ote Sher reas ee hg Toe : ‘ if <4 ‘ “ a oh i : } Hepat OCF rey 3 ; + coiega He neues ved eve H sl PO wate | DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF FISHERIES REPORT UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1927 WITH APPENDIXES HENRY O’MALLEY Commissioner UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1928 { ae : hE BRAR Y so CONTENTS Page REpoRT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1927. By Henry O'Malley. (Document No. 1017. Issued INGUEIN DOLLS soe ODT) ee ee 8 a Se ae See I-xXxx1I ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF PIKE PERCH, YELLOW PERCH, AND PIKES. By Glen C. Leach. (Document No. 1018. Issued May 23, 1927) -------~ 1-27 EXAMINATION OF THE SUMMER FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CoRE SOUNDS, N. C., WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DESTRUCTION OF UNDERSIZED FISH AND THE PROTECTION OF THE GRAY TROUT, CYNOSCION REGALIS (BiocH AND SCHNEIDER). By Elmer Higgins and John C. Pearson. ({Mocument No:-1019: ‘Iissued,-June0),.1927) 2-2-2 2 = 22 = 29-65 PREPARATION OF FISH FOR CANNING AS SARDINES. By Harry R. Beard. (Document No. 10205 “Tssuediihaly: dliy dO2h) 2-2 = oe eee ee 67-223 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES IN 1926. By Ward T. Bower. (PMocument No..1023. Issted August 2; 1927) Oe a 225-336 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED States, 1926. By Oscar E. Sette. (Document No. 1025. Issued January 25, 1928)2./5__ + 337-483 TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS AND RELATED MARKETING CONSIDERATIONS IN GREATER ST. Louis, Missourrt. By R. H. Fiedler. (Document No: 1026.- “Issued? January 25,1928) 22s Soe 485-514 PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926. INCLUDING PROCEEDINGS OF THE DIVISIONAL CONFERENCE, JANUARY 4 To 7, 1927. By Elmer Higgins. (Document No+.i029 slssued Januarye25) 1928S = ee 515-681 PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, FISCAL YHAR 1927. By Glen C. Leach. (Document No. 1033. Issued June 6, 1928) -----_ 683--736 STATISTICS OF THE CATCH OF COD OFF THE EAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA TO 1926. By Osear HK. Sette. (Document No. 1034. Issued Ia OY ip PAD UES te) ass a a ach ie yp ee ee Lote ee ee eee eee epee (37-748 109679—28 iii a aia IV DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF FISHERIES HEADQUARTERS STAFF, 1926-27 Commissioner Henry O'MALLEY Deputy Commissioner.—LEWIS RADCLIFFE. Assistants in Charge of Divisions: Office —Irvine H. DUNLAP. Fish culture.—GLen C. LEACH. Inquiry Respecting Food Fishes.—ELMErR HIGGINns. Fishery Industries —Oscar EH. SkErre. Alaska Service -—Warp T. Bower. Architect and Engineer.—GrorRGE A. SCHNEIDER. Accountant.—CHARLES W. SCUDDER. Superintendent Central Station and Aquaria.—L. G. HaRrRon. Editor—ANNA B. Brown. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES * CONTENTS Page International relations___------------------------------------------- I Northern Pacific halibut convention__-__~----------------------- lI Fisheries convention with Mexico__-_-~---~---~----~-~-------~----~- IV North American committee on fishery investigation-_---------___- Vv Great Lakes fisheries_____-------------------------------------- VIL Upper Mississippi River wild life ange fishy retuge aches 2a. See aes vil Propagation and distribution of food fishes__------------------------ VIII Cooperative fish-cultural work__--------------------------------- VIII Relations with States and foreign governments_-----~------------ Ix Propagation of Pacific salmons_———_~_____-______-__-------_-_-_- IX Marine species of the North Atlantic coast________-_+----_--_---- x ANAGEOMGUS HshesioL the Atlantic coast. 622 oss veers x Wommercial fishes of anterior, waters=+—2-2 —2 oS ee XI Salvaging fishes from overflowed regions_______-_____-------~------ XI MISHeOSLOm INLEnLOl WaleClS aoe oe ee ee xII WIS EPIDMON- OL fish ee oats Ll SLR ices Nae ele Ens eee xII Commercial fisheries and fishery industries__.__.____-_____-__---------- XIII REVI ye fee a Se eh ad der St ES aoe XIII CET OET AIO Sta LIStICS = te eee iene ee ee 1 Sey ae ee XIII AVP GEES Gel EES el COs eee rede ae es XIV Canned fishery products and by-products____-_--__-___-_____---__- XIV IRESU CO aErOZeM She t= 2 aed ektrl Serie ieiie teh) 2s ee ee XV Neweincland ivesselifisherics 22020 15 ae eee eee ee ee XV I SHETICSPAE SCabtlehs WidShice 2) fo ee ee ee XV Shad and alewife fisheries of the Potomac River_____-----------~-- XV MOLI pe Spon seri Shiin seers pastas SANTA SD 4} ARSE hs DANE ee ee XVI Hisheries of Maryland and} Vinginia > 21th XVI Misheries olathe, Paciic. CoasthpStates—-seee se 8 a SU) ae XVII Hisheries\ototherGreat Wakes Ne ee ee a a XVII MeEChnOLOSICAIPAINVES TSA MONS! = ak. ake a ey ee XVII BIO Goa APSHIEVCSEISALLONS ms 1 Lee! RRA © a See xIxX ISHETVaTeCSCAnGIEs 2s wbx) SE she) SU sch ook 5 Ae ee OV ae ea xIX Investigations of the fisheries of the North Atlantic___.____________. xX Investigations of fisheries of the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts__ XXxI iV SLEreInVESTISHMONS £2 22 were ws ee ee ee ee ee xxl Hisheries of the Pacific coast and’Alaskao22) 2) 2 ae XXIV HISHETIGS TOT Lhe sin teri girs aes Mee) ehiebig eee OE a I ET ARE XXV Pathology, and experimental, fishweulture.) 2 <= a XXVII PAUASKAMISHETICS RSEILV COL es aeran ot de A XXVIII Administration of fishery laws and regulations___________________ XXVIII Palmore HAtTCHETICS she ot seers VaR A Sek EN Wok ee EN a PE XXIX Special -studiesrand vinvestigationg20 4k ee aes XXIX EEOOUCLS OF ChegniShenles sans o/s aie ak Mah ER cone Es dais ce aya Be) XxXIX PM ASK ee fli -SeH ly SEL Vil COs Suet see cae A eo Oe tase Soviet rn XCKGK: CEOS eAC hiv eG = memes meee eee Seo ermen ter ee eee! UMEe Ne: Sic) meets A RONEN NED ner dew wskel ee eS OL ore a EME UP eee ee RORER: Make. of Seal Skins 2580 ete rere sys A PLY ae Het a a Bh d:0.9.4 Markine Of Tesenyedusenll sumer cls. h. 8 reg Shee ps Se a 0 a XRT PEN TESS C1 SECT IST Pa GS ta ea al ae aE I Ot OE SR eee O.0.6 | HO. Cs Sean eat nen Lee we er eee Pe oak ert Oe ee es XXXI Mursseallskinsitakenbymmabivesis 21. ees a Ae eee XEXORCT Hur-sealnatrolut sae eet eal ei iia ed) ae Pitty Be ER XXXII Protection of sea otters, walruses, and sea lions_._________________ XXXII «VSIA TAO WSIS a ep apt Si PO SR eS ako XXXII SNMSETLIE LEEUTIO1ICG 2 > 9) lors we anew. 2) ame a eT fe ee cs eee XXXIII 1 Bureau of Fisheries Document No, 1017. II REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Bureau oF FISHERIEs, Washington, July 1, 1927. Hon. Hersert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce. Dear Mr. Secrerary: I have the honor to submit the following summary of the major operations of the Bureau of Fisheries during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1927. Perhaps the most noteworthy development of the year has been the growing appreciation of and expressed need for expansion of modern scientific research in the solution of fishery problems. This is shared by men in the fishery industries confronted by the many problems in the taking, merchandising, and distribution of fish and fishery prod- ucts; by State and other officials interested in determining the condi- tion and trend of each fishery and the need for and character of regu- lations necessary for the husbanding and wise use of our fishery re- sources; by Federal, State, and private agencies confronted with problems of large-scale fish propagation, the prevention of losses by fish diseases, and the development of the science of aquiculture; and by the thousands of organizations and indiyiduals interested in hay- ing good fishing and enjoying the use of lakes and streams for recreational pursuits. It is believed that the bureau’s present pro- gram of practical research and applied science is accomplishing much in inspiring confidence in and dependence on modern science for the solution of problems in fish culture, fishery administration, and tech- nology. This also apples to the important duty of regulating and conserving the highly valuable fisheries of Alaska. The concern felt for the future of such fisheries as those for shad, sturgeon, whitefishes, and lobsters, and the appreciation of the value of scientific research as a basis for wise administration of fishery resources, has caused demands to be made wholly beyond the scope of the scientific staff to cope with; and the same is true of demands for assistance from the bureau’s technological staff in solving the prob- lems of the commercial fishermen. The bureau produced 6,481,073,000 fish and eggs for stocking vari- ous waters, an increase of more than 1,000,000,000 over the preceding year and the greatest production in the history of the bureau. Fifty- five cooperative fish nurseries assisted in rearing more fish from the fry stage to a length of 3 or 4 inches. Greater cooperation with State commissions helped to make this an unusually successful year; never- theless present facilities are wholly inadequate for meeting the in- creasing demand for the trouts, basses, and sunfishes. In 1926 the fishery industries experienced one of the most success- ful years in their history. The vessel landings at New England ports, which averaged about 170,000,000 pounds for the five-year period— 1920 to 1924—had increased to nearly 217,000,000 pounds in 1925 and made a further increase to over 238,000,000 pounds in 1926. In large measure this growth is due to the growing demand for fish packed as fillets and steaks and to the unusually large catches of mackerel, which in 1926 exceeded 60,000,000 pounds. Landings of haddock (the principal fish sold in package form) averaged 73,000,000 pounds for the five-year period—1920 to 1924—increasing to nearly 92,000,000 pounds in 1925 and to more than 94,000,000 pounds in 1926. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TIt A record pack of salmon was canned in Alaska, amounting to 319,000,000 pounds, valued at $46,000,000, representing an increase of 105,000,000 pounds as compared with 1925. In California the pro- duction of canned sardines was the largest in the history of that industry, amounting to over 100,000,000 pounds, valued at $7,807,000. The total pack of salmon was 359,450,000 pounds, valued at $56,219,- 000; of canned sardines in Maine and California, 143,415,000 pounds, valued at nearly $14,535,000; and the total value of canned fishery products and fishery by-products approximated $100,000,000. Our annual fishery harvest now exceeds 3,000,000,000 pounds, valued at $109,000,000 to the fishermen. Highly efficient service on the part of the bureau’s personnel has made possible the record of achievements given in this report. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS NORTHERN PACIFIC HALIBUT CONVENTION Under the terms of the convention with Great Britain, ratified October 21, 1924, provision is made for an international fisheries commission, whose duty it is to have made a thorough investigation into the life history of the Pacific halibut and to make recommenda- tions as to what regulations are deemed necessary for the preservation and development of this fishery. The scientific staff, under the able direction of Will F. Thompson, has vigorously prosecuted the work and completed the first phase of it, which relates to the development of means and methods of research, the crystallization of plans of procedure, and beginning the active prosecution of such work. A preliminary report has been made to the commission. A thorough statistical study has been made of market landings and fishermen’s logs. From the pilot-house logs of the fishing vessels a record has been obtained of the vessels’ movements, the amount of gear fished day by day, the locality of capture, and the estimated weight of the fish taken. For 1926, records were taken for nearly 260,000 units of gear, which took 19,400,000 pounds of halibut, or 35 per cent of the total Pacific coast catch. These records indicate a shifting of the center of fishing operations from Hecate Strait in 1910 to Portlock Bank in 1926. The log records also are valuable as a measure of abundance of the fish supply and the rate of decline of the catch. In Hecate Strait, for example, the catch of fish per skate of gear in 1906 was 450 pounds, declining to 143 pounds in 1914 and 47 pounds in 1926. The evidence is plain that the southern and older fishing banks are becoming steadily less productive and that the proportionate number of smaller fish in the catch is increasing. Nearly 9,000 halibut have been tagged. Of the fish tagged on the southern banks in 1925 and 1926, about 16 per cent have been recov- ered. The migrations on these banks appear small, the average extent of movement being less than 20 miles. The evidence indicates that the immature fish do not migrate to any extent. On the offshore banks of the Gulf of Alaska and on the Aleutians, where the fish are more mature, indications are that the mature fish become more migra- tory. Thirty-three fish recovered from nearly 1,800 fish released averaged 275 miles, with 865 miles as the maximum. This enables us EV REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE to get an idea of the exceeding complexity of the problem and the need for painstaking research to establish the facts. The scientific staff has collected a fund of information along bio- logical lines, which later will be found to be of great use when there has been opportunity to work over it thoroughly. This includes racial measurements, rates of growth, study of the eggs and larve of the halibut and their drift with the currents, and effectiveness of large and small gear and their effect on the fishery. The biological results fully corroborate the results obtained from tagging, as far as migra- tion is concerned, but, of course, present many other facts. Intensive laboratory work must follow to bring out these facts. On February 23, 1927, the fishing schooner Scandia, under charter by the commission, was hurled onto a reef half a mile off Kodiak Island, in the midst of a high sea and a blinding snowstorm, and wrecked. Through the prompt and courageous action of the cap- tain and crew of the seine boat Duncan J, the scientific staff and crew of 15 men were saved, but the equipment and gear were lost. The loss of the Scandia was the climax of an exceedingly hard winter, during which the halibut investigations had been conducted with great difficulty, much of the work having been done virtually in intervals between storms. The catch of Pacific halibut (United States and Canada) in 1926 was 53,780,389 pounds, as compared with 49,843,967 pounds in 1925, an increase due to more intensive fishing. FISHERIES CONVENTION WITH MEXICO The convention between the United States and Mexico to prevent smuggling, and for certain other objects, which was ratified ou March 18, 1926, contained a section devoted to the fisheries, quoted in full in the last annual report. Upon the initiative of the United States Government, the convention was terminated on March 28, 1927, or at the end of a year after it came into effect. During the life of the International Fisheries Commission, provided for under the terms of the treaty, a program of scientific investigations was drafted and preliminary investigations were begun. A study of the record of the California Fish and Game Commission with respect to the receipts of fish from waters off the coast of Mexico, 1920-1925, inclusive, disclosed that of the total landings of the catch from the waters off both coasts at California ports the following percentages came from waters off the coast of Mexico: Yellowfin tuna, 79; spiny lobster, 70; black sea bass, 48; barracuda, 33; skipjack, 33; white sea bass, 26; bonito, 25; and yellowtail, 21. The investigative program, therefore, was to concern mainly these species. P Statistics of the fish, mollusks, and crustaceans landed in Cali- fornia during the calendar year 1926, as reported by the California Fish and Game Commission, show 371,648,275 pounds, of which 23,058,741 pounds were taken in Mexican waters. During the year about 750 American fishing boats operated off the coast of Lower California, Mexico, with 11 vessels, of 75 to 100 tons each, acting as tenders, and 4 or 5 barges. The investment of American capital in boats, fishing gear, and cannery capacity dependent upon the Mexican supply of fish is estimated at $10,000,000, exclusive of the investment in fresh-fish markets. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Vv Although most of the fish of the Mexican coast are caught outside the 3-mile limit, it is necessary for the boats to enter Mexican terri- torial waters for shelter and to take sardines and other small varie- ties used in the live-bait operations. Also, the safest and most direct course for home brings the boats within 3 miles of the shore and under Mexico’s jurisdiction. Therefore it is necessary for American fishermen to clear for Mexico rather than for the “high seas,” to take out Mexican fishing permits, and pay the export fees on dutiable fish in observance of that country’s regulations. When the canneries and fresh-fish markets of the United States first began to draw upon the marine life off the coasts of Mexico, that country considered this resource of relatively little importance. Difficulties arose in the administration of fishery affairs, unfortunate practices crept in, and general dissatisfaction with existing condi- tions increased. When these matters were brought to the attention of the central Government, interest was aroused in the fisheries. More stringent regulations were put into effect, and higher rates of duty were imposed. It was this unsettled state of affairs that led Mexico to propose the fisheries section to the convention under discussion. The abrogation of the convention came before the constructive program planned could accomplish any real benefits. There is urgent need for the adoption of a program of conservation that will insure the perpetuation of this important resource. This must be preceded by scientific studies to disclose the condition and trend of each fishery as a basis for the adoption of regulatory measures. There is also need for an impartial agency to prevent dissension and to promote harmonious working agreements between the two coun- tries in the handling of fishery matters.” NORTH AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON FISHERY INVESTIGATION This committee, composed of delegates from Canada, Newfound- land, and the United States, held two meetings during the year—one at St. Johns, Newfoundland, on July 9, 1926, and the other at Wash- ington, D. C., on April 28, 1927. The fisheries statistics of the various countries that fish the banks of the northwestern Atlantic are being correlated so as to make it possible to follow the entire fishery of the banks of that region. A summary of the total annual catches of cod of the region taken by Newfoundland, France, Portugal, Canada, and the United States during the past 40 years or more shows that the cod fishery has fur- nished about 1,000,000,000 pounds of fish annually, ranging from 850,000,000 to 1,350,000,000 pounds. Although there have been con- siderable fluctuations, these have been upward as much as downward, so that there is no evidence of any definite decline in the fishery or of any depletion of the stock. Studies of the cod off the coast of the United States reveal that fish that live off Cape Cod in the summer migrate to the New Jersey coast during the winter and return in the spring. Fish tagged at Mount Desert, Me., have been found to move chiefly eastward to both coasts of Nova Scotia, only an occasional one moving westward and reaching as far as Cape Cod. 2 Based on a report by Miss Geraldine Conner, American secretary. VI REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE Growth studies of the cod in Canadian waters indicate that the scales do not grow in the same degree as the fish throughout the year, but grow relatively more rapidly at one time and relatively less rapidly at another. Of 275 cod tagged off Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1925, and 3,747 off Shelburne, Nova Scotia, in 1926, more of the former lot were recaptured in the following year than during the year in which they were tagged, being retaken only along the coast and at no great distance, but going more to the southwestward (nearly to Liverpool, Nova Scotia) in the second year. The Shelburne cod showed very little movement, and that chiefly to the eastward, going as far as Liverpool, Nova Scotia, during the season, but reaching farther eastward (to Halifax) during the succeeding winter. Investigations of the haddock of the Canadian coast reveal that the haddock population of the Bay of Fundy, particularly of the New Brunswick shore, failed to receive any considerable number of young for a series of years, with a resultant decline in the fishery. Then the young came in suddenly, and in a year or two the fishery greatly increased and has continued at a high level. The haddock grows more rapidly in the early years of its life in the warm water of Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, than in the cold water on the outer coast of Nova Scotia near Lockeport; but this rapid growth falls off in later years in the warm water more than in the cold. The rapid growth of the year is limited to the months August to October. In 1926 2,540 haddock were tagged near Shel- burne, Nova Scotia. They showed very little movement southwest- ward along the coast but considerable movement northeastward, as far as Halifax and Sable Island Bank—twice as far as the cod tagged simultaneously with the haddock. The Canadian investigations of the mackerel have shown that it spawns in negligible amount in the Bay of Fundy and without suc- cess in producing fry, and on the outer coast of Nova Scotia the eggs fail to develop into fry. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, however, spawning is extensive and very successful. Late in the summer the fry are to be found passing out of the gulf, around Cape Breton Island. The eggs have been found to require warm water for successful de- velopment. Studies of the mackerel of the Canadian coast reveal evidence of differences between those of southwestern Nova Scotia and those of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In 1925 and 1926, in Cana- dian waters, 2,382 mackerel were tagged. The returns from those tagged at Yarmouth show a movement northeastward to the Gut of Canso, northward into the Bay of Fundy, and westward to the coast of Maine. Fish tagged at the Magdalen Islands in 1925 showed a movement to Prince Edward Island in the same season, and in the next year some of them returned to the coast near Halifax and in Massachusetts. Mackerel tagged in 1925 at various points from Buzzards Bay, Mass., to Casco Bay, Me., spread in both directions along the coast from the point of tagging but did not migrate far. In the following year those recaptured were taken on the whole to the southwest, along the coast from where they had been tagged the previous year. one tagged on the coast of Maine being taken at Fire Island, N. Y. One of the mackerel tagged off Delaware and Maryland in 1926 was recaptured several months later near Cape Cod. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Viur GREAT LAKES FISHERIES The evidence at hand clearly indicates a decline in the Great Lakes fisheries, so marked as to cause grave concern for the future of these fisheries. The very existence is threatened of the bluefin in Lake Superior, the blackfin in Lake Michigan, the bloater in Lake Ontario, and the sturgeon in all the lakes. In less than half a century the eatch of whitefish has declined from 21,000,000 to 4,000,000 pounds, and the sturgeon from 7,500,000 pounds to less than 100,000 pounds per annum. The aggregate catch has been maintained at a fairly fixed level by the substitution of more rough fish as the supply of the choicer species declined, and by greatly increasing the number and effectiveness of the units of gear employed. The problem of fisheries administration is a most difficult one, in view of the fact that jurisdiction is divided between eight States and a Canadian Province. The questions are not alone State, but na- tional and international. Jurisdiction over Lake Michigan is divided between four States; that over Lake Erie between four States and the Province of Ontario. There is a growing appreciation of the need for a better understanding of the problems and of better laws and their enforcement. Under such a division of authority it is difficult to get concerted action. At the invitation of the Governor of Ohio to representatives of the States bordering Lake Erie, the Province of Ontario, and this bureau, a conference was held at Columbus, Ohio, on February 16, 1927. The purpose of the conference was to attempt to secure coordinated action in conserving the fisheries of Lake Erie. Resolutions were adopted, which, if enacted into law, would afford greater protection to the fisheries. Subsequent progress toward the enactment of such meas- ures holds forth little hope of immediate action to meet the serious situation that exists. At the call of the Governor of Michigan on March 8, 1927, at Lansing, a conference of fishery officials from the States bordering the Great Lakes and from the bureau was held to consider ways and means for conserving the Great Lakes fisheries. Only measures of general application to all the lakes were considered, and proposals with respect to fishing gear, sizes of fish, and the taking of spawn were made by the several States and the Province of Ontario. UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER WILD LIFE AND FISH REFUGE ACT Regulations for the administration of the upper Mississippi River wild life and fish refuge act of June 7, 1924, were signed and issued jointly on June 24, 1927, by the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Commerce. These regulations prescribe the conditions under which hunting, fishing, and other recreational activities will be permitted. Areas of overflowed bottom lands along the Missis- sippi in the States of Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, from Rock Island, Tll., to Wabasha, Minn., are being acquired by the Department of Agriculture as rapidly as possible. There are many sloughs and bayous within the limits of the reser- vation, some of which are navigable to boats of light draft, which may be utilized for growing fishes for restocking streams, and to be inoculated with the glochidia of the fresh-water mussels, thus helping to perpetuate this important industry. 62489—27 2 VIII REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES The fish-cultural operations of the bureau present a picture of yearly production being increased to meet a constantly growing de- mand. The increase in the number of applications received has been greater than the increase in facilities for production. During the past year no new hatcheries have been put in operation, so that the larger output has been brought about by redoubling efforts to utilize present facilities to their utmost capacity. The general conviction that fish 3 or 4 inches long or larger are essential for the successful repopulation of our waters has resulted in an intensive effort to produce more fish of this class. The output of commercial food fishes has been increased materially, particularly on the Atlantic coast. COOPERATIVE FISH-CULTURAL WORK The older conception of the division of fish culture as an agency for delivering so many fish upon order, as if this were a manufactured product the ultimate disposition of which was of little interest to the manufacturer, is disappearing. The real task is to restock the waters, and cooperative efforts are doing much to accomplish this. The outstanding work along this line has been the cooperation with the sportsmen’s clubs, which have received fry for rearing to finger- ling size. Fifty-five of these nurseries are in operation, the majority in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. Many more are awaiting completion of arrangements or are under consideration. In many cases the clubs are holding the fish received in the spring of 1926 for liberation this autumn at an age of 18 months. A new project has been undertaken this year, which exceeds in magnitude the leading nursery projects of last year. The Utica chapter of the Izaak Walton League of America has taken over a discontinued commercial hatchery at Barneveld, N. Y., which the bureau is operating. ‘An initial stock of over 200,000 young fish has been supplied, and the project will be conducted so as to produce eggs from a brood stock of adult fish. The bureau also has furnished advice to individuals and clubs desirous of raising fish individually. Further cooperation has been effected by the utilization of privately owned or controlled waters as ege-collecting stations. The bureau’s employees take eggs from bodies of water in which a stock of fish has become established, the owner receiving a sufficient quantity to maintain the stock. A num- ber of lakes in Colorado have yielded a fair quantity of rainbow and brook trout eggs under such arrangements. An output of 6,481,073,000 fish and eggs represents the greatest production in any year since the bureau began its fish-cultural activi- ties. Increased collections of four marine species—cod, haddock, pollock, and winter flounder—are largely responsible for the increase of over 1,000,000,000 more than the figures of last year. Large yields were obtained in some of the other classes, including an appreciable increase in the output of game species. The failure to equal the records of past years in the production of fingerlings is due to a shortage in one of the important groups—the Pacific salmons—and to limited collections from the Mississippi River. Inasmuch as all fish from the latter source are of fingerling size, limited collections make themselves evident in this class. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Ix As an indication of the relative proportions of the various classes of fishes of this total, it may be pointed out that it included 5,473,- 378,000 fry and eggs of commercial marine species, 120,213,000 of the commercially important Pacific salmons, 548,535,000 of the com- mercial species of interior waters, and 247,313,000 of the anadromous forms, also of commercial significance. The game fishes were repre- sented by 51,523,000 trout and salmon and 36,222,000 of the warm- water pond species. RELATIONS WITH STATES AND FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS Cooperation with the various States has been an important part of the bureau’s fish-cultural work. The bureau has been of assist- ance by furnishing the advice and supervision of its experienced employees, by assigning eggs and fry to the States, and by assisting in the collection of eggs. The States have reciprocated by permit- ting the collection of adult brood fish, allotting funds for carrying on work of joint benefit, and by assisting in the distribution of fish. The Bureau of Fisheries and the States of Vermont and Pennsy]l- vania operated the Swanton (Vt.) pike-perch station jointly. Over 1,000,000 trout eggs were incubated for the State of West Virginia at the White Sulphur Springs (W. Va.) station. Similar relations have been maintained with the State of South Dakota. The propa- gation of buffalo fish in conjunction with the State of Louisiana was undertaken. ‘The bureau furnished the services of a man for shad propagation undertaken by the State of New Jersey. Exten- sive cooperative work has been initiated in Arkansas, where suitable areas have been taken over as nurseries for bass and other pond fish. Ponds have been stocked, and a number of others are being prepared for this purpose. A total of 84,586,000 eggs was furnished to 24 States during 1927 The pike perch, yellow perch, whitefish, and cisco comprised 61,900,000 of this number, while the remainder consisted of various species of trout and salmon. Arrangements have been perfected with the United States Forest Service whereby improved distribution practices will be followed and rearing ponds established. Generous allotments of fish and eggs have been made for stocking waters in the forest areas, notably in Wyoming and in the Sawtooth National Forest in Idaho. Inspec- tions have been made of pond sites in the Ouachita National Forest and the Unaka National Forest. Requests for the shipment of eggs of various species to foreign governments have been complied with as far as possible: This in- cluded the distribution of 2,227,000 eggs and 19,500 fish to five coun- tries, Canada, Costa Rica, Italy, and Switzerland receiving rainbow trout, while Japan was assigned rainbow trout and whitefish. PROPAGATION OF PACIFIC SALMONS The work in the Pacific States and Alaska has been marked by im- provements at certain points. It has been the rule to hold a maxi- mum number of fingerlings at each station throughout the season, planting when for lack of space it has been absolutely essential to dispose of some of the stock. x REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE Light has been thrown on the problem of power dams in salmon streams by a study of the operation of a fish ladder in the Baker River near Concrete, Wash. The dam, over 200 feet high, has a fish ladder of the common Cail type, together with a mechanical elevator for hoisting cars of fish over the crest. As a result of practical ex- eriments it is expected that the science of developing a satisfactory shway will be advanced materially. In Alaska continued destruction of predatory trout has resulted beneficially in the vicinity of Afognak and Yes Bay. At the Yes Bay (Alaska) station the fingerlings have been placed in feeding ponds, ‘from which they are permitted to work out gradually. It is believed that they become better adapted to conditions in natural waters in this way than by a sharp transition from the hatchery to the lake. Not until the entire hatch of salmon fry can be reared to fingerling size will the maximum benefit be attained from these fish-cultural operations. MARINE SPECIES OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC COAST Operation of the bureau’s marine stations at Woods Hole and Gloucester, Mass., is contingent upon commercial fishing operations in the vicinity. Cod, haddock, and pollock eggs are taken largely by spawn takers on the fishing vessels. Only a small percentage of the eggs is obtained by independent spawn-taking operations con- ducted by the bureau. . ee Se 1 Description and range___________ 19 Geographical distribution_-_______ 3 Food and game qualities________ 20 Economic value, food and game Commercial importance__________ pak (UU nye ee ee he 3 Spawning season and character of Headings habits ose ese es a 4 CP Se eens Se 21 Spawning habits and spawn-tak- Artiiicial spropagation=———_— 21 Tittle a, Se a Ere Oo oe a 4 Pikes Sse a ess Ee ee ST 22 Penning adult fish for collection Descriptiony ee es eS 22 Ole spmWhe 2 Aa 6 Geographical distribution_______ 24 1D Fees oe eee ee a 10 age) aaah ee 3 ee es 24 Development and care___--__~ 10 MUGGED Ne. = onl ~ J I i F Ft: Yes babi Eg : nite parce ' a, 4 Re as eT : P Y 3 boas i; \itets nai . f ty P iis a us & Le or . < 5 » é Mivys t » fee? E acd « > % be : , hcrey : a ; Pe : aI is 5 pre ba ae Ral Tt x alee ick: i Ja-Ne. ‘ cS ra t t £55 ht ; s Aas : Z, } Teh rut u TA, Fr. . t > “ ? Si ted be GS y HAC = tha a Hy : Ps es 4 ideas fy cary re 2 f. \ of : Sit, ot O a « +f ' 4 f > i" 5 t; Soe 1 ae RAPER RRA OY we 2 ¢ ‘ 4 -. , “ - id 4 on wus, 4S ‘ass 5 re “ f } Se Y e j , 4 = > 4 ‘ : CY ani : d rey eunetobe, ais adh — vy aeptiitte Bal a wh “ar Hn rece is PER ae Bria: Bete ge everest | =!1¥r3' ik? one genet fe inet Sone adh { aeibatl nyt eet nt fhilts gies Peevey -¢ . 62. a Ww Aofat EXAMINATION OF THE SUMMER FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS, N. C., WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DESTRUCTION OF UNDERSIZED FISH AND THE PROTECTION OF THE GRAY TROUT CYNOSCION REGALIS (BLOCH AND SCHNEIDER)’ By Eumer Hiaatns, In charge, Division of Scientific Inquiry, and Joun C, PEARSON, temporary assistant, United States Bureau of Fisheries CONTENTS Page Introduction _____ Ses SAAS belts gg Bl hae eh Ae Gell RSS EB, iw ik, el ae ee 29 Weclinevorsthe fisheries st JUL L Eris t chp tte Pee eet Sadly Sp Re toe 29 aie ROaeti = Saree 8s 7 piesa itt ete Ret ee sete f. 31 SVUIMET NN See he ea ee eee SR ate San a EN ok ee 31 Sears Te tay arene ee ae Oe eS We eee ees 2 32 Neth OCsrOlishings t= see heel ees ae ee eo ee 2 ay See 33 Roupariet iii sae ek tee A See i ee Se Ee 33 Peper cly Mencia ee Stee 8 eed he ee ES oe 35 MICHIOUSEOL INVES eatlonsts ke Sete et te Set ee Se ai/ aR ACTA Ge ee UCL tt ek ttIeE TE) PEE eR EOS INS Ses 41 Sai Nar en a ne es eee eR BET: eB IE ak PAOLA EL HD ade 41 SIZES RO leis aqme neat ernie eee ke! pT WEEDS ES) UT sae 2 aE eee 2 a8 43 SclechimeERTCULONeOriishinay pear me meals ia fee hal oe Tee? Cs 47 WesimacnonmolmlmnGersizeO pis 30 te a fe are a ON re EY 50 Effect of growth on marketability_________-_---- weed fo Ak al? A IN Ba We Sh 55 iieranemieniron Conserv atton 7s Seyes! Nees 2s ire Pade) ie eee 55 lniteshistonyaolsbuespray trout 4 =e.) Se ee ee eS ee 57 STOVE AOU DYER SRS ea 2 fe SU ee ae WS ee eee ars oe One eye ST PIRGNTE EDU 2 oy aR Sed 02 SN ag ee ga i eee igen pe walaniaee ie) aye 58 Age at maturity_——--_---_-- eee Sg tc U REL ASE 1 ped Ree, oh Lae 59 Miorations! tee) Sui ieee) i es AGF 2078 Sond Meee oth: 3 7 Shale 61 Effect of present fishery; repulations <= 42+ 542-21 s 4a. eS Se 61 IRemedtalGmensutes ss 8.20.25 oo 5 Ns Be ee 62 EPS CAEE TTA TVG 1 (OM Sareea eee se ee terse ac ek Ne See ey Be es 7 ae 65 INTRODUCTION ? DECLINE OF THE FISHERY Many persons interested in the fishing industry of North Carolina are convinced that the supply of food fish in the waters of that State is insufficient to meet the demand. Despite the increase in catching power, brought about by the introduction of power vessels, the use of modernized gear, and the improvement of methods of refriger- ation and distribution, the total yield of the fisheries of the State has not shown a corresponding increase during the past 45 years. The occasional statistics collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries indicate that the average annual yield since 1880 of all aquatic food products, including fresh and salt water fish, mollusks, crustaceans, turtles, etc., but omitting nonfood fish, such as men- haden, has been 37,600,000 pounds. The total yield in 1880 amounted 1 Appendix IT to the Report of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries for 1927. B.F. Doc. No. 1019. 2 The original report on this investigation was read by permission of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries, before the North Carolina Fisheries Commission Board at their regular Meeting, Dec. 8, 1925, at Morehead City, N.C. The present paper contains all of the subject matter of the first report, together with some supplementary material resulting from further analysis of the original data. 29 30 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES to 32,249,000 pounds. This production rose to a maximum of 52,- 924,000 pounds in 1897, but since that time the available statistics show a continual though gradual decline until the period from 1918 to 1923, when the annual yield approximated 31,000,000 pounds, or about the same amount as that produced at the beginning of the period for which we have records. While the decline in total yield has not been disastrous to the industry, several important species have suffered serious decline. The most important of these are the shad and the mullet, although bluefish and striped bass also have shown a marked reduction. The total yield has been maintained only by the increased utilization of the cheaper and less desirable varieties of fish and by an increased intensity of fishing and improved methods of production. This unsatisfactory trend of the fisheries of the State was forcibly pointed out by Dr. Hugh M. Smith in 1907,° when he asserted that the condition of the industry demanded the thoughtful consideration of the fishermen and lawmakers. He declared that: The fisheries may be expected to deteriorate— (a) Through failure of the State to provide prompt and adequate protection to those fishes which begin to show a decrease in abundance. The history of the sturgeon is an unmistakable indication of what will eventually happen to the shad, alewives, striped bass, and other species unless ample provision is made for the survival of a sufficient percentage of the annual run until spawning has ensued. (b) Because of unnecessarily wasteful methods, such as the capture of larger quantities of food fishes than can be utilized or disposed of to advantage and the useless destruction of larger numbers of fishes of no present market value but of prospective importance. (c) Owing to careless methods of packing and preserving the catch, and failure to keep abreast of the progress of the times in matters affecting the shipment and sale of fish. The wisdom of his predictions is attested by the present condition of the fisheries, for the decline in abundance actually has occurred, and many of the conditions that caused this decline still remain to be remedied almost 20 years since the original warning. The general shortage of fish has increased the rivalry between the operators of two dominant types of gear operated in Pamlico and Core Sounds—pound nets and haul seines—and endless discussion concerning the effects of these nets on the fish supply has resulted. As early as 1883, L. H. Hardy, a North Carolinian, wrote to the United States Fish Commissioner as follows: * We have in Carteret County, N. C., a great many fish, and our people live by catching and selling them. For the last four years our waters, both in the sounds and ocean, have been obstructed by Dutch nets (pound nets), which have proved very destructive to our fish. Thousand of fish too small to be serviceable are caught by these nets and suffered to remain in them until they are dead and then turned out to drift upon the shore in numbers that would seem incredible to relate. * * * Thus millions of good | fish are being destroyed yearly that are not worth a cent while so small. * In 1912, C. H. Sterling, a fish dealer of Wins ine tee: N.. \C.,ssaad As to the pound nets, dragnets, and seines, some man has said that the pound nets are the root of all evils. I think he is mistaken. I have seen seines pull in hundreds of small fish that a poeune net would not catch. 3 Fishes of North Carolina, by ae M. Smith. ‘North ‘Garalina, Gane and Economic Survey, Vol. II, p. 412. Raleigh, 1 4 Bulletin, U.S. Fish ae for 1884, p. 317. 5 Report of the Fisheries Convention held at New Bern, N. C., Dee. 13, 1911. North Carolina Geo- logical and Economie Survey, Economic Paper No. 29, p. 37. Raleigh, 1912. FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS Sl In 1909, J. H. Potter, of Beaufort, N. C., said: °® I have been engaged in the fish business for 30 years. I commenced before the first pound nets were set in North Carolina, and was instrumental in putting in the first pound net. I have seen that net destroy more fish than have been caught in North Carolina since. THE PROBLEM As a result of this controversy there has arisen a general feeling that wasteful practices existed in these fisheries, which were in part responsible for the shortage of the fish supply. Many proposals for the regulation of the various types of gear have been offered by one faction or the other, and it was recognized by the State authorities that some regulation was necessary. Because of strong sectional feeling, it was impossible for the fishing interests to agree upon a method of regulation, and it finally became apparent that, in the in- terests of future constructive regulations, a comprehensive, impartial, investigation should be conducted. Three problems were presented for consideration : 1. To find the actual composition of both the pound-net and long- haul seine catches throughout the entire summer fishing season and the degree of competition between the two types of gear. 2. To ascertain the amount of destruction caused by taking under- sized food fish by each type of gear. 3. To find a method of protecting undersized fish until they became valuable to the fishermen, to the fish dealers, and to the people of North Carolina. With these problems in mind, the Bureau of Fisheries, with the full cooperation of the North Carolina Fisheries Commission, under Commissioner J. A. Nelson, undertook an extensive survey of these fisheries. Too much credit can not be given to Captain Nelson for the excellent assistance rendered. The launch Neuse, with crew under the able handling of Capt. J. R. Morris, was detailed to the field work, and the financial burden of its operation, as well as half of the incidental cost of the investigation, was borne by the State. SUMMARY The findings of this investigation may be summarized as follows: 1. Many lines of evidence indicate that the fisheries of North Carolina are undergoing depletion. 2. Wasteful methods in the fisheries are believed to be a contribut- ing cause to the exhaustion of the supply. Pound nets and long-haul seines both have been accused as responsible for the decline in abundance. 3. Pound nets are stationary gear operating on deep muddy bot- toms. Long-haul seines are dragged over shallow sandy bottoms. 4. The catch of pound nets consists chiefly of gray trout or sque- teague (Cynoscion regalis) and starfish or harvest fish (Peprilus alepi- dotus). The catch of long-haul seines consists chiefly of croakers (Micropogon undulatus), spots (Leiostomus xanthurus), and spotted trout (Cynoscion nebulosus). Hence there is little competition between the two types of gear. 5. The two types of gear are highly selective in their action, pound nets catching smaller sizes of all species than do long-haul seines. 6 Report of the Fisheries Convention held at New Bern, N.C., Dec. 13,1911. North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, Economic Paper No. 29, p. 184. Raleigh, 1912. on U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 6. The average monthly destruction of undersized fish by long- haul seines is: Spotted trout, 4 per cent of the total number of that species caught; croakers, 8 per cent; and spots, 17 per cent. The average monthly destruction of undersized fish by pound nets is: Gray trout, 31 per cent; starfish, 59 per cent; butterfish, 6 per cent; croakers, 35 per cent; and spots, 51 per cent. 7. Pound nets are highly destructive; long-haul seines are not un- duly destructive of undersized fish. 8. The greatest wastage of all pound-net fish occurs in June. 9. The greatest wastage of gray trout occurs in June and July and is most extensive on the northwest side of Pamlico Sound. 10. Two-year-old gray trout are less than legal size during June and July, but by August they have grown so that most of them are legally marketable. 11. Certain facts concerning the life history of the gray trout, as- certained in the course of this investigation, may guide our efforts at conservation. These are— (a) Spawning in 1925 reached its height by June 1 and was com- pleted by August 10. (b) Gray trout approximately 5 inches long in June are believed to be 1 year old; when 8 inches long, 2 years old; when 10 inches long, 3 years old. (c) Gray trout spawn for the first time when 3 years old. (2) Immature fish remain in the sounds during the spring, summer, and fall. 12. The present regulation establishing minimum size limits does not operate to conserve the fishery, for many are destroyed in order to market the few. 13. Regulations increasing the size of mesh in pound nets or es- tablishing areas closed to pound-net fishing are undesirable. 14. A closed season on pound netting in Pamlico Sound, from the end of the shad season until August 1, would prevent the destruction of undersized gray trout and protect ‘the spawning fish. This regu- lation is recommended. THE FISHERY The fishery with which this investigation is concerned is conducted chiefly by pound nets and long-haul seines during the summer season, beginning in the latter part of May and continuing into November. The duration of the fishing season, however, depends upon the weather, for the gear is frequently destroyed by storms during October and is not replaced. Six species constitute the bulk of the catch, which consists, in order of their importance, of squeteague or gray trout, croakers, spots, spotted trout, starfish or harvest fish, and butterfish. All of these species are taken by both types of gear but in different quantities. While the same species are taken by other types of gear, such as stake gill nets, drop gill nets, and short- haul seines, by far the greater part is taken by the two gears under consideration. The total yield of these species in the six counties surrounding Pamlico and Core Sounds amounted in 1923 to 8,225,000 pounds, valued at $337,475, or 58.5 per cent by weight of the total yield of all aquatic’ food products i in ihe State.” The gray trout was the most 7 For detailed statistics of yield and valuation see Fishery Industries of the United States, by Oscar E. Sette, p.369 ff. Appendix II, Report United States Commissioner of Fisheries for 1925 (1926). Washington. FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 33 important of this yield and amounted in the same year to 2,954,000 pounds, or 21 per cent of the total yield of aquatic food products; croakers, 2,208,000 pounds, or 15.7 per cent; spots, 1,751,000 pounds, or 12.5 per cent; spotted trout, 845,000 pounds, or 6 per cent; starfish or harvest fish, 519,000 pounds, or 3.7 per cent; and butterfish, 298,000 pounds, or 2.1 per cent. METHODS OF FISHING Pound netting—The pound net is a type of stationary fishing gear that operates by directing the fish into inclosures or traps by means of leads. While the principle of pound netting is always the same, the actual setting and arrangement of the gear varies in different locali- ties. A typical pound-net rig used in the summer fisheries of Pamlico Fic. 1.—Pound-net fishing. Setting a net. The crib or pound is at the left; the men in the boat are setting the heart, and the lead extends off to the right Sound and many of its tributaries consists of lead, heart, and pound. The lead is 175 to 300 yards long, having a depth of 17 to 20 feet, made of cotton webbing of 12-inch stretched mesh. It is supported in the water by stakes (pine poles) about 18 feet apart. This lead ends at a 9-foot opening into the heart—a semipound, which is usually 30 yards on each side, of the same depth as the lead, and made of webbing of a stretched mesh of 5 inches. At the end of the heart opposite the lead opening is a tunnel 20 feet square at the heart, tapering into a 34-inch square exit into the pound proper. This tunnel is about 12 feet long of 4-inch stretched mesh and the ends are held open by %-inch iron-bar frames. The pound proper, into which the tunnel leads and which the fish finally enter, is about 27 feet square, having a depth of about 16 feet (depending upon the depth of water in which the gear is set), a stretched mesh of 214 inches, and is supported at each corner and at varying intervals by stakes. All parts of the rig, with the exception of the pound itself, must touch bottom and, of course, must rise above the level of the water for at 34: U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES least afew inches. The sides of the pound are usually at least 1 foot above the water level so as to prevent the trapped fish from jump- ing over. (See figs. 1 to 3.) Fic. 2.—Pound-net fishing. When the fish are gathered into one corner of the net the catch is bailed into the boat with dip nets As many as 8 or 9 pounds are sometimes set In a continuous row or stand, so that the entire distance covered by the leads, hearts, and Fic. 3.—Pound-net fishing. Culling the catch. It is not feasible to sort the catch on the fishing grounds. All culling is done at the shore station when the fish are sorted for sale. Hence undersized fish are dead when discarded pounds may be nearly 2 miles in length. Usually a stand consists of not more than four pounds, for this is the maximum that can be handled easily by the average pound-net crew. FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS aia A pound-net crew usually is made uD of two men, but sometimes three, manning an open power boat, 25 feet long, 6 to.7 feet wide, and having a speed of about 7 miles an hour. The fishermen usually camp on some island or point within an hour’s run from their nets, returning home only for the week-ends. The pound net is fished by running the boat nearly over one side of the pound into the inclosure, and by means of a hook a side of the pound is raised and brought on board. The sides and bottom of the pound are then gradually taken up to the surface of the water until the fish are gathered or bunted into a small section of the side, from which they can be bailed into the boat. The entire process does not take the experienced fishermen more than 10 minutes in good weather, but hours are sometimes consumed in clearing the nets of small fish that have become gilled in the meshes. After fishing all their pounds Fic. 4——Long-haul seining. The seine has been removed and the men are now hauling the bunt net. The bunt net is used to inclose the fish so that they may belanded. Finer mesh and heavier twine in this net prevent the fish from rushing the net and escaping or becoming gilled in the meshes the fishermen return to their camp and weigh and sell the catch to waiting buy boats sent by various wholesale fish dealers. Pound nets are set in the deepest waters of Pamlico Sound, which are from 16 to 29 feet in depth. The gear is always set on a muddy bottom because of the necessity of a good. holding ground for the stakes and because the fishermen believe that fish gather on this muddy bottom to feed. Long-haul seining.—This is a method of fishing in which a seine is dragged between two power boats for a certain distance and then landed by hand in shallow water. The nets consist of eight sections, each 150 yards long, and 12 feet deep, made of cotton webbing of a 3-inch stretched mesh. At the ends of each section are fastened 8-foot wooden staffs, leaded at the lower ends. A bunt net, 125 yards long and 100 to 125 meshes deep, with a mesh of 24% inches, is also a part “of the equipment. The more efficient boats are 30 to 40 feet long, drawing not more than 3 feet of 37901—27——2 36 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES water, and are powered with 16 to 20 horsepower engines. Each power boat has a crew of three men and tows a skiff about 20 feet long, which carries half of the nets. In fishing the seine, the power boats first come together, jom the ends of the sections of the seine, and commence to run in opposite directions, letting out the nets, section by section, until all eight seines—four from each tow skiff—have been let over the side. The seine is then slowly hauled in a shallow semicircle for approximately three-fourths of a mile. When the power boats reach the shallow water they come together and the staffs at the ends of the seines are fastened together, thus making a circle about 1,200 yards in circum- ference. (See figs. 4 and 5.) Fic. 5—Long-haul seining. The haul is here completed and the men are bailing the catch from the unt net into the boats After the circle is completed, two men in each of the tow skiffs untie the staffs that fasten the end pair of nets, the power boats take the ends of the second pair on each side, one at a time, and con- tinue hauling to “cut out’ or to remove the nets from the circle. Similarly, the second pair are replaced by the third pair, and the third pair by the fourth, so that the circle finally is reduced to a single pair of nets, each 150 yards long. The bunt net is then fastened to the farther staff of one of the last pair of nets and is laid out in the position of one of the fourth pair while that net is taken into the skiff. The remaining fourth seine is then hauled by power or by hand, depending on the depth of water, past the inward staff, until the two staffs of the bunt net are brought together. The final hauling of the net is performed by hand while one man holds down the lead line with his foot so as to keep the gap completely closed at the bottom. When the bunt net has been pulled in far enough (depending on the quantity of fish taken) hauling on the cork line is stopped and the lead line is hauled past the staff until all of it is landed in the skiff. This completed, the fish are secured beyond danger of escape, and they are easily bailed into one of the skiffs. Everything is landed except sharks and stingrays or occasional catches of large drum. FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 37 A modification of this method of hauling, called ‘‘swiping,”’ is practiced by a few crews. This consists in merely laying out the nets, surrounding a given area of water, and then taking them in. There is no hauling done except to close the ends of the nets. This method is employed chiefly to save the expense of fuel used in hauling, which usually takes from three to four hours, but this is not the common practice. The haul must be on a clean bottom, with the tide, and usually with the wind, otherwise the boats could not pull the seines because of the accumulating amount of floating grass. It must be made in a place where shallow water is at least a mile away and in which the nets can be removed both by power and by hand. Such shallow water in North Carolina generally consists of sandy shoals, and the suitable hauls are so well known and recognized that several crews frequently await their turns to fish a productive ground. Owing to the gradual process by which the nets are removed, the small fish apparently have time to escape. Often fish can be seen forcing the nets before the bunt net has been put out, and the presence of large- sized gilled fish in the pairs of seines removed by power indicates that the fish are attempting to.escape during the cutting-out process. The bunt net serves a necessary purpose in preventing the frightened fish from rushing the net and gilling or escaping, and also serves to protect the fishermen from the attacks of stingrays, which are of frequent occurrence in the catches. Owing to the relatively high cost of equipment for this type of fishing, which is valued at about $4,000, and to the relatively small number of haul areas available, there were not more than 25 crews operating in Pamlico and Core Sounds in the summer of 1925. Each crew usually sells to the buy boat of a fish dealer, who is under agree- ment to take the season’s catch. The nets usually are laid out at about 6 o’clock in the morning, and the catch is aboard the buy boat by 2 or 3 o’clock in the afternoon. Some of the crews do not land their catch until later in the afternoon, while others, more energetic, may sometimes make two hauls in a single day, ending their last haul in the dark. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION To determine the actual composition of the catches of the two types of gear, it is obviously necessary to visit personally the vari- ous fishing areas and to inspect the unsorted catches of fish when taken. Representative areas should be chosen for examination, and the study should be continued during the whole fishing season. In the sampling of the pound-net catch a route was selected cov- ering as nearly as possible representative portions of Pamlico Sound, no pound netting being carried on in Core Sound; but choice of locali- ties was limited by the fact that pound nets are fished only in the early morning, five days a week. (See fig. 6.) On this account, and on account of the distances to be covered, but one pound-net station could be visited daily. The following localities were visited regu- larly once each week, with the exception of one station that was discontinued because of lack of fish: Lupton, with 15 to 20 stands of nets set off Cedar Island; Brant Island, with 6 to 8 stands of nets off the mouth of the Neuse River along Brant Island Shoal; Gull 38 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Rock, with 10 to 12 stands set along Gull Shoal; Portsmouth, with 1 to 12 stands about Royal Shoal (this place was visited during only one month because of discontinuance of fishing); and Point of Marsh, with 4 stands set along Brant Island Shoal. The only pound-net localities of any importance that remained were Ocracoke, with 6 stands, Hatteras, with 2 stands, Englehard, with 3 stands, and Stumpy Cape Hatteras Bureau yh hau] seinin y the ated h 4 Long haul seine grounds. NORTH CAROLINA ound net and Jon investig isheries during the Summer of 1925. I] Pound nets. PAMLICO AND CORE SOUND P 1 x Showin rounds AT ? Gull Rock 9 ° = Ss a cay = c = ” ° FiGc. 6.— Pamlico and Core Sounds, N. C. 49% “Brant J. Point, with 20 stands. Lupton represented the southerfi end of the sound, Brant Island and Point of Marsh the western and central parts, Gull Rock the northwestern side, and Portsmouth the eastern part. The distance around the whole route was nearly 200 miles. Approxi- mately 200 pound-net catches were sampled. Only a very few stations were omitted from the weekly visitation, and this was because of adverse weather conditions when very little fishing was carried on even by pound netters. FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 39 Long-haul seine fishing is conducted chiefly in the southern and western parts of Pamlico Sound and in the northern half of Core Sound. Moreover, this fishing is regulated greatly by weather con- ditions, so that the taking of samples was necessarily more irregular than was the case with pound nets. However, experience showed that samples could be procured more or less regularly while en route from one pound-net station to another, and since noon is the cus- tomary time for long haulers to end their fishing for the day, samples usually were secured as soon as the fish had been bailed into the skiffs. Samples were taken at varying intervals in virtually all the long-haul localities, 44 samples in all being studied. Taking a random sample of about 50 pounds of unculled fish from each of three crews of pound-net fishermen, a total amount of ap- proximately 150 pounds of fish was secured from each locality every week. The average daily catches of the crews seemed to be from 300 to 600 pounds of market fish to the crew, with the exception of Monday’s catches, which were always larger than those of any other day because the pounds usually are not fished either Saturdays or Sundays. Personal observations were taken each morning on the majority of the catches brought in, and any unusual catch, both as to quantity and quality of fish taken, was noted. A different problem was presented in obtaining samples of the catch of long-haul seines because of the variation in both quantity and quality, which ranged from 500 to 1,500 pounds of marketable fish. When the catch consisted chiefly of large fish, somewhat larger samples were taken than was the case when the catch was made up of small fish. In general, from 50 to 100 pounds of fish constituted the sample. In obtaining all samples no hand selection was permitted, all fish being bailed, unculled, into a large bucket container by the fisherman, under the personal inspection of the investigator. The samples, once obtained, were sorted according to species, the species of scrap fish, such as pinfish and menhaden, alone being unseparated. The weights of certain food species and also the weights of scrap fish in the samples were secured. Each specimen of food-fish species was carefully measured on a rule constructed for the purpose,® each fish sexed, and the spawning or resting condition of the fish was noted. Scales were taken from many fish for the ultimate purpose of deter- mining the age composition of the catch. Over 26,000 pound-net fish and 2,500 long-haul fish were thus measured during the 20 weeks, from the middle of June until the first of November, spent in actual field operations. In analyzing the data collected by these means, length-frequency tables were constructed from the measurements of the samples ob- tained. While each sample was originally tabulated separately, frequency tabulations for the day were made for the three samples together. The day samples were then combined by months, by simple addition, and these monthly frequencies were then reduced to a percentage basis. In so far as the unweighted samples are repre- sentative, the actual composition of the commercial catch is accu- rately portrayed; but, because of the varying number of samples taken in the different months, it was deemed advisable to weight the § The measurement of length used in this work is the projection of the distance from the snout, or point of the mandible, to the end of the middle rays of the caudal fin. 40 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES monthly frequencies to a constant number. Thus the conditions in each locality are represented by 12 separate samples taken on four occasions in each month. The conclusions concerning the actual or total destruction of undersized fish, however, are subject to some criticism, from the fact that the total amount of the commercial yield at any time during the séason is unknown. It is presumed that the fishery has a normal cycle of abundance, reaching a maximum at some period and dying away toa final end. Since the sampling was uniform throughout the season and the results are not weighted according to the total yield, a distortion of facts would occur from overemphasizing the early and late parts of the season, when the yield is presumably smaller, and underemphasizing the middle part of the season, when the maximum yield is supposed to occur. There are no statistics in North Carolina that can be used to weight our figures according to the total yield, and since it was not feasible, because of conditions in the field, to col- lect these figures at the time of the investigation, it is impossible to estimate the magnitude of this error. The authors believe that this error is negligible, however, because of evidence based on records of the catch of pound-net fishermen at Gull Rock. The actual yield of three different crews was obtained throughout the entire season. Since the nets are fished irregularly in this locality daily yields could not be obtained, but a table of total yield during each weekly period from each of the three crews was constructed. (See table 1.) During the period from June 28 to October 31, when all three crews were working without interruption, the average weekly yield does not vary more than 1,000 pounds, ranging between 2,000 and 3,000 pounds. If this condition obtains throughout Pamlico Sound, it is likely that maxi- mum production is reached as early in the season as all the gear is installed and continues at a horizontal level until the removal of gear in early November. TABLE 1.—Pound-net catch of three fishermen at Gull Rock, N. C., in 1925, weekly totals of marketable fish | Crew Crew Crew Date Nou No. 2 No. 3 Total Average | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds LTC het ten es, Ps Sa a eee 1, 219 Vi a Oe a OS i lie ee DUNE awe eee 3 SA See 2, 483 453 ese 3, 000 || eee nee arise 7 BSS a 88 heey ose 8 Pg RE Shee See 2, 398 1, 065 244 Bia @ |e oe oe ees ATOR TTY Ae eee oe es oh ea ee | 4-478 2, 507 1, 650 8, 635 2, 878 Sulysp Meee IL TS. ss OY ey ee dae 5, 126 2, 242 1, 812 9, 180 3, 060 ASE IPSN en 2 2 RN eee a 3,077 1, 155 1, 673 5, 906 1, 969 JU? DOSY SSS eee ee Sa Se NS oe 5, 200 1, 599 1, 818 | 8, 617 2, 872 UVa Orel Uae) oo eee oe i dU oe fe ope ee ae 1, 828 1, 092 1, 657 5, 577 1, 859 Aug. 2,400 | 6, 400 | 2,133 2, 837 7, 537 2, 512 2, 469 8, 845 2, 948 3, 183 6, 363 2,121 3, 372 8, 807 2, 936 1, 052 5, 736 1, 912 3, 110 7, 538 2,513 3, 799 8, 546 2, 849 3, 439 7, 808 2, 603 2, 921 7, 443 2.481 3, 701 8, 289 2, 763 2, 605 7, 291 2, 430 1, 810 3, 200 1, 067 435 1,118: f Aes 628 852, |= Ss see 549 549 eee Total xp siete teed pene EE Lae ee 63; 596) | #1 9250285 |) upd BelG4) ee | ee FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 4] Since no further refinement in the analysis of the data is feasible, and since, on the basis of this evidence, the yield of the fishery appears to be quite uniform, it is believed that the conclusions drawn are not unwarranted because of the possible error of the method. This view is further supported by the internal evidence of uniformity of the data; for it appears, as is shown in the following tables, that the important features of the data are consistent among themselves. COMPOSITION OF THE CATCH As indicated in a previous paragraph, the yield of the pound nets and long-haul seines in Pamlico and Core Sounds comprises more than three-fifths of the aquatic food produced in North Carolina, and the species that make up this great catch, in order of importance, are the sea trout, croakers, spots, starfish, and butterfish. This estimate of relative importance is based upon the total weight of each species landed in the markets annually; but, from the point of view of wise regulation of the fishery, the total amount of fish landed is of less significance than the amounts actually caught, and in this case the disparity between the two figures is surprisingly great, for a tremen- dous waste of immature fish occurs in these fisheries. From the same point of view, the weight of the fish caught is of less significance than are the numbers of individuals taken, for an individual specimen, regardless of how young or how small it may be, barring the normal mortality occasioned by its enemies in the sea, has the potentiality of developing to a size that is of real value either to man as food or to the species as the brood stock of the future supply. In the following discussion, therefore, the relative abundance of the different kinds of fish and of the various sizes representing each species is determined by calculating the percentage by number and not by weight in the entire unsorted catches of food fish in the different nets. Hence the following figures represent more fully the real stock of fish, as caught, than would any analysis of the catch as marketed. Let us examine the records, then, to discover what kinds of fish are caught by each type of gear and the relative importance of each species in the total catch. SPECIES TAKEN The following species, arranged in the order of importance, were observed in the catches of long-haul seines during the season. The common names are those in most general use in this locality. Those marked with an asterisk are marketed; all others are discarded as trash fish. FISH TAKEN IN LONG-HAUL SEINES IN PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS, N. C., 1925 FSDOied TOU tse ee ot Cynoscion nebulosus. PGT AVA TOW GSEs See, pL SS a oe Cynoscion regalis. ROR OT eg SM Bae gen te es Micropogon undulatus. “sfs) 210 | ee aN: PLES Se a Leiostomus xanthurus. *Bluefish 5 fi EIS ER RT Reale Raa Pomatomus saltatriz. Eeirafs neg ha eee ie oe ees Pe a ete re Tet! Font Lagodon rhomboides. DMenhaden asst = 22s Dee ee 2 Brevoortia sp. ASHE OCS) Og Dil Dia i ee pir iE ae Geaniees, Peprilus alepidotus. -Spsmish mackerel ws =—- s Scomberomorus maculatus. AISI Tig TS IT ces ee eae Sciznops ocellatus. 42 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Reelin es &S)7ak Sie So ee aaa Bairdiella chrysura. PETOG TIS lis +42 aes: ere wee FA) Ae ge Orthopristis chrysopterus. Simgaree oo... 4-2 a 7. eee state Ci a ‘ . {Galeichthys milberti. ETE Eo \ Felichthys felis. Garfish = 25 S58) le 831 2pes a oe ee Tylosurus marinus. PMullleti: vs! abel Fae gd eee Mudgil cephalus. EP OMPANO 2 3 ak Bey a See ee Chee Trachinotus carolinus. SeMeCpSheGa Gia = = = ae eee ee Archosargus probatocephalus. Sea mullet y. = sat teat er are 8 Menticirrhus sp. =] BY oXU O00 (eV eee we BS Re LS Se oye Paralichthys sp. TRO AGH shite sg hee Es ee See he Opsanus tau. Bui sheet ee ee See Pe Chilomycterus spinosus. Ue a ae En Ee ee oe EME te Spheroides maculatus. BIROC KISH ese, ome wis Ae hap Panis (rah ee Roccus lineatus. The following species, arranged in order of importance, were ob- served as occurring in the pound nets. The common names are those in most general use in this locality. Those marked with an asterisk were marketed, if large enough; all others were discarded as trash fish. FISH TAKEN IN POUND NETS IN PAMLICO SOUND, N. C., 1925 2 Gr AGU OU eee = 2 a ee Cynoscion regalis. 2S 1131 Mle ce a AN eels Peprilus alepidotus. PCroakeneore. sates o: Ae Sl ee Micropogon undulatus. BODOUSme nee ee ome Sar ie oy See Leiostomus xanthurus. SPE GeTs Wey! ar ie 7 he Poronotus triacanthus. Mem ACen ay sis O26 es skye Brevoortia sp. EATS eee ee ere eee ee oe Lagodon rhomboides. PRigunder- se hee oa is he See Paralichthys sp. Apluenshise aes 2 3 fe 24. Bese Pomatomus saltatriz. Par pyres Goi Sees ke ka Chaetodipterus faber. *Spanish mackerel” -.- 2. 2 _ 2-22 Scomberomorus maculatus. @Wutlasseishe 45 42 ee See Trichiurus lepturus. Rookdowmes {te othe Dei ii) ee Selene vomer. Senrpcaitishm eet, Pie) yaoi eee Galeichthys milberti. Stimganrcess. — ser a5 s - fae te Ae Dasyatis say. LOS) ees ee Ps Spee es 4 Anguilla rostrata. IN anya sta eee ee ee Se Dorosoma cepedianum. Grariiahi st Aes. Sagi x Maks Ce Tylosurus marinus. Miulletses === 2 == Rees Oe Mugil cephalus. Olbacore 2 Asse 225 Se ee Caranx hippos. (Dhreadtish= es eee Alectis ciliaris. ROMP AN Oye ee er Trachinotus carolinus. Sergeantfishi= 205 3-2) au Sees Rachycentron canadus. +spotied tromt:0: s/s 2a ae ese Cynoscion nebulosus. Wihite’ perch)... Sea ee Bairdiella chrysura. CART UTO es hea Mit l= cy aa ree ee Lobotes surinamensis. <1 KO 0 (5) 0 ei aa ea IE et, | Orthopristis chrysopterus. POMECPSNEHG. o@ 30,24. Archosargus probatocephalus. Pave Ge cin ULI se ae a. he Re Scienops ocellatus. *Seanmulletiy-ys- “vs le 24 eee Menticirrhus sp. SIS CKGGMUIMNS 2 2ie pean ea ate Pogonias cromis. Hoolfish=s.c5- == Seley eee = aveeee Monacanthus hispidus. {Spheroides maculatus. 1 eee eg ie Lagbcephabis levigatus. I UnAtis beeeege es eee or eee ee nre es Chilomycterus spinosus. Sea OUI eases Mee ee: see Prionotus sp. RGM ORAS age ere ee ee Echeneis naucrates. MoOnGhchee eae sl sete we Ss 2 Opsanus tau. Hogchoker =.=) == cee een eee es Achirus fasciatus. Hathynbackuts oo 2 522 ee Opisthonema oglinum. FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 43 Table 2 shows the composition, by species, of the catch of the pound nets and long-haul seines throughout the season. age composition in each locality for each month is taken and from these figures the average composition for the season is calcu- lated. Starfish constitute 45 per cent of the catch of pound nets, gray trout 40 per cent, spots and butterfish each 5 per cent, and croakers 4 per cent, while spotted trout are not taken in any appre- ciable quantity. Other species are taken, but in such insignificant quantities that they are omitted from consideration. The aver- Long-haul seines, however, fail to catch many starfish or butter- fish. Their catch consists of 38 per cent croakers, 18 per cent each spots and spotted trout, 7 per cent gray trout, and 19 per cent mixed fish, comprising many species in small but varying quantities, most important of which are bluefish, Spanish mackerel, and red drum. TABLE 2.—Composition of catch of different gear, by species, in Pamlico and Core Sounds, N. C., 1925. (Un per cent, by number) j | Gray | Spotted | Star- | Butter- ‘ Q rt trout | trout | fish fish Croaker | Spot | Mixed | Total =| — =a POUND NETS | TPES MAA, Se eas SOM tea a Pe ee gba 74 9.4 8.0 PAQG Bian eee a peo 71 \ A ee, a AON S| x Ook: Soe | 38.6 7.4 8.1 Lah eee eee ae ae 3 VHT 22), eee ee ee BORG iam Sie Y | 584 4.0 2.0 etohs| Sere eel | Beptemipenes. et SaeG} hele eS 59.1 | 201 1.8 2 Oo | eae Din es ed ne CTO nC rar eae en ee a ie eee 35. 2 | .8 2.3 SoH | 25-504 eee | —_——_____ Average for season____-___ AQKOs| seks Sees | 45.4 4.7 4.4 DNAS See ses 99.9 | LONG-HAUL SEINES | | Wye ee 2.4 1556) [sehen (ee bee 55.9'| 20:3 650) Sees eoe UIP UIS Ga ate eS ee 7.5 | LONG hanes | aio a SE 44.1 20. 4 MES (oh) |e ee September sees. 10.4 21243) 45. Se= 2. ||P 28. 4 12.3 2iejon| see Cctoberssree 2 42 th 2 OM ee 7.6 | 2450) = tee eo aes 22.9 19.0 290 Sates ae ) ——e — Average for season ______- ELD eee ices te erate Jnt--2=-=- 37.8 | 180] 19.0 99.7 It is therefore apparent that the two types of gear supplement each other—pound nets yielding the valuable gray trout in large quantities, and long-haul seines providing spotted trout, which is highly prized. Starfish and butterfish would be absent from the markets if pound nets were not fished, and while both types of gear take croakers and spots, these fish form a larger percentage of long-hauJ seine catches than do any other species. between the two types of nets in the locality fished, for the pound nets are confined to the deeper waters of Pamlico Sound and its tributaries, where the muddy bottoms are so soft that it is difficult to drag seines, while the long-haul seines operate on the shallow, sandy bottoms of Pamlico and Core Sounds, where conditions are unfavor- able for pound netting. It would seem that both types of gear are desirable and necessary for yielding a balanced supply of fish to the markets. Neither is there competition SIZES OF FISH The sizes of fish taken in the pound nets in Pamlico Sound are presented in Tables 3 to 7 and Figures 8 to 13 showing the length frequencies of the various species, month by month, durimg the season. Gray trout taken in pound nets range in size from 5.5 to 44 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 23.6 inches. One abundant size group is evident in this range, con- sisting of fish that are in all probability more than 2 years of age—that is, in their third year. The older groups are represented but scatter- ingly, and by the end of the fishing season a smaller size group also appears in moderate numbers. Starfish taken range in length from 2 to 8.3 inches and consist of two distinct sizes, which in all probability are separate year classes. The group of larger fish is taken during June and July, and the smaller size becomes abundant in August, September, and October, during which time the larger fish are absent. Butterfish range in length from 2.4 to 8.3 inches and constitute but one clearly marked size group. Spots range in length from 3.9 to 9.5 inches and are readily divided into two distinct size groups. The larger fish are more abundant in June and July and the smaller ones in August and September. Croakers range in length from 5.1 to 15.8 inches, but, as has been noted in other investigations, are separated with difficulty into distinct size groups. It is probable that two major size groups can be distinguished, but from our records it is difficult to assign ages to these groups. All sizes of fish are taken_ throughout the season, but the larger fish are notably reduced in relative abundance during October. TaBLE 3.—Length frequencies of 9,497 gray trout taken in pound nets in Pamlico Sound, N. C., 1925, all localities. (In per cent of total number)- Length, : q Length, carigaaieters June | July | Aug.|Sept.! Oct. | centimekers June | July | Aug. oo Oct 3 ae ae ee SS ee eee ees ONG915 020821139 ieee eee 0.18} 0.97] 0.31] 0.88} 1.15 ils Sealab cee ee TPE a oe ee 201°) p 23/1 | AO eee ween ie ee | 06} .33| .49) .40] 1.06 1G = teen hs a | ee Bees 20): yt 5yl | pal eR PS ale ered 18). -..08lc= S20) aies6 ype oa wR arabes. AEG) Os Ee 62|" 2) 47a | aetna eo eee | ene 15]. 12). a48)' 1-05 [Sate ce Mae G2 Fe SN G5|aet as mae hae 1:05}, “4539 )i|| 45 eee eet eee es ae aed Ui); \ cise 94 iS Sie eee. S568). 12251) 0117): Ase) 440) ee eel 16}. 21) -— .05 72 i) ME SERS «51 13562) 238941 66|:- 7d 13025,:|| 4m eee ea ea 02). --.37|> LOPE 78 SaaS eS Sot {152 7810527) 1287) 777i) ol 21) PG eames < PS 1 Eee ee .08} .05 26 DUST eI Co. 854 110!:20113:92) 779] 146\" erGbl| 4 eee 2 oe ann 03) 243 10 38 02 ee ae S420 (5 118,54) 13851)! 5A01|) 7727 ea ene wear eeee 04, +.35) =.06 16 Gib 0a? ieee See 32.79) 18)'58). 18220) 10815|-"-42109))|| 4g eemees eerie ae 05/= ee 12 eS 06 18 SD pbemeiead ko 719] <6. 241 19538 | VL4568 |) a7 50S: || emma wee tee eee eee 103/22 1 22 Dik! ee ae TOA 27, TAl) SSNOR| 12:73) 1OM4 I les emer” STS a ae ee ee 30 37/25 ee eee PR GEE) Dees eoet lina ne Caal fe mtsheas|| atta). |, Gel 2 oe GENES TEESE aos Te COS} ees 18 Daeene wet! 4 4d sd 45321-96205] 61191 475 651) 6 541) 0d ne sa PET SREB 103/23 eee 22 Pe Oe eee ee 3::20)) (4: 79) oi5. Bll <6.11) 4.5. Boao as ae SL ES C2 2 eae 306|--42—- 3022 ge a ea A561). 3523)) A520] Gs 26)" 202: || oie meee men enren et Sear Reeeee ee .06! .06 gyi Ss Lees Bey 2A18| 12588. $3. 45| 17 SPSOl! P56 19)j|| ee eee een eet ieee st Ai ee - 08 2. 1 ee ee =(67|'<.2203\5 D2 87| 4.141) Se Stell 5 Outer eRe tee eee 5) Ee ee ee ee . 04 33)... ), ilps Tabs, ieee 17|)2; 81] 15:85) S819) 32779) || GO ae a ee ee - 08 5 YLGnnS Serene 84) 1.36] 1.23] 2.60) 3.37 || sae 1 ae ee OL AST St 42) 92072 oe Gane Dotal eee 99. 92/100. 00/100. 02) 99. 96/100. 01 BO reat CECE Uy 18} 1.25 Ti| ole 73\te 2:9) Dipeee eens -31] .54/ 79) 1.11] 1.58 || Number of fish_) 1, 202) 2,377) 1,678) 2, 218/2, 022 pgerenie easiest 1.10] 1.27) .29) .69) 1.79 | 1 Indicates break in continuity of table. TABLE 4.—Length frequencies of 13,508 starfish taken in pound neis in Pamlico Sound, N. C., 1925, all localities. (In per cent of total number) n h - | on Length, centi- | June | July | Aug. |Sept.| Oct. | Length, centi- | June | July | Aug. | Sept.| Oct. ig lee ek i iw 0.11| 0.54! 0.03/_..__- lbrpend Seat, % 6.23| 13.86] 6.61/ .59] 16 pre ot eae (ee $90 .67|" ..18}- 0,03’ || 173. . 2 eeennenen 2.03| 7.54 2.491 150) 14 Fake ese oeres 7G) 6008). 137]. 63.1] 18. conan eal gi} 2.81| 1.01; 123} .11 gir cer es a ese 1,89] 10.24] 10.05| 4.02 || 19.......-..-...._- ): 14) 6d), Say eee 7S ECP ae So |“0.16| 1:96| 12.07| 23.20] 1805 || 20..-.-...-.--_-_- | 06) :38| 22) :02) .04 nae RAN Se av 1.33] 15] 20.79] 24.40) 37.69 |} @1-— 22222 Pane als 02} 104] 112 {te ee ee 7.21] 2.19) 11.23] 25.75| 25. 66 {== es —s od Se Ee Pe aN | 15.90] 6.34} 2.39] 10.37| 11.12 || Total........-_- "99. 90| 99. 931100. 02/100. 03] 99. 99 fgets eae 25,24] 11.38, 3.84 1.16 2.01 | ——— iV. Sappeeets 2 SES A | 27.04] 22.40) 8.12) 1.08) .18 | Number of fish__ 1,115) 2, 576) 3, 650) 4, 291) 1, 876 aE REN 13. 65| 27.39] 12.12} .96| 03 || FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 45 TaBLeE 5.—Length frequencies of 1,184 butterfish taken in pound nets in Pamlico Sound, N. C., 1924, all localities. (In per cent of total number) i i i yoni ea | June July | Aug. | Sept.) Oct. | pinot June | July | Aug. | Sept.| Oct | ——}—|— | i. ee | (ie & | eee Seo ee eae ee 1 | ee par ene ee. 9.01) 29.90) 41.30) 41.10) 19. 45 _ eee eee (ee i ps eS eae ares eee || plly/ Ss ees SE ee 14.60) 9.90) 19. 85) 26.40) 41. 68 Se wheelie T - aE | Aye) See eee ees aes S 1h} ae et ee 7.72) 4.65) 3.50} 9.20) 30.58 J eel owt ae Ca ks | re | SERS! eee eee = rok a 2 eas 3.00} 1.41) 1.56) 1.84 5.53 ee Se See Sees eA ee ee Eee ee | Be ee ee | - 20 . 18 y(t ree Vike cae Seek” ee is Col atd ell, O8S0l n= Sa ce lls oe | De eee aoe oS bee eee s20|coes-|2seen=|ee5- 55 eS eee Bobet oes ee agsek | seabies) as Be ee et 13.30 4. 85 PBS) waOt|- =o. =. | MNotale FN ==. 2 100. 00,100. 01)100. 02/100. 04)100. 02 Vee os ee 17.17} 13.54) 5.84) 6.14) 2.78 | ee (lye Ses 12. 02} 30. 22 24. 46) 11. 68 = Paes Number of fish__ 233 495 257 163 36 TaBLe 6.—Length frequencies of 1,101 spots taken in pound nets in Pamlico Sound, N. C., 1925, all localities. (In per cent of total nwmber) ao | | | : | Length, centi- | June | July as ape Oct. | Length, centi- | June| July | Aug. |Sept.| Oct. meters meters B tel ee eo ei {p20 bae 25 ee eee 10. 34) 12.12) 9.52) 5.66 6. 25 Peed ese sty SaaS Le OE Re te 2 al SAB ORG B38 16, ODI: 42 TSI 9 FOLGSI 0/0160) | Qoceeeane st wie = nf PERCENT OF TOTAL NUMBER = FOSS 2S eases TOTAL LENGTH OF FISH. Fic. 7.—Illustrating method of tabulating length frequencies and con- structing curves. At station A 35 butterfish contained in the gross sample obtained from the pound-net catch of one crew were measured and their lengths tallied on the record sheet opposite the correponding length in centimeters, as in the first column. On succeeding visits to this station (on June 12, 20, and 26) the butterfish taken were measured and tabulated. The total number of fish occurring at each centimeter length was then determined by adding together the samples, as shown in the total column. The number of fish at each length was reduced to a percentage of the total number, as shown in the per cent column, and comprise a length-frequency table corresponding to Tables 3 to 11. These figures were then used to plot the curve here shown by placing points at the corresponding heights on the vertical scale over the proper lengths on the horizontal scale. Fictitious and not actual figures have been used in this illustration when the majority of the fish are above 15 centimeters in length, virtually equal numbers of the I and II groups are taken by both gears. Figure 12 illustrates the catch of croakers. As was said before, the separate-age groups can not be distinguished readily, but it is again apparent that the larger fish are taken more abundantly by long- haul seines throughout July, August, and September, and that the smaller group appears in numbers only when the fish have grown beyond 19 centimeters in size. FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 49 No direct observations on the causes of this selection in sizes were made in the course of the investigation. It may be remembered, however, that pound nets operate in different localities than do long- haul seines and upon bottom of different character. It must also be remembered that the size of mesh used in the seines is much \ Fic. 8.—Length frequencies of gray trout from pound nets and long-haul seine catches in Pamlico gud (Core Sounds, N. C., 1925. The heavy vertical line is placed at the legal minimum size greater than that used in the crib of the pound net, and both of these factors, in all probability, are responsible. But whether this selection by pound nets and long-haul seines is due to the segregation of the size of fish according to the depth of water and character of bottom, or whether it is due to differences in size of mesh and in the method of operating the nets, is of little practical importance. That 50 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES long-haul seines tend to catch more of the larger sizes of fish and that pound nets take greater quantities of the younger and smaller fish are facts of great importance. From this evidence alone, and unless counteracted by other undesirable features not discovered by this investigation, this selection of the larger species and of the larger fish in each species would warrant the encouragement of long-haul seining as being more efficient and less harmful to the fish supply than pound-net fishing. bere | tH Nf | De to AuGusT| 3650 FisH Fic. 9.—Length frequencies of starfish (harvest fish) Fic. 10.—Length frequencies of butterfish in in pound-net catches in Pamlico Sound, 1925 pound-net catches in Pamlico Sound, 1925 DESTRUCTION OF UNDERSIZED FISH The Fisheries Commission Board of North Carolina has enacted regulations that prohibit the marketing, possession, or the unneces- sary destruction of various commercial fish below a certain size. Rule 12, passed December 11, 1923, and published in “‘Orders, Rules, and Regulations” of the Fisheries Commission Board in 1925, pro- vides the following minimum size limits: Gray trout, 9 inches; spotted trout, 11 inches; croakers, 8 inches; spots, 7 inches. Size limits are assigned also to other species not taken by pound nets or long-haul seines. Starfish and butterfish have no legal minimum FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 51 size limit, but a very effective market limit of about 5 inches is placed upon these species by the dealers, for fish below this size are virtually worthless and are refused by the fish buyers. The provisions of this rule regarding marketing or possession are undoubtedly well enforced in this State and are accepted without = ie fe 20h 5 94° POs All: CM.10 12 ton 18: 20 22 .24-\26°. 2s A220 lle EL [oes lal CPN Sees to alas i Va NN : / Sooer ASE Nie PG a | Scie Biase AMM lal 2 S22 2 ene ee poy PN Tt CMI 0 12 16> 1B. 20 220.2426-..28 Fic. 11.—Length frequencies of spot in pound-net and long-haul seine catches in Pamlico and Core Sounds, N. C., 1925. The heavy vertical line is placed at the legal minimum size limit protest by the fishing interests. Whether or not the third provision of the rule, concerning unnecessary destruction, is effective may be seen by an examination again of Tables 3 to 11, which show relative numbers of the various sizes of each species caught by the different kinds of gear. Table 12 summarizes the percentage, by number, of 52 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES unmarketable fish—that is, fish below the legal or marketable size limit taken in the pound nets and long-haul seines during 1925. From the averages of destruction in different months it may ‘be seen that long-haul seines waste no gray trout that are unmarketable, INS se AAS Ree eZ na CL, Bee e Sina atl ER SE Ree ZA aN ee ee cM 14 16-18 20 227 24 26 26.30 32734 3561 Sa Fic. 12.—Length frequencies of croaker in pound-net and long-haul seine catches in Pamlico and Core Sounds, N. C., 1925. The heavy vertical line is placed at the legal minimum size limit while pound nets waste, on the average, 30.6 per cent of the catch. Long-haul seines waste 4 per cent of the catch of spotted trout; pound nets destroy 59 per cent of the catch of starfish and 51% per cent of the catch of butterfish. FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 53 TaBLE 12.—Percentage (by number) of unmarketable fish, Pamlico and Core Sounds, N. C., 1925, all localities Species June | July Aug. Sept. Oct. | Average LONG-HAUL SEINES | | | | PAE OMREOU se toe. See Eee TE eee Oe. es Olea 0 0 OP} 0 SPOT PLT TOUR GCL | Sas Soe ee ees See a! oe ae 1:5, | ae ee eens Se 14.0 4.0 DTG TR gS eS ee Ee ae ee ee ee 1.6 2.6 | 29. 2 8.4 PTS SR) A ee ee ees eee 4.3 4.5 | 16.1 | 41. 4 | 16.6 POUND NETS | SL Ve ES ree ee Pee 57.9| 41.4 24.0 11.4] 18.2 | 30. 6 Spare DS 8 2 ee RES Ss ae ea ae | 24.6 13.5 65.0 95. 4 97.2 | 59.1 Buttorishese eee ee i | 23.2 | 4,4 4 0 oO | 5.6 Crpakcer! Seed aie i at Sa ee | 56.4 27.2 24.5 23.5 | 42.7 | 34.9 2 Sa Soap TRO AMEE MA olan ene 55. 2 30.3 44.6 | 64.7} 58.0 50. 6 Long-haul seines waste 81% per cent of the catch of croakers, while pound nets waste 35 per cent. Long-haul seines destroy 161% per cent of the catch of spots, while pound nets destroy 501% per cent. Long-haul seines also take appreciable numbers of mixed fish, but the numbers of each species is so small and variable that the per- centage of destruction of small fish, such as rock or striped bass, drum, bluefish, and sheepshead, has not been reduced to exact figures; but of the total number approximately 12 per cent are below market- able or legal limit and are thus destroyed. It can be seen that long- haul seines destroy but small quantities of fish that are too small to market, while pound nets, on the other hand, are extremely destruc- tive. A simple average of the percentage of waste by pound nets of each species shows a destruction of more than 36 per cent; but this is far under the real destruction of all fish taken, when it is con- sidered that the destruction of the most numerous species—starfish— amounts to almost 60 per cent for the season. The figures of size composition given in Tables 3 to 11 represent the size of fish landed in the boats. All of the fish below the legal or marketable size limit, indicated by the heavy vertical line in Figures 8 to 14, are utterly destroyed and wasted, for culling of these small fish from the marketable catch is not attempted in the case of the pound-net fishing until the boats have returned with the catch to the market places or waiting buy boats. They are then scooped up, sorted, and thrown overboard, where they float upon the water in great quantities, affording food only for gulls and crabs. (See fig. 3.) Table 12 further shows that the destruction of the various species by pound nets varies throughout the season. The greatest destruc- tion of gray trout occurs in June and declines through July and August, reaching the lowest point in September, with a slight increase in October. The destruction of starfish falls from June to July, but increases rapidly until the tremendous waste of 97 per cent occurs in October. Butterfish are wasted in appreciable quantities only in June, but the wastage of spots and croakers appears to be virtually constant throughout the season, with somewhat greater waste occurring in both species in June. The tremendous waste of croakers and spots is deplorable, but these species represent only 4 and 5 per cent, respectively, of the total season catch of the pound nets, 54 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES while trout and starfish represent 40 and 45 per cent, respectively. Hence further consideration of undersized fish will be limited to a consideration of the pound-net catch of gray trout and starfish. The previous figures, based upon observations at Portsmouth, Lupton, Brant Island, Gull Rock, and Point of Marsh, apply to the average conditions over the whole of Pamlico Sound. There is con- siderable variation, however, in the relative destruction of gray trout and starfish in the various localities. Table 13 gives the percentage destruction of small gray trout taken in pound nets in Pamlico Sound, according to month and locality. TaBLE 13.—Percentage destruction of undersized gray trout by pound nets in Pamlico Sound, N. C., 1925, according to locality and month Locality June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Se ee E: | ‘ -| EGHUSINOMUMEe Se sets FAS Te 2 Rk eh ees See 29. 36 25530)|= lik. CDRS) eee ee IAT POUT ES SO eee ee See ee 50. 46 54. 38 25. 68 | 4.92 10. 42 Brats ane ease ae) a ee ee ee 77.7: 43. 99 16. 50 6. 29 28. 40 POUT Oe WAS ls = Fe oe ees De le ee eee 29. 94 14. 88 | 6.83 20. 43 MET TLBIDER OC Reteee ae en aN ee es wee ee a = A 74.17 53. 16 38. 93 27.76 13. 28 ‘SNe aaa ae Sa RRR Ae st 57.93.| \ 41.35. 24:00, |). desea) Semalends | | In the month of June the smallest fish are taken at Brant Island and Gull Rock, the number of unmarketable fish reaching 78 and 74 per cent, respectively while at Lupton virtually 50 per cent of the catch is below legal size. At Portsmouth less than 30 per cent are unmarketable, the bulk of the catch coming from the older spawning fish. In July the amount of destruction at Brant Island and Gull Rock has fallen somewhat and is exceeded by the destruction at Lup- ton, which amounts to 54 per cent. The amount of destruction at Portsmouth still remains low, although the preponderance of spawn- ing fish is somewhat reduced. In August the destruction in all locali- ties has fallen below 40 per cent, with the highest figure at Gull Rock. Fishing at Portsmouth has been discontinued until the very end of the season, but records are so scattering that they do not appear in our study again. The destruction at Gull Rock still remains high, but has fallen in September to about 28 per cent. This amount of destruction is largely due to the incoming of the smaller year class of trout, which scarcely appears in the catches at other localities. The total destruction at the other three pound-net localities is 5 or 6 per cent. In October the larger sizes of fish are relatively more important in all localities. The fish remaining below the legal limit have increased, however, to 20 and 28 per cent at Point of Marsh and Gull Rock, due to the increasing abundance of the youngest year class taken in commercial gear. If it can be assumed that conditions at Gull Rock are typical of the northwest side of Pamlico Sound, we may conclude that this region supports a population of very small fish with but a scattering of the larger sizes. The destruction of fish in this locality is, therefore, more severe than at any other place. Only the larger sizes are taken in the fishery at Portsmouth in June ang July, hence the destruction of small fish there amounts to very ittle. Ot FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS vo EFFECT OF GROWTH ON MARKETABILITY Figure 8 shows the composition of the catch of gray trout in pound nets in all localities for the various months. The heavy vertical line at 23 centimeters marks the legal minimum size hmit. It may be seen that in June two well-marked size groups are present in the range of sizes, one with a mode at about 21 centimeters and another with a mode at about 26 centimeters. The group above 23 centimeters is, of course, composed of marketable fish, while the smaller group lies entirely below the legal limit and these fish are wasted. In July the group of the smaller fish has erown to a modal or average length of 2 centimeters, when the larger members of this group are now bey ond the minimum limit. In August the modal size of the same group has reached 24 centimeters, and in September more than 25 centimeters, with increasing percentages above the minimum size limit. Thus the decreasing destruction of the eray trout from June to September is explained by the growth of the most numerous year class, which passes from an unmarketable to a marketable size in the period of rapid growth during thesummer. In October the percentage destruc- tion rises somewhat because of the fact that the next younger age eroup has reached a size of 14 to 23 centimeters in length, which is large enough to be taken by the pound nets. They apparently are not very numerous, however, for they amount to but 18 per cent of the total number of fish taken. | The size composition of starfish taken in the pound nets during the season is shown in Figure 9. Here it may be seen that in June the market limit of 5 inches falls almost in the middle of an abundant year class with a mode at about 13.5 centimeters, hence the destruc- tion of unmarketable fish is relatively great. This group has grown, however, by July so that but few remain below the limit. For some reason the smaller fish are not taken during the month of July, but in August a smaller size group becomes relatively abundant and the larger group diminishes in importance. Since this smaller group con- sists of fish from 5 to 12 centimeters in length, they are worthless in the market and hence are discarded from the catch. In September and October the catch consists almost entirely of this smaller year class, which apparently does not grow sufficiently to pass the mini- mum market limit. Hence, the destruction of this species reaches 95 and 97 per cent, respectively, in the latter months of the season. THE PROBLEM OF CONSERVATION It is now plainly evident that grossly wasteful and uneconomic practices exist in the pound-net fishery in North Carolina. From our records and from the statistics published by the State authori- ties it is not possible to estimate with any accuracy the total number of pounds of fish wasted, nor can any valuation be placed upon them, since they are all unmarketable. Despite this fact, the destruction of immature and unmarketable fish is a real economic loss to the fishery, and means should be devised to safeguard the supply against unnecessary strain, particularly when it is remembered that the supply is insufficient to meet the demand. Of the 8,225,000 pounds landed in Pamlico and Core Sounds in 1923, the landings of the two pee of sea trout amounted to 27 per cent, butterfish 2.1 per cent, 56 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES starfish 3.7 per cent, croakers 15.7 per cent, and spots 12.5 per cent. With the exception of spotted trout, these species bring the fishermen from 2 to 4 cents per pound. Spotted trout, however, are more in demand, bringing the fishermen 8 to 12 cents per pound. ‘The trout, therefore, are a staple market fish in North Carolina; and although starfish are subject to a greater destruction of undersized fish, gray trout must be considered of greatest value as a natural resource. MBER 139 FilsH E . 30 + Ue 5 10 15 20 Fic. 13.—Length frequencies of spotted trout in long-haul seine catches in Pamlico and Core Sounds, N. C., 1925 We are faced, therefore, with the problem of affording the gray trout maximum protection from wasteful and excessive exploitation, at the same time disrupting as little as possible the operations of the fishing industry. The protection of the species, however, depends upon many facts in the life history and habits of the fish, which must be considered in drafting effective regulations. FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 57 LIFE HISTORY OF THE GRAY TROUT In outlining the life history of the gray trout it must be admitted at the start that our knowledge is extremely fragmentary and quite inadequate in many directions. No complete or convincing study has been made of the details of the life history and habits of this species. The most useful contributions to our knowledge have been made by Taylor,’ Welsh and Breder,”® and Hildebrand and Schroeder." In the present investigation no attempt has been made to study the life history of the trout by means of scales, for it was felt that the major objects of the investigation would be served by employing less involved methods. All our discussions, therefore, concerning age and rate of growth, age at first maturity, etc., are subject to revision when more exact determinations of age are possible. Ex- tensive collections of scales from the fish studied in this investigation have been retained for that purpose for subsequent treatment. Spawning.—As has been noted by other authors, the spawning period of the gray trout occurs during the summer months, from May to September. Welsh and Breder state that the great majority of the fish spawn between the middle of May and the middle of June and that the season appears to be little affected by latitude. Spawning occurs from the Carolinas to Cape Cod. Table 14 presents our data concerning the relative number of spawning fish among all mature females * taken in pound nets in Pamlico Sound. When our investigation began in the second week of June virtually all mature females were found to be in a spawning condition; that is, the eggs were large and distinct and the ovaries greatly swollen. In only a few, however, were free-running, ripe eggs discovered. Although there is variation among the different localities, it can be seen from the column of averages that the percentage of spawning fish fell rapidly during the season, from 100 per cent in early June to 0 by the end of the first week in August. This indicates that spawning in Pamlico Sound reached its height during June and was completed for that season by August 10. These facts are represented graphically in Figure 14. TaBLe 14.—Percentage of spawning females among all mature females in pound- net catches, Pamlico Sound, N. C., 1925. (Average by weeks) Ports- Brant | Point of Gull wee Date mouth | L¥pton | qsjand | Marsh Rock | Average E | Tey ch Se at Ee aa 2 ees 1 ees El Recep ae eee CNS ee 100 ANCE (YT TE 1s te aw Sea ar ele pee asa Le SA 100 95 NOOR eee ost Be: eens 98 iidiits"0) 97a 99 92 SERRE Ras 87 84 SET Bc oer a Se a ec aa aes 2a 98 75 1) ae 95 82 DTH ViGa eee ORR EET TAM et 100 68 43) | See eee » 89 75 Heilyala initiate tse 0? ug Fick boo en Ae 60 Soi lee Was ae | 73 54 ACL LAOS ee el a age Dee A eral lp ee We 51 12 | 22 | 48 33 Valves, Aa Me LIS reane Eire 18 4 | 28 52 26 Aiea eRe aie: Oke Pe Nb eee at hee Peed 0 | 3 | 3 0 2 Mrcetgmces Ol Riese Es ae ah 0. 0. 0 0 0 ® The Structure and Growth of the Scales of the Squeteague and the Pigfish as Indicative of Life History. By Harden F. Taylor. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XX XIV, 1914 (1916), pp. 285-330, Pls. L-LIX, 8 text figs. Washington, 1916. 10 Contributions to Life Histories of Sciwnide of the Eastern United States Coast. By William W. Welsh and C. M. Breder, jr. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XX XIX, 1923-24 (1924), pp. 141-201, 60 figs. Washington, 1923. 11 Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. By Samuel F. Hildebrand and William C. Schroeder. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XLIII, 1927, Part I. (In press.) 12 Mature fish, as shown in Table 15, are never less than 20 centimeters (7.9 inches) in length. - 58 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES We have no observations upon the exact localities of spawning, but the fish are supposed to spawn in open water. They are known to spawn in Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, where the fish assemble in fairly deep water and spawn on the bottom. The fertilized eggs immediately float to the surface and are freely distributed by tidal currents. (Welsh and Breder.) It is not known whether con- ditions inside Pamlico Sound are favorable for spawning. Some slight evidence indicates, however, that the spawning individuals leave the inland waters and spawn in the Atlantic Ocean. Thus a scarcity of mature specimens was noted in June in experimental pound-net catches made in Beaufort Harbor in 1913 to 1916, and the early-spring run of large specimens is well recognized by the fisher- men 1n the vicinity of Ocracoke Inlet. Figure 14 indicates that only ripe individuals were taken in the Portsmouth pound-net fishery iis 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 | PorTSMOUTH 30 DRAN AN A PT. oF MARSH 104 5 Gutu Rock 6 AVERAGE JuLy 1925 Fic. 14.—Percentage of spawning gray trout among all mature females occurring in pound-net catches in Pamlico Sound, N.C., 1925, computed by weeks during June, July, and August until early July, when fishing operations were abandoned at that place. The proportion of spawning females is greater here than at. any other locality in the sound, and it may be supposed that the outward migrating schools are intercepted by the nets at this locality. Growth.—We have no knowledge of the early life of the trout in Pamlico Sound until they have reached the size large enough to be taken in the pound nets—that is, 14 centimeters in length. Some collections (Hildebrand) in the vicinity of Beaufort, N. C., however, include specimens ranging from 50 to 120 millimeters in length on August 1 and from 70 to 135 millimeters by October 15. Welsh and Breder also estimate that the length of trout at Cape May, N. J., is from 10 to 13 centimeters,during their first winter. The smallest sizes taken in the pound nets in Pamlico Sound have a modal size of about 18 centimeters in October. We believe, therefore, that FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 59 these fish are in their second year (I-group) and thus roughly agree with the estimate by Welsh and Breder of 21 centimeters in the second winter. By reference to Figure 5 the first size group in our length-frequency studies has a modal length of 21 centimeters in June. These fish, therefore, are the next older year group—the II- group—and are in their third year. Growth of this age group very clearly progresses to 22 centimeters in July, 24 centimeters in August, 25 centimeters in September, and to somewhat more than 26 centi- meters in October. Welsh and Breder estimate that this group reaches a length of 28 centimeters in the third winter, and this is in fairly close agreement with our observations. The next older year class in our series appears in June to have a modal length of approximately 26 centimeters. This figure, how- ever, may be somewhat lower than the true average of the age group because of the evident selection of the smaller sizes in pound-net catches. The growth of this group can not be satisfactorily followed through the season because of the selective action of the fishing gear. An abundant size group occurs in the long-haul seine catch, which approximates 30 centimenters in length in August, and an estimate of growth during this period may therefore be made. Welsh and Breder estimate that a length of 33 centimeters is attained by the fourth winter, and this again agrees fairly well with our pro- visional estimate of age. This group, therefore, is the I1I-group and in the fourth year. Based on these estimates by various authors, together with the imperfect evidence afforded by the separation of the length-frequency curves into distinct groups, the following estimate of size and age of the gray trout in Pamlico Sound appears to be warranted: Age Midwinter size LS) SV BLN Pe = oe 9 a eee A Oe Eee 11 centimeters (4.3 inches). LZ SORT Series tet 5. yA Serpe celal al Beat Bene aut 21 centimeters (8.3 inches). DECI ee er ead eee, Be) * WARE SSE BISON TSE OS 45 Ue 28 centimeters (11 inches). SUE AWG HS 2 Wena, Sie BED ERS sR Shea ee kerk eng 8 yaa aa apf 33 centimeters (13 inches). Age at maturity—Observations as to the state of maturity of the sexual products were made in all of the fish measured in this investi- gation. Trout containing swollen ovaries, in which the eggs were distinctly granular and which would obviously spawn during the present season, were considered mature, as well as those in which spawning was under way or in which the ovaries were partially spent. All others were considered immature. The males were not considered in this study, since it is difficult to judge the condition of the male organs. Some error occurred by classing fully spent fish with the immature, but since spent fish were early recognized and relatively scarce during the month of July the records for that month are reasonably accurate and a determination of maturity at each size is possible. Table 15 presents the relative maturity of female gray trout taken in pound nets in Pamlico Sound during July, in which the number of mature females at any size is shown as a percentage of all fish at corresponding sizes. These data are presented graphically in Figure 15, in which the average obtaining in the whole sound is shown superimposed upon a curve of length frequency of all fish taken. It is plainly evident that of the I[I- 37501—27——-3 60 U. S. BUREAU ‘OF FISHERIES group but a relatively small percentage are mature females, but that the III-group is composed chiefly of mature females in July. From the appearance of the frequency curve it seems that there are but few of the older year classes present in the sounds; hence the future supply must depend chiefly upon the spawning of the 3-year-old fish. This condition differs from that reported by Welsh and Breder at Cape May, N. J., where the majority of the spawning fish were from 4 to 6 years old and the 5-year-old fish were the most numerous. > ©) z wo 2 Ss oe L PERCENTAGE {6 18 20 | 22 24 26 28 302 34 CM. LeneTH 8 10° 12 Fic. 15.—Relative maturity of female gray trout in Pamlico Sound, N.C., in July, 1925. The heavy curve rising from 0 to 100 represents the number of mature females occurring at any size, expressed in per cents of the total number of fishat thatsize. Thelength frequency curve of both males and females combined is superimposed. These data indicate that the Il-group (fish in their third year) are largely immature, while of the IIJ-group nearly all are mature, and that the fish larger than 27 centimeters in length are all mature females. TABLE 15.—Percentage of mature female gray trout occurring at any size in pound- net catches, Pamlico Sound, N. C., July, 1925 } | : Ports- Brant Gull Point of Length, centimeters Lupton ath Tad ie yaa Warsh | Average (MEL he RB AE Sy eee eee Nee Ree ee MOO RD 8 LSS 2 pe | Set 2S bg T 0 0} | eee | 0 lee. Se oo a ea ee Q xis) soe a ae 0 0,4 Sasa eee aes | 0 Wt ea pagan Seale Ce RR ES Sea a ey Qa) |e eee Aa 0 0a) 3 ee 0 Dee es cone wee ee. keke oS 2 ee 0 0 0 ub Cp Eo Pees Aa 2.8 WAL Dk se Cia) oe es. See aan eae 8.9 40.0 3.5 23. 6 0 | 15.1 ee Be Sd ee ee ee ee et 11.0 30.8 5.7 26. 7 Or 14.8 pS TLE ENE ae ee ne a, ene ee 11.0 538. 4 13.1 33. 7 5.6 | 24.4 77: SR ELS Se ee ee 29.6 80. 0 46.7 51.0 35.3 | 58. 5 a. ae ees eet ete Sleeess ee bend 64.4 100. 0 91.7 86.3 66.7 81.8 ald eae ae a 8 ip eo ane pe le 90. 8 100. 0 100. 0 94.9 100.0. 97.1 U( ae 9 BAS oT) FS ee eee De eae el eee 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0. 100.0 Pah Te? Sn et TN i es a 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 | 100.0 l | 1 1 Because of the difficulty (under the conditions obtaining in the field) experienced in determining the sex of the younger immature individuals, the percentage of mature females is calculated on the basis of the frequency of both males and females together. ee LL —— el ee FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 61 Migrations.—Very little is known regarding the migrations of the gray trout. Welsh and Breder report that in the Chesapeake and Delaware regions the fish appear in April, move up the bays until brackish water is encountered, and then turn back and move seaward, spawning just within or near the mouths of the larger estuaries. After spawning, the fish return to the ocean, remaining near the coast until July or August, when they again seek the bays and sounds. No such distinct routes of migration have been recognized in Palmico Sound; however, there is some evidence to indicate a westward movement of the larger fish from Ocracoke Inlet, but our stations are not close enough together to determine the route of travel. It is well known that fish become very scarce early in November, and it is supposed that they return to the Atlantic Ocean. Regarding the movements of the gray trout (weakfish) in northern waters, Bigelow and Welsh remark that ‘‘it is now generally as- sumed that their autumnal migration takes place to avoid falling temperature and that they either move offshore to pass the cold season on the continental edge, or southward.’’ While a considerable southward migration of fish in the region about Cape Cod and Long Island Sound is quite conceivable, it seems less probable that such movement occurs on the Carolina coast where Gulf Stream temper- turesand shallow bottoms are within easy reach of the coast. The records of fish taken at Gull Rock indicate that here is a concentration of the smaller sizes of trout. Not only are the larger age groups very scarce, but the average size of the younger fish is also less than in other localities. Some have argued that this is a distinct race of the species, which is localized in Hyde and Dare Counties on the northwestern side of Pamlico Sound, but we have no evidence to support this contention. Our measurements indicate the presence of the Il-group and in all probability of the I-group throughout the season. The III-group is present early in the season but dwindles in importance as the season progresses. Whether or not this reduction in number is due to their migration to the sea or to their destruction by fishing gear is a question difficult to answer. It may be confidently stated, however, that the immature fish that are present in the sounds in the spring remain in inside waters throughout the entire fishing season. EFFECT OF PRESENT FISHERY REGULATIONS Regulations establishing minimum size limits are ordinarily enacted by the various States theoretically as conservation measures to protect the immature fish. Since the supply of fish in North Carolina waters is inadequate to meet the demand, it is but common sense to seek to prevent the useless waste of the present supply. But minimum size limits are actually designed to protect the dealer from the necessity of accepting from the fishermen fish too small to market profitably. Little attention is given to the protection of the species, for the limits are not placed high enough to protect the fish until they reach a spawning size. Whatever may be the merit of this principle, the present 9-inch minimum limit in North Carolina does not operate as a Z 2 —-5---— 13 Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. By Henry B. Bigelow and William W. Welsh. