------- 238 | 203 201 | 185
Average number of fish tagged per hour___._._-_._.-..----- 30. 76 | 32.5 88:1 | 25.4
i
According to localities, the number of fish tagged is divided as
follows:
Item 1923 1924 1925 1926
ifassachusetts, south of Cape Cod... 222-222 5. na oe eee eee» 10}'231 4, 384 6, 143 1, 730
Massachusetts, north of Cape Cod__..-.....-..-..----.---.---- 13 163 314 | 0
ING WE amp ShITen as se sae cee ee Se ee eee ee 0 8 5 | 0
Vici ra Oe nee eS OE es re Rk ce Se Ee 0 5, 793 8, 798 1, 412
CROTPes Banks ssa s eae REE ke eee eS | 0 0 0 1, 103
The total number of recaptures up to December 31, 1926, amounted
to 1,940 and consisted of 1,742 cod, 72 pollock, and 126 haddock.
Scale samples were taken from all fish tagged in 1926, as well
as during 1924 and 1925. All the samples taken during 1924 (over
10,000) have been mounted and about 1,000 have been studied.
Although tagging operations during 1926 were not as extensive as
during the preceding three years, some very instructive results were
obtained. It is believed that the year 1927 will produce results of
great interest to this investigation, for not only is it planned to
operate on an enlarged scale, but many of the experiments begun
during the preceding four years will be one year nearer completion
and in some cases may be terminated successfully. The outstanding
results of the investigation during 1926 are as follows:
1. On the one cruise made to Nantucket Shoals (September 5-11),
it was found that the stock of cod differed considerably in size from
the fish present there during the period from the beginning of the
investigation in 1923 up to 1925. Heretofore, cod less than 18 inches
in length were caught rarely, and 22 to 32 inch fish predominated ;
but in 1926 large fish were scarce, fish below 18 inches were common,
and the predominating sizes were 16 to 22 inches. Some intimation
of this exodus of large fish and entry of small fish was had in the
preceding fall and could be traced to August, 1925, when the bottom-
water temperature was 15° C, (59° F.) and the cod were much
scattered and bunched. How unusual this high water temperature is
can not be known until the investigation has continued further.
In each of the tagging years (1923, 1924, and 1925), a definite
migration of tagged cod occurred from Nantucket Shoals to the
waters between Rhode Island and southern New Jersey. As the
~
524 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
stock of fish present on Nantucket Shoals during 1926 was composed
of much smaller cod than during the preceding years, it was of
interest to note how this difference* would affect the catches of
cod made between Rhode Island and New Jersey during the winter
and thereby gain some idea as to how much Nantucket Shoals con-
- tributes to the southern migration.
It was found that small cod were far more abundant than usual
around Marthas Vineyard during the fall of 1926, enough so to
receive special comment in the newspapers and trade magazines.
Furthermore, fishing-boat captains along the western Long Island
and New Jersey coasts asserted that large cod were not plentiful’
during the fall of 1926, but that small cod, below 22 inches in length,
were much more numerous than for many years past. These data
indicate that the Nantucket Shoals stock of cod contributes a large
part of the fish that migrate south each fall to the Middle Atlantic
States.
2. No recaptures have been reported of the 1,000 cod tagged on
northeast Georges Bank during August, 1926. It is probable that
these fish have not yet made extensive migrations (it 1s not certain
that they ever will) and that no fishing vessels have been operating
within the immediate vicinity of the tagging grounds.
3. Asa result of the cod tagging along the shores of eastern Maine
during 1924 and 1925, it was found that if these cod migrate at all
they go to the Bay of Fundy and occasionally to the eastern coast of
Nova Scotia. These same results obtained during 1926.
4. Very little is known definitely concerning the whereabouts and
habits of cod and haddock between 114 and 7 inches in length in the
western Atlantic. This year, by means of a 30-foot otter trawl, quite a
few cod and haddock, 2 to 5 inches in length, were taken on Georges
Bank. The stomach of one Georges Bank pollock contained 12 had-
dock, 21% to 4 inches in length, but other pollock examined contained
none. Although these data are not extensive, the indications are
that young cod and haddock of these sizes (they are less than two
years old) are present in large numbers on Georges Bank, Browns
Bank, and other offshore fishing grounds.
5. A study of scales has shown that cod off southern Massachu-
setts grow at the rate of about 7 inches each year for the first three
years.
“ A more complete discussion of the cod problem is given on page
601 of this report.
The investigations of the spawning grounds and the early develop-
ment and distribution of cod, haddock, and pollock in New England
waters, carried on since 1924 by Dr. Charles J. Fish, assisted by
Marie P. Fish and Robert A. Goffin, were interrupted during the
past year because of the condemnation of the Fish Hawk and the
necessity for making extensive repairs on the Albatross IT. ‘There-
fore, the material obtained to date has been arranged and examined.
Tt includes two series—one from Massachusetts Bay and one from
the region of the Grand Banks.
The immediate problem in Massachusetts Bay involved a deter-
mination of the value of that area as a production center and also
as a nursery for the large numbers of eggs and larvee, which we
have reason to believe are being carried in constantly from the east.
The results to date indicate that local production in Massachusetts
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 020
Bay does not maintain the supply of fish in that area, and that in
all probability the inshore spawning grounds north of Cape Cod, as
a aks are not selfsupporting but must rely on immigration from
other areas. It is to be expected that some of the cod eggs that
drift west into the Gulf of Maine will hatch before they leave the
bay; but this probably does not alter the situation in any way, for
the current that carries them in will transport them out again. A
report on this work will be submitted in the near future.
Biological collections from the region of the Grand Banks supple-
ment, to a surprising degree, the hi etd al observations made
by the Ice Patrol on the currents in that area. Each of the three
principal water masses of the region—the liabeade current, Gulf
Stream, and “banks water ”—is characterized by its own particular
pelagic faunas and can often be defined as accurately by net collec-
tions as by temperatures and salinities.
In 1921, a series of hauls taken over the zone where the Labrador
current and the Gulf Stream meet indicated clearly the sharp line
of demarcation between the Arctic and the Atlantic faunas. The
present investigation is limited to the area east of Newfoundland and
is concerned with the meeting of the Labrador current and the third
great mass—the “ banks water.’
The reports of the Ice Patrol have shown that a large drift of
coastal water moves east from the vicinity of Cape Race and spreads
over the whole region of the Grand Banks except the northeastern
part. The plankton collections indicate clearly the faunal differ-
ence in these two water masses. The most northerly station yielded
a true Arctic community, but the more southerly ones, along the
western margin of the banks, were of a boreal coastal nature,
although far ‘from land.
It may be that the Grand Banks are not dependent entirely upon
local production to maintain their supply of bottom invertebrates
(fish food) but are constantly enriched by an influx of the pelagic
young of species from the coast, which, sinking to the bottom, find a
favorable environment in the comparatively shallow water of the
banks. If this be true, and both the hydrographical and biological
evidence support it, the Grand Banks are unique among fishing
grounds in that an ‘offshore drift continually adds to the resident
bottom invertebrate community upon which the cod feed, while two
great ocean currents transport enormous quantities of microscopic
plants and animals, which, killed in the mixing zone of the sudden
temperature changes, sink to the bottom and insure a rich source of
nourishment for the crabs, upon which the fish feed.
In the course of the investigation several interesting minor obser-
vations were made. A great difference was found in the size of
cod eggs from Massachusetts Bay and those from the region of the
Grand “Banks, the former averaging 1.5 millimeters and the latter
1.28 millimeters. The cod eggs collected in the region of the Grand
Banks on June 5 to 17, 1924, ranged from 1.1 to 1.55 millimeters, and
averaged 1.28 millimeters.
‘These eggs were found to average between 1.2 and 1.3 milli-
meters everywhere except at the most northerly station (approx-
imately 390 miles north of the tip of the Grand Banks), where
a surprising average of 1.42 millimeters was found, no eggs being
526 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
less than 1.35 millimeters. The total absence of cleavage stages
at this station (the earliest eggs having the embryo well developed)
indicates that they may have been carried for a long distance or
belong to an entirely different race of fish. The force of the Lab-
rador current at this point, the low temperature, and the number
of planktonic forms that occur here and at no other station tend to
substantiate the former possibility.
Although the significance of the differences of the means has not
been determined statistically, it appears, on the basis of the collec-
tions alone, that temperature has a decided effect on the size of cod
eggs, causing them to average larger during the colder periods and
decrease in size as the water becomes warmer. Thus in Massachu-
setts Bay eggs averaged smallest in December and May and largest
in February. In the region of the Labrador current the largest
average was found at the northernmost station and the smallest at
the more southerly ones when the summer warming of the water
had become noticeable. In the North Sea a similar condition was
noted by Ehrenbaum, who found cod eggs averaging 1.46 milli-
meters in January and 1.3 millimeters in April.
Following are the average sizes of 50 cod eggs taken in Massa-
chusetts Bay at various times:
Date Millimeters
PSC MAM, ODA sesh PEE Pl Te a, OTP Sa a TN er 1. 458
4 WMG@CAMi NODE # has tax re yest ty etek Ta oy see raphe eee ae eed ees Pe ee 1. 495
PCT S(t US Pe aS SE ee SE a, eA SMW CRU terty 99, ay fio 2 1. 494
UENCE) OR} IS Pets ts a Sn a eNO ed eR ee LA Ae OS 1, 529
IN (Gi cela If 6 Yaa A tye ee alan RS ee ME AA ao eh EB ba eB a i 1. 501
ASO SY Stal G26 As eed Cb es: eat As Rebel BA) oR ea eee Ed ee le 1. 518
May 20 li O25 tutes Ay A eye Ne. eh ec ee 1. 488
The average size of cod eggs from the Grand Banks in June, 1924,
was 1.2 to 1.3 millimeters; from the polar current in June, 1924,
1.42 millimeters; and from Massachusetts Bay on June 5, 1926, 1.425
millimeters.
Experiments were carried on at Gloucester and on the Boars Head
fishing grounds to determine whether the seasonal fluctuations in the
average size of cod eggs are due to temperature. In general the re-
sults appear to be significant, the eggs fertilized at 0° C. averaging
1.447 millimeters and those fertilized at about 8° C. averaging 1.4106
millimeters. The increase in size at a reduced temperature corre-
sponds with the observations made on eggs taken in the field.
The investigation in Massachusetts Bay was not confined to the
young of the cod, haddock, and pollock, but included eggs and larvee
of all other species taken with them.
There are at least 61 species of fishes that either have been taken
in their larval forms about Woods Hole or may be expected in col-
lections there. Thus far a bibliography for each species has been
gathered, including original illustrations and notes on distribution,
and the missing links in developmental histories have been listed. The
collections are being searched at present to fill these gaps.
MACKEREL
During 1926, the investigations on the mackerel fishery, in co-
operation with the division of fishery industries, were continued by
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 926 o2/
O. E. Sette, assisted by R. A. Nesbit and R. A. Goffin. The program
contemplates the simultaneous collection of biological and _statis-
tical data and their analysis to provide an understanding of the life
history of the species and the fluctuations of the fishery. During
the 1926 season an observer was stationed at the principal mackerel
receiving ports for the purpose of interviewing mackerel fishermen
as fish were landed and securing data on the locality, dates, size of
catch, and fishing effort involved, as well as taking measurements,
scales, ete. of the mackerel landed. During the season over 1,200
vessel skippers were interviewed, over 25,000 mackerel were measured,
and about 3,500 scale samples were taken. Other data were collected
at Woods Hole, Mass.
Analyses of the 1925 and 1926 data on sizes and ages have pro-
ceeded as rapidly as possible with the present limited personnel.
Although they are yet tar from complete it is now fairly certain that
the unusually large catches of 1925 and 1926 were composed largely
of mackerel that originated in one spawning season, provisionally
determined to be that of 1923. The preliminary age analysis of the
stock of mackerel present during the past two years leads us to be-
lieve, further, that the 1921 spawning season was more than normally
suecessful; that the 1922 season was practically a failure; that
the 1923 season was extraordinarily successful; and the 1924 season
was probably average in production. This at once gives the clue to
one cause of fluctuations in the mackerely fishery—that is, unequal
increments in various years. It is believed that continued observa-
tions of this sort eventually will permit the forecasting of immediate
future success or failure of the mackerel fishery.
The steamer Gannet was detailed to mackerel investigations for
about five weeks during the spawning season in Massachusetts Bay,
and was engaged in making tow-net hauls and taking oceanographic
data. An incomplete analysis of the plankton collected showed that
an abundance of mackerel eggs and larvee was present during and
immediately after the spawning season. ‘This is significant, inasmuch
as very few mackerel eggs and no larve had been found previously
in the Gulf of Maine. It had been thought heretofore that the Gulf
of St. Lawrence; where large quantities of mackerel eggs and larvee
had been taken by the Princess and Acadia in the Canadian fisheries
expedition of 1914-15, and again on the Cheticamp expedition of
1917, was the only important spawning ground for American
mackerel. The 1926 cruise in Massachusetts Bay demonstrated the
presence of comparable quantities of eggs and larve in this locality,
thus extending our knowledge of the mackerel spawning grounds.
It is possible that more extensive work of this nature may indicate
even greater ranges for important breeding places of the mackerel.
Tagging operations in 1926 were very limited, only 599 fish being
tagged off the coast of Delaware in April. Two of these fish were
recaptured, one of them on the date of tagging at virtually the place
of release. The other was retaken in August off Cape Cod. Twelve
fish tagged in 1925 were reported recaptured during 1926. It will
be recalled that all of the mackerel tagged in 1925 were released
along the coast of New England, and the recaptures during the same
season indicated a general spread of mackerel from the points of
release. The recaptures in the next year (1926) occurred from Fire
528 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Island to Gloucester, most of them to the southwestward of the place
of release. The tagging operations have been too limited to warrant
any definite conclusions. It is hoped to continue them in 1927, when
a more suitable tag may be devised.
SMELTS OF NEW ENGLAND
A general account of the natural history, fish-cultural propagation,
and conservation of,the Atlantic smelt, with a history of the smelt
fisheries, by Dr. William C. Kendall, to which reference was made in
a previous report of this division, has been published. That account
is being supplemented by another paper on the smelts of the genus
Osmerus, which embraces life histories, age, rate of growth, racial
peculiarities, etc. The original plan to include Pacific species of
the genus has been simplified by a recent reviewer of Pacific smelts,
who has relegated all but one species (formeriy regarded as Osmerus)
to other genera. Work on the smelts is discussed at greater length
on page 614.
MULLET
The gray-mullet (Mugil cephalus) investigation in the south
Atlantic States was continued during 1926 at Beaufort, N. C., by
Elmer Higgins and Robert O. Smith. The tagging experiment was
extended, 1,000 fish being tagged and lberated at Beaufort during
July, August, and September. Because of the difficulty of securing
uninjured fish in quantity from commercial hauls, a beach seine was
operated by the investigators and crew. ‘This made possible the
tagging of mullet and at the same time the tracing of the growth of
mullet spawned in the preceding fall. Due to various factors,
among which might be mentioned more effective advertising, smaller
commercial catch, and the different sizes of fish tagged, 34 tags were
returned during the year, an average of 3.39 per cent, or one returned
for every 29.5 fish tagged. In some cases, 2 to 5 individuals from the
same school were returned. All tags were received from North
Carolina, except two from the upper portion of the South Carolina
coast, thus confirming the results of previous experiments. ‘There
were no returns from fish tagged in 1925.
The assumption that so-called “ Cape mullet ” constitute a distinct
division of the local stock seems to be corroborated by analyses of
commercial catches during 1926. These fish appear at Beaufort
about the middle of September, and are plentiful until the first of
November. Length-frequency studies of Cape mullet that were
taken in a number of commercial hauls indicate that these fish are
intermediate in size between the local O and I classes. However,
during the latter part of this season (mid October to mid November)
it was virtually impossible to separate local O-class and “Cape”
mullet on the basis of average length, inasmuch as some of the com-
mercial Cape mullet averaged extremely small in size.
Study of the growth of mullet, particularly the O-class, was con-
tinued and significant results were obtained. Juvenile mullet of 22
millimeters body length appear at Beaufort by the middle of Jan-
uary. They become more abundant during February, March, and
April, but there is little growth until the middle of April, when the
water temperature reaches about 20° C. In May the rate of growth
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 029
increases rapidly and continues, at an average of approximately 2 2
centimeters per month, through Oc tober.
In the hope of observing spawning, a number of large mullet were
placed in a tank of running sea water at the fisheries laboratory at
Beaufort on October 27. From time to time the roe in killed speci-
mens was examined, and while it appeared to be healthy, the eggs
did not mature. The roe had not ripened when the last, specimen
died on January 14, 1927. Various methods of estimating the num-
ber of eggs in the ovaries of a fish of 367 millimeters body length
were tried. Different methods gave results varying between 759,000
and 1,526,000. The eggs are not spherical but are more nearly an
ovate ‘spheroid, the long axis being 0.61 millimeter and the short
axis 0.57 millimeter. In all parts of the ov: ary the eggs are in the
same stage of development. This meager evidence, combined with
the observed disappearance of roe mullet from inside waters during
October and the compact size group of young fish, leads to the con-
viction that the spawning season is short.
Observations throughout the season on the selectivity of commer-
cial gear, in conjunction with samples of the commercial catch, show
that the strain of the fishery falls most heavily on three age classes:
“Cape mullet” approximately 1 year old,. 2-year gray mullet that
will spawn the following fall, and roe mullet chiefly 3 years old.
The yearling stock that appears at Beaufort in the middle of Janu-
ary as individuals less than 1 inch long and attains a total length of
about 7 inches by October seldom is taken.
SHORE FISHERIES OF NORTH CAROLINA
Life-history studies of various food fishes have been undertaken
at the fisheries biological laboratory at Beaufort, N. C. The eggs
of the pigfish (Orthopristis chrysopterus) and those of the anchovy
(Anchoviella epsetus) were secured and their development was
studied. The development of the larve and the rate of growth of
the young fish, too, have been followed. Special attention was given
to the food consumed by the young fish and the changes that take
place in the diet with age, together with the change in “environment
chosen by the fish as they develop. Similar studies, relative to the
rate of growth, food, and environment of young sheepshead (Archo-
sargus probatocephalus), young spot (Leiostomus wanthurus), and
young white perch (Bairdiella chrysura), were undertaken. This
work was carried on by Dr. Samuel F. Hildebrand and Irving L.
Towers.
Other work at the Beaufort laboratory is discussed elsewhere in
this report.
TEXAS MARINE FISHERIES
In accordance with plans outlined in 1925, an investigation of the
biology of the important food fishes of coastal Texas has been under-
taken. A field station has been established at Corpus Christi, Tex.,
where John C. Pearson, with the aid of a boat and crew furnished
by the State fishery authorities, i is making extensive and systematic
collections. Variations in the commercial fishery have been fol-
66552—28——_2
530 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
lowed, but so erratic and limited is the fishery in most localities,
due to*’legislative restriction, that few data of value can be secured.
The major facts in the life histories of the three leading food
fish—redfish (Sciewnops ocellatus), spotted trout (Cynoscion nebu-
losus), and drum (Pogonias cromis)—are being ascertained. Col-
lections of fish of all sizes, from larval stages to mature adults, have
been made regularly over a wide range of localities and afford an
understanding of the habits and movements, spawning age, and
rates of growth of these valuable species. Preliminary findings
of this study are given at greater length in another section of this
report (p. 627).
FOOD HABITS OF SHARKS
Further observations on the food and reproductive habits of
various sharks that enter into the catch of a commercial shark fishery
at Big Pine, Fla., were made during the winter months of the past
year. The stomachs and reproductive organs of about 1,500 sharks
were examined carefully, with the object of ascertaining, if possible,
the actual damage done to food fishes by these scavengers of the sea.
Ten species of sharks were observed in the commercial catch,
although the larger part of this catch comprised only five species.
The food habits of the various species differed somewhat, but the
amount of food fish eaten by all species was found to be very small.
Refuse, crustaceans, and nonfood fish seemed to make up the bulk of
the food. However, the. fact that most: sharks do much dam-
age to commercial fishing gear probably warrants their unlimited
utilization.
FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST
The bureau’s salmon investigations on the Pacific coast are con-
ducted as an integral part of the program of the International Pacific
Salmon Investigation Federation, and hence are closely coordinated
with work undertaken by Canada and the Pacific Coast States. The
activities of this federation, therefore, are of direct interest to the
readers of this report.
The third meeting of the executive committee of the International
Pacific Salmon Investigation Federation was held in Seattle on
December 2, 1926. At this meeting a program committee, consisting
of Dr. W. H. Rich, chairman, Dr. C. H. Gilbert, Dr. W. A. Clemens,
of the Biological Board of Canada, and Prof. J. O. Snyder, repre-
senting the California Fish and Game Commission, presented a
research program that was adopted unanimously by the executive
committee. This program is presented in full elsewhere in this
report (p. 635).
After the presentation of this program, the various items were
taken up separately and discussed in detail. A committee was
appointed to consider the improvement of the statistics of the salmon
fisheries and consisted of Dr. W. A. Clemens, chairman, N. B. Sco-
field, of the California Fish and Game Commission, and Dr. W. H.
Rich. Another committee was appointed to consider the matter of
adequate fishways over high dams. The members of this committee
are N. B. Scofield, chairman, C. R. Pollock, supervisor of fisheries
for the State of Washington, and Maj. J. A. Motherwell, chief inspec-
.
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 00 |
tor for British Columbia of the Department of Fisheries of the
Dominion of Canada. In view cf the recent development of a certain
type of mechanical fishway, which has been advertised widely as
having solved the problem of getting fish over high dams, the com-
mittee presented the following resolution, which was adopted by the
executive committee:
Whereas constant and nation-wide prupaganda has been maintained in
newspapers, engineering and technical magazines, ete., conveying the impres-
sion, based on the partial success of the experimental fishway at the Baker
River Dam, near Concrete, Wash., that a complete solution has been reached
of the problem of safeguarding salmon runs jeopardized by the construction of
dams; and
Whereas.in the opinion of this federation no solution of this problem has yet
been reached that can properly be considered as of general application; and
Whereas in the opinion of this federation the problem connected with each
dam is individual and distinet ; and
Whereas much of the work at Baker River Dam has so far been experi-
mental and results there are not yet conclusive: Therefore, be it
Resolved, That the International Pacific Salmon Investigation Federation, at
its meeting on December 2, 1926, strongly disapprove the propaganda mentioned
as being unwarranted and misleading; and further be it
Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be presented to. newspapers and
periodicals and to such officials and others as may be interested.
ALASKA SALMON
The salmon investigations in Alaska have been continued under the
direction of Dr. C. H. Gilbert, special assistant, and Dr. W. H. Rich,
chief investigator of salmon fisheries. The tagging experiments in
the channels of southeastern Alaska were continued, and a total of
13,100 salmon, representing four distinct species, were tagged and
liberated. The results have not yet been compiled, but a report by
Doctor Rich, covering the results of the tagging done in this district
in 1924 and 1925, was published during the past year as Document
No. 1005.
In addition to the tagging experiments conducted in the channels
of southeastern Alaska, efforts were made, in cooperation with the
fishery authorities of Canada, British Columbia, and the States of
Washington, Oregon, and California, to tag fish caught in the ocean
mainly by trolling. These fish are of two species—the chinook or
king salmon and the silver salmon. Including the work done by all
agencies, approximately 2,500 fish, were tagged along the coast. be-
tween Monterey Bay and the outside coast of southeastern Alaska.
While the data are not yet sufficiently complete to warrant final con-
clusions, it appears quite certain that these fish range quite widely
up and down the coast. The troll fishery for salmon thus assumes an
interstate and international character, and this fact will have an
important bearing on the nature of the methods adopted for the care
of such of the salmon resources as are affected by trolling.
The intensive study and analysis (by means of scale examinations)
of the salmon runs in a large number of the more important salmon
streams of Alaska has been continued by Doctor Gilbert. Counting
wiers for the enumeration of the spawning escapements have been
maintained, as for a number of years past, in the Karluk and
Chignik Rivers, at two of the streams that enter Olga Bay, Kodiak
Island, at Thin Point and Morzhovoi Bay, Alaska Peninsula, and in
532 U. 3. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Egegik River, Bristol Bay. Plans are being made now for the con-
struction of a counting weir in the Kvichak River, Bristol Bay.
During 1926 particular interest attached to the run in the Karluk
River, as this was the first return from a known escapement—that
of 1921, the first year in which the counting weir was operated in
this river. As the escapement of 1921 was one of the best on record
(1,825,654 fish), a good run was expected and materialized. The
total run, including the fish taken for commercial purposes and the
escapement contained somewhat more than 4,500,000 fish. This
indicates a return of approximately three fish for each one that
escaped to the spawning grounds. Just how constant this produc-
tivity will be, remains to be determined by the returns in future
years from known escapements; but it is a noteworthy accomplish-
ment to have secured such data as these on a stream of the size and
commercial importance of the Karluk. This intensive study of
escapements and runs is considered to be of the utmost importance to
the understanding of the factors that cause fluctuations in abundance
in these great fisheries.
In addition to the detailed studies of the commercial catch and
spawning escapement carried on by Doctor Gilbert at Karluk, a
study of the history of the salmon in fresh water and of their
seaward migration has been undertaken by Doctor Rich, assisted
by Seymour P. Sm-th. In order to determine the number of young
fish that migrate seaward, approximately 47,000 seaward migrants
were marked during 1926, and the future runs of adult fish will be
examined carefully for the return of marked fish. The total run
of adults and the number of marked fish returning as adults will be
determined, and from this it is believed that a fairly reliable measure
of the total number of young salmon in the seaward migration each
year can be determined with some accuracy. Such marking exper.-
ments will be continued in the Karluk River over a period of years
in order to permit a study of the correlation between the size of the
seaward migration and the future runs.
Considerable time was spent on Karluk Lake, which was mapped
and sounded; and extensive observations of all spawning streams
were made. ‘The past year was one of exceedingly low water, and
many of the spawn:ng beds made early in the season were left ex-
posed by the end of the summer. Further observations will be
necessary to determine whether such conditions will affect the sur-
vival of the eggs. The study of such factors as this, which un-
doubtedly affect to a marked degree the survival of young salmon
during their fresh-water life, is considered to be of prime impor-
tance, and plans have been made to continue these observations as
a routine part of the intens.ve study of the Karluk River salmon.
SALMON OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER
The salmon-marking experiments conducted on the Columbia River
by Harlan B. Holmes yielded greater returns during the season of
1926 than ever before. As in former years, the cooperation of the
Oregon Fish Commission (especially in paying rewards for records
of the recovery of marked fish) was responsible for a great part of
the success of the work. The most pleasing returns obtained during
the past season were from a lot of 50,000 yearling sockeyes, which,
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 533
after their adipose and right ventral fins were removed, were lib-
erated from the hatchery at Herman Creek in February, 1924. As
a result of this marking, approximately 2,300 four-year-olds returned
to the Columbia River and were taken in the commercial fishery. In
addition, 96 of these fish succeeded in evading the commercial fishing
gear and returned to the hatchery from which they were liberated,
and their spawn was taken for artificial propagation. These 96
spawners produced a stock of eggs greater by one-half than that
required to produce the fingerlings that were marked. Additional
returns from this experiment are to be expected in 1927. Results
such as these give promise of the possibility of maintaining commer-
cially significant runs of salmon by artificial propagation.
A second experiment with sockeyes yielded 2,500 four-year-olds
from 100,000 marked yearlings. In this experiment, however, none
returned to the tributary in which the fingerlings were liberated.
Why they did not return to their home tributary is an important
question, to which there is no reliable answer as yet. This problem
will be given special attention when future returns are being studied.
The importance of this question lies in the fact that unless the fish
return to the place of liberation the run can not be perpetuated by
artificial propagation. A hatchery that is able to produce an entirely
satisfactory return to the commercial fishery may fail in the long run
because of inability to secure a breeding stock.
An experiment with chinook salmon conducted at the Big White
Salmon River hatchery yielded 265 four-year-olds in 1926, bringing
the total of returns from the experiment to 359. With the 5 and 6
year olds yet to return, this experiment gives promise of being the
most successful of those with chinooks to date. As was pointed out
a year ago, the greater returns from this experiment than from those
in which fingerlings of the same class of fish were liberated at an
older age, would indicate that the best time to liberate fingerlings
of the fall run of chinooks is during the spring of their first year.
More direct information on this important question is being sought
by means of a series of experiments in which fingerlings from a single
lot of eggs will be marked and liberated at various ages. A similar
experiment is already under way with chinooks of the spring run.
Comparison of the results of these two experiments should be en-
lightening, and it is hoped that they may point the way to more suc-
cessful hatchery operations. For a more complete account of this
work see p. 645.
Mr. Holmes also has continued an investigation of the blueback
salmon of the Columbia River. The most important development
during the past season was the observation that the seaward migrants
from the Okanogan River spawning beds were so heavily infested
with the encysted larvee of tapeworms as to have their vitality
greatly reduced thereby. An effort is being made to discover the
alternate host of the tapeworm, in the hope that the infestation of the
salmon may be reduced in the future.
HERRING OF ALASKA
During the season of 1926, George A. Rounsefell continued the
herring investigation in Alaska, confining his activities to Prince
William Sound, Cook Inlet, and Shuyak Straits. Preserved samples
534 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
also were obtained from the Shumagin Islands and Golovin Bay.
Study of the racial characters of the herring has disclosed the
existence of local races, which knowledge will be of great value in
drafting regulations, as it indicates the relative independence of the
fishing areas. Weights of herring are being tabulated in an effort
to determine when the herring in each locality reach a condition suit-
able for packing.
The present data, although not conclusive, indicated the presence
of dominant year groups, which may be one explanation for the
great fluctuations in abundance. Further study may show the possi-
bility of foretelling such periods. The investigation is discussed at
greater length on p. 650 of this report.
During 1927 it is planned to continue the investigation, commencing:
the field work in April with some experimental tagging and con-
tinuing with the collection of samples in one locality throughout the
season.
FISHERIES OF INTERIOR WATERS
COREGONINZ OF THE GREAT LAKES
Dr. Walter Koelz has continued his investigations of the white
fishes, and in addition to publishing Document No. 1001, “ Fishing
Industry of the Great Lakes,” has completed the revision of the
Coregonine, in which systematic relations and natural history of
these fishes in the Great Lakes and Lake Nipigon are given in great
detail, together with descriptions of several new species. This work,.
which is now ready for publication, embodies the most extensive and
complete study of coregonine fishes in North America that has ever
been made and lays the groundwork for an understanding of fishery
conditions in the Great Lakes as a basis for protecting these rapidly
declining fisheries.
The investigations on the herring of Lake Huron by Dr. John Van
Oosten, described in the last annual report, were continued during
1926. The statistical data on the catch having been found wholly
inadequate, biological data were sought which might furnish some
clue to the trend of the intensity of fishing. That this fishing is very
intense is suggested by the paucity of old fish in the commercial
catches. Herring are known to reach an age of 11 years, yet ex-
tremely few individuals reach the sixth year of their life—the second
year after most of them first join the schools of commercial sizes. The
majority of the herring do not even reach the fifth year of life,
and relatively few 3-year-old fish, many of which enter the commer-
cial catches for the first time in the fall, escape the nets to return a
year later as 4-year-old fish.
The biological data indicate, by the shifting in the age composition
of the commercial catches, that the intensity of the fishing has
steadily increased in recent years. In 1921 the 4-year-old fish were
more numerous than the 2-year-olds,-but since 1921 the former have
become progressively less and the latter progressively more abundant
each successive years So intense does commercial fishing appear to.
be that a year class is virtually wiped out during its year of abun-
dance in the commercial catches. Although at present the herring:
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 535
are wholly unprotected and appear to be abundant in Lake Huron,
each year the fishery is being prosecuted with increased vigor, for as
the abundance of the more desirable species of coregonines decreases,
the demand for the herring increases. It is evident from the bio-
logical data, however, that in all probability the herring can not
withstand further exploitation without disastrous results. The re-
sults of this investigation are given in greater detail on p. 662 of this
report.
Whitefish material has been collected by Doctor Van Osten from.
Lake Huron every year since 1923. These data indicate that the
whitefish taken by gill nets in summer are younger than those taken
in the fall. The summer catch consists principally of 4-year-old
fish, a large percentage of which is sexually immature though of legal
size. The fall catch consists mostly of 6-year-old fish, the 7-year-old
individuals being second in abundance. ‘The youngest fish taken in.
these samples were in the fourth year of life, the oldest in the
thirteenth. Most of the fish of a year class probably do not spawn
until the sixth year of life. Ths result was unsuspected, as it is
generally believed that the whitefish attains sexual maturity in its.
third year. There is some evidence, however, that this is true in
the case of the Lake Erie whitefish.
SURVEY OF SANDUSKY BAY IN LAKE ERIE
In response to an appeal from the Izaak Walton League at Fre-.
mont, Ohio, a preliminary survey was made of conditions in the San-
dusky Bay region, with special reference to the destructiveness of
commercial nets (especially the seines) to game fish. All complaints.
were considered and investigated. It was concluded that the commer-
cial fishermen of the Sandusky Bay region were not as destructive of
fish life in general, or of strictly game fish in particular, as many
sportsmen alleged. On the contrary, it appeared very probable that
the seiners, by capturing carp and goldfish, were aiding in preserving
conditions necessary for the existence of game fish and waterfowl.
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER
In July, 1926, A. H. Wiebe was assigned to make a biological
survey of the upper Mississippi River. The object of this survey
was to determine if the pollution from the cities of Minneapolis.
and St. Paul is destroying life in the Mississippi River. The part
of the river covered by this survey extends from just above Minne-
apolis to just above Winona, about 110 miles below St. Paul.
The field work was carried on during August and September. After
the completion of the field work (September 30) the plankton and
the bottom samples were moved to the University of Wisconsin, at
Madison, for study. The samples were analyzed and a report was
prepared.
The investigation showed that pollution from the Twin Cities is a
factor in the destruction of life in the Mississippi River from Minne-
apolis down to Red Wing, at the head of Lake Pepin, as is shown
in more detail on p. 669.
536 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
KEOKUK DAM AND THE FISHERIES OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER
Immediately after the dam was constructed across the Mississippi
River between Keokuk, Iowa, and Hamilton, Ill., there was begun
a study of the effect of this and other changes in the Mississippi
River upon the fisheries above the dam. ‘The investigation was
under the direction of Dr. R. E. Coker, then director of the fish-
eries biological station at Fairport, Iowa. An investigation of this
kind necessarily involved observations over a long period of time.
The process of adjustment of living animals to the changing con-
ditions of environment in a stream is so gradual that safe conclusions
can be drawn only after years of study. It would have been desirable
if the observations could have been continued year after year without
interruption, but this was not possible. The problem has not been
out of mind, however, and studies have been made from time to
time and tentative reports have been prepared. ‘The time now seems
ripe to put into form for publication the considerable data secured
in the investigation. Accordingly, during the past year Doctor
Coker undertook to complete the report and to make additional
observations in the field. Accompanied by H. L. Canfield, he visite
the Mississippi River at various points between Lake City, Minn.,
and Canton, Mo. The additional data gathered this year are now
being incorporated in the report, which is nearing completion.