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XL, 1924 (1925), Part I, p. 275. Washington. 62 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES conservation measure in this way, because, as shown in Figure 15, trout do not spawn until the third year, when they average more than 10 inches long in June. It is plainly evident, therefore, that where pound nets operate any minimum size limit is entirely ineffective, offering no protection whatever, for fish of all sizes above 5% inches are taken freely, marketable sizes are selected and sold, and the re- mainder, which constitute, as we have seen, more than half by number of the total catch of trout, are destroyed." These small 2-year-old fish should be saved, for, although too small to be of value in the markets in June and July, their growth is so rapid that they are marketable by August, and they are really of desirable size by October. Table 16 shows the increase in length and weight of these 2-year-old trout during the fishing season. The lengths, in centimeters and inches, are the observed modal lengths of this year class caught in pound nets, as shown by Figure 5. The weights are calculated according to the formula by Crozier and Hecht.” While the length increases only 26 per cent from June to October, the weight increase during that period amounts to 101 per cent. In other words, while length increases only one-fourth, the weight of 2-year-old fish more than doubles during the growing season. It is highly desirable, therefore, that the small fish destroyed during June and July receive full protection until August and September, when they have reached a marketable and commercially valuable size. Since the imposition of a minimum size limit is both ineffective and wasteful, let us con- sider what other means are available for protecting the species. TABLE 16.—Growth in length and weight of 2-year-old gray trout Length Weight Month a | x ‘ enti- | er cent ; er cent | meters | Inches increase Grams | Ounces increase | | | | Spe EL She tery ey bin ses 8 he oe eee | 21.0 | CP Peer ene 81.2 2.8 )\| hae aed Lok 5 a SSE i ate oy ge 22.0 8.7 | 5 93. 4 3.3 15 PRUEPRISE LD: 352 ee td Se ne eee | 24.0 9.5 14 121.3 4.3 49 Sebempere tee ae le oe eee 25. 5 10.1 21 145.4 5,1 79 RO CTOUOL | ote fan eee ese ee oe 26.5 10.5 26 163. 2 5.8 101 REMEDIAL MEASURES The only regulations that afford any promise of protection to the gray trout are (1) limits upon size of mesh in the nets fished, (2) the establishment of closed areas prohibiting fishing where immature fish congregate in greatest numbers or where spawning occurs most abundantly, and (3) designation of closed seasons prohibiting fishing 14 It is claimed that culling of the catch in such manner that undersized fish are promptly returned to the water uninjured is generally practiced by trap and pound net fishermen on the Great Lakes, and similar care is exercised by certain conscientious fishermen in the Chesapeake Bay (Hildebrand and Schroeder). No attempt is made in North Carolina to save the undersized fish, for culling takes place at the base of operations, where the marketable fish are sold miles from the fishing grounds. Because of such local con- ditions as the prevailing weather and the unseaworthy construction of boats, it is unlikely that culling at the time of capture could be successfully practiced. But even if such culling were practicable, it would be impossible strictly to enforce the present minimum size limit so as to insure the return of undersized fish alive to the water. : 5 15 Correlations of Weight, Length, and Other Body Measurements in the Weakfish, Cynoscion regalis. By William J. Crozier and Selig Hecht. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XX XIII, 1913 (1915), pp. 139-148, 4 figs. Washington, 1914. Ter 7° a YY FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 63 by pound nets during the part of the year when immature fish are most abundantly taken and during the height of the spawning season. It has been suggested that increasing the mesh in the cribs of the pound nets from 114 to 1% inches or more would permit the escape of the smaller fish of all species and thus permit fishing at all times of the year with a minimum of wastage. This suggestion, however, is vigorously opposed by the fishermen on the grounds that any increase in size of mesh would permit the gilling of such quantities of the smaller fish in the meshes of the net that it would be impossible to operate. They contend that removing the gilled fish from the cribs of the nets would consume so much time that pound-net fishing would no longer be practical and that the nets would be destroyed by sharks feeding upon the gilled fish. Furthermore, it is unlikely that a slight increase in the mesh of the cribs would effect the release of the smaller sizes in appreciable quantities, for a gray trout from 5 to 6 inches in length can readily be passed by hand through meshes of a 14¢-inch pound net, but these small fish follow the lead of the net, which is 12 inches or more stretched mesh, and are readily caught. If this method were at all feasible, the mesh should be increased so as to permit the escape of trout up to 12 inches in length in order to protect the fish until one year’s spawning has occurred. Such a regulation would practically destroy the pound-net fishery, however, for our measurements show that relatively few fish exceeding that length are taken in the Pamlico Sound pound nets. It is not likely, therefore, that limits upon the size of mesh employed in pound nets would ever be an effective means of protecting the gray-trout fishery from depletion. It is fairly well established that certain areas in Pamlico Sound are nurseries for the younger fish. Our records indicate that fishes taken on the northwest side of the sound are not only smaller repre- sentatives of the year groups but are composed of the younger classes, the older fish being notably lacking. Thus, Hyde and Dare Counties, including the pound-net areas of Stumpy Point, Englehard, Gull Rock, and Pamlico River, may be designated as nursery grounds and closed to commercial fishing. The presence of uniformly larger fish, most of which are in spawning condition, from May until July may be noted in the vicinity of Ocracoke Inlet, and the same con- ditions probably obtain at Hatteras as well. Protection may be afforded to the spawning stock by prohibiting pound-net fishing in these areas, but such regulations could hardly be considered desirable when the interests of the fishing populations are considered. Since pound netting is the chief industry of the people in these districts, the prohibiting of this form of fishing would work extreme hardship. Unless more satisfactory methods of protection can not be devised, such oppressive measures should be avoided. The most promising method of protecting the species is that of imposing closed seasons. The most destructive period of fishing throughout the sound area is in the early months of the summer, when, as has been shown, a maximum wastage of gray trout of 78 per cent .and 55 per cent, respectively, in June and July occurs in certain districts. This tremendous waste of potentially valuable fish could be overcome by imposing a closed season on all pound-net fishing in Pamlico Sound from the end of the shad season, in May, 64 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES to the 1st of August. In this way the abundant supply of 2-year-old trout would be permitted to grow to marketable size. Our records also show that spawning is at its height during this same period, and the 3-year-old fish, as well as those still older, would be protected until after the year’s crop of eggs had been laid. Such a regulation should apply to the whole sound area, for while relatively few of the smaller fish are destroyed near the inlets, the protection to the spawn- ing fish is equally desirable, and while few spawning fish are taken on the northwest side of. the sound, the reckless destruction of the immature should be prevented." Not only would this closed season tend to build up the fishery by increasing the stock of spawning fish and by insuring the depositing of spawn unmolested, but the increase in weight of the marketable fish thus protected would largely offset the economic loss resulting from inactivity of the fishermen during the closed season. We have no means of calculating accurately the gross amount of undersized trout caught and wasted in Pamlico Sound during the months of June and July. Wedo know, however, that it is a very great amount. Based on figures of the yield of fishermen at Gull Rock, given in Table 1, the weight of fish destroyed may be estimated at approxi- — mately 200,000 pounds. There is no evidence that these young fish leave the sounds during the season, so that if they were permitted to escape capture and to grow until August, September, and October, and if we assume that one-third of these young fish were caught in each of these months, they would weigh, when caught, approxi- mately 331,000 pounds. Based upon this crude estimate, these fish, if permitted to remain in the water until the latter part of the season, would add to the income of the fishermen in this district more than $10,000. This restriction would afford the same protection to the small fish of other species that are wasted during this period, such as butter- fish, croaker, and spot, and would permit the spawning of starfish and butterfish, which spawn at the same time of year as the gray trout. The regulation would be easy to enforce, is favored by the fishermen themselves in preference to the alternate remedy of an increased mesh, and is opposed only by those who are opposed to any regulations whatever. The ar guments opposed to this plan of regulation are based upon selfish motives of personal gain. It may be ‘argued that the imposi- tion of the closed season during June and July would result in the loss of markets by the wholesale dealers of this region. The pound- net fisheries of Virginia produce virtually the same class of fish as those taken in Pamlico Sound. It is said that if pound-net fish are not available during June and July Virginia dealers will supply the trade and thus capture the regular customers. While such contentions must be given careful consideration, the argument loses force when we remember that great quantities of trout, Spot, butter- fish, and starfish are produced in the lower Chesapeake Bay during 16 Following the presentation of this report on Dec. 8, 1925, the North Carolina Fishery Commission Board adopted arule establishing the closed season from May to Aug. 1, in accordance with the plan herein recommended. Because of the dissatisfaction of certain interests, the board rescinded the rule at the April meeting, and provision was made for a public hearing on the question of pound-net regulation at the next regular meeting. On Aug. 16, 1926, before about 100 fishermen and dealers, the outstanding results of the investigation were again presented and the board passed a rule establishing a closed season ending June 1. Since the pound-net fishing for summer fish seldom starts before May 20, the gray trout thus receive only .10 days’ protection! FISHERIES OF PAMLICO AND CORE SOUNDS 65 April and May, when Pamlico Sound fish are not produced, and it is not apparent why this trade is not already captured by the Virginia dealers during these months. Moreover, it is said that conditions in the pound-net fishery of Chesapeake Bay closely parallel those in Pamlico Sound, and if this be true it can only be a matter of time until the facts will be ascertained and similar remedies applied. RECOMMENDATIONS We have seen that the supply of fish in North Carolina does not equal the demand, that wasteful practices exist in the pound-net fishery, and that the establishment of a closed season for all pound- net fishing in the sound during the months of June and July would correct these wasteful practices and tend to increase the fish supply. With the facts discovered and impartially published, it now remains for the people of North Carolina to decide, through the agency of the Fisheries Commission Board, how long they shall permit such wasteful and destructive exploitation of the public resources to continue. The importance of sales in June and July for the benefit of the few must be balanced against the importance of maintaining the fisheries for all time for the benefit of all. We therefore recommend that such closed season be established to meet the demand of the fishermen to ‘‘ put more fish in the sounds.”’ - O PREPARATION OF FISH FOR CANNING AS SARDINES '! By Harry R. Brarp Chief Technologist, United States Bureau of Fisheries Page Primo enione } see et ris 2 NES eget Ee 68 Commercial methods of preparing the fish__ 69 Gahifornia methods 522 9 are eee 69 Lette Urs Se ae es ee 2 oe See eee 70 TRE TG es UG ee ae eee lee De ee eS 72 Preparation of fish by the frying-in-oil ATIOUH Oo Ares eon ee se eS 73 Preparation of fish by ways other than Ol Sens ee ee ee 85 IVETID IBUNOUS= ee eo See th et eke 88 Moreignwe¢hods. 4 ewe 2b ak oe oes a 89 Amoncan Giniculttes: = .2.2.ss<-=-5.-5 90 General considerations__-_---------------- 90 Technological considerations 90 Hix perimental part <=)” 2=2-=—- == 2 92 General Summarys 22 S90 ee = Pees se 93 Changes in oil used for frying sardines_------ 94 imtreducuioneess. eter Tes <2 ee 94 Previous work bearing on the problem.. 94 LOE Gaby wk CUVEE FS OS pS Se ll ie Le 95 i} ahi Sie es BE eee ee 95 Changes in quantity and composition__ 97 Chemical and physical changes_________- 98 Mechanical and chemical treatment_.--. 99 HDISCUSSI OMe kee ee eee 99 Methods of improvement___.._.-.----__- 99 HEminating trying In oil) --.- = 2s _ 102 Methods of preparing the fish_____-___-__- 103 HUTOO MEMO te ea oe Ee 103 Her VATIPM ET OUeaee ee nee keene | 103 Cookingiinwbrine?__4 ecb Fe bey ate 104 Experimental results____........____-- 105 Procedure recommended ________-_-___- 106 Recommendations regarding equip- NT CER es Serta ore eee eo ne ee ne 106 SEAMING NS ae Fal oe Soe ee eo sa be 107 IXMerLIMeD pal TOSULS 52 == ee kee 108 Procedure recommended ______-_-_-_--__- 109 Rawaparkin gst. ior. ae Le hd Lee 110 Experimental results____._.._...__---- 111 Procedure recommended ____---------- 112 Storing and shipping tests_______________ 114 Experimental results____.____________- 114 DSCRSSIGI SS =n SOS eR ee SEE aT 115 Application of experimental results to thesVMiaine.industry. set 116 Paniiaityaryanghetishs = 3. ee 116 AL ROCIM CHIGH oe pe pa te een Pe a 116 The role of drying in the preparation of fie Ashe. Sapir eS ie SORE 2 Sela 117 General principles of dehydration___.__ 117 AB EVS Cy a7 8h OF (CET aR icc re slate ea 120 EX PETEICT LS oe eee a ey eee eee 121 Moisture removed from raw and steamed fish by different drying conditions____ 121 Relation of size to the drying rate_______ 121 Temperature of the fish as a factor in (CLA Tay ADSI a IES “USSR Dy PRR ae RACE 122 Commercial sardine driers____-_-_________ 124 Rapid drying of fish before cooking___ 125 PDISCUSSION tetas ee eee OL 127 Application of experimental results______ 127 RECOMmMENGSbIONS 6 joe eee 127 Experimental part—Continued. New process for preparing the fish__________ General’ considerations. -—_ 22-222 tn ee 129 High-temperature, high-velocity air as a means of preparing the fish______________ 30 Experimental preparation of California DL CNATOS Spee ee on Lig: 5 a ee 130 Equipment and procedures______________ 131 Determination of the best conditions for Preparing Tne tisha 4 oe me Ne eer De 132 Quality of products__--2-..-._--_222____ 136 Storing and shipping qualities of the MACKS! aa oe ee OS ea 137 Experimental preparation of Maine her- LN Pee ee eae eae ae Uae 137 Equipment and procedure_______________ 137 Determination of the best conditions for preparing, therfishias 122 were TPs cist 138 Onality-of products! ost 140 Storing and shipping qualities of the packs. 141 Application of the experimental results to commercial operations in California anid} Maine nt at) 7 Ma ie oo 141 Recommendations for cooking, drying, SndsCColin esas tee ee 141 Equipment recommended for preparing and handling pound-oval fish_________ 144 Equipment recommended for preparing and handling quarter-oil fish_________ 151 Further recommendations regarding equipmoentie-? oe oie 52 Fate ts ee 155 Production and equipment costs for pre- paring California pound-oval fish_____- 155 Production and equipment costs for pre- paring Maine quarter-oil fish__________ 157 Commercial development_-_________-_____ 159 Application of experimental results to com- mercial operations in other localities____ 159 Advantages and disadvantages____________ 160 APDeNGIxoe eee ee toe eee es tee ee 161 Changes in oil used for frying sardines_____- 161 EIEyini pre xpPOuLM en issues ees ea eee 161 Methods of preparing the fish_______________ 170 Notes applying to the table_______________- 170 Storage and shipping tests___._._._._._____ 190 Partially: drying the: fish-=2. 222 ie 191 IAS DAT AUIS! heen ae Ne IR as ee 191 IPROCOG UNOS: tee, Sees ee a ee 191 xperumental Gata. ste eo ee oe 192 New process for preparing the fish__________- 203 Summarized specifications for equipment__ 217 Estimate of equipment and fuel require- ments for preparing California pound- OValihishies herr eer ca Nes ee, le cciet eee 219 Continuous cooking and cooling unit___ 219 Cooking unit using trucks_.___.___-.---- 221 Estimate of equipment and fuel require- ments for preparing Maine quarter-oil and three-quarters mustard fish____-- 222 Cooking unit using individual flake car- Biers se eee L. oe Se) es 222 Cooking unit using trucks______.-.-_---- 223 1 Appendix III to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1927, B. F,. Doc. 1020. Tech- nological Contribution No. 34, 67 68 U. &. BUREAU OF FISHERIES INTRODUCTION The sardine industry dates back to about 1845, when the first sardine canneries were established in France.? Since then sardine canning has developed on a large scale in Spain, Portugal, Norway, and the United States, and to a small extent in England, Canada, Chile, India, Sweden, and Algeria. The following quotation gives an idea of the relative importance of production in the different countries: 4 For the decade 1904 to 1913 the average annual world pack is estimated at approximately 175,000,000 pounds. Of this amount the United States produced about 34 per cent, Spain 26 per cent, Norway 17 per cent, France and Portugal each 11.5 per cent. Production in other countries is negligible. Sardine canning is an important part of the fishery industry of the United States. In 1926 over 3,800,000 cases were packed, having a value in excess of $14,500,000 (Table 1). These figures place this industry next to that of salmon canning in importance and, exclud- ing Alaska salmon, first among the canned fishery products of the United States. This industry, too, can be expanded greatly, not only in the United States but throughout the world, there being large quantities of herring, pilchards, and like fishes suitable for canning as sardines from which to draw. In time this expansion undoubtedly will take place, largely as an economic necessity, to help meet the increasing world demand for cheap food of high pro- tein content. Certain packs of sardines, as will be pointed out later, do meet this need. American canned sardines, however, encounter very keen compe- tition, and if we are to capture and hold our share of the world mar- kets our products must be high in quality as well as low in price. The Bureau of Fisheries took » cognizance of these facts and since 1920 has been conducting research upon the preparation of fish for canning as sardines, making available fundamental scientific infor- mation heretofore lacking upon this important subject and working toward the development of better and cheaper methods of preparing the fish. This document is a report of the investigations made in this field. _ These investigations were for the most part carried out in the bureau’s experimental laboratory at San Pedro, Calif., and in neigh- 2 Much confusion exists concerning the term ‘‘sardine.’’ Various clupeoid fishes throughout the world are called sardines, as well as the canned products prepared from these fish. In the United States the Cali- fornia pilchard and the Atlantic sea herring are used by sardine canners; in Norway the brisling, or sprat, and the sea herring; and in France, Spain, and Portugal the European pilchard and also the sprat. In certain foreign countries the term ‘‘sardine’’ has been restricted to canned European pilchards. How- ever, the general concept of the term ‘‘sardine”’ refers to a kind of fish commonly known as a pilchard, and to all the individuals living in nature that are similar in structure, appearance, and habit and are generally recognized as a single kind. Specialists have noted differences in the members of this group from different areas, and these have been the basis for dividing the groups into species, subspecies, and races, without general agreement as to which of the true classes the individuals from different geographical areas belong. Geographically, they are found on the Atlantic coast of Europe, in the Mediterranean, and on the Pacific coasts of North and South America, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. They all belong to a homogeneous group similar in structure, growth, and habits but quite different from other members of the herring family. It is believed, therefore, that for the uses of commerce and for all practical purposes the term ‘ ‘sardine’ can not with propriety be restricted to members of this group from a single geographical area. The United States Bureau of Chemistry holds that the term can be applied to any small clupeoid fish, providing the name ‘‘sardine”’ is accompanied by the name of the country or State in which the fish are taken or prepared and with a statement of the nature of the ingredients used in preserving or flavoring the fish. Differences in quality of the several species of herring canned as sar- dines in the several countries, if subjected to equally excellent treatment and uniformity of method in packing, are largely matters of individual taste and preference. 3 A summarized history of sardine canning in different countries, including the United States, is given in the following document: Tariff Information Survey on Sardines. Published by the U.S. Tariff Com- mission, Washington, 1925. 4 Page 17 of the paper referred to in footnote 3, CANNING SARDINES 69 boring sardine canneries during the four canning seasons beginning in 1920. Methods in Maine were studied in 1922 and 1923, and in 1924 experiments were made in Kastport. Assistance from without the bureau aided very materially in carrying on this research. Dur- ing a lapse in congressional support the California Fish and Game Commission met the total expense of the investigation upon changes in oil used for frying sardines and later contributed some toward the study of methods of preparing the fish. The cooperation fur- nished by the sardine canners was especially helpful. = 2 —= 16, 373 13, 065 467 5.5 43, 995 17 4270 Northern. aliformia ls) See sane es ee 20 Bah 2, 629 DA ALLEL BS Total, all districts. 70, 085 65, 382 12, 842 5.3 1, 816, 424 26. 6 8, 247 1 262 tons fish flour produced, not included in meal production. 2 592 tons used for salting purposes, 4,468 tons used for manufacturing fish flour, 1,188 tons used for manu- facturing edible oil. 3 1,729 tons used for manufacturing edible oil. 4270 tons used for manufacturing edible oil. For the past few years California pound-oval sardines have sold at the factory for about $3.50 to $4 per case of 48 cans. At this price, which little more than covers production costs, it is evident why this product is finding a good market. In the United States, for instance, individual cans sell for 10 to 20 (usually about 15) cents. It is difficult to get more food value for the money. For this price one gets about 1 pound of high quality protein and oil ready for imme- diate consumption and in a form that keeps in any climate until used. In many places throughout the world there is a big demand for such a product as California pound-oval sardines. If the price can be kept low the demand is sure to increase. Although the market for pound-oval sardines in tomato sauce has not been large in the United States, this product has, to a large degree, supplanted similar im- ported articles. It should be possible, however, to increase the demand considerably if the likes and dislikes of American consumers were studied and if the product were properly advertised. FOOD VALUE Canned sardines, like other fish, both fresh and preserved, are ex- cellent food, being especially rich in good quality protein and fat. Although no oil is added to the can with the sauce, pound-oval sardines generally contain about as much fat as the average run of sardines that have been packed in oil. Since representative analyses of pound-oval sardines have not been published, several are given in Table 4.8 8 For extensive data on the composition|cflquarter-oilfsardines see: ‘“The!Maine Sardine Industry.” By F. C. Weber, H. W. Houghton, and J. B. Wilson. U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. $08, 126 pp. Washington, 1921. Similar data for European sardines are given in the following paper: ‘‘Methods of fish canning in Eng- land.” By J. Johnstone. Fishery Investigations: Series I—Freshwater Fisheries and Miscellaneous, Vol. II, No.1, 25 pp. London, 1921, CANNING SARDINES 79 Taste 4.—Several analyses showing the composition of California pound-oval sardines Composition, by weight Chemical composition (in per (in grams) cent of total) Sample Total | e con- |nreat!Sauce| On| Mois-| Pro- | wat | Ash unde tents lmmtesieooce ture | tein ¢ ca aimed of can Raw fish (portion used for canning) !_______]_-_-____|_--___|______]____ DO OT PddeOo: | /t2060) Plsee j2aos= = Canned in ‘‘souse’’ sauce 2 Z 468 | 390 60 | 18 | 59.00 | 20.38 | 15.33 | 3.22 2. 07 Canned in tomato sauce 2______ 472 | 379 75 | 18 | 61.25 | 20.75 | 13.08 | 3. 74 1.18 Te, SAP ee A ee ed ees eee 470 | 371 79 | 20 | 62.30 | 23.10] 9.79 | 3.24 ays Canned in mustard sauce 2 502 | 412 77 | 13 | 62.00 | 24.29 | 8.19 | 3.51 2. 01 Canned in tomato sauce.3__._......=....==-- 482 | 403 67 | 12 | 61.70 | 24.01 8.93 | 3.81 1.55 _! From “A Comparative Study of the Chemical Composition of the Sardine (Sardina cxrulea), from California and British Columbia.”?’ By D. B. Dill. Ecology, vol. 7 (1926), pp. 221-228. Brooklyn. 2? Analyses made by the Nutrition Department, University of California, for one of the California canners. Fic. 1.—Unloading pilchards at California sardine cannery PREPARATION OF FISH BY THE FRYING-IN-OIL METHOD Sardines are canned in modern packing establishments situated on the water front close to the fishing grounds. The size of the plants varies greatly. Some are able to handle only a few tons of sardines a day, while others can easily care for 150 tons in the same period of time. Most plants make extensive use of mechanical equipment. The methods described here are representative of those generally used in California in the preparation and canning of fried pound-oval 74. U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES sardines. These methods, therefore, will be given in detail, followed by a few general statements concerning the preparation of the fish by other processes. In this connection it is to be kept in mind that the methods given here are subject to considerable variation in the many canneries. These differences, however, are only different means of attaining the same end. Description of a process is generally made clearer if it is treated according to the steps into which it naturally divides itself. This plan is used here. Receiving.’ —The fish are shoveled from the boats into a mechanical hoist,!° which raises them to an elevated platform, where they are Fig. 2.—Scaling. ‘The fish are passing through a revolving drum, covered with coarse wire screen. They are also being washed. ‘The fish are next flumed to holding tanks in the plant. This view also shows the fish market wharf in Monterey and Monterey Bay in the background weighed. Water and gravity then carry the fish from the weighing vat into the cannery proper. Scaling.—The first operation in preparing sardines for canning is to scale them. This is accomplished by passing them through a large cylinder of heavy screening, which is rotated in a tilted posi- tion. Most of the scales are removed by the rubbing of the fish against each other and against the screen wall of the cylinder. Water is sprayed on the fish at the same time to help remove the scales and to wash the fish. The sardines next go to supply tanks, ® Fora good description of fishing methods and gear see ‘‘Methods of Sardine Fishing in Southern Cali- fornia.”?’ By Elmer Higgins and Harlan B. Holmes. California Fish and Game, vol. 7, pp. 219-237. Sacra- mento,1921. Also ‘Purse Seines for California Sardines.’? By W.L.Scofield. Ibid, vol. 12 (1926), pp. 16-19. 10 For a description of an improved method of removing the fish see ‘‘Speeding the discharge of bulk fish,” Anon. Fishing Gazette, review number, 1926, pp. 55-56, New York, CANNING SARDINES VAs which discharge upon the cutting tables. In some plants the fish are scaled again after being cut. Cutting. Cutting is done largely by hand. In San Pedro all this work is done by Japanese women. Some plants have recently started to use machines that are fed by hand." The cutting operation by hand is carried out as follows: The fish is held, belly down, on the cutting board. One cut with a sharp knife is made almost through the body, well back from the head. A sidewise motion with the knife then tears the head portion from the fish, pulls out the entrails, and forces all refuse through a hole in the table. At the same time the other hand drops the ‘‘cut”’ fish into a bucket. The cutters do all this so rapidly that one can hardly Fic. 3.. Hand cutting. The fish from the holding tanks are flumed to tables as needed see what they really are doing. The refuse from this operation goes to the by-products plant, where the oil is removed and the residue made into fish meal. Brining.—In California large pilchards for the pound-oval pack are usually brined 60 to 90 minutes in 85 to 100 per cent saturated solutions of common salt (NaCl). Small fish for the quarter-oil pack are kept from 10 to 30 minutes in 40 to 80 per cent saturated brine. Each canner has his own preferences, and in the end each accomplishes more or less the same result. In general, the stronger the solution, and also the smaller the fish, the shorter the time needed for them to take up a given amount of salt. The real purpose of brining is to salt the fish. This step at times is omitted when the fish are canned in a watery sauce such as tomato, mustard, or vine- 11 Machines are described in U. S. Patents No. 1544986, July 7, 1925, and No. 1599807, Sept. 14, 1926. 76 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES gar. The sauce, if made salty enough, will in time impart its flavor to the fish. Oil does not do this. Brining removes some water from the fish and tends to make the flesh firmer and skins tougher, due both to extraction of water and to the coagulating effect salt has on proteins. Soluble proteins, especially blood, are removed to some extent, causing a loss of valuable food material. Removal of blood, however, tends to whiten the flesh, and this is considered desirable. Brining probably has some preserving effect that helps toward keep- ing the fish in good condition until they are cooked. Some data on the loss in weight brought about by brining are shown in Table 5. The loss in weight for large-oval size fish in 100 Fic. 4.—Machine cutting per cent saturated brine ran from 1.46 per cent for 90 minutes to 2.94 per cent for 240 minutes immersion. Most of this loss unques- tionably was water. Weber (see footnote, p. 72) made an extensive study of brining and salting Maine herring. California pilchards undoubtedly behave in a very similar manner. TaBLe 5.—Loss in weight in California pilchards, due to brining (100 per cent saturated salt solution at 64.4° F.) Original | Partenud Original | por cent . : weight ei ms pik A weight : Time (minutes) é loss in Time (minutes) ae loss in ofsample| \cioht | ofsample| Weight (grams) ! eS (grams) ! 8 OE ee ENS Lay ETT 989. 6 (446 0135 0. Vee eee 938. 8 1.95 AN 9 [a3 =e Pepe Se ee 928. 3 Pe 475, MOO ee a ee 964. 3 1.97 AOS eee ES ee ee aes 989. 5 | 1 05s | O40 s 0c ee a ae eee 964. 3 2. 94 1 Hight large pound-oval pilchards used in each case (large excess brine used), fish blotted with dry towel each time before being weighed. CANNING SARDINES a Drying.—Experience has shown that some form of drying is neces- sary before the fish are placed in hot oil. Originally drying was done in the sun and wind, but now artificial driers are used. Those used in the California industry, although they vary greatly in size and design, are all tunnel driers, so named because a long, narrow room or tunnel is used to confine the air that is forced or drawn through it. This air first passes over steam coils, then comes in contact with the fish spread loosely over wire flakes or belts. Some of these drying chambers are as large as 3 feet wide, 8 to 10 feet high, and 50 to 75 feet long, and handle as much as 6 tons of ‘‘cut’’ fish per hour. The fish usually are handled on endless wire belts. One carries them to the top of the drier and drops them upon another, which Fic. 5.—California pilchards before and after being ‘‘cut”’ carriers them through it. They then fall on a belt traveling in the opposite direction. A set of such belts, placed one below the other, repeats this operation several times before the fish leave the drier (see fig. 8). In some driers but one long belt is used and in others tiers of flakes containing the fish are wheeled on trucks through the chamber. This latter type of drier is used for fish that have been teamed and that can not be tumbled about in the same way as raw sh. The time of drying is controlled by changing the speed of the belts or the rate of putting in and taking out trucks. Temperature is the other factor under control. This is regulated by changing the amount or pressure of the steam in the heating coils. Ordinarily the fish are dried about 30 to 60 minutes in air having a temperature of 78 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 90 to 120° * and a velocity of 500 to 1,500 feet per minute, losing about 3 to 6 per cent in weight in the process. The warm air moving about the fish removes the water and toughens the skins so that they will not break when placed in hot oil or when handled during packing. Although probably it is neces- sary for some water to be ‘Temoved from the fish, the actual amount is of secondary importance. The drying conditions and the amount of water removed vary so greatly among canneries that it is evident that these factors are secondary to skin toughening.” Frying in oil.—This step consists of submerging the dried fish (held in flat wire baskets) in a vat of cottonseed or other oil kept at a temperature of 220 to 260° (usually about 230°) for 7 to 15 minutes Fic. 6.—Brining the fish. On the left are shown the tanks in which the ‘‘cut”’ fish are placed. Part of the dryer is shown on the right for large pound-oval and 3 to 10 minutes for quarter-oil fish. Frying usually is considered complete when the backbone can be pulled out easily and shows no redness. Considerable water is cooked from the fish. Much of this is vaporized, but some settles and mixes with the water under the steam coils, carrying with it soluble extractives from the fish. The heat also renders some oil from the fish, which mixes with the cooking oil. The following figures show the losses in weight that took place in one cannery that ‘prepared small oval-sized fish for canning. The calculations were made on the weight (371 ounces) of ‘‘cut, * brined fish used for the experiment: 12 All temperatures are given in °F. 13 This and other matters discussed in this paragraph are considered in detail, pp.116and117. Table 9, p. 125, gives details on drying conditions in several plants, CANNING SARDINES 79 Drying 55 minutes, average air temperature 100°, and velocity about 500 feet per minute, 6.5 per cent. Frying 9 minutes, average oil temperature about 230°, plus 9 minutes draining, 7 per cent. Draining, 18 hours, 7.1 per cent. The total loss was 20.6 per cent. This is larger than usual. For large ovals the loss in various canneries probably will run around 12 to 18 per cent. In the two experimental runs on frying oil, described in the first part of this document, a total of 3,711 pounds of oval-sized sardines were cooked in oil 8 minutes at 230° and drained 8 minutes over the frying vat. The average loss in weight during frying was 7.7 per cent. Fig. 7.—Drying. Fish from the brine tanks are flumed to the conveyors shown in the foreground. See Figure 8 for detailed plan of operation Cooking the fish destroys autolytic enzymes and partially steri- lizes the fish, so that under ordinary conditions they keep in excellent shape one or two days, and even longer, while waiting to be packed. A cross-sectional sketch of a typical fry bath is shown in Figure 10. The baskets of fish are drawn through the oil by an endless-chain conveyer, or they are lifted in and out of the oil by hand. ‘The oil is heated by means of steam coils placed in the lower part of the oil just below the place where the baskets travel. Underneath the coils (yet not touching them) is water, on which the oil floats. This water is placed there to take care of particles and body juices coming from the fish, as they, being heavier than oil, smk. The control of temperature is accomplished by regulating the steam supply. The speed at which the conveyer is run determines the time the fish remain in the oil. SO U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERTES At the start of a run the bath is filled with sufficient fresh cotton- seed oil to cover the fish. Frying is continued in this same oil, sometimes for weeks, with such additions and subtractions as be- come necessary, until, in the judgment of the operator, the oil is no longer fit for use. It is then thrown away or sold as a low-grade oil. Judgment on the stopping point is quite varied; the operator is influenced at times by the saving effected by prolonging the use of the oil. Usually, after a day of frying is completed, the oil is sepa- rated from the water and placed in tanks and the fry bath is cleaned. Daily (or at less frequent intervals) the oil is given some sort of cleansing treatment in some canneries. Draining.—The baskets of hot fish coming from the cooking vat are stacked, several deep, on a truck and set aside to cool and drain DRYING TUNNEL BLOWER CONVEYOR FOR CARRYING PLAN DRED FISH TO BASKETS FISH FROM BRINE TANK ale C= eae LONGITUDINAL SECTION Fia. 8.—Diagram of a typical California sardine dryer until they are to be packed (usually next day). Stacked in this manner they cool but slowly, and this facilitates draining. Much liquid runs from the fish; some of this is oil but most of it’is water containing dissolved proteins. The losses of valuable extractives here and in frying are considerable. Upon standing, the fish become firm and the skins are further toughened. The oil covering the fish tends to dry (in the sense that linseed oil dries), and this makes the skins tough and rubbery. This oxidation of the oil, however, detracts from its palatability. Packing.—After sufficient cooling the baskets of sardines are placed on the packing table, where women discard the broken fish and pack the others into cans. These cans come through a chute from a different part of the plant to the packing tables. The filled cans are then placed on a belt conveyer, which carries them in a CANNING SARDINES 81 steady stream under a mechanical sauce distributer, which adds the correct amount of tomato sauce to each can. In some plants sauce is added to the cans before the fish are packed into them. Fig. 9.—Frying in oil. Fish from the dryer fall into baskets placed in the oil, and are conveyed mechanically through the vat. See Figure 10 for plan of operation ASE PE oe TH Y Z Z Z cA A Zz Z A Z Z Z Z Z Z AMR A. Baskets of Fish. B. Oil. C. Steam Coils.- D. Water. E Conveyor. CSS Fia. 10.—Diagram of typical California fry bath Exrhausting—When cold sauce is added to the cans, they are heated before they are sealed to prevent trouble later. Explanation of this is easily given. Cans sealed cold on a cold day contain cold 40619°—27 2 82 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES ¥ia. 11.—Cooling and draining. Large fish usually stand overnight for this purpose. Note con- tainers at ends of trucks for catching oil and water draining from the fish fo Ta qn it te Bg: Fia. 12.—Filling cans with sauce. Empty cans from the loft slide down the chute A, passing under the sauce distributor B, which places a measured quantity in each can. packers. A small pump on the tank elevates sauce to the supply tank E The cans then go to the CANNING SARDINES Fic. 13.—Packing. Men empty baskets of fish on the tables as needed. Cans with sauce in them are obtained from the upper conveyor A, and when filled are weighed and then placed on the Loe conveyor B, which carried them to the sealing machines. C is the exhaust box shown in igure 14 Fic. 14.—Exhausting the cans. The filled cans from the packing tables pass through the machines B, which lightly crimp lids on them, The cans next enter the exhaust box C at D. E isa stock of filled cans ready for exhausting 84 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES air, and later, when a hot day comes, the air expands and the cans swell. Before sealing, the cans and contents should be heated to drive out some of the air, for, if sealed hot, a partial vacuum will exist in the cans when they cool. Addition of hot sauce, followed by immediate sealing, is one way of warming the cans and contents. Another method, more widely used, is to exhaust the filled cans by heating them with “live” steam for about five minutes. This heating usually is accomplished by conveying the cans through a narrow chamber, into which the steam is turned. Sealing.—The cans are conveyed from the steamer (exhaust box) to an automatic sealing machine, which places a cover on the can and then seals it on. “The can carries a flange, which fits into a groove in the lid, having an extended edge bent downward. In Fic. 15.—Sealing the cans. Exhausted cans are leaving the exhaust box at A and are passing through the sealing machines B sealing, the flange of the can and edge of the lid are interlocked so as to form a double seam. The groove in the lid carries a very thin layer of rubber compound, which serves as a gasket between the seams. In some plants the can is sealed in two operations—one machine just crimps the cover to the can and another seals the can after it comes out of the exhaust box. Processing.—Sterilization of the contents of the cans is necessary to insure their keeping qualities; in addition, more cooking is required to soften the bones. Proper heat treatment accomplishes both of these steps at one time. Trucks containing cans from the sealing machines are wheeled into large steel retorts, where the cans are heated with steam under pressure. Various temperatures are used in this step. Usually, CANNING SARDINES 85 however, a temperature of 240° for one and one-half hours is deemed sufficient. When the steam is turned off, the pressure inside the retort is maintained by compressed air until the cans have been partially cooled by water. This procedure prevents the cans from bulging, due to greater pressure inside than outside the can. The cans are then washed in a cleaning solution and allowed to dry. In some factories the cans are next sent through a machine that lacquers them to prevent rusting. They are then placed in temporary storage for a few days, after which they are labeled, either by hand or machine, and boxed. Quarter-oil pack.—Small fish are prepared for the quarter-oil pack in the same general manner as large fish, except the frying time is Fic. 16.—Processing. The sealed cans are placed in baskets and stacked on trucks, asshown. This facilitates handling them in and out of the retorts. This view also shows sterilized cans from the retorts being placed in a hot soap solution for washing shortened slightly. Quarter-pound cans are usually processed about three hours at 212 to 214° and half-pound cans three and one-half hours at the same temperatures. Higher temperatures and shorter times also are used. PREPARATION OF FISH BY WAYS OTHER THAN FRYING IN OIL Instead of being cooked in hot oil, some fish are prepared by being cooked in steam or in hot brine. In the past some fish also have been packed raw.'* OF FISHERIES BUREAU Ss. U. 86 As soon as the hot cans from the washer are dry, they are passed Fic. 17.—Lacquering the cans. The lacquered through a machine that covers them with a thin layer of lacquer to prevent rusting. cans are placed in large crates for cooling irs fe ws ne ee Wore opepehee 5 Ge ” * After several Ks. ac sily, when the cans are again handled hen the cans are cool they are stored in st sting and storing. W days’ storage defective cans are detected ea 18.—Te IG. PF CANNING SARDINES Fic. 20.—Boxing 88 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERTES cooked fish tend to stick together, they are placed so as not to touch each other. The flakes are next placed on a truck and wheeled into a retort or steam chest and cooked with steam under slight pressure for 15 to 30 minutes. They are then removed and allowed to stand and cool, after which they are packed. At times the dried fish are packed raw into cans, which are inverted on wire flakes and steamed. Brine cooking.—This process is the same as frying in oil, except that the fish are cooked in hot brine and not brined before being dried. A saturated solution of common salt boils at 227°. This aie a cooking temperature close to that ordinarily used for frying in oil. Raw-packing.—In this process the fish are brined, or brined and dried, then packed raw into the cans with sauce, exhausted, sealed, and processed. Results have been so unsatisfactory, commercially, that few fish now canned are prepared in this way. MAINE METHODS Only an outline is given here of the methods that have been and are now being used in Maine. There are a number of papers’ that give a history of the industry and describe the methods used in the past. Present methods are described in detail by Weber (see foot- note, p. 72). The fish used is the sea herring (Clupea harengus). The supply for canning for the most part comes from weirs on the coasts of Canada and Maine. The fish are transported to the canneries in water-tight tanks or wells aboard the fishing boats. When placed in tanks at the weirs the fish are mixed with salt or brine, the amount being varied according to the size of the fish and the time it will take for the boat to reach the cannery. Ordinarily about 200 to 500 pounds of salt to a hogshead (about 1,200 pounds) of fish is used. This salt brines the fish and also aids in keeping them in good condition. At the factory the fish are weighed or measured and flumed to storage tanks, where they may or may not be brined further. From the tanks the fish are flumed to a conveyer, which carries them to a mechanical flaking machine. This machine spreads the fish quite evenly upon wire flakes. The flakes are placed in trucks and run into a steam chest, into which steam at a pressure of 80 to 100 pounds is turned for 8 to 15 minutes. The chests are not tight but are so constructed as to permit considerable escape of steam. The trucks of fish then go to a large drying room, where they are subjected to the action of warm air. Time, temperature, and air velocity vary greatly in different factories. Usually the time is about 60 minutes. The temperature ordinarily used is about 100° to 120°, and the veloc- ity about 300 to 1,000 feet per minute. After drying, the trucks stand until cool. The flakes of fish are then given to the packers. 15 “The Sardine Industry.”” By R. Edward Earll. The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, Sec. V, Vol. I (1887), pp. 489-524.. Washington. ‘‘The American Sardine Industry in 1886.”? By R. Edward Earlland Hugh M. Smith. Bulletin, U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. VII, 1887 (1889), pp. 161- 192. Washington. ‘‘The Herring Industry of the Passamaquoddy Region, Maine.’”? By Ansley Hall. Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1896 (1898), pp. 475-479. Washington. ‘‘The Preser- vation of Fishery Products for Food.’”’ By Charles H. Stevenson. Bulletin, U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XVIII, 1898 (1899), pp. 335-563 [sardines, pp. 526-537]. Washington. ‘‘The Packing of American Sardines.”” By H. H. Hansen. Original communications, Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, vol. 18, pp. 131-138. Washington, 1912. CANNING SARDINES 89 The packers now remove the heads from the fish with shears or pinch them off as they pack. The packed cans are placed on flat trays and cottonseed oil is added to them, a tray at a time, by an oiling machine. At times mustard sauce is added to the cans instead of oil. They then pass through the sealing machine. In most plants quarter-oil cans are processed in boiling water for one and one-half to two hours. Steam retorts are coming into use. After processing the cans are cleansed by shoveling them about in sawdust or by washing them with a cleaning solution. Most of the pack consists of quarter-oils. Large quantities of the so-called ‘‘three-quarters’”’ mustard pack are prepared. The preparation of this pack is virtually identical with that for quarter- oils. In fact, the larger fish seldom are separated from the smaller ones, all being prepared together. The larger fish are then packed in three-quarters cans (contents 10 ounces) with mustard sauce. These cans are processed about two hours in boiling water. The process just described is the one used for “standard’’ goods. Fancy packs usually are fried in oil, as already described under “California methods.” These packs often are put in olive oil. Some fish are smoked also before being canned. Years ago the fish were cooked in Ferris-wheel type ovens over coke fires. Crackers still are cooked in this kind of oven. This and other equipment, employing similar cooking conditions, have not proved satisfactory. The natural draft of the furnace did not create enough velocity to get rapid heat transfer from the air to the fish or to put enough heat in the cooking chamber to prepare the fish quickly unless high air temperatures were used. Such temperatures, besides scorching the fish and oxidizing the oil, caused excessive loss of oil and sticking of the fish to the wire flakes. FOREIGN METHODS In France, Spain, and Portugal sardines ® are prepared by the frying-in-oil process.’ This process was first developed by the French and is now widely used in California and to some extent in Maine. Details of the process are described under “California methods,” pages 73 to 85. A translation of the description given by Gruvel 8 of the Nor- wegian process for preparing quarter-oil sardines follows: Immediately after arriving at the cannery the small sprat, or brisling, are placed in 20° brine for about a quarter of an hour. When this is completed, from 20 to 30 of the fish are placed at one time upon a metal rod. A machine is used for this purpose. The fish are placed head foremost into cavities in a wooden frame. A lid is then lowered,. which holds the fish in place, while a heavy wire is threaded through a hole in the frame, catching all the fish a little below the eye. Thirty such rods are prepared and placed in a wooden frame where they are retained by lateral notches. These 30 rods contain around 606 fish. The frames are placed one above another in a smoke oven. In order to get an even smoking, the frames are moved from the lower part of the oven, near the burning sawdust, to higher places, and eventually removed from the top. New frames take their places and are so moved from the bottom to the top. An oak fire is used, burning sufficiently for three things to be accomplished: 16 Immature European pilchards (Sardina pilchardus pilchardus and Sardina pilchardus sardina) are used. 1 The following paper gives an excellent description of French methods: ‘The French Sardine Industry.’”” By Hugh M.Smith. Bulletin, UJS. Fish Commission, Vol. X XI, 1901 (1902), pp. 1-26, 8 pls. Washington. 16 “En Norwége l’Industrie des Péches.” By A. Gruvel. Office Scientifique et Technique des Péches Maritimes. Notes et Mémoires, No. 16, p. 60. Paris, 1922. 90 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES First, the drying of the fish; second, a slight cooking; and third, a slightly accentuated smoking. The duration of this operation is from 45 to 60 minutes. When smoking is completed, each frame is placed horizontally in a special apparatus, where a hand-operated triangular knife advances and cuts the heads off the fish, which drop on a moving curtain running to the packing tables. The heads are removed from the wires and are used for making meal and oil. The methods used in other countries are similar to those already described. AMERICAN DIFFICULTIES GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Information as to how to prepare high-quality sardines has not been lacking. There are but few canners who do not know how to prepare such products. What is needed is information that will permit high-quality sardines to be packed cheaply. Maine and California sardines for the most part have been pre- pared to fill the big demand that exists in the United States and elsewhere for cheap sardines. Buyers generally have been more interested in price than in quality, provided quality was passably fair. This buying practice has led to ruinous competition, in which quality frequently has suffered in the race to meet prices. These conditions have been more acute in Maine than in California, where to some extent canners have been able to rely on by-products for profits that they have sacrificed on canned fish. The serious effects of this ruinous competition upon the canners and the markets for their products are being realized and definite steps are now being taken to correct matters. American canners undoubtedly will continue to prepare sardines largely for the low-price field. Quality, however, will have to be considered more important than it has been in the past. Research, therefore, should be carried out with the view of furnishing informa- tion that will be helpful in producing better sardines at low cost. This idea was constantly kept in mind in planning and carrying out the research reported upon in this document. A disheartening factor faces anyone who plans to carry out research for the sardine- canning industry. It may be possible to produce helpful informa- tion only to find that it is not used to improve quality but rather to lower prices still further. If quality is overlooked and competition for quantity production at the lowest cost continues as strong as it has in the past, this will happen. TECHNOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS The production of good-quality sardines depends upon a few well-defined factors: (1) the quality of the fish themselves, inelud- ing their condition, handling, and cleaning; (2) the preparation of the fish for canning; (3) the materials placed in the can with the fish; (4) the canning procedure itself; and (5) the chemical and physical changes that take place within the can during processing and later storage. It was decided at the start of the investigation that the field covered by (2)—the preparation of the fish for canning—offered the greatest opportunities for research. The publication by Weber (see footnote, p. 72) on the Maine sardine industry was the only report of scientific CANNING SARDINES 9] work along this line that had been published." It appeared evident that once the principles underlying this step were known it would be possible to make improvements in existing processes and to develop new and better ones. Research, therefore, was confined to this field. The most important difficulties of a technological nature that faced the California industry when the investigation started were connected with frying in oil. An excellent product can be prepared in this way. The process, however, has some rather serious dis- advantages. It is time-consuming and costly to carry out properly— so costly, in fact, that American canners generally have been unable to carry it out as it should be done. It was because of these facts that the Maine canners turned to other ways of preparing the fish, finally ending with the steaming process, which serves their needs better than the frying, although it is also unsatisfactory in some ways. The greatest trouble with the frying process has been with the oil used for cooking the fish. This problem, because of its importance, was the first to be studied. It is discussed in detail in the next section. The difficulties encountered in the steaming process are discussed in another section. It will be helpful to consider very briefly what is known about the other factors mentioned, upon which the production of good-quality sardines depends, and to point out where there is most need for re- search. 1. The fish themselves, including their condition, handling, and cleaning.—It is generally realized that the quality of the final pack can be no better than the raw materials from which it is prepared. The condition of many kinds of fish varies considerably throughout the year. A number of studies have been made that give information upon these variations in some of the fish used for sardine canning.”° Much that will help keep the fish in good condition from the time they are caught until cooked undoubtedly can be learned through research. Weber (see footnote, p. 72) did some work along this line.”! Although machines are now used for cutting the fish, there is need of much study in this field to bring about further improvements. 1 The following papers have been published by the writer on this subject since the investigation was begun. ‘‘Changes in oil used for frying sardines.” Fish and Game Commission of California, Circuiar No. 1,8pp. Sacramento, 1922. Also, Fishing Gazette, vol. 39, No. 11, pp. 32-34, 63, and 65. New York, 1922. “‘Some considerations concerning the canning of sardines.’? Transactions, American Fisheries Society, 53d Annual Meeting, 1923, pp. 122-150. Hartford. ‘‘ Drying of fish for canning as sardines.”’ Pacific Fisherman, vol. 22, No. 10, pp. 9-10. Seattle, 1924. ‘‘New method of preparing sardines.” Pacific Fisherman, vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 12-14. Seattle, 1925. ‘‘ Methods of preparing sardines.’’ Canning Age, vol. 7, pp. 979-987, New York, 1926. ‘‘A new process is perfected for canning sardines.’”’ Ibid., vol. 8, pp. 413-420 and 423. 1927. 20 “Phe food value of the herring.” By T. Milroy. Twenty-fourth annual report for 1905 (1906), Fishery Board for Scotland, pt. 3, pp. 83-107; twenty-fifth annual report for 1906, pt. 3, pp. 197-208. Glasgow, 1907. “Den Franske Industris kamp mot de Norske sardiner.””, By Johan Hjort. Aarsberetning vedkommende Norges Fiskerier for 1912; 4 de Hefte, pp. 445-560. Bergen, 1913. ‘Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of herrings, etc.”” By James Johnstone. Reports, Lancashire Sea-Fisheries Laboratory, for 1914 (1915), pp. 154-161; 1917 (1918), pp. 13-59; 1918 (1919), pp. 36-63; and 1919 (1920), pp. 16-23. “The fat con- tent of Irish Sea herring.’”’ By James Johnstone. Transactions, Liverpool Biological Society, vol. 29, pp. 216-223. Liverpool, 1915. Paper by Johnstone. See footnote 8, p.72. ‘‘A chemical study of the California sardine (Sardinia czrulea).”” By D. B. Dill. Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 93-103. Baltimore, 1921. Paper by Dill. See note, Table 4, p. 73. / 41 Although research was not carried out in this field during the course of the investigation reported upon in this document, attention should be called here to a procedure that probably will prevent much of the deterioration that takes place in the fish from the time they are caught until used. Small Maine herring, especially when their intestines contain much food (usually the so-called ‘red feed’’), deteriorate rapidly, causing much waste of valuable fish. Small pilchards behave quite similarly in California. In fact, large fish also deteriorate quite rapidly in both places, although not so quickly as the small ones. : Weber showed that Maine herring, salted and carried in a layer 214 feet deep in the hold of the boat, heated considerably in being carried to the cannery. One lot of fish, ha!f of which it was estimated con- tained red feed, rose in temperature from 51° to 74.3° in 3 hours. Another lot, 90 per cent of which con- tained feed, rose from 51° to 99.5° in 1044 hours. During the experiment the air temperature did not rise 92 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 2. This has already been discussed. 3. The material is placed in the can urth the fish.—Oil, sauce, and other flavoring ingredients, including those added by smoking, have considerable influence on the quality of the final pack. The use of oil is well understood. It seems probable, however, that a study of sauces from the standpoint of their blending qualities and how well the public likes the various kinds will yield information that might aid materially in popularizing large fish canned in sauces in the - United States. 4. The canning procedure itself—The various steps (packing, exhausting, sealing, and processing), have been quite well worked out. Considerable information on these subjects has been pub- lished. Although little of it refers directly to fish canning, much of it can be applied to this field. There is need for bacteriological studies to show how to sterilize canned sardines more effectively. Some papers have been published on this subject ” and others will follow when certain work now in progress by two or three agencies is completed. 5. The chemical and physical changes that take place within the can during processing and later storage—Were more known concerning these changes in canned fishery products and the factors causing them it might be possible, in a measure, to control them so as to enhance the quality of the products.” EXPERIMENTAL PART The experimental work reported upon in this paper and its appli- cation are of greatest interest and value to those actively engaged in the sardine-canning industry and to those who contemplate entering upon such work. Since but few of these people are technically trained, an endeavor has been made to present the material in the main part of the document in such a way as to be understandable to all. Most of the experimental data and technical discussions thereof, above 68°. It is evident that the temperature of the outside air was not sufficient to account for the changes in temperature that occurred in the fish. The water temperature undoubtedly was about 51°, since it must have been approximately the same as the temperature of the fish when they were removed from it. Weber says in regard to these experiments: ‘‘The rise in temperature of masses of fish in bulk is caused by decomposition changes due to bacterial growth, by far the greater part of which takes place in the viscera and contents. As the temperature of the mass of fish rises and approaches the optimum tempera- ture seycreyle to bacterial growth, it is evident why the decomposition of feedy fish proceeds at times so rapidly.’’ His recommendations for improving matters follow: ‘‘Where practicable it would be desirable to install some method of refrigeration on all boats used to haul the fish long distances. Boats thus equipped not only greatly extend the fishing radius, but also bring the fish to the canneries in a condition far superior to that of fish carried in salt. The decomposition due to ‘heating,’ which was found to occur in large masses of fish during transportation, can be retarded by shipping them in small bulk at low temperature. Saal compartments, permitting the circulation of cold air, are necessary in boats equipped with refrigera- tion devices.”’ In my opinion the way to get the necessary cooling effect is to use sea water. All the cooling that is necessary probably can be obtained at any time of the year from sea water off the coast of eastern Maine. At the time Weber carried out his experiments the sea water was about 51°. Had asmall amount of fresh sea water been sprayed continuously over the fish and been pumped off at the bottom of the hold their temperature probably could have been kept close to that of the water and spoilage greatly retarded. Two small rotary pumps driven by the power plant in the boat and a small amount of piping and carpentry work is all the equipment needed. The bureau expects to carry out experiments along this line in the near future. What evidence is now available indicates that they will be successful. Sardine canners in Monterey preserve ‘‘cut’’ fish by circulating cold sea water over them. (See p. 151.) Menhaden steamers now successfully preserve their catch by circulating refrigerated sea water over them. (See ‘‘ Refrigeration as applied to the Menhaden industry.’’ By Robert S. Taylor. Annual review number of the Fishing Gazette, January, 1926. New York.) Use of naturally cold or refrigerated sea water should be helpful in preserving fresh fish wherever they have to be kept for prolonged periods, especially when massed in large bulk. 2 “The bacteriology of swelled canned sardines.’” By W.Sadler. American Journal of Public Health, vol. 8, pp. 216-220. Chicago, 1918. ‘‘A bacteriological study of sardines.” By Maud M. Obst. Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 24, pp. 158-169. Chicago, 1919. 23 Maturation in canned fish is discussed by Weber and by Johnstone. (See footnote, p, 72.) PS tne” se CANNING SARDINES 93 which must, of course, be included, have been placed in the Appendix for ready reference by the few who will also want to consider them. GENERAL SUMMARY Following is a summary of the experimental work reported upon in this document and of the results obtained: 1. The nature of the change in composition and properties of oil used for frying sardines was determined. 2. These changes are largely due to the presence of varying quan- tities of fish oil and to the action of air and heat upon the oil in the cooking vat. 3. Fry-bath oil gets into the final pack, lowering quality, especially when the oil has seen much use. 4, Ways are shown to diminish frying costs and the bad effects from frying in oil. 5. Attempts to reclaim used fry-bath oil by mechanical and chem- ical treatment were unsuccessful. It is improbable that a satisfactory cheap method will be developed. 6. Although further improvement in the frying procedure probably ean be made, certain difficulties will continue to be troublesome. For this reason attention was turned to the study of substitute methods of preparing the fish instead of continuing work on frying in oil. 7. The following substitute methods were studied and procedures developed and compared with frying in oil: (a) Brine cooking, (b) steaming, and (c) raw packing. 8. Packs prepared by the various processes withstood extended storing and shipping tests about equally well. 9. All the processes produced excellent packs of pound-oval sar- dines. When the advantages and disadvantages of each were com- pared it did not seem as though any of them could supplant frying in oil, unless it be the raw-packing process, and this possibility depends upon shortening the time needed for drying the fish. 10. Study of the behavior of the fish under different drying condi- tions showed, however, that the drying time can not be shortened materially in this process. 11. In other respects excellent results were obtained from the drying study. It showed how fish may be dried for cooking in oil or by some other method in much less time and consequently with less equipment than had been done. 12. The drying data obtained now enables drying procedures and equipment to be planned on a scientific basis. 13. A new process for quickly preparing both large and small fish was devised, using rapidly moving hot air to simultaneously dry, cook, and, if desired, smoke the fish. The cooked fish can be cooled quickly in a blast of cold air and packed immediately afterwards. 14. The new process obviates the difficulties incident to frying in oil and produces as good (in most cases better) packs of California and Maine sardines as any other process and at less cost. 15. Details regarding equipment and operating conditions are given, with recommendations. ql CA / er aS 1 Re No ~ % SN wiilIBRARY | E\ Pe — \ \ 4 ~~ 94 U. §. BUREAU OF FISHERIES CHANGES IN OIL USED FOR FRYING SARDINES INTRODUCTION In the first section of this document a description is given (pp. 73 to 85) of the method employed in preparing sardines in California by the frying-in-oil process. Further information will be found on pages 103 and 104. At the time this investigation was started (1920) virtually all California sardines were being prepared in this way. This procedure also was followed to some extent in Maine. Condi- tions have changed little since then. Continued use of the oil for frying sardines causes it to gradually become dark in color and viscous. Eventually the oil becomes al- most black when viewed even through relatively thin layers, and when cold almost as viscous as molasses. It also acquires a disagree- able odor and flavor, both of which are characteristic. Although these changes take place gradually, they become quite pronounced within a few days. When such oil is used for frying, it has a bad effect on the cooked fish. A quantity of this oil necessarily adheres to them and is car- ried out of the vat. Part of the oil drains away while the fish cool, waiting to be packed, yet some remains and gets into the cans; except when the cooking oil has seen little use, this is undesirable. It would be too expensive, however, to put a new batch of oil into the vat, so frying is continued. Where ordinary precautions are observed in handling the oil it is improbable that it ever gets insani- tary, but conditions do become undesirable and at times very much so. Undoubtedly frying-in-oil difficulties were the most important ones of a technological nature met by the California industry. They were of considerable industrial significance because of the large quantity of oil used for this purpose. In 1920 over 50,000,000 pounds of sardines were fried in California. PREVIOUS WORK BEARING ON THE PROBLEM As far as it has been possible to determine, no results of any in- vestigation on the frying of sardines has yet been published, other than a summary (see footnote, p. 91) of this particular study. Weber (footnote, p. 72) mentions corn oil as having been used some years ago in Maine for frying sardines. The oil gave off a disagree- able odor and foamed badly when used. At that time, however, commercial corn oil was not as highly refined as it is to-day. Several articles were found giving some data on oils used for frying pur- poses. Morgan and Cozens* give a good summary of these articles. The literature on vegetable, animal, and fish oils is voluminous. It is quite well summarized in many places, however. Lewkowitsch ” gives the best summary. A series of articles by Hepburn * furnishes a good discussion of the changes that take place in oil. Since, in the present report, cognizance must be taken of the natural changes that take place in the oils, these are briefly described below: 24 “ Changes in physical and chemical constants of fats used in frying a standard dough.’”’ By Agnes F. Morgan and Ella R. Cozens. Journal of Home Economies, vol. 11, pp. 394-402. Baltimore, 1919. 25 “Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats, and waxes.’”’ By J. 1. Lewkowitsch and G. H. War- burton. 6th edition. Vol. I. London, 1921. f * “4 critical study of the natural changes occurring in fats and oils.” By J. S. Hepburn. Journal, Franklin Institute, vol. 168 (1909), pp. 365-384 and 431-456; vol, 169 (1910), pp, 22-54, Philadelphia, CANNING SARDINES 95 Organisms (bacteria, molds, and yeasts) act upon oils and give rise to changes in their composition, the main change being an in- crease in acidity. The enzyme lipase occurs in the seeds of many plants and in some animals. It acts on oils (in the presence of moisture), splitting them into free fatty acids and glycerin. On exposure to air oils are oxidized, giving rise to a number of changes. The most important one is the development of a rancid taste and odor. Some oils thicken and eventually become solid; this takes place in air and is called drying. Sardine oil exhibits this phenomenon. Light and heat produce polymerization of the fats (visually indi- cated by thickening of the oil). They accelerate the action of mois- ture on oils, giving rise to increased acidity. Oxidation changes are similarly accelerated. Rancidity in oils may be looked upon as being due to the formation of free fatty acids by enzymes in the presence of water and the sub- sequent action of oxygen and light on the free fatty acids. Fats and oils kept fully protected from light, air, and moisture will keep in- definitely in their original condition. Sardine canners have used methods of one nature or another in an endeavor to improve their oil during use. These efforts usually have been of a mechanical nature—washing with water and filter pressing or centrifuging. At times fuller’s earth and other similar substances have been used on the oil. It is safe to say that none of these methods (although all are helpful) have been very successful. Chemical methods of recovering used oil have been tried but they have been found to be expensive and unsatisfactory. Discussion with canners elicited many conflicting suggestions as to the nature and causes of the changes that take place in frying oil. It was generally believed, however, that more or less fish oil gets into the cottonseed oil and causes trouble. This lack of knowledge made it clear that in studying the problem it would first be necessary to determine the exact nature of the changes that take place in the oil and the factors that contribute thereto. With such information at hand, the problem would resolve itself into a study of means to eliminate the objectionable factors, if possible, or to devise a better method of accomplishing the same end. This was the path followed. EXPERIMENTS FRYING Two runs of frying tests were carried out in order to obtain accurate information concerning the changes that take place in oil used for frying sardines. Each run consisted of tests on two lots of oil. The equipment used in these tests consisted of two small vats, or fry baths, as they are usually called, 1434 by 101% by 934 inches, inside dimensions, with steam coils midway of their depth. Procedure and data, first run.—Large, fat, California pilchards were prepared for frying by being scaled, headed, and eviscerated, then dried for 60 minutes in air having a velocity of about 500 feet per minute and a temperature around 100°. Most of the fish were brined 45 minutes in an 85 per cent saturated salt solution before being 96 U. 8S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES dried. Accurate account was kept of the weight of fish before and after frying. Individual lots of fish were cooked 8 minutes in oil having a temperature close to 230° and were allowed to drain over the bath 8 minutes before being removed and weighed. Enough water was added to each bath, so that it came almost to the bottom of the steam coil. At the beginning of the experiment an excess of oil was used; later, however, just enough oil was floated on the water to a little more than cover the basket of fish immersed in it. In order to identify the two lots of oil, the baths are referred to as bath [ and bath II. The oil in bath I was not treated, except that it was separated from the water and ‘‘foots” * after a day of frying. Most of the oil in the “foots”? was recovered by placing them in a 100 90 80 70 60 PER CENT FISH OIL mn to] HOURS Fic. 21.—Increase in fish-oil content of oil used for frying fat fish. Data obtained from Table 20, p. 166 bottle and heating for an hour or so in boiling water. The clear oil hat formed was then floated off and added to the other oil. In bath II the oil was separated similarly, then returned to the bath with enough clean water to cover the steam coil. In this manner the water was boiled by the steam, and this caused the oil and water to form an emulsion. In order to break the emulsion, water was run out until the steam coil was in the emulsion. Steam was then turned on and this caused the emulsion to ‘‘break.’’ Further heating drove the remaining water out of the oil. Fifty cubic-centimeter samples of oil were taken from each bath after a batch of fish had been fried. From bath II an extra sample frequently was taken after the oil had been cleansed. These samples were placed in corked bottles and later examined and analyzed. Equal quantities of the same batch of cottonseed oil were placed in 27 'The layer of oil and water emulsion that forms between the oil and water, OEE IDE! bt Ge es Pa. CANNING SARDINES Q7 each bath. The two lots of oil were treated in a similar manner, except for the cleansing given the oil in bath II. The run was stopped long before the oils had reached a condition where they could no longer be used, because sufficient data and samples for practical purposes had been collected. It was also apparent that any figure that might have been obtained concerning the maximum quantity of sardines that could be fried per gallon of oil used would depend on so many varying factors that it would have only very limited application. In this run 226 pounds of large, fat sardines in the ‘‘round”’ were fried per gallon of cotton- seed oil used. Out of a period of 28 days frying was carried on 14 days. The actual time of frying, however, covered approxi- mately 53 hours.”® Procedure and data, second run.—This experiment was carried out to gain information as to the practicability of using oils other than cottonseed for frying pound-oval sardines. Olive oil at times had been used for frying fancy quarter-oil sardines, apparently with good results, but its cost would be prohibitive for frying pound-oval sardines. Weber (footnote, p. 72) mentions that corn oil was used years ago in Maine with poor results. The quality of this oil has been much improved since then, so that better results undoubtedly would be obtained. Should it have advantages, a suitable grade for frying purposes could be obtained at a price nearly equal to that of cottonseed oil. The use of a hydrogenated oil, such as Crisco or similar products, seemed practicable, provided it could be purchased cheaply enough. A fat of this nature does not oxidize as rapidly as cottonseed oil. in this run corn oil (Mazola) and Crisco were used. The pro- cedure followed was the same for both lots as that followed in the first run for bath I. Frying was continued until the daily oil losses became marked, due to the cooking of lean fish: In this run 510 pounds of prepared sardines per gallon of oil were fried in each bath. Actual frying time was 46 hours, carried out during a period of 36 days.” CHANGES IN QUANTITY AND COMPOSITION Data kept on the change in the quantity of oil in the two runs of frying tests show that the oil content remained approximately constant for days at a time when large, fat fish were being fried. For a short period, when the fish were very fat, the oil content increased. Late in the season the sardines became very lean and the oil losses then became very marked. Cooked fish when removed from the bath carry considerable oil with them, which is mechanically held on the surface, under the skin, in the body cavity, and soaked in the flesh. Experiments actually show that lean fish remove much oil in this way; fat fish must do likewise. It is evident, then, that when the oil content of the bath remains constant or increases oil must cook out of the fish. Under such conditions the sardine-oil content of the bath must increase. 2 Detailed data on the quantity of fish fried and oil used are given in Tables 13 and 14, pp. 161 and 162, # Complete quantitive data concerning the amount of fish fried and oil used are given in the Tables 15 and 16, pp. 162 and 163. 40619°—27 3 98 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES It was not possible to determine with any degree of accuracy how rapidly the sardine-oil content of the frying oils increased dur- ing use by analyzing the samples of oil collected from time to time during the frying tests. The oils had been heated and exposed to the air for a long time, during which period much oxidation must have taken place. Such changes make the usual methods of analysis impracticable. A good idea concerning the change that must take place in the composition of oil used for frying sardines and the way in which it takes place can be obtained by using certain experimental data in connection with a series of calculations. These calculations are based partly on assumptions. They are reasonable ones, however, and the conclusions reached must be quite close to conditions actually attained in practice. The results of such calculations are very helpful in indicating ways in which frying can be improved. This work is summarized below.* When fat sardines are fried in cottonseed oil some oil cooks out of them and mixes with the oil in the bath. They leave more of this oil in the bath than they remove from it, and in this way the amount of sardine oil in the bath continues to increase. The rate of increase is rapid at first but lessens as frying continues. Never- theless, it is not long before the frying oil is almost all fish oil. The nature of this change in composition is shown in Figure 21. Other calculations show that the fish-oil content of a given quantity of frying oil increases less rapidly the larger the size of the individual units cooked at one time. An example will illustrate: If a ton of fish sufficiently fat to keep the oil content of the bath constant is fried 4 pounds at a time in 12 pounds of oil the fish-oil content of the frying oil will be less than if the same quantity of fish is cooked in units smaller than 4 pounds each. Still other calculations show that when the fish are fat enough to cause the oil in the fry bath to increase the percentage of fish oil increases less rapidly if the oil in the bath is allowed to increase than if the excess oil is removed as it collects. The application of these findings to improving frying procedures is discussed later. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES Examination of the oil samples from the frying experiments showed that the oils gradually darkened with use, becoming red in color. At the end of both experiments the oil appeared almost black when viewed through thick layers. However, thin layers about an inch in thickness showed a deep red color. The viscosity of the oils increased greatly with use. The longer the oil was used the more unpleasant it became, acquiring a tallowy, paintlike odor and taste, both of which are characteristic and hard to describe. The free fatty-acid content of the oils increased but slightly, going from about 0.1 to 0.6 per cent in each lot of oil.*! The oils became only slightly rancid. Everything taken into consideration, it can not be said that they became insanitary—merely unpalatable. As far as the examination went, the oils remaining from the two runs (four lots) seemed to be quite comparable in quality; that is, 3 Actual calculations are given on pp. 164 to 167, *! More complete data are given in Table 25, p. 168, fe a 4 PPE pind BBE OS A. | Stl a Ae SS eM al NA a ot Slee Saeed, a Pence, wri. CANNING SARDINES g9 the changes that take place in frying oil with use appeared to have taken place to about the same extent in each case. The viscosity of the oils can be laid to oxidation and polymeriza- tion changes, and the odor and taste can reasonably be laid to the presence of fish oil and to oxidation products of this oil and cot- tonseed oil. The cause of the deep red color was assumed to be the action of oxygen and heat on sardine oil. To prove this, a number of heating tests, in air and away from air, were run on cottonseed, Mazola, Crisco, and sardine oils, alone and on mixtures of each of the first three with the last. The following results were obtained: When heated at 230° in air only the sardine oil darkened appreciably, becoming redder in color the longer it was heated. Other things being equal, the more surface exposed the darker the oil became. All samples became viscous and the acidity increased slightly. Sardine oil and mixtures of sardine oil with the other oils acquired a color, taste, and odor quite comparable to oils that had been used for frying sardines. Samples heated in the absence of air were not changed appreciably.” MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENT Mechanical treatment by washing the oil during the first run of frying experiments did not pay for the trouble; the improvements were scarcely noticeable. A few of the ordinary methods used in purifying oils were tried on fry-bath oil. The methods of treatment included fuller’s earth, superheated steam, oxidizing agents, hydro- gen according to Schuck’s method, and dilute caustic solution. (Experiments described on pp. 167 to170in the Appendix.) All meth- ods gave more or less negative results. The caustic treatment im- proved the color of the oil but not the taste. This, however, like the other chemical methods, is wasteful of oil and expensive to carry out. r DISCUSSION METHODS OF IMPROVEMENT There is a big demand for canned sardines that sell at a low price. Competition for this business is very keen. In order to help keep production costs low, a batch of cooking oil is used much longer than it should be. This lowers frying costs, but, as has been shown undesirable changes take place in the oil and some of the oil gets into the canned product, lowering its quality more or less, according to how much use the oil has had. Any improvement in the frying procedure that tends to keep the oil in better condition will improve the quality of the canned product. Betterment can take place along several lines, namely, (1) pre- venting or minimizing undesirable changes that take place in the oil, (2) treating “old” oil so as to remove its objectionable proper- ties, (3) using better suited and cheaper oils for frying, and (4) minimizing the amount of frying oil that gets into the can with the fish. There is also the possibility of getting around the difficulties 32 Data on the tests are given in Tables 26 to 28, PP. 168-169. 83 ** Process for deodorizing fatty oils.’”’ By Ww, , Schuck, Metallurgica] and Chemical Engineering, vol. 16, pp. 608-609, New York, 1918, 100 U. §. BUREAU OF FISHERIES of frying in oil by developing a substitute method of preparing the fish for canning. These subjects are discussed below in the light of the experimental results. Minimizing undesirable changes.—The changes that take place in frying oil have been shown to be due largely to the action of the oxygen of the air upon the heated oil. Fish oil is affected more by oxidation than cottonseed oil. It darkens quickly, becomes viscous more rapidly, and when oxidized is more unpleasant as to taste and odor. It would be advantageous, therefore, to keep the fish-oil con- tent of the frying oil as low as possible and to do whatever is prac- ticable to prevent oxidation of the frying oil. Fish oil can not be kept out of the frying oil, and oxidation changes probably can not be prevented in a practical manner, so the difficulties can not be completely eliminated. There are ways, however, in which improve- ments can be made. In a typical fry bath, for example, a layer of oil 6 inches deep may be spread out in a vat 50 by 3 feet. With such a large surface of heated oil exposed to the air in proportion to the amount of oil in the vat, it is no wonder that oxidation takes place so rapidly. These changes can be lessened considerably by placing an inexpensive, removable cover on the vat, leaving the ends open where the baskets of fish enter and leave the oil. Steam coming from the fish will collect in the inclosed space, excluding air. One canner agreed to try this and found that the oil remained in better condition when the cover was used. The blanket of confined steam over the oil also minimized temperature variations in the oil and lowered the amount of steam used in running the vat. In order to further con- serve steam, the whole exposed surface of the cooking vat should be well insulated. It is important in constructing a fry bath to build it so that the smallest possible amount of oil can be used. The vat should be but slightly wider than the baskets that pass through it, and they should move as close together and as near to the steam coils as possible. The coils should be placed so as to aid in permitting the use of the minimum amount of oil. Only enough oil should be used to cover the fish as they pass through the vat. Had these precautions been taken in constructing many of the fry baths now in use it would be possible to use as much as 1 to 3 barrels of oil less in filling them, with a saving at the time of filling of possibly $50 to $150. By taking these precautions, too, the oil in the vat that gets into the canned product will, in the long run, be in better condition than otherwise. The main reason for this follows: A given lot of fish will mechanically carry away a certain amount of oil, which has to be replaced either by oil from the fish or by adding oil, no matter how much there is in the vat. The amount removed, however, will be a greater part of the total oil the less oil there is in the vat. It is an advantage for the oil replacements to be as large a part of the total oil as possible, because the more rapidly it is replaced the better the quality of the oil in the vat and the longer the time before it will have to be discarded entirely. Using the minimum amount of oil also keeps the fish-oil content of the frying oil from increasing as rapidly as it would otherwise. Calculations show this to be true for all cases except where the oil content of the bath is increasing, as it does when very fat fish are otros hajaet. INS EDPA CANNING SARDINES 101 fried. Then, if the only consideration is to keep the fish-oil content at its lowest, the oil should be allowed to increase as much as con- ditions permit and as long as such a condition exists. Although it has been shown that usually it is best to keep the fish-oil content of frying oil as low as possible, in this special case undoubtedly it would be better to remove the excess oil as it collects and fry in the mini- mum amount of oil because of the distinct advantages that come from rapid oil replacements. The second run of frying experiments furnishes an example of the beneficial results to be obtained from an application of the principles discussed here. In the second run almost twice the quantity of fish was fried per gallon of oil used as in the first, yet final oil con- ditions were comparable. In the second run there were approxi- mately twice the oil replacements there were in the first run and less time for the simultaneous action of high temperature and air. It can hardly be argued that different oils were used in the second run, because fish oil is soon the main oil in any case where fat sardines are fried. Improving the quality of “old”’ oil.—It would be a distinct advantage were it possible to prevent objectionable properties from developing in frying oil by frequently treating the oil or by removing objection- able substances as they are formed. Experiments along these lines were unsuccessful. Apparently little is to be expected from such attempts when one realizes that there is only one sure method of removing the taste and odor from fish oil—namely, hydrogenation— and this is impracticable with a contaminated, oxidized oil. It is advisable, however, to handle this oil properly during use. When frying is completed, the oil should be separated from the “foots” and water and stored in a clean tank, preferably away from the air. The ‘‘foots” should be heated gently to “break” the emul- sion and the clear oil obtained added to the other oil. More oil can be obtained from the remaining “foots”’ by boiling the water out of them. This oil should not be used for frying, as it is likely to be of poor quality. The frying vat should be cleaned, of course, and fresh water added when it is used again. Some canners claim that it pays to centrifuge the frying oil. Undoubtedly this is helpful, as it removes water and finely divided particles from the oil. Using better-suited and cheaper oils —There are oils and fats more suitable in many ways for frying purposes than cottonseed oil. Since oxidation changes are the main ones that take place in oil used for fry- ing sardines, it would appear better to use an oil that is especially resistant to oxidation. In the experiments such an oil was used— namely, Crisco, a hydrogenated oil. No better results were obtained from its use, however. It is easy to explain this behavior. When fat fish are fried, it is not long before the oil first placed in the fry bath has been replaced by fish oil. The Crisco did not remain in the vat long enough for its desirable properties to show up. Under such conditions it makes little difference what kind of oil is used for frying, providing it stands up reasonably well under use and has no objectionable flavor or odor. When lean fish are cooked, however, it would be well to use an oil that is resistant to oxidation, since this is the main oil always in the cooking vat, losses being made up by adding new oil. 102 U. 8S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES There is one rather serious disadvantage in using a fat that is solid at ordinary temperatures. It is difficult to handle unless hot, and that which is carried out of the vat solidifies on the fish and gives an undesirable appearance to them. Some canners tried cocoanut oil, which is solid at ordinary temperatures, and found this to be the main objection to it. It is possible to lower frying costs by using a cheaper oil than ‘cottonseed oil. Since it is but a short time until almost pure fish oil is being used when fat fish are fried, there is little reason why high- grade fish oil should not be used in the first place. Whenever avail- able, it is considered cheaper than cottonseed oil. Except for the solid nature of hydrogenated fish oil, it would make an especially valuable frying oil. In an endeavor to get around the expense for frying oil, one canner at least packing pound-oval sardines at times took fish oil from his by-products plant for cooking purposes, using a new lot each day. It was claimed that the fish were in good shape for canning, having been cooked in fresh oil, and that so little damage was done to the oil that it sold for the same price as other oil from the by-products plant. Another canner, packing quarter-oil sardines, cooked fish in new olive oil for a few hours, then removed it from the cooking vat, and used it in packing the fish. These developments are very inter- esting. I have been unable actually to observe the results obtained and therefore can give no more than an opinion as to what results are to be expected. High-grade fish oil should make a good cooking oil. I believe, however, that an oil good enough for this purpose will, even in one day, undergo changes that probably will lower its quality more than enough to offset any advantage gained by using it. If the oil is not high-grade to start with, it will lower the quality of the prepared fish. As for cooking in olive oil and then using the oil for packing purposes, it is probable that the changes that take place in the oil will detract enough from its value as a packing oil to minimize any advantage gained. Lessening the amount of frying oil that gets into the canned product.— An improvement in the results obtained from frying can be brought about by lessening the amount of frying oil that gets into the can with the fish. Improving draining conditions will help to do this. It is customary to stack the baskets of cooked fish several deep, one on top of another. The oil and water that drain out of one basket run down over the fish below. It would be better, in order to facili- tate draining, to have under each layer of baskets some sort of drip pan to protect the other fish and to convey the drippings away. Attempts have been made to remove at least a good part of the frying oil from fried fish by steaming them. I am not familiar with the actual results obtained. JI do not think, however, that such a procedure would do enough good to pay for the extra trouble and ex- pense involved, ELIMINATING FRYING IN OIL The research has shown ways in which frying in oil can be im- proved and cheapened but not how the difficulties met can be over- come. It is improbable that further research will do this, although other improvements probably would follow from such work. Even contin 6) he PEMD. RIE = OOM Sree es eee CANNING SARDINES 103 after such improvements as can be made are effected, frying oil will continue to take on undesirable properties, and very likely it will con- tinue to be used longer than it should be, because in this way frying can be cheapened still further. ‘“Old”’ oil will continue to get into the eanned product as before and be equally objectionable. Because of these facts, it did not seem best to continue the investigation in this field. Instead, it seemed more practical to endeavor to avoid frying in oil by the use of some other process of preparing the fish, which would, if possible, produce better and cheaper sardines. The rest of this document deals with the endeavors along this line, METHODS OF PREPARING THE FISH INTRODUCTION The study upon changes in oil used for frying sardines showed that, although very helpful improvements in the frying procedure can be made, certain difficulties probably will continue to be troublesome. For this reason elimination of the necessity of cooking in oil as a step in the preparation of sardines for canning presented a most desirable field for investigation. This was especially true in California, where, at the time of planning this particular work (1921), considerable interest was evident (yet little was known) as to methods of accom- plishing this end. Little, too, was known about how well fish pre- pared in other ways than cooking in oil would withstand shipment and storage. No commercial attempt with a substitute method had yet been satisfactory. Cooking in oil had already been eliminated by most canneries in Maine because a steamed pack was cheaper to pre- pare. Steaming, however, as done there, was generally believed to be unsuitable for California. In this investigation three substitute methods of preparing the fish for making California pound-oval and quarter-oil packs were studied. Procedures were developed for each of them and packs were prepared, stored, and shipped. These substitute methods ordinarily are referred to as cooking in brine, steaming, and raw packing. In order that these methods may readily be compared with frying in oil, the advantages and disadvantages of the latter process are discussed first. FRYING IN OIL The steps involved and the changes that occur in frying in oil are described in detail in the introduction (pp. 73 to 85). The advan- tages and disadvantages of this process are summarized here for com- parison with those of other processes. Advantages.—The cooking-in-oil process, especially as a means of preparing fish for the pound-oval pack, is as nearly ‘‘foolproof”’ as one can reasonably expect any process to be. A wide variety of con- ditions in the various steps of preparation can be depended upon to prepare the fish so that they will give a pack of at least fair quality. Because of this, the canneries are able to operate almost wholly with unskilled labor. The lubricating effect of the cooking oil prevents serious sticking of the fish to each other and to the wire baskets. They can be stacked quite thickly in baskets, and this enables a large quantity of cooked 104 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES fish to be handled easily and stored in a small space until the most convenient time for packing arrives. The tough skins and firm fish produced by the process permit relatively rough handling, thus facilitating their being packed in cans. A most important consideration is the rapid and efficient way in which water is removed from the fish by the hot oil. Equipment for frying is relatively inexpensive and does not take up excessive floor space. Frying tends to make the fat content of the canned product uniform. It adds oil to lean fish and removes some oil from fat fish. Disadvantages.—The most serious objection to cooking in oil is the bad effect it has upon quality. If new oil could always be used this objection would not be serious. Where cottonseed oil or some similar oil has been used it has been economically impossible to change the oil frequently. Consequently, when “old” frying oil finds its way into the can it imparts its characteristic disagreeable taste and odor to the fish, darkening them and the oil and sauce in the can. Evidence indicates that such a pack is not digested as easily as one in which the ‘‘old”’ oil is absent. Cooking large quantities of fish in oil and subsequently handling them and caring for the oil and equipment are at best very dis- agreeable undertakings. The fumes that come from cooking vats, especially as the oil gets ‘‘old,”’ are unpleasant to most people. Considerable labor must be expended in handling the fried fish. The baskets of cooked fish are stacked and moved to the cooling room. Next day they are moved to the packing tables, unstacked, emptied, stacked again, moved once or twice, unstacked, and filled with fish for frying. Oil for cooking purposes amounts, in the long run, to a considerable item of expense. Upon inquiry several canners stated what their cost for cottonseed oil was per case of pound-oval fish cooked. Some claimed a cost as low as 5 cents and others as much as 15 cents. One packer of fancy quarter-oil sardines said it cost him 30 cents a case, and yet he was not changing his oil as often as is desirable. The expense of caring for the oil and equipment is considerable. The oil and extractives removed from the fish are excellent food and should go into the can. COOKING IN BRINE In October, 1920, E. B. Gross, then of Field & Gross (Inc.), Monte- rey, told me that at some time in the past he accidently had cooked fish in a hot salt solution instead of the customary hot oil. The fish appeared to him to be better and more palatable than fried fish. When packed with tomato sauce they produced an excellent product. Although some of his customers also considered the fish better, he did not continue preparing his product in this way because of the general demand for fried-in-oil sardines. Later, however, during the 1922-23 season Mr. Gross began to prepare fish by this process and has continued to do so since then. In December, 1920, Arthur W. Wells and I packed some sardines that were prepared by cooking them in brine. Later in the season Mr. Wells prepared other packs in a similar manner with very good results. The next season (1921-22) I made a study of this ethic nae CANNING SARDINES 105 method of preparing the fish.°* The general results of this work are discussed here. In this section and elsewhere in this document procedures are out- lined for carrying out certain steps in the preparation of the fish for canning. It will be noted that these directions seldom are explicit. It is not practicable to make them so, as too many widely varying factors enter into the matter. The fish may be small or large, lean or fat, good or in poor condition, and fish falling into two or more of these classes may be mixed together, so that it does not pay to separate them. Many other factors also must be considered. The sauce for packing may be thick or watery; an important con- sideration is the sort of final product desired. One canner may desire the fish to be especially dry and firm and another may wish them otherwise. Knowledge gained from actual experience alone will teach how best to modify the method of preparation so as to obtain the desired result. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The first experimental packs were prepared for canning in the same way as fried fish, except that they were cooked in a boiling, 100 per cent saturated salt solution instead of in oil. Excellent results were obtained in this way. Experiments, however, to determine the best conditions for preparing the fish were not carried out at that time. Cooking in a strong salt solution brings about changes in the fish similar to those brought about by cooking in hot oil. The tempera- ture of boiling brine is abottt 227° (if saturated). This is almost as high as the average temperature of the oil used in many cases for frying. Fish, therefore, cook approximately as quickly as they do in the oil. Some fat is rendered and water and soluble extractives removed as in oil. In addition, the strong salt solution abstracts water by osmosis. The experiments showed that it is advisable to toughen the skins by drying the fish before cooking them in brine, as is done before frying fish in oil. The fish should not be brined, because salt diffuses into the tissues during cooking and some brine clings to the fish when they are removed from the cooking vat. The more concentracted the solution and the smaller the fish the more pronounced is the salting effect. Cooking in saturated brine salts pound-oval size fish about the right amount. Quarter-oil fish, however, have such a large surface, compared to their size, that they easily become too salty when cooked in strong brine. Lowering the concentration of the cooking solution prevent excessive saltness. Rinsing with fresh water does likewise. Both of these practices, however, are to be avoided. Lowering the concentration also lowers the boiling point of the solution, and the fish do not cook as quickly or lose water as readily as when high concentrations are used. Kinsed fish tend to stick to each other and to the wire baskets more than unrinsed ones. Tressler * showed that impurities, such as calcium and magnesium compounds in salt (sodium chloride), used for curing fish produced % Data on the experiments and packs produced are summarized in Table 29, p. 171. 3% “Some Considerations Concerning the Salting of Fish.’ By Donald K. Tressler. Appendix V, Report U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1919 (1921). Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 884, 55 pp., 8 figs. Washington, 1920, 106 U. §. BUREAU OF FISHERIES marked differences in the quality of the salted product. Cooking solutions were used which had been made from salts containing as high as 10 per cent by weight of calcium and of magnesium chlorides. Except for having a slightly sharper taste, no material difference was noted between fish cooked in these solutions and those cooked in pure sodium chloride. Several packs of brine-cooked fish were prepared. In some cases, for purposes of comparison, similar packs were prepared from the same lot of fish by the regular cooking-in-oil process. These packs showed that cooking in brine, when carried out properly, produces an excellent pound-oval pack at least equal in quality to the fried-in- oil product. The brine-cooked packs would have been better, as far as flavor and appearance go, had the fried pack been cooked in “old” oil. Very good quarter-oil packs were produced, except that all were too salty. The process is not suitable for small fish. PROCEDURE RECOMMENDED Brine cooking is best suited for preparing fish for the California pound-oval and the Maine three-quarters mustard packs. It is best to use ‘‘cut”’ fish that have not been brined or otherwise salted. The skins should be toughened by drying in the same way as fish are prepared for cooking in oil.*® The dried fish should be scattered in wire baskets not more than two or three deep and cooked in a saturated salt solution kept at or near the boiling point (about 227°). Vigorous boiling should be avoided, as it tends to move the fish about and causes brusing. Cooking for 6 to 12 minutes (depending on the result desired) should be enough; however, cooking should be at least sufficient to enable the backbone to be removed easily and show no uncooked blood. The baskets of fish then should be stacked and set aside to drain and cool, preferably over night. The amount of salt in the final pack can be controlled by varying the amount of salt in the sauce. RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING EQUIPMENT Ordinary galvanized-iron cooking vats and wire baskets used for cooking fish in oil also can be used for brine cooking. The hot brine, however, soon removes the zinc from the iron, which then rusts badly. It is preferable to use either Monel metal or heavily tinned copper for all metal parts. These combinations of metals (Monel metal being an alloy) are very resistant to hot brine. Heavily tinned copper equipment was used in the experiments with excellent results. In addition, concentrated brine was kept in the cooking vat for over two years. The metal appeared to be in excellent condition at the end of this time. ADVANTAGES Cooking in brine, like frying in oil, furnishes a rapid and efficient way of removing water from the fish. Cooking equipment, although more expensive than for frying in oil, is still relatively inexpensive and does not take up excessive space. 38 Details described on pp. 125 to 129, CANNING SARDINES 107 The cooking solution costs little and therefore can be changed frequently. Even when this is done the expense will be considerably less than for oil. Brining is eliminated, thus saving one step usually carried out in preparing fish by frying i in oil. The oil that cooks out of the fish is of good quality and can be recovered and sold. Most important, cooking in brine obviates the bad effects brought about when fish are cooked in “old” oil. DISADVANTAGES The process is not suitable for preparing small fish for the quarter- oil pack. It is frequently advantageous to brine fish quite heavily in order to keep them until it is convenient to cook them. This can not be done with fish that are to be brine cooked. Since fish float in strong brine, baskets with tops must be used to keep the fish submerged. Compared with cooking in oil, this means more trouble. The skins of brine-cooked fish tend to break and stick to each other and to the basket much more than is the case with fried fish. For this reason less fish per basket must be cooked. As with fried fish, considerable labor must be expended in handling the brine-cooked product. There is a material loss of valuable extractives and oil from the fish in brine cooking, as there is in cooking in oil. STEAMING Steam cooking has been practiced on a commercial scale in Cali- fornia on numerous occasions. Results usually have been unsatis- factory, however, and especially so during the World War period, when large quantities of steamed fish were put up in round cans. In general, in preparing fish by this method the skins have broken badly during steaming, especially where they touched the wire flakes, and after ‘being cooled the fish have tended to stick to the flake and to each other. The packs produced have been of poor quality and have not stood up well under ordinary storage and shipment. The cans usually turned out to be slack-filled and to contain considerable aes and the fish themselves were soft, with tender, easily broken skins. Soon after the war a canner in Santa Cruz had considerable success in selling a product prepared by packing the fish in oval cans, invert- ing them on wire flakes, and cooking the fish with steam. For some reason, apparently other than the quality of the pack prepared, this company soon discontinued operations. Later, a canner in Monterey began to steam cook fish and still continues to do so with much success. The process used is essentially the same as the one recommended here as having proved best by experiment. The development of the process by this canner and my experiments were independent of each other. At present no other canner makes a practice of canning steamed fish in California. Experiments were carried out to learn not only how to prepare a good pack of steamed fish having satisfactory shipping and keeping 108 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES qualities, but how to minimize the difficulties that had been met in preparing the fish for canning. The general results of these experi- ments are discussed here.* EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Brining.—During cooking much steam condenses on the fish and some juices run from them. These liquids remove salt, necessitating heavy brining if the cooked fish are to retain enough salt to flavor them. The heavy brining also helped a little in toughening the skins of the fish. Other than this, it had no pronounced effect upon the manner in which the fish withstood steaming. Drying.—I\t is advisable to toughen the skins by drying before steaming the fish. In the experiments this helped considerably in preventing breakage, both during steaming and later when the fish were packed. Drying also removes some water, and this aids in getting the fish in good condition for canning. Cooked fish lose considerable water when they stand on flakes exposed to the air for several hours. Ten lots of various-sized steamed fish, some partially dried after steaming, lost, when allowed to stand overnight on different nights, from 7.1 to 14.2 (average 10.9) per cent of their original weight before being steamed. Under similar conditions 16 lots of fish that had been cooked in a current of hot air averaged 6 per cent loss in weight. Most people connected with sardine canning believe that partially dried fish absorb water when exposed to air containing much mois- ture, as on a rainy day. Weber makes this mistake. On page 58 of his paper (see footnote, p. 72) he writes of dried fish, particularly on rainy days, absorbing enough water to make their handling dificult. The only way “partially dried, steamed fish can become moist from water in the air is for vapor to condense upon them. This can not take place unless the temperature of the fish is below the air temperature, and this seldom happens in sardine-canning practice. What really takes place is this: The surface of fish com- ing from the drier is dry to the touch and remains so as long as water is removed from the surface faster than it diffuses from within. When the relative humidity of the air is high, as on a rainy day, a condition is soon reached in which water diffuses to the surface more rapidly than it is removed. The fish then appears as if it had taken up water from the air. Even under such adverse conditions the fish continues to lose some water upon standing. Some experiments were carried out on the drying of steamed fish of sizes suitable for the half-oil and quarter-oil packs. Complete data are given in Table 31, page 180. The drying of steamed fish is discussed in detail elsewhere (pp. 121 to 129). Steaming.