WESTERN TROUTS AND OTHER COLLECTIONS
In addition to investigating the New England smelt fisheries,
Dr. W. C. Kendall also was occupied intermittently in studying and
classifying trout material contained in numerous hitherto unstudied
or little studied collections of trout from the Western States and
Alaska, which represent years of accumulation. Inasmuch as these
specimens were collected before the regions from which they came
were affected by extensive fish-cultural distribution of nonindigenous
species, this study is expected to throw greatly needed light upon the
relationship of western species, and particularly upon the much-
rooted problem of the so-called rainbow and steelhead trouts.
The wide fish-cultural distribution of these species and the varied
experience with them in the east and abroad have given rise to a
number of questions concerning them, and from time to time inquiries
have been received for information and opinion. An inquiry par-
ticularly difficult to answer was from Doctor Ehrenbaum, of Ham-
burg, Germany, who wished to ascertain the specific identity of
rainbow trout imported into Germany. Doubtless the rainbow-
trout eggs sent to Germany were from the same two or three different
species that seem to compose the mixture that (at least in the past)
has been distributed from the hatcheries under the one name, “ rain-
bow trout.”
During the summer, through the Bureau of Fisheries, five speci-
mens of rainbow trout, which were the result of introduction, were
received from H. L. Kelly, executive officer of the fish and game
commission of the Territory of Hawaii, with the request that they
be identified.
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 5a
Concerning these trout, Doctor Kendall replied that according to
his view there are two sorts of “ rainbow trout.” One sort comprises
Salmo shasta and closely related species, which are supposed not
to be habitually sea run. The other sort comprises the migratory
fish that has received the name of “steelhead” (S. gairdnerii). This
name originally signified the migratory fish only; but there are
other forms, perhaps distinct species and perhaps nonmigratory,
that are more closely related to the migratory steelhead than they
are to S. Shasta. "These also have been popularly regarded as
“rainbow trout.”
Doctor Kendall regards the Hawaiian trout as the steelhead type
of trout, but that does not signify necessarily that they were the
migratory form; that is to say, the eggs that produced these fish
may not have been taken from migratory fish (at the time recognized
as such), but from trout supposed to be rainbows. While they are
fish that have entered largely into the bureau’s fish-cultural rainbow-
trout output, they are not of the Salmo shasta category. The fish
in question may or may not have been from migratory stock or from
fish that are occasionally sea run.
Doctor Kendall was unable to say what the proper technical name
of this fish should be, but suggested that not much violence to the
present taxonomic situation or any greater confusion than now
exists would ensue if they should be called Salmo irideus.
Late in the season specimens of so-called steelhead trout were
received for identification from Prof. J. R. Dymond, of the biologi-
cal department of Toronto University, Toronto, Canada, which he
had collected in British Columbia and Washington. A specimen
from Kalama, Wash., appeared to differ somewhat from those from
Vancouver Island and Prince Rupert, as it did also from other speci-
mens from the Columbia River and from specimens collected by
Doctor Rich in Naknek Lake, Alaska, with which it was compared.
During the year other collections and specimens were received for
study or identification. Particular mention should be made of the
collection of Greenland chars made by Dr. Walter Koelz on the
McMillan expedition in 1925. Also, a collection of salmonids, mostly
chars, from Labrador, was delivered to Doctor Kendall in Novem-
ber by Columbus Iselin, a Harvard student, who conducted an oceano-
graphic expedition, sponsored by Dr. Henry B. Bigelow, along that
coast. The collection, although not large, was representative and
well preserved, and the observations recorded in accompanying notes
added much to the knowledge of conditions in that region, as pertain
to the Salmonide.
A few specimens of salmon (Salmo salar) and recorded observa-
tions confirm the statement made by Abe Bromfield, McMillan’s Es-
kimo interpreter, that there is no commercial salmon fishery beyond
about 50° north latitude, but that in one or two places farther north
one or more individuals occasionally are taken in cod traps. How-
ever, Bromfield asserted that a salmon fishery is carried on in Un-
gava Bay, concerning previous reports to that effect there has been
some doubt.
The chars collected comprised two species—one that has been re-
garded as Salvelinus fontimalis and the other as S. stagnalis. The
538 U, S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
first occurred only in lower Labrador, while the second was found
along the entire coast. Both are sea run.
INVESTIGATIONS PERTAINING TO FISH-CULTURAL OPERATIONS
TROUT CULTURE
Feeding experiments with various diets and with several species
of trout were continued during the summer by Dr. H. S. Davis and
M. C. James at the Holden (Vt.) experimental hatchery. A more
detailed account of the work at the station may be found on p. 675.
A comparison of three common foods—beef heart, beef liver, and
sheep liver—indicated clearly the superiority of beef liver when
trout are to be reared to a larger size than the small fingerlings
commonly used for stocking waters. Apparently any one of the
three foods is satisfactory with steelhead, rainbow, and brook trout
when the fish are to be planted early in the season. However, when
brook trout were held to the age of 6 months, beef liver was found
to be markedly superior as a food and reduced the mortality approxi-
mately one-half and produced twice the growth of its nearest com-
petitor—sheep liver.
A comparison of cooked sheep liver with the raw liver as ordi-
narily fed yielded conflicting results, probably due to a number of
complicating factors. With brook trout the superiority of raw liver
became more marked as the experiment progressed, and at the end
of 103 days the total mortality among the fish fed cooked liver was
four times as great as among those on a raw diet.
With young rainbow trout cooked liver showed a superiority over
the raw product over a period of 94 days, both as regards mortality
and growth. Inasmuch as many commercial growers have reported
favorable results from the use of cooked food, it is planned to con-
tinue experiments along these lines.
Nothing has been found that offers any prospect of entirely re-
placing the fresh-meat diets. However, three substances were tried,
which yielded very encouraging results as substitutes for part of
the meat, and in mixture may even be superior to the pure-meat diets.
These are soy-bean oil meal, a dried shrimp product, and fresh-water
mussel meal.
Soy-bean oil meal is manufactured from the residue after the oil
has been expressed from the bean. An important property is the
high percentage of protein, which more closely resembles animal
protein in structure than do proteins from vegetable sources. Ex-
periments with this meal were unsuccessful at first, but after adjust-
ing the quantity to a basis of 50 per cent meal and 50 per cent meat,
both brook and lake trout fingerlings were maintained for several
months with nominal loss, although the growth did not quite equal
that of the controls. Further experiments will be undertaken on
a larger scale, but it is believed that this material will be most useful
as a food for yearlings and adult fish.
The waste from shrimp factories, under the name of “shrimp
bran” and “shrimp meal,” frequently have been used in trout diets
with more or less beneficial results. These products usually contain
a large percentage of chitinous shell, which is of little value except
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 126 539
as roughage and is entirely unsuited to feeding small fish. The dried
shrimp used at Holden is a special grade, consisting of the abdomen
only, which has been freed from the surrounding shell. After being
soaked in water for several hours, it can be ground sufficiently fine
to serve as food for fish 2 to 3 inches long and upwards. When
used alone it is inadequate, as shown by a sharp increase in the mor-
tality; but the addition of sheep liver quickly brought the mortality
back to normal. A continuation of the experiment on the basis of
>0 per cent shrimp and 50 per cent sheep liver resulted in practically
no losses and an exceptionally rapid growth.
The results with “clam” meal were particularly encouraging,
although, owing to the small amount available, it was possible to
try it on a small scale only. A lot of steelhead fingerlings fed beef
heart with 25 per cent “clam ” meal over a period of 97 days showed
a mortality less than one-half as great and a growth over one-fourth
greater than the controls fed beef liver. The meal is made from the
dried “ meats” of fresh-water mussels and is a by-product of the
mussel-shell industry. Inasmuch as it is impossible to obtain a satis-
factory grade of this meal in quantity. an attempt will be made to
manufacture it at the Fairport (Iowa) biological station.
A series of experiments to determine the effect of sunlight on
young trout yielded very interesting results. Various lots of fish
from the same source were placed outdoors in different compartments
of the same trough, with some compartments covered so as to exclude
all direct light, others were covered with ordinary window glass,
which would absorb the ultra-violet rays, while some compartments
were exposed entirely. All lots were fed alike, and the flow of spring
water was abundant, so that on the hottest summer days there was no
appreciable difference in temperature between head and foot com-
partments of the same trough. The only difference in the various
lots was the rather abundant algal growth in the exposed compart-
ment, but it is not thought that this would react to the disadvantage
of the fish.
Lake trout in advanced fry and fingerling stages showed losses of
18.4 per cent in the covered lot and 33.7 per cent in the exposed lot.
A repetition of the experiment, using advanced fry and fingerlings
of rainbow trout, gave even more striking results. In this case, over
a period of about two months, the protected fish suffered a loss of
only 1.2 per cent; in the glass-covered group. the loss was 3.5 per
cent; while among the fish that were entirely uncovered there was a
mortality of 38.1 per cent. No record of the weights of the lots was
taken, but plainly the condition of the fish was correlated with the
mortality, inasmuch as the groups exposed to sunlight, which suf-
fered the greatest loss, showed poor condition and comparatively
slow growth.
On the face of the results it would appear that ultra-violet light
is injurious to trout, at least in the younger stages, and that the
common practice of protecting trout at the hatcheries from direct
sunlight is based on sound reasoning. It should be pointed out,
however, that the fish were held in shallow troughs and that the
results may not be applicable to fish held in ponds or raceways.
Further experiments on the influence of light are planned for the
near future.
540 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
The initial steps in an extensive program of selective breeding of
brook trout have been taken at the Holden station. By a rigid
selection of the parent stock it is planned to develop strains in which
desirable characters will become fixed and thus create a brood stock
that will exhibit superior qualifications with regard to disease re-
sistance, rapid growth, early maturity, prolific egg production, and
greater vigor. During the past season, eggs were taken from fish
selected for early maturity and rapid growth and also from fish
characterized by desirable form and color. Fingerlings that show
great resistance to disease and rapid growth have been segregated
for future breeding purposes.
It is evident that practical results from these experiments can not
be expected for some time, but it is believed that in a few generations
it will be possible to develop a strain of brook trout much better
adapted to hatchery requirements than the stock now available.
A necessary preliminary of the work in selective breeding is the
expansion of the capacity of the Holden station. The construction
of trout ponds has been continued during the past year, so that there
are now in use eight rearing ponds, one small pond for brood stock,
and several hundred feet of raceways. There is opportunity for the
further extension of the pond system, and it is essential that a num-
ber of ponds and raceways be constructed in the near future if the
progress of the investigations is not to be hampered seriously.
The abundance of good trout streams in the vicinity of the Holden
hatchery has afforded an opportunity for the inauguration of much
needed field work on certain ecological aspects of fish planting. It is
planned to extend the scope of this work considerably during 1927.
Cooperation has been maintained with the Vermont Department of
Fish and Game in investigations of hatchery mortalities and a survey
of waters for the purpose of formulating a stocking program.
POND CULTURE
The investigation of various problems relating to the propagation
and rearing of pondfishes was inaugurated at the Fairport (Iowa)
biological station during the summer of 1926 by Dr. H. S. Davis,
assisted by Russell F. Lord and the station force. This is a field
that has received very little attention in this country, although pond
culture has reached a comparatively high stage of development in
Europe. Details of the work are given on p. 678.
During the past summer 21 ponds were utilized in these investi-
gations, which, although only preliminary in nature, already have
yielded valuable results. The experiments were confined almost
entirely to problems connected with the propagation of the large-
mouth bass and bluegill sunfish, but it is planned to broaden the
ee of the work in the future so as to include other species of pond-
shes.
One of the problems of fundamental importance in pond culture —
is the proper treatment of the ponds to produce the maximum amount
of food. Questions arise as to the quantity and type of rooted vege-
tation, the advisability of wintering the ponds wet or dry, the effect
on the rooted vegetation and plankton of cultivating the bottom and
treating with lime. These and many other problems of a similar
nature are receiving consideration in the experiments at Fairport.
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 541
Another line of investigation concerns the use of fertilizers as a
means of increasing the basic food supply.
In rearing bass and other predaceous fishes, the use of forage
fishes affords a promising line of investigation. The introduction
of forage fishes is designed to furnish a supply of small fish that
will serve as food for the bass. This not only will tend to prevent
cannibalism, but as these fishes feed on plankton and plant materials
will greatly increase the amount of food available to the bass.
During the past season three species of forage fishes—viz, goldfish,
golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas), and black-head minnows
(Pimephales promelas)—were introduced into the bass ponds with
excellent results. The black-head minnow promises to be especially
desirable for the purpose, as it multiplies rapidly, continuing to
spawn throughout the spring and early summer, so that a supply of
small fish is always available. Furthermore, they are primarily
bottom feeders, and consequently there is little direct competition
with the young bass for food. Obviously, the use of forage fishes
introduces a number of problems that are in urgent need of investi-
gation. These include such questions as what is the most desirable
species of forage fish to use with different game fishes, the advisa-
bility of introducing two or more species of these fish in the same
pond, and the proper methods of handling them to obtain maximum
results.
Other problems in pond culture that are being investigated relate
to the number of brood fish required per unit area; the total yield
of fish, both as to numbers and weight, that can reasonably be
expected; and the advisability of rearing two or more species of
food fishes in the same pond.
As in the case of trout an attempt is being made to develop
superior strains of pondfish by selective breeding, special emphasis
being placed on rapid growth.
PATHOLOGY OF FISHES
As in previous years, special attention has been paid by the patholo-
gist, Dr. H. S. Davis, to a study of the diseases that are causing
serious losses at the trout hatcheries. ‘The Holden experimental
hatchery affords exceptionally favorable conditions for such investi-
gations, for here the fish are under close observation at all times and
any outbreak of disease can be discovered in its early stages. During
the summer of 1926, in addition to octomitiasis, which is now well
under control, two infectious diseases appeared among the fingerling
trout and caused considerable losses before control measures could be
developed.
The most serious losses were caused by an infection of the gills,
which had not previously been recognized. The disease appeared
during June and July among fingerlings of brook, rainbow, steel-
head, and black-spotted trout, and also among some small landlocked-
salmon fingerlings. It is due to an infection with bacteria, which
form a luxuriant growth over the surface of the gills. They occur
as long, threadlike filaments, which usually lie side by side so as to
form a more or less continuous layer over the surface of the epi-
thelium. The bacteria are colorless, transparent, and very difficult
to distinguish, even under high magnification. They are most
542 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
abundant on the outer third of the gill filaments, where, evidently as
the result of an irritation caused by their presence, there is a rapid
proliferation of epithelial cells. This causes the free ends of the
gill filaments to become greatly enlarged and in some cases distinctly
club shaped. One of the most striking features of the disease is the
fact that as a result of the rapid growth of the epithelium, the gill
filaments often become fused, especially near the tips; and in ex-
treme cases all the filaments of each gill may become united into a
continuous mass.
In addition to the marked proliferation of epithelial cells, there is
a greatly increased secretion of mucus over the gills, in which par-
ticles of sand and débris become entangled. Consequently, the gills
present a very characteristic appearance, which furnishes the only
reliable means of diagnosing the disease. In other respects the fish
exhibit no characteristic symptoms, and in fact appear virtually
normal until a very short time before death.
Fortunately the disease is controlled easily, one or two treatments
with a solution of copper sulphate being all that is required. The
fish were placed in a 1:2,000 solution of copper sulphate for one
minute and then removed at once to running water. Only a few of
the weakest fish were injured by the treatment, while nearly all the
bacteria were destroyed. When followed by a second treatment the
following day, the bacteria entirely disappeared and there was no
recurrence of the disease.
An infection of the fins appeared in two instances among fish that
were being held in hatchery troughs, but the disease did not spread
widely. The disease first appeared in a trough of steelhead finger-
lings but was quickly brought under control by a treatment with
copper sulphate. Later in the season the same disease broke out in a
trough of small rainbow fingerlings. In all probability it is a bac-
terial infection, but owing to the fact that several species of bacteria
were always present on infected fins, it has not yet been possible to
determine definitely which was the cause of the disease.
In most instances the infection is first noticeable on the pectoral
fins, which become thickened and opaque, but later all the fins may
become involved. A microscopical examination shows that infection
first occurs on the outer margin of the fin and appears as a whitish
discoloration. This is due to a thickening of the epithelium, which
gradually extends toward the base of the fin. Later, the thickened
region disintegrates and the fin rays become frayed and broken.
Eventually the fins may be destroyed entirely, although in the
majority of cases death intervenes before this occurs. The disease
can be controlled by the copper-sulphate treatment, as used in the
case of the gill disease.
“Fin trouble” is quite common in many hatcheries, and while it 1s
not always due to the same cause, it is believed that in many cases
it is the same as that which occurred at Holden.
During the spring of 1926 there were very heavy losses among the
advanced brook-trout fry at the Holden station. This mortality oc-
curred shortly after the fish began to feed, and in one lot the loss was
virtually 100 per cent. This heavy mortality was confined to fish
hatched from eggs that had been held in brook water or a mixture of
brook and spring water. Fish hatched from eggs from the same
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 043
source, but which had been held in spring water, suffered a mor-
tality of only about 10 per cent. The cause of the excessive losses
among these fish has not been determined definitely. Some of the
loss undoubtedly was due to an infection with the protozoan parasite,
Octomitus salmonis, and there is little doubt but that the mortality
among the fish in spring water was due almost entirely to this para-
site. However, another factor appears to have been involved in the
heavy mortality among the fish in brook water. It is possible that
the fish were weakened as a result of retarded development caused by
the low temperature of the brook water. It is interesting to find that
a similar mortality has occurred annually in several State hatcheries
where the eggs are held in cold water to retard their development.
In fact, the information at hand indicates that the common practice
of holding eggs at a temperature just above freezing is objectionable
and often results in greatly lowered vitality.
Octomitiasis has been prevalent at Holden for a number of years,
and the losses from this disease were so large that all attempts to
hold fingerling trout through the summer had been abandoned.
However, during the past two summers, since the station has been
used as an experimental hatchery, fingerlings have been carried
through the summer with comparatively little loss from this disease.
It has been found that while it is virtually impossible to get rid of
Octomitus entirely, the severity of the infection can be reduced
greatly by rearing the fingerlings in ponds, where they have more
room than in the hatchery troughs and can obtain some natural food,
such as insects and Entomostraca. In several instances, fish that had
become heavily infected with Octomitus in the hatchery, when re-
moved to ponds showed marked improvement within a week or ten
days; and at the end of three or four weeks the parasites had dis-
appeared very largely, the mortality was low, and the fish were mak-
ing rapid growth.
In addition to work at the bureau’s stations, the pathologist, at the
request of the State authorities, visited several State hatcheries to
investigate the causes for heavy losses among fish at these stations
and to suggest remedial measures. He was consulted by a number
of goldfish breeders, also, regarding mortality among their fish.
In March, 1926, an investigation was made at the Washington .
laboratory of the mortality occurring at the Central Station aquarium
following chlorination of the water. Dr. R. S. Taylor, of the division
of fishery industries, studied the chemical aspects of the problem,
while M. C. James made observations on the biological phases. It
was found that trout were killed by the concentrations found in the
ordinary chlorine dosages (0.3 p. p.m.) of municipal water supplies.
Survival in spite of such chlorination generally is due to a reduction
in the concentration through interaction with organic matter and
aeration.
A number of chemicals, all reducing agents, were found to be
effective in eliminating all chlorine in an aquarium supply and at
the same time were harmless to fish. Among these, sodium bisul-
phite and sodium thiosulphite were considered most satisfactory. A
1: 1,000,000 concentration of the former is sufficient to neutralize the
chlorine usually present in municipal waters, while sufficient thiosul-
phite must be introduced to give two or three parts per million.
544. U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Observations on the pathology of chlorine poisoning indicate that
extremely small quantities have the same general effect on fish that
much greater amounts have on higher animals. Death is the result
of suffocation induced by inhibition of the respiratory action.
Whether this is due to constriction of the arterioles or to edema at
this point is uncertain. The most striking symptom in gassed fish
is the congestion of the visceral blood vessels. It is noteworthy that
after exposure to chlorine for any length of time fish will not recover
when removed to chlorine-free water.
INVESTIGATIONS IN WISCONSIN LAKES
During July and August, 1926, limnological studies were con-
tinued on the lakes of northeastern Wisconsin by the Geological
and Natural History Survey of that State in cooperation with the
Bureau of Fisheries. Observations were made on 73 lakes, most of
them situated in Vilas County. Forty-six of these were visited in
1925, but 27 were visited for the first time in 1926.
Biological and chemical laboratories were established in two build-
ings at the State forestry headquarters at Trout Lake, Wis. Two
biologists, Dr. E. A. Birge and Prof. C. Juday, and two chemists,
Loren C. Hurd and Rex J. Robinson, were engaged in this investi-
gation.
Tn size, the various bod:es of water ranged from a minimum of an
acre or two to a maximum of 1,500 acres. The depths varied from 2
meters to 35 meters: in most of them the maximum depth does not
exceed 15 meters.
The lowest surface temperature noted was 18° C., and the highest
was 23.5°. The temperature of the bottom water in the deeper lakes
varied from 4.7° C. to 10°, but the temperature of the bottom water
in the shallow lakes was substantially the same as that of the surface.
A complete set of chemical and biological determinations on a
sample of water comprised 14 different items, not including a read-
ing of the temperature of the water at the time the sample was
taken. A single series of samples, extending from surface to bottom,
in Trout Lake, for example, included 83 different determinations
in addition to 14 temperature readings taken at the time the samples
were obtained. Field methods have been developed that make it
possible to complete such a set of determinations in one day.
These lakes have relatively soft water; the fixed carbon dioxide
ranges from a minimum of less than 1 cubic centimeter per liter
of water to a maximum of a little more than 15 cubic centimeters.
In 25 of these bodies of water the fixed carbon dioxide was less
than 2 cubic centimeters per liter of water, but most of the others
had between 5 and 10 cubic centimeters. The bottom water of some
of these lakes possessed a distinctly larger amount of fixed carbon
dioxide than the surface water; in Wild Cat Lake, for example, the
surface water possessed 15.4 cubic centimeters per liter and the bot-
tom water (11 meters) 22.3 cubic centimeters on August 24, 1926.
The lowest readings for hydrogen-ion concentration were obtained
in the lakes having the softest water; that is, in those having less
than 2 cubic centimeters of fixed carbon dioxide per liter of water.
In such lakes the reaction varied from pH 5.2 to pH 6.5. In the
lakes having a larger amount of fixed carbon dioxide the range was
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 545
from pH 7 to pH 9.2. In the deeper lakes the bottom water usually
gave lower readings than the surface water; in Trout Lake, for
example, the range was from pH 7.6 at the surface to pH 6.6 at
the bottom (32 meters).
The surface stratum in these lakes was well supplied with dissolved
oxygen; the amount varied from 4 cubic centimeters to a little
more than 7 cubic centimeters per liter. In some of the deeper lakes
the lower water possessed very little or no dissolved oxygen at all.
The quantity of free ammonia in the surface water ranged from
a minimum of 0.016 to a maximum of 0.68 milligram per liter of
water. In lakes having a depth of 5 meters or more, the lower water
usually contained a larger amouit of free ammonia than the upper.
In Lake Mary, on July 12, 1926, the surface water yielded 0.024
milligram of free ammonia per liter, and the bottom water (20
meters) 2.40 milligrams, or a hundred times as much as the surface.
In inost instances, however, the bottom water vielded mot more that
5 to 10: times as much as the surface.
The amount of combined or organic nitrogen in the surface water
varied from a minimum ef 9.073 milligram per liter to a maximum
of 0.88 milligram. The quantity of organic nitrogen depends chiefly
npen the amount of plankton that is present. In some of the deeper
lakes a larger amount of organic nitrogen was found in the lower
than in the upper water, but the reverse was true in the majority
of these lakes.
Most of the lakes contained no nitrite nitrogen, or only a trace;
a few yielded measurable amounts of nitrite, the amount varying
from 0.001 to 0.01 milligram per liter. Similar results were ob-
tained for the nitrate nitrogen, but as much as 0.08 milligram per
liter was noted in the bottom water of Trout Lake on August 14.
In only a few instances did the nitrate nitrogen exceed 0.02 milli-
gram per liter, and only a trace or none at all was found in the great
majority of the samples.
The 1926 observations included the organic phosphorus as well
as the soluble; only the latter was determined in 1925. No soluble
phosphorus was found in the upper water of one lake and only a
trace in another; in all of the other lakes the amount in the upper
water varied from a minimum of 0.003 to a maximum of 0.015 milli-
gram per liter. In many instances the soluble phosphorus was uni-
formly distributed from surface to bottom, but in others there was
a more or less marked increase in the lower water. In Lake Mary
there was no soluble phosphorus at the surface and at 3 meters, but
0.75 milligram per liter of water at 20 meters on July 12, 1926.
The quantity of organic phosphorus in the upper water varied
from a minimum of 0.01 to a maximum of 0.05 milligram per liter,
but it exceeded 0.04 milligram in only three lakes. In most of the
lakes the upper water contained from two to four times as much
organic phosphorus as soluble phosphorus. In some of the lakes the
organic phosphorus was substantially the same from surface to bot-
tom, but in others the lower water contained from two to four times
as much as the upper.
The silica varied from only a trace or none at all to a maximum
of 10 milligrams per liter in one lake. In most instances, however,
66552—28——3
546 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
the amount did not exceed 5 milligrams per liter, especially in the
upper water. In some lakes there was a marked increase of silica in
the lower water; in Trout Lake the surface water contained 3 milli-
grams and the bottom water (30 meters) 8 milligrams per liter on
July 9, 1926.
The chlorides varied from 0.53 to 3.1 milligrams per liter of water;
in most instances the amount was between 1 and 2 milligrams per
liter.
Two to 10 liter samples of centrifuged water were evaporated for
the purpose of obtaining the residue. ‘These residues varied in
amount from 12 milligrams to 88 milligrams per liter of water in the
upper stratum. A maximum of 144 milligrams per liter was obtained
in the lower water of one lake. In this connection it may be noted
that the hard-water lakes of southeastern Wisconsin yield from 165
to 255 milligrams of residue per liter. These residues are now being
used for the determination of the quantity of organic carbon, and
quantitative determinations of other substances therein are also con-
templated.
A Foerst electric centrifuge was used for the purpose of making a
quantitative study of the plankton. This material was dried in an
oven, weighed, ashed in an electric furnace, and then weighed a
second time in order to ascertain how much organic matter it con-
tained. The quantity of this organic matter varied from a minimum
of 265 milligrams per cubic meter of water to a maximum of 10,875
milligrams. In most of the lakes, however, the amount ranged from
800 to 2,000 milligrams per cubic meter.
SHELLFISH AND TERRAPIN
OYSTERS
Owing to the increased appropriations for the oyster investiga-
tions, the program of work relating to this important fishery was
considerably extended under the supervision of Dr. P. S. Galtsoff.
The investigations made during the fiscal year consisted in (1) sur-
veying the natural oyster beds and reefs, (2) study of the spawning
of the oyster, (8) studies of the behavior of the oyster larve and of
the conditions controlling setting in northern waters, (4) experi-
ments in oyster-seed production and collection, and (5) study of the
oyster drill.
SURVEYS OF THE NATURAL OYSTER REEFS AND BEDS
Texas—In compliance with the request of the game, fish, and
oyster commissioner of Texas, a survey of coastal waters was made by
Dr. P. S. Galtsoff during February and March, 1926. The purpose
of the survey was to determine what practical measures should be
adopted in order to prevent further depletion of the natural reefs
and to maintain, or if possible to increase, the production of oysters
in the State.
The survey covered the region extending 170 miles along the coast
of the Gulf of Mexico, from Corpus Christi to Galveston. Field
observations were made in cooperation with the State authorities,
who assigned the State boat Pearl to the investigator for this pur-
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 d47
pose. The Pearl covered 1,034 miles between Corpus Christi and
Galveston, visiting the following localities: Corpus Christi and
Nueces Bays, Corpus Christi Pass, Aransas Pass, Aransas Copano,
Mesquite, San Antonio, Espiritu Santo, Matagorda, Lavaca, Karan-
kawa, and Trespalacios Bays, Cedar Lakes, and West, Galveston,
and East Bays.
The program of observations consisted in the examination of the
bottoms, readings of temperature, determination of salinity, alka-
linity, and turbidity of water; measurements of currents; examina-
tion of oyster reefs; and studies of the plankton.
It was found that oyster reefs in Texas coastal waters produce
enormous quantities of oysters, some of which have little market
value; on the other hand, bottoms suitable for oyster culture are
rather scarce. It is necessary, therefore, to exploit the suitable
bottoms to their full capacity by planting young oysters on them,
and to use the overcrowded reefs as the source of an almost unlimited
supply of seed oysters.
The following recommendations for the development of the oyster
industry were based on this survey:
1. It is recommended that the State authorities encourage the
development of oyster farming under private enterprise and dis-
courage the exploitation of the natural beds as rapidly as the de-
velopment of oyster farming will permit.
2. In the meantime, it is recommended that the State authorities
aid in demonstrating the practicability of oyster farming and in
increasing the production of the present natural beds by (a) the
planting of single or culled young oysters over the bottoms in Aransas
Bay, Mesquite Bay, Lavaca Bay north of Sandy Point, Kellers Bay,
Karankawa Reef, mouth of Trespalacios Bay, and Matagorda Bay,
between Portsmouth and Pallacios Points; (6) the planting of shells
in Nueces Bay; (¢c) experimental planting of shells on Karankawa
Reef and in other bays in order to determine the setting areas.
3. Certain biological data should be collected, as, for example,
(a) observations of the time of spawning in various bays; (6) con-
tinuation of the taking of samples of water for further examination
in the laboratory of the United States Bureau of Fisheries.
4. Where reefs form barriers, preventing the mingling of fresh
water and sea water, it is suggested that the State encourage the cut-
ting of passes through the reefs by permitting the use of the “mud
shells” for commercial purposes.
South Carolina.—A survey was made in April, 1926, by Dr. P. S.
Galtsoff and H. F. Prytherch, of the coastal waters of South Caro-
lina for the purpose of determining the most suitable methods for
conserving and building up the oyster industry. Headquarters were
established at Beaufort, and an examination was made of the coastal
region from Cape Romain to the Savannah River so as to cover the
most important and representative oyster-growing localities. Deter-
minations were made of the physical and biological characteristics
of the oyster-growing regions as a basis for recommending such ex-
perimental planting operations and methods of culture as will bring
about the greatest development of the oyster fishery and the most
successful utilization of the oyster grounds. A report covering the
results of the investigation has been published, together with a chart
548 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
of the coast showing the general location and extent of the natural
oyster beds and the distribution of salinity.
It was found that, with very few exceptions, the natural oyster
beds are situated along the shores on the tidal flats and lie in a zone
between low and high water mark. This is due largely to the fact
that setting occurs, for the most part, in the zone between tide marks.
There are areas of the bottom, however, below low-water mark in the
tidal streams, sufficiently firm and unshifting, which can be utilized
for growing oysters, which can be obtained as seed by planting brush
and shells in the vicinity of the natural beds.
High-grade single oysters can be cultivated on these bottoms where
setting does not occur, but their marketable quality will depend upon
the environmental conditions in each locality and the care expended
on the beds. Some of the natural oyster beds are depleted and
should be restored and enlarged by a more extensive planting of
shells.
The following recommendations are offered in order to restore the
natural wealth of oyster resources, increase the production, and
improve the quality of the oysters grown in South Carolina waters:
1. A greater quantity of shells should be returned to the natural
beds.
2. The natural bed should be extended by planting shells on ad-
jacent firm bottoms.
3. Depleted oyster beds should be restored by planting seed and
adult oysters.
4. The closing of depleted areas until they are built up to a self-
maintaining basis is advised.
5. The collection of set on brush and shells planted on tidal flats
should be practiced.
6. Seed oysters should be transplanted to suitable bottoms below
low-water mark.
7. The experimental transplanting of seed oysters on the tidal
flats in the upper portions of the streams where setting does not
occur should be undertaken.
8. Adult oysters should be transplanted when necessary to prevent
overcrowding and to facilitate growth and fattening.
9. The development of oyster farming should be encouraged by
leasing the grounds and protecting the private beds.
Massachusetts —During the latter part of the summer a survey of
important oyster grounds on Cape Cod was made by Dr. P. S.
Galtsoff and H. R. Seiwell. The survey covered the following locali-
ties: Wareham River, on the Buzzards Bay side of the cape, and
Waquoit, Cotuit, Centerville River, and Chatham on the ocean side.
The first locality differs from the others in being chiefly an important
seed-producing region, while most of the oyster bottoms on the ocean
side of the cape can be regarded as growing grounds primarily.
This especially refers to the Cotuit region (Osterville Harbor), where
not a single young oyster can be found in spite of a very careful
examination of the shores and bottoms made in August. It is diffi-
cult to tell why the set does not occur on this bay, where general
conditions (namely, the character of the bottom, the temperature and
salinity of the water, and the tidal currents) are favorable. The
probable causes may be either the failure of oysters to spawn or the
eee Ca net is
fat ree oe a
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 549
death of the oyster larvee during their free-swimming period of life.
It has been noticed that adult oysters were rather scarce, being scat-
tered over a large area of bottom, a condition that, according to the
experiments described later, should be regarded as unfavorable for
successful spawning.
Waquoit Bay. —The oyster business in Waquoit Bay is of no im-
portance at present. The main reason for the decline is the accumu-
lation of eelgrass on the bottom, where it decays, giving off hydrogen
sulphide in great abundance. A region free from “eelorass, and
which appears to be excellent for oyster planting, was found at the
mouth of Quostinet River. The salinity in this section of the bay
ranges from 17 to 18 parts per thousand.
Chatham region.—Conditions similar to those found in Osterville
Harbor were found in Oyster River, Oyster Pond, Mill Pond, and
Stage Harbor. Observations made in this region indicate that set-
ting occurs irregularly and is never abundant. The grounds, how-
ever, are excellent for erowing oysters for market. The salinity in
Oyster Pond and Mill ‘Pond averages 30 parts per thousand.
Centerville region —The natural oyster beds of this section, located
in Bumps and Chequaquette Rivers, have been so depleted in the
past 15 years that no oyster business is carried on there at present.
A survey failed to show any mature oysters on the beds; consequently
there were no seed oysters. Only a few small oysters, probably 2
or 3 years old, lying in clusters, were discovered on the bottom at
the mouth of Bumps River. As no attempt at oyster culture has
been made for about 12 years, the continual taking up of the mature
oysters has exhausted the beds. The survey shows that the natural
oyster beds can be developed again by planting mature oysters for
spawning on the old oyster bed in Bumps River and the former
value of the region as seed-producing ground thus be restored. This
section is not suitable for raising marketable oysters, because in
certain seasons of the year they turn yellow and acquire a dis
agreeable flavor, but it is very suitable for raising seed oysters to
supply Hyannis, Chatham, and other farms nearby.
The results of the survey of Wareham River are discussed later
in connection with the experiments on spat collectors.
Mississippi—At the request of Hon. J. J. Kennedy, mayor of
Biloxi, Miss., J. H. Weatherby, temporary investigator of the bureau.
was detailed to make an investigation of the Mississippi Sound and
adjacent waters. The observations were begun on October 15, and
will be carried on throughout the year, covering various phases of
the life history of the oyster. The purpose of the investigation is
to determine the present conditions of the natural reefs and to work
out the method by which the oyster crop in the State can be in-
creased. The bill passed by the Louisiana Legislature, forbidding
the citizens of the State of Mississippi to take ‘oysters in Louisiana
waters, and the fact that at present about 50 per cent of oysters
canned in Mississippi are brought from Louisiana, make this in-
vestigation imperative. A preliminary survey of the reefs in the
western section of Mississippi Sound was made in October by Dr.
P. S. Galtsoff. Special attention was directed to the reefs near
Pass Christian, where high mortality occurs rather regularly among
the young oysters. Local oystermen attribute it either to the high
salinity of water or to the destructive activity of conchs. The ob-
550 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
servations failed to support either view, as the salinity of the water
was rather low and no conchs were found on the reefs.
Preliminary observations tend to show that the planting of shells
on suitable bottoms will probably increase the production of oysters
to such an extent that Mississippi consumers will be independent of
Louisiana.
North Carolina—A survey of Core and Pamlico Sounds has been
undertaken in cooperation with the State fisheries commission, Mr.
Seiwell, temporary investigator of the bureau, conducting the field
work. Since 1920 over $300,000 has been spent by the State in
planting oyster shells in these waters. It was the purpose of this
investigation to ascertain the results of the planting operations;
to determine the value of various sections of the sound as seed-pro-
ducing and oyster-growing grounds; and to acquire fundamental
knowledge regarding the physical, chemical, and biological condi-
tions existing in these waters and controlling the growth and propa-
gation of the oyster. Observations extending over a period of two
months (November and December) indicate that in Pamlico and
Core Sounds the currents, and consequently the distribution of the
salinity, depend almost entirely upon the winds; that the fluctua-
tions in the temperature of the surface water can be correlated
directly with a rising or falling air temperature; that bottom tem-
peratures are usually 2° to 8° C. lower than that of the surface;
that the oxygen content of water varies from 1,000 milligrams per
liter to 8.85, and free CO, varies from 2.2 to 6.8 milligrams per liter.
Numerous determinations of Ca content in water were made, and
many bottom and plankton samples were collected and analyzed.
The work will be carried on throughout the year, and special atten-
tion will be directed to the study of spawning of oysters and
abundance and distribution of set.
SPAWNING OF THE OYSTER
In the summer of 1926, experiments were conducted by Dr. P. S.
Galtsoff at Woods Hole, Mass., on the spawning reactions of the
oyster, which were studied under laboratory conditions. Both male
and female oysters can be induced to spawn by raising the tempera-
ture of the water. However, at a constant temperature the female
can be forced to spawn by adding sperm to the water. The details
of this experiment are given at greater length on p. 653 of this report.
The following practical applications of the experiments can be
made: 1. In certain localities the female oysters can be induced to
spawn by adding sperm to the water.
2. For successful spawning, the oysters should be planted on the
spawning grounds as densely as possible.
BEHAVIOR OF THE OYSTER LARVA AND CONDITIONS CONTROLLING SETTING
IN NORTHERN WATERS
In addition to the practical experiments, studies were made in
Milford Harbor by H. F. Prytherch in 1926 dealing primarily with
the larval and subsequent attachment periods, both of which are of
great importance from a scientific as well as practical standpoint.
i
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 551
Larval period—In Milford Harbor oysters usually spawn be-
tween July 15 and August 1, the exact date varying somewhat each
year. Then follows a light set about the 1st of August and a heavy
set around the middle of the month. During the interval between
spawning and setting the oyster larve supposedly swim about in
the harbor. A large number of plankton collections were made,
therefore, to determine their abundance, distribution, and growth.
However, on examining these collections, made at various depths
and different stages of the tide, it was found (1) that very few
oyster larvee were swimming about; (2) that of the few larve col-
lected the majority were either a day or two old or were about 10
days old and nearly ready to set; (3) that when the tide was at low
slack water the larvee were most abundant; and (4) that the total
number of larve found in daily collections, extending over a month,
scarcely reached 100, while millions of them were found attached in
the same place later.
In a series of bottom samples taken in the vicinity of the spawning
beds many larve in the intermediate and late stages of development
were found. This is but natural, for the oyster larve are adapted to
either a free-swimming or a bottom existence.
These studies revealed the fact that the strong tidal currents cause
the larvee to settle to the bottom, thus avoiding their being carried
out of the harbor. In other bodies of water, such as Great South
Bay, Long Island, where the tidal currents are insignificant, the
oyster larvee were found to swim actively throughout the larval
period. This investigation shows that the oyster larve, by settling
to the bottom, are able to remain and set in the vicinity of the
spawning beds, affording a sound basis for the development of in-
shore areas for the production of seed oysters.
Attachment or setting of oyster larve.—The location and distri-
bution of the oyster beds in any locality is determined largely by
the zone in which the oyster Jarvee attach. This zone varies con-
siderably in different regions, as, for example, in Long Island Sound
and Milford Harbor setting occurs from the bottom to a point about
2 feet above low-water mark; in Great South Bay, Long Island, it
occurs from the bottom to nearly high-water mark; while in South
Carolina setting occurs between low and high water marks in the
lower portions of a stream and only below low-water mark in the
adjacent upper portions. Attempts to attribute the possible causes
of this phenomenon directly to distribution of salinity, temperature,
food content, and amount of sediment in the water have failed. In
Milford Harbor, by means of floating and stationary spat collectors,
tide gauge, and current meter, it has been found that the predomi-
nating factor controlling and limiting setting is the velocity of the
tidal current; that heaviest setting occur during the period of low
slack water, and continues as the tide begins to run flood, gradually
becoming less intense as the velocity of the current increases, and
finally ceases altogether when the current attains a velocity of
approximately 10 centimeters, or one-third foot, per second. The
upper limit of setting varies somewhat according to the tidal condi-
tions, and especially the difference in levels of slack water at the
time when setting occurs each year.
Drift-bottle experiments in Long Island Sound.—On September 18
to 21, 1926, 500 drift bottles, with drags attached, were released off
552 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Stratford: Point and Milford, Conn., by Mr. Prytherch. Up to the
present time over 50 per cent have been recovered. The general drift
of the water along the Connecticut coast from Bridgeport to New
London is in an east-northeast direction. This shoreward movement
of the water is due to a flood tide current that rotates gradually in
a clockwise direction, so that by the last of flood it is running in a
northeasterly direction.
These observations, together with studies of the distribution of the
oyster larvee, indicate (1) that a set on the offshore beds in Long
Island Sound is obtained from oysters in their vicinity, and not from
the inshore beds or those found in the bays and harbors; (2) in
oyster-cultural operations on the offshore grounds the spawning beds
should be located just seaward and southwest of the areas planted
with shells.
OYSTER-SEED PRODUCTION AND COLLECTION
The studies and experiments made in 1925 by Mr. Prytherch in
Milford Harbor, Conn., showed that such inshore bodies of water
can be developed as oyster-seed producing areas by establishing
spawning beds and planting suitable set collectors on the tidal flats.
Several kinds of collectors were used successfully in obtaining a set,
and of these, wirebaskets filled with oyster shells* proved to be the
cheapest and most practical type. It was evident that the shape of
the basket should be changed so as to enable the oyster larve to pene-
trate more easily and attach on the shells in the center. For the
experiments in 1926 less expensive shell containers were constructed
of spruce lath, triangular in shape, and each had a capacity of 2
bushels and covered an area of 2 square feet. The oyster shells used
averaged 250 to the bushel.
At Milford, Conn., and Wareham River and Wellfleet, Mass., the
lath crates were tested for the collection of seed oysters. A résumé
of the experiments in each locality is as follows:
Milford, Conn.—In Milford Harbor, 1,000 bushels of oysters were
planted on the tidal flats for a spawning bed, and over these oysters
300 lath crates, filled with shells, were set out. The crates were
placed in various formations, so as to determine their value as seed
collectors and the effect of their position and arrangement on the
uniformity or intensity of the set. On August 15, a light set oc-
curred in the harbor, but counting the oyster spat in the crates was
not done until September 15, when they were large enough to be
seen easily. The examination of the crates showed the following
results:
1. An average of 2,000 spat per bushel was collected.
2. An average of 9 spat per shell was caught, giving the crop
commercial value.
3. A light set, averaging 4 spat per shell, was obtained in the very
center of the crates, and a heavier set, averaging 15 spat per shell,
was found in the corners.
4, The maximum number of spat attached on a single shell was 35.
5. Shells in the top and bottom layers of the crate caught a heavier
set than those in the middle layer.
® Suggested by Capt. Charles E. Wheeler, manager, Connecticut Oyster Farms Co.,
Milford, Conn.
i
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 553
6. Crates closely packed together collected a heavier set than those
ret out alone.
Wareham River—During the summer of 1926, observations and
experiments with mea collectors were conducted in Wareham River,
Mass., by Dr. P. S. Galtsoff and R. W. Crosley. In this region, the
oystermen scatter oyster or scallop shells over the bars exposed a
low water, and seed ‘oysters usually are gathered and sold in Beiober
or November. The salinity of the water in this region varies from
14 to 29 parts per thousand; the mean tidal range is about 4 feet;
the tidal currents, measured in September, 1921, are not very strong
on the flats, seldom exceeding one-third foot per second.
On July 19, 50 crates were planted in various sections of the river.
During the six weeks that the crates were in the water, eight of them
were broken and carried out by the tide. All the losses ‘occurred in
the crates planted on the west side of the river, those on the east
side sustaining the test successfully. In September the crates were
examined and the seed oysters on the shells were counted.
The results of the count show (1) that setting occurs above low-
water mark and was found to be heaviest about 114 feet above the
bar on which shells are planted by the local oystermen; (2) that the
number of spat caught, per bushel of shell, varied from 1,900 to
45,000, according to the location of the crate.
Wellfleet Harbor—Similar experiments with spat collectors were
carried out in Wellfleet Harbor during the summer by Dr. Henry
Federighi, temporary investigator of the bureau. It has been found
that the type of crate used in the experiment was not suitable for
regions where strong tidal currents occur. Of the 97 crates set out
in various sections of the harbor, only 43 remained, the rest being
washed away. Though there was no setting of commercial me
tance in the harbor, ‘the crates placed in Herring River caught ¢
fairly good set, varying from 1,200 to 2,900 spat per bushel.
The ‘investigation in Wellfleet Harbor shows that the areas best
suited for spat t collection are Herring River, Duck Creek, Egg Island,
and Blackfish Creek. The best setting takes place at a point mid-
way between high and low water marks.
Briefly summarized, the results of the experiments and scientific
studies show:
1. The conditions necessary for successful spawning and setting
are to be found primarily in the harbors, bays, and river mouths.
2. Such inshore areas, if not grossly polluted, can be rehabilitated
as prolific oyster-producing regions by the establishment of spawning
beds.
3. As shown by laboratory experiments on spawning under ad-
verse seasonal conditions, the oysters on these beds can be induced
to spawn. This was successfully accomplished in Milford Harbor.
4. The oyster larvee will remain and set in the vicinity of the
spawning beds in spite of strong tidal currents and river discharge.
5. Triangular crates filled with shells can be placed on the tidal
flats in the harbor and will collect from 2,000 to 50,000 oyster spat
per bushel.
6. By means of the crates, from eight to ten times as many seed
oysters can be colJected on a given area as by ordinary methods of
shell planting.
554 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES é
7. The crates can be planted on barren mud flats, and sand bottoms
or directly over the spawning beds, thereby obtaining the maximum
use of the limited inshore areas.
8. This type of crate can be used successfully, except in a few
regions where the tidal currents are unusually strong.
OYSTER DRILL
At the request of the oyster companies operating in Chesapeake
Bay, near Norfolk, Va., the bureau, since last October, has under-
taken a systematic investigation of the oyster drill, with the view
to discovering a method of checking the destruction of oyster beds
by this pest. Dr. Henry Federighi, who is conducting this investi-
gation, has established a laboratory (through the courtesy of the
United States Public Health Service) at Craney Island, Norfolk,
Va. The program of observations consists of a study of distribu-
tion, migration, propagation, and behavior of the organism. Field
observations made during November and December show that at
low winter temperature the drili becomes inactive. Further dis-
cussion of these studies may be found on page 658.
CLAMS OF THE PACIFIC COAST
During 1926 investigation of the clams of the Pacific coast was
continued by H. C. McMillin, scientific assistant, and Prof. F. W.
Weymouth, of Stanford University. Field work was carried on by
Mr. McMillin from April to September. An examination of the
commercial catch on the Washington beds indicated serious deple-
tion. The beds at Massett, British Columbia, were examined and
shells collected for growth study. Spawning was observed at Cor-
dova, and the set of young (1-year-old) on various portions of the
bed was determined. Swickshak Beach showed the heaviest set of
any Alaskan bed. Data were collected here to determine the correct
status of the form now described as Stligua patula var. alta.
Shells were collected at new places, and material is now available
for a study of growth on all important beds. A number of shells
from animals of known sexes were measured, and norms of growth
were constructed for each sex. Although the sexes are separate in
this species, there is no significant difference between them when
pene and determinations made without reference to sex give valid
results.
Razor clams move freely through the sand in a vertical direction.
Observations indicate that they are closely confined to a limited area
and do not migrate. Only part of them feed at one time and are
in position to be taken by the diggers; the others remain inactive at
some distance below the surface. The commercial digger covers the
ground on successive days without apparent reduction in catch. It
is difficult, therefore, to determine the abundance on any one bed.
Depletion may show in the commercial catch, but a definite measure
of the actual state of the resource can not be made. By marking
the beach with permanent stakes, the same area can be dug each day ©
and the catch recorded. A limited numbere of such observations
indicate that beds that have been subject to heavy commercial dig-
ging will show a rapidly decreasing daily production.
The razor-clam beds of Washington are in urgent need of protec-
tion. Tourist and commercial digging have so reduced the popula-
-——
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 J00
tion of the beds that only very young clams are commonly found.
A short report of these conditions with recommendation for a size-
limit regulation was submitted to the supervisor of fisheries of the
State of Washington.
After examining canned samples of Cardium corbis and consulting
with interested operators, a suitable method of processing this clam
has been worked out. By using this species it is possible for the
canneries to operate during the winter, when razor clams can not be
obtained, and during the late summer, when there is a closed season
for razor clams. The supply of this species is quite extensive and the
product is of satisfactory quality.
SCALLOPS
The scallop investigations in North Carolina, begun in July, 1925,
by J. S. Gutsell, have been continued through 1926. Special empha-
sis has been laid on spawning, growth, and longevity.
Spawning has been found to begin in the spring (if, indeed, it
ceases at all through any season) and to continue to the end of the
year. However, there is accumulating evidence, chiefly from the
collections of small scallops, that the principal spawning occurs
over a shorter period, beginning in early fall or late summer and
extending through the fall, perhaps into the winter. New methods
of collecting small scallops and of examining the collected material
have given greatly improved results for this as for other aspects of
the work, so that good evidence throughout 1927 is anticipated.
Growth data that show remarkable homogeneity of size grouping
indicate an increase in length from 114 inches in May to about 3
inches in the next fall or winter. Commercial destruction of scallops
at Pivers Island and other known sources of supply in February,
1926, prevented extension of knowledge of later growth and normal
longevity. These problems we hope to solve during the coming
year.
; On advice of the investigator, some modification of the scallop
season by the State authorities aready has been made. It is hoped
that when the present studies are completed, or sufficiently advanced,
detailed recommendations of practical value may be made available
to the State board, which has taken an active interest and to which
thanks are due for cooperation.
FRESH-WATER MUSSELS
Undoubtedly the outstanding work carried out in 1926 in connec-
tion with fresh-water mussels, of value to the pearl-button industry
for their shells, was performed at the Fairport (Iowa) fisheries
biological laboratory by Dr. Max M. Ellis, of the University of
Missouri, a special investigator of the bureau. After working on
the problem several summers Doctor Ellis succeeded in developing
a nutrient solution that serves as a medium for the development of
mussels from the glochidial to the adult stage. This elimination
of the parasitic stage in the life history of the mussels prom‘ses to
simplify greatly the propagation work that the bureau is conducting
with a few of the more important commercial species. Doctor Ellis
plans to develop the use of this solution during the coming summer.
T. K. Chamberlain, director of the Fa‘rport station, went to
Arkansas to represent the bureau in devising more satisfactory
556 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
regulations for the mussel fishery than the one in force. In company
with representatives of the Ar kansas fish commission, Mr. Chamber-
lain spent over three months in examining the state of the mussel
fishery in Arkansas waters. A large number of shellers and shell
buyers were interviewed, and tentative recommendations were drawn
embody: ng alternate open and closed sections of the rivers, which
were given publicity in the State press. Criticisms and suggestions
were invited, which resulted in some minor changes, but the “revised
recommendations were acted upon favorably by the commission
in November and are to go into effect on February 1, 1927.
The new series of sections alternately opened and closed fiers
from the old, mainly in that the average length per section is a
little under 15 miles, as opposed to the 70 miles’ provided for in the
program that failed. It will be possible now for all shellers who
live along the river fronts to be within a convenient distance of
some open territory at all t-mes.
After completing the work in Arkansas, Mr. Chamberlain began
a new series of mussel surveys in certain waters of the upper Missis-
sippl. In these surveys it is planned to develop new methods, based
upon those used by Doctor Weymouth in his studies of the salt-
water clams of the Pacific coast.
‘A survey of the mussel beds of certain rivers in Virg.nia was made
by H. O. Hesen, superintendent of fish culture at the Fairport
station, to determine the effect of former plantings of commercial
mussels taken from the Mississippi River. Mr. Hesen made fresh
planting of several thousand young mussels, reared by the trough-
culture method, which was employed on a small scale at Fairport
during the summer. There was no indication that commercial
mussels had become established in Virginia waters.
In connection with the studies of the life history of the more
valuable fresh-water mussels, a particular study of the habits of
the two species of gar found in the Mississippi in the vicinity of
Fairport was made during the past summer by Doctor Ellis. ‘One
or both species of gar are the hosts for the glochidia of the most
valuable of all the fresh-water mussels—the yellow sand_ shell
(Lampsilis anodontotdes).
TERRAPIN CULTURE
The experimental work in breeding diamond-back terrapins at the
Beaufort (N. C.) fisheries biological station continued to give inter-
esting results. Experiments in hybridizing Carolina and Texas ter-
rapins were started in 1915. It was hoped that in cross-breeding
the two species, a fast-growing animal with a flavor scarcely inferior
to that of the Carolina terrapin might be produced.
A cooperative arrangement for ‘hatching terrapins, entered into
with the fisheries commission board of North Carolina in 1925, has
been extended. An additional concrete pound, 125 feet in length
and 64 feet in width, was constructed to hold 1,235 breeding terra-
pins, which the State has supplied. It is purposed to hatch a lar ge
number of terrapins and to hold these young animals at the station
until they have attained a considerable size and have passed through
the most critical stages of life, when they are to be liberated for re-
stocking the sadly depleted waters. Several hundred young animals
were liberated in the vicinity of Beaufort from 1914 to 1924, and as
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 5OT
several of these animals have been recaptured the indications are
that a fair percentage survives to reach maturity. In 1926 the sur-
plus young, not needed for experimental purposes, were turned over
to the State fisheries commissioner, and 1,881 individuals were liber-
ated by him in suitable places in the sounds of North Carolina.
The total number of young terrapins secured in the fall of 1926
was 4,370, which is an increase of 1,402 over the hatch of 1925. All
of these young, except 735, are the offspring of the bureau’s experi-
mental stock. The terrapins belonging to the State, in part, were
received too late for the last breeding : season, and the rest had not
been in confinement long enough to have become acclimated. A much
larger number of young, therefore, is expected in 1927. The dia-
mond-back terrapin work is under the supervision of Dr. Samuel F.
Hildebrand and in immediate charge of Charles Hatsel.
FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES
Thirty investigators and others took advantage of the opportuni-
ties offered at the United States Fisheries Biological Laboratory at
Woods Hole during the summer season of 1926.
J. O. Snyder, head of the zoology department of Stanford
University, acted as director. The station was used to an unusuai
degree by permanent and temporary employees of the bureau, and
research facilities were afforded to investigators from other Govern-
ment departments, also, and to research workers from widely sepa-
rated universities and colleges. Doctor Snyder expressed himself
as in full Pa ie with the change in policy with regard to privi-
leges of this laboratory, inaugurated last year, w hereby, in case of
overcrowding, investigators are selected on the basis of the scientific
program contemplated, accommodations being afforded only to those
who are working on problems of special interest to the bureau and
who have shown capacity for energetic and productive research.
He expressed astonishment at the richness of the opportunities the
station offers for the study of marine animals, suggesting that the
failure to receive more numerous applications for these facilities
must be due to misunderstanding or lack of information on the part
of the younger investigators of the countr y.
The ‘laboratories, library, and apparatus were in good condition,
and apparently the needs of the various investigators were well
taken care of. Boats and collecting apparatus were available at
all times. The aquarium was in fine condition, and live material was
supplied promptly upon request of investigators. The particularly
efficient and willing service of Robert A. Goffin, the station collector,
and Capt. Robert Veeder, of the steamer Phalarope, deserve mention.
Raymond G. Hoffses, superintendent of the station, and Miss Jessie
E. Drayton, who acted as secretary, assumed charge of the many
details, which contributed to the general efficiency of the laboratory.
Miss Regina M. Ford was active in the library. She brought to-
gether the peridodicals and scattered books, catalogued the separates
that had accumulated, and arranged the duplicates on newly in-
stalled shelves. Alvin S. Eichorn placed the storeroom in order
and made the customary inventory of material and apparatus.
In 1926, as during the previous year, the laboratory was again the
headquarters of the oyster investigations conducted by Dr. P. S.
558 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Galtsoff and his assistants. Doctor Galtsoff and H. R. Seiwell
worked largely on the physiology of feeding and reproduction in
oysters, and field observations on various problems in oyster culture
were conducted by Dr. Henry Federighi and J. H. Weatherby.
The laboratory was made the center of the mackerel investigations,
also, under the direction of O. E. Sette. W.C. Schroeder conducted
his investigations on the life history of the cod and haddock and
completed his manuscript on the fishes of Chesapeake Bay, which
is to be published in collaboration with Dr. S. F. Hildebrand.
Dr. C. J. Fish and Marie P. Fish continued their investigations
of the eggs and larve of the cod and other larval fishes occurring in
the Woods Hole region.
Dr. F. G. Hall, of Duke University, assisted by Dr. Samuel Lep-
kovsky and Dr. Irving E. Gray, continued their excellent researches
in the metabolism of fish, with reference to various degrees of
salinity of water.
In addition to the staff of the bureau, researches were conducted
by numerous private investigators. Dr. N. A. Cobb, nematologist,
of the United States Department of Agriculture, continued his
studies, with the aid of four assistants, on the nematode fauna of
Woods Hole region. Dr. Edwin Linton and Dr. G. A. MacCallum
carried on their studies of fish parasites, as they have done for many
years past. Paul S. Conger, of the Carnegie Institution of Wash-
ington, working under the direction of Dr. Albert Mann, continued
the study of the diatom flora, with particular attention to the bottom
forms. Dr. C. B. Wilson carried on important studies in both
parasitic and free-living copepods, and among other things com-
pleted the examination of a large number of collections made by the
Albatross and other research vessels of the bureau.
Earle B. Perkins occupied the Harvard table while engaged on
color changes in Crustacea. Dr. H. B. Stough, Dr. C. J. Connolly,
Dr. W. E. Bullington, E. F. B. Fries, Dr. F. M. Baldwin, and E.
G. Agersborg were also engaged on private researches. Dr. N.
Borodin, of the Brooklyn Museum, visited the station in connection
with his museum work.
The fisheries biological laboratory at Fairport, Iowa, has already
been mentioned in connection with the work on the commercial fresh-
water mussels, and also in connection with the studies in aquiculture
made by Russell F. Lord under the direction of Dr. H. 8. Davis.
These are the major activities, but the station, under the direction of
T. K. Chamberlain, has been the center of other important activities.
A. H. Wiebe, a special investigator for the bureau, made a
biological survey of the upper Mississippi during the summer, using
Fairport as headquarters. This investigation, while under the direc-
tion of the bureau, was financed largely by the States of Minnesota
and Wisconsin and the municipalities of St. Paul and Minneapolis.
The plankton collections made will be studied at the Fairport station
by Mr. Wiebe.
An investigation begun by Dr. R. E. Coker some years ago, when
he was director at the Fairport station, was taken up again during
the past summer by Doctor Coker, at the bureau’s request. This was
a study of the effects of the dam across the Mississippi at Keokuk,
Iowa, upon the fish population above and below the dam.
OO I
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 559
Work of special interest to the bureau was performed by a private
investigator, George W. Hunter, of the University of Illinois, who
occupied a table at the Fairport station throughout the summer. Mr.
Hunter worked on fish parasites found in the vicinity of Fairport.
In the course of his investigations he discovered a new species of
tapeworm and a new species of nematode.
In connection with the aquicultural studies of Doctor Davis and
Mr. Lord, the station was able to conduct considerable fish-cultural
work on warm-water game fish. The fish produced were turned over
to the division of fish culture.
The activities of the fisheries biological laboratory at Beaufort,
N. C., were extended during the year. Dr. S. F. Hildebrand, the
director, assisted by Charles Hatsel and Irving L. Towers, carried
on experiments in diamond-back terrapin culture, the study of the
life histories of several species of fish, and observations and experi-
ments relative to the use of fish for controlling mosquito breeding.
A collection of 38 species of fish was made in the vicinity of Green-
wood, Miss., in connection with investigations pertaining to the use
of fish for mosquito control, carried on at that place during the sum-
mer of 1925. The fish have been identified, and a few undescribed
forms appear to be included. The stomachs of many of the speci-
mens have been examined for the food contents and a report on the
collection is being prepared.
Investigations relative to the use of fish for controlling mosquito
breeding, carried on for a number of years, were curtailed, owing
to the urgency of other duties. Only limited observations and ex-
periments, concerned principally with mosquito breeding in brackish
water, were made in the vicinity of Beaufort.
Elmer Higgins, chief of the division of scientific inquiry, assisted
by R. O. Smith and others, continued his investigations on the
mullet fishery and of the Pamlico Sound fisheries from August to
October. J. S. Gutsell continued his studies on the life history of
the bay scallop.
Toward the end of the year, H. R. Seiwell and R. W. Crosley were
detailed to Beaufort to study local oyster problems. The Navy
Department sent two investigators, Dr. A. W. Bray and Dr. J. Paul
Visscher, to the station in the summer to continue their previous
studies on the prevention of the fouling of ships’ bottoms. In addi-
tion, six independent investigators availed themselves of the privi-
leges of the laboratory.
Prof. H. V. Wilson, of the University of North Carolina, made
studies on the behavior of sponge cells; Dr. Bartgis McGlone, of the
University of Pennsylvania, continued his studies of the previous
summer on the effects of hydrogen-ion concentration on the fertiliza-
tion of the eggs of sea urchins; Dr. Hoyt S. Hopkins, of New York .
University, studied respiration in the tissues of mollusks; Dr. Elinor
H. Behre, of the University of Louisiana, studied colar adaptation
in fishes, especially in certain blennies and in a foolfish; Dr. Libbie
H. Hyman, of the University of Chicago, worked on digestion in
sponges; and H. Randolph Halsey, of Columbia University, made
some studies pertaining to the fertilization of the eggs of the stone
crab, Menippe mercenaria, and he also made studies of the effect on
certain cytoplasmic bodies of the cell of centrifuging the eggs of
sea urchins,
BUREAU OF FISHERIES
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i
Part II.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE DIVISIONAL CONFERENCE,
JANUARY 4 TO 7, 1927
SYMPOSIUM ON FISHERIES AND FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS
OUR OPPORTUNITIES: OUR RESPONSIBILITIES
By Henry O'MALLEY, COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES
I am very glad to welcome you to this first conference of the division of
scientific inquiry. We have an important work to perform, and I trust that
the results of this conference will be such that we will want its annual
repetition. ;
After you have had an opportunity to examine in some detail the work of
the various investigators, I hope that you may be able to direct your efforts
toward the most worthy goals, getting a perspective of the larger problems of
the fisheries and realizing their gravity and importance to the Nation. You
should have a self-consciousness as fishery investigators and a group conscious-
ness as the scientific staff of the Bureau of Fisheries that will add to your re-
spect for the dignity and significance of your daily tasks and increase your pride
in your chosen calling.
You fishery investigators are favored persons. You have unprecedented
opportunities, but with these opportunities there are equally great responsi-
bilities.
The attitude of the people toward scientific investigation of the fisheries has
undergone a distinct change in the last five years. While the tendency was
noticeable many years before, it has been only very recently that we find
dealers and fishermen, leaders of the industry, advocating fishery regulation,
requesting technical advice, and calling upon us to draft appropriate legislation
to protect the fisheries. While the fishery investigator formerly was looked
upon as some kind of a queer, impractical person, a “bug hunter,” he is now
regarded by the more intelligent fishermen as an expert with a deeper insight
and broader, more sympathetic understanding of the problems of the sea than
many so-called “practical” men. This change of attitude on the part of the
public has been reflected in the legislation of the States and Congress by
increasing appropriations for research. While formerly congressional constitu-
ents demanded only the establishment of fish hatcheries, now, particularly in
the marine fisheries, the demand is also for biological investigations, and funds
for this purpose are being provided.
The fishery investigator of to-day stands on the threshold of a new era of
scientific development. The new science of fishery biology is developing rapidly,
both in this country and in Europe, and promises to become an important and
honored member of the group of natural sciences. While systematic ichthy-
ology in America is based upon the names Gill, Jordan, Gilbert, and Cope, the
future development of fishery biology may well rest upon the names of many
of you here present. Fishery biology is entering upon a virtually virgin field;
there is no dearth of urgent and significant questions; in fact, every fishery in
every section of the country offers a host of problems too numerous to mention
and as yet untouched. Not only the practice of fishery conservation but the
very fundamentals still await investigation.
The opportunities for fishery research offered by the Bureau of Fisheries are
now superior to those ever before provided, and, needless to say, are superior
to those of any private organization or institution. Few institutions have the
financial resources of the Government for such work; none of them have the
facilities for collecting data or the authority to make these data accessible.
Few have access to library facilities equal to those found in Washington, and
few can offer their investigators such freedom of movement, such breadth of
field, as can the Bureau of Fisheries. The bureau investigator may pursue his
subject to its ultimate and complete solution and satisfy the desire for scientific
66552—28——4 561
562 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
recognition, which so often is a powerful spur to activity. The bureau’s employ-
ment offers opportunity for the making of a career. Academic honors and
scientific recognition are now possible, and adequate compensation and the pos-
sibility of material advancement make the bureau’s positions most desirable.
But along with all these opportunities, as I have said, come heavy responsi-
bilities. We can not deny or ignore the fact that our fisheries are declining.
A half century of the bureau’s activities have not been sufficient to prevent
depletion in some, commercial extinction in others. I should not care to say
that the bureau’s work has amounted to nothing, but we must conclude that our
efforts have not been sufficient to maintain the fisheries in their former state
of productiveness. We must, therefore, extend and more wisely direct our
efforts; we must succeed in coordinating and organizing the efforts of our staff
and of biologists throughout the country upon the problems of the maintenance
of the annual yield.
Our responsibility toward the fisheries is emphasized by the childlike faith
of the public in the efficacy of science. Science in industry has worked won-
ders. Science is introduced into business, into government, into every phase of
daily life; and it is natural and, indeed, proper to expect science to maintain
the fisheries for all time. This confidence is almost embarrassing, and in view
of the complexity of the problems of conservation, this faith may well be
shaken by the unayoiilable slowness with which results are produced.
But results can be produced, I am very confident, through cooperation and
organization. The division of inquiry must develop a comprehensive program
of fishery investigation, in which each of you must take a part as a unit in
a great machine,
It is my ambition to see this scientific staff grow in numbers and in effective-
ness far surpassing previous experience. I want men of ability and vision,
of industry and diligence, who are prepared to put the whole of their energies
and interests into the shaping of their scientific careers in the bureau. Half
interest and half time can never bring the results for which the bureau aims,
and the dilettante naturalist can expect no Government subsidy through this
bureau.
It is through cooperation that the great responsibility of your division can be
discharged effectually. The principles of fishery investigation must be carried
into execution, made applicable to the daily problems of fishery administration,
and, above all, must produce results for the benefit of the fisheries. The indi-
vidual investigator may be concerned with a theoretical problem, but even in
the prosecution of highly technical scientific work the ultimate aim of fishery
conservation must be kept clearly in mind. Some must develop principles, some
must work upon their application, but the aims and objects of our work must
be ever before us. We are all giving to the people of this country a service as
real and as important as that of any agency of production. This service to be
enduring and far reaching must be carried to the ultimate consumer or it fails
completely.
Your immediate problem in this conference is to devise means and develop
methods of effecting real fishery conservation, and I charge you with the respon-
sibility of perfecting a program of action that will be more effective than any
hitherto developed. I have no anxiety concerning your success, and I unhesi-
tatingly place in your hands the development of the scientific work of this
bureau, confident that through your whole-hearted endeavors the fishery indus-
try and the American people will receive benefits that will be a source of pride
to the bureau and to yourselves.
Mr. Hicerns. Mr. O’Malley has laid down our work for us very
pointedly, indeed. We all have our own ideas of how fishery conser-
vation should be effected. It is now our duty, as he has told us, to
coordinate these ideas, and therefrom to develop a policy. Before
attempting to lay down a general policy for the bureau, it is neces-
sary for us, I believe, to examine, as a background, the field in which
we must work, and I have asked Mr. Sette, in charge of the division
of fishery industries, who has at his command all of the available
statistics, to review for us just what can be found out about the
actual state of America’s fisheries.
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1026 563
THE STATE OF AMERICA’S FISHERIES
By O. EB. SErte
Assistant in charge, Division of Fishery Industries
The first thing we must face, in considering the status of our fisheries, is that
we have an invisible resource. One can cruise timber and learn the remaining
stand, and one can enumerate the acres of cultivated land, but the fisheries one
ean not see. All we know about the fisheries is what the fishermen bring to
market, and therefore, in considering this subject, we have to deal entirely with
the fisherman’s catch. Moreover, it is only by a consideration of the past that
we can understand the present or foresee the future, so that this discussion
will deal largely with the record as it appears in the published statistics of the
fisheries.
Our first records of this nature were made in 1880, 46 years ago, when the
first census of the fisheries was taken. Since then there have been periodical
censuses of the various regions. I have charted (fig. 2) a picture of these
censuses.