—Cooking with steam removes some water from the fish. Even when “wet” steam at 212° and atmospheric pressure were used there was some loss in weight. With ‘‘wet”’ steam under pressure the loss was greater and in a current of superheated steam still greater. In ‘“‘wet’’ steam the loss in weight comes from the cooking effect, which renders some oil, destroys the cellular structure, and thus causes juices to drain from the fish. Superheated steam 87 Details are given in Table 30, p. 175. CANNING SARDINES 109 also has a pronounced drying effect, removing water from the fish in the same way that hot air does. In one series of experiments the oil and extractives that drained from the fish during steaming were caught, dried, and weighed. If the assumption is made that the fish were 40 per cent fat and dry solids (a high figure), then from 3 to 8.3 per cent of the fat and dry solids were removed during steaming in these tests. PROCEDURE RECOMMENDED Large pilchards for the pound-oval pack should be brined heavily (one and one-half to three hours) in a saturated salt solution. Brin- ing can be eliminated if extra salt is added to the tomato sauce. Fish to be packed in oil, however, must be brined. The skins of the fish should be toughened by drying in the same way as for frying in oil (pp. 125 to 129). The dried fish should be spread on wire flakes for steaming. To prevent sticking, they should not touch each other. If the flakes are not oily from being used, a little oil spread upon them will help to prevent excessive sticking. The fish should be steamed for 15 to 30 minutes under conditions that will assure moisture being removed from them. Cooking in a retort under about 5-pound pressure, with good escape of steam from the petcock, is satisfactory. In asteam chest, where steam can escape and the cooking therefore is done at atmospheric pressure, the steam should be turned into the chest at boiler pressure, and it should be allowed to escape quite freely from the cooker. 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In winter the air temperature probably went at times as low as 40° and as high as 90°. Beginning in July, 1924, storage was in the Fishery Products Laboratory, Washington, D. C. The air temperature of the laboratory probably never went below 60° nor above 90°. The following shipping tests were made: 1. Cans wrapped only in paper, three to the package, and shipped via parcel post from San Pedro, Calif., to Washington, D. C., and return. These cans received very rough treatment, as they always returned with large dents in them. 2. Cans packed in regular cases and shipped as freight in January, 1923, from San Pedro to New Orleans, La., and return, one way being by boat through the Panama Canal and the other by railroad. 3. Shipment in regular cases from San Pedro to Washington by boat. 4. Cans placed under rear seat of a Ford automobile and carried from San Pedro to San Diego, Calif., and return, a total distance of about 270 miles. Table 33 indicates the tests made upon the various packs. The general results obtained are discussed on pages 114 and 115. TaBLE 33.—Storing and shipping tests made with the experimental packs of Cali- fornia pilchards Storage tests Shipping tests 12 months/24 months Pack No. in San in San gan) Pedro | Pedro i 2 3 4 P KS and 12 in| and 12in = Washing-|Washing- ton ton 63 © Bu, atelO; SG esa eae =- as Ree x OUSOS iO 105 Fae ok Mo eon ee ee a oe oS 8 ee ee GSO ALG, VO eee ae ea x AZONEO SUZ eee aS ok Te ee eee ee 5 a a ee Le ee x > [= T2226 oes se a oe Mo) jeeecnce sd) 2 sks be aos. e ee See See x Te eee ee ee See ae ree ae | eine em Wr ee >. a | eee eae xX ~ |---S 2S CANNING SARDINES 191 PARTIALLY DRYING THE FISH APPARATUS The apparatus used in drying is pictured in Figure 22, page 120. The plan of this drier is the same in principle as that shown in Figure 25, page 145, except that heat was furnished by steam coils; there was no cooler and no mechanical method for handling flakes. Air velocity was controlled by the operation of a damper leading to the blower. Other dampers made it possible to recirculate all or any part of the air that had gone through the drier. The temperature of the air was controlled by regulation of the quantity and pressure of the steam that entered the coils, and the humidity was raised, when desired, by recirculating part of the air, either with or without the addition of steam, on the intake side of the blower. The drier was first designed to handle a tier of four flakes and was so operated at first. Later, to get higher velocities, it was necessary to send all the air over and under just one flake. A standardized Short and Mason anemometer was used for obtaining the air velocities, and wet and dry bulb thermometers were used for indicating the temperature of the air and its relative humidity. These were placed always in the same place—where they encountered the full velocity of the air—and in the case of the thermometers, at some distance back from the steam coils and just in front of the fish. The air temperatures, as obtained, are quite accurate, but the readings of the wet-bulb thermometer are undoubtedly high— probably 3 to 6 per cent. Carrier, in the American Heating and Ventilating Engineers’ Guide (see footnote, p. 120), shows that such errors exist and that they are more pronounced at lower air velocities. The air velocities, too, being taken at the most favorable place, are a little higher than the average for the cross section used. The variations in velocity during any one series of runs, while studying one variable, are due to experimental errors. In taking these air velocities the anemometer was placed in position right after the fish were put in and was removed immediately after they were taken out. Due to this procedure, the time intervals were never exactly the same. On the whole, during any one run the temperature and humidity remained quite constant although there were frequent small variations, which were quickly corrected. These errors, however, are not important here, since the experiments are, for the most part, comparative ones, in which case most of the errors tend to cancel each other. Then, too, the experimental results are only used for the purpose of showing general tendencies and not for the detection of fine differences in behavior. PROCEDURES In studying the effect of varying any one drying factor care was taken to use, wherever possible, like-sized fish, all of which had the same preliminary treat- ment. The supply to be used in a given experiment, consisting possibly of several runs of the drier, was placed in a large bucket with holes in the bottom, from which the fish were removed as needed, weighed, and arranged on the flake, always in the same general manner. ‘The fish were weighed again immediately after being removed from the drier. They were then returned or discarded, as conditions demanded. Although precautions might be taken which would assure quite comparable drying conditions in any one experiment, the changes that take place in fish that have stood for several hours might seriously interfere with the experiment. These changes can be ignored if they make little difference in the amount of water removed from the fish by similar drying conditions during the time the experiment is in progress. Several series of runs of the drier were made in order to get information on this point. The results, given in Table 34, indicate no great difference in the amount of water removed from fish that have stood varying lengths of time. The variation shown is not pronounced nor is it constant; in fact, the experimental error itself might well be greater. In view of these facts, this variation will not be considered in the experiments unless the differences in the amount of water removed in the experiments under ccnsideration are quite small, 192 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TasBLE 34.—Effect upon the drying rate of holding raw California pilchards for different periods of time (all other variables constant) Elapsed Elapsed time in : time in hours Per cent hours | Per cent Experiment No. since loss in Experiment No. since loss in start of weight start of | weight experi- experi- ment ment OGRe8 si 803 i he 5 See 0 3: deel Sar i sh.22) Set ee eee 0 10.3 OGD ee oo a Re eee 4 4.1 DES) 35> 2k ee es ee ee 4 10.3 Es 6 Sk eR 8 De RS Sp es se 26 02 Sal) PIS es! as Ses eee 0 9.7 1O3D = 228s eh yack es a 0 46: Sess Les tb eae Seed ee 1 9.2 HOSE: = A545 sate ed es ee 2 4.7 Steamed fish were cooked for the stated time in steam at 212°. No record was kept of the pressure of the steam turned into the cooker. It varied at times from 5 to 40 pounds. After steaming the fish were weighed immediately and placed in the drier. They were then handled in the same manner as raw fish. 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Air temperature-—For cooking, desired possible variation in entering air, 200° to 400°; permissible drop in temperature, operating at desired velocity and capacity, 50° to 75°; average working temperature, 300° for California pound-oval fish and 275° for Maine quarter-oil fish. For cooling, assume outdoor air to be at a maximum temperature of 80°. Air quantity.—For cooking, sufficient to meet the conditions specified above, and for cooling, enough to cool the fish to 85°. Time.—Above requirements are based on the fish being in the cooker 15 minutes and for the same length of time in the cooler, and that the flakes or trucks are handled as specified below. Speed of conveyer handling trucks or individual flakes to be under control, so that the time when the fish are in the cooker and cooler can be varied, as desired, from 10 to 30 minutes. Water to be evaporated.—¥or equipment to prepare California pound-oval fish assume a 16 per cent loss in weight, due to evaporation, with a maximum weight of 2.4 pounds of fish per square foot of flake surface, or 15 pounds per flake. For Maine quarter-oil fish assume a 25 per cent loss, with a maximum weight of 1.3 pounds per square foot, or 8.125 pounds per flake (this corresponds to a 16 per cent loss from three-quarters mustard fish flaking 2 pounds per square foot. Other facters—Recommendations given in regard to the following items on the pages indicated are to be followed: Heating air, page 146. Recirculation of air and control of humidity, page 143. Continuous cooking, cooling, and packing equipment, pages 141 to 151, and equipment using trucks, pages 151 to 154. Conveying single flakes, page 147. Drip pans, page 148. As far as practicable, all parts of the equipment should be fireproof and well insulated, according to the usual practice for high-temperature installations. ESTIMATE OF EQUIPMENT AND FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR PREPARING CALIFORNIA POUND-OVAL FISH CONTINUOUS COOKING AND COOLING UNIT Quantity of fish to be handled.—Five tons per hour of ‘‘round,”’ small to medium pound-oval pilchards, the “‘cut’’ portion only to be cooked. Number of flakes required—Data used: Fish in cooker, 15 minutes and same time in cooler; ‘“‘cut”’ portion, 66 per cent of ‘‘round”’ weight; weight of ‘“‘cut”’ fish per square foot of flake surface, 2 pounds, or 12.5 pounds per 30 by 30 inch 2 flake; weight of fish in cooker at one time is 0.66 22,000 or 1,650 pounds, and the number of flakes is ee or 132. Same number of flakes required for cooling. Heat required by cooker—Caleulations made on a per-hour basis. Data used: Temperature of fish, flakes, and other ironwork entering cooker, 50°; leaving, 300° for all iron and 220° for the fish (their temperature goes no higher); weight of flakes, 9 pounds each; weight of flake carrier and chain required for each carrier, 28 pounds; specific heat of iron, 0.13, and of water vapor at 300°, 0.47; specific heat of fish, 0.8; latent heat of evaporation of water at 212°, 970 B. t. u.; maxi- mum weight of fish, 2.4 pounds per square foot of flake surface, or 15 pounds per flake, with a 16 per cent loss in weight due to evaporation. For calculating heat loss from cooker housing, it is assumed that the housing is 12.5 feet high, 3.5 feet wide, and 36 feet long, outside dimensions (1,152 square feet of exposed surface, not including ends) with a loss of 0.5 B. t. u. per square foot per hour 220 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES per degree difference in temperature between the inside and outside of cooker, the temperature gradient being 300° less 50°, or 250°. Heat required for heating the iron, 4 18237 X 2500.18, or 634,920 B. t. u.; for heating the fish 413215 1700.8, or 1,077,120 B. t. u.; for evaporating water and heat- ing the evaporated water from 220 to 300°, 4*132x15xX0.16X970, plus 4 1382 150.16 800.47, or 1,276,830 B. t. u.; and for loss through cooker housing 1,152X0.5X 250, or 144,000 B. t. u.; giving a total of 3,132,870 B. t. u. Air supply required for cooker.—Data used: Temperature of air entering cooker, 337.5°; drop in cooker, 75°; and cubic feet of dry air required to give one B. t. u. in dropping 1° at 300°, 78.5. (An equal volume of water vapor at 300° and atmospheric pressure gives up about the same amount of heat in dropping 1°. It is about half as heavy as dry air, but its specific heat is twice as large. The amount of water vapor in the air, therefore, is not considered in these approxi- , t ; . 938,132,870 X 78.5 f mate calculations.) Air required is 75 » or 3,279,071 cubic feet per hour, or 54,651 cubic feet per minute. Size of cooker required.—Assume that the flakes pass from one end of the tun- nel to the other twelve times, six times in each direction; that the tunnel is 3 feet wide and 12 feet high, inside dimensions, giving a cross section of 36 square feet; and that the flakes, fish, chains, flake carriers, and drip pans take up 8.5 square feet, leaving 27.5 square feet, or 76.4 per cent of the total cross section free area. This free area will handle 55,000 cubic feet of air per minute at a velocity of 2,000 feet per minute. In each of the 12 runs there must be 11 flakes. A tunnel 36 feet long will handle this number of flakes easily. Amount of air to be recirculated—Data used: Volume of 1 pound of water vapor at 300° and atmospheric pressure, 42 cubic feet. Maximum amount of water to be removed from the fish per hour is 4X13215X0.16, or 1,267.2 pounds. Under the assumed conditions, this is 1,267.2 42, or 53,222 cubic feet of vapor. If the water-vapor content of the air passing through the cooker should be allowed to build up to 20 per cent by volume, or 655,814 cubic feet, but 8.1 per cent would have to be discarded to remove the water vapor as rapidly as it collects. At least 90 per cent, and undoubtedly more, can be recirculated without difficulty. Total heat required.—It is assumed that heat losses through housing for intake and recirculation ducts, furnace, blower, and other parts of equipment, is twice the amount for the cooker housing—2X 144,000, or 288,000 B. t. u.—and that 10 per cent of the air that leaves the cooker is discarded, plus an additional 5 per cent to care for other losses. An approximate value for the heat lost in discarding 15 per cent of the air is obtained as follows: Assume the loss to be 15 per cent of the air supply required at 300°, the specific heat of air to be 0.24, the volume of air per pound at 300° to be 19.1 cubie feet, and that the air had been heated from 50° to 300°. This heat loss, then, is 0.15x 22M x0 .24x 250, or 1,545,112 B. t. u.. This value, plus the conduction loss given above (288,000 “ t. u.), plus the heat required for the cooker (3,132,870 B. t. u.), is 4,965,982 sive, itl. Fuel required.—It is assumed that fuel oil weighing 7.9 pounds per gallon and having a calorific value of 18,500 B. t. u. per pound is used, and that 80 per cent conversion is effected in the furnace. Oil required is 1500S 82885 pounds, or 42.4 gallons per hour. The fish will give at least 22 cases per ton, or 110 42. cases for the 5 tons cooked. Fuel oil per case is “ or 0.385 gallon. To be safe, it is assumed 0.5 gallon per case is required. Fuel required for preparing the fish by the frying-in-oil process.—Calculations are made on a per-hour basis. It is assumed that the amount of heat required per pound of fish dried is 190 B. t. u. (data for drier, B, Table 9, p. 125); that an additional 8.5 per cent loss in the original weight of the ‘‘cut”’ fish takes place in the fry bath, due to evaporation of water; that the fish enter the oil at 100° and leave at 220°; and that 50 per cent of the heat units in the fuel are utilized (a high figure for cannery practice). The heat required for drying the ‘‘cut” portion (66 per cent of the ‘‘round”’ weight) of 5 tons of fish is 10,000 X 0.66 X 190, or 1,254,000 B. t. u.; for evaporating water is 10,000 0.66 0.085970, or 73 A ton of good-quality ‘“‘round”’ fish should give about 1,320 pounds of ‘‘cut”’ fish, and at least 1,082 pounds of fish ready for the can. Allowing 15 ounces of prepared fish per can (a high figure), the yield is 1,154 cans, or 24 cases, es ee ee CANNING SARDINES APA | 544,170 B. t. u.; for heating the fish is 10,000 0.661200. 8, or 633,600 _ 2,431,770 — 962.9 18500 0:50 5: pounds, or 33.3 gallons per hour. The fuel oil per case is a8 or 0.303 gallons. B. t. u.; giving a total of 2,431, 770 B. t. u. Fuel required is This is 79 per cent of the fuel required for the new process. In this calculation, however, no account is taken of the large heat losses that take place in the frying vat. } Heat to be removed by cooler—Data used: Temperature of fish entering cooler 220° and of all iron 300°; weight of fish, 13.5 pounds per flake (90 per cent of weight entering cooker); temperature of fish and iron leaving cooler, 85°; and the specific heat of air 0.24, and of iron, 0.13. The heat to be removed per hour from the iron is 4X 13237 X215X0.13, or 546,031 B. t. u., and from the fish 4X 132X13.5X135X0.8, or 769,824 B. t. u., giving a total of 1,315,855 B. t. u. Air required for cooling.—It is assumed that the cooler is the same in size as the cooker; that the flakes pass from one end to the other 12 times, as in the cooker, that the 12 lines of flakes are evenly spaced from top to bottom, with partitions to prevent the air passing over one line from mixing with that of the next; that the free area is the same (27.5 square feet) as in the cross section of the cooker, with the same air velocity, only at an entering temperature of 80°; that at 80°, 56.2 cubic feet of dry air will take up 1 B. t. u. in being heated 1°; and that the average rise in temperature of the air passing over the different lines of flakes is 25°. Under these conditions the quantity of air passing through the cooler is sufficient, as is shown by the following calculations: Air passing through the cooler is 27.5 2,000 60, or 3,300,000 cubic feet per hour. This much air takes up, in rising 25°, Smo X 25, or 1,467,971 B.t.u. The amount that must be removed is 1,315,855 B. t. u. Packing space.—It is assumed that each packer will pack 44% cases of “oval’”’ fish per hour; that 2 feet of space is required for each packer; that 6 feet of free space should be left between the cooler and first packer and between last packer and where the flakes are elevated to the upper level; and that 22 cases per ton of small to medium ‘‘ovals,’’ prepared, will be obtained, or 110 cases per hour. Number of packers required is p= 25. Space, however, should be allowed for 5 additional packers as a safety measure. Space required is 30 2—60 feet, or 30 feet, since they work on both sides of the moving flakes. Total space required, then, is 30-+6+6=42 feet. Total weight conveyed.—It is assumed that each flake carrier takes up 2.75 feet (33 inches) of lineal space; that each carrier weighs 8 pounds and each flake 9 pounds; that the chain required for each flake weighs 20 pounds; and that the amount of fish per flake is 15 pounds. Number of flakes on conveyer 42+ 424 24 2.75 total of 304, of which 14, it is assumed, will have no fish on them. Total weight, then, is 290K (8+9+20+15)+14 (8+9+20)=15,598 pounds. Total chain required is 2X 304 X 2.75=1,672 feet. Space occupied by unit.—Total length is about 100 feet, 40 feet of the length being 25 feet wide, 35 feet long, and 10 feet wide, and the rest 7 feet wide, including space for packers on both sides of conveyer. Height is 27 feet. is 132 in cooker, 132 in cooler, outside on conveyer =40; giving a COOKING UNIT USING TRUCKS The following calculations apply to a unit using trucks, including only a cooker to handle 5 tons of fish under the same conditions as given above. ‘The flakes, heat, air, and fuel required are assumed to be the same as given in the above calculations. Number of trucks required.—It is assumed that each truck is 6 feet high and that 15 flakes, each taking 4 inches of space, are placed on each truck. Number of trucks needed is 9. Size of cooking tunnel.—It is assumed that each truck is 6 feet high and 32 inches square; that the trucks are spaced 6 inches apart in the tunnel; that 6 inches of space are required in the tunnel above the trucks for the conveyer; and that the tunnel used is similar to the one shown in Figure 28, p. 152. Length 18x et 2) » or 41 feet 2 inches, Height of tunnel, then, including vestibules, is 222 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES is 6 feet 6 inches. The width can be approximated as follows: About 27.5 square feet of free area for passage of the required amount of air is needed. If it is assumed that 50 per cent of the cross section occupied by the truck (top of tunnel to bottom) is free area, this amounts to 2.67 6.50.5, or 8.7 square feet. There must be provided, then, on the sides of the trucks, 18.8 square feet of free- 65 2, or 2.80 feet of width. The baffles hinder air movement somewhat, so let it be assumed that the tunnel must be 3.5 feet wider than the trucks, or 6 feet 2 inches in all, inside dimensions. The free area should be spaced equally on both sides of the trucks. The outside dimensions of the tunnel are about 42 feet by 6 feet 8 inches by 7 feet high. Space occupied by unit.—Total length is about 42 feet, width about 30 feet, and height 8 feet. area. Since the tunnel is 6.5 feet high, this amounts to ESTIMATE OF EQUIPMENT AND FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR PREPARING MAINE QUARTER-OIL AND THREE-QUARTERS MUSTARD FISH COOKING UNIT USING INDIVIDUAL FLAKE CARRIERS Quantity of fish to be handled—Three hogsheads (3,600 pounds) of ‘round,’ quarter-oil fish on the flakes, or 4 hogsheads (4,800 pounds) if the ‘‘eut”’ portion only is cooked. Number of flakes required for cooker.—Data used: Fish in cooker 15 minutes; weight of fish per square foot of surface 1 pound, or 6.25 pounds per 30 by 30 inch flake. Flakes required, Ux = 144. Heat required by cooker —Calculations made on a per-hour basis. Data used: Temperature of fish, flakes, and other ironwork entering cooker 40°, leaving 275° for all ironwork and 220° for the fish; weight of flakes 9 pounds each and of carrier and chains for each flake 23 pounds; specific heat of iron 0.13, of water vapor at 275°, 0.47, and of fish 0.8; latent heat of evaporation of water at 212°, 970 B. t. u.; maximum weight of fish to be handled, 2 pounds per square foot of flake surface, or 12.5 pounds per flake. However, for calculating the heat required for evaporating water, a maximum weight of 1.3 pounds per square foot of flake surface, or 8.125 pounds per flake, with a 25 per cent loss in weight due to evapora- tion, is assumed; and for calculating heat loss from cooker housing it is assumed that the housing is 11.5 feet high, 3.5 feet wide, and 38 feet long, outside dimen- sions (1,140 square feet of exposed surface, not including ends), with a loss of 0.5 B. t. u. per square foot per hour per degree difference in temperature between the air inside and outside of the cooker, the temperature gradient being 275°, less 40°, or 235°. Heat required for heating the iron is 4144322385 X0.13, or 563,098 B. t. u.; for heating the fish, 4 144 12.5 1800.8, or 1,036,800 B. t. u.; for evaporating water and heating the evaporated water from 220 to 275°, 4144 8.125X0.25X970, plus 4X1448.125x0.25X55X0.47, or 1,165,144 B. t. u.; and for loss through cooker housing, 1,140 0.5 X 235, or 133,950 B. t. u.; giving a total of 2,898,992 B. t. u. Air supply required for cooker —Data used: Temperature air entering cooker, 312.5°; drop in cooker, 75°; and cubic feet dry air required to give one B. t. u. ‘ : - a ee : 3 . 2,898,992 x 76 ; in dropping 1° at 275°, 76. Air required is - ae » or 2,937,645 cubic feet per hour, or 48,961 cubic feet per minute. Size of cooker required.—It is assumed that the flakes pass from one end of the tunnel to the other 12 times—6 times in each direction; that the tunnel is 3 feet wide and 11 feet high, inside dimensions, giving a cross section of 33 square feet; and that the flakes, fish, chains, flake carriers, and drip pans take up 8 square feet, leaving 25 square feet, or 75.8 per cent of the total cross section, free area. This free area will handle 50,000 cubic feet of air per minute at a velocity of 2,000 feet per minute. In each of the 12 runs there will have to be 12 flakes. A tunnel 38 feet long will handle this number of flakes easily. Amount of air to be recirculated.—It is assumed to be at least 90 per cent. A similar calculation to that given on page 220 will show this to be true. Total heat required.—It is assumed that heat losses through housing for intake and recirculation ducts, furnace, biower, and other parts of equipment is twice the amount for the cooker housing—2X 133,950, or 267,900 B, t. u.; and that ol he BD an til CANNING SARDINES Jos 10 per cent of the air leaving the cooker is discarded, plus an additional 5 per cent to care for other losses. An approximate value for the heat lost in dis- carding 15 per cent of the air is obtained as follows: Assume the loss to be 15 per cent of the air supply required at 275°, the specific heat of air to be 0.24, the volume of air per pound at 275° to be 18.8 cubic feet, and that the air had been aes : 2,937,645 heated from 40 to 275°. The heat loss, then, is 015.5 —%X 0.24 235, or 1,358,059 B. t. u. This value, plus the conduction loss given above. (267,900 B. t. u.), plus the heat required for the cooker (2,898,992 B. t. u.), is 4,524,951 Bb. U. Fuel required. —lIt is assumed that fuel oil weighing 7.9 pounds per gallon and having a calorific value of 18,500 B. t. u. per pound is used, and that 80 per cent eer : : : . 4,524,951 conversion is effected in the furnace. Oil required is 18.500 0.877 305-7 pounds, or 38.7 gallons per hour. Three hogsheads (3,600 pounds) of quarter-oil fish will give at least 75 cases and probably more nearly 90 cases. If the ‘‘cut”’ por- tion only is cooked, 4 hogsheads will be handled, yielding a minimum of 100 8. cases. The oil per case, then, is $.70.516 gallon in the former instance and 98.7 -0.387 gallon in the latter. In order to be sure to be on the safe side, it is assumed that 0.75 gallon per case is required when 3 hogsheads of ‘round”’ fish are cooked, and 0.6 gallon when 4 hogsheads of “‘cut”’ fish are handled. ~ Fuel required for preparing the fish by the steaming process.—Calculations made on a per-hour basis. It is assumed that the amount of heat required to prepare fish by this process is the same as for the new process. Probably it is more, as steaming and drying are both very wasteful of heat. The heat required is 4,524,951 B. t. u. per hour. It is further assumed that coal costing $7.25 per long ton and having a calorific value of 15,000 B. t. u. per pound is used, and that 50 per cent of the heat units in the coal are made use of. Coal required, then, 4,425,951 ta O00 ”” of coal per case for cooking ‘‘round”’ fish, and on or 5.9 pounds per case for 00 *feut”’ fish. Total weight conveyed.—It is assumed that each flake carrier takes 2.75 feet (33 inches) of lineal space; that each carrier weighs 8 pounds and each flake 9 pounds; that the chain required for each flake weighs 15 pounds; and that the amount of fish per flake is 12.5 pounds. Number of flakes on conveyer, 144 in cooker and about 21 out, or 165 in all, 11 of which, it is assumed, will have no fish on them. Total weight, then, is 154 (8+9+15+12.5)+11X(8+9+15) = 7,205 pounds. Total chain required is 2 165 2.75=907.5 feet. Space occupied.—Total length is about 75 feet, 40 feet of the length being 25 feet wide and the rest 10 feet wide. Height is 15 feet. It is assumed that the top and bottom lines of flakes will extend about 6 flake-lengths out of the cooker housing. This space, however, is cared for in the above estimate. 59 or 590 pounds. On the “per case”’ basis this is ae or 7.9 pounds COOKING UNIT USING TRUCKS The following calculations apply to a unit using trucks for cooking 3 hogs- heads of “round” quarter-oil fish under the same conditions as given above. The flakes, heat, air, and fuel required are assumed to be the same as in the above calculations. : Number of trucks required.—It is assumed that each truck is 6 feet high and that 18 flakes, each taking 3.5 inches of space, are placed in each truck. Number of trucks needed, 8. Size of cooking tunnel.—lf the same assumptions are made here as those given on page 221 under this same heading and the calculations made, it will be found that the tunnel required is about the same size as the one for handling California pound-oyal fish, only 3 feet 2 inches shorter. O ay ” , wah ‘ re Babhehhas rn aloe Joke dest Foun Hot 30) Satay, fe ; PY Sua. cave Ons q aaert be tit ae HAT sibs i bel gan a0 a $, An Oak “GRAD bass Nai ue at ae hg CTL, xe LAO ORS EEe 3 Bit “Rae rie Pavit ast ke se Pete t fe 4Ee AY Sedd. Wu: heehee tat Bes Sear ¢ | ET es 1 hee had Siegen Big So rage ae AL aie he itd war a pratt Sinks Laedh a (i903 Rea # atte LM OEE AIIM, steht See +87, 20 tial os ay hs oe ig f Bi Hy He, Pam es | par wee hide sel do aH Ah Seah CEP CAT ee F baved 7 Kf. he Spl ge i Ty STH TAT ey Paste Set? f es ter vane) eK We th} eine! Sor so Pip (i Tot tt ae ees ti ate Te Vara Ae sal acne! RASOSE oy eaten i deen OL ts Uiyitiny. a testo aaae ane is Je¥ abiaeilagert: ns” ei fot il heya aets ae Gihi Set fit t ae at Het) (fretis pe Te tod . x f j re i, Ct if a 6, nt mie Bb Ach tee oii ‘ i , Javidi ag dy may ut | ‘ifegaatel ioite Gry a lticts ieee ete dae fiulliese 3 Lips fos ae sansnte ON seh i: Si oh to} iam ee ay Ps § : Lie ate. Winahd iM }s 2 reat Ay ne oA “ ue mat f ab RG Sires ws cas Mee Pes a i Mal SY 1) Bebe ctey 7 rig gts a pte ee. he (ere Waiktatee oe a Path aa 4 Th Aaehet ‘3 aed ated OVE ese Merges Pca eee Toi). eee CT pit ME SE OUT OE, AFT FAT i Biter e iy , “er eats! fe va WOE AT th rete bith Est Peg $e od te = i ’ ‘ 2 : per WE Rees SO ka atte re ay Malis 4 4 peeree . oaeltt a chet RT ephets Ftige ¢ Sek wl iy 4 MEHL Yui Pek bOL RP Re Liat cL ae es ro rey P= ah ; ‘tebe TE) iy bavkis ar ela ity ee Ande aaberevwis Gilde xe pal we eee tent eas Ath Lae a: Joie os we a7 eh Pa Sar Wd A 2603 Eek seed asigion 90et ede ete sO! y MOR iad Tereleor, cee A ae ; Pip dtgad: ott pane OF debt Gp tae a mega Las ictics “bs! ei aalt shor ees ihn. Aah ak Op ener) wae nt oni Legis } Citi, BLY Mo i i see Ba eat ia Fs biped ces peunech nay sy The eS. . Te ; ySpacne oak eyed Wee Ss Pe Sak ae PUAN OVE hey ae shee po anes rep ry! Lenin ft a AS. eololentiaretiees ek ie 4 ios tet, Tae 4 £ exe ‘ Mi ee ease cL Be terehe f PBs i : erie or * eit, eh cet colt eSiaiee a SEG? mts fin fae fi Te baa f prt attr sk tperkh i eK Pe ail Te re ya Tagg “5 iit. saucy talone it Secte ley arg, cin te Ba tev) est Se mababae Gib at tomes cuttates 1 pe ta wes O40 4 wad, ‘ pale i- oA ape net tramine, waitaes ‘gh tdi Seth alt ii Cielo ind ode Bina gatibaost, Seer ee $8 its ese Phas: 0a! Sade Pi Ea ae oe ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES IN 1926! By Warp T. Bower, Administrative Officer CONTENTS Page Page TNO BUGTION © eon eee eo Soha eke So 226 | FISHERY INDUSTRIES—Continued. Visit of the Commissioner of Fisheries and Halibutiset ls 9ots oe ae a en ee eee 297 other officials to Alaska_-___-_------------ 227 Code: tee Sere oe ek ae eee 299 DIS reINDUSTHIRG = 2. 8 ett ie Fo 228 Siatisticalisiimimany ea eee eee 299 Alaska fisheries legislation ______---------- 228 Wihalessiaei 5-5 ORs eS ee eee 300 New fishery regulations_-_____-_--_-------- 229 Clamsheceee o5 Sade 2 ees ty a oa ee gare 301 Alaska fishery operations in areas leased Shrimp Zaeeeea eg t NS Sees ee ee 301 TORO rARIN ING Se Nee Fe 247 Crabsi:s Sees ee ost ee eee ee 302 LANGER Ue TGS Ge sae eee EL 247 route as amet St ASP de ae 302 Annette Island Fishery Reserve____-_____- 248 Miscellaneous fishery products____________ 302 Alaska fishery intelligence service________- 248 | FuR-SEAL INDUSTRY-____- SE Bie ees 3 303 MLLPATHENTALEIN Gee. 59h. 2 2 5 es Ee es eh 248 Pribiofelslandss*- re se ber ear ee 303 SUREDO (ATE RCSL AU = ete ae ee ee 248 General administrative work___________- 303 RESSO UI AEOLe sees eee eee eo 24S Visit of representative of Japanese Goy- Complaints and prosecutions_-_----------- 251 ErnmMente zane Sea eee a eee 303 Eobpery oiiishitrapS= -2-2-.-----2- = 22 252 Purchase and transportation of supplies__ 304 Merritorial license tax..2-.2-.--..----22:- 252 PowerischoonerHider ss .— oer re 305 BTISLOMB Ay GIStTiCts. ss ee ee 253 ROSS Pape ae ee eee ee te ee 305 General report of season’s operations. Ee ati2o4 New buildings and other improvements_ 306 Pattee est ee en eds ees 254 Shin decybal Nb yeyel ee ee soars Net eS 306 RWNSOMSaLMON. oe cas gos ake 255 Sts George slan dae ee 307 MOpIskKsOperaulons—s-20 tf). 82 i ee 256 By-productsiplan ti: 22 een aa sees 307 Destruction of predatory fishes -_---___- 256 INATIVeSEsef poen see mt astneee Si ees 307 Mikchik-Wakes district=== --==-----_-=- 22. 257 @ensustsee yas} Sle es be 307 Examination of the Snake River Lake Medical services___________.__________- 308 SUSLGEG Sas ee eee pees 1 oT eS 259 Schools) st Meee ae eee 308 Inspection of Hliamna and Lake Clark Attendance at Salem Indian Training spawning areas in 1926____________-___- 261 School, Chemawa, Oreg______- bes 22% 308 IGUSKOKWIMIUR EVOL meee at tes ee 265 Savingsiaccountss. 25 sss eee 309 OTK OUSININOT Se = Rees eng he ee 265 Payments for taking sealskins________- 309 Warlakesslmon Count. 2-95. 2222c5 oes = 265 Payments for taking fox skins_________ 310 Mlitakesalmonicount =. 52! 5.2) 2 266 Wur-sealiherd? Sts rie sive se 310 C@hienikisalmon: count. | 22. 2-22-52 267 @uotavformki lin geass es eae ee 310 Morzhovoi salmon count_________-_______-- 267 Killings‘ofisealss4 2: 3s es ee 310 Thin Point Lagoon salmon count_________- 268 Age classesiofiseals: 412. 6 Ss oe ees 312 Ugashik salmon count______- LS Sao ES 269 Reserving operations. ..222 0 see 312 ATA SALMON COUNT. es) 2 st ae 259 Computation of fur-seal herd__________ 313 PalMniOMiLagCiNp seen ee ae 269 Shipment of fur seals to Steinhart Salmon life-history studies________________- 270 GUAT stece Bes SEPA ree eer 314 Observations on the escapement of salmon_ 270 Development of fox herds on Pribilof Is- LSE LCHOTICS ta ee 28 oe ee TN ee LIZ lands 225 ee Et ee 314 Hxtentiof operations.-_—>-- 3-2.) 3 272 Meeding 2. eee 2 ae ae ea 314 LATEST cn SE a es ee 272 Fox-trapping season Give. e 314 MewWonaldsbalke -.!2 ees ee 273 Rein decysets Joey ae ot oe Bee ee 315 Heckman Lake (Fortmann) _____--___- 273 Mmur-sealiskinsso ) one oe A Be ee 315 Hugh Smith Lake (Quadra)__________- 274 Shipments--:0e- ts) sk Ase 315 Territorial hatcheries. | -.-_.-.-.=.--42- 274 Sales iis a aa ek Ory 4 eae Ce Ee, 315 Hatchernyinepales=. 222-5. ee = 274 Disposition of fur-seal skins taken at General statistics of the fisheries___________ 275 Pri puofislands = 2s22as 2 see 326 shri fens 20 ee ee ee eee 277 Shipment and sale of fox skins_____________ 327 atchtandtapparatiis.-. 2202022 52. 2225 277 Hur-seslipatrols: a-=- oh: 38a ss Pl, eee 328 (Oper 2s0e_ TRS Sy ESS a re © 279 United States Coast Guard____________- 328 Changes in canneries___________-______- 279 Bureau of Fisheries____.___._______-__---- 328 Newacanrieniestsras sateen sea. 388 280 Sealing privileges accorded aborigines_____ 329 Canneries not operated_______________- 281 Japanese sealskins delivered to the United Total canneries operated____-_____----- 281 States: Seesoe Tee ee ipa Rees heres sete 8 329 Losses and disasters___________-______- 284 Seizedisea-otlen Skins) 2224 = de 329 SL AISCS tee ee ene Lee 384 Sesquicentennial at Philadelphia______.__- 329 Pack in’ certain districts.=. ----- 222-2 288 | COMPUTATION OF FUR SEALS, PRIBILOF AVICIGECTINIn pee) ee tts ia he ES 290 TSUAND Sp O20 esp eee tee a ee noe see ae 330 IRiGkinnipipr a seek este) tes to! eee 291 Bull Seated See eee Ser ee eh eae ee ed See 330 HreStEsalmioOne ee ee eget ee 292 Sixevenr-oldibullsa es eee eee es 331 LOPEEOTA TENS Soe Sly aN ile ks am 292 ANVErAve Maren) 8 see ae ee ee eee 332. Dry-salting, drying, and smoking_______- 292 Prpsand Cows seve. ass) ers 2. eee ae 333. BS-DiuCLSe = enn kee 293 Complete computation -------------+--=--- 334. Pleriini ce een ne el eg WE 294 ( SLansnicalistmmary. 2 = 8s) 8 2s 296 1 Appendix IV to the Report of the U. S. Co nnissioner of Fisheries for 1927. B. F. Doc. 1623. 225 INTRODUCTION The bureau’s work in Alaska includes two quite different fields of activity—first, the conservation of the fishery resources, and, second, the protection and utilization of the fur-seal herd of the Pribilof Islands. These two industries are of growing importance, and the bureau’s conservation work and scientific study have expanded cor- respondingly. The Commissioner of Fisheries was in Alaska during the greater part of the active salmon-fishing season of 1926 and gave his immediate attention to the problems at hand. The fisheries regulations were carefully revised in the winter of 1925-26, and amendments were issued during 1926 to meet contin- gencies that arose from time to time. An adequate patrol was main- tained on all the important grounds throughout the active fishing season, and it is believed that violations of the laws and regulations were reduced to a minimum. Eleven patrol vessels owned by the bureau and more than 200 persons participated in this work. An excellent sea-going vessel, 100 feet. in length, named the Brant, was built and added to the Alaska fleet. Weirs were maintained in eight important salmon streams, at which the fish escaping to the spawn- ing grounds were counted and the relation of escape to catch estab- lished. Two salmon hatcheries were operated. Scientific investigations of the salmon, herring, and clams were conducted. Surveys were made of many of the more important salmon-spawning waters, particularly in the Bristol Bay region, for the purpose of determining the sufficiency of the regulations to bring about an adequate escapement of breeding fish. T Shrough the prac- tical application of such scientific studies the bureau is striving to maintain this great resource without impairment while permitting the use of the balance for the benefit of the American people. De- tailed statistics of the fisheries were collected and analyzed, the principal results being published herein. Generally the fisheries were in a very satisfactory condition. The pack of 6,652,882 cases of canned salmon was the largest in the history of the Territory. At the Pribilof Islands 29.131 fur-seal skins were taken, an in- crease of 2,271 over the preceding year. To provide for future breeding stock, a reserve of 9,565 3-year-old males was marked. A computation made of the herd indicated that it contained 761,281 animals, an increase of 38,231 over the number in 1925. The work of replacing worn-out buildings, chiefly houses occupied by natives, was continued, and good progress was made in the construction of much needed roads. A very satisfactory patrol of waters of the North Pacific Ocean, including Bering Sea, was carried on by the United States Coast Guard. As in the past, management of the blue-fox herds at the Pribilof Islands was incidental to sealing work. The foxes on both St. Paul 226 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 227 and St. George Islands were fed during the periods when sufficient es could not be obtained by the animals unaided. In the foxing sxason of 1926-27, 118 blue and 27 white pelts were secured on St. Pel Island and 610 blue and 3 white pelts on St. George Island, a total of 758 and an*increase of 33 over the previous season. An ample reserve of foxes was marked and released for future breeding stock. During the year two public auction sales of fur-seal skins were held at St. Louis by the department’s selling agents. At one of these sales fox skins from the Pribilofs also were sold. . Acknowledgment is made of the assistance rendered by members of the bureau’s staff in the compilation and preparation of this document. VISIT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES AND OTHER OFFICIALS TO ALASKA Commissioner O’Malley was in Alaska during much of the active salmon-fishing period in the summer of 1926, giving personal atten- tion to the important work of conserving the valuable aquatic re- sources of that Territory. The commissioner was thus able to give immediate consideration to modifications of the fishery regulations necessary because of developments of importance during the fishing season. The value of prompt and authoritative administrative action in this matter is obvious. The commissioner devoted most of his time to southeastern Alaska, with its multiplicity of fishery problems, but an extensive trip also was made to central Alaska, including Cordova, Seward, Anchorage, and Fairbanks. The bureau’s new patrol vessel Brant was utilized much of the time for cruising in Alaskan waters. This vessel sailed on its initial voyage from Seattle on July 9, and in addition to Commissioner O'Malley ee was aboard Congressman Milton W. Shreve, who accompanied the commissioner on a tour of inspection of the fisheries of Alaska lasting several weeks and extending as far as Fairbanks. Lawrence Richey, of the office of the Secretary of Commerce, was in Alaska for nearly a month in the summer of 1926, giving attention to various fishery matters, including particularly an examination of salmon-spawning waters tributary to Cook Inlet. Mr. Richey pro- ceeded on the Brant as far west as Seward and returned on that vessel with Commissioner O’Malley to Seattle, arriving there on September 15. Through inadvertence, the visit of United States Senator C. C. Dill, of Washington, to the Pribilof Islands in 1925 was omitted from the corresponding report for that year. Senator Dill was at St. Paul Island on July 1 and 2, 1925, observing sealing operations. Transportation from Seward to the Pribilofs and return to Seward was afforded by the United States Coast Guard cutter Haida. . FISHERY INDUSTRIES As in corresponding reports for previous years, the Territory of Alaska is here considered in the three coastal geographic sections generally recognized, as follows: (1) Southeast Alaska, embracing all that narrow strip of mainland and the numerous adjacent islands from Portland Canal northwestward to and including Yakutat Bay; (2) central Alaska, the region on the Pacific from Yakutat Bay westward, including Prince William Sound, Cook Inlet, and the southern coast of Alaska Peninsula, to Unimak Pass; and (3) western Alaska, the north shore of the Alaska Peninsula, including the Aleutian Islands westward from Unimak Pass, Bristol Bay, and the Kuskokwim and Yukon Rivers. These divisions are solely for statistical purposes and do not coincide with areas established in departmental regulations. Detailed reports and statistical tables dealing with the various fishery industries are presented herewith, and there are also given the important features of certain subjects that were the objects of special investigation or inquiry. ALASKA FISHERIES LEGISLATION Under date of June 18, 1926, the President approved an act amend- ing the fisheries act of June 6, 1924. This modification of the law made possible the promulgation of regulations liberalizing the con- ditions under which halibut fishermen may secure herring for bait at times when commercial fishing for herring for other purposes is pro- hibited. The text of the amendment is as follows: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 1 OF THE ACT OF CONGRESS OF JUNE 6, 1924, ENTITLED “AN ACT FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE FISHERIES OF ALASKA, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES ” Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That section 1 of the act of Congress of June 6, 1924, entitled “An act for the protection of the fisheries of Alaska, and for other purposes,” is amended so that it will read as follows: “Section 1. That for the purpose of protecting and conserving the fisheries of the United States in all waters of Alaska the Secretary of Commerce from time to time may set apart and reserve fishing areas in any of the waters of Alaska over which the United States has jurisdiction, and within such areas may establish closed seasons during which fishing may be limited or prohibited as he may prescribe. Under this authority to limit fishing in any area so set apart and reserved the Secretary may (a) fix the size and character of nets, boats, traps, or other gear and appliances to be used therein; (b) limit the catch of fish to be taken from any area; (c) make such regulations as to time, means, methods, and extent of fishing as he may deem advisable. From and after the creation of any such fishing area and during the time fishing is pro- hibited therein it shall be unlawful to fish therein or to operate therein any 228 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 229 boat, seine, trap, or other gear or apparatus for the purpose of taking fish ; and from and after the creation of any such fishing area in which limited fishing is permitted such fishing shall be carried on only during the time, in the manner, to the extent, and in conformity with such rules and regulations as the Secretary prescribes under the authority herein given: Provided, That every such regulation made by the Secretary of Commerce shall be of general appli- eation within the particular area to which it applies, and that no exclusive or several right of fishery shall be granted therein, nor shall any citizen of the United States be denied the right to take, prepare, cure, or preserve fish or shellfish in any area of the waters of Alaska where fishing is permitted by the Secretary of Commerce. The right herein given to establish fishing areas and to permit limited fishing therein shall not apply to any creek, stream, river, or other bodies of water in which fishing is prohibited by specific provisions of this act, but the Secretary of Commerce through the creation of such areas and the establishment of closed seasons may further extend the restrictions and limitations imposed upon fishing by specific provisions of this or any other act of Congress: Provided further, That the Secretary of Commerce is hereby authorized to permit the taking of fish or shellfish, for bait purposes only, at any or all seasons in any or all Alaskan Territorial waters. “Jt shall be unlawful to import or bring into the Territory of Alaska, for purposes other than personal use and not for sale or barter, salmon from waters outside the jurisdiction of the United States taken during any closed period provided for by this act or regulations made thereunder.” Approved, June 18, 1926. NEW FISHERY REGULATIONS The regulations for the protection of the fisheries of Alaska, issued December 5, 1925, were amended by the following regulations issued by the Acting Secretary of Commerce under the dates indicated: [February 8, 1926] SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA Herring fishery—Commercial fishing for herring is permitted during the period from February 10 to March 31, 1926, both dates inclusive, in waters open to fishing, provided that during this period such fishing shall not be conducted on the actual spawning grounds of herring. COPPER RIVER AREA Clam fishery.—The taking of clams for commercial purposes is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian July 15 to 6 o’clock postmeridian August 31 in each calendar year. ALASKA PENINSULA AREA Salmon fisheri No. 1 is amended to read as follows: “In the waters of Nelson Lagoon, and thence along the coast to Cape Seniavin, includ- ing Herendeen Bay, Port Moller, and waters open to fishing off the mouths of Bear and Sandy Rivers, the 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the periods from 6 o'clock postmeridian of Tuesday of each week to 6 o’clock antemeridian of Thursday of each week and from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Friday of each week to 6 o’clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week, making a total weekly closed period in these waters of 84 hours, which shall be effective throughout the entire salmon fishing season of each year.” [March 15, 1926] BRISTOL BAY AREA Salmon fishery—Regulation No. 1 is amended to read as follows: ‘‘ Com- mercial fishing for salmon shall be conducted solely by drift gill nets and stake nets. The use of all other forms of fishing gear is prohibited. Com- 230 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES mercial fishing for salmon with stake nets shall be limited to beach areas between high and low water marks and shall be confined to the following places: (a) Nushagak Bay, (6) along the beach in front of Koggiung Indian Village on Kvichak Bay, (c) along the beach on the east and west side of Hgegik near the Indian village, (d@) along the beach on Ugashik Bay near the Indian village below the Alaska Packers’ Association cannery. The total aggregate length of stake nets used by any individual shall not exceed 75 fathoms, measured on the cork line.” Regulation No. 10 (a) is amended to read as follows: “All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited as follows: Nushagak Bay, all waters north of 59° north latitude, except that stake nets limited to beach areas between high and low water marks will be permitted north of 59° north latitude to the old prohibitive markers located at Snag Point.” ALASKA PENINSULA AREA Herring fishery—1. Commercial fishing for herring is prohibited in the period from January 1 to May 31, both dates inclusive, and from December 1 to December 31, both dates inclusive, in each calendar year. 2. During the period from June 1 to October 1, both dates inclusive, com- mercial fishing for herring is prohibited in all waters closed throughout the year to salmon fishing. _ 3. The closed season herein specified for herring fishing shall not apply to any boat taking not to exceed 60 barrels of herring in any calendar week in waters otherwise open to fishing. 4. Gill nets used in catching herring sha!l not be of smaller mesh than 3 inches stretched measure. 5. No one shall place; or cause to be placed, across the entrance of any lagoon or bay any net or other device which will prevent the free passage at all times of herring in and out of said lagoon or bay. [June 7, 1926] PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND AREA Salmon fishery—Regulation No. 8 (e) prohibiting all commercial fishing ‘for salmon in the waters of Port Fidalgo east of 146° 20’’ west longitude is hereby amended to permit such fishing in these waters in each calendar year pricr to 6 o’clock postmeridian July 9. ’ REGULATION EFFECTIVE IN EACH AREA Steelhead fishery—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. [June 25, 1926] COPPER RIVER AREA Salmon fishery—Commercial fishing with nets of mesh less than 8% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian June 28 to 6 o’clock postmeridian July 10 in each calendar year within 2 statute miles outside the mouth of each stream, except Hyak River and Moun- tain Slough. In all waters of this area through July 10 of each year the weekly closed period provided by law is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock post- meridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 60 hours. BERING RIVER AREA Salmon fishery—Commercial fishing with nets of mesh less than 8% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian June 28 to 6 o’clock postmeridian July 10 in each calendar year within 2 statute miles outside the mouth of each stream. In all waters of this area ’ through July 10 of each year the weekly closed period provided by law is ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 231 hereby extended to include the period from 6 o'clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock postmeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 60 hours. [July 1, 1926] KODIAK AREA Herring fishery—Regulation No. 8 is amended to read as follows: ‘“ The closed seasons herein specified for commercial herring fishing shall not apply to the taking of herring for bait purposes in waters otherwise open to fishing.” COOK INLET AREA Herring fishery—Regulation No. 4 is amended to read as follows: “ The closed seasons herein specified for commercial herring fishing shall not apply to the taking of herring for bait purposes in waters otherwise open to fishing.” PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND AREA Herring fishery—Regulation No. 2 is amended to read as follows: ‘‘ The closed seasons herein specified for commercial herring fishing shall not apply to the taking of herring for bait purposes in waters otherwise open to fishing.” SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA Herring fishery.—Regulation No. 3 is amended to read as follows: “ The closed seasons herein specified for commercial herring fishing shall not apply to the taking of herring for bait purposes in waters otherwise open to fishing.” ALASKA PENINSULA AREA Herring fishery—Regulation No. 3 of supplementary order No. 251-12-2, issued March 15, 1926, is amended to read as follows: “The closed seasons herein specified for commercial herring fishing shall not apply to the taking of herring for bait purposes in waters otherwise open to fishing.” [July 6, 1926] COPPER RIVER AREA Salmon fishery—Commercial fishing with nets of mesh less than 81% inches, stretched measure, between knots is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian July 6 to 6 o’clock postmeridian July 10 in each calendar year within 2 statute . miles outside the mouths of Eyak River and Mountain Slough. [July 14, 1926] BRISTOL BAY AREA Salmon fishery—Regulation No. 5, prohibiting commercial fishing during the remainder of each calendar year after 6 o'clock postmeridian July 25, is hereby amended to prohibit such fishing after 6 o’clock postmeridian July 23. The 36-hour weekly closed period provided by law is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Saturday until 6 o’clock postmeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 48 hours. The weekly closed period of 60 hours for certain waters of Kvichak Bay remains in effect. [August 10, 1926 | COOK INLET AREA Salmon fishery—The heart wails and the bottom strip of wire of the pots of all hand traps shall be removed during the closed period for commercial salmon fishing from 6 o’clock postmeridian August 10 to 6 o’clock antemeridian Au- gust 25 of each calendar year. 48765—27——_2 232 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES [August 26, 1926] RESURRECTION BAY AREA Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 3, prohibiting commercial fishing for salmon within 1,700 yards of the mouths of Bear Creek and Resurrection River, is hereby amended so that after August 29, 1926, such fishing is prohibited within 1,000 yards of the mouths of these streams. [October 6, 1926] COOK INLET AREA Herring fishery—Regulation No. 1 is amended to read as follows: “ Commer- cial fishing for herring is prohibited during the period from January 1 to July 14, both dates inclusive, in each calendar year. Commercial fishing for herring, except by set and drift gill nets, is also prohibited from October 15 to December 31, both dates inclusive, in each calendar year. Commercial fish- ing for herring in Halibut Cove Lagoon is limited to set gill nets not exceeding 50 fathoms in length, hung measure. All such nets shall be anchored in a substantial manner not less than 100 yards apart. Nets operated within areas marked at the north and south ends of Halibut Cove Lagoon shall be anchored at right angles to the line joining the markers. Nets operated between these areas shall be anchored in a géneral direction paralleling the shore line.” Revised regulations covering the fisheries of Alaska were issued by the Secretary of Commerce under date of December 22, 1926, as follows: By virtue of the authority vested in the Secretary of Commerce, fishing areas are hereby set apart and regulations governing fishing therein are made effec- tive. as follows: I. YUKON-KUSKOKWIM AREA The Yukon-Kuskokwim area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska from Cape Newenham northward to the parallel of 64 degrees north latitude. 1. In the Yukon-Kuskokwim area all commercial fishing for salmon is pro- hibited at all times: Provided, That this prohibition shall not prevent the taking of fish for local food requirements or for use as dog feed. II. BRISTOL BAY AREA The Bristol Bay area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska extending from Cape Menshikof to Cape Newenham. Salmon jfishery.—l. Commercial fishing for salmon shall be conducted solely by drift gill nets and stake nets. The use of all other forms of fishing gear is prohibited. 2. Commercial fishing for salmon with stake nets shall be limited to beach areas between high and low water marks and shall be confined to the following places : : (a) Nushagak Bay. (b) Along the beach in front of Koggiung Indian village on Kvichak Bay. (c) Along the beach on the east and west side of Egegik near the Indian village. (d@) Along the beach on Ugashik Bay near the Indian village below the Alaska Packers Association cannery. 3. The total aggregate length of stake nets used by any individual shall not exceed 75 fathoms measured on the cork line. 4. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. 5. King salmon nets shall have a mesh of at least 814 inches stretched meas- ure between knots, and red salmon nets Shall have a mesh of at least 514 inches stretched measure between knots as measured when actually in use. No red salmon nets shall be over 28 meshes deep. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 239 6. Prior to 6 o’elock antemeridian June 24 in each year commercial fishing for salmon with nets of mesh less than 8% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited. 7. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited during the remainder of each calendar year after 6 o'clock postmeridian July 28. 8. The trailing of web behind any fishing boat is prohibited above the oe fixing closed waters. The use of motor- propelled fishing boats in catching salmon is prohibited. a The use of smelt nets is prohibited in localities where young salmon are migrating. 11. In the waters of Kvichak Bay between the line extending across the bay from the marker on a high point on the east bank of Prosper Creek, about 700 yards above the Koggiung Cannery of the Alaska Packers’ Association, to the marker on the opposite side, the course being about north, 44 degrees wesi, magnetic, and the line extending across the bay from the marker at Graveyard Point, near the mouth of Graveyard Creek, to the marker on the opposite side between the mouths of Squaw and Russian Finn Creeks, the course being about north, 48 degrees west, magnetic, the 86-hour weekly closed: period for. salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Saturday of each week to 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Tuesday ro owene, making a weekly closed period of 60 hours. 12. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited as follows: (a) Togiak Bay: All waters north of a line from Right Hand Point to Tongue Point. (b) Nushagak Bay: All waters northward of a line from Bradford Point through the southern end of Williams Island to a point on the opposite shore near the old cannery site of the Alaska Packers Association south of Kanulik village, except that stake nets limited to beach areas between high and iow water marks will be permitted north of 59 degrees north latitude to the old prohibitive markers located at Snag Point. (c¢) Kvichak Bay: All waters above a line extending at right angles across Kvichak Bay from the marker on a high point on the east bank of Prosper Creek, about 700 yards above the Keggiung Cannery of the Alaska Packers Association, to the marker on the opposite side, the course being about north, 44 degrees west, magnetic. (d@) Ugashik River and Bay: All waters above a line extending at right angles across said river 500 yards below the mouth of King Salmon River. Steelhead fishery —Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. Ill. ALASKA PENINSULA AREA The Alaska Peninsula area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of the Alaska Peninsula from Cape Menshikof on the Bering Sea shore and extending in a southwesterly direction to Unimak Pass, thence in a northeasterly direction along the Pacific side of the Alaska Penin- sula to Castle Cape (Tuliumnit Point). The waters of Unimak, the Sanak, the Shumagin, and all other adjacent islands are included. Salmon fishery.—1. In the waters of Nelson Lagoon, and thence along the coast to Cape Seniavin, including Nelson Lagoon, Herendeen Bay, Port Moller, and the fishing grounds off the Bear, Sandy, and Ocean Rivers, the 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the periods from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Wednesday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the following Thursday, and from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Friday of each week until 6 o'clock antemeridian of the following Saturday, making a weekly closed period in these waters of 84 hours, which shall be effective throughout the entire salmon fishing season of each year. 2. In all other waters of this area the 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Wednesday of each week until 6 o'clock postmeridian of the Thursday following, making a weekly closed. period of 60 hours: Provided, That this extension of 24 hours closed period each week shall not be effective after 6 o’clock antemeridian of July 25 in each year. 234 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 3. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 tathoms hung measure. 4. The use of floating traps for the capture of salmon is prohibited. 5. The use of any trap for the capture of salmon in the waters between Cape Menshikof and Cape Seniavin is prohibited. 6. With the exception of Unga Island, in the waters of which trap fishing for salmon is permitted, the use of traps for the capture of salmon is prohibited in the waters of the Shumagin Islands, the Sanak Islands, and all other islands lying between or adjacent to these two groups. 7. In all waters along the shores of the Alaska Peninsula west of the longi- tude of Cape Aliaksin, and in the waters of Unga Island, the distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap, shall not be less than 1 statute mile. 8. The use of any trap for the capture of salmon is prohibited in the waters of False Pass (Isanotski Strait) within lines determined by markers erected for that purpose. 9. The use of purse seines for the capture of salmon is prohibited, except that (a@) in the waters of the Shumagin Islands seines not to exceed 100 fathoms in length and 150 meshes in depth may be used, and (0b) purse seines are permitted in waters open to commercial fishing between Lagoon Point and Cape Seniavin. 10. In Port Heiden waters the catch of red salmon shall not exceed 35,000 in any calendar year. 11. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited during the remainder of each calendar year after 6 o’clock postmeridian August 20. 12. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in Morzhovoi Bay east of 163 degrees 5 minutes west longitude prior to July 25 in each year. 13. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in Cold Bay within a line extending from the eastern extremity of Thin Point to a point at 55 degrees 2 minutes north latitude and 162 degrees 25 minutes west longitude prior to July 25 in each year. 14. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited, as follows: (a) Within 1 statute mile of the mouths of Bear, Sandy, and Ocean Rivers. (b) Thin Point Lagoon: All waters within the lagoon and its stream and within a distance of 500 yards outside the entrance to the lagoon. (c) Stepovak Bay and Balboa Bay: All waters of these bays and of their branches and arms, excepting Orzinski (Orzenoi) Bay, within a line from the outer extremity of Kupreanof Point to the outer extremity of Cape Aliaksin. In Orzinski (Orzenoi) Bay beach seines only may be used, and the catch of red salmon shall not exceed 25,000 in any calendar year. (d) All waters between Kupreanof Point and Cape Ikti. Steelhead fishery. Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. Herring fishery—1. Commercial fishing for herring is prohibited in the period from January 1 to May 31, both dates inclusive, and from December 1 to Decem- ber 31, both dates inclusive, in each calendar year. 2. During the period from June 1 to October 1, both dates inclusive, commer- - cial fishing for herring is prohibited in all waters closed throughout the year to salmon fishing. 3. The closed seasons herein specified for commercial herring fishing shall not apply to the taking of herring for bait purposes in waters otherwise open to fishing. 4. Commercial fishing for herring, except for bait purposes, is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock anteme- ridian of the Monday following. 5. Gill nets used in catching herring shall not be of smaller mesh than 3 inches stretched measure. ; 6. No one shall place, or cause to be placed, across the entrance of any lagoon or bay any net or other device which will prevent the free passage at all times of herring in and out of said lagoon or bay. Clam fishery.—It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 41% inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 235 IV. ALEUTIAN ISLANDS AREA The Aleutian Islands area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of the Aleutian Islands westward of and including Unimak Pass. 1. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. 2. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited during the period from 6 o'clock postmeridian August 20 to 6 o’clock postmeridian October 1 in each year. 3. The use of traps and purse seines for the capture of salmon is prohibited. Steelhead fishery— Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. . V. CHIGNIK AREA The Chignik area is hereby defined to include the territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska along the mainland shore from Castle Cape (Tuliumnit Point) to Cape Kumnik. Salmon fishery.—1. The use of purse seines and fioating traps for the capture of salmon is prohibited. 2. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. 3. The use of motor-propelled gill-net boats in catching salmon is prohibited. 4. The take of salmon within waters in which the runs are tributary to the Chignik River shall not exceed 50 per cent of the total run as determined at the weir in Chignik River operated by the Bureau of Fisheries. 5. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 15 and after 6 o’clock postmeridian September 15 in each year. 6. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in the waters surrounding Nakchamik and Chankliut Islands. 7. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 1 statute mile, except in Ch’gnik Lagoon, where there shall be a distance interval of not less than 10 statute miles laterally between any two traps on the north shore or on the south shore of Chignik Lagoon. Chignik Island shall be considered as a part of the south shore of the lagoon. Steelhead fishery—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commerc’al fishing for salmon. ’ Clam fishery.—It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 41% inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. VI. KODIAK AREA The Kodiak area is hereby defined to include the waters of the mainland shore extending from Cape Douglas southwestward to Cape Kumnik and the territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska surrounding Kodiak and adjacent islands, but excluding the waters embraced within the Afognak Forest and Fish Culture Reserve established by presidential proclamation of December 24. 1892. Salmon fishery—1. The use of purse se:nes and floating traps for the capture of salmon is prohibited. 2. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. 3. Commercial fishing for salmon in Alitak Bay and all its branches within a line from Cape Trinity to Cape Alitak prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 15 in each year is prohibited. 4. Commercial fishing for salmon within a line from Cape Trinity to Cape Alitak shall be conducted solely by beach seines and traps, but no fishing for salmon shall be permitted inside a line from Bun Point through Turn Island at the entrance of Moser Bay to Akhiok village. 5. The take of salmon within waters in which the runs are tributary to Olga Bay shall not exceed 50 per cent of the total run as determined at the weirs on tributary waters of Olga Bay operated by the Bureau of Fisheries. 236 U.S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 6. Commercial fishing for salmon in Karluk waters, extending from Cape Karluk to Cape Kuliuk, prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 5 and after 6 o’clock postmeridian September 15 in each year is prohibited. The take of salmon in these waters shall not exceed 50 per cent of the total run as de- termined at the weir in Karluk River operated by the Bureau of Fisheries. 7. Commercial fishing for salmon between Cape Karluk and Cape Uyak, except by beach seines, and between Cape Uyak and Uyak Postoffice, except by beach seines and gill nets, is prohibited. 8. Commercial fishing for salmon in East Arm, Uganik Bay, within a line from Mink Point to Rock Point and including the sand spit locally known as “The Packer’s Spit,” is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian July 21 in each calendar year. 9. Commercial fishing for salmon in all waters of Kizhuyak Bay within a line from Kekur Point to Inner Point is prohibited prior: to 6 o’clock ante- merid'an July 21 in each calendar year. 10. Commercial fishing for salmon in all waters of Kiliuda Bay within a line from Right Cape to Left Cape is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian July 21 in each calendar year. 11. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap, except in those waters of Alitak Bay in which the runs are tributary to streams where counting we:rs are maintained, shall not be less than 1 statute mile. 12. The use of traps for the capture of salmon is prohibited in all waters of Kodiak Island and adjacent islands eastward and northward from Gull Point, gak Bay, to Inner Point, Kizhuyak Bay. 3. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited, as follows: (a) Western shore of Kodiak Island: All waters along the western shore of Kodiak Island between Cape Alitak and Cape Karluk. (b) Karluk River: All waters within Karluk River and within 100 yards of its mouth where it breaks through Karluk Spit into Shelikof Strait. (c) Kaflia Bay, on north shore of Shelikof Strait: All waters within a line from Cape Ugyak to Cape Gull. (d) Eagle Harbor, on northeast side of Ugak Bay, southeastern shore of Kodiak Island: All waters within the harbor. Steelhead fishery.—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. Herring fishery.—1. Commercial fishing for herring is prohibited during the period from January 1 to July 14, both dates inclusive, and from October 15 to December 31, both dates inclusive, in each calendar year. 2. During the period from July 15 to Octcber 1, both dates inclusive, com- mercial fishing for herring is prohib ted in all waters closed throughout the year to salmon fishing. 3. The closed seasons herein specified for commercial herring fishing shall not apply to the taking of herring for bait purposes in waters otherwise open to fishing. 4. Commercial fishing for herring except for bait purposes is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o'clock ante- meridian of the Monday following. 5. Gill nets used in catching herring shall not be of smaller mesh than 2% inches stretched measure. 6. No one shall place, or cause to be placed, across the entrance of any lagoon or bay any net or other device which w ll prevent the free passage at all times of herring in and out of said lagoon or bay. Clam fishery.—lIt is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 4% inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evi- dence of unlawful taking. VII. COOK INLET AREA The Cook Inlet area is hereby defined to include Cook Inlet, its tributary waters, and all adjoining waters north of Cape Douglas and west of Point Gore. The Barren Islands are included within this area. Salmon fishery—1. Commercial fishing for salmon is. prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian, August 10, to 6 o’clock antemeridian, August 25, and for the remainder of each year after 6 o’clock postmeridian, September 30. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 237 The use of purse seines and floating traps for the capture of salmon is prohibited. 3. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one t “ap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 2,500 feet. c 4. Twenty-five feet of the heart walls on each side next to the pot and the bottom strip of wire of the pots of all hand traps shall be removed during the closed season for commercial salmon fishing from 6 o'clock post- meridian, August 10, to 6 o’clock antemeridian, August 25, of each calendar year. 5. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. 6. All commercial fishing is prohibited. as follows (a) Within 2 statute miles of the mouths of Kasilof and Kenai Rivers, and within 1 statute mile of all other salmon streams. (b) Turnagain Arm and Knik Arm: All waters above a line from Point Possession to the western limit of the closed area around the mouth vf the Susitna River. (ec) Chinik Inlet, Kamishak Bay: All waters within the inlet. (d@) Kachemak Bay: All waters above a line from Indian Island to a point on the opposite shore one-half mile below the mouth of Swift Creek. Steelhead fishery—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. Herring fishery.—1l. Commercial fishing for herring is prohibited during the period from January 1 to July 14, both dates inclusive, in each calendar year. Commercial fishing for herring, except by set and drift gill nets, is also pros hibited from Octcber 15 to Dec ember 31. both dates inclusive, in each calendar year. 2. Commercial fishing for herring in Halibut Cove, including the waters within a line from the light on Ismailof Island to the outermost point on Glacier Spit, is limited to gill nets. 3. Commercial fishing fcr herring in Halibut Cove Lagoon is limited to set gill nets not exceeding 50 fathoms in length, hung measure. All such nets shall be anchored in a substantia! manner not less than 100 yards apart. 4. Nets operated within areas marked at the north and south ends of Halibut Cove Lagoon shall be anchored at right angles to the line joining the markers. Nets operated between these areas shall-be anchored in a general direction paralleling the shore line. 5). The closed seasons herein specified for commercial herring fishing shall not apply to the taking of herring for bait purposes in waters otherwise open to fishing. 6. Commercial fishing for herring, except for bait purposes, is prohibited from 6 o'clock postmeridian cf Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following. 7. The maintaining of a herring pound or the dumping of offal and dead herring in the waters of Halibut Cove and Lagcon is prohibited. 8. Gill nets used in catching herring shall not be of smaller mesh than 3 inches stretched measure. 9. No one shall place, or cause to be placed, across the entrance of any lagoon or bay any net or other device which will prevent the free passage at all times of herring in and out of said lagoon or bay. Clam fishery.—It is prohibited to take for commercial. purposes any razor clam measuring less than 4144 inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. VIII. RESURRECTION BAY AREA The Resurrection Bay area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of the Gulf of Alaska between Point Gore on the west and Cape Fairfield on the east. Salmon fishery.—1. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. 2. No set or anchored gill net shall exceed 300 yards in length, and each shall be set in substantially a straight line: Provided, That not to exceed 20 yards of each net may be used as a hook. Only one such hook is permitted on a net. There shall be a distance interval of at least 200 yards, both endwise and laterally, at all times between all set Gr anchored gill nets ‘operated. 238 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 3. King salmon nets shall have a mesh at least 814 inches stretched measure between knots, and red salmon nets shall have a mesh at least 5% inches stretched measure between knots, aS measured. when actually in use. 4, Prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 6 in each year, commercial fishing for salmon with nets of mesh less than 8% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited. 5. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited during the remainder of each calendar year after 6 o’clock postmeridian September 23. 6. In the waters of Resurrection Bay, within a line from Cape Resurrection to the western side of Bear Glacier at its mouth, the 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Friday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 60 hours: Provided, That this extension shall not be effective after August 23 in each year. 7. Commercial fishing for salmon within 1,700 yards of the mouths of Bear Creek and Resurrection River is prohibited. Steelhead fishery—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. Clam fishery.—It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 414 inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. IX. PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND AREA The Prince William Sound area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of the Gulf of Alaska between Cape Fairfield on the west and Point Whitshed on the east. Salmon fishery.—t. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fish- ing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. 2. No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one seine of any description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. No purse seine shall be less than 125 meshes nor more than 200 meshes in depth, nor less than 90 fathoms nor more than 150 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. For the purpose of determining depths of seines, measure- ments will be upon the basis of 3% inches stretched measure between knots. No extension to any seine in the way of leads will be permitted. 3. No set or anchored gill net shall exceed 300 yards in length and each shall be set in substantially a straight line: Provided, That not to exceed 20 yards of each net may be used as a hook. Only one such hook is permitted on a net. There shall be a distance interval of at least 200 yards both endwise and laterally at all times between all set or anchored gill nets operated. 4. The use of traps and beach seines for the capture of salmon is prohibited in the waters along the western coast, from the outer point on the north shore of Granite Bay (known as Granite Bay Point) to the light on the south shore of the entrance to Port Nellie Juan. 5. The 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 48 hours: Provided, That this extension shall not be effective after 6 o’clock antemeridian August 23 in each year. 6. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 6 and after 6 o’clock antemeridian September 21 in each year. 7. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in the peried from 6 o’clock antemeridian August 5 to 6 o’clock antemeridian August 23, in each year, except in the waters along the western coast, from the outer point on the north shore of Granite Bay (known as Granite Bay Point) to the light on the south shore of the entrance to Port Nellie Juan. 8. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 11% statute miles. 9. Commercial fishing for salmon in the waters of Port Fidalgo east of 146 degrees 20 minutes west longitude is prohibited after 6 o’clock antemeridian July 11 in each year. 10. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited, as follows: ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 239 (a) Constantine Harbor: All waters above a line at right angles across the harbor at prominent shore-line points about 1144 statute miles from the mouth of the large salmon stream flowing into the northeast arm of the harbor. (b) Port Etches: All waters within 1 statute mile of the mouth of the salmon stream flowing into the head of Port Etches. (c) Boswell Bay, indenting Hinchinbrook Island: All waters in the bay west of 146 degrees 8 minutes west longitude. (@) Twin Lake Creek: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouth of Twin Lake Creek flowing into the southeast arm of Simpson Bay. (e) Robe River, Lowe River, and other unnamed streams flowing into Port Valdez in the immediate vicinity of Valdez: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouths. (f) Billys Hole, tributary to Long Bay, between Valdez Arm and Unakwik Inlet: All waters within a line from Point Scott to Point Hook and passing just westward of Observation Island. (g) Unakwik Inlet, indenting mainland on north shore of Prince William Sound: All waters north of an east and west line passing through the northern side of the entrance to Jonah Bay. (h) Coghill River, tributary to College Fiord: All waters within 2,000 yards outside of the mouth of the river. (i) Long Bay, tributary to Culross Passage: All waters within the bay. (7) Gumboot Creek, on northwest shore of Eshamy Bay: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouth of the creek. (kK) Eshamy Lagoon and its tributary waters: All waters within the lagoon and its tributaries and within 100 yards outside the narrows at the entrance to the lagoon. (1) Jackpot Bay: All waters within a line extending at right angles across its mouth 2,000 yards below the mouth of the red salmon stream emptying into the bay. (m) Port Bainbridge: All waters in the middle north arm of Port Bain- bridge. (n) Bay of Isles, indenting east shore of Knight Island: All waters within the west arm of the bay. Steelhead fishery.—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. Herring fishery— 1. Commercial fishing for herring is prohibited during the period from January 1 to June 9, both dates inclusive, and from November 1 to December 31, both dates inclusive, of each calendar year. 2. The closed seasons herein specified for commercial herring fishing shall not apply to the taking of herring for bait purposes in waters otherwise open to fishing. 3. Commercial fishing for herring, except for bait purposes, is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o'clock ante- meridian of the Monday following. 4. During the period from June 25 to October 1, both dates inclusive, com- mercial fishing for herring is prohibited in all waters closed throughout the year to salmon fishing. 5. Gill nets used in catching herring shall not be of smaller mesh than 214 inches stretched measure. 6. No one shall place, or cause to be placed, across the entrance of any lagoon or bay any net or other device which will prevent the free passage at all times of herring in and out of said lagoon or bay. Clam fishery.—1. It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 4% inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. 2. The taking of clams for commercial purposes is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian July 15 to 6 o’clock postmeridian August 31 in each calendar year. Crab fishery.—Dungeness crab (Cancer magister). No female of this species shall be taken at any time, and no male of this species measuring less than 614 inches in greatest width shall be taken for commercial purposes. 240 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES X. COPPER RIVER AREA The Copper River area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska between Point Whitshed on the west and Point Martin on the east, including Egg Islands and the other islands between these points. Salmon fishery.—1. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian July 10 to 6 o’clock antemeridian August 10 in each year. 2. Prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian May 20 in each year commercial fishing with nets of mesh less than 8% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited. 38. From May 20 to July 10, both dates inclusive, the 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday foilowing, making a weekly closed period of 48 hours. 4. Except as specifically permitted herein, commercial fishing for salmon shall be conducted solely by drift gill nets. 5. Prior to 6 o'clock antemeridian August 10 in each calendar year the total aggregate length of drift gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 250 fathoms hung measure: Provided, That during the per.od from 6 o’clock antemeridian May 20 to 6 o’clock postmeridian May 31 any gill net boat on the Copper River flats may carry and operate not to exceed 100 fathoms of net of mesh not less than 8% inches stretched measure between knots in addition to 250 fathoms of smaller mesh net. 6. Prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian August 10 in each calendar year commer- cial fishing for salmon by means of gill nets attached to anchored boats or oe anchored floating equipment is prohibited. . Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited within 500 yards of the Grass Bees. except that after 6 o’clock antemeridian August 10 in each calendar year such fishing is permitted within 500 yards of the Grass Banks by means of gill nets and stake nets not exceeding 350 fathoms each in length: Provided, That all stakes used in connection therewith shall be removed at or before the end of the fishing season. All fishing is prohibited at all times within the sloughs and within 500 yards of their mouths. Steelhead fishery—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fish:ng for salmon. Clam fishery.—1. It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 44% inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. 2. The taking of clams for commercial purposes is prohibited from 6 o'clock postmeridian July 15 to 6 o’clock postmeridian August 31 in each calendar year. Crab fishery—Dungeness crab (Cancer magister). No female of this, species shall be taken at any time, and no male of this species measuring less than 61% inches in greatest width shall be taken for commercial purposes. XI. BERING RIVER AREA The Bering River area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska between Point Martin on the west and Cape Suckling on the east. Salmon fishery.—1. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian July 10 to 6 o’clock antemeridian August 10 in each year. 2. Prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 1 in each year commercial fishing with nets of mesh less than 8% inches stretched measure between knots is pro- hibited. 3. From June 1 to July 10, both dates inclusive, the 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o'clock antemeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 48 hours. 4. Except as specifically permitted herein, commercial fishing for salmon shall be conducted solely by drift gill nets. 5. Prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian August 10 in each calendar year the total aggregate length of drift gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 250 fathoms hung measure. La ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 241 6. Prior to 6 o'clock antemeridian August 10 in each calendar year commercial fishing for salmon by means of gill nets attached to anchored boats or other anchored floating equipment is prohibited. 7. After 6 o’clock antemeridian August 10 in each calendar year commercial fishing for salmon is permitted by means of gill nets and stake nets not ex- ceeding 350 fathoms each in length: Provided, That all stakes used in connec- tion therewith shall be removed at or before the end of the fishing season. Steelhead fishery—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. Clam fishery—lIt is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 41% inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. XII. SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA The Southeastern Alaska area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska extending from Dixon Entrance on the south to and including Yakutat Bay on the north. Salmon fishery.—This area is subdivided into the following districts, wherein regulations shall be effective as follows: Yakutat district—All waters of this area west of the one hundred and thirty-eighth meridian of west longitude. 1. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 250 fathoms hung measure. 2. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 114 statute miles. 3. No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one seine of any description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. No purse seine shall be less than 200 meshes nor more than 300 meshes in depth, nor less than 150 fathoms nor more than 250 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. For the purpose of determining depths of seines measure- ments will be upon the basis of 3% inches stretched measure between knots. No extension to any seine in the way of leads will be permitted. 4. The 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o'clock postmeridian of Friday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 60 hours. 5. Commerical fishing for salmon in Dry Bay is prohibited prior to June 1 in each year. 6. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited, as follows: (a) Ankau Creek and Inlet. (b) Akwe or Ahquay River. (c) The * Basin” above Dry Bay. Icy Strait-Cross Sound district—All waters of this area north of the fifty- eighth parallel of north latitude and east of the one hundred and _ thirty- eighth meridian of west longitude. 1. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 250 fathoms hung measure. 2. The distance by most direct waier measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 11% statute miles. 3. Traps and purse seines are prohibited in Lynn Canal and contiguous waters north of 58 degrees 26 minutes north latitude. 4. No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one seine of any description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. No purse seine shall be less than 200 meshes nor more than 300 meshes in depth, nor less than 150 fathoms nor more than 250 fathoms in Jength measured on the cork line. For the purpose of determining depths of seines measurements will be upon the basis of 314 inches stretched measure between knots. No extension to any seine in the way of leads will be permitted. 5. Commercial fishing for salmon, except by trolling, is prohibited for the remainder of each calendar year after 6 o’clock postmeridian August 6: Provided, That such fishing may be carried on by gill nets from 6 o'clock antemeridian September 5 to 6 o'clock posimeridian October 15 in waters open to fishing. 6. Commercial fishing for salmon in Lynn Canal and contiguous waters north of the south end of Kochu Island is prohibited, except that in these 242 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES closed waters, including Chilkat Inlet outside of a line from Green Point passing across the southern shore of Pyramid Island and Chilkoot Inlet 1,000 yards outside the mouth of Chilkoot River, such fishing is permitted by gill Fate from 6 o'clock antemeridan September 5 to 6 o'clock postmeridian October 15 in each year. 7. Commercial fishing for salmon, except by gill nets, is prohibited in Dundas Bay north of 58 degrees 21 minutes north latitude. 8. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in Port Frederick, northern shore of Chichagof Island, south of an east and west line through Inner Point Sophia: Provided, That trolling will be permitted in these waters from Noy- ember 1 to June 1, both dates inclusive. A portion of the waters closed is in the central district. 9. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited, as follows: (a) Glacier Bay: All waters within a line from Point Carolus to Point Gustavus. (b) Taku Inlet: All waters to the eastward of a line beginning on the shore northward of Taku Point at 133 degrees 59 minutes west longitude, thence running due north to the opposite shore, thence following the shore line to the mouth of the Taku River. Central district.—All waters of this area between_the fifty- -seventh and fifty- eighth parallels of north latitude. 1. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, ‘shall not exceed 250 fathoms hung measure. 2. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 1 statute mile. 3. No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one seine of any description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. No purse seine shall be less than 200 meshes nor more than 3800 meshes in depth, nor less than 150 fathoms nor more than 250 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. For the purpose of determining depths of seines measure- ments will be upon the basis of 3% inches stretched measure between knots. No extension to any seine in the way of leads will be permitted. 4. Commercial fishing for salmon, except by trolling, is prohibited for the remainder of each year after 6 o’clock postmeridian August 11. 5. All commercial fishing for Salmon is prohibited, as follows: (a) Port Houghton, indenting mainland: All waters in Sanborn Canal. (b) Portage Bay, north end of Kupreanof Island: All waters within the bay and all waters within 1 statute mile outside the entrance to the bay. A portion of the waters closed is in the southern district. (c) Gambier Bay, east coast of Admiralty Island: All waters west of 184 degrees west longitude. (d@) Wilson Cove, southwestern shore of Admiralty Island: All waters within the cove. (e) Whitewater Bay, southwestern shore of Admiralty Island: All waters within a line from Point Caution to Woody Point. (f) Chaik Bay, southwestern shore of Admiralty Island: All waters east of 134 degrees 29 minutes west longitude. (g) Warm Spring Bay, eastern shore of Baranof Island: All waters within the bay. (h) Kelp Bay, east coast of Baranof Island: All waters in Middle Arm, and all waters in South Arm west of 134 degrees 57 minutes west longitude (i) Hanus Bay, northeast shore of Baranof Island: All waters in the bay south of a line from Point Hanus to Point Moses. (j) Sitkoh Bay, southeast shore cf Chichagof Island: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouths of all salmon streams. ‘ (k) Basket Bay, east coast of Chichagof Island: All waters within the ay. (1) fenakee Inlet and Freshwater Bay: All waters within a line from North Passage Point to South Passage Point. (m) Salt Lake Lagoon, Takanis Bay, southwest shore of Yakobi Island: All waters in the lagoon and within 500 yards of its mouth. Stikine River district—All waters within a line from Babbler Point on the mainland to Woronkofski Point on Woronkofski Island, thence to Middle Craig Point on Zarembo Island, thence to Peint Howe on Mitkof Island, thence to Frederick Point on Mitkof Island, thence across Frederick Sound to Horn Cliffs on the mainland, thence along the mainland to Babbler Point. slap * sa rag payer th ee Ge ee = ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL, INDUSTRIES, 1926 243 1. Commercial fishing for salmon shall be conducted solely by trolling and by drift gill nets which shall not exceed 250 fathoms in length each. 2. Commercial fishing for salmon, except by trolling, is prohibited during the period from 6 o’clock postmeridian June 10 to 6 o’clock postmeridian June 30 in each year. 3. The 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act approved June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o'clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week to 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 48 hours. Prince of Wales Island district——All waters of the west coast of Prince of Wales Island and adjacent islands from Cape Chacon northward to Point Baker, and within a line from Point Baker to Point Colpoys, thence to Middle Craig Point on Zarembo Island, thence to Woronkofski Point on Woronkofski Island, thence to Babbler Point on the mainland, thence to Watkins Point on Cleveland Peninsula, thence following the watershed between Ernest Sound and Behm Canal to and including Lemesurier Point, thence to Tolstoi Point on Prince of Wales Island, thence following the watershed on Prince of Wales Island to Cape Chacon. 1. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 250 fathoms hung measure. 2. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 1 statute mile. 3. Traps are prohibited in Tuxekan Passage between 55 degrees 46 minutes north latitude and 55 degrees 52 minutes north latitude, and in all waters within one-half statute mile of the southern point of Tuxekan Island. 4. No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one seine of any description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. No purse seine shall be less than 200 meshes nor more than 300 meshes in depth, nor less than 150 fathoms nor more than 250 fathoms in length, measured on the cork line. For the purpose of determining depths of seines measurements will be upon the basis of 2% inches stretched measure between knots. No ex- tension to any seine in the way of leads will be permitted. 5. Commercial fishing for salmon, except by trolling, is prohibited from 6 o'clock postmeridian August 22 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 14 in each year, and for the remainder of each year after 6 o’clock postmeridian October 15; and in addition commercial fishing for salmon, except by trolling, is pro- hibited in all waters of the west coast of Prince of Wales Island and adjacent islands from Cape Chacon northward to Point Baker, thence eastward to Point Colpoys from January 1 to 6 o’clock postmeridian July 14 in each year. 6. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited, as follows: (a) Thorne and Tolstoi Bays, indenting the eastern shore of Prince of Wales Island: All waters within a line from Tolstoi Point to Thorne Head. (b) McHenry Inlet, southwest coast of Etolin Island: All waters within 1,000 yards of the salmon streams emptying into the head of McHenry Inlet. (c) Rocky Bay, west coast of Etolin Island: Ali waters within 1 statute mile of the head of the bay. (ad) Thoms Place, indenting the southwestern shore of Wrangell Island, Zimovia Strait. (e) Olive Cove, indenting the northeastern shore of Etolin Island. (f) Anita Bay, opening into Zimovia Strait, Etolin Island. (g) Barnes Lake, at head of Lake Bay, northeast coast of Prince of Wales Island: All waters in Barnes Lake and within 50 yards outside its entrance. (h) Whale Passage, northeast coast of Prince of Wales Island: All waters within 1,000 yards from mouths of all salmon streams. (i) Salmon Bay, northeast coast of Prince of Wales Island: All waters within the bay and all waters within 1 statute mile of the mouth of the bay. (j) Red Bay, north shore of Prince of Wales Island: All waters south of a true east and west line passing through the north shore of Dead Island. (k) Hole in the Wall, west coast of Prince of Wales Island: All waters within the outermost points of the cove. (1) Shipley Bay, west coast of Kosciusko Island: All waters east of 133 degrees 32 minutes 30 seconds west longitude. (m) Sarkar Cove, west coast of Prince of Wales Island, tributary to El Capitan Passage: All waters inside of a line across the entrance. mm Gey Naukati Bay, west coast of Prince of Wales Island: All waters within e bay. 244 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES (0) Staney Creek, west coast of Prince of Wales Island: All waters within 1 statute mile of the mouth of the creek. (p) Trocadero Bay, west coast of Prince of Wales Island: All waters in the bay east of a true north and south line passing through the eastern extremity of the peninsula just south of Copper Mine. (q) North Bay, northeast coast of Dall Island: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouths of all salmon streams. (r) Kasook Inlet, southern coast of Sukkwan Island: All waters within 1 statute mile of head of inlet. (s) Hetta Inlet, west coast of Prince of Wales Island: All waters north of a line running east, magnetic, from Eek Point to the opposite shore. (t) Nutkwa Lagoon, west coast of Prince of Wales Island: All waters within the lagoon and within 500 yards of the foot of the rapids at the outlet of the lagoon at mean low water. Southern district—All waters south of the fifty-seventh parallel of north latitude, exclusive of the Stikine River and Prince of Wales Island districts herein described. 1. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 250 fathoms, hung measure. 2. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 1 statute mile. 3. No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one seine of any description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. No purse seine shall be less than 200 meshes nor more than 300 meshes in depth, nor less than 150 fathoms nor more than 250 fathoms in length, measured on the cork line. For the purpose of determining depths of seines, measurements will be upon the basis of 31% inches, stretched measure, between knots. No exten- sion to any seine in the way of leads will be permitted. 4. Commercial fishing for salmon, except by trolling, is prohibited from 6 o'clock postmeridian August 18 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 14 in each year, and for the remainder of each calendar year after 6 o’clock postmeridian October 15. 5. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited, as follows: | (a) Hidden Inlet, indenting mainland: All waters in the inlet north of 55 degrees north latitude. (b) Fillmore Inlet, indenting mainland: All waters east of 130 degrees 30 minutes west longitude. (c) Ray Anchorage, east coast of Duke Island: All waters in Ray Anchorage. (ad) Very Inlet, indenting mainland: All waters within the inlet. (e) Boea de Quadra, indenting mainland: All waters within 1 statute mile of the mouth of Sockeye Creek. (f) George Inlet, southern coast of Revillagigedo Island: All waters north of a line from Bat Point to Tsa Cove. (g) Smeaton Bay, indenting mainland: All waters in Wilson and Bakewell Arms east of 130 degrees 40 minutes west longitude. (h) Rudyerd Bay, indenting mainland: All waters in the north arm within 2 statute miles of the mouths of all salmon streams. (i) Walker Cove, indenting mainland, tributary to Behm Canal: All waters within a line from Ledge Point to Hut Point. (j) Chickamin River: All waters within a line from Fish Point to Trap Point. (k) Yes Bay, Cleveland Peninsula: All waters within the bay and all waters outside the entrance within 1,000 yards of a line from Bluff Point to Syble Point. : (l) Shrimp Bay, west coast of Revillagigedo Island: All waters east of a line running south from Dress Point to the opposite shore. (m) Traitors Cove, west coast of Revillagigedo Island: All waters of the cove within a line 50 yards outside the neck of the salt-water lagoon. (n) Naha and Moser Bays, west shore of Revillagigedo Island: The waters of Long Arm and Moser Bay inside of a line from Cod Point to the opposite shore at 131 degrees 40 minutes west longitude and the waters of Naha Bay inside of a line extending due north from Cod Point. (0) Moira Sound, east coast of Prince of Wales AIsland: All waters in South Arm, Frederick Cove, Kegan Cove, and within 1,000 yards of the mouths of all salmon streams in Johnson Cove. (p) Cholmondeley Sound, east coast of Prince of Wales Island: All waters in Dora Bay and Sunny Cove. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 245 (q) Skowl Arm, Prince of Wales Island: All waters within a line from Old Kasaan village to Khayyam Point. (7) Kasaan Bay, east coast of Prince of Wales Island: All waters north of a line from Sandy Point to the east shore of the bay. (s) Bradfield Canal: All waters of Bradfield Canal between a line from Point Warde to the point at the east side of the entrance to Fools Inlet and a north and south line at 131 degrees 47 minutes west longitude. (t) Blake Channel: All waters of Blake Channel south of 56 degrees 14 minutes 30 seconds north latitude. (w) Wrangell Narrows: All waters between Point Alexander and Prolewy Point. (v) Barrie Creek, north of Point Barrie, southwest shore of Kupreanof Island: All waters within 1 statute mile of the mouth of the creek. (w) Hamilton Bay, west coast of Kupreanof Island: All waters east of 183 degrees 49 minutes west longitude. (a) Three Mile Arm, east coast of Kuiu Island: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouths of all salmon streams. (y) Seclusion Harbor, east coast of Kuiu Island: All waters within the outermost points of the harbor. (2) Port Beauclere, southeastern coast of Kuiu Island: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouths of all salmon streams tributary to Port Beauclere. (aa) Affleck Canal, southeastern coast of Kuiu Island: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouths of all salmon streams tributary to Affleck Canal. (bb) Tebenkof Bay, west coast of Kuiu Island: All waters in north arm of bay. (cc) Bay of Pillars, west coast of Kuiu Island: All waters in south arm of bay. (dd) Security Bay, northwest shore of Kuiu Island: All waters within 1,000 yards of all salmon streams. (ee) Saginaw Bay, northwest coast of Kuiu Island: All waters of the bay inside of a line beginning at the point of land at the northwest side of the entrance to Halleck Harbor and passing in a southwesterly direction at right angles to the general trend of the bay to the opposite shore. (ff) Red Bluff Bay, east coast of Baranof Island: All waters in the bay; the waters of Falls Creek Bay are included. (gg) Gut Bay, east coast of Baranof Island: All waters of the bay. (hi) Redfish Bay, southwest shore of Baranof Island: All waters above a true east and west line passing through the southern end of the Second Narrows. (ii) Still Harbor, west coast of Baranof Island: All waters in the harbor. (jj). Port Banks, off Whale Bay, west coast of Baranof Island: All waters in Port Banks. (kk) Redoubt Bay, west coast of Baranof Island: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouth of the stream flowing from Redoubt Lake. Steelhead fishery—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. Herring fishery. 1. During the period from June 1 to October 15, both dates inclusive, commercial fishing for herring is prohibited in all waters closed throughout the year to salmon fishing. 2. Commercial fishing for herring is prohibited during the period from January 1 to May 31, both dates inclusive, and from October 1 to December 31, both dates inclusive, in each calendar year. 3. The closed seasons herein specified for commercial herring fishing shall not apply to the taking of herring for bait purposes in waters otherwise open to fishing. 4. Commercial fishing for herring, except for bait purposes, is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock anteme- ridian of the Monday following. 5. No one shall place, or cause to be placed, across the entrance to any lagoon or bay any net or other device which will prevent the free passage at all times of herring in and out of said lagoon or bay. 6. All commercial fishing, including bait fishing, for herring is prohibited throughout the year in the waters of Kanalku Bay, Admiralty Island. Clam fishery.—It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 41% inches in total length of shell. Possession of 246 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. Shrimp fishery.—Commercial fishing for shrimps is prohibited in the period from March 15 to April 30, both dates inclusive, in each year. Crab fishery.—Dungeness crab (Cancer magister). No female of this species shall be taken at any time, and no male of this species measuring) less than 614 inches in greatest width shall be taken for commercial purposes. GENERAL REGULATIONS By virtue of the authority conferred by the acts approved June 6, 1924, and June 26, 1906, the following regulations shall be effective in all waters of Alaska, including the special areas already described above: 1. During closed periods all salmon traps within the areas affected shall be closed in accordance with the method prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, and in addition the spillers of all driven traps shall be raised to within 4 feet of the capping and the spillers of floating traps shall be raised to within 4 feet of the surface within 36 hours after the beginning of any seasonal closed period. Within 36 hours after the beginning of any seasonal closed period the tunnels from pots to spillers of all traps shal! be entirely disconnected. In respect to traps not provided with spillers, the requirements in regard to spillers shall apply to the pots. 2. All persons engaged in fishery operations are warned to give due regard to all markers erected by the Department of Commerce. 3. In waters where a rack or weir is maintained by the Bureau ef Fisheries for the purpose of counting salmon ascending to the spawning grounds, records of the catch of salmon shall be furnished daily by all operators to the local representative of the Bureau of Fisheries in charge, and upon notification by the Commissioner of Fisheries or his authorized representative that an exces- sive proportion of the run is being taken so that the escapement of any species is less than the 50 per cent specified by section 2 of the act of June 6, 1924, all commercial fishing operations shall at once be discontinued and shall not be resumed until permission therefor is granted by the Commissioner of Fisheries or his duly authorized representative. And if in any year it shall appear that the run of salmon in such waters has diminished, there shall be required a corre- spondingly increased escapement, and upon notification by the Commissioner of Fisheries or his authorized representative all commercial fishery operations shall cease and shall not be resumed until such increased escapement has been secured. 4. The driving of salmon downstream and the causing of salmon to go outside the protected area at the mouth of any salmon stream are expressly prohibited. 5. During the inspection of the salmon fisheries by the agents and repre- sentatives of this department, they shall have at all times free and unobstructed access to all canneries, salteries, and other fishing establishments and to all hatcheries. 6. All persons, companies, Or corporations Owning, operating, or using any stake net, set net, trap net, pound net, or fish wheel for taking salmon or other fishes shall cause to be placed in a conspicuous place on said trap net, pound net, Stake net, set net, or fish wheel the name of the person, company, or cor- poration owning, operating, or using same, together with a distinctive number, letter, or name, which shall identify each particular stake net, set net, trap net, pound net, or fish wheel, said lettering and numbering to consist of black figures and letters, not less than 6 inches in length, painted on white ground. 7. If in the process of curing salmon bellies the remaining edible portion of the fish is not used, such action will be regarded as wanton waste within the meaning of section 8 of the act of June 26, 1906, and those who engage in this practice will be reported for prosecution as provided for in the act. 8. These regulations do not apply to the Afognak Reservation, fishing within which is prohibited, except by resident natives, by the terms of the law and Executive order creating it. 9. The taking of salmon for fox feed shall be considered as commercial fish- ing and subject to all of the limitations in respect thereto. 10. Any increase in the amount of fishing gear employed or any expansion of fishery operations in any district in any season shall, in the discretion of the Secretary of Commerce, result in the immediate imposition of such additional restrictions as may appear necessary. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 247 11. These regulations shall be subject to such change or revision by the Secretary of Commerce as may appear advisable from time to time. They shall be in full force and effect immediately from and after January 1, 1927. ALASKA FISHERY OPERATIONS IN AREAS LEASED FOR FUR FARMING The act approved July 3, 1926, conveys authority to the Secretary of the Interior to lease, under certain conditions, public lands in Alaska for fur farming and for other purposes. The act contains items of application and interest in connection with fur-seal and fishery matters, as follows: * * * this Act shall not be held nor construed to apply to the Pribilof Islands, declared a special reservation by the Act of Congress approved April 21, 1910: And provided further, That any permit or lease issued under this Act shall reserve to the Secretary of the Interior the right to permit the use and occupation of parts of said leased areas for the taking, preparing, manufactur- ing, or storing of fish or fish products, or the utilization of the lands for purposes of trade or business, to the extent and in the manner provided by existing laws or laws which may be hereafter enacted. The foregoing exempts the Pribilof Islands from the provisions of the act. The law, however, has bearing in respect to fishery opera- tions on shore within the leased areas. Permits are necessary from the Secretary of the Interior to use any such leased areas in connec- tion with the fishery industry. In addition, permits will be necessary from the Secretary of the Interior in the case of fish traps extending from the shore lines of such leased areas. As bearing upon this matter, the position has been taken that leases by the Department of the Interior for fur farming will not prevent the driving or extension of fish traps from the shore lines of such leased areas, provided they are proper under the fishery laws and regulations, but permission to place and operate such traps must be secured from the Secretary of the Interior. AFOGNAK RESERVE Salmon-fishing permits for Afognak waters were granted to 76 natives and residents of Afognak Island and certain adjacent islands during the season of 1926. Operations were carried on at eight localities and were under the supervision of a fisheries warden. All fishing was by means of beach seines with the exception of one gill net, which was operated for a short time at Malina Bay. Fishing began June 15 except at Little Afognak and Paramanof Bay, where it was not permitted until June 22. No fishing for red salmon was permitted at Litnik Bay. The total commercial catch was 297,738 salmon, an increase of 103.371 over the catch in 1925. The catch of cohos increased 1,078, humpbacks 62,498, and reds 41,063, while the catch of chums decreased 1,255 and kings 13. The entire catch of salmon was sold to the Kadiak Fisheries Co., Katmai Packing Co., and Kodiak Island Fishing & Packing Co. Prior to the opening of the fishing season all streams were marked 500 yards off their mouths and no fishing was permitted above the markers. A weir for fish-cultural purposes was maintained at Litnik River below the Afognak hatchery. Counting of ascending red salmon began June 1 and was discontinued August 28, when it was decided to close the weir in order to prevent the ascent of cohos to the lake. QAS U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The total number of red salmon counted through the weir was 22,250, with a small number still below the weir when counting was discontinued. ANNETTE ISLAND FISHERY RESERVE The Annette Island Packing Co. again operated in the Annette Island Fishery Reserve in 1926 under its lease from the Department of the Interior. Data regarding fishery operations have been furnished by the Bureau of Education of that department, which administers the affairs of the reserve for the benefit of the Metlakatla Indians residing there. In 1926 the total number of fish taken from traps within the reserve was 928,308 of all species, on which royalties amounting to $10,050.65 were paid. The case tax on canned salmon under the Territorial law, which is payable to the Metlakatla Indians, amounted to $2,852.51; trap fees on eight traps, at $200 each, amounted to $1,600; and rental of cannery buildings was $3,000. In addition, $40,055.51 was paid to 174 natives for labor, $3,850.90 for lumber and piling, and $12,056.08 for fish taken by seines, making a grand total of $73,465.65 disbursed by the Annette Island Packing Co. to the natives for 1926 operations. The corresponding disburse- ments during the preceding year were $61,548.22. ALASKA FISHERY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE As has been the practice for several years, the bureau continued to report by telegraph to the important points in southeastern and central Alaska the prices of fresh fish (chiefly halibut) at Ketchikan. During the closed season on halibut the service was discontinued, as the quantities of other fresh fish sold are negligible during that period. STREAM MARKING The chief feature of the marking of streams each season to show waters not open to fishing consists of the replacement of markers that have disappeared or become defaced. In the course of this work addi- tional streams also are measured and marked, and in the near future all of the districts will have been covered. As changes are made ina few instances in the limits of areas closed by regulations, the markers are changed accordingly. It is a large undertaking to mark more than a thousand streams and thereafter to renew and. maintain the markers each season. STREAM GUARDS The bureau employed 141 men as stream guards in 1926. Of these, 84 were stationed in southeastern Alaska, 36 in central, and 21 in western Alaska. The period of employment ranged from two to five months. In southeastern Alaska 31 furnished their own launches and were assigned to patrol larger bodies of water or in the vicinity of several streams. Some of the other guards who were stationed at camps on shore provided themselves with rowboats, in some cases having out- board motors. Four guards were placed on chartered patrol boats and two were detailed to assist in tagging salmon released from traps. Sot Fhe NE PBT aS eee ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 249 In central Alaska 14 guards, of whom 5 furnished their own boats, were stationed at various points in the Bering River, Copper River, and Prince William Sound districts, 6 in Cook Inlet, 9 in the Kodiak— Afognak district, 2 at Chignik, and 5 in the Ikatan-Shumagin district. In western Alaska 19, of whom one furnished his own boat, were in Bristol Bay and one each on the Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers. There were also five special employees engaged in scientific work, one on herring in central Alaska, three on salmon investigations in the central district, and one tagging troll-caught salmon in southeastern Alaska. In addition there were 5 statutory employees of the bureau in southeastern Alaska, 9 in central, and 3 in western. There were also 532 persons on the bureau’s vessels and 21 on the 12 boats chartered in the various districts. The foregoing makes a grand total of 216 persons identified with fishery-protective work in Alaska in 1926, as compared with 185 in 1925. VESSEL PATROL Eleven vessels owned by the bureau were operated in fishery-patrol work in Alaska in 1926. Of these the Brant was used in south- eastern and central Alaska; the Widgeon, Murre, and Auklet in southeastern Alaska; the A@ttiwake in Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound; the Sea Gu// on Copper River flats; the Blue Wing at Kodiak and Afognak Islands; the /bés at Chignik; the Merganser in the Ikatan-Shumagin region; the Scoter in Bristol Bay; and the Tern on the Yukon River. The Petrel was out of commission dur- ing the season on account of a defective engine. The Sea Gull was destroyed by fire on June 18. The Brant was an important addition to the Alaska fleet. This ves- sel was launched at North Bend, Oreg., on June 3 and on July 9 sailed from Seattle for Alaska. It is the largest of the bureau’s Alaska vessels, being 100 feet in length, 21 feet in breadth, and of sturdy and seaworthy construction capable of offshore duty under all weather conditions. A 225-horsepower full Diesel engine gives a normal cruising speed of about 1014 knots. The vecsel has modern and complete auxiliary equipment, including wireless, and comfort- able accommodations for six persons in addition to the crew of nine. A small power vessel, the Red Wing, was transferred to the bureau from the Department of Agriculture for use in the Kodiak-Afognak district, but on account of the necessity of installing another engine was not in commission during the season. This vessel is approxi- mately 40 feet in length and about 11 feet in breadth, of heavy seaworthy type, and has sleeping accommodations for five persons. Launch Wo. 43, assigned to the Afognak hatchery, was used dur- ing part of the season in connection with the fishery patrol in the Kodiak-Afognak region. During the early part of July the Hider transported Dr. C. H. Gilbert from Ikatan to Seward. The following chartered vessels were used in fisheries patrol: Gloria, Murrelet, Diana, Igloo, Valkyrie, and America First in southeastern Alaska; Pilot, Prospector, and King U-109 in Prince William Sound; Aw/: in the Ikatan-Shumagin district; and Robin on the Kuskokwim River. Nine small boats in Bristol Bay were U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 250 eal fae | 757. 00 16. 00 5, 149. 00 5, 922. 00 SPL GS ee eee er eins har eet TD 6;- 265300)" 52 ee 2, 590. 00 8, 855. 00 PhO LA were eee eee So ee ee 311, 673. 09 52. 10 502, 665. 22 | 814, 390. 41 Salmon canneries (net income), not possible of segrega- tiomaswoyudicial division.=-4 222. - 2-3 [rere aS else ania ae Sek A eS 35, 610. 06 ER OGRE CULO EIS Sees oe ee em see dl Le fe SM RP a A a (ea med we ea RN eS ES 850, 000. 47 On January 25, 1926, the United States Supreme Court refused the petition of the Pacific alata Fisheries for a rehearing of the case involving the validity of the Alaska graduated pack tax on canned salmon, and the decision of that court on December 7, 1925, upholding the Territory’s right to levy such a tax stands. BRISTOL BAY DISTRICT Operations in the Bristol Bay region during the season of 1926 consisted primarily of the enforcement of the Alaska fishery laws and regulations, collection of data relating to commercial fishing for and packing of salmon, observation of “the salmon run and es- capement to the spawning erounds, construction and operation of a calmon-counting weir on the Ugashik River. and the destruction of predatory fishes. The work was organized by Agent Dennis Winn and was under his personal supervision until ‘the Ist of June, when Mr. Winn returned to his duties in southeastern Ataska, and Warden A. T. Looff assumed full charge. Agent Dennis Winn and 20 special employees secured in the States were transported to the Bristol Bay district in May on vessels of the Alaska Packers Association, Alaska-Portland Packers Association, Columbia River Packers Association, Naknek Packing Co., Red Salmon Canning Co., and Libby, McNeill & Libby. These, to- gether with one “patrolman employed locally, Warden A. T. Looff, and the engineer of the Scoter, who had remained in the district over the preceding winter, comprised the Bristol Bay force for the 1926 season. Supplies and other equipment for the bureau’s use also were transported to Bristol Bay on vessels of the above companies. At the end of the season return transportation to the States was furnished by them for 12 men, while 10 others left via Kanatak and Tliamna Lake, passage being secured on recular transportation steamers. : 254 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Immediately on arrival of the crews work was begun on putting in order all boats and other equipment at the bureau’s marine ways at Naknek, and a party of 10 men, headed by Henry McFadden, was detailed to the installation of a salmon- -counting weir in the Ugashik River. This work is discussed in the special section on salmon weirs. Markers at the mouths of all salmon streams also were inspected and placed in proper condition. Prior to the open- Fig. 2.—Shallow-draft patrol boat, Bristol Bay ing of the red-salmon season at 6 a. m., June 26, preparations were made for the patrol of the commercial fishing erounds. Mr. Looff’s report on operations during the season is as ‘follows: GENERAL REPORT OF SEASON’S OPERATIONS PATROL The patrol vessel Scoter, nine launches, and one rowboat were used in the patrol of the waters of Bristol Bay during the fishing season of 1926. These boats cruised a distance of 11,546 miles. Three cases of violation of the Alaska fisheries laws and regulations were reported and tried before the local United States commissioner, two cases being by boats owned and operated independently by local Alaskans and the third by Libby, McNeill & Libby. The patrol fleet was assigned to the various sections of Bristol Bay, as follows: Ugashik River and Bay—WLaunch No. 5, John Monson and Z. V. Hurt; launch No. 6, C. M. Hatton and Arthur Larsen; and launch No. 8, Henry McFadden and P. E. Hamm, when not engaged in connection with operation of the Ugasbik weir. Naknek River.—Launch No. 2, Alf Christensen and Ivan Merchant. Kvichak Bay between Naknek and Koggiung—lLaunch No. 7, Gus Severson and Arthur Mesford. Kvichak River.—Launch No, 1, Henry Looff and Charles Turner, and O. B. Millett with his own launch. Nushagak Bay and River. apace No. 3, Erie Fenno and W. J. Kelly. Igushik River.—Launch No. 4, Hector McAllister. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 255 The patrol boat Scoter, with Warden A. T. Looff on board, patrolled all waters of Bristol Bay. In conjunction with the patrol, data were collected in regard to the extent of fishing operations and the run of salmon in the various rivers. In all, 909 fishing boats were operated by the canneries and 86 by independent fishermen, local whites, and natives, who owned the boats and gear and sold their catch to the canneries. These local residents operated 100 stake nets, of which 20 were for commercial purposes, the catch being sold to the canneries; the remaining nets were for local food and dog feed. The Nushagak section was the only one in which commercial fishing for king salmon was carried on before the beginning of the red season. A patrol was begun there June 1, while in other sections it was established shortly before the opening of the red-salmon season. The red salmon began to appear in all rivers on June 5, and native stake nets took fair numbers during the period preceding the opening of the commercial fishing season, but in no place did a real run occur before June 26. RUNS OF SALMON Kvichak River—At the opening of the season, at 6 a. m. on June 26, few fish were in evidence and catches were light. The escapement during the weekly closed period, from 6 p. m. June 26 to 6 a. m. June 28, was small, as few fish were running. On June 28 catches were small and few fish were in evidence. This condition continued until the beginning of the weekly closed period, at 6 p. m. July 3. On July 4 a heavy run struck in, and a good escapement occurred during the closed period. When fishing was resumed on July 5, large catches were made, and the run continued heavy on July 6, when the canneries placed their boats on a limit. On July 7 and 8 the run fell off and the boat limit was removed. On July 9 the run increased again, but on July 10 it fell off, and it continued light during the weekly closed period, from 6 p. m. July 10 to6 a.m. July 12. A heavy run . again struck in on July 12 but fell off a little on July 14. From July 15 the run was light until the end of the season, at 6 p. m. July 238. During the heavy runs almost the entire catch consisted of red salmon, but from July 15 there was a steady increase in the percentage of chums, until by July 21 they constituted fully 40 per cent of the catch, the remainder being nearly all reds, with a few humpbacks and silvers. Naknek River—On the opening date catches were small for the most part, and few fish were noticed jumping in the river. A good run struck in on June 27, and a good escapement occurred during the weekly closed period. On June 28 good catches were made from the outer fishing grounds, in the vicinity of the mouth of the Egegik River, but few were in evidence around the mouth of the Naknek River. Fishing continued good on the outer grounds, and on July 3 a heavy run struck in and a heavy escapement occurred during the weekly closed period, from 6 p. m. July 3 to 6 a. m. July 5. When fishing was resumed on July 5 the heavy run was still on, and by July 6 the canneries began to fly limit flags. The run continued heavy until July 13, on which date few fish were in evidence around the mouth of the Naknek River, although good catches were reported by Naknek boats fishing in the upper Kvichak Bay waters. A heavy escapement took place during the weekly closed period from 6 p. m. July 10 to 6 a. m. July 12. On July 14 few fish were in evidence and catches were small, this condition continuing until July 19, when a small run of fish appeared. A fair escapement occurred during the weekly closed period, but when fishing was resumed on July 19 the last small run was over and very light catches were made to the end of the season. Egegik River.—A heavy run of fish appeared on the opening date (June 26), which continued until July 10, when a slight falling off was noticed. Few fish were in evidence until July 11, but on July 12 a heavy run came again, con- tinuing until July 20, after which the run fell off to almost nothing. The escapement of salmon up the Egegik River was enormous. Ugashik River——Very few fish were in evidence on the opening date, all fish in evidence in the river; but from June 30 to July 3 good catches were noted during the weekly closed period, and most of the fleet lay at anchor on June 28 because of rough weather. On June 29 catches were small, with no fish in evidence in the river; but from June 30 to July 3 good catches were 48765—27——3 256 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES made north of Cape Greig, though few fish appeared in the river. A fair escape ment occurred during the weekly closed period, from 6 p. m. July 3 to 6 a. m. July 5. On July 5 good catches were made north of Cape Greig, and a heavy run of fish entered the river on the 6th and 7th. On July 8 the run into the river fell off, but good catches continued to be made on the fishing grounds out- side. A heavy run again struck in on the 13th, continuing until the 16th, when it began to fall off, very few fish being in evidence after July 18. Nushagak River.—At the opening of the season very few fish were in evidence and only light catches were made. A fair escapement occurred during the weekly closed season, but on June 28 a heavy run struck in on the Flounder Flat fishing grounds, and heavy catches were made. This run appeared only on Flounder Flat, and no large catches were reported from any other quarter on this date. On the 29th the run was again light everywhere, and only fair catches were reported until a heavy run again struck in on Flounder Flat on July 3. Several boats delivered 3,000 fish between the time when the run started and the beginning of the weekly closed period at 6 p. m. A heavy escapement took place during the closed period. When fishing was resumed on July 5, it was reported that the run was light on the outer fishing grounds, but good catches were made on the upper grounds. A good run set in on July 6 and continued until the 15th when a noticeable decline took place. On July 16 many humpback salmon appeared with the red salmon. No heavy run occurred after that date, although good catches of red salmon were made up to the end of the season. Igushik River—Catches were small at the opening of the season and no salmon were noticed in the river. During the weekly closed period a few fish were seen jumping in the river. On June 28 and 29 light catches were made, and on June 30 a fair run occurred, but it was slack on July 1 and 2. A heavy run of fish began on July 3, and a good escapement occurred during the closed period. The heavy run was still on when fishing was resumed on July 5 and continued until the 14th, when it fell off, though fair catches were made until the 17th. A fair escapement occurred during the closed period, from 6 p. m. July 17 to 6 a. m. July 19, after which few fish were in evidence and catches were small. TOGIAK OPERATIONS Exploratory fishing operations were carried on by the Alaska Packers Asso- ciation in the Togiak section of the Bristol Bay district. For this purpose the schooner Metha Nelson was towed to Togiak Bay and anchored off the north end of Hagemeister Island for use as a salmon-salting station. Two fishing boats were transferred from the company’s allotment in the Nushagak section to carry on operations at Togiak. Fish also were bought from independent native fishermen, who operated two fishing boats. All fishing was carried on by drift gill nets, and great difficulty was experienced in using this type of gear effectively on account of the clearness of the water and the many rocks. The writer was unable to visit the section during the fishing season but made a trip later. Fishermen reported that a fair run of red and chum salmon passed up the Togiak River during the fishing season. The pack of the Metha Nelson was 170 barrels of reds and 40 barrels of chums. DESTRUCTION OF PREDATORY FISHES As the full force was engaged in preparation for the patrol and the con- struction of a salmon-counting weir in the Ugashik River, it was not possible to do any work in destroying predatory fishes before the opening of the com- mercial fishing season. On July 31, at the close of the season, H. B. Looff and an assistant started up Egegik River, stopping at the rapids below the outlet of Becharof Lake and the head of Little Becharof Lake investigating a number of tributary streams en route. Camp was made on August 9 at Crooked Creek, but fishing for Dolly Varden trout proved unsuccessful, due to the great numbers of salmon and the quantity of salmon spawn in the streams. The run in this section is thought to have been the largest for many years, judging from reports received from the oldest resident natives. Camp was moved to Ugashik Creek on August 13, where salmon were found in much smaller numbers and trout were plentiful. Hand lines were used and good catches made. After the Ugashik weir was dismantled on August 25. the men engaged on that work began fishing for Dolly Varden trout between ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 257 the upper and lower Ugashik Lakes. This work was continued with good results until August 29, when camp was moved to Ugashik Creek and the work continued where Mr. Looff had been operating. Mr. Looff and his assistant then returned to Becharof Lake to make a survey of the spawning grounds and store all equipment for the winter. Fishing was continued at Ugashik Creek until September 16, when equipment was stored and both parties left for Kanatak to take passage for the States. As a result of these operations 19,687 Dolly Varden trout were destroyed, all but 36 of which were taken in the Ugashik district. Dolly Vardens were found spawning from the latter part of August until the latter part of September in the smaller tributaries, in most cases near their sources. TIKCHIK LAKES DISTRICT Hon. Frank A. Waskey, the first Delegate to Congress from Alaska, has written two very interesting letters to Agent Dennis Winn in regard to fishery conditions in “the Tikchik Lakes, which form a part. of the headwaters of the Nushagak River, Bristol Bay district. Mr. Waskey has been a resident of the district many years and has taken a keen interest in conditions there. His assistance was regarded as very valuable in connection with Warden A. T. Looft’s investigation of the Tikchik Lakes district in the fall of 1923. The following extracts from Mr. Waskey’s letters contain pertinent and valuable information: I believe it was during the summer of 1921 that you [Agent Winn] questioned me near Dillingham as to whether many red salmon spawned in the Tikchik Lakes. I answered that the number was negligible. You thought, I believe, that these lakes may have been an important spawning ground for red salmon in times past and probably had potentialities for the future. I was quite sure at the time that these lakes and their tributary and outlet waters were impor- tant as spawning grounds only for humpback salmon. Since that time I have been compelled by several lines of evidence to change the opinion then held. * This evidence consists partly of what I have been told by the Tikchik natives regarding the quantity of red salmon formerly spawning in these waters, and particularly in the Tikchik River proper. If you will refer to the map which accompanies the report of Mr. A. T. Looff,’ who visited a portion of the Tik- chik country in 1923, you will note the mouth of the Tikchik River, which flows into the northeast corner of Lake Nuyakuk. The Nuyakuk River, which on most maps is erroneously called the Tikchik River, flows from the southeast corner of Lake Nuyakuk and enters the Nushagak River at the village of Koliganek, about 70 miles below. The Tikchik River heads in two unmapped and almost unknown lakes, named Uppnuk and Nishlik. These lakes are not. and I believe never were, important salmon lakes, but the Tikchik River itself is to-day a producer of red-salmon fry in great numbers. Incidentally it should be mentioned that the geographical nomenclature of the Alaskan Innuit is always descriptive. The word Tikchik is a corruption of an Innuit word which means “ stink,’ and was so applied to this river because each summer for a time after the red salmon had spawned the water was so Offensive in taste and smell that the natives then residing there could not use it for any domestic purpose. As it is a matter of common knowledge that the primitive Alaskan native is not overfastidious in such matters, one can imagine what a great quantity of dead salmon there must have been to so pollute the waters of this quite large and swift stream. To-day the most used spawning beds in the river commence at a point about 5 miles above Lake Nuyakuk and continue almost without interruption for 25: miles or more to beyond the point where the two streams from Lakes Uppnuk and Nishlik join. A few red salmon spawn in the lower 5 miles of the Tik- chik, as do great quantities of humpback salmon every other year. A few red salmon also reach each of the two lakes mentioned. ‘eee in Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries in 1924. B. F. Doc. 992, pp. 258 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The second line of evidence from which one may deduce that there is truth in what the natives claim for the Tikchik in former years is what I have been told by credible eye witnesses of the way in which the Nushagak River was fished in the early days of the salmon industry in Bristol Bay. It was stated that for many years after canning operations began the Nushagak River was regularly fished as far upstream as Angel Bay, 30 miles above the present limit stakes. The third line of evidence is what I personally observed in 1925, when I know that there was a very large run otf red salmon into the Tikchik Lakes in comparison with the escapement of recent years. I would estimate that more than 500,000 red salmon entered Lake Nuyakuk during 1925. During July and early in August I heard reports from both white men and natives of the unprecedented number of red salmon ascending Nushagak River. When I ascended it on August 20, spent and dead red salmon were to be seen in numbers from Portage Creek up. The first considerable number of live red salmon were found in a nearly dry slough 6 miles above the village of Ekwok, 80 miles above Snag Point, where 110 red salmon were counted in one spawning group. The Nushagak River, from head of tidewater below Portage Creek to Koliganek 150 miles above Snag Point, is an anastomosing stream, with two or more main channels paralleling roughly the flood plain, which is from 2 to 5 or more miles wide. Within this tlood plain there is a veritable network of cross sloughs connecting the several main channels. From the point where spawning red salmon were first observed to the mouth of the Nuyakuk, a dis- tance of about 70 miles, red salmon were observed in the nearly dry cross sloughs wherever there was a heavy seepage from the gravel above. The edges of the river and the bars everywhere were covered with dead and dying humpbacks. This year’s run of humpbacks is even larger than that of 1920. A few dead chum and king salmon also were seen. According to the natives at the several villages along the river, the run of chum salmon was light, except very early in the season. The king run was less than usual, and the silver run so far is very light. The native caches were already full of dried fish, mostly reds, but they were still taking a few reds chiefly with spear. The size of these reds is particularly noticeable. My observation of the Wood River reds this summer was that they were larger than usual, and these. Nushagak reds are noticeably larger than those of the Wood River. The number of reds spawning below Koliganek, 70 miles from Lake Nuyakuk, came as a great surprise to me. It is known that a few red salmon spawn each year in Wood River below Aleknagik Lake. The writer assumes that these river-hatched fish form a part of the fingerlings which reach salt water as one-year fish. The writer has for many years been a purchaser of dried salmon for dog feed at various points in western Alaska. I know of no dried red salmon that are superior in flesh or oil to those taken above the rapids of Nuyakuk River and from Nuyakuk Lake during the height of the run. I have seen fish taken from Lake Nuyakuk as bright and firm as salt-water fish. All this is mentioned that you may better realize the value of a worth-while effort to restore this run of red salmon. * * * * * * * For your information I am submitting herewith estimate of red salmon that spawned in Nushagak River below Koliganek and in Nuyakuk Lake and a rough guess at the number of such fish passing other points during the 1926 season. While the numbers submitted do not, except in detached instances, represent actual counts, yet I feel that the figures are worthy of consideration, particularly as I have in all instances made liberal deductions from the original totals. Had this run of red salmon not been so almost unbelievably large, and to me so unexplainable, I would not have taken the trouble to attempt an estimate of the number of fish. Neither would I have had the presumption - to present these figures to you as in any way reliable. But this run is so great that I can not but feel that the Bureau of Fisheries should have some cognizance of it: PI a Best ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 259 Estimated number of red salmon Spawning in Nushagak River below Koliganek__--_------____-__-------- 120, 000 Spawning in lower 30 miles of Nuyakuk River_____----_-___-_-_-_-- pales is 80, 000 ana egttO NU VaRUK ua Ke. Oe 2 Ee eas ee tt eo 900, 000 Bann intorMalchathe River. = 20. Yee. SE Sih ne 40, 000 Passing up Nushagak River above Kolicanel 4 See ne ee Le 50, 000 Spawning in tributaries of the Nushagak between the Mulehatna River and IRGH osiriek ean ee ee EF re PAGS st ae ee 10, 000 SRD eon Ua te ee ee ee peppers ye) = 3. | eee , 200, 000 I respectfully suggest that you have an observer on the Tikchik waters during 1927, and that during both 1927 and 1928 you arrange to have finger- lings taken at various points along the Nushagak River, this for the purpose of checking my report of the number of ascending red salmon during the present season aS well as for scientific study. I believe that examinations of scales from the descending fingerlings and the ascending mature fish, taken over a series of years from well above tidewater, within the Nushagak River, may add not a little to the known facts regarding red salmon. Such a study might also confirm the belief that the salmon originating in the distant Tikchik waters are much superior in size, color, and flesh to the Wood River salmon. With regard to the run of humpbacks, I hesitate to put on paper my esti- mated figures. I have never seen in any part of Alaska anything to equal the numbers of dead and dying salmon in the water and stranded along the shores, islands, and bars of the Nushagak and Nuyakuk Rivers from August 23 to September 5. At any time prior to September 1 many ascending humpbacks were to be seen. I shall content myself with stating one fact concerning the present year’s run of humpback salmon. For any given mile of shore line of the Nushagak River, from Koliganek to Portage Creek, a distance of approxi- mately 95 miles, over 5,000 humpbacks were stranded. This, you will under- stand, is for one shore line only of the channel or of the islands; some of the island bars were literally covered with the carcasses of the spent humpbacks. The above figure of 5,000 per mile was arrived at by actual count of the fish for distances of 1,000 feet at various points along the river and by many observations and counts over shorter distances. At the same time many floaters were in the river. Even larger numbers were to be found in 65 out of the 70 miles length of the Nuyakuk River. Conditions in the lower 30 miles of the Nuyakuk River were similar to those on the channels and islands of the Nushagak. While the upper end of the Nuyakuk is chiefly one channel, the number of dead fish per mile was probably in excess of the number per mile in the anastomosing part of the Nuyakuk. It would seem that if the descending fingerlings from this run of humpback salmon at all coincide with the descending red fingerlings from the run of 1925 or 1926, then the probable great number of humpback fingerlings would be a potent factor in increasing the number of red fingerlings that will escape their natural enemies while en route to the sea. EXAMINATION OF THE SNAKE RIVER LAKE SYSTEM The Snake River Lake system is the smallest of the four important lake systems tributary to Nushagak Bay. It consists of a small glacier-fed lake almost surrounded by mountains, known as the Snake River Lake, and the Snake River, which flows through an extensive swamp, known as the Snake River Marsh, into Nushagak Bay. An attempt was made by Warden A. T. Looff, in August and September, 1925, to explore this water system; and again in Febru- ary, 1926, he set out for the Snake River Lake, traveling by dog team direct from Dillingham to the lake. Warden Looff’s reports on ihese two trips are as follows: In making the trip to the Snake River district by boat the writer left Nu- shagak with a power skiff at 9 a. m. on August 29, 1925, and arrived at the edge of the Snake River flats at noon. After waiting two hours for the tide the flats were crossed and the mouth of the river entered at 3 p. m. Camp was made at 10 p. m. at a point about 60 miles up river, as it was too dark to see further. The following day the trip was continued. At 1 p. m. clear water was reached, and about a mile farther shallow water was encountered 260 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES at the foot of the Snake River rapid, which extends for a distance of about 4 miles below the outlet of the Snake River Lake. The remainder of the day was spent in making an examination of the rapid and attempting to take the boat through, but this proved impossible and camp was established at the foot of the rapid. The crest of one of the largest tides of the season was barely perceptible at the foot of the rapid. While en route up the river its course was mapped and the work checked on the return trip. On September 1 the writer walked to Snake River Lake and examined red-salmon spawning grounds along the southeast shore. From the outlet ae W of fisheries Comps ¢, Aoule of Trip by dog team, Bureau Dillinghom, np = Nohve Hu/s. SNAKE RIVER Scale fyinch=/mile + = SNAKE RIVER LAKE BRISTOL BAY DISTRICT sc Slate wont 1a f WP 4 144 vat 43 ye 4 & S g Fig. é 3 Ss YY x, Ai Ne SPanning ‘ands \ aby oy 7 Re, Portage to fleknagik Lake of the lake for a distance of about 6 miles along the east shore it was estimated that about 30,000 red salmon were spawning in exceptionally good gravel. This subsequently proved to be the most suitable spawning area in the lake. Having heard from natives at Nushagak that Snake River Lake has two out- — lets, an attempt was made on September 2 to enter it by ascending the west branch of Snake River. This branch was ascended for a distance of about 30 miles, when it had become so small that all hope of entering the lake by it was abandoned. After walking a short distance up along the stream to get a better view of its headwaters, the return trip was begun at noon on Sep- tember 3, and Nushagak was reached at 11 a. m. the following day. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 261 On the next trip to Snake River Lake the writer left Dillingham by dog team at 8.30 a. m. February 4, 1926. and reached a point on the east shore of the lake, about 2 miles above its outlet, at 1 p.m. The shore was then fol- lowed in a northwesterly direction for about 3 miles and a base camp estab- lished. The following forenoon was spent in fishing for Dolly Varden trout through the ice near camp, 13 being caught. During the afternoon a tribu- tary entering Snake River Lake on the north shore about 4 miles above the lake outlet was examined by walking up a distance of about 3 miles. This is the largest tributary and is about 5 miles long, with its source in the moun- tains. In its lower reaches the stream has an average width of 15 feet and an average depth of 2 feet. For the first mile it has a good gravel bottom, but farther up it is rocky. On February 6 the writer left camp with a dog team at 7 a. m. and, driving on the ice, followed the north shore to the head of the lake, thence along the south shore to a point opposite the camp, returning across the lake and reaching camp at 3.30. The average depth of the ice was 12 inches. On February 7 a heavy snowstorm, with high wind, occurred, and the day was spent in camp. On February 8 the writer left camp at 9 a. m. and drove across the lake to the point on the south shore, where work had been left off two days before. The trip was then continued along the south shore, but about 3 miles above the outlet open water was encountered. After an un- successful attempt to encircle this open water he returned to camp. The mapping of the district was completed with this trip, and on February 9 the return to Dillingham was made. A general description of the district is as follows: Snake River Lake is about 13 miles in length, with an average width of about 4 miles. It is almost entirely surrounded by high mountains, which are especially steep along the south shore, where many very small streams flow into the lake. A number of small tributaries also enter along the north shore. Only one native family lives in the district, and it remains there only during the winter season. The distance from the outlet of Snake River Lake to the mouth of Snake River, as the crow flies, is only about 20 miles, but following the meanderings / of the stream it is fully 100 miles. Excepting about 4 miles of rapids imme- diately below the outlet of the lake, the river winds in most amazing loops through an extensive swamp region to Nushagak Bay. On the map of the district, which is submitted, many of the lesser loops of the river are not shown, but the general trend is correct. INSPECTION OF ILIAMNA AND LAKE CLARK SPAWNING AREAS IN 1926 In the fall of 1926 Agent Dennis Winn made a trip over the district covered by him in 1925. His report on this inspection was as follows: For the purpose of making the annual inspection of the spawning areas in the Iliamna and Lake Clark districts the writer left Juneau on August 17, 1926, proceeding on regular commercial steamer to Seward, thence via the Alaska Railroad to Anchorage, from which place transportation was furnished by the bureau’s patrol vessel Kittiwake to Iliamna Bay via Seldovia. Iliamna was reached on August 23, and the following morning the survey of the spawning grounds of Iliamna Lake was begun with the launch Marie R. On account of heavy wind, harbor was made for the night in Goose Bay. Some salmon were noted spawning near its entrance, and a few thousand spawners were seen along the shores of the bay and the lake shore near its entrance. The first objective was the locating of a satisfactory. site for a counting weir. Leaving Goose Bay in heavy weather on the morning of August 25, calls were made at Newhalen River camps, where the natives reported an extremely heavy run. All were through fishing and had their fish stored in winter quarters. Four families of reindeer men had put up 190 bundles (7,600 salmon) ; one reindeer man at Hagle Bay had put up 27 bundles (1,080 salmon), and 120 bundles (4,800 salmon) were dried at roadhouse portage for home use and dog feed. Red salmon were seen breaking water over the entire lower Newhalen, but the water was too discolored for intelligent estimating. 262 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES From signs and the reports of native fishermen it is thought that the run here must have been an exceptionally large one. After the storm subsided an inspection was made of several locations in the Kvichak River, as far down as Horseshoe Bend, which were not suitable for weir purposes. At the: entrance to Kaskonak Flats a feasible and suitable location was found for the weir, and measurements and depths were secured. Good numbers of humpbacks were seen spawning over the flats. They appear to be increasing perceptibly each year. The return was then made to the lake, and, on account of bad weather, refuge was taken in Big Mountain Island Harbor for the night. The following morning a trip was made to Belinda Creek, where two families of reindeer natives were camped. Their cache contained about 130 bundles (5,200 red salmon), or about the same amount that they usually put up in good years. Few fish were seen in the small creek, and it is believed that the natives take nearly its entire yield for their home use. Weather conditions were unfavorable for landing at Kokhonak Creek, but a trip was made up Copper River with Evinrude and dory, the water being very low. More spawning than formerly was in progress in the lower reaches of the river and slightly less in the upper reaches in comparison with good years. The escape- ment compared favorably with 1923 and was slightly in excess of that year, but in no way equal to 1922 and considerably less than 1921. Good spawning was in progress, and the available area was fairly well covered, which, taken in connection with the numbers dead on the bars and beaches, shows conclu- sively an ample seeding. No extensive schoolings were noticed in this district. Some excess seeding was evidenced by small lots of early eggs being dug up by late spawners, but this was not extensive. Numerous bear trails, with fresh tracks, were seen, but no animals were encountered. A white family living on Copper River dried 30 bundles (1,200 salmon) for dog feed. An outstanding feature of the run here was the large size of the salmon in comparison with last year. It was estimated that about 200,000 red salmon had spawned, or about 25 per cent over 1923. This, however, is only about 70 per cent of 1921. On returning to Kokhonak Creek, weather was favorable and it was entered with the launch. Water was also low here, and the river could be crossed on the bars at practically any point. There were not as many dead spent fish as at Copper River, but there was a considerable number dead along the shores. Compared with Copper River, greater numbers of spawners were seen all along the stream. The spawning areas were well covered, and practically the entire stream bottom was worked over by the salmon. No loss was noted from overseeding, but loss from this cause will occur later, due to the numbers, schooling in the eddies along the river in addition to those already on the spawning grounds. Every eddy and hole along the stream bank and back of large rocks in the stream contained schools of a few hundred to several thousand red salmon. The large size of the salmon here was noticeable, too, and measurements were made of many dead specimens, which were 28, 29, and 380 inches long. Fishing camps had been established by several families of reindeer natives on the side of the bluff where the creek empties into the lake. Their catch for home consumption and dog feed was 157 bundles (6,280 salmon). No fishing was being carried on at the time of this visit. The estimated escapement into this stream was 250,000 red salmon, or 20 per cent over that of 19238, which is considered ample and comparable with the escape- ment of 1921. Shelter from rain and high winds was taken for the night in Kokhonak Point Harbor. On the morning of August 29 a start was made to Woody Islands, but the wind increased and refuge was taken in Chekok Harbor. In the after- noon the trip was continued to the Woody Island Lakes. With the exception of 1922, spawning here has always been small. More salmon were noted in the island lakes and also along the shoreline in Tliamna Lake than for the last three years. The season is early here, and estimates were based on the dead fish on the shores after spawning. It is thought that about 2,000 red salmon had spawned or were spawning in the lakes and entrance, which is comparable with 1923. The night was spent in Goose Bay. An investigation was next made of Chekok Creek and the spring ponds tributary thereto. A few salmon were spawning in the creek mouth, and several small schools were seen ascending the stream. A beaver dam, with fresh workings, was found about three-fourths mile upstream. It was about 50 feet ” ein) oe hie ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 263 jong, with an opening about 4 feet wide. It had no effect on the ascent of the salmon and no action was taken at the time. It is probable that the beavers and also the barrier will be entirely removed in the spring, when it will be permissible to take beaver for tur. The large spring pond about 3 miles up Chekok Creek contained about 300 red salmon, and about 200 more were schooling at the entrance. The main stream was very sparsely seeded. It is thought that not over 5,000 red salmon entered this stream, including its tributaries. All of the streams along this northwest shore, including Pedro Bay, Knutson Bay, Kinney Creek, and the small streams in the vicinity of Roadhouse Portage and Eagle Bay, received their quota of spawning salmon. These streams, with the exception of Kinney Creek, are small but important, with from 1,000 to 2,000 red salmon each. Mr. Kinney reported the greatest run in his district since 1915, but observations did not bear this out. The run in this locality was comparable with 1923. : A trip was made to Newhalen River to arrange for packers over the portage to Lake Clark. Arrangements were also made for a boat on the Newhalen side of the portage for a trip upriver. The trip over the portage was made on August 31 in heavy rain, and camp was established on the Newhalen side with everything wet and disagreeable. On September 1 the trip was continued to Tarnalia Point. On the way upriver salmon were noted in good numbers breaking water for a few miles in the lower and upper reaches of the river, and on the return trip, on September 6, red salmon were appearing over the entire stream. Some good schools were noticed in the river, but the water was too badly discolored for an intelligent estimate of their number. Many new fish villages had been established along the river, but all were deserted at the time of this visit. The heavy early run permitted the natives to get their supply of salmon cured for home use and dog feed near the beginning of the season, after which they moved back to their winter quarters at Nondalton. All reported the heaviest run since 1922, and possibly even larger than that year. On the trip up the lake some salmon were noted schooling at various points along the south shore, and large schools were in the vicinity of Tarnalia Point. Tarnalia Creek had broken into the lake over the flats through several channels, which seemed to hold more attraction for the salmon, as there were large schools at each channel mouth. Before breaking into channels, this stream was not suitabie for spawning salmon. No spawning was noted in the east or upper portion of the lake, although in the west or lower end it was nearly over. Ali local families on the lake had discontinued fishing and removed their nets from the water, having obtained sufficient salmon for their own use. Locals along the west end of the lake had dried 140 bundles (5,600 salmon) for home use, and at the lower end of the lake they had 708 bundles (28,320 salmon). Continuing the trip to the head of Little Lake Clark, a stop was made at Current Creek. This stream has changed its bed many times over the flat valley extending back several miles from its outlet and enters the lake through several small channels along about % mile of shore line. No salmon were seen in the vicinity, but spawning here is not extensive, and only near the head- waters several miles back is any spawning possible. The salmon had not reached here yet. The streams at the head of Little Lake Clark and Big River, at the entrance to Lake Clark, were in flood, but no salmon had as yet made their appearance this far up the lake. Along the north shore and beginning a few miles from Little Lake Clark, salmon were breaking occasionally. Brown Carlson, at whose home the night was spent, Stated that the fish had reached his place only about two weeks before, and they were only then en route to the head of the lake. Observations bore out this statement. Mr. Carlson had obtained all the fish needed for home use and dog feed in a few days. He regarded the run as the best since 1918. The north shore was inspected as far as Kegik Creek on September 3, and salmon were noted breaking in numerous places along the lake shore. Kegik Creek was also in flood and discolored. Salmon were seen outside, but none in the stream, though possibly they had passed up to Kegik Lake. Two beaver dams, one partly and the other entirely complete, were found about 2 miles above the outlet. They were about 300 feet long and backed the water over about half a mile of flat, but the height of the water offered no barrier to the salmon. However, as the water spilled evenly over the entire length of the 48765—27_—_4 264 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES dam, it was thought the ascent would be difficult in low water, and a section of about 30 feet was broken out. Beaver workings were noted in all streams throughout the flats. It is believed that the opening of the beaver season in the spring will remove this menace to the ascent of salmon, but all streams where beaver are reported should be inspected each year. On September 4 a trip was made over the portage to Kegik Lake. More sal- mon were in evidence here than ever had been noted before. Almost the entire west shore or head of the lake was well covered with salmon. Around the mouth of the four small creeks it was estimated there were 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 10,000 red salmon, respectively, and salmon also were milling along the lake shore between the streams preparatory to spawning, and were jumping in the lake over a quarter of a mile from shore. None had entered the creeks as yet or had begun spawning. It was estimated that at least 50,000 red salmon were in sight from the shore, which, of course, does not represent all the salmon that entered the lake, but only the early fish. This is a late-spawning area, and salmon had reached it only two weeks before. Also, no check was possible around the lake, as the sides are almost perpendicular bluffs. The return was made to Tarnalia Point and the portage reached on September 6. Only a casual inspection was made of Taziminia, but apparently there was an adequate supply of salmon for thoroughly seeding the 8 miles of river ayail- able for spawning below the falls. Return was made by way of the portage to Iliamna Lake, and thence by launch to Iliamna Village. A rumor was investigated that some local white men contemplated beaver farming, using salmon streams for the purpose. Those interested were advised that the idea should not be encouraged, as such operations will not be permitted. More salmon were reported in Pile Bay tributaries than for the past six years. The numbers were not large, but the increase is most encouraging. Red salmon in Iliamna River were not numerous—fewer than in 1923 but more than in 1921. It was estimated that about 10,000 salmon spawned in the stream. Local whites and natives had dried 407 bundles (16,280 red salmon) for home use and dog feed. The inspection as a whole was very satisfactory and encouraging. The escapement was the best since 1918, with the exception of 1922, and except in a few ‘areas the numbers were considered adequate for proper seeding. Not all of the available area was covered, however, and some good areas were but sparsely covered, as compared with other good years. Certain areas will receive ample numbers one year and few another, while other areas are satis- factorily seeded every year; although a year like 1925 would be an exception to this latter rule, as there were not enough salmon to cover the grounds of any area. As the result of observations year after year it appears that even in a satisfactory year, such as this, as much suitable area remains vacant as is used for spawning. It is believed that Lake Clark received the larger portion of the escapement this year, while in 1921, 1922, and 1923 the greater bulk of the escapement appeared to center in Iliamna Lake. Returns from this year’s spawning will also probably be better because the water in the lakes was low, with consequent less likelihood of the water receding and leaving the spawning beds bare, as occasionally occurs. The streams emptying into Iliamna Lake also were low and securely bedded, thus eliminating most of the shallow sloughs, where in some years great losses undoubtedly occur when the water recedes after the eggs are deposited, and leaves them dry. Throughout the district the local whites and natives took their full supply of salmon early when the fish were good, and discontinued fishing, except for occasional fresh salmon for themselves and their dogs. Rehabilitation of the runs has also caused the reestablishment of fishing camps by the natives. Sey- eral camps had been located at Kokhonak Creek and along the Newhalen River, and one near the mouth of the Kegik River on Lake Clark. Camps and vil- lages formerly existed at these places but were discontinued, primarily on - account of scarcity of salmon. The total number of red salmon dried by local whites and natives in the Iliamna and Lake Clark districts was 1,909 bundles (76,360 fish). Probably the number used fresh and the few barrels salted would bring the total catch to 100,000 salmon, which is about the average ~ number used in years when salmon are plentiful. One feature, which the natives reported had never occurred before, was the appearance of humpback salmon along the north shore of [liamna Lake, A few were seen near the Iliamna-Newhalen portage, and natives had taken » hi ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 265 several in red-salmon nets. There could not have been a large number, but it is deemed possible that both humpback and silver salmon are increasing in numbers as a result of the short commercial fishing season, which ends before either of these species makes its appearance in numbers in Bristol Bay. A closer check on this matter will be possible next year through the installation of a counting weir in the Kvichak River. A decided increase in the number of humpbacks spawning on the flats is apparent from the bureau’s inspections in other years and also from the reports of launch operators who have been navigating the river for many years. KUSKOKWIM RIVER All commercial fishing for salmon for export from Alaska was prohibited in the Kuskokwim River and the area off its mouth. Stream Guard Charles McGonagal was again stationed on the river during the fishing season to observe operations. No violations of the law or regulations were reported. Operations included only the salting of red salmon and the drying of chums for dog feed. The amounts of these products were 31 barrels of pickled reds and 479 tons of dried chums. There were 15 whites and 155 natives engaged in the fishery. Apparatus in use consisted of 25 wheels, 124 gill nets of 6.200 fathoms, and miscellaneous small boats. YUKON RIVER Fishing in Yukon River waters for export from Alaska is pro- hibited, but operations were carried on as usual to supply local needs and particularly the market for dried salmon for dog feed throughout the interior of Alaska. Inspector C. F. Townsend and one stream guard were on duty at the fishing grounds throughout the season. Reports indicate that the season was “unusually favorable for the preparation of an excellent product, and that the run of kings was the heaviest in years. An unusually heavy run of hump- backs occurred, and there was also a fair run of chums. On account of extremely high water, the catch of salmon on the Tanana River was small. Products of the Yukon and Tanana fisheries were as follows: 381% barrels of pickled chums, 911% barrels pickled kings, 600 pounds kippered kings, 97,164 pounds dried kings, and 723,000 pounds dried chums. Apparatus consisted of 188 wheels, 50 gill nets of 769 fathoms, 1 launch, and a number of small boats; 32 whites and 228 natives were engaged in the fishery. KARLUK SALMON COUNT Counts of ascending spawning salmon were made at a weir in the Karluk River, located at approximately the same position as in preceding seasons. The weir was completed by May 14, and the first fish passed through on May 20. A considerable run began on June 2, and counting was continued through October 14, when 2,533,412 red salmon, 5,917 kings, 15,071 humpbacks, and 18,254 cohos had been counted through. After the 1st of October the run of red salmon fluctuated and appeared to be about over; but after orders had been given for the removal of the weir more reds appeared in the river, and a considerable number had not yet ascended when counting was discontinued. 266 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The departmental regulations prohibited commercial fishing for salmon in Karluk waters before 6 a. m. June 15 and after 6 p. m. September 15, and in addition from August 21 to September 5 the weekly closed period in the district was extended from 6 p. m. Sat- urday to 6 a. m. Wednesday of each week in order to permit a larger percentage of the red salmon to escape. The commercial take of red salmon from the Karluk run was 2,131,616, or 46 per cent of the total. Ray S. Wood was in charge of counting operations at the Karluk weir, under the direction of H. H. Hungerford. A special study of the run at Karluk was made during the season by Dr. W. H. Rich. A large migration of red salmon fingerlings down river was noted in May, June, and July. Approximately 47,000 of the early migrants were marked by clipping two fins. temporary web weir was constructed about 8 miles below Karluk Lake, more particularly for the handling of humpbacks if they ascended in any considerable numbers; but as the run was very small there was no great need of this supplementary weir, and its operation was discontinued. On July 19, 100 ascending red salmon were marked at the lower weir by attaching a piece of white tape to their tails. At the upper weir 52 of the salmon thus marked were noted, the time of ascending the intervening 16 miles varying from 2 to 9 days. Some of the marked salmon probably lost the tape and others may have passed through the weir unnoticed. ALITAK SALMON COUNT Weirs chiefly for counting red salmon were again maintained in two streams tributary to Olga Bay. The one at the upper station was completed on May 16 and the cannery-station weir on May 20. Red salmon began to ascend on May 22 and continued until Septem- ber 30, when the weirs were removed. ‘There were also a few red salmon that had not ascended at that time. At the upper station the escapement was 789,947 reds and at the cannery station 105,142 reds, a total of 895,089. In addition, 10,866 cohos and 663 humpbacks were counted through the upper station weir and 2,900 cohos and 8,327 humpbacks through the cannery-station weir, a total of 13,766 cohos and 8,990 humpbacks. As these latter species spawn chiefly elsewhere, the counts at the weirs do not indicate the total escape- ment. There is also a run of red salmon into Horse Marine Lagoon, where no counting weir is maintained. It was estimated that ap- proximately 25,000 red salmon spawned in the lake and streams at its head, which bring the figures for the total escapement of reds in Alitak Bay waters to considerably over 900,000. Commercial fishing in Alitak Bay and its tributary waters was pro- hibited prior to 6 a. m. June 15, to which time there had been an escapement of 80,537 red salmon. The commercial catch approached the recorded escapement on July 31, and a trap in Moser Bay was ordered closed at 6 p.m. on July 31. Another trap in the same waters was closed at 6 p. m. August 7, and both remained closed until 6 a. m. August 16. The total reported catch of red salmon in the district was 323,596. No commercial fishing was carried on after Septem- ber 18. Homer H. Whitford was in charge of operations for the bureau. . Serer Ceo “ey tee wr Bete, ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 267 CHIGNIK SALMON COUNT Work on the erection of the weir in Chignik River was begun on April 30 at a point about 20 rods above its location in the preceding year, where the water was from 2 to 5 feet in depth and the river about 450 feet wide. An unusually large migration of red-salmon fingerlings was noted during the construction of the weir and con- tinued into August. Red salmon began to pass through the weir on June 1, but did not come in considerable numbers until June 8. At no time during the season was there a large run. Asa result of a flood, the river became roily, and the weir was so damaged that counting of fish was dis- continued from June 20 to July 6, when repairs were completed. Estimates were made of the daily escapement during this period. Counting was discontinued on September 25, as the water again be- came too roily to see the fish and the run virtually was over. ‘The total number of red salmon that passed through the weir was 960,514. In addition, 1,682 kings and 78,923 coho salmon were counted. There was a good run of humpbacks, which spawned along the whole length of the river. On June 15 commercial fishing by the three canneries that have fished this district in past seasons began, in addition to which the Salmon King, a floating cannery, anchored at Chignik on June 17 and fished from June 18 to July 15. By departmental regulations, no commercial fishing is permitted after September 15. On account of the large percentage of the run of red salmon which was being taken, the four traps in Chignik Lagoon were closed on July 3 for the remainder of the season, and three traps in Chignik Bay were closed during a part of the fishing season. The total commercial catch of red salmon from the Chignik run was 440,989. The work at Chignik was under the immediate supervision of Warden Charles Petry. MORZHOVOI SALMON COUNT The counting of salmon ascending to spawning grounds was in- augurated at Morzhovoi Bay in 1926 by the construction of a weir on a stream about one-fourth mile above the point where it flows into the middle lagoon. The weir was 42 feet long over all and crossed the stream at a point where the banks were about 7 feet high with an average water depth of 2 feet. The pickets were driven into the ground for a distance varying from 18 to 36 inches, and a trench was dug along the lower face of the weir on the upstream side, against which sod was packed, with gravel over it to weight it. Two braces were placed in the center of the weir, one on each side of the channel, and the capping anchored to them on one end and to mud sills on each shore end, firmly embedded in the abrupt banks. Assistance was rendered by the King Cove cannery of the Pacific American Fisheries in transporting materials for the weir. The weir was completed on May 8, and a stream guard was sta- tioned there on June 18, but salmon did not begin to pass through until June 22. None but reds passed through until August 17. The last red was counted on August 30 and the weir was removed on September 3, a total of 13,590 reds, 3 kings, and 176 cohos having 268 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES passed through. Cohos were still running at the time the weir was removed. Some red salmon spawned in the stream below the weir. This work was under the supervision of Assistant Agent L. G. Wingard. THIN POINT LAGOON SALMON COUNT Salmon counting was inaugurated in 1926 at Thin Point Lagoon by the construction of a weir at the lake outlet above the lagoon. Considerable trouble was experienced in finding a suitable site on account of the short course of the stream that flows from the lake into the lagoon. The site selected was in the lake itself, where a V-shaped weir, about 150 feet long, was erected, the ends: touching the lake shore and extending out into the lake. It was protected by a small point that extends “into the lake. The water was shallow, from 6 to 30 inches, except in one deeper hole, and the current was sluggish, except in a northeasterly wind. During the season the Fic. 4. Salmon-counting weir, Ugashik River extremely warm weather melted Frosty Peak Glacier to such an extent that the stream flowing from it broke a new channel into Thin Point Lake and deposited a considerable amount of sediment at the outlet and along the left shore lead of the weir. No damage was done to the weir, but the resulting discoloration made it difficult to see and count the salmon. The weir was completed by July 1, and the first red salmon were counted through on July 10, the last on August 28. The total escapement counted was 8 ere 72 reds and 57 cohos. Some cohos were still in the lagoon when the weir was removed on September 1 and would probably ascend later. The escapement was regarded as poor as compared with other years. Many fish perished on the flats, due, it is thought, to the low water and the silt from the glacial stream, which clogged their gills. The work at this place was under the supervision of Assistant Agent L. G. Wingard. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES , 1926 269 UGASHIK SALMON COUNT A salmon-counting weir was erected in the Ugashik River in 1926. Agent Dennis Winn selected the site in the previous season, and the weir was constructed about 50 miles up the river, a short distance below the outlet of the first Ugashik Lake. At this point the river is 770 feet wide, with an average depth of 3 feet. The bottom is gravel, and the water is perfectly clear. The largest tides from Bristol Bay barely reach the weir. Immediately below the weir site the river widens into a shallow mud-bottomed lagoon, below which the water is too badly discolored to permit counting the fish. The weir consists of a picket fence on stringers, supported by tripods for about 360 feet across the main current of the river, with a 6-foot wire-netting fence, about 370 feet long, to the eastern bank and another about 40 feet long to the west bank, with a wing to permit the passage of boats up and down the river along the west bank. Six counting gates were built in the weir for the passage of salmon. ; The first red salmon passed through on June 15, although not all of the counting gates were erected until June 20. The run con- tinued through August 12, when the dismantling of the weir was begun. The total count of salmon was 786,775 reds, 278 chums, 17 humpbacks, 46 kings, and 27 cohos. Henry McFadden was in charge of operations at this weir during the season. ANAN SALMON COUNT In 1926 a weir for the counting of salmon was again installed in Anan Creek. It was completed May 12, and a few steelhead trout made their appearance at that time, but the run of humpback salmon did not begin until June 12. From that date until August 31 a total of 121,780 humpbacks passed through the weir. In addition, 106 kings, 586 reds, 835 cohos, 75 chums, and 647 steelhead trout were counted during the time the weir was operated. Walter J. Larson was in charge of the erection of the weir as well as of counting operations. SALMON TAGGING With a view to throwing further hght on migration routes and to develop other information, the tagging and releasing of adult salmon was again undertaken in southeast Alaska in 1926. The total number tagged was 13,530, of which 13,082 were from traps and 448 were troll-caught fish. The numbers of salmon tagged and released from traps, and the localities where operations were carried on, were as follows: Tree Point, 650 fish; Kanagunut Island, 844; Gravina Island, 659; Point Colpoys, 1,036; Cape Bendel, 3,297; Marble Bluffs, 999; Inian Islands, 2,000; Stephens Passage, 1,499; Cape Chacon, 500; and Cape Muzon, 1,598; a total of 13,082. Of these, 2.297 were red salmon, 820 chums, 614 cohos, and 9,351 humpbacks. Warden A. J. Suomela was in immediate charge of this work. In order to secure data in respect to the trolling industry, Hugo W. Frederickson, a temporary employee, was engaged to tag and 270 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES release troll-caught saimon in the Baranof Island region of southeast Alaska in 1926. As a result, 448 salmon, of which 360 were cohos and 88 kings, not seriously injured when caught, were tagged and released. Complete returns on recaptures have not been received, but a separate report on the work will be published. SALMON LIFE-HISTORY STUDIES Important studies of the life history of the Pacific salmons, partic- ularly the red salmon, were continued in Alaska in 1926 by Dr. C. H. Gilbert, of Stanford University, Calif., and Dr. Willis H. Rich, chief investigator of salmon fisheries, assisted by Seymour P. Smith. This work was conducted chiefly in the Karluk region. It included a thorough survey of Karluk Lake and the marking of approximately 47,000 young red salmon migrating from Karluk Lake to the sea. Extensive collections of scales of salmon were made in various parts: of Alaska for scientific study in relation to life-history problems. These activities are covered fully in another publication. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ESCAPEMENT OF SALMON The act of June 6, 1924, states that it is the intent and policy of Congress that in all waters of Alaska in which salmon run there shall be an escapement of not less than 50 per cent thereof. Accord- ingly, in various parts of Alaska observations were made during the progress and at the conclusion of salmon runs of 1926 to secure information as to the escapement to the spawning grounds. Generally speaking, surveys showed that satisfactory numbers of salmon ascended the streams for breeding purposes, although there were occasional exceptions, including more particularly the Copper River. Some changes in the regulations regarding fishing opera- tions were made during the season to insure adequate escapements to the spawning g@ rounds. Southeastern Alaska.—Reports indicate a good escapement of red salmon in the Icy Strait region and other parts of the northern por- tion of southeastern Alaska. In general, the escapement throughout the Wrangell district was less ipa in the previous year. This was especially ‘true in certain sections, notably along the Cleveland Penin- sula shore from Lemesurier Point through Union Bay, Ernest Sound, Bradford Canal, Eastern Passage, Zimovia Strait, and along the Etolin Island shore from Abraham Island to Chicagof Pass. Poor catches were made in these waters, and spawning streams examined from time to time showed a lhght escapement. Other areas showed marked improvement over 1925, particularly Kah Sheets Bay, where an excellent red-salmon escapement occurred. In fact, fishermen reported this the heaviest run for the last 12 seasons. Sarkar Cove showed up well in respect to both reds and cohos. Conditions in Barrie Creek were good, all species: being on a par with 1925. There was a large escapement of hump- backs in Petersburg Creek. From Point Baker to Point Colpoys,, and through Snow Pass, Kashevarof Strait, and along the east coast of Prince of Wales Island in Clarence Strait, the escapement generally was good. Along the central and southern shores on. eee ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 271 the west coast of the Prince of Wales Island region the escapement was excellent, although extreme low water, due to lack of rain, proved a serious hindrance at times to the ascent of spawning salmon. This handicap was also true to some extent in nearly all streams, especially small streams in the Wrangell district and_ to the south. Rains in the latter part of August relieved this situation. In the general region centering at Ketchikan, a substantial increase in reds over the last few years was observed and a satisfactory escapement of this species was reported. Copper River district—The escapement of breeding salmon to Copper River waters was unsatisfactory. This stream has been depleted through overfishing in former years or from other cause, and sharp curtailment of fishing through regulatory measures has been necessary in order to begin restoration of the runs to their former abundance. Apparently this stream is in less satisfactory condition than any other large salmon stream in Alaska. Fic. 5.—Spent salmon on spawning beds, western Alaska Prince William Sound district—Reports indicate that in some streams there was a satisfactory escapement of red salmon to the spawning grounds. In particular, improvement was noted in the Eshamy region. In some sections the escapement seemed to be somewhat less than in previous seasons. The escapement of hump- back salmon to spawning beds in some places was satisfactory and in others not equal to that of former seasons. Some further restric- tions in respect to fishing may be necessary to improve the escape- ment to certain waters. Cook Inlet district—Investigations showed a bountiful seeding of red salmon spawning grounds in certain waters tributary to Cook Inlet. In other streams there was a good escapement, although salmon experienced difficulty in reaching the spawning beds in some places on account of low stages of the water. Certain places showed a large escapement of pink and chum salmon. On the whole, the escapement of salmon in the Cook Inlet district in 1926 was satisfactory. 22 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Kodiak district—Generally speaking, there was a satisfactory escapement of salmon to spawning grounds in the Kodiak region. This was particularly true of the Karluk River, where there was an excellent escapement. Other streams showed .mprovement over former years, although in some cases the runs were not as extensive as had been anticipated. Alaska Peninsula district—Investigations of spawning escape- ments in the Alaska Peninsula district were made by Assistant Agent L. G. Wingard. With the exception of a few places, the escapement generally was good. At some points the streams would have absorbed larger numbers of spawning fish had it not been for low stages of the water, which prevented their ascent to the spawn- ing er ounds. Heavy rains later on improved this condition. Bristol Bay district—In August and September Agent Dennis Winn made an extended trip over certain important areas tributary to the Bristol Bay district to observe the escapement of spawning salmon. The regions visited were substantially the same as those covered for a number of years previous, and comparisons with former conditions were thus possible. The inspection showed a satisfactory escapement of salmon generally throughout the region covered. Ex- cept in a few places, the number of ‘salmon that escaped was con- sidered sufficient for a proper seeding of the beds. In fact, the escapement was considered the best since 1918, with the exception only of 1922. HATCHERIES EXTENT OF CPERATIONS Salmon propagation in Alaska, exclusive of Territorial activities, was carried on at two Government-owned hatcheries, situated at Afognak and McDonald Lake, and two privately owned hatcheries— that of the Alaska Packers Association at Heckman Lake and the Northwestern Fisheries Co. at Hugh Smith Lake. Operations of Federal and private hatcheries in Alaska in 1926 Red or sockeye salmon Location of hatchery : Eggs taken | cae ag Eggs taken in 1925 1925-26 in 1926 ATOR IIB Ke. $08 Sek UNI eet EE UD EAE LOR Le Be 11, 000, 000 10, 075, 000 1 21, 250, 000 WeDonsldsWaket 2-2 222 u ste ee a Le Re ee 39, 680; 000 27, 392, 200 2 30, 760, 000 Hieckmanulsaken(Hortm sn) sn een Seren 16, 920, 000 15, 990, 000 3 21, 420, 000 EughiSmithyake(Quadra) i - 2252 Se eee ae ae ee 20, 240, 000 19, 345, 000 20, 000, 000 TT O Ua eee ein coe oS oe es ee AN ee ee eee 87, 840, 000 72, 802, 200 93, 430, 000 1 Also 2,060,000 cebindaa-th trout eggs and 4,212,000 ae rene eggs were collected. 2 Shipped 5,241,130 eyed eggs to Seattle and 1,717,760 to the Territorial hatchery at Ketchikan, 3 At the Fortmann hatchery 4,183,000 humpback-salmon fry were released in 1925-26 and 6,640,000 eggs of this species were taken in 1926. AFOGNAK At the Federal salmon hatchery at Afognak 10,075,000 No. 1 fingerling red salmon were distributed from the 11,000,000 eggs collected in 1925, a loss of 8.4 per cent. During the month of April —_— ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 273 2,060,000 steelhead-trout eggs were collected at Litnik Lake for shipment to the States. Of these, 1,023,360 eyed eggs were shipped to Seattle on June 2, but a marked rise in the w: rater temperature caused the incubation of the remainder of the eggs to advance so rapidly that they could not be shipped. The 850,000 fry resulting were deposited in local waters during the month June. The collection of red-salmon eggs began July 27, 1926, and ended September 10, with a total take of 21,250, 600. A collection of humpback-salmon eggs was also made between August 30 and Sep- tember 7, in which period 4,212,000 eggs of this species were secured. The destruction of predatory trout was carried on throughout the greater part of the year, approximately 35,950 Dolly Vardens being taken. Fic. 6.—McDonald Lake hatchery MCDONALD LAKE At the Federal salmon hatchery on McDonald Lake 27,392,200 red-salmon fry and fingerlings were released from March to July, 1926, from the 39,680,000 eggs taken in 1925. In addition, a ship- ment of 8,645,760 eyed eggs had been made to the States in November, 1925, making the net loss on the total take 9 per cent. Egg taking i in 1926 began on September 6 and ended on September 29, with a total take of 30,760,000 red-salmon eggs. During the month of October, 5.241,130 "eyed eggs were shipped to Seattle for distribution in the State of Washington, and 1,717,760 eyed eggs were sent to the Territorial hatchery at Ketchikan. HECKMAN LAKE (FORTMANN) The Alaska Packers Association liberated 15,990,000 red-salmon fry from its Fortmann hatchery on Heckman Lake in 1926, which were hatched from 16,920,000 eggs taken in 1925, a loss of 5.5 per 274 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES cent. In addition, 4,183,000 humpback-salmon fry hatched from eggs collected in 1925 were released. In 1926 egg taking began on August 24 and ended on November 18, during which time 21,420,000 red-salmon eggs and 6,640,000 humpback-salmon eggs were taken. Notification has been given by the company that after the fry hatched from these eggs are released in 1927 the hatchery will be closed. HUGH SMITH LAKE (QUADRA) The Northwestern Fisheries Co. liberated 19,345,000 red-salmon fry from its hatchery near Boca de Quadra in 1926, hatched from 20,240,000 eggs taken in 1925, a loss of 4 per cent. In 1926 the take of eggs was 20,000,000. TERRITORIAL HATCHERIES Under date of December 3, 1926, Edwin Wentworth, superintendent of hatcheries for the Alaska Territorial Fish Commission, submitted the following summary of operations at stations in 1926: At Ketchikan hatchery 9,729,000 humpback-salmon fry were liberated from 11,415,000 eggs—5,479,000 in the hatchery creek, free-swimming, and 4,250,000 to Ponds Bay salt-water feeding pond, where 31,470 were marked the latter part of July before liberating. Of the 2,000,000 eyed chinook eggs received from the State of Washington, 1,789,000 fingerlings were liberated, ranging from 21% to 6 inches in length. About 100,000 sockeye fingerlings, hatched from 165,000 eggs, are still being held and fed, and at this time some of them will measure 5 inches in length. Of 265,000 chum-salmon fry hatched from 320,000 eggs 65,000 were liberated in Hatchery Creek and 200,000 were taken to the Ponds Bay salt-water feeding pond. Following is a record of the eggs collected and received at the Ketchikan hatchery in the season of 1926: Sockeye greenieges: trom! Quadras == 2 2 ee ee 1, 320, 000 Sockeye. sreenvecgsiitrom Wards Cove= 2 == — === eee 300, 000 Sockeye:\eyed ieces from! Ves (Bay ==) = ee ee eee ntl vei) Elum pbackemereenvecon efrOrmimmyyl LG nC OVC = ae eee 150, 000 Humpback wereen egos from buckys COVes= == 2s a eee 1, 510, 000 Chinook, eyed eggs from~- State of. Washington—___—=__ = 2000000 At Cordova the sockeye-salmon fry were planted in ponds during March, 1926; 7,300,000 of these fry were fed in ponds until liberated, the last being liberated early in November.’ There were no eggs collected at the Cordova station this year. At the Seward hatchery the sockeye-salmon fry from the 4,460,544 eggs taken in 1925 were held and fed in inclosures in Grouse Lake and liberated on July 14, the number being 4,085,727. In 1926 there were collected at the Seward hatchery 3,164,000 sockeye eggs. The number of trout destroyed at the two traps near Seward totaled 3,717. At the Grouse Lake trap 472 sockeye salmon passed through, and at the Bear Lake trap, 7,308. At Robe Lake stream trap 11,789 sockeye salmon were tallied through and 26,029 trout destroyed. : HATCHERY REBATES The owners of private salmon hatcheries in Alaska, who are also packers of canned salmon, receive a rebate on license fees and taxes of every nature on their catch and pack of salmon at the rate of 40 cents per 1,000 king or red salmon fry liberated by them in Alaskan waters. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 2795 Rebates credited to private salmon hatcheries, fiscal year ended June 30, 1926 Alaska Packers Association Northwestern Fisheries Co Owner Location | Heckman Lake | Hugh Smith Lake_--------- A TY REY Me ea a te Sy eae a Sd oo a eee { Red-salmon | Rebate fry liberated | due 15,990,000 $6, 396 19, 345,000 7, 738 35, 335, 000 14, 134 GENERAL STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES The total number of persons engaged in the fisheries of Alaska in 1926 was 28,052, or 367 more than in 1925. The total investment in the fisheries was $74,557,522, an increase of 11 per cent. in the salmon industry was $62,367,459, an increase of $6,965,452 over 1925. increase of $14,631,137, or 36.5 per cent. Summary of persons engaged, investment, and products of the Alaska fisheries The investment The products of the fisheries were valued at $54,669,882, an in 1926 Southeast Alaska Central Alaska Western Alaska Total Items Number} Value | Number} Value |Number| Value | Number| Value PERSONS ENGAGED Whites: 222-722-212 (e405 (ae ee oe 4, 613 4, 230 Natives222 2. v__. S82 zeae ase 1, 095 723 Chineshs. 2 ee as hf pe Ae 311 424 JaHpaneses-—= == S._- (AO) ees ee ae YA Sea ee 276 Milipmoss=S2 ATA | eo eee se 656|Ss8e05 se 548 Mexicans-- -_----- 1156/52 one 85|Le See. 816 INeproes 3s 2 2 oo. i) a ere 3422 eee 219 Kanakas 2) __5_ 6b) ace ese DI |p aerate eS 10 Miscellaneous____- 27 eee Meee (ee ees 34 Totala=s > 1393 710|eseee wane 2 WeS06|G- abe ee 7, 280 INVESTMENT Salmon canning. --}---------- 22000145. 925| eee ae Stbac2.010leaeee==— $18;'232)/615| 2222s $60, 535, 550 Salmon mild cur- rete 4 RSS). i ee ee JP 4205652|2 2-2 = ae 33860) ese 8 || Ae 1, 433, 512 SHSLECH Sa fol (fd Hic ype Oe Ee SEN ee eee 6657/78 | ea ee 1801555) 225 ee 256, 333 Salmon drying, smoking, and RIE Va Set] Gir eee cee kh |e a ks A ee 32-494) 3-22 es 32, 494 Salmon by-prod- oO RL ee Se ee 109, 570 109, 570 Halibut fishery ___|---------- 3, 491, 892) 3, 545, 755 Herring fishery ___- 3, 805, 571 6, 808, 395 @Woditisheryaee 22. | Se - 22 ats 253, 279 Clam fishery_____- lene a Sg SE : 354, 288 Crab fishery _____-_ 28, 956} __ 38, 274 Shrimp fishery____ 315, 752 315, 752 VW FENG ay a ERS ae eee Pe ee rae 871, 024 SRE OUPHSHELY ee ce | = = ae | ah = me Se 2 ee 3, 296 Dotale= === 5 Ieee Nad 350756, 318) ee 19, 904, 739]__.------ 18, 896, 465) -_--_----- 74, 557, 522 PRODUCTS | | Salmon: | writes A as 3, 058,055) 17, 642, 766) 2, 146, 485) 14, 918, 339)1, 448, 342| 13, 518, 899) 6, 652, 882) 46, 080, 004 i cure one pounds__| 4,380,000) 1,042,367} 189, 600 DP EO) aM le Pe OAD Ge 4, 569, 600) 1, 070, 316 Pickled___do-___- , 800 4,340} 460, 500 45, 4382/1, 096, 300 123, 908 1, 613, 600 173, 680 resh_- 22 doe===| 2,268,573 221, 111 5, 550 660 |= See aes ees eee | 2, 274, 123 221, 771 Frozen___.do_---| 3, 769, 395 356, 049) 250 Di eee Soe eee 3, 769, 645 356, 060 Dried, smoked and dry salted --..--pounds.-| _75, 018 7,263] 22, 775 1, 662/1, 778, 764) 208, 050) 1,876,557) 216, 975 Fertilizer _do-_.-| 936, 000 25,348] 541, 300 T2ROOT| Bar ee eas Ene aa | 1, 477, 300 38, 339 Oil__-_-gallons_- 28, 014 11, 854 24, 990: UGG GPs a see ole eer oe 53, 004 21, 850 276 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Summary of persons engaged, investment, and products of the Alaska fisheries in 1926—Continued Southeast Alaska Central Alaska | Western Alaska Total Items 3 l Number| Value | Number} Value |Number| Value | Number} Value | A= PRODUCTS—con. Halibut: | : Bresh-= pounds 24/44 518,507) Mems09s58p eee 2 | see ee eee eee 4,518,507} $559, 585 Frozen__.-do----| 8,357,726] 948,094] 1,514,164) $114, 875|-.____-_..]--_------.. 9, 871, 890| 1, 062, 969 Herring: Fresh for bait a pounds_- 24, 823 319] 989, 950 1403 | Seon | re ey OLA acti 14, 722 Frozen for bait | SEEIS pounds_-| 1, 220, 165, TOFD7(S) = - S54 See tee Sere se ee Se se el 22 eS 10, 278 Pickled for food— Scotch cure __.-pounds_-| 1, 576,050/ ~ 116, 701.14, 053,180] 1, 421, 729|_..._--__|_---_______ 15, 629, 230] 1, 538, 430 Norwegian cure_pounds_- 19, 400 7, 761 15, 300 1,460) 120, 800 $12,600! 155, 500 21,821 Kippered_do___- 450 ALES 5 UN, 2 Le a 2 |e ee | A 450 45 Spiced___.do___- 6, 500) PEO ee ese ee eee ES ee es | re 6, 500 750 Dry salted eee pounds-- 11, 440 GB ps oar a se Ae S| ae Mal eee ee 11, 440 763 Meal or ferti- lizer - pounds__|21, 699, 635) 619, 400] 1, 009, 246 97 5O1|et. coors eae ae ee 22, 708, 881 646, 991 5 ou Dare gallons__| 2, 857,299] 1,273,765] 108, 372) 46;'924| son tees eee 2, 965, 671| 1, 320, 689 ‘od: Dry salted ues Ie! pounds__ OSE 77528280) STMISOM S.-i | hen EA zon 37, 142 Stocktishied oman sees bn lek | heal 3 eau 175, 415 D5 C084 lanes tee | Eee ee 175, 415 25, 084 eRONSUES "EC Oma eek eee ee H 3, 233 192) Se ee | Cee eee eee 3, 233 192 Frozen ___do___- D204 | aes eS | ae ee ee 9, 809 294 Pickled Edo ee | Ss oe 391, 00 57585 |ee eee aes ae ee 391, 004 15, 585 Fresh_____ dose D0 | Meee I eee 8 Sel SE Pore 2 hl ae ee, 973 Whale: (OnE ATOMS He | Hecke = Seales Deeg a 408, 400 245, 041| 593, 550 356, 130) 1, 001, 950 601, 171 DONGLE Gee |e cea | SE Ra eo ee 5, 150 2, 060 5, 150 2, 060 Fertilizer ph te POURS 2) ee ee |e eee | 4081000 12, 240/2, 412,.000 57, 930) 2, 820, 000 70, 170 Whalebone pee oe POUNGSSs | S225 4 Slee 1, 000 500 20, 000 850 21, 000 1, 350 Pickled meat sete DOUNGSS |e s eee yee She ee ee el OLDS 5,063} 101, 278 5, 063 @lansmas CASESHe| ES lak eae aS ag ates 38, 422 DAS Ghee hank oil [1 es eee 38, 422 254, 236 Crabs: Canned 22d owe! =|" ees se | eee 25 300|h4-= 2 ea ee 25 300 Meat--pounds_-_| 155, 395 58, 409 4, 250 Zt eee a SS 159, 645 59, 897 Whole in shell Tes dozen__ 1, 133 1, 349 35 70 |Psic ee ee eee 1, 168 1, 419 pee -pounds__} 490,185 QB NS28| = setae aes BA ee a 2 A el eee 490, 185 195, 828 rout: Fresh__-_-_- dos==— 39, 585 5, 511 2, 097 CA I es es ere a oh Fe 41, 682 5, 925 Frozen__..do__-- 10, 595 921 31, 917 SASTS See Ste cl SIU ee 42, 512 4, 299 Pickled =! do lee. |b ss ae ee 400 S212 oe Deh lh | eae a 400 32 Sablefish: Fresh____- dose 170, 004 170, 004 7, 635 Hrozene do. 2-- 495, 836 495, 836 22, 668 Pickled_--do___- 16, 584 16, 584 930 Rockfishes, frozen oe pounds_- 16, 857 BTL |e fatten” e|| Rr PSOE as | ORR ee eee | ON a 511 Flounders, frozen eee Be! pounds-- 11, 532 326 | eee = |e eae a ee a es Ee ee 11, 532 326 Smelt, frozen eles pounds-- 14, 228) DL OT | ee | | ee es 14, 228 1, 707 ER Gtalbe ae oe alee ee 23517444 668 maaan 17s 239) 724 eee ae 14, 285, a RS * 1.54, 669, 882 1 These figures represent the value of the manufactured product. It is estimated that the value of the catch to the fishermen was approximately $14,500,000. The round weight of the salmon catch landed by the fishermen was approximately 550,900,495 pounds, and the corresponding figures for herring were approximately 144,448,524 pounds. The cod figures given above do not include the offshore catch from waters adjacent to Alaska, which amounted to 7,697,085 pounds of dry-salted cod and 14,000 pounds of tongues, having a total value of $409,490, landed at ports of the Pacific Coast States. en ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 277 SALMON In 1926 the catch of salmon in Alaska as a whole showed an in- crease of nearly 51 per cent over that of 1925, due chiefly to the large run of humpback salmon in central Alaska and of reds in the western district. Im southeastern Alaska the catch increased 4.3 per cent, in central Alaska it increased 116 per cent, and in west- ern Alaska 143.8 per cent. There was a considerable increase for the whole of Alaska in the number of fathoms of seines and the number of traps operated, each increasing 17 per cent, while the number of fathoms of gill nets used decreased 13 per cent. The chief increase in the amount of gear occurred in southeastern Alaska. In the central district there was also a considerable increase, but in the western district there was a marked decrease in the amount of gear used, the number of fathoms of gill net (the chief form of apparatus used) being 20 per cent less than in 1925, while this district showed the largest percentage of gain in catch. In southeastern Alaska operators are adopting more and more the use of floating fish traps in place of driven traps; in this section particularly there is a constant increase in the number of inde- pendent traps operated by other than salmon canneries, there be- ing 95 in 1925 and 141 in 1926. For all of Alaska, out of a total of 639 traps used in the salmon industry in 1926, 486 were operated by salmon canneries and 153 by individuals and companies not op- erating canneries. The comparable total of these indepeadent traps in 1925 was 120. The modified regulations effective in 1926 extended the lateral distance interval between traps in southeastern Alaska south of 58° north latitude from not less than 1,800 feet to a mini- mum of 1 statute mile. The lateral distance interval of not less than 114 statute miles was continued in the southeastern area north of 58°. CATCH AND APPARATUS The total number of seines used in the salmon industry of Alaska in 1926 was 632, of which 157 were beach seines and 475 purse seines. The beach seines aggregated 18,320 fathoms of webbing and the purse seines 81,181 fathoms. The number of gill nets used was 2,955, having a total length of 296,564 fathoms. There were 254 driven traps and 385 floating traps—a total of 639. Southeastern Alaska was accredited with 409 seines, or a total of 72,656 fathoms of webbing, an increase of 26 seines, or 7,589 fathoms, over the number in 1925; also with 184 gill nets, aggregat- ing 25,050 fathoms, a reduction of 6 nets but an increase of 4,179 fathoms, when compared with the quantity used in the previous sea- son; and with 114 driven and 367 floating traps, 44 fewer driven traps but 119 more floating traps than were operated in 1925. Corresponding figures for central Alaska show 210 seines, or 24,045 fathoms, as compared with 125 seines, or 17,575 fathoms, in 1925; 993 gill nets, or 55,045 fathoms, as compared with 855 gill nets, or 47,484 fathoms, in 1925, an increase of 138 nets and 7,561 fathoms. The number of traps operated was 136 driven and 18 floating, as compared with 128 and 8, respectively, in 1925. 278 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES In western Alaska 13 seines, or 2,800 fathoms of webbing, were used, an increase over the number shown in 1925 of 3 seines,-or 300 fathoms of webbing. A total of 1,778 gill nets was used, having an aggregate length of 216,469 fathoms, a decrease of 559 nets, or 56,077 fathoms in quantity of webbing used. Four driven traps were operated, the same number as in 1925. Seines caught 22 per cent of the salmon taken in 1926, gill nets 23 per cent, and traps 53 per cent, while lines and wheels took the remaining 2 per cent. Fic. 7.—Purse-seining for salmon, southeast Alaska Percentage of salmon caught in each Alaska district, by principal forms of apparatus Southeast Alaska | Central Alaska Western Alaska Apparatus = =e . 1925 1926 | 1925 1926 1925 1926 — lie + = DOLN BS see wee ae cae ae aa. Se ce ae 32 24 | 42 32 3 5 Giillinets Sete ee OTe ert ler ae 2 1 | 4 3 91 91 od Bg | 9 ee ee ae ee re ee el 64 73 54 65 | 2 1 Tuirtogees Ae eee Sey ee Pet EE 2 Zipe dal UL 282s coe ee 1h22 2 Secce SW TL@G] Se eee MA ER ie fea oS Soe pa lee I ae 2 de Pees eens | 4 3 | | | Is The total catch of salmon in 1926 was 96,907,627, an increase of 32,661,236, or 50.8 per cent, over the number taken in 1925. South- eastern Alaska showed a gain of 1,716,301, while central Alaska gained 17,558,328 and western Alaska 13,386,607. The catch by species shows that cohos increased 181,228, humpbacks 18,213,799, and reds 15,163,829, while chums decreased 669,642, and kings 227,978. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 279 Salmon taken in 1926, by apparatus and species, in each geographic section of Alaska Apparatus and species Soutneet eins | pipet Total Seines: ORO FOL SILVOR sster esate tegen o toe cheat eee ene 128, 141 128 422) oct we oe 256, 563 CLT Gye 2) CME e GARE 2 RP ee 6 ae Greene 3, 101, 172 794, 349 59, 629 3, 955, 150 Ein mphack, Ob piltkere sees acee nes cee eee en | .6, 546, 197 7, 190, 857 515, 841 14, 252, 895 UOT AT es} 9) whey es See = te 3 QR eee eee pe 2 ee 1, 508 509 17, 406 19, 418 GOOD SUCKC VO. ~ oe see en oe ton So ceaeedaa vases 362, 385 | 2, 213, 851 503, 037 3, 079, 273 NT EN be ess 9 Sa ee eee ee ee 10, 139, 398 | 10, 327, 988 1, 095,913 | 21, 563, 299 Gill nets: TS GHONOISIV Clee ee et en ee 166, 317 245, 792 15, 337 427, 446 ROUEN GATI SOTHO Lan eee ee en ee oe ee ok 63, 066 25, 160 923, 468 1, 011, 694 Pet Dp DAG NOTA On Ke tea se oe ere 36, 494 121, 898 288, 041 446, 433 RENE OMS Din pees eee ee en ote ek. ka: 17, 679 41, 802 80, 944 140, 425 IESBENOR SOCK Ey Ome eer nts 2 oe 250, 082 654, 891 | 19,423,727 | 20,328, 700 IDDM eel la a ee 533, 638 1, 089, 543 | 20, 731, 517 22, 354, 698 Traps: | COREL SUEY, Cayo ASH ASG ae ee lie 493, 617 SSS G7 |e oey ae eer 1, 081, 814 COV ITED Co) Pl a3) We RS Se eee ees 2, 829, 926 2, 330, 751 15, 364 5, 176, 041 Pima packs Ob Kee oe en eee 125 S6aG02u|0 12; 895; 4610 |_ eo 38, 259, 123 ICON Springs sean ee eS eh SSP 15, 147 52, 321 6, 519 73, 987 Ade Or SOCKOVC Seen oat A ee 1, 420,135 | 5, 399, 724 161, 667 6, 981, 526 CDG) ed (ae a Sy a a ee 30, 122, 487 | 21, 266, 454 183, 550 51, 572, 491 Lines: CAC OTN Gl Oe San ei SOORSTSil|Res2e- 5. ca) oul eA eee ete 390, 318 Chaimyomkolaees sseeteeee eee SUNN AA 2 ae Erie VRTN |S oe ae eats ED, Sa te 5, 473 EMA DAGK: OF pin Ke a Se ee ee TRON Lee ee | eae 2,191 TEGHRVEC CES ODOT Eek I Re i ph EATS 2 2 Ok le a a ee eet SRTpPOrsy ah teeee (0 Aid ee S Serena 330, 296 REG NOESOCK EG y.G eee ts ee nS oe G03), |store: S «| Sere de 903 TNT oe ss oe FR een TPT fees ee EN uh ee 729, 181 Wheels: ' WOHOMOTSIVOroe pos ees eee sence 2, 000 2, 000 Gininon kets eee aie ol Feely no a 660, 947 660, 947 POMS LI ste =e ee ees 24, 511 24, 511 Red, or sockeye 500 500 MINTED 2 SIG eee aes | ee | 687, 958 687, 958 Total: i ONGWORSILV Chena eee anes eae ee 1, 178, 393 962, 411 WARB YS 2, 158, 141 Chunttorketase ee eeeee ne eer 5, 999, 637 3, 150, 260 1, 659, 408 10, 809, 305 Humpback, or pink- 31, 948, 544 | 20, 208, 216 803, 882 | 52, 960, 642 Ine ONS Prin Gees 2 Caan eae et eee sya 364, 625 94, 632 129, 380 588, 637 ELGG WOR SOCK EY Cr sos ae ae i wes ee 2, 033, 505 | 8, 268, 466 | 20, 088,931 | 30, 390, 902 EAN GOLA oe a ams wee Se a Oe a See pee ek Ae 41, 524, 704 | 32, 683,985 | 22, 698, 938 96, 907, 627 CANNING CHANGES IN CANNERIES The Haines Packing Co. reopened its plant at Letnikof Cove, which had been closed in 1925. The Stuart Corporation took over the Northland Packing Co., which operated the plant of the Sun- rise Packing Co. at Ketchikan in 1925. The Stuart Corporation also operated its floating plant at Ketchikan. The Sunny Point Packing Co. purchased all of the property of the Sanborn-Cutting Co. at Kake and of the Thlinket Packing Co. at Funter Bay, and operated the plants in 1926. The sale by the Thlinket Packing Co. of its plant at Funter Bay, which had been operated since 1902, marks the retirement of one of the oldest and best known concerns in the southeast Alaska canning industry. 280 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The International Packing Co., which in 1925 brought its floating cannery into the central district after the discontinuance of opera- tions in western Alaska, confined its activities to Ugashik waters and Makushin Bay in 1926. Pajoman and Trout built a new plant at Tron Creek on Raspberry Island in 1926, with the intention of in- stalling ma machinery, but leased ‘it for herring operations instead. J. Hull and I. M. Foster, of the Alitak Packing Co., acquired rr interest of Capt. John T. Jones in the Robinson ‘Pack- ing Co., which operates the floating cannery Azalea in Zachar Bay, but continued to operate under the same name. The floating plant of the Orca Packing Co. was operated at Pete Dah! Slough on Cop- per River flats during the early part of the season and later was taken Fig. 8. Salmon cannery, soutbeast Alaska to Cordova for the humpback and silver salmon runs. The plants of the Unakwik Inlet Packing Co. at Unakwik Inlet and the Hem- rich Packing Co. at Kukak Bay were again leased and operated by the Pacific American Fisheries and the Seashore Packing Co., respectively, in 1926. NEW CANNERIES A new one-line cannery was built and operated at Nakat Inlet in southeastern Alaska by the Tongass Packing Co., which formerly operated salmon traps in the district under the name of the Tongass Fish Co Six salmon canneries were operated for the first time in the central district in 1926. A new plant was that of J. A. Magill, at Anchor- age, operating under the name of the Alaska General Fisheries. The Cordova Packing Co. prepared a pack of canned salmon at its clam ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 281 eannery, which was formerly the salmon cannery of the Hillery Scott Co. The Crosby Fisheries (1ne.) purchased the steamer 7. B. Lovejoy, renamed it Salmon King, and equipped it as a floating salmon cannery, which was operated at Chignik and in two localities on Kodiak Island during the season. The Kodiak Fisheries Co. built a new cannery on Shearwater Bay, Kadiak Island, and the San Juan Fishing and Packing Co. put a line of salmon- canning machinery in its herring plant at Uganik Bay. The Strawberry Point Packing Co. enlarged its clam cannery at Boswell Bay and installed additional machinery for the canning of salmon. CANNERIES NOT OPERATED The Alaska Herring & Sardine Co. did not operate its salmon can- nery at Port Walter in 1926. The plant of the Beauclaire Packing Co. at Port Beauclere was burned just before the opening of the can- ning season, and the plant of the Hoonah Packing Co. at Gambier Bay was closed in 1926. The Arctic Packing Co. is being dropped from the lst of idle plants because of the improbability of its being reopened. The Bain- bridge Fisheries Co., at Flemming Island, and the Kamishak Pack- ing Co., at Kamishak Bay, are being dropped, as it is reported that plants no longer exist at these locations. Two plants of the Alaska Packers Association—one on the Naknek River and one on Nushagak Bay e closed in 1926. The following canneries were closed during the season of 1926 but may be reopened : Southeastern Alaska: Mvackaglerring é Sardine Colt) Siu l.. e ss le Port Walter. Maskoasanitary weackine "Cos 8 ok ss aes Cape Fanshaw. Ra Py ket = Hoonah. EMG OM ahve AC kain es © Ons sets See Ree el | 8 ae Bay. INGrGinwesterna HiSheries..CO222 =. — heals £0) wae Central Alaska: Roe Point. Santa Ana. MASKa PACKETS -ASSOCIO MONG ts ees ee Kasilof. Kodiak Island Fishing & Packing Co_________________. Seward. Northwestern] MisherieS: Cosa ssc ee 2 eh es eae PAN OMaAne an Cer OU bie = ee ek ee SE ee Raspberry Island. Western Alaska: Alaska, Packers ‘ASSoclatdom= 221) Sie ats eek teas River. Nushagak Bay. ASIC AeSS ALIN O Mis © Ores ee ee ee eds ee Kvichak Bay. Hidalvovisland Racking {Coni = 8e ee ae ee Herendeen Bay. Nelsonel@aroon Packine) Co-_ S25ee ee eee ee eae Nelson Lagoon. Bnoenixabackin oC ols! _— —— = seer es ee 2 ee 8 Herendeen Bay. TOTAL CANNERIES OPERATED There were 132 canneries operated in Alaska in 1926—61 in south- eastern, 43 in central, and 28 in western—which was 1 less in south- eastern, 6 more in central, and 2 less in western than in 1925, a net gain of 3 plants. 282 Companies that canned salmon in Alaska, number and location of canneries U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES operated, and number of traps owned by each, 1926 [New canneries indicated by (*)] Canneries Traps . Company ea Location Driven eee Total Southeast Alaska: Boca de Quadral-3-s-ss- eee 2 3 5 Chomly.f5-"> 3-2. = ee eee 2 3 5 Ajaska Consolidated Canneries__ 6 I es he aia Rite 2 4 : Menakees. 20 eee ee ee, 1 8 9 NY OSI yee eee ae eee 2 6 8 Alaska Packers Association___-.- 2 {Hrraneeit patentee aaa aera 3 Z - Annette Island Packing Co-_-_---- 1 | Metlakatla 5 3 8 Astoria & Puget Sound Canning 1 | Excursion Inlet 3 4 if 10. We CABarmes!Oor=2- sa sss eee 1 Tbake Bays2-ce ees Bese teee 1 3 4 Bayview Packing Co_-___-------- i | Bay View ((Kkdawak) 22220520225) eo eee ee ee Beegle Packing Co, = ----.-.----- | 1|-Ketchikan 2-2 Se 1 6 uf Burnett Inlet Packing Co-_------ 11) Burnett Inlet= 2322 os see eee eee 5 5 Deep Sea Salmon Co-_--.-------- 1° PortzAlthorp see eee ee Eee 17 17 Charles W. Demmert Packing Co 12) Bay Views Gklawal:))=" 22 2S eeeraee 2 2 Douglas Island Packing Co______ 1. | Dowglas..0 20 eh eS ee Fidalgo Island Packing Co------ 2 fay of Pitan Pad Gee ea 5 aed 2 E George Inlet Packing Co_------- | tN iGeorge Inlet-=*- 225.2 ese 1 3 4 Haines Packing Co.....-.------- 1 | Letnikof Cove_-_-_-.------- se ae | See ee Pas Harnisia@@ ols ie eee 1. | Hawk plots se Sen eet ee ae eee vi 7 etta backing Comes = es {| Coppermount: 220. -22 2-4-2 See ee ee Hidden Inlet Canning Co-_-__--__ 1%) Etood Baye ® 223-222) Set el ee 5 5 Karheen Packing Co_----------- Tpiiarheen=2 ues eee aa 4 e4 6 Ketchikan : laatine) perk t Seth S| Bets 2 2 Libby, McNeill & Libby_-_-_--- 21 aku eraLpOre eee eee eee 12 2 14 MWakutat.. 2229.2 See a 22 | ee ees Mountain Point Packing Co___- Joie Wirantell INArtOWS see s2= soe seers B 2 GeotniMiyers!& Colt le) <@hath ams: eats eae eee 4h) lane 4 Heceta Island. 2821s. 2 |e ee 9 9 Nakat Packing Corporation- -____ 4 Base Bae CURA OR PS a : 0 Water ms 10 u . etchikant = ie Suir 2 Ne ee ee es 1 New England Fish Co_--------- 2 tNoves Ee 2 ote el eee A : North Pacific Trading & Pack- 1] Koaw ako 2-3 ee ie Pe eee 6 6 ing Co. Boca de Gandia Piaget es see, tO Ses 3 3 6 Dundas Bay. 2-2 aa en eee 4 | 4 Northwestern Fisheries Co- ---_- BP ENUNVOn DS aya eee ee ae re oe ee ee 5 5 . Kiaseanss at Sea See 3 3 | 6 Shaken 222 250 Gos 22ers 2 3 | 5 Pacific American Fisheries-_--_-- 1) Excursion: niles. 22 Pasar 5 4 9 Petersburg Packing Co_-_-_---__- 1|\*Retersburge ee ese ee 4 7 ll Point Warde Fisheries__________- 1. Boing. Wardes_2: 2. eee eee Z 22 Pure Mood HishiCo-2-- 2s. is|etchikan 2st eee oy ae es 2 3 Pyramid Packing Co... ....--_- qa Sitka =) = . bee > oe. Sa ee acon 6 6 Red Salmon Packers Association_ 1| Dry Bay. and Situk:River|\@loat—)| 222222) |- Se ing Sea-Coast Packing Co_..__._--_- To Wi@raign S26 0-4 2a so eee ee ee 7 Sebastian Stuart Fish Co_______- a Bel ed ba (= ee Te A 2 3 eine SMMley aC Osean ae = Aioketchikanka seen a. eae ene 4 8 |- a Starr-Collinson Packing Co___-_- JoaMoira Sound2..342 2-2 eee eee 4 Sirens backing Coss o5.-2]) | 1 | SkowlArm. 2.200222. --:') “i325 eee ee Ketchikan (Pioneer plant), float-|__....._|--------|-------- Stuart Corporation, The___-__-_- 2 ing. Ketchikan (Sunrise plant) _-__-- 1 g 4 Sunny Point Packing Co_____--- 3 u ig Superior Fisheries Co._____=____- 1 1 5 Tongass Packing Co__-.-.-._--_- 1 3 3 Ward’s Cove Packing Co-_-_-_--_-_-- 1 1 2 Central Alaska: Alaska General Fisheries-_- --_-_-~- 1 2 2 takes 2 ase > See ee 2 et ees 74 Alaska Packers Association_--__- 3 |; Ohigniket & 2st se. 4 Dee aes Ey eee 3 Kartik. 3 2 ooS2sc8 2 oe eee 2. |p coe eee 2 eke Year Round Canneries 1) Seldoviat 2-22 fase eee ee 5 | Pees 5 0. Alitak Packing (Cos 22 eee 13) eazy Bay. ee oe a ee 3 Carlisle Packing Co----------- oe UNC ordOveasa: nee eee eee J sencoss 5 a - - -_- wwe ae ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 283 Companies that canned salmon in Alaska, number and location of canneries operated, and number of traps owned by each, 1926—Continued [New canneries indicated by (*)] Canneries Traps Company Na Location Driven ae Total Central Alaska—Continued. nett Columbia River Packers Asso- dai Ohignik 2.5 se 3 eee ee. 7 te eee Sees ciation. : Cook Inlet Packing Co_-__--__--- 1) | Seldovia-a2t <2: ee eee (Jj eee Bee 6 Copper River Packing Co-_-----.- Tee VcClute Bayes se penne 2 4 6 Cordova Packing Co__----.----- 1 | (Cordova) Se cet = eee hes eee) Pe Ee Crosby Fisheries (Inc.)---------- 1) | (Chignikjand|) Kodiak; ‘Island? [322322 |S 2a alee (floating) * Emel Packing Co.__-..-.-.------ J) |) Weald ez tee Shs cn See 5 3) ee 3 Fidalgo Island Packing Co_-__--- 1 pork Grahamieei ris tise f J 2aE 7 NCHOTAC CMe ase eae Ee 8) eee 8 Gorman & Co_-__--.------------ 2 {pri Beye ne oo le el eae |e 2 2 PeeWee arris aco 22522. 2 1| IsanotskalStralisee- a ee 4, |e lees 4 Hoonah Packing Co___--..-.---- 1 Eee Se eae ee | ee anne | ae ee Se es a a 4 (Gyo ics oes Sire eee ee OF ee 4 4 Kadiak Fisheries Co__----------- 2 ere ares roy em ig Ot Dy w ipies gti Ne aro het or cae Katmai Packing Co-.--_---------- 1 AT Se ee ete ee ee enn ees SU ee ees Wer AG keller eo eer ee 3 1g| PD eepk@reck== == 252 = = 2 ut ase fh, | ee aa 1 ues Island Fishing & Pack- PRU Carike ay seers oto ee 28 Tee Be eee ee eae ing Co. Libby, MeNeill & Libby___----- 1 | Kenai Moore Packing) Co:_7- 22-22 ---- 1 | Orca Inlet North Coast Packing Co_-__----- 1 | Ninilchik Northern Light Packing Co-_-_--- 1 Mountain Slough i Chigni Northwestern Fisheries Co-_-_-_-- 3 |, Kenai___ Uyak Orcaybackine’@o.- 2. - 22.282 Is 'Cordovias (floating)! 2a ese a eS ee Kkeatanke- - 0 See oe bah ee 5 Pacific American Fisheries__-__--- 3, Kang Covel: 2225.29. ae fy) Pa ea 9 WUmakwik Inleto3 et 3035 2 ee ee 2 2 Pioneer Packing Co_-__-----_---- ‘Lil KC OndOW a oo see ee re Ape ee ah 2 4 Pioneer Sea Foods Co__-__------- glee) eee Gots Res 228 ic Sie ie Sa ee 1 1 Robinson Packing Corporation__ il Zaebet bay Mee ot Sao No ea ee ee aE 8 aaa sone . VeElS Bays 2-225 see! 24 28s | Bae 9 San Juan Fishing & Packing Co_ 2 Dganik Bagi kek 13| a, as 1 Seashore Packing Co___-_-__-_-__- Tae Keakak Bayes. 22252 BPRS 35 2 ee ee Shepard Point Packing Co__-_-_-- TisShepard. Points. ==5: 2-5 see eee 1 3 4 Shumagin Packing Co__________- MP Squawablarbors =e Se Bq peer 3 Strawberry Point Packing Co_-_- Iie BOsSwellsBayaote oe te eee yee: bape ees ee a Western Alaska: Me erikaiivertesst= asses ees tee ae eke eee KeVACHSESE By) l(2) eee eee ees =|! RS OL ee ae Alaska Packers Association______ oa MUNK TEC LIV. OLN (Z) eee cee ae es heel eee nn | i es | ee Nushagak Bay Ugashik River Alaska Portland Packers Asso- 2 INaknéekpRiv era 2-252 eee ciation. Nushagak Bay “Adaska Salmon Co_--.-.--_2. 2.2: 14 "Wood! Rivers 23240) Sie eee Sere Bristol Bay Packing Co________- Li kovich aks Bay: 5-5 ss See Sais. 1 ae Carlisle Packing Co_____-______- 1 | Kvichak River Columbia River Packers Asso- 1 | Nushagak Bay ciation. Everett Packing Co__......._..- 1) Herendeen’ Baya 3 28= ose) Phe oe ee ee International Packing Co 1 | Ugashik River and Makushin |______-_|_.-...__|_2______ Bay (floating). H Werte iver seers ots eet ie ater SE LY bet La ne Ree ee ase at | ona |S ae lies ee : < Fs Ogetenig ee mae reer ire ce Vege in Pe eee es Libby, McNeill & Libby___-___- 6 TibEtwilnme i: soe ca \naisty aija oneness IGOCK ATION SER e LES SPN. Ft Vi EE Ba Pa Pa ah y INtisha aks tess. Lee eee eer ie a ee roa Nakat Packing Corporation, The I PNaKeonmeeer ese eee SES ee aie ce pee Naknek-Packing Co-_-.__...___- TaN koruiver se 5225 Eines ee yA SL Daltiegs oo hak | ee . . ee ees es oe PE ae ee ee tee | ee Ni pep nrestcmn Fisheries Co-_-_--- 2 WNush Rink a lS REAL PIPL td) a] ake ee | aD Pacific American Fisheries___.__- Ha PROGUeV Olena ees = 228 a ee 45 Sens 4 . ARCTIC KMEV LY Ce os tree [ia kon Ue IT Red Salmon Canning Co_-___-_-__- 2 MoU River he ool ee eg peabh oe ares IS84 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES LOSSES AND DISASTERS The Beauclaire Packing Co. cannery at Port Beauclerc burned on June 3. It was reported to have been‘a total loss, with the exception of a few shore buildings. Other losses in southeastern Alaska were the power boats Buster, of the Sunny Point Packing Co., and Discovery, of the Fidalgo Island Packing Co., the mess house of the Wards Cove Packing Co., and miscellaneous fishing equipment and small boats belonging to a number of companigs, in all totaling approximately $95, 000. Sev 6 shoresmen by disease and 2 each by drowning and by accidents 3 yea: were drowned, 3 were killed in accidents, and 1 died of disease. In the central district the new plant of the Kadiak Fisheries Co. at Shearwater Bay was wrecked by a windstorm after the end of the fishing season. The loss was estimated at $24,000. The salmon and Fic. 9.—F leet of fishing boats at Ketchikan, Alaska clam cannery of the Strawberry Point Packing Co. at Cordova was burned on October 18, with a loss of approximately $21,500. Other losses in the district consisted of the g gas boat Uncle John, belonging to the Moore Packing Co., and miscellaneous small boats and fishing equipment of a number of companies, totaling in all approximately $57,900. Thirteen lives were lost—1 fisherman. and 2 shoresmen were drowned and 1 fisherman and 9 shoresmen died of disease. In the western district fishing gear valued at $9,547 was lost and 19 lives were lost—1 fisherman and 4 shoresmen drowned, 1 fisherman and 9 shoresmen died of disease, and 1 fisherman and 3 shoresmen were killed accidentally. STATISTICS In 1926, 132 canneries were operated in Alaska, 3 more than in 1925. The active ee in the industry was $60,535,550, a gain of $6,992,006, or 13 per cent, over 1925. The increase in southeast Alaska was $949, a Ors. 6 per cent; in central Alaska $3,787,122, or 31.7 per cent; and in western Alaska $2,255,599, or 14 per cent. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 285 Employment was given to 21,906 persons, as compared with 21,805 in 1925, an increase of 101. White employees increased 80, natives 340, Filipinos 376, Negroes 9, and miscellaneous (including Kanakas) 14, while Chinese decreased 131, Japanese 5, Porto Ricans 130, and Mexicans 452. The total pack of canned salmon was 6,652,882 cases, valued at $46,080,004. This was an increase of 2,192,945 cases, or 49 per cent, and an increase in value of $14,090,473, or 44 per cent. The output in southeastern Alaska increased from 2,802,414 cases to 3,058,055, or 9 per cent; central Alaska from 1,052,593 cases to 2,146,485, or 104 per cent; and western Alaska from 604,930 cases to 1,448,342, or 139 per cent. The increase was attributable to the large run of reds in western Alaska, combined with the immense run of humpbacks in central Alaska. In Alaska as a whole the pack of reds increased from 1,059,676 cases to 2,157,087, or 103.6 per cent; kings from 49,978 cases to 52,476, or 5 per cent; humpbacks from 2,110,593 cases to 3,338,349, or 58 per cent; and cohos from 161,010 cases to 202,527, or 25.8 per cent. The only decrease was in the pack of chums, of which species 902,443 cases were packed, as against 1,078,680 in 1925, a decrease of 176,237 cases, or 16.3 per cent. Persons engaged in the Alaska salmon-canning industry in 1926 E Southeast} Central | Western Occupation and race Alsen lacks INGLES Total Fishermen: RVVARUT OS Sees eg ee Pe Nn eS ee ae 1, 367 962 2, 031 4, 360 Natiy os anne en Une ete LUE ROGET MY Sent eTs 1, 329 319 75 1, 723 UPCOTCY.-S= Se ee eee eee a el eee 1 Iain haS ee Be eS ee ee ae een 1 eee ee eee nae | 16 MipkIGHT Seen nee Se tere eks 2 tae ATT a a= (yf te eee Ses he 6 LEGMENIG IS ssl ie td A ale eS aa Se i oe ee aR Al ene Se Der Rape vee 4 UD eee a ead | eee. een 1 2, 723 1, 282 2,106 | 6, 111 2, 362 1, 365 1, 821 | 5, 548 1, 436 649 215 | 2, 300 377 311 424 1,112 ipan 658 548 275; 1,481 Lig Casco ee el Sep rile oe SS ea oa ee as ee 1, 383 653 548 |- 2, 584 IM GNo (Ce eB Se Es a ee ee ee ee 145 85 816 1, 046 OTTO EICATIS# pet ate, Ss ae Sees MOEN ear eee se SOE 8 3 9 20 SES GE RN aca at) See Seas bee ae ees eee 29 21 10 60 INGR LOGS ont 222 a2 ot oe ese cae ee ae sena sass seessecbacccees = 7 33 215 | 255 BVEISCOLPATIBOUS tas | ns 22k ee ae Oe, eee 17 1 25 43 TE [ES wc ta el i i eae Dy 6,422! 3, 669 4,358 || 14, 449 Transporters: Eh wane are le el Whites eee ee ia eee TEE OR ie eae, SSI ee 706 384 120 1, 210 INDiLVeSeee ete meet S to ae Ae UNS aie So ee at oe Ded 44 SLU ee He Siti csc meen oe a) Nee a ek Oe Be iedee 28 Sd |e es 5 i pAnleseeeew nt see Be 32S. BCE IE 14 28 1 43 LOTTO baG SEE a eee ed eer ee ee ems eee ee 5 Al wep Se er 6 IN GRR OCS Sie se a ee seen. Ue Pee 2 Lee 5 eee eee 1 1 4 6 IIS Celine Ouse ee eee ee 1 ae 2 Le 2 1 Pine tell eee es eee es 2 tLe ere eae 776 445 | 125 1, 346 Total: _ Whites ede HR > ee ee ee ea eed 4, 435 PAT pl 3, 972 11, 118 INAUIV OS Sesese siete cr = 2) ne ec slo ase oe eee ore ee 2, 809 999 290 4, 098 Ghinesowes tee fey One glo, A ee ee eee 382 311 | 424 1,117 RA WArleSOt ven Oe NUE eo ek hos sere ees te ee 672 577 276 1, 525 PRUGUOS sees ee eo ee eee eg eet ae 1, 404 654 | 548 2, 606 Pee caris me een Sek tee Lt oe a ee ee 151 85 | 816 1, 052 POnreicans: seers oo) ee Be eee Se 8 3 | 9 20 Kanakas ae 302 Se ek see eee ok A.” hs te a 33 21 | 10 64 IN CHUTE s 5 se ae ea a Se Dale Dee De: 88 ERS ek 8 34 | 219 261 RVEISCRUEMEUIS eee tes oo a ae eee ee eee eR | 19 1| 25 45 Gime apO alee mete t fot Sah ree ae se etoile 9 9, 921 5, 396 6, 589 21, 906 1 Hawaiians, Koreans, etc. 286 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Investment in the Alaska salmon-canning industry in 1926 Southeast Alaska! Central Alaska | Western Alaska Total Items = -> < — um- um- um- , Num- GEE Value (See Value Fae Value Hae Value H —— ee Plants operated _--....------- 61/$6, 252, 982 43/$3, 866, 646 28/$5, 872, 153) 132/$15,991,781 Operating, capitales ete eee 95252::950| ses oe DAG: da2|s= sean s 4, 678, 135 19, 893, 426 Wragesipaid:2—oe =». 3 --~ 3 Se Bes 4, 135, 858)_______- 21916136|be sae 4, 004, 284 11, 116, 278 Vessels: | Power, over 5 tons_____-_- 412| 2, 794, 340 109] 1, 364, 773 90| 2, 070, 617 611! 6, 229, 730 Net tonnage__.__----- TaS0slE ee aekt | a, 423 |eee wee So 2d; MT 8 eee 37,033| Seer Sailings On Fd. SON cited 90, 000 125, 000 5, ; 10! 441, 000 Net tonnage__.______- SHU) ba aes wee BH BGo) = ae os ee 0.450 eae’ 19) 065)/S--5--s024 Balees ese ee eee eee 3 20; OOG | 32 So 52 ie es es ee a ee ee 3 25, 000 Net tonnage--___------ AG) epee eee oil eee ps A ee Ste Te eR eae ee re 1620) Eases ee WMaunchesen = S35 e ee ee 216, 268, 083 191) 232, 298 34 81, 307 441} 581, 688 Seine boats: 2222 ees 2 155 13, 064 99 11, 777 5 300 259) 25, 141 Gillmet) boatss_ =. = == = 67 3, 187 75! 17,990} 1,116, 477,127) 1,258) 498,304 Rowboats and skiffs______ 1, 129 55, 801 567 32, 206 137 10, 452) 1, 833 98, 459 Lighters and scows_____-- 379| 396, 760 214, 189, 246 161) 369, 331 754) 955, 337 OUSBIDORtS asses ewes 49 31, 537 4 3, 665 31 74, 105 84; 109, 307 Piledriversi2 22s. 23 66) 431, 548 34) 188, 579 21 66, 216 121) 686, 343 Pile pullerse = Se eee 8 593624) soo a sl Se ee Sea — | ee 8 59, 624 Apparatus: Purse seines4o+. 34 24). 1! 401; 312,056 63) 19, 847 10 11, 500) 474) 3438, 403 IALHOMSseeee eee Tl OB6| see eee 6 645i Sake eed 2 DOD eee S101) t se ec ee IBeACHISEINGS ea eee 8} 5 152) 117 38, 542) 3 1, 000 1 40, 694 at HOMmse= =e eee 1} eee eee 1os455/s2e eee B00|- see se soe. 16475) ee Gillneigeee ss Sosa 183 42, 772 984 71,475} 1,577} 270,088) 2,744) 384,335 Rathoms22!23 as DAS OOO |S Sees ee pe 5680/2 onee te. Sel 206),100/ PS = eer 2857060|eeear ose raps ndrivenas 2022 S2 5 114 881, 848 134 576, 493 20, 000; 252) 1, 478, 341 Mraps; floating ee 367) 1, 526, 354 18 B1005| Se a eee 385) 1, 577, 359 Totaly Stes Re eet Rea ee ee 26) 594,025) => esa Ba To ai2eOL0| see eee 18, 232, 615! pete os a 535, 550 ‘ 5 | Output and value of canned salmon in Alaska in 1926+ Southeast Alaska Central Alaska Western Alaska Total Product , Cases Value Cases | Value Cases Value Cases Value Coho, or silver: | 14-pound flat________- 4,280) $58, 905 BiOT4 ehh sao oe oe No eee 10, 354) $117,357 T-pound abss- 222s 5, 328 55, 009 11, 297 LOVE 264) te UE ty eee aa 16, 625 156, 273 T=pound tales 2s2 sees 86, 781 724, 475 86, 938 688, 412 1, 829 $14,046} 175, 548) 1,426, 933 Potale as se ae oe. 96,389) 838,389} 104,309 848,128 1, 829 14,046} 202, 527} 1, 700, 563 Chum, or keta: 14-pound flat________-_ 1, 058 7, 621) 309 Dbefas| eeak ae oie Es deride 1, 367 9, 475 1=pound datss2 see. 551 21bol” VASPABt A261 527A Ewes |e ee 48,982) 264, 282 1-pound tall_______-_- 616, 788| 3,076,825) 195,068 969, 966 40, 238 198, 381! 