The squares in the horizontal row across the top represent the years for which
we have statistics of the fisheries of New England. You can see that they are
scattered pretty well during the period. On the line below are the Middle
Atlantic States. Below that are the South Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific coast, Great
fener Seale: Weeweerny serio Seema soles eee |
)
1925
\e80
NEw ENGLAND Z
MippLt ATLANTIC
Soutw AyLasnc
GULF oF MExico
PAciFiC COAST
| GREAT LAKES
Mississivm Rvtr
— oa Oe ee
COMBINATION USED COMBINATION USED COMBINATIONLSED COMBINATION UstD COMBINATIONUSED COMBINATION USED COMBINATION USED
As TOTAL FOR 1890 AS ICTAL FOR 1890 AS TOTAL TOR 16897 AS IOTAL FORIOCZ AS TOTAL FORISSD «AS TOTAL FORISID ASTOTAL FORISZ2
Fic. 2.—Years for which statistics are available on the fisheries of the various geo-
graphical sections of the United States, and combinations that were used in
compiling totals
Lakes, and Mississippi River. You will notice immediately that there are only
two years for which we have the statistics of the whole country—1880 and
1908. Even 1880 is incomplete because we haven’t the Mississippi River. The
remaining years are so scattered that it is impossible to compile the statistics
of the country for any one year to show the total yield; but as a substitute I
have compiled those that apply most nearly to the same year and include all of
the regions as indicated on the chart. It is an imperfect compilation, but it is
the best available.*
Referring to Figure 3, in 1880 the total yield of our fisheries, exclusive of
Alaska, was less than 1,600,000,000 pounds. This has risen, with some fluctua-
tion, to a total at the present time of nearly 2,200,000,000 pounds. The line
of dashes represents the yield in the Atlantic coast section including the Gulf,
which has fluctuated widely but shows an upward trend, running from about
1,500,000,000 to over 1,600,000,000 pounds in recent years. You will also notice
that the Atlantic coast yields the greatest poundage of fish. The Pacific coast
has grown from about 50,000,000 to about 400,000,000, an increase of approxi-
mately 800 per cent during the period covered. The Great Lakes and Missis-
sippi River together have yielded about 150,000,000 pounds annually from 1890
to the present time.
*In order to provide comparable statistics in the various years, all salt fish appearing
in the reports has been converted to the equivalent anfount of fresh fish. The statistics
on oysters, clams, and scallops are in terms of meats, exclusive of shells. Statistics on
Beer exrtery, shells, hides, oils, whale products, king crab (Mimulus), and frogs have been
omitted.
564 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Confining our attention now to the Atlantic coast, let us examine the
components of the present-day catch of fish.
The largest single item in the catch is menhaden. Of the total catch
(1,638,000,000 pounds), 770,000,000 pounds were of this species: Referring
to Figure 4, we see that the poundage of menhaden was greater than that
of all other fish combined and more than twice that of all shellfish. This
great predominance of menhaden is not often appreciated, probably because
this fish has not been used for food and thus is considered a “poor relation ”
among the fishes. But, despite our low esteem of this fish, it must certainly
be a tremendous factor in the ecology of the sea. In fact, the relative amount
in the catch probably underrates it as compared with other fish. For men-
haden the fishermen receive only one-half cent a pound. For other fish the
average price is 4 cents. If the fishermen were to get 4 cents a pound for
menhaden, it would loom still larger in the catch.
Cod and haddock rank next in quantity to menhaden, each yielding over
90,000,000 pounds annually. Herring is fourth in quantity, with over 60,000,000
MILLIONS OF POUNDS
1920 192
Fic. 3.—Yield of the fisheries of the various waters of the United States
pounds. The catches of mullet, alewives, squeteagues, and flounders are
nearly equal—close to 40,000,000 pounds annually. Others follow, in order of
quantity, as shown in Figure 5. It is interesting to note that two of our most
esteemed fishes—halibut and bluefish—are near the bottom.
In order to get a group picture of the changes occurring in our fisheries I
have compiled the statistics of several branches of the fisheries, grouping sepa-
rately the fresh-water, anadromous, catadromous, shore, demersal, and pelagic
fishes. Some explanation of these groupings may be in order. The fresh-water
fishes include all those that nominally spend their lifetime in the rivers and are
largely caught there by commercial fishermen, though they may be taken
occasionally in brackish water. Some of the important species in this group
are suckers, carp, catfish, sunfish, yellow perch, black bass, pike, and buffalo-
fish. The statistics of these may not be complete, for the canvasses include the
coastal streams only so far as the commercial fishery is relatively important.
Among the anadromous fishes are the shads, alewives, striped bass, white
perch, smelt, salmon, and sturgeon. The common eel comprises the catadromous
EE
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 065
group. Among the shore fishes I have included all species usually taken by in-
shore gear, such as pound nets, traps, weirs, haul seines, hook and line, and
gill nets operated in inshore waters. Thus, the sea herring, which has some
claims for inclusion among the pelagic fishes, was put into the shore: group
because it is taken mostly in weirs; and pollock, which is regularly taken
among the demersal fishes, has also been included with the shore group because
by far the largest part of the catch comes from inshore waters. Other species
of importance in this group are squeteague, mullet, croaker, Spot, butterfish,
drum, king whiting, scup, and whiting (silver hake). Among the demersal
MILLIONS OF PouNDs
Fic. 4.—Relative size of the menhaden catch
fishes I have included cod, haddock, hake, halibut, flounders, snappers, groupers,
ete. Among the pelagic fishes I have included all those taken primarily in off-
shore surface waters by such gears as purse seines, drift gill nets, and harpoons.
These are menhaden, mackevel, swordfish, ete.
By consulting Figure 6 we may follow the changes in yield in these various
groups. As might be expected. the group of pelagic fishes shows wide fluctua-
tions from 340,000,000 to 930,000,000 pounds in various years. It also has
had a decided upward trend since 1908. The demersal fishes aS a group have
had a fairly constant vield since 1890. The shore fishes reached a peak yield
MILLIONS OF POUNDS
50
SQUETEAGUES
FLOUNDERS
MACKEREL
CROAKERS
HAKE
SNAPPERS & GROUPERS|
SHAD
WHITING
PoLLocK
BiLVEFISH
HALIBUT
Fic. 5.—Relative quantities of various species of fish (excepting menhaden) taken
annually on the Atlantic coast
in 1902 but have declined since. The anadromous fishes reached their peak yield
prior to 1897, but have since then declined more severely than the shore fishes.
There seems to be an orderly coherence in these trends when considered in
terms of the accessibility to the fishermen of the various groups. The least
accessible are the offshore surface fishes, which roam over relatively large
areas and may be found only by much cruising in search of the wandering
schools. and are caught with difficulty when found. These show only a tre-
mendous fluctuation in yield and the trend, if any may be distinguished, seems
upward. Next are the demersal fishes, found over extensive offshore areas
566 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
but caught witu greater certainty. These show a relatively constant yield.
The shore fisheries are confined to a more limited area conducive to a more
thorough exploitation. The fish in this group passed the climax of their yield
in 1902 and since then have been taken in smaller quantities. The anadromous
fishes are still more strictly confined to limited areas during their spawning
runs when they are subject to intensive fishing, and their yield passed its
climax some 10 years earlier than that of the shore fishes and has declined more
severely.
We can not venture too far with general conclusions of this sort, however.
Each of the above-mentioned groups is a complex of species that must be
examined separately. For this purpose I have prepared a number of charts.
“oC}
“2
[e)
POUND
500
MILLIONS OF
300
206
og
)
=
Fig. 6.—yYields of various groups Eetcs on the Atlantic seaboard, 1880
to 1922
on a logarithmic scale to show the relative changes in yield of the more im-
portant species. The logarithmic scale reduces the curves to a convenient
form for comparing rates of change, and in interpreting them the relative
steepness of the slopes of the curves is the significant feature. Thus, if in a
given period the yield of a spez_es increases from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 pounds,
a 100 per cent increase, and another species increases from 12,000,000 to
24,000,000, also a 100 per cent increase, the slopes of the two curves will be
the same. In other words, logarithmic plotting expresses the percentage
increase or decrease.
Among the pelagic fishes (fig. 7), menhaden and mackerel fluctuate so much
that it is difficult to say whether the trend is upward or downward. It seems
slightly upward in the case of menhaden and slightly downward in the case of
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 567
mackerel. Swordfish present a slight upward trend and Spanish mackerel
(including cero) show a distinct downward trend.
Among the demersal fishes (fig. 8), cod and halibut show a general downward
trend (more severe in the case of halibut), haddock show a general upward
trend, as do also snappers and groupers, flounders show a most decided upward
trend, and hake showed a slight upward trend until 1897 and thereafter a
moderate downward trend.
All of the important anadromous fishes (fig. 9) show trends distinctly upward
in the early years and downward in the later years. Shad and sturgeon reached
peak productions earliest (1897) and declined most rapidly thereafter. Smelt
reached peak production as early but declined less consistently. Striped bass
and alewives, though showing a declining yield, have not fallen as rapidly and
consistently as the others.
Among the shore fishes (fig. 10), four species—whiting, butterfish, spots,
and croakers—show very marked upward trends. Scup and kingfish seem to
4
O
Tn
MMII
XN
MILLIONS OF PouNDS
ny Pp 2S
AL LE | U
) TT
-
1880)
¢ 8
Fic. 7.—Changes in the yield of several important pelagic species on the
Atlantic seaboard (on a logarithmic calc
1895
1900
905)
210
\O15
1920
have maintained their yield at a fairly constant level. Squeteague and mullet
grew in yield until 1902, and have since maintained it at nearly the same level.
Herring and pollock show a rise and fall of considerable magnitude.
If we group the species that have declined most seriously in recent years
(bluefish, cod, halibut, shad, and sturgeon), we find that they are all fish that
were highly prized during early years and have been subject to intensive fishing
for the longest time. Also, if we group those showing greatly increased yield
in recent years (flounders, Spanish mackerel, haddock, snappers, groupers,
croakers, spots, butterfish, and whiting), we find that they are species less in
demand in former years but that have been exploited more lately. It would
seem that in general the yield on the Atlantic coast has been held at a high
level by replacing the staple fish of former days with new species, which were
not greatly in demand in the earlier years. In some cases this may have been
due to economic factors. The cod, for instance, among those that have declined,
apparently has been affected by the decreased salt-fish trade; but in most cases
the declining yields seem to be the result of depletion, and the total yield of
FISHERIES
BUREAU OF
Ss.
U.
568
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SNAPPE
SQNNO0q 40 SNOIVIIW
O%e\
Si6l
OV6\
gO6\
ashi
s6al
Ossi
ssvl
O9e\
sal fishes on the
ant demer
“4 ale)
nport
a logarithmic sc
everal ir
s
yields of
anges in the
Atlantic seaboard (on
Fie. 8.—Ch
EE ae
fade ;
S\6\
O16\
OO6\
S69\
O69
S8el
one eee
ARIA AS
LS oge!
SQONNOd AO SANYSNOHL
a eS Sh eT eee
le)
ant anadromous fishes on the
arithmie sca
o
>
aboard (on a lo
Atlantic se
Changes in yields of several import
Fig. 9.
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926
THOUSANDS OF POUNDS
yao
2 ” S wo
3 2 2 B g
Fic. 10.—Changes in yield of important shore fishes on the Atlantic
seaboard (on a logarithmic scale)
\
\92
569
570 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
our fishes is being maintained only by drawing on new resources. If so, we
have a disquieting picture. Our substitute species may decline when they are
subjected to intensive fishing as long as the others have been.
Among the shellfishes we find similar tendencies. Referring to Figure 11, we
see that oysters, crabs, and clams have declined moderately; lobsters have
declined more; while shrimp is the only shellfish that has an upward trend in
yield. Oysters, clams, and lobsters were fished more extensively in the
earlier years and they began their decline first. The most intensive fishery for
crabs began when the dredge was introduced in the early nineteen hundreds.
This kept the yield up for over a decade, when it too declined. Similarly, the
otter trawl, introduced into the shrimp fishery after 1908, has been responsible
for greater yields, which are still continuing to increase. If it were not for the
greater yield of shrimp, the shellfish fisheries would show a distinct decline
since 1908.
Similar charts could be shown to demonstrate trends of the same nature in
fisheries of other regions of the United States, but it will not be necessary to
trouble you with the details. Suffice it to say, that while the Pacific Coast
States show a remarkable upward trend in the total yield of their fisheries, the
MILLIONS OF POUNDS
° 1 ° 0 Cc
3 q D o re) ro} Q at rx
2 2 © a o ® ® ®
Fig. 11.—Changes in the yield of the important shellfish on the Atlantic sea-
board (on a logarithmic scale)
salmon and halibut, which have been fished the longest time, are barely maintain-
ing their yields. The great increase is due to the sardine and tuna fisheries
of comparatively recent origin. As for the Great Lakes, Doctor Koelz, in his
report, has shown that although they have a relatively constant yield, this
constant yield has been maintained by the increased use of so-called “rough”
fish, which to a marked extent, have replaced the fishes that formerly were
considered more desirable. In the Mississippi River, we have a rise and
decline during the period, and if we omit the mussel fisheries we find that the
yield has declined quite markedly.
In conclusion, I wish to emphasize again that yield statistics have been
used throughout this discussion. According to these statistics, our yield has
been maintained and in some regions increased, but not by general increases
in all species. On the contrary, many of the highly prized species have failed
to provide yields comparable with those of former years. Their places have
been taken by species that formerly were not sought after. While this does not
mean that depletion is proven in every case where decreased yields occurred,
it does point out the fact that there is need for critical studies of many species.
If the yield of our fisheries is to be maintained, we must determine first what
fluctuations in abundance are occurring, then find out whether they are due
to natural or other causes, and finally determine what steps should be taken to
ee ee
*) & eae
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 Walt
conserve those species that are being depleted by agencies under the control of
man. Until this is accomplished, we will not know the exact status of our
fisheries
Hr. Hears. I think that in addition it would be desirable for us
to consider, from the angle of the fishing industry, some of the prob-
lems that need early solution. I believe that there is no one more
closely in touch with the industry itself than Captain Wallace, editor
of the Fishing Gazette, and he has consented to discuss with us some
of these problems.
OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY
By Capt. F. W. WALLACE
Editor, Fishing Gazette, New York
The outstanding problem confronting the fishing industry to-day is that of
providing a profitable market for all that our fishermen catch. The prosperity
of the industry rests upon two things—(1) larger markets and (2) utilization
of inedible fish and fish waste.
Dealing with the subject of larger markets, it undoubtedly is a fact that
the people of this country are not consuming as much fish as are the citizens
of other nations. This condition is all the more remarkable when it is con-
sidered that the United States possesses and has ready access to more prolific
and more varied fishery resources than has any other nation.
In presenting my ideas to a body of men well versed in the history of the
fishing industry, it will not be necessary for me to go into the details of
present-day conditions. We all know that the demand has been for certain
species, many of which are becoming scarce. The task before the industry is
to expand the market for those varieties of fish than can be produced in
abundance and at a reasonable price. On the Atlantic coast the haddock, cod,
hake, pollock, cusk, skate, flounder, herring, whiting, and mackerel fall into
this class, and there are many others—good, edible fish, but not appreciated
as such—for which a market should be found.
Any expansion in the domestic market is not going to be made entirely by in-
sisting that the public use more fish in their diet, but is more likely to be
brought about by a radical change in current methods of marketing. Acquaint-
ing the public with the value and variety of fish as a food is necessary. Ad-
vertising campaigns are being conducted by various branches of the fishing
industry, and these are worth while and comparable with the high quality of
salesmanship employed by other food-producing industries. However, the main
plank of the expansion platform is to give the public what it wants, and it
doesn’t want bones.
To my mind, fish bones, more than anything else, have deterred people from
eating fish. Prehistoric man may have delighted in sharpening his teeth upon
the bones of his rude provender, and some of our near ancestors were not
averse to worrying a herring, but in this day of mush foods, seedless and
stoneless fruits, filet mignons, and similar ‘“ easy-to-eat” fare, anything that
has to be dissected upon the plate is regarded with disfavor. I have questioned
children, asking them if they like fish. In most cases the answer was “ Yes,
but I don’t like the bones.” This fact has a great deal of influence with the
mothers. They are always fearful that the children will get fish bones in
their throats. As a result, fish very often is passed by in favor of other foods.
The same is true of older people. They consider fish messy when they are
compelled to separate meat from bones. In this hasty age, extra labor in
cooking and eating is avoided.
Personally, I am very fond of fish. I invariably have fish for lunch at the
lunch club maintained by the dealers in Fulton Market. At this club, naturally,
we have the best of fish at all times, but I have noticed that my preference,
and that of most of the members, is for filleted fish. Canned salmon, fresh
salmon steaks, cod steaks, halibut, and swordfish owe much of their popularity
to the fact that they are devoid of small bones; while the haddock fillet, the
greatest advance made in the fish business in recent years, is now being
marketed so extensively largely because it is boneless.
he U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
The fresh-fish fillet, as now produced in Boston, New York, and elsewhere
(a piece of solid fish meat, skinless, boneless, wrapped in parchment paper,
and shipped in handy packages) has proved that the American public will eat
more fish if it gets it in a tashion that will insure less trouble in handling,
preparing, and eating it; and when one notes the favorable reception accorded
fish marketed in this manner, it is not impracticable to state that all fish,
whenever possible, should be filleted at producing points and marketed as a
piece of solid meat, wrapped in parchment or packed in such fashion that it
can be handled with a minimum of trouble by the retail dealer, the chef, and
the housewife. My observations over many years, in connection with various
branches of the fishing industry and fish trade, have convinced me that unless
we market most of our fish in this manner we shall never succeed in creating
the larger market we hope for.
There is yet another obstacle to overcome in enlarging the market. This is the
matter of quality—of freshness. The fresh fish, as received by the housewife or
the restaurant in most localities, is a burlesque of the real thing. Even in the
best hotels, we, who know fish, receive portions that are decidedly stale and
unappetizing. A vast amount of stale fish is being served—enough to deter
many people from eating it except at irregular intervals. Not only is the
ultimate consumer receiving fish in a condition that fails to arouse enthusiasm,
but the trade itself faces selling difficulties and heavy losses because of staleness
and spoiling incurred by the present universal methods of shipping fish packed
in ice in boxes and barrels.
There is a solution to this problem, and leaders in the trade have expressed
their opinion that this solution lies in shipping fish in a frozen state. The draw-
back, however, is the public prejudice against frozen fish—a prejudice inspired
by the unpalatability of fish frozen by the usual methods. Certain species—
halibut and salmon, for instance—lend themselves admirably to freezing, but
there are other species that, when thawed, taste like nothing at all. Experi-
ments in brine freezing and with other methods have proved that fish can be
frozen, kept for long periods in storage, shipped for considerable distances in
adverse weather, and ultimately cooked and eaten without the consumer being
able to detect any difference between frozen and strictly fresh fish. The success
attending these experiments opens a new and desirable prospect for the fish
trade, for freezing methods that will not change the composition of the fish or
destroy its palatability make it possible for us to store fish when they are
being caught, thus insuring a more even distribution later at a more even
price. It means that we can ship greater distances, reduce the heavy losses in
transit. and enlarge the market; it provides the retail dealer with a product
that will not spoil before he can sell it: and the consumer will receive a piece
of fish in a condition closely approximating that of freshly caught fish.
Some very bright minds in our industry are working along these lines.
Personally, I believe that they are on the right track and that the future
development of the fish trade rests upon giving the consumer a ready-to-cook
boneless fish fillet with its quality and freshness maintained by shipment in
a frozen state. In bringing about this desirable end the various governmental
bodies, paternally interested in developing the fishing industries, can do much
in stimulating action by the trade itself. There is a conservative element in
our fishing industries that does not welcome innovations. ‘Get the fish on
the market with the minimum of expense, labor, and trouble” is their motto,
and this apathetic and stubborn attitude has not helped the business. In
fact, it would almost appear that the adoption of modern methods in most
cases was brought about by force, in the form of legislation, or by the competi-
tion of More progressive members. The Bureau of Fisheries and other organi-
zations, by recognizing the absolute soundness of marketing fish in filleted
and frozen form, are in a splendid position to convert the industry to this
practice, and much more quickly than would be the case if the industry were
left to discover this for itself.
Marketing of fish in fillet form involves numerous problems. The most
important, perhaps, are those of labor and the profitable utilization of the
waste. The labor problem is claiming the attention of many firms in the fillet
business, and a way of mechanically cutting the fillets is being sought. Machin-
ery is being used in some stages of the work, and one firm in Gloucester has
evolved an ingenious series of machines which will virtually eliminate all
hand labor in cutting the fillets. The Bureau of Fisheries might detail one
of its officers to investigate labor-saving devices for fish cutting in use here
a eee
a ee
PRQGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 S023
and abroad and publish its findings for the information of the industry
at large.
Before tackling the problem of waste utilization I would like to commend
the bureau's interest in the maintenance of the quality of fresh fish from the
time it is caught to the time it is placed on the consumer’s plate. Dp. : -
®Heincke and Mielck: Schongebiete fiir die Scholle in der Nordsee. Berichte der
aah Sees Wissenschaftlichen Kommission fiir Meeresforschung, neue Folge, Band 11,
e 4
7Baranov: On the question of the dynamics of the fishing industry. Bulletin of Fishery
Economics, No. 8, Moscow, 1925.
586 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
and other animals, has shown this to be far from true. There very obviously
is great variability in the conditions of survival, the yield varying widely
from year to year, even in cultivated organisms. We have learned, indeed, that
an organism must meet, in the course of its existence, periods of varying length
in which adverse conditions of varying intensity prevail, causing great unequal
infant mortality.
A species in the state of nature has existed throughout the ages. It has had
to survive the most extreme of these periods in length and intensity. Tees:
my thought that this variability in nature has played a major role in evolu-
tion and in the survival of species. Many characteristics of a living organism.
are of importance from this standpoint, and theoretically, at least, it is easy
to conceive that the reproductive power of a species must have an excess
beyond that required by a favorable or normal year.
I think of many characters of a species aS adapted to meet the normal or
ordinary emergencies of the annual cycle. The power of resisting freezing,
which many spores have, is an example. These many characters must be
developed far beyond the ordinary in order to meet the occasional extraordinary
conditions. For our purposes, however, I am thinking mainly of those char-
acters that serve to bridge the adverse periods of various durations. An
animal, developing warmth of blood, is capable of surviving more than a
year with less loss in numbers. So, too, the young are protected by the adults.
through the period of highest fatality, the protection in some cases lasting
sufficiently long to bridge an ordinary long period of difficult years.
Foremost among survival characters one must place age. The halibut
reaches a great age, as do the elephant and man. One inevitably thinks of
the significance of this age as a survival factor of first magnitude. The loss.
of one year’s spawning is but a fifteenth of the total loss for the life of an
individual, and after a period of adverse years the adult is left to spawn anew.
But species vary widely in such characters as food, habits, age, fecundity
or egg production—they meet the situation differently. Why can not we expect
infinite variety in the reaction of survival characters to the strain imposed’
by man? The halibut is long-lived and comes to maturity at 12 years. Man’s
attack on the adults shortens greatly the average duration of life and seems.
to me to be undermining the very character upon which the halibut largely
depends for its power of survival. May his fishing efforts not result in the
inability of that Species to meet and overcome some prolonged period of
adversity? In that case it may disappear, entirely or over large areas. The
reverse may be true of the herring—who knows? But at all events, it may
be fair to think that we will have as many problems as there are species.
Perhaps, using the factors of age, food production, egg production, and
migration, man may be able at some time to deduce some general law as to the
productivity of a species and as to the value of characters contributing to this
power of survival. The solution of such a problem may contribute vitally not
merely to fisheries science but to biology. The power of survival is an essential
part of the evolution of a species.
The most promising method of attack seems to me to be through expe1iment,
carefully observed by statistical method. Under known biological conditions of
age, migration, spawning, etc., certain results may be obtained. In time a
general law may be framed to bring these into harmony, but until then, and as.
a means to such an end, we certainly must seek results experimentally.
So much for the second great problem of fisheries science. Our first was to
obtain accurate methods of observation, our second to ascertain the method of
reaction of the species to the strain. Our third must be to devise methods of
protection.
After much thought concerning the halibut and other species, it seems to me
that almost all protective measures are based upon the degree of migration
existing. The reason for this is easy to see when the significance of a high
degree of independence between banks is grasped. An isolated race of fish is
depleted as a separate unit and must be rebuilt as a separate unit. With a
homogenous, freely moving species the case must be just the reverse—it must
be dealt with as a whole. Let us, then, set the study of migrations above all
others when protective measures are discussed.
It is not necessary to review at length the means of such study. Tagging,
the finding of racial characters, of differing growth rates, of finding physical
traces in the individual of its past life history—all these are biological studies
of great importance.
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 587
My purpose is not to emphasize to you the known methods of research. I
wish, rather, to outline the great problems; and in regard to the nature of
protective measures I find one of these great problems. j
To begin with, if restriction is necessary, there are many types of it. Some
species have been protected by saving the spawning adults, others by saving
the immature. There is no cold scientific reasoning back of these measures.
They are restrictive, they are expedient from an economic standpoint, they are
popular, and hence they are those that it is advisable to impose. Once restric-
tion is granted as necessary, and as either limited in area or general in appli-
cation, the choice of restrictive measures becomes economic and political, not
biological. I am not speaking of the salmon, of course, in which there is but.
one stage to restrict, but of marine fishes, many life stages of which are
exploited. Restriction and regulation, however necessary, are not and can not
as yet be based upon biological reasoning.
To illustrate, is there any biological reasoning that justifies the protection of
halibut young? They are the most abundant members of the species. They are
scarcely touched as yet. Many of those taken would die before maturity any-
way. As a matter of fact, however, an economic reason justifies their protec-
tion—they are not worth as much for food, pound for pound.
I wish to suggest here, as a biologist, that the existing relative abundance
of the various stages or ages of fish in nature is presumably that best fitted
for the survival of a species. That is, if a species spawns 1,000,000 eggs, that
habit has been acquired by a natural selection to meet the conditions of the
environment. So with the young—their numbers are adapted to conditions to be
met. But somewhere in the cycle between egg and adult must be a stage or
stages in which there exists the reserve power of survival. Until we know,
then, what characters affect this reserve power our restrictions and regulations
may be more or less arbitrary.
There is only one sound biological principle that I can suggest. That is, that
if mankind takes his toll before a period of great mortality, it must mean
less to the species, proportionately, than if the toll were taken after such a
period. That is, put concretely, if 1,000 pounds of fish exist, 100 pounds taken
constitute only one-tenth; but if this 1,000 pounds pass through a period of
mortality that reduces it to 500 pounds, and the toll then be taken, the toll
of 100 pounds constitutes one-fifth instead of one-tenth. If to spawn and
reproduce a species passes through such periods of intensified mortality,
surely one would safely recommend that wherever possible man’s toll be taken
before these periods.
There is, of course, another thought—that where a species taken mostly as
an adult declines in abundance it would be in order to protect the adult stage
as the weakened link in the chain. But, of course, industry has its say there.
To sum up these remarks on methods of protection, I would like to think
that I have impressed upon you the unscientific state of our present knowledge
and the great need of earnest study of basic principles by biologists. In fact,
some such remarks as these may apply to all three of the great problems I
have touched upon—in determining the trend of the abundance there is need
for careful study, in gauging the reaction of the species to the drain of our
fisheries and to the results of protection the possibilities and principles are
yet to be outlined, and in devising logical methods of protection the field of
thought and discovery is wide open.
Looking back over that which I have thought and written, it seems to me
that what stands out most clearly is the vast promise in this field of work
for one desirous of thinking as he goes. The accomplishments in every essen-
tial phase of marine fisheries science seem to be almost nil—to have been
sadly neglected, compared with what may some day be true. There is here
vast opportunity awaiting some clear-minded thinker in biology; and in view
of the uncertain knowledge of the basic necessities in marine fisheries con-
servation, no one taking that duty seriously can afford to expend his efforts
aimlessly.
Mr. Hicerns. Because I had the making of the plan, I took the
liberty of preparing a paper myself, as a target for you to aim at,
something to center our discussions on, something to carry in the
back of our minds while we are going over each investigator’s
individual work—the policy of the Bureau of Fisheries in regard to
biological investigations. I call them my own ideas; at least I
588 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
wrote them down, but you will recognize, no doubt, a familiarity in
what I have to say. I invite criticism; I invite discussion; and
being a target, your sharpest shafts will be welcome.
THE POLICY OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES WITH REGARD TO
BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS :
By ELMER HiIccIns
Assistant in charge, Division of Scientific Inquiry
The first step toward the conservation of our aquatic resources, taken because
of the well-defined conviction as to their imminent destruction, was made by
Congress in 1871, when the United States Fish Commission was established.
Spencer F. Baird, the first commissioner, outlined the duties imposed by
Congress, as follows:* That it should be the duty of the commissioner “to
prosecute ” the necessary inquiries, “ with the view of ascertaining whether any
and what diminution in the number of food fishes cf the coast and lakes of the
United States has taken place; and, if so, to what causes the same is due;
and also whether any and what protection, prohibitory or precautionary
measures should be adopted * * *.” Thereupon, numerous activities, which
had been conducted by scattered agencies such as the United States National
Museum, the State fish commissions, and private agencies, were stimulated and
centralized by the amazing energy of Commissioner Baird and his associates.
The United States Fish Commission (later the United States Bureau of Fish-
eries) has been, therefore, since its inception, essentially an investigative
advisory organization, whose duty it is to discover the need for and devise
the means of practical conservation work. The principal direction in which
the expansion of original plans has occurred is in the development of fish-
cultural operations, intended to prevent depletion or build up the fisheries that
have been depleted, and in the administration of the fisheries of Alaska,
including the fur-seal industry.
Due to the rosy promises of the newly discovered art of fish culture, Congress
was induced to add to the duties of the fish commissioner, at the end of the
first year of his service, the artificial propagation of fishes. Under the influ-
ence of Professor Baird, an admirable program was initiated and carried out
vigorously for many years. Investigations in marine biology were fostered
and encouraged. 1S Se
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PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 675
grows rapidly and which will adapt itself to conditions existing in small ponds.
The bluegill sunfish is the best that we have for this purpose at the present
time. The yellow perch is very good and has some possibilities. However,
certain objections have been raised to the use of the yellow perch for this
purpose.
Still another problem which, I think, offers possibilities is that of utilizing
two or more types of food by having more than one species of fish in the
same pond at the same time. The hatcheries throughout the country usually
haye only one species of fish to the pond. It is possible that two or more
species could be utilized in the same pond, and we could get a greater poundage
from our ponds in that way. This involves the utilization of all food in the
pond. We are approaching this from two angles—by the introduction of
forage fishes and by the use of two or more ecologically dissimilar species of
food fishes. We can introduce one type that feeds on the bottom material
and another that feeds on the plankton. In the past it has been a matter
of utilizing one food while others were allowed virtually to go to waste. It
seems to me that if we once know the practicable combination, we can utilize
all these various sources of food and thus get a much larger yield.
Doctor Van Oosten. The black bass taken in commercial seines
are retained in live boxes until collected by the State. Shortly there-
after a white film covers the fish. I have seen as many as 25 to 50
per cent of those fish with white coatings over the eyes. What do
you think is the cause
Doctor Dayis. Does it spread to various parts of the head?
Doctor Van Oosren. No.
Doctor Davis. It might be a bacterial infection.
Doctor Van OostEen. These are in Lake Erie.
Doctor Davis. That is the only thing I can think of at the present
time. It would be rather remarkable that this is confined only to
the eyes. It would seem that the fins would become infected 1f it
is the species I have in mind. There was found, of course, recently
a number of worms in the eyes. In fact, they have taken several
hundred out of the eyes of a single fish, but I think this would hardly
be found in this case.
TROUT CULTURE AT THE HOLDEN EXPERIMENTAL STATiON
By M. C. JAMES
Virtually all of our work bearing on the scientific aspects of fish culture must
be done at the hatcheries themselves. Formerly we were forced to move to one
or the other of the bureau’s stations, shipping equipment back and forth and
making the best of the facilities afforded for undertaking the investigations.
While every possible cooperation was offered by those in charge of the stations,
their first object was the production of fish, and our efforts sometimes involved
the destruction of fish and required space and necessitated changes that might
reduce production materially. The net result was a failure to achieve the
fullest results from the scientific work. Consequently the opportunity to
secure from the division of fish culture a going trout hatchery, to be under our
control with no obligations for the production of fish for distribution, was
welcomed. The Holden (Vt.) substation was turned over to us in 1925. It
probably is the only trout hatchery in the country to be devoted solely to
scientific investigations of fish-cultural problems.
Parenthetically I-may say that within the last few days there has appeared
in the latest issue of the Scientific Monthly an article, by Dr. Nathan Fasten,
which sets forth, far more concisely than I could hope to, the exact nature of
these fish-cultural problems. He cites 12 separate phases, and I am tempted
to refer to a few of the more important ones as an exact definition of the
purposes of our work in this field.
Returning to the Holden station, it is sufficient to say that there is a 40-
trough hatchery building with a room serving as a combination office and
laboratory, and necessary outbuildings. There is an excellent water supply—
both spring and brook. Of outside pond and raceway facilities there are none.
676 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
and the supplying of these deficiencies by the construction of 9 pools and 285
feet of raceways during the last two years has accounted for much of the
time spent there and for the somewhat limited output of a strictly scientific
nature.
A few words as to the conduct of such an enterprise may be permissible. It
is probable that the keeping of exact, easily analyzed data and records on every
condition occurring in the ordinary State or Government hatchery would
bring to light information that would surprise the keepers. Such information
as is generally recorded is fragmentary, unsystematic, and frequently an ap-
proximate expression of personal judgment. The fish records cover the lots
as groups, and analysis of diverse conditions is impossible. At the Holden
station it is a cardinal principle that every factor having any bearing on the
fish must be recorded. A ecard filing system has been begun to give ready in-
formation on the history and status of virtually every fish on hand. These are
cross indexed so that the fish in any trough or pond can be traced back to their
origin with all deviations from normalcy exposed; or any particular lot of fry
or eggs can be followed through to the final disposal of the last survivor.
Routine records are kept of losses, temperature, where changes are occurring,
growth (if desired), diet, etc. Any unusual manifestation in any lot is noted
as to time and place; this has proved to be of value in checking up in the case
of a subsequent outbreak of disease. In fact, such a plan will give, in time, a
mass of information, from the ordinary routine of the hatchery, that will be as
valuable as any to be gained from formal experiments. It may be stated that
with 6 species on hand from a dozen or more different sources, distributed
among 10 ponds and 15 raceway compartments, as well as 40 troughs, a sea-
son’s haul of notes can well be described as voluminous.
The feeding experiments cited at the beg nning are part cf a series initi-
ated four years ago and carried on at other hatcheries. Based, at the start,
on a belief that some of the many difficulties besetting the rearing of trout
might reasonably be expected to have their origin, to some degree, in the diets
of artificial culture, the assumption of vitamin deficiency was entertained.
First attempts to improve such a condition (if it existed) by the enrichment
of various foods with substances of high vitamin value, like cod-liver oil and
yeast, were not highly successful. The most encouraging results were obtained
in the augmentation of the diet of rainbow trout with vitamin A from cod-
liver oil and vitamin B from yeast and natural sources. A short time later,
investigations by other workers brought out the fact that liver, heart, etce.,
were much richer in vitamins than had been suspected. Less emphasis has
been placed on this branch of the work of late; it has been developed that
under some circumstances a vitamin enrichment of the diet of rainbow trout,
by means of cod-liver oil, has been of some benefit, but our experiments have
consistently shown the reverse to be true in the case of brook trout.