852,094) 4, 245, 172 Totalistee ses 58 618, 397) 3, 087, 201) 243, 808) 1, 233,347; 40, 238/ 198,381) 902, 443} 4, 518, 929 Humpback, or pink: | | 144-pound flat________- 39, 832) 345, 855] 20, 003 IAS 678) | eee 59, 835 491, 533 J=pounG hat. =--_- 3, 810: 24,030, 78,351 A54hOl So 2k eee es 82, 161 478, 621 1-pound tall__________ /2, 115, 057/11, 301, 223 1, 045, 826) 5,541,094; 35,470] 175, 056/3, 196, 353}17, 017, 373 Ro tally ds coc thee 2, 158, 699/11, 671, 108 1, 144, 180) 6,141,363) 35,470) 175, 056/38, 338, 349]17, 987, 527 King, or spring: re be J4-pound flat___._____ 1, 534 22, 180 1, 790 PSA ie tell Pe eee ees 3, 324 50, 584 Ppound Hatea=-— 2 = 5, 148} 60, 694 5, 702) 67, 665 275 2, 750 11,126 131, 109 1-pound tallis= -- 3, 997) 34, 405 16, 191 158, 746 17, 839 169, 402 38, 027 362, 553 Totalicas =) 35s a 10, 679) 117,279} 28,683) 254,815) 18,114) 172,152) 52,476) 544, 246 Red, or sockeye: Y%-pound flat________- 33, 558; 485,380} 29,707| 464,643) 18,916) 299,645} 82,181] 1, 249, 668 I=-pound flat_222--- 2 19, 838} 247, 302 76, 966 832, 013 7, 525 85, 628) 104,329) 1, 164, 943 1-pound tall_________- 120, 495, 1,196,107) 523, 832) 5, 144, 030|1, 326, 250/12, 573, 991/1, 970, 577/18, 914, 128 Motalieee. 205 tee 173, 891| 1,928, 789] 630, 505| 6, 440, 686)1, 352, 691/12, 959, 264|2, 157, 087/21, 328, 739 Grand total_______- 3, 058, 05517, 642, 766)2, 146, 485)14, 918, 339|1, 448, 342/13, 518, 899/6, 652, 882/46, 080, 004 1 Cases containing 4-pound cans have been reduced one-half in number, and thus, for the purpose of affording fair comparison, all are put upon the basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 287 Output of canned salmon in Alaska, in cases, 1921 to 19267 = = = | — ss Percent- | age of Aver= || gaits age for crease in Product 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 5-year 1926 | 1926, as period, compared 1921-1925 | eit year average Coho, or silver: | | ¥6-pound flat____________ 4,084) 22, 237 13, 866 8, 059, 7, 145 11, 078 10, 354 —6. 4 feHpUnGinb ose 7, 918 12, 099 10, 151 5, 403) 7, 223 8, 559 16, 625 +94. 24 I BOuUnGNtal Sees ee” 94, 553) 141,657! 140, 090) 170,139) 146,642! 138,616) 175,548) +26. 64 RRO URI ee Se 9 106, 555} 175,993) 164,107; 183,601) 161,010) 158,253) 202, 527] +27. 98 Chum, or keta: | Y-pound flat____________ 608 3, 698 6, 356 346, 3, 051 2, 812 1, 367 —51. 39 P=DOUIIG fis Ga es es oS 6, 185 16) G30 tae es 1,366) 48, 982/+-3, 485. 80 i-ponng (tallies oe! 254, 887] 556,035} 519, 250)1, 027, 512/1, 075, 629) 686,663) 852, 094 +24. 09 PRO Galas Ae eh ae | 255, 495 565, 918) 525, 622/1, 028, 488)1, 078, 680} 690,841) 902, 443 +30. 63 Humpback, or pink: | é ¥-pound flat___________- | 1,292) 42,736) 29,363] 21,365) 34,005) 25,752) 59,835} +132.35 1-pound flat [Baa cea © 30, 879 9, 428 13, 095 185 10,717; 82,161! +666. 64 1-pound tall 422, 692/1, 584, 808)2, 409, 338)2, 566, 823)/2, 076, 403/1, 812, 013)3, 196, 353 +76. 40 AMET Ea Bes et eee 423, 984/1, 658, 423|2, 448, 129/2, 601, 283/2, 110, 593)1, 848, 482 3, 338, 349 +80. 60 King, or spring: | 4-pound flat_.._.._____-- | 4, 661 3, 770 5, 466) 1, 501 2, 755 3, 511 3, 324 —5. 33 d=poundshapes aes | 19,192 3, 967 7, 281| 9, 500 8, 828 9, 754 11, 125 +14. 06 I-pound tall 22534. 3538 21, 741 22,923) 25,596) 22,647) 38,395) 26,260) 38,027 +44. 81 ocala a. sews oe bah 44,994) 30,660} 38,343) 33,648) 49,978) 39,525) 52,476} -+32.77 SE ———— | ——— Red, or sockeye: ve-pound. fat: 2222525226 60, 831; 171,896) 121,775) 31,947 68, 901 91, 070 82, 181 —9. 76 i-poundpHate-=s2-— 2s = 71,108; 121,449) 159,271) 110,352 28, 757 98,187) 104,329 +6. 26 Tefea pin! (eile ogoe es oe 1, 633, 859|1, 777, 313]1, 578, 450|1, 305, 596| 962, 018)1, 451, 447|1, 970,577) +35.77 Mo tale cee cect, 1, 765, 798|2, 070, 658|1, 859, 496|1, 447, 895/1, 059, 676 1, 640, 705|2, 157, 087|. +31. 47 Granditotale= =~ = 2, 596, 8264, 501, 652/5, 035, 697\5, 294, 915/4, 459, 937/4, 377, 805/6, 652, 882 +51. 97 1 The number of cases shown has been put upon the common basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans per case. Relative importance of each species of canned salmon within each district in 1926 | | Total, District Coho Chum Huy King Red all species : Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent Houtheasiesiaskas --- bees 2. Polit. 3.2 20. 2 . 70.6 0.3 eel 100 WentralpAlaska se one or se Ty 4.9 TER} GBi8} peal 29:4 100 WI CSLarMY Alaska suns lle ee gl 2.8 2.4 1.3 93.4 100 IPA ask ae ree os Brees te 3.0 13.6 50. 2 8 32.4 100 48765—27—_5 ISS U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Relative importance of each district in the production of each species of salmon canned in 1926 | | | Total, District Coho | Chum eae King | Red | all | | species Le | Ce J Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent Southeast Alaska. Soke es ee Sea eee 47.6 | 68. 5 64. 7 20. 4 8.1 46.0 CentralvAlaskase > eo: eae eee 51.5 | 27.0 34.3 45.1 29. 2 32.2 Western “Alaskaccoe3 238 Nii eee | +9 4.5 1.0 34.5 62.7 21.8 otal SS ea a eee: See 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 | 100. 0 | : | Average annual price per case of forty-eight 1-pound cans of salmon, 1916 to 1926 = i SS => —— ——— ; SSS Product 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 Coho, or silver_._______! $5.34 | $8.76 | $9.15 |$11.27 | $9.13 | $5.63 | $5.47 | $5.74 | $6.83 | $9. 72 $8. 40 Chum, or keta_-______| 3.34 | 6.14! 6.27) 6.82] 4.19] 3.68] 3.98] 4.65 | 4.68) 4.44 5. 01 Humpback, or pink___| 3.64| 644) 6.58] 8.35) 5.47] 4.21] 4.34] 4.86] 4.93 | 5. 28 5. 39 King, or spring_-______ 5.36 | 10.40 | 9.85 | 13.13 | 10.97 | 10.22} 8.08] 8.56) 8.89 | 11.91 | 10:37 Red, or sockeye________ 6.04 | 9.48 | 9.44 | 12.98 | 13.05 | 8.96 | 9.24 9.27 || 92530), 1312 9. 89 PACK IN CERTAIN DISTRICTS Statistics of the salmon pack are again presented for subdivisions of the three main districts of Alaska, and comparison is made with similar statistics for 1925. These districts are described as follows: Bristol Bay—The Bering Sea shore, east and north of the Ugashik River. Port Moller and Herendeen Bay.—Port Moller, Herendeen Bay, and Nelson Lagoon. Tkatan—Shumagin Islands—¥F alse Pass, Ikatan Bay, King Cove, and the Shumagin Islands. Chignik.—Canneries located at Chignik. Kodiak—Afognak Islands—Kodiak, Spruce, and Raspberry Islands. Cook Inlet—The shores of Cook Inlet. - Prince William Sound —Extends from Resurrection Bay to Point Whitshed, except that the pack of fish taken in the Copper River district by canneries at and near Cordova is omitted. Copper and Bering Rivers—Extends from Point Whitshed to Bering River and includes the pack by canneries at Cordova from fish not credited to Prince William Sound. Yakutat and Dry Bay—*Extends from Yakutat Bay to and includ- ing Dry Bay. Icy Strait Lynn Canal—West coast of Baranof and Chichagof Islands, the shores of Cross Sound, Icy Strait, Lynn Canal, and Stephens Passage, south to Taku Harbor. Only part of the pack at Taku Harbor is credited to this district, as some of it originated elsewhere. Chatham Strait—Frederick Sound—Includes part of the Taku cannery pack and the Petersburg Packing Co.’s pack, in addition to the packs of all canneries on both shores of Chatham Strait and its ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 289 bays from Point Augusta to Cape Ommaney, and through Frederick Sound and its bays northward to Taku Harbor, including Kake. Sumner Strait—Divon Entrance.—Extends southward from Peters- burg and eastward from Port Beauclere to Cape Chacon and Dixon Entrance, and includes all canneries on the mainland and interven- ing islands from the Stikine River to Portland Canal. West coast, Prince of Wales Island.—Territory west and south of a line from Cape Chacon to Point Baker and Cape Ommaney. Pack of canned salon in Alaska in 1926, by districts * | | | Percent- * age of District | Coho | Chum eee King | Red Total jincrease or | | : decrease | | | from 1925 | | | Cases Cases Cases Cases | Cases | Cases | BrIStolpp ayer. He ete FE 1,829 | 34,500 13,271 | 14,477 | 1,300,752 | 1,364,829 | +140.13 Port Moller and Herendeen Bay_|_________ EGY Asi Mapes = oe *| 3,637 51, 916 | 60, 931 +72. 99 Ikatan-Shumagin Islands-_---_-__ 19,492 | 118, 062 227, 757 2,176 197,488 564, 975 +187. 13 (Cy ETT S18 ot ie Sears ee ee eee 3, 466 25, 727 35, 765 141 44, 203 109, 302 +37. 46 Kodiak—A fognak Islands_----____ 18,335 | 33,324 252, 907 123 230, 009 534, 698 +76. 51 ecukshnlehees5e 2 5 Ren 2 ee Ne S392 221 mare nlihids 31, 240 | 14, 541 122, 053 193, 873 +74. 93 Prince William Sound__________- 11, 457 59, 938 618, 698 125 15, 094 705, 312 | +120. 76 Copper and Bering Rivers_.---..| 32,637 |_______-- 12 | 6,577 21, 681 | 60, 907 STeoeee, Yakutat and Dry Bay_____.__-__| 19, 419 218 (Sola| ero ll6 15, 620 48, 224 +37. 05 Icy Strait-Lynn Canal---_______- 17,902 | 122,898 328, 242 1,974 69, 341 540, 357 +61. 78 Chatham Strait-Frederick Sound) 7,960 | 182,040 419, 404 398 11, 807 621, 609 +37. 70 Sumner Strait-Dixon Entrance__| 37,526 219, 532 | 1,086, 381 2, 981 | 70, 233 | 1,416, 653 —8. 59 West coast, Prince of Wales Island) 13,582 , 93,709 | 316, 821 210 6, 890 | 431, 212 — 18 Rhotalie aes ie eh Se | 202,527 | 902,443 | 3,338,349 | 52,476 | 2,157,087 | 6, 652, 882 +49.17 1 Pack reduced to the basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans per case. Fic. 10.—Drift gill-net fisherman at Taku, southeast Alaska S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 290 | U: MILD CURING In 1926 the salmon mild-cure industry of Alaska was maintained at about the level of production of the previous year. The industry gave employment to 1,549 persons (1,280 whites and 269 natives), or 14 more than the number employed in 1925. The investment of $1,433,512, which was almost wholly in the southeastern district, was $64,913 less than in 1925. The total output of mild-cured salmon in 1926 was 4,569,600 pounds, valued at $1,070,316, as compared with 5,217,600 pounds, valued at $1,085,466 in 1925, a decrease of 648,000 pounds in quantity, with a de- crease in value of only $15,150. The pack consisted of 738,400 pounds of cohos, 76,000 pounds of humpbacks, 800 pounds of sockeyes, and 3,754,400 pounds of kings. In units of 800-pound tierces, the pack consisted of 923 tierces of cohos, 95 tierces of humpbacks, 1 tierce of reds, and 4,693 tierces of kings. investment,» and products of Alaska salmon mild-curing Persons engaged, industry in 1926 Southeast Alaska Central Alaska Total Items Number Value Number | Value | Number Value PERSONS ENGAGED Fishermen: Ain teste ree ee ee ee ee M2024) 22 oe ee tn ei eee 1206 es eee ee EN'S GVGS Gor ee Ge ae as in 2 P16, ie eee area | (OREM Serene aa es De 260) ee ANNIE LSE 2 ye eis ee oe ee Sees 1 4G21 |e ie eee | 4./isst-2ee 15466: ee ae Shoresmen: Willies Heer eee eee eee Ee fall Seep | [RY ete ie | Pe Naa ATS |2— ees IN TIVES Set en eee ae eon Bone te | ae oe Sl ee Se a | See ee Qi a ee HBG) #2 Les Sa ai A Pe iy) ee ee ee lee O64 |Seeses == | SS Transporters; Wibitese. 2 ==----=-=" = PH Ae oa cat eee ne eee Py (| et ak Ee Grand \totaleeses = 832 1645 Ene ee AN oe aes i 54 Os) epee ae INVESTMENT Plantsioperated a2 sc 8) oe eee 12 $8, 378 1 $500 13 $8, 878 Operatingicapitalae seo) 8a ee ee eee VP Sal eae ee eee 2;000"|2: 2222-2 424, 724 Vessels: Power; Over tons=- -2--2-22- ee 23 119300) eee ae eee 23 119, 300 INGE OMNaAg state en eee 5B) ee ee ee Poe PLT Sane | ed 458), oe ee: os (Palin chesiics seed sO ee 802 805, 000 1 500 803 805, 500 RO WDORLSee tense eee eee 301 10, 550 2 210 303 10, 760 Lighters and scows___...------_-__- 3 | BUSOU Aas eee ee lee lee 3 3, 350 Apparatus: | Gill nets (150 fathoms) --_.________ 1 SOR ae ee | ee 1 150 Mrapy(ATiven) ese ooes So: ee | ee ae ee eee 1 650 : 1 650 PINGS Seep e seen 2 eee 6, 020 SOF200) Pease 2. 2a =: | See 6, 020 60, 200 Wopalee ate care ee ee ae NA 29KAbelsee =e 37.860) |Sos-— eee 1, 433, 512 PRODUCTS (POUNDS) Cohosorsilvenca=sss=-s2= eee sce e- | 738, 400 LOS VTS 122 ea See See 1 738, 400 105, 118 DSi broach opel cy Gyo oyoal'cl Oe ee |x, tends ead NR Sl See es eg 76,000 | 5,250 2 76, 000 5, 250 DLahat wry pyoyrbo(see ee | 3 3, 641, 600 937, 249 | 4 112, 800 | 22, 649 | 5 3, 754, 400 959, 898 Reds or'sockeyenas ss see eee ree oe etait icieetetet 800 | 50 § 800 50 Totalete-— <2 ee eee ee ee 4, 380, 000 1,042,367 | 189,600 | 27,949 | 4,569,600 | 1,070,316 1 923 tierces. 2 95 tierces. 3 4,552 tierces. 4 141 tierces. 5 4,693 tierces. 5] tierce. Oe ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 291 PICKLING The pickled-salmon industry, which is carried on chiefly in west- ern Alaska, showed a considerable increase over recent years. ‘This was due primarily to the larger run of red salmon in the central and western districts. The Westward Packing Co.’s floating saltery, which was reported sold at the end of the 1925 season, again operated in Bristol Bay in 1926. Both central and western Alaska showed increases in the investment in the industry. Fewer persons were reported engaged in the industry, but the total investment increased from $203,000 in 1925 to $256,333 in 1926. Products in southeastern Alaska declined from 94,900 pounds in 1925 to 56,800 pounds in 1926, while central Alaska increased from 229,200 pounds to 460,500 pounds and western Alaska increased from 305,500 pounds to 1,096,300 pounds. The total output in 1926 was 1,618,600 pounds, valued at $173,680, as compared with 629,600 pounds in 1925, valued at $84,731, an increase in 1926 of 156 per cent in quantity and 105 per cent in value. Persons engaged, investment, and products of Alaska salmon-pickling industry in 1926 Southeast Alaska| Central Alaska Western Alaska Total Items Number |} Value ; Number Value | Number Value Number | Value | PERSONS ENGAGED Fishermen: Whi besser see eae te |p Se 8 2) |'F3eet es. 34) |Peeee coos be eee ee INGE CSee eee ae neenae | eee eta 14g Ce ee eee ae eee es 47} ees inj ciel ee cit eee ri ees ae 60; ba ae Shoresmen: Wihiitess= sess aos lee te aaa LE coe 19. |eae ee ee, 20) 22s 2se35 IS RCS a ee Se are ee ee es (eee 13) Pees ee IS s/eeeeS_2 a ete eaeeeieeaseeenenel Motales ee oaa|e PN ee eae rl Ce Sop doe ee 33) |b Poss J SSS Grand'total..-.<|5e fe Ss ae iis ae Too: janes INVESTMENT Plantsjoperated- =. . 2. -|__. ----2=.|---.---- 6 |$14, 650 3 | $104, 125 9 |$118, 775 Operaninp capitals = 02 ook ce ee es 178 OOS |e eae 687690) |=aeaee eee 85, 698 Vessels: IROWeL- Ov eh bONS | sss 2 Shee il OOO se ee eens z i1, 000 iettonnage: os} awe a lee | a eI aa re a a) a ee Walneh esas 22 seq2.<\52- 22 22-22/02 2 Se 17 | 13, 100 1 300 18} 138,400 ulonietabOoats sees a= ieee oes ee |e Sid Poy ee ale 19 10, 950 19 | 10,950 Oy DOniaeeee eee noe eee 40) 2,455 3 | 300 | 43 257155 Hightersiand Scows: |=. --._-2- |] 22.2 3 950 1| 1, 500 4 2, 450 Apparatus: | IBcacbIseiiess see! s- 22 2222 seas eee oe DO Os LAD epee ce Se alo) SE Se 29 5, 145 Mathoms-y3 522 -|b- 222-222 =|bse ees. SAD a | es aad |e ee eS (eee 18403-25285 ELIT SE SOINGS-22— = 2/22. 2 eee 2 C1 Nee eo 2 |e ee 1 400 Hathoms ss 22125 eso Sea Cae AKO ee ee ae PS Bee Ee ee ee TOO" | :ee eee Meets ao se a moh 2 Je Seen Eee 9 970 ) 27 | 3, 390 36 4, 360 Fathoms-____-- |e ee ee oe | Ee eon rk ay Pere es 3400) 2-22 ee 9,880: | soho seek Trap; driven. _=_-- = Pe ey eee |e is | ye OD So ee ee |e ee 1 1, 100 WihiGelseeee= se epee SasSe se. A eee el 3 300 3 300 ARTO) UL > ae eee ae pe a | SEs | LE 6 665078) sae 1S89%'555) | 22 eee oe 256, 333 PRODUCTS (POUNDS) Coho, or siiver._-.____- 24,000 | 2,300 48,100 | 8, 882 11, 200 | 1, 044 83, 300 | 12, 226 @humornkKeta--=- =" 2. | 20-2 esl see 48,500 | 5, 062 34, 700 2.616 83, 200 7, 678 Humpback, or pink___- 32,800 | 2,040 90,900 | 7,160 6, 600 462 130, 300 9, 662 Pn sor springs nL eel 5, 800 596 49, 400 6, 157 55, 200 6, 753 BUCO MOLISOCK DY One es sete ee eee 267, 200 | 23, 732 994,400 | 113,629] 1,261,600 | 137, 361 Total LA Sa 56, 800 4, 340 460, 500 | 45, 432 1, 096, 300 123, 908 1, 613, 600 | 173, 680 292 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES FRESH SALMON In 1926 the fresh-salmon business of Alaska represented no inde- pendent investment, being incidental to other phases of the fishery industry. The total production was 2,274,123 pounds of all species, valued at $221,771, comparable with 2,620,017 pounds valued at $223,907 in 1925, a decrease of 13 per cent in quantity but less than 1 per cent in value. Of this total all but 5,550 pounds, valued at $660, was produced in southeastern Alaska Products of the Alaska fresh-salmon industry in 1926 Species Pounds Value @ pho; Or Siliverks sane 2 Be es oe 2) wey ade ea ge a a 672, 429 $39, 692 TIM MOL KC Lats tan hee eRe ee Pas Saree © eee eae oe es 9 a a oe Oe 25, 383 1, 496 Humpback, or pin! 2, 513 75 King, or spring a ye 1, 570, 808 180, 226 Redhor/sockeyess= = ee Sed Se 1 er ee ES Ee See eee 2, 990 282 AE Gaal ees Be a NOUS RS Sees ee Seed ees Seis Se ee ee 2, 274, 123 221, 771 FREEZING No independent investment was credited to the salmon-freezing business in Alaska in 1926, the operations being wholly incidental to other lines of the ay, industry. There was an increase in production of 1,197,022 2 pounds, or 47 per cent, over 1925, the total output in aye being 3,769,645 pounds, valued at $356, 060, as com- pared with 2,572,623 pounds, valued at $170,663, in 1925. Products of the Alaska frozen-salmon industry in 1926 if Species | Pounds | Value = > = re Coho} onsiliyers et Ss= S50 ees ah ae er Se ete tte ae met 2 ale | 1,457, 487 $124, 719 Chuntviorketa pas) ee oot ae Se ee We a eG A ee ee eee | 572, 166 32, 232 ERIM DACK On DUK ees: Hone nS Sv ees Bly aly See Rant an pee RP We ee 285 | 14 (Rene VOnS Prin pe PR IS ae 20. a Ee ee ES a ek ee | 1,739, 707 199, 095 11) \ a ee Oe a eo ed Meee ee eee Swans MA eiad Bay eS: | 3, 769, 645 356, 060 DRY-SALTING, DRYING, AND SMOKING In southeastern Alaska one concern prepared dry-salted salmon, and in central Alaska a number of operators dried small. amounts of salmon for fox feed. All of these operations were incidental to other lines of business. ‘In the fishery of the Yukon, Tanana, and Kuskokwim Rivers, which is carried on principally by natives, 1,778,164 pounds of salmon were dried, valued at $207,900; and in addition 600 pounds of kippered salmon, valued at $150, were prepared. In this western district 42 whites and 383 natives en- gaged in the fishery, and the apparatus used consisted of 210 wheels, valued at $21,000; 174 gill nets of 6,969 fathoms, valued at $6,969; with 25. skiffs, valued at $2.525, and 2 launches, valued at $2 000: a total investment of $32,494. a ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 293 Production of dry-salted, dried, and smoked salmon in Alaska in. 1926 | | Southeast ere ea. | Pret ee Mat Aasics Central Alaska | Western Alaska Total Product -| Pounds} Value Pounds | Value | Pounds Value Pounds Value Dry-salted: ° Coho, or silver_-_--__- | 46855: | $479k le----_-- eke sou| os eck cee oe ee | 46, 855 $4, 781 Chum, or keta_______| 5, 995 DAQY ec: al Pe 23h1 i ea | 5, 995 240 Humpback, or pink__| 4,498 1S See eee Sit. 2, 2S 4 eee | 4, 498 186 King, or spring-_----_- 11,778 her @ Lai See \Sooeee ae = 22.5.) 4) pe eee | 11,778 1, 271 Red, or sockeye __--- -| 5, 892 {Keli ake Soe Es ee ee | Ps Stars | 5, 892 785 frtaLe weil” livaiote |) ¥, 203 (ol. 2 [es eel |; > scaled ses ae | 75,018 7, 263 Dried and smoked: | | | Coho, or silver_------ ene fe ee 48 250))|, 4O820) ena ne See eee es 4, 250 325 Chum, or keta-_-_----- | Sh ea ae ae | 4,000 | 400 1,681,000 | $195,755 | 1,685,000 196, 155 Hampback, or pink= =~ 2--.22|-22--=.. 13, 600 | pip Ae Se es Ss aes le eee | 13, 600 792 VGE CORY Oita oe Se Se eee 175 | 70 97, 164 12, 145 | 97, 339 12, 215 Red, or sockeye- ---_- lneocttil| See | 750 Chay | Pe 6 ee ea: Hanes See oe 750 75 MToval see Ce | ores St ee ee 22,775 | 1,662 | 1,778,164 | 207,900) 1,800,939 209, 562 Kippered: King, or spring] _.._..--|..------ a eae | 600 150 | 600 150 Grand total_-__-.-_- | 75,018 7, 263 | 22, 775 | 1,662 | 1,778,764 | 208,050 | 1,876, 557 216, 975 | Fic. 11.—Salmon-trolling boats, southeast Alaska BY-PRODUCTS Two companies in southeastern Alaska engaged primarily in the preparation of salmon by-products, while three salmon canneries in central Alaska manufactured salmon oil and fertilizer as well. The investment, credited wholly to southeastern Alaska, totaled $109,570, and 35 white shoresmen and 3 white transporters were reported: en- gaged in the industry. The total production was 1,477,300 pounds of fertilizer. valued at $38,339, and 53,004 gallons of oil, valued at $21,- 850, comparable with 1,432,625 pounds of fertilizer, valued at 294 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES $41,807, and 40,680 gallons of oil, valued at $18,330, in 1925, or an increase of 3 per cent in amount of fertilizer and 30 per cent in quan- tity of oil in 1926. Production of salmon oil and fertilizer in Alaska in 1926 Districts . Oil | Fertilizer | Gallons | Value Pounds | Value SoutheasteAdaskas sa. mae eee ea tae as ee. | 28, 014 $11,854 | 936, 000 $25, 348 CentralAlsskat sires sae Sas A 2s ee 24, 990 9,996 | 541,300 12, 991 AO) TB Sag Soe a eee es SR ees AR ee ee 53, 004 | 21, 850 | 1, 477, 300 38, 339 HERRING The herring industry in Alaska in 1926 suffered a decline in comparison with operations in 1925, which were the largest in the history of the Territory. The decline in 1926 was due to several causes, chief of which was the unexpected failure of herring to materialize in anything like normal numbers in the Afognak region, where a number of floating plants and shore stations were prepared for a large pack. The run in the Prince William Sound region was likewise considerably below expectations. In the Cook Inlet region the pack of herring was not notably great. In southeastern Alaska the runs were of good proportions, but it is reported that the fish averaged considerably smaller size than usual; hence the proportion packed for food purposes was smaller, and the number used in the manufacture of meal and oil was correspondingly in- creased. Market conditions also had important bearing on the situation. There was a considerable carry-over from the unprece- dentedly large pack of the previous season. The use of floating plants in the herring industry has continued upon a rather extensive scale. Plants of this character are advan- tageous, as the concerns operating them are able to move from un- profitable fields to waters where herring are more numerous and operations can be conducted more successfully. Of the floating plants there may be mentioned the Rosamond (1,035 tons), oper- ated by the North American Fisheries; the /sther (222 tons), by Ottar Hofstad; the Salvator (385 tons), by Libby, McNeill & Libby; the Donna Lane (1,597 tons), by the Utopian Fisheries Co.; and the ZF#3 (1,596 tons), by the Nassau Fish Co. (formerly the Atlantic & Pacific Packing Co.). The last-named company also operated the La Merced (1,342 tons), formerly used by the Alaska Consoli- dated Fisheries. Small floating plants were also operated by a number of other concerns in various localities. There is considerable agitation to prevent the use in southeastern Alaska of the increasingly large proportion of the herring catch for the manufacture of meal or fertilizer and oil; it is computed that upward of 90 per cent was so used in 1926. The herring of that district, however, are much smaller in size than those of the central district, and, except in certain localities and limited seasons, are not so suitable for the preparation of food products. All but ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 295 three of the plants manufacturing by-products also prepared food products. The output of Scotch-cured herring in southeastern Alaska in 1926 was only 1,576,050 pounds, or but one-third of the amount prepared in the preceding year; while the production of by-products was 21,699,635 pounds of meal and 2,857,299 gallons of oil, as against 15,176,646 pounds of meal or fertilizer and 2,061,398 gallons of oil in 1925. Of the herring packed in central Alaska, approximately 2,500,000 pounds of Scotch-cured product were prepared in the Prince William Sound district, a hke amount in the Kodiak—Afognak district, and shghtly over 9,000,000 pounds in the Cook Inlet region. The Ko- diak-A fognak district produced only one-fifth as much as was packed there in 1925; Cook Inlet produced about 9,000,000 pounds, as against 10,000,000 in 1925; and Prince William Sound produced 2,500,000 pounds, as against over 6,000,000 in 1925. In southeastern Alaska 20 concerns handled herring. Among the larger operators were the following: Reduction plants: TANI DTA ENT FSH ek 0 a ee eR ness ps Hood Bay. BuZe SOundeheduchion) COl=2 se === ee Port Armstrong. SAITCILVE ENC S aUISh 6G Oe eke ea ee, Petersburg. Saltery and reduction plants: Alaskan @onsolidated sCannerieS =.= = a= = a Saginaw Bay. Alaska errino. Ga sargine COs ee eee Little Port Walter. ANTAESOLES(D Mgr et OX 0 pe a a ana eR pe ee re ee a, Big Port Walter. BALA Ons CK Cae Outs ane oo me ke eee Eee Red Bluff Bay. BAchoanierleinenn ba Chine Ose ee eee ee Port Armstrong. (Cine nema y SiR aT Red KS Oy (Ole ee er Re eee New Port Walter. RS OOmMISHEnICS eee es ee Se cee ee Killisnoo. Marine) Packing & Reduction Co_=—_—_=____- = . Washington Bay. Northwestern Herring COs. 22" |. ka ee Port Conclusion. Stomold:« Grondahl Packin? Con 2 2— == 2 Washington Bay. WATE prnessbay Packing QLss 2 ie sia ee Warm Springs Bay. Also four cold-storage plants froze herring for bait. In central Alaska operations centered chiefly in three localities, namely, Prince William Sound, with 10 operators; Cook Inlet, with 38 operators; and the Kodiak—Afognak district, with 15 operators. In Prince William Sound the following companies operated : Reduction plant: Alaska By-Products Co______________-- Port Benny. Salteries : eee Vea CKin os COL 5 sve ee ee ae Aes Seward. Matouchepeackine |. 22 es 2 700 eo eh a eee 15 137 000)S e+ 255 |e tees 15 13, 000 eel as BU805, 671 les 22 sal 2kORONOR4 IME ae IT) R40|k. eee en |G) 8088395 24, 823 319 989, 950 AS AS |e soe > | a oe 1, 014, 773 14, 722 1, 220, 165 105278| sa | es aes [eee Fe ee ee 1, 220, 165 10, 278 1,576,050} 116, 701/14, 053, 180} 1, 421; 729)__._____|_____-_- 15, 629, 230) 1, 538, 430 19, 400 7, 761 15, 300 1,460) 120,800} 12, 600 155, 500 21, 821 450 40) pee ee Se See ee | 450 45 6, 500: LOO | ee eee | ee ee Mere one Sk eee 6, 500 750 11, 440 VAs} Seeks SP NaS ee ee ee | eee ee 11, 440 763 21, 699, 635 619, 400, 1, 009, 246 CE Ee ae | es 22, 708, 881 646, 991 2, 857, 299) 1, 273, 765 108, 372 AGUOIA |S tak eet ete ee 2, 965, 671) 1, 320, 689 Boas D)020) 752) ane 1 51D O7 |e. 28 81. 1916 00|_ es sae) 564480 HALIBUT A prosperous season was experienced in the Alaska halibut fishery in 1926, the quantity of halibut landed being ¢ previous year. Although the season was successful from the stand- reater than in the 298 WU. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES point of production, the gain appears to have come about, in part at least, through more intensive fishing and by reason of increased operations on farther distant and previously less exploited banks, notably in the Kodiak region and northeastward toward Cape St. Elias. Grounds to the westward of Kodiak, as far as the Shumagins, may soon be the scene of more active halibut fishing, particularly as the average catch per skate of gear grows less in waters longer fished and closer to ports of delivery. It is probable that an in- creased number of vessels will be equipped for these more extended operations. The annual closed season of three months on halibut, from Nov- ember 16 to February 15 (as required by the North Pacific halibut treaty, which first became effective in the fall of 1924), has continued to meet with widespread approval, Jt appears to be a highly con- structive conservation measure and beneficial from every angle of consideration. The International Fisheries Commission continued in 1926 its scientific investigation of the Pacific halibut fishery. This impor- tant work is under the immediate direction of Will F. Thompson, who for years has been prominently indentified with this and other marine biological inquiries. The work is progressing satisfactorily and has resulted in securing much valuable data. Extensive field activities were conducted by a number of scientific assistants, and laboratory work was carried on at the commission’s headquarters at the University of Washington in Seattle. The halibut vessel Scandia (79 tons) was chartered and made several important cruises from Seattle to British Columbia and Alaskan waters. An impor- tant feature of the field work was the tagging and releasing of several thousand halibut to determine the extent of their migrations. Other of the more important lines which the investigation is taking include a study of spawning habits, rates of growth, and racial char- acteristics, as well as experiments to determine the effectiveness of various kinds of gear, particularly different sizes of hooks, and the compilation and study of statistical records. Preliminary find- ings already have been of great value, and further results of much importance will follow. Only landings at Alaskan ports are shown in the statistics for the Alaska halibut industry, and hence do not represent the entire catch from the banks off the coast of Alaska, as a large portion of the landings at ports in British Columbia, as well as at Seattle, come from those waters. The landings in Alaska totaled 14,390,397 pounds, valued at $1 622,554, an increase of 3,418,746 pounds and $738,171 over 1925, or 31 per cent in quantity and 83 per cent in value. The total investment in the halibut industry in 1926 was $3,545,755, as compared with $3,503,921 in 1925. Persons engaged in the fishery in 1926 numbered S71, an increase of 10 over the preceding year. -—— ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 299 Persons engaged, investment, and products of the Alaska halibut fishery in 1926 Southeast Alaska Central Alaska Total Items rs | ; Number Value Number Value Number Value PERSONS ENGAGED | EIR Se oe eee ee batiil Seats Ae eae ea 15. ||: 3258eeeee S660 25 esses INBEV OCr ee =) oe Satie Se eS ya (eee > eo. JS ec O/\Saceasaees AMA (ee Sa ee ogee S50! eee ae 1G al ee | BTU le Foto INVESTMENT BH OECRTSLOLOUE Vases ee eee ee ee CSYBL SRI) Eo - seer S200 000) peaaeaa eae $393, 330 Operatingycapitals ===. 22226 22-2 }os seen a APA 7-2) ara eee 33,863; | 2522-2228 1, 055, 735 Vessels: Power; over'5 tonS_.-.=---=--- 166} ||). 1 SOO8000)) es 2) Se soe 166 | 1,800, 000 Net tonnage. --- -=._-.--2 32.478 || eee ee ae | eee ee Se ae 3,478) 2en esse AURBRCNESSs we ae 2s aS Sze es 119 DA9 500 Sees wees eS 119 249, 500 ID Gat, oe eee | 151 GRO40) Se es ek te Se 151 6, 040 Apparatus: Trawls-..--.-------_-- 833 ATRL) eee eee | ee 833 41, 150 i acl eee eee Se eee eae 3, 491, 892 Loessesesee z DS SOan|=s eee 3, 545, 755 PRODUCTS (POUNDS) Fresh (including jocal)__--_--_-_-_- 4, 518, 507 55 OR5S bil peee ee see eS 4, 518, 507 559, 585 INROE GL eed eee eee Se 8, 357, 726 948,094 | 1,514,164 | 114,875 | 9,871,890 | 1,062, 969 ANGE oe 12, 876, 233 | 1,507,679 | 1,514,164 | 114,875 | 14,390,397 | 1, 622, 554 COD In Alaskan waters cod fishing is conducted both from shore sta- tions and by an offshore fleet, which operates entirely from ports in the States. In the following statistics Alaska is credited only with the operations from shore stations and with vessels that land their catches in Alaska or engage in transporting products from the shore stations. In 1926 the shore-station cod fleet consisted of two vessels—the City of Papeete (370 tons), belonging to the Alaska Codfish Co., and the EZ Hurd (25 tons), belonging to A. Grosvold. The offshore fleet, which is listed elsewhere, comprised seven vessels of the Union Fish Co., two each of the Robinson Fisheries Co., the Pacific Coast Codfish Co., and the Alaska Codfish Co., and one belonging to Capt. J. A. Matheson. The Progress, operated last year by the Union Fish Co., was sold; and the Alice, of the Robinson Fisheries Co., was replaced by the John A, operated in 1925 by the Pacific Coast Codfish Co. STATISTICAL SUMMARY The cod industry of Alaska gave employment to 94 persons in 1926, 19 less than in 1925. The decrease was due directly to the nonoperation of shore stations by the Union Fish Co. It is said that the profitable operation of cod shore stations is becoming in- creasingly difficult each year. The investment amounted to $258,279, as compared with $467,530 for 1925. Dry-salted, frozen, and fresh cod, stockfish, and tongues, aggregating 1,332,714 pounds, valued at $78,317, were the products of this fishery. Comparable figures for 1925 are 2,853,942 pounds valued at $128,803. The products of 300 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES the offshore fishery were reported to be 7.711,085 pounds of dry- salted cod and tongues, valued at $409,490. The offshore fishery employed 348 persons. Persons engaged, investment, and products of Alaska cod industry in 1926 Items Southeast Alaska Central Alaska Total PERSONS ENGAGED Fishermen: Number Value Number Value Number Value Wilh Ges. re ates eeeee fees gear 2 Sel oe) eet sue Fi et emer soa Rh Dee Se ae 87) |e ee INStives Sesh eae eye ee at a ee ee Oh ie eee OS. eee Oval Sasi. ee Ree see see ea al Ta BOP [en DO ee, 92) ||| eee 92) |e ee HHOLESMen=aWiNILeS == ee eee Peep SGN See EY 2 grime oo 2 | eee Giraniditotell = 22 eet sea es a aS Rae et eae tal gare (22 een 948 ea ee = f INVESTMENT | PNOTAISEALIONS= weseneut a= goes Sek eek e | hate pens |r et eee 22 | $115, 684 22 | $115, 684 OMErahineycapiialeas se. = a eee ee eae | See eee ee ee 43) 0054)25 5 eee 43, 005 NVA eS DAIGeR -- esto ee eee EE | ae eee | ce areas | Seine eee 2 23 4gin|2s eens 23, 414 Vessels: | IPower-Owel oitonse-s soe a. se ee ee ee el 1 15, 000 1 15, 000 INetitonnagel= 2 c2- 252 28 ee eee eee ees epee 25) |S 25: pa ieee Dailita ee eee ee nene | re ae eee Sneed (eae See (eee ee 1 7, 966 1 7, 966 IN Gist Onn arene eae + eee [Ceres | ae a Se BY (ON |e soe oe ee” 370)|4.2 ae Marin chest Stes oe See Ae I al ee 10 39, 243 10 39, 243 POW er GOnles nee ane Sees | cya pee 2 eee ere 20 5, 900 20 5, 900 IOWA OSS ees te eee eh See Es eh ae ete 8 alee 24 1, 325 24 | 1,325 Apparatus: | AMrawililines 23 S8£s2 5 bee bok She = jee bead. 322 26 1, 505 26 1, 505 15 Woy oy cess a Se Se Se ta Wee ares (a ot 8) 400) | eae 80400" |} 222. eee iandilines ass Seatie St ae [Sean bs i ea ie 278 237 278 237 U1 9) 2 Vs ae ea FT I eR el Pah Es gl OT A ek ls 2535219 oe 253, 279 PRODUCTS (POUNDS) Dry-salted cod 752, 280 | 37, 142 Stockfish 2-322 Si eCeae ae 175, 415 25, 084 APongieSs eet Pes PA on Ee RE 3, 233 192 LONOVAG oe eee US Ea Me ie aes ae 9, 809 294 Jeitel id iyo ee ee Ue ee RE eA Ea 391, 004 15, 585 i Digs) span as ee Be OFS be alee 2 Ee rs 973 20 pl G0) #2) Dae Re Pa OR er liees SEY" Be 314} 1,321, 932 1, 332, 714 78, 317 Offshore cod fleet in 1926 . Net tien Name Rig tonnage Operators Glendale. — eet f See3 se Schoonew esses 281 | Alaska Codfish Co., San Francisco, Calif, Misiweemaes oss - 9 eee eo Qee sea 392 Do. : Manny DO mtard a2. -2.e2se see doe a a 252 | J. A Matheson, Anacortes, Wash. Charles! R Wilsons 22-2 |22 222 dota ». Ones): Bee ee 328 Do. Galilee sf ioe aoe eee eee COS 32 ee en 339 Do. Mary Grek. eet SS aes iPower sloop...) 2a 21 Do. PINAT es Sa wes ek RO a ole eae ts Oe es) Eee 30 Do. (Oprabheyay. 10 tgs ei Oe Sl (OX EEE eH Beas * 7 Do. WHALES The American Pacific Whaling Co., formerly the North Pacific Sea Products Co., operated its plant at Akutan as usual and opened a new plant at Port Hobron, Sitkalidak Island, early in the year. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 301 Employment was given to 324 whites and 31 natives, and 581 whales were taken, consisting of 179 finbacks, 383 humpbacks, 15 sulphur bottoms, 2 sperm, and 2 right whales. The investment in the whaling industry of Alaska was $871,024, and the products were as follows: 1,001,950 gallons of whale oil, ralued at $601,171; 5,150 gallons of sperm eal valued at $2,060; 929 tons of fertilizer from meat, valued at $55,740; 481 tons of bone fertilizer, valued at $14,43( ; 101.278 pounds of pickled meat, valued at $5,063; and 21,000 se of whalebone, valued at $1,350, a total) ralue of products of $679,814 and an increase of about 9 per cent over 1925, when products were valued at $624,959. CLAMS The forecast of a reduction in the output of clams in central Alaska because of depletion of the beds, made by H. C. McMillin, scientific assistant of the bureau, who was engaged in surveys of the Alaska clam beds in 1924 and 1925, was fulfilled in the pack of 1926. Oper- ations were carried on only in central Alaska. Four plants were engaged exclusively in canning clams and four salmon canneries also handled clams. With the exception of one plant at Kukak Bay, all of these were in the so-called “Cordova” district. The clam investigation, under way for some time, was continued in the season of 1926 byaelenC- MeMillin in Alaska Me elsewhere on the Pacific coast. Dr. F. W. Weymouth, of Stanford University, has been identified with this undertaking. Observations indicate a decreasing daily production on beds that were subject to heavy commercial digging before authority was secured by law to apply adequate conservation regulations. The investment in the industry i in 1926 was $354,288, and the num- ber of persons engaged was 409, of which 392 were whites and 17 natives. The investment in 1925 was $672,244 and 623 persons were engaged in the industry. The output in 1926 was 38,422 cases, con- taining 985,056 pounds, valued at $254,236, a decrease of about 52 per cent in quantity and 48 per cent in value from 1925, when 75,279 cases valued at $492,051 were packed. Products of the Alaska clam industry in 1926 Items Cases Pounds Value Minced: So POUNCeCAns) (45 LO;CASO) == 2 ae ae 2 eset sees 28, 240 677, 760 | $174, 376 IN GHTHCeICANS 4S ‘to case) eae) 322) 2a) Sash tes ke 10, 080 302, 400 78, 771 ASPOLINIG CATISHCASILOICHSE ee a 5 ne ae Se ee ee ee 7 336 49 Whole: ApBOUTICICATSIASLOICASC) esses = ang eee oe eee 95 4, 560 | 1, 040 Totals se ee hh, AS Se Be eh: SS pee ee PN 38, 422 985, 056 254, 236 SHRIMP Some attention had been given, in both 1924 and 1925, to the study of the shrimp fishery in southeastern Alaska, but Warden Frank W. Hynes was directed to make a thorough investigation during the season of 1926. His report has been submitted and, following : some further investigations, will be published as a separ ate document. It discusses in detail the distribution of the shrimp, methods of taking, S02 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES and the processing of the product, and aiso contains a brief history of the development of the industry in Alaska. The fishery has been carried on for but little over 10 years, the first commercial operations having been begun in 1915; only one company operated until 1918, when three additional concerns entered the field. No great expan- sion has occurred in recent years, but it seems probable “that the in- dustry may continue satisfactorily on the present basis. Three small plants were operated in 1926—two at Wrangell and one at Peters- burg, in the vicinity of which places the more important grounds are situated. The investment in the shrimp industry in 1926 was $315,752, as compared with $318,353 in 1925. Of the total, $7,200 represents the value of plants, $233,557 the cost of operations and wages, and $74,995 value of boats and apparatus. Employment was given to 163 per- sons, of whom 31 were whites, 85 natives, 1 Chinese, 30 Japanese, 10 Filipinos, 5 Mexicans, and 1 negro. Products consisted of 490,185 pounds of shrimp meat, valued at $195,828, as compared with 519, 000 pounds, valued at $207,315, in 1925, a decrease of approximately "BY per cent in both quantity and value. CRABS Crab products were prepared at two plants in southeastern Alaska (the Alaskan Glacier Sea Food Co., which handled chiefly shrimp, and the Northern Sea Food Co., both at Petersburg) and one (the Cordova Shellfish Co.) at Cordova, in central Alaska. The invest- ment totaled $38,274, and 28 whites, 1 native, and 2 Filipinos were employed. Products consisted of 159,645 pounds of cold-packed meat, valued at $59,897; 1,168 dozen crabs in the shell, valued at $1,419; and 25 eases of ‘%-pound cans, valued at $300. The total value of products in 1926 was $61,616, as compared with $53,357 in 1925, a gain of 15 per cent. TROUT Trout operations (except at one plant 1 in central Alaska, having an investment of $3,296 and employing 7 whites and 1 nativ e) were in- cidental to other branches of the fisheries. The products were as follows: Dolly Vardens, 32,377 pounds frozen, valued at $3,447: 36,652 pounds fresh, valued at $5,303; and 2 barrels pickled, valued at $32; a total of 69,429 pounds, valued at $8,782; steelheads, 10,135 pounds frozen, v alued at $852, and 5,030 pounds fresh, valued at $629, a total of 15 165 pounds, valued at SI, 474. The total production of both species was 84,594 pounds, valued at $10,256, an increase of 59 per cent in quantity and 67 per cent in value. MISCELLANEOUS FISHERY PRODUCTS Minor species of fish are taken in small quantities, chiefly in con- nection with the halibut fishery. In 1926 such products were as fol- lows: Sablefish, 170,004 pounds fresh, valued at $7,635; 495,836 pounds frozen, valued at $22,668; and 16,584 pounds pickled, valued at $930; rockfishes, 16,857 pounds frozen, valued at $511; flounders, 11,5382 pounds frozen, valued at $326; "and smelt, 14,228 pounds frozen, valued at $1,7 07. All of these products were from southeast- ern Alaska. FUR-SEAL INDUSTRY PRIBILOF ISLANDS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE WORK In the calendar year 1926, 22,131 fur-seal skins were taken on the Pribilof Islands, of which 16,231 were taken on St. Paul Island and 5,900 on St. George Island. Seven thousand seven hundred and eighty- three of the sealskins taken were blubbered on St. Paul Island be- fore being salted. An ample reserve of 3-year-old male seals for future breeding stock was made. Careful attention was given to the feeding and general management of the fox berds. The by-products plant on St. Paul Island was not operated. Some surplus oil pre- pared at the plant in previous years was shipped to the States and sold. The construction of new concrete dwellings for the natives on St. Paul Island was continued. Progress was made on the construction of a number of new buildings for general station purposes on both St. Paul and St. George Islands, some of the structures being com- pleted. Progress was made on road work on both islands. The general supplies for the islands were transported from Seattle on the U. 8S. S. Vega, which was made available through the courtesy of the Navy Department. Commercial vessels and the bureau’s power schooner /%der also transported miscellaneous minor supples at various times. An effective patrol was maintained by the United States Coast Guard in Bering Sea and in other waters of the North Pacific Ocean frequented by the fur seals. While engaged in this work, the Coast Guard vessels incidentally rendered valuable assistance to the bu- reau in connection with its work on the Pribilof Islands. Great Britain and Japan continued the policy of recent years of having their shares of sealskins taken on the Pribilof Islands sold by the United States Government, which results in the payment to them of money instead of the actual delivery of sealskins. VISIT OF REPRESENTATIVE OF JAPANESE GOVERNMENT Mr. Keishi Ishino, of the Imperial Fisheries Bureau of Japan, visited the Pribilof Islands for the purpose of making general observations in regard to sealing matters. Mr. Ishino reached St. Paul Island by the Japanese fisheries patrol vessel Hakuho Maru on June 20. This vessel left on June 21 for the purpose of making various fisheries investigations in Bering Sea and a trip to Unalaska. Mr. Ishino remained at St. Paul Island, leaving there for St. George Island on the Zider on July 18. On July 30 he left St. George Island on the Hakuho Maru and arrived at St. Paul Island the 303 304 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES next day, leaving on the same day for Japan. Mr. Ishino had previously spent some time making observations at the Pribilofs in the sealing season of 1923. PURCHASE AND TRANSPORTATION OF SUPPLIES The general supphes for the Pribilof Islands and for the power schooner Hider were shipped from Seattle on the U. S. S. Vega. The Vega left Seattle on July 26 and arrived at the Pribilof Islands on August 4, a stop having been made at Dutch Harbor to land sup- plies for the Hider. Approximately 1,800 tons of general cargo Fic. 12.—F#ider on winter trip to Pribilof Islands and about 250,000 feet of lumber were discharged at the Pribilof Islands in record-breaking time. The vessel left the Pribilofs on .August 14 and arrived at Bremerton, Wash., on August 21. The supplies were purchased at Seattle by Assistant Agent Albert K. Brown. During the year a number of minor shipments of supplies were made to the Pribilof Islands from Seattle. One was taken by the Hider on its trip north from Seattle in March. In May approxi- mately 30 tons, chiefly perishable foodstuffs, were shipped on the steamship Victoria to Akutan, where the Hider received them. The Victoria took another lot in October, delivery being made to the Lider at Unalaska. A few other small shipments were made from Seattle and Bellingham at various times. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 305 POWER SCHOONER ~™ EIDER 22 At the beginning of the year the Hider was at Seattle undergoing repairs. These were spraaiated arly in March, when the vessel, having taken aboard a full cargo of general stores at Seattle and Bremerton, proceeded to Port Townsend, departing from that place on March 20 for Alaska. After making stops at Ketchikan and Seward, the Hider reached headquarters at Unalaska on April 5. During April two trips were made to the Pribilof Islands, one via King Cove, where passengers and mail were taken aboard tor the islands. In May three trips were made to the Pribilofs. Trips also’ were made to King Cove and Akutan, and one into Bering Sea in answer to a all for medical assistance from the schooner Wawona, a cod-fishing vessel from Seattle. In June two trips were made to the Pribilof Islands, these trips including three calls at Ikatan and one at Akutan. Z a Hauling ground sacuEed' Date aoe oF Hauling ground pacumd | May 21 1 | Sea Lion Rock (Si- July 12 18 | Reef and Gorbatch___-- 1,573 ViLtCH) ae see ee 98 13 | 19 | Zapadni and Little Za- | June J1 2 | Reef and Gorbatch___-- 75 | jopG hota ee | 405 bt ee From seal dying as a re- | HI 14 20 | Polovina, Little Polo- sult of reserving op-| H vina, and Polovina erations’) 25-222 = Ss 1 || Cliffs eee 115 1 Boe From seals dying as a 15 21 | Vostochni and Mor- result of reserving op- | } jOVis 23. 22— = =e 600 CLahlons =e | 2 16 22 Tolstoi, Lukanin, and Tt) a |e ee 0 [9 eee | 3 Kitovilss ssa. oe 432 203 |e | From seal killed for | 17 | 23 | Reef and Gorbatch____- 1, 027 OOG et E tee 1 | 18 24 | Zapadni and Little Za- Ch oe eee From seals dying as a | | DAdniees esse ae 363 result of reserving op- | 19 25 | Polovina, Polovina eraons=. te 25S 9 | Cliffs, and Little Po- 23 3 | Zapadni and Little Za- Tovinas oor sit 163 padnia 24 ae ee 116 | 20 26 | Vostochniand Morjovi_ 472 26" [2-222 25. From seals dying as a 21 27 | Tolstoi, Lukanin, and result of reserving op- Ka tOVIS ona oe ee 125 eralionss-2-- see 22 | 22 | 28 | Reef and Gorbatch___-_- 1, 106 27 4 | Tolstoi and Lukanin__- 244 | 23 29 | Zapadni and Little Za- 28 5 | Zapadni and Little Za- | PAGnin see ees 353 padniee== Sees ee 144 24 30 | Polovina, Polovina 29 6 | Polovina, Polovina Cliffs, and Little Po- Cliffs, and Little Po- loving esa ees 87 loving se = ee 181 25 31 | Vostochni and Morjovi- 649 July 1 7 | Tolstoi, Lukanin, and 26 32 | Tolstoi, Lukanin, and IKGUOVI ease ee 224 Iitoyitee noe eee 311 2 8 | Reef and Gorbatch____-_ 809 27 33 | Reef and Gorbatch_-__-- 565 3 9 | Zapadni and Little Za- 28 34 | Zapadni and Little Za- DAU a Se) ee ee 433 | adnile. es ss eee 160 4 10 Polovina, Little Polo- 29 | 35 | Polovina, Polovina vina, and Polovina Cliffs, and Little Po- l Glia eens Ale 190 loving a. Oe ot ee 48 5 11 | Vostochni and Morjovi-_ 420 31h Sse se From seal dying as a re- 6 12 | Tolstoi, Lukanin, and | sult of reserving op- KSC ovine ease eee 427 22). 5 (0) oe 1 7 13 | Reef and Gorbatch____- US ||| nots PES ie ee From seal found dead-_- 1 & 14 | Zapadni and Little Za- | Oct. 20 36 | Reef and Gorbatch____- 231 padnie eee ee 474 21 37 | Tolstoi, Lukanin, and lad 9 15 | Polovina, Polovina Kitovizae 223 2sere8 ss 74 Cliffs, and Little 26 38 | Zapadni and Little Za- Poloyina==e ae 177 padnin)! See as 30 AOR = eS ss hound in salts: 355-222 3 28 39 VeatocBai and Morjovi-_ 210 10 16 | Vostochniand Morjovi_| 1, 152 11 17 | Tolstoi, Lukanin, and Total ees 2 Se 16, 231 KACO VA S222 ea 570 | 1) ST. GEORGE ISLAND June 4 1°) Staraya: Artil— _-_=--_.- 23 || July 19 16 | East Reef and East 15 AAO ee ASE tee ee Eee 48 Ciitise ae ees 627 24 3 Fast Reef and East 20 I all PAST oy: Kob nae Se eS 56 {Nila G) Se oes ea 41 22 iS isteheig iva ee ee 333 29 Aries dotaccecs. 195 23 TORI MN Orth is oo ke 2 ee 338 July 2 5 | Staraya Artil_- 64 24 20 | East Reef and East 3 GalPNOED IE ae ee Fe 312 Clits ase ot es ee 310 4 Cf Mion ie 22 ed ee ee 169 27 2),) Staraya Artil: 2-2 == 224 if SuleecalayacArtil=- 2 222. 204 28 22) | NOT bet 528 2 Tee eats 129 8 9 Gait) a=, Se ee es 531 29 23 | East Reef and East 9 10 | East Reef and East Chifsee es tee 179 @lifis Sa VA ee: 317 31 248 | North ete eee 42 12 TB eStarayarArtils 22-2 = 303 |} Oct. 20 25 bees Os Sowa eee 169 13 12 | North Rookery- ------- 504 28 26) | Saeee does est) SANE 88 14 13 | East Reef and East Nov. 12 27> | eee Goeth ke Sa 25 @lifist= 2 5 os-e2. a 151 17 14 | Staraya Artil_____-_-_-- 150 Tovales ee se=e 5, 900 18 aI WINOFE HAA * | 2-2 ee 368 Sar U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES AGE CLASSES OF SEALS The age class of a male seal belonging to the Pribilof Islands herd is determined from the length of its body. The classification was derived from measurements of a large number of pups branded in 1912 and killed in subsequent years. The limits of the various age ‘classes are shown in the table following: Age classes of male seals, Pribilof Islands ee Length of Length of Roe | Length of Length of AB summer seals fall seals aS summer Seals fall seals 3 1 Pe en Se es a | = STS 2 u Inches Inches Inches Inches SYiGAT ings eee o eee ee Up to 36.75 Up to 38. 75 || 4-year-olds____________ 46 to 5). 75 48 to 53.75 2-VeaT-OldS 22 es 3 37 to 40.75 39 to 42. 75 || 5-year-olds___._______- 52 to 57.75 54 to 59. 75 ssyeaT-olds 2225-2 2 41 to 45. 75 43 to 47.75 || 6-year-olds____________ 58 to 63.75 60 to 65. 75 Ages of seals killed on Pribilof Islands, calendar year 1926 [On basis of classification shown in preceding table| Sera lto ee to Total for year Age = St. St. St. Sacer St. St. ‘ | Paul | George Total | paul | George) Tt@l | paul George| Total i a es Been. | yk, ant Mearhng malest te 242s eet oie ee 9 7 ee es 2 1d (42 11 2-year-old males. ___________- 852 | 33 885 Si See | 31 883 33 916 3-year-Old males) = __ =. 222 | 14,285 | 5,492 | 19,777 498 | 282 780 | 14,783 | 5,774 20, 557 4-year-old males_.-_---------- 480 | 59 539 | OC) eee 11 491 59 550 5-year-old males_-___._-___._- | 1 Neeson i ae jz re (Se Sees A | gee eed 1 (CO wai eek anaes ee 58 | 34 92 ra leer ea 4 | 62 34 | 96 FE ii | | | Motalick aleve %s Seg. 8 es! | 15, 685 | 5,618 | 21,303 546 | 282 | 828 | 16, 231 | 5, 900 22, 131 : | } | } 1 Cows unavoidably and accidentally killed and found dead. It should be stated that some of the seals recorded in the above tabulation as 2-year-olds and 4-year-olds probably were 3-year-olds. The killings were confined, as far as possible, to 3-year-old males. Not all of the male seals of this age fall within the length limits assigned for the 3-year-old class. RESERVING OPERATIONS In order to make the annual provision for the future breeding stock of male seals, 9,565 3-year-olds were marked by shearing a patch of fur. On St. Paul Island 7,558 animals and on St. George Island 2,007 were marked. On each island the marking operations were begun on June 14 and ended on July 31. The following tabu- lation gives further details in regard to the marking operations: : ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 313 Marking of 38-year-old male seals for breeding reserve, Pribilof Islands, 1926 ST. PAUL ISLAND Number Number Date Hauling ground driven of seals Date Hauling ground driven of seals marked marked Varies 14 | Polovink: . see ee oe ok 41 || 24 | Polovina and Little Polovina___ 103 TH) WOStochni. eee ee ee ee ea 598 | 25 | Vostochniand Morjovi-_____.__- 317 16 | Reefand Gorbatch- -_._---.---- 816 || 26 | Reef and Gorbatch-_----------- 1,038 Hye ROIS COL. — ee ee ee oe 342 30 | Vostochni and Morjovi--_-_------ 1, 250 ivr ||akanin: 2 22° 22a ena oF eotilives 15 ]_=-— = G0. 22 278 18 | Za and Little Zapadni-___- 176 30) = 2 -d0- 3555-2 ee 377 TOsIPPOlo vind. 222) Al) oe ee 69 31 | Reef and Gorbatch.___-_______- 443 20 | Vostochni and Morjovi___-___--- 828 — 21 | Reef and Gorbatch______-.___-- 762 | otal! ees 7, 558 APMEROISLOLe. ee ee ON 97 ST. GEORGE ISLAND 7 = = = = June 14 | North and Staraya Artil_______- As Parole al |i yopvebovie So eh ee 163 194 (222 OR 5 Ss 85 LO} |e DOs ee tee Nene ee | 269 19 | East Reef and East Cliffs______- 158 | 729) | ee 6 (0 eae ies a) 1) ae eee re 42 23 | North and Staraya Artil_______- 216 | On| ee CO S35 ee ee Oe ee ea | 145 24 | East Reef and East Cliffs______- 102 | SA NOrthe ss Se Be ere ee 90 DMCA DAGT mee seas Wen ee Beh ee 158 | alee Fic. 15.—Fur-seal harem, Pribilof Islands, Alaska COMPUTATION OF FUR-SEAL HERD The computation of the size of the fur-seal herd in 1926 was made by Edward C. Johnston, who has had immediate charge of this phase of the work in recent years, beginning with 1921. ‘His report for 1926 will be found on pages 330 to 336 of this document. Following is a comparative statement of the numerical strength of the various elements of the herd in the years 1915 to 1926, inclusive. 314 U.-S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES General comparison of computations of the seal herd on the Pribilof Islands, 1915 to 1926 ‘ | { | i] Classes 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 | 1920 fare) DUS => = 5-=- sae oreo ee woe ee 2,151 3, 500 4, 850 5, 344 | 5, 158 4, 066 Breeding COWS noe sees oe ee ee eee 103, 527 116,977 | 128,024 ; 142,915 | 157,172 167, 527 Surplus bullsie225 hts! tee eee og a ae |), jorge se oa8 8,977 | S217; 110) | 9, 619 6, 115 Idle bulls 22 2 ee ee, eee 673 2, 632 2, 706 2, 444 2, 239 1, 161 6=year-old males: - =: = 3a gee he ar S| es is 11, 167 15, 397 13, 785 8, 991 4, 153 5xyear-old males. 23052599 5. SSeS 11,271 | 15,494 14, 813 11, 941 | 5, 282 5, 007 A=vear-Old mi alesse: a Se Se ee ee 15, 848 15, 427 16, 631 7, 114 5, 747 5, 667 S-year-oldimaless = > st ss es Sora Se 18,282 | 19, 402 19, 507 9, 117 13, 596 10, 749 2=year-old males: ai ee | 23,990 | 24,169 26, 815 30, 159 33, 081 39, 111 Yearling unales: $2) ea ee ee | 30,307 |. - 33, 645 38, 013 41, 595 46, 444 51, 074 2-Veat-Old (COWS es -= aon, Se 23,990 | 24,245 26, 917 30, 415 33, 287 39, 480 Wearlingicows ete eee ee es ; 30,306 | 33,646 | 38,018 41, 608 46, 447 51, 081 IPT DS: eee ee eae a Re Se A 103,527 | 116,977 | 128, 024 142,915 } 157,172 167, 527 4 6) 2 LE ern ear ITA een eS | 363, 872 | 417, 281 468,692 | 496,432 | 524, 235 552, 718 Classes 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 Are (DUNS 22 tae ed 3, 909 3, 562 3, 412 | 3, 516 3, 526 4, 034 Brpeding COWS) =e eS 176,655 | 185,914 | 197,659 | 208,396 | 226,090 244, 114 Surplusibullse so ee ee 3, 301 2, 346 1, 891 2, 043 3, 558 2, 002 Ue TGV Ea DSR Te ae ene ny. eed eee 747 508 312 390 311 423 G-vear-oldiamalegn a= sp ae er a eee Se 3, 991 3, 771 4, 863 8, 489 4, 105 13, 434 D-Veal-Old malese ee va He Ea 4,729 6, 080 10, 612 5, 1382 16, 792 16, 812 4-VCaT-OldyMaleSee eae een a 6, 780 11, 807 5, 710 18, 670 18, 692 17, 872 3-VGar-Old, Malesia sss ene ae ee 14, 668 7, 459 22, 786 21, 551 21, 185 17, 189 ZV OAL OMA OS een SR een ee 41, 893 40, 920 43, 112 45, 685 43,515 | 38, 183 Weanling males! us Maes S2 2 ae ee 50, 249 52, 988 55, 769 59, 291 52, 091 56, 514 2-VOAL-OlGS COME Set eee eee ee 43, 419 46, 280 48, 801 51, 359 49, 786 44,415 GETING COWS Meats te ee ae nS 54, 447 57, 413 60, 422 64, 240 57, 309 62, 175 PU pS es eee ee ee eee eS TU 176, 655 185, 914 197, 659 208, 396 226, 090 244, 114 otal seer se ae he ee SNe 581, 443 604, 962 653, 008 697, 158 723, 050 761, 281 SHIPMENT OF FUR SEALS TO STEINHART AQUARIUM Pursuant to a request from the director of the Steinhart Aquarium, San Francisco, for a number of fur seals for exhibition purposes, there were shipped from St. Paul Island on the U. S. Coast Guard cutter Bear, on August 26, one 4-year-old male, one 2- year-old fernale, and two female pups. The animals reached San Francisco on September 13. Unfortunately the two pups died shortly after their arrival. : DEVELOPMENT OF FOX HERDS ON PRIBILOF ISLANDS FEEDING St, Paul Island—Fox feeding was begun the middle of November and was carried on at the village, Northeast Point, Southwest Point, Halfway Point, and Zapadni. As usual, cooked food was used. St. George Island—tIn addition to cooked food, preserved seal carcasses were fed on this island. The feeding of foxes was begun in the first part of November. FOX-TRAPPING SEASON OF 1926-27 During the season 728 blue and 30 white fox pelts were taken on St. Paul and St. George Islands, a total of 758. The total number taken in the preceding season was 725. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 3415) On St. Paul Island the take consisted of 118 blue and 27 white pelts, and on St. George Island of 610 blue and 3 white pelts. On St. Paul Island there were marked and released for breeding stock 125 male and 108 female blue foxes and on St. George Island 205 male and 202 female blue foxes. The figures for St. Paul Island include the 20 foxes brought from St. George Island in December, 1926. The foxes transferred from St. Paul Island to St. George Island at the same time are included in the figures of foxes released on the latter island. The’stock remaining on the islands at the close of the season included, in addition to those marked and released, the animals that were not captured at all during trapping operations. REINDEER Counts of the reindeer on each island at the end of 1926 showed approximately 250 animals on St. Paul Island and 50 on St. George Island. During the year 20 reindeer were killed for food, 10 on each island. FUR-SEAL SKINS SHIPMENTS In the calendar year 1926 one shipment of 22,073 fur-seal skins was made from the Pribilof Islands, as follows: From St. Paul Island, 546 taken in the calendar year 1925 and 15,685 taken in 1926; from St. George Island, 224 taken in the calendar year 1925 and 5,618 taken in 1926. The shipment was made from the islands in August on the U. S. S. Vega, which arrived at Bremerton, Wash., on August 21. The skins were shipped from Bremerton on August 24 via Puget Sound Navigation Co., Union Pacific, and Wabash Railroad to St. Louis, Mo., where they were delivered to the bureau’s selling agents on September 3. SALES In 1926 a total of 22,676 fur-seal skins taken on the Pribilof Islands were sold at two public auction sales. There were also sold at special sales 695 fur-seal skins taken, on these islands. In the detailed statements which follow, the sales of other sealskins sold by the Department of Commerce for the account of the Gov- ernment are included, in order that the records may be complete. Publhie auction sale, May 24, 1926—At this sale 14,427 sealskins taken at the Pribilof Islands, dressed, dyed, and machined, sold for $430,446; 175 other sealskins taken at the Pribilof Islands, consist- ing of 149 raw salted, 20 washed and dried, and 6 dressed, sold for a total of $302; 1 raw salted skin from a seal shipped to the Stein- bart Aquarium brought $1 and 7 confiscated sealskins, $7; a grand total of $430,756. Of the dressed, dyed, and machined skins, 11,207 were dyed black, 2,751 logwood brown (Bois de Campéche), and 469 golden chestnut (Chataigne d’Or). Public auction sale, October 11, 1926.—At this sale 8,071 sealskins taken at the Pribilof Islands, dressed, dyed, and machined, sold for $308,841; 3 others from those islands sold, dressed, for $3; 151 Japanese sealskins, dressed, dyed, and machined, sold for $4,394.50; 316 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 30 raw salted Japanese sealskins for $7.50; 1 confiscated sealskin, dressed, dyed, and machined, for $41; and 4 pieces of confiscated sealskin, dressed and dyed, for $1; a erand total of $313,288. Of the 8,071 Pribilof Islands sealskins sold “dressed, dyed, and machined, 6,767 were dyed black, 1.250 logwood brown (Bois de Campéche), and 54 golden chestnut (Chataigne d’Or). The 151 dressed, dyed, and machined Japanese sealskins were dyed black. The 181 Japanese sealskins sold on October 11, 1926, were the United States Government’s share of sealskins taken by the Japanese Government in 1924 and 1925, delivered pursuant to the provisions of the North Pacific Sealing Convention of July 7, 1911. Special sales—tIn the calendar year 1926, 627 dressed, dyed, and machined sealskins were sold at special sale for $19,990.05 and 68 raw salted skins for $1,520.06.° All were skins taken at the Pribilof Islands. Of the dyed skins, 100 were black and 527 logwood brown. The following tables give further details in regard to all sales of fur-seal skins by the Department of Commerce for the account of the Government in 1926: Sale of fur-seal skins at St. Louis, Mo., May 24, 1926 11,207 DRESSED, DYED, AND MACHINED PRIBILOF ISLANDS SKINS, DYED BLACK Lot | Number so hei : Price | Total No. | of skins Trade classification per skin | for lot 1 ZAG Be) ee See RL ps I eR ge RE eh eae one a ee | $51.50] $2,317.50 2 Ay Rbk lo. SAIS SeERe Cas OE RET SUAVE ee ERE Se, ERY AST 58.50 2, 632. 50 3 45S alvance: Scarred, Halli ya tC sos: foe tate oe har $a 38.00 | 1, 710. 00 4 a (a Oe eee ee ee ee fae eee ae ee ee 38. 50 1, 732. 50 5 90 |e Meditnieys 2s = rere sees Eee 1S cae aa 8 oes Se ee A | 47.00 | 4, 230. 00 6 fil ee ee COG seit 2k RE I et) SBE ae FO 49.50 4, 455.00 7 GONE Ss Ose sak: Soe Re See Ne: LE ee ee ee See | 50. 00 | 4, 500. 00 8 OO saree (0 ko as eS er ee et ee ee eee eee 50. 50. | 4, 545. 00 9 SQn=-=== GOosrae ses ce Peto SPs eee one eee ee a eee 49. 50 4, 455. 00 10 90) eee 0 (ote rere ROE Nee eRe gh s SOM) FY aS oe SS Tey aie tee |. 52.50| 4, 725.00 11 ONe2=24 CLO: Sa Se ES eh EEE ae ee oe ee eee 52.00 | 4, 680. 00 12 Shu |p=ss3 CO te eRe et sh ed oe aly se ig Et ee 52. 00 | 4, 420. 00 13 Sol viedium= scarred faulty. 6b@-—- ea ee eee 36. 00 3, 240. 00 14 90)i| Sa Oa 92 ee BELG Fk SS ee Sear oe Sea Le eee 33. 00 2, 970. 00 15 90) Pees (Oli ee Sees eee? SEE Se Ne eS ee ee aye ee 31. 50 2, 835. 00 16 th ee dO FEEL ee eB ie re Sm | ee oie Se 34. 00 3, 060. 00 17 C(t eee OSs eS ee eo eee ee ee ee ea ee eae 31. 50 2, 835. 00 18 TU ee Be ee GO 5 Se SS) ee 2 Ne a a ee ee 35. 50 3, 195. 00 19 905}2-==2 (GRO A ears i Si Ee ee oe Se OS ee eee 35.00 | 3, 150. 00 20 90))(Smoallimeditnn 22 3 set eee oa ee See eee eee 37. 50 3, 375. 00 21 905) es OG st Se ee ee nS a ee ee eee 37. 00 3, 330. 00 22 90; |222a2 GOs Fe 5 RE RE ee eee ee 36. 50 3, 285. 00 23 90)| 22 GOss23. oe Peer te ee a Ee eee 36. 50 | 3, 285. 00 24 Gat Coe en els A i er BD) gd A 9h Ge tect 7s pt 35. 50 3, 195. 00 25 Ooi sees GOLEt LE: SES eT a LSD ES eee EEE 35.50 | 3, 195. 00 26 90) z= 4 (3 Yo ae SRE Rin Se ea ee See te eee See ens Semen abe 36. 50 | 3, 285. 00 27 904)" Small. medium™= scarred; faulty, €iG2-—- =) == ee eee 24. 50 2, 205. 00 28 90) ees Gd s22. Face en eS si es CE A ad ee eet 23. 50 2, 115. 00 29 OOilensae Oe es, ee Oe See RE gS ER an oon ee ere ay 26.00 | 2, 340. 00 30 SOE Mohs. 5 eRe ra Bie eR. SU eee ee SS oe ee ee 26.00 | 2, 340. 00 31 0} \|2=ces Goi gsuiB 2s a Ae ee Ee eee eee 23. 50 2,115. 00 32 OO? | Sees GOs. A SIN Ae PREPARE, EF Oe 2 SA EES Ses Se 23. 50 | 2, 115. 00 33 90) || S--e OO xe Sd 2-1 =e os. 2 Whee Bol) oe ds Pk Rit nd sep ae 22. 00 1, 980. 00 4] 20) EWE OIeX Ura are, LQUaT EGS 22. 22 eee ee ne he ees ae 53. 50 1, 337. 50 42 80 MTR Os ee oes WS ant ae as Le ee eee 63. 00 5, 040. 00 43 SO) i a= eee os ee 2 9 Le ee eer ed Soe Ses 64. 50 5, 160. 00 44 BO: (=e Gfiig he e508 Be Sc Pe eae 8 ee se ee ee 65. 50 5, 240. 00 45 80) puarees'sesiret aaulty: eles. es Eee ee ee 41. 50 3, 320. 00 46 ao lend ied LOR a ery eee) 2S NL Se er eee ee ee 43. 50 1, 653. OU 47 90%) Medias 222 = fees 22k ek ge es eee SS eee 44. 50 4, 005. 00 48 [0] ee Laas Re ee Be. ee Pee 47. 50 4, 275. 00 49 OOi Fee GOLF 6 FEE Pe res tS 23k OMEN Sa ee 46. 00 | 4, 140. 00 50 90) 8222 Gotees hse es eo ne eee ee eee 49. 00 4, 410. 00 51 ity A pees CO ee RI as FR et ge ee enon eee 49. 59 | 4, 455. v0 52 Oe. ss Gong eat ey ie ae ESS oS ea Se ee ee 49. 50 4, 455. 00 53 G0; aees GOL! 2 SSeS ae ee ee ee ee gS eee ane 49. 50 4, 455. 00 54 OO S28 iO Sak 255 SEE E ae ee S Eee R e e e 51. 00 4, 590. 00 te ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 Sale of fur-seal skins at St. Louis, Mo., May 24, 1926—Continued 317 11,2007 DRESSED, DYED, AND MACHINED PRIBILOF ISLANDS SKINS, DYED BLACK | ; Lot | Number _ : : Price Total ates, | of skins | Trade classification per skin fon 1OG 55 | OOP Meal am sess eee et None tins 1 $47.50 | $4, 275.00 56 Le 1) Re CL ee eee ee eC ek ek en ae Be 47. 50 4, 275. 00 57 SOF 5 (oes Mek at Ve Le Sia a eat Sc Se 50. 50 | 4, 545. 00 58 | 90) |__2-- Ce es Ep fs ee 7.00 4, 230. 00 59 | 90" 2 OS ee ee ee a 50. 50 4, 545. 00 60 Ut (ee ee ee Coe Se eee re Es 49. 50 | 4, 455. 00 61 | Ona sate; dos Al 1 Se Oe Ae AGE ae ee 50.50) 4,545.00 42 | Oh ee Gor.) ee fa eee On eee 50. 00 4, 500. 00 63 | 1 | Gee. ee en ee Be Se ee ee ee ee 50. 00 4, 500. 00 64 U4 ee Os 3 A ee ae ee ee eee 50. 50 4, 545. 00 65 Pi) Daaee OR ee ice Ea Se SS oe ee ee 50. 00 4, 500. 00 66 tha eee <0 | 1 mgs 2 eS wae ae ac ge 50. 00 4, 500. 00 67 ORE == 22 Lc reer? 0s EF AE OR. PEEK An te ee oe ee ee Ae 47. 00 4, 230. 0U 68 90728 CLO ee ey Se Ee = ee ee ee ieee oe 51. 00 4, 590. 00 69 Sone + (OU) RR Oe Beg an a TS OE ee es ae IS aero 51. 00 4, 590. 00 70 yl ES eee Gare ee 5 ee es!) 5 Pe Breas 52. 50 2, 205. 00 TEN. NOME NMedinm- scarred, faultys Ctels te eo we eo ek 33. 50 | 3, 015. 00 72 0 See CLO MRE NE BIRGIT 05 Ree Ge) Ct ee tS 31.50 | 2, 835. 00 73 Ni eee LC ee ee re ee es eee ene ECD. CN oe Se ee 31. 50 | 2, 835. 00 74 | i GUpiec Me SOAP SRN Ce Di SER ARE ASL gee ee 30.00 2, 700. 00 75 GO Ee ras cli: 28 See a See. See). ee eee eee 30. 00 2, 700. 00 76 Or So (6 Fo) OS oe a SR Se ee eens 30. 50 2, 745. 00 coy ee gneeeie an eee AT A RR Se Ts to ea sh 31.00, 2, 790. 00 78 dee C0 Re Re a Sa ae ee ee ee an ee a ae 32. 00 2, 880. 00 79 | LE) ee 1 ES Se a Se i ey OSTA Se ee ees 30. 50 2, 745. 00 80 | Ft aa dose! SER ON STL SWE pe 5 Nd oiae em cee ree ea eee ema 29.00 2,610.00 81 | 0h ee GBS Sas is ee ee a ee ee 30.00 | 2, 700. 60 82 | ty eae gig Gs Oe ee ES ag ee LS 28.50 | 2, 565. 00 83 | UU ee (Glen ee SEs) nS a ee 2 8. ee eR ee eee ogee ae see ee ee 27. 50 | 2, 475. 00 84 0g | Sa COS ee en a ee ae ae SE eae Sanat alte ek ea nere Soe 30.00 | 2, 700. 00 85 | i tomes COMMESINE Di SID A ANE Pe SRE SRA Ae Bae: Le eae 30.00 2, 700. 00 86 SOB 22s (a¥0) 2; s PSY She Seeks 5 Se ee ee ee ee te, ee ee 32. 50 2, 925. 00 87 07 | 5 ee coke eit EEL po ee Ee es Se ee ee eee 29. 50 2, 655. 00 88 | BOR |pomeatiime diam = oe eo ee he Se ee eee 32.00 2, 880. 00 89 | DO |e COS rt pte ene | te ae CL ON a ey ae 31.00 © 2, 790. 00 90 (Oh ea an ie ae Co ee ee ES EN TE FL a ae 31. 00 2, 790. 00 91 C210) eae (0G OE Ee ee ae Seed te Sg Se he pe ee iN 30.00 | 2, 700. 00 92 OOr = -s. (Otel te eee Ea eT Oa eg eee ees ee mies. 2a 28. 00 | 2, 520. 00 93 (th) Ea (0 ee eg Pn a oe ee eee 28. 50 | 2, 565. 00 94 | OOM ee Ge a ON ae oe as 28. 50 2, 565. 00 95 £311 ip) eed domes Se ee ea a ee 29. 00 2, 610. 00 96 SOR S- == Ch ee eee ed eee SS OE AE a) ee ee eee a 29. 50 2, 655. 00 97 OO CGR es PEE et eee Pe PS re ee 28.00 | 2, 520. 00 98 Dol eee Cn sh es ie ee 28. 50 2, 565. 00 99 | SOE Les GSE nd eR ae Sk Ce Oy ee ee Cee a ee ees 28. 00 2, 520. 00 100 | Dig) ha es LO eee ees am ea a) Ce ee ee ee 29.00 | 2,610. 00 101 | 10, eee ome ROM Sis Es i Oke 27.50 | 2,475.00 102 | C4)i) ae (Ola reels Betas Pee ee eee Peet cet See ree eR a) 28. 00 2, 520. 00 103 | SU) ees OUST Sane et Ca Mag na BANG PRBS BEE 1 Se aaa 28. 50 | 2, 565. 00 104 =U ee Ci Coe Sete ae eee Ses ROS SUE Se ee ea A Se er Uy 29. 00 2, 610. 00 105 Dog | eee OR a a ae i ie gh ye VAN eS Re eae 28.50} 1, 567.50 106 90) Small medinmscarred; faulty; ete... sn snes 19. 00 1, 710. 00 107 Oy | een 1G 8s Sr Tae Se I Pe PEE oD ren, ot ge = ee et gy ae 20.00 1, 800. 00 108 CTU) eas GOs 22 2 a eT ane oa ee 18. 50 | 1, 665. 00 109 LV), (aes COS See oS an 1c ies Te Spang ee Foe ey 19.00 1, 710. 00 110 iy Eee do. ease Tene fF. Van eat peas ya tres yee ee ean 19.50 ‘1, 755.00 111 OD See 0 es Es See as oa og a Wa eee a 18. 50 | 1, 665. 00 112 BOE dO) ALS Ss. PE TS, ae ee ee ae OF 18.00 —-1, 620. 00 113 fii Saal OW Fa ese eyo 22 Ase AS RON aan See ae ele Pane y. 18.00 1, 620. 00 114 Osa G0! 25 is ele oes 2 522 58 2 ee ee 18.00 | 1, 620. 00 115 SOE es GOS a5 2958. Peo. 3 os eee ee ee ee pe ee a 18. 50 | 1, 665. 00 116 SOies see (3 (0) See ee er ee nce So ee A eee ae 18. 50 | 1, 665. 00 117 SGt| aes" G(s ee en eee. yb. ee oe eee 18. 50 1, 665. 00 118 DON se. =! Gl) ae ee ee ene ee 2 a eee 18. 50 1, 665.00 119 +f il Ota 230. e985 5 2) a eee 18. 50 | 1, 665. 00 120 ipo ea Gomes on 2 shoes oo oo 22 5 ee eee ge eT 19.00 1,710.00 121 Yt eee GOs aa 2S a 5) A ee ge 18.00 1, 620. 00 122 ri tpl aes (6b) ne ere ee a ee ee ee eee 19.00 1, 710. 00 123 (1 Oy ee GOtn a SS 525. fo 2) = Ses See th ee 19. 50 1,170.00 124 HO} Lb'25 medium; 25 small medivimesess= 2s ese) 5. DATS 587. 50 125 SO) PLUlsmall meditm=- 22 22-2 See ee eee tee see Se 2 Seat, 10.50 | 525. 00 130 62 | 5 large, 31 medium, 26 small medinm=) 2-1) 2 -_-____- =. Le 36. 50 2, 263. 00 131 27 | 2 extra large, 25 large; scarred, faulty, ete___..-..-----.____2-___. 23. 50 634. 50 132 909)" Mieditm: scarred; faulty, ebcsss en Le Pe Lae 14.00 1, 260. 00 133 90° |=... GO oes = hs a Te 8 i fo) Aa 14. 50 1, 305. 00 134 CT iol eee Gon s2 se eee eee TIE 5 ORK is St ASS 15. 00 1, 350. 00 135 52 | eee doe | 22 sa 25 ae eee eee OS US EE 14.00 448. 00 136 90) Small medium; scarred? faulty: ete! 22-1 2 ta en 8.00 720.00 137 | ee GOs 22s See eee eee eee Ws tied: Eee Mit Cee Ss 12. 50 1, 125.00 318 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Sale of fur-seal skins at St. Lowis, Mo., May 24, 1926—Continued 11,207 DRESSED, DYED, AND MACHINED PRIBILOF ISLANDS SKINS, DYED BLA CK Lot | Number | : = Price Total No. | of skins | Trade classification per skin | for lot we | ae Sraall medium scarred Walt ye Cee ase ae ee ee is ob $1, 080. 06 1 CUPNOO 2 se Sa ha So een arenes see sabes Sscn ee = eee 12.00 1, 056. 00 140 250 LL arge ees See Gee ae See ee Le ee | ae ea 7.00 175.00 141 | 45a LET ve ditiml= eae Sten ee De eas eae ee ee ee 7. 50 337. 50 142 ASME CLO sree ae ee cea es he Se Uae. ce ee en nee eine 8.00 360. 00 ae a 3 ae eee oo ad as Be ee ee eo eed ea SEED . 00 pane 00 VAAN), WOT een Oe Se ee ores 2 eS Se a ee . 00 279. 00 145 458| SUR Lsmall mediuimese. = 22-. ve cee ee ee ee 8.00 360.00 146 7G NE Sea (6 ee a A re eg ET SEE Eee Sena) ee 8.50 382. 50 at a xa son pe ee SR a SS SE 8 ee a See Se ee 8.50 382. 50 ne OOS 3 Seis sees Se eS a OS ee oe ee eae Le eee 10. 50 315. 00 149 LAE Via medium 2ismallimedinm:222=— 2 ie ee eee 5. 50 93. 50 | 11, 207 ” 367, 114. 50 2,751 DRESSED, DYED, AND MACHINED PRIBILOF ISLANDS SKINS, DYED LOGWOOD BROWN (BOIS DE CAMPECHE) 24 25 35 19 29 40 DP OVee a en wee We eT RSS eee | ee ees 17 large, 29 medium; scarred, faulty, etc___.-------.---------____ Mediums Scarred: talltyCtCs 22 oe a ee to. eee d 1 extra large, 4 large, 14 medium, 2 small medium_------_-_-___- 4iaree. 12imediumysismall medttim sae. ase ee se ee eee 4iaree, Ss. mediim. io Smale! os oe eee ee eee i laree: 34 medinmenscarred, taulty, CtCi sean oe onan eee 2 large, 17 medium: scarred, faulty, ete..-----=-- -- == - = 1 large, 14 medium, 14 small medium; scarred, faulty, ete___-___- 3 large, 24 medium, 13 small medium; scarred, faulty, ete__-____- $45. 50 36. 00 31. 50 33. 00 20. 00 ZRNBSNE IN Sessssss $1, 319. 50 Bin ee ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 319 Sale of fur-seal skins at St. Louis, Mo., May 24, 1926—Continued 2,751 DRESSED, DYED, AND MACHINED PRIBILOF ISLANDS SKINS, DYED LOGWOOD BROWN (BOIS DE CAMPECHEB) Lot No. Number | of skins 218 | 219 220 | 221 | 231 | 232 233 234 a ah | Trade classification ee ree Mediums smal leMediimee = = as = eee $18. 50 $351. 50 Small medium: scarred, faultyvete. "ee eee 8.00 360. 00 ee. do: Pe Se a ee ee Le Se ee ee 10. 50 441.00 eee GO. eee eT Ee ee a CR ns aA elt AR gee 9. 50 418. 00 2 large, 12 2 medium, 13 small medium; scarred, faulty, ete_______- 9. 50 256. 50 4 large, 21 medium, 11 small medium; scarred, faulty, ete_______- 10. 00 360. 00 8 medium, (6small medim: ss we ke nee | 15. 50 356. 50 Smialimodium=)\scarred etal tye orcs aan amees euuueeumn mE a gun 9.00 324. 00 Hii iismeditin: 14% small mediums). “22 she ae ee | 5.50 137. 50 BRISA inde eee se ee, ee ee ee 4.00 104. 00 : 56, 172. 00 s 469 DRESSED, DYED, AND MACHINED PRIBILOF ISLANDS SKINS, DYED GOLDEN CHESTNUT (CHATAIGNE D’OR) 241 eaeeiVied ine sees ne Ae ee ee fee Sts ee | $27. 00 $648. 00 242. so) | large, 3) medium; scarred, faulty, ete2_---------- .-_--_=-___-- 19. 00 665. 00 243 Sor ieVledium > scarreds faulty, 6tCs eos =. = eae = ae 3 eee | 18. 00 594. 00 244 20 | 5 Medium, 15 small medium; scarred, faulty, ebe.-= f=" See 16. 50 330. 00 245 Gy etsvasto ll beat bhy ise wees oo eee a eS Ie ee ee een eee i 22. 00 990. 00 246 40) | Small medium: scarred, faulty, ete). _-_-)2-_---__-2-2_ == =. | 13. 50 540. 00 247 38y|eoe Glia nt RE spe a a a re Ree emer | 15.00 570. 00 251 14 | 1 large, 9 medium, 4 small medium; scarred, faulty, etc________ -__ 15. 50 217. 00 252 37 | 4large, 20 medium, 13 small medium; scarred, faulty, ete___-____ 16. 00 592. 00 253 25 | 4 large, 17 medium, 4 small medium; scarred, faulty, ete________- 17. 00 425. 00 254 32 | 5 large, 18 medium, 9 small medium; scarred, faulty, etc_________ | 16. 00 512. 00 255 37 | 3 large, 20 medium, 14 small medium; scarred, faulty, ete_______- 13. 00 481. 00 256 35 | 3 large, 16 medium, 16 small medium: scarred, faulty, Cte = ae 13. 50 472. 50 257 30 | III; 2 large, Dear drt ee eee Pe Leg <= Baa ea Lees 2. 50 75. 00 258 Ante lbesmallanieditm = fats. See 9S ee Se ae ee 2. 00 48. 00 469 7, 159. 50 175 MISCELLANEOUS PRIBILOF ISLANDS SKINS : an 259 6 | Dressed; faulty________-_ £e A 2 eee, eee Ae dS ke ee | $1. 50 $9. 00 260 POR PR AWSSAILCOSNATILY = oo seen ee oe Doane es ES en ee 2 eb } 2. 00 58. 00 261 (is ee 1G eat Se EE 2 Ae aA DE ee 1. 50 90. 00 262 (ig eee (Voy Nanas so ees ee ae eee eee Ee Fa BES ee 145 105. 00 264 20 0 | Washed andidried*tfaultyos 52.25.20) ee eh eee See eet 2. 00 40. 00 175 302. 00 1 SKIN TAKEN FROM SEAL SHIPPED TO STEINHART AQUARIUM 263 ftelmRaw: salted; faultyis2 32 = S22 = Oe: ee ee $1. 00 $1. 00 CONFISCATED SKINS 265 Grieiawesalteda 2-2 8 ett Sos eee 2h teh gee ee $1. 00 $6. 00 266 I inmarchinent.=..-2 522.222! SSS eee ee ee ee et 1. 00 1. 00 7 7. 00 48765—27 7 320 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Sale of fur-seal skins at St. Louis, Mo., October 11, 1926 6,767 DRESSED, DYED, AND MACHINED PRIBILOF ISLANDS SKINS, DYED BLACK = — - Sa -- Lot | Number : 3 Price Total for No. | of skins Trade classification | per skin lot 1 ON LAT LCs a a8 SA aE ese aa So Se ee ee ee | $60. 50 $4, 235. 00 2 0) | Sees dove SS eres Va ese eT 2 eee ey aie 66. 50 4, 655. 00 3 Si eaextre lanven Maree: 1-620) SCArred waluity; Cleo = <4 a= see ee ee am 41.00 2, 870. 00 5 23 | 3 extra large; 20 large; scarred, faulty, etc--__-.-_-____-----______ 39. 50 908. 50 6 SOs) Me Givin Se sete eS Sats ee ee ee 50. 00 4, 000. 00 7 49. 00 3, 920. 00 8 49. 50 3, 960. 00 9 49. 50 3, 960. 00 10 52. 00 4, 160. 00 ll 51. 00 4, 080. 00 12 50. 50 4, 040. 00 13 50. 00 4, 000. 00 14 52. 00 4, 160. 00 15 52. 50 4, 200. 00 16 50, 50 4, 040. 00 17 50. 50 4, 040. 00 18 49. 00 3, 920. 00 19 50. 00 4, 000. 00 20 50. 50 4, 040. 00 21 49. 50 3, 960. 00 22 50. 00 1, 850. 00 23 32. 50 2, 600. 00 24 33. 50 2, 680. 00 25 33.00 2, 640. 00 26 34. 00 2, 720. 00 27 33. 50 2, 680. 00 28 33. 50 2, 680. 00 29 33. 50 2, 680. 00 30 33. 00 2, 640. 00 31 33. 50 2, 680. 00 32 34. 50 2, 760. 00 33 34. 00 1, 564. 00 34 34. 00 1, 564. 00 35 36. 50 3, 285. 00 36 36. 00 3, 240. 00 37 37. 00 3, 330. 00 38 37.00 3, 330. 00 39 36. 00 3, 240. 00 40 36. 00 3, 240. 00 41 37. 00 3, 330. 00 42 36. 50 2, 190. 00 43 24. 50 2, 205. 00 44 23. 00 2, 070. 00 45 24. 50 2, 205. 00 46 23. 50 2,115. 00 47 24. 50 2, 205. 00 48 23. 50 2,115. 00 49 24. 00 2, 160. 00 50 ibe | Seas CO Fa aS oe ed Feo Se rs eT SS 24. 50 1, 837. 50 51 48) LET12mediumy36\small mediumes = eee 9. 50 456. 00 52 dO 22iextralaree:48 large ses as Se eee Se eee 69. 00 4, 830. 00 53 COM Mbar 26 esse ae os 8S a a ee eee ee ee 69. 50 4, 865. 00 54 Oa see Ofte ee Se a eee) Ries Sd ty) Se eens 69. 50 4, 865. 00 55 70 | 22 extra large; 48 large; scarred, faulty, etc-__..._-_________------ 37. 50 2, 625. 00 56 69+|"arge:iscarred, faulty, etces-22- 9 oe eee 36. 00 2, 484. 00 57 45.00 3, 600. 00 58 45.00 3, 600. 00 59 46. 00 3, 680. CO 60 44. 50 3. 560. 00 61 46. 00 3, 680. 00 62 45. 50 3, 640. 00 63 47. 00 3, 760. 00 64 46. 50 3, 720. 00 65 46. 00 3, 680. 00 66 45. 50 3, 640. 00 67 SON eee lp ee ee aE ce ee ee ee eee 44. 00 3, 520. 00 68 BOs Clot eee ee Sk a. "een RB eRe) Oke One o 45.00 | 1,350.00 69 SOM eMlediam scarred ifaulty,eteia == ee eee ee 32-00 2, 560. 00 70 oy eee Oe US 5S Se ae ay egies Bae 31. 00 2, 480. 00 71 SON eee CG a a a EL 2s 2 Ee eas Sil a eee eee 31. 00 2, 480. 00 72 80 |____- Co ore el PE ee ee Oe ne ey Pee 6 31. 00 2, 480. 00- 73 65) Sees [6 (0 Peis Pet pean te ee Saag eS ee 31. 50 1, 732. 50 74 BON | aes LOE rd > aN VR) A AIR | ele See ee Ee aie 31. 50 1, 575. 00 75 00 tema ln caine ss eee es = 1S 2 ee eee 32. 00 2, 880. 00 76 a See (0 Ce SeenON Sy FE ah oat ie Oe a aed eo AV ee 5 A 2 SS ee 31. 50 2, 835. 00 ae 90) | fea 1G See ee ee a ee ee eee 31. 50 2, 835. 00 78 OO) Bees GOA Se 5 ee TS ON SR EE TRAN Ae ee eon 31. 00 2, 790. 00 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 321 Sale of fur-seal skins at St. Louis, Mo., October 11, 1926—Continued 6,767 DRESSED, DYED, AND MACHINED PRIBILOF ISLANDS SKINS, DYED BLACK | Lot | No. | | Number . : Price Total of skins Trade classification per skin for lot O01) Small mediums 2— ee e a eeee $32. 00 $2, 880. 00 GO) | 52422 C0. sted 2 xe ee ee Se avn alee ea ees 32. 00 1, 920. 00 is fa eee GO. 522 ace ssc ances ee eT id 4 a = he a ee 31. 50 1, 669. 50 90) | Small medium; scarred} faulty,"ete 22 a5 22 ee ae 22. 00 1, 980. 00 i) | ee 02-28 see Se ee ee ee ees 22. 00 1, 980. 00 «0p ae GO: oe. as ee eee ae ee eres re nD Ree ee 22. 00 1, 980. 00 90) |= OE SS eee ee ee ee ae 22. 50 2, 025. 00 2 Ui ee 02s 228 ares eS al ee ee ee ee 22. 50 2, 025. 00 S6rlaeoe COsn ose oe eae ea oe en ee eee 22. 50 1, 935. 00 31 | ILI; 1 extra extra large; 3 extra large; 6 large; 21 medium-_______-_-- 8. 00 248. 00 een Peal MOed ims. eee eens | hon a ee 8.00 | 272. 00 6, 767 258, 345. 00 1,250 DRESSED, DYED, AND MACHINED PRIBILOF ISLANDS SKINS DYED LOGWOOD BROWN (BOIS DE CAMPECHE) DACINQIOXLT AMAT POs 22 ATPOs 2 ee SaaS eee. 22 ease es saeset | $56. 50 MOMM@IVCoditiris cs a, ke a ee re Sue Oa 41. 00 AQ i aay dol! Sf poles Wann DF oe eee ee 44.00 Afi es COS ee ee ee eee ee 2 | 43. 50 AD) oc ee eee oe SN i ek EE Ee eae 44. 50 AQ Uae CO ee as ae ee ee ae Pe | 45. 50 ah) | WW Albryeep Os) in@elren_ 2 5 ee cee ee | 49.00 | AOA eG T Te = bee ste eee 3 a ies Oe ee ee ee ee 44. 50 40" ele (313 oe SS Sie Se) PALA ADE NN ye ee eS ee a ee ee eee | 44, 50 AO} PS oa LG ee el EN Be Pe a Ne ee ee ee 46. 50 AQ) US CQ Sk ee oh a 8 esses ee 47.00 AQi jess (6 aye Re Rae Es aE ee Se ae eee eer 46. 50 Ae ea (0 (nyse ad lee a EO Rae ee ee eS Se ee 46. 50 24) |, LGN yaegeRo af rae (sfo Uneaten | 47.00 AVY WON GGT a eae Eee ee ee a ee ee ee ee 44. 50 AQ (6 Yop Ree OS la ee a Ea NTE ors pt ee 0 aes ee 45. 00 Ri eee LO eee EOS Cy ee Re we ee a le AN es 44, 50 40h Polarges 26imedium O)small meditim ss) 222-22 522 ee 47. 50 BOMouarre: sl famoedhaim-) 7 Soiallomeditme.--s2- c= s2a5e saan e 45. 50 AGnibospmedinm: 14.smallomedivm 252-24 - = 2 See oes See en ee 41.00 46 | Small medium 32. 00 d 36. 50 38. 00 39. 00 | 39. 00 37 | 1 large, 25 medium, 11 small medium; scarred, faulty, etc_-_____- 26. 50 29 | 2 large, 15 medium, 12 small medium; scarred, faulty, ete_-______ 23. 00 16 | 1 large, 7 medium, 8 small medium; scarred, faulty, etc_-.-_.-._- 23. 00 45 | 1 large, 44 medium; scarred, faulty, etc_-.._._..............-__-. 31.00 45 | 14 medium, 31 small medium; scarred, faulty, ete_--.--_________- 28. 00 OF he smediiin Go sist me cites =e eens ee eee 8. 50 21-| 3 large; 24 medium:|scarred, faulty, ete. 222222 2) e222 = ae 21. 50 Bon emalli medium scarred, faultyaetceess- 2 ena eee ee 18. 50 HGR pile lemeditin 1 5isminl lone dirs sees ee eee ee ee 6. 00 1, 250 SSssssse BW =I IO III Oo DASNWOEDRA WDDBODWOD S38SSs8s 33S SSSSSESSSSSESSSESE © 61 0 ~190 om sss = 00 CO Od = =) S 72. 00 49, 326. 00 54 DRESSED, DYED, AND MACHINED PRIBILOF ISLANDS SKINS, DYED GOLDEN CHESTNUT (CHATAIGNE D’OR) 25) |rouarce, 20'medium: scarred, faulty, ete2--2-=eee=- = = | $25.00 125 | $625. 00 126 25 | 8 medium, 17 small medium; scarred, faulty, ete_-._-________-____ 21.00 525. 00 127 AS elie lemodium 3 Small! Te iti =. === nee eens | 2 5. 00 20. 00 54 | 1, 170. 00 3 DRESSED PRIBILOF ISLANDS SKINS 128 BaleWnultge =o 2 ih 9a, SN oh I en EM | $1. 00 $3. 00 322 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Sale of fur-seal skins at St. Lowis, Mo., October 11, 1926—Continued 151 SKINS RECEIVED FROM JAPANESE GOVERNMENT UNDER TREATY PROVISIONS, DRESSED, DYED, AND MACHINED, BLACK Lot | Number | : : Price Total No. | of skins | Trade classification per skin] for lot 131 59 | 6 extra large, 25 large, 28 medium___-_-_.__--_-_------_-----__--- $37.00 | $2, 183. 00 132 38 | 8 extra large, 30 large; scarred, faulty, etc___-___.--__---________- 27. 00 1, 026. 00 133 43 | 41 medium, 2 small medium; scarred, faulty, etc__--_----_-_-___- 24. 50 1, 053. 50 134 11 | IE Nextravanree. Ouarpe, 4 meqinm= 23-7 =! S: Sek ee ee es 12. 00 132. 00 151 | 4, 394. 50 30 SKINS RECEIVED FROM JAPANESE GOVERNMENT UNDER TREATY PROVISIONS RAW SALTED 135 SUI NS ens ep ese Pls a te he ees Se der eo ee aes | $0. 25 | $7. 50 1 SKIN AND 4 PIECES OF SKIN, CONFISCATED 136 1 | Extra large; dressed, dyed, and machined, black___--__________- | $41. 00 $41. 00 138 | 4 pieces | iDressedtandidyedes ees ee eae eS te for ae Pa ee 1.00 | 42. 00 | Special sales of Pribilof Islands sealskins in 1926 Number eee Price Date | of ac Description per skin Total ( Dressed, dyed, and machined, logwood brown (Bois de i Campéche) Jan. 11 29% 8) medivm,, 21ismall medinmscarred=--- 4 = ee ee ees $18. 70 $542. 30 ll HOM lemedium,s9ismallimedium=s = = = se eee 29. 40 1, 470. 00 18 1OONK6Smediums36:smallimediame et 9-2 eee 35. 00 3, 500. 00 18 62 mialleme dims. oss os fe Se ee ee 28. 50 1, 767. 00 18 SOs ese C5 (cE es SES, SSE RS een eee ee ee ee Sree ee 30. 50 1, 098. 00 20 625 GO cee eS Se ee ee ee 28. 50 1, 767. 00 25 SONS S: GO ve a See TES Fer k eee 2a gD a 30. 50 915. 00 28 IVES 2S OED Ley a is eee a eae oes Per eear So 28. 50 3, 534. 00 Mar. 25 By eee GOR =A Se = Dee aE IS SR Ete a er SR es 30. 50 1, 037. 00 Dressed, dyed, and machined, black Mar. 27 OW IMEC GUO = Ses eee nee ees ee ec aes ee ee 46. 32 3, 474. 00 27 Poallaoniall MOG Mess See ee ere eee ie ee re eg ee cee eee 35. 43 885. 75 Raw salted Dec. 29 pS See ee aS We Ee eA Ee ee Ye ee ae ere EOD 14. 525 130. 73 29 Sj illae cea aie Rie 8s eaig Fa 0 WD 8. A ne IS BA ae Ot a ee 23. 548 1, 389. 33 695 21, 510.11 323 S, 1926 \ vi INDUSTRIE FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL ALASKA — 1 i =e : ae SS SS SS ee 00 ‘001 00 “ere ‘Soc ST '8e Lk) iS) “|= eee ee See (eG | el eae WGE Ge, All hae be a oe eR a 6) an ee af ee aca IL 200 00 ‘00T OS “FIT ‘298 91 SE FAFA Coa Sa aie [pie area eee aa en les a a a we) ae ae i neo a (a we ment aa euet. Tite #Z ABIN | ss mal :sassBlo [TW 00 "P19 11 °8 00's _ | 0S 6 OL ip eee rr I11| 68 ‘LE | 00 ‘9FF ZL oS ‘82 $99 ‘% 09 "2E8 ‘8% | FZ "EZ 00 2% 0S “FZ 1544 alba Os | peerage a oo BUNS) ANU DAUR! DIES a II ‘200 OS “#66 ‘ZF | 18 ‘FE 00 Te 00 ‘28 GCGLD cliliccs. = 2c = ee a eee II puv] 00°99 og “¢ og “¢ 0g “¢ ZI IS[Sa .e) SEP a ee AI ; ash 3 ‘ GL “89S Z IF 6 00°8 GL IT DEG gee Eels: a ak yo «mage ee ea iat Be oto a ee OR 56 SF $6 CFI Ie | 688 120°¢ 00°68 ‘Rb | 96°8T 00°8 009% IG em eae oa ‘AaMBy ‘pormwdg $2 ABIN | 0° 926 ‘69 | 02°18 09 “22 0S “LE L¥OgC = enc pant em eae II pue I ‘WINTpeul [[BULs | | | 00 ‘28% cc's 00°8 0S 6 CO Yel area fs er a fer as TI] 98 ‘Zo | OS “LEZ ‘IST 86 ‘GF LLS ‘gE 0S S6I ‘EF | O8'7E | OO'TE 0S “FE DUG Sie “y\|sapesa tae ce eee SWS) C/NAY ANE) UO) OF BO RATS 9 = = SS SSS Sa me ITO | 00 ‘092 °201 | 68 ‘8% | 00°F 0S “Z¢ LOGE Gio ols tone ee ee ee ee TI puv] 0S “Lz 0g *¢ | og "¢ 0g °¢ Oye Gyo) d2=5- 2. eeeentere weeeaae iis Per AI ; yeaa — || ays tie GZ ‘089 ‘T $o ‘8 0¢ 2 CLIT LOL Ele acees mesg me Were a TET ||... 3.22 SS eee . 86 ‘6h S0L€8 FIG | 6°86 | ISS 00822 ‘ZL | FE 6S 00 ‘FI 00 ‘98 Zn altace ee aqa ‘ANB ‘pormedg FG AVIN | 0S ‘996 ‘OFT | 28 6F 0S 98 0S ‘Ze SCQUCA SA lichu sans wae geen waar ch aan = are TI pue | sUIMIpaTAl | 00 ‘SF 00°8 00°8 00°8 pe eal eae Sea ae RA are praia a Ill 66 '8 00°90L‘TE | 68‘¢¢ 899 | 00 PPG ‘2 R686 | «00 9 00 “IF LOGE Aller ote pear By He) GANA) OLN AES} SY sn IL ~O OO 'FIL ‘8% | 08°99 0g 09 0g “69 COCR MON mae aca ens ob hee aeey “TI pure] | } 00 ‘SLT 00°2 00°L 00°2 OG toe 2 Pal Soran panes © ak Reon Si a i TIT) 3 9F °C 00°292‘08 | 220¢ =| a9 00 800 ‘6 FORE OS “8% 0S ‘SF (6) Aang Milka ee he at aa UNE) SANIT ATED Oe) UES OS a £Z ABI \| oo-ass‘tz | 66°09 | 09'9¢ |og-¢9 | $e 9 [--------n--nnnennnn nat Ir pur ql i | BYR Asia | | 00 ‘FZ 00°8 00°8 00°8 Ce 6 aces sal caer Sic aoe arp wine ani ¥8 0S “146 ‘% Teas L9 )| OS 86 PL'LE =| OG “LE 09 “6S CC ees wT 90 09 FTE | £6 L { 0g “29% og‘e¢ og "8s 0S ‘eg fi RR ees ap y's cae ae ee II pur Tf ae SoBIRY BING c0° 00°8 / 00'8 I 00°8 00°8 00°8 00'8 itty Vagal || Stree roee ert eh Ads oar as 1) ene hie Sees pe een ees ; | :osIvl BALX XY 100 og “Es | os‘es$ | T 0g “ecg 0g ‘ecg 0g ‘ecg og “ecg epee: | eceeieseer eee oe TDD OCuG Rae ge eer og itd Su. <3UM | MOVTH GHA — = i. = ee E as =. — x _ = ade aod a -yuaaleg aotad [840.1 | meas Mer Sate [PIOL adB1l0A V MO'T yatH JoquInN apeRin So[BS puB Sesse[O 9E6T UA uoyonDn d4qQnd JDO ppos surlysjpas fopigiid fo ‘azis yava sabojyuaosad ypn ‘sappsb pun sazis fig ‘sanjgoa aaynundwog OF FISHERIES BUREAU ese 1 324 09 “LE 88 °L 00°9 0S ‘8 ig re alae RR ee gut: tte i a Pos: III| GL S9 0S ‘ZI ‘FE £6 IF FI8 09 ‘OFF ‘E 19°96 0S “1z 00 TE (1 | rans eae RET ---090 ‘A4q[ney ‘porredg, |" -~-~ ~~~ me 7 cds SRR. So ma be OG) 09 ‘099 ‘08 20 ‘St 00 “IF 00 ‘6F S80", S| paeene he Gebiee ns Siew oe I{ pus 1 : | 0¢ ‘09 ’ 0g *¢ os “*¢ 0g *¢ Lit, 1 ae ee Ee See Bee aa tee asi Perel 89 "EP 0 008 ‘TE 6S "9G 661 1 00 °ZOL (Et. 6 ‘8ST 0S 6 03 "2 GRU) Sas oka ee aa 090 “AQ[NBy POLIGOG += sane aoe aie Sa Raa a #Z ABIN, | | 00 ‘889 (0% 8G “FE 0¢ “ST 0S °LE COO!) 2 ar CR ae er cing Star Nae oe II puv ] 00 “I61 888s 091% |00Te | 8 oqo ‘AynRy ‘poreog PORTO. an 5 ‘ | 4 F sf ; SU Ge 6 Ot | Ree nee cena RB DeLIBOS 2222 os ee Sow tee eee F. 80'9 TR ia Sa a etaaihd { oc L6re | ez (0 of 8% | og 99 89 me mee omer 28s) ITO . sar 6 | ‘i 0¢ "829 29° i 08 “Iz Syd AS Ce OO, ATG OGG ia a eee eee et os OU STBL G5 | OOS08 = 1A { Op-gentt SS MaROD lagers | 00RD cea aar canna Sook rcnaiag II pue A ¥% apd | | 70318] 9T° | 00 ‘EIT 0g "99 4 00 “EIT 0S ‘9° 0G *9¢ OS *9¢ CS 5 eBlal = ¢ pees Set nee ST Sree TTD WB Te Re eee a ae ee Care. 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Fike a Ra eae aT Ill dal 00 "S83 66 “PIS 9% { 00 “Ese$ 96 “ST$ 00 ‘EI¢$ 00 6I¢ a CY oe Cg ae ee ojo ‘A4[NRJ Gane ETE Oe a. ea ee ¥Z AST, ‘< :os1e'T (40,a ANDIVLY HO) LONLISHAHOD NAGTOD GHACd 3 a rsoit q | nd 104 es Pee IROL | edeeay | mory q3rqs| aoquiny apein Sees PUB sEsse[O ponUuTyUWOD—9e6T Ut UoYjonn oygnd yo pjos smyspvas Jopgruid Jo ‘acs Yyova sabnzuaosad YpN ‘sapvsb pup sazis fig ‘sanjpa aarjnundwuo) 325 ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 00 “OOT 00 °€ 00 °T ta 00 °€ 00 ‘T 00 ‘T 00 °T Syl ee a aa s eee G BeSSOL Gli lie aoa ee acta sh Leceate } ara Il ‘PO 00 ‘OF 00% 00% 00% (TI al gee ere Sas aplasia Pep puv poyse AA 00 ‘O0T 00 ‘ZOE eZ 0 SLT 00 “E92 02 ‘T 0¢ 'T 00% CRlo~ sali ei rmeemineroes mon, ow slo, DOW TUS ANG Ot |e ee ie eee eae San ah $% ABI 00°6 09 ‘T 0¢ ‘T 09 ‘T OWN Saree tee Toe possold | woudiosag, SNOANVTTSOSIN 00 ‘O0L | 00 928 ‘6F 9F 6E OSZs eee |e teris bee Ge aa ORURG eel sate) oe | Soa enn GES LOE BET 7 > one See | Reg SRA Go acar ee Il *~O 00 ‘OOT | 00 ZL ‘ge GF 0% TOUR ae re ca ad nt egy po poe gee Seer e |e ee Oe $% ABI | | :Sasseyo [TW 00 “TFT TZ °9 | 00 °9 0¢''8 Le ge || eo eee ee ara ae Til 0 ‘62 | 00 °269 ‘TI IZ ‘ZE | 89€ 00 ‘082 ‘% LP ES 0S ‘8T 00 “8% COMAa yy | Petes OVO): ATG Tis OLIGO 6): ean <= ahs nee an Il “WO | 00 ‘Ize 6 PL ‘LE 00 ‘Ze 0S “LP 2 A Ca IS A? > ke no a eal teat gli Boer II puv JT 00 ‘I8T eo 'h 00 ‘Fb 0g" OF Rogge a ee Rca ye III O8 '€9 | OG "EhI ‘22 96 “FI O8b ‘T 00 ‘868 ‘6 OF ZI 00°8 0S “FI 86L [E24 Sees OF98 “AITMGPOITeO gS aoa se ae tT pe re ee $% ABI | 62 ‘ST 0¢ “ST 00 “FE C70 eee | See a Tr ae ene If pue J | OS "P90 ‘ZI ‘wantpew [feug 326 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES DISPOSITION OF FUR-SEAL SKINS TAKEN AT PRIBILOF ISLANDS On January 1, 1926, 32,531 fur-seal skins taken at the Pribilof Islands were on hand. Of these, 770 were at the Pribilof Islands, 31,748 at St. Louis, Mo., 11 at, Washington, and 2 temporarily shipped to Kansas City, Mo. In 1926, oD 131. Pribilof skins were secured at the islands and 23,373 were disposed of, leaving 31,289 on hand on December 31, 1926. The follwing tables show further details in regard to sealskins taken on the Pribilof Islands, as well as details in regard to other Government-owned sealskins under the control of the Department of Commerce: Summary of Government-owned fur-seal skins in the custody of Fouke Fur Co., St. Louis, Mo., calendar year 1926 A Disposed Lets On hand | Receipts : On hand Bescon yon Jan.1 | in 1926 | S80 | Dee. 31 Taken on Pribilof Islands: @alendarsyearilG23 eee ee ee eee T6538)! Sse 70383 | eee Calendar year 1924_______________ EE a ee See 11, 120 22, | 2 22 Calendarayearil 925 tea on. so ee ee ee eee a sg 5 eee 19, 090 3770 | 410,725 9, 135 mCalendarsyoarlO26ste-cne saat hoes oe eeee eee Pees eee oe 321,308 |2 = Steen 21, 303 Skins from Pribilof Islands seals shipped from Steinhart Aquar- AULD arses eee neh ese ke 21h Nn ees Ne Wa) See ES S| ae ae | 1 ee ee ee United States’ share of Japanese sealskins: NOASOMsOL LO 24 ernie te weet pe ees pane SRL LS en eet ESS sO Se ae 2 es 94 L94 ae eee Oe WIOASOMLOL OZ) aes ee i cee Oa LEE ee ect AS [pes Cook o 87 | EY el ee = ’ Wonfisestedis kins sssss see ees a ies if 1 | 53, ee GROVE as, MN gM ae Reelin Sola ae Se 5 0 SR NR ee P 31,755 | 22,258. |* 23, 575 30, 438 1 Sold. 2 Returned from Kansas City, Mo. 3 Shipped from Pribilof Islands. 410,711 sold; 12 shipped to Washington; 2 charged off account error in count. 5 Sold; in addition four pieces of sealskin were confiscated and sold. Summary of all fur-seal skins handled on Pribilof Islands, catendar year 1926 Balance | 7 | Balance Number | Total | Number Island enna’ | taken | handled | shipped on baud iz Spe) OAT ok ES Oe ONS meri d tee ree A ee gee | 546 | 16, 231 | 16, 777 16, 231 546 Sis CTO ae ee ne ee Sees eens 224 | 5,900| 6,124 5, 842 282 Gait REsEe es RO Mate ae ee soket eb tera ts 8 tesa hh | 770 | 22, 131 | 22,901 | 22, 073 | 828 Summary of all Government-owned fur-seal skins under control of Department of Commerce, calendar year 1926 - - Balance en te On hand} Receipts | Sales in Description Jan.1 | in1926 | 1926 | 0 hand, Teo on Pribilof Totals Calendar year 1918, held for reference purposes - ------------ Wh 2 2 ee | Se 7 Gialend ars earn O23 Gare 1 VEE ROE ee oe a ee gray he ae oe ee 1, 538 3 Re aGNGATSVGniel OZ 4ree ss te SON Pe a TE er eee DT 1 238| 2 eee 11, 122 1 Calondamvyeanl92be asses = 2150 See en Be ee eee 19860) 2225 = ee 110, 713 9, 147 G@alenicirrky extreal 92k Recerca 8 ETS 6 ee Oe 22. 131)|| 2 ee 22, 131 Miscellaneous skins held for reference purposes_____------------ Alek os ees | eee 4 Skins from Pribilof Islands seals shipped to Steinhart A quarium | Se ea 1 1h ee ee United States’ share of Japanese sealskins: | SCESON Of dO 2Ai se ee aa ee ke ies eee eee 32 Bes See. Se 94 94. ||: eats oh wegen ey Sa eee Ee ee $99. 00 $198. 00 201 RRL X LDAP lirics ee oe Se a ee Sa eee rn aed 76. 00 380. 00 202 | JaleimerdanksSilveryes-o2 2 ete eee ee Be eas eee eee 89. 00 178. 00 203 Fé {hel Dray NS 2k oot es NY Fe es eee erie Ae Rae ee eee = 61.00 427. 00 204 TRUE TE Cd eee eo Se Rae Se Se i ae ee 55. 00 550. 00 205 ae Oy as eee eee CE) SEE LS Dies aon ON Ls Ne 46. 00 368. 00 206 eee Oe se ee OES ar 8 er oe ha See ee ee 50. 00 500. 00 207 1H) lceeee, Ric Ae SE ale Ie ee Nag PA Pe a Rs A 51.00 510. 00 208 2h | eee ees ee ee ee Ey ey Rey pass h tbat 2k 2 Tait lets. es Se 49. 00 588. 00 209 Omg Dive =see ss. otee eee ee Ase 32 5 ee Se ee 45. 50 409. 50 210 Gal BIDSILVersyseaereee sees nee = a Sl er ee eee See 56. 00 336. 00 211 Gen Gare 20s gee ee Se a 2s Pa ee ee rs ee 40. 00 640. 00 212 7 PLD lle eee Moet ce eal eee meee ee eee 32.00 224. 00 213 | Cea Bi) ofS) ye) ee a ee coe ee eee Baek Oe ee eee 8 35. 50 319. 50 214 125) eit dows partis ===" ee eee ae ARS Ue ee ee 25. 50 306. 00 he Ne See enw or MEE See OMNES Ss my ran ee ee Tee 2e el ee Oe 5, 934. 00 Taken season 1924-25 215 4 | 51. 00 324. 00 216 6 81. 00 486. 00 217 8 72. 00 576. 00 218 4 70. 00 280. 00 219 8 57. 00 456. 00 220 | 12 34.00 408. 00 221 12 52. 00 624. 00 222 10 37. 50 375. 00 223 8 52. 50 420. 00 224 10 33. 50 335. 00 225 6 47.00 282. 00 226 ve 20. 00 140. 00 227 vf E a 24: 5. 50 38. 50 228 AS MEXCrA eXtra dine... 224. ek. oe Se eee eee a. cee ee eae Satie 111. 00 444. 00 229 | Gul extravtine: 25... 2222. ee ee A eee Ee 82. 00 492. 00 230 GuipHines 5.227 ek 3S. as ee awe es ol SS eee ees 73. 00 438. 00 231 dK 0) | (ALL Zo 021) ea ne ee Er Ne oe ee ee Ce ee cee 58. 00 580. 00 232 ANC Arles oe os 2 2 on SE a reper Sa She PeeeteT eS Bee 36. 00 504. 00 233 SING AT Ks P52 otk ee Oh eee ee = at Re Se 53. 50 428. 00 234 | TOR WbIRG ark. - Sa. SS eee ee ee eS eae ee 35. 00 350. 00 235 | 2a bines: | 7) Ue See ey PR ee ee RE ee ix Py beens See 38 42. 00 504. 00 236 1Op Peco biie= -— > S23 POUR eet ee Feed, Set yee a 33. 00 330. 00 237 ip Tiger ay 0 Eee eh se ST. oe ee eee ee ee SSR el 40. 00 320. 00 238 Aye xtraiextra fine- <= a eee ees Fe ae a Nea iee Oe a 95. 00 380. “0 328 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Sale of 468 blue-fox skins at St. Louis, Mo., October 11, 1926—Continued Lot | Number Naekt - Price per| Total for Sao of akins Trade classification Sein Tat Taken season 1924-25—Continued 239 4°) "hixtra: fine 2e2 es. ek Se ee eee Seen ee eon eee oo 48 LS $73. 50 $294. 00 240 8 TO a LE eh RS ee eS 71.00 | 568. 00 241 10's| ola kee. Sa eae cs eee ne SU 2 te ee ee oe 49.00 | 490. 00 242 | 109 ee 7s (oe ee ap OF Be ES, SB RT Tae a 46.00 | 460. 00 243 12s Sibliie a2 3. 2 Se Fats sey Pee ee Se eee ee ee 45. 00 540. 00 244 | 127 /SLE Diget sh 222 eS. oe ee: 40. 00 480. 00 245 | ya) Me Gark.c 2 eee: 55. 00 385. 00 246 | Ooiel Dank b= nese 47. 50 427. 50 247 | An Sil yeryeer ae see 52. 00 | 208. 00 248 | 4 | Extra extra fine- 89. 00 | 356. 00 249 2 | darks 22t ees 64. 00 768. 00 250 ef |e doers 57. 00 684. 00 251 4 | Extra extra fine- 132. 00 528. 00 252 oO) |eExtraytinie. 2 2 _ 2 112. 00 560. 00 253 | OW | ake eee 91. 00 455. 00 254 | i eee (re ee Laing SOT ELS p53 OEE SS et ED EP TSS Gd) ee oe epee ae 89. 00 445.00 255 | By | eG arke 3 2. thi Bee Ve eS a Be ee ee ee 65. 00 325. 00 256 ZI" OW ots Spe een Re ot RS ee SA AD fe se a 85. 00 340. 00 257 Sis Ce art ees 22 i al ee Se as phe bey oe cies Oe es et ea 64. 00 512. 00 258 BA ST VOR Yo sen eo tS aL eh eee iO RD a ogee pe 104. 00 416. 00 259 OTP elo wet ae le etsy. Mey Sie SUL alee tid SaT Be ee eee 25. 00 50. 00 SAG |S iene eee Sees eee nS ohh DUE eB ee eee Oe 18, 806. 00 } Taken from animals that died in transit 260 Ho |[) 1S) eb. mele fer SN I eS 8 Sea a hE Pe red Ee CEL eS 50 1. 50 468 | 24, 741. 50 The remaining 580 blue and the 20 white pelts of the Pribilof Islands take of the season of 1925-26 wil! be sold later. FUR-SEAL PATROL UNITED STATES COAST GUARD The United States Coast Guard employed five of its vessels in the patrol of the North Pacific Ocean, including Bering Sea, for the pro- tection of fur seals in 1926. The detail of the vessels was virtually the same as in the preceding year. The Snohomish patrolled the coastal waters from the southern boundary of Washington to Dixon Entrance, southeastern Alaska. The Unalga patrolled waters between Dixon Entrance and Unalaska and in Bering Sea. The Algonquin and Haida proceeded from Seattle to Unalaska, patrolling en route, and then engaged in patrol work in Bering Sea. The Bear, while detailed primarily for the usual annual expedi- tion to the Arctic Ocean, served as a patrol vessel while in the waters frequented by the fur seals. The seal patrol extended as far westward as Attu, the westernmost island of the Aleutian Chain, and was maintained as long as there was any necessity for it. BUREAU OF FISHERIES On April 24 the fisheries vessel Awklet left Juneau for Sitka to take part in the seal patrol work in southeastern Alaska. The work was continued until June 10. ee a ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 329 SEALING PRIVILEGES ACCORDED ABORIGINES The North Pacific Sealing Convention of July 7, 1911, permits Indians and other aborigines dwelling on the coasts of the waters designated by the convention to take sealskins under certain specified conditions. There have been authenticated by the Government 1,075 sealskins taken in 1926 by Indians in the waters off the coasts of Washington and southeast Alaska. The details are as follows: Washington—One thousand and thirty-five skins were taken, of which 291 were from male seals, 715 from females, and 29 from unborn pups. These skins were authenticated for the Bureau of Fisheries by Dr. Carl B. Boyd, superintendent of the Neah Bay Indian Agency, Neah Bay, Wash., who has done this work for a number of years past. Southeast Alaska—F¥orty skins were taken, of which 36 were from male seals, 3 from females, and 1 from an unborn pup. An official report received by the bureau stated that 2,824 sealskins were taken by the natives of British Columbia in 1926. JAPANESE SEALSKINS DELIVERED TO THE UNITED STATES The North Pacific Sealing Convention of July 7, 1911, provides that 10 per cent of the sealskins taken by the Japanese Government within the areas defined by the convention shall be turned over to the United States Government, unless the number of seals frequenting the Japanese islands falls below 6,500, enumerated by official count. In May there was delivered at St. Louis, Mo., the United States Government’s share of fur-seal skins taken by the Japanese Govern- ment in 1924 and 1925. The share consisted of 94 skins for 1924 and 87 for 1925, a total of 181 skins. The skins were not segregated by year of take. They were sold at public auction on October 11, 1926. Before being sold, 151 were dressed, dyed, and machined. The remaining 30 were sold in the raw salted condition. Details of the sale are given on page 322. The United States Government’s share of fur-seal skins taken by the Japanese Government in 1926 was 132. They had not been received in this country at the end of the year. SEIZED SEA-OTTER SKINS Two sea-otter skins, which had been taken unlawfully in the vi- cinity of Sanak Island, Alaska, were delivered to the bureau. These skins will be sold for the account of the Government. They were surrendered through the United States Customs, following an inves- tigation by the Department of Justice. SESQUICENTENNIAL AT PHILADELPHIA An appropriate exhibit of sealskins and blue and white fox skins, illustrative of the products of the Pribilof Islands, was included in the bureau’s exhibit at the Philadelphia Sesquicentennial. ‘Two coats made from Pribilof Islands sealskins also were shown. COMPUTATION OF FUR SEALS, PRIBILOF ISLANDS, 1926 By Epwarp C. JOHNSTON The numerical strength of the Pribilof Islands fur-seal herd, as of August 10, 1926, was computed from an actual count of the harem and idle bulls on all the rookeries, made at the height of the breeding season, the count of pups on one rookery, and information derived from the work of previous years. BULLS The harem and idle bull count on St. Paul Island was made on July 16, 17, and 18, and on St. George Island on July 19 and 20. For the first time since 1920 an actual count was made of the bulls on Sivutch rookery. In 1925 the number of harem bulls was esti- mated at 190. In 1926 there were counted 279 harem bulls. As only 17 of these were estimated to be 6-year-olds, the 1925 estimate probably was too low. Number of harem and idle bulls, approximate ratio of idle bulls to harem bulls, and average harem, 1926 | Approx- | imate ts : Harem Idle | ‘ ratio Average Rookery | Date bulls bulls Total eet harem harem bulls St. Paul Island: | KGGO Vier se ee een oe July 17 212 37 249 1:6 38. 08 uk ninye eee se eee epee ie sys 8 2h lee daw = 94 3 | 97 1:31 41.53 (Gorbatche asst tne lal Sieh ee ieee! ae dor 2 276 31 307 1:9 74. 27 AT GIguent. = 222 ete. tuo Ee Eee ans doz! 38 3 | 41 1:13 51.03 DRY ets) Ie Uy el ee eee ef Pease SOhUS o-aey home dos 605 82 687 Le, 68. 06 SU AU) OVS aS SS eal os les cee Lie feat does 279 34 313 1:8 45.16 ear OOTeR = Sea ree Ve Be eR ne aihies =O eed Ose Sh] Seaneeall ae Bie ieee es 36. 33 ALG SEO Ieee eee a AM nan ae ted doze 376 45 421 1:8 64. 47 ZA pada: 225 lee kee ee Eye ee 2 | July 18 322 23 345 1:14 72. 34 itthle:Zapadniae sre eee See Bid pe doE seas 185 Zale 202 1:11 64.18 APSA Celanese ees eee ers ee dow 13> |e ee 13) 22. 89 PO OWAIN Be 2 le pate eee | July 16 166 27 193 16 50. 43 1e{o} Vora ateh GH WIS ee et Pile eS a a dons 118 11 129 | LA 38. 84 Laittlese olovinalses es ee ee Ones 45 10 55 1:5 37.09 Morovia a Ines a eee endozes 87 4 91 1322 34. 49 WOStOCHTIt = 2 FS SR aes ree eee nee douse 654 41 695 | 1:16 51. 07 MGC ss Oo Ae ee Ue LE oe been 2 Be ee 3, 478 368 3, 846 | 1:9 57. 26 St. George Island: | | INGEUNE Saeee eee 2) NOR eee July 19 191 18 209 Lae 85. 05 STAT ay aAwANUl ss eet 22 sate ne Eee Pevdoas 136 12 148 i517) 90. 00 APREY ACL TR ee ees eee Ni eee | July 20 42 4 46 | 1:11 41.14 Sonthesseoss= oe ee eee esa ee £dorsts : T5a|pa-2 22 Re? 15) eee 27. 00 ASW Ce fae es Ae soe ee July 19 47 4 51 | 1:12 79. 21 HASTAC iis ee See ie ee wi ON Wl edone ste 125 17 142 | aly 85. 02 POU a a eee eee ee ns Sop tilt Seen es 556 55 611 1:10 80. 88 otal (bothislands) 22222322022 ee see 4, 034 423 4, 457 | 1:10 60. 51 The increase in number of harem bulls on St. Paul Island over the 1925 computation was 375, and on St. George Island 133, a total of 508. = Shs: Ue Set a a ee ee 7 14 21 Par ene = = Se ON Py a ee ee eS ee ee ee |S ee 2 2 CO eee eee ee 22! a ee et ee ee eee 13 36 49 Div iiceheee tes <2 ba Rll ea te ae eee 1 16 17 AG QO eee Soe Ss aE a 4 8 Oe ee eee 1 1 PROISEQU eee = oe Ea ae wn Bee A ee ee eee nel 34 51 ATI ELCRT tae es eee Se ee ae a ese 8 | 21 29 Withlemapaanicwes... 9- e W oe i ee eee 5 | 15 | 20 (EC OVIN Ss Ce er Se ee eee Reem te - ss a eee ae 3 3 POG GiTin eee eee ee SE eee | 3 | a | 10 Rolovinmohtisaeue oe FN is aa eee: 3 | 5 8 Miiinerbolovitigesss 6 8. Ss ee ee | 3 | 2 5 IITs (yp eS a 0 a ee eee _ 23 a ee ee oa 3 3 Wostochrite soe sie! 5 2-2 Sos a 8 ae ee == E | 8 | 19 27 ble ee ee Se Nn so. ee hs 73 | 202 275 St. George Island: | tude a ve ee eee 8 2 se ee 14 | 37 51 SCALA VARA Tiles ee fo) te ee eee ees ee hee je E I os 8 34 42 TIA ae ee oe St Da ea ee ese ek 1 8 9 SA se alee Ok a ee i ML ate ge Ma AM en [ne 4 4 MastPH ce hire fe 2b se. ot yy el Oe Ree ae be eh moe Be 1 8 9 LORE (CAS ee he Sa a ie eee ot ee Sa a eens 5 | 19 24 AM AEDS | che act SOR Ce ae ee eee 29 110 139 ocala (b aubis| an GS) ose eee ee ee ee ee renee 102 | 312 414 322 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES AVERAGE HAREM The pups were not counted in 1926; consequently the average harem is only estimated. On account of the increase in number of harems, due to the influx of 6-year-old bulls, and the fact that there was no evidence of any unusual increase of cows, the estimated average harem was based upon the average annual increase of cows in the years 1916 to 1922. The pups were all counted in 1916 and again in 1922, and the average annual increase of cows was found to be 8 per cent. This percentage of increase has been applied to the 1925 figures to secure the number of cows in 1926, except in the case of Lagoon rookery, where the pups actually were counted. This rookery has been declining steadily for a number of years and soon will disappear. Computation of breeding cows, based on annual increase of 8 per cent, and of average harems, in 1926 Breeding cows Average harem [tits Harem | Increase Rookery -bulls, (+) or 1925 1926 EE 1926 1925 | Cpenense 1926 from 1925 * | : St. Paul Island: Ohh ais eee SP ON Se Se cee eee 7,475 8, 073 212 38. 08 47.01 ; —8. 93 MUR eee en eee Lee) ek ENE AES 3, 615 3, 904 94 41. 53 43.03 **—=1,'50 Gorbatche! a= oe ete Tete Sa 2S” F 18, 981 20, 499 276 74, 27 80. 77 —6. 50 PAT OICION estes hee e ea Sess) 1, 796 1, 939 38 51. 03 46. 06 +4. 97 IRGael Leet ee ene age MEPS) Ere Giger 38,126 | 41,176 605 68. 06 75. 20 —7. 14 SUVILUCD 2c eee tebe ea es Co ee 11, 666 12, 599 279 45.16 61. 40 —16. 24 MUA OOM Se eee Cm bre. «Uae ed. 2 152 1109 3 36. 33 30. 39 +5. 94 ROIS GOT Ses ead ee ae oF 9 22,445 24, 240 37 64. 47 68. 64 —4.17 SD ACIIS bs key Aone AE ee ie 21, 569 23, 294 322 72. 34 68. 04 +4. 30 ibithleZapadnie 2-0) ee ee 10, 995 11, 874 185 64. 18 65. 06 —.88 ABD AGI OG fae a. as nee 382 412 18 22. 89 34. 76 —11. 87 TAO O VATE Se RANT ee es atte a Urea! 8, 371 166 50. 43 47. 26 +3. 17 Polowinai@hifiss + Saha hs soe 4, 244 4, 583 118 38. 84 42. 87 —4.03 ittletPolovinas sey wee. eae 1, 546 1, 669 45 37. 09 36. 81 +. 28 IOI] Q Vie ee AE Ie ra A) 2,779 3, 001 87 34. 49 34. 74 —.25 Vostochni=s = 2. eee 30, 929 33, 403 654 51. 07 45. 82 +5. 25 Motalss Sart ees Soe ee em eee 184,451 | 199,146! 3,478 57. 26 59. 44 S113 St. George Island: I 0) FC Ae ee ee, ke ee 15, 041 16, 244 191 85. 05 108. 21 —23. 16 Starayapar til aamerc ieee na ules 11,334 | 12, 240 136 90.00] 114.48] —24.48 ADAG Mie ees eel 21 ek ee Se ae 1, 600 1, 728 42 41.14 55. 16 —14. 02 Soe ee Ta ee ee) ee 375 405 15 27.00 41. 62 —14. 62 HastiReeie a jo dar Na omes Weil Le 3, 448 3, 723 47 79. 21 76. 62 +2. 59 MAStIOIAG Sot wee meee. eens | 9,841] 10,628 125 85. 02 96.48 | —11.46 LOLA a! Sk ou al c ne ee eee 41, 639 44, 968 556 80. 88 98. 44 —17. 56 Total (both islands).....___.__..____ 226,090 | 244,114| 4,034| 60.51| 6412| —3.61 1 Pups counted in 1926. The average harem shows a decrease for the whole herd from 64.12 in 1925 to 60.51 in 1926. The St. George average harem decreased from 98.44 in 1925 to 80.88 in 1926. Very few of the 6-year-old harem bulls had more than four or five cows. Most of them were around the margins of the harem areas and were not strong enough to fight a more mature bull or to protect and hold any large number of cows. Consequently the — - ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 oon average harem for all the bulls over 6 years old actually was con- siderably in excess of the computed figures. Lagoon rookery is a good example of this. There were three ‘bulls on the rooker y and they were well separated. One, a 6-year-old, had one cow; another, a little over 6:years old, had five cows, and one old bull had 103 cows. This is the first year in which any results of the branding of the breeding reserve have appeared. A further increase of harem bulls should occur in 1927, although about 1,500 fewer 3-year-olds were reserved by marking in 1924 “than in 1923. PUPS AND COWS The number of pups in 1926 was determined in the same manner as the number of cows—by applying an 8 per cent increase to the 1925 figures. Distribution of pups on the Pribilof Islands August 10, 1926, and comparison with distribution in 1925 1926 | a = 1925. ; 1926 Rookery | total F im Living | Dead Total pene DUD Sin |p pups pups pups pups St. Paul Island: RGrLO\a eee ene eee eee. Ue ee 7, 954 119 8, 073 1.47 7,475 598 NAUKA eee eee eee seo eS Le 3, 819 85 3, 904 2.17 3,615 289 Gonbatchee ete este ae ee ee Eee 20, 323 176 20, 499 . 86 18, 981 1, 518 PEON STG eee Pe ee ee re ee ae 1, 893 46 1, 939 2.39) | 1, 796 143 TRAG’s) ie 4 gs ee Se Se eee pean en 40, 575 601 41,176 1.46 38, 126 3, 050 ST OATH 0h. ye topes a ree a ee 12, 292 - 307 12, 599 2.44 11, 666 933 iby 2 ee Se ee eee 09} |Zasa-oee Ss TOON) San eee 152 43 TUN iL oe eee eee 23, 903 337 24, 240 1.39 22, 445 1,795 AAS FONT Ua ATs is re Nee alan pete Re re aie 22, 893 401 23, 294 WP 21, 569 125 ACY AT or G bre Se ee oad 297 11, 874 } 2. 50 10, 995 879 ADAG nIah ee ee ee sore we. ee 409 | 3 412 . 80 382 30 OO Miniter tem ee he Beh kn a Se 8, 243 128 8, 371 1. 53 7,751 | 620 Wolowanss@lifise soe an] Se ek 4,498 | 85 4, 583 1.85 4, 244 | 339 these olo vine eee eee eee 1, 627 | 42 1, 669 | 2. 51 1, 546 | 123 INO IO yi ee en eee 2, 940 61 3, 001 2.02 2,779 222 WoOstO Che s= ea = ae eee eee Se oes 32, 708 | 695 33, 403 2.08 30, 929 2,474 ‘Totales = ee eee Jae so 195, 763 | 3, 383 199, 146 1.70 184, 451 14, 695 St. George Island: INTO S ieee Seine ae pret ane is TE SIE I 16,017 | 227 16, 244 1.40 15, 041 1, 203 SLATS VAAL ba ee oe ee EEA ee a 11, 924 | 316 12, 240 2. 58 11, 334 906 Appepchiv |" eee aes eee ee 1, 709 | 19 1, 728 | 1.12 1, 600 128 SOW O = = See ee eee 398 7 405 | 1.72 375 | 30 TOyTTE DRY Sy ese SS aa ee ee ee 3, 667 56 3, 723 151 3, 448 | 275 inet: (CitiGe Lee a . 10,470 158 10, 628 1.49 | 9, 841 787 AM oS. Ses Seas eres 44, 185 783 44, 968 1.74 41, 639 3, 329 ——__ SSS] SSS] SSS Total (pothusiands)__-=2222--22 2 239, 948 4, 166 244,114 | 1.70 | 226,090 | 18, 024 } Pups counted in 1926. St. Paul Island had 199,146 pups and St. George Island 44,968, a total of 244,114 for the herd. This is an increase of 18,024 over 1925. During the harem count the rookeries were examined as to dead pups and the number did not appear unusual. The same percentage of dead pups was applied to each rookery as was found in 1922. This gives a total of 4,166 dead pups. 334 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES COMPLETE COMPUTATION Following is a summary of the method used to arrive at the com- plete computation for 1926, together with a recapitulation of the herd. It will be noted that the increase in the total number of seals over 1925 was 38,231, or 5.29 per cent. The increase in 1925 over 1924 was 25,892, or 3.71 per cent. Complete computation of fur seals, Pribilof Islands, as of August 10, 1926 | St St. Paul S Class e George Total Island retail IRUPs ReStimated =S-- = ee Sa = 2s en an ee ee eel ao 199, 146 44, 968 244, 114 Breeding cows, 3 years old and over, by inference_----_- BS 5e St at Sh wee ee = 199, 146 44, 968 244, 114 iHaremibullsicounted==*2 235s 22.2 ee 2 IE A is DS et 3, 478 556 4, 034 Tdlewbullsteountede toss se Ae ee Se Se i Se ee ee ee SE Se | 368 55 423 Yearlings. male and female, estimated: | HemaleswpOnmund92o 2 6.2 Ee eee ee ee eee 92, 226 20, 819 113, 045 INaturalemeoncalitiy.tomper Conbess= 92 = eee pee ee eee 41, 502 9, 368 50, 870 Wearliriy females; Amp L0;d02G 0 tee a ese | 50,724| 11,451 | 62,175 Males borin’ 192620- 00): se Meee a Titra, (PS | 92,225 | 20,820} 113, 045 Nathralanorntalitys oO) percent. 22-22 es ee ee 46, 112 10, 410 56, 522 Nearlingamalesibeginnin gal 926 Saas ee nes ee ee 46, 113 10, 410 56, 523 Weanling males killega926=.b. 2 oe se ee eT EE 8 Se en eee ee 9) | 5 eee 9 yearling males pA es OMtO26M=) bese OMe Pee ee eee | 46, 104 10, 410 56, 514 2-year-olds, male and female, estimated: Weanlingiemales Ari ps1 Os O2528 see eek tes 2 ee eee oe ceo 47, 445 9, 864 57, 309 Naturalimonvality.22:o per centue ss Pe eos eo ae ae ee eee 10, 675 2, 219 12, 894 P=-VOan-OlGeleIn Ales seATIS a1 0; SLO 26 = eee aa re ae ee pe 36, 770 7, 645 44, 415 YiearlingpmaleswAqiotel Oy O25 Eee oS ee Lea ne ME Se eee nee ae | 438,124 8, 967 52, 091 Niearlingmaaleskalledifalli 1925 wae se ee os ae ee Pee eee 15/6 2a 1 Nieanlingsmales’endtonl925; be a eS ee ey = Se ee ee ne 43, 123 8, 967 52, 090 Natural mortality, 25 per cent_______- Or Ne i TIN BD SEN es 10, 781 2, 241 13, 022 2=vear-Olds beginning O26 wena eee es a ee 32, 342 6, 726 39, 068 2-Vear-Oldskalled@lO26%: = =a = oe — See Se ee ee 852 33 885, 2-Vvear-oldsmales, Aug: 10219262_-— ses = > eee Ee eee 31, 490 6, 693 38, 183 3-year-old males, estimated: 2-vear-oldematles; vAvg 251051925 2-2 ae ee ae | 37,170 6, 345 43, 515 2-Vear-old males) killed ifalliiG25- 2-22 see ea ee ee eee ee 26))| ee ee 26 2-vear-oldiimales end: of, 192h2 "se ae eee Seek es aoe 37, 144 6, 345 43, 489 INaturalamortalityeloipencentss.¢- 8 oe neces eas ae e ee ae ee 5, 571 952 6, 523 3-Veat-Olds beginning 19260 < mee sos Se 2 eee Aa ee eee ee 31, 573 5, 393 36, 966 a-vear-olds'killed 16262 --=: _ = ae a eee ae ees 2h ee 14, 285 5, 492 19, 777 B=VORT-Old=MAleSseA eo. LO O2Ge = aan Dane = eee ee ee 2 () (1) 17, 189 4-year-old males, estimated: 7 i SaVenr-Oldemales: PAIS: 1 O} i192) ss = eee ee eet Beem ee eee 20, 002 1, 188 21, 185 B-vear-oldmnalesikitled! fall 1925 ees vee Oe ee eee 504 224 728 S-Veor-Oldmnalesieng OldiO25) 2. foe eee ea ee ene eee ee 19, 498 959 20, 457 INGbuEalamontalityeLO per cent. .—-« 4 kaos 7 ee ee eee 1, 950 96 2, 046 4-vear-oldymales: beginning 1926... .--.-.73552 5 2--Sh aon 8 se 17, 548 863 18, 411 AsyGar-0) Gsm alesyRINEG al O26 2s ee 2282 See ee eee a eee 480 59 539 A-VGaT-OLd Males; PAE LO; el O26s- 0-2. . e eee cae 17, 068 804 17, 872 1 Apparently a large number of 3-year-olds credited to St. Paul Island hauled out on St. George Island. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1926 330 Complete computation of fur seals, Pribilof Islands, as of August 10, 1926— Continued St. St. Paul 7 Class Ser George Total Island sland 5-year-old males, estimated: S-vear-oldimales, Aug. 10) seenert ssee esa ase - teak 16, 817 1, 875 18, 692 a-cveaT-Old anales Killed fall 192bteeeteere =o eos a cee te iL iL | saa ae ee 11 PeVGdE-COOeL eS OFC Of O20 seen een net ees ee 16, 806 1, 875 18, 681 Watural mortality,) 10 per cent. .<. 2-2-2252. 2-2. SH eee 1, 681 187 1, 868 SevEdI=pldiman les Deri anin es 1926.2 se eens oe | 15,125 1, 688 16, 813 evento Unite) PSE 1026 cco. = ae nee pan” Tile Fee 2 1 | oe ee 1 POVGHIEO tamales eA TICs 10st ODO 2.5 sae me et es oe 15, 124 1, 688 16, 812 6-year-old males, estimated: | MEAT OLA eS, eA ONT OO 2 20 so oa ee Ree ee | 15,046 1, 746 16, 792 VERIO Maes Keds talon O25 e25- ae eee) ee eh eet Se |----------|---------- Paves pigernl alestenG Or 1O2Di = See oe eee! Loo) ee ee el 15, 046 1, 746 16, 792 IN DULEEA On Lal uve cUNDeL COlNb=sasssceceeao so.) eee 3, 009 349 3, 358 f-veor-oldendies beginning 19265. 2 oe Se. 8 ee ee 12, 037 1, 397 13, 434 (Pepe oto) Fre) isola Xo Re pe Ss tie Be ene oe es ee OS ee ee eer eeeers (eee er yrs G-year-oldimales Auge 10: 1926) 22. 2 eS ee 12, 037 1, 397 13, 434 Surplus bulls, 7 years and over, estimated: wee U=VOuL-OLIn ales WATIPS LO LO25 0 So Sel. a ee ie ek ae 3, 841 264 4,105 P-veat-Oldamialestkllled all G20~ sae soos Age Pe DS Re oS eae er ee ee ee ee Svear-oidnalesiendel92o" 2 =e 325 2228 28 oe ese Se 3, 841 264 4, 105 INC eioMOnvalliy. cOmemcCeltee=- sens ao tt Se Se es 768 53 821 fvear-oldumeles, berinning 1926-22-82 222 2 8 oe 3, 073 211 3, 284 PEVEaI-OLeTI LESH C CaO 2G meee eee eet ree Sa ue Eee ee tee Re ee | ae ee Ae ee eS PoUCHIC Olena s OSA TIO 10. 