The more recent work (that of the past season) was deyoted to determining
the effects of various diets on a serious disease that prevails at Holden; to
determining the relative values of the common diets of present practice (beef
heart and liver and sheep liver) ; and to the development of three new prod-
ucts to supplement the meat diets. Beef liver was found to be apparently
better, as regards lower mortality and increased growth, when compared with
the other meats mentioned. The superiority is more marked, of course, where
fish are to be reared to large size rather than planted as early fingerlings.
The new products utilized were soy-bean oil meal, a dried shrimp, and a clam
meal. It is widespread practice among fish-cultur sts to feed their larger fish
a mixture of fresh meat with a large proportion of a cheaper meal cereal, such
as middlings or a low-grade flour. There is a serious doubt that the carbohy-
drate of these materials enters into the nutrition of trout very extensively, and
the purpose of the products mentioned above was to obtain the roughage values
obtained from cereals, and at the same time feed a high protein ration to fur-
ther growth and condition, and at the same time supplant part of the expensive
meat. It can be said that experiments on a small scale have shown no objec-
tionable features in these substances; with some promise of real benefit in the
case of the clam meal, and their use will be continued in a more practical way.
The procedure and technique of these feeding experiments do not appear
to have the complexity that would warrant the application of the term “ scien-
tific”’ The simple process of feeding one lot of fish a certain diet and an-
other lot a different diet, and observing their reactions, growth, and mortality.
would not seem to require a highly specialized training or a broad erudition.
This is true; but at the same time it must be recalled that our present knowl-
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 677
edge of vitamins has been gained from a multitude of experiments no more
complicated than this. The work with fish enjoys certain advantages and
suffers certain handicaps, in comparison with the vitamin investigations in
higher animals. From a statistical standpoint, the results gained from ex-
periment with a lot of 1,000 fish are worth more than those gained from a
single individual or 5 or 10 rats or pigeons. At the same time, the vitamin
investigators have a “standard rat” to work with, as well as uniform speci-
mens of pigeons, ete., and they exercise almost complete control over the
environmental conditions in which their animals exist. There is no such
thing as a “standard trout,’ and the great fluctuation in the growth rate of
fingerlings, the frequency and severity of epidemics, the changes in water
conditions, the cannibalism, the inability to keep an accurate check on food
consumption, combine to furnish the fish dietitian with food for thought for his
idle moments.
Concerning the subject of fish breeding, I can offer little more than a pros-
pectus at present. Briefly, this is merely the application of the universally
known principles of selection of parent stock for desirable qualities, such as
man practices wherever he is rearing animal or vegetable life for his use.
Strangly enough, application of these simple principles has been merely rudi-
mentary. At all hatcheries there has been, consciously or unconsciously, a
selection of the future brood stock from the better grade of breeders, but the
practice has been spasmodic, applied to large groups chiefly, little accurate check
of results has been kept, and selection for specific qualities has been largely
ignored. The commercial dealers probably have accomplished the most in
this field, and while their efforts and achievements have been commendable,
the need for immediate monetary profits necessarily has circumscribed their
efforts.
We have been forestalled, in our plans to inaugurate a program of scientific
selective breeding, by an undertaking at the New Jersey State hatchery.
Doctor Embody, of Cornell University, is directing this project. Briefly, they
now have a fourth generation of selected brook trout. The original stock
consisted of survivors from a large number of hatchery fish that had been sub-
jected to all the vicissitudes of ordinary hatchery life, including a serious
epidemic. Enough remained to permit the work to proceed on a similar basis
for the succeeding generations. Summarized, they have cut down the mor-
tality, at the July fingerling stage, from 98 per cent to 380.8 per cent in the
1925 generation. At the same time, the average length at this age has in-
creased from 2 to 3% to 4 inches. Thus, the primary selection was exclu-
sively for disease-resisting characters, and this has been adhered to through-
out, aithough rapid growth has entered into the selection from the later gener-
ations as a secondary character. This has been accomplished by what is
really mass selection with no attention paid to individual qualities. Inci-
dentally, I know of no publication, save the report of this work, that treats
of the selective breeding of trout, except in a cursory way, and that sets forth
a definite program and describes the results of that program in a definite,
reliable, and comparable manner,
As stated, efforts in this field at the Holden station are chiefly aspiration.
This fall we took eggs from a lot of brook trout that have shown rapid
growth and early sexual maturity. This is the first yield of eggs from these
fish, and we will be in position soon to determine whether this precocity has a
definite influence on the vitality of the eggs or fry. This has been mass selec-
tion, as the early-maturing character was common to all the fish that spawned,
and no other outstanding differences existed. We also have one lot of this
year’s fingerlings, which exhibits the disease-resisting character to a greater
degree than does the general hatchery stock. These probably will not yield
eggs in any quantity until 1928. There is also on hand a lot of this year’s
fingerlings, which has exhibited splendid growth, and these will be depended
upon as parents of a strain that emphasizes this quality. As for individual
selection, we have this year taken eggs from five or six females that showed
desirable qualities in the way of color, form, and production of a large
number of eggs. These eggs will be segregated, of course, and the lots will
continue to be handled thus until maturity. The fish spawned from individ-
ually selected stock are marked by numbered tags for future recognition, and
the best males are selected for pairing with these fish whenever enough of the
latter are ripe. However, extensive attempts to establish pedigreed stock will
be deferred until the general strains have become well established.
678 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
This limited experience has demonstrated already that the demands of this
sort of work, as regards time, effort, and space, are heavy and that the wisdom
of having a hatchery devoted exclusively to this type of investigation is un-
questionable. It is evident that the selective breeding experiments will require
several years in the immediate future that will be barren of results; but the
ultimate outcome will be of fundamental value. If it is not already evident.
I should state in closing that all of the work at the Holden station is extremely
practical and has as its aim the immediate application of all es to the
improvement of fish cultural practice.
POND CULTURE
By Russet F. Lorp
Doctor Davis already has given an idea of the program we have initiated in
the past summer at the Fairport biological station. Although fishponds may
be small, pond culture is a large subject, notwithstanding. Many elementary
and practical questions concerning the propagation of our pondfishes have not
yet been answered satisfactorily. Here are some examples:
What is the best number of fish to rear in a pond of certain size?
Should adults and young be raised together, or should young fish be removed
to rearing ponds?
If the latter, at what stage in their development and by what method?
Should species be isolated in separate ponds?
If this is not necessary, what species can be raised together best?
Is the use of fertilizer practical?
If so, what kind of fertilizer should be used, in what amounts, when should
it be applied, and for what reasons?
Questions thus pile up; questions as to the best varieties of aquatic vegetation,
questions concerning the relation of aquatic vegetation to plankton and other
natural food, questions as to the use of forage minnows—in short, a great
problem of ecological relationship.
Various experimental data, from 22 pends, are being collected at Fairport in
an attempt to answer these questions. Mot a single conclusion has been reached
so far as to any of these. They could not possibly be settled in a short time.
Indications, however, are numerous.
One phase of these experiments consists of systematic observations on each
pond, in which records of the amounts of net plankton and nanoplankton per
unit volume of water, water temperature records (surface and bottom twice
daily), pH determinations, turbidity readings, and chemical determinations of
dissolved oxygen are being secured and filed. A check has been made on the
rates of growth of different species in the different ponds, also. Commercial
fertilizer has been applied for varying periods and in varying amounts for cer-
tain series of ponds.
This is the briefest possible review of this phase of the work and does not
attempt to go into any of the details. On the forage minnows, however, I shall
spend a little more time. Perhaps if I tell you some of the things contained in
a more or less complete report on one of the species experimented with, it will
give you an idea of how the work has been carried on.
It was planned to experiment with various minnows in the hope of finding
several species that would be suitable as forage fish in the bass ponds. The
golden shiner (Abramis crysoleuwcus) and the black-head minnow (Pimephales
promelas) were the only two suitable species that could be secured in numbers
sufficient for practical experiments. Work was done also with the common
goldfish.
Pond No. B 138, of 1,482 square feet (0.034 acre), was used as the rearing
pond for the black-head minnows. This small pond had been wintered dry.
On April 23, 4% pounds of fertilizer were placed in it and the water turned in.
On June 5, 4% pounds of fertilizer also were placed in it, and then from June
19 to August 30, inclusive, 2 pounds of fertilizer were applied at approximately
five-day intervals.
On May 1 the pond was stocked with 72 adult black-head minnows. On May
15, 19 more were introduced, bringing the total up to 91 adults for the pond.
These fish were secured in the sloughs of the Mississippi and Cedar Rivers.
The pond was watched carefully for the first signs of spawning.
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 679
On May 21 a piece of floating wood was found in the pond with many
hundred closely arranged eggs adhering to the under surface. The movements
of well-developed embryos could be seen through the shells. A sample of these
ggs was taken to the laboratory and more closely examined. Hatching began
in the afternoon and was still in progress on May 22. Almost all of the
emerging fry, however, were weak and dying, and before night all that had
hatched, as well as the unhatched eggs, were all dead in the jar of water in
which they had been placed. Fortunately, the nesting habits of this fish made
detailed observations possible.
After the discovery of the first eggs on the floating wood, several boards,
about 3 by 10 inches in size, were placed along the banks of the pond, about
8 inches under the surface. It was thus easy to take up each board for
examination and then replace it in the soft pond bank. These nest boards
Were given numbers, and daily observations were made. During the season
it was possible to examine 20 nests; and several other nests, out of reach on
the under surface of the various pipe and platform supports, were indicated
by the actions of guarding fish. The last eggs were observed on August 6.
The following data was secured from observations on the 20 nests mentioned
above:
Time of first appearance of eggs to first eggs eyed, average four days.
Time of first appearance of eggs to first eggs hatched, average six days.
Time of first appearance of eggs to total eggs hatched, average nine days.
The eg°s of the blackhead minnow thus required a period of six days (at
the temperatures given for the pond) from the time of their first appearance
to the time of hatching. The eggs were not, however, all placed upon a nest
board at once, but sometimes in as many as four successive lots. It was
found that the eggs eyed and hatched in the exact order of their appearance
upon the nest boards. No attempt was made to see if all the eggs on a certain
nest were from a single female. Two fish, however, were all that ever were
seen near a nest at the same time.
The habits of adult blackhead minnows were especially interesting. One
or both of the parent fish were always seen near the nest board. Usually
they kept immediately under the eggs and were very active, moving fins, tail,
and body constantly. The male fish was the more aggressive, and when
attempts were made to eatch various males with a dip net, they would swim
under, over, and around it, but refused to be frightened away from the nest
permanently. When two fish were present, the female kept quietly under the
nest board, at the shore end, and always returned to her position.
Thus, the protective instinct seems to be highly developed in these minrows
For example, on May 28 two males were found fighting vigorously. The scene
of action was close to the nest of the larger fish, which had been observed
often enough to be recognized easily, and hostilities evidently began when
the smaller male discovered the loss of his entire nest and went in search
of it. This nest had been removed to another pond to see if the eggs would
hatch without parental protection. The male on guard at nest D, however,
resented the inquiring stranger and was quick to defend his own eggs. The
two fighting males had a firm grip on each other’s jaws and were shaking
their heads and bodies strongly. As they approached the surface of the pond
both fish were scooped up with one dip of the net and examined. Both were
male Pimephales promelas. The color was deep black, especially about the
head, with two large bands of gold from the belly part way up the sides, and
a third, smaller patch of gold near the belly side of the peduncle. Tubercles
were prominent on the snout. Both of these fish were returned, uninjured,
to the pond.
On other occasions the guarding males would nibble at investigating fingers
whenever a nest board was touched. They appeared to become more fearless
as the hatching time approached. This display of aggressiveness seemed to be
essential, as many times water beetles and water bugs, both adults and larve,
were taken in the act of destroying the eggs on some nest board. In fact,
when nests were transferred to other ponds where these beetles were abundant,
it was necessary to protect them with fine wire screen.
The growth of fingerlings also was noted with interest. A large sample of
blackhead minnow fingerling was measured on August 17. As the spawning
had been more or less continuous from May 21 to August 6, it was not sur-
prising to find the fish varying in size from 8 to 40 millimeters. Most of the
680 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
larger fingerlings easily avoided the small hand seine that was used in the
collecting, but the fish caught indicated a fairly even distribution, from the
very smallest to those in the 40-millimeter class. The actual body lengths and
the distribution for these lengths follow:
Total number Total number
Body length, of fish at this | Body length of fish at this
millimeters length millimeters length
[er et Fee Sty Be SILT, 10 a We rcs a, oi le es ee ai
Ore ee 8.) AS 22222 ee te eee 4
GU) 2 ahs Ne Eee ts Da ares DA AO) 2c Nae ee al
EL etal eam ES pags Fee care aS ct 4.0) 20 222 22) 2 of
i ee en eS Se ee ee Biel ec ee 2 all
i [5 eee a eS te SE ee OS Ror let 4 2A Se Te al
iy: Sag i gp Dara htop aot tit Boe te 4
Mn Sia 5 ele a ah 9 aide ere Aaa 14.) 30.2. 2° 3 oe ee nl
6 eel oe NOs gh PIAS < ow an Oh AQ) re ee as Ne il
As to plankton, samples of net plankton were collected from May 8 to
September 15, inclusive. The May samples showed the highest concentration of
the season, and even this was very low in comparison to most of the other ponds.
The supply of net plankton continued to be very scarce throughout the summer.
This was not surprising, considering the great number of young fish so small
a pond was supporting.
Nanoplankton was collected from July 31 to September 15, inclusive. The
amount of nanoplankton was several times that of the net.
There was a good supply of aquatic plants in this pond. Potamogeton was
abundant at one end of the pond and submerged Ceratophyllum and Elodea
also were common, A jellylike blue-green algze that floated on the surface on
hot days also was very abundant. A scum of the ‘jelly’ had to be removed
from the surface of the pond on two occasions. Other algze (filamentous forms)
also was abundant, but no attempt was made to study the alge of this pond
in any detail. Aphanizomenon, so abundant in other ponds, was not present
ime: 13.
The miscellaneous records taken at regular intervals include water tem-
perature, pH, turbidity, and oxygen content.
Pond No. B 138 was drained on October 14 and the fish were removed. The
minnows were first culled by allowing the smaller fish to pass through the
meshes of a net that retained the larger. Four hundred and fifty-eight large
minnows were thus separated and counted. Only one fish of this entire lot
was clearly an adult. The rest of the minnows were very uniform in size
and were no larger than blackhead fingerlings hatched in the first week of
June. The smaller fish ranged from 12 to 41 millimeters in body length at a
weight of 500 fish to 3 ounces. The larger minnows were not weighed, but in
comparison to D 8 bass fingerlings, these minnows would easily average 7
ounces to 100 fish. There were 6,500 of the smaller minnows. Production
for the pond was 6,500 small fingerlings at 39 ounces, 367 large fingerlings (458
less the original 91) at 25.69 ounces (estimated), 6,867 total fingerling pro-
duction, weighing 64.69 ounces.
Production per acre was computed at 201,971 fingerlings of all sizes weighing
approximately 119 pounds (smaller minnows at 71 pounds 11 ounces and larger
minnows at 47 pounds 4 ounces).
What are the possibilities of this minnow as a forage fish for bass? Of
course, a single summer’s observations of the life history and general habits
are not sufficient for exact conclusions, but the present observations do indicate
that it is a valuable fish. The following facts are cited:
1. After a size of 25 to 30 millimeters was reached, the fish were observed
feeding on alge to a great extent.
2. The species was prolific, having increased in numbers about seventy-five
times by the end of the summer,
3. It spawned on boards placed for the purpose, and thus its distribution to
other ponds was made easy.
4. The spawning season was of long duration. This would supply both small
and large bass with a supply of fish food throughout the growing season.
5. It appeared to be relished by the game fish.
A few trials made during the summer showed that bass and erappie readily
took to these minnows as food. A large nest of eggs in hatching condition
were placed in a crappie pond on June 24. When the pond was drained on
September 21 there was a survival of only 4 minnows out of hundreds that
a a
PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 681
must have hatched. The crappie from this pond were reported to be in better
condition than in other years, and we might conclude that the minnows were
somewhat responsible for this.
Another nest placed in bass-rearing pond No. E 1 had no survivors; and from
1,000 fingerling black-heads (estimated) placed in another pond, none were
recovered in the fall.
The present conclusion is that this species will be of value in pond culture.
Its superiority or inferiority to other forage minnows must be determined, how-
ever, by more experiments,
Good results also were obtained with the goldfish and golden shiners. In
fact, the success met with the latter species was the factor that brought our
production of bass fingerlings per acre up to an average of 5,000 fish.
In the rearing ponds where golden shiners were used in numbers the produc-
tion of bass fingerlings was over 6,000 per acre.
As each of the 22 ponds must be taken up in this same way, we have so far
collected a large number of miscellaneous data. It is evident that our work
must be continued systematically and new experiments instigated as rapidly as
possible. It is now necessary to make a thorough study of our material in an
effort to establish correct interpretation and correlation.
Mr. Nessrr. Mr. Lord mentioned that he had in mind a number
of other investigations. We must realize that he had just one
summer for all this work. There are one or two points that seem
to me rather significant—regarding the efficiency of different depths
in the various ‘ponds used. In. this connection’ I may say that the
idea in fertilizing ponds, in addition to what food might already be
supplied, is that you modify the growth of the organisms; but it
seems to me that you should get the actual value of the sunlight
effect on the organism you are trying to rear.
In the days ‘when I was a botanist, I recall that the University
of Nebraska was carrying on studies in the sand lakes of Nebraska on
the sunlight at different levels in the water. The outstanding fact
developed was that the ray of sunlight that affected the organism
most did not penetrate far below the surface. It seems to me that
in deeper ponds you would have to use more fertilizer, and fertilizer
costs money. On the other hand, if you reduce the depth of the
pond you would have conditions that may be unfavorable for the
fish, so, of course, some sort of balance would have to be reached.
I might add that in my own experience in rearing alge the amount
of sunlight seemed to have a remarkable effect on the species.
Mr. Lorp. We had not considered that in this summer’s work.
The ponds are not very deep and when we applied fertilizer we
just scattered it along the edges of the pond. Of course, a complete
analysis of the result of using the fertilizer has not been undertaken.
We have been endeavoring to cover a great deal of ground to get
practical results as soon as s possible.
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PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, FISCAL
YEAR 1927 '
By GLEN C, Leacn, Assistant in Charge, Division of Fish Culture
CONTENTS
Page
SER EG0) sR es ae a 685
Part 1.—Fish Production: Propagation and Rescue Work
Beacon Gr fishies Handled. semen ee eee a Ne 686
Cooperation with States, other Federal agencies, and foreign governments 687
CEE 2 RESTS St TS 4 ae AE eS 1s SA a a 687
Es PY ee SE a ee 689
Assignments of fish eggs to State and Territorial fish commissions__-_-_-__- 691
Shipments of fish and fish eggs to foreign countries____-______________- 691
Pee COTS = 02 one eee ie eo I en ene 691
Bee eOvec ling StnbiONS» 22a aan se fe a oe ame 692
PASTELS GUC IW OT Kata ee rete ee em ees SE eM ee 693
Production of stationsrand substationss, - 9252225. 252 022.25 2502 kk 695
eainicr Oem DebWeEN SunulOns 2.2 222 asec eee ee ke 701
Pee ner yen -Culiiral NOES =n ae eee eT 702
rsh BOT) isPs fe BAe a (EIS phen Ba rs SR ah ne, ee Oe 702
iB MaNene tfoOrpOndiisie ss ee ek 702
iNew: dieb for pondfish2 28 2 223 eee Pee yer AE ee Se 702
Pee ICT USAR IICR 5 a ese eS re ee i a ee ee 702
=P TVPTECE SIS SEO ent erence prec ee, AE ST yal re 702
Beh DIG PALO Se on Fee ee oe ee ee ie 703
es iy ete ee ee re Se ee 703
fEyraioe reetistice eV ances eo) he Pe ee 703
BSUS ISS 8 O02 SSUES eM ul ge ea 704
1 SDC 4 SOUSA Te VES oe a es od ia le Eke 704
ne HECK SIN eS eee es ee ee ee 704
PakerCrescencsWasiir ue = cue cee) 2 ee 704.
Ozetior nyse a. 222s eee ge SI ee eek 704
@itlgenie’. Wass a San ee ee 705
tbat, Wiel pee as ee ny ee ee 705
2 ETS Pe i eee pee ese Lb 705
Rigckamins: Oreps os sre ets oy See eee 705
Woper:Clackammas (Oreg= <5 5S ee ee 706
Init tleaw hite Salmons Washi... 4 semmmmepere eh ee 706
DieeNniLe Salmon: Washe 2) J eo eee eee 2 706
Pe mIREVCT, (NCR oe oS ee eee eS SS 706
Appiceaue: Creek: repo 2a > ie ees Bee ee 706
Sleiena a G2. are ee 706
vine ntver, Wass ono = st Cee ee 706
VLE nee ite eee 3 Se he fe Se A 706
Battles Creek. \Calitq=. 0 2 S22 os eee a ie se 707
Mal @resk wali i ke 2 707
Minuesienphe Greatvbakess 200)". 20 i) ee ot 707
rise iri 32 oo le er 2 707
Wiernbiya le Ne to pe tee ee ae 708
CApCeVINGEnG ONG) Yo eee CE 708
MALICE Vibes 2 4p ae em Le 709
Paasenee Eoiihe Mid sear eee 710
1 Appendix VIII to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1927. B. F. Doc. No. 1033,
683
684 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Continued.
Commercial fishes
Rescue. operations! So) 222 Se ee ee eee
La. Crosse;; Wis2U02 202 Wb 28 2a sah eee Riis Bae ee
Homer): Minny = =u tees Bo ek Pee ee ee ee
Lynxville Wis! 2227 eee eee ee
Marqnettes Towarsss 22m Sire 2 eae 2 alae
Bellevue lowals 2 22st St oat ee ee eee
Plaquemine glia ort ee tea a Bs 2 ee
Musselanfection:-=22 22625 Se See oe ee ok Rae
Marine iiphese 523220 2 coe Seemann retest th) eee _
Boothbays Harbors Mes. 222.0 Sg Ne ee ee
Gloucester, "Masse 2 3-5 Mies ARE) oe ee
Woods JHOleSMiass S22 © te: ale ee 5 ee ee sry See
Anadromous fishes of the Atlantic coast____________._-_+_____=
pind.) Isryans Pomt, Mase = ek ese re
Shad and river herring. Edenton, N. C_____-=___-___2 12
Atlantie-salmon.. ‘Craig Brook; Me. 22/2. 0 5). 5e es ae
Pushes of minor mterior waters. — ye ee
Rocky lountain-troutstabions 22> i ne ee
BS OMe ATR UOT hee es ee ee ee
Meadow; Creek,-Mont: 203 eee
Glacier Park, Mont2 = 22 3s 2 2 ee ee ee
MysticrLakes Mont=2~ 2258) 2220 eae See
ImeadvillenColo teen yes ro ee Pe ae
Yellowstone: Nationalibark=) Wiy Ol. 2-9 = eee
Saratoga WiyOsoe oe see Sere a ee
Speariishe S) Dake oe Sel ers e eas
Harts valle Nias et So se eee
CraievBrookys Mica ee ee ee 2
Grandtake* Stream) "Mel =e See Se eee
Gréenvbake pMece 2a fe ee ee eee
Stivohnsbury. Vite. tS ee Se oe ee ee
PY ork wPonge Nyse 2 eee ON eee ee
Nashua GN ete see eee 2 ee ee
Combination trout,and- pond stations=s2 = eee
inwansy en mse ee ee ee ee ee
Neosho; MOvee aa ee a oe ee eae
Bourbon, SMole we ee eee
Dangdon, Kansi 2.2 228 a ee eee ee
White Stlplur Springs, Wi. Valo22 2 ek a eee
Wivithe ville: Via ee ee ee
Pondfishistations = =). 2 ssa er ee
Cold Spring, "Gav en ee Se
Bdenton Ni Clot ee ee
Loutsville. Ky ae2 2 ae eee De ee
Mammioth'Spring, Ark? 2) oe ee ee eee
Orangeburg, SoCo ee a ea ee ee
San WMareos; Tex. Ur San ee Ne ee
ePupelo;) Miss ©. ( oes os we a ieee ee ee
akeland (MdS)iponds- 22 2-=-- se ee ee
Central station and aquarium, Washington, D. C___________------
Part 2.—Distribution of Fish and Fish Eggs
Summaniesion distribution: - 2-25.65 3— 2s ee ee ne
Methodvotidistribution. 22 22.02 2 oe 2 a ee ek a
Receiving and! planting fish] 2s ele Se ee eee
DistributionyG arse soe aes La 2 eRe el Se
Hiltros plugs] 2 eee 8 os oe Se ee a
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927, 685
INTRODUCTION
With changing conditions in many streams throughout the United
States it has become increasingly difficult to maintain the supply of
fish by natural reproduction, and artificial propagation and stocking
of waters are being depended upon more and more, with the result
that the demand for fish for this purpose is considerably greater than
existing facilities of the bureau can satisfy. The bureau has striven
to meet this increased demand by enlisting the aid of other agencies.
Its cooperative efforts have included the development of the plan
suggested by Secretary Hoover of inducing sportsmen’s clubs and
individuals to operate fish nurseries or rearing ponds; the greater
interchange of facilities and aid between Federal and State fisheries
authorities; and the advising of individuals and organizations as to
the best means for developing their water resources.
During the past year more than 50 cooperative fish nurseries were
established and many requests were received to inspect sites to
determine their suitability for such purpose. The bureau has
cooperated with virtually every State in which the fisheries authorities
are interested in a comprehensive plan of fish stocking. Finally, by
correspondence, the distribution of publications, and by actual
inspection of many areas proposed for fish-cultural use the bureau
has rendered aid to individuals and organizations interested in
conserving and increasing the fish supply.
The earlier conception of the functions of the fish-cultural division
of the bureau was that of an agency for introducing a brood stock of
fish in barren waters and for substituting new and more desirable
species in waters that already supported fish life. The planting of a
brood stock that, when protected, would replenish the waters by its
natural increase was considered adequate. "Nowadays it is not
expected that natural reproduction will offset the drain in the more
thickly populated and heavily fished regions, and it is understood that
if fish are to be taken from the waters they must first be placed there.
This refers especially to the game species, whose production and
distribution are the most difficult and expensive part of the bureau’s
fish-cultural work.
During 1927 more than 6,000,000,000 eggs of the cod, haddock,
pollock, and winter flounder were collected; over 500,000,000 eggs
of the whitefish and cisco were handled; a similar number of pike-
perch eggs was taken; and the number of eggs collected from the
various species of Pacific salmons amounted to over 100,000,000.
Such operations represent a waste or by-product recovery in the
truest sense of the word, as, particularly in the case of the marine
species, the fishes of the Great Lakes, and the shad, the eggs would
be lost otherwise in marketing the parent fish.
Inasmuch as the commercial species listed above are released
largely in the egg or fry stage, the unit cost of producing them is low.
Certain species, such as the shad and salmon, can be reared to the
fingerling size successfully, and the question arises as to whether the
greater expenditure required for such a plan would not be justified by
the greater benefits derived. Wherever possible without occasioning
too great a demand upon its funds, the bureau is endeavoring to
make this its policy. When the public comes to realize that there
is a unit cost in the hatchery production of fish, just as there is in the
686 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
“
production of agricultural or manufactured goods, the prospects of
producing enough fish to meet the needs of the Nation will be bet-
ter. It costs more to rear fingerlings than fry, and the States
and the Federal Government can not keep pace with the Nation’s
requirements.
Part 1—FISH PRODUCTION: PROPAGATION AND
RESCUE WORK
SPECIES OF FISHES HANDLED
During the fiscal year 1927 the fish-cultural work of the bureau
involved the handling of 43 species of fish, as follows:
CaATFISHES (SILURID#):
Catfishes (Ictalurus sp. and Leptops sp.).
Horned pout (Ameiurus nebulosus).
Suckers (Catostomip#): Buffalo fish (Ictiobus sp.).
Carp (CYPRINID#):
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Goldfish (Carassius auratus).
SHAD AND HERRING (CLUPEID#):
Shad (Alosa sapidissima).
Glut herring (Pomolobus exstivalis).
SALMONS, TROUTS, AND WHITEFISHES (SALMONID#):
Common whitefishes (Coregonus sp.)
Cisco (Argyrosomus artedi).
Chub (Leucicthys sp.).
Chinook, king, or quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha).
Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta).
Humpback salmon, pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha).
Silver salmon, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).
Sockeye, blueback, or red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka).
Steelhead salmon (Salmo gairdner?).
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). .
Landlocked salmon (Salmo sebago).
Rainbow trout (Salmo shasta).
Black-spotted trout, redthroat trout (Salmo lewis7).
Loch Leven trout (Salmo levenensis).
Lake trout, Mackinaw trout (Cristivomer namaycush).
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).
Smeuts (ARGENTINIDA): American smelt (Osmerus mordazx).
GRAYLINGS (THYMALLID#): Montana grayling (Thymallus montanus).
Pixes (Esocip#): Common pickerel (Hsox lucius).
SUNFISHES, BLACK BASSES, AND CRAPPIES (CENTRARCHID#):
Crappies (Pomozis annularis and P. sparoides).
Largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides).
Smallmouth black bass (Micropterus dolomieu).
Rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris).
Warmouth bass, goggle-eye (Chxenobryttus gulosus).
Green sunfish (A pomotis cyanellus).
Red-breasted bream (Lepomis auritus).
Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis pallidus).
Common sunfish (Hupomotis gibbosus).
PERCHES (PERCID#):
Pike perch (Stizostedion vitreum).
Yellow perch, ringed perch (Perca flavescens).
Drums (ScimNn1pm): Fresh-water drum, lake sheepshead (A plodinotus grunniens).
Cops (GapDID#&):
Cod (Gadus callarias) .
Haddock (Melanogrammus eglifinus).
Pollock (Pollachius virens).
FLouNpDERS (PLEURONECTID#): Winter flounder, American flatfish (Pseudo-
pleuronectes americanus).
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 687
COOPERATION WITH STATES, OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES, AND
FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS
Much duplication of effort was avoided during 1927, and great
benefit resulted from a thorough cooperation with every State that
interested itself in the conservation of its fisheries. Hatcheries were
conducted jointly with Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and Florida, and
eggs were incubated for the States of West Virginia, Missouri, North
Carolina, South Dakota, and Washington. A list of the eggs assigned
to the various States is given later in thisreport. The incubation and
distribution of these eggs resulted in a marked saving to the bureau.
In addition to such interchanges, the bureau gave advice and in
some cases furnished the services of its experienced employees to solve
fisheries problems affecting the States. The bureau’s program was
aided materially by the permission granted by some of the States to
collect brood fish in their waters. Ohio, New York, and Maine were
particularly accommodating in this respect.
Connections with the Forest Service of the Department of Agricul-
ture have been mutually beneficial. This agency is interested in
keeping the streams of the forest reserves well stocked and has
distributed all fish that could be supplied for such waters. Many
barren lakes in the West have been placed on a productive basis in
this way. The Forest Service is now taking steps to rear fish and
is providing sites for bass and trout hatcheries. Such sites have
been inspected in the Unaka and Ouachita National Forests in
Arkansas.
The continued operation of the Yellowstone and Glacier Park
hatcheries is evidence of the maintenance of former cooperative rela-
tions with the park service.
Wherever possible, the bureau has acceded to the requests of foreign
governments for American species of fish. A list of such shipments
made during the past fiscal year appears later in this report.
FISH NURSERIES
During the fiscal year 55 cooperative nurseries in 12 States were
operated for the production of fingerling fish. Pennsylvania leads
in such work with 15 establishments. The nurseries range in size
from single units having a capacity of several hundred thousand
(such as the one at Barneveld, N. Y., which really constitutes a sub-
station of the Cape Vincent (N. Y.) station) to small plants capable
of holding only 10,000 or 15,000 fish. The bureau furnished approx-
imately 2,500,000 fish to these nurseries during the year. The fish
are to be fed and cared for by the nursery owners and will be released
when from 6 to 18 months of age. The bureau reserves the right to
claim half of the output for filling applications for fish received from
persons living in the vicinity of the nurseries, and the rest belong
to the nurserymen for disposal in waters in which they may be
interested.
At present seven projects are being actively developed to receive
fish at a later date; a number sufficient to bring the total to about
75 are under consideration; and from the requests for future inspec-
tions that are being received there is every indication that next year
will see 100 or more of these private cooperative fish nurseries in
operation. Basing estimates on the rearing capacity of the average
688 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
hatchery, it is safe to say that the adoption of the Hoover plan for
cooperation in rearing fish already has provided rearing facilities
equivalent to three new hatcheries. The cost to private organizations
Fic. 1.—Applicants receiving fish at Meyersdale (Pa.) cooperative fish nursery
of developing and maintaining cooperative nurseries varies greatly,
but in general the expenditures for units of average size have not
exceeded $1,000.
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 689
The advantages that lie in having the sportsman himself raise the
fish so that he may catch them later ave (1) that he will receive a larger
assignment than ordinarily would be made on a regular application;
(2) fish frequently larger than the legal size limit are planted; (3) the
fish are immediately at hand, so that distribution can be made without
the confusion and hurry incident to receiving fish from a messenger;
and (4) it is possible to exercise greater care in planting the stock.
The chief advantage is that under the nursery plan an organization
will have a carload of fish in October, whereas otherwise it would
receive only a few cans of small fish in the spring from one of the
bureau’s hatcheries. The bureau gains (1) by having its distribution
costs cut through handling a large proportion of its fish in the spring
as advanced fry or small fingerlings; (2) by being able to utilize all
its rearing facilities for the pr roduction of fingerlings to meet demands
from sections where no nurseries have been. established ; and (3) by
arousing the interest of the public and awakening it to a realization
of the necessity for further stocking of waters and of the difficulties
that limit the production of fish.
Commercial fishermen are becoming convinced of the value of rear-
ing pools and of the necessity for their adopting this means of increas-
ing their business. The Alpena (Mich.) station has undertaken the
rearing of lake trout in cooperation with an organization of fishermen
in a near-by town. Several of the States also have made private fish
nurseries an important part of their programs. The plan has become
well established, the initial difficulties have been overcome, and the
advantages have been made evident. There remains the task of
standardizing the practices and procedure and expanding the plan
to cover territory not yet included.
OUTPUT
There were distributed to applicants during the past fiscal year or
returned to original waters 6,481,073,000 eggs, fry, fingerling, and
larger fish, in spite of the fact that a larger percentage than usual of
the 1927 hatch is being held over for distribution as fingerlings in
1928. Of the above number, 190,502,000 were distributed as finger-
lings, a decrease of 108,792,7 00 as compared with last year’s figures,
and of which 1.9 per cent were purely game species, particularly trouts
and pondfishes. The remainder were species that are the basis of the
commercial fishery, although they may also be considered game fishes
in certain respects.