1O2G yeresee es we eee a ee 3, 073 211 3, 284 PUL ISHPPULS RATIOS LO O25 cae wee seme es I ee 8 ee 3, 352 206 3, 558 Naina MmOrballiny: sOmeriepnt=- <= 5-- 2-2 Sea to ee ee 1,005 62 1, 067 Ver ALT M OAS USH OL 926-2 ee nee ee ee 2, 347 144 2, 491 eerimmepulsiottg25 Ade lye el iihasee 451 3, 837 NapiralmortalliveoUmmencent=.* 2.5.2 2522 sh ie Te a 1, 015 136 1,151 | ——— AO ZS US emai P92 sees ee ee ae tk 2,371 315 2, 686 Breedinpypillss 026 ss = teases nee ents nase tn eee eke wna a otek 3, 846 611 4, 457 iOoibulisremainine, deducteda=-- 02225222. ee ae 2, 371 315 2, 686 imierementorne web UlisinyLO2b22 eee nse ee een ee eee 1,475 | 296 ib eical f-year-old: males;computed forslo262-.-% 2 ee 3, 073 211 3, 284 SUNS oMlisicomputed tore O26» aceee ns en eeee eee Cte RUE EF i) 2, 347 144 2, 491 Total theoretical surplus bull stock 1926_.-.--_----.---------.-------- 5, 420 355 5, 775 New increment of breeding bulls deducted.._._.._.__._._..__-_.--.--- 1, 475 296 ivi SEG DLSS ISH LO20 >= soee eee eee ee es Se 3, 945 59 4, 004 50 per cent deducted for losses due to fighting, natural causes, and errors in loss percentage in previous years.__.__...-.---------------- 1, 973 29 2, 002 SULDIUS DUS wATIC= NOLO 2Gueemeee eases fee 1, 972 30 2, 002 48765—7T2——_8 336 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES RECAPITULATION (BUDS ee = 32 0S 8 oe ea eee 244,114 | §-year-old males --.- <<.2-=4--5556sa5->- eee 16, 812 ISO WSi eee ot peek eee cee Se 244,114 .|' \6-year-old maleso_:.- --- -. =) ees ee 13, 434 arom! DUIS 23+ 2 sees ee eee 4: 0344|) Surplus pulls. 22822 2- 2. 23 eee ee 2, 002 Tdleibulls | 252 eee See eee cone oe ee eee 423 —_—_. Wesrling femalesss == eee ee eee eee 62,175 ‘Total;:1926: <> - 22 eee 761, 281 pvearling males 5 sae ae See eee 56, 514 a 2-year-old:famales #2 ° eee SA 415" Total 192522. = -2_ A oe ee 723, 050 2-Vear-OldAMaleS ees: Seno. Ses pe eee 38, 183 Numerical increase, 1926_.-..-...--.-_.._-. 38, 231 5 vyear-oldimalesoe 2.2 ae 2 2 ee 17,189. | Per cent increase, 1926. .---2--- = Sea 5, 29 4-Vear-OldmnaleS: ieee eee ee 17, 872 By Oscar E. Srrtr Assistant in Charge, Division of Fishery Industries — CONTENTS Page Review of conditions in the fishery industries, Fisheries of Connecticut. :..--.-.2222-225.5-2: 396 ees ee tee wees eee Fe ee gis Fisheries of the Great Lakes, 1913 to 1925_.___- 405 Suminaryso) operavions- 2.292 28. wut 339 Scientific and common names__--_-.-_----_-- 405 ES USMHIS| UC Sfu potee aha he ne en 339 Comparison with statistics previously pub- Technological investigations______._-_______- 340 lished! forsi91/7-and\19222 22 3 Ca ee 407 Merchandising of fishery products__________- 343 Generalistapisticssn. 5.25 ei ee eae 408 Publications of the division_.............-____- 346 | Fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1924______ a MncmMeninee Sees ey ee ce es 346 AVY (is nara tr ee eS Ba kee te ed Sg iuIsticCall UNebinS be See Sk 346 QrogOneeewe. o2lb slain eo oce ea cou se ose soak 498 Canned fishery products and by-products____- 346 @aliforni geen oR eee ele) eee OMe 429 Wammoansoroductis. =<. - ot ee oe 347 | Fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1925 SE BROOIGUS eae ee eee = bt TO ee Washington Wereien fishery trade/2=2.-2: £22234 Oregon. -_-_.-- Cold-storage holdings of frozen fish in 1926- California ____- New England vessel fisheries bul Comparative statistics of the fisheries of the (Genertlistatisvics. ser si2 as oes a Be Racine past Staessen ee see a eae 451 SHOT G TSS 5 2 ees Cheha Bee ae 5S oe Oia ae. 382 |, Fisheries of Maryland and Virginia, 1925__.___ 463 Ofier-trawil nshery ces. ek Eee ee Pine 385 Hanlieripu biicabionsv: ae he ee i Rae 464 Pes eA SANCD eee es eee oe ss ee ee eS 387 Common and scientific names of fishes______ 464 Vessel fisheries at Seattle, Wash_______________ 389 (General Sparistics s+ eee Seas wer ses see. Fee Ee 466 Fishery products received at municipal fish Comparative yield of various species in 1925 wharf and market, Washington, D. C______- 391 ANG! PEEVIOUS, VERISae se ae. seer eee pees ae 469 Shad and alewife fisheries of the Potomac River_ 393 Mia yam cise opie ee TE ts erie SU aa eh oe 471 Shad fishery of the Hudson River____________- 395 WAT CUNT ae eat ery ean Sees) Bergan cette ony am 476 Monday spanre tishery-=-se~ ee. te 2 4 Ss 396 REVIEW OF CONDITIONS IN THE FISHERY INDUSTRIES, 1926 According to the most recent statistics available for the various - geographical sections of the United States and Alaska, the fisheries and fishery industries employ nearly 190,000 persons and property and equipment to the value of over $210,000,000. The annual sales of fishery products by fishermen amount to over 3,000,000,000 pounds, valued at nearly $109,000,000. The output of canned fishery prod- ucts and by-products in 1926 was valued at more than $98,000,000. In the foreign trade of the United States the domestic exports of fishery products amounted to more than $20,000,000 and the imports for consumption were in excess of $50,000,000. The year 1926 was one of continued growth of the fisheries. Vessel landings at New England ports were larger than in any previous year of which we have record, due largely to the greatly increased haddock and mackerel yields. ‘The Seattle landings of fish also were increased, as compared with the previous year. The canning industry, with an unusually large pack in Alaska, produced fishery products with the highest value on record. The by-products industry was adversely affected by a failure in the menhaden supply, but other branches had a good output. In our foreign trade the imports were larger and the exports smaller than in the previous year, indicating some losses in foreign markets but an expansion in the domestic markets. - Appendix V to the Report of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries for 1927. Bureau of Fisheries oc. 102 337 338 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Statistical summary of fisheries of the United States and Alaska Sect; Persons Capital Sections engaged | invested | Products | | Number | | Pounds Value New England piptes 1924-12-22 ee ae ge 24, 513 ($28, 561,824 | 406, 822,165 | $18, 818, 132 Middle Atlantic States: 11921-1925: 2s eee aoe owes | 638, 574 | 39, 821, 342 666, 137, 511 25, 615, 453 PouthtAtlanieiSiatess a 92a. my ee ee en rae 16,298 | 8,505,259 | 228,747,930} 5, 087,340 Gulf States;/1923 2: 2a 7 Sab SEs Se As eae LE Be sk 17, 793 | 10, 535, 905 | 160, 324, 042 8, 096, 650 Pacific Coast States, 19252 222 sani Te bese es 22,270 | 28,651,490 | 610,993,424 | 24, 580, 524 IMUSSISSIPpIORIvemd vision o2z ass wean s Sel Pinas | 19,122 | 7,345,034 |} 105, 733, 734 4, 503, 521 GreaiglakesplGs inn! see Seer iS 8 ee ae 8, 039 | 12,046,458 | 108, 732, 443 6, 689, 611 Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake, 1922_.____________- 123 | 139, 956 | 1, 677, 999 | 110, 022 Alaska sto26 2) 2M ic ih aoe Cee id). eed 28, 052 | 74,557,522 | 728,185,986 | 15,179,814 pa SN [eee Total various years, 1921-1926__.....__.____-____= 189, 784 /210, 164, 789 |3, 017, 355, 234 108, 681, 067 i Notr.—In the statistics for the Pacific Coast States in this table the persons and investment are for 1922 and the products are for 1925. It has been apparent for some years that the greatest opportunity for progress in the fishery industries was in developing methods of bringing fresh fishery products to the consumer in the freshest pos- sible condition. The development of fish filleting has been an im- portant step in this direction, and during the past year the output of fillets has continued to increase. The methods of suitably freez- ing fillets and packaging frozen fillets and other frozen fish in such a way as to permit their distribution and sale in much the same way as other package goods have progressed and promise to have favor- able effects’on the fish trade. Carbon dioxide ice has been used on a commercial scale in shipping small and large quantities of frozen fish and doubtless will be found regularly useful for making ship- ments under certain conditions. Notwithstanding these improve- ments, there are many serious technological problems as yet unsolved. The most urgent of these is the necessity of keeping fish in a fresh, wholesome condition from the time the fishermen take it from the water until it reaches the consumer. Means of satisfactorily utilizing waste from market fishes need also to be found, and general improve- ments in the by-products industries are necessary if the industry is to maintain its existence. The acute condition at present existing in the menhaden industry deserves mention. Severe losses have been suffered in this industry in recent years. They are due in part to the fluctuations in the supply of menhaden and in part to the lack of efficient technological processes in the industry. Nothing is more vital to an industry than its supply of raw materials, yet there is utter dearth of informa- tion on the abundance of menhaden. A biostatistical study of menhaden, such as is being made on the mackerel (see p. 339), is urgently needed. Such an investigation would give an understand- ing of the causes of scarcity or abundance of menhaden and permit us to foresee the supply from one year to the next. With such predictive information available, the losses in operation in a poor year could be minimized through reduction of operating expenses. With additional savings by means of increased efficiency in the technological process of reducing menhaden to meal and oil, it is believed that the-industry, now in a precarious condition, might prosper. The serious condition in this industry, which produces quantities of valuable protein feedstuffs and nitrogenous fertilizers in addition to the animal oils, can not but be viewed with concern. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 339 SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS STATISTICS Monthly and annual statistics were collected and published regu- larly during 1926, as follows: The collection and monthly publication of the statistics of the landings of fish by vessels at the ports of Boston and Gloucester, Mass., Portland, Me., and Seattle, Wash., with publications of annual bulletins summarizing these landings for the year; monthly publication of statistics on the cold-storage holdings of frozen fish, collected by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Department of Agriculture; collection of the statistics of quarterly production, consumption, and holdings of oils in the fishery indus- tries, for the use of the Bureau of the Census; collection and publi- cation of the statistics on the production of canned fishery products and by-products of the United States and Alaska for 1926; collection of statistics on the shad and alewife fisheries of the Potomac River for 1926; collection of statistics of the shad fishery of the Hudson River for 1926; and the securing of statistics on the quantities and value of sponges handled by the Tarpon Springs Sponge Exchange. In the general canvass work of the division the statistics on Mary- land and Virginia were collected, compiled, and are published here- with. With the completion of the above-mentioned statistics, the following geographical sections will have been canvassed for the years indicated: New England States, 1924; New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, 1921; Maryland and Virginia, 1925; South Atlantic and Gulf States, 1923; Pacific Coast States, 1922; Great Lakes and Mississippi River and tributaries, 1922. In addition to these, yield statistics are available in this report on the Pacific Coast States, 1925; Great Lakes, 1925; and the State of Connecticut, 1926. The bureau’s program of securing the much-needed statistics of the fisheries through the agency of State collection has made con- siderable progress during the last year. The system of collecting statistics of the Pacific Coast States, begun in 1923, has been con- tinued and bears fruit in the publication in this report of the statis- tics for 1924 and 1925. This makes four successive years now avail- able. Through the cooperation of the Tariff Commission, which compiled State statistics on the fisheries of the Great Lakes in con- nection with tariff surveys, it has been possible to present in this report the statistics on the fishery yield of the Great Lakes and the Lake of the Woods for the years 1913 to 1925. The State of Con- necticut also has cooperated in detailing one of its officers to the collection of statistics for the past three years, which makes possible the inclusion in this report of statistics for that State for the years 1924 to 1926. It is hoped that more of the States will enter this field, so that eventually we may have complete annual statistics of our fisheries. Statistics of the mackerel fishery.—The collection of special statistics on the mackerel fisheries was continued during the year. They included the taking of accurate data on the date, locality of capture, and the size of each fare of mackerel landed, and the measurements of a sample of the mackerel landed. Altogether, data were secured on over 1,200 of the 2,800 fares landed, and more than 26,000 mackerel were measured. 340 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES This work was carried on in close cooperation with the division of scientific inquiry, and many biological data also were secured. In- complete analysis of the data, both statistical and biological, indicates that the unusually large runs of mackerel in 1925 and 1926 were due almost entirely to one successful spawning season, provisionally determined to be that of 1923. Very few mackerel belonging to other age groups were present in the catch. By continuing the collection of these data in future years, it will be possible to determine how many years a successful crop of mackerel, like that of 1923, will continue to furnish good catches. It will also enable us to detect another good spawning season as soon as its progeny first appear in the catch. These two lines of evidence will be of predictive value; and by so foreseeing the coming years’ catches the fishermen may outfit intelligently for the mackerel season and the industry may be guarded from loss in buying, freezing, and selling this species. It may be possible thus to stabilize the market and save outfitting costs at ill-advised times. TECHNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS Tn its technological work the Bureau of Fisheries is endeavoring to improve present practices and to develop new equipment, methods, and products within the fisheries industries and to bring about proper utilization of wastes and by-products. To accomplish these ends, investigations are made and science, in many forms, is applied to the problems at hand. Information thus gained is made available to the industry, and its application is directed until it becomes an integral part of the same. There are but few more fruitful fields for scientific work than the fisheries industries, and much must be done before they can be placed on the same plane of efficiency with other food-producing industries. Properly carried out, work along these lines can be expected to, and actually does, yield large returns. The bureau’s policy is to select broad, fundamental studies on urgent problems which promise to be of the greatest value to the largest number and which are possible with the funds and personnel available for the purpose. In such work the direct results obtained are not the only results. A successful investigation gives general confidence in what science can do for the fisheries industries and leads to independent initiative. Moreover, the principles developed in one investigation frequently are applicable to the solution of other problems. Utilization of by-products—The annual production of fish meal in the United States approximates 100,000 tons, valued in excess of $3,250,000. It is estimated that in the production of this fish meal about 23,000 tons of nitrogenous material, with a value of about $1,000,000, are wasted. The bureau has been working upon this problem and has developed a method for decreasing losses of protein and oil in press liquors now discarded in the menhaden industry. Moreover, this method gives better oil and should help materially in diminishing pollution from these liquors in certain coastal waters. In connection with this work the bureau made a careful study of the menhaden industry. This showed that certain steps should be taken to lessen production costs and improve the products obtained, and the nature of these improvements has been pointed out to the industry. As an example of this work, it has been found that the FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1916 341 bilge water from the steamers, instead of polluting waters can. be made a source of profit by extracting the materials that otherwise are objectionable in polluting coastal waters. As soon as funds for the purpose become available the bureau intends to demonstrate to the industry that fishing and manufactur- ing operations can be carried out with considerable less labor than is expended at present. Certain lines of research, if carried out, undoubtedly will show the industry how to prepare better meal and oil at no increase in cost. Conditions in the menhaden industry have reached the stage where it is necessary that improvements be made if the industry is to continue its existence. Looking at waste utilization in the fishing industry from a broad viewpoint, it is estimated that enough material to yield about 45,000 tons of fish meal, valued at $3,000,000, is now being thrown away. Valuable oil, too, can be recovered from this material. The bureau is endeavoring to bring about better utilization of this material, and a temporary laboratory has been established at Reedville, Va., for the study of by-products problems. Filleting of fish is becoming a very large business, with considerable quantities of waste now collecting at different localities. ‘The bureau excel experiments showing how this material can recently has com be converted into excellent fish meal in such a manner that the oper- ations can be carried out in such congested centers as New York or Boston without objectionable odors. One problem demanding solution is that of handling with profit small quantities of waste (1 to 5 tons per day) such as collect in many places. At present many fish markets are put to a consider- able expense for hauling their waste away. One city alone is re- ported to pay $15,000 annually for this purpose. The salmon industry in Alaska has large quantities of waste material now unutilized, due to the fact that no profitable way of handling the material under the conditions that exist there has been evolved. The canning season is very short, and large quantities of waste ccllect in a very short time. The overhead cost of the usual method for converting this into meal and oil have been too great to make the undertaking profitable. There is urgent need for a study of this problem. The shrimp industry, too, is throwing away material that could be converted into meal, valued at hundreds of thousands of dollars. Preserving quality in fresh fish.—Fish and shellfish are very perish- able, even more so than other foods of a similar nature, and unless especial precautions are taken they deteriorate very rapidly. The demand for these products in a fresh condition can be increased greatly by improving the methods for getting them into the con- sumer’s hands throughout the United States in the very best con- dition. Practices are now followed in handling fresh fish, both at sea and after they are landed, which do not assure the highest quality of the product. That bruises and heat injure fish is well known. The importance of these factors as a cause of deterioration is now more generally recognized than formerly, however. One of the bureau’s technologists has been studying this problem intensively in _ the New England district for several months, both ashore and afloat. The bureau has cooperated with the fishermen and boat owners in developing newer and better methods of handling the catch and in 342 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES properly storing it until it reaches land. Plans also have been worked out for redesigning the methods of handling fishery products in the largest wholesale fish market in the country. The bureau has made a new and important contribution to the proper methods of handling fishery products through the issuance of a handbook on the refrigeration of fish (B. F. Document No. 1016). This contains a history of the industry and a discussion of important scientific principles involved; changes that take place in the fish im the fresh state and during freezing and holding; design, construction, and equipment of fish freezers; practical freezing methods; methods of brine freezing; transportation of frozen fish; and many other points essential to the proper understanding of the industry and its problems. That money properly spent in technological work brings large returns is evidenced by the bureau’s work on brine freezing. The bureau imported the first brine-freezing equipment into the United States and made the first demonstrations of this process. To-day brine freezing is being developed upon an extensive scale. Net preservation.—F¥ishing gear used by the fishermen in the United States is valued at about $14,000,000. It is probable that most of this gear must be replaced at least once in four years and much of it more often. It is evident that to increase the fe this gear would lower the cost of landing fish. Many fishermen are put to consider- able expense in having to remove growths that collect upon their netting when it is allowed to remain in the water. They must also keep extra gear to replace that removed for cleaning. At times bad weather prevents them from removing the netting, and during this time, frequently due to the heavy weight of fouling growths on the net, it is washed away by the storms. The bureau has attacked the problem of net fouling by marine growth and the preservation of the twine itself. This research work showed copper oleate to be an excellent preservative and anti- fouling agent and to have given excellent results commercially. There is need, however, for less expensive treatments that last longer. The bureau has developed new copper mixtures which are cheaper, last longer, and have proven excellent in commercial trials. This work is still in progress. The materials are being tried commercially by fishermen at several points in New Jersey and Virginia. In addition, over 70 new test lines, covering a wide range of chemical combinations are now being conducted at Beaufort, N. C. So far, these studies have been confined largely to salt water. Fresh-water fishermen have special problems with their nets, and it is hoped that this phase of the work can be taken up in the near future. Nutritive value of fish and shellfish—Research in recent years has shown fish and shellfish to have especially high nutritive values. The liver oils of certain fish, of which the cod is the most prominent example, are now our most valuable source of vitamins Aand D. A study by the bureau showed that sea foods are especially rich in iodine, being, in a great many cases, 50 to 200 times as rich in this important element as other common food products. They should be especially valuable, therefore, in the dietary as a preventative of goiter, many kinds of which have been proven to be due to the lack of sufficient iodine in food. The proteins of fish are of high quality. Information is lacking upon this important subject, however, and a “= FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 343 therefore the bureau has been carrying out fundamental studies upon the nutritive value of different fish proteins. A document is to be published in the near future giving the results of some of this work. A document, entitled “Nutritive Value of Fish and Shellfish” (Document No. 1000), was published recently to assist the fishing industry in promoting the use of fish and shellfish by the public. This was written in nontechnical language and contains chapters by experts on the chemical composition, mineral constitutents, vitamins, oils and fats, and the protein value of aquatic foods. Sardine canning—The most recent technological publication of the bureau is Preparation of Fish for Canning as Sardines (Document No. 1020). In this document are discussed critically the methods now employed throughout the world in canning sardines, and it points out the advantages and disadvantages of various methods. A report is then given of the research carried out by the bureau during the past several years aimed at improving existing practices and developing new ones. It deals with the changes that take place in oil used for frying sardines, the behavior of the fish under different frying conditions, development of new methods of frying fish, and upon the development of a new process for preparing the fish. This new process gives a better product at a lower cost than any process now in use. It is now being adopted commercially, a plant having been installed recently which is capable of producing 1,500 cases of fish per day. ‘This is operating successfully, and it is estimated that the cost of production is at least 10 cents per case less than in the process previously used by the company. Research associates—The bureau is arranging to provide research associate facilities, similar to those now provided by the Bureau of Standards, whereby firms or groups having special technological problems to solve will furnish the investigator and pay his salary and expenses, the investigations to be carried out in cooperation with the bureau’s experts in its laboratories and under its control. This makes available to the industry library, laboratory, and consultation facilities which they are unable to obtain elsewhere and should be of great help to them and to the bureau in evolving processes and special lines of research which the limited funds and personnel of the bureau do not permit. MERCHANDISING OF FISHERY PRODUCTS Market survey of New York City.—In 1925 the bureau resumed its surveys of the fishery trade of representative cities and conducted a survey of the wholesale trade in fresh and frozen fishery products in New York City. The complete report of this survey appears in Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 996. During the year 1924 there were 87 wholesale establishments engaged in handling 394,000,000 pounds, or more than 19,000 car- loads, of fresh and frozen fishery products of 106 varieties, with a wholesale value of about $30,000,000. These products were received from every fish-producing region of the North American Continent north of Mexico. The round portion, exclusive of oyster and clam shells, amounted to 346,000,000 pounds. Of this amount, 271,000,000 pounds, or 79 per cent, were consumed in the metropolitan area; 67,000,000 pounds, or 19 per cent, were distributed to other States; 344 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 4,000,000 pounds, or 1 per cent, were used on railroads and steam- ships departing from New York City; and 4,000,000 pounds, or 1 per cent, were exported. The population of Greater New York in 1924 was about 8,500,000, giving a per capita consumption of these prod- ucts of 31.8 pounds. The bulk of the trade, or 70 per cent, is based on 31 varieties. Twenty varieties, or 20 per cent, were of moderate importance, and 55 varieties, or 10 per cent, were in small demand. The wholesale fish trade in New York City is conducted on the lower east side of Manhattan Island, along the East River, in the area known as Fulton Fish Market. This market has no direct rail communication with any freight or express terminal, but for the accommodation of fishing smacks and steam trawlers there are two piers extending into the Kast River from the rear of the market. New York City is the second most important fishing port on the Atlantic coast. Direct landings of fresh fish by fishing vessels of over 5 tons net at the market piers during 1924 amounted to over Soy pounds, being exceeded only by the landings at Boston, ass. Due to the isolation of this market from rail facilities, and being in the congested district, problems of intracity transportation have become acute. During 1924 about 322,000,000 pounds, or 82 per cent of the total tonnage of fresh and frozen fishery products received in New York City, arrived by rail at 16 terminals. A study of the movement of these goods from terminals to the wholesale market revealed that 10 per cent of these products were carted over 10 miles from the terminal to the market; 2 per cent, 5 to 6 miles; 38 per cent, 3 to 4 miles; 4 per cent, 2 to 3 miles; 38 per cent, 1 to 2 miles; and 8 per cent, less than 1 mile. Based on a. transportation charge of 20 cents per 100 pounds, about $644,000, or about 2 per cent of the wholesale value of the fishery products sold in 1924, were expended in cartage charges for fishery goods moving between rail terminals and the wholesale market. j Fresh and frozen fish in package form.—As a result of the demand for more convenient forms of retailing fresh fish, a new and improved method of preparing fish for the market has been developed. This consists in placing the edible portions of fish in packages of suitable sizes for retail purchase. Fish put up in this manner are termed “package fish.’’ Package fish are put up at production points, and the development of this phase of production promises to be the most. important advance in fresh and frozen fish distribution since the introduction of refrigeration. It began in a small way in 1921, with filleting of haddock and has expanded since to other varieties of fish as well as to other ways of cutting the fish for packing, though filleted haddock is still the most important product in this class. Recognizing the importance of this development, a survey was made to determine its present nature and extent. During the course of the survey firms engaged in this trade were interviewed in Portland, Me., Boston, Gloucester, and Provincetown, Mass., and in New York City, these being the principal localities where package fish are produced on the Atlantic coast. During 1926, 17,800,000 pounds of fresh and frozen package-fish products were produced in the cities canvassed. These, in round weight, would amount to about 45,000,000 pounds. The prepared FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 345 products consisted of 14,600,000 pounds of haddock, 1,400,000 pounds of cod, 800,000 pounds of hake, cusk, and pollock, 800,000 pounds of flounder and sole, and 200,000 pounds of mackerel. The products are merchandised as fillets, steaks, pan-dressed, and as sticks, any form of which consists of the edible portion of the fish exclusive of all or most of the waste material. Some fillets, steaks, or otherwise prepared fresh-fish products are wrapped individually in parchment paper; while others are not wrapped, but sheets of waxed or parchment paper are inserted between the layers when they are packed in containers. Frozen fillets are placed on pieces of stiff, waxed cardboard and then wrapped in parchment paper. They also are packed in 1-pound and 5-pound cartons, lined with parchment paper, and then the carton is wrapped in transparent glassine paper. Skinned whiting sticks are packed in 1-pound cartons. Frozen products, in 10-pound blocks are wrapped in parchment paper and then in heavy brown paper. The commonest type of container for the fresh prepared products is a circular tin can, about 12% inches in diameter, made in sizes capable of holding 10 to 35 pounds of fish. The lids are self-locking and are held on by friction. Another popular type of container for the fresh-fish products is a flat, rectangular can, about 18 inches long and 10 inches wide, the height depending upon the capacity, which is usually 20 to 30 pounds. The lid is held on by bending over a tab on each of the two long sides, which previously have been inserted through slots in the lid. There are standard shipping cases for each type of tin container. They are made of wood and hold one, two, and three containers with sufficient space remaining in each box for the amount of ice necessary for refrigeration en route. Fish products known as “sticks,” which are crosswise cuts of fillets, are prepared by some dealers. They are packed in 5 and 10 pound containers. The 5-pound package consists of a wooden lard tray filled with sticks and covered with a second tray, and then the whole is wrapped first in a sheet of waxed paper and then in a sheet of parchment paper. The 10-pound package is a wooden box 114% inches long, 5 inches wide, and 5 inches high. For shipping out of town, these packages are packed in a box in amounts up to 100 pounds and then covered with ice for refrigerating en route. Frozen package fish usually are packed in insulated, corrugated, strawboard con- tainers for car-lot shipments. For less than car lots, this container is packed in a second strawboard case. No ice is used for shipping frozen fish in these insulated cases, as refrigeration is obtained from the coldness of the frozen fish. The wrappers, cartons, containers, and shipping cases are printed with the trade names of the product and the name and address of the producer. ‘Tin containers have lithographed labels. Some dealers print recipes for cooking the product on the wrappers or cartons. Such labeling of fresh-fish products constitutes an important advance in fish merchandising, as it encourages the establishment and mainte- nance of standard quality. The distribution area for package-fish products, other than fish sticks, is largely between the Appalachian Mountains and the Missis- sippi River. Fish sticks are distributed largely in Maine. New Hampshire, and Vermont. 346 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES During the past year there has been a tendency to pack smoked- fish products attractively. Several firms now put up smoked sardines, smoked haddock, and other like products in 1-pound packages, wrapped in transparent paper. PUBLICATIONS OF THE DIVISION During the calendar year 1926 the following publications, prepared in this division, were issued. This list does not include the monthly statistical bulletins for Boston and Gloucester, Mass., Portland, Me., and Seattle, Wash., nor the monthly publication of the cold-storage holdings of frozen fish. DOCUMENTS Wholesale trade in fresh and frozen fishery products and related marketing considerations in New York City. By R. H. Fiedler and J. H. Matthews. 8°, 37 pp., 13 illus. Document No. 996. Fishery industries of United States, 1924. By Oscar E. Sette. 8°, 192 pp. Document No. 997. Further experiments on preservation of fish nets [with bibliography]. By Harden F. Taylor and Arthur W. Wells. 8°,31 pp.,19 illus. Document No. 998. Nutritive value of fish and shellfish [with bibliography]. By E. D. Clark, R. W. Clough, Donald K. Tressler, Arthur D. Holmes, Harden F. Taylor, and E. V. McCollum. 8°, 54 pp.. Document No. 1000. Fishery industries of United States, 1925. By Oscar E. Sette. 8°, 124 pp. Document No. 1010. STATISTICAL BULLETINS Statement, by fishing grounds, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Seattle, Wash., by American fishing vessels during the calendar year 1925. Statistical Bulletin No. 686. Statement, by months, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels during the calendar year 1925. Statistical Bulletin No. 687. Statement, by fishing grounds, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels during the calendar year 1925. Statistical Bulletin No. 688. Canned fishery products and by-products of the United States and Alaska, 1925. Statistical Bulletin No. 695. Fisheries of Alaska, 1925. Statistical Bulletin No. 699. Fisheries of New England States, 1924. Statistical Bulletin No. 703. CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ALASKA IN 1926 The output of canned fishery products in 1926 was valued at $86,193,240 and the by-products at $12,133,110, making the total value of the output of these industries $98,326,350. This was the greatest value in recent years, exceeding 1925 by 3 per cent and | 1921 by 79 per cent. ‘The increase was due mostly to the larger pack of salmon in Alaska. Comparative statistics of the value of canned fishery products and by-products of the United States and Alaska, 1921 to 1926 | By-products 2 Canned 2 . } . i Year products Beit Total | | kL 73 em pep le ae ie tL ad 4 be Loe ae de eo ae 2 ee ER ae Se oie Se. $46,634,706 | $8,351,827 | $54, 986, 583 OZR Aso eek Pee ry ed Oa Peer Ee ey ree eee es 60, 464, 947 11, 390, 693 — 71, 855, 640 RODS Me ke 22. Sey Sat So A a ae eee eee 2S 72, 445,205 | 12, 634, 590 85, 079, 795 MODE wt 2 ED. Dt RE. Se eh Tt SAA hs AE 3 ao 72, 164, 589 10, 308, 990 82, 473, 579 nS Asp ae Ae ay Ee ieee SP ee oe SP Be ee A ee Ee 80, 577, 138 14, 600, 198 95, 177, 336 1 a See Se eee area eee oS Oe! tee ad ee ee ee 86, 193, 240 12, 133, 110 | 98, 326, 350 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 347 CANNED PRODUCTS The value of canned products in 1926 was 7 per cent greater than the previous year. Salmon, as usual, was the most important item, contributing 65 per cent of the total value; sardines were next with 17 per cent, tuna followed with 6 per cent, while oysters, shrimp, clams, and miscellaneous products made up the remaining 12 per cent. Comparative statistics of the value of canned fishery products, 1921 to 1926, inclusive Year | Salmon Sardine | Tuna Oyster Shrimp Clam Other Total 1091s 25-2 1$28, 867, 169 | $6,307,362 $3, 074,626 |$2, 179, 271 |$3, 804, 781 |$1, 166, 507 |$1, 234, 990 $46, 634, 706 1928 Fe 38, 420, 717 9,111,589 4,511,873 | 2,423,616 | 3,064,087 | 1,716,365 | 1,216,700 | 60, 464, 947 1928 she | 45, 533,573 | 9, 896, 796 | 6,914, 760 | 2,720,073 | 4,381,534 | 1,710,616 | 1,287,853 | 72, 445, 205 pA ee 42, 401, 602 | 12, 636, 599 | 5,756,586 | 2,478, 044 | 4,608,950 | 2,161,389 | 2,121,419 | 72, 164, 589 125 ee | 47, 369, 507 | 13, 097,318 | 8,499,080 | 3,721,159 | 3, 782,819 | 1,850,378 | 2,256,877 | 80, 577, 138 117 eae ee | 56, 219, 306 | 14, 534, 792 | 5,282,283 | 2,026, 569 | 4,122,092 | 2,004, 650 | 2, 003, 548 | 86, 193, 240 | | Salmon.—In 1926 salmon were packed at 132 plants in Alaska, 31 in Washington, 18 in Oregon, and 2 in California. Compared with the previous year, there was an increase of 3 canneries in Alaska and 2 in Oregon and a decrease of 10 in Washington. ‘The combined output of the 183 plants amounted to 7,488,620 cases, valued at $56,219,306. Of this total, 835,738 cases, valued at $10,139,302, were produced in the Pacific Coast States, and 6,652,882 cases, valued at $46,080,004, were packed in Alaska. The pack in Alaska was approximately 2,200,000 cases larger than the previous year, due principally to increased packs of red and pink salmon. The pack in the Pacific Coast States was only slightly over half that of the previous year, due almost entirely to a decreased pack of hump- back or pink salmon, which is subject to alternate good and poor years, 1926 being the ‘‘off’”’ year. The decrease in the Pacific Coast States was much more than compensated by the increase in Alaska, making the total pack 24 per cent greater in quantity and 19 per cent in value. 348 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canned salmon, Pacific Coast States and Alaska, 1926 Products King, chinook, or spring: 1-pound tall 1-pouUndl ape Eee 1-pound oval ¥4-pound flat and oval_ Red or sockeye: 1-pound tall 1=pound fate joe 14-pound flat Coho or silver: 1-pound tall I-nound iiss ee eee J4-pound flat Total Humpback or pink: 1-pound tall j-pound flat_...._....-- | 4-pound flat_.--__-._.- Chum or keta: 1-pound tall__.._..._--- | 1-pound flat 16-pound flat Steelhead: 1-pound tall 1-pound flat 14-pound flat and oval-_ Pacific Coast States . Aa Southeast Alaska : regon and Cali- Washington fornia Total 1 Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 19,381} $174,952) 17,734) $106,941) 37,115) $281,893 3, 997 $34, 405 31, 996 472,441) 74,680) 1, 034, 613) 106, 676) 1, 507, 054 5, 148 60, 694 1, 506 33, 132 3, 652 80, 344 5, 158 113,476) 22. eee 78, 144) 1, 293, 177| 122, 507} 2, 085, 804) 200, 651) 3, 378, 981 1, 534 22, 180 131, 027) 1, 973, 702) 218, 573) 3, 307, 702 349, 600| 5, 281, 404 10, 679 117, 279 856 D1 5984) soe ees cee eS 856 11, 984 120, 495) 1, 196, 107 8, 299 1328784 ess see ns ee es 8, 299 132, 784 19, 838 247, 302 53, 651) 1, 071, 854] 12, 905 258,100) 66, 556) 1, 329, 954 33, 558 485, 380 62, 806) 1, 216,622) 12,905 258, 100} 75,711) 1, 474, 722 1738, 891) 1, 928, 789 72, 860 591,412) 9,654 73,370 82,514 664, 782 86, 781 724, 475 "B35, 494 328, 376] 38, 023 365, 021! 73, 517 693, 397 5, 328 55, 009 44, 247 530, 964) 27, 863 334, 356, 72,110) 865, 320 4, 280 58, 905 152, 601) 1, 450, 752) 75, 540 772, 747; 228, 141) 2, 223, 499 96, 389} 888, 389 749 AS 045 | S2 ee) eet oes soe 749 4,045} 2, 115, 057)11, 301, 223 163 te] Pee eee ee | (Se AS 163 978 3, 81 24, 030 1, 696 14086) soee ne poe enone 1, 696 14, 586 39, 832) 345, 855 2, 608 OG SG09 } 2s ee i eee 2, 608 19, 609) 2, 158, 699)11, 671, 108 ———————— 1 TSS eS od 125, 623 626, 883) 11,310 54, 637) 136, 933 681,520) 616,788) 3, 076, 825 78 421 1, 556 7, 780 1, 634 8, 201 551) 2, 755 7, 454 50, 687 2, Ld 18, 435, 10, 165 68, 122 1 058) 7, 621 | 133, 155| 677, 991| 15,577| 80,852) 148,732, 758, 843| 618, 397| 3, 087, 201 ——S=—S|V—|—_-_—e—————SSS OO SSS SSS SSS ee eS 1,946} 20, 628 22 233|") V1 9682 "20 S61|e eae Nid gs 2,479 27, 269) 12,903 1415983) “15;'382) 7169; 2022 see ees eee eee 2, 966 41,716} 10,630 149)'446), 013, 5965 1919162). 2 See 7, 391 89/5613) 23;555))") 291,612) (30, '946)> - 3815:225)2 = Seen ee eee 489, 588] 5, 428, 289) 346, 150) 4, 711, 013) 835, 738) 10, 139, 302) 3, 058, 055/17, 642, 766 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 349 Pack of canned salmon, Pacfic Coast States and Alaska, 1926—Continued Alaska Products = = Grand total Central Western Total King, chinook, or spring: | Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases | Value 1-pound tall_........- 16,191) $158, 746 17, 839| $169,402) 38,027] $362,553) 75,142) $644, 446 1-pound flat_........-. | 5, 702 67, 665 275) 2, 750 11, 125 131,109) 117,801 1, 688, 163 1-pound oval___..___- [oa ain aa ce ee re | Soe a re | 5,158| 113, 476 1¢-pound flat and | Gyalereen ene | 1, 790 28,404): oa Re 3, 324 50, 584; 203,975) 3, 429, 565 Motels eee 22h. 23, 683 254, 815 18, 114 172, 152) ~ 52,476 544, 246| 402,076) 5, 825, 650 Red or sockeye: | 1-pound tall_.......-- 528, 832] 5, 144, 030/1, 326, 250 12, 573, 991\1, 970, 577/18, 914, 128/1, 971, 433/18, 926, 112 1-pound flat_....._-_- 76, 966 832, 013 7, 525 85, 628) 104, 329) 1, 164,943) 112, 628) 1, 297, 727 44-pound flat________- 29, 707 464, 643 18, 916 299, 645) 82,181) 1, 249,668] 148, 737) 2, 579, 622 se ee ee | eS SS See pRGUA A eee 630, 505] 6, 440, 686)1, 352, 691/12, 959, 264/2, 157, 087/21, 328, 739)2, 232, 798)22, 803, 461 Coho or silver: J-pound tall: 5-2-5... 86, 938 688, 412) 14, 046| 175, 548] 1, 426,933) 258, 062) 2, 091,715 1-pound flat_._...___- 11, 297 100 264)25- S22 ees oa eee 16, 625 156, 273 90, 142 849, 670 4-pound flat__._____- 6, 074 58; 452|- 22 ee alt oe a 10, 354 117, 357 82, 464 982, 677 PROWESS! 8 104, 309 848, 128) 14, 046; 202, 527) 1,700, 563); 480, 668! 3, 924, 062 Humpback or pink: Sig i-pound tall os 2. - 1, 045, 826) 5, 541,094) 35,470 175, 056)3, 196, 353|17, 017, 373 3, 197, 102|17, 021, 418 1-pound flat_________- 78, 351 Ute ONO NN See ame idle ee Be 82, 161 478, 621 82, 324 479, 599 14-pound flat__.______ 20, 003 145 6%S | aa— Seea ee we = eo 59, 835 491, 5383 61, 531 506, 119 petal Sse eek 1, 144, 180) 6, 141,363! 35,470} 175, 056/3, 338, 349|17, 987, 527/3, 340, 957|18, 007, 186 Chum or keta: 1-pound tall_________- 195,068, 969,966) 40,238, 198,381) 852,094) 4,245,172) 989, 027] 4, 926, 692 1-pound flat__________ 48, 431 PAGS Tay fl KU gs a 48,982) 264, 282 50, 616 272, 483 14-pound flat__.._____ 309, IAS 54 Se es lean a 1, 367 9,475} 11, 532 78, 597 ites) (oe Se peep emt 243, 808] 1,233, 347| 40,238! 198,381] 902, 443] 4, 518, 9291, 051, 175] 5, 277, 772 Steelhead: SAStaYOTEE Ga TRUBS Qe 7s a et yan SE pen ee ae A fo eh ae Pre 1, 968 20, 861 Toys Teea CG aes re ee SES NR tp NE ree hE S ESR i OS es ae a TERE 15, 382} 169, 202 Jg-pound flat and DUE ee ae ea a 3 CP el a Pe a cg 13, 596 191, 162 TROUT oe Ss |e pce (a A Ice (ea ae a ke 30,946} 381, 225 Grand total___.__-- 2, 146, 485/14, 918, 339/1, 448, 342/13, 518, 899 6, 652, 882 46, 080, 00417, 488, 620/56, 219, 306 Note.—The pack of salmon has been reduced to the equivalent of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. There were other salmon products, valued at $108,731, not shown in the above table. Comparative statistics of the pack of salmon in the Pacific Coast States, 1921 to 1926 Year eee Ge Red or sockeye Coho or silver Humpback or pink Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value ii ty th eee 335, 854 | $4,527,711 | 104,954 | $1,905,647 | 111,643 | $806,678 | 402,846 | $1, 732, 847 W222 S-— 5 =. 314,126 | 4,572, 607 97,927 | 1, 816, 901 204, 252 1, 533, 173 3, 551 18, 546 ROE Lay 384,705 | 5,790,419 | 109,336 | 1,955,549 | 245,548 | 1,608,627 | 445,175 | 2,211,742 it, als eee 349, 014 4, 599, 759 85,800 | 1,478,698 | 231,139 1, 774, 078 12, 778 79, 436 esate ee 432, 638 | 5,990,019 | 118,387 | 2,065,975 | 307,567 | 3,313,060 | 551,375 | 3, 152, 342 ozs eee russ 349,600 | 5,281,404 | 75,711 | 1,474,722 | 228,141 | 2,223, 499 2, 608 19, 609 3 af = Year Chum or keta Steelhead Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Ui Ss 2 eS St at ee 35, 132 $127, 659 12, 519 $133, 883 1, 002, 948 | $9, 234, 425 ieee ee eer 87, 583 365, 303 25, 797 326, 994 733, 246 8, 633, 524 PA eee ea 154, 342 769, 839 32, 157 324, 390 1, 367, 263 12, 660, 566 TU PZ LS oe eT DEAE pi silies ae 247, 858 1, 192, 156 32, 073 | 270, 340 958, 662 9, 394, 467 TRIER OLS Ras | a 133, 368 641, 310 15, 278 217,270 | 1,558,613 | 15,379, 976 [hip] eRe eS 2 a eee 148, 732 758, 843 30, 946 | 381, 225 835, 738 | 10, 139, 302 350 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Comparative statistics of the salmon pack in Alaska, 1921 to 1926 r King, chinook, or A P Year spring Red or sockeye Coho or silver Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value TUS Ae aparete Blee e Os REET A | 44,994 | $459,897 | 1, 765, 798 |$15, 841, 404 106, 555 $600, 140 O22 hoot oe ee pe 30, 660 247, 673 2, 070, 658 | 19, 135, 696 175, 993 962, 790 1993) ad oe DE See ee es 38, 343 328, 270 1, 859, 496 | 17, 253, 792 164, 107 943, 318 TN aE 2: SNe OE ee 33, 648 299,009 | 1, 447,895 | 13, 803, 932 183,601 | 1, 254, 551 TOD he = ee Se 49, 978 595, 041 1, 059, 676 | 13, 904, 599 161, 010 1, 565, 759 JO26%a5" ba Soe ae eae ee es 52, 476 544,246 | 2,157,087 | 21, 328, 739 202, 527 1, 700, 563 Year Humpback or pink Chum or keta Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value ODT ees. ie ahh a a 423, 984 | $1, 788, 778 255,495 | $942,525 | 2,596, 826 | $19, 632, 744 VOID" see OOP eh oe oe 1, 658, 423 | 7, 189, 494 565, 918 | 2,251,540 | 4,501,652 | 29, 787, 193 1993 MATER Lind Fale 1a Yeah 2) 448) 129 | 11, 899, 956 525, 622 | 2,447,671 | 5,035,697 | 32, 873,007 Ryn 7 ae Le Se ee ee 2) 601, 283 | 12, 837,346 | 1,028,488 | 4,812,297 | 5,294,915 | 33,007,135 MOQ5 eae eae OEMS Me ie 2,110, 593 | 11, 137, 102 1,078,680 | 4,787,030 | 4,459,937 | 31, 989, 531 1926-2 s22n—soo4 couse ce cee estoel 3, 338, 849 | 17, 987, 527 902,443 | 4,518,929 | 6,652,882 | 46, 080, 004 Comparative statistics of the salmon pack in the United States and Alaska, 1921 to 1926 Year Pacifie Coast States Alaska Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value TOD Cee yes ates Joel eee ee 1, 002, 948 | $9, 234,425 | 2, 596,826 |$19, 632,744 | 3,599,774 | $28, 867, 169 RODD Uae AS MUR gies PEN Sede ae 733, 246 | 8, 633,524 | 4, 501,652 | 29,787,193 | 5,234,898 | 38, 420, 717 NGS ESS Let Es EE AU a 1, 367, 263 | 12, 660,566 | 5,035,697 | 32,878,007 | 6,402,960 | 45, 533, 573 NODA ss ee Seis 2 poh Ss 958, 662 9, 394, 467 5, 294, 915 | 33, 007, 135 6, 253, 577 42, 401, 602 TiC eh ae cay Cie ae eA 1, 558, 613 | 15,379,976 | 4,459, 937 | 31,989,531 | 6,018,550 | 47,369, 507 NG26:. 2s 2b Ses oo cesses 835, 738 | 10,139,302 | 6, 652, 882 | 46,080,004 | 7,488,620 | 56, 219, 306 | } | Sardines.—In 1926 packs of sardines were reported by 35 plants in Maine, 1 in Massachusetts, and 30 in California. This is an increase of 4 plants i in Maine and 4 in California. The production in Maine and Massachusetts amounted to 1,717,537 standard cases of one hundred 14-pound cans, valued at $6, 727 288, which is a small decrease in quantity and a slight increase in value, compared with the previous year. In California the production amounted to 2,093,278 standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans, valued at $7,807,404, which is an increase of 22 per cent in quantity and value, making it the largest pack in the history of the industry. Pack of sardines, 1926 Sardines (herring) Manenusetts | Sardines (pilchard) California Gives Value | Cases Value In olive oil: Quarters (100 V-pound oval (48 cans) !_____- 32, 566 $101, 693 CSS) pees oe ere 57,674 | $394, 474 || 1-pound oval (48 cans): In cottonseed oil: Quarters In tomato sauce-.-------- 1, 915, 280 | 6, 992, 473 (@GOicans) 4-54 2 = Sea 8 1, 282, 967 | 5, 042, 572 mustard p29" se" so See 107, 627 402, 193 In mustard: Soused)._- -224..4 5, 458 19, 417 Quarters (100 cans) _ _---- 117, 517 537, 382 || In other sauces __ Z 17, 531 65, 991 Three-quarters (48 cans)?_| 163, 595 629, 821 Ae -pound square (100 cans) 3 16, 823 136, 411 In other sauces: Quarters | 4-pound square (100 cans) --- 421, 444 89, 226 @Q0i\eans) date 38 55. Se ee 1 23, 802 123, 139 — —————_ T Ota) 2a. 2-225 eae 2,116, 729 | 7, 807, 404 MO tase ee cee geet 1, 645, 555 | 6, 727, 388 —— |-__—————— | Total (standard cases) ®&_| 2, 093, 278 |---------- Total (standard cases)5_| 1, 717, 5387 |_--------- 1 Largely in tomato sauce. 2 Includes the pack of three-quarter size cans, 50 to the case, which have been converted to the basis of 48 cans to the case. 3 Largely in olive oil. 4 Includes the pack of 6-ounce round cans, 100 to the case, and also a few cases packed in No. 10 cans, 6 to the case, which have been converted to the basis of }4-pound cans, 100 to the case. 5 Standard case equals one hundred 14-pound cans. § Standard case equals forty-eight 1-pound cans. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 351 Comparative statistics of the pack of sardines, 1921 to 1926 | Year Maine and Massachusetts California Cases! Value | Cases? Value A) Oe ee oe eee ete ees SE ae ee eee 1,399,507 | $3,960, 916 398, 668 | $2, 346, 446 LET 2 RR 2 RT SS SE SG See GREE OT Re ee 1, 869, 719 5, 750, 109 715, 364 3, 361, 480 i et se a eee a tek eee I ee ee es PV RPM 5, 288, 865 | 1, 100, 162 4, 607, 931 Ue ge ERS Oe aa Se a Se Se Te ee 1,899,925 | 7,191,026 1, 367, 139 5, 445, 573 ND Pe ore te oo ie see | pn ede ee 1,870,786 | 6,716, 701 1, 714, 913 6, 380, 617 a oe a ea I ee SDS ee a 1,717,537 | 6,727,388 | 2,093, 278 7, 807, 404 1 Standard cases of one hundred 4-pound cans. ? Standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans. Shad and alewwes.—Shad and shad roe are packed at 6 plants in Washington and 9 in Oregon, the production amounting to 15,396 standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans, valued at $102,756. Of this total 14,275 cases, valued at $63,334, were shad and 1,121 cases, valued at $39,422, were shad roe. This is a substantial increase in the pack of shad but a decrease of over 50 per cent in the pack of shad roe. Alewives and alewife roe were packed at 7 plants in Maryland, 20 in Virginia, and 3 in North Carolina. The total production amounted to 114,787 standard cases of twenty-four 15-ounce cans, valued at $266,683. The pack of alewives was over four times as large as in 1925, but the pack of alewife roe was some- what below that of the previous year. Pack of shad and alewives, 1926 Washington and || : Maryland, Virginia, Shad Oregon | Alewives and North Carolina Cases Value Cases Value 14-pound flat (48 cans)_____-_- 174 $905 || No. 1 and No. 2 (24 cans)_-.-- 1 42, 497 $65, 405 1-pound tall (48 cams)___--_-__ 14, 188 62, 429 || Koe: Roe: i] No. 4, No. 1, and No. 2 1%-pound flat (48 cans) ___- 1, 064 | 17, 040 (24; cans)p-2 a, 2 1 72, 290 201, 278 46-pound oval (48 cans) __- 1,178 | 22, 382 | SS eae DG) i Oe ES Pe 114, 787 266, 683 Bataan 2 52a ee 16, 604 102, 756 ——————S= ————S— SSS = SE Total (standard cases)3_| 114,787 |__-...___- Total (standard cases)?_ rises lig ee ee ae | } 1 Reduced to standard cases. 2 Standard case equals forty-eight 1-pound cans. 3 Standard case equals twenty-four 15-ounce cans. Comparative statistics of the pack of shad and shad roe, 1921 to 1926 Year Shad Shad roe Total | Cases Value Cases | Value Cases Value [Pils ‘dd ie AS es Se eee 641 $2, 455 38 | $142 679 $2, 597 LOA Es Oe Ses Rett eA ees 1, 781 9, 961 292 | 8, 517 2, 073 18, 478 OS 2 ee ee ee ee ee 2, 162 37, 165 536 | 16, 288 2, 698 53, 453 hee | cece ae eS he 8 Ee eee 6, 470 20, 461 1,164 | 72,932 7, 6384 93, 393 Lite Tet See eee Se eel ie Se ee eee 12, 569 53, 875 2, 430 100, 571 14, 999 154, 446 SR eeee. oe Ae eye a ee Se Se cays 14, 275 63, 334 1,121 39, 422 15, 396 102, 756 Nore.—Cases have been reduced to the equivalent of forty-eight 1-pound cans. 68078—28——_2 302 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Comparative statistics of the pack of alewives and alewife roe, 1921 to 1926 Year Alewives Cases Value eee 333 $813 rth a 1, 043 1, 994 Reever 1, 145 1, 915 Ren 3, 306 5, 118 ees Tt 9, 491 15, 045 aes =f 42,497 65, 405 Alewife roe Total | Cases Value Cases | Value 43,316 | $157,841 43,649 | $158, 654 38, 612 137, 514 39,665 | 139,508 43, 530 169, 435 44,675 | 171,450 88, 836.| 332, 245 92,142 | 337, 363 75, 057 240, 461 84, 548 | 255, 506 72, 290 201, 278 114, es) 266, 683 NotE.—Cases have been converted to the equivalent of twenty-four 15-ounce cans. Tuna and tunalike fishes—Nineteen plants in California reported packs of tuna and tunalike fishes in 1926. 851,199 standard cases of forty-eight }4-pound cans, valued at $5, 282, 283. The total production was This is a decrease of 23 per cent in quantity and 38 per cent in value as compared with the previous year. The decrease is due solely to the extremely poor pack of albacore, which was only 12 per cent as large as the pack of the previous year. of tuna showed substantial increases. Pack of tuna Gnd tunalike fishes in California, 1926 Sizes Albacore Yellowfin | Bluefin | Tuna, blue- fin, and yellowfin All other kinds Tuna, striped Cases 6, 691 43, 765 6, 506 Ota atest 56, 962 14-pound round (18 cans)! 16-pound round (48 cans) _ 1-pound round (48 cans) _ Value $34, 363, 336, 849. 94, 800) 466, 012 Cases . 29, 864 122, 014 17, 509 Total (standard CSSGS) 2ie ae as 60, 122)__-- ““Tonno”’ 171, 964|_ Bonito | Value | Cases | $123, 173) 3, 837| 762, 068155, 346| 195, 296, 7, 913| 169, 387/1, 080, 537/67, 096) 416, 110): barat '73, 091 | ! Value | Yellowtail | Value Tuna flakes $9, 022 113, 148 38, 256 160, 426 Cases | Value 25, 088} $91, 928 224, 568/1, 186, 712 23,034) 218, 195 272, 690)1, 496, 835 283, 180)2-==-==25 Total Cases 44-pound round (48 cans)!) 238, 054/$1, 061, 634 138, 480/41, 134| 217, 517 1, 069) 1, 209, 041/49, 334, 253, 417, 144-pound round (48 cans)| 17, 255 1-pound round (48 cans)- | 719 Motele ep eae | 256, 028 Total (standard Cases) 2a et oes | 137, 720|-- Value 8, 927 Cas’ 3 | 7, 131, $26, 314 9, 586, paeeat ae 463938 |h 2 oe 125, 958|-22 2. = | Value | Cases Value Cases 374\$1, 582) 13, 509 6, 131 Value 83 $228) 49, 239 16, 899 47,005. 4, 206 20, 014/97, 776 2 | 70, 151 31, 750 102, 129 312, 963 553, 175 936, 909 851, 199 Value $1, 362, 129 3, 195, 180 724, 974 5, 282, 283 Cases 70, 771 1 Includes the pack of <-pound round, 96 cans to the case, and 14-pound square, 100 cans to the case which have been converted to the basis of 14-pound cans, 48 to the case. 2 Standard case equals forty-eight 16-pound cans. Comparative statistics of the pack of tuna and tunalike fishes, 1921 to 1926 Year Albacore Binet. ane y ellow- | Striped tuna “Tonno” Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value nS) Ce er eae de 456, 152 | $2, 657, 266 64, 816 $306, 486 27, 972 $109,920) wuss 225-75 eee ee 1A Pp ah 296, 210 2, 304, 935 168, 874 1, 047, 621 177, 995 942, 356 13, 714 $139, 067 TODR MSs Se SEE 310, 037 3, 106, 329 261, 773 1,959,812 | 96,452 578, 254 124, 416 1, 136, 814 1924 5-20 5 416, 820 | 4,024, 509 65, 941 455, 048 43, 159 239, 198 97, 304 861, 861 ied ek he SE, 1 518, 079 4, 412, 655 261, 482 1, 745, 338 168, 177 997, 697 131, 159 1, 212, 024 1B26(25 See 61, 197 471, 502 287, 699 1, 718, 744 | 290, 278 1, 525, 146 137, 720 1, 209, 041 1 Includes 27,489 cases of tuna flakes, valued at $120,637. 2 Includes 25,353 cases of tuna flakes, valued at $102,129, which have been credited to the various species as packed. Note.—Cases are on the standard basis of forty-eight 14-pound cans. a a a FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 300 Comparative statistics of the pack of tuna and tunalike fishes, 1921 to 1926—Contd. | Year Bonito Yellowtail Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value At) Se ee eo eee Sere i428 Ste ee 210 $945 549, 150 $3, 074, 626 TLS we ARS Se eee ee 10, 810 $58, 900 4,718 18, 994 672, 321 4, 511, 873 Ly Ds Se Ge ae ree 15, 099 77, 906 10, 059 55, 645 817, 8386 6, 914, 760 ite ESC ee ny a ee 12, 899 94, 806 16, 293 81, 164 652, 416 5, 756, 586 Lf 20h aes oe OS a 10, 090 61, 207 13, 484 70, 159 1, 102, 471 8, 499, 080 Le ee ee 48, 113 259, 204 26, 192 98, 646 851, 199 5, 282, 283 Note.—Cases are on the standard basis of forty-eight 14-pound cans. _ Shkrimp.—In 1926 shrimp were canned in 1 plant in North Carolina, 2 in South Carolina, 9 in Georgia, 8 in Florida, 4 in Alabama, 18 in Mississippi, 25 in Louisiana, and 4 in Texas. _The total pack amounted to 732,365 standard cases of 48 No. 1 cans, valued at $4,122,092. This is a slight decrease in quantity and 9 per cent increase in value, as compared with the previous year. Pack of shrimp, 1926 , North Carolina, f ; ; Sizes South Carolina, Florida Alabama Mississippi and Georgia ! | Cases Value Cases | Value | Cases | Value Cases | Value Nowizdrm Gidozen) mss. 2. Si oe 113,934 | $83, 245 3, 106 | $16, 345 | 57,426 |$299, 346 | 2? 46,494 |$246, 713 No. 1 wet (4 dozen)c_.-._.__----: 63, 430 | 353,882 | 24,437 | 188,103 | 32, 311 | 166, 539 | 103, 286 | 522, 147 No. 14%. dry (2 dozen)._.--....-.- 33,550 } 20,076 703 3,654 | 49,089 | 49,347 |417,171 | 81,810 No. 114 wet (2 dozen)___-____.._- 100 | 550 | 1,213 G54 Zines 20 sole | fete ea 20 100 PR OVA eee eo ee See 81,014 457,753 | 29,459 | 164, 644 | 98,826 | 515, 232 | 166,971 | 850, 770 Total (standard cases) 6 ___- “80, 375. mes en 291245 | aes S 97, 236 | os eas | 168, 962 |.-.-.- Ds | 1 l Sizes Louisiana Texas Total | Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Nowindrys(Aidozen)e teh wea. A '2 105,225 | $579,034 | 4,598 | $23,090 | 230,783 | $1, 247, 773 No, Wweti dozen). .-222 22 | 52522282 e | 173, 973 912, 531 | 31, 381 184,705 | 428,818 | 2,277, 907 Wa Maa iny a2 dOZ6N) eG. ele 48,489 | ASTROS ie Soa (he oe he 39, 002 | 204, 695 ANG. Tig wer dozen)2 ie oe 2,717 LE SOU: | peas 5 ES. oe ek 4,050 | 22, 207 BR line sa ee tortie a Res 290, 404 1, 556, 388 35, 979 207, 795 | 5 702,653'| 53,752, 582 Total (standard cases) @__________- "288, 443 reer are Set Recaro SU liaom cay ieee maga 1 Includes a few cases packed 414 ounces to the can, which have been converted to the equivalent of No. 1, 5-ounce cans. * Includes a few cases packed 4 ounces to the can, which have been converted to the equivalent of No. 1, 5-ounce cans. 5 Includes a few cases packed:8 and 814 ounces to the can, which have been converted to the equivalent of No. 114, 84-ounce cans. 4 Includes a few cases packed 8 ounces to the can, which have been converted to the equivalent of No. 114, 814-ounce cans. . ' 6 In addition to the above, there were packed in 4, 5, 514, 514, and 614 ounce glass jars, 24 jars to the case, in’ Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas 77,207 cases of shrimp, or 37,246 standard cases, valued at $369,510, making a total of 732,365 cases, valued at $4,122,092. 6 Standard case equals 48 No. 1 cans. Comparative statistics of the pack of shrimp, 1921 to 1926 i i - Year | Cases | Value Year Cases Value iN i a a a Se | 655, 364 BIT GAS | [1 22) Ragan ea ee ee 718,517 | $4, 608, 950 OUP PADS 25. STS) Sane ae 579, 797 GhODSSOSTA | PLOzos 22 see once et tt dee 735, 714 3, 782, 819 1h Eee a 6 a eee 700, 429 SF OSL HOS 4a | OL ODG rie iret Bey ee es 732, 365 4, 122, 092 NoTE.—Cases have been reduced to the equivalent of 48 No. 1 cans. 304 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Crabs.—One plant in Alaska, 2 in Washington, 2 in Virginia, and 1 in Mississippi reported packs of crabs in 1926. The total output was 1,846 cases of twenty-four 15-ounce cans, valued at $25,222. This is about half the pack of the previous year. Pack of crabs, 1926 | | Alaska, Washington, Sizes Virginia, and Mis- sissippi | Cases Value 6'and),724,0unce. (4; d07en) > br ae Se ee ES eh ee eee 11,304 $18, 896 14,-15; and17 Ounce (2'dozen). 353253. 7. ps Se ee ee ae ee 1 542 6, 326 Moret Py yy? he tea A aR ate ey ete ty aes | 1, 846 25, 222 Motal(etandand/eases)'9 0.00) S000 EE eee eee ee 1,846 te 1 Converted to standard cases. 2 Standard case equals twenty-four 15-ounce cans. Comparative statistics of the value of the crab pack, 1921 to 1926 = ~ ; ~ Year | Value | Year | Value | | Nopteedp es be o> ae SS) ea Rng yGadit atk wee Leos eee $35, 944 AG 20 Rea CK Se ae be ORL ee | 104520 G2 Bee Saks ack a ee 52, 499 TRU Be Is LA eee a ee es a ee | 4710238) 1926: 2 Se ts Ce ee Se 25, 222 Clams.—In 1926 razor clams were canned at 13 plants in Wash- ington, 5 in Oregon, and 8 in Alaska; hard clams at 2 plants in Florida, 1 in Georgia, 1 in Rhode Island, 1 in New Jersey, 1 in Oregon, and 4 in Washington; and soft clams at 12 plants in Maine and 2 in Massachusetts. The total output of all kinds, including chowders and juices, was valued at $2,004,650, an increase of 9 per cent, as compared with the previous year. In standard cases of 48 No. 1 cans, the pack was as follows: Razor clams, 94,459 cases, valued at $795,256; hard clams, 30,448 cases, valued at $191,044; soft clams, 64,083 cases, valued at $279,996; and other clam products, such as chowders, soups, bouillon, and juices, 185,007 cases, valued at $738,354. | Pack of clams, 1926 Tashi | Washington Washington | | 4 Razor clams and Oregon | Alaska Total | Hard clams pee i | Whole: Cases Value | Cases| Value, Cases | Value || Whole: Cases| Value No 1 (4 dozen) _____ S058 S28 4550 |e ale ee 3, 056}$28, 556) 1-pound (4 dozen)_| 1, 774|$13, 118 1-pound (4 dozen)-_-| 2,371, 28, 686) 95| $1,040 2, 466) 29, 726 No. 1 (4 dozen)-_.._| 6,500} 54, 848 Minced: | No. 2 (2 dozen) ...-|10, 895] 65, 081 Y-pound flat (4 No. 10 (4% dozen) -__| 3, 682) 20, 5384 OZOH) ooo ae 45, 546 318, 845 28, 240/174, 376) 73, 786/493, 221)) Minced: 7 No. 1 (4 dozen) - - - -|16, 679 152, 041/10, 080) 78, 771) 26, 759/230, 812) No. 1 (4 dozen)--..- 32, 897) 20, 008 No. 2 (2 dozen)... 1], 659) 12, 892) 11 49| 1,670) 12,941 No. 2 (2 dozen)_--_-_|*2, 715} 17, 455 Totals 22 eee 69, 311/541, 020 38, 426|254, 236 107, 737|795, 256) PhtalosGg se 28, 463/191, 044 Total (standard | | Total (standard cases) 2__.__._-_/61, 624)__-____ 32, 830|--—---- 94, 459)_____.. @ases):'2 5 ee 30, 448}_.-...- 1 Includes a few cases packed in 1-pound cans, 4 dozen to the case, Which have been converted to a basis of No. 2 cans, 2 dozen to the case. 2 Standard case equals 48 No. 1 cans. 3 Includes a few cases packed in 144-pound cans, Which have been converted to a basis of No. 1 cans. 4 Includes the pack of No. 10 cans, 4% dozen to the case, Which have been converted to a basis of No. 2 cans, 2 dozen to the case. 390 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 Pack of clams, 1926—Continued Maine, Massa- chusetts, Blogs : | Island, New Maine and | Other hard, soft, and razor clam area ba Soft clams Massachusetts | ’ products ae : Washington, and Oregon =z : l Whole: Cases Value || Chowder and soup: Cases | Value Oecd = COZ) eons ok 5 38, 181 $170, 773, INO: 11(2' dozen) See 6 122, 736) $288, 228 No. 144 (4 dozen) ........---- 9,650 63, 104, No. 1% and No. 2 (2 dozen) ----- 7 62, 373] 179, 208 ING) 2 (goren) =. fo sess) 10, 462) 46, 119 INO: 97(2:d0z6n) toe 38, 892) 191, 619 I INjOs10, (4 dozen) -5. 2 ae 4, 269) 15, 044 | Bouillon and juice: 1 Mosa(4\dozen) aa. a ee 813,185) 64, 255 i] SS NO) a AN Ee pie es 58, 293 279, 996, Gtal ess 2a es Se 241, 455 738, 354 Total (standard cases) ?___| 64, 083} Lo pales Total (standard cases) 2 _____-- 185; 007|a-eee 2 Standard case equals 48 No. 1 cans. 5 Includes a few cases packed in 6-ounce cans, 2 dozen to the case, Which have been converted to a basis of No. 1 cans, 4 dozen to the case. § Includes the pack of 8-ounce cans, 4 dozen to the case, Which have been converted to a basis of No. 1 cans, 2 dozen to the case. 7 The pack of No. 2 cans, 2 dozen to the case, has been reduced to the equivalent of No. 114 cans, 2 dozen to the case. 8 The pack of clam buoillon and juice was packed in various sizes, all of which have been converted to a basis of No. 1 cans, 4 dozen to the case. Comparative statistics of the value of canned clams and clam products, 1921 to 1926, inclusive | | Clam Year Razorclams Hard clams) Soft clams | chowders, Total | | juices, ete. | Te Gee $506,591 , $138, 699 | $338, 775 $182, 442 $1, 166, 507 876, 364 | 201, 270 | 327, 287 311, 444 | 1, 716, 365 883, 535 194, 937 | 308, 560 323, 584 1, 710, 616 863, 126 | 271, 911 459, 882 566, 470 2, 161, 389 860, 002 . 218, 601 | 287, 073 484, 702 1, 850, 378 795, 256 | | 191, 044 | 279, 996 738, 354 2, 004, 650 Oysters —In 1926 oysters were canned at 4 plants in Maryland, 5 in North Carolina, 13 in South Carolina, 4 in Georgia, 1 in Florida, 4 in Alabama, 18 in Mississippi, 5 in Louisiana, and 1 in Texas. The total output amounted to 413,834 standard cases of forty-eight 5-ounce cans, valued at $2,026,569. This is a decrease of 37 per cent in quantity and 36 per cent in value, as compared with the previous year. Pack of oysters, 1926 Sizes Maryland Nor South Carolina Geotoecand Cases | Value | Cases | Value | Cases | Value | Cases | Value 4-ounes (4:dozen)__.-.2._2--=--5-.-2- DEANS lo st42) No.2 22) 25408) )||(b1L0, 113 P22 2 seas oe s-onnce (4dozen) .-2~-==5 22-3 -5--=-- 120,080 | 127,606 | 9,343 |$44,049 |? 65,407 | 314, 652 | 11,105 | $56, 362 SONG) (dO70N) 222s ea BOTs Pet S2ON =n ena eee 1, 554 OF O20) | Sane am sae eee BU-Cunice)|(2/d0zeN) = 22s ess anc oe 4,259 26, 064 596 | 2,779 | 15,083 | 69, 596 |_-------|-------- CTSA eas eens Gama Sear 27, 653 | 171,640 | 9.939 | 46,828 | 84,452 | 400,886 | 11,105 | 56,362 Total (standard cases) 4___-___ 2HaONO | lsosao-k 9):939) |e eee S22 83;;660))|2 2 2s Ti LObe es ea 1 Includes a few cases packed in 6-ounce cans, which have been converted to the equivalent of S-ounce cans, 2 Includes a few cases packed in 3-ounce cans, which have been converted to the equivalent of 5-ounce cans. 4 Standard case equals forty-eight 5-ounce cans. 356 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of oysters, 1926—Continued | ae oi es Ld Louisiana and Sizes Alabama Mississippi Mess Total : | Cases | Value | Cases Value | Cases | Value | Cases Value 4-ounce (4 dozen)___--------_-- eee ee Me ee ae 34, 950 ($150, 564 5, 007 | $23, 873 44, 782 $197, 692 5-ounce (4 dozen)___-..-..__._- | 33, 591 $154, 188 123, 225 | 566, 565 |1 32,963 | 162, 327 | 295, 714 Ie 1, 425, 749 8-ounce (2 dozen)___-___--_____ 252 1,089 | 18, 504 | 79, 846 1,498 7, L754 22) 705 | 99, 463 10-ounce (2 dozen) —=hee== =a} 5,395 | 24,726. 36, 680. 169, 546 | 3 2,117 10, 954 | 64, 130 | 303, 665 Total: = ors tees en 39, 238 | 180,003 | 213, 359 | 966, 521 | 41,585 | 204, 329 | 427, 331 | 2, 026, 569° Total (standard cases)‘__| 39,188 |..-..--_- 202, 668 |.-------- AQSORA sje 413, 534 | = Reece: 1 Includes a few cases packed in 6-ounce cans, which have been converted to the equivalent of 5-ounce cans. 3 baclogs* a few cases packed in 12-ounce cans, which have been converted to the equivalent of 10-ounce can 4 Shandand case equals forty-eight 5-ounce cans. Comparative statistics of the pack of oysters, 1921 to 1926 Year | Cases a Year Cases | Value | Value [ene —— LIE) an Ru Ne ee | 442,086 | $2,179, 271 | 1004 Dope at ood ee eee | 447, 481 $2, 478, 044 LAO 7b ak i Ne oe ra 5 epal ate EAL | SOS, OTB) 25423616) WPL O2o se eee a eee ee 654, 755 | 3, 721, 159 1928 48-5 oi See Sse 524, 544 | 2,720,073 | 1926+ 2225s sce See ee 413, 834 | 2, 026, 569 Note.—Cases are on the standard basis of forty-eight 5-ounce cans. Miscellaneous canned fish.—In_ addition to the products shown above, miscellaneous canned goods were packed in 1926 as follows: In Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Georgia, Wisconsin, and Washington, 4,128,047 pounds of canned fish and terrapin, valued at $686,469, and 4,179,472 pounds of canned fish roe, valued at $777,551; in California, 5,215 cases of fish cakes, mackerel, and abalone, valued at $36,136, and miscellaneous salmon products valued at $108,731; making a total of $1,608,887 worth of miscellaneous canned products not mentioned elsewhere. BY-PRODUCTS The, total value of by-products, including the products of the menhaden and whaling industries, amounted to $12,133,110 in 1926, made up of the following items: Fish and whale oils, 10,888,046 gallons, valued at $5,027,491; fish, whale, and shrimp scrap, meal, and bran to the value of $3,651,077; shell by-products, 308,670 tons, valued at $2,588,416; fish glue, 520,622 gallons, valued at $732,109; and miscellaneous by-products to the value of $134,017. The total value of by-products was 17 per cent less than in the previous year. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 357 Production of various by-products, 1926 | | Maine, Massa- | Products chusetts, New | Maryland and North Carolina Mississippi and 9 York, and| Virginia and Florida Louisiana Pennsy lvania ror: Ti Sine 7 j | ] : wee [CA ea |4 tain DaA Se, | Quan- | Quan- | Quan- | | Fish scrap and meal: | tity | Value | tity | Value | tity Value Quantity | Value LEGIT Meee I ei a tons..| 5,156 | $241, 757 1, 808 |$68, 294 |--_--.- od i a el ee ea Aecidulaied! 222-2225... dors 117 | TROON eee o <2 eee Pag Jere Ane pastel ose sae eee a4 LE STra) Ng Ue SRR Ie Te oa do....| 3,381 DD OSdeke- 250 | are eae feceme ue ep ti ae il: | | | eres 25.2 -- gallons__|117,433 | 48,091 | 33, 832 | 13,983 |......-|---.---- Pees Aes Mehl ct Cod liver, crude-.-.---- do mat 175: GLEE ealS04 200)!|-2-— 245 -|2.2e-eee [eee 2 Pee ESAS lS a Miscellaneous. --..----- doais| 260 26 | 2,407 O63 ORD CSG Tale lee Sen Bere oS iggidclge 2. _ dos 1520622) 19, Yee wOp 2. alee Se [cee aE DD fi ea a dae a Miscellaneous by-products ! | | | aes 2 Ce ee ee pounds-_|601, 148 P(Ss RBI) Pe See SE es Sete eta 2, 072, 880 | $33, 775 TN i: ee a a kee ea Ae DPE ee Oe 1; 235, 800 W/o [ESSe AO eee 5p G074| ee eaesaee 33, 775 | | | 7 SSS ———————————————————— ——————— Alaska, Washington, : Products Oregon, and Cali- Tagiens and Total fornia Woes) Fish scrap and meal: Quantity Value |Quantity| Value | Quantity Value IDG ee eee ee tons-__| BOS TSO) sl nbs lO busses | See 37, 703 |$1, 892, 010 IA CIGUIALEG oes ser os oe en oe goz2—= 182 DDB Utes 53 alone 299 3, 201 = Iomnces seas oS bs 2 38 dol 2, 776 Seb bSk eet See ES ie Jee 6, 157 9, 491 il: SEEPS Nee ra Se gallons__| 193, 173 LORS VV Soe ae es [aT eae 193, 173 72, 605 SES (6 TT A Ss dos 251135028 CEB GEM it ER Me Re Pe a 2, 113, 028 932, 651 Ai eh eth Sah a es ee ae hs eee ee Gor ==} 24, 766 1 7h A ee eee ee ee 24, 766 | 13, 771 1B SY fe es a ea ne Goss 522985; 67 La p15,320; 680) aaa a Os Se ee 3, 116, 936 | 1, 382, 763 VLOGS See ey ae, ee pe do_.--| 1, 265, 959 (A4S08S: |e = S— 2 ae 1, 265, 959 744, 088 SCLIN eee AREY ESS doze: | 10, 050 BKOSTH|Lese ese sees en eee 10, 050 3, 987 WodTliverveniden =. 22o2-- Te al eS Ae ae eee ee ee 175, 516 130, 790 iMascellancouSe 4265 tess eo danas 30, 121 8, 943 3, 792 | $2, 047 45, 797 17, 676 Libivepe te Wicd (ates ae es Sen te Bee pee me GOS eS Ga es ea te aed ek ee aS aR nS 520, 622 732, 109 Miscellaneous by-products 1_____ pounds._| 814,315 S8e884 [se SROEE aL ot SD 38, 488, 343 167, 792 Rotale sae oee. 2 Payee Te ee, 2 oe ee 4 (425 306) |e ene oe 25 O47 |e e pass Soe 6, 102, 934 1Jncludes herring skins and scales, isinglass, agar agar, fish flour, poultry food, pickled whale meat, oe tails, and 1,036 tons of shrimp bran, valued at $33,775, which were produced in Mississippi and ouisiana. Note.—The oils produced on the Pacific coast are reported in ‘‘trade’’ gallons (714 pounds), and those produced on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts are reported in United States gallons (about 7.74 pounds). Fish oils —The production of fish and whale oils in 1926 amounted to 10,888,046 gallons, valued at $5,027,491, as follows: Menhaden, 3,942,821 gallons, valued at $1,729,160; herring, 3,116,936 gallons, valued at $1,382,763; sardine, 2,113,028 gallons, valued at $932,651; other fish oils, 439,252 gallons, valued at $234,832; and whale and sperm oil, 1,276,009 gallons, valued at $748,075. The 1926 pro- duction was below that of the previous year, due to a 35 per cent decrease in menhaden oil, a 32 per cent decrease in sardine oil, and an 8 per cent decrease in other fish oils. Herring oil increased 28 per cent and whale and sperm oil 0.5 per cent. The net decrease in all marine animal oils was 18 per cent. Production of fish and whale oils, 1921 to 1926 Year Menhaden Herring Sardine \ Gallons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value UAL eS ase eee ees 6, 260, 478 | $1, 719, 892 112, 838 $26, 735 170, 977 $35, 760 Lp ee oe eee eee 7,102,677 | 2, 904, 833 450, 362 150, 144 428, 859 145, 668 AR LS SB eS eee ae ee 7, 461, 365 3, 316, 277 945, 424 384, 053 966, 247 424, 103 Ute Ce eee ee 3, 923, 904 1, 817, 626 | 1,324, 002 571, 399 2, 338, 711 1, 076, 903 La ee eee ee eae 6, 023,108 | 3,001, 106 2, 442, 527 1, 034, 071 3, 120, 048 1, 568, 753 SUAS see eee eee eee ee 3, 942, 821 1, 729,160 | 3, 116, 936 1, 382, 763 | 2,113, 028 932, 651 | 358 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES ‘Production of fish and whale oils, 1921 to 1926—Continued Year Other fish oils Whale andsperm | Total | Gallons | Value | Gallons | Value Gallons | Value NG 2S oR st ee eee 378, 887 | (1) | 523, 101 | (2) 7, 446, 281 | $2,078, 670 LL) 2 Ae eee Aare 306, 430 $145, 401 | 2, 247, 145 $884, 714 | 10,535,473 | 4, 280, 760 12) 3 ee epee er ee ee) poe es 443, 935 187, 877 | 1, 556, 830 791, 884 | 11, 373, 801 5, 104, 194 OD ee eee ee ee ee eee 381, 832 184, 584 | 1, 242, 836 661, 271 | 9, 211, 285 4, 311, 733 1k! 7.1 el ee te ae nk Seer ba 480, 195 211, 250 | 1, 221,198 | 685, 011 | 13, 287, 076 6, 500, 191 2), (ee pa Se ae eas Se 439, 252 234, 832 | 1, 276, 009 | 748, 075 | 10, 888, 046 5, 027, 491 | | ! Data not available. Fish scrap and meal.—The total value of scrap and meal of all kinds produced in 1926 was $3,651,077, made up as follows: Dried scrap and meal, 61,929 tons, valued at $3,056,406; acidulated scrap, 23,852. tons, valued at $551,405; crude or green scrap, 6,157 tons, valued at $9,491; and 1,036 tons of shrimp bran, valued at $33,775. This is a decrease of 11 per cent in the quantity of dried scrap and meal and 43 per cent in acidulated scrap. The decreased production of these materials was due largely to the partial failure of the men- haden fishery. Comparative statistics of the production of scrap and meal from fish (including menhaden), whale, and shrimp, 1921 to 1926 Dried scrap and Year ae Acidulated serap Cr ee Shrimp bran Total Tons Value Tons Value Tons | Value | Tons | Value Value ht Pt eae 2 ee | 60,031 | $2,613,361 | 44, 454 $895, 140 | 2,160 |$31, 827 | 628 |$16, 814 $3, 557, 142 9 | 3,755,787 | 25,712 | 555, 973 433 | 9,519 562 | 15,398 | 4, 336, 677 3, 286, 504 | 44,935 | 1,064,870 | 1,593 | 13,721 1,269 48,290] 4,413,385 2, 370, 237 | 24, 963 504, 639 | 3,543 | 6, 262 936 | 31,580] 2,912, 718 3, 500, 496 | 41,773 | 1,109,067 | 5,477 | 9,414] 1,079 | 31,658} 4, 650, 635 LGB ieee heeth 42 Ors 61,929 | 3,056,406 | 23,852) 551,405 | 6,157| 9,491] 1,036 | 33,775| 3, 651,077 Fish glue.—In 1926 the production of fish glue was 520,622 gallons, valued at $732,109. The production of this commodity has increased appreciably, as may be seen from the following figures on the produc- tion for the last six years: Comparative statistics of the production of fish glue, 1921 to 1926 {| Year Gallons | Value || Year | Gallons | Value | [ice } i td | ia ee aS A ale Se RARE Sy 347, 048 | $364, 415 ! RG Dee ee ae eee ee re ee ee 502, 940 $550, 391 igen Die ee 323,003 | 278,424 || 1925_____- ab. ae Wee oe 510,816 | 589, 064 ts) ee eee ae See, eee pounds_.| 4, 233, 549 $502,007 = 3, 062, 307 $487, 542 Oibertreshpnshie oe . ee Pe es do_.--| . 6, 283, 087 662,114 | 3, 766, 406 382, 468 otal ete ene ee Site! ae. Sees ea ees do_._-| 10,516, 636 1, 164, 121 6, 828, 713 870, 010 Fish, salted, dried, smoked: | (0 gene a 9 Sees Se ee ee eee ee) foze—2 4, 381, 744 537, 815 3, 954, 342 423, 937 Haddock, hake, and pollock. -------------- do.---| © 3,163, 658 277,948 | 2, 703, 613 196, 782 Fiprringwwea stants Aa ne ney eee ee do.---| 3,442,340 212,331) 2,350, 883 155, 471 Salmon, smoked or dry-cured._------------ Gomes alear 4,650; 740 341,106 | 2, 169, 595 455, 270 Dthicr Seeman e Ee 9S ee ee do..-.| 1,716, 468 132,875 | 1, 652, 651 190, 506 TiN 2. a a le Ce eae do... 14,354,950 | 1,502,075 | 12,831,084 | 1,421, 966 362 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Exports of domestic fishery products, 1925 and 1926—Continued Item 1925 1926 ae : i Fish, pickled: Quantity Value Quantity Value Saimon': ..2ssesaet oe a re eee pounds__| 4,748,600 $1, 293, 941 3, 356, 200 | $803, 051 Opher 2). Fife ie ee cle ee eee are do: 2) 1, 620, 800 125, 688 2, 444, 400 | 136, 303 Totals see ae ees ee eee do.---| 6,369,400 | 1, 419, 629 | 5, 800, 600 939, 354 Fish, canned: | ‘i Salinon. 2-420 dae SU MOMS ieee do.---| 53,293,716 | 9,061,578 | 53,511,098 | 8, 578, 221 Sardines! ea aa. feck oly wy a Banas do...-| 62,754,826 | 5,301,178 | 71,285,456 | 6, 126, 476 ODOT a oes oe ae pian is Soe le ee ee poss 2, 201, 176 | 303, 788 1, 993, 003 | 308, 355 ET cite Petes Rh: Pon ahha aaa VS ane aoe do_.--| 118, 249,718 | 14, 666, 544 | 126,789,557 | 15, 013, 052 lL Jy ierh eine Shellfish: | | FOS abavaya hs eb ay ies deep set a fe Set Mi do..--| 4,084,907} 939,486 | 3, 443, 164 | 691, 131 Wot canned: *!" tee o eee See donk’ 6, 761, 681 | 932, 286 6, 320, 012 829, 516 Gilat CU Bere Cm ee Leg 7 Mie BS do.---| 10,846,588 | 1,871,772! 9,763,176 | 1; 520,647 Other fish products.._-.-.--------------------- do..... 522,571| . 110,443 | 1,493,922| 138,808 Totel-edible, productss- 22 —-= = == do_-- -| 160, 859, 863 | 20, 734, 584 163, 507,052 | 19, 903, 837 TDR Sa as petal, ORS cM lied ited, do....| 614,274 | 115, 078 808, 827 | 118, 986 ButLons}pearlior Shellstti ee. 21s see EP ee gross__| 408, 774 | 193, 772 | 350, 886 141, 379 Shells, unmanufactured___---.---.---------- pounds__| 1,326, 064 | 97. 240) |. = Seeks eae Pt e4 BOriges ie trot t NMA PRS NED EA Re ERD do-__-| 98,055 | 122, 098 | 105, 550 164, 805 Mota let me we as AA ee hs Re re Re. LR te Sb sAS vy Cee ee 306, 184 Total‘nonedible;products2:--- = 222. 2 St Seats | Sep aint SAE 528; 188! |2" TS A 425, 170 Grtotgl eee ae eee Pee ee Lee PATTER: ("Si Be9. 772 | ete eae ~ 20, 329, 007 — — : — Imports of fishery products entered for consumption, 1925 and 1926 Item 1925 1926 Edible fishery products: ; | Fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice— Quantity Value Quantity Value Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock....pounds_-} 1, 238, 452 $61, 940 976, 473 | $48, 526 ] d 798, 570 113, 910 901, 262 125, 186 40, 358, 560 | 3,720,286 | 47,985,060 4, 680, 585 3, 740, 015 | 465, 035 5, 71S, 206 | 747,310 2, 386, 842 121, 676 1, 488, 805 | 68, 032 16, 335, 323 213,764 | 46, 252, 918 429, 052 4, 404, 097 302, 204 2, 858, 612 160, 212 6, 459, 167 740, 433 5, 348, 725 636, 391 | 6, 669, O87 | 877, 924 9, 099, O87 1, 185, 948 492,151 | 78, 386 1,175, 014 170, 844 10, 444, 220 491, 318 9, 898, 985 525, 575 6, 740, 478 576, 494 7, 195, 187 993, 155 100, 066,962 7,768,320 | 138, 849, 434 9, 770, 816 Fish, salted, dried, smoked, or pickled— aH a aecaty Cod dried): 535 -pe se ete le 2 tos) Le ees do_...| 26,862,736 , 2,454, 238 | 33, 196, 832 2, 541, 117 Hinmaninad ie) sae 2 oe ee ee dolar 936, 353 80, 820 1, 637, 197 141, 912 pee and pollock, dried. to = 22 te doses 698, 956 | 46, 479 1, 386, 220 77, 573 erring— Drediorsmoked= 2222-22225 se) do._--| 1, 107, 542 | 69, 683 994, 859 57, 920 Rickledion Salted... 325 saa eee do_.--| 35, 590, 438 2, 434, 667 31, 524, 616 1, 951, 628 Smoked, skinned, or boned_-_-____- dol 561, 877 61, 928 655, 014 78, 451 Mackerel, pickled or salted______-.__-- do_---! 13,494,366 | 1,044,118! 10,721,327 652, 617 Salmons Grieg) Mss le ee dol 6, 661 1, 267 130, 568 13, 330 Salmon, kippered, smoked, salted, pickled, or otherwise prepared____________- pounds._._1, 137, 151 166,407 1,066, 653 183, 045 Other kippered, smoked, salted, pickled or otherwise prepared, not elsewhere speci- | fied’ C2 Gu Pe. SEI Dy a pounds__, 3,376, 852 396, 809 , 19, 769, 295 2, 003, 369 Other drisdwishst sao as ee adore = 6, 049, 707 © 816,728 | 5, 621, 252 765, 498 Others, in bulk or packages_-__-------- do_---| 22,721,130 | 2,207,655 | 4,702,918 562, 959 ST Gta eg oe ah ee eee eee do_. -- 112, 548,769 | 9,780, 799 | 111, 406, 751 9, 029, 419 Fish packed in oil or other substances— | * eerie Sardines_....._.-.- do..-.| 20,180,843 3, 590,012 | 25,529,032 | 4,358, 219 All others do....| 7,291,419 | 1,368,751 | 9,115,018 1, 784, 067 of R628 eS a ee Ee es 2p ES do....| 27,472,262 4, 958, 763 | 34, 644, 050 6, 142, 286 a SEE SSS | ee 363 Imports of esl precnicre entered Je ig dal seplaipaial 1925 ane en ESS FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 Item 1925 1926 . 2 Ee a: = ~ = —_ — Edible fishery products—Continued. ; ; Fish roe, frozen, prepared, or preserved— | Quantity Value | Quantity Value Gicir’ see. ee SS ees pounds.- 158, 734 $322, 428 358, 903 $505, 765 Other fish roe, preserved --.-----.----- dou. 253, 550 62, 238 283, 557 60, 368 Paval*s Mitt i: ti ROE eae dozi-c 412, 284 384, 666 642, 460 566, 133 Shellfish— CRS de # ee eee ee ag. =: 34, 601 3, 105 102, 644 8, 609 Crab meat packed in ice, frozen, or other- | wise prepared or preserved_.......pounds._| 8, 332,699 | 2, 818, 299 7, 243, 455 3, 188, 154 TORS Mrs CAMNOG. = 6) = O82 oe oem 1, 382, 513 819, 048 1, 792, 038 1, 135, 921 Lobsters, fresh, frozen, packed in ice, or pre- | pared or preserved in any manner (not specially provided for) .-.......__- pounds__| 6,998,997 | 1, 585, 843 6, 537, 088 1, 555, 875 PERE UOSS eee ae Pg oe hk oS ders. 643, 315 40, 391 465, 009 25, 746 Other shellfish and shrimp____--______- do_._.| 5, 442, 633 904, 991 6, 994, 338 1, 095, 020 NE AT ar Se pg ep eel i Se SES do_.__| 22, 834, 758 6,171,677 | 28, 134, 572 7, 009, 325 Total edible fishery products-__-_____- do._.-| 263, 330, 035 | 29, 059, 225 | 308, 677, 267 | 32, 517,979 Nonedible fishery products: a Fish and marine-animal oils— Ores Wey] La SS a ee are pene nA gallons__ 1, 755, 070 864,131 | 2,425, 599 1, 250, 836 Wedstiveroiees 2 £38). Spe hee os Coe 1, 220, 440 1, 055, 914 1, 921, 422 1, 615, 967 Herring, menhaden, and sod oil_____--_- dos. 567, 236 238,468 | 1, 942, 846 755, 316 iter ASI OMS- 6 22228 SS ee ee dosz— 125, 798 | 41, 578 | 108, 263 41, 565 MOaGrhe 28 6 oy ke Cos 2 Sys et ss dos. 3 364, 893 187, 718 650, 775 315, 203 Wihalpiollacperin® 9.225. 2 2 ee es GOEL. 258, 261 | 103, 863 | 137, 309 51, 272 Whale oll other..-2s tiie eee do.---| 7,141,111 | 4,224,551 | 5, 233, 220 2, 664, 147 11g a) 72 (ae Le aS as BER eg & oe 3S do....| 11, 482, 809 6, 716, 223 12, 419, 434 6, 694, 306 Pearls and imitation pearl— | | | Pearls and parts, not strung or set_mumber_-| 2,052,518 | 6,734,149 |-__.--------- 5, 322, 140 Imitation half pearls and hollow or filled | | pearls without holes or with holes partly | | | WHTOMP RE tee re ee ote ee ne ee number__-| 9, 139, 307 198,107 | 17,755,752 93, 654 Imitation solid pearls, wholly or partly | } pierced, mounted or unmounted__number__. 1, 408, 156 24, 541 1, 061, 640 40, 528 Imitation-pear! Denise = SF tse PouTds sal > 1, (68S; O44 | (2) 469) 250 as ee | 1,180,070 Tiel BAe ase eG eee gee es Pe SE ge Se aS ie War sL te dys Tit Day O%e) | aoa | 6, 636, 392 Shells and buttons of pearl or shell— Ee, | Shells, not manufactured— | | Greenisnail.shieli) 22 280 ee pounds.- 260, 588 | 26, 688 | 182, 509 24, 409 iNiother-of-pea4rl 5 s5.<- 2-2-2 ee doses 5,484,394 | 1,707,817 | 7,049, 992 2, 040, 517 BAUOLHOTS ese. oe Pee ee SACP OCs 1, 116, 934 | 194,186 | 4,329, 950 133, 440 Shells, manufactured_..-_.....-______- douse 118, 268 | 11995057 |22 22a asse 100, 112 Shell pearl buttons— Wresh-Waters 222 22252 ssec 52 3828 gross_- 20, 600 7,057 | 7, 864 2, 600 Ocean\ertrochus = 225 12. eg dos=\= 242, 623 | 83, 670 | 103, 900 41, 735 Button blanks, not turned, faced or | erilledsas ne fae ee ee gross__ 1, 934 | 1,136 | 638 735 Buttons (from Philippine Islands) - ae 722, 223 | 316, 466 992, 169 455, 619 TITLE Rm sie I A i aA EC EI PR IS a a eee | 2, 799, 167 i are | Se eee (ST TPE ES acs eee eee pounds__ 232, 969 241, 213 244, 540 243, 437 ROTC esse ete cee es Onsen 663, 302 | 644, 671 700, 831 664, 804 From Philippine Islands_____..-_-.-___ dows 2, 586 | 5, 628 1, 130 3, 514 Manufactures of, not specially provided | 1,818 704 645 1,178 2, 631 3, 904 wits Se 53 138 894, 508 949, 889 916, 442 PADI OG 22 ee Oe Bee ree ee ree sd een aos= 501, 226 461, 947 465, 832 320, 559 Aimbenprise ss 14) Sabha: ee doles 223 80, 365 134 14, 551 ethefish, pone. Oia Jeu Bo ae Se dpe 2 308, 441 46, 663 264, 471 31, 250 Fish for purposes other than human consump- } bie ri ie assy ES 8 2 ee pounds__ 2, 491, 645 80, 499 3, 851, 060 72, 967 Fish skins, raw or salted__.._........_..__- dolt=+ 226, 892 7, 378 367, 643 M3715 Fish sounds, crude, dried, or salted for preserva- RIGHTS ya aaa eet A I SS Ee dol. 151, 854 42, 263 116, 654 31, 218 Sea grass, eelgrass, and sea-weed, dyed or manu- MACIUIEEG Dee: 2 oe et Ss) BE . BR ere o(o ees 191, 227 Ale 69')| ax ys oe ee 43, 891 PRIS Kins Pee. See) TE Ce as aie eee number_- 289 | CS hal Ee |e re eh 3 Whalebone, unmanufactured__________- pounds._ 18, 945 | 10, 037 5, 148 3, 878 Whalebone, manufactures of._.....___.__-- dos.4 220 | 489 173 471 AN) AES ph a cae OS, pS a ea ies og | Ci oPA Ue RTM Se Sa 2 530, 500 I — — ——— Total nonedible fishery products__._______- ys pete pa ee TOF O71, GOGH sow ae a 17, 576, 807 } a —T (Goerna ts )1 70) 7 2 SB i Be Nien Ree | |e ae aie creer 49, 030, 591 50, 094, 786 364 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH IN 1926 The statistics of the cold-storage holdings of frozen fish and the quantities of fish frozen are collected by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Department of Agriculture, and in 1926, as in previous years, were published monthly and distributed by the Bureau of Fisheries. The regular monthly cold-storage bulletin usually is in the hands of the trade by the 20th of each month. Due to the com- plexities of fishing operations, it is patent that the information con- tained in this bulletin should reach the trade at the earliest possible date. To this end, a comprehensive first release is issued on the 1st of each month, which, while not in such detail as the regular bulletin, shows the holdings of fish for the current month, the holdings for the corresponding month a year previous, and the amount frozen during the current month for 14 of the most important commercial species. Both of these bulletins will be sent to interested parties, free of charge, upon application to the Bureau of Fisheries. During 1926 there were 177 freezers and cold-storage establish- ments devoted wholly or in part to the storage of frozen fish. The holdings were somewhat less during the first seven months and con- siderably more during the last five months of the year than in the previous year, varying between 16,154,002 pounds, in the month of April, to 75,034,255 pounds, in the month of November. The aver- age monthly holdings during the year amounted to 45,906,276 pounds, as compared with 44,084,251 pounds in 1925, an increase of 4.13 per cent. Compared with the 5-year average, the monthly holdings in 1926 were somewhat larger, being 11.71 per cent above the 5-year average. The holdings during the first seven months of 1926 were 1.98 to 28.02 per cent smaller than in the same montas of the previous year, and during the last five months they were 16.61 to 21.39 per cent larger. Compared with the 5-year average, they were 2.35 to 19.59 per cent smaller during the first four months and less than 1 to 33.85 per cent larger during the last eight months of 1926. Comparative statement of cold-storage holdings of frozen fish for 1926 and 1925, and the 5-year average Increase (+) or de- | crease (—) | Five-year | Month 1926 1925 average Gor eA pared Ph with 53 1925 ao | average | Pounds Pounds Pounds Per cent | Per cent January =o seeeeowers 2 Je cee eS Le 48, 180,927 | 55,307,587 | 50,026,000 —12.89 —3. 69 RD neiaiy teens aoe Per ear ae 37, 378,116 | 44,034,613 | 38,278,000 | —15.12 —2. 35 Niarchbess= S auwaripg 22 0). 5 are 7 OAL 24,893,707 | 29,864,613 | 27,007,000 | —16.65 —7.82 PAD ELL cue oe een. 2 DiS ey 16, 154,002 | 22,441,873 | 20,089,000 | —28.02 —19. 59 May. freee een ie Merwe. ko 21, 540,012 | 23,749,277 | 20, 268, 000 —9, 31 +6. 28 UNG. UE See a ee a Me tN 31, 345,473 | 31,979,574 | 26, 001, 000 —1.98 | +20. 55 RS Th eae ele UL Thy 8 2 318 Ae ae 33,901,690 | 40,458,169 33,901,000 —16.21 +. 002 DATES TCT Re Rs 9, Dice ya eT GR 57, 626, 753 | 47,473,515 | 43,052,000 +21.39 | +33.85 Sentempber(s2— Vac ick et ee OAS Vig | 64, 656, 804 | 55,446,548 | 52,178,000 | +16.61 | +23.92 October ==) 4eits (2s a eae Tt ee 70, 309,906 | 58,357,764 | 60,328,000 -+20.48 | +16. 55 INovember! © oie". Jo laste tee ee 75, 034, 255 | 61,849,359 | 62,288,000 | +21.32| -+20.46 Beem beren sac S See mee eae ener 69, 853, 669 | 58, 048,280 | 59,694,000 | +20.34 | -F17.02 AWOTSPOUOY VOate.-- a5 eee eee 45,906,276 | 44,084,251 | 41,092,500, +4.13 |) +11.71 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 365 Holdings of frozen fish in the United States in 1926, by species, and a 5-year average, 1921 to 1925} Month ended— Species 7S ie Jan.15 | Feb.15 | Mar.15 | Apr.15 | May 15 | June 15 Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds Bluefish (all trade sizes)_..-.._....-____.-_- 445,718, 342,679} 290,567} 206,176] 231, 655! 320, 871 Butterfish (all trade sizes)._.._.....-..___- 845,558! 611,333) 293,825) 159,848) 227,486) 276,655 URI 4 eS ene l 111, 382 82, 784 37, 666 41,975 127,020; 158,619 Ciscoes (including bluefin, blackfin, chub, PRROMUrrineOLG:) cea sek! = ee | 2, 305, 327| 1,376,924; 668,938) 360,868) 324,283, 519, 128 @iscoes (tullipees) c=. =—== =. .| 1, 062, 725) 1, 412, 594) 1, 257, 336 829, 212 667,620 597, 686 Cod, haddock, hake, pollock e 883,933) 636,144) 495, 504 553, 529 703, 128) 1, 045, 593 CMR S| CEES Oe ee eee | 342,371 178, 790 69, 196 2, 285) 1, 572, 358) 1, 712, 547 IM velar 2s oe ee ee a 627, 801 424, 332} 341, 022 158, 483 346,400; 622, 718 Halibut (all trade sizes)__...........--.-__- 4, 907, 844| 2, 504, 272) 1, 584, 131) 1, 473, 747) 3, 047, 381| 5, 366, 294 Herring, sea (including alewives and blue- | IDEs) ee ee eee 2, 851, 964| 2, 362, 962) 2, 367, 792) 2, 164, 260) 2, 647, 674) 2, 476, 106 Finkeron tee sg tee Sk We 2, 093, 198} 1, 703, 539} 886,958} 227,040) 214,730, 529, 802 Mackerel (except Spanish) --..._.___...__- | 4, 311, 884| 3, 158, 859) 1,639,170) 747, 455) 1, 962, 009) 2, 404, 645 Pike perches and pike or pickerel__.__.____- 3, 695, 913) 3, 390, 366; 2, 199, 018} 1, 164, 051) 1,426,211) 2, 235, 296 paplensh) (black cod).<-c.-_----._-..-._- | 1,821, 194/ 1,144,991; 967,089} 837,229} 730,536) 642, 016 Salmon, siiver ang fall222~ 2222 2, 732, 494) 1, 865, 869) 1,031,104) 332,137; 200,614| 173, 192 Salmon, steelhead trout__-....._--.-.--.__- 431,588) 275, 550 52, 655 26, 805 20, 810) 44, 494 RAlLMOMeaNOUMOn: ae ee a 2, 412, 673} 1, 926, 443) 1,408,211) 946,895) 798,594! 888, 113 peup) (porgies)----2--...-- 318, 035 192, 368 61, 726 14, 906 63, 862 209, 334 Shad and shad roe_-____-_-- 576, 913 399, 073 196, 543; 150, 748 234,529; 496, 712 Sti LiR 5 eee Ss Pe Se ee ee 900,000, 847,960) 633, 348 359,090} 417,966 574, 338 Smelts, eulachon, ete 1, 035, 946) 1, 416, 159) 1, 329,662) 655, 477 556, 632) 532, 011 Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’.._-__.__---__.- 1, 129,495| 673,440) 269, 947 83,068) 306,778 445,472 iy ric eee oh gb eee 1, 190,883] 871,578] 751,118) 390, 189| 394,976, 1, 309, 658 Sturgeon and spoonbill cat__.-......_-.__- 195,705) 145,574) 132, 557 56,922) 106,349) 293,926 STICK AT SH were see ah es fe." of Loi ei ee eel 72, 210 47, 994 28, 409 31, 118 49, 120. 62,.717 WIL RUSH eee ee ee 2, 308, 708) 2, 201, 183, 1, 554,089) 610, 889 432,528) 510, 636 UALR nbetia + 2 ES Oo eS RS ae eee 4, 901, 429) 3, 803, 529) 1,827, 068) 1,216,222) 904,961) 3, 331, 875 Miscellaneous frozen fish_......._......-._- 38, 668, 036) 3, 380,827) 2, 519, 058) 2, 353, 378) 2, 823, 802 3, 565, 019 Moral frozen fishi« 232202 eb '48, 180, 927/37, 378, 116 24, 893, 707 16, 154, 002|21, 540, 012 31, 345, 473 Five-year average, 1921-1925__._..--- '50, 026, 000 38, 278, 000 27, 007, 000 20, 089, 000|20, 268, 000 26, 001, 000 | | | Month ended— Species ; July 15 | Aug.15 | Sept.15 | Oct.15 | Nov. 15 | Dec. 15 Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds Bluefish (all‘trade sizes)_-2.--...-..-.-...- 334,823, 277,952) 334,813! 409,841) 498,909) 559,021 Butterfish (all trade sizes) 490,020 658, 629| 1, 180, 787| 1, 433, 005] 1,618,329 1, 361, 269 @athishs hs $e 6 ee 158, 206) 171,155 193,921) 217,795) 213,440 238, 968 isco. (ake Erie) se 9. ee 61,850, 280,414) 400,806, 588,273) 531,773 638, 968 Cisco (lake herring), including bluefin, | blackfin, and chub_________--_-----_____ 669, 297 1, 198, 422) 1, 569,295 1,705, 492| 2,321, 208 3, 419, 619 Cisco (tullibees, Canadian lakes)_________- 590,946} 594,333) 659,240] 581, 454) 1, 083, 907} 1, 321, 792 Cod, haddock, hake, pollock_____._______- | 1,319, 861) 2, 048, 874) 2, 466, 600) 2, 798, 065] 3, 017, 477) 2, 534, 705 Wroakepee aro Be 2 ES | 2,005, 068) 2, 767, 786| 2, 422, 491] 1, 938, 832| 1, 744, 454] 1, 581, 438 JEN ap Tava tel we SS a Re ree ey | 789,390) 818, 798 794, 769 780,015} 885,590) 802, 994 Halibut (atlieade sizes) 5222252 ye 2 | 8, 018, 732/10, 769, 155)12, 312, 435) 12, 078, 605/11, 431, 849) 9, 358, 933 Herring, sea (including alewives and blue- | | DRG n= 35 SSS ee ES Se 2, 567, 666, 2, 515, 497) 2, 370, 729) 2, 409, 106) 2, 627, 105) 2, 325, 225 TEAROUT OMG eee eee ee as 672, 915 740, 261 755, 354) 1, 094, 541) 2, 026, 143 2, 019, 089 Mackerel (except Spanish) ______.________- | 6, 352, 132) 9, 510, 431:11, 510, 394 11, 322, 610/10, 533, 613) 9, 063, 993 Pike; blueiand satigert. 22 see 993, 640! 697,981) 441,140, 535, 570) 1, 263, 096, 1, 117, 219 Pike, yellow or wall-eyed_._.._-..._.___-_-| 279,612, 194,923) 204,235) 244,168) 294,463 221, 548 Pike (including pickerel, jacks, and yellow | Ich) See ee Se eS 714,016 738,740 869,600 1,354, 757) 1,528,656 1,497, 892 Sablefish (black cod) __-_.___-__.---------- 754,016) 940,396 1, 108, 591| 1, 551,825] 1,951, 222) 1, 732, 324 isiriteateed (evbataye) fe Es Mee Oe 5 ee ee 789, 597| 1,398,178 1, 685, 145 1, 942,840) 1, 705,416 1,361, 277 Salimomesiverssates eT ee ye 377, 706, 1, 336,802 2,008, 421) 3, 538, 461) 3,424, 282 3, 738, 254 Palmon, falland pink! \ 22 S917 ay 71, 349! 176,438 202,060 961,300) 1, 404,737) 1,281, 194 Salmon, steelhead trout__._...__-...-___- | _ 440, 077 863,327 1,064,738 1,109, 401 994, 107 712, 874 Salmons A OLNers: 2 eee oe SLI ae | 1,378, 768 1,535, 118) 1,949,944) 2,045,996) 2,008, 669 2,313, 964 Sita) Corey gus) | ee yt OE US ee eee Ls | 230, 678 248,070) 234,978) 211, 168 186, 655 145, 485 1 Beginning with July 15, 1926, the following groups or classifications were changed: ‘‘ Ciscoes (including bluefin, blackfin, chub, lake herring, etc.)’’ to ‘‘Cisco (Lake Erie)’’ and ‘‘Cisco (lake herring), including bluefin, balckfin, and chub’’; ‘‘Ciscoes (tullibees)’’ to ‘‘Cisco (tullibees, Canadian lakes)’’; ‘‘Pike perches and pike or pickerel’”’ subdivided to ‘‘Pike, blue and sauger’’, ‘‘Pike, yellow or wall-eyed”’, an “Pike (including pickerel, jacks, and yellow jacks)”’; ‘‘Salimon, silver and fall’’ discontinued and salmon classified as “Salmon, chinook”’, ‘‘Salmon, silver’, ‘‘Salmon, fall and pink’’, ‘‘Salnon, steelhead trout’’, and ‘‘Sal- mon, all other’’; and ‘“‘Squeteagues or ‘sea trout’ ’”’ to ‘‘Weakfish (including southern ‘sea trout’)’’. 366 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Holdings of frozen fish in the United States in 1926, by species, and a 5-year average, 1921 to 1925—Continued Month ended— Species July 15 | Aug. 15 | Sept. 15 | Oct. 15 | Nov. 15 | Dee. 15 1 | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds SRadiand shadirue )- ss Sank ss eee ee 521,920! 507,793) 493,089 463,308} 433,885) 847,378 SHoll fish ee Ee Pes Se Se 625, 166, 487,332) 508,320) 985, 248) 1,375, 848; 1, 548, 401 Smelts; eulachon, etess. 22. 2--2set AL 520, 545} 516,022) 520, 852) 530, 102) 574,760) 518,920 SQuid = se ee ee a oe See ea ee 1, 615, 412 1, 586, 189) 1, 573, 194) 2, 079, 983) 2, 229,339) 2, 044, 650 Sturgeon and spoonbill cat__-.-.---------- 530,140, 617,007) 745,713) 1, 255,385) 1, 230,711) 1, 186, 955 Suckers: Ce ee ac Sas Voc kes ee ete kes 63, 261 60, 831 58, 812) 58, 165 92, 705 87,329 Weakfish (including southern “sea 390, 678) 498, 244) 581,093 1, 111,981) 1,363, 422) 1, 278, 683 EEOUL 1) eae a G2 oe ete sean ase wate seta AP | Wihtifetish 2Fee 2s. 22 Bee as Oe oe oe 696,969 969,881} 985,660, 952,574) 1,324,421) 1, 297, 356 Wihhiting =e ete ates cal eee ie 6, 696, 870) 7, 752, 541) 8, 067, 142 7, 431, 789| 7, 623, 602) 7, 069, 007 Miscellaneous frozen fish___...------------ | 3, 884, 364) 4, 149, 233) 4, 382, 443° 4, 588, 258) 5, 490, 462) 5, 177, 001 Potaltrozen fist. 2h se ee oe 45, 605, 690,57, 626, 753/64, 656, 804 70, 309, 906 75, 034, 255 69, 853, 669 Five-year average, 1921-1925___--___- 33, 901, 000 43, 052, 000|52, 178, 000, 60, 328, 000/62, 288, is 694, 060 | i NEW ENGLAND VESSEL FISHERIES GENERAL STATISTICS The vessel fisheries centering at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., experienced a record year in 1926 in the quantity of products, which was greater than for any previous year for which statistics are available; the value of the products was greater than for any year since 1918. There was an increase over 1925 at the three ports of 3.46 per cent in the number of trips and of 9.94 per cent in the quantity and 11.74 per cent in the value of the products. The increases were at Boston and Gloucester, but there was a decrease at Portland. The increase at Boston was 3.75 per cent in the num- ber of trips and 12.26 per cent in the quantity and 14.72 per cent in the value of the products. The increase at Gloucester was 6.99 per cent in the number of trips and 10.97 per cent in the quantity and 7.16 per cent in the value of the products. At Portland the decrease was 3.18 per cent in the number of trips and 11.72 per cent in the quantity and 7.24 per cent in the value of the products. Statistics of the fisheries have been collected by the local agents and published in monthly bulletins, showing, by species and fishing grounds, the quantity and value of fishery products landed by American fishing vessels during the year at these ports. Two annual bulletins were issued, one showing the catch by months and the other by fishing grounds. During the calendar year 1926 the fishing fleet at these ports numbered 350 sail, steam, and gasoline vessels, including 30 steam trawlers. These vessels landed 4,569 trips at Boston, aggregating 167,317,826 pounds of fish, valued at $7,002,602; 2,665 trips at Gloucester, aggregating 54,900,824 pounds, valued at $1,490,211; and 1,461 trips at Portland aggregating 16,207,573 pounds, valued at $575,760. The total for the three ports amounted to 8,695 trips, aggregating 238,426,223 pounds of fresh and salted fish, having a value to the fishermen of $9,068,573. In making these trips, in- cluding the date of departure and date of arrival, the vessels were absent from port 44,236 days. At Boston the trips landed occupied 29,996 days; at Gloucester, 10,882 days; and at Portland, 3,358 days. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 367 Compared with the previous year, there was an increase of 291 trips, or 3.46 per cent, in the total number landed at Boston, Glouces- ter, and Portland, and an increase of 21,556,958 pounds, or 9.94 per cent, in the quantity and $953,003, or 11.74 per cent, in the value of the products landed. There was considerable increase in both the quantity and value of cod and haddock and a large increase in the quantity and value of the catch of mackerel and swordfish. There was also a large increase in the catch of pollock, with a small increase in the value. The catch of hake, cusk, and herring declined in both quantity and value. The catch of halibut also declined to _some extent in quantity, with a small increase in value. The catch of cod increased 10,968,573 pounds, or 16.31 por cent, in quantity and $326,241, or 14.05 per cent, in value; haddock increased 2,174,474 pounds, or 2.37 per cent, in quantity and $335,183, or 12.2 per cent, in value; and mackerel increased 10,022,795 pounds, or 38.24 per cent, in quantity and $215,333, or 18.08 per cent, in value. The catch of hake decreased 301,101 pounds, or 5.19 per cent, in quantity and $27,424, or 15.79 per cent, in value; pollock increased 1,449,641 pounds, or 27.4 per cent, in quantity and $6,103, or 4.14 per cent, in value; and cusk decreased 984,903 pounds, or 26.53 per cent, in quantity and $15,014, or 17.75 per cent, in value. The catch of halibut decreased 130,145 pounds, or 3.65 per cent, in quantity and increased $15,978, or 2.44 per cent, in value. The catch of swordfish increased 964,499 pounds, or 63.16 per cent, in quantity and $106,700, or 27.65 per cent, in value. The herring catch decreased 2,361,951 pounds, or 59.91 per cent, in quantity and $63,418, or 61.68 per cent, in value. The Newfoundland herring catch decreased from 2,400,336 pounds, valued at $84,265, in 1925, to 555,280 pounds, valued at $26,510, in 1926. In the various other species, combined, there was a decrease of 244,924 pounds, or 3.19 per cent, in quantity and an increase of $53,321, or 17.44 per cent, in value. The catch of scrod cod landed at these ports decreased from 227,698 pounds, valued at $3,539, in 1925, to 185,594 pounds, valued at $2,897, in 1926; and the catch of scrod haddock decreased from 14,571,900 pounds, valued at $299,393, in 1925, to 11,251,594 pounds, valued at $244,143, in 1926. The small quantity of these grades landed each year, as compared with other grades of these species, is said to be due to the fact that the price was so low that the fishermen did not save all that were caught. The following tables present in detail, by fishing grounds and also by months, the fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels for the calendar year 1926. These include only the vessels of 5 net tons and upward, as measured by the United States Customs Service. The weights of fresh and salted fish given in these statistics represent the fish as landed from the vessels, and the values are those received by the fishermen. The grades, or sizes, given for certain species are those recognized in the trade. 68078—28——3 368 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Statement, by fishing grounds, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portiand, Me., by American fishing vessels, 1926 Cod Num- Market (under 10 and over 24 Fishing grounds ber of Large (10 pounds and over) ds pe ONE trips pounds) Fresh Salted Fresh | Salted LANDED AT BOSTON East of 66° W. longitude: Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value Pounds| Value Ta; bHave Danke ess dA Ae ds07440|'= nbn tee oe r a a ee eee 434, 380): $11, 9135222 a8 ae eee Western Bank___---_---- 90} 2,093,410) 66, 294 8, 000 $333} | - 186,965) *' ‘3; 7352222 ee : Quereau Bank__--------- 14 14, 000 405). =o = See ae 12, 000 330) 22 ee Green Bank-__._2.--_.__ 4 | Grand\ Bank 42-42 4 4 St. Peters’ Banka == —— 10 Burgeo Bank_____._---_- | 1 Cape Shore -s-¢ == += =_-_- 72 Labrador Coast__----_--- 1 | West of 66° W. longitude: ! , | Browns Bank. -_--.------ 223) 3,082, Ola}. 164,'909}- 2. ae ee 1,976, 345} 59/308 22> == Ee Georges Bank---_-------- 701/16, 818, 898! 674, 574|_.-..---.|L:_____- 2, 535; 190) "7d Sito eee | eee @ashes, Bank. 3. -- 2: 12 98, 009 ASR. 20 Cole ees 40, 720 1, 305). =. 22b | eS @lark Bank. - 242-222 =* 3 33, 640 gS {55 | eee we oe Re ee ee 8, 260 209|= oa eee Fippenies Bank-_------_- 4 3, 299 Sal ee eee ee (ye eee 2, 580 170}. = 2a See) Ss eee MWuiddle Bankes == -— = 224 96, 339 Cie 8 | Ny MG 67, 630 2, (03|-222=— 2 =| sone Jeffreys Ledge_.-----.--- 167| 120,302 TELOO0 be Sts = SS | 59, 7'76| 2; SbS See 5 South Channel _-_------_- | 1,095! 5,839, 660} 276, 822 5, 980 274| 2,813,451} 86,123) 3,290) $132 Nantucket Shoals--_--_- 4 212; 571, 533 7. Off Highland Light_____. 62 11, 200 Omc@hathant—s 317) 186, 773 Seak Islands. 2c 45 ee eS 1 10, 420 Souths $62 23-202 eae ieee aE | Shore, general__.------_- Oa bs | pe iaeti 45 5 ayer as oe SY | ear a, De ee |. 294; 261|" 3.97906) 2-2" 2 )2eeeee | {| = SR OURS one ee 4, 569 31, 788, 349]1, 342, 317 13, 980 607! 9, 234, 681} 271,730 3,290) LANDED AT GLOUCESTER | F z | Sl. East of 66° W. longitude: | a Haye, Bank = 2--ss-2 33 621, 100 13,712} 223,855 10,450) 185, 090 3,170 29,485) 1, 100: Western Bank___-__-_-__ 146 17, 946, 615| 394, 401|2, 5380, 194 113, 563) 1, 983,185) 32,877, 395, 420/13, 274 Quereau Bank__________- 11 58, 100 1,312) 127,995) 5, 947/ 17, 540 301, 16, 930 8. Green: Bank ss 2 === 2) 10, 510 236 977 49| 105 2) 2, 420) Grand Bank! 22) *su 7| 16, 270 366} 89,005 4, 144) 6, 395 96) 47, 240 Sts beterstbank == ess: 11 75, 890 1,188 78, 075 3, 771 8, 230 110, 12,990 Burgeo Bank- === 2----—-* 2) 2, 320 52 17, 071 822) 370 6 1,744 Off Newfoundland_______ Dis SS ES SES 9S Beg 8213 od a eee | #55022 a4| eos Cane Shores > 7 e=— 16 56, 970 AG iy See ee 2) ne 2s = 38, 460 (| oe ee West of 66° W. longitude: | Brows Bank. =22-57 -2 31 804, 792 17, 243} 108,490 5,311 246,600) 4,390 6,938 Georges Bank_-_________- 103, 2, 648, 76 64, 349} 603,250, 30,165) 228,690} 4,291) 121,385 South Channel__________ 22 34, 375 SIOIES Peter eee ey 41, 690 800) 22 eset sake Nantucket Shoals___-___ | 16 2, 800 60)h 5 PE he 1,525 hii eee oe eee eee Off Chatham. 8s 40} oe 28 eee Sh TE EE a eos 2 Oe ee Shore, general-_-..--_---_- (De D23 83: S2I-A4OIE 155, S14 |S at ces Si ee 65,120} 3, 075, 10, 340 Totalee.5)1 2s) Tees 2, 665)25, 600, 942| 650, 378/83, 778, 912 174, 222) 2, 823, 000} 49, 850) 644, 892/22, 776: LANDED AT PORTLAND | East of 66° W. longitude: La Have Bank_-__~__2._ 2) 23,370 Ge a contin Ss ge 4, 780 96)2— ooo see Western Bank_________.- 18) 1,610,740) 32, 600 9, 820 372! 28, 802 957, 8,828} 295 Quereau Bank.___-_--... | 27, 375 925 69, 040 3, 452) 5, 650 181 4, 135 165 Grand Bank) ese 9.222 Bean pe Uae PN a I yd octet |e ee ee Gapoishore sss tee Ghee ores all eee oe) lan I ee ji Se zeES pill faa Gulf of St. Lawrence ___- 7) aii | i hn aa be Pe ey A ee Pte Fel 5 mueGullyse2 eee. S 28 3) 2, 600 59 1, 320 59 100 2 90 3 + Labrador Coast__-.__-__. toe re | ee 2 ne AE BS ee PEG ee fs West of 66° W. longitude: | | | | Browns Bank. ....-.---- 3) 31, 450 ABS eee esd seers eh ees } 26, 730) TORS 2% sees Eee Georges Bank__._______- | 20) 28,000 {1 ae eames weet PAT Ce Maen ree | <3) |e ee | Soe CaAshbs) Banks Ste 2 70) 173, 503 5, 455) 13, 035 612 76, 371 2, 263, 1, 515 56. Fippenies Bank________- 5) 2, 690 S14 | oe ees 1, 965 65 aa es | Middle Bank___-_---.-_- 5) 2, 220 yA ats Fee fe | 2 tTo 69jer ene ae ee Platts Bank__..-._-_---- Gh POPs | Wee aint) ee Dee ta ates od |. 42,476): 1 eaar ee eae Jeffreys Ledge__--_-__-_- 368} D215'Go8| = (2er4R0 eee este ane | 69: S86]! "2 345) Sees eee eee South Channel-___-___-- 13| 90, 500 1, 905 270 14).32 33) 2 eee | 60 2: Nantucket Shoals__-___-_| 1 EE Ree Oe (Ee Se eS Od ee ee ee ee) Bee ee Off Highland Light... _- EAS eS Ee Sa RE TE RE AARaee S| PIES ae: ae Pah Shore, general __._--.-__- 833) 1, 037, 632, 40, 449 2, 841 164, 150,115} 4,616 1,540 88 Motale2c W533 eae 1,461) 3,622,919) 114,309 96, 326 4, 673| 409,650, 12,979 16,168 609: Grand total____..---- | 8, 695/61, 012, 210 2, 107, 004/3, 889, 218 179, = 12, 467, 331) 334, 559, 664, 350/23, 517 ys a FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 369 Statement, by fishing grounds, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels, 1926—Continued Cod—Continued Haddock Fishing grounds Serod (1 to 244 pounds) Large (over 2!4 pounds) Fresh | Salted Fresh Salted LANDED AT BOSTON | East of 66° W. longitude: Pounds Value Pounds Value| Pounds Value |Pouwnds | Value Baseinve baie... 288eo0— sock aco 8 899, 500) $28, 344)_.--___ =| = Winsternibabice 2-2 Set ou ua se 655, 615 TS):003 ee Sete ae SoeA St [ee eee 216, 435 6; 690/22 eae eee: = West of 66° W. longitude: irnseiete es ee A> O20N 675s, sb) 283 ee ee eee “Ghh te: Shei rr 7, AGINGTO| (SU0TSb2|h eae ae eee ae ESL ish yalicl TE RS ee ee 65, 555 DA0GS Nees eee ae Gibvsig ish val el 2- a Ss aS eee 44, 700 202605 = ae ee npenigs anf etd 30, 660 2: LOO ae See ok IM MG GIGU SY ial cs ee SS 861, 028 WO) TS |e Une Ls eG) eS 874, 000 AG (SE ee heel EE Ree Seine level oe a a 4250847463) °1,465; 919) 225.2 Te iNantiekel Shoals. —_2 2S. so2_¢ J TelSssOno|™ 201) Sholze= 2 oso he Oiisparhisnd Wightlase 221 2 114, 450 A AG ED aes SA Wire hatharniee- So6i es 2, 718, 495 TZiS960 | aaae e SSTTM Ri iia(s TS Be coe ee ee 42, 800 TO0S| Misses Me Siler Cyan ee ORE aS AS 2818 O22| 5" GON S46 | eeebere a Ne ee “Tay Fes es a 71, 454, 983) 2, 591, 880}. | ne LANDED AT GLOUCESTER East of 66° W. longitude: Maprinvesb atkete) noses ods) ess 460 5) 30 $1| 178, 915) POUT eae Seer eee a MVesinn meh ore) ess ray | oS Hippenies Banke. 227s 1, 870 AG VE Sa 16, 930 pi Yee oe 09! |e Widdlerp anke se ae een ee 22, 465 LG} Baa oneee | een 245, 905), °8,.303 22. Sea VOHTE VS ued Ges seen ee 33, 615 C11) a ee Re 208,275). 6, 167255: Sila South’ Channel .-o= See eee ee 7, 4695 230)|( 167,434) 2 oe 3, 298, 477| 71, 595, 3,420} $71 Nantucket: Shoals. 2/2 82 2 ie fe SF SD DONS 7a aes Ss 111,.550|-' (8 47d see eee Of highland digits cose eee 9, 885 UGS ee Sees ee ee 7, 100 S26 cet ae ORC hatheamina- wee Se ee Las B92, 315)" Ad 89) anes a 69, 790} >. 3, 46) See eee Seatisiaridve, yer eer es bine ache Shela 3 he ae eee. 2,775 agccine aula) SHOLey Penerals= sas. oe dee et ee 057,020] TG TS54|= eet eee 141, O75le “3; 310) See 4 DEC #51 (8 xy apne en aS a 5 oho Pt 10, 407, 893} 236, iy Bes ear oat 4, 256, 347| 102,444) 3, 420 71 SS | i F a LANDED AT GLOUCESTER | East of 66° W. longitude: aH La Have Bank Western Bank Gucrest)- Bank” sco ee | 1, 860) 23| 5,360) 120 GranduBarkmac st be ee eee 840 8 4,070 81 St. Peters Bank Z 1,080 1B) eee ares re yee We 2 IBUNGCORD Alkan sk ee eee | 260) me] Pes | (ees ae @apetShoree. a2 saa ee 600 6)o 52 Sees West of 66° W. longitude: IBTO WIS Ban Kae sey os ee 2, 900 3) eens Pl PARR 8,170 $8} 1,480 26 Georeecrs aris, etes fe Eee 675380) ~ S12 7A. 22 lone 26, 600 320 605 12 South Ghannel ey oe AD COUN eros’ eee ee 10, 195 115): Sa Eee INATLHCKeE SNOnIS=. ceo eee eee 194520) SES 5 Un eee bey 2/2 ees 4, 645 1] eee = sph Shoreseeneralo: =e eee \Sosaocna~e|soeeee ee | Spear pT | eS 51, 515 S865) .2ne eee = eee Rotalio eer as gaa. Eee | ee lOvS1O) 26 iGik es ne eee 174,805} 2,482) 17,065) 351 LANDED AT PORTLAND East of 66° W. longitude: bavelavie Banks te sees ete WWiEStern Danke =. ea) Lee ee Ee es de Quoereai Bark te ene eee West of 66° W. longitude: IBROWNS Danke =o sess ae eee Cashes Bank__- Fippenies Bank NidtdierB anike js. ee er InIarishBankow 2 oon eee VetRevSrbed eels. Saal as Rees as Shore peneral 22 os Se eee | ROLs ee oe ee ee 132, 391) 1, 524| 800 16 14, 895 442) 1,500 45 Grandsorgless =o oe se a2 ee eae 11, 250, 794, 244, 127) 800 16| 4, 446,047) 105,368] 21,985) 467 ie ee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 371 Statement, by fishing grounds, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels, 1926—Continued Hake—Continued Pollock Fishing grounds Small (under 6 pounds) Fresh Salted Fresh Salted LANDED AT ROSTON East of 66° W. longitude: Pounds | Value |Pounds Value| Pounds | Value |Pownds | Value LESTE ae 0 ENS Se ed (eee een 62, 260], $1) 282) ster Whee Winshenneraree ee | ROK OL ak ade 27, 685 Cine nares Ae ee. aot lek 5, 560 West of 66° W. longitude: Browns aries ee ge 38, 905 213, 231 Greprces! Bankius: 22-125 26002. 9, 030 696, 928 ES are oe 13, 650) 12, 260 Clarke arike ey oe, REL | 675 Ip BADIOG seme ae! = eee ee 2, 780 Mirae tanisee “<2 eek 30, 310 85, 040 ahreys dood pes >. 255-2. 38, 675 102, 060 oui, Channele: -. --.50s--2.- 2. 271, 427 1, 633, 791 Naniieketistoals: = 3222.9. 2.- 2.) 11, 540 85, 300 Gaeioniinderaeht yee 4,025 Oi @ haha ee. ean ese 5k 18, 120 35, 640 Seri big hy te ES) SS ee 2S eee eee ee 100 hore. penernb sey foe 17, 270 136, 388 Sia) re les hE ee ee 413, 927) 22, 942 loteescs|poctse 3, 103, 723 LANDED AT GLOUCESTER East of 66° W. longitude: Ses EUR a here So a Se Be el |e” eo | ea || See | Loge 26, 030 268 1,030} $21 MANES) ELH Tepe Oe AS SE Sh eae |e | A me | PN A TO 127, 770 1,322} 18,950} 287 Chprewecria ty ari kee a een Rn a 2) Vee ee a Ree Ee ee ‘at 800 8 970 19 (GW CG Ld 8459 eRe RE See ae || eg ee ee Ing cg | ey 170 Sisas eee salE eee = Si seisbeers: ipieeine eres os. is | ee ie ee fe 1, 485 15 80 2 TEATS SL a a eS rd eters Oe eal [ee eee (Orr a aes Pama 420 howe sents sere Lo West of 66° W. longitude: REO CL aa a ee (a ee | ee |S Sa a 19, 810 SPECT TEES LST 15 SEIN a ee © em | a a Sr ea 32, 480 PSiBTEG TE: (CUTEST LAPSE a Ee PS ae OE | Gag eels |) ee a a 2, 010 Shore, general 2, 624, 440 2, 835, 415 LANDED AT PORTLAND East of 66° W. longitude: Tempeiave Ban kee sos le 1,015 732) | Soe eee 225 A ees a oe Westoriemank = — 25-22 ee 4, 935 6) Seen eee 5, 175) 54 9, 670 238 BORE Es At gene = we ed 3 5 2 eis Rs a Beet 470 $9 930 14 500 13 West of 66° W. longitude: OWS at we re eae ee le 200 2D ftir | a 1, 490 pRB RC HONUATKoh. fp oles tem it 5 IDLO S0 I en OU0 i= eee e |e ae 28, 955 696 75 2 Mippenics Bamke 44. es 2... L 3, 563 (fe) SE Se ee 338 gS Sea a pee Wa LEE OM Tae ER ee eee iS Heir ee RR 2 see eS ee oe 33, 967 Gol | ey ee = AG iifc skye Bis ep GF ET | A vy (| Sas Ph ee AZZ. 210). (6; GAA eo ee Semin Channels 2 3, 300 JOD ss S23 23a 16, 742 2SD| See ee ae sp Blaney PONOTaMy cos ee toe oF 135; 006/65) 3; 447 bee SES |e eee 255, 937| 4, 670) 459 10 SE Olas eer dees oh ee 622,190) 17, 456 470 9 766, 037; 13,356; 10,704 263 Grand toile. 22-2282 -3> =~ 1, 036,117} 40,398 470 9) 6, 705, 175) 152,939) 34,339) 746 372 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Statement, by fishing grounds, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels, 1926—Continued Fishing grounds LANDED AT BOSTON East of 66° W. longitude: La Have Bank Western Bank Quereau Bank Green Bank St. Peters Bank Burgeo Bank Cape Shore Labrador Coast Browns Bank Georges Bank Cashes Bank Clark Banka tee 6 ss seas Bere eee Fippenies Bank Middle Bank Jefireys Ledge South Channel Off Highland Light Off Chatham LANDED AT GLOUCESTER East of 66° W. longitude: La Have Bank Western Bank Quereau Bank Grand ’Bank) 22: St. Peters Bank Burgeo bank) = ies ee West of 66° W. longitude: Browns Bank Georges Bank Shore, general LANDED AT PORTLAND East of 66° W. longitude: La Have Bank Western Bank Quereau Bank Grand Bank iBheiGully <2 ee er ee.” tt oA MabradorCoast_=.- 22 hs yee = ee West of 66° W. longitude: Browns Bank Cashes Bank___-_- Fippenies Bank___ Middle Bank IPlatissBank 2 <2 ys OR) Prd oe) alehireysrlielee=o. =. 5 te a ee South Channel Shore, general Cusk Halibut Fresh Salted Fresh Salted Pounds | Value |Pounds|\Value| Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value 625865) G1n204 |e eee ies 228: 398) $45) 818 |e a 23, 860 os) Cae 1 Ee 207, 405]: 36: O67paaeees eee 5 eet eee 443; 917) [1837535] sae ae POS ba Spee SS AA al fe cs wl [le ge 143, 145). 23sitgeee eee eae ioe Bae ane |r eer ees Eee se oo 129, 097] 22; 23:1) eeheeenn jaune BOSSA nn!| Pe aiieael| pes si Be eine | 282, 196] 53, 952) -2u 2 fac Ry Spies || cee eer | Sopot astee || | 14, 2781+! 2 268/222 ae AS aay 19, 565 PE OEE ye ea pa 1, 684 419) ed 2 aieage sds Be | So ee 21, 511 3, 667) 2e2 8 Saale AAG 2910) SUAS) eee | eee 225,445] 52, 756|---2-__-|------ 142, 330 2, 970 972, 204) 201, 089) 108, 180 1, 757 | Oe ee 336 2,350 400 144, 130 2, 581 93, 370 1, 175 250, 505 218, 542 535 44, 005 2, 140) 1,718 40, 570 13, 686 1, 950 430 92, 650 13, 497 1; 482,410) “38. Go7ise == |o-eee | 2, 967, 402 139,505): -- 1, 875||--9,:7801" $262]. =: 3.5) 5, 285 87| 2,005] 48 9,860) 2, 958 335, $32 54, 820 314 4, 090 86|2--. - 2 ee 2,695; 358 550 6\' 1, 700) | 49]... 2_ |e ee 540 8 280 |v 525 25s eee 1,700} 190 soeeutrew bee 25 I)---52225-2|5.-= 54) eS eee 47, 570 619 4, 310 126|.2-:<2222 4): 3 2 eS eee 1832801 -~!2 6601) “1 2OG5t—) B27. a— aac [eo oes cepa es 560), —- «~ -Gloo-see tt |scemna|s2222ste se] soos eae eee 432, 110 5, 584) 34,255) 906 9,860} 2,958 4,730! 580 | 4, 425 ff | een Pre ee 577 Le eee a ee 7,000 140 |Ra Ee a 53, 236] 9}628| 28 ---~----|--2----- 9,480, 991 390, 361 57, 600 3,063) 3,793,438) 151,404 ARNE | a ne 23,252,725) 962, 604 236,000) 10,501) 8,687,521) 750, 683). | LANDED AT GLOUCESTER East of 66° W. longitude: ine Nomioundianide te) (ea ee SS. ao a sata sesee 240,000! 14,400) 315, 280)/$12, 110 Capeshores.- 2S. 19, 820 95 O94 00i™ "574708 = See SS) |e ee se ee | ee West of 66° W. longitude: APE GS, TEN rei ese eR eet wh AN lo |e ei GR5SO Brel l76l=een ae a Cue Gbariaites = 5 sees 669, 030 30, 082 6, 200 65 UF (ee Se el Ff a peep a pen a el fe Shore generale: 2 =.=. 5 9, 251,928} 299,168} 734,460) 38, 536) 1,003,770) 40, 087|_.------|------- “LEY Fe Rs conc FE ha gy ee 9, 940, 778 | 329, 845; 850,060) 44, 423| 1, 250,300) 55, 662) 315, 280) 12, 110 LANDED AT PORTLAND East of 66° W. longitude: Western banker: 2255 28>. |Mak eS Re ADS s8 5222 SS) ese sk 8, 290 80\--=- ee Ee ee Ero an hose oe oe Se | Ss es ee at | SEE eas 1, 040 P| eee ae CAPOISHOLGs- = = oo ea aE es eee ase S| Ss. 28 39,687) 9,469|---.--=3/2-2--25 West of 66° W. longitude: Browns Bank Georges Bank Washes Banks... 25.5. .2 NOMAD OMI CNM AN Ke oe OSE ee Ott 5 |essesocs 2, 897 SQ eee: Lu se) Middle Bank_-__-----_------ 81, 947 D4. Rg 8 as Es Sa a ee ee elatGs ban keees 2S ee |S re e eo-| ER Pee es ee 8, 506 DG5| 52 ee 18 eee 2 Jeffreys Ledge___..-.-.------ 241, 870 8, 998 11, 800 236. 1495335|-2 «D5 884 1c See ee ee SUT O] ah Warr (3) ae (er eee i 20, 817 209 | ie eS i a= Off Highland Light___-_--_- 128, 400 46518) =. Seas ee SE eS Sa eR ere te aes Shore, general_._------------ 1, 477, 635 42, 662 11, 440 AQ4)). » 765;'828|: --9, 749|ba2 ss Soe |Oee = ER obalen aioe 8 ABM 1, 929,852} 58,382) 23, 240 730| 1,257, 993| 72, 570|_-------|_--__-- Grariditetale = 952 35, 123, 355| 1, 350, 831| 1,109, 300| 55, 654/11, 195, 814) 878, 915) 315, 280) 12, 110 374 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Statement, by fishing grounds, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels, 1926—Continued ora : Total iSnin Ss g groun Fresh Salted Grand total LANDED AT BOSTON | East of 66° W. longitude: Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value Jue, Have Banks £35 eae es Spo0S 000), SLOO G84 222 oP es 3, 293, 538) $159, 684 Western (bank == oss eeee) oe 3,209, 897, 126, 341 8,000! $333) 3,217,897) 126, 674 Quertan Hanks. ste ee 475,849| 85, 018|_-________ | Ree 475, 849| 85,018 Green! Banke oss lott ee a TEE aie) eae ay) | BERD Up, CLT DO 143,630} 23, 218 GrangBank. | sues t sbes ube 132, 840 27,441). SORES [Em 132, 840 22, 411 St. ‘Peters..panky soe oie ee 0 oa 282, 444 §4,029 fos 22 leo 282, 444 54, 029 Burgeo,Bank22 2 Sat 2 es 14, 278 2-368 )-2-232222-)8-5- 23 14, 278 2, 368 Cape! Shore: ei: = 2 Nabe «3 se 2,719,840) 135,442) 106,600} 3,200} 2,826,440! 138,642 Dabrador Codspie 2 ais. | = Fie 21, 511 3,667) 222-22 252s See 21, 511 3, 667 West of 66° W. longitude: | Browns, Bankes 220). Meese 10-940. 994l 5557, (foD bee ws ee 10, 949,224) 517, 722 Georges: Banki2oie~ - 208 wie = oi 31, 073, 820] 1, 644, 375|____--_-_- eer ers 31, 073, 820) 1, 644, 375 Cashes Bankai ee eee ies Ser ee 385, 967) 135401 he! = eS 9 ee 385, 967 13, 401 Clark Banke te.uo: ) BED) 98, 131) OU.) ere Serre 98, 131 4, 248 Fippenies. Banks 2. 2222222222 .22222- 61, 984) Bj864)-o= S222 23). oes 61, 984 3, 864 Middle-Dankie 23 SRD Sr 45190-8393) - eV 78999 | -- See tintcopal Usa ee ts East of 66° W. longitude: | artidver panies re fe 1,214,840} 21,919} 268,645) 11,924] 1,483,485 33, 843 WV EStonn Dalles nns see oa es) geen 20, 689,378) 438, 123| 2,950, 149) 127,408] 23,639,527) 565, 531 Oneresuy Banke, pos eee 133, 120 1,958} 158,125) 7,181 291, 245 9, 139 (recneBank= 2 32 see eS STE 10, 615) 238) 3, 397) 146 14, 012 384 dranG eBanking. 392 not Sa ee 24, 225 479 144,945) 6,115 169, 170 6, 594 Sissberers tba, wa. cat een Tae eee 87, 225] 1,333} 93,125) 4,460 180, 350 5, 793 Bar eco spanks t= 5 Cea hee Se NT 2, 950 61:18, 840, 891 21, 790 952 OffiNewioundland= 20 5. Ts Sate 240,000} 14,400! 315,280) 12,110 555, 280 26, 510 CanoiShores 2) a ere ee 130, 225 2,843) 109,400, 5, 470 239, 625 8, 313 West of 66° W. longitude: Bronghisy pinks oe ane a) Seay ee 1, 541,737; 28,519; 124,243) 5,785] 1,665,980} 34, 304 GeogrestBandict sy on hie a Spee a 4, 290, 402 89,008; 742,130) 35,319} 5,032,532} 124,327 SOUL OC harness sae LY Rei ete 1, 735, 455) 7749 see ee aso 1, 735, 455 17, 749 — Nantucket: Shoals) =o ee 1528; Abbie 15, 270 eae eee ae ae 1, 528, 455 15, 270 Onm@hathamees seal ee ee 669, 030; 30, 082) 6, 200) 417 675, 230! 30, 499 hore CONerdles oe ses oat Se | 16, 923, 888) 572,105) 744, 800) 38, 898, 17, 668,688} 611, 0038 otal: = tage: 2 Monae 28 49, 221, 545) 1, 234, 087, 5, 679, 279 256, 124 54, 900, 824) 1, 490, 211 LANDED AT PORTLAND East of 66° W. long‘iude: halblave Bankes. <- ise pot ee! 68, 427 1438p yo ete lesen 68, 427 1, 438 Western Bante sal yy. nee J TE 2, 546,843} 58,391) 122,858) 2,740 2, 669, 701 61, 131 QuerbausBankae 2 — Sac ee 163,297, 27,007; 75, 945) 3, 691 239, 242) 30, 698 Grand Banko... 2) wie eS | 77, 554} 12. 033 pos-2s25 50 janes 77, 554 12, 033 Cape shores te a eae 39, 687 0;460|feie = - eee 39, 687 9, 469 Gult/of St. hawrence. lee ee 59, 622 TD ORE Psa sae oS tht Eee 59, 622 11, 084 ihe Gully. =s2e8-0 eee ag Slee.” | 79, 831; 13, 991 1, 410 62 81, 241 14, 053 Hnabrador Coasts. ate ges 8 he 21, 113 Ot) Se [eoees ees 21, 113 4, 549 West of 66° W. longitude: Brows bankas. eles S.- oe = 124, 235 Bi DS0hee Sra wee 124, 235 5, 580 reorrespian ke — Fe aan 737, 344 EOC) POE ame pce ae 737, 344 57, 288 @ ashes) Bank ij=s- 29 on son 2 see 941, 407 32, 864 14, 625, 670 956,032} 33, 534 HID PODIOS SB ARs ae noe 42, 515 + (| Re | eee. 42, 515 1, 636 Mid dle-Bankiss4 255. bee aie ee sek 24 | 121, 692 3095 se. aoe aw aa 121, 692 3, 095 Led Vii) Deis hal oh A ee Se Ry a ee ayy ie 866, 966 Sich | Mea | eS 7 866, 966 36, 781 JefireysedPer <<< 2: 22 = << ss eee | 2, 459, 916 89, 694 11, 800) 236) 2, 471, 716 89, 930 South @Hanneles o2.) 25 oe see | 2, 161, 234 42, 117 360 17} 2, 161, 594 42, 134 NantueketiShoals- 25-02 se es 189, 500 2.843 |e. 13.) ee 189, 500 2, 843 Ofmbightand ights. = aa | 128, 400 AG Uy ee es jeecneres 128, 400 4, 518 Shorevonoralics: 25s. wee ema 5, 134, 331) 153,196) 16, 661 770} _5, 150,992) 153, 966 otal: 202. sae eee See ee | 15, 963, 914) 567,574) 243, 659| 8, 186| 16, 207, 573| __575, 760 Grand total) =e eee 232, 246, 595) 8, 792, 952) 6, 179, 628) 275, 621) 238, 426, 223) 9, 068, 573 Norte.—The items under ‘‘Miscellaneous” include bluebacks, 7,300 pounds, value $144; butterfish, 33,499 pounds, value $4,537; flounders, 6,778,965 pounds, value $324,398; herring, fresh, 1,265,570 pounds, value $27,290; herring, salted, 315,280 pounds, value $12,110; ‘‘perch’”’ or cunner, 35 pounds, value $1; rose- fish, 65,620 pounds, value $985; salmon, 156 pounds, value $24; shad, 1,233 pounds, value $93; sharks, 23,057 pounds, value $671; skates, 20,425 pounds, value $522; sturgeon, 1,161 pounds, value $294; swordfish, 2,441,679 pounds, value $492,629; whiting, 26,280 pounds, value $774; wolf fish, 385,674 pounds, value $12,385; lobster, 8 pounds, value $2; squid, 6,295 pounds, value $80; scallops, 40 pounds, value $16; livers, 3,080 pounds, value am $67; and spawn, 135,737 pounds, value $14,003. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 370 Statement, by months, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels, 1926 , Cod Num-} F 1 Months ber of) Large (10 pounds and over) Market sare oo over 2/4 trips | setshene Fresh Salted Fresh Salted LANDED AT BOSTON | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds) Value TIS TUT Soe = eg 3G8)('9;.979:.695i! $127.1549)- 2 E32). 2 979° 366); $33,600|seseeen eee S31t 4,560,200) 0197, SO) ec 5|- 5c 380"753\_. dO; Si2ise lees beseee SOLFO OS0 AGO) ele, OBS = ee = sa). Sa 430; 322|, 18) 25Si\Sesosoas | Sates s S16 2,169,-158irs 779,304) = o_o ccew 630;\640|0 21.75 589) See eee 303) 1, 960, TOV AINGL 94 Cee ene a ieee cee 639;\070\_. E4018) 222 | ee 497| 2,445,333) 100,153 4,710 $122| 888,944) 23,933) 2,020) $61 SOU GOSS) 167,108) = Sere = eee 89559501. 520, S5bizce= ancl eee ANT3\"2455,.607|. 99, 9B! 22 (28a 23|2 occ 1, (012,280! 22; Gl4is = See ees 411) 2,391,531} 102,285 6, 200 279 869: 503). 22,399) =. 2 aiesoeee Wetebnr sess se 405' 2,511,608) 107, 648 1, 800 54) - 882,688] 23,676 140) 3 1,022, 472). <114,4dph S222 8} 2... 998:\985)), «27631. ec aee 1,199,091 90,687) 1,270 152} 626,180} 27,530/ 1,130| 68 31, 788, 3491, 342, 317 13, 980 607| 9,234,681) 271,730; 3,290/ 132 BT ee, Ze HeR ke 0 he ae 12, 950 BOF canara sc lesSeiae 119, 3b0 Sac 6 WOO es A | See. 1.080)... 153081. se eee 2, 373,755| 78,605) 20,995| 1,089] 60,180} 1,584). 12,215|. 439 1,779,925): 62,114) 54,255] 2,737]. 175,170) 3,327! 13,100) 639 5,145, 685| 121,846] 333,277| 16,386] 736,850} 13,002| 59,940) 2,345 3,717,715| 87,640} 480,256] 22,686] 877, 760| 14,363) 149, 734| 5, 565 4,489,710] 100, 92211,437,745| 66,319] 279,535] 4,773| 253,095) 8, 741 4,947, 525| 106,546/1,089,714| 49,104) 254,946] 4, 150| 123,395) 4,016 2,004,502} 43,254} 280,270] 12,072| 189,015] 2,880] 27,803/ 924 618,305, 17,524 76,540| 3,536, 146,825] 2,542| 5,025] 184 111,330 6,008} 5, 860 293} 48, 560 932 ES, 37 ae: 9, SEO): To ees. 22, 135 ci) ae en | 25, 600, 942) 650, 378/83, 778, 912) 174,222) 2,823,000) 49,850) 644, 892/22, 776 LANDED AT PORTLAND Feotanryel 66) oe aoe ples| Ae igkol so salir ot 3 34, 677 Mebineyaa- St eo. 86 66, 685, SP ees oe ere 60, 663 Mosgiee 232.25 eae Me aL 94) 1,072,667) 22,869 1,400 71 65, 288 LN | eS eS Se eee 159) 623,330) 15, 370 10, 195 390 58, 807 Wine ee . 137 596,986, 14, 672) 12.680, 599 35, 915 INSET a Ses S| 129 328,024 14,360) 2,050 91 12, 630 ih eee eee 151 3237039) be 14,096) S225 bt Ele cs ae 15, 490) Rica peee | ET STA| 36: 425 7, 01/2 eae Al aks, e. 10, 426 September...) 321.22. & 84 60, 859, DAB Noa) ame ANSE ee 6, 585 Webeber=-+-ca25e" SS. = 83 164, 969) 5,395 70, 001 3,522 25, 668 iNavernber- = ~~ 2-22-22 i 104) = °-101, 521! ©. 5026/2222. = 2-2 37, 581 Wecomber 2. 5) 22. 125} 101,442 6;'868|'s2 Seek Sue 45, 920 AUS Ch SES a eS 1,461) 3,622,919) 114,309} 96,326) 4,673) 409,650) 12,979) 16,168) 609 Grand total_____----- 8, 695/61, 012, 210/2, 107, 004/3, 889, 218) 179, 502/12, 467,331) 334,559) 664, 350/23, 517 Grounds east of 66° West Porites SMA 2 538/24, 342,510) 591, 196)3, 155, 352) 142, 962) 3,089,252) 58,681) 519, 282/17, 900 Grounds west of 66° West Soy ea ae eae 8, 157/36, 669, 700|1, 515,808! 733,866) 36,540] 9,378,079| 275,878) 145,068) 5,617 Landed at Boston in 1925__| 4, 404/26, 578, 740/1, 141,069, 16, 250. RDMROspabeaT7|003; 541 | ane esa ee Landed at Gloucester in | |- ey eee ee ee ee 2,491'19, 798, 595) 536, 9002, 262, 544) 108,046) 3,858,685) 74,093) 686, 548/28, 265 Landed at Portland in 1925_ 1, 509| 3,602,737) 112,596} 126, 948) 5, 849 523,818} 15,372) 32,150) 1,247 | 376 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Statement, by months, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels, 1926—Continued Cod—Continued Haddock Months Serod (1 to 24% pounds) Large (over 244 pounds) Fresh Salted Fresh Salted LANDED AT BOSTON Pounds | Value Pounds |Value| Pownds Value | Pounds Value Januaryeeses eeie eee 12:'260}) 4$229) 425 2 pee 5, 623, 418] $298, 289)...._....|_... om Hebruary=- =< lias tie ae ae 2:970|, AO5| Ss Ss a eee 6,860, 457| < 427, 864|-_ = ae March tc) 2= 2625s 2h hae ae | 8, 220 2021-3932. Fale eee? 8771; 485| 3890, 2712-2 es inoseae BN ot (a ee gs a Es eee | 3,190 Al sae Pe eee 6, 894, 610! 204, 985)_-.---__ aoe May. 255 2 5 eet AR ah ee 420 Al: See fs: oe 4,473, 825| - 110, 156|2 == ==) ae DUNC se ae ne caeee Se Re eee ST ae | eee ee je eee 5,127,070] — 106,,685|2-2 252 = eae Dilys eee a en ee See | 800 OQ |. See ae ee 3, 464, 438 82; 205). 25s aes ATI SRISE aU Bee aay 5A ae Te | 750) 8 see |e 2___| 4, 740, 695 92: O77) 222 Seer September: 22) face" Sree ee ee 6, 790 Sales2n 2228 [ee Aaa 5, 361, 335 129, 151): Se eee October-=---=- 223 rnb SE SSF Oe | 4, 840 GO| ee Be 6,616,235] 190, 491)" =" aie Ss eeeeee INGyemiper= 5 _. S88 et Say | 7 RG S50! A es Ses ae \>7,;220, 0001 - DE2°O3 Tl Saas Ie ssnk December. =. .t Se Ee TABS 24S ar ee hee 6, 292, 110) 345,,985|- o- Saee |e ooee TOGA aaa oct re eae Cad Pn ly dens Loy It) ene el 71, 454, 983) 2, 591, 880)___-.... Leu LANDED AT GLOUCESTER | | ebruaiys nae see a ee eee er (BS eg 5, 340) BY (3) NS oo March®s 2. <2 32 JR sso a eS jad See 448, 595 7, 688|_..2--.2/e= 5 ASD Dae aera ee AS 806, 365 17,800. 2a sees Mig: eee rek 7 aR A ee ae ee 1, 362, 782) 21, 120 835) $21 UNE See 1, 092, 143 11, 152} 360 7 Juthy 2 eee 33, 250 336}-----_--| Sa August__._-.._-: 493, 680 4,925) 1,200 24 NODLEM Pers eee. Se A SR OBAL ba gh ase 561, 230 5; 809). 2-22 n eee Ogtoberts: Bois site 2 a Rody ee cute cohen ie eibes|. say Mellie sabe 443, 685 5, 079}. eee November sen a aee ts ae ee i 310 Beet sia 161, 830 2, 519) woe ede’ Deter bere a sees ek thes. teelic: Sag | We Sells ees | Sas pe | | 27, 890) 44g ee ees Tet gew tats teenie ae | 7,035] 71) 8,055] 221] 5,436,790; 77,253] 2,395| 52 LANDED AT PORTLAND | | | Beal) Vee pe at ee oa, Se we SL83biby UE k een eso 2 224, 152) Mee a = | Webrianye olen Sea ee O85] GSt| Sone = oe eee ae eee WML) 12; 864). S225.) Marches Sipiin Sibesokg te 11, 013 145) ete oie Me Pe Se 880, 777 20,972) 74,085 1,473 7 Ni 0; 01) (OR Oe eee S Ee eee ee 8, 248 90, 11, 890 191) 1, 187, 812} 24, 156|s-225 = pears. I ee ee ae eee ee es Daa 3, 5380 26) 7, 765 1&5} 1, 705, 211) 29, 313! 2222. = =| Bea ses SpeO- Bees (een ee > Ne 1480) FO| 52s. sale. Sere 83,076) 2, BRD: 22s: eee 1 cl pee ae ee SOE Te RE 97 eT ees ae 1, 160 fin 23 see 121, 733) 4, 159| 2-222 s=| Soe ANI DTIS Tee 2 eae ST eee ee 1, 825 NO Sa eee oe 174, 150; 6; 823|--2s-2ee eee September: 2. ees eye a7 3, 115 BSi. ee. cals _ eee. 141, 627 5; 665/25 [2c aeee Octobers = Ss Shee eng so? 8, 241 48 496 16 395, 915) 12, 562) 45 1 INowemibars Saesese = oo tee eee Be ee 13, 905 Ol. a 5 Sele est 8 395, 534) 13, 869)25 22a ee es Becomber se. - a, ee T5SS4il|- SOR5t 252 Gale ae 355, 842 21, :985|--=2=..< Jesesa= otal see be 3 89,178) 1,093) 20,151, 362, 5,840,842, 168,122, 74,130, 1, 474 Grand: total: 2b. 295. een 157, 388| 2,314) 28,206] 583 82, 732, 615| 2, 837, 255| 76,525) 1, 526 Grounds east of 66° West long___._-_-_-- 16, 095 164! 27, 850 569 3, 406, 348, 76, 818) 76, 295) 1, 521 Grounds west of 66° West long_________ 141, 293} 2, 150) 356 14/79, 326, 267| 2, 760, 437 230 5 Landed at Boston in 1925______________ 84620 NASS kee Ee 61,.388, 177|..2;098, 724|- So a= 23| eee Landed at Gloucester in 1925___-_-_____ 13, 210 142, 9,179 296) 8, 522, 510 136, 652; 24, 090, 601 Landed at Portland in 1925_._.________- 101, 195) 1,163 19,494) 495) 7,379,198 212, 361 Bap 10 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 She Statement, by months, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels, 1926—Continued Months LANDED AT BOSTON Shr cevir) ne RS a ae eee OAT 2 = ee ees a LAST 1 See ne Wctobere on. 2 a SE eset November MUPCOTIDRE: oo are oao5- oats LS Grounds east of 66° West long_______- Grounds west of 66° West long-______ Landed at Boston in 1925_______-___- Landed at Gloucester in 1925____-__-- Landed at Portiand in 1925____-_____- Haddock—Continued Take Serod (1 to 144 pounds) Large (6 pounds and over) | Fresh Salted Fresh Salted Pounds | Value | Pounds Value} Pounds | Value | Pownds| Value 983, 67S8hisob, Or aia See IL 2. 88, 165) $5,959)... = -seelosweak BER 030) FV28s0N7| Ere fet.) 2 eee 68, 720 Al ee eee $54,245) (1320706) 5252). 22.52 32, 660 | ene ee QOL 280 aly 303/28. tt 30, 900 2, O80\2 sae aan een 664, 825 8S, pao Ges |e 41, 065 710 b4;) eee ees 524, 820 Db: SOO ess Sep ae ee 142,490) 5,270 3, 120 $65. SUI GIS eA A047 ee om eS 519, 555 8, 167) 22.5. ol beeeet 779, 800 (a Bes 3] We on a 383, 540 4,31 8lenss ces" |e BEF DIO! bono zoster a eee 691,375]. 13,733). see P3205 O05 | 205 203) 22. eat ee 930, 145, 15, 498 300 6 1330; /500|h25; 932 eae Bee ee STO /O24) 13 OTe ee ———— 803 585|0va2.676/fee ase B22,708). 120; 805) 222442 eeeee 10, 407, 893) 236, 409}________ Bemaoe 4, 256, 347) 102, 444 3, 420 1h: 710, 510 9, 998 11, 885 6, 112 5, 482 4, 420 5, 910 8, 036 12, 615 12, 540 20, 821 17, 307 17, 265 132, 391 11, 250, 794| 244, 127 41, 975 675 11, 208, 819} 243, 452 12, 893, 075| 279, 686 1, 034, 835 10, 506 643, 220} 9, 180 16, 650 4, 446, 047) 105, 368) 21,985) 467 111,140). 2,169) 16,480) . 358 4, 334, 907) 103,199} 5,505) 109 1, WOZ29131 M705252|—Seee See boast 303,815) 4,832) 15,880) 366 G3) eae Pees 378 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Statement, by months, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American ‘aa vessels, 1926— Continued Hake—Continued Pollock Months Small (under 6 pounds) Fresh Salted Fresh | Salted LANDED AT BOSTON Pounds | Value |Pownds| Value| Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value Damiaryi 2 oe Oe eee ea LOE COL e HOF O89 22 a |= ee 350,905) $115 046)" So Sa eet Hebrarya 25 ee 1065275) FO! ae Se Fe 158, 060): =. 8,363) 9 > ieee March. 5s Be ee AEs AS, Gia) SAS Sole Bas |S 117; B29 252905) = se eo eee Apres. er 2 IE MR SS C7> O45 nigel p13 5 jae eee ge 104,290) = (63059 estes | eee 1 Te eet iit ATS sae 22, 935) Spi EN sh ee 13; 450|\ 2.354" 5 ae aNe el fo) OE fe REL i 27, 150) GY] a Be a et en 158,072). 4,061 et ae 3) Fes ESE Ses ees et eee GONO50F TS 20i2 2 7-828) es 133; 940) » SS 5184S es | ae (Ani geist =e s ae o-: - ARS 2 cS Se rae ee (5 oe ie PE 203, 268): <7 2201 == alien Septembers eee et ee ee Ser DRE ee ie ees 3s ee 285; 796|\ “7, 284s ee ee Octobartt. | ee 6 eee oe rs Peete [rt ala Beara 418,755 2: tka eee November. 53 52582-2350) Ss 35, 865, BOO es Veep ae = £20,338). °8,290|- 3 eee Mecember._-. 22s. ASS ee aos ek 5, 360, RO? See See a Pee 489; 220%. 125800) =. Sat pee cue aptal-< ee ee vale ee en A135 927 | ODNOR2 | ele: See ee By 108) 723) Boe Gs| eee LANDED AT GLOUCESTER | | | JT eee ce ad Bie tie See eal! Pa EE a ae a Se ees | 5 0'70;(680)).2 Gilera ee 5, 905 473| | eee 6, 355 64) 22 1 ae 13, 860 138, 185, $4 39, 535 395 875 18 29,225} 3191 3,705] 74 21, 425 289) 5,575) 104 22, 795 237| 5,566) 111 : 99,440} 1,946, 6,900) 155 (Yeh) 0) re Re ae en OA eee ee erry) ee he Seen 405, 320; 5, 830 Az INO VEIN beri< 22s 22S oboe eet aes see he Se ee | pe eee 9435020): 115397) 5225 en ae Maecemperss.— 22088. . Ge Pe ee (Lae eee | 1,077, S051> 26,;4ea|ao eee ae Total 23,635) 483 LANDED AT PORTLAND VANUABY noose t nee = nS Se-| 9B; FOO My /891e2! 8-1-2 =| e, dSs 782) ee Oe Pebruary.-225 == 2=- aaa aesnceseces| ~ 232653). 114 7)|ee 8 | Se 185307) GS ee ee Visinchre a 2 ee a = ea eee 1, 859 46 pA eS RS ane fe eA ri 570; 115 IN) eee a ee 3, 775 89 JUNG ua a eee ene kene cece.) , L4aSTAae ” GBB4 Sea er | eh GOA eee WU Yt a ee eee ele CBI S85 pe 25 529)hes 22 = | 69, 500) 2a 0 ees 22\(0 Fea bl) ee Seapine, 2 ee Se SES eee Beet eee September. -._22.—..--24 s+ 222221. 0S 700 No nls Ewes 2) is ASOD) SF Gt eee October 500 13 November s= = 22ass2222=5>seseesesecus|> 186,038). ~ (85041 125,775) OA ee ee Mecembers-- -2244.-- = 34 Ast 3. - 224 --| -99;:087() 32 8384 esac eee | 68, OObI. 130 14a ee eee Midis. -22P-202 230 Bask 622,190 17,456, 470, 9 _766,037| 13,356, 10,704| 263 Grand totale). Jes tee ee 1,036, 117) 40,398 470 9 6, 705, 175| 152,939) 34, 339) 746 Grounds east of 66° West long__...._- 5,950, 126, 470, ~=S «9 -—«258,510| 3, 842| 26,200] 580 Grounds west of 66° West long______- 1, 030, 167) 40, 272)--------|------ 6, 446, 665) 149,097) 8,139) 166 Landed at Boston in 1925____-_---.-- 2,'943;'428)(275,1633| Gee 228/255. 2. 2, 759,589) 91, 36at 22-2 fa oe Landed at Gloucester in 1925-__-_-___|_________- CRESS Saeed PS" tapes 1, 790, 499] 42,115, 32,292) 809 Landed at Portland in 1925____.______ 822, 069, 22, 043 965 22} 692,523) 12,951) 15,020) 344 | i a oh ae ca FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 379 Statement, by months, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels, 1926—Continued | Cusk Halibut Months Fresh Salted Fresh Salted LANDED AT ROSTON Pounds | Value Pounds | Value) Pounds | Value Pounds | Value Ca i ee ee eee 177,040) $5) BOS) 2 ee eee, 19, 362) $8,052)_-.-.__.|.__-.. 131, 995 (Fc: 0 ee a ees Se, 7 au eC) Ra Seay ag ine 147, 105 WB iy fee es See 129; TAO We 27; Oe ee Se Eee 134,,060));. 03,326)-=-— = ak oe ac Fea) fee: Wea 1) ee ey ES es 81, 930 1h 3}. 7) aaa 042; 669102) CARE Seo as =| he aee D040)" Tooo5}e se: Te 568, 600| 113, 473|_22_---2|_---8- 19, 330 22] Set | CS ZHI OOL I OL, hoe] meee ee Gb slap| 1 H00| sews Romie ee 53300917 Gor Sime enna Leena BSO35) \cVaQhs| cet cele cman 350/810) 72 °a7 77 home | ene EASY a il (30 7 fe ee yPt237, B74) 46,27 \t kate ee 269, 865 A Gan bent t See eee 68,506 17, 270) Pie ND | nd RP | 190, 030 OF AD | = 25 eee 10, 559 4, 719) ee a Ns Be fd, 492,440)” 88, 657 )o2u ule 2,967,402) 584, 702|__._._..|_____. LANDED AT GLOUCESTER Re be = [ ; IND oT ee See koe. oe ee Mc ti Me SSS eee Seo ee oe 19, 450 1 1 ee en ee ee 23, 795 layne eee ae SSS eee ee ee 1, 255 TSU) ee + 2 a ee eee 116, 330 2205 a |S ee OS 2 ee ee 126, 085 ‘Siiya) erred ee Bee 40, 010 (Oye Kr) (ee eT a ee eee | 91, 780 ONO eae igs lah | 753 160 See ei | eee ae ae 1, 357 35 |e 7, 089 30 $1 4, 320 Ci0 eee Bt) a ee | [ee te 2B ISG lag 5490 |eemrenee | HORT (eae ora | '94;786)/0 14;460|.s Bi | ilene Sie ul a ATES SO ens 282 eeas Fi) eee es | ea 84 063] 15, 724s I irs Sie TDS ee ee ees 818 5) Aes OE eae gS Si, 247)" 13; 455 ee STeTog Rett | 2] eget See 2 ee 7, 539 1K 7) eae Ge Pe 44,892! 97375 lary: 3 eee Re er eT eee 15, 254 387 140 4561620) 11 427 eee eee CNP or blots a a a ee OP 24,779 POS |e See ek PWD nv we BY | mee Sees TDS Re Se oe eee 47, 525 WG 6 Qt 2 =. 7 walt es 889) 137s PR fate wipe % oc wee tae oe 829, 002) 24, 431 170 5| 448,9€5| 82,910]________ Grand total.____._..__-___-_---| 2,693,522] 68,672] 34,425] 911| 3,426,227) 670,570] 4, 730 Grounds east of 66°*West long________ 319,835} 4,512) 17,980} 456] 1,898,101! 351,283) 4,730 Grounds west of 66° West long_______ | 2,373, 687} 64,160) 16,445) 455! 1, 528,126) 319, 287)._-_____ Land at Boston in 1925._..__________. SOO AT Ag 184) 5-28 sales 2,837, 875) 535, 435)00 0 Landed at Gloucester in 1925_________ 646,485} 9,098) 82,830] 1,714) 103,428! 10,897] 7, 580 Landed at Porfland in 1925___..______ 1, 050, 388}. 26,301} 24,000} 300) 612, 159) 108, 404 60 380 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Statement, by months, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels, 1926—Continued Mackerel Miscellaneous ! Months ae Fresh Salted Fresh Salted | LANDED AT BOSTON Pounds Value Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value Veer y Soe en ae ann | aE es Se See eee | a 704, 052) $38, 025}.--..___}.______ Mebruary: 22222 ae st | se eee ee 560, 277) 35, 064)..---__-}-_-_.-_ INE SRCIISS Steer ee a2 SES IES Ee oe Oe ee ee ee sere > ee 850, 908} 48, 023}_-...._-]_______ TATE tet eee oa ere ge ee) AZ SRO ine SD elites eens emer oe 710,147) » 27;,023)22- 2-2 eee WWayos*2soe* soe Ss a sa | is LOOM TOI G53 443| See a ee 650,655} 14, 103;-..---._]-.-.-_. 2) ct (ex epsilon See Se OE oe 107,400) $8,248) 851,350) 68,470 eyes 2 S822 eS eee ee 42,600} 2,049) 1, 417, 683} 220, 860) __ TUS ieee ee ee 38, 800} 2,502) 876,519) 149, 757|__ September 45,800} 2,613) 459,068) 46, 239 October ee eee 1, 400 89} 342,510] 22,479 ING VEIN bers 2a eee 25 oS 2080 Ab ne Bb ioaa a - Se ee ee 601, 130} 37,078 *December=s22osost S525 es eat 8750 |iao er HOG Le= eo eae ee So 663, 222) 43, 562 Total 236,000} 10,501) 8, 687, 521) 750, 683!_: LANDED AT GLOUCESTER 4 ANUATYore eee fe - Sees cee eee ee (toe nie Oa bei lees ae a See ee 480;-710}....27,:692| -. = Sa i GCG) 0) ENS an eee apes | eS EN Ue | Pa ae oD Ul PO es eee Pe 176,560) -~ -9;-682| 22. = fae MVMarehice == toes Nese sre sss See ee ok ee eG Ss 110, 840], 4, 499).22=22. |S eee POT tere a MAY ieee Ee ma en eee 5 = dh as | ee | 2, 560 86] ee ee Misty S22 226. 2 220 es te eel 210 AGO 260 eee tee 3, 230 65).c2- ce | eae UMC ae l= aces ee ee lee xs 109,400} 5,470 27, 600 AlA\ <<. oe RU y “Boe 2 BE sean eet eases 330;800) - 16,:382)----2>) 3=-|.- ee ee PROT OTIS tae See ts oe eee Ee 323, 380} 17, 424 41,730}: -<1,.593/-- eee September 80, 280, 4, 730 105, 200 1, 3b ae eee MI CLO WEG: == ss2--- a2 225-- apne = 6, 200 417 25, 190 251) ee eS) oe ed November: = 222 oc WEN 22 |) 91926. Shoat na OOD a. See eee 58, 880) '-...1,,239) eee eee DECEMDEE == ose ae ee Senne | 7) kD AOD! 72, G69 Sse sees | Saeco 217,850} 8, 247| 315, 280/$12, 110 Total 850, 060} 44, 423) 1,250,300) 55, 662) 315, 280) 12,110 LANDED AT PORTLAND aU AT Ye soe ae ee eee | ee ae ee ee ee ete ane 7, 897 268\.2= 53 ee VAs | Ope) DEST EN eee ae I oT ee Soe ema a ere | See 18, 972 579|-.2-22 4 See AV Str Eee Se es Se eS |e ae eee a 34, 320 601) 2-222) ING oho ee ae ae ee 2 SR SS (Sea pe ee a ee 15, 426 219| 2 in | ae IN pan pe ree ee ee ee ee | emma AOA fae ote ol RS (| = Se 9, 597 111) 4.22 ee ALU 66 (; yaaa eee = een tee aa 310 25 97,560). 1,-536|/. aes ee if gs epee iP ge ge Sey om SD) 1) (oe er | pe 237,.608|, 20,8811 2a: soe eons PAIS tse eo ees 11, 130 469) -. 2455397). 23 011/2- 2 eee eee ‘September 11, 800 236). 131, 451] -10,'920|2=2— Sees eee SOCLODCN 2 ate eee ed Olde a bOO eee ees 343, 473) ~ 8; 88i7|teaes = ee INOvemper ss ernest an ene 2 REL eS a oe ee Sees 83, 138 570) eee ot Se eCem Pek eae ee aes a | Se ne ae eon | poeeone aoe eres 33, 154 iy | es Sel eres Gyo ils eee Soe oar 1, 929, 852 58, 382) 23, 240 730) 1; 257,;993| 7235702 eee eee Grandttorales ee 35, 123, 355! 1, 350, 831) 1,109,300) 55, 654/11, 195, 814| 878, 915) 315, 280) 12, 110 Grounds east of 66° West long_| 1, 970, 589 88, 403] 216,000! 8,670) 422,474] 53,625] 315, 280| 12, 110 Grounds west of 66° West long_|33, 152, 766) 1, 262,428} 893, 300) 46, 984/10, 773, 340) 825, Ole: 5 te epee < Landed at Boston in 1925____- 118, 087, 423| 836,833] 299, 200] 22, 139] 8, 012, 694| 610, 255|________|__--_-- Landed at Gloucester in 1925__| 5, 236, 587 172, 822} 1, 789, 943) 132, 373 852,122! 35, 354/2,400 336] 84, 265 Landed at Portland in 1925____| 790, 757 26, 516 6, 000 469) 1, 888,318] 64, 548)/__...--.].-----. 1 Includes herring from Newfoundland, 240,000 pounds fresh, value $14,400, and 315,280 pounds salted, value $12,110. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 381 Statement, by months, of quantities and values of certain fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by American fishing vessels, 1926—Continued Total Months Grand total Fresh Salted LANDED AT ROSTON Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value UPC ee SoS SPS ee ge 11,992,711, $570, 469 11, 992,711) $570, 469 February ---- 13, 444, 885 750, 791 13, 444, 885 750, 791 VEG Te RSE 8 3 5 Ss ee ee eS 16, 976,056, 730, 158 16, 976, 056 730, 158 INCE SS 8 a ee 11, 787, 280) 402, 976 11, 787,280) 402,976 1s TEs seta a ail a a Ea LOU ZEIG9S| Siaraou)| ese oe a 10, 261,398] 378,335 sepricees se) eee ee Pee 5s sa ees ee 15, 495, 487 646, 791 117, 250) $3,496) 15, 612, 737 650, 287 Ub Set ee et ae 15, 409, 380) 653, 213 42,600; 2,049) 15,451,980) 655, 262 APIS Gy pad 8 ie 3. ORS sete See eee ee 16, 044, 449 612, 012 38,800) 2,502) 16,083, 249 614, 514 TSE Ctr on) os Se Se er 14, 651, 482 573, 369 52,000) 2,892) 14, 703, 482 576, 261 OC BREDE VEL | se, Ae, Se ep al aaa 15, 088, 633) 544, 764 3, 640) 152} 15,092,273} 544, 916 Lge Peal Oe Se ae Ce ee 15, 087, 475 BATATSS ie ee ES ee ice eee 15, 087, 475 547, 788 LU i 2 eee eee eee 10, 821,900} 585, 625 2, 400 220) 10,824,300} 585, 845 ——————ee Oe ee ARE 5 epee eee eee 167, 061, 136| 6, 991, 291 256, 6€0} 11,311) 167,317, 826) 7, 002, 602 LANDED AT GLOUCESTER | JUNE AY SS eS bale Se eee 826, 060 AA TAS Ces SS A 826, 060 44, 745 TPTET ny ESV Ey oye Soe is en a 336: O05 lagu 2l 4 4G lek aes eo Ne 336,095 21, 446 Eyl) Ds pe tS tht ls Ma i lilo 3, 066, 620 93, 709 33, 210 1, 528 3, 099, 830) 95, 237 Pris ee 2 od ee os ee 2, 823, 725 84, 012 67,540} 3,280) 2, 891, 265) 87, 292 Mines TN Se ee 7, 435, 502| 158,832) 397, 167| 18,815] 7,832,669} 177,647 AINE St gs oN SE a ee ee ee rg 8ST SI 6, 411, 373 134, 514 755, 355) 34, 363 | 7, 166, 728 168, 877 pyri anna Ot eS 7, 406, 025| 161,975} 2,043,340) 92,138] 9,449,365| 254,113 AGS es ee ee ee eee 9, 490, 300 197, 312} 1,570,329! 71,383; 11, 060, 629 268, 695 SIDYELNEj EE) 1 Sip Spine ai i le eee een 4, 904, 297 110, 563 401,818) 18, 032 5, 306, 115 128, 595 CG Si ee Bee ares ae ee ees 2, 744, 393; $2, 455 88, 795 4,159) 2,833, 188) 86, 614 INJOMUEIED) 0 tn tS ee 2, 284, 365, 96, 189 6, 445 316 2, 290, 810 £6, 505 ID Serie Nig e Sook aes ee ee 1, 4€2, 790) 48, 335 315, 280} 12,110 1, 808, 070, 60, 445 eRataleee ssc stk ee eats tees 49, 221, 545) 1, 234, 087) 5, 679,279| 256,124! 54, 900, 824 1, 490, 211 © _—————— — SSS SSS SSS LANDED AT PORTLAND oot ae a aera AAR ADOS| aby 2BpOAs | ost. 1S. Tae 445,563} 23, 244 LUD) FIG 7s ee eee eee ee 526, 755 QIRST 1 | eee Ss ee Ee 526, 755) 27, 877 Wiriahiee ee sete eT ay Sh 2,360,459] 55,882, 79,002) 1,640, 2,439,461) 57, 522 JaUTOTH te So's Sa ie Nal eet aE WES ee oe 2, O79, 567 51, 518 31, 885 863 2, 111, 452} 52, 381 LOB oe eS oa ee ee eS SS 2, 674, 544 64, 074 28, 735 1,004; 2,703,279 65, 078 INE ee ee ery Se 755, 188 32, 386) 2, 695 128 757, 883 32, 514 igo ew IR ee a eee D230 BRO Ado Pa ee sod 1, 230, 583! 75, 285 igUDE Ti eee ae a See Se ee ee 2, 164, 635 85, 276 11, 130 469} 2,175, 765} 85, 745 BEDtCenerses ee 9 ho ehh. TD Aer eee 749, 083 41, 664 11, 800 236 760, 883, 41, $00 ‘Gia eae oa ON ge | CRE Es See ee 1,179,981). 39,438) 78,412) 3,846] 1,258,393] 43, 284 i TO / Su) Ol ga ee eS ee ers) 1, 010, 631 Baty pee as ee Cee eee = ets) 1, 010, 631 31, 557 iLaverie ee a {oe ee ee eee ee ae 786, 925) 30,423 | eee= noe ——= 786, 925 39, 423 LAY ET ase = 2 WE Re a a Pe a ee 15, 963,914) 567,574) 243, 659 8, 186| 16, 207, 573 575, 760 | => |———$<———$| __ EAN GN OLA =. Ss eee 232, 246, 595] 8, 792, 952) 6, 179, 628, 275, 621) 238, 426, 223, 9, 068, 573 Grounds east of 66° West long__-________ 35, 882, 779) 1, 231, 494 4,376,719) 185, 731 40, 259, 498) 1, 417, 225 Grounds west of 66° Wiest long 42 -322— 196, 363, 816) 7, 561, 458) 1, 802,909! 89, 890) 198, 166, 725) 7,651,348 Landed at Boston in 1925 AS £2 se OS 148, 723, 048) 6, 081, 418 315, 450; 22, 860) 149, 038, 498) 6, 104, 278 Landed at Gloucester BETO 25% == ret 8 42, 160, 721| 1, 033, 411) 7,311, 222) 357,169) 49, 471, 943) 1, 320, 580 Landed at Portland in 1925__.__..._____. 18, 133, 082 611, $53 225, 792 8, 759| 18, 358, 824 620, 712 382 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by fishing vessels each year are taken chiefly from fishing grounds off the coast of the United States. In the calendar year 1926, 83.09 per cent of the quantity and 84.35 per cent of the value were from these grounds; 0.69 per cent of the quantity and 1.79 per cent of the value, consisting principally of cod, halibut, and herring, were from fishing banks off the coast of Newfoundland; and 16.23 per cent of the quantity and 13.86 per cent of the value were from fishing grounds off the Canadian Provinces. Compared with the previous year there was a small decrease in the percentage of products from grounds off the coast of the United States, but a slight increase in the percentage of value; a decrease in the percentage of both quantity and value from grounds off Newfoundland; and an increase in the percentage of quantity, with a decrease in the per- centage of value, from grounds off the Canadian Provinces. New- foundland herring constituted less than 0.5 per cent of the quantity and value of the fishery products landed at these ports by fishing vessels during the year. The herring were taken from the treaty coast of Newfoundland, and the cod, halibut, and other species from that region were obtained from fishing banks on the high seas. All fish caught by American fishing vessels off the coasts of the Canadian Provinces were from offshore fishing grounds. The catch from each of these regions is shown in the following table: Quantity and value of fish landed by American fishing vessels at Boston and Glou- cester, Mass., and Portland, Me., in.1926, from fishing grounds off the coasts specified Species United States Newfoundland , Canadian Provinces Total Cod: Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value Fresh. =... 46, 173, 152 |$1, 793,055 | 123,590 | $2,161 27,340, 187 | $648, 661 | 73, 636, 929 !$2, 443, 877 Salted..._.-- 879, 290 42,171 | 252,452) 11,282 | 3, 450, 032 150, 149 4, 581, 774 203, 602 Haddock: Wreshe= fais 90, 492, 286 | 3,002, 791 |.--.-_--_- se ee 3, 491, 123 78, 591 | 93, 983, 409 | 3,081, 382 a: Salted......- 230 Bien Se 2c 2 |S eee 77, 095 1, 537 77, 325 1, 542 ake: | areshiee. 25 5, 362, 299 143, 429 2, 180 | 23 | 117, 685 2, 314 5, 482, 164 145, 766 Salted._._._- 5, 505 109 4, 070 81 | 12, 880 286 22, 455 476 Pollock | Rreshiiso. ee 6, 446, 565 149, 096 1, 655 18 | 256, 955 3, 825 6, 705, 175 152, 939 . ace ath nid 8, 139 166 80 | 2 | 26, 120 578 34, 339 746 usk: | Weesheee 3234) 02. SMA er 64, 140 1,090 | 14 | 320,695 4, 518 2, 693, 522 68, 672 Salted_-_..-- 16, 445 455 2,005 | 57 | 15, 975 399 34, 425 911 Halibut i HMreshssesse 1, 527, 696 319, 222 688, 894 | 121,917 | 1,209,637 | 229,431 | 3,426, 227 670, 570 Salted. ____- | Sue Bete Ball See ERTS | 1,700 | 190 3, 030 390 4, 730 580 Mackerel reshSee- 22% 133; .1525788 | Ay 2625428 |b 2) ee eee 1, 970, 589 88, 403 | 35, 128,355 | 1,350, 831 Salted _----- 893, 300 46; 984 |228 chai. prez Gate 216, 000 | 8,670 | 1, 109, 300 55, 654 Herring Hyréshe ss. so. 1, 025, 570 12, 890 240, 000 1 400 a eee ea ee ee 1, 265, 570 27, 290 SHledmae selene ee else ae 1D .250) ieee GLOn pe aa eee | 2 oom 315, 280 12,110 Swordfish, fresh_| 2, 280, 604 453, 850 976 | 253 160, 099 38, 526 2, 441, 679 492, 629 Miscellaneous, freshe Poesy 2 7, 467, 091 358, 548 prcote sens Sse Seosce 21, 474 448 7, 488, 565 358, 996 Tonaleeas 198, 102, 675 | 7, 649, 339 |1, 633,972 | 162,508 38, 689, 576 i, 256, 726 !238, 426, 223 ; 9, 068, 573, | | | I SPECIES Cod.—In 1926 there were 6 vessels in the salt-bank fishery, or 3 more than in the previous year, and 105 in the market fishery, or 5 more than in the previous year. These vessels landed their fares of cod, haddock, and other ground fish at these ports during the year, ee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 383 and large quantities were landed by vessels fishing on the shore grounds. ‘The catch of cod landed at these ports during the year was 78,218,703 pounds, valued at $2,647,479, of which 73,636,929 pounds, valued at $2,443,877, were fresh and 4,581,774 pounds, valued at $203,602, were salted. Cod ranked second in both quantity and value among the various species. Haddock. Haddock ranked first in both quantity and value, the eatch exceeding that of cod by 15,842,031 pounds and $435,445 in value. The quantity of haddock landed at these ports by fishing vessels during the year amounted to 94,060,734 pounds, valued at $3,082,924, all fresh except 77,325 pounds, valued at $1,542, salted. These fish were taken chiefly from Browns Bank, Georges Bank, South Channel, Nantucket Shoals, and the shore grounds, and about 56 per cent of the quantity and 53 per cent of the value were taken in the otter-trawl fishery. South Channel, from which the largest quantity of haddock was taken, produced 53,220,878 pounds, valued at $1,688,717. The greater part of the catch, or 81,862,876 pounds, valued at $2,828,289, was landed at Boston. Hake.—The catch of hake amounted to 5,504,619 pounds, valued at $146,242, all landed fresh except 22,455 pounds, valued at $476, salted. Of this catch, 4,673,694 pounds, valued at $125,457, were landed at Boston; 191,870 pounds, valued at $2,833, at Gloucester; and 639,055 pounds, valued at $17,952, at Portland. More than half the catch, or 3,586,819 pounds, valued at $87,385, was taken in South Channel. Pollock.—The catch of pollock amounted to 6,739,514 pounds, valued at $153,685, all landed fresh except 34,339 pounds, valued at $476, salted. The greater part of the catch was taken from Georges Bank, South Channel, and shore grounds and was landed chiefly at Boston and Gloucester. Cusk.—The catch of cusk was 2,727,947 pounds, valued at $69,583, all landed fresh except 34,425 pounds, valued at $911, salted. The greater part of the catch was landed at Boston. Compared with the previous year there was a decrease in the catch of this species of 984,903 pounds and of $15,014 in the value. Halibut —The catch of halibut amounted to 3,480,957 pounds, valued at $671,150, all landed fresh except 4,730 pounds, valued at $580, salted. Compared with the previous year there was a decrease in the catch landed of 3.65 per cent in quantity and an increase of 2.44 per cent in value. The quantity landed at Boston was 2,967,402 pounds, valued at $584,702; at Gloucester, 14,590 pounds, valued at $3,538; and at Portland, 448,965 pounds, valued at $82,910. Mackerel_—The total catch of fresh mackerel taken by the Ameri- can fishing fleet in 1926 was 304,490 barrels, or 45,673,500 pounds, compared with 203,961 barrels, or 30,594,150 pounds, in 1925, an increase of 100,529 barrels, or 15,079,350 pounds. The total catch of salted mackerel landed by the fishing fleet was 5,380 barrels, or 1,076,000 pounds; compared with 12,442 barrels, or 2,488,400 pounds, in 1925, this is a decrease of 7,062 barrels, or 1,412,400 pounds. In 1926 about 16,000 barrels of salted mackerel were prepared from mackerel landed fresh, as compared with about 20,000 barrels in 1925. The quantity of mackerel landed at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland by fishing vessels during the year was 36,232,655 pounds, valued at $1,406,485, of which 35,123,355 pounds, valued at $1,350,831, were 68078—28-——4 384 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES fresh and 1,109,300 pounds, valued at $55,654, were salted. There was an increase in the total catch of mackerel landed by fishing vessels at these ports of 10,022,795 pounds and of $215,333 in value, as compared with 1925. In 1926 the catch of mackerel up to July 1 was 93,798 barrels fresh and 1,352 barrels salted, compared with 46,934 barrels fresh and 1,075 barrels salted for the same period in 1925. The southern mackerel seiners had a very successful season, but the netters had very poor success, which was largely due to the fact that the prices were low most of the time. The seining fleet numbered about 50 vessels, compared with 33 vessels the previous year. The increase consisted largely of small vessels. The netting fleet also numbered about 50 vessels. The first seiners arrived at Cape May on April 11, which was Sunday. The next day (Monday) there were 11 vessels having 142,000 pounds of fresh mackerel. These fish weighed from 1 to 214 peunds each, but mostly from 1144 to 1% pounds each. They were caught 85 miles southeast of Cape May and were shipped to New York and Boston, where they were sold at 22 to 25 cents per pound. The first netters arrived at Cape May and New York on April 28. stormy weather prevailed soon after the first catches were made, and a large number of vessels lost seines and seine boats and had to take time to replace them. The first arrivals last year were at Cape May on April 13, when five vessels arrived with a total of 87,000 pounds of mackerel, weighing about 1 pound each, which were sold at 23 to 25 cents per pound. This year the first arrival at Boston, direct from the south, was on May 10, consisting of 70,000 pounds of large and medium fresh mackerel caught off Barnegat, N. J., which were sold at 5144 cents per pound. ‘The first arrival in the previous season was on May 6, consisting of 3,000 pounds of large and medium-sized fresh mackerel caught 60 miles southeast of Atlantic City, which sold at 19 cents per pound. The first mackerel taken in New England waters this year were three fish caught in a trap net at Seaconnet, in the vicinity of Newport, R. I., on April 28, two days earlier than the first taken the previous year. The traps at Rockport, Mass., contained eight mackerel on May 20—the first of the season in that locality. Nine mackerel were taken in a trap net at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, on May 19, the first of the season on that shore. The first taken last year in that locality consisted of 53 fish on May 20. The Cape Shore fleet numbered about 48 vessels. The first arrival was on June 2, five days later than the first arrival last year, and consisted of 25,000 pounds of large and medium mackerel caught off Halifax, Nova Scotia, which were sold at 13 cents per pound. It was reported that the weather had been bad and that the mackerel were in small schools. The Cape Shore catch of mackerel for the past five years, shown i in pounds, was as follows: Year Trips Fresh Salted M9262 53502. 225 see See ee eA SS Ste LES SE EES 54 | 2,397, 700 270, 400 ih! 7) ee Oe ee a se a Sao eS a ee OP eee | ee Se 34 | 1,545,000 215, 000 TODS ait enna a pana Shae antnce note oe ae oe ee Se eo 24 996, 000 170, 800 Ae eS Se ee eee ee eee Ses a ae EE Pg meee te ae Se ed Se 31 1, 240, 680 42, 200 Ot!) 7 ap ga Se See oe as Pee ee eee peek oe Se eS Soe eas 37 353, 900 468, 800 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 385 Swordfish—The catch of swordfish amounted to 2,441,679 pounds, valued at $492,629, all sold fresh. There were 40 vessels engaged in this fishery, or 1 less than in the previous year. There was an increase in the catch, as compared with the previous year, of 63.16 per cent in quantity and 27.65 per cent in value. Flounders—The catch of flounders taken in the vessel fisheries amounted to 6,778,965 pounds, valued at $324,398, an increase over the previous year of 140,993 pounds, or 2.12 per cent, in quantity and of $48,611, or 17.63 per cent, in value. The catch taken by boats under 5 tons net tonnage is not included in these statistics. Herring—The catch of herring amounted to 1,580,850 pounds, valued at $39,400. Of this quantity 1,025,570 pounds, valued at $12,890, were taken off the coast of the United States and were landed fresh. The remainder, consisting of 240,000 pounds fresh, valued at $14,400, and 315,280 pounds salted, valued at $12,110, were Newfoundland herring. OTTER-TRAWL FISHERY In 1926 there were 667 trips landed at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland by 30 otter-trawl vessels, amounting to 61,175,851 pounds of fish having a value, as landed, of $2,004,333, or 25.66 per cent of the quantity and 22.13 per cent of the value of the total catch landed by fishing vessels at these ports during the year. In making these trips, including the date of departure and date of arrival, the vessels were absent from port 5,336 days. The catch included cod, 5,203,911 pounds, valued at $190,296; haddock, 52,405,653 pounds, valued at $1,619,326; hake, 894,885 pounds, valued at $34,607; pollock, 1,099,- 741 pounds, valued at $37,572; cusk, 23,997 pounds, valued at $1,685; halibut, 68,144 pounds, valued at $17,953; and other species 1,479,520 pounds, valued at $102,894. In these statistics the small quantities of salted fish landed (such as cod, haddock, hake, pollock, and cusk) have been reduced to the basis of weights of fresh fish. Otter trawls catch chiefly haddock, and in 1926 their catch amounted to 55.71 per cent of the quantity and 52.53 per cent of the value of the entire catch of this species landed by fishing vessels at these ports. The otter-trawl catch was taken from Western Bank, Georges Bank, South Channel, Nantucket Shoals, off Highland Light, and off Chatham. Over 73 per cent of the quantity and nearly 79 per cent of the value were from South Channel. Compared with 1925, there was an increase of one vessel and 60 trips in the otter-trawl fishery, There was also an increase of 6,569,933 pounds, or 12.03 per cent, in the quantity and $321,565, or 19.11 per cent, in the value of the fish landed. The following tables give the catch landed by steam otter trawlers at these ports in 1926, by fishing grounds and by months, and also the catch of cod, haddock, and hake landed by them in various years. oy mens ui LIBRARY |S Z\ sen fos MN ie \Aa a oS S 386 Wits. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fishery products landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., otter trawlers in 1926 and Portland, Me., by [Salt fish have been reduced to the basis of weights of fresh fish] Item Trips oe Cod Haddock Hake Pollock BY FISHING GROUNDS | | East of 66° W. longi- | inde Reet y ease re | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pownds Value| Pownds | Value Western Bank__-_-__- 23 279/1, 974, 635} $40, 694! 1,479,010) $30, 226 880) $49) 42,214) $840 West of 66° W. longi- | | tude: | Georges Bank______- 28 242' 330,040] 13,367] 2,281,010) 57,755 7,735| 382) 15,395) 712 South Channel_____- 515} 4, 034:2, 691, 321) 126, 511/39, 257, 448/1, 286, 866, 770, 980/30, 039) 983, 247/33, 603- Nantucket Shoals___ 86 663 182, 150 5, 204} 8,323,200) 189,532 104, 210) 3, 285 39, 285) 1, 086. Off Highland Light _! 1; 6 1, 600 55 96, 400 2,757| 1,300 62 500! - 16 Off. Chathani 422-23 H 14 112 74, 165 4,465 968, 585 52, 190 9, 780 790 19,100) 1,315 Mota =f 667; 5, 336 5, 203,911 190, 296|52, 405, 653/1, 619, 326 894, 885/34, 607/1, 099, 741.37, 572 BY MONTHS | Jannanye- see eee 61 544| 505,295 23,810! 3,828,015) 176,580; 90,735) 7,103) 224, 815 Ve 811 NGbriany son ee 59 493) 400,920) 21, 237| 4,186,560) 247, 131) 42, 665) 3,554) 94, 565!) 6, 188 War chies oer ses stot 83 6871, 567,365 44,553) 6,630, 705| 267, 151) 37, 177) 3, 522 91, 504 4, 588 BAGO ail ee Ae Cee se 56 418) 690, 072, 19,389) 5,074,020) 124, 998) 19, 575) 1,447) 51, 778| 3, 636 Wits, 2 sea Sh Se ACE 52 495; 691,874 14,610 5, 385, 175 92,598; 11,045 492 42, 209) 1, 104 RNITIC Ss tee, es 51 374) 119, 048, 4 214 4,080, 920 60,851) 65, 223) 2,576 6,580| 237 Ue ee oe os a 29 195} 109,815) 3,077) 2,401, 188 43, O71, 102, 650) 1, 637 8,820) 269 VARA GTI St, 2 te Hare Lt Sh 37 252} 43,630; 1, 159) 3, 180,690) 43,289) 55,115) — 993 1, 195 33. September = 22222 Ss 33 227 98, 645 4,611) 2, 915, 230 61, 030) 36, 655 770 11,575, 401 WLTOD Er 2 eee 56 446 288, 837 11, 302) 4, 774, 395) 111, 000, 51, 800 768 20,800' 422 November 225. 2825-2 71 559 370, 345| 17, 732) 5, 297,415 139, 839. 123, 080} 2,431| 170,275) 2, 762 Deeember. = -=- 2 79 646 318, 065! 24, 602 4, 731,340) 251,788 256,165) 9,314) 375, 625/40, 121 Motale =n eee 667) 5, 336)5, 203, 911 190, 296/52, 405, 653.1, 619, 326, 894, 885|34, 607)|1, 099, 741\37, 572 Item Cusk Halibut Miscellaneous Total ui | BY FISHING GROUNDS East of 66° W. latitude: Pounds| Value| Pounds} Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value Western Bake ot 2 fn ets! de ey ton Pera 9,811} $1, 397)- 13, 030 $132) 3, 519, 580 $73, 338. West of 66° W. longitude: Georges Banks = 2 - te 775| $178} 3,023 805 41,520} 3,580) 2, 679, 498 76, 779 South; Channel .24s 4 ele nue 22, 532| 1,469) 51,278| 14,614) 1, 233,149) 88, 303)45, 009, 952) 1, 581, 405 Nantueket Shoals__—_.--__--__- 265 7| 2,906 809} 145,540) 7,841) 8, 747,556) 207, 764 Off Highland Light__________-_ jf). Ake sete 172 14 2, 300 69| 102,272 2, 973. Oi Chatham: <6 2 ee Pe 425 al 957 314) 43, 981 2, 969| 1, 116, 993 62, 074 PRotale tes 2a. 2 ee 23, 997) 1,685} 68,144) 17,953) 1,479, 520) 102, 894)61, 175, 851) 2, 004, 333 BY MONTHS | NV SMILED Vee te ee es ae 6, 175 828 4, 233 1, 577 193,213) 16,949) 4, 852, 481 234, 658 Rebruary=2e)2-- 9207) 4 6.8 6,606} 467| 6,633) 2,032) 154,997) 11,056) 4,892,940! 291, 665 MEST Cet a a Br eS ge wae 6, 657 249 9, 915 2, 128 180, 883! 12,043! 8, 524, 206 334, 235 3) i oe i De Es ce oe See 1, 655 52 7, 801 1, 566 81,188, 4,875} 5, 926, 089 155, 963 IWS ee ee Se Se ee 90 2) 10,069 1, 722) 88,010) 1,816) 6, 228, 472 112, 344 ue fe oe ee [asdeteee|eoseie 2, 805 493 114, 739 3, 368) 4, 309, 315 71, 739 eae SO Phe 5 Gey ee a Sell ee fe oe 3,425 723 88, 721 3, 406) 2, 714, 619 52, 183 JSD TT Cae Se Seed a eee yet Sal Sots" Seal PEP 1, 003 230, 35, 400 2, 296] 3, 317, 033 48, 000 Depeenl Wore: et se kel = SLR ee Re kes 3,030 788 21, 835 1, 839) 3, O86, 970 69, 439 Oetepers 2) a4 ee ot ge a 3, 398 967) 68, 090 6, 352! 5, 207, 320. 130, 811 INGVeIn Hehe - 2 ace eee ae 720 16] 12,697 4,279 227, 787| 18,026 6, 205, 319 185, 085 UL LeYert101) 6] 7) Ce ee be ae BD 2, 100 71 3,135 1 447| 224,657| 20, 868] 5, 911, 087 318, 211 sO ba 5 ote Sere toa 23, 997| 1,685) 68,144) 17,953) 1,479, 520) 102, 894/61, 175, 851) 2, 004, 333 Cod, haddock, and hake landed at Boston and Gloichester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by otter trawlers in various years Year Trips} Cod Haddock | Hake Year ——_| | Pounds Pounds Pounds 1908S == 44 209,800 | 1,542,000 | 46, 600 190082 24522" 47 159, 800 | 1,719,000 | 74,400 OTe 228s 59 125, 850 | 2,775,000 | 46,600 AEH ho Beaeaneaaes 178 564, 500 7, 367, 100 | 151, 700 5A) (ser eee 295 1, 952,950 | 12,966, 700 | 105, 500 TREIS eg eee 326 1, 667, 806 | 12,488,992 | 209, 485 fide 387 | 1,149, 595 | 15,383, 550 | 259, 913 Trips Cod Haddock | Hake Pounds Pounds | Pounds 646 6,311, 389, 51,962, 4578 | oeaae a 346 | 2,482, 833 | 26, 734, 893 | 241, 650 578 | 11, 161,947 | 35, 878, 524 | 576,370 665 | 14,961,590 | 35, 527, 297 | 471, 600 543 | 8, 231,430 | 35, 197,940 | 616, 853 607 7, 309, 930 | 44,034, 281 | 711, 212 667 5, 203, 911 | 52, 405, 653 894, 885 Oe FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 387 DAYS’ ABSENCE Statistics of the number of days’ absence of vessels on fishing trips from Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., have been collected for 1926. The days absent on each trip were reckoned to include the date of departure and date of arrival. The number of days occupied in fishing by all vessels was 44,236, or an average of 5.09 days per trip. The number of days occupied in fishing by otter trawlers was 5,336, or an average of 8 days per trip. The number of days occupied in fishing and the average number of days per trip by all vessels and also by otter trawlers, separately, differ but little from the previous year. Statistics of the number of days absent from port during the year are presented by months, fishing grounds, and ports for all vessels, including otter trawlers, and for otter trawlers separately, in the following tables: Days’ absence from port of fishing vessels landing fish at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., 1926 | | * | Fishing grounds Jan. | Feb.| Mar. | Apr.| May| June July Aug. Sept. | Oct. | Nov.| Dec.) Total BOSTON | ! | East of 66° W. longitude: La Have Bank____._____.-- 147) 22s 8| 67; 87| 16] 19} 123] 117; 91| 173] 116] 964 Wester: Banks S220 2 8 Bale SS 14, 28) 377; 308) 118; 280 95, 46 Pal ea als PAL Mrercavep prices 8 eck thee * 20 22| 28; 24 61) 25) 71 SBle p43 /s.2 SH bi 888 MELTED SEAT a8 wars Se Pa =? ieee £6 2 = 23 6 20 eee | eee eS | 68 GrandeBanke1205i ii 51) pee) Pees Bie eae Penis) har ee 5s ee ie] eS PRS te Ee 98 St;ePeters Bank: 22. -2-.=_.- oe oe es Zo weTie lol, AOS| en Lee eee Doli AGI 2s oees| ee e207 Wurceo Parks afi dha Ewe al pa pat [eg ec 7” Seance ers ee a es jee Sea oe | 32 (Wane SHOLe. A= ofa! a8 Sheen Pee os Se 843)__-__ 57 147; 20) 61) 52) 1,208 Tapradoreoast..-- 3 one at Ve ga poms ay | 2 Sula et | Doe all P| og sett anc Ee ere oes 23 ‘West of 66° W. longitude: | | Browns bank 22 Foe I 358} 28 B2i Bai), 24-2 < 2 90; 504 262, 111 104) 559} 2, 539 iGearres banks a2 28220023 | 408) 740) 1,285) 550) 457) 763/1,306) 881 338, 298) 282) 52| 7,370 ATPASES Ai Kew 2 S290 e ae ta eae et | Ea ae 14 WePO hs fe aise = otal eer Ole = Sigs | 84 Mlarkepamk <0 Seo" ek (;} eee |Raaematrt ba opee eo [ee ee a a Mies 12 | See 2 | 20 Fippenies Bank_________._-|----- (eee POMC 3 es 1a oe See eee I Ya eee eo: 19} 19 Widdlespank. 222 54; 66 G3Ib r3d\2-24-|-2--2 44) 135 73, 64 51 80; 665 Jetireys Ledge 2's. 2 148} 49]___.-_ i ees papel 2} 69 TSaeeate 7 90| 533 South-@hannel’ 222-2. 453| 577 581} 380) 228) 431) 704! 528} 600.1,094 881} 659) 7, 116 Nantucket Shoals_________- 1G) | See .--e| 163} -200 82) 222 90 151 275| 238) 1,437 Off Highland Light_____.__- ee oe eee eee I 11 45 7 83 13 170 Off Chatham. 222.4. 2S 50} 105 63] 200) 70 23) 185 23 145 163 65 39) 1,131 S15 [643 loa eel eagle ce | fp | pera | eee Eyl 1 Peet ee aap fae ha Es [ea 15 SEG) DS US 2 SE aed S| 8 BS See se Ee a Eee ee eee | ee 8 Bore, peneral. 0-5) _-.--- 369) 395 564) 449) 573) 827| 404) 251 258, 175) 197; 174; 4, 636 110) Fee ee ee |2, 073)1, 980} 2, 727)2, 155 2, 203)3, 590|3, 044/3, 184] 2, 296 2, 354) 2, 299|2, 091/29, 996 GLOUCESTER | | East of 66° W. longitude: | a Have Banke 8? 4 | be ee eee an © eae | Smee 19} 195 108, 88 2 ee 605 Western Banks <2) 0+ | DAES? | 36) 566) 496} 724) 605} 205, 42 | (Seta 2,721 eipradies AK 5 eee ena te pee ee Ig) Ol) S827) 3 hegraseaee eee AG iy (Ole een eo 808 Fie NGS hy ea ee SR We ee ie Ere pie 55S Zila ee enn ee Ge area ae |S 37 DaPETE Be UBT Tree aes Sie i a a (el a el S2e 2a aly 66 7 ee ee et (ee 283 MiLPEPLeIs: Dankt = 2 ocs se eS.) | eee 62), 1) 26y,_33|2-oes pi oe 23) PGE ees 2 183 iB eO bank. — oo ee jaa (Ses | ae el ere fines at) a ato HOE 2. | [ee [Decne a laa 60 Off Newfoundland________- 26) 22852 [nie oh Pca 2 | ie ee a ee (Soaes = pee Reve 75| =101 eae rshere sss ss22- | re! eee one 14)" 8002s eee ee Jes nbc] meee, 26) 341 West of 66° W. longitude: | | PSE OMPRIS ASAT Kee a == tore fie see 1410 Sho tees 39° 188,76 14; 11) - 500 Goorpes Bank 22-26 os eae eee 240! 273) 254) 281) 148} 140 73, 84 82-2 & 1, 501 South Ghannel_------------ pin Fine eres peerek 15) 9 10) - 76 |b 16} 35) S7/ss8=. SNe 189 Nantucket Shoals_________- eames (cesar eats (Pate FFE acto] Nanas fae) Cee ee OR ey 138 Off Chatham. _________2---- — oe eee aa Re. 2t ps en cone A: 140) eet 146 MHOLETDCHBET =. ee 227; 159) 335} 250, 206] 221; 420 576) 487, 195 366| 327) 3,769 Iisa SS Se ees 253) 183) 627| 877 1, 387|1, 6831/1, 479 1, 662) 1, 151! 737) 456) 439 10, 882 SS SSS SS SSS SS ee =e 388 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Days’ absence from port of fishing vessels landing fish at Boston and Gloucester,. Mass., and Portland, Me., 1926—Continued 3, 358- 44,236- Fishing grounds Jan. | Feb.) Mar. |Apr. | May June|July |Aug.' Sept. | Oct.| Nov. |Dec. ‘Total PORTLAND | East of 66° W. longitude: La Have: Banks =: 2 Sif052: |W oe_|ie 2oa}ee_ 254, Ta | FR es eo Pioneers Ooty Soe S| 2S Western Bankai sus see ht | Pa DU YA Gy AST ra 2 eee 12). = |e Queresu Bank. 2 iio) See ee be ee | See 2 |e ee | SE Sa 22) 27) 25 22|% Sa Greeny B amiss 44 ers ae a anys ie |e ee EB ey sale ee ee ee | eee (ee pe (omens a (ee GrandyBanki sie) Fer | | ee ee |e re |e ee 30| sae o|55 22 pee S| ee Wape SHOE tks be ee | Lae el ee en | joa SARE DRE ES Eee eee 127\i | Se eee GuilfiofiStbawrences. 2a.) ee) See el eet ant 28). 24) = 2-8 |e Sal eee j ite Gilly, Se aaa ae aS SATA), ASD Se Peedi Sars <80)< SB2{ite J aaa” 38 ese ee abrador coast se» 2st) NP ae Cilio pe Sth ew ey alk ee eee cael Ae lee 23\c =~ |e West of 66° W. longitude: | | Browns Bankes 2) 23 Sass eet i) eae Pee eeeead earl use| Miko | ee eee 16 Georges" Bankeeee see see eh ae || ANS al eh oe Cle aoe Gee 152) 145)... =) 23 a ee ee (Cashes Bankessssaset a nae |S a[D (eras Reerag| dole “EOE Git eoteens ‘ones P Eee, Fippenies Bank___________- [oe 17 perme UM ee PE eas jEatiee Viel be2 Sales eee Mid dlesyBank: 3.22 os ae | [bi dl ale lS qT Siicessisaees | 4 Dae a eee Saree ee oe PistiseBaniks <5 Sahn eee 7 ee Seay ES WE: ba ae pam | ae 56; 76) Jefireys Ledge___..-.-.-=-- 8 62, 44 82} 66 70, 838 South Channel___________ wr ecudloses| eee Se eee ere NAN tHCK et SHO nS hase leat |e |e ee ee 8 a eee zx onalscacoleece Off Highland Light_______ 14l 25d) Salen on Ae eo } Shore, general_________-____ 107, 216 47| 105 67; 30) Motale see ah woe oie 418| 509) 317) 217 217; +205 Grand itotale 2-22-22 4, 941'5, 355) 3, 764/3, 308| 2, 972)2, 735 Days’ absence from port of otter trawlers landing fish at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., 1926 Fishing grounds Jan. BOSTON East of 66° W. longitude: WiesternuBanke ss" Fe 34 West of 66° W. longitude: Georses Bank. > ee J 67 South Channel__..__.-..-_- 423 Nantucket Shoals__________ 11 Off Highland Light_._______|____- Offi@natham=_ 232 Bes ees 9 To tallg s+ 2c fee ee oe ee 544 GLOUCESTER East of 66° W. longitude: Wiestern’ Bankes a eee West of 66° W. longitude: Georves: Banks) ee pourh i@hannellae ee. sia Nantucket Shoals ____..____!____- LG) 2 La ee ee a | | PORTLAND East of 66° W. longitude: WieSkermrp aie seta eee a eel West of 66° W. longitude: Georges Banks 22. Sye |e ee South! Channelas: see. 23 a Nantucket Shoals__________!_____ ‘Rotallc 48-2 es —— Grandstotale = seeeseeee 544 = Feb.| Mar. |Apr. “May June July Aug.| Sept.| Oct. Nov.| Dee. Total | | | | | | | | | nae re a Oe ee el ae etna ieee oh LH | 16H 89) 2 SeleehOn |e oe eee Belen real lee Bi) ||Le 2. 171 427 | 502 | 287 | 136 | 125 | 179 | 116 | 191 | 382 449 | 533 | 3, 750 se Pars Ala e: SOTTO: |) TAN] J Sic BO mesa ae meee 617 SOS (Poe a RES 5 Ses (a RCege| ema genet Pla 50 |. 28 |) 15 |s._se ily |e (peice cee passe ee 112 493 | 547 | 319 | 301 | 260 | 187 | 205} 199 | 409 551 | 646 | 4,661 | | ae eames le 94 | ayo dl. EN pene 29) ae Be eee 85|accc)) eels 6 12d | eee 16a 410 | 68"l=- a IGN) = SSL a7 eee eee gd alin See 53-() 461s. 8o[ SLR Vee eae | ree 29| 15| 96|114| 8| 47| 28| 37 saga net 2 pga 61| 37] 52 nese dace CBO eee | ae CHAS (so ee (ie (MPU Res atlas Sill] lh OR kes BO; he BSc la DBA(ee colo ae ae ee | Ram ie 3 Pom. Se Sniese see ------|-----|------|----- 8 ete. [ida | 84] OB) Cae ake ee 493 | 687 | 418 | 495 | 374 | 195 | 22 | 227 | 446 | 559 | 646 | 5,336 ! FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 389 VESSEL FISHERIES AT SEATTLE, WASH. The vessel fisheries at Seattle, Wash., had a more prosperous year in 1926 than in the previous year. There was an increase in the quan- tity and value of the products landed by the fishing fleet and also by the collecting vessels. The products landed by fishing vessels showed an increase in the catch of halibut, “lingcod,” and rockfishes, but some decrease in the catch of sablefish. In the products landed by collecting vessels there was an increase in the quantity and value of salmon, sturgeon, herring, and steelhead trout, while flounders. increased in quantity but decreased in value. ‘There was a decrease in both the quantity and value of all other species. Statistics of the vessel fisheries at Seattle were collected by the local agent and pub- lished as monthly and annual statistical bulletins giving the quantity and value of fishery products landed by American fishing and collect- ing vessels at that port. In 1926 the fishing fleet at Seattle landed 1,068 trips, amounting to- 13,371,610 pounds of fish, having a value to the fishermen of $1,896,677. The catch was taken chiefly from fishing grounds along the coast from Oregon to Portlock Bank, Alaska. Hecate Strait was the most pro- ductive of these grounds, the catch amounting to 7,087,930 pounds, valued at $1,128,447. Flattery Banks produced 4,509,580 pounds,. valued at $557,411, and the Oregon coast 1,006,400 pounds, valued at $86,397. Smaller quantities were taken from the west coast of Van- couver Island, Yakutat grounds, and Portlock Bank. The products included halibut, 10,050,610 pounds, valued at $1,738,015; sablefish, 2,082,800 pounds, valued at $107,673; ‘“lingcod,’? 821,250 pounds, valued at $33,356; rockfishes, 398,950 pounds, valued at $16,720; and sturgeon, 18,000 pounds, valued at $913. Compared with 1925, there was an increase of 230 trips and of 375,060 pounds, or 2.89 per cent, in the quantity and $302,379, or 18.97 per cent, in the value of the products landed by fishing vessels. The fishery products taken in Puget Sound and landed at Seattle by collecting vessels during the year amounted to 19,046,820 pounds, valued at $1,702,064. These products included salmon, 16,979,700: pounds, valued at $1,613,598; herring, 761,000 pounds, valued at $4,585; sturgeon, 10,150 pounds, valued at $1,852; steelhead trout, 110,400 pounds, valued at $11,040; smelt, 160,000 pounds, valued at $16,870; perch, 79,600 pounds, valued at $5,046; rockfishes, 88,250 pounds, valued at $5,010; ‘“‘lingcod,’”’ 48,000 pounds, valued at $1,840; flounders, 81,600 pounds, valued at $1,632; sole, 281,300 pounds, valued at $11,346; and crabs, 446,820 pounds, or 18,510 dozen, valued at $29,245. Compared with 1925, there was an increase in the prod- ucts landed by collecting vessels of 1,648,910 pounds, or 9.48 per cent, in quantity and $340,545, or 25.01 per cent, in value. The quantity and value of fishery products landed at Seattle by fishing and collecting vessels in 1926 are given in detail in the following tables: U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 390 Statement, by fishing grounds and months, of quantities and values of certain fresh fishery ‘products landed at Seattle, Wash., by American fishing vessels during the calendar year 1926 span on Halibut Sablefish “Tingeod’’ trips FISHING GROUNDS Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pounds | Value Oregon COsshe ee ee ee 53 268, 100 $49, 879 681, 100 | $34,003 | 28,700 | $1, 165 Platteny Bakse:2 2. 35 ye t= 510 | 2, 652, 530 467,133 | 1,050,600 | 54,892 | 527,350 |} 23, 072 West coast Vancouver Island_---___ 2 6, 100 Digicel eg ae en ee 3, 100 210 i 6, 369, 380 | 1, 097, 041 349, 600 | 18,703 | 262, 100 211, 000 35,4805 229 eS Se ee ee 543, 500 86, 260 1, 500 15 eee 10, 050, 610 | 1,738,015 | 2,082,800 | 107,673 | 821, 250 USO te ee ee a OC) tate Oo oe Se Oe re eee 21, 500 IR eDrIRANVES eS Mee Ae ene Ses 8 20, 000 65322 toe 2 LY A alee ¥ M arch Fea Se ee nn eee ae 131 980, 800 173, 408 65, 450 2, 936 86, 750 145 | 1,453, 500 234, 190 98, 150 5, 358 | 113, 700 143 1, 676, 800 282, 667 29, 400 1,764 | 130, 600 145 | 1,571, 250 271, 097 223,200 | 12,426 | 108, 200 104) 1,311,100 229, 594 213,000 | 10,633 | 41,009 118 1, 223, 080 204, 269 281, 300 14; 285 62, 500 112 886, 350 162, 265 345, 200 | 17,923 | 86,800 October tice =. 22:0. tit ee beaters 94 443,780 86, 399 557, 600 29, 317 43, 500 November 2 sie ee eee 57 483, 950 87, 804 269,500} 13,031 | 52,800 Peceribers----? = Sersse Ve ee gl me ee nl ee ee ial Ree ee oe eh 50, 000 G5) ft CO ie Mae at Map aioe wri = 1,068 | 10,050,610 | 1,738,015 | 2, 082, 800 107, 673 | 821, 250 Rockfishes Sturgeon Total | FISHING GROUNDS | | | Pounds Value |Pounds, Value Pounds Value OrogpMicnset S52 ~ 2 bs a ns eee me eae tn 4285 500 lie kere On| eke en es a od 1, 006, 400 $86, 397 ra ttory sD ai ks oe ene eee eke ee | 268,600 11,776 | 10,500 $538 | 4, 509, 580 557, 411 West coast Vancouver Island__.__-.-_--_---- | 2, 500° | UD ae Eves pee ts Fe 11, 700 2, 607 TECATC ISTE ALL eee eae tgs ee oe eee | 99,350 3,419 | 7, 500 375 | 7, 087, 930 1, 128, 447 Wakutat: proundsi. -... 2 20 3 Se a ee er a Le ee ee 211, 000 35, 480 PeontlecksDamsies t 3%: Se 8 VE eee ea eS CRIES I wee ay al Ne es age 545, 000 86, 335 YRotalins Ss. Aah tet Ae 0 ere ee ee a | 398,950 | 16,720 | 18, 000 913 | 13,371, 610 1, 896, 677 MONTHS A Pie 1 .2eOe Mgt eee SS 24582 5 8 em 0 eee ee oe ¥ESIOTAOO NL TL gbk oe bisa ae Ae ae 41, 000 3, 370 Heprianye es .5 0 FEA eel SS a ee pee | 10, 000 | iia ee See eS 53, 900 9, 093 Wrarch: to Beet SS aS re Se oe Sr Oe UA TAUUE We Tea iF pe eon) EEE 1, 173, 700 182, 096 Aprils k salen 5k ete oe SE a ad 64, 550 NL £2, ao3 ea ee ee 1, 729, 900 245, 903 iW ABE Mirae Oy aie ey SS Rao). Hote aS ay AG GOO sees hoOh fe en (ee ee es 1, 885, 800 288, 956 AMG NS, EEE Sl ee EL gee ae 39, 500 RAG Lie 82s hae oie J, 942, 150 286, 799 AEC Kaen Setlly pales Sen Sieh ee eee ae 10, 500 SLD |e a 1, 575, 600 241, 772 ATT PVISR Are se od ne obs Ie ig SARE EOIN AE 440000 E7808 5 ae teks 1, 610, 880 222, 554 Septembers2yte" Foes ach es fs EE ke 62,700 2,419 | 18,000 913 1, 399, 050 186, 219 CVG) 0s ae Rete pn, rl pean septa i Pact Ae 16, 000 209 gee ee es 1, 060, 880 118, 411 INonemiber _ Tienoay vrei | er eee eee es 1G} /5G0 | ALSTR Sy Ss 2 ee 825, 750 105, 075 JD SVve reall ove ONS ee Se, Be cine nae See ei | 28 DOO orbs G85 aa ee pe 73, 000 6, 429 ROWS Se eee TE a I eee Tet 398, 950 | 16,720 | 18, 000 913 | 13,371, 610 1, 896, 677 | FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 391 Fishery products, by months, taken in Puget Sound and landed at Seattle, Wash., by collecting vessels during the year 1926 Species January February March Salmon: DNAS Ftd ieee eee rs eS ha RERIIBTISILVPD. oo ee [28 Pounds | Value | Pounds | Valu Piemmn gs: Fo eee 2 55 195, 000 $975 |260, 000 |$1, 300 April May | e Pounds | Value Pounds | Value |Pownds | Value | 60,000 | $300 | 60,000 | $300 | 30,000 | sae ees 420,000 | 42,000 Papas 1 La 60, 000 Srey ee 40,000 4, 000 $150 Dn) | 2 Saas 5, 000 700 | 3,000 500 | 2,000) 340 4, 000 600 | 4,000 | 280 PBN See ee 8, 500 585 9, 600 576 | 14,000 840 | 10, 500 630 | 12,000 | 600 Uo elo ES oS ee 7, 000 490 | 4,350 304 | 11, 500 920 | 2,300 138 | 8, 500 | 490 ST Raen ol Rae Se a (RT RG ER (NA ay eR) 4,000 | 120°) 12,000 | ~600'|_--__--- jEcavean Pioumpers:.. SU = t= 6, 400 128 | 8,000 160 | 4,000 80 7,400 148 | 4,000 | 80 Ge ee ts, 38, 000 | 1,720 | 34,000 | 1,360 | 16,000 640 | 10, 600 318 | 20,000 | 800 oF OC ae eae 79, 200 | 4,200 | 75, 9C0 | 5,175 | 62,260 | 4,225 | 12, 100 825 | 44,000 | 3,000 Motals-Ge 2 vec 339, 100 | 8,798 /394, 850 | 9,375 173,760 | 7,465 118,900 | 3, 559 |642, 500 | 56, 200 | | Species June July August September Pounds Value | Pounds Value | Pounds Vaiue | Pounds | Value BMITPROUE < 4422 82 eee 2, 000 $200 550 $52 2, 500 $600 1, 600 | $300 Salmon: Humpback or pink_____ pee te See 8, 300 252 22, 000 440 16, 500 330 Cn Ak es es Ee es [Soe ees | 14, 400 576 14, 000 270 18, 000 360 King or spring_-__-_____ 2, 800,000 | 420,000 |3, 600, G00 | 360, 0C0 |2, 100,000 | 210,000 |1, 600,000 | 160, 000 Coho or silver__-------- 450,000 | 31,600 | 246,000 |} 12,300 | 470,000 18, 800 | 980,000 | 98,000 Sockeye or red___- = 22, 060 2, 200 12, 500 1, 250 50, 000 5, 000 12, 000 1, 200 Trout: Steelhead________- 18, 400 1, 840 22, 000 2, 200 12, 600 1, 200 18, 600 1, 800 SESE LG. Se eS US NS) (ES Spee ae aes We ee Eee oe 11, 000 1, 200 15, G00 1, 650 Jee epee ees eee See eee Se el eee reel ee eee H 3, 000 180 9, 000 720 HUA TS 120 | 4, 000 ES, es See eee ae 18, 000 720 8, 600 688 SpIINECAMs = = fon | 8, 000 160 12, 000 ASQ spoons ie ee hee 4, 000 160 Wloun ders: acs" 2" =e eee 8, 400 168 16, 400 328 8, 000 160 11, 000 220 ‘oh 0) (Hee See ele Ses | 12, 300 492 10, 000 400 22, 000 880. 16, 4C0 656 ADT) A | ea | 3, 325, 100 | 456, 820 |3, 942,150 | 377, 838 |2, 732, 500 | 239,450 |2, 710,100 | 266, 084 Species October November December | Total Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Vaiue | Pounds Value SUNT PRON ee See ne oe | 3, 500 SAO) (see a) ee essen el eee 10, 150 $1, 852 Rrra yar co aa = [zzgetenel neer'-- ha bees ae Boe 76,000 | $760 | 80,000 $800 | 761, 060 4, 585 Salmon: | PT a DALKZ ON ITE |= See en ee os eee Se (rae Sasha aS 46, 800 1, 022 Chum or‘keta....-____- | 1, 700,000 | 68,000 | 353, 000 |.13, 120 |...----2-|-------- | 2,099, 400 82, 326 King or spring___-_-__- SLA OUOP |e Ae EGO) |= 5 Seal aes os 8 /Se be | 10, 631,000 | 1, 203, 100 Coho or silver__________ | 1, 750, 000 | 140,000 | 150,000 | 12,600 |--.------|:+------ | 4,106,000 | 317,500 Sockeye or red-_______- eae caren ee aie pee [Seer ae e jeer wes setehace Ate ats aed | 96, 500 9, 650 Miron steoliedd----—. -|5=_ 2223 es. pieee ee il eye De Eanes pee ed eat is [eas ree 110, 400 11, 040 rerio ee en 28, 000 2,800 | 36,000 | 3,600 52, 000 5, 200 | 160, 000 16, 870 2 pidicnse.2. ee ee ee ee eee 6, 500 455 6, 500 460 | 79, 600 5, 046 pocicishies® So" = 25 So 6, 000 180 8, 000 320 | 10,000 600 88, 250 5, 010 UE Or Re ee eee eee eee ee oe 8, 000 320 | 48, 000 1, 840 ht (bias (ys er | 4, 000 80 | 4,000 | iyo eee ile, Lae ace 81, 600 1, 632 Du ba See oe eae alla 15, 000 600 | 32,000 1, 280 55,000 } 2, 200 | 281, 300 11, 346 LE So ee eee 70, 400 4, 800 50,160 ; 3, 420 52,800 | 3,600 1446, 820 29, 245 PE LOUSN saat = Sooo 3, 687, 900 | 228, 260 | 715,660 | 35,035 | 264, 300 | 13,180 | 19,046, 820 | 1, 702, 064 | | 118,510 dozen. FISHERY PRODUCTS RECEIVED AT MUNICIPAL FISH WHARF AND MARKET, WASHINGTON, D. C.? The receipts of fishery products at the municipal fish wharf and market, Washington, D. C., in 1926 amounted to 7,511,427 pounds, an increase of 470,369 pounds, or 6.68 per cent, as compared with 1925. The most important products, in quantity, were squeteagues 2 Daily reports of the quantity of fishery products received at this market are furnished to the bureau for publication through the courtesy of the health department of the District of Columbia. 392 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES or “sea trout’’, 1,326,250 pounds; croaker, 1,177,400 pounds; river herring, including 1,270 pounds of roe, 592,470 pounds; oysters, in the shell and opened, 538,294 pounds; shad, 437,850 pounds; striped bass, 413,250 pounds; butterfish, 388,000 pounds; haddock, 339,590 pounds; mackerel, 330,400 pounds; spot, 233,700 pounds; flounders, 213,250 pounds; and crabs, 206,310 pounds. The species ranking next in importance include catfish, perch, halibut, whiting, and hake. Fishery products, in pounds, received at municipal fish wharf and market, Wash- ington, D. C., 1926 Species . January | February) March April May June July Bass; blackior seas ses oe 1, 350 1, 900 16008 Se=ess— 8, 300 7, 460 5, 300 Blwehish tee Bite Sie ATs os 2 2 ee ae ee eee SES ae eee 600 10, 600 11, 500 ‘Bluewunner:or bard tail® 2 = sl a Fae SS ee ee ee Beer oles Se ABT bionic lise ee fe ene ee 6, 000 4, 600 1, 500 47, 900 72, 400 101, 500 C@arppseses 2625 sas ie eee 4, 800 14, 300 11, 400 13, 600 6, 400 3, 900 Catfish | 6, 100 35, 100 21, 900 9, 100 19, 500 5, 300 COUGHS ead ee sae 5, 000 5, 400 10, 100 3, 700 4, 600 4, 400 Croaker 7, 200 13, 300 195, 600 257, 600 164, 200 228, 300 DEEN eet a Of i EL asd PE NE CS EE | 500 9009) Sexe aa 900 600 Flounders 21, 200 44, 900 23, 800 21, 600 13, 800 10, 200 Gizzard shad 3, 400 9},600 ||2.-=.--252|-223-2.=2/ ee ee eee addoc 38, 900 55, 830 29, 300 12,350 | 29, 520 35, 900 Ke. ee ee ee Boe a al ee ec PE Se 2 Oe eh eS = ee eee eee fascccn22o eee ae Halibut 10, 200 22, 600 21, 400 10,200 | 14, 500 7, 300 ermine iverso 222-5 cee. BE 19, 550 36,700 | 134,300 | 318, 250 82; 000) :|- <5 * 400 it) sal eras Fieri nerGer Liver -- ea atone a=) ey EA oe Bee 250 1,020: |p -=--t-=2|5-225 ee ee Hickory shad or ‘‘jacks’’________ 5, 950 4, 600 5, 800 3, 300 1, 100) -}223 2 ee ee ane fishes whet Ee oe NU Re ee od nee sane Pe eS ob | 900 1,-600 |= =2222242- |e WIR C KEY Ges ee ae ee 36, 800 8, 400 7, 200 7, 100 35, 000 51, 200 43, 700 Wienhaderiee. 2. 2 scam ein MN RS YS | eaten Bo treet nL EN eee ee TU TEU URS Re Si Ae ge SS eS as pte | ar ee 100 600 | 200") 222--22se <2 ee eee Jevafel yp Be Re | ee I BL 5, 100 8, 200 51, 700 27, 400 10, 000 8, 500 1, 700 PES ye es EE ee SE 2 ee |) |e \-sacccanes (see ee Bikejorpickereles.. 0:26 oe 500 2, 100 3, 050 | 200" pao a- ee Pollock ele ee eee Lee AOU LS eee ee 200 | te ess | 2, 200 2, 400 RGM panOe tes eee ee A eae | a ae ee eee |= es? BEN 200: |. 2 SS. Ee Se ee Redfish or red drum-_-_----.---- 2; 90022 ane eh ee eee | ee sass 30° | S252 SSeS. |e es REGISNAD PEL Mele oe oe ae asl BH 8 eee Se eee eee Es 200) | 222 SSeS 600 Salmon ee Seite Ge a eee 1, 600 1, 300 F600) 22 see oe 700 1, 700 2, 200 NCU PIOmMpOLey sean ee ee ee |e nee Soe nee 800 | 2, 600 600 pou: 6 es ee SSE Oe 53, 300 25, 900 99, 500 197, 100 55, 550 | 2300) 0225 Ss ee She epshend was-see tote eo eee 2, 000 \eace A | 1; 000 oie joseccacces |S eoie Smelt see es = ee ee 4, 200 200 2. 8050 |USA| ee eas |:63., ee eee SPibs ee 7 oe ee es a 800 1, 000 7, 000 100 9,400 | 32,800 43, 200 ae eae or ‘‘sea trout’’____- 78, 000 15, 800 19, 800 | 6,800 | 281,600 | 163, 500 121, 100 Striped DaSSo a, ee eee eer 9, 200 8, 900 36,700 | 76, 900 32, 400 30, 900 26, 500 SUMS BOT e eee eer ee ee me eve | rea tes | eee eae Lovee Bee 120 145 64 100 ES Hy 017 ACS) a Se ap SA Sea Be an ge al ec | es Sa Se es Se Nie es Ce | 480 2, 000 sp ehiSh Ss sP eee aes 2a AREAL ee eee 400 900 400) | o. SSlUS SS Se | eens VIDAL ELIS Hens eee SEE Ss ee eee ee ee lh tenes eel ee ee ee Wihiting? ao. Le. Vela ee 4, 800 | 4, 500 4-400) 3 58 ES ae ee Clams; hardssoae << 2 seein le 2, 208 1, 920 3, 120 3, 936 8, 192 11, 040 8, 736 Oysters: Meche! SHE] eres ek eRe 16, 975 20, 545 19, 985 | 3, 654 336 | 392 196 Onenedcee s2ss5- See eS 49, 368 38, 511 30, 772 | 7,013 2809 io ee ee SCAN ODS =) ae At wee Ee as ee 240 80 L20T | Soocce a 840 | 960 (CUPS oh ae ope ales ee ey ge | ole 15, Ol eee 615 5, 670 45, 420 61, 305 Orabmeaty a. 29 S*2 227 5 | 285 875 1, 480 3, 320 9, 985 26, 035 20, 155 QOD | ONS AS) Paste, maeagt e a l aR ke hee Seda a 50 300 160 850 500 350 Shrimp se s=s Se et a eee 3, 855 550 2, 275 775 5, 575 10, 900 5, 400 Siurtlestese a ee teeta ee | seco eee 80 | 50 754 SHIP OBS ee ao see ee ke ined aD | eo ae 12 | 24 24 fet (Pa ee aN E Total? & See Ft Ist. | 388,391 | 288, 241 | 641,589 | 975,957 | 926,741 | 736, 038 755, 350 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 393 Fishery products, in pounds, received at municipal fish wharf and market, Wash- ington, D. C., 1926—Continued Species Bass, black or sea Bluefish Herring, river_-- Herring roe, river Hickory shad or ‘‘jacks’’ Kingfish _-- August | ee | October | ~= | =. 1, 200 600 | 700 11, 400 6,900 | 22,100 2, 800 4, 400 Mackerel -- Menhaden- WneNGbas te coos ae ee THES VB Oe Se ee es ee ee IM he ee eee IFAKSOL PICKOLGL-.~= -..— === === —= =e POG Ee se ease ee a Oe a ee TRUPTEST OU ET tes > SS aaa Beat Se eeise eee Oe tS Redfish or red drum TEC USTNE, J 0G page eS er oy) ES ae eee ee SSUETF IVE Se 5 A Se PE PIS MRGMIUM MOLE a2 2 eee ee ee ied eee Rn eo Be ee oon eee ee et MIBPeEPSHERGe a= 62 Sb no oe ee oe | “SET lee ee ee a a eee SID a nel = 2 ae de I ae ee 19,700 | 40, 100 67, 200 9, 980 2, 500 233, 700 Squeteagues or “‘sea trout’’____-_-__--_-_-- 140,900 | 27,000 | 241,800 | 178, 100 56, 850 | 1, 326, 250 SU EITIL We eet ee | es eee ee ygie mee oe A (VO) |e eee Sen 400 BeEY AION SS ee ee ee 43, 200 35, 100 49, 100 39, 900 24, 450 413, 250 SESE Ta 2 oR Sa ee ee ee ee eee ree ae He ae Noe | ON Ee 429 SWOLGusn = 4s es 8 so eee 900 DOOM Ens oe | ee SANE Cees 38, 580 TR GAS pun es re MS YS ore vrwa dans ial ses Sel ee | 600 | 1, 060 800 4, 100 NOC TER) Se Te ee ee eer epee py ee (= ere er areas Git 07] eee es See 500 Vy EYED VE 2 es pa ee pe an heal | eee a 1,400 | 53,400 55, 800 124, 300 Gi nke Tints 2S oo ee eee Se eee 6, 336 | 5, 600 4, 928 | 5, 056 2,240 | 163,312 Oysters: TRS 1G eee esos Seno a 224 3, 829 52,654 | 86,093 34, 398 | 2 239, 281 are Ge ae See 8 ee ee a ee ees eS 9, 306 36, 036 69, 350 58,377 | 3299, 013 SSR DNS ree eg once ee mee ah oe Soy 1, 440 320 B20) | oee se ese=| 4, 920 EE OSs eae as a ae a a ec ee ae) 44, 610 36, 030 12, 360 150) See eae 206, 310 OVER OG ioe Ce ES ae ee hee 20, 770 | 9, 915 3, 525 2, 370 375 | 99, 040 Trt) Gy) 2 ee SL Dl ee 350 | 650 450 150 50 | 3, 860 SLICE TEET OG) = apenas ee SS ee 4, 300 | 6, 800 5, 600 700 500 | 47, 230 APO RESIS. in Ss SS eae a a oe ge 200 | 44 fs hl | aie a a 8 204 1, 738 TOD ESM SL Sih EE Sr ce eg ees oer ae ee es Sal |>==-=—===-|----->p-=-|-~--------| 153 | SS ENO I ep es oe, a a ae eae Sed 596, 890 | 345, 614 |. 681, 607 | 763, 82 411, 180 | 7, 511, 427 1 7,914 bushels. 2 34,183 bushels. 3 36,244 gallons. Notre.—The clams have been reduced to pounds on the basis of 8 pounds of meat to a bushel, the oysters on the basis of 7 pounds of meat to a bushel and 8'4 pounds to a gallon. SHAD AND ALEWIFE FISHERIES OF THE POTOMAC RIVER The regular annual statistics of the shad and alewife fisheries of the Potomac River were taken for the season 1926. shad fishery yielded 336,662 shad that weighed 1,034,206 pounds, valued at $217,461 to the fishermen. This is an increase over 1925 of 65 per cent in number, 48 per cent in weight, and 33 per cent in value. While the catch is not large, compared with many of the former years upon which statistics are available, the fishery nevertheless has regis- tered substantial increases since the exceptionally poor year 1924. They show that the 394 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The catch of alewives amounted to 13,795,848 fish, with a weight of 5,518,930 pounds, valued at $55,366 to the fishermen. The catch shows an increase over 1925 of 7 6 per cent in number, 76 per cent in weight, and 48 per cent in value, and with the exception of 1924 is the largest catch on record since 1909. The following tables give detailed statistics for 1926 and compara- tive statistics on the shad and alewife catches in the Potomac River for the years for which statistics are available. Shad and alewife fisheries of the Potomac River, 1926 Item Maryland Virginia Total Number | Pounds| Value) Number | Pounds| Value | Number | Pounds | Value Bishermenk oo OA | ek Soaks | (E AOS ee eee | ame meee ee V4 = 5 23 See eee Rowboats and scows___ OG $3, 870 5 | Bet $7, 365 298|- 52-2 anes | $11, 235 Gasoline boats___----_- (ol ean ee 15, 575 1 Kets) jee 66, 205) p45 Pelee RE 4 81, 780° hound netsh ses 82 Se 98/5 ee 15, 625 SLAs ee ae 107, 460 409). oe as | 123,085 Gillinéts asa ew aa oe ae 8, 255 Fig ease 8, 664) SOL Sao ae 16, 919 Hairliseines_.—< Ss. =< 5 1a) eae Se 1 OOO a een Ae eee bo Pes) 1, 900: Shore and accessory | DIEGDELL YE sete eee ees sa ee 1 COO) 2s sae ee ee ee 1,000: Ro falie=- 5-5 sao lae eth ees Men BG, coppers sees eae 180, 60t|0 =o oe ees | 235, 919° Shad caught: | With pound nets_- 11,177; 34,775| 7,353) 252,435] 760,967) 157, 519 263, 612 795, 742) 164, 872 With gill nets_____- 35, 874| 115, 791/25, 091 32,626) 110,378) 25, 134 68, 500 226,169} 50, 225- With haul seines___ A SOO | gl 2,290 V2) S02 22a 2 acer | aoe Seen ane 4, 550 12, 295 2, 364 Totalees 22 aes 51,601] 162, 861/34,808' 285,061) 871,345] 182,653/ 336,662] 1,034,206| 217,461 | Alewives caught: | With pound nets- -|1, 163,020) 465, 800) 5,818 12, 280, 828/4, 912,330) 45, 548/13, 443,848) 5,378,130) 51,366 Wali callimetss <2 see > Den ees CaS eee | 220,000; 88,000) 3,300) 220,000 88,000) 3,300: With :haul'seines~ =} 132; 000|-52; 800} > 700\s--" >= fe |-------- 132, 000 52, 800 700 peepee 2225 are cies | | Motale-ee-t2222-5 1,295,020; 518, 600) 6, 518 12, 500, 828|5, 000,330 48, 848/13, 795, 848) 5,518,930! 55, 366- | Production of shad in the Potomac River in various years, 1896 to 1926 Year Maryland Virginia ~ Total Number| Pounds | Value | Ni wmber | Pounds Value | Number| Pounds Value 51,601; 162,861) $34,808) 285, 061 871,345] $182,653) 336,662! 1,034,206 $217,461 46,008) 157,786 35,310) 158, 574 538,846) 128,088) 204, 582 696, 632) 163, 398 37,505} 127,285 20,469) 134, 805) 450,925) 67,981) 172,310 578, 210: 93,619) 308, 729 52,917} 257, 927) 878,653) 145,702) 351,546) 1,187,382) 198, 619 203,682) 706, 501 95,140) 680,494; 2,409,070) 324,882) 884,176) 3,115,571) 420,022 49,681) 138,207 25,191) 356,191; 1,022,231) 182,179) 405,872) 1,160,438) 207,370’ 80, 944! 302, 237 55,963) 448,414) 1,677,543) 278,501) 529,358) 1,979,780) 334, 464 94,512) 354,420 56, 833 449, 957) 1,687,339] 275,564 544,469! 2,041,759] 332,397 17,196 64,485 6, 827 165, 206) 619, 523 65,300} 182,402 684,008} 72,127 31,158) 116,843 9,232} 172,813) 648, 049 44,500) 203,971 764,892) 53, 732. 83,147| 311,801 16, 343 289, 500, 1,085, 625 51,709} 372,647; 1,397,426) 68,052 146,000) 547, 500 14,800) 648,462) 2,431,733) 104,566) 794,462) 2,979,233) 119,366: 233,238) 874, 643 20,524; 450,825) 1,690, 594 43,084) 684,063) 2,565,237! 63, 608: i t Production of alewives in the Potomac River in various years, 1909 to 1926 Year Maryland Virginia Total | Number | Pounds| Value | Number | Pounds Value Number Pounds Value 1926__-.-.-| 1,295,020 | 518,€00 | $6,518 | 12,500,8.8 | 5,090,330 ($48,848 | 13,795,848 | 5,518, 930 | $55, 366 Lop Mats 415,000 | 166, 000 2,070 | 7,420,380 | 2,968,152 | 35,271 7,835,380 | 3,134, 152 37,341 1924.2 pas. 4 1,834,000 | 733,600 6,855 i 299, 388 | 5,319,156 | 49,667 | 15,133,388 | 6,052,756 56, 552 ii pk eae oo 2,119,787 | 847,916 | 8,764 | 9,308,782 | 3,722,912 | 40,657 | 11,428,569 | 4,570,828 | 49,4921 1922___---_.| 1,292,500 | 517,000 3,700 | 10,074,500 | 4,029,800 | 34, 642 11,367,000 | 4, 546, 800 38, 342 ea hee a 1,395,000 | 558,000 | 9,010) 8, 908, 510 | 3,563,404 | 35,031 | 10,303,510 | 4,121,404 | 44,041 THORS 2 3. 1,077,775 | 538,888 | 13,940 | 7,681,561 3, 813, 780 4 197 8, 759, 336 | 4,352, 668 55, 137 VOWOs «Sey 1,488, 583 | 772,867 | 15, 508 Uy 379, 319 | 2, 904, 054 45, 508 8,867,902 | 3,676,921 61,016 ToT eee es 300; UU |= -osee oe WAZOO; 22) [eee nee = 30, Hf Na Deaton va 9-3 i pepe 32, 161 af: 1! ee 45883) 000" |225=2— 3 10,369 | 24,601, 040 | eS See 42,854 | 29,484,040 |_--_------- 53, 223 a ee — oe ae FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 395 SHAD FISHERY OF THE HUDSON RIVER In 1925 there were 221 persons engaged in the shad fishery of the Hudson River in New York and New Jersey. The investment amounted to $26,265, and 38,868 shad, or 124,334 pounds, were caught, valued at $26,430. Of this quantity, 34,568 shad, or 110,359 pounds, valued at $24,030, were taken in New York, and 4,300 shad, or 13,975 pounds, valued at $2,400, in New Jersey. In 1926 there were 240 persons engaged in this fishery. The investment amounted to $27,370, and 84,462 shad, or 265,420 pounds, valued at $53,475, were caught. The catch in New York amounted to 73,312 shad, or 219,183 pounds, valued at $47,175, and in New Jersey to 11,150 shad, or 46,237 pounds, valued at $6,300. Compared with 1924, there was an increase in 1925 of 37 in the number of persons engaged, $3,427 in the investment, 10,074 in number of shad taken (or 29,972 pounds), and of $3,326 in the value. In 1926, as compared with 1924, there was an increase of 56 persons, $4,532 in the investment, and 55,668 in the number of shad taken (or 171,051 pounds), and of $30,371 in the value. As compared with the previous year, the number of persons engaged and the investment in 1926 were only slightly greater, while the catch of shad and the value were more than double. The statistics for 1925 and 1926 and comparative statistics of the catch from 1915 to 1926, inclusive, are given in the following table: Shad fishery of the Hudson River, 1925 Items New York | New Jersey Total | ac Number| Pounds | Value | Number Pounds, Value |Number| Pounds | Value HUI SHENTHOHS > 2b 5222 teow TALiy | hes es on ae see | 16 |e =ee ee ea 7-2 4G ee | Ue Rowboats and scows____---- 89) [2225-5 $4, 920 Giy|be ess | $1, 240 lh | $6, 160 Garplineihboats--—--- 22-2. =: 20 ss ee eee 2,805 Oi | eee 2, 000 2s tl es as Spe 4, 805 Gill mepssaruih® st 9D) oe Ee UE BST 2 £285 eb ees oT Eee ep 2 dh 0023227 ee 11, 165 Gillmets: stake: - 95. ea Bip EE 2 ee 920 AA td 400 ily Py (Ee een. aie 1,320 IS Ciriicci ee ae ae i OE Ae ALON Seo eae eae nen | eee | ee oo 415 Shore and accessory property|--------|--------- TUSK, Ul ee =k 1 B00) fae 62 — ee 2ee __2,400 otaleemer eee ee ae be DISD n| See eee wowee 45 Od Gy | Ste See 26, 265 Shad caught: | | With drift gill nets______ Be O00) WL 041060;|) 2an002 en won| aoe | eee eS | 32, 509 | 104,063 | 22, 902 With stake gill nets_____ 1, 144 3, 644 729 | 4,300 | 13,975 | 2,400} 5,444] 17,619} 3,129 With haul seines________ 825 2, 375 2 EE ars pe eee tes eee ae | 825 2, 375 344 With other apparatus, incidentally________-_- 90 277 fsa) aes 5 $y | ee eee Se 90 277 55 1 Me 121 eee 34, 568 | 110,359 | 24,030 | 4,300 | 13,975 | 2,400 | 38,868 | 124,334 | 26,430 Shad fishery of the Hudson River, 1926 Items New York New Jersey Total 2 Number) Pounds | Value |Number| Pounds) Value |Number| Pounds | Value MME TENGH ese eee ee Shee ot 2777, | EE A 8) a | J aaa a ZAQM Beare 2 3 | aoe es Rowboats and scows_____-_- Uy | ae | $5, 140 | Gis ee $1, 240 101-}|- es. 53225 $6, 380 Gasoline boats_____________- 1 be (eee ed 2, 655 3)| eee es 2, 000 PG Ee eee 4, 655 Sriseripis drift 86-22 8. D6 alvK Siete Til S 2B: a2 25 Se a eal OGRE ae 11, 825 Gunes, stake... -.--- iby eee 775 i tal ol 400 aU | Pepe ee 1,175 ent seInes 82 2 | = Ul aes See fee Lye eae | | ed Ll eS Sf Pete eS 935 Shore and accessory property|--------|--------- (DUN poceeces eceeees) (cbell) [Pee Seo ease 2, 400 SiG, Se SS eee eee 22340 pees a} sb Pek 82 A O40 ¢ | a |e Sa 27,370 Shad caught: With drift gill nets______ GE O20 PSs Ono tae O00 eee Nees ae a 61, 625 | 184,059 | 39, 356 With stake gill nets__--- 4, 544 14,443 | 3,708 | 11,150 | 46,237 | 6,300 | 15,694 | 60,680 | 10,008 With haul seines_____--- Gs O63" eecUs LUZK EEN OaG! | sae eet ee 6,963 | 20,102 | 3,986 With other apparatus, incidentally__. _._.._- 180 579 TAA Eee | NI a cee IN ieee 180 579 125 PLO UAlen se ee 73,312 | 219,183 | 47,175 | 11,150 | 46,237 | 6,300 | 84,462 | 265,420 | 53,475 396 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Comparative statistics of the shad fishery of the Hudson River, 1915 to 1926 Year New York New Jersey Total | Number, Pounds | Value |Number, Pounds Value ;Number| Pounds | Value 19{6.5032 A eee ee 11,606 | 48, 564 | $5,969 | 4,249 | 20,104 | $2,674 | 15,855 | 68,668 | $8, 643: TOLG 2s ee ee. a 7, 787 | 32,923 | 4,540) 1,500} 7,250 925 | 9,287} 40,173 5,465. LO ses ee a= Se eee 10,615 | 38,344 | 5,810} 1,400 | 5,040 720 | 12,015 | 43,384 | 6, 540 LOLS: ees SUE IL Le ee ee 63,404 | 220,602 | 44,784 | 3,999 | 14,000 | 3,400 | 67,403 | 234, 602 | 48, 184 DONQ 2. = 2 es ae Se 76, 501 | 301,306 | 60,690 | 13,800 | 73,668 | 23,034 | 90,301 | 374,974 | 83, 724 1920222558 See 39,692 | 157,715 | 43,882 | 9,623 | 42,129 | 12,427 | 49,315 | 199, 844 | 56, 309 i PA ees Se ee he eee 28,948 | 104,883 | 24,329 | 6,500 | 25,920 | 6,294 | 35,448 | 130, 803 | 30, 623 DS V7 geal i, Ap sk pe es 36,111 | 128,324 | 27,451 | 12,225 | 46, 862 | 12,255 | 48,336 | 175, 186 | 39, 706 M925 22325 4e8 22 | Soe Se eee 28,636 | 97,863 | 22,644 | 6,450 | 23,865 | 6,000 | 35,086 | 121,728 | 28, 644 Te eee ee ee aes 22,814 | 72,519 | 17,619 | 5,980 | 21,850 | 5,485 | 28,794 | 94,369 | 23, 104 gO256 o. ERE. SRS. hee oh 34, 568 | 110,359 | 24,030 | 4,300 | 13,975 | 2,400 | 38,868 | 124,334 | 26, 430- 192622. Nee. eyes Fete ot 73,312 | 219,183 | 47,175 | 11,150 | 46,237 | 6,300 | 84,462 | 265, 420 | 53, 475. FLORIDA SPONGE FISHERY In 1926 the quantity of sponges sold at the Sponge Exchange, Tarpon Springs, Fla., was 367,745 pounds, valued at $666,093, of which 235,143 pounds, valued at $592,637, were large wool; 26,073 pounds, valued at $36,502, were small wool; 55,205 pounds, valued at $22,682, yellow; 49,233 pounds, valued at $13,441, grass; and 2,091 pounds, valued at $1,101, wire. It is estimated that sponges to the value of $50,000 were sold outside of the exchange at Tarpon Springs. Compared with the production of 1925, this is a decrease of 66,927 pounds, or 15.4 per cent, in quantity and $49,004, or 6.9 per cent, in value. The production of grass sponges is the only one showing an increase over 1925. The total production is less than for any of the past eight years. This decrease is believed due, at least in part, to the generally unfavorable weather conditions that existed and to a shortage of divers. The increase in the production of grass sponges is attributed to the demand for this kind of sponges and to the fact that the unfavorable weather did not affect their being gathered in the shallow waters. Sponges sold at the exchange, Tarpon Springs, Fla., 1919 to 1926 | Year | Total | Large Small wool wool | | Yellow | Grass Wire | | 4. | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Value Pounds NO ZB Pees ase en lL | 367,745 | $666,093 | 235,143 | 26, 073 55, 205 49, 233 2, 091 19257) Usbsees at ee 2 ees | 434,672 | 715,097 | 242, 020 29,968 | 120,748} 28, 622 13, 314 OQ 2A Oe ee a ee ee | 425,305 | 714,760} 265,392 | 58,021 81, 420 14, 898 5, 574 OS SS ee ere eee cee | 490,200 | 734,391 | 243,230) 54, 292 87, 878 88, 772 16, 028 O22 neta oe on oS Ee | 526,885 | 699,089 | 248,475 | 70,478} 115,455 | 84,892 7, 585 1 ny Sa nae ogee sl 386, 390 | 540,093 | 173,723 | 63, 786 70, 218 | + ~ 65,745 12, 918 LODO Sie as Se a ee a Oe | 409, 746 | 678,209 | 176,722 | 60,902} 72,648 | 92,880 6, 594 TAQURY) So pretest (es Nears eae 424,075 | 707,964 | 205, 462 76, 309 | | i 73, 051 62, 547 6, 706 FISHERIES OF CONNECTICUT Through the courtesy and cooperation of the State board of fish- eries and game in detailing one of its officers (Capt. Christopher Culver) to act as agent of the Bureau of Fisheries in collecting the statistics of the fisheries of Connecticut, it has been possible to secure the statistics for the years 1925 and 1926, which are presented in detail ia this section. For purposes of comparison the data for 1919 and 1924 also have been included in the summary tables. ae oe FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 397 In 1925 the fisheries of Connecticut gave employment to 1,451 fishermen and transporters; the value of vessels, boats, and gear employed in the fisheries amounted to $1,559,274; and the yield of the fisheries was 31,865,966 pounds, valued at $2,236,550. Though the number of persons engaged has increased from about 1,300 to 1,450 during the last three years, it is still below the number in 1919, which was 1,666. The value of the vessels, boats, and gear increased with each successive canvass and is now nearly 50 per cent above the investment in 1919. The substantial increases during this period in the number of motor vessels and otter trawls are the out- standing changes to be noted. The total yield of the fisheries increased from 23,652,647 pounds, valued at $1,700,638, in 1919 to 38,265,091 pounds, valued at $2,592,327 in 1925, and then decreased to 31,865,966 pounds, valued at $2,236,550 in 1926. These changes may be understood by examin- ing the components of the yield. These are summarized in the accompanying table, from which it may be seen that food fishes in 1926 constituted about 29 per cent, food shellfish about 18 per cent, and nonfood items about 53 per cent of the total quantity. Of the total value food fishes accounted for about 21 per cent, food shellfish 50 per cent, and nonfood items 29 per cent. Summary of the yield of the fisheries of Connecticut in 1919 and 1924 to 1926, inclusive Year Food fish Food shellfish | Nonfood items | Total | Pounds | Value Pounds Value | Pounds Value | Pounds Value iC Eee oe 3, 656, 394 | $266,196 | 6, 025, 308 $747, 780 | 13,970, 945 | $686, 662 | 23, 652, 647 | $1, 700, 638 LODE ope Fey =, | 6, 280, 075 | 351, 782 | 4, 957, 955 952, 081 | 14, 531, 486 702, 795 | 25, 769, 516 2, 006, 658 LOD He eae 7, 625, 523 377, 469 | 6,751, 044 | 1,434, 559 | 23, 888, 524 | 780,299 | 38, 265, 091 2, 592, 327 PGGHS sae 9, 401,692 | 465,897 | 5, 671,478 | 1,125,269 | 16,792,796 | 645,384 | 31,865,966 | 2, 236, 550 The yield of the food fishes has increased steadily with the succes- sive canvasses, more than doubling in quantity and nearly doubling in value since 1919. The yield of flounders dominates the catch of focd fishes. Four-fifths of the total poundage and nearly two-thirds of the total value of the food fishes taken in 1926 were flounders, and the increased catch of this variety accounts for the increase in the total. The shad is next to flounders in importance. In 1919 the value of the shad yield was nearly as large as the value ef flounders, but with the marked increase in the flounder yield and a decreased yield of shad the latter was a poor second in 1926, with a value less than one-tenth that of flounders. Other important items were haddock, cod, and swordfish. The food shellfish constitute the most valuable fishery resource of Connecticut, and of these the oyster is by far the most important. The yield of oysters in 1926, mostly from private beds, approached 5,000,000 pounds of meat, valued at more than $880,000. This is somewhat less than the yield in 1925 but above the yields of 1919 and 1924. The lobster is the other important shellfish, with a yield in 1926 of 645,454 pounds, valued at $227,003. The quantities taken were less in each successive canvass. Of the nonfood items seed oysters, taken mostly from private beds, are the most important. In 1926 their value was nearly $660,000. Menhaden and oyster shells are the other items in this category; together they had a value of slightly over $50,000 in 1926. 398 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Comparative statistics of the persons engaged in the fisheries of Connecticut, 1919 and 1924 to 1926 | Items 1919 1924 1925 1926 Number | Number | Number | Number On vesselsfishin por ee yee Mn PO AEE 2 | Lee SA el Ree. | 566 574 619 629 On wessels transportingeet ss: | See Uk ee) Se 81 17 15 17 Inshore fisheries cess yet ee hee Seve ee ee ee 1,019 707 765 805 U Davao Ss SE 9 See ee Pee en Get ee 1, 666 1, 298 1, 399 1,451 Comparative statistics on the vessels, boats, and apparatus used in the fisheries of Connecticut, 1919 and 1924 to 1926 Items | 1919 1924 1925 1926 | |\Number| Value |Number| Value |Number| Value |Number| Value — Vessels fishing, steam---.___- 24 | $328, 243 25 | $480, 200 27 | $481, 400 27 | $489, 350 onnage=22th 2h. 3733 2e_ 2 Wt25240 (ee eee 2) 250TH! fo SAE 2S st 2p 243) )e2 es See 2 G83 Tie =e (Qyiinibe Se Bees ee Shee ee UG 336 (3 140 22p es = = 192, 302) 222 ee 98, 723 Vessels fishing, motor-_______ 67 | 180, 425 83.| 301, 590 73 | 351, 295 81 426, 710 Tonnare. te wel repays | EEE ee ee Se HL O08ghiy Se. 2 a 2 a 1 Q90 a ae oe Owiitt. = 2-22 se ees 5 947690): 2s ADS SAZEIE- eae 143,507" |22 eee 139, 347 Vessels fishing, Sail__.+-.-_2__] 24 12, 495 10 7, 300 9 7, 900 4 , LONNAGC 22. See = aes oe ES Sy | Sees Seen Bie |= ene 64 |) ase eee 28) [ieee eae CHULA TSEMER REE 2 eS, ES } Lice ee ALS AND 2 OOS PERSE Ee Se 1, 058 Vessels transporting, steam___ 2 13, 200 i 4, 000 1 7, 500 1 10, 000 Wonnage’ses. = eT NES DUT) | eee te 1S jars hee 18; | 3s 1S es eee x Boats, sail, row, etc____.-_____| 399 9, 670 511 25, 605 330 10, 393 306 9, 850 Apparatus, vessel fisheries: | | Reines: fe see sen TP 4 7, 800 4 3, 850 5 3, 850 fi 4, 450 Gallinrets = bss25 22 FOS Fee | 115 2, G80 oo oa A . | ee ee eee Otteriirawist Jes? oti srs 14 | 680 25 1, 220 28 2, 448 34 3, 400 Lines, hand and trawl____|_-----_- Lait |e ate AQG Was e 176. | eee 975 , Miarpoons= e8 eae SESE LD a2 2B BOQ "3-282 8 O65nles soe Bis tw [9s 2o3e 675 apsten matseq2s =.= Fs 480 745. | 545 695 494 1, 225 180 800 Hel DOUS Seer eee en nee aoe ween ee ates 12 10) |S Ae |e A eee Dredaest + . eres eee 372 8, 437 246 7,114 191 11, 884 183 11, 799 pf 0) cas Fa ei i me eee en [ret i a (leas ao 6 30 4 45 12 125 operates! shore fisheries: DPInGS 27-8 v2 are: 54 4,893 24 2, 697 48 4,172 59 3, 107 Guillinetsce See sees ee 204 13, 910 95 5, 650 89 6, 479 95 6, 755 Pound nets, trap nets, andiweirs 22.2.2 92 ee 42 9, 112 38 9, 785 45 8, 650 36 5, 675 Fykenets...- 22.22 -- 439 3, 985 315 3, 043 269 3, 315 256 2, 863 Hip Netss 2 eee. 7 35 59 71 15 54 21 72 Otter trawls 53 2, 394 62 2, 610 114 7, 227 116 8, 123 Lines, hand and trawl____|_--__-_- 5S. | Sues HO7 esse 1, (79D Ane eames 693 IETS DOONS Scene es en | ee | BOs zae ae DOO at ee 633. eae 315 DS DCAES Seen ee ee 30 39 25, 49 65 180 53 165 Eel pots and traps_______- 801 617 | 1,270 1,146 | 1,594 2,398 | 1,532 oby, Lobster potses_- == 16, 173 42, 534 | 16, 223 20, 515 22) 070 77, 634 | 21,445 75, 642 rate moise. ype set ke. SECU os Ce ees 75 iG Se ae ey eee ee Pe Predges ee 55 395 98 627 27 346 12 160 Tongs and rakes_________ 305 2, 361 187 699 145 862 76 475 Minor apparatus._2.=-2__|-2=2.4_- 82s eae ey AGH Eon 105. |. eee eee TT ctteall SET SS Eee te | Seiad ae W048) 594 Nt pe we 1,860), 65i 124 1, 478, 205.0); -2 28 1, 559, 274 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 399 Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of Connecticut, 1919 and 1924 to 1926, inclusive 1924 1925 1926 | | Pounds Value Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value 98,813; $2,234, 114,962, $1,387) 40, 350) $442 11, 662 275-19, 000 | eee a BRA pe 17,241) 4, 514! 7, 490 2, 442! 1, 926 596 Foxy 5,650, 442 +~+~7,000/+~=Ss«S815| 23,295] 2, 255 39,333; 5,258 14,264 «1, 982 5, 408 638 800) 49 590 4 375 16 538, 887| 30,972 564,995 26,794| 507, 230 23, 885 112,458; 12,406, 108,274 17,051; 90,710, 13, 992 a hoi oem aaa 4,890 1,550 1, 886 941 4,415,927; 197,507 5,905,477, 218, 362| 7,360,346, 295, 482 48,950 2,440| 111,800} 6,950| 592,347| 25, 027 3, 000 108 «14, 900 279} — 850 20 Bee Ee ROO) all 07512. LOG smiTl © 12-806 100 2 400 6 1, 000 19 1, 900 83. 1, 150 fee eae ee 303,860! 20,067 144,575 10,349 177,960 18,801 2, 700 7 8,700 1,260, 11,050 _—-2,060 eas 1,656 +162 50, 2 18, 475 919 640 99 6,406 1,422 Fi iis 7257201 3,375 90 2; 600 59 10,515 2, 701 1, 820 83 40,835| 5,302) 36,925) 5,738, 21, 233| «5, 057 1, 545 396 5,297, 1, 149] 4,629, 1, 002 290 79 220 73| 236 7 119,674; 8,024} 108,281, 8,468, 102,352 7,376 So ee) eee [fe ee eS Seo 5anas See 80,145] 13,896) 78,401, 14,908, 81,600, 13,832 72,636, 6,234) 100,139, 10,007, 100,300 9, 815 2008130" 45170 eee oes | ee a | 13,000 917 190 7| 400 Ahetcins snes farses eet teen |r Ne ae & | Seine sero 240 20 2, 000 40, 5, 600. 906] 0252 shoes |e es 3, 915 296) 1, 692 Billa ee ce neee ere 6, 280,075! 351, 782) 7, 625,523, 377,469) 9,401,692, 465,897 SS SS SSS SS 701, 647, 240,809| 686,875 236,729 645,454 227, 003 440 28 950 44) 1, 047 110 10, 000 7 (| Mees Sod ern ee 14, 000. 403 16, 630 484/17, 100 614, 13, 950 951 22,096; 10,005] 24,080) 12,498} 13,256! 6, 718 1, 536 (ici feet ag pone sen 5,952) 3, 098 44,350| 12,155] 30,080, 11,436) 15,330/ 5,971 2, 430 831" 5B. 752)" 10 487/222 Wee oer | 18,410| 3,865| 116,410 20,680, 131,733, 21, 808 4,140, 416| 683, 034) 5, 816, 797 1, 142,071 4,830,756 859, 207 4,957, 955| 952, 081| 6, 751, 044/1, 434, 559 5, 671, 47811, 125, 269 | | j 5, 270,020) 56,438 13,503,058 124,466 4,347,425 36, 269 383,950] 55,933, 73,500 9,550 176,358) 23, 670 3,477,516 583,224 3,801,966 635,433 4, 409, 013, 571, 645 5,400,000 7,200 6,510,000 10,850 7,860,000 13,800 14, 531, 486] 702, 795 23, 888, 524 780, 299 16, 792, 7 796) 645, 384 25, 769, 516 31, 865, 966|2, 236, 550 Products 1919 Food fishes: Alewives— Pounds Value Rresh Ys 2c ts 177,150! $6, 637 ealted . 222. = cca Sen es eee RUEHSHE Sasa -- a= 3, 710 386 JE\ CLEP Picrees aie sate em 6, 120) 912 Partuerisaen Se oe 18, 810 2, 607 Garp. oe. 40, 141, 4, 922 Paihich ees 1, 492 100 Reel ee ets Sh. 96,136 9, 603 ASISE ee eee se 6, 767 73 Eels— Common 2: ----- 63, 046 9, 839 TAI DTGVe sass 5=|=aonqsesa=|sesecese= iN (5) 002, 6 (2) 9 a 2,349,181) 91, 962 Poaddock=+252—-2 ==. 350 38 igh: ic: aS Ee ee 10, 100) 102) Eislibitie =. Ak So | 25, 000 5, 000 Miprrinpe sess 2 ae | 3, 000, 71 uckory shad 200 seo. 5220-222 Se ee Mackerel: 6 91,389) 10,990 Wirnanaie hops: 228s — apes A eal Sx. Squeteagues__._------ 23, 076) 35,207 Striped bass____------ 4,810, 1, 059 PitEeeones. 222 Se 25 5 MIPLCK CRS 6 Ses 2 3 Ee 99, 053) 7, 488; Sunfish © 25-2 ites 105 ll SwordHsa —.. 2 a2. = 88,428; 15,006 PPantops==- 2-22 s2— 21, 942 2, 068 Lhe k ee ae Beet ANT Toys ee eer eae 455) 37 iT ger yc te 5,114 550 WIL 2 9, 317 175 COURSES SE STA ae ee ee (ee a iit ee eras, 3, 656, 394 266, 196) Food shellfish | Ie ee 740, 848 189, 157 Crabs— Te 027 Re Sse a ee DN ee ‘Syne 0 LAS, SER gs SS ey | ek eet | a niin he a 3, 612 258 Clams, hard— IST Ga ee 49, 976 18, 912 TW Abe een Wee eae Sos aloes sees Clams, soft, public_--| 229,150 32,070 Hcallopss 2" > ==_- - 38, 400| 13,717 Oysters, market— | Paplie= sso 5 =.= 136,654 21,900 Privates - =.=: 4, 826, 668, 471, 766, OLS se Ae es O 6, 025,308 747,780) Nonfood items: Menhaden...___...-_- 6, 736, 564 93, 312 Oysters, seed— | Paalics 2h ee -> 740,516 68,349 iprivate= a. 6, 493, ae 525, 001 Oi ae te) Ee Se ee |2ausseaee Tiny Leas ee eee 13,970,945 686, 662) Grand total=. 2... 23, 652, 647 he 700, 638) 2, 006, 658 38, 265, 091 2, 592, 327;: 400 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES , Yield of the vessel fisheries of Connecticut in 1925, by apparatus and species Species Purse seines Lines, pend and | Otter trawls Harpoons Pounds Value | Pounds | Value Pounds Value | Pounds Value (Cod= 2-26.82 ee Se eo eee eee ana 353, 600 |$16, 144 47, 400" | "S222" | eens iounders< 2. [o: s= Coser Paee ee Jasacsestes 1, 400 112 | 2,862,825, 103; 146) 2 ee adGock: #242 has ee eee owe lf ee ee 31, 200 1,760 | 61, 000 4,116. |o2-- oso igkoweieee sel ie ee sehen 23sec oe b SoS se oe eee = eee | 13, 300 199 | ee sae TS Rilo) oh eS ee | eee 79,000) |) Tl, 075 |-2.----2222|2ohaaee So eee ee INiackorelimenss s. eet e 98,750 | $7, 109 1, 800 180s: 222 22 |S a een Woenhbadente ose eee ee 1353281658, |l215 O58 a= a= oe eee lV Jocacaun-c lateoc eee eee eee IPollOG kee ates ee ee el, aes eee eee | 400 16 | 2, 000 100) |e S(euigel oie cee ee |pssesicceol pce etcd|seosecee 1, 200 60) ae Siiarks ee ce eee ee aaa Bie Sen aan eae eee Sener oe rere 1, 425 16° |e Swordfish___..-.-------------]------------|---------|---------|-------- ee 48, 246 |$8, 531 ODL E RI Oyne ae ee ee ee eS es eon ea] pase Sana ease as 100 te eee eee BUSS ESS Soca eS a a ce | ce re ne en ee er oe ree 625 2023) es oa ee Scallops see saa ae ee i ee Sa | Sa eee ee ee | ene Mercy 5; 472) | Coee e seene To val eas Set sat ae 13, 427, 408 | 129,067 | 463,400 | 29, 287 | 3, 021,057 | 115,593 | 48, 246 | 8, 531 Species Lobster pots Dredges Tongs Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value GDStOUSS = - ee oo encase ae ee oe 26, 612 $9,475 slp 2o oe 28 2 2 eS ea Oysters, market: PUD Ce se an ee ean ote e een. {lO caee eee | peewee ate 43, 400 $7, 700 17, 500 $3, 750 IPTIVALON< 2. > cee = Soe eee peewee Clea eta | sesee eae 5, 789, 392 1-133, 476): 2-2 ee eee Oysters, seed: Publi¢es occ eae ok eee eno eee a 58, 800 6, 975° | 2a eee Private 3, 778, 866 630; 483" |2 + a eee Clams, hard, public BAS ee eae Eee a 80 40 Oyster shells--022 2s. 2-- 2s eee kaa 5 2, 010, 000 3,350} |2..225-e | Go AROtahet ae enc eee eee 26, 612 9,475 | 11, 680, 458 1, 781, 984 17, 580 3, 790 Yield of the shore and boat fisheries of Connecticut in 1925, by apparatus and species Species Teed and Haulseines ee ees Fabs: Fyke nets Alewives: Pounds | Pounds Value Pounds Value FUT ER file eee eae | See ela a ge CY, aol 94, 562 $497 4, 000 $70 LDL pal e000) hye eee aCe ee RE ae ar eS oa Eero || = 55S 4, 890 1, 550 Wloundens-22 === === 25, 300 | Io Gye mite! pete bens see ee ee 400 6) |p woe ccoealee eee IC KOLYySHad oo ees eon alee eee 1, 150 63. | -=sseanaee eee Mackereles ue =-a5—= 22, 250 Menhad enh sa. 222 2222| saoease = a2 | penne 73, 800 928, |= -225ee See Niurnmichog: 2 feet Seales a ee ORR e700 RR = LaL7S coe eet ae a eee HE Se Perch: Whiting otal. j2.222.e= 291, 982 22,581 | 176, 508 21,566 | 312,815 15, 989 57, 601 6, 287 ee ee ee se SS eee eee ~? ge FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 401 Yield of the shore and boat fisheries of Connecticut in 1925, by apparatus and species— Continued Species Purse seines Gill nets Dip nets Otter trawls Pounds | Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value el nn ee ee neo ee ee cufocc asc aenleceod ad aoe ae ooeneee= 2, 500 $1, 626 TPGTERE ECS oo gi a fe ale ge (OS a Mama) SEES ae ay | Cries ae 2, 979, 145 110, 797 Te DUG ee ES ee a Oe eS eee ey oe | eee ee 16, 000 794 EI ey ee Sl Soh ee eS Ad 2 ee BE ee ee 400 16 iieekerala: 520222 .—. - 14, 000 SOOT eee SS a re | Ree AE Seek cs Ah Ot a Se ee eS Pee a 100, 600 $15,080 || Se. a Ss Ree ae ae eee Seen SUE SPSS) 2S SRE (a (ca I a FE ree eas ees (ee el ee ae 50 14 SRD DVR rs ep a I a a ee | ea Nc A) bap OE ee (NS ee 10, 000 350 Sufi Et aD ae SSE RA (are eeeeeepe caesar 85,489 | 21,343 I SSbN i. gt dosent teec es eeals ese SS ee 3 | I a) ERE eS RE eer on Pee epee oe 1, 725 35 Se Lenses wep ae eae Soe Lee Sel es So ee 2 ee eee 2, 000 59 27.22 ls aS Be ee ees eee ee Seas 655 157 100 25 Squeteagues 370 | 05 Woo cas 52 ISR eee a Eoke Seen e Re ee Striped bass 3 | A | ee ee ets | eee |e eee SURE icc. s+ ceecel bse Se bE Re ee ea Sees eas eae 200 70 Sn enna | Sener oe occ ae |p os een sleee lane ee see Stee 400 40 SRMEBEL NTA Domne eye] = meee |e See | ae oe LT] eae Te Ee ae 5, 000 200 CTEEL OS ESR d 5 cre a Lae Uae pa ce 800 OO! |psoeee seen | ae ee WL DVOS PGES Re he eS Se RS a (a ape SR ge (De eel i NN 815 255 SN ESL OS 5 A see | oe Uap (ne eee | Desc h ee SL os 2 ele 27, 570 5, 015: ote sso 14, 000 700 186, 462 22, 999 2, 990 578 |3, 075, 905 119, 296: Species Drag nets Harpoons Lobster pots Eel pots Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Tog H Le, Sk oo eee IRS TO a POR ate ee eee eee 76,724 | $11,445 Mummichog---..---- 1,000 — SRO | See ee | eS ee Ep a eo aoe |S ee ee e SLO 6 1 EES a Eres (ee ae 30, 155 DO OUT im cee See a Bie aa wed a a PRS LOE ce tee | a se ete oe eae eal Shel 2 658,783) 1$2265785)-|-- 2 2 ee ee = Morale 1, 000 $5 30, 155 6, 377 658, 783 226, 785 76, 724 11,445 Species Dredges Tongs and rakes Spears Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value iis) PE ees Etre ce eles | ne Pol eod ee Rebel = Ua ee 8S 2 eo fle 20, 610 $3, 168 Oysters, market: let itg et ~ ee ee ee ee 24, 150 $2, 650 31, 360 $6;/580)) |e ee (ah iG\ ee ee ee ee eee 7, 070 1, 470 20, 335 4,125) ||-2 SaaS eee Oysters, seed: fet ria | Ur ee oe ee 14, 700 Q2)b15 Neses 2225 sso | socio ee bo een eee erivntemueuels i 2k we. fess Tees 21, 000 4, 500 2, 100 ABO Gan eae |e = Clams: i ged public: = Saat 2s ee oe [eee ok 24, 000 120 4587|> 22> ee es ce Sbifind oil WO. fee See Te SS | SE pl cere 30, 080 T4364 Se See ee = JL WEifo? Sighs BS eee ee eee 4, 500, 000 eal = ans | a 2s IN) Es eS ee eee Oe 66, 920 11,195 | 4,607, 875 45, 549 20, 610 3, 168 402 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Summary of the yield of 1925 Species Shore fisheries Vessel fisheries Total | Alewives: Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value 114, 962 $1, 387 114, 962 | $1, 387 19, 000 650 19, 000 650 7, 490 2, 442 7, 490 | 2, 442 590 47 590 47 7, 000 815 7, 000 815 14, 264 1, 932 14, 264 1, 932 163, 995 8, 378 564, 995 26, 794 10 1 10 108,274 | 17,051 108, 274 17, 051 Helsmlampreycces =: ee See 4, 890 | 1, 550 4, 890 1, 550 MIGUMGCNS sees eee eee | 3,041,252 | 115, 104 5, 905, 477 | 218, 362 Gironpers tea sse sae 2 ee eae 6) 2 7 | Haddeck3<- 222) ee 19, 600 | 1, 074 111, 800 | 6, 950 REG 2G 2 Ee oe i ee oe 1, 600 80 14, 900 | 279 IERSED Gat Se Ee ee es eee aa | Se wiae aa meee lee ae 75, 000 11,075 Elerring? see eee 400 6 400 pews ELiGkOny Shad: Ses eae eee | 1, 150 GORE Mae Sees a ee eee 1, 150 | 63 INGIG (GLa nel | set SR RS Gea Sere ia ee | 44, 025 3, 060 100, 550 7, 289 144, 575 10, 349 | 174, 400 | 2,508 | 18, 328, 658 121, 958 | 13, 593, 058 | 124, 466 8, 700 12608 steer es 8, 700 | 1, 260 45 | 5 | ees 45 | 5 1, 326 | N34: || 4 5 ae. Se 2 ee 1, 326 | 134 520 | 18) pessoa as soe ee ae eee 520 | 7 6, 400 | 350 2, 400 116 8, 860 | 466 1, 025 | L22 is ie SE as eee ee eee ee 1, 025 122 1, 400 | Op Mees aes | het ess 8 ee | 1, 400 | 252 10, 000 350 1, 200 €0 11, 200 — 410 145, 790 CHL ENT G72 9 eda Ie ee Sate | (apes oe) 145, 790 | 31, 628 1, 728 | 35 1, 425 16 3, 150 | 51 1, 675 3033 |2a seen eee 1, 675 | 308 2, 400 S325. 2 5 eee oh Sees 2, 400 | 83 | 9, 515 ETS Eis apa aie Je SEL 9,515 | 2, 364 Squeleagues: --—- 228 aes fee Fe | 36, 925 ETL L(G To) Pee ee eee | See ee 36, 925 | 5, 738 Siripedibass ss -ene es spe ee eee 5, 227 | 1 US 2 Yh cris a Ie a Sc 5/2274 1, 149 Shure eon est ae s2 a ese Se 220 | US (Sess ps Salis ee eee 220 | 73 BUCKETS ee cee ee ee ee 108, 281 9; 468 hee ee Ss eee ees 108, 281 8, 468 SW ORES Hee eae 30, 155 | 6, 377 48, 246 8, 531 78, 401 14, 908 WMPaAntOS sews 2s = be eo see eee 100, 039 | 9, 997 100 10 100, 139 | 10, 007 Momcod esas at ee ay 400 | ah | crags | are (bs aid ae 400 | 4 AY ett iba} Seen eee Cee ea | 5, 600 PGi Soe os eee eee 5, 600 | 206 Craps ardeess bass. eee 950 | A amen tat UT DCI vate Te 950 | 44 TGODStETS 5 — eee oe 2 Se 659, 638 | 227, 052 27, 237 9, 677 686, 875 236, 729 SYeTiN(s eaeeeL e s nielgs aye ee eee 17, 100 | Giga ee te teal) ee 17, 100 614 Clams: Hard: public. -See- see ase hs 24,000 |. 12, 458 80 40 24, 080 12, 498 Softpublic=—-=2 Ba 30, 080 a WAP. SU yl Ree oe See Ree aes 30, 080 11, 436 Scallops.4222—- os2-- eee sae oe 27, 570 | 5, O15 31, 182 5, 472 58, 752 10, 487 Oysters, market: i 55, 510 9, 230 60, 900 11, 450 116, 410 20, 680 27, 405 8,595 | 5,789,392 | 1,133,476 | 5,816, 797 1, 142, 071 bli 14, 700 2, 575 58, 800 6, 975 73, 500 9, 550 Brlvatos stent hone 23, 100 4,950 | 3,778, 866 630, 483 | 3, 801, 966 635, 433 Oyster:shellse-2+s 228 sakes ey 4, 500, 000 7,500 | 2,010, 000 3,350 | 6, 510, 000 10, 850 Total soeees eer ees eee 9, 580,830 | 514,600 | 28, 684,761 | 2,077,727 | 38, 265,091 | 2, 592,327 ' | vessel fisheries of Connecticut in 1926, by apparatus and species Yield of the Species Purse seines Haul seines | Tint aed and} Otter trawls Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value Odes. Sere A Se Eee Se 217, 740 | $9, 654 94,100 | $4,466 lou Gers = — 2 ee eS ee ae ee 18 Go Ka Kate) ae See es Pe em Samet Mlialibimtsc2s sso. Gout Se aeU lS aa) See ee a ee iVinckerehsea aver ete toes 114, 550 $11,803 | Menhaden--_- -| 4, 202,800 | 34, 463 | Rollocks = 225-22 he 2 ee Sinks 2e 6 0h 3) paras pe Sf Ge ke Bs Sat aL et | ND ae RN en ME OR ES S'S tet ES ARON S Hise o ee a Se eee a es PUNE TA re gee I SR | nee nas be TiGUSterS 35242025 2 ee 2 a eee ee fo tS lo ae So ey | ee | ees 2, 515 813 OUR 2e7-=2 4 eee 4, 317, 350 | 46, 266 1, 000 400 | 371, 294 | 26,135 | 4,932,651 | 199, 291 | FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 403 Yield of the vessel fisheries of Connecticut in 1926, by apparatus and species— Continued Species Harpoons Lobster pots | Pounds Value Pounds Value SO a eS ee ee Oe ee eee 71, 200 (3 oa Ib ois) |S be 5 Sk Le aeeisners. oop. ot Oo eS eee pocceee ences 4, 000 $2, 400 Dredges Tongs Oysters, market: Pounds Value Pounds Value TING 2 Sle ee Se ees Weare, eee 97, 608 $16, 036 28, 000 | $4, 00 Link Aig io 2 aE ee See Ad Seer tah 4, 820, 466 SHH o S47 eee ee ee Poe eee Oysters, seed: “2 22 Lat Be Rt i eel aR SS oa 144, 200 TOpARO eee a keok (iv AU co EUISUT pe Do ua ORO N Mie Oe ae al LS Daa eee 4,409,013 | 571, 645 |_..._-__-_. Fe SE PERE Renee T METIUALOMS 52 325 eo i ee is ge ES ee ee wees ce 4, 000 2, 000 OP SAR SUECLIST 2S SI Se eee |------------| 4,080, 000 7, 500 ives Teint eg Nr a ue ee 9, 471, 287 | 1, 462,508 | 4,112, 000 | 13, 500 Yield of the shore and boat fisheries of Connecticut in 1926, by apparatus and species { Lines, hand and x B . Pound nets, traps, | 2 Species Haul seines adiaiea Fyke nets oa) Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pounds Value Pounds Value AIewavese. 9. 222225. 7, 800 $96 31, 750 | $338 800 $84 be od eee eS LUST TS) ies Ss Ss eR) ane ey ee 76 PAN) | eres Ue aE | ee eee 1, 850 $576 BGiHendSe sees [Ea eee ene |W Se eye Ae ie ee ee 375 1G feces ee | oe BUORA Wei Gls Ee ae oe ee ee 23, 295 DDG eer eee ee Ee Lee a ee | CELE pity Spe ed aaa | 2,710 | 347 373 | 52 2, 025 209 | |ielaae aa an euents He CERT cep AS 38 Re A ae Oe eee eee ee ee Peak Sat he Ea ae a) en Lara ea 86, 540 4, 332 lie os. 5 aR as CE ee ee ee eae 750 | 160 6, 693 1, 603 2, 650 420 TESS) LESTE a) p72 Sa UR ae ee Ue eae | Nees oe eee ae 1, 886 OATS be cea [aa TOGIRAG este ged) Ra Mean ee) (eee eee 28,310 —-2, 090 2, 431 123 9, 480 627 aa GOCKS. eye Ae LE Ci ees eee Herring___ 1, Mackerel on Menhaden 74, Mummichog._._____- 4,750 710 | 6,000 | 1200s EME vee Sh ho ee ee oe 2 ee | ee perch yellows poe 2) bso Pe eae ee | ee ea [Res ee 1, 656 462))| 223 oo | See es LE rigs) CE St (ee Sas Le Ee ee ee 50 | ee mee any Pacem a EE LECT Co RE ie iS I (Et eppale as, Sade | Liles eons (FSi ae boas oe |---------- 18, 075 899 STE A Oi de SEM ak I Uae foe ae 440 | LOR eee ta oe Sp ees 200 | 20 (nah POSH Re | 3 ee Se eat | Bee ee i LE ee ee 3,006 | 742 Shade 2 Sale ee 45, 382 DT DOB iy ee sean eae en De seeks! coe Paka 2s eS ee Siiicli te sea gee eas 5,181 1,416 4, 000 RHQ AIMRE SS - Sa [eee ta 100 25 Sot) eS aie 2 a ee Ba eee 1, 820 A Jah EY, aR a gape nea NP ae Behe = 1 {ee ed MEP LENOTICS eee aoe. | Sonn) ee oat ee = 20, 283 4,847 300 70 | 350 80 Reed PASS: Sse ie) er Fo Ae 3, 419 75 fa ee =e ee eee 610 127 SU PCONe= ae St Ree ie eS 50 5 I aS oe ee ye a RE SS eae Maticersie a5 03.5". 51, 212 3, 892 4, 600 295 | 46, 540 Eat. [ie Me ea CIES SS ear 1 Der ae ees oe Ea ee ae ee ae 10, 423 1, 040 100 10 89, 777 8, 765 i SN STS ae go ee eS ee ee eee oe oe 13, 950 Go 1h Bi saa ss aes (Sees ee oe | Mota eles 117, 035 15, 799 | 228, 239 16, 396 65, 856 6, 360 | 260, 698 21, 387 Species Gill nets Dip nets Otter trawls | Harpoons Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value Smelt Squeteagues Striped bass Sturgeon Bwordfish= = ._- @rabss hard. 2). | } Lobsters 300 60 600 120 136, 458 17,111 234 60 | w2--------|---------- ieeedOt7 | == 110 | 3, 181 664 3,171,600 | 404 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the shore and boat fisheries of Connecticut in 1926, by apparatus and species— Continued Species Lobster pots | Eel pots | Spears —_ — | | | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value Helga so Re ree ae eh aed] ea | 67,393 | $9,603 | 13, 224 $2, 206 Crabs; sand Sc3s22 es eae | 14, 000 $A03s|is2 5252s | =o2eke es ee |sgawse eee TO DSHORS ae ae tet OE St a a 637, 989) "222354860 S22 aoe {espahae ante Oe eee ees | LLY eY i [SS a er ee eee te 651,989 | 223,889 67,393 9, 603 13, 224 | 2, 206 1 1 | Species Dredges Tongs and rakes i Clams, hard: Pounds Value | Pounds Value PUDIIG. eee ern oe nah EATS Lae oe 13, 056 $6, 618 IPTIVALG oe ne 1, 952 1,098 Clams, soft, public 15, 330 5, 971 Oysters, market: IRD HGS eee =. ek eS 8 ee eek eet eee ae Se 6,125 1,772 (Privates tt eee Fi eee OSA A ee ee 2,030 380 8,260 3,480 Ovsterssseed s publics’ 440s eae ee ee 29, 358 3, 990 2,800 200 Oyster shelige ees Se a se |e ea ee ee | 3,780,000 6,300 i SDOLAIES 2. 