83420—28—2
690
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Summary, by species, of the output of fish and fish eggs during the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1927
Species Eggs Fry Fingerlings | Total
@atfish: - 26 22 ack e SaeE ee EET eee e Sd S55 eee ae eet 27, 101, 000 27, 101, 000
iBiflalo fish: . = 2 c= Se Re a ee ee 2, 850, 000 6, 120, 000 8, 970, 000
Garp ee se on ee 2 ae ea see ete Serene 18, 500, 000 17, 264, 700 35, 764, 700
@hub ks oc ie ee en | Ce oe 240; 000); | 522 eee 240,
Shad®. -----222 2 22 Se en wa |S eee eee saeese 21; '579, 000) 2-2 o- eeee 21, 579, 000
Glut herring oSc2* 32a ee eee ee , 000/000) 22S eo eee 2, 000, 000
Whitefish 222-225 2s eee a ee seen eens 7, 087, 000 1465060000) (5222s eee 153, 147, 000
CiscoZa223 i 22 2 ee a 5, 200, 000 1085040000) |2 3-22) ee 113, 240, 000
@hinook salmon ess a os eee ae 9, 112, 000 266,000 | 31, 084, 800 , 462, 800
Chum salmon eso2 2 2 ee oe ore saws pos ee eee eae 17,964, 000 2-23-22 -e ee 17, 964, 000
Silver salmon: 224-- 3-22 22 2222 eee 148, 000 5, 154, 000 1, 645, 000 , 947, 000
Sockeye. salmons22. 290. 224 eae 125, 000 12, 030, 000 36, 919, 000 49, 074, 000
Humpback salmon eee ea ee eae eee 044, 30, 000 3, 574, 000
Steelhead’ salmon=o222-- == >= 5-2 15240, 000 one 23. st eons 951, 000 2, 191, 000
Atlanticisalmonses- soso) nese eee 200; '000))| 22 sos enca=-- 1, 229, 000 1, 429, 000
Gandlockedisalmone2 222-2222 see 194, 000 55, 000 641, 000 890, 000
Rainbow. troutsa 22252 sss es 4, 473, 000 539, 000 5, 018, 200 10, 030, 200
Black-spotted trout 6; 968; 000"|S2 2-25 2a. 7, 751, 700 14, 719, 700
Loch Leven trout---_- 5, 958, 000 158, 000 3, 409, 300 9, 525, 300
Take trouussss = 1, 564, 000 24, 976, 000 922, 500 27, 462, 500
Brookitroutesoes sss ee 1, 305, 000 2, 609, 000 10, 644, 200 14, 558, 200
Grayling eee aaa ae a ae ee 1,.800;000) |) 2 2. =e22 228 = , 800,
Sinelt = ee ee et ee ee 11, 125, 000 4,175; 000" |. Se tates 15, 300, 000
Pike~and ipickereles. 2 ess os ease eee as eeeod io oe 361, 500 361,
Crappie: 6 aoon te ceca a ete ee oe ces |e ee oo een | Se one eee | 17,516, 000 17, 516, 000
Tuarvemouth black bass=c0 =) 222 ao Se a eee ee ee Eee 904, 000 1, 260, 200 2, 164, 200
Smiallmouthublack: passes sere e see oe ees |e eae ee 688, 000 239, 200 927, 200
IRGC DAS sh Ba eres 22 2 ae ne ea et eee eae eee 54, 600 54, 600
WWatmouth ibass2-2. 22 <= so sss esse ess se Ee Se ee 7,4 7, 400
ESA OREN GE.) UR Pe = a papa OA pees eB ee > eae a (ee a eS aie ET bg ee ee BA 15, 144, 900 15, 144, 900
IBIKe perches en ee ee eS 48, 100, 000 134,;:5102000)|2222 See ae 182, 610, 000
SWellow,perchtsss sa 2 ene re ee VIG Tee 12, 000, 000 193, 753, 000 1, 251, 800 207, 004, 800
AWinice perchieees® peas sie SF ooo ee ees Pe os Eee eens 900 900
NWiNitey ASS! 2 se eee sea he ee ie Oe ee TA ee eee 17, 200 17, 200
Fresh-water drum_-____----_---- AE oso es| Soe rom, ob oe oe 27, 700 27, 700
(fo ees eres | eae ee oe ee eee he oe 1, 049, 668, 000 265;;314,'000}|- 2-2 eee 1, 314, 982, 000
1S Ga Qo level ces Se ke ee ee ee 315, 387, 000 63;'894;000)|5 2225-5 5 ee 379, 281, 000
deta) here ees CS SR a ee eee ee Bee 638, 749,000 |--= 2-2 222558 638, 749, 000
Wanter founders 2". 002s aos ae Sn See © 43, 604,000 | 3,096, 762, 000 |__-.---------- 3, 140, 366, 000
Miscellaneous fishes =~ =. 22262 222-0222 -—|2- occas nasa eae | See oe ease wee 3, 889, 200 3, 889, 200
AMG) RHE aes eee ee ee ae eee 1, 523, 458,000 | 4, 767,113,000 | 190,502,000 | 6,481,073, 000
800 &
600 6
400 =
200 2 BILLION
COST PER TOTAL OUTPUT
MILLION
DOLLARS 20 200 MILLION
1900
1927
Fic. 2.—Total output for years 1900 to 1927, inclusive, and cost per million for same period
based upon appropriations for propagation of food fishes and total salaries for fish-cultural
employees
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 691
Assignments of fish eggs to State and Territorial fish commissions, fiscal year 1927
State and species Number State and species Number
= ae
Colorado: Rainbow trout............. 100, 000 || North Carolina:
Connecticut: Lake trout_.......-.--.- 50, 000 Igake| trout 288 i802 sheen -- 5-2 20, 000
Hawaii: och Levenitrout. 2422. .2_-22.5-. 100, 000
Ghinhokssamonss. 2684 oe 26, 000 | Rainbow. troutaws2-22-.-- oS 186, 000
Rainbow trout____._____- 25,000 || Oregon:
Idaho: Landlocked salmon 25, 000 Black-spotted trout-__------------ 500, 000
inois: @hinookisalmon#2-2.-2 22222. 2-2-4 | 8, 986, 000
Loch Leven trout_-..............- 50,000 | Pennsylvania:
Rape nengh sae se. 2 ee ok 40, 600, 000 @Gisco: c.-. See ee Ste 5, 000, 000
aN pow Wout s 2s Tse es. | 42, 000 Hake trontsist Bee oe) 2 eee 50, 000
Bilvor.calmony see oy 100, 000 WWinicehshe 22e8 ke Se eee 3, 000, 000
Iowa: Rainbow trout--..-......._..__- 68,000 | South Dakota:
Wane: ake trontsec- 5. 2... ese 300, 000 Brook troute 2-2 es 2 eee 500, 000
Maryland: Rainbow trout__..__...__- 61, 000 Loch Leven\troute..-. 22222222344 500, 000
Massachusetts: || Utah:
EVE AG yest g el he, Se Se 500, 000 | IBTOOK thOUb=s2 - as seae eee ease 804, 000
RAmMHOW Ones - ee 25, 000 | ASAK OPO be ee ee eee 50, 000
Minnesota: VAIN DOW CLOUD neo eee 229, 000
Wake troutes-< eer Ea fe! GOL EFS 28 SEES? Do.
WHAUMONEBAVA UN. eee ae Non) 4 Dee: dion. Te | Whitefish and cisco.
COHDOUTEMONUATION 22222) Sete eRe | Oct. 28-Nov. 9__.---_- | Whitefish.
@Consecons Ontarios 8. be te Nows 10-Decs ie Seeks Cisco.
alr Haven Baye Nc Yost 22 coh oon S Nov. 12-Dee. 1__..___- Do.
Indian Point,.Ontario---. 212 7-2 ee | Oct. 18-Nov. 9_-...--- Lake trout and -whitefish.
Pigeon Island wOntario- = 2 2b ns Octsi13-Nove et 2 Lake trout.
ROFG HON ONLBLIO se ns eee. Lene | Oct. 28-Nov. 9_.___.-- Whitefish.
Simcoe Island, Ontario-_---------------- | Oct. 13-Nov. 15-_--.-- Lake trout and whitefish.
BOGUS Bayan teseeete eee se we ee Nov. 12-Nov. 29_._-_-__| Cisco.
Wellers' Bay, (Ontarios-te ss. 22 fore: | Nov. 10-Nov. 20... -.-- Do.
Clackamas, Oreg.:
bemhi River, Vdanose ssn eee ee | Aug. 16-Sept. 4.._.__- Chinook salmon.
Upper Clackamas, Oreg._.___-__._-__-_- | Aug. 29-Oct. 15_._.-22 Do.
Whaind sRiverw ashore eee Aug. 23-Oct. 20...___- Do.
Craig Brook, Me.:
Craig Pond Mees ose eee Oct. 20-Nov. 18..-..-- Brook trout.
ToddyvPonds rales ea a ae Oct. 20-Nov. 20_______ Landlocked salmon.
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 693
Egg-collecting stations—Continued
Station Period of operation Species handled
Duluth, Minn.:
AGate ET arnor, IWICh Sos a= . Do.
1 Dh er ee ee eh A ee May 5-May 381.-_----.-- Rainbow and blackspotted trout.
Red Feather Lakes, Colo_..-..-..------ Apr. 1—May 1222-25222 Rainbow trout.
‘Turquoise. bake; Coley 25220 See Oct. 20-Dec. 10____-_-- Brook and Loch Leven trout.
Warts ake Colo: sass eee ceo. a ae Sept. 24-Nov. 18_.._-- Brook trout.
Nashua, N. H.: Lebanon, N. H__----------- Apr. 5-May 20_----_-. Rainbow trout.
Northville, Mich.:
Reaverisiand. Mich 222220 222 2.22! Oct. 25-Nov. 25. -.---- Lake trout and whitefish.
OVER Ver Niches eee ee et! ‘Apr: ti—Apr. 302 =-<-2-| Rainbow trout.
hapoyrantpVviveh 2 2 es Oct: 19-Oct. 30__-.-__- Lake trout.
iCrosseyillseen Miche-ses- 5-8 sooo 2 Nov. 1-Nov. 20------- Whitefish.
MASEL UAW AS WEICHSes a antes er ie ye ae INOW LOS eseeeeee toe se Lake trout.
HMOnOlLe tl Chae seen ee ee Nov. 3-Nov. 25_------ | Whitefish.
iron Beachy Vic ae = ee ee Oct 2/—Dechii === — | Do.
lang pi Che ste mee ye eee Ut 8 Nov. 5-Nov. 22__...-.| Lake trout.
MranIStiGUbeWliChe nes se seo eee ote Oct. 25—-Nov. 212222222 Do.
Nanbinwayeavilene a2 200 eter fee Nov. 1-Nov. 28_------ Whitefish.
IGEGHPORE NICH esses at See Co Ne Nov. 5-Nov. 22_-.-..- | Lake trout.
RISCOC BeeWVE Glass eee Nov. 3-Nov. 7-------- Do.
Presaues isles Witch ee. ee WN oe 8 Octr24-Nov.2-2------ | Do.
LEYa ig 6 tye BCC a oe a Se le Oct. 26-Nov. 6_------- | Do.
Rovers Cityawichs ss) =. 22 St ee MINOV2:0—NOWnG=o2=-2 == Do.
Sielenace, Mich]. =. .22222225_222.....2 | Oct. 22-Nov. 4-.------ Do.
Put in Bay, Ohio: ae ees
Catawba Island, Ohio_-_--..-.---.------ | Nov. 7-Nov. 30-_------ Whitefish.
Windle; Bass: Onto --=- 22. -eas~ 08 eee | Nov. 6-Nov. 29------- __ Do.
1D Yetta at ee eh ees Apr. 28-May 6-.------ Yellow perch.
ORbHE Asse Ohi teen nee ee) 2 Nov. 6B—-Novi d02=-=--= Whitefish.
1D eae A ss i et a ee Aprel0=Aprs262-2---- Pike perch.
Ia Oberon Oe Nov. 7-Dec. 2_-.------ Whitefish.
LOE eee ben Se 8 Be en | Apr. 6-May 8--------- | Pike perch and yellow perch.
SUDO Sap cia ck oy are eee | May 31-June 27_____-- Carp.
OISA OO MO se te tee ak | Nov. 9-Nov. 27------- Whitefish.
TD (rj ee ih Sc sey Pele Tos er (eArp rainy See==saeee | Pike perch.
St. Johnsbury, Vt.: Lake Dunmore, Vt-_---- | Oct. 27-Nov. 5_------- Lake trout.
Saratoga, Wyo.: |
Big) Creek uakes, Wi y0--.--225222---2.-- | Sept. 8-Nov. 8.------- Brook trout.
g pesca Sage, and Canon Creeks, Wyo----) Mar. 22-June 22.___.... Rainbow trout.
ringville, Utah:
y Fish Lake, LB] sea Eee terion | 3 | Oct. 20-Nov. 24-...--- Brook trout.
DitLo 2 ~ See eee | Mar. 29-May 28-_-.----- Rainbow trout.
Salembbake puitale ne sees s__ 5 S- Mar. 7-Mar. 26------- __ Do.
Woods Hole, Mass.: Waquoit, Mass-------- | Jan. 6—Mar. 14___..--.| Winter flounder.
FISH-RESCUE WORE
The aggregate number of fish handled in the rescue work in all
fields failed by a wide margin to meet the figures of the previous
year, when over 149,000,000 were salvaged. However, the bureau’s
crews can not take care of all the fish that may be stranded in a
normal year, and when water conditions are such that rescue work
is limited it really signifies that the fish are being preserved without
694 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
the intervention of outside agencies. When such a situation pre-
vails, as was the case during the fiscal year 1927, the funds of the
division of fish culture may be applied to actual propagation work
without detriment to the actual conservation of fish life in the
Mississippi. The State of Wisconsin has continued to operate in
some of the most prolific breeding areas, and to avoid duplication of
effort the bureau has withdrawn from such territory.
The diversion of fish away from the parental waters was negligible.
Less than 1 per cent of the fish rescued were shipped to fill applica-
tions, although the demand for fish in carload lots is insistent. It
is the intention to make the work on the Mississippi River rescue
work in the truest sense of the word, admitting no possibility of
depletion by excessive withdrawal of fish from their sources of origin.
Appended are tables showing the disposition of fish according to
species and a summary by stations. More detailed tabulation ap-
pears in the statistics of output of the individual stations.
Number and disposition of fish rescued, fiscal year 1927
. Restored to |Total number
Locality and species Delivered £0 original of fish
PP waters rescued
Homer, Minn.:
iBuflaloifishy.23 s¢ ots anon sts See ck eee ie a 5, 935 5, 935
Carp eer e seen Seen ee ee ee ra one neat en ns sob ee 2, 918, 650 2, 918, 650
CO TTS) ea RT ec ean eg a a oes Pt aro Re obs MeL 2, 192, 585 , 185
Crappie =~ aes = one See 8 er een eee 3, 910, 000 3, 933, 100
inTesh-Water Grit == 22 So eee ee ete ee eee eee 10, 830 10, 830
Largemouth black bass 95, 740 120, 970
Pike and pickerel________- 88, 390 88, 390
Sunfish 332 2, 079, 020 2, 080, 530
iWihite basse 22. 22222 = 1, 630 1, 630
Yellow perch S222 255 see Se 892, 005 932, 705
Miscellaneous S20 Slee ee Le Tet eh ee 546, 795 | 546, 795
Ota Gees Sete Ae care We epe Rcrd ee le ee 2 hs 98, 140 12, 741, 580 12, 839, 720
La Crosse, Wis.:
Dutra OPES HE SR Sa ee a ea eet ee ee 130, 200 | 130, 200
OF oy Oe a ap ON teal ny AIRE ree, eee Bes: Bn hoy beeen naridhgn ee 1, 766, 000 1, 766, 000
Caisse see eee rere Sak cies eck see eae oe me eels Se ey peed , 884, 000 , 884,
GTAP DIO Se ss oe a eee ee ee nereeegE et aed |e erect orem 992, 000 992, 000
argemouth black Passe scree eee ne ey eee ee 11,975 5, 250 17, 225
Pikerand*pickarel- ee ee mnes a ae ee eee ee aL cee Se em 64, 650 64, 650
SEE 0 615) «VO aie Sy greene OP Sain pai ppt aba ahd |e ah uli ae 795, 200 795, 200
AVL GSS oes a ee te nes eee ee RE |S ee ee 900
wWellowaperch 220 =i Ses et ee are Peet ete 1, 660 153, 610 155, 270
IVEISCOLLANIGOUS 20.25 = certo eed ee eae tee ee ee MR | nn ee ie Seed 764, 260 764, 260
YOY HE 5 Sa a ae wane pend Ben pha A eeepc 13, 635 6, 556, 070 6, 569, 705
Lynxville, Wis.:
BU slOMmistee seats eS 21, 200 21, 200
Op eg SAR Pn Sik pe Realy 1, 039, 100 1, 039, 100
np ushits ecsee Ss 4, 341, 580 4, 349, 400
Grappiehere n= eee eee aos cee 1, 260, 000 1, 260, 000
Fresh-water drum 500
Largemouth black bass 8,975 14, 400
miko andipickerglesss lool 2 Se eee) 8, 100 8, 100
DUNS ete see ek TN? Pte oe ee ee eee 1, 105, 000 1, 105, 000
iWihiite basi amie t ed So ee on se moar orn Me 3, 900 3, 900
Mello ws perches cent ae aoa LSet ar ia 30, 850 30, 850
Miscellaneous yoko soo oo tee bly fe hs a oe ee awe 336, 150 336, 150
otal s+ ae soe ene ee NT ee oe res 13, 245 8, 155, 355 8, 168, 600
Marquette, Iowa
Buittalo fish <2. 5. 32s. CREP Cee 9 Fo ees 1, 908, 700
ro OE = ae a ee Ss Ee 5 ke Aes Sine LNT SER
Capris. ie 2 Oe OE Re ees I 13 Wi 000
CYrappie-6s-—ae5. 5s. es 7, 400, 300
Largemouth black bass 40, 945
Pike and/pickorel! 22.0. ous) Oe Pees iy) eee rea e 127, 350
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 695
Number and disposition of fish rescued, fiscal year 192?—-Continued
Locality and species
Marquette, lowa—Continued.
Sunfish
Yaa TS Te So eee ee eee
Yellow perch
Bellevue, Iowa:
Buffalo fish
Marvamonthiplackspass. = 5s °~ss.soasesaceuecarenasaacss
PIERO WICKOIEl sso —. 0. so = eco c asc cd nee cee eee
Yellow perch
Miscellaneous
Rock Island, I1.:
Buffalo fish
Delivered to
applicants
25, 495
SITAR OSHS eo ee a nese coos oe cen en owe sees eee
@atfish== Sea
GCrappiess ose ee
resh-water drm ss =. 22-5. .526- Rea cee eae aes
Are OniGhuben lack DASE ose os ne SLs (Den Teoh wae Se ete os 2, 350
Nrnrifin ieee ene eek. 2 Sa Pe ee oe eee caeea se 13, 675
POL le eee RO at SL bee cucecewaccewoncceacs= 17, 865
All stations:
IBtiiinlottistrems-weree en tn on oda e occ scnsenclaseseet oe.
CATS eke Le ee ee eee ey eee eee
ICAaGHShi~ os eee eee 2a ee fon ok coe cschaccocsccssses 16, 420
CVAD De we eee eee en S25 5s Ls aks bon sees 24, 940
ePESHoWaALoIsdhilineme se eo ek a Dak akon are one onee
Near PeMOibieblackapasse tse oe laa ss oes tee eee 300 300
nao) oan oo Ue i eee 19, 851, 090 19, 851, 090
2 In addition to 234,000 fingerling brook trout turned over to the State of South Dakota in cooperative
work.
3 In addition to 715,000 fingerling brook trout turned over to the State of West Virginia in cooperative
work.
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 701
TRANSFER OF EGGS BETWEEN STATIONS
To illustrate that the various stations operated by the bureau are
not independent units but are interlocking, there is given a list of
the numbers and species of eggs transferred between stations. The
object of such transfers is to maintain the widest possible distribution
of the various species at a minimum cost and to relieve the pressure
on those stations that take eggs in excess of their capacity to incubate
them.
Transfer of eggs between stations, fiscal year 1927
. Number
Species of eggs From To—
Black-spotted trout_._ 450,000 | Yellowstone Park, Wyo-----.- Leadville, Colo.
Brook trout. = 2.05. 115,000 | Clackamas, Oreg-_.....--...-.. Little White Salmon, Wash.
TSS OO0 Reece - (Ol). Rad See Se Senos Big White Salmon, Wash.
100, 000 | Craig Brook, Me___...-....-.- Grand Lake Stream, Me.
250;000""| eadville, Colo....-2..--=22--2 Nashua, N. H.
250, 000 |----- dO ss2 8 -ssckvasunceceecaces White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.
500, 000 |__--- G0s225. 5. oe eS | Bozeman, Mont.
| LOO} GOOR York Pond, N. Hie 2222 22s l= | Holden, Vt.
125: 000g =2 3 do St. Johnsbury, Vt.
259,000 | Springville, Utah Spearfish, S. Dak.
506, 000 |----- do Clackamas, Oreg.
Chinook salmon_-_-..-_. 882,000 | Mill Creek, Calif Baird, Calif.
963, 000 |._--- do Battle Creek, Calif.
988,000 | Big White Salmon, Wash---_-- | Clackamas, Oreg,
3, 000, 000 | Little White Salmon, Wash--_-| Salmon, Idaho.
90, Clackamas, Oreg.
| Puget Sound Stations, Wash.
230,000 | Upper Clackamas, Ore: | Clackamas, Oreg.
750,000 | Wind River, Wash_-- | Little White Salmon, Wash.
Cishos te se a ee 2, 000, 000 | Cape Vincent, N. Y | Central Station, Washington, D. C.
Humpback salmon_-_.| 3,617,900 | Afognak, Alaska_-_-- Puget Sound Stations, Wash.
uake trout... 22222222 15, 000 | Cape Vincent, N. Y---- | Berkshire trout hatchery, Mass.
15,000 | Duluth, Minn-_--.-.....-_-.-.| Louisville, Ky.
60, 000 |_.__. Cee poe SS ee Leadville, Colo.
Landlocked salmon-_-_. 162,400 | Green Lake, Me_--.----------| Craig Brook, Me.
25,000 | Craig Brook, Me--_..---------- | St. Johnsbury, Vt.
25000) joo 5 (olo)2 ee eee a eee Nashua, N. H.
200,000 | Grand Lake Stream, Me-_-_---- Craig Brook, Me.
Loch Leven trout____- 75, 000 | Bozeman, Mont-_---.---.-.---- | St. Johnsbury, Vt.
250, 000 | Meadow Creek, Mont-------- | La Crosse, Wis.
25, 200 |_.--- Cl) o- Saceeeasoce eos Neosho, Mo.
258200) |Z 222 LO i as ee Cape Vincent, N. Y.
20. 200) |= ss Goszs = eee 8 os Sees ssa 2-= Erwin, Tenn.
20;000))|-= 255 COE sac atenesesceasesees-== | Alpena, Mich.
Pike perche=so---ss2- 1000! 000) |} Swanton; Vite-22-22.2--2 2-22 | Central Station, Washington, D. C.
1,000,000 | Alpena, Mich_-.._..------.--- Do.
Rainbow trout.---.-- 25,100 | Meadow Creek, Mont-------- Manchester, Iowa.
20, 000 |____. (tot) 42 See ey eee ee Neosho, Mo.
TASO1S 0000/22 = [ALC ee a oe Bozeman, Mont.
42050007 |22— = (Cos ae ee eee | Wytheville, Va.
33,000 | Manchester, Iowa._-_--..----- La Crosse, Wis.
200; 000s) BOuUrDOD, JMO}. <= -<--==------ Do.
50, 000 |____. (6 (lee pe Ef fe oe AN RE | Mammoth Spring, Ark.
397,000 | Springville, Utah_.__.--------- | Leadville, Colo.
50,000 | White Sulphur Springs, W. Va-| Central Station, Washington, D. C.
133, 000 |_-.-- oes as, a a Nashua, N. H.
50, 000: |___.. doeas sae Rati essen Holden, Vt.
J 207,000) /EZ 22 2 domes Se ee ee Northville, Mich.
Silver salmon__.___-__ 1, 722,000 | Baker Lake, Wash-_----------- Birdsview, Wash.
Pop ea | | rpc ae Se Ske 5, 250, 000 | Green Lake, Me---.-.-------- Craig Brook, Me.
Sockeye salmon___..__| 3,402,000 | Afognak, Alaska_.-..---.-.--- Puget Sound Stations, Wash.
30, 700 | Quinault, Wash__._...-.----.. Rogue River, Oreg.
Steelhead salmon-_-_-_- 50,000 | Clackamas, Oreg__.----------- Little White Salmon, Wash.
75,000 | Applegate, Oreg..-..---------- Spearfish, S. Dak.
702 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
HATCHERY FISH-CULTURAL NOTES
NEW HATCHERIES
Surveys have been made of possible sites for the new auxiliary of
the Warm Springs (Ga.) station, and final investigations are now
under way for the location of the hatchery. Preliminary arrange-
ments have been completed for the establishment of a proposed
auxiliary of the San Marcos (Tex.) station at Fort Worth, Tex., and
actual construction work is now waiting on the clearing of the title
to the property under consideration.
ENTOMOSTRACA FOR PONDFISH
The superintendent of the Wytheville (Va.) station received from
the New Jersey State hatchery at Hackettstown, N. J., a stock of
two species of daphnia. One form, Daphnia magna, attaims a very
large size and is useful for that reason. The other, Daphnia moina,
is a Japanese form and is unusually prolific. These organisms
constitute the main food supply of young bass. The cultures trans-
ferred to the Wytheville ponds flourished, and the superintendent
reports a notable increase in growth in the fish receiving them. A
stock has been shipped to the bureau’s Georgia and Tennessee
stations and also to the State of Kentucky.
NEW DIET FOR PONDFISH
The superintendent of the Warm Springs (Ga.) station has been
experimenting in feeding shrimp heads to the brood fish in the station
ponds. This material is largely a waste product of the coastal
fisheries. The fish appear to take it readily and thrive upon it,
but it has not been used sufficiently long to determine fully its actual
value as food for pondfish.
COMMERCIAL FISHES
Fishes of great commercial importance constituted a large part of
the output for the past year. The hatching of Pacific salmons is
supplementary to conservation by legal restriction. The propa-
gation of whitefish, cisco, lake trout, and pike perch probably is
one of the most important factors in the perpetuation of these fishes.
The propagation of the marine species as well as the anadromous
shad and herring of the Atlantic coast is responsible for the salvaging
of eggs that otherwise would be lost in marketing. The culture of
carp and buffalo fish also is directed toward the improvement of
the economic fisheries.
PACIFICESALMONS
As the collection of eggs from these species is dependent upon the
natural runs, considerable fluctuation in the numbers taken occurs
from year to year. During the past year, however, smaller collections
in some fields were offset by gains in others, so that the total take of all
species aggregated 1,000,000 more than in 1926. Brook trout were
hatched during the year at the Puget Sound (Wash.) stations and at
ine Yes Bay (Alaska) station. A more detailed résumé of the work
ollows:
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 703
AFoGNAK (ALASKA) STATION
[FRANK L. Snipgs,' Superintendent]
This station handles sockeye salmon mainly, although smaller numbers of
humpback and steelhead salmon also are collected. An escapement of 22,250
sockeye salmon was counted through a rack into Letnik Lake, or virtually double
the escapement of the previous season. Egg collections from this run amounted
to over 21,000,000. During August a run of 4,626 humpback salmon made their
way to Letnik Lake and enough fish were taken below the rack to furnish 4,212,000
eggs, all of which were shipped to the Puget Sound stations. Over 1,000,000
steelhead eggs were forwarded to the same destination. Destruction of Dolly
Varden trout was continued, and approximately 100,000 of these predacious fish
were accounted for in the course of the year. The results of the campaign of the
past two years against them have become quite noticeable.
Yes Bay (Ataska) Srarion
[J. L. GARDNER and A. T. Loorr, Superintendents]
During part of the fiscal year this station was without a superintendent, being
in charge of an employee attached to the Clackamas (Oreg.) station. Chinook
salmon exclusively are handled here, although a shipment of 60,000 brook-trout
eggs was received for incubation. The collection of over 30,000,000 sockeye eggs
represents almost half of the bureau’s total take of that species. Low water
during the fishing season and a sudden rise at the close probably prevented
the securing of at least 10,000,000 additional eggs. Twenty million salmon eggs
were hatched at the station; the remainder were shipped away or lost through
normal mortality. Whereas on July 1 of last year only 2,892,000 fingerkings
were being carried over for feeding, the close of the fiscal year 1927 found 10,473,000
on hand. This is indicative of the attempt to make the work at this station
more effective by rearing a larger proportion of the stock to larger size. The
fry are carried through the sac stage in stacked trays very successfully. This
system lessens the amount of attention and care that must be given to the fry.
Five thousand fish are held in each tray. A campaign was waged to eradicate
the predatory Dolly Varden trout. The practice of liberating fingerlings in the
feeding ponds, from which they can work their way gradually into the lake and
become adapted to new conditions by degrees, was continued. Condemned
canned salmon and salted salmon were used successfully as food. The cost of
this material varies from 14 to 4 cent per pound.
BakeER LAKE (WASH.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS
[JOSEPH KEMMERICH, Superintendent]
This important group consists of five permanent stations and one egg-collecting
station at Walcotts Slough near Brinnon, Wash. Steelhead trout and all species
of Pacific salmon except the humpback were handled. Weather and water
conditions were unusually favorable during the past year, but in several cases the
run of fish failed to meet expectations. The run of chum salmon in the Hoods
Canal region was an exception, however. A light run of sockeye salmon occurred
in the Baker River, and, in addition, numbers of fish were injured in being carried
over the dam at Concrete, Wash. Consequently only 2,823 fish were caught in
Baker Lake for the work at the Baker Lake station. Egg collections from all
points totaled 34,743,800, an increase of more than 8,000,000 over those of the
previous year. In addition, numbers of eggs were transferred for incubation
and distribution from points outside this field.
Baker Lake (Wash.) station.—Since the submission of last year’s report, the
combined fish ladder and elevator in the power dam at Concrete, Wash., has been
put in operation. In the fiscal year 1926 practically no fish reached Baker Lake,
but 2,823 sockeyes were taken at that point during the past year. It is believed
that the total run amounted to about 4,000 fish, and a comparison of the figures
will give an idea of the effectiveness of the device. The discrepancy between
4,000 and 2,823 was due largely to injuries received by the fish in making the
ascent. Other species that entered the ladder, such as the chinook and silver
salmons, apparently were put over with less tendency to injury, and the per-
centage of the total run that surmounted the dam probably was greater. So far
as can be observed, the passage of the fingerlings downstream over the dam is
704 U. 8S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
accomplished with little loss. During the spring run of steelheads in 1927 the
ladder and elevator were out of commission because of the construction of an
addition to the dam and certain changes in the racks designed to divert the fish
into the fishway. The apparatus will be in operation in time to care for the
coming run of sockeyes. The changes and improvements mentioned should
oe the effectiveness of the fishway and lessen the tendency to injure the
sh.
The first sockeye entered the fishway on June 18, and the first fish were
observed in the trap in Baker Lake on July 1. As usual, the trapped fish were
held in an inclosure until spawning commenced on September 17. The season’s
collection of eggs amounted to 3,921,000, which were hatched with small loss.
A number of advanced fry were liberated in the inclosure stream, from which
they could work gradually into the lake. Eggs were received from the Yes Bay
(Alaska) and Birdsview (Wash.) stations, and 200,000 of the resulting fingerlings
are being held and fed.
A good proportion of the silver-salmon run surmounted the dam, and 2,286
fish were trapped. Only 623 proved to be females, and 1,766,000 eggs were
taken. All eggs were hatched and the resulting fish distributed at the Birdsview
station.
Birdsview (Wash.) substation.—The year opened with a larger stock of feeding
fingerlings on hand than in any previous year. In addition to chinook, silver,
and sockeye salmon, brook trout were being held for the account of the Skagit
County Game Commission. The run of chinook and silver salmon in the Skagit
River was below normal. A few sockeye eggs were secured from Grandy Creek
and also a small number of chinook eggs. Over 1,000,000 of the latter were
transferred from the Little White Salmon River station. The light run of silver
salmon in Grandy Creek necessitated the shipping in of 600,000 from the Quinault
station to supplement the local collection of 850,000. All silver-salmon eggs
secured at Baker Lake were hatched and distributed at Birdsview to avoid plant-
ing this species in Baker Lake. The steelhead-egg collection surpassed that of
any year since 1918. Almost 1,000,000 fry and fingerlings of this species were on
hand on June 30. A shipment of ornamental Japanese carp, goldfish, and
killifish was received and part of the fish distributed to other points.
Duckabush (Wash.) substation—The permanent trap in the Duckabush River
is so low that any rise in water submerges it; consequently but few silver salmon
or steelheads were taken. It will be necessary to rebuild a new and higher trap
at this point for future work. Chum-salmon eggs in a quantity beyond the
capacity of the station were obtained from Walcotts Slough and in the Ducka-
bush River. Egg losses were greater than normal, due, it is believed, to certain
changes in the practice of hardening the eggs. The late run of fish at the slough
was heavy, and a good supply of eggs was obtained. The chum salmon were
liberated as sac fry. Chinook salmon from the Little White Salmon station were
pee and liberated in the Duckabush River in the hope of establishing a run
there.
Illabot Creek (Wash.) substation —IWllabot Lake and Illabot Creek are tributary
to the Skagit River. It has been considered desirable to establish a sockeye run
in this system, and, beginning in 1925, plants of eved eggs were made in the
gravel. A number of plants have been made since then, but it was found in
November, 1926, that the eggs were not hatching. A subsequent investigation
of the November plantings showed that only about one-fourth of the eggs were
hatching. In view of this situation it was deemed necessary to make future
plantings of fingerlings, and 20,000 sockeye fingerlings were reserved at the Birds-
view station to be transported to Illabot Lake by pack horse later in the season.
Lake Crescent (Wash.) substation.—Operations at this point consisted mainly in
the rearing of 1,000,000 fingerling sockeyes in the ponds of the Washington State
hatchery at that point. It is considered that Lake Crescent and its outlet, the
Lyre River, constitute the most feasible place in the State of Washington for the
establishment of a sockeye run. The river apparently supports a good run of
steelheads and silver salmon, and no fish-cultural operations have been conducted
upon it. Sockeye eggs to the number of 1,013,098 were shipped from the Yes
Bay station and incubated at the State hatchery. The resulting fish were fed
until June 14, on which date they were liberated because the ponds were needed
for other work. Pa |
Ozette (Wash.) substation—Mention was made in last year’s report that
hatchery operations were contemplated at this point and that retaining pens
for sockeye salmon had been constructed. Later developments have shown that
the waters of the lake and of Umbrella Creek become too warm, and it was neces-
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 705
sary to release all fish. A survey was made of the entire Quillayute River water-
shed, and at no other point was there any indication of a run of sockeyes. Con-
sequently all work at Ozette Lake has been abandoned and all equipment removed.
Quilcene (Wash.) substation.—Collections of chum-salmon eggs from the Ducka-
bush River as well as the Quilcene River gave an extra large output of this species.
The collection of silver-salmon eggs from the Quilcene River did not represent
the full run of fish in that stream, as unavoidable defects in the traps permitted
the escape of many fish. Egg-collecting operations at Walcotts Slough in coop-
eration with the Duckabush station have been mentioned already. In addition,
attention was given to both early and late runs of chum salmon in the Quilcene
River territory, giving a total take of 7,944,000 eggs of that species. A half
million chinook eggs from the Little White Salmon River station were hatched
with the object of creating a run of this species in the Quileene River. The
escape of the greater part of the silver-salmon run up the river reduced the total
number of eggs to only 427,000. Three hundred thousand additional eggs were
transferred from the Quinault station for hatching and local distribution. The
only humpback-salmon eggs hatched at the Puget Sound stations consisted of
3,617,900 eved eggs shipped from Afognak, Alaska, to this station. Being the off
year for this species in Puget Sound waters, no local collections were attempted.
A light run of steelheads gave a short collection of only 240,000 eggs. The
resulting fry and fingerlings are being held at the station and fed.
Sultan (Wash.) substation.—While water conditions appeared favorable, there
was an inexplicably light run of all species in this territory. A collection of
199,000 chinook eggs was secured by gaffing females, which do not ascend Elwell
Creek to the trap. The small run of silver salmon in the Skyhomish River was
deflected into Elwell Creek, and only a little over 1,000,000 eggs were taken.
This number was increased by the transfer of 1,000,000 eggs from the State
fisheries department. The steelhead run in the Skyhomish River was reported
Fat large, but comparatively few of the fish reached the bureau’s trap in Elwell
reek.
QUINAULT (WasH.) STATION
{Marcus S. Meyer, Superintendent]
At this station efforts have been devoted largely to the handling of sockeyes,
with incidental collections of silver and chinook salmon. Almost 2,500,000
sockeye eggs were obtained during the season. The use of traps has been aban-
doned largely, and dependence is now placed in seining for securing the fish.
The egg-taking season, extending over a month, brings about a prolongation of
hatching, so that earlier fingerlings can be reared and fed in outside pools until a
later hatch necessitates their distribution to provide space. At the close of the
year 837,080 sockeye fingerlings and a small number of chinooks were being
held for later distribution.
CLACKAMAS (OREG.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS
[PuHILo B. HAWLEY, Superintendent]
This station, with its group of seven substations, is a factor in the maintenance
of the salmon runs in three States—Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Their
operations are concerned mainly with the chinook, silver, and steelhead sal-
mons, although the sockeye salmon and several species of trout are handled in
small numbers. The total production for last year failed to equal that of the
preceding year, although it was well up to the average. As in previous reports,
acknowledgment should be made of the hearty cooperation afforded by the
State of Oregon, both financially and otherwise.
Clackamas (Oreg.) station.—Facilities at this point have been improved by the
construction of 16 concrete rearing ponds each 36 feet in length. The racks were
set up at the usual time with the expectation of a normal run of fish, but it failed
to materialize, and the collection of chinook-salmon eggs at this point was the
smallest in the history of the station. The fish hatched from the eggs secured
were reared to No. 1 fingerlings or larger before liberation. Over 2,000,000
chinook eggs were transferred from other points and hatched here. In addition
to the usual shipments of steelhead eggs from Applegate Creek, eggs of the brook
trout and black-spotted trout from the Springville and Yellowstone Park hatch-
eries, respectively, were hatched and distributed in local waters. It has been
found difficult to raise trout to a size greater than 2 inches at this station, there-
fore the distribution must be made at that stage of growth or earlier.
_ 83420—28——4
706 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Upper Clackamas (Oreg.) substation—The usual egg-collecting operations
yielded a disappointing total about one-third as large as that of the previous year.
The Chinook eggs were transferred to the main Clackamas station to be hatched,
and the fry were planted in the waters from which the eggs were derived.
Little White Salmon (Wash.) substation—While racks were installed during
late August and early September, low water retarded spawning until September
23. A good yield of chinook eggs was had until the close of the season on October
13. Sockeye salmon were noticed in the Little White Salmon River, and 60,000
eggs were secured. More might have been obtained except for inability to trap
the fish in a rack designed for the larger chinooks. Steelhead and brook-trout
eggs transferred here were hatched and reared to fingerling size. Seventy barrels
of salmon were salted for fish food.
Big White Salmon (Wash.) substation—Preparations for the spawning runs
were made in Big White Salmon River and Spring Creek. The number of eggs
taken during the season exceeded that of the previous year, and the 4,315,000
secured from Spring Creek established a record for that field. The latter has
been built up from a stream barren of salmon to a first-class egg-collecting station
by virtue of frequent and heavy stockings. About 4,000,000 eyed chinook eggs
were shipped, part of them going to the Clackamas station and the remainder to
the Oregon fish commission. Fingerling fish were retained until May, when the
exhaustion of the food supply of salted salmon necessitated their release. Two
hundred and fifty thousand were retained for marking experiments, to be con-
ducted by the division of scientific inquiry with the view of securing data on the
migrations and survivals of fingerlings of various ages. A number of brook trout
were hatched and distributed to the bureau’s applicants and for the account of the
Klickitat County Game Commission.
Rogue River (Oreg.) substation.—The opening of the chinook-salmon spawning
season at this point occurred on August 16, and eggs were taken until October 4,
the season’s collection amounting to 3,271,000. A very high proportion of male
to female fish (frequently 8 to 1) was experienced. A new rack for intercepting
silver and steelhead salmon was erected in Elk Creek, but high water retarded
the collections. The flooding of the station grounds permitted the escape of all
fish, but no property damage was suffered, although the water was 3 feet deep
in some of the buildings.
Applegate Creek (Oreg.) substation——The work at this point is confined to the
silver and steelhead salmons. Egg collections of the former were very light, only
650,000 being obtained. A large run of steelheads aroused expectations of a good
yield from that species, but freshets carried away part of the dam and rack and
allowed most of the fish to escape. In spite of this mishap the egg collections
amounted to 1,250,000.
Salmon (Idaho) substation —One hundred and thirty thousand rainbow-trout
fingerlings carried over from the previous season were distributed in local barren
streams and in Williams Lake with the aim of establishing an egg-collecting field.
Racks erected in the Pahsimeroi River in June were washed out by a cloud-burst
in July; consequently the take of eggs in this field was largely negligible. Spawn-
ing operations in the Lemhi River yielded only about half the number of eggs
secured the previous year, an unusually dry season being given as the cause.
Eggs were incubated at the main station at Salmon, Idaho. Three million
chinook eggs were transferred to this point for the purpose of determining the
effectiveness of feeding ‘‘spring’’ and ‘‘fall” fingerlings. No fish under 1144
inches in length were released.
Wind River (Wash.) substation.—Results at this station were unsatisfactory,
with collections less than half as large as the previous year’s take. No eggs were
hatched here, all of them being transferred to other points. This station, the
property of the State of Washington, is in such condition that there is little hope
of making it highly productive without a heavy expenditure of funds, and it is
suggested that it be discontinued.
Barrp (Cauir.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS
{W. K. Hancock, Superintendent]
A series of mishaps prevented the full realization of expectations at the Baird
station. At this point dependence is placed in the seining of chinook salmon
below the racks for an egg supply. Escape of fish through openings in the rack
and high and muddy water materially checked operations with the early fall
run of fish. During the winter high water carried out a supply dam and washed
out some rearing ponds. The construction of racks in the spring was attended
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 707
by great difficulty for the same reason. The presence of a tremendous amount
of voleanic ash from Mount Shasta in the McCloud River has been a constant
source of difficulty. The continual turbidity prevented examination of the
racks to keep them fish tight, deposited thick layers of mud on the spawning
grounds, and an inordinate amount of attention was required to prevent its
smothering the eggs.
Battle Creek (Calif.) substation—A repetition of the high water noted at
Baird rendered seining difficult at this point and in November damaged the rack
so that all fish could ascend the river. Four million salmon eggs were taken,
with the probability that half that number was lost through the break in the
scale Muddy water gave continuous trouble throughout the whole incubation
period.
Mill Creek (Calif.) substation.—Similar conditions washed out the rack at
Mill Creek after 5,000,000 eggs had been collected, and as many more probably
were lost on account of the accident. Muddy water hindered incubation here,
also, with heavy losses resulting. Constant attention to the eggs was necessary.
An aggravated condition of mud and high water in the river seriously curtailed
all operations in the California field.
FISHES OF THE GREAT LAKES
Operations in this field also are contingent upon weather conditions,
egg collections of the important lake trout, whitefish, cisco, and pike
perch fluctuating with the prosecution of the fisheries. The four
ain stations, with an equal number of substations and numerous
collecting points, are concerned largely with the species mentioned
above, though minor commercial fishes, such as yellow perch and
carp and the game fishes, likewise are included in the output.
DututH (Minn.) STATION
[S. P. WirEs, Superintendent]
The take of lake trout and whitefish was light this season although slightly in
excess of that of last year. Unfavorable weather conditions influenced the
limited collections and probably were partially responsible for a poorer quality
of eggs. These conditions prevailed not only on the south shore but at various
points on Isle Royale. From the 16,717,295 lake-trout eggs taken, 615,400 eyed
eggs, 8,380,000 fry, and 321,000 fingerlings were distributed; 2,732,000 whitefish
eggs were collected.
Pike-perch work in cooperation with the State of Minnesota near Bemidji was
successful. Eggs were eyed at the State’s hatchery at Bemidji and transferred
to other points for hatching. The bureau’s share from these operations was
19,600,000 eggs. Almost 250,000 brook-trout eggs from various sources were
handled. The hatch of 204,000 was distributed to applicants.
NoRTHVILLE (Micu.) STATION AND SUBSTATION
[W. W. THAYER, Superintendent]
The Northville station handles none of the commercial species but propagates
game fishes, both trout and the pond varieties. Almost 1,500,000 brook-trout
eggs were received from commercial dealers. Part of these were shipped to the
Alpena substation. Of the resulting fry, 200,000 were shipped to the cooperative
nursery of the Turtle Lake Club. Difficulty was experienced in holding brook
trout in the ponds, although no trouble was had with rainbows under similar
conditions. An attempt to hold the fish longer than usual undoubtedly made
the losses heavier than would have been the case if all of them had been dis-
tributed soon after May 1.
The smallmouth-bass operations were encouraging, with a large increase in the
fall distribution of fingerlings carried over. Winter losses of adult stock were
lower than in the previous year. The 1927 hatch already has yielded 132,250
fry and fingerlings. The usual collections of brood bass were made for other
stations. Some bluegill sunfish also were produced. Several hundred thousand
rainbow-trout eggs were hatched, and at the close of the year 118,000 were
being held over. The work with this species was very successful. This station
708 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
is supervising the Turtle Lake (Mich.) cooperative nursery and another one at
Metamora, Mich.
Alpena (Mich.) substation.—Whitefish-egg collections were carried on under
the handicap of extremely stormy weather, with a consequent reduction in the
number of eggs taken. Inability to secure experienced spawn takers was reflected
in eggs of poorer quality. Further experiments at penning whitefish were made
at Huron Beach, but with the same handicaps as were present in other fields.
The possibilities of this practice are promising, however, and it should be con-
tinued. Weather conditions were more favorable for lake-trout collections, and
a normal yield was obtained. The eggs were of good quality, but losses through
an accident cut down the percentage of hatch.
A lake-trout nursery has been established at Rogers, Mich., and 300,000 fish
are being reared. An equal number are being reared at the hatchery. A coop-
erative brook-trout nursery in Wilson Township also is being conducted under
the supervision of this station. In the spring pike-perch operations were con-
ducted in cooperation with the State of Michigan. It was found that the use of
muck to prevent adhesion gave better results than did starch.
Charlevoix (Mich.) substation——The bad weather affecting the whitefish work
at the above-mentioned stations was, of course, operative here. Its effect was
noticeable chiefly in the quality of the eggs, as a larger number was obtained
than in the preceding year. A period of bad weather prevents the lifting of the
nets, and when the fish are removed they are in bad shape and the eggs are of
poor quality. Greater cooperation on the part of the fishermen would go a
long way toward perpetuating the whitefish by artificial propagation. The
same general conditions have applied to the lake-trout work. An attempt was
made to develop a collecting station for rainbow troui near the station, and a
few eggs were taken.
Put in Bay (Onto) STATION
[Davip DaAvVIEs, Superintendent]
The usual arrangements were made for opening the whitefish egg-collecting
stations in the fall. The collection of whitefish eggs, however, was the smallest
in several years. This, of course, was a reflection of the fact that unusually
small catches were made by the commercial fishermen. There appears to have
been a change in the habits of the fish, reduction of spawning on the grounds
west of Put in Bay apparently having taken place. Fish are now spawning
more plentifully in waters east of Kelleys Island. The season’s yield was
122,800,000 eggs, of which over 79,000,000 hatched.
In the pike-perch work there was a decrease of 50,000,000 eggs from the Port
Clinton field, being offset largely by a gainin the Toledo field, so that the season’s
take approximated that of last year. The spawning season was prolonged, and
early breaking of the ice gave a longer fishing season. The percentage of hatch
was rather low. Large collections of yellow-perch eggs were made, a number
being shipped to Missouri and Montana and the remainder being incubated and
planted in Ohio waters. The carp work at Port Clinton was only partly successful
as the commercial catch of this species was very light. No satisfactory explana-
tion for this condition is evident. Collections of smallmouth black bass were
made in Lake Erie for brood stock for other stations.
Carr VincENT (N. Y.) STATION AND SUBSTATION
[J. P. SNYDER, Superintendent]
Spawn takers were placed at four points on Lake Ontario during the lake-
trout season. An innovation was attempted in the seining of lake trout to be
held in pens to ripen. Difficulty in securing State permission for this work
delayed its start, but a total of 600 fish penned, of which only 153 were females,
gave 767,000 eggs. The yield for the season from all sources was more than double
that of any previous year. A fair hatch resulted, and the majority of the young
fish were returned to Lake Ontario.
Adverse conditions confronted the whitefish work. Coupled with a failure
to secure permission to take eggs from any but the most unproductive fields in
Canadian waters, there were continual high winds that permitted the lifting of
nets only four or five times during the spawning season. The largest number
of eggs was obtained in the vicinity of Chaumont Bay. The adverse conditions
prevailed during the lake-herring spawning season also. In spite of this, a
eee
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 709
heavy increase over the collections of the previous year was noted. ) Dae ae 8, 130
Crappie! Aas! sios2 eee eS 2,045 | Yellow perchi<-= | ee See 84, 696, 580
Largemouth black bass-----.---- 22,069 | Washington:
Sunfish’ 232s o sae ee see 6,615 | @atfish 22:22: 22 20 22s e 55
Oregon: j | @hinook salmone_- 3s 10, 094, 778
@hinookssalmon'eees. =e sees 13, 158, 000 | Chumisalmon22=2 = ae 15, 986, 725
Silver salmon 640, 900 Silversalmon-) > es 5, 795, 957
Steelhead salmon 15, 000 | Sockéye salmon 2+ se oe= eee 19, 939, 300
Rainbow trout 95, 800 | Humpback salmon 3, 544, 000
Black-spotted trout -_- 543, 000 Steelhead salmon-_-.--_.____- 969, 729
Loch Leven trout 50, 000 Rain bowstroutes- 2 oe eee 10, 000
Brook troute--- 52s ste = 241, 500 Black-spotted trout __-._---_---- 6, 903, 000
Pennsylvania: Loch Leven trout _._......__---- , 000
WiNitehsShee © ==. 25 = ee 3, 000, 000 | bakettrout:2ss-.-5- = eee 25, 000
Ciscoe a ee Se he ee 6, 080,000 || West Virginia:
Silverjsalmon 222--_ 22> seas 5, 600 | Rainbows blot.) == as eee 513, 650
Rainbowrtroutsccs». =e eee 305, 300 | Loch Leven trout _......---_-_-- 188, 000
Loch Leven) trout. —__---_ aes 188, 998 | Dakertrowte.--- 2 eee 100, 000
ake troute 2s 3. eee 50, 000 | Brooks trout. = i. =.-+_.. eee 929, 410
Brookmtrolteses ee ee 791, 617 | Largemouth black bass_-__--_---- 143, 790
Largemouth black bass-_---._._-- 8, 330 \ Rock DasSseseseccc ale 4, 550
Rock bass2. 32.2 22a Soe 1, 800 | Sunfish > Sos eee 150
MUnTshees 2 ee es ees 19,920 | Wisconsin:
South Carolina: Catfish .-*....--. <2 aes eee 6, 227, 580
GCattishie eee = ot. es a ae 130 | iBultalo fish] 22222) 50a eee 151, 400
Rainbows routes. se eee 15, 300 | Carpet ste ee eee 2, 805, 100
Brookstrouts 2-2 =o - see eo 19, 000 | Rainbow troute = eo eee 230, 280
@rapples= a=. on. So ies oe soe ee 40 | Tochiieven trout. 2-222 -e 218, 650
Largemouth black bass---------- 205, 255 | IBrookutroutss = => eee 839, 550
ROCK Dassass oo Se 2, 525 Pike and pickerel __-.......----- 72, 350
Wanrmouth bass2- 2" __=__ s.!- 32) 2223. See 1, 405
Rambow iouts.--o-- 2-42 hs 2 76, 950 |; Rain bowstroiltess.2- 22s en eee 1, 786, 402
FOO RSUROU tS eee eee a8 oe 25, 400 | Black-spotted trout.--.--.-.---- 6, 258, 000
Largemouth biack bass-_----.---- 7, 650 | och Leventrout=-o 22s cole eae 780, 320
RVG CK: DA SS so 2ne soe en See 5, 200 | Whake\troutes 2232282 bees. ace 250, 000
Shi tects ba Seat or te ay 12, 371 Brook: (route ekeee scene eee 1, 056, 025
Texas: Grappies=. 2. eee 1, 050
RAIN DOW TIOUieee ae 22, 100 | Largemouth black bass__-_------ 3, 975
Crappie. fe oeec ce oc seen cea UE 46, 268 | Sunfish! 0222 eS ee 210
Largemouth black bass-_-.--_---- 183, 682 | Wellow:perchinc*..-. ee 25, 200
aK rOuUtee eer enero eae sk ee 22, 750 1 Total: 3-22.22 3, 704, 316
Besides the 62 side trips made from the car, its messengers made 29 trips with
fish from the hatcheries, at a cost of $376.50. The following table shows the species
and the numbers of fish the messengers thus handled:
Species Fingerlings | Species Fingerling
Reainbowstroutes seas os 8 oa Se Pee 74,.800';|' Rock-bass2: 209129 920 bees eee ee 400
IBTOO ROM bes eos sane as es 235, |
Black-spotted trout._--_-2 22-822 - 2 7 2 112, 000 Total: 2) 22. ae ae ee 424, 300
Boch Leven strouts sc: Vie eke 1, 200 | ’
The car’s crew made all needed minor repairs to its interior during the year,
one of the most economically valuable changes effected being in the arrangement
of the air pipes in the fish compartments so that it is now possible to aerate 230
aluminum fish pails instead of seventy 10-gallon cans and 100 aluminum fish pails,
thereby increasing the carrying capacity of the car.
CAR NO. 9
[H. F. Jounston, Captain]
At the beginning of the fiscal year car No. 9 was stationed at Washington,
D. C., the members of its crew being on detail at the central office of the bureau.
On July 12 the car proceeded to White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., for the purpose
of completing the distribution from that station for the season of 1926. The load
of trout obtained was delivered to applicants at Cowan, W. Va., and by means
ore logging train were transported from Cowan to various points along the Gauley
iver.
PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 100
After completing the White Sulphur Springs distribution the car was ordered
to Manchester, Iowa, where a load of trout was obtained for distribution to
applicants, the destination of the car being Red Granite, Wis. Early in August
the car was detailed to distribute the output of trout of the Bozeman (Mont.)
by
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station, and on August 4 it left La Crosse, Wis., with a load of miscellaneous
pondfishes for delivery to applicants in Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana en
route to Bozeman. The Bozeman distribution continued during the months of
August, September, and part of October, during which time numerous applicants
736 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
in Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho were supplied with brook, rainbow, black-
spotted, and Loch Leven trouts.
The car returned to Dubuque on October 10, and, as the distribution of the
warm-water fishes from the various substations along the Mississippi River in
the vicinity of Dubuque had been completed, the car was ordered to Fairport,
Iowa, where it received a load of pondfishes for delivery to applicants in Pennsyl-
vania. After completing this trip it proceeded to Washington, D. C., the mem-
bers of its crew being sent to various stations of the bureau for the winter. Annual
repairs were made during January, 1927, at the Pennsylvania Railroad shops at
Wilmington, Del.
From April 1 to June 30 the car was used in distributing the 1927 output of
trout from the White Sulphur Springs station to applicants in Pennsylvania,
Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland, which necessitated making carload ship-
ments to the following points: Uniontown, Williamsport, Kane, Bellefonte,
Pittsburgh, and Scranton, Pa.; Elkins and Grafton, W. Va.; and Oakland,
Md. In completing this distribution the car made 24 trips, traveled 19,800 paid
and 2,176 free miles, and supplied 890 applicants in 11 States with 4,743,845 trout
and pondfishes, as follows:
Finger- Finger- | Finger- Finger-
Species Fry lings lings | lings lings Adults
No. 1 INo#2! >|) Nore No. 4
Catfishacs fetes 5 hs ee ee ee eo sae ee ee pice shee noe eS = Si } 2, 940
Rain DOWALLOM Teese es eee Jacsascocntes 403, 200 551, 400 | 69)'750 |S = see pe an
Black-spotted: trots. 2 ee e |Se 268, 800 810002252 | eee 18
MochiWevensiroute 222 Seep UM a 237,600. 22sec ES! Se ee res
IBOOK GROW te ee on oes | ee 525, 500 210, 600 269; 800) | 25 saree 5, 012
Graylinge= 262 ee [ee oe ae = |e ee ee 18
Targemouthuplacks Pass = eee |e ce aR Ea 11, 600 4, 575 12
Smaliniouthiplackibass= = sates |S 2e as ee Sa ee | eee eo 2;600 |. 2-2-2. ee | eee oe
SUT AAS Haha aa Pe Sh Bi 1) ees ee (eoge_csS tee ee 420
PIKO ELC ha eae ee rear a || «62, 080;(000)|Barsce ooo ek eee oo fl Poo Se Se 2 | cs Se
Yellow perch ote vca 02 Sul ele | see ee oe |e Poa 3, 750 1, 200 300 aes
"Total ep seeme. ie Ue’ oes | 2,080,000 | 1,211,150 1,084, 450 | 354, 950 ~ 4,875 8, 420
FILTROS PLUGS
The porous substance known as filtros, which was used on the
bureau’s distribution cars for the first time some years ago, has
proved quite satisfactory as a means of diffusing air into the water
of the fish container. Prior to the introduction of this material
plugs made of basswood were used in specially designed holders of
hard rubber having three threaded openings where the plugs were
inserted. The old-type wooden plug, of course, was subject to con-
traction and expansion and required a great deal of attention, it
being necessary to examine the plugs carefully at the end of each
trip and to replace them once or twice a year. Moreover, the com-
bination could not be purchased from any dealer, the plug holder
being made in a special matrix and the plugs by hand. This made
the cost quite high, and their use by the States was prohibitive.
The bureau has standardized the filtros plug, and States desiring
to use it may purchase their supplies from the dealer who supplies
the bureau. This plug does not require a special holder, as it can
be inserted in the end of the rubber tube leading from the pipe line
to the fish container. It is always in condition for use and need not
be replaced for at least three years. It may be purchased in a size
to fit a 44-inch rubber tube. All the bureau’s cars are using this
material with satisfactory results.
O
STATISTICS OF THE CATCH OF COD OFF THE EAST COAST
OF NORTH AMERICA TO 1926!
By Oscar E. Serre, Assistant in Charge, Division of Fishery Industries
The fishery for cod on the east coast of North America is probably
the most international fishery of North America. No less than five
nations have an important part in it; named in order of the size of
their cod catch they are Newfoundland, France, Canada, the United
States, and Portugal.? This report is intended to bring together the
available statistics on this fishery in order to show its size, trend, and
relative importance of the fisheries of each participating country.
As the statistics of each country are shown in different units of
quantity and represent various stages in the preparation of cod for
market, all have been reduced to the same basis—pounds of round
cod as caught. The treatment of the data is given in detail for each
country in the following sections.
NEWFOUNDLAND
With the exception of the year 1925, the only statistics available
on the total production of cod by Newfoundland are the number of
quintals of dry-salted cod exported annually. Statistics on this
subject are available from 1804 to date. The data for 1804 to 1904,
inclusive, are taken from ‘“‘Report on the Trade and Commerce of
Newfoundland for the Four Years ended June 30, 1906,” by William
MacGregor; from the annual reports of the Department of Marine
and Fisheries for the years 1905 to 1924; and from the report of the
American consul, St. Johns, Newfoundland, for 1925 and 1926. Itis
understood that these include the catch on the Labrador coast as
well as that of Newfoundland proper. Virtually all of the catch is
exported. In a letter of December 1, 1926, Alan Goodridge, deputy
minister, says: ‘‘To this (export) may be added, roughly, three
quintals per family eaten during the year. There are, roughly,
80,000 families in the population of 275,000.” This gives us an esti-
mate of 240,000 quintals of cod consumed in Newfoundland in 1925.
On this basis it is possible to make an estimate of the amounts con-
sumed in previous years, on the basis of previous populations, figures
for which are given in Table 1.
TasBLE 1.—Population of Newfoundland, various years, 1804 to 1925
Year | Population Source of information
|
ES UY Sy Ste ec 20,000 | Encyclopedia Brittanica.
theS p= See eee 60, 000 Do.
pire 2 ot Se eee ee eee 75, 094 Do
OE ee Ae a 124, 288 Do.
UC 28. Beet be ee ee 161, 374 Do.
fs is 5 ee ee eee eee 220, 249 | International Encyclopedia.
ep eee cate ee ee eee ee 263, 383 | World Almanac.
(Clo ee eee eee 259, 358 | American Annual.
py is Se Se eee 27%, 600 | Goodridge Letter.
1 Appendix I X to Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1927. B. F. Doc. No. 1034. Contri-
bution No. 1 from the North American Committee on Atlantic Fishery Investigations. :
2 The Greenland cod fishery has been omitted from this report because it is comparatively unimportant
and for lack of complete statistics. During the five years 1919 to 1923 the annual yield averaged 525,000
kilograms of salt cod and klipfish, the equivalent of about 3,500,000 pounds of fresh round cod.
88167—28 (ge
738 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
Assuming that the population has increased at a uniform rate
during the years for which we have no population statistics, we have
calculated the number of quintals consumed on the basis of 3 quintals
per family, or 0.873 quintal per capita. The resulting totals are
shown in Table 2 in terms of quintals of dry-salted cod and also
converted to the basis of pounds of fresh round cod, using as factors
112 pounds to the quintal and 3 quintals of fresh round cod to 1
quintal of dry-salted cod.
In addition to the statistics here presented, data are available on
the number of vessels in and total catch of the vessel fishery for the
years 1889 to 1904 and on the number of vessels, tonnage, crew, and
catch for the years 1897 to date. These are published in the annual
reports of the Department of Marine and Fisheries of Newfoundland
and are presented here in Table 3. Beginning with 1925, statistics
are available also on the shore catch of cod in Newfoundland by
districts.
TaBLe 2.—Newfoundland cod catch, 1804 to 1926 }
Consumed | Total on
Year ape a in New- Total basis of fresh
foundland round cod
Calendar year Quintals | Quintals | Quintals Pounds
1, 438, 852 240,000 | 1,678,852 | 564, 094, 272
1, 237, 630 240,000 | 1,477,630 | 496, 483, 680
1, 165, 097 240, 075
1, 264, 674 237, 702
1, 483, 587 235, 327
1,405,172 | 472, 137, 792
1
1
1, 592, 046 232,952 | 1
1
1
502,376 | 504, 798, 336
718,914 | 577, 555, 104
824,998 | 613, 199, 328
535, 707, 984
016,217 | 677, 448, 912
1, 363, 792 230, 577
1, 788, 015 228, 202 | 2,
3
in
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for)
©
1, 681,770 |~ 226,312 1,908,082 641, 115, 552
1, 821, 206 224,421 | 2045,627 | 687, 330, 672
1, 568, 020 222,530 | 1,790,550 601, 624, 800
64
1, 421, 372 220, 640
1, 094, 242 218, 749
1, 247, 314 216, 858
2,012 | 551, 716, 032
12,991 441, 164, 976
491, 961, 792
Dew
for)
>
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bo
1, 408, 582 214,967 | 1,623,549 | 545, 512, 464
1, 388, 178 213,076 | 1,601,254 | 538, 021, 344
1,182,720! 211, 185 393,905 ; 468, 352, 080
1,502,269 | 209, 295 711, 564 | 575, 085, 504
1, 732,387 | 207, 404 939,791 | 651, 769, 776
1, 509,269 205, 513 714,782 | 576, 166, 752
1, 422, 445 | 626,067 | 546, 358, 512
1, 481, 025 201, 731 682,756 | 565, 406, 016
1,196,814 —-199, 841 396,655 | 469, 276, 080
1,360,373 | 197,950 | 1,558,323 | 523, 596, 528
1,429,274 | 196, 059 625,333 | 546, 111, 888
1, 288,955 —- 194, 168 483,123 | 498, 329, 328
1, 233, 107 192, 277 |
1, 300, 622 190, 300
1, 226,336 | 188, 324
1, 145, 540 186, 347
1,135,817 | 184, 370
425,384 | 478, 929, 024
499,922 | 503, 973, 792
| 475, 325, 760
331,887 | 447, 514, 032
320,187 | 443, 582, 832
ES
ear
Le
a>
Ss
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
203, 622 | 1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1, 312, 608 182,393 | 1,495,001 | 502, 320, 336
1, 107, 696 180,416 | 1,288,112 | 432, 805, 632
1, 060, 335 178, 440 | 1, 238, 775 416, 228, 400
* 1,049, 310 | 176, 463 | 1, 225,773 411, 859, 728
1, 244,834 | 174,486 | 1,419, 320 476, 891, 520
1, 040, 916 | 172,509 | 1,213,425 | 407, 710, 800
1, 076, 507 170, 532 | 1, 247, 039 419, 005, 104
1, 175, 720 | 168,556 | 1,344, 276 451, 676, 736
1, 080, 024 166,579 | 1,246,603 | 418, 858, 608
1, 344, 180 164,602 | 1, 508, 782 506, 950, 752
1, 284,710 | 162,625 | 1, 447,335 486, 304, 560
1, 457, 637 | 160,648 | 1,618, 285 543, 743, 760
1, 532, 023 | 158,672 | 1,690, 695 568, 073, 520
1 Data on exports are from following sources: 1804-1904, Report on the Trade and Commerce of New-
foundiand, by Sir William McGregor; 1905-1924, annual reports of the Department of Marine and Fisheries,
Newfoundland; 1925 and 1926, report of the American consul, St. Johns, Newfoundland, May 7, 1927.
aE
COD STATISTICS TO 1926
TABLE 2.—Newfoundland cod catch, 1804 to 1926—Continued
Year
Calendar year—Continued
Exports of |
dried cod
Quintals
1,391, 107 |
1, 034, 101 |
1, 068, 471 |
1, 144, 196
, 086, 266
947, 762
891, 360
711, 059
923, 540
884, 474
810, 219
576, 132
674, 810
772, 809
625, 519
664, 277
739
Consumed
in New-
| foundland
Quintals
156, 695
154, 718
152, 741
150, 764
148, 788
146, 811
144, 834
142, 857
140, 880
138, 974
137, 070
135, 165
133, 261
131, 356
129, 452
127, 547
125, 643
123, 738
121, 834
119, 929
118, 025
116, 120
114, 216
112, 312
110, 407
108, 503
106, 457
104, 412
102, 367
100, 322
98, 297
96, 232
94, 187
92, 142
90, 097
88, 052
86, 007
83, 962
81, 917
79, 872
77, 827
75, 782
73, 737
71, 692
69, 647
67, 602
65, 557
62, 262
58, 968
55, 674
52, 380
51, 129
49, 882
48, 635
47, 388
46, 141
44, 894
43, 647
42, 400
41, 153
39, 906
38, 659
37, 412
36, 165
34, 918
33, 671
32, 424
31,177
29, 930
28, 683
Total
Quintals
1, 547, 802
1, 690, 291
1, 536, 272
1, 538, 534
1, 183, 801
1, 180, 912
1, 213, 305
1, 287, 053
1, 736, 707
1, 455, 759
1, 253, 913
1, 302, 653
1, 303, 437
1, 235, 462
1, 017, 515
1, 132, 635
1, 012, 333
1, 085, 077
1, 138, 128
1, 119, 018
1, 387, 862
1, 354, 493
1, 452, 418
1, 334, 556
1, 148, 496
1, 500, 825
1, 374, 791
1, 211, 800
876, 484
1, 023, 040
1, 071, 249
1, 113, 384 |
1, 183, 369
1, 267, 309
1, 010, 463
926, 025
965, 012
1, 084, 195
934, 079
1, 016, 074
1, 085, 807
1, 085, 507
989, 532
937, 069
794, 162
854, 548
917, 011
774, 850
865, 233
739, 210
671, 557
806, 796
998, 290
972, 872 |
947, 388
946, 141
1, 008, 836
1, 017, 111
915, 826
905, 894
921, 382
936, 004
938, 571
960, 402
1, 043, 560
1, 057, 133
1, 079, 050
1, 117, 443
977, 692
920, 043
738, 495
949, 729
909, 416
833, 914
598, 580
696, O11
792, 763
644, 226
681, 737
Total on
basis of fresh
round cod
Pounds
520, 061, 472
567, 937, 776
516, 187, 392
516, 947, 424
397, 757, 136
396, 786, 432
407, 670, 480
432, 449, 806
583, 533, 552
489, 135, 024
421, 314, 768
437, 691, 408
437, 954, 832
415, 115, 232
341, 885, 040
380, 565, 360
340, 143, 888
364, 585, 872
382, 411, 008
375, 990, 048
466, 321, 632
455, 109, 648
488, 012, 448
448, 410, 816
385, 894, 656
504, 277, 200
461, 929, 776
407, 164, 800
294, 498, 624
343, 741, 440
359, 939, 664
374, 097, 024
397, 611, 984
425, 815, 824
339, 515, 568
311, 144, 400
324, 244, 032
364, 289, 520
313, 850, 544
341, 400, 864
364, 831, 152
364, 730, 352
332, 482, 752
314, 855, 184
266, 838, 432
287, 128, 128
308, 115, 696
260, 349, 600
290, 718, 288
248, 374, 560
225, 643, 152
271, 083, 456
335, 425, 440
326, 884, 992
318, 322, 368
317, 903, 376
338, 968, 896
341, 749, 296
307, 717, 536
304, 380, 384
309, 584, 352
314, 497, 344
315, 359, 856
322, 695, 072
350, 636, 160
355, 196, 688
362, 560, 800
375, 460, 848
328, 504, 512
309, 134, 448
248, 134, 320
319, 108, 944
305, 563, 776
280, 195, 104
201, 122, 880
233, 859, 696
266, 368, 368
216, 459, 936
229, 063, 632
740 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
TABLE 3.—Analysis of the Newfoundland vessel fishery for cod
| Catch
Year | Vessels | Tonnage} Crew | ] |
Dried cod F Berea Per vessel | | Per man| Per ton
goths = 3
Number | Number | Number | Quintals | Pounds Pounds Pounds | Pounds
LO05 e252 a 41 3, 048 753 101, 384 34, 065, 024 830, 854 45, 239 11, 176
G24 eee 36 2, 612 607 70, 013 23, 524, 368 658, 453 38, 755 9, 006
ht 2 Ea ae 51 3, 797 939 69, 372 23, 308, 992 457, 039 24, 823 6, 139
DODD a ees! 53 3, 738 934 132, 699 44, 586, 864 841, 262 47, 738 11, 928
‘eS 41 2, 874 697 94,461 | 31, 738, 896 774, 119 45, 536 11, 043
BDZ ES pet ae 50 3, 154 793 95,484 | 32, 082, 624 641, 652 40, 457 10, 172
AOTOLs See el 41 2, 770 732 94, 770 31, 842, 720 776, 652 43, 501 11, 496
DOTS ee 56 3, 904 940 98, 300 33, 028, 800 589, 800 | 35, 137 8, 460
LO lyse aaa 78 5, 334 1, 298 134, 298 45, 124, 128 578,514 | 34, 764 8, 460
NO1G Ste. 87 6, 792 1, 645 151,888 51, 034, 368 586,602 | 31,024 7, 514
POTD Siete 102 7, 526 1, 806 | 170,390 ; 57, 251, 040 565, 285 : 31,700 7, 607
MOTE Ss tn sae ee | 105 | 7,770 1, 882 124, 067 41, 686, 512 | 397, 014 22, 150 | 5, 365
1 ae | 104 45 BOL 1, 803 | 152, 374 51, 197, 664 | 492, 285 28, 396 6, 780
1OTDEe Nees Bee 124 8, 696 2, 065 155, 517 52, 253, 712 | 421, 401 25, 304 6, 009
POTHe Ss aces 122 | 8, 281 1, 924 149, 924 50, 374, 464 412, 905 26, 182 6, 083
LOTR. nate | 101 | 6, 630 1, 567 | 144, 524 48, 560, 064 | 480, 793 30, 989 hy 324
C2 100 | 5, 818 1,377 | 131,452 | 44, 167, 872 441,679 | 32,075 7, 592
St): Paes eee 107 | 5, 976 1, 433 | 120, 000 40, 320, 000 376,822 | 28, 137 6, 747
TOO (ae Bee ee 83 | 4, 286 1, 261 | 88, 086 29, 596, 896 | 356, 589 23, 471 6, 905
GORE S Se a= oP |e Sa 2 [Ute 5, Ses | oe yas | 75, 153 25,251,408. |=. ooo ee
1/1) Cee aes 87- | 5, 039 1,.215 70, 872 23, 812, 992 | 273, 713 19, 599 4, 726
LQUS2 22 Sas 3 100 | 5, 529 1, 386 | 89, 331 30, 015, 216 | 300, 152 21, 656 5, 429
SOUZA aes =e 111 | 5, 964 1,444 | 131, 102 44, 050, 272 | 396, 849 30, 506 7, 386
AO ae 118 | 6, 282 1,531 | 113, 841 38, 250, 576 | 324, 157 24, 984 6, 089
RU C0 es et 112 | 5, 757 1, 400 | 116, 278 39, 069, 408 | 348, 834 27, 907 6, 786
i he (ta 90 | 4, 723 1, 163 97, 399 32, 726, 064 | 363, 623 28, 139 6, 929
ESGSa. Se as 74 4, 224 1, 000 | 74, 002 24, 864, 672 | 336, 009 24, 865 5, 887
1 66: |--e24-ce2- 872 | 58, 762 19, 744, 032 | 299, 152 22; G42, \|2- se seee
Uy ae ae A} al Ne ae ee 2S 53, 824 18, 084, 864 | 311,,808, |-3- == eae
ESGSc aoe see se hig eee ae as | 58,494 | 19, 653, 984 276, 817. [== cee
POG Dee ee 100) |2.¢22.24.,4]5 -=aeeeee 90, 467 30, 396, 912 | 303, '969"|=. == = ee
POOH eens | 165). |2822 2. 3|_ ee 103, 688 34, 839, 168 211, 146, |223-2 2 es es
ES90 5222s 2 279° | = Ske ogy: 2 | eee | 147, 948 49, 710, 528 178, 173) 223 = eee
TARO See es oe Bo0!.|J2ee ees Se em 236, 822 79, 572, 192 241, 128. |S 2e San se eee
FRANCE
The statistics of the French catch of cod off the east coast of North
America are taken from “Statistique des Peches Maritimes,” an
annual publication of the Service des Peches Maritimes, Paris, which
gives a separate table on the cod fishery of Terre-Neuve. The follow-
ing statement is from a letter dated June 16, 1927, from Chester
Lloyd Jones, United States commercial attaché at Paris, who secured
his information from the Comité Central des Armateurs de France:
The French statistics indicate only the weight of the cod on arrival in France.
These weights refer to the prepared cod; that is to say, cod salted after having
been slit and the head removed. The fish are prepared aboard the fishing boats
and are given an actual weighing only on unloadings. For this reason it is impos-
sible to indicate precisely the weight of the cod when caught. This fresh eod is
known as “‘morues rondes”’ (round cod). Nevertheless, tests made on a certain
number of boats permit the establishment of a rough relation between the
“round” or fresh cod and the prepared or green cod after slitting and salting.
It is generally accepted that 150 kilograms of round cod equal 55 kilos of green
salt cod. This is only a rough approximation and is subject to error according
to the promptness with which the green cod are weighed. There may be consid-
erable variation due to the drying, which may occur between the time of original
salting and the time of weighing. This may involve a period of several months.
In converting the French statistics to the standard basis of pounds
of fresh round cod we have used the factor six (= x2,205=6.0).
The resulting totals are given in Table 4.
a
COD STATISTICS TO 1926
741
TABLE 4.—Catch of cod off the east coast of North America by French vessels,
1874-1926 }
| ]
“i sroteux | “‘Dotanx
forue : orue .
, On basis of , On basis of
Year SN round cod Year haat round cod 3
| (total cod)? | (total cod) 2
\- = = }
| Kilograms | Pounds | Kilograms Pounds
thy i A Ss eS ee 57, 255, 541 848, 538, 246 || 1809. =...........-.-..] +36, 180, 438 216, 782, 628
10M. 225 Ae bes 2am 45, 868,298 | 275, 209, 788 (S08 ~ 28-25 - eee | 29, 932, 896 179, 597, 376
AGate — Ceaeet ce 52, 598, 160 315, 588, 960 ty eens ES | 31, 263, 477 187, 580, 862
1 tt ARS ea a SES Se 37, 777, 346 226; 664; 076i)! 1606~ 2-2. =. 2. =a Sees 24, 383, 926 146, 303, 556
(3 eS = See 33, 095, 350 198, 572, 100 | TROD as See eee 18, 575, 387 111, 452, 322
TAOS a. See Sees ces 30, 116, 672 180)i700; 082 9/|A1B0S 2 ==. 2 ee | 14, 238, 863 | 85, 433, 178
(ho | RS Se Ee 27, 216, 090 163)206, 1620). |)\ 0803202. =.--s2=-5-e--- | 14, 316, 548 | 85, 899, 288
191s 25a Se 9, 494, 018 06; 964,108" |) T8025 222-22 oe eit | 13, 182, 590 | 79, 095, 540
jt ly ee Se Se ee | 12, 295, 038 MO MLO ReAO NN) LSOle See soo ee ee oe | 11, 957, 778 | 71, 746, 668
UN OR ee ee eee | 10, 320, 660 615923960) ie 1890s 22 2-3 o sao | 21,030,630 | 126, 183, 780
NK Pe Se eee | 17,977,817 | 107, 866, 902 SS eee 21, 309, 306 127, 855, 836
UNL eee Se ee 1, ewer aooolGal: 2 8451357006) ||-TB882 2-8. --2 -_.- Sacek 22, 141, 852 132, 851, 112
LS eR Te eee LL SaG2 ent | «= 208) 574142 B87 2 Ae. - = ee 38, 613, 915 231, 683, 490
Bee 3 Sabo 5 ee 27, 662, 919 165, 977, 514 | TES ece es Ss Nees 33,715, 858 | 202, 295, 148
io ae ee, 35, 273, 000 OCR S S00 0 an | (Sf ee pe ea ee 26, 871, 000 161, 226, 000
es eee eee 63, 890, 334 BeOp eee OUL: || Teed ae = eee es See Eee 25, 326, 123 151, 956, 738
PaO 5s. ee 52, 219, 899 SloRolOtogs |! 1883. foe" 8 eo 21, 315, 853 127, 895, 118
RSS? = ese Re 41, 592, 683 PAG Hb OUS! IP Losan sla eerece- see eee 17, 803,924 | 106, 823, 544
Pee 2 oes ee 34, 581, 564 2075 4899384 i P1881. 22 Sn 17, 683, 289 | 106, 099, 734
SONGS 232 ee = ee 19, 845,965 119, 075, 790 | UE ee ae ae ere Se 18, 382,910 | 110, 297, 460
MOS. Soe eet eae 22, 632, 343 1S) (ss ODS el O10 on aoe 18, 481,384 110, 888, 304
jt ee 2 2S SRI AG. SOR 18941) © 117, BOR 19s W IST. =e 16,070,560 | 96, 423, 360
1003S eee eee 21, 896, 066 TITS SZOPS90) | PLOd aaa = aoe oe ek 138, 922, 714 | 83, 536, 284
Lene Be ee ee | 24, 469, 623 146; S17, S| |p elOna aces naan ene 16, 296, 993 | 97, 781, 958
PODAUE OF. Reese SN 37, 862, 775 BUY ON ODUR le ene a= sea e eee 14, 955, 928 89, 735, 568
TH00 2: Soe ae | 390706; 908) 106, 241,958" || W8745 02. oe | 18, 565, 090 | 111, 390, 540
| }
1 From ‘Statistique des Peches Maritimes.’’ Service des Peches Maritimes. Paris, France. Published
annually.
2 Green-salted cod as landed in France. See text, p. 740.
3 Conversion data: 150 kilos round cod=55 kilos green-salted; 1 kilo= 2.205 pounds *
See text, p. 740.
CANADA
50
5
X2.205=6.0 ) :
For the statistics of the cod catch of Canada we have drawn upon
the annual reports of fisheries statistics of Canada, published by the
Canada Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Fisheries Division.
The
total catch of fresh round cod is given for the years 1910 to 1926.
For the years 1869 to 1909 statistics are given on the quantities of
cod as marketed. From 1903 to 1909 two items appear—‘‘dried”’
and ‘‘fresh or green.’”’ In previous years only dried cod appear in
the statistics. In converting these figures to the basis of iresh round
cod we have used a factor of 1 for fresh, 2 for green salted, and 3 for
dried. Inasmuch as the fresh and green salted are shown together
it was necessary to calculate an average conversion factor for this
item. This was done by using the four fiscal years, beginning with
1910-11, in which both cod caught and landed and cod marketed
were given. The method of calculation is shown in Table 5 and
results appear to correspond very closely with the assumed factors.
The resulting totals are shown in Tables 6 and 7.
742
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
TABLE 5.—Study of the conversion factors for reducing statistics of Canadian cod
as marketed to the basis of cod as caught
| !
As given in | Assumed Gulculuted|
Item Canadian | conver- weight as Remarks
statistical sion nent
reports factors 8
1910-11
Hundred- Hundred-
Marketed: weight weight
Mreshi =! =) eee es 105, 398 1 105, 398 been conversion factor for = 428
Green-salted --._- 75, 515 2 151,030 J ‘‘fresh and green-salted”’: 180, 913 2: 4
Teds 222-28 1, 017, 895 3 | 3, 053, 685
Caught and landed.--| 3, 126, 563 |---------- 3,310,113 Calculated weight as caught is 6 per cent more
—————__ than reported weight as caught.
1911-12
Marketed: |
rashes. 22S ies ae 124, 695 1 124, 695 |\Calculated conversion factor a 061
Green-salted _ ___- 101, 183 2 202,366 f ‘‘fresh and green-salted””: 225, 878 1: 45-
Driedevses aise 593, 433 3 1, 780, 299 |
Caught and landed--_| 2, 072, 195 {i tole A heal 2,107,360 | Calculated weight as caught is 2 per cent more
—=—=———"_ than reported weight as caught.
1912-13 |
Marketed:
resi eee 104, 164 1 104, 164 Nepreeiee conversion factor forf255, 260 _
Green-salted - --_- 75, 548 | 2, 151,096 f ‘‘fresh and green-salted’’: 179, 712 1: 4%
Driede see 481, 714 3 | 1,446, 142 |
Caught and landed--} 1, 700,490 |_.-.------ | 1, 700, 402 | Calculated weight as caught is nearly the same
| ———— __ asreported weight as caught.
1913-14 |
Marketed: |
reshh: 225-5 73, 951 | 1 73, 951 \ Cee conversion factor pee 293
Green-salted _ __-- 91, 671 | 2 183,342 J ‘‘fresh and green-salted’’: 165, 622 155.
Snioked=--3-—= 1, 128 2 2, 256
Dredeae as es 458, 643 | 3 1, 375, 929
| =e ;
Caught and landed--| 1, 635, 379 | see 1, 635,478 | Calculated weight as caught is nearly the same
as reported weight as caught.
| | | Average conversion factor_.-----.------- 1.46
TaBLE 6.—Canadian cod catch on the Atlantic seaboard, 1910 to 1926
= | : =
Wis \¢ Osta ] ; gee
ong- caught by Along- | (caught by
shore _ vessels eecent shore vessels (counnt
(total remaining shes (total | remaining aa
minus | out more landed) minus | out more landed)
offshore) | than two | offshore) | than two
days) | days)
LASS Se ~|——— == = ‘4 Ee 1 wba
Calendar year| Hundred- | Hundred- | Hundred- || Fiscal year Hundred- | Hundred- | Hundred-
weight weight weight weight weight weight
10262 eee ae ee eee AO Feel ee 2666871) )|' TOLG=ij eee hn ee dk 1, 962, 860
L025 es etal | 1, 094, 313 1, 183, 051 DOR oOF || F19Lb=1622 see |S ee Se eee 2, 116, 886
pit) es 906, 701 941, 085 fl S47, 786") 1Ohaa ht he ee aes j oa Oe ee 1, 772, 864
O23 793, 238 979, 268 eas DOG. iil Ol peo) Cee tees ey ie he AS 1, 635, 379
2. See 975,990 | 1,344, 218 2 S205208) 1) LOW 135 8 es ae a ee eee 1, 700, 490
LOI 5 1, 028, 026 976, 217 2) 004; :243) || MOLL es eh ee ee eee 2, 072, 195
LOZ Fa: Fete 911,088 | 1,037, 516 L943 "604: || AGIOS ee sae es ee ee ee 3, 126, 563
TOTO Rtas eee 1,465,103 | 1,094,343} 2,559, 446
LOLS SS eR 1, 257, 099 | 905, 295 2, 162, 394 |
OR es 2, 216, 455
COD STATISTICS TO 1926 743
TABLE 7.—Canadian cod catch on the Atlantic seaboard, 1869-1910
| | |
| Calculated | | 7 | Calculated
Year | Dried | ¥ steb.ce | weight as | Yoar Dried | hkl or | weight as
gre / caught! || | ever caught 1
he S a \|- ee
\
Hundred- Hundred- || Calendar year | Hundred-
weight | Pounds weight weight
814, 041 3, 272, 171 2, 489, 897 || 1889._....__.. 904, 560 |
| NSSSSsu2 ai Te 1, 050, 847 |
| | 188 (acc cee oe OFS 00: |=eneoeesasn = |
| ASG Eo C2 sei 1, 080, 716
700,530 | 4,802,100 | 2,171,701 (ees 1, 077, 393
670, 775 |. 1,459,695 | 2,033,637 |! 1884____-__-_- 1, 022, 389
738, 637 1,208,100 | ~ 2,233,649 |) 1883_________. 1, 075, 121
792, 881 | 510, 985 2, 386, 103 TSS 2s ee eee! 903, 030
824, 756 | 504,500) 2,481,634 |) 1881_..._._._- 1, 075, 582
997, 244 | bees OOlad2 || Lse0.. 22 2 2c 1, 092, 514 |
f 9, 998, 998 |] 1879.________- 1, 067, 484 |
2,676,840 | 1878 902, 496
2, 781, 546 : 815, 068
2, 128, 374 830, 860
2, 375, 343 | 748, 788
2) 390, 208 797, 891
2, 410, 785 880, 842
2, 804, 535 824, 438
2, 665, 074 674, 602 |
2, 694, 636 HOST eee | 1, 735, 269
2, 546, 907 OS Spee ee ae 1, 540, 074
2,573, 202
1 Conversion factors: Dried X3; ‘‘fresh or green’’ X1.46. (See Table 5.)
UNITED STATES
The statistics for the cod catch of the United States are taken
from the annual reports of the Commissioner of Fisheries. ‘These
consist of two series: (1) Annual reports of the quantities of cod
landed by vessels at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland,
Me. (1891 to date); (2) the total cod catch by New England fisher-
men for the years 1880, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1902, 1905, 1908, 1919,
and 1924. The statistics, as published, represent the weight of cod
as marketed by the fishermen, some of it salted and some fresh. The
salt cod was converted to the equivalent of fresh cod by multiplying
by two, thus reducing all items to a comparable basis. Having
totals for only certain years, it was necessary to estimate the catches
in intervening years. Using as a basis those years in which total
statistics were available, it was possible to ascertain the amounts
landed at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland by vessels, the amounts
landed by vessels elsewhere, and the amounts taken in the shore
fishery. Having annual statistics on the principal New England
ports, which include the greater portion of the catch, it is necessary
only to estimate the landings elsewhere by vessels and the catch of
the shore fishery in the intervening years. Assuming that the
trends of these fisheries were constant in the intervening years, the
estimates were made and added to the landings at the principal ports.
The resulting totals were then multiplied by the factor 1.25 to offset
the loss in dressing, giving finally the totals shown in Table 8.
Because they are estimates, these are only approximately correct.
We believe they reflect the actual catch sufficiently well to be of
value as used in this report.
744
U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
TABLE 8.—United States cod catch off the east coast of North Ameiica
| |
Vessel catch |
| | Add 25 per
woke Shore Landed at | | Total shore cent to off- Graal
eateh Boston, anded | and vessel | set loss in oun Basic
ea | elsewhere | Total | | dressing
| Portland | |
|
i
Pounds Pounds | Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds
LOD Gee oe = 19, 500, 000 | ~82, 800,477 | 12,600,000 95,400,000 | 114,900,000 | 28, 700, 060 | 1438, 600, 000:
Cp ee ee 18, 900,000 | 70, 118,974 | 12,300,000 | 82,400,000 | 101,300,000 25, 300, 000 | 126, 600, 000
i oS eee 18, 344, 256 | 63,995,450 | 11,111,440 | 75,106,890 | 93, 451,146 | 23, 362, 786 | 116, 813, 932
tthe ere 17, 400,000 | 66,718,136 | 9,600,000 _ 76,300,000 | 93, 700,000 23, 400,000 | 117, 100, 600
19220 Meee See 16, 800,000 | 59,759,695 8,300,000 68,100,000 | 84,900,000 | 21, 200,000 | 106, 100, 000
19 2Ve oe ee eee 16, 200,000 | 58, 456,532 | 7,000,000 | 65,500,000 | 81,700,000 | 20, 400, 000 | 102, 100, 000
1OQOEE: S252 ee 15, 600, 000 | 65, 825,084 | 5, 700, 000 | 71,500,000 | 87,100,000 21, 800, 000 | 108, 900, 000:
AO1GMES Ss oe 14, 975, 867 | 69, 695,432 | 4,404,885 | 74,100,317 | 89,076,184 | 22, 269,046 | 111,345, 230:
1k Ss eer 15, 100,000 | 75, 028,832 | 5,450,000 80,400,000 | 95, 500,000 23, 900, 000 | 119, 400, 000
IO U7 ASS ee 15, 200,000 | 62, 518,654 | 6,500,000 | 69,000,000 | 84, 200,000 21,000,000 | 105, 200, 000
TOT GUS ses ee 15, 300,000 | 50,626,493 7,550,000 | 58, 200,000 | 73,500,000 18,400,000 | 91, 900, 000:
IGI hoes ee 15, 400,000 | 55,110,151 | 8,600,000 63,700,000 79,100,000 19,800,000 | 98, 900, 000
TC (os AS 6 15, 500, 000 | 58,024,594 9,650,000 67,700,000 | 83, 200,000 | 20,800,000 | 104, 000, 000
tk Soa ee | 15, 700,000 | 60, 552,395 | 10,700,000 71,300,000 | 87,000,000 21,800,000 | 108, 800, 000
AGL IER oy Se | 15,800,000 | 71,891,436 | 11,750,000 83,600,000 | 99, 400,000 24, 800,000 | 124, 200, 000
TN eee eT | 15,900,000 | 73, 435,211 | 12,800,000 86, 200,000 | 102, 100,000 | 25, 500, 000 | 127, 600, 000
GIO ae | 16, 000,000 | 87, 129, 584 | 13, 850,000 | 101, 000, 000 | 117,000,000 29, 200, 000 | 146, 200, 000
TODO Merten tae 16, 200, 000 | 104,078,875 | 14,900,000 119, 000,000 | 135, 200,000 | 33, 800, 000 | 169, 000, 000:
19087 ee 16, 327,000 | 85, 280,185 | 15,974,815 101, 255,000 | 117, 582,000 | 29, 395, 500 | 146, 977, 500
1907 aL eee 15, 200,000 | 76, 688, 791 | 13, 800,000 | 90, 500, 000 | 105,700,000 | 26, 400, 000 | 132, 100, 000:
[906 SSS ce 14, 000, 000 | 72,841,802 11, 500,000 84, 300,000 98, 300, 000 | 24, 600, 000 | 122, 900, 000:
1905Ss. Ae 12,771,968 | 71,841,821 | 9,178,229 81,020,050 | 93,791,968 | 23, 447,992 | 117, 239, 960
1OD4E SS use es | 11,600,000 | 73, 522,679 | 11, 900, 000 ' 85,400,000 | 97,000,000 , 24, 200, 000 | 121, 200, 000:
1903S ee ee 10, 500,000 | 84, 947,481 | 14, 600, 000 99, 500, 000 110, 000, 000 | 27, 500,000 | 137, 500, 000
190222 = Saas Ae 9, 490, 657 | 96, 869,838 | 17,244,301 114, 114, 239 | 123, 604, 896 | 30,901, 224 | 154, 506, 120:
LOO So Ses | 10, 550,000 | 95, 410, 126 | 19,600,000 115, 000,000 | 125, 500, 000 | 31, 400, 000 | 156, 900, 000
L1900se te 2S S| 11, 700,000 | 93, 989,034 | 22,000,000 116,000,000 | 127,700,000 | 31, 900,000 | 159, 600, 000
TRO GER teal | 12,850,000 | 122, 104,886 | 24,400,000 | 146, 500,000 | 159, 300,000 | 39, 800, 000 | 199, 100, 000
T8982 eee ee 13, 966, 554 | 84, 646, 547 | 26,827,424 , 111,473,971 | 125, 440, 525 | 31, 360, 131 | 156, 800, 656
18972 See aes 13, 400, 000 | 76, 752, 504 | 29,400,000 106, 200,000 | 119, 600,000 | 29, 900, 000 | 149, 500, 000
1806325 see eee | 12,800,000 | 93, 527,647 | 32,000,000 125, 500,000 | 138, 300,000 | 34, 600,000 | 172, 900, 000
1896-332 22 | 12, 200, 000 | 110, 526, 602 | 34,600,000 145, 100,000 | 157,300,000 | 39, 300, 000 | 196, 600, 000
1894_.___._-.---| 11,600,000 | 99,420,048 | 37, 200,060 136,600,000 | 148, 200,000 | 37,000,000 | 185, 200, 000:
1803s eee 11, 000,000 | 89, 000, 501 | 39,800,000 128, 800,000 | 139, 800,000 | 35,000,000 | 174, 800, 000
1891____.-.-.--| 9,800,000 | 100, 745, 788 | 45,000,000 145, 700, 000 | 155, 500, 000 | 38, 900, 000 | 194, 400, 000
1SS9i cee Bee SL PAGS HG Reese PAs aS Se ee --| 155, 401, 270 164, 122,647 | 41, 030, 662 | 205, 153, 309
18885232 - 2 AGS 25; 876 | Siete Pe ee | 186, 894, 224 | 196, 220, 100 | 49, 055, 025 | 245, 275, 125
LSS Se eos Psa 8070) 725 lan ee ee ee 198, 178, 003 | 207, 457, 728 | 51, 864, 432 | 259, 322, 160-
JIS {losis aad le ee |e eee rs ee |S eel on Re eee : 235, 480, 677 | 58, 870, 169 | 294, 350, 846
|
Norte.—Figures given in even 100,000’s are estimates. See text, p. 743, for explanation.
PORTUGAL
The statistics of the Portuguese fishery for cod off the eastern coast
of North America were taken from Estatistica des Pescas Maritimas,
published by the Comissao Central de Pescarias at Lisbon. They
cover the years 1896 to 1925, inclusive. We are informed by the
American consul at Lisbon that the statistics represent ‘‘salted sod,
not dried; that is, such as is unloaded from the ships at Portuguese
ports when returning from the banks, to be dried afterwards.”’ In
converting to the basis of pounds of fresh round cod we have used
factor 6, as in the French statistics. (Seep. 740.) In addition to the
total catch, the Portuguese statistics also give the number of vessels,
tonnage, crew, and number of dories. These figures are shown in
Table 9.
a A de OS ae
jth — @
TABLE 9
COD STATISTICS TO 1926
Year
(crew)
Number
1, 562
2, 269
1, 756
1, 667
1, 278
ve)
oe
Q
“'Tone-
|\lagemde”’
““Navios”’ arqueacao,
(vessels) dos
navios
| (tonnage) |
Thou-
| sands of
Number | kilos
44 10, 253
65 13, 806
47 | 10,887
45 | 10, 560
35 7, 921
19 | 3, 795
13 2, 947
if |! So. 387
22,, 4, 333
31 6, 1384
38 8, 112
34 6, 854
38 7, 265
37 7, 838
39 7, 270
28 6, 529
31 6, 746
30 6, 231
25 5, 035
18 3, 956
13 2, 817
17 3, 743
17 3, 576
15 3, 352
12 2, 313
12 2, 313
12 2, 313
12 2,313
12 2, 313
12 PAB IB)
622 |
“Canoas,”
(dories)
1, 471
2, 063
1, 642
1, 510
1, 186
=
_
oO
for)
Number |
745
—Catch of cod off the east coast of North America by Portuguese vessels }
j
| “Produto,
bacalhan’’
(product cod)
| Converted
As pub- | to basis
lished? | of fresh
round cod 3
Kilos Pounds
5,031,710 30, 190, 260
6,521,611 39, 129, 666
4, 436, 959 26, 621, 754
4, 276, 570 25, 659, 420
4, 097, 649 24, 585, 894
1, 678,184 — 10, 069, 104
1, 241, 655 7, 449, 930
1, 810, 897 10, 865, 382
2,039, 945 | 12, 239, 670
3, 451, 644 20, 709, 864
3, 899,086 | 23, 394, 516.
2, 445,000 | 14, 670, 000
2, 587,067 | 15, 522, 402
3, 854, 358 23, 126, 148
5, 330, 564 = 31, 983, 384
4, 914, 014 29, 484, 084
4,971, 543 | 29, 829, 258
4,379,041 26, 274, 246
3, 623,772 | 21, 742, 632
3, 454,075 | 20, 724, 450
2, 480,400 | 14, 882, 400
2, 381, 440 | 14, 288, 640
2, 030, 287 | 12, 181, 722
2, 574, 445 15, 446, 670
2) 336, 090 14, 016, 540
2, 080,035 | 12, 480, 210
1, 614, 775 9, 688, 650
901, 172 5, 407, 032
1, 647,790 | 9, 886, 740
1 Source: ‘‘Estatistica das Pescas Martine: Comissao Central de Pescarias.
Published annually.
2 Green-salted cod.
Lisbon, Portugal.
3 converted on basis of 55 kilograms of green-salted cod equals 150 kilos round cod and 1 kilogram eae
2.205 pounds ss
x2, 2056.0).
TABLE 10.—Catch of cod off the east coast of North America
[Figures are in millions; that is, 000,000 omitted]
=
1 Fiscal year.
New- ;
found- France | Canada | ated Portugal! Total
States
land |
Pounds Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds
538 190 225 130 19 1, 103
DOSS eS ae ee 267 144 2222 S|. See
496 — 344 228 127 30 1,225
1472 | 275 185 | 117 39 1, 088.
1 505 316 177 117 27 1, 142
1 578 227 232 | 106 26 | 1,169
1613 199 200 | 102 25 1,139
1 §36 181 195 | 109 10 1,031
1 677 163 | 256 | lll 7 1, 214
1641 57 | 216 119 OTs) 1, 044
1 687 74 | 222 105 12 1,100
1 602 62 1196 92 3), 973-
1 552 108 1212 99 23 | 994
1441 | 135 1177 104 15 | 872
1 492 | 209 1 164 109 16 990
1 546 166 1170 124 23 1,029
1 538 212 1 207 128 32. | eb tg
1 468 383 1313 146 29 | 1, 339
1575 313 | 1249 169 30 | 1, 336.
746 ' U.S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
TABLE 10.—Catch of cod off the east coast of North America—Continued
[Figures are in millions; that is, 000.000 omitted]
New-
Year found- France | Canada vee Portugal} Total
an
1 Fiscal year. 2 Estimated.
TaBLe 11.—Percentage of cod caught off the east coast of North America by each
country, 1896-1925
|
; New- T.
Year found- | France | Canada puited Portugal | Total
land | | }
Averages, 189G—t925==- = 2. eae ee 49 | 17 | 20 12 2 100
40 28 19 10 2 99
43 25), 17 il 4 101
44 28 15 10 2 99
49 19 | 20 9 2 99
54 17 18 9 2 100
52 18 19 1l i 101
56 13 21 9 1 100
61 5 21 ll 1 99
62 7 20 10 1 100
62 6 20 9 2 99
56 11 21 10 2 100
51 15 | 20 12 2 100
50 21 17 11 2 101
53 16 17 12 2 100
48 19 19 11 | 3 | 100
35 29 23 11 2 100
43 23 19 13 2 | 100
50 19 17 ll 2 99
50 18 18 12 2 100
54 12 20 12 2 100
53 13 21 11 1 99
49 12 25 13 ut 100
50 | 12 24 13 al 100
47 13 26 13 1 100
42 19 25 13 1 100
43 18 24 14 1 100
42 17 23 16 1 99
46 Ly 21 15 1 100
44 18 23 15 (4) 100
44 14 24 1s 1 ~ 100
{
1 Lss than 0.5 per cent. an
COD STATISTICS TO 1926 747
SUMMARY
The cod catches of the countries participating in the fishery off the
oe coast of North America are summarized in Tables 10 and 11 and
igure 1.
During the last 30 years the total catch of cod averaged 1, 103, 000,-
000 pounds annually, varying between 872,000,000 and 1 339, 000, 000
pounds. The plotted curve of total annual production appears at
the beginning of the 30-year period to be rising from a minimum,
which probably occurred in 1893, to a maximum in 1899 to 1902;
another minimum occurred in 1904, a maximum in 1908 to 1910, and
another minimum in 1914. Since then the yield has been increasing
fairly continuously. If a straight-line trend were fitted to the curve
it would be nearly horizontal. Thus we may conclude that, on the
whole, the productivity of the cod fishery, while subject to fluctuations,
has neither increased nor declined during the last three decades.
= NEWFOUNDLAND
aps
< 3
a
MILLIONS OF POUNDS (ON FRESH ROUND BASIS)
19802 4 6 8189024 6 819002 4 6 819102 4 6 819202 4 6
FIGURE |.- THE CATCH OF COD OFF THE EAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA.
With regard to the yields of the separate countries the situation is
somewhat different. Newfoundland had the lion’s share of this
fishery, her catch averaging 538,000,000 pounds, or 49 per cent of
the total, during the 30-year period. In general, it has been increas-
ing since 1890. Canada averaged 225,000,000 pounds, or 20 per
cent of the total, during the 30 years. ‘On the whole, her yield has
suffered a general decline but has been recovering moderately since
1913. The French catch averaged 190,000,000 pounds, or 17 per
cent of the total, and has been subject to such large fluctuations
that it is difficult to say whether there has been any well-defined
trend during the last 30 years, though since 1880 the trend has been
slightly upward. The United States yield averaged 130,000,000
pounds, or 12 per cent, during the 30-year period, and, on the whole,
shows a distinctly downward trend. Since 1916, however, there
have been farily consistent increases. The Portuguese catch aver-
aged 19,000,000 pounds, or 2 per cent of the total, for the last 30
years. Tts trend has been noticeably upward.
748 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES
That there should be such differences in the trends of the various
countries is not surprising, for there are basic differences in both the
production and marketing conditions in the different countries. The
Newfoundland fishery is largely a shore fishery on the coasts of New-
foundland and Labrador. Her market is entirely dependent on her
export trade in the dried product. The Canadian production is about
equally divided between the shore and bank fisheries. The former
is conducted on the coasts of Nova Scotia and the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, the latter largely on the ‘‘Western Banks.” Her product is
largely dried cod, and the export trade is an important part of her
market, although her domestic market for both fresh and dried cod
is much more important than that of Newfoundland. The United
States catch is largely made by vessels operating on the near-by
banks, of which Georges Bank is most important. Her shore fishery
is of considerable importance, however, providing about 20 per cent
of the catch. Her market is largely domestic and in recent years has
been chiefly for fresh cod. The French fishery is almost entirely a
vessel fishery on the Grand Banks, though some cod are caught along
the shores of St. Pierre et Miquelon and on the Western Banks.
Her market is for dried cod and is largely domestic. The Portuguese
fishery is entirely a vessel fishery and is prosecuted mostly on the
Grand Banks. Her market is domestic and for dried cod.
Although differences in the conditions surrounding the fisheries of
the various countries may be pointed out readily, and while we may
be sure that the differing trends may be caused by the different
conditions it is impossible to deduce the specific causes without many
more extensive data on the various factors that influence the fisheries
of each country.
NoTeE.—Since writing the above it has been found that the Canadian statistics shown in this repor f
are not wholly comparable to the figures shown for the other countries. At the time the compilations
were made there was reason to believe that the figures published under the heading ‘‘ Caught and
landed’’ represented fresh round cod, but it has since been found that the cod landed fresh is actually
reported on the basis of fresh gutted weights and the landings of green salted cod are usually reported
on the basis of 300 pounds to every 100 pounds of dried product. This practice is not entirely uniform
at present and presumably was not in the past. Under the circumstances it is difficult to determine
an accurate conversion factor, but it seems that the Canadian figures might be rendered more com-
parable to those of the other countries by adding approximately 25 per cent.
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