8 en oe Ot ay ae ar 31, 588 4,470 | 3, 827, 523 25,439 Summary of the yield in 1926 Species Shore fisheries Vessel fisheries Total Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value SBC WA ViCS= see ee aes See 40,350 19) 4 cea cages =| KS ieee CE ea 40, 350 2 SB ietishts sss a - 2. See 9 1, 926 bie, (Pa eS Ara [SER See et 1, 926 596 Pinhead ee Ra ° see e 375 Gh] Oe el ees ee 375 16 BuUtteriishtees Mesa 23, 295 2e250% se coees oa so oes eee soe 23, 295 2,255 Carpe ase se eS 5, 408 (7s Foal ie es Ee Rie et aa | 5, 408 638 5 C00 Fat DAE eee tier eee G 195, 390 9, 765 311,840 | $14, 120 | 507, 230 23, 885 DCG oe Ra ee ee 90, 710 13; SODNIE Bete ne ae Ae aes 90, 710 13, 992 Fels lampreye 2 ee sae 1, 886 O40 Smee. Se hep ee S ANY es 1,886 941 HONG ersee a ee Fe 2, 940, 960 118,928 | 4,419,386 | 176,554 | 7,360,346 295, 482 SAG OC kes 2s. ees 159, 600 6, 566 432, 747 18,461 592, 347 25,027 Hake we Sei ee Apa 850 20) eee Sate tee 850 20 nS Ue: bi] oy bj Pen oe 8 ee eee ees ae a ae | 106, 717 12, 806 106, 717 12, 806 ATOEIIN GS yaaa. Siw es 1, 000 LOR ieee ae Se ee 1,000 19 WIACK Creole ee as ee ee | 48, 160 5, 336 129, 800 13,465 177, 960 18,801 Menhaden 652s ee ee d 36, 269 Winmmichop i= se es 2,060 Perch, yellow 162 Rickerels se ees = 2 Polock!s2 233.22 -2 919 SCRIP) RR Peon 99 Seasbasssae sess. 7 ae ae! 1,422 Shad a2, a8 Be 25, 291 Sharks t? bs. Co ee ee. 90 Skates See 59 Amielitce) eis eee 2,701 SPOS Seen ey SCUSLea sesh aee e ee aoe 5, 057 Simpedibass== eee 1,002 Slorpeons ass. = eee ees 70 Suckers =. Yee ts ee 7,376 Swordhshee ee eee 13,832 SR SUTO RS ceo se ee ee 9,815 Rilenshis ty eS ee 917 UB bat eee ae ae es 20 @rabs,hards-35-- FAs 110 erabsssanda oss kann cake 403 TUODSLOTS eee een oe 227, 003 Squid S53 seh ee 951 Clams, hard Piblie=c Saat ae 6, 718 Private: 2 ee ee 4,000 | , 5, 952 3, 098 Clams, soft, public__...-..-._- 15, 330 5 OTe wae S [eos ee eee 15, 330 5, 971 Oysters, market: Publie 23 6, 125 1,772 125, 608 20, 036 131,733 21,808 Private 10, 290 3,860 4,820,466 855,347 | 4,830,756 859, 207 Oysters, seed: EE CS ee a ee 32, 158 4,190 144, 200 19,480 176, 358 23, 670 IPTV a Go rrerect = soe is bee eae ae 4,409, 013 571,645 | 4,409,013 571, 645 Owstersheuss.s =~! 8 ek 3, 780, 000 6,300 | 4,080,000 7,500 | 7,860,000 13,800 TOtgiat =<. eee 8, 585, 184 473, 924 23, 280, 782 1, 762,626 | 31,865, 966 2, 236, 550 a FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 405 FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES, 1913 TO 1925 For many years some of the border States on the Great Lakes have been collecting annual statistics of the yield of their respective lake fisheries.2 However, until recently no attempt was made to unify and publish these statistics so that the data would be in com- parable form. Inasmuch as the fisheries of the Great Lakes are of great commercial importance, and as unusual interest has been shown lately concerning the diminished catches of several important species, it has seemed desirable that these State statistics should be brought together and published. Figures from the State sources for the years 1913 to 1924 are already available, having been obtained in a tariff survey of the lake fisheries. ‘To bring these up to date, the bureau obtained figures for 1925 from the State records. Statistics for the Canadian Great Lakes fishery for 1913 to 1925, obtained from official reports, also are included to complete the picture. SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES Confusion always has existed in the common names of the fishes of the Great Lakes. In many cases a certain species, when taken in two or more lakes, or even in several localities of the same lake, is called by a different name. On some occasions this name may be the same as that applied to a different species in another lake. More- over, some groups of species are known by a single common name. Inasmuch as this condition exists, it is impossible to adopt a natural system of nomenclature, for the itemization of trade statistics is limited to trade names or categories. The names used in this report are those most commonly used by the trade; and where the trade groups various species under one name, the same grouping is followed in this report. Also, where the trade divides one species into two categories, the same division has been followed. Thus, the cisco of Lake Erie, differimg in economic importance from the herring of the other lakes, has been listed separately, although they have been con- sidered as one species in scientific literature. In the table of names that follows it will be noted that certain species appear as ‘‘not specified” in certain States. This means that the species may not be taken commercially in the waters of that State, or it may have occurred only in small quantities and may have been included with similar varieties or with the item ‘‘miscellaneous.’? The detailed classification of all fishes in the various States may be found in the table. 3 Each of the eight border States of the Great Lakes has an agency with legislative authority to collect or receive certain fisheries statistics, but only six of them regularly collect data. These are New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The fisheries of the other two (Indiana and Illinois) are relatively unimportant. In 1922 the combined catch of Indiana and Illinois approximated 1,137,000 pounds, or only about 1 per cent of the total Great Lakes catch. In New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin statistics on the fisheries are returned at the close of the year in which the fisheries were prosecuted. In Minnesota statistics for Lake Superior are for the calendar year, but for the Lake of the Woods they are for the season beginning Dec. 1 and ending rida ule ion Ohio separate reports are made for the two fishing seasons—Mar. 15 to Aug. 31 and Sept. 1 0 Dec. 15, It is the law in some States and the custom in others for the State to furnish printed statistical schedules to fishermen. These usually are mailed to the licensees, filled in by them, and returned to the State agency. There is considerable difference in the diligence with which the several agencies enforce their statistical powers. Some of them remind delinquents by correspondence of their failure to report, and others invoke the authority of the law-enforcing officers. Only one State fails to make a bookkeeping comparison between the license records and the statistical report. 406 U. S. BUREAU Of FISHERIES Scientific and common names of certain lake fishes Common names Scientific name | | Used in this report Previously used in Bureau of Fisheries Canadian Fish- eries Depart- ment reports Stizostedion=witrewim. )2- 23s 22-8 = Blue: pikes= 2-2. = Pike perch, blue pike- All Leucichthys except artedi (in Great TD Sass @iISCOGSL 2 2eE ss SUSE DE: Lakes). Leucichthys artedi (Lake Erie only)---_. LOT wae Sees Ss M9 Ko eee ae oe a od HISG x10 Gls: eet Pe Se el Jacksi71.- eee reas: Pike seg itt eee Leucichthys artedi (Great Lakes, ex- | Lake herring________ Ciscoes=-=2 =a ee cept Lake Erie). : Cristivomer namaycush- .--..-.--------| | Lake trout2- Sea! Lake troutea-23)-8 = Catostomus commersonii and C. cato- | Suckers or ‘‘mullet’’_| Suckers_-_--_---------- stomus (commonest species). Stizostedion canadense griseum-__-_-_--- Salger? 2 - nes Aplodinotus grunniens_-_---_----.-.---- Leucichthys (species) (in Lake of the | Woods). Sheepshead or drum__ Ciscves (‘‘tullibees’’)_ Coregonus clupeiformis_.._.._--.------- joWhitehsh-- 322s White ssh 25-2 ae Renee flaw eSCenS masa) ae ae pee | Yellow perch____-__- Yellow perch__-------- Stizostedion vitreum__-_....2_--=--=---- | Yellow pike___.____- Pike perch, wall-eyed or yellow pike. Blue ab Tullibee Herring. Pike Herring. Trout. Mullets. (Not specified). Do. Tullibee Whitefish. Perch. Pickerel or dore. Common names Scientific name New York Pennsylvania Ohio Michigan Stizostedion vitreum 1______ Bine pike ys ss Blue pike______- Blue pike____-_- (Not specified) . All Leucichthys except ar- | (Not specified).-..| (Not specified)_-| (Not specified)._| Chubs, longjaws, tedi (in Great Lakes). blackfins, and bluefins. Leucichthys artedi (Lake | Cisco_...-_..-____- Ciscoe ee] Herring) 422 Herring. Erie only). SOx lUCHIS fee se, Saeaes (Not specified)_.__| (Not specified)_., (Not specified) ._ ia and grass ; : : pike. Leucichthys artedi (Great | Cisco___.---...._--|----- (6 (a SES ore ES | (6 ( Eee ees Herring. Lakes, except Lake Erie). Cristivomer namaycush____| Lake trout___--__- Lake trowte< =: == |." dot. fb Lake trout. Catostomus commersonii | Suckerand mullet_| (Not specified)... Sucker—mullet_| Suckers and mul- and C. catostomus (com- lets. monest species). Stizostedion canadense | (Not specified)_.._|__-_- G0zss53 51s Bauer: een Sauger. griseum. | Aplodinotus grunniens_____ _____ Coe tee Se 28 tee 1G Bae is Ee | Sheepshead _____ Sheepshead. Leucichthys (species) (in __-_- GO: Sasa see eked. G0: sane (Not specified)__| (Not specified). Lake of the Woods). Coregonus clupeiformis___--| Whitefish _____.__- Whitefish ______- | Whitefish__.____ Whitefish. Perea flavescens..<._..=----| | Yellow perch___-_- Yellow perch.__-| Yellow perch__.-| Perch. Stizostedion vitreum___--__- Wall-eyed pike, | Pike perch______ ! “Piekerel= =. -__- == Pickerel. pike perch, and pickerel. Common names Scientific name l : Wisconsin Minnesota Indiana Stizostedion vitreum !____________ Ct ot shown separate- | (Not specified) _.-._-_- | (Not specified). y)- All Leucichthys except artedi (in | Chubs and bluefins___| Bluefins, ciscoes, and | Chubs and bluefins. Great Lakes). ciscoetts. Peecenthys artedi (Lake Erie | (Not taken)_____...--- @Not taken). 22s (Not taken). only). MSOMlUcius; ee ees ee Pickerel! 2-29 do Pickerel wets ess ee | (Not specified). Leucichthys artedi (Great Lakes, | Herring_-__...-___.___ Af erring a ee thas | Herring. except Lake Erie). Cristivomer namaycush -__.___-_- baketrotte ee PYOUT- sees) ee ee Trout. Catostomus commersonii and C. | (Not specified) -__-.__- Suckers and mullets___| Suckers. ar. (commonest spe- | cies Stizostedion canadense griseum-_..| Sauger--_----..---- _.| Sauger and sand pike__| (Not specified). Aplodinotus grunniens_-_--_______- (Not specified)__.._.._| (Not specified)_._.___- Do. Leucichthys (species) (in Lake |___-- dove ee TP pease eens Do. of the Woods). : Coregonus clupeiformis._..__.._-- Whitefish = 222 eant Wibitefish®-3)2ees== _ Whitefish. IROrcaHaveSCens!s= 2044 Ss a eee Perches. 24 ee iIRerch #4 222: s peas | Perch. Stizostedion vitreum-_--......._--- Pike S922 52 ee Wellowupikesc ess | (Not specified). 1 Described by Mr. Hubbs as a distinct species, which he has named Stizostedion glaucum. OE a 407 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 COMPARISON WITH STATISTICS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED FOR1917 AND 1922 The statistics for the States herein presented differ from those already gathered and published by the Bureau of Fisheries for the years 1917 and 1922 (those being the only years during the period 1913 to 1925 when a canvass was made in the regular manner by the Bureau of Fisheries). This difference is to be expected for various reasons. First, in the canvass made by the Bureau of Fisheries’ representatives the figures for the catch are obtained directly from the fishermen or fish dealers, rather than from State records, and it is believed that these representatives exert a greater effort than do the State authorities to secure the record of the catch from every source, with the result that the total catch probably is more nearly approximated. Second, the State agency receives its reports shortly after the close of each fishing season, at a time when the fisherman or fish dealer has a written record of his catch or has the figures fresh in his memory. On the other hand, the canvass by representatives of the Bureau of Fisheries, while begun shortly after the beginning of the calendar year, is not completed for four or five months. Dur- ing the interval, it is likely that a new fishing season may begin and it is decidedly improbable that a written record, or even an estimate will be obtained, and the figures given the representatives may be greater or less than the actual catch. Thus, the Bureau of Fisheries’ canvass is likely to obtain more complete returns, but, on the other hand, the individual returns may be less accurate than those of the States. Third, due to the lack of uniform common names for certain fishes throughout the Great Lakes region, there may be considerable difference in the size of the catch credited to each species by the various agencies collecting the statistics. The following tables, giv- ing a comparison between State and bureau statistics by species and by Lakes, clearly show this difference. However, the State statistics are available for consecutive years and probably are collected in a sufficiently comparable manner to be of considerable value in showing the trend in the yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes. Comparison by species of the statistics of the Great Lakes, including Lake of the Woods, as obtained from State reports and a canvas by the Bureau of Fisheries for the years 1917 and 1922 (expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted) 1917 | 1922 | 4 From From Species From State! Bureau of | From State! Bureau of | reports | Fisheries | reports | Fisheries ‘reports | reports SREGURDUM G2 = a eas ee ee Seo tes nse ae 10, 733 13, 344 11,101 13, 727 WO PSTIPSIPIASS 2" eu 5 es Sra ae aie et ay aca gare 5, 773 6, 238 | 4, 325 ; LIUFL AR p58 oes Se eet ee et ee ere eee ee ae TS. 2h ese ae Se oe a SEO) ee 44, 893 53, 529 | 28, 117 36,010 ile tone ae ee NS ofa) > ka PS ai VY Bos PR | | SET TRF OL CS as ee Sa ere 49 | 108 33 103 Banu wai ketene ee ees 2 TE Te ete 3, 457 | 2,770 | 2,907 4,076 [DST iki 2s er ee Ee are epee eee eno ears SEO Re 1, 655 | 2, 103 | 10, 361 14, 590 Bringpes ee Se ee 4, 336 | 3, 929 4, 623 6,002 Sucker, ‘‘mullet”’ 5, 699 | ayy pl 3, 788 5, 492 Segoe sys ie ae a 3,013 2, 902 1,415 2, 414 Yellow TE CRG oie pe ae ge ES ee eres gies Cae eee 4,086 | 4,209 | 3, 555 4,903 DT (G0(G EC) BEE SS 1 a ee i i ee Ce Ra ND Nee mae 461 | 352 | 402 462 Oo Vscs sn ceteass eee eee eee ence Lee ae 4, 602 | 7, 563 | 5,094 7, 869 “ALS S LARS i oe 2 Re ESN ie OE SS Ee 333 | 287 | 831 1, 031 apes sna bliigads + 2 bo Se dy aia 2, 296 | 883 | 805 1, 758 OD) SUL dane SEE ek IRS A ice Be EP, Cig Si 69 936 | 323 400 EOS iT ee pee | ee ase ape) ree ha 4, 438 | 430 | 1, 756 395 LG) AN Sa an Saal as Seal ee be es 95,893 | 105, 154 | 79, 436 | 103, 528 408 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Comparison by lakes of the statistics of the Great Lakes, including Lake of the Woods, as obtained from State reports and as canvassed by the Bureau of Fisheries for the years 1917 and 1922 (expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted) 1917 | 1922 Lakes U8. 2 U.S. States Bureau of | States Bureau of Fisheries Fisheries Qnitario.{. 22-22) teed Fe ae tered Se Pie oe See 656 1,054 | 889 1,026 Y= 2252 0b cee ee ee a ae a eee | 41, 416 38, 710 40, 912 55, 078 Baron. 52522 52 ee eee ee 12, 512 13, 363 | 13, 481 13, 942 Michigan 22 ete ea See ee ies bee eee) 29, 317 35, 381 | 16, 605 21,056 Superior a a4 ae ae oe er ee ee ne Ae, 9, 889 15, 547 6, 569 10, 988 Woods! 22. Gassete cle sane ah ee ee de ee | 2, 103 1,099 | 978 1, 438 Totaliestc- Sees Isbis ak ART eerd ea te, Fee 95, 893 105, 154 79, 434 103, 528 GENERAL STATISTICS The Great Lakes, with their cisco, trout, whitefish, herring, and pike fisheries, constitute one of our important fishery sections. While the total yield is considerably less than in some other fishery sections, the value is unusually high in proportion. The total yield of this fishery in the United States and Canada in 1913 was 102,- 826,000 pounds. The high peak was reached in 1918, with a produc- tion of 149,523,000 pounds, and then followed a decline to 100,289,000 pounds in 1925. Considered alone, the yield in the United States was 68,309,000 pounds in 1913, reached the high peak of 108,948,000 pounds in 1915, and then declined to 69,132,000 pounds in 1925. The Canadian catch, which was only about one-half as large as the United States catch, followed a similar course, but which was less pronounced. Yield by lakes—Considered separately, the total yield by lakes shows varying tendencies during the period 1913 to 1925. The Lake Erie yield, which always has ranked first in amount, shows a down- ward tendency since 1913. This condition is reflected especially in the American catch, while that for Canada has remained fairly stable. The catch in Lake Michigan, which is taken entirely in American waters and which usually ranks second in amount, also shows a down- ward trend. The yield of Lake Huron, which usually ranks third in amount, also shows a tendency downward. As the Canadian catch in this lake has been fairly uniform, the decrease is due to the smaller catch in American waters. The yield of Lake Superior (fourth in importance as to amount, and which reached its peak in 1918) suffered a decline until 1922 but now seems to be growing. This condition is due largely to the gradually increasing catch in American waters in the face of the somewhat diminishing catch in Canadian waters. The yield of Lake Ontario (fifth in importance in amount) increased until 1921 and since that year has shown a decline, which is reflected in the fisheries of both American and Canadian waters. The yield of Lake of the Woods, which usually is of least importance, as to amount, in the international Lakes, registered a decline from 1917 to 1921. From that year until 1925 the yield increased markedly, with that of 1925 being nearly as great as that of 1915 and greater than that for Lake FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 409 Ontario for 1925. The increased catch in the Canadian waters of this lake is responsible for this condition, inasmuch as the catch in the United States has not been decidedly upward. Yield by species —The yields of individual species have registered varying trends. The most remarkable of these is shown in the record for cisco of Lake Erie. Beginning with a catch in the United States and Canada of 24,121,000 pounds in 1913, it increased to 48,823,000 in 1918, remained between about 20,000,000 and 32,000,000 pounds until 1924, and then decreased to 5,657,000 pounds in 1925. The United States catch in this lake has been two to three times as large as that of Canada during the years 1913 to 1924. In 1925 the catch was about equally divided between the two countries. The trends of catch have been similar in each country, though the decline in 1925 was more severe in the United States than in Canada. The yield of lake herring was 15,301,000 pounds in 1913, reached a high peak of 26,536,000 pounds in 1918, and declined to 16,232,000 pounds in 1925. The vast majority of the lake herring were produced in the United States. The yield of chubs (a fish sometimes classed with the cisco or lake herring) registered 5,492,000 pounds in 1913, a high peak of 8,094,000 pounds in 1918, and a decline to 6,445,000 pounds in 1925. Only about 6 per cent of each year’s catch was contributed by the Canadian chub fisheries. The yield of lake trout has remained fairly constant over this period, with a yield of 16,238,000 pounds in 1913, increasing to 18,206,000 pounds in 1919, and then decreasing to 17,985,000 pounds in 1925. This is true in both the United States and Canada, although the production in the United States was always about twice that for Canada. The yield of whitefish also has remained almost unchanged, with a reported production of 8,797,000 pounds in 1913, rising to 11,405,000 pounds in 1918, and then slightly declining to 9,328,000 pounds in 1925. In each year of this period the production in Canada exceeded the catch in United States waters by several hundred thousand pounds to over 2,000,000 pounds. The total yield of blue pike has shown successive periods of very high and very low production. In 1913 the total yield amounted to 2,370,000 pounds, then increased to 23,693,000 pounds in 1915, decreased to 2,130,000 pounds in 1918, increased again to 16,703,000 in 1922, and decreased again to 13,958,000 pounds in 1925. The catch in the United States usually has been much larger than in Canada—in some years nearly four times as large. The only excep- tion is found in 1919, when the Canadian catch was considerably larger than the United States catch. In general, the fluctuations in the two countries have been very similar. The total yield of yellow pike was about 4,077,000 pounds in 1913, increased to 6,795,000 in 1914, and then declined to 4,663,000 pounds in 1925. Since 1916 the United States catch has tended to decrease and the Canadian catch to increase. In 1916 the United States catch was about 70 per cent larger than the Canadian catch, but since 1923 the catches of the two countries have been about equal. The total yield of yellow perch, varying between 5,443,000 and 7,966,000 pounds, was relatively constant during the period 1913 to 1925, although the United States catch has declined while the Canadian catch has increased. In the early part of this period the United States catch was about five times the Canadian catch, but since 1922 it has been less than twice the Canadian catch. 410 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The following table shows the yield of these and the remaining species, as recorded by the States bordering the Great Lakes and as published by the Canadian Government. Yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes and Lake of the Woods, 1913 to 1925 (expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, OOO omitted) LAKE TROUT ! Lake Ontario | Lake Erie | Lake Huron | | pes United To | Boe nite nite | United | States | Canada; Total | Giates | Canada | Total | States Canada! Total 2 27 548 575 | 2 2. 4| 2,163| 3,994| 5,487 129 600 629 9 Ze lL} 1,357 3, 009 4, 366 31 551 582 17 2 | 19} 1,774; 3,901] | 5,675 14 348 362 21 4 25 |°. awed 3, 729 5, 463 24 464 488 5 2 | ps Qe 3, 490 5, 601 22 385 408 33 2 35 | 2,601| 3,478] 6,079 26 553 579 12 2) 14/ 2,316 3, 322 5, 638 133| 520 so4| 46 1| 47| 1358) Sire | a.oee 134 721 755 | 2 1 | 3| 1,827| 3,769] 5,596 136 749 785 | 1 aA 1| 1,827| 3,397| 5,224 45 939 984 | 1 Lt 2) “3,421 3, 790 5, 211 70 1, 063 1,133 | a iby 5} 1,502 3, 798 5, 300 | | | | Lake Lake Superior Total sich fe Year | “aap Ee | Woods | oe | Ganads f tates | United | United | oRiiae Canada Total | States | Canada Total , | 18 at ae a ar 6, 307 | 3 2, 373 | 1, 402 | 3, 775 90 10, 872 5, 366 16, 238 ROTA 9 ee 2 6,837 | 31,667 | 1, 439 | 3, 106 | 162 9,899 | 5, 212 15, 111 pas Sr Se eee 7, 704 | 31,366 | 1, 645 | 3, 011 93 10, 892 | 6, 192 17, 084 PEG Meee ene ee 5,999 | 32,166 | 1, 502 | 3, 668 75 9, 934 5, 658 15, 592 VOR Sees 3 ks ees 4 | 6, 612 | 1,981 | 1, 661 3, 642 112 | 10,733 |} 5, 729 16, 462 GOVR ye ee eee = ee 4,810 | 2, 318 | 2,659 | 4,977 94 9, 784 | 6, 619 16, 403 LOTS RTS is SES > S28 ees | 6, 482 | 3, 442 | 1, 960 | 5, 402 91 12, 278 | 5, 928 18, 206 iP ee es ee | 36,782 | 32,044 | 1, 332 | 3, 376 123 10, 066 4, 785 14, 851 11S 77 (SRS ne eee | 6,689 | 2; 121 | 1,513 | 3, 634 80 10, 239 5, 299 15, 538 iL, ee eg See oe 7,065 | 2,173 | 1,872 4,045 88} 11,101 | 6, 451 17, 552 O23 aes) Sa. eee ee 6,177 | 1, 900 | 1, 956 3, 856 73 9, 941 6,175 | 16, 116 TQS) lets iite Sa 6,628 | 2,049) 1,711 | 3,760 86 10,144 6,527) 16, 671 LOZieaas SS ee 6, 894 2, 655 1, 868 | 4, 523 130 11,125 | 6, 860 17, 985 WHITEFISH Lake Lake Ontario Lake Erie Lake Huron Michi- gan Year United ant | United , United United States Keer Total States Canada| Total States Canpaal Total States | | } z | 16 | 473 489 1,509 | 1,939 3, 448 745 1, 010 1, 755 1,355 121 516 537 | 2,083 1,993 | 4,076 1, 444 1,194 | 2,638 1, 439 27 810 | 837 1,145 | 1,832 2.977 871 1,101 1, 972 1,613 38 | 1,131 1, 169 930 | 1,086 2,016 1,996 1,240 | 3,236 1, 693 116 | 1,140 1, 256 i eriritl 1,240 | 3,017 | 889 1, 069 1, 958 2, 663 101 | 1,274; 1,375 1,600 } 1,128) 2,728 | 1,170 | 1, tka) 27283 2, 427 76 | 1,586 1, 662 1,723 | 1,094] 2,817 785 | 1,281 | 2,066 1, 548 44 | 2,024; 2,068 1, 426 | 818 | 2,244 | 692 | 1,480) 2,122 | 41,151 1109 | 2,157 2, 266 922 965 | 1,887 | 815 1, 286 2,101 1, 397 1106 | 2,097 | 2, 203 791 751 1,542 | 1,635 1,389 3,024 1, 435 1130 | 2,564 | 2,694 489 536} 1,025| 1,231] 1,517) 2,748| 1,634 1387 | 2,654 | 2,791 331 580 911 1, 427 1,476 | 2,903 1, 601 111 1,926 | 2,087 | 583 | 1,033 | 1,616 1,049 | 1,617 | 2,666 1, 652 1 New York yield estimated. 2 Yield less than 500 pounds. 3 Minnesota yield estimated. 4 Wisconsin yield estimated. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 411 _ ow eer - Yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes and Lake of the Woods, 1913 to 1925 (expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted)—Continued WHITEFISH—Continued Lake Superior Lake of the Woods Total | Year as: | A | é . | United Canada| Total ved Canada| Total | United Canada | Total 3 67 373 440 3411 1,199 1,310 | 3,803 4, 994 8, 797 y 3 372 338 710 92 | 995 1, 087 5, 451 5, 086 10, 487 y 3 600 842 1, 442 125 1, 350 1,475 4, 381 5, 935 10, 316 ‘ 3 231 | 465 696 64 685 749 | 4,952 4, 607 9, 559 4 265 | 446 711 63 681 744 5, 7738 4, 576 10, 349 ’ 334 | 1,517 1, 851 63 | 678 741 5, 695 5, 710 11, 405 266 | 2, 030 2, 296 46 496 542 4, 444 6, 487 10, 931 4 282 1, 705 1, 987 39 398 437 3, 634 6, 375 10, 009 259 1, 497 1, 756 30 | 385 415 3, 5382 6, 290 9, 822 330 1, 198 1, 528 28 590 618 4, 325 6, 025 10, 350 154 1, 267 1, 421 39 | 604 | 643 3, 677 6,488 | 10,165 269 | 283 552 29 735 | 764 3, 794 5, 728 9, 522 247 | 347 594 26 | 737 | 763 3, 668 5,660 | 9,328 | | \ LAKE HERRING | Lake Ontario Lake Huron Midian Year | United | United | United States Canada Total States Canada | Total States | | | | UG 2 Se a a ee es 85 686 | Sti 2, 399 217 | 2,616 8, 452 TE ee ee ee re eee 1159 991 1,150 | 2, 357 211 2, 568 7,476 232 1, 706 1, 938 | 1, 491 360 | 1, 851 10, 072 188 1,610 | 1, 798 7, 674 291 | 7, 965 6, 781 381 1, 930 | Pepi 4, 411 506 | 4,917 8, 540 206 1, 795 2,001 | 5, 044 332 5, 376 1.350 181 1, 709 1,890 | 4, 836 232 5, 068 10, 932 144 1, 288 | 1, 432 | 3, 387 246 | 3, 633 46,710 1, 521 1, 014 2, 535 | 2, 164 189 | 2, 353 2,472 514 243 857 | 4, 396 269 4, 665 3, 248 59 250 | 309 | 3, 039 229 | 3, 268 2, 936 394 263 657 | 3, 090 255 3, 345 3, 223 47 294 | 341 1,412 242 1, 654 4,143 Lake Superior Total Year : * ; United | Canada | Total | United | Canada | Total 3 3, 163 299 3, 462 14, 099 1, 202 15, 302 34, 420 782 5, 202 14, 412 1, 984 16, 396 3 3, 130 2,777 5, 907 14, 924 4, 843 19, 767 3 2, 338 3, 127 5, 465 16, 981 5, 028 22, 005 7, 009 2, 443 9, 452 20, 341 4, 879 25, 220 8, 142 3, 682 11, 824 20, 727 5, 809 26, 5386 6, 344 1, 508 7, 852 22, 293 3, 449 25, 742 4 6, 562 1, 287 7, 849 16, 803 2, 821 19, 624 4, 728 425 5, 153 10, 885 1, 628 12, 513 3, 573 577 4, 150 11, 731 1, 189 12, 920 5, 132 1, 079 6, 211 11, 160 1, 558 12,718 6, 108 1, 050 7, 158 12, 815 1, 568 14, 383 8, 947 1, 147 10, 094 14, 549 1, 683 16, 232 1 New York yield estimated. 3 Minnesota yield estimated. 4 Wisconsin yield estimated 412 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes and Lake of the Woods, 1913 to 1925 (expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted) —Continued CHUBS Lake ; Lake Huron Michi- Lake Superior Total gan Year | 4 | eed Canada| Total Gated United |Canada| Total United |Canada| Total VOUS 225 = Jee = a 919 329 1,248 | 4,210 33 | 1 34 5, 162 330 5, 492 nt aS 52 479 531 3, 863 23 uf 30 | 3,938 486 4,424 TORS ee 513 365 878 | 3, 297 55 9 64 | 3,865 374 4, 239 9G 222s e eae 23 649 672 | 3,142 82 2 | 84 | 3, 247 651 3, 898 yo Ay (es ee re ere 214 819 1,033 | 4,697 SS ho eee 188 | 5,099 819 5, 918 he ae eS 742 375 ia bly 6, 758 210 | 9 219 | 7,710 384 8, 094 (9192.2 498 250 748 | 5,772 80° 1 81 6, 350 251 6, 601 192022-2 22-22 243 303 546 | 3, 545 59 (?) 59 | 3,847 303 4, 150 192 SS See ae 494 254 748 1, 850 94 (2) 94 2, 438 254 2, 692 19228. See 341 207 548 1, 860 163 | (2) 163 2, 364 207 2, 571 | PS eae ae = 2 ie a 369 203 572 1, 488 98 | 1 99 1, 955 204; 2,159 b 7 EE ee eee 255 241 496 2, 703 3 83 | 1 84 3, 041 2421 3,283 OD ee oe Seance os eae 1, 480 429 1,909 | 4,481 55 (2) 55 | 6,016 429 | 6, 445 CISCO Lake Erie | Lake Erie Year : | Year , | United Canada Total es Canada| Total ye ae | ee ae 12, 513 | 11, 608 24, 121 O20 a se are Le ee 12,893 | 9,651 22, 544 VOM SEE oo es es es 14,108 | 5,982 | 20,090 | pte LA De eee tne es, ee 14, 964 5,225 | 20,189 Oy ee Ss ee 15, $78 5, 574 21, 552 | WO222 Sash seo LES 14,022 | 6,306 20,328 NAS) 1 of eee ee ss BS ee! 8, 337 5, 211 13, 548 | 1923 Sas Ss eee 20,930 | 9, 241 30, 171 TO ee ee 19,453 | 14,158 | 33, 611 \| 1Q24 TS aes ee 21, 293 | 10,908 | 32,201 DS) te ee See ee 35, 291 | 13, 532 | 48, 823 VO25F=22 2 Ol Os ae 2, 817 2, 840 5, 657 CP eR” ae Sars 17,846 | 7,426 | 25, 272 | STURGEON Lake Lake Ontario Lake Erie Lake Huron Michi- gan Year ee United United United United States Canada| Total Spates Canada| Total States Canada| Total States Vy Sie ee eee 4 (2) 4 6 48 54 8 51 59 12 DE 2 ae eee 17 (2) 7 12 56 68 i 52 59 ll 195 Sao. 2s ee 22 10 2 12 20 56 76 28 46 74 13 LONG e Best isl a. 5 3 8 38 68 106 th 29 36 7 Ot eae ace ete 3 2 5 28 47 75 4 33 37 6 DY ee ae oer 12 2 14 16 52 68 eS 34 38 26 YOEG) Mase 8 Sa 49|< sees 4 19 43 62 57 26 83 7 5 Lo 0 Ee eae ee 2 1 3 9 (2) 9 12 26 38 13 te ee ees 13 2 5 Tl |e oe 8 4 24 28 ui Ube pe ee Ae ee 13 2 5 15 36 51 3 27 30 8 7.3 a a Se ee 15 3 8 1 41 42 2 25 27 7 WOES han ee 12 7 19 % 44 51 2 22 24 5 VOZ5S SL aU Sek 4 6 10 th 42 49 1 22 23 9 = 1 New York yield estimated. 2 Yield less than 500 pounds, 3 Minnesota yield estimated. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 413 Yield of the fisheries of the, Great Lakes and Lake of the Woods, 1913 to 1925 (expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted) —Continued STURGEON —Continued Lake Superior Lake of the Woods Total Year ‘ : Ae Balted Canada} Total eared Canada| Total payed Canada | Total | | 7 | Wi Geese ee ene 1 3 4 336 | 90 126 67 192 | 259 lt ee 1 9 10 338 | 96 134 76 213 | 289 1M) Sg ei ale ees 16 20 3 34 86 120 109 206 | 315 GS eae ee (2) 3 3 33h4 9 12 60 112 | 172 Ll pee 2 ies See eee ee 5 5 38 20 28 49 107 | 156 LC ee eas eae (2) 6 6 310 24 34 68 118 186 TN) Seg Se eae tal 3 22 25 6 14 20 96 105 | 201 11 22. | agen a era (2) 31 31 4 9 13 40 67 | 107 TAY) (is i (2) 26 26 3 2 5 25 54 7 HOE en eee oe 1 23 24 3 4 if 33 | 92 | 125 "LEY 6 fa ee a ee eee oe 1 27 28 eo] 14 18 20 110 130 | LR SRP sane oie 1 4 5 3 43 46 30 120 150 (i a ae (2) 3 3 3 17 20 24 90 | 114 | | YELLOW PIKE Lake Ontario Lake Erie Lake Huron Lake Michi- Year { gan, United United United United States ‘Canada Total States Canada| Total States Canada, Total States 4) 27 31 422 964 1, 386 416 604 1,020 165 ee 64 64 1,850 | 2,086 | 3,936 340 667 1,007 225 5 86 91 1, 824 608 | 2,432 1, 067 586 1, 653 216 5 40 45 | 2,025 599 | 2,624 846 539 1, 385 275 5 54 59 1,617 227 1, 844 1,147 501 1, 648 194 12 | 15 27 814 184 998 1, 904 466 2,370 121 8 40 48 597 144 741 1, 388 485 1, 873 122 9 37 46 884 166 1, 050 844 449 1, 293 4113 123 73 96 1, 032 311 1, 343 724 324 1, 048 141 136 | 116 152 1,051 505 1, 556 1, 284 446 1, 730 64 152 | 168 220 1,127 603 1, 730 809 483 1, 292 99 38 | 122 160 1, 002 615 1, 617 729 502 1, 231 111 29 | 71 100 1, 431 224 1, 655 122 500 622 93 | . Lake Superior Lake of the Woods Total Year ; - - aed Canada| Total ved Canada| Total United Canada| Total 62 104 166 3 429 880 1, 309 1, 498 2, 579 4,077 61 129 190 3 450 923 1,373 2, 926 3, 869 6, 795 71 180 251 3 567 1, 164 1, 731 3, 750 2, 624 6, 374 30 90 120 3 313 641 954 3, 494 1, 909 5, 403 25. | 70 95 3 469 962 1, 431 3, 457 1, 814 5, 271 45 107 152 3 367 753 1, 120 3, 263 1, 525 4, 788 igs 141 158 408 837 1, 245 2, 540 1, 647 4, 187 418 119 137 389 649 1, 038 2, 257 1, 420 3, 677 5 22 | 199 221 352 972 1,324 2, 294 1,879 | 4,173 28 164 192 444 1, 042 1, 486 2, 907 2, 273 5, 180 22 159 181 652 1, 152 1,804 2,761 2, 565 5, 326 23 81 104 659 1,398 2, 057 2, 562 2,718 5, 279 19 94 113 626 ' 1,454 2, 080 2,320 2, 343 4, 663 1 New York yield estimated. 3 Minnesota yield estimated. 5 Michigan yield estimated. 2 Yield less than 500 pounds. 4 Wisconsin yield estimated. 414 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes and Lake of the Woods, 1913 to 1925 (expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, OOO omitted)—Continued BLUE PIKE Lake Ontario Lake Erie Total oe United United United nite nite nite States Canada | Total States | Canada} Total States Canada| Total TG mene ee BONS arts 30) ° 94, 843n|- - 6-488), 288t, | a ane 488 | 2,370 NOTA eee ee bec |! ee pea 39 11,396 | & 2,968 14, 364 11, 485 2, 968 14, 403 OLS Ss Sooo so ee 50) 222 oe 50 18, 761 4, 882 23, 643 18, 811 4,882 | 23, 693 1916: tee 22) | eoan ane 22) 9,381 2,539 | 11, 920 9, 403 2,539 | 11,942 NOL 22" eee eae OO" | asa 50 1, 605 | 565 2,170 1, 655 565 2, 220 1918. . .2 2623222 ee= 108 15 123 | 1,222 | 785 2, 007 1, 330 800 2, 130 T1052 .2 eee 35 3 38 | 1,675 | 2,388], 4,063 | 1,710] 2,391 | - 4,101 10902252 212 22 118 10 28 | 3,965 3, 355 7, 320 3, 983 3, 365 7, 348 1001S a ee eg ee eee 20 911 1,779 663 176 3, 549 GLOGS i ees Je BE | 40 953 2, 714 1, 097 204 5, 008 10202251 = S52 oe Se ee eee 17 1, 061 1, 900 919 181 4,078 LOD eros meet sonncc eee hes poeseeeas bee 120 11, 420 1, 803 639 159 4, 041 ODD es bess es es Se ee es ee 120 1991 1, 986 626 165 3, 788 1 PE SD Sn ee eee ae 24 1, 038 1, 445 570 110 3, 187 Jy Pee oS RE oe oS a aes 5 92 684 1, 182 619 146 2, 723 SD ioe GOS he AR ee ee ea 40 905 | 772 905 140 2, 762 1 | SHEEPSHEAD | United States | United States Year | Year Lake Lake Lake | Lake : Lake | Lake ‘ | Mich- | Total : Mch- | Total Erie | Huron | “isan Erie Huron | “igan | 1GIS 22 eer es iyo eee Beer Le Nee 2 596 1, 926 42 16 1, 984 he) ee ee are D282 ra ooealnee Seeens 2, 282 2, 842 47 16 2, 905 Th) ee =D] Diente eaaenaeey 2, 212 | 1,370 42 BY hime ge LOLG Soc ee OS he i eee eee awe 2, 384 1, 456 58 7 1, 521 11) 7 ee eae SOLS) [xo see | eee 3, 013 | 2, 288 41 5 2, 334 LOTR Sea eae 7 PA pi Baie to Seas: 2, 982 | 2, 365 18 12| 2,395 1th i ee 2, 119 | is 18 2) 150 1 New York yield estimated. 3 Minnesota yield estimated. 6 Estimated. 7 Mullet in Lake of the Woods are included with miscellaneous fish. iL Se ee eee eT FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 415 Yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes and Lake of the Woods, 1913 to 1925 (expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted)—Continued YELLOW PERCH Lake Ontario Lake Erie Lake Huron Lake : ese i Mich- Year c ’ : ; igan, Bae Canada) Total Valted ‘Canada| Total vas Canada, Total ules “1: he eee SS 4 125 129 756 955 aby Att 2, 323 61 2, 384 2, 935 111 SERRE te ee ee 105 105 | 2,026 1,408 | 3, 434 997 137 1, 184 2, 731 Renee ee te ti 119 126 1, 933 1,042 | 2,975 1, 371 189 1, 560 2, 790 (Da 4 167 171 1, 637 769 | 2,406 | 1,795 170 1, 965 2, 263 i eee Se 5 214 219 1, 259 995 2, 254 891 147 1, 038 1, 927 : Ly tk ea eS 3 108 111 1,088 | 2,056 3,144 934 78 1, 012 1, 928 1M SS se oe 3 159 162 | 2,775 1,097 | 3,872 1, 337 85 1, 422 2, 490 Pees 2c Se eek 4 107 111 1, 259 O72 2, 531 1, 051 142 1,193) | 4:2, 257 TES ae ae a = eae 110 87 97 | 2,192 1,965 | 4,157 945 143 1, 088 2, 105 eps eee eo 8 18 74 82 1,926 2, 109 4, 035 674 148 822 924 LDS eS See 19 | 83 | 92 | 1,870 | 2,397 | 4, 267 759 142 901 873 bi hl eee Ss es 9 80 89 1,940 | 2,192 | 4,132 330 108 | 438 1, 044 Lig RES a i a 9 90 | 99 | 2,458 | 2,060} 4,518 114 74 188 Pi 5i2 Lake Superior Lake of the Woods Total as United d | | United nite Unite | nite Canada| Total Canada| Total Canada| Total | States | States | States | | | a) TE eee ik) Soe Neeeet ee eee Le het eo 6,025 | 1,141| 7,166 NTA ee 2 ae ct Welle (Oy al 17} (23) 1 | TS ESTE ele rere DS Sa eS ee ena 17 (2) 17 36 8 | 14 6, 124 PsbS: | 7,432 ieee eee eee 3 (2) 3 36 8 | 14 5, 708 1,114 | 6,822 Les 3 eee ea 8 3 31 | 1 2 4, 086 1, 357 5, 443 MERI eee ee ce! rue TOM PoE ee Se 19 36 A 13 3, 978 2, 249 6, 227 1 ME) ee BS Sa ees Ye eee 3 7 10 | 17 6, 615 1, 351 7, 966 $ 12 ee es Sees cas it |S ae a 13 i 12 | 19 4, 591 1, 533 6, 124 it) Le a 2 een IQ} 25 st 10 6 8 | 14 5, 268 2, 203 7,471 f UL ae ae 17 (2) | 17 6 15 | 21 3, 555 2, 346 5, 901 x na (iF ee 6 8 5 | 13 3, 525 2, 627 6, 152 2 ee eee 9 (2) 9 13 10 23 38, 345 2, 390 5, 735 ee ee 04. | ae ee 2 15 9 | 24 4,110 2, 233 6, 343 ‘ 4 PIKE (JACKS) ee Lake Erie Lake Huron Mace Year l United | United United ; Canada States Canada Total States Canada Total States | - 221 555 2, 288 2, 343 540 126 166 828 248 571 2, 927 2, 998 527 201 228 40 337 515 630 645 55 180 185 8 51 283 511 437 448 527 125 152 8 63 280. 53 142 145 5 43 196 239 874 213 56 229 235 5 36 100 136 8 85 . 246 18 727 745 83 192 275 97 311 29 115 |° 144 69 118 187 879 233 30 97 127 82 229 311 93 250 6 144 150 53 217 270 94 281 5 130 135 54 197 251 38 256 6 72 78 38 195 233 35 192 if 29 36 18 197 215 26 1 New York yield estimated. 4 Wisconsin yield estimated. 2 Yield less than 500 pounds. 5 Michigan yield estimated. — > 3 Minnesota yield estimated. 8 Michigan.and Wisconsin yields estimated. 68078—28——_6 . : ; 416 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes and Lake of the Woods, 1913 to 1925 (expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted)—Continued PIKE (JACKS)—Continued Lake Superior Lake of the Woods Total Year United Canada| Total United Canada; Total United Canada| Total States States States WONS> oe See 46 38 44 3 298 693 991 427 3, 366 3, 793 429 201 230 3327 761 1, 088 494 4,338 4, 832 410 71 81 3 525 1, 222 1, 747 606 2, 440 3, 046 44 25 29 3218 508 726 323 1,378 1,701 43 18 21 3 338 787 1, 125 461 1, 423 1, 884 (2) 18 18 3 290 674 964 417 1, 234 1, 651 3 19 22 273 635 908 474 1,819 2, 293 4 15 19 425 449 874 606 1, 008 1, 614 10 54 64 251 451 702 466 1, 064 1, 530 13 30 43 236 488 724 402 1, 129 1, 531 10 23 33 237 455 692 344 1, 086 1, 430 84 19 103 237 603 840 400 1,145 1, 545 7 12 19 211 730 941 269 1, 160 1,429 CARP Lake Ontario Lake Erie Lake Huron Year United Canada | Total United Canada; Total United Canada| Total States | States States | a | — ei 2 CR te ees 2 eee ae 1 48 | 49 1, 690 374 | 2, 064 375 2 377 i Ce ee ere ee 1] 81 | 82 | ! 12, 024 1,395 | 13,419 14 14 28 (O15 32.2 ere Se es 1 113 | 114} 9,615 905 | 10, 520 516 27 543 VOVG Se. 2 2. ee ee es 1 | 268 269 5, 859 | 182, 16,641 ol 222 ee 35 35 T9172 2 ops Pia 7 391 | 398 | 4, 569 | 667 | 5,236 26 16 42 ee ae eee (2) 142 142 4,172 711 | 4, 883 643 14 657 POLO Sess ere ee ee 3 169 172 2, 961 378 | 3,339 1, 109 62 1,171 NOOO ee Sone ake ee ee () 66 66 4, 102 432 4, 534 1, 721 76 1, 797 173i be ee ee a! LZ, 63 80 | 16,542 345 6, 887 857 83 940 1922 22-2 ee eee 132 121 153 | 13,887 234 4,121 1, 169 70 1, 239 1 7-5 ale eS eee 261 103 364 3, 215 286 3, 501 297 59 356 LOVES Se. Ue eee Be se 21 78 99 1, 256 289 1, 545 496 50 546 (920 Sa6 seen ee 1 30 31 2, 339 244 2, 583 57 46 103 Lake of Lake Pat F Michigan Lake Superior Gene Total Year | United | United ua | United States | States | Camada | Total | Canada States Canada | Total | 1) eee ea ae 62 |2e-= esses oe ee |S eee ogee a ere 2 2, 072 424 2, 496 TIE Yee he oe? |W a eee IN | Fi Sel pa ek | Sag GRE aS 125 12, 039 1, 615 13, 654 LOT as ce eee Se ee Lh ee ee 1 1 190 10, 141 1, 236 11, 377 at (spears eT EA 0 | ae a es 12 5, 861 1, 097 6, 958 PO ee see ce ee a eee ae 8 1 1 (?) r 4,602 1, 075 5, 677 GIS eee Eee es | eas 1 1 12 4, 820 880 5, 700 ho) ie ee ee ee ee Uh see es | Sek | ee ee 53 4, 080 662 4,742 1920222 ee ane 5 (?) (eter rene ere 9 5, 828 583 6, 411 G9} E- San ar ee Eset As | SR ee 5 5 8 7, 420 504 7, 924 B23 eee oN ee Ee 67) Mat ese 7 7 3 5, 094 435 5, 529 js eee aes deel es | eee ener 5 5 14 3, 780 467 4, 247 be A ee he (hee 2 2 14 1, 780 433 2, 213 POZO ERE oles Pe 1:23| SE Soe ee | ee ae |-------2-- if 2, 409 327 2, 736 1 New York yield estimated. 2 Yield less than 500 pounds. 3 Minnesota yield estimated. 4 Wisconsin yield estimated. Bt mo 417 Yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes and Lake of the Woods, 1913 to 1925 (expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted)—Continued WHITE BASS FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 ; United States United States Year | Lake | Lake Year Lake | Lake Take | Mich- | Supe- | Total | hake | Mich- | Supe- | Total me | igan | rior igan | rior | 1a ea | 512 "a hy Mey B26 11920... St BOL enero eect 514 UCR s See 478 (2)y S| eae CASS) | i To sen a 841 | 15 eae 853 LO 5h 5 (iE tee gt | ee GObs 102222320 ee SPAR Ihe pea Cia )i| eae os a 831 RoI G ee ee i [agen en (2) 343 | ODDS este oe ee 300 ctl I) tial 310 SA Wo TR Spee ro Sy age oe | a Sosa MO2EA So ES 182 | SG e aces 192 vbEY se BE a oe a } 129 ()) et see 1297 LO2B a= ee Zot See eee ae 232 ee eee | 193 10 2 205 | CATFISH Lake Ontario Lake Erie Lake Huron it United United | Unit a| | Unite Jnite a Jnited | liStatas Canada| Total pares ed Total States Meu She Total SION G8 =k SE ee 2 279 281 160 20 | 187 5 34 | 9 | 43 TID ech 2 Se ae a ae a eae ij 269 270 771 49 | 820 529 | 5 34 5 eee ee pee Se eet 1 268 269 592 | 38 | 630 53 10 13 TTR eke 2 eee eee ee 15 302 317 1, 247 23 1, 270 519 6 25 3 225 228 | 2,191 7 | 2,228 5 102 8 110 2 236 238 420 47 | 467 5 92 | 5 | 97 if 248 249 | 1,091 | 34 1, 125 | 70 6 76 1 170 171 730 | 42 772 43 | 4 47 149 184 233 1, 422 46 | 1,468 28 | 18 46 147 178 225 705 58 | 763 49 | 7 56 148 181 229 642 58 | 700 22 | 8 30 43 162 205 | 275 57 | 332 | 48 U 55 3 122 125 685 37 | 722 | 22 | 8 | 30 | i | | | Lake Lake Lake Sete ; of the Total | Michigan Superior Wicods Year | | wuaed Canada | Canada | Cee Canada | Total Bp ee er eee Net wee ee ase (asain 17 196 332 528 AD Ase treet hs ot Sat SR ee hd {eevee Bis 3 66 801 392 1, 193 TG Oe ae ee i ee ee ee [See ee 3 | eee aE 119 | 596 435 1, 031 DON we Sst oe eae a Se ee ae Saat i ee (2) ecco? | 1, 281 331 1, 612 IML 2* ok Sak Speen ee eee eee eee (2) 8 2, 296 278 2, 574 TES a ees Se ee eee ee he tea ie | ae 208 | 514 496 1, 010 TOTES i Se eh ge ee 573 Spee ea aie mays 365 1, 529 TPs oOo 8 oo Se Ee EE ee eee ae Heer | 7a) eee 53 776 269 1, 045 ipa [SS ee ee eee eee | Rl eee eae 51 | 1, 502 299 1, 801 3 pals Spe Sat SS Oe eee | ie SR Se ee ae ee | 805 243 1, 048 (105, EEE 2 a Ee | ry Pipi, Se tal RE” Bae 716 247 963 Ly. eS ee eee ee ee (C) eal abe ao aan BS Sn 366 226 592 He) Dope ees Sow as eee ed a OSS te Se PD ON eee eras 66 | 835 233 1, 068 TULLIBEES Lake of the Woods Lake of the Woods Year z l Year Fi eee | Canada| Total ares Canada, Total | Se ea eae pa epee (%) 177 Tia ko DOL ee See eee les (9) 129 129 Di See ee eee (*) 127 yy fal a 2)? ane a eg ST (9) 117 117 LUG 2 = eee (%) 262 746 | [dl Ao? A ey Sle (°) 131 131 iti eee Sie ae eee mule: (8) 139 TSOMMWLOZe= == 22 soe fee ee (9) 112 112 EAS fess eS (*) 174 ARNO 2S ee ae EP RSS Ee (%) 255 255 pits eecer ss le (2) 240 GON UIN Ih G07 4 ee 301 461 762 Rese ere see (%) 241 241 1 New York yield estimated. 2 Yield less than 500 pounds. 4 Wisconsin yield estimated. 5 Michigan yield estimated. : 9 Included with miscellaneous fish prior to 1925. 418 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes and Lake of the Woods, 1913 to 1925 (expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, O00 omitted)—Continued BURBOT United States Year [ | Lake Lake Lake Lake Lake Total | Ontario Erie Huron | Michigan) Superior 42 (6) Fie ee (be eee SINS ee 42 108 (0) "tL. 5 es eee 108 45 (0) ht 45 247 (0) N25 an eee See 247 23 (20) orc rc ee ee 69 346 0)” Ee s2 2S eee 380 407 18 | 22 1 542° 371 25 60 () 499 441 1 7 1 490 262 4 16 i 323 255 8 7 () 310 142 | 15 12 1 210 130 (?) 55 (2) 269 | MISCELLANEOUS FISH | Lake Lake Ontario Lake Erie Lake Huron Mich- igan Year | | eee Canada| Total | Bates Canada| Total vee Canada| Total Vaited ROG Sono | 19 550 569 | 300 860 | 1,160 182 550 732 2, 810 POW 4s oo ee Se 14 651 655 | 468 1, 116 1, 584 123 647 770 2, 480 PONpe. (ass e eh eke soe | 8 658 666 1,001 970 | 1,971 300 552 852 5, O91 MOGs. ees ee | 8 775 783 | 1,255 | 1,105 | 2,360 758 476 | 1, 234 1, 836. 50 Eee eY Vinee aS | 3 844 847| 146 700 846 | 1, 209 518 | 1,727] 1,649 AOLR ER. Sst Se | 4 847 851 | 348 767. | 1,115 17 502 519 2, 517 LOTS Ret eam ene ere | 1 770 71 |} 110 795 905 16 538 554; 1,214 O20 ECS ee ease 4 506 510 | 99 939 | 1,038 11 565 576 | 41,391 102 See nee | 36 529 565 75.) 087, | 15162 8 652 660 1, 583. 1K 7p eas Ane ee | 47 595 642 83 1,227 1,310 18 613 631 1, 242 1923: oo se ses tte 43 502 545 45 12875) 1s Ba2-\asose soo 551 551 1, 507 10 2a se re Oa ed | 215 575 790 43 1, 231 1 Fy Ol i 2 614 614 1, 691 1ODH SMEs: 2 eeu ae 13 542 555 | 79 | 1,140] 1,219] (© 815 815} 1,791 | | Lake Superior Lake of tbe Woods Total | : Year | | | | | pees Canada | Total ae Canada| Total va Canada| Total | | PUTS Meg ete tee Se 465 | 111 576 3510 247 757 4, 286 2, 318 6, 604 TOs po eis SU a | 239 | 26 265 3 339 164 503 3, 663 2, 604 6, 257 3h!) 7) Ae ee eee 201 | 157 358 3 168 141 309 6, 769 2, 478 9, 247 TCI foe TRE 9S 349 | 250 599 3 683 366 | 1,049| 4,889] 2,972] 7,861 1 ie ee eee 207 333 540 ; 31, 224 593 1, 817 4, 438 2, 988 7, 426 101 REe Se cael 302 | 755 | 1,057 3753 377-1. "1; 130:| 89411) = 3agd8" aa yaise POLO Len Doe aN es oe oe 135 290 425 537 260 797 2,013 2, 653 4, 666 1), eee 104 143 247 435 197 632 2, 044 2, 350 4, 394 10) aS ee Lae 72 88 160 406 166 572 2, 180 2, 522 4, 702 [PRT tee See ee 105 114 219 261 152 413 1, 756 2, 701 4, 457 1 aaa ae aa 151 50 201 219 135 354| 1,965] 2,525} 4,490 LOQd ui Lae 5 oe ae 171 65 236 315 212 527 2, 435 2, 697 5, 1382 19 Zope oe net eee 235 96 331 281 800 1, 081 2, 399 3, 393 5, 792 1 New York yield estimated. 2 Yield less than 500 pounds. 3 Minnesota yield estimated. 4 Wisconsin yield estimated. 6K stimated. 10 Included with miscellaneous fish prior to 1919. oe Se ee ae 7 ou. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 419 Yield of the fisheries of the Great Lakes and Lake of the Woods, 1913 to 1925 (expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted) —Continued SUMMARY OF THE YIELD BY LAKES AND YEARS Lake Ontario Lake Erie Lake Huron Michi- Year United | United United | , United States Canada Total States Canada Total States Canada| Total States | 3, 167 | 22,120 | 19,553 | 41,673 | 11,184 | 6,283 | 17,467 | 26,994 3, 802 | 58,571 | 19,982 | 73,553 | 8,248 | 6,616 | 14,864 28,195 5,045 | 59,509 | 16,539 | 76,048 | 10,245 | 7,317 | 17,562 | 31, 680 5, 244 | 41,223 | 12, 623 | 53,846 | 17,145 | 7,289 | 24,434 | 23, 0238 6,200 | 41,416 | 18,780 | 60,196 | 12,512 | 7,303 | 19,815 | 29,317 5, 557 | 51,479 | 19,493 | 70,972 | 14,966 | 6,497 | 21,463 | 26,675 5,955 | 35,154 | 14,128 | 49, 282 | 15,240 | 6,479 | 21,719 | 29, 820 5, 293 | 32,192 | 16, 791 | 47,983 | 11,250 | 6,229 | 17,479 | 23,053 6,749 | 46,731 | 16,409 | 63,140 | 9,330) 6,378 | 15,708 | 17,018 5,415 | 40,912 | 17,684 | 58,596 | 13,481 | 7,162 | 20,643 | 16,605 5, 644 | 44,378 | 17,773 | 62,151 | 9,920] 6,811 | 16,731 | 15,358 6, 233 | 40, 264 | 18,977 | 59,241 | 9,074] 7,260 | 16,334 | 17,694 4, 797 | 26, 639 | 11,080 | 37,719 | 6,567 | 7,748 | 14,315 | 21,710 Lake Superior Lake of the Woods Total Year ited Canada| Total Hiv ed Canada| Total Irectere Canada| Total 2,331 8, 748 1, 384 3, 393 4,777 | 68,309 | 34,517 | 102, 826 2,934 | 10,022 1, 246 3, 420 4,666 | 98,625 | 36,477 | 135, 102 5,698 | 11,392 1, 425 4, 635 6,060 | 108,948 | 38,839 | 147, 787 5,464 | 10,901 1, 287 2, 443 3,730 | 88,432 | 32,746 | 121,178 4,977 | 14, 866 2, 103 3, 338 5,441 | 95,893 | 39,942 | 135, 835 8,754 | 20, 300 1, 489 3, 067 4,556 | 106,679 | 42, 844 | 149, 523 5,971 | 16,471 1, 277 2, 714 3,991 | 92,463 | 34,775 | 127, 238 4,632 | 18, 899 1, 299 2, 028 3,327 | 77,375 | 34,659 | 112,034 3, 807 | 11, 283 1, 048 2, 240 3,288 | 83,458 | 33,728 | 117, 186 3,985 | 10, 554 978 2, 513 3,491 | 79,434 | 35,870 | 115, 304 4,567 | 12,151 1, 159 2, 544 3,703 79,109 | 36,629 | 115, 738 3,216 | 12,160 1, 256 3, 356 4,612 | 78,281 | 37,993 | 116, 274 3,567 | 15, 874 1, 463 4,411 | - 5,874) 69,132} 31,157 | 100, 289 FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST STATES, 1924 The plan adopted for obtaining annual statistics on the fisheries of the Pacific Coast States in 1923 was used again in the canvass of these States for 1924. The statistics given herein are the available State statistics, supplemented and made uniform in character and scope by canvassing the industry for the necessary additional information.‘ The Pacific Coast States, with their valuable salmon, halibut, tuna, and sardine fisheries, constitute one of our most important fishery sections. In 1924 there were 15,359 persons, 560 vessels 4 The State of Washington requires reports from fishermen and fish dealers on the quantity of each species caught within the territorial] limits of the State. Oregon requires periodical reports from fish dealers on the quantities of certain species (salmon, shad, sturgeon, clams, and crabs). Values of these were calcu- lated from estimates of average prices secured from fish dealers. Quantities and values of the remaining species and all fish caught in the high seas and Indian reservations were secured by canvassing. Statistics on persons, vessels, boats, and gear were obtained from the State license lists and supplemented by canvass, as in the case of quantities and values. The State of California requires a carbon ccpy of the receipt for all fish landed in California by fishing vessels and boats, regardless of source. Fish caught in waters off the Mexican coast are designated sepa- tately. The statistics on quantities, by species, were taken from the State tabulations, and values were secured by calculating from price estimates of representative wholesalers. Statistics of the Alaska cod caught by California vessels, and of the California whaling operations, were secured direct from the com- panies concerned. Statistics on persons, boats, and gear were taken from the State’s registration lists. In Washington and Oregon the Statistics were credited to the district in which the fishing was done, except the ocean fisheries, which were credited to the district in which the fish were landed. - In California the statistics on the catch were credited to the district where landed, and the men, vessels, boats, gear, etc., to the home port of the fishermen. 420 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES fishing and transporting fish, 5,727 power boats, and 676 rowboats in these States engaged in producing 473,697,017 pounds of fish, shellfish, and whale products, valued at $20,052,214 to the fishermen. Judging from first values, the salmon fishery was the most im- portant of the Pacific coast fisheries, producing 101,960,651 pounds, valued at $7,825,101 to the fishermen. Next in importance was the tuna fishery, prosecuted in the waters of California, which produced 29,365,748 pounds of albacore, tuna, bonito, and skipjack, valued at $2,621,424. Of third importance was the halibut fishery, which centers at Seattle. The total catch credited to the Pacific Coast States was 15,973,183 pounds, valued at $2,138,170. In addition to this, vessels of the Pacific Coast States landed 3,798,508 pounds, valued at $363,881, in ports of Alaska. The sardine fishery of southern California ranked fourth, with 242,685,958 pounds, valued at $2,079,727. Personnel and fishing craft employed in the fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1924 Items Washing- | Oregon | California | ‘Total Vessel fishery: Number Number | Number Number iShermen = 222 a ee ee ea eee ees 1, 639 25 1, 933 3, 597 VESSE Isis a Ee ee Siem Pe ee eee Bar see ese 217 | 6 337 560 ‘Ponnage ss". ween Up ete ae es Bye Sep bis bape gh 6,175 68 5, 821 12, 064 Shore fishery: ISHermM ent eens een yee BE Re ee ae 4, 551 4,335 | 2, 876 11, 762 Owen DOStS fs s- ene ee Ore ee eee 2, 036 2,178 1,513 5, 727. ROW DOR tS 2 s— 5 ole i gt BR? ata ak 2 261 283 132 676 Yield of the fisheries of the Pacific Coast States in 1924 Species Washington Oregon ; California Total | | et | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value |- Pounds | Value | Pounds Value LUSTY yo) Ae re es Pe a | ray Meg NE pec ae 17, 695, 362|$1,828,812) 17, 695, 362\$1, 828, 812 PSA CH ON GS eae eee a a eee | ee eens (eee ee |SRees aoe 346, 951 1, 984 346, 951 1, 984 Barracudas: ~ 2) = [See Ne 2 sae eal | eee 7, 128, 523] 257,022) 7,128,523) 257,022 IBOGITO- Ses = 2) Beh Rt ee ae Ee eee | Ra tee 1 eee 1, 038, 369} 29,130) 1, 038, 369 29, 130 Warnes nace ee ee ees BYR EPA SES (ie eee SS See Se ee 75, 965 1, 554 455, 223 12, 930 Catiishe se Sasso S | eet iy ea eee Be ts EES |e fe ae ee 351,960} 51,977 351, 960 51, 977 Cod, dry salted _--.-_-| SOO 7 OLIF MV BUS 15 | Cee as See ee een 2, 884,028} 190,041) 6,584,819) 366, 856 Wlounderss: 22 =e | 188, 273 BWA k=] eee ee | ee 2,081,470} 59,290) 2,269, 743 63, 068 Gravyfish) 23s | 97, 005 P41 ARS, SAS Ils Sewn Cri 392, 634 11, 982 489, 639 12, 229 ake— = 920 SS See oe ee ee | ees Pee Seer ee et ee 60, 780 1, 519) 60, 780. 1, 519 ali butt vse eee oe eee 15, 329, 569|2, 040, 881 510,977) $81, 373 132, 637 15, 916 15, 978, 183} 2, 138, 170 Halibut, ‘California eal ea ey wee | ere eet puck a ete ge) ol ke aes See 2,576, 261| 348,759) 2,576,261) 348, 759 Fiardhead ie og =. ee STR Sa | Pear Ta DE PO ET ake. Rotalse see 184,355, 805 _6,457,525/39, 072, 857 $3,159,029/328, 480, 450 8, 240, 945/451. 909, 112 17, 857, 499 SHELLFISH | (CEN ASS Age SEE SESS 1, 145, 587 66, 578 433, 411 31, 474| 1,506,816) 126,616) 3,085,814) 224 668 SS Ciki = eee Bee eS eee 12, 200 OGG iene noes apa Swe SE) 12, 200) 966 Sea crawfish or spiny | | CNG Pr ae Se ee SOS a Pees pees ene [Se ee Re Laas 1,027,312) 199,650) 1, 027, 312 199, 650 Siri peeme mr se see TEED ey aR lIP 1 Boe ai le eae 1,551,086, 155,109| 1,589,098 160,811 Clams: Oye ie lem Sete Te Sa Se ee ee ee eM alae ot Loe Sah S 845) 571 845} 571 rand ss 32232 = 5 35 203, 412 26, 479 800 180 se ee eee epee es 204, 212 26, 659 LS SITE 3 J 8 a aR II 2 see a | ee a Ph ee 7, 407 3, 333 7, 407 3, 333 Eiki Tike SSO ss See NE ee ee | eee ee ee 73, 287| 35,178 73, 287) 35, 178 Ragone ce ee eo 524°205|0 e728 8401e S20 870] a1 pl Oseles peta Tat 557, 084| 77, 874 Sis es e Die ens ee eee eee | 14, 621 2, 631) 40, 554 15, 816 55, 175) 18, 447 LS TESST ST SUES ee | Nae 5S a eS [pe ee Ol | ele | 8, 204. 1, 119 8, 204| 1,119 Oysters: | | | Eastern, market - - 36,022) 23, 362 Deere relay te aS 52,678) 22,576 88, 700) 45, 938 Native, market___| 650, 700| 342,447; 11,070) 4, 305|___....-.__|_-_.___. 661,770| 346, 752 Japanese, market_- 15, 680 LEY UA [a Sear Bs Bele | Da EST ST) et eee a (ih eC 15, 680, 9, 997 Seallops.....--- “| 4,200/ «1, 155|_- fs Waging abana? 4,200/ ‘1, 155 Abalone iY (8 Ra 81 | pele ek -| 449,362, 249, 646 449, 362| 249, 646 Octopus 104,534) 3, 137|____ 166,291} 6,570} 270, 825] 9, 707 SUFENG sa. —. es oo Se Panes gl Wa eel Cee nea ns Bane | 6,831,029, 409,350) 6,831,029 409, 350 MenrapinanGshinules:| 0202s! |e jane ec geet oeeae ete | 363) 28 363 28 Retalewee oboe 2, 722,352) 551,699) 504, 981 44, 588) 11, 715, 2341, 225, 562) 14, 942, 567) 1, 821, 849° WHALE PRODUCTS | | | | Sperm oil .--..-.------ ifort OE 1) ee a [aerate oe Se Tee s 67,875, 3, 620 Whale oils: 262) Aas: ose ae 10, 179 103 eS ose [ So ose |e See CSE eae 10, 179 103 Smelt: | Ulver Ue ee en See AD Tb0 6 45; (00|=- 2 — aaeetnee eae Seale he. 2 457,506) 45, 750 BYU Ch Oa oi sale as ee ae ee ie | EG Dae) Se | 983,353} 9,835] 983,353 9, 835 POO yee eee ee 266, 149 U, O79 |S aes eo | 228 7 266, 377 7, 986 Steelhead trout___...._____.- 100, 433 8, 027 34,156; 3, 750) 1, 008, 864) 54, 662) 1, 143, 453 66, 439 MUNN ECOHE= 4 ee a res fe 832} 169) 8, 339) 627 76, 034; 5,313 86, 205 6, 109 Sunimhishess 2°. pa ee 36, 574 1, 828 7, 322 366 Pies eee 43, 896 2, 194 ALY Shae (efoyo Me ees ae er ae 424 (ies SESS sae eee eee Ke 424 4 od Day aN ey aera = ee es |65, 634, 0215, 219, 759|6, 482, 107) 280, 538)12, 239, 677| 957, 228/84, 355, 805/6, 457, 525 SHELLFISH Sharada’. | Octopus 22 te 104, 534 85187 | ace el se 104, 534 3, 137 reps resis ho oR AO 729, 057 43,083 416, 330 23; eS ao setes sae See 1, 145, 587 66, 578 Shiimp: =. 236 ie Pn ae 38, 012 Lie (0 7-| Pak ace eee aes (aE EL gS 38, 012 5, 702 Clams: | Pearls ee {e908 oer wes 208,412} 26, 479)--.---__- ee eee. Sue 2S ees 203,412} 26,479 R70 se ee oe PE Pe Ee ee a oe 5245 205) ale, S421 See Ss oe oc eee 524, 205 72, 842 Oysters, market: INET te a 625, G4 390.487), F95(58h) 2 GRDI ie poe See 650, 700) 342, 447 ESCO yee et oe el, Oe 367022 i 23 a62lesee te fae as 36,022} 28, 362 Tapanese: 664" oo ee I 15, 680) QNGOT| 2 take es | eee eee eee pees 15, 680 9, 997 Scallepsssscssee eet) 2 as 4, 200) Pe] age eae 3a) ONSET Se oe ee 4, 200 1,155 sHobelt Ss" eee ae 1, 720, 059; 419, 040)1, 002, 293; 182, 659)_--.______- ae 2, 722. 352) 551, 699 WHALE PRODUCTS 4 oka | ae SGU Oeste ak aes oe | ec aa CO Pits V2) Pets ya 0) Fee are FR ec = 67, 875 3, 620 Wikalecih ee cac 2s Tee ile eee ase (ies S51, 271 B75! *98,4195| eee oe eee 1, 471,875] 98, 125 Other whale products_._.-.-|_.__.__..- ||) BOB; OOO) 12, ASS i= ee. eed | aaa es . 606,000) 12,488 FRO bALE Lees» 6 eee JEM. S258) Sos ras] 271453 750} 14 288) be oe ee ee Oa ean Grand total -.- ._.- -- .-|67, 354, 080/5, 638, 799]9, 630, 150) 527, 430|12, 239, 677| 957, 228|89, 223, 907 7, 123, 457 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 423: Vessel fisheries —In 1924 the fisheries of Washington employed 217 fishing craft of 5 net tons and over, as measured by the United States Customs Service. This included 4 steamers, totaling 382 net tons; 208 motor vessels, totaling 4,345 net tons; and 5 sailing vessels, totaling 1,448 net tons, engaged i in the fisheries of Washington, but does not include tr ansporting vessels engaged principally in the earrying of fish. The total yield of fishing ‘vessels was 34,628,428 pounds, valued at $2,888,327, of which 25 649, 628 pounds, valued at $1,810,259, were landed at W ashington saa ‘and 8,978,800 pounds, valued at $1,078,068, at ports in Canada. In addition to this, Washington vessels landed 3,818,439 pounds, valued at $364,256, at ports in Alaska. Lines, catching virtually all the halibut and cod and quantities of salmon, were the most important apparatus employed by fishing vessels, taking 21,977,482 pounds of fish, valued at $2,369,467. Purse seines follow in importance, yielding 10 438,610 pounds, valued at $402,209, which consisted entirely of salmon and steelhead trout. The whale fishery, located at Grays Harbor, yielded 2,145,750 pounds of products, valued at $114,233. Haul seines, drag bag nets, and beam trawls, which constitute the remainder of the apparatus used on vessels, yielded 66,586 pounds, valued at $2,418. Vessels engaged in the fisheries of Washington in 1924, by apparatus and rig Apparatus Motor vessels | eae vessels Steam vessels Total | Te i | | | | 3 Num-| Ton- | | Num-| Ton- Num-| Ton- Num-| Ton- | Lines: ber | nage | | Crew| ber | nage | Crew| ber | nage | Crew} ber | nage | Crew Trawl (ocean) __.______- 122 |2,749 | 848 5 |1,448 | 176 1) PAST 39 | 128 /4,384 | 1, 063- Troll (Cape Flattery) -- 9 | 118 Ee fa eee ae LS Ta (ee ee ee eee ce [eee ee 9] 118 57 Purse seines (Puget Sound)_| 88 1,788 | 616 ___.-- pe aE eee Seek igen ha Weeeeee 88 1,788 616 Haul seines (Puget Sound) _ 2 22 Gyeec sto [Staal ee ee ee [Sete s DEE 22 6 Drag bag nets (Puget | | POG) ses eek ee 2 cishall ie Ce eee eee [ees Sele [eee eee eee 2 38 6 Beam trawls (Puget Sound) 1 11 Layette | pee se |Gaeeoe a [rents ae Fein amc 1 11 5 Whaling apparatus (ocean) -|_-____|------ eee feeb Wgeazuls=s 3| 195 | 30|/ 3) 195] 30 Bais, 1 Fes "208 4,345 1,304 i 5 1,448| 176; 4{| 382| 69| 217 |6,175 | 1,639" | | ! 1 Exclusive of duplication. Yield of the vessel fisheries of Washington in 1924, by apparatus and species | | A | Purse seines (Puget | Haul seines . Species | Sound) (Puget Sound) Lines ! (ocean) | | | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value Pounds Value Woaednyssaltene ee es te yl se [beeen See [aes eer | ee [esas 23,700,791 | $176,815 Hal ibut ~ oe ee ee loateceewsn ost See Sen ae hea Tees 15, 320, 660 | 2, 039, 773 oT DTERV HC ee ae eS aE IL ere eh 8 pee eee 267 $8 467, 975 14, 753 Pl Dict Cr RSLs B62 ot eS 2 ee Pee one poe eee ieee Sestag 487 23 208, 855 7, 716 ED ORE ge 2 ee eee ee ae: Ce ee Westen ahaha tee Peet ecto 1, 894, 000 103, 362 Salmon: | Blueback or sockeye__-_----.--------- 614,054 | $82,808 |_...___- | ptipeee SE Pars| (ea MER coe OS [oes Ores, SS GOK eaoee eee ee ee NTE 49, 700 5 (a38 5a eee | iene ot 3 265, 640 19, 850’ Cai LSS ie bg SER kG Ty poh Re ee | 7, 344, 446 TU RAAT Ply we EN See Et Me ey eB Shes BOS |e a eae 12 read ge 2 oe ee ee ees 2 62, 170 PAPAIN Se ais TEA REO SEE oe eS ES SAG oe Sa NE I ee | 2,347, 386 PSSSOSG; (hee he CO 3 118, 246 7,095 2 SGT ES See US Oa ee eee ee (ee ee eo eS ae | 3, 583 108 550 1k BiceineadtLEGH is a ok AS | 20, 854 aC aa Pee albino eal | | ee ah UTIL REG Ree EE ce Be ae Ss ee eee Se Leet s E852" poke ne ee \ESas SeSe. 765 92 “TEDL TES GCS 5 Sa Se ee ek Se se ee 557 PHO ee a eee ee pe aie tie A gees 9s | 10, 438,610} 402,209 4,894 | 166 | 21,977,482 | 2, 369, 467 1 The line fishery was prosecuted by vessels sailing from Puget Sound ports, and virtually all of the catch was taken in ocean waters. This includes 8,912,300 pounds of halibut, valued at $1,074,978, and 66,500 pounds of sablefish, valued at $3,090, taken by Washington vessels and landed in Canada. ‘In addition to this, Washington vessels caught 3 798, 508 pounds of halibut, valued at $363,881; 16,792 pounds of sable- fish, valued at $297; and 3,139 pounds of rockfishes, valued at $78, which were landed in Alaska. 2 Taken i in waters off Alaska, 3 Taken off Cape Flattery. 424 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the vessel fisheries of Washington in 1924, by apparatus and species—Con. Species Drag bag nets (Puget Sound) Beam trawls | (Puget Sound) Malibuiesce ss Herring 2822 “‘Lingcod’’ 2 Rockfiishes:«- 22a eee Sabletish==.=4~ Si ae eee Salmon: Blueback or sockeye- -- Chinooke =) 2 ec Silver: 2 ee Smelfsilverse ese ee eee ‘SSOlG Mas Sa ee ee ee Sturgeon eee ee Shrimp 22 3360 2 Bat es Sperm O13 se es Value | Pounds Whaling apparatus (ocean) Total Pounds Value 3, 700, 791 $176, 815 15, 320, 660 | 2,039, 773 42, 490 425 468, 242 14, 761 217, 487 7, 983 | 1, 894, 600 103, 362 oe i Sa IF |_.------| 614,054 | 82, 808 ce OTST Tens eee 315, 340 23, 484 Jie SoS ANS ee 7, 344, 446 172, 417 Se ee a ees eet 62, 170 2, 746 ee eee 2, 465, 632 146, 031 5 Se. Fed 5k ee 1, 510 151 pa ae eee Ee aot SS 4, 133 119 pe SAREE PET 5 eee 20, 854 1, 668 Ee 3 2a ee eee ee 765 ep a aes Bal Eee Sess 22 557 27 pee oe S| aoe ee 9, 547 1, 432 1, 471, 875 | $98, 125 1, 471, 875 98, 125 67, 875 3, 620 67, 875 3, 620 606,000 | 12,488 | 606, 000 12, 488 2, 145, 750 114, 233 | 34, 628, 428 | 2, 888, 327 Men and boats engaged in the shore fisheries of Washington in 1924, by apparatus and districts | Apparatus Puget Sound | Washington coast} Columbia River Total Motor| Row- | Row- Motor| Row- eer ree | Men | boats | boats | Men | boats | boats | Men | boats | boats boats | boats Hauliseines = 222 =. - 5a | 1 60M 70> |S ease \osssaey sass Gill nets: | IDS Hlth ae eee eee 173i elie anaes 98.) 85+). 2-|, 539) | <390) |2S22 321 Si On aisha eens SE ee ee les REE {eee Gall prlGn| ae ets 167 71 Foundnets! == 1 AG eh 2 Fite eee | 99 10 GOS ee eas | Baltes eee 1279) |) < 850) 2s 2 133i B2sssec 2) ALTO} DS eee a OB 2a Osam see Dracipiemetss. ne ee esata acer f= Wy ra Di ee See te a ee = ns Bean trawlss: 222s ce a 7 | nl a | Re pe V2 AL Se Ret Bry See Se ishiwinee] see ese a ee fi a ah ee ET eS | Dipmetss2 =" Baul) 780) |2S.c-5|eccass|ee oe 22] ee 40H | 40 ee eee Reef nets___- Bo 5 4 ace ce eee ce See eS es ee Brush weir_- Pa ab ane al Res nC | ee a ee el eRe | Grabitrapse. -e ses... Loe Shieh Sh use eas B64). S286 | eC Se ee ee | Se ae Clam hoes, shovels, and | LOL KS =o ee ee eee Oy AY ena ea ere |*--Q88" | 3 222 S| SSS Sol Sn | Sa a | SSeS eeeaes eee Oyster tongs and forks__-___ } 111 162} 13 181 OCA E AS setae tyre ces |2, 157 |1, 129 162 1,418 ae 976 | 625 | 15 2, 036 261 | | 1 Exclusive of duplication. Shore and boat fisheries —The statistics on the shore fisheries include the catch by all fishing craft of less than 5 net tons, as meas- ured by the United States Customs Service, as well as all fish caught without the use of boats. In 1924 there were 2,036 motor boats and 261 rowboats employed in the fisheries of Washington. The yield of the shore and boat fisheries amounted to 54,595,479 pounds, valued at $4,235,130, which was considerably greater than the yield of the vessel fisheries. The catch by pound nets ranked first in importance, both as to amount and value, with the yield of lines being almost identical. In 1924 pound nets yielded 20,113,737 pounds, valued at $1,527,382, and lines, 20,111,519 pounds, valued at $1,400,343. The catch by FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 425 pound nets consisted almost entirely of salmon and steelhead trout, with much smaller quantities of flounders, halibut, “lingcod,” surf fishes, rockfishes, shad, skate, sole, sturgeon, and octopus. The catch by lines consisted mainly of salmon, with smaller quantities of varieties similar to those taken by the pound nets. Next in amount and yield were drift and set gill nets, with a total eatch amounting to 8,522,857 pounds, valued at $613,208, which consisted almost entirely of salmon and steelhead trout, with much lesser quantities of surf fishes, rockfishes, shad, silver smelt, sturgeon, and octopus. Haul seines yielded 1,581,022 pounds, valued at $99,240, of which salmon, carp, and silver smelts formed the greater part. The remain- der consisted of flounders, herring, surf fishes, sablefish, shad, and sole. The yield of dip nets amounted to 1,168,330 pounds, valued at $28,237, consisting almost entirely of smelts. Other apparatus, including beam trawls, reef nets, fish wheels, drag bag nets, and brush weirs, contributed 522,408 pounds of fish, valued at $24,995. Of the shellfish appliances, tongs yielded 702,402 pounds of oyster meats, valued at $375,806; hoes, shovels, and forks yielded 727,617 pounds of clam meats, valued at $99,321; and crab traps caught 1,145,587 pounds of crabs, valued at $66,578. Yield of the shore fisheries of Washington in 1924, by districts and species Species Puget Sound Wesbington Columbia River Total Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pownds | Value | Pounds Value OE ee a aa 379, 258) $11, 376 379, 258} $11,376 DEST SETS FE ote BR ens £32071 | Fm 8 99 | em me | (a bre 188, 273 3, 778 AGrayAsh 25.6 Sn 97, 005 247 Wisin pe sf 8, 909 1, 108 Harring wee ay 140, 954 1,411 **Lingeod”’ 8, 684 264 frockhshpse. eae le 77, 700 2, 132 Saplefsitewe sei ge See |e 527 32 Salmon: | Blueback or sockeye----| 4,059, 587| 530,641) 230,000) $27,600) 148,935) 17,874] 4,438,522] 576,115 WHinGOKs Jo 15, 766, 7131, 186, 241/1, 717, 614; 115,490 6, 898, 244) 761, 554/24, 382, 571/2, 063, 285 Chit ri ee eee 1, 557,787, 36, 494/2, 693, 660) 38, 824 623, 252) 6, 238) 4, 874, 699 81, 556 Humppacks = 2-5--< 2 AAGUORO ha ZO ASO | eps es epee ee em et (tee ee 436,080; 20,186 SHI Gis Se Se ere 9, 973, 357, +602, 159/1, 790, 925} 93, 880) 1, 928,194) 88, 431/13, 692,476] 784, 470 “Shalit: ES ee eee 36 1 91 1) 193) 315 1, 938 193, 442 1, 940 DST it Soces a eseahis 10, 179 103 | Bae ee | ee a | 10, 179 103 Smelt: | SHERYL cia Sh a a aa ABD; DOG en 41099 |e ea se eae ae eee ea | Mee eee 455,996) 45, 599 LBV ELS Ch GY aye as S90 0 a ee | NN iy ie (ok aaa (ie mee (ea gere Ae | 983, 353 9, 835 983, 358 9, 835 SAS (a) ee ee eee 262, 016) leytsd ts 0) | eee eS) eas | 228 7| 262, 244 7, 867 Steelhead trout___.._______- 79, 579 6, 359 34, 156 3, 750) 1, 008, 864) 54, 662) 1, 122, 599 64, 771 AICP OOU see a 1, 067 77 8, 339 627 76,034, 5,313 85, 440 6, 017 aet TSHesean te 36, 017) 1, 801 7, 322 SOG ee see eee! 43, 339 2, 167 BROMICOGH ns. tx SUI Nes 424) 4 Roe See eee | eee, SP | Pelt ok 424 4 BCLOMTSo $25 see se oS ao 104, 534) 8,134 s-eoen ales eer es Esper S/n ce Joe 104, 534 3, 137 Crabs apt a OE ie er ean 729, 057 43,083) 416,530 23, G5 ees |S teer ers 1,145,587 66, 578 PRIM TAG Aen he eee 28, 465 Ae 270 | ck ee cle ee eee | ae ee | ee 28, 465 4, 270 Clams: | EAT Ap yee ee a eee 203, 412 QE AUG teers a eet S| ene nr life 203, 412 26, 479 TRENT PL kee nS la aces Se ei | DAS RRR OAL a eee ee |e ate 524,205 72,842 Oysters, market: | IAGO es a ee | 625,164) 329, 487 255/586) 12) S60 Wee a2 eee 650,700 342, 447 HS ASEORIs aos oe a [ie ee oA ee yap BAR Ses Ea fh (eae ee es SU 36,022) 23,362 SEARANOSO tee ete 15, 680) DUO GT pene ee ara take alfa ce te Te Ae 15, 680 9, 997 “SIUILG) Rae oN see be | 4, 200) id Uy] We ee Brae | eee Pea oe 4, 200 1, 155 ofa as Seen 25 = 34, 871, 402 2, 864, 7057, 484,400 413, 197 12, 239, 677| 957, 228/54, 595, 479 4, 235, 130 426 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the shore fisheries of Washington in 1924, by districts, apparatus, and species Apparatus and species Puget Sound W eee Columbia River Total Haul seines: | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value ane peers = ae [eee 379, 258! $11,376] 379,258) $11,376 Miounders-4 5). Saas 76, 922 1, 551 alibi ces. > ee ee eee 770 £6 flerring: = -< 3.2) Seer 72, 814 729 STyingcCod = ees 370 pil Rockhishass sss es mene 15, 824 654 Sablefish.=>-- seat See 50 3 Salmon— Blueback or sockeye - -_-- 25, 949 3, 358 Chingpk ee ee 339,042! 39, 267 @humere eee eee 10,029 226 Humpback __-..__--_- 2, 760 121 Siiviearse ead eee 118, 979 6, 675: Shade #24727 AS Bh ik 75, 941 760 Skates suse ene 27 1 Siielia Siuview = neers tee 251, 308] 25, 133. TESTA Gia: ee ne Cee 2 OE 94, 115 2, 824 Steelhead trout_____.-____ 86,898; 4, 761 Sttingeom 44). oCur eee 366 Surfifishespeo- 2 = 2 ees = S510) 831767) a i DST en ees | Be | 31, 767 1, 587 PISO TN GOS os ee sere Reel tr metea|re. oo pete n eel eevee elbatae = [et faves an | We cee aa 224 2' eto s ss ee Fe ee A Oe A EGON FTG TG SN ee ae aS ta et 2, 609 79 HNotala esse! oes 2 98 2d Pe 251i re 44669 ee ee eee ee 862,510} 54,571) 1,531,022) 99, 240 Drift gill nets: Salmon— Blueback or sockeye ___- ATHOSU ig Daas meee Be 42,472) 5,097) 89,523) 11,011 Chinook ____._.......-.-| 637,027] 52,710] 339, 939} $21, 660] 2, 953, 923] 352, 169] 8, 930,889] 426, 539, (Chai bine s ees aes ee ee 622,600) 14,229) 603,886} 8,629] 320,625} 3,208) 1,547,211) 26, 066. ami p pack anss sone 12, 830 565 |e 0 ae el ie eres |e 12, 830 565 Silverssese a ies Se) 736,557, 46,053) 412,926) 22,935) 201,275| 8,051) 1,350,758} 77,039 Sletten “ariel a ee ar SEE 36 1 91 1 77, 241 774 77, 368 776 Smelt silver s.--4se 1s 6, 485) 649 ee SA el Ta oe 6, 485 649 Steelhead trout__..______- 361) 22 9,935} 1,159) 276,730) 15,563) 287,026) 16, 744 SHUT ee Grinsete h- bore o> feet 257 20 8, 339 627 45,350} 3,179 53, 946 3, 826 Surbenshosg set vos. eae te 600 BQ) AES Re 9] A ea oe 600 L30 Ochopuse ss 92,696 54 15 Ts 0) 0 Rae a a 169 Pl aR or Bee ae | eS | ba eS 169 21 ‘s SENECA ee nee It 535 LGV See Se a PRE Tl ee 535 16 bY Rlgckfistteguass) 5 te eee 5, 595 77115 | aoe eee | UE i |e Tea rie met FS Sanat 5, 595 205. Salmon-— 4 Blueback or sockeye__-.| 3, 968, 542) 518,963) 110,265] 13, 232 84,269} 10,113) 4,163,076) 542,308 3 Chinookte eee = 28 4, 182,840} 312,466) 187,440} 7,332) 2, 141, 219) 256,034| 6, 511,499} 575, 832: Chim ee ie os 884, 452| 21, 056)1, 546,959} 22,584, 297,567) 2,975) 2,728,978} 46, 615 : Humpback .--.-.--.--- A195 365) 010401) nee e = 25 | Sal ee ie eee 419, 365] 19, 451 Silvers oeeeh eee a 3, 792, 856] 227, 573 1,114,670} 44,585] 5, 508, 156) 301, 275: iS) abst [gO cn oeh. paket. Sel lenny Bedi putek eee 37, 372 374 37, 372 374 Sates ane ek hear Pee 9, 087 C2 es SRR Meee | We? ae 9, 087 91 cbs] | (eee tes Soh Ue 2 200) Gee St ee ee | eee 200 6. Steelhead trout 79,128} 6,330) 1,784 167| 628, 597| 33,433) 709,509} 39, 930: Sturgeon 810 seme. tg 2d 16, 335} 1, 133 17, 145 1, 190 Surf fishes 135) | eee aa iba ONE a ns | eae 135 i Octopus. nae 220] (| ee re eet a eee BSE | 220 a TNYO\ i ieee ee a a a 13, 346, 6301, 106, 303 2, 447,078] 72, 432) 4, 320,029} 348, 647/20, 113, 737)1, 527, 382: Lines: | Mlounders=s ee a ee 10 Dp aS 2 Re la Na 10 1 Gravfisheees: a2! aa 97, 005 DAD 3 Cys yo | eke alle ae 97, 005) 247 Dela li pit ee eee ene ase 7, 970 (12) | ese Spree [eas Bae a AR AE a 7, 970) 991 SM COM area oe ee oe 5, 558! 170): eee al eee. See ET Roe ee 5, 558 170 L >=) FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 427 Yield of the shore fisheries of Washington in 1924, by districts, apparatus, and Apparatus and species Lines—Continued. Moekfshes= l= sce sete Drag bag nets: WNOUNOBES! 232-522 seek pur ishese=— $25) Loses 3 | Beam trawls: PAoOuNGerSse—=--— 2222 ~ ! BaGrrrip Seed! SFY SORTS COU yas sae Lo ALO CKHSHESse eS A FE bk ‘Fish wheels: Salmon— Blueback or sockeye---- Chinook Shad Steelhead trout SI ECPGios ola ae es ee Blueback or sockeye ---- ee 4 aie te Ce ae LMP ACK! =. DEV RT eet os Sete nos ‘Brush weir: Herring------__- ‘Crab traps: Crabs-_-..-.---- species—Continued a nS Fo =% : : Puget Sound W nen | Columbia River Total Sakata aie a 2S Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value “ESO Se i Re ea Lesttalesa|anens | 47,332, $1,516 110,914,460) 818, 635|21,137,240 $84, 4399 1,418, 274 $107, 138 13, 469, 974 1, 010, 212 1 5,297, 408) 319, 752| 2.471, 204 28,226) * 600,600) 35,329) 6, 369,212, 383, 307 1, 000 Sia aes CEN ac a 1, 000, 10 399 (cl oe 8 eaten 228, 7 627 19 een eae elites | oy 2,366] 133 2, 366 133 Sie Se Ee gee | | Ideals Bh 11; 123) 775 Pome ees > SiS ig Be pea 7| 1 Oo: asbhan reste es tel Iv, cael pean 99,335 2, 981 116, 470, 484 1, 144, 316/1, 608, 444. 112, 665! 2,032, 591) 143, 382 20, 111, 519 1, 400, 363 | } | | Esonlrc eas 240 | 240) 4 30, 200 30, 200 302 | EIA carl oes 320) 1 a eo oe 320) 13 a ees iatek sk 2, 530) SGligeu wpa ee 2, 530 36 nba ae eer Tai Beadedst fee nena heres 1, 818 100 19) G21); StS ou ver’ bo er cmt entities eerarrae 12,021] 1, 202 65 eae a Ge el [eereees 65 1 100 GRE Celie Geo te ERE Sect 100 3 965, Hales SBP las WBBG| coon A ee Disen aa 8, 287) 414 1, 580) By | amare se ea oe | Seen eg wanes: 1, 580) 47 45,171, 1,607] 11,990/ —515|_-.---___- ieee ae 57,161} 2,122 | a iLL SELES id ei i a eat ur eee ts: 108,405) 2, 168 30 erie 226 eee CP aren Tas ame 30 1 2,221 (| Re ESR al ere eres } 2,991 7 8, 829 Eo) Le ng Sa eceec i Ye pis Pane 8, 829 353 477 29 2, 820, 282 167,202, 5,015 75 4 200 2 | 390, el 28,465 4,270 4,200| 1, 155 | 323,314] 18, 357 | | | | Pavey eS saath! Emam | eae ee | 4,983, 598) 4,983, 508 5,217; 3,026, 25,217/ 3, 026 18\s, ease 793 18 g2, «1,510 82 16 239 16 3,740, 33,672| 3, 740 316 | eee be us |r ac Ras 310 3 POUCA. AB PISALE Ci a. Nek phe ee ee ye 183, 362) 18,333 Be AV ros <2) See 4983, 353, 9,835 983,353, 9, 835 1, 305 Fades ET og ga pecans 1, 305 66 po | | e 184,977) 18, 402 | 28, 237 21,521| 2, 824 2, 824 346 26 26 9, 629 229 229 1, 125 49 49 38,040| 2, 272) | 2,272 70,661} 5, 400|.-..----- | 5, 400 | 87,600 Si ee Seite |e ee se | 37,600, 376 729,057} 43,083, 416, 530) 23, 495)_--------- | Ricans 1, 145, 587/66, 578 SS eS VS So ee 1 Caught largely by trollers off Cape Flattery. ? Caught largely by trollers off Grays Harbor and Willapa Harbor, though a small portion of this catch mmay have been taken off the mouth of the Columbia River. 3 All taken by trollers off the mouth of the Columbia River. ‘Caught in tributaries of the Columbia River. 428 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the shore fisheries of Washington in 1924, by districts, apparatus, and species—Continued Apparatus and species Puget Sound Nyaa | Columbia River Total - | | Hoes, shovels, and forks: Clams— Pounds Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value Mardi: 2. 2 eee DUS 5412) sc S26 7479 |s ek |e. Se | oe aaa opine aes ie 203, 412} $26, 479 RAZOR 22 202222 as eae 524,205) S72; S42)e-8 to eee 524,205) 72,842 Se Se Pees en Se 9 S| eee es ee Total. 2-4. eee 203,412) 26,479) 524,205 72, 842 ee Ms | 727,617; 99,321 Tongs: | Oysters, market— | Native: 25 t2s2-4s—-c52 625, 1641 (329) 487) 25536)! 212-9602. ese ec es 650, 700) 342, 447 Masters 252 022— 2 sso) sk eee oe 3G, 022) 223, a02|5-2"6- oes) ee 36,022} 23, 362° JADANESO ese 22 esse 15, 680) hl eee | pee een BE er 15, 680 9,997 Totals selene 640, 844} 339,484} 61, 558] 36,322).......___|___-_.__ 702, 402) 375, 806. i } } OREGON The fisheries of Oregon employed 4,360 persons, 6 vessels, 2,178 motor boats, and 283 rowboats in 1924. The products of the fish- eries amounted to 39,577,838 pounds, valued at $3,203,617, ranking third in importance among the Pacific Coast States in 1924. The various species of salmon were by far the most important of Oregon’s commercial fishes, yielding 33,319,392 pounds, valued at $2,846,165. Steelhead trout contributed "3,604,558 pounds, valued at $197,053; and seven varieties of much less importance made up the remainder, aggregating 2,148,907 pounds, valued at $115,811. The yield of the various kinds of shellfish, including crabs, crawfish, clams, oysters, and octopus, amounted to 504,981 pounds, valued at $44,588. Vessel fisheries.—In the vessel fishery of Oregon only 6 vessels, hav- ing a net tonnage of 68 and carrying 25 fishermen, were actually engaged i in fishing. The catch was made up entirely of halibut, “‘ling- cod,” rockfishes, and sablefish, amounting to 763,178 pounds, ‘valued at $92, 161. The fares of these vessels were landed at Portland and Astoria, Oreg. Shore and boat Jisheries.—The shore and boat fisheries of Oregon greatly exceeded the vessel fishery in importance, employing 4,335 fishermen, 2,178 motor boats under 5 tons net, and 283 rowboats, and yielded ’ products amounting to 38,814,660 pounds, valued at $3,111,456. Men and boats engaged in the shore fisheries of Oregon in 1924, by apparatus and districts Apparatus Columbia River Oregon coast Total } Motor Row- Motor | Row- | Motor | Row- | Men boats | boats Men boats boats | Men | boats boats Gillirietsariites 21.8 sone | 1,672 TS OGL Foss. 2 ee 955 GOL). ees eree 2, 627 1,062) (e222 Ss Aaillimetsnsete saan one 125 96 29 549 292 196 674 388 225. inl seines so 2 23h eo ee 448 -35 23 154 a 15 | 602 50 38. IROUNCMmelS=> = 2222 aeons 138 69) Sooo ees See | eee | 188 LD Leer INOS ne pee ee ee 431 239 ic Soe ip Meise seers | 128; |e Se 12 Wineelgs ee es 48° See eee Crab traps es 106 | 106.) =e Crawhish traps sja-5= eo oe 43 27 Sa) PRS a Ter het JE Lee: 43 27 16 Glam shovels:and.:forks-220 | eee see eee (fl ie Seep ee! Pes (eee? 14) | 2. oho Oysteritoness = 2... 2.2. | eee ae Ca ee 2... 1 2 2 | 1 2 TROb aie ee nee 2,743 | 1,337 Tt | 1592's) 841 206 | 4,335 | 2,178 283. 1 Exclusive of duplication. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 Yield of the fisheries of Oregon in 1924 , by districts and species } 429 Species Columbia River Oregon coast Total FISH Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value UTP yr ee RY Os 8 BE ee 510, 977 8h S73" |}. see eae (ree ee 510, 977 $81, 373 WOUSITE ts CLE fe 2S a ee ot eee 51, 630 | 15649). |. <2. OA eee ae 51, 630 1, 549 RSES Ueto ee tot ns TL SPE Sa 39, 223 | Te, ene eee eee 39, 223 1,172 SSSI ae So SSE eae eee oe eee a ee 161, 348 S067) lec seek eS eens 161, 348 | 8, 067 almon: Blueback or sockeye ........-------- 434, 038 52, 085 2, 302 $271 436, 340 | 52, 356 Chinook 15, 742, 530 |1, 889, 103 | 3, 863, 231 | 463, 566 |19, 605, 761 | 2, 352, 669 is 2 2, 067, 158 20, 672 31, 298 9,314 | 2, 998, 456 | 29, 986 Silver__...._ 3, 636, 996 145, 480 | 6, 641, 839 | 265, 674 |10, 278, 835 411, 154 (Pith 2. io 2 Eel Se Se oe 533, 732 5, 337 449, 690 5, 224 983, 422 | 10, 561 SUIGL STIR TO 1(\7 eee es 8 Od See ROB EE ERS 226, 800 2268; |b als Sees 226, 800 | 2, 268 Bipelneadttroug = 29s = A bm 2,981,677 | 163,993 622, 881 33, 060 | 3, 604, 558 197, 053 ESREPER CHET OES ot a = PE 158, 081 | 10, 224 17, 426 597 175, 507 10, 821 NO) 22) i et a ee Eee 26, 544, 190 |2, 381, 323 |12, 528, 667 | 777, 706 |39, 072, 857 3, 159, 029 SHELLFISH | | CUTS. cs ee Rae 2 ee Wey Greene es eed eee peewee Fel 433,411 | 31,4741 433,411 | 31,474 “Dn DLS a ee i ee eae | 12, 200 96625 S25 | oe ee 12, 200 966 Clams: Te yes | Se ee see eee ee ee ee 28 ee Se | 800 180 800 | 180 BEV DE aes SE ae re Sd Be Cana eo aioe Ul bale oa 32, 879 5, 032 32, 879 | 5, 032 PLU here oft See ea Be ee oe a een P= Seem Ey fe Rh, 14, 621 2, 631 14, 621 2, 631 Oysters; mative; market 222-20. 2b [ooseeee ees | Oe eer 11, 070 4, 305 11, 070 | 4, 305 iE i or a oe or eee |} 12,200 | 966 | 492,781 | 43,622 | 504,981 | 44, 588 REPANIO BOL Ae ee Fa eS Io ee ST |26, 556, 390 } 382, 289 [i 021, 448 | 821, 328 3° 577, 838 | 3, 203, 617 1 All taken by shore fisheries except the halibut, “‘lingcod,’’ rockfishes, and sablefish, totaling 763,178 -pounds and valued at $92,161, which were taken by 6 vessels operating trawl] lines and landing their fares at Portland and Astoria, Oreg. ‘These vessels had a total net tonnage of 68 and carried 25 fishermen. CALIFORNIA In 1924 California was the leading fish-producing State on the Pacific coast. There were 4,809 persons, 337 vessels, 1,513 motor boats, and 132 rowboats engaged in fishing. The production amounted to 344,895,272 pounds of fishery products, valued at $9,725,140 to the fishermen. Of this production, 328,480,450 pounds, valued at $8,240,945, were fish; 11,715,234 pounds, valued at $1,225,562, were shellfish; and the remaining 4,699,588 pounds, valued at $258,633, were whale products. Of the total production, 329,565,939 pounds, valued at $8,633,484, were from waters off California; 12,445,305 pounds, valued at $901,615, were from waters off Mexico; and 2,884,028 pounds, valued at $190,041, were from waters off Alaska. Species of fish used largely for canning are the most important Leading all others in amount and value was the pilchard or sardine, producing 242,685,958 pounds, valued at $2,079,727. Albacore was next, with a production of Third was salmon, with a taken by California fishermen. 17,695,362 pounds, valued at $1,828,812. production of 10,015,269 pounds, valued at $1,025,838. Fourth in value were the bluefin and yellowfin tunas, with a production of 6,851,046 pounds, valued at $584,272. Other species used largely for canning are the skipjack, with a production of 3,780,971 pounds, valued at $179,210, and bonito, with a production of 1,038,369 pounds, valued at $29,130. Of first importance among the market fishes is the flounder group, with a production of 13,493,082 pounds, valued at $715,858. Of this amount, 2,576,261 pounds, valued at $348,759, were reported as 430 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES “‘California halibut,’ and 8,835,351 pounds, valued at $307,809, were reported as “sole.” Next was yellowtail, with 4,714,149 pounds, valued at $375,156; barracuda followed, with 7,128,523 pounds, valued at $257,022; rockfishes, with 4,716,790 pounds, valued at $211,344; and white sea bass, with 1,515,584 pounds, valued at $185,086. More than 30 additional varieties of fresh market fishes made up 11,961,319 pounds, valued at $579,449. The production of shellfish amounted to 11,715,234 pounds, valued at $1,225,562. Squid was most important, yielding 6,831,029 pounds, valued at $409,350. Next in value was abalone, with a yield of 449,362 pounds, valued at $249,646. Sea crawfish or spiny lobster followed with a production of 1,027,312 pounds, valued at $199,650. Shrimp yielded 1,551,086 pounds, valued at $155,109, and crabs, 1,506,816 pounds, valued at $126,616. The remainder of the shell- fish catch amounted to 349,629 pounds, valued at $85,191, and con- sisted of oysters, clams, mussels, octopus, terrapin, and turtles. In addition to the fish and shellfish products, there were 4,699,588 pounds of whale products, valued at $258,633, made up of 2,932,088 pounds of whale oil, valued at $216,350, and 1,767,500 pounds of other products, valued at $42,283. Vessels engaged in the fisheries of California in 1924, by apparatus and district { Apparatus Northern district | San Francisco district | Monterey district Number) Tonnage| Crew | Number) Tonnage | Crew | Number Tonnage | Crew - Lo yg Che RE A 2 ee ee ey 2 1 2, 8 1,719 149 | 3 18 6 Saat parsvand PALbAGPES <> eo) eee ee ey ee ee eee Se Gl ER Ee eee 1 11 | 9 IPUTSGE:SOINES 2= = --e Ae WS eo bose aE Ue Se a ee oo eee PRT AMTICO LNE LS te hoe oo ee act Sele as ee | ets ORS: 8 a Seen AM area fe Sy 1 5 6 Waranzella Nets sees se ee ae 2 14 zh 12 178 90, |=. et eee eee ‘CML Oe) 9 Bega Be Fe See See SSS EK Lag Reef ee ea ee Y 15 | 43 )2842 aS See BAG NCS ees ae Re Ta ao EE DT Ne NP a Se gees 1 6 2) >. eee eee AS OUSCEN Uh DS ase ye ee nen Oe re gE EO a el ait ea be PS [saeeee |< OEE SOO pee oe (Crab traps_..-......- ppg ee on 1 6 Die suc. 23) ssee 22s) Se eee jesae5— Abalone OeuesS = 2 eee ee ese ae {eae 2 Be | ee er cee Rs ae Vem | ae ye ee ! 1 5 6 W halingiapparatuse = 228 -_ SSD ete ees feet eee 4 147 "|: (44. |2 £3 soo eee | oe Dip Metsst eee eee ee ae ep eet eee ie ee ets 2k Sel OE ee |e 2a = et ee Pes ais Motes Oe Eg 4 | 25 9| 26] 2,059) 2874 5 34 21 | : Apparatus | Los Angeles district San Diego district | Total | | Nu mber| Tonnage | Crew | Number Tonnage | Crew | Number| Tonnage | Crew DSH Che 2 SO a eS | 141} 1,301 760 69 | 689 | 256 | 223 3, 738 | 1,173 Lampara and bait nets__-______ | 126; 1,187] 819 71 716 | 318 | 198 1,914 | 1,146 IBDESE SONGS 552 925 a 6 | 38 922 1 SET Glenets a= ess ee ae : 8 59 29 Paranzella mets: 225 22.5 17 209 113 Gaull nets2-2 <== 29 248 114 Bag nets_-.-__.- 1 6 2 Lobster traps___ 4 37 11 Crab Lrapsse--- ee Set 2 eR pert | | 1 6 1 A paloneiouiiiises =2 5 Car ee ead SE ee ee hae Se |p Ae eat (A Re ee ae 1 5 6 Wrehaling gap parsguss = a0 530 = ae no a eee ee eee ae |e Ree SS | ek 4 147 44 ip mets ee sees eee ee hae 2 | 18 Gees ee \Sete St aoe. te 2 18 4 = Sl PAC) HEN ete eso hn 199 2,601 |1, 185 103 | 1,102} 431 } 337 | 5,821 | 1,933 | 1 | 1 Exclusive of duplication. NotTE.—All of the above were motor vessels, excepting 11 vessels sailing from the San Francisco district, as follows: 4 steamers in the whale fishery, 2 steamers in the paranzella fishery, and 5 schooners in the line fishery. re: FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 431 Men and boats engaged in the shore fisheries of California in 1924, by apparatus and districts Apparatus Northern district | San Francisco district Monterey district Gas Row- Gas | Row- Gas Row- Men boats boats Men boats boats Men boats boats CO A ee 138 123 Pay 287 237 6 233 139 1 COUNT SE ee 175 2 106 430 232 | 6 3 | 2) nea es Lampara and bait nets____--) 3 | 3 1 | 38 10 | 1 324 AQ); | eee ee Ivauliseines~ = — <=. _-_-..2- 1 ate ok 18 (fot Pane 2 eee iets ea See oreo LONE STS Be RE Dy (eee et |e ne (a 21 10 | aS eee ares Se se Neceech RGMOMULS op eee ee 27 15 | Fl a ety ee Pas Sees MPUTIOLGEE toe 2 2 Dh oe a | oe a CEE OU 163 VoT| 23.5 ee 2 iq ee ee Lobster traps 1 Da ge | ee ee |e ae oe le OS OUD LS UPAR at ees BS) ER ae eS eS ee eee eer aa eee AY (ee Ss 19 AY lige Sue Stam Shovels: 2: 2 Ss-.-==--- | On| oe ssasc|acen whe | 1a pes an Bel eg ey SES (Pe [ee OOS ERD Se ee ee as eee aes ee 2 i el ee eepeemees) | PSE omy [een apaibes sla -o eee) 123 107 787 486 19 485 172 | 1 Apparatus Los Angeles district San Diego district Total Gas Row- | Gas Row- Gas Row- Men | boats | boats | Men | boats | boats | Men | boats | boats RRUNI AS eee Ree ee A ee Be 612 412 1 233 126) |= 2s Se 1,493 | 1,027 10 CHAS Sek Ss ee ae 129 45 | 4 | 40 1G eee 777 297 116 Lampara and bait nets__ _-_- 187 | Fy le (noe 74 7 Aa | eh 626 129 2 ERE SEINE see seat os = 14 | Bile ee [erates Soaps Sere teas Bae se 33 1D ae 205 TOR ae eh ee (Se RR | (e P a e 21 10 1 TON 0 UC ea | 2 es Fe A Rs | ae ee 29 17 8 Worpietsss see as 2 St 2 1 | 1 |e ee as ae eee 5 3 2 ULRELE AIS chee eo ee OO 8 peers, = 8) (ce 0) a es Ee Fe 188 180)| sees Wobsterinaps:. io. Js -8 41 DAE en 24 iyi |(*e eee 66 49) Ease ABE AO HE TO HAEES bene Ne see. oe eS HL ee ee 4 yet Fea 23 G1 |S eres iam shovelse=— S22 2 Esso [ea SS) Par > Gi ee ee) eee On | Sc ees Be REVEILLE S ess eee eee gene me gate UE Bre eel Ve ie ie es rh ee 2 Py eeaeaess bila ees es 943 549 5 342 189) |e 2,876 | 1,513 132 1 Exclusive of duplication. Summary of the yield of the California fisheries in 1924, by species - From waters off From waters off Species California Mexico Total | SIS | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value Pounds Value SEMIS EET ee 17, 280, 346 | $1, 790, 373 415,016 | $38, 439 17, 695, 362 |$1, 828, 812 EEE VIGS see SoS SS ae 346, 951 THO84) || ae ohare | See eRe ae 346, 951 1, 984 PERPETACTIIO thet oo 4, 733, 779 | 186,599 | 2,394, 744 70, 423 7, 128, 523 257, 022 SES NANNY tet ee ere ee 836, 182 — 25, O87 | 202, 187 4, 043 1, 038, 369 29, 130 S0/Do 2 Le g: Se ee Seer 75, 965 | 1h 54s) esses Cel [eo Page 75, 965 1, 554 fishies Soe ee, 351, 960 BI OVM | ach eee |e eee 351, 960 51, 977 God:dry salted’... | DiSese ORT TOOKOLT, | seems meee tele mei 2,884,028} 190, 041 ible eee | 56 | Dhl epee ere ees 56 3 Mion derscte- a. oe tno 2, 081, 196: | 59, 285 274 5 2, 081, 470 59, 290 archer 392, 634 1h 98 | re se ete oR | a tC 392, 634 11, 982 OD ee eee 60, 780 — ge) bl eee ae ae eee 60, 780 1, 519 Palibutes 2 = = 22-2 132, 637 | THQI Haha oe eerie ee 132, 637 15, 916 Halibut, ‘‘California”_________ 1, 527, 778 | 211,519 | 1, 048, 483 137, 240 2, 576, 261 348, 759 Beommnonde se el Sa , 023 Cg RE eS Pee eS 19, 023 761 “mn ee 435, 620 | S602) 2-4 225 Se eles Oe 435, 620 8, 602 BGiighish wee 383, 927 | 8, 390 8 384, 317 8, 892 SIP COG ee a a ie 400, 432 DA ODB Wea. Be Me 2 2B 400, 432 24, 026 Wiackerel sesh os ote 3, 227, 300 86, 523 13, 234 311 3, 240, 534 86, 834 1G ee ee eee ee 24,496 | *, 469 37,475 1, 874 61, 971 3, 343 Pike, Sacramento-.._---_--__- 4,953 | 222, A eS pee eee Me gee 4, 953 220 Piichard or sardine______--_-_- PAM ie tom SSeS Aol 16-7 | |e ee (Ee 242, 685, 958 | 2, 079, 727 “EC TCR Ea ee ee 13, 059 | 5, 866 4, 520 1, 989 17, 579 7, 855 2 TEE a ee 380, 620 | 32, 676 85, 588 6, 200 466, 208 38, 876 acictishipcemer nt Loot 4, 684,065 | 210, 154 32, 725 1,190 4,716,790 | 211, 344 STUDI SS eee oe eee ee 933, 310 | SLM) (eet 2 el ee re 933, 310 34, 540 Saunpnee eo Nt LOS OMAZOOR emI ED 25 S38n |e noes a [eae te 10, 015, 269 | 1, 025, 838 erpaiee see ee 109, 070 | 11016 yl eee ee Ss ee 109, 070 10, 213 Sea bass: PLR eos Se ee ee ee | 88, 677 1, 962 142, 727 2, 201 231, 404 4,163 White, or squeteague______! 964, 755 121, 125 550, 829 63, 961 1, 515, 584 185, 086 68078 —28-—-7 432 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Summary of the yield of the California fisheries in 1924, by spectes—Continued From waters off From waters off Species California Mexico Total FisH—continued Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Shades i b-2. See ee 1, 559, 217 7A 5a |e ee en ae | ea ae 1, 539, 217 $74, 553 Sheepshead’... 52=22-.=2-2252— 23, 427 | 480 840 $13 24, 267 493 Skates.).04-." = ete 131, 137 | LS OG Cal eae eta St ee eee eee 131, 137 1, 967 Skipjack or striped tuna___-_--- 1, 356, 426 74,083 | 2,424,545 | 105,127 3, 780, 971 “179, 210 Smelt, silvery == 22-2 eee ee 715, 280 | 40, 533 6, 632 118 721, 912 40, 651 §Sole? 22s 226s 8, 828, 380 8, 835, 351 307, 809 Splittwil=—-2 = 3, 671 3, 671 73 Steelhead trout 87, 088 87, 088 7,402 Hiriped: Passes eee 661, 777 661, 777 87, 493 Suckers 0. 2 ee 2, 085 | 2, 085 48 Surf sfishes-<--- 2 4 288, 969 | 288, 969 13, 767 Sword fishes’. =22 ee eee ane 31, 833 31, 833 3, 610 ‘ROMCOG-se- 2 ae eee ee 42, 524 42, 524 978 Tuna: pluefinw S43 eas ts 3, 241, 110 | 291: 3068 ee eee Rea 3, 241, 110 291, 306 Mellowfin 2 ec see 680, 759 | 59,833 | 2,382,639 | 184, 556 3, 063, 398 244, 389 Mii xe ch tye Bae Se oa 2 ae 485, 401 43, 686 61, 137 4, 891 546, 538 48, 577 Wihitebaipee 2a) ess ee 122, 483 D4AG ioc Seok ee eee 122, 483 2,449 Whitefish Se 2-2 oS eae ee 250, 663 13, 480 22, 414 911 273, 077 14, 391 ‘Yiellowitailteseke Fe. kt 2, 863, 012 | 238, 446 1, 851, 137 136, 710 4, 714, 149 375, 156 Otherttish 225s ss 5e. Ue Sas 339, 033 | | 16, 951 26, 842 1, 363 365, 875 18, 314 Notaleea ae See ese 316, 769, 101, 7,479, 161 | 11,711,349 | 761,7 328, 480, 450 | 8, 240, 945 SHELLFISH Cra psee eee eee eee oT ee 1, 506, 816 | Dipak ot LT fie ae et | Bed Soh 1, 506, 816 126, 616 Shri pee 22) sae hee oe oh 1, 551, O86 | AS OG: tte. ts 58s aes pee 1, 551, 086 155, 109 Sea crawfish or spiny lobster _ - 294° 356 | 60, 375 Tees 956 139, 275 1, 027, 312 199, 650 Oysters, eastern, market _-____- 52, 678 | 2215 16h tate ee ee ee ee 52, 678 22, 576 Clams: | Gockletc 52 eee Sin mse. = 845 Asif) epee see SRE lene, 2 LN 845 571 Vi Od = as eee a aes aie 7, 407 | SG SG ee a Fee oes ES ae 7,407 3, 333 BISTROS ae een coe 73, 287 | 35, s1 78, see te Ce 73, 287 35, 178 Sole. eee See ae 40, 554 | 5 OL G wil aes |e 40, 554 15, 816 IVEUISSE] Shits: Ce eee ae 8, 204 | UV TO? aptae RR, e ee 8, 204 1,119 IN aloneeak Nee oer eae eee 448, 362 | 249, 080 1, 000 556 449, 362 249, 646 (OyGino) Ca sea ee Serene cee 166, 291 G2 OC OR Beet oone a= le eee 166, 291 6, 570 Squidestia es thea es ae! 6, 831, 029 4095350) S=2==--s2-=-)22 02 eee 6, 831, 029 409, 350 Derrapink ==>. — Bhae ae tesa eases 312 Dlg) auc es, Revie Ee AE gee 312 25 Murtlesst2 20 352 3-82. eee 51 2 Bee ee ee ee ee 51 3 PRO tale at a: oe 10, 981, 278 1, 085, 731 | 733, 956 139,831 | 11, 715, 234 | 1, 225, 562 WHALE PRODUCTS | Wihaleioile: ==s-s eases es 2, 932, 088 BIG oo g eas ae eer ae eer ae 2, 932, 088 216, 350 Other whale products----_-_-_-- 1, 767, 500 | ADR 28S ees aS ea eee 1, 767, 500 42, 283 Total-223 SS ae 4, 699, 588 | DOSNOSS Usa eee ee ee eee 699, 588 258, 633 Grand{totali-22- 222522: 332, 449, 967 | 8, 823, 525 | 12, 445, 305 | 901, 615 | | 344, 895, 272 | 9, 725, 140 Yield of the fisheries off the California coast in 1924, by districts and species Species Northern district San Francisco district Monterey district FISH Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value AN A CONO Senet Be ret oho, 5 | eal eS | eR | ee INR ll eee a iae 420 $27 PANIC ROVICS Ms tea poey |" ae ee 10, 718 $107 297, 000 1, 485 EXATT ACULC ieee meee a | ee eee 487 18 138 6 OWI Sok eed ie Be oe | en i Se | ee ees PO ee ee 166 7 Garp: = ete ae 2 eae 4, 368 $122 71, 597 1,482 |_.s-.ccccceeeleseeesee Ce @athish. 2} seit eh. 2s 2 ee 62, 096 9, 004 289, 864 42,973 .| oo cca eeecone Heeseeee = Codtdryisaliedee a: 22): ale Ae ee seer | ae geen 1 2)'884,028)| 190,041 |. eee se Sees Flounders..-- 25, 690 646 1, 969, 132 56, 094 77, 011 2,177 @rayfishe se* sabe oo oe al ee eee 93, 606 2, 995 7, 724 247 ae LOSE Sea hl CO AN 58, 405 1, 460 2,375 59 ES 11 tee ee ee ae 126, 400 15, 168 6, 237 748. |occcl ee occ cele eee Halibut, (SG@aliformig”? tee < 2) kate 3 eee Prey ee pee I Ie 10, 569 1, 268 febard ties dates wee Se eh ee |e ae See I ee 19, 023 161 | |nccacwon~ soon eeeeeeee ae Lake gg ne ee ee SEES | 2, 593 52 420, 226 8, 405 1, 480 29 Impish } aks te = oe Ss ele oc Se ee ae 2, 513 80 78, 410 2, 744 plane COG "yas sat So Sl te el 29, 803 1, 788 233, 866 14, 032 136, 763 8, 206 1 Taken in Bering Sea. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 433 Yield of the fisheries off the California coast in 1924, by districts and species—Con. Species FisH—continued MmOnenel 2m. Mer oe ces Pike, Sacramento-__......-.-- Pilchard or sardine___...._--_ BASTTIDTIO Meeeee fa 4e2 8 5 2 | Skipjack or striped tuna_____- BBG SH VEN S— 3ee0 Se aos 2 eS “Veh Lh See ee eee ree Splittail Steelhead trout ‘Shi nheed Wot cC eee oir ES ee ee ae Northern district San Francisco district Shrimp Oysters, eastern Clams: Pounds Value 22 | $1 4,953 | 220 1,090, 727 16, 361 551,448 | 27,559 353,446 | 14, 138 6, 257, 155 | 750, 859 34, 507 | 4, 486 1,538,735 | 74,524 121, 627 | 1, 824 156, 355 9, 381 289, 767 660, 401 297 117, 200 | 34, 037 65, 811 62, 569 25, 391, 706 1, 285, 536 /1, 605, 282 107, 128 Monterey district Pounds Value 715,770 | $21, 478 117, 528, 884 822, 702 72 22 1, 000, 622 33, 286 558, 657 19, 553 877, 186 87,719 43, 263 2, 763 482 29 2,075 31 6,913 | 346 168, 028 | 265, 598 REGU KAp seme? re ne ate Reeth 577 300 fee eo Oe Joes ee eee Wise qie=7sans oie ue 5, 036 2, 266 23 | 10 JETS UE Se [cee SD | ey nee ee eee 9 | 4 Sp igen Sone he 40, 125 1596405) Sto sew eres Ihe ees RAN ISSP IS eee ceia ee ees cele J, 230 185 1, 424 17] EN ERNE ETE ES SIP SS I BE Neen hi Siig gel | iy ny tel tel Ve edi Save nly [ete eer 446,733 | 248,185 CLO YHIS asthe oe a 7, 800 234 158, 311 6, 332 SSeS EEL SS, SS Se ae ra rT Cites 2 Rape MRCS ak Ph De aL en RS 6, 779, 857 406, 791 CPCS ee OR EC ee MA ae ee la 312 25:|-esescee eee he oe ae ofan a8 eae TS 173, 786 15, 501 | 2, 944,380 | 303, 562 7, 436, 661 666, 733 WHALE PRODUCTS | | | pe OL seer ass ee alt en Se ee es bie 2: 9394088 1 2216.350 226 ase cece nec a eee Ot BeriWhale Dnog UChs a. 2) ee ee RS) ok 1, 767, 500 4D 2833528 Ce EEL | eee ee Es ee LST LS sea i ae es i Bs 4.699" 588." 258: 6338/2224. eee oS =s- | a Grand total. —- 5s) 3, 754, 286 250,956 | 33,035, 674 |2, 167,477 | 129,313,957 | 1, 698, 501 Species Los Angeles district San Diego district Total Lee! Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value PA LACOLG- feet eek eS 12, 470, 635 | $1, 309, 417 4, 809, 291 | $480, 929 17, 280, 346 |$1, 790, 373 AMID ROVIES tees es ee 39, 233 S02: See eee Ss |e ee eee 346, 951 1, 984 BAETACHOS = Se es ely ue 3, 692, 837 | 147, 563 1, 040, 317 39, 012 4, 733, 779 186, 599 BS ORIU DL eee eee kon 724, 881 21, 746 111, 135 3, 334 836, 182 25, 087 SPST SEE A a se See aca ie tea a eo | Hee De eee pie en na A ES cae 75, 965 1, 554 CAT EE nie Ss 2S 5 SRS SR fe Spee a) pe [aeons eee Ee seen 351, 960 | 51,977 NEB ly GTR GUT EL REE (Ee ee ee Fs ee eee eS ee 2, 884, 028 190, 041 pine epee eee MG ST Eo eee Seer =) Peer 5 ohn 56 3 56 3 50 2, 081, 196 59, 285 392, 634 11, 982 60, 780 1,519 132, 637 15, 916 1, 527, 778 211, 519 19, 023 761 435, 620 8, 602 ; i ( 383, 927 8, 884 TEES Cray ASE a SI (a | Ny ae | eS Ln ee 400, 432 24, 026 Minekerelss) cso e 7 22 2, 180, 115 56, 764 331, 393 8, 285 3, 227, 300 86, 523 LNG eee 14 24, 256 1, 455 24, 496 1, 469 PCOS ACT AIM OL LO Mes a. ses ae =| 5. ae ee a re oF eal oe 4, 953 220 Pilchard or sardine_.._______- 116, 957,409 , 1, 169, 574 7, 108, 813 71,088 | 242,685,958 | 2,079, 727 OMBANO Peo Sars. Lease , 650 5, 652 337 152 059 i 434 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the fisheries off the California coast in 1924, by districts and species—Con. Species | Los Angeles district | San Diego district Total | | | FISH—continued | Pounds Value | Pounds Value Pounds Value ROCK DASS.< |... 22-2 se eee | 222, 653 $20, 039 157,967 | $12, 637 380, 620 $32, 676 Rockfishes =... 2.5552 1, 677, 145 83, 637 | 1, 434, 373 64, 547 4, 684, 065 210, 154 Sablefisk _...-_._- 107 fy Ee i eee eee 933, 310 34, 540 Salmon. = ) ee 286, 137 $8, 584 62, 700 $1, 881 94, 925 1, 928 443, 772) 12. 393 p Catfish: . | 2,919,928; 614.642; 769.404) 69,521) 8, 872, 118] 1, 197, 804| 12, 561, 450) 1, 881, 967 WHALE PRODUCTS Bpermioilses- 2222.3 86, 625 41620) 2-222 oe Soe ee 48, 870 2, 281] 135, 495 6, 901 Wihslooilses *<-2 =~ - MAD UIDG| cenit 3 (Op soto | Gee ee 1, 525, 733) 111,887] 1,667,858} 123, 257 Other whale prod- | } GG eee Se kl; 000 |= 45501222 = 2-23 /ee Seek 1,108,833} 24, 675 1, 318, 833 29, 225 i 438, 750|_. 20, 540/222 -26-- |... 2, 683, 436) 138, 843) 3, 122,186) 159,383 | = = | Grand total--_|130, 685, 560/9, 476, 449 40, 007, 349)3, 442, 366 440, 300, 515)11, 661, 709/610, 993, 424|24, 580, 524 WASHINGTON In 1925 the fisheries of Washington employed 7,393 fishermen, 303 fishing vessels, 1,945 motor boats, 330 rowboats, and yielded 130,685,560 pounds of fishery products, valued at $9,476,449. The five species of salmon were the most important of Washington’s commercial fishes, yielding 95,964,331 pounds, valued at $6,170,768. Chinook salmon ranked highest in value, yielding 23,756,404 pounds, valued at $2,291,041. Next was sockeye salmon, yielding 10,211,758 pounds, valued at $1,296,596. Third in value but first in amount was humpback salmon, yielding 35,308,770 pounds, valued at $1,290,550. Second to the salmons, according to value, was the halibut. The total credited to this State was 18,516,341 pounds, valued at $2,079,833. Of this amount, 9,430,641 pounds, valued at $1,157,132, were landed at ports in Washington, and 9,085,700 pounds, valued at $922,701, were landed in Canada. In addition to this, vessels of Washington landed 2,680,687 pounds, valued at $187,698, in Alaska. The cod was of third importance among the fishes. It is taken in Alaskan waters during the summer months, salted there, and landed at ports in Washington at the end of the season. In 1925, 4,125,538 pounds, valued at $183,456, were so landed, which is estimated to be the equivalent of 10,300,000 pounds of fresh cod. An additional 1,027 pounds of cod, valued at $58, were landed fresh. Sablefish was of fourth importance, with 2,442,400 pounds, valued at $167,123, and steelhead was fifth, with 1,718,786 pounds, valued at $113,399. The production of all other fish in Washington in 1925 was 4,558,459 pounds, valued at $126,630, and consisted of carp, flounders, gray- fish, herring, ‘‘lingcod,’”’ perch, rockfishes, shad, skates, smelts, sole, and sturgeon. The production of shellfish amounted to 2,919,928 pounds, valued at $614,642. Oysters ranked first, according to value, with a yield (mative, eastern, and Japanese oysters) of 701,680 pounds, valued at $375,650. Of next importance was the razor clam, used mainly in 438 U. S&S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES canning, the yield of which amounted to 892,887 pounds, valued at $123,992. The catch of all other shellfish, including crabs, shrimp, hard clams, scallops, octopus, and sea cucumbers, amounted to 1,325,361 pounds, valued at $115,000. The products of the whale fishery, which is prosecuted by vessels operating from shore stations, amounted to 438,750 pounds, valued at $20,540, and consisted of sperm oil, whale oil, and other whale products. Yield of the fisheries of Washington in 1925, by districts and species { Species | Puget Sound W sSiiaeton | Columbia River Total | FISH | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value} Pounds Value Pounds . Value Car pases ee a aes Bee Re ea eee ee eae eee Ns | 286,187) $8, 584 286,137, $8, 584 Cod: Brash 2 2h 5 Ges 1, 027/ S58) eee SRE aR es 9 1, 027) 58 Drysalteds 255-2 -=2= 4,125, 538} +183, 456]. .--~---- jzose¥es je ses oe BER 4,125, 538) 183, 456 Mlounders=s-> en Paras | 260, 665) HG (c) ates esl bas BP [oii SRS | Se 260,665, 6,678 Graghshé 275m oat 2S | 41, 549 7 i eee jee es jivad = 202m (e.0 41, 549, 86 Banh == — ae | 18, 516, 341/2, 079, 833]_--------|------- eet ns ae te 4k 18, 516, 341 2, 079, 833 erninp.) Jee" sieeli ol See 2 | 663,893] 4,435} 5,950} — $60|____. ._-_- JE eee ce 669, 843} 4, 495 CN bata Joe aes Bey 695,494) 21, 413|_________ Sees eae esate 695,494! 21, 413 RVOGHHSHES 2a se oaks Sa 442, 500} 17, 321}--_------ fesneess \Ssee ste 2S (2S SE 442,500) 17,321 Sables hom tio aS ee 1 42 ACG SGT iS) So Pe ee Eeosoet sols 222 secs 2, 442,400; 167, 123 Salmon: | | | | Blueback or sockeye_-_} 9, 694, 34611, 246, 548| 328, 440, 27,370) 188,972, 22, 678) 10, 211, 758)1, 296, 596 Chinook __--_----------| 12, 831, 100)1, 115, 0971, 399, 969! 82, 430) 9, 525, 335)1, 093, 514) 23, 756, 404/2, 291, 041 Choma.) 2 | 6,064,550) 189, 096)4, 333, 464| 52, 957) 1,094,488! 19, 266) 11, 492, 502} 261, 319 ump bhacki2a! 2. 4s 35, 308, 770 1, 290, 554|--_---__- jst ets eae ie ay ee 35, 308, 70/1, 290, 554 Silver: seeer oe ee 10, 561, 744) 739, 323/1, 643, 842) 79,696) 2,989,311) 212, 239) 15,194, 897|1, 031, 258 Shad theese = Ps ieee eee ae | ASG e 2 Ate a SA eee Ee | 254, 610) 5, 086 254, 610) 5, 086 SEALS =< 22% 2. ot seo: aL 1, 287) 2G) ae 2a |e oe [Sap | ees 1, 287} 26 Smelt: | | Silver 225, 664| 20, 317|_-------- es bake [C72 eel ae 225, 664| 20, 317 inl eM Otic ob eee ee ee [Sean At eee a RE ee 1, 249, 264 18,841) 1, 249,264) 18, 841 Sole? _- O31 TOI pag Oy220 |e ee Ee eee ee jw surpees 231,191] 10,229 Steelhead trout 77, 346 7, 735 56, 058; 4, 425) 1, 585, 382) 101,239 1, 718, 786} 113, 399 Sturgeon --__- 616 74 26,130] 1,829 93, 053) 5, 896 119, 799 7, 799 Surfetishes= 222 79, 748) 5, 707 708 c):| See ee 80, 456 5, 755 Total 102, 265, 769 7, 105, 1097, 794, 561/248, 815 17, 266, 552/1, 487, 343 127, 326, 82/8, 841, 267 SHELLFISH (Ci fz) 0S es ae ies oy te at ee ae 685,199 46, 866 952, 345, 65, 080 Shrimp sees re | 35,761) 5, 363 35, 76] 5, 363 Clams: bard ==2 2 2 tee tee 221,585) 36, 299 221,585} 36, 299 RAZORS et eS ete fe es 892, 887) 123, 992 Oysters, market: INAtiVess2— 2 ed 656, 268 348, 004 7; 080) 2; 038)2- 2-382. 2E ee 663, 348) 350,042 HASt@EN 6s a eee ee eee LO. 332|\ >» 9 GOS sos ea ee eee 10, 332 9, 608 dapanesel: 4. 2) ei Be 2006 ghG OOO 22) ene Jeu Eee: tS) See EE 28, 066; 16,000 seallaps =. 225 =) see eee 6, 000 1 G00|- ol os dS ee ee 6, BOC 1, 650 Wlurijoi hea ees a eee 105, 576! ip $BA) ono cree eee | ease sen cel Sesto 105, 570 6, 423 Trepang or sea cucumber-- 4, 100) 1 | eee eae en) ye Ay ees |e 4, 100 185 otalieke, ast ai 4b 1, 742, 483] 460, 790|1, 177, 4451153, 852/_______-___]--_-_-___| 2,919,928) 614, 642 Whale oil 1, 177, 4451153, 852 | 86, 625 142, 125 210, 000 438, 750| 20, 540 4, 620 11, 370 4, 550 86,625] 4, 620 142,125] 11,370 210,000} 4,550 438, 750| 20, 540 104, 008, ee 565, 899 9, 410, 756 423, 207/17, 266, 552|1, 487, 343 130, 685, 560/9, 476, 449 Vessel fisheries—In 1925 the fisheries of Washington employed 303 fishing crafts of 5 tons net or over, as measured by the United States Customs Service. This included 6 steamers, totaling 220 net tons; 291 motor vessels, totaling 5,873 net tons; and 6 sailing vessels, totaling 1,838 net tons, engaged in the fisheries of Washing- ton, but does not include transporting vessels engaged principally . pea ra FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 439 in carrying fish. The yield of the vessel fisheries was 62,081,687 pounds, valued at $4,119,254. This includes all products caught by Washington vessels, except 2,680,687 pounds of halibut, valued at $187,698; 155,263 pounds of sablefish, valued at $6,389; and 1,167 pounds of rockfishes, valued at $32, which were landed in Alaska. Lines, catching all the halibut and cod and quantities of salmon, were, according to value of products, the most important form of apparatus, yielding 25,798,895 pounds, valued at $2,433,832. Purse seines follow in importance, yielding 34,907,693 pounds, valued at $1,620,043, consisting almost entirely of salmon. The whale fishery, having its center of operations at Grays Harbor, yielded 438,750 pounds of products, valued at $20,540. Haul seines, drift gill nets, drag bag nets, beam trawls, and crab traps, which constitute the remainder of the vessel apparatus, yielded 936,349 pounds, valued at $44,839. Vessels engaged in the fisheries of Washington in 1925, by apparatus and rig Apparatus Motor vessels | Sailing vessels | Steam vessels | Total aor Oe ee ee ene < eee re \Num-) Ton- | |Num-| Ton- ‘Num-| Ton- |Num- Ton- ber | nage | Crew| ber | nage | Crew, ber | nage| Crew) ber | nage | Crew Lines (ocean) - -.----.------ | 140 |2,904 | 988 | € |1,838 | 221 (Sahai Ca eal PN 146 4,742 | 1,209 Purse seines (Puget Sound)_| 152 |3,091 1,177 |_. .---|------|------ i a | Re 2 pea Ko Aeh Ht tft La on a ly Haul seines (Puget Sound).| 14| 156) 42 |_.____|_..--_]------ ee (SEES eae | 14| 156] 42 Gill nets (Puget Sound)_.--| 4 2B ibkea O. |eeeeee anes o[esseee Eases te bases mee al farsa 8 Drag bag nets (Puget | | | | -s[e ii: ic) ae ee eee | Celi 8B bg eo i ea |e eee bee ee ee oe ee Ceara tl 21 Beam trawls (Puget.Sound); 17) 188] 46 |..-.-|------|-----. are 25 8 20 | 213 54 Crapitcaps (Puget Sound)--|95, | 68 | > LO eet siee gees se et 5| 68 10 Wihishoe apparatus (ocean) 22. — 25. |" oe) 2S sas ace Jean SEs | 3} 195 31 3 | 195 31 Motali@e bss). sh 291 |5, 873 |2,078 6 {1,838 | 221 6 | 220 39 | 303 |7,931 | 2,338 1 Exclusive of duplication. Yield of the vessel fisheries of Washington in 1925, by apparatus and species : Purse seines Haul seines : ; Drift gill nets Species (Puget Sound) (Puget Sound) Lines ! (ocean) (Puget Sound) | Cole < | Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value GS Oye 2 SS SE ey gee Dh 8 aed CS ae Se) eg ee a PL TITSES LCA Ee! Se Se Eee ee ee, | Ura SAILed Syosset J ees ieee | OS Pa pee | ae eee |e a 24,125, 538) $183, 456 HIGH Hers =o eee 85 Da) e- 15221 530] ee es a a TES TUS sa a eee oe) emt ee nel | eet yee al (eS paces jee ee 18, 178, 882| 2, 046, 007 Daca as Se ee ee ee [ee ae oe eee ae 114, 765) A a [eg ais Se fen aes LTE Ce ES oS ee Ee Soe ome 2) ee es | eee ey 681, 650 20, 772 Ut GE TS a 1, 037 52] 10, 761 545} 279, 088 9, 067 | SED ISTRY Sep pare yu ee Fiabe aie (Rte Ae a Lape a hal Lelie an hee aes PBA AGO ESO 12d! eee es eee Salmon: | Blueback or sockeye-__---_-| 3, 006, 871 386,\605) -46761d| 15, 9O3i— 5 = I ee 5,440, $828 SnIFIOG Kemer ee 2 Es et | 203, 236 18,476} 41,492) 4,161} 348,415 4, 855 638 65 nee aes ae 5, 130, 760 159, 054 9, 350 aD ee ee | 18,630 1,117 LENSE TEGO) O(c) coe eee eee ae 23, 993, 505 875, 769| 24, 695 902 3 6, 500 247| 13,325 486 SuLN 2 eee Sane 028 eee ees 2,571,024! 179,971) 4,136 289) 329,272 2,049) 13,224) 926 SIMs silver cee eS 219 20) 5, 366) CRT eee el ee ae F oaeu ee jee AD Es 2 ee ee 47 2 202 9 7,150 200 | Skee a oe steelhead! troutl2-2 = .22-.-. _- 909 OL epee Wes See seo cpl Meet No a |e ‘Sinkds GAS GS ieee a a alee I [eres eee ta ees Te 11, 032) ea ase ah ie Ee il IP Ta (Somers “CT EDEs o Se eR Re eee 8 Sl ee Le Pein oe) ms es ee en Oe eee Pe RIN (Co Rea REST PENE AS Tie 3 = Sa ae [pe | a Se ee ae es on ee [nye ee CLUE See a ae i ee SN Re ad oe || om Dal | > se ol ced Oe ee eee Oe Sy eee RLS y 4 LEVI Ti BLS ss Ms Se ee eres eee 18, ss eae eet RN el FE hE OS PURI Tye Sen oe 1 i aa Se ed [eel NEY [aya ins 2 res mL Sten Lak As i | eR eg cae inaeny (A oeiieaias te et & LENS > h 28 he oa a eee a ae Se Eee ee Se ee CT a ee ee ee es Ses oe lo ee Oe 4 ea ee Other whale products=--.._+.._|_-2s2_2+-- eee S| ee aeee Cas ee bebe ae eee bosses THD) le 34, 907, 693) 1, 620, 043] 269, 952) 14, 533 25, 798, 895] 2, 433,832) 52,257, 3, 422 1 The line fishery was prosecuted by vessels sailing from Puget Sound ports, and virtually all of the catch was taken in ocean waters. This includes 9,085,700 pounds of halibut, valued at $922,701, and 55,000 pounds of sablefish, valued at $2,360, taken by Washington vessels and landed in Canada. In addition to this, Washington vessels caught 2,680,687 pounds of halibut, valued at $187,698; 155,263 pounds of sable- fish, valued at $6,389; and 1,167 pounds of rock fishes, valued at $32, which were landed in Alaska. 2? Taken in waters off Alaska. 3 Taken off Cape Flattery 440 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the vessel fisheries of Washington in 1925, by apparatus and spectes—Con. |Drag bag nets| Beam trawls | Crabtrap | Species | (Puget (Puget (Puget © paratus | Total Sound) Sound) Sourid) (ocean) ae | 4 | * Cod: Pounds Value| Pounds Value) Pounds| Value| Pownds| Value| Pounds | Value Eiresht a0 2 Seen pees ceed oe peer ty.: 1,027) _ .$58)s-----__ bey. Sxl Ray Sa ae 1, 027 Dry saltedass=-ereees| Sse (Sp a aparerel|8 o | P a ae a ee eee eae | 4, 125, 538) 183, 456 Hlounderss— setae | Soares [eeeeee By PAE ie S15) eee Se I a eee ee 174, 501 , 467 Halibutecs ate. Serr aay a eee | ee lexveee)) olece cleo 22 2| oe a ee eee /18, 178, 882/2, 046, 007 Penning. Leer e ee eee | JILTHG93)2 257402225 Seo he leas eee Jie apa, |e teem |e A | 226, 458 3 ON By bategeYoyo baa ss Ra SEES ea 5 2 194, GLa) le esittiie [Sees Geer h 681,844; 20, 781 Rockfishest == se SS ee ee ae ee 20 "493 | all 1042| hao yell |S ea sete eal IN Ses 22 | 311,379) 10, 706 Sablefish =e: Seek abet See ee eee | er Me RE A ae ae: pe A AA a 2, 442,400) 167, 123 Salmon: | | | Blueback or sockeye_|__.____- | eiee we, | Coan a mee cele eae ope |i 2 Re ah oR eh ee 3, 059, 924) 393, 426 Chinvok2 3-2 Ea | 293, 781 27; 557. @lnam 2 =e ee mes | | 5, 158, 740) 160, 731 Humpback 24, 038, 025) 877, 404 Silver’: 324 S28: | 2,617,656) 183, 235 Smelt, (silvers ccs nee 2 | i 522 SOS OLGR ee eta te ee : | | 176, 035 CASE Steelhead trout | 909. 91 Surf-fishess 4. 14, 239) 1,015 Crabs22 saat set s 102, 489 $7, 133} 102, 489, 7, 133 Shirbwap as je. 2212. 232 Aiba or Sees 26, 886, 4,032|._._____ eee ESF ae eens 26,886) 4, 032 Scallops sete ee ed | ere Alene GOGO: 650 ease eel eaters [52 Sele eee 6, 000° 1, 650 Octo pis = SE eT are |e Oy Pili 1) le a ipa Yes oe | eases 399! 26 Wal alergile SPOS Tal ts ive | coe DO aes) Pd ais [ie see IPC psa | 142, 125)$11, 370) 142,125; 11, 370 Speraloiier S10 2-53 “aeet kee seas. Set aera Cea ea Be | 86,625) 4,620| 86,625 4,620 Other’ whale products» = |)2.-s Nie |e Nags Ooh | ce a 210,000| 4,550) 210, 000 4, 550 Motal:-2 eR 2: ya. 115, 243) 1,000} 396, 408 18, 751| 102, 489| 7, 133' 438, 750| 20, 540/62, 081, 687/4, 119, 254 | | | } Shore and boat fisheries.—The statistics of the shore fisheries include the catch by all fishing craft of less than 5 tons net, as measured by the United States Customs Service, as well as all fish caught without the use of boats. In 1925 there were 5,055 persons, 1,945 motor boats, and 330 rowboats employed in the shore and boat fisheries of Wash- ington, with a yield amounting to 68,603,873 pounds, valued at $5,357,195. The catch by pound nets ranked of first importance, both as to amount and value, with a yield of 34,451,197 pounds, valued at $2,551,413, consisting almost entirely of salmon and steelhead trout. The catch by lines ranked second, with a yield of 15,403,607 pounds, valued at $1,283,725, consisting almost entirely of salmon, some halibut, and smaller quantities of other fish. Third in both amount and value were drift and set gill nets with a total catch amounting to 11,455,401 pounds, valued at $877,577, which consisted of salmon and steelhead trout, with much smaller quantities of shad, sturgeon, and other fishes. Next were haul seines, with a yield of 1,580,499 pounds, valued at $117,997, of which salmon, carp, silver smelt, and steelhead trout made up the greater part. The yield of dip nets amounted to 1,287,291 pounds, valued at $21,648, consisting almost entirely of eulachons or smelts. The yield of fish wheels amounted to 873,347 pounds, valued at $82,477, and consisted of salmon, shad, steelhead trout, and sturgeon. Other apparatus, including drag bag nets, beam trawls, reef nets, and brush weirs, contributed 886,523 pounds, valued at $28,470. Among the shellfish appliances, tongs were most productive, with a yield of 701,680 pounds of oysters, valued at $375,650. Shovels were next, with 1,114,472 pounds of clams, valued at $160,291. Crab traps took 849,856 pounds of crabs, valued at $57,947. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 441 Men and boats engaged in the shore fisheries of Washington in 1925, by apparatus and districts Apparatus Puget Sound Washington coast! Columbia River Total Motor| Row- Motor) Row- | Motor) Row- Motor; Row- f Men | beats | boats | Men | boats | boats | Men boats | boats | Men | boats | boats PRR SOMES soe ce = 2 = |} 152 (171) -2 | ee 207 15 17 361 81 | 17 Gi nets: | | iD SS a re | 651 st LY aces 8 Pel fodiiy LOU, |< 2 23 861 Dae eee OSC) Gaus eee Stet 2 areas | 8 4 4 168 45 121 63 | 44 19 | 239 93 | 144 Pound Hh 322 nti bog Pe 109 G53| e553 yf 31 Abe) ie fe 3 Ls | 562 14 eee HAG Set Ae ee B42) AGG: |S oe 2 | 93 OG) 2 eee 138 | 102 6 |1,073 | 624 6 Draribar tetsei. 2222S. 90 45 1 AGyiwee 22 Beam trawls. :22.....:_-... | 14 7 a RES Wish wiheel§ #2422225 -3-. pee ae See ceeces Soe | oe). 3-2 |h i 20) See eS 20) | See Ip etcetera 2 1 Bares 2s veetinets 2582 fe. oe es 12 6 brass: Brush weirs a) 6 4 About oe STAN raps see ease seee 101 73 100)|Sse2 = Clam hoes, shovels, and | GUESS: = a ee Sb ee apes eee ses Qyster tongs: 322-2248. - 98 14 16 ~—s-: 163 es | | Motalses 2 53. \2,206 | 958 |1, 945 330 1 Exclusive of duplication. Yield of the shore fisheries of Washington in 1925, by districts and species | . Species Puget Sound | ee eee Columbia River Total © | | | FISH Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value | Pownds Value | Pounds Value (CLENGE a cp eae ne ee TG Cat Ss EL is Meee 5s eee 286, 137 $8, 584 286, 137 $8, 584 Pioundersesse | tev) ws 86,164, $2, 211) | 86, 164| 2, 211 Sniewailel ee See ewes 41, 549 BGS se es ea | 41, 549) 86 au iterate Se ei eek 337,459 33, 826) | 337, 459 33, 826 HICK P a te e e 437, 435) 2, 918) 443, 385) 2, 978 Sinecod eo ee Le 13, 650) Ry, 13, 650) 632 ROC RSHEGe heen ee eee 131, 121) 6, 615) 131, 121) 6, 615 Salmon: | | | | | Biueback or sockeye__-_| 6,634,422 853,122) 328,440) 27,370 188,972} 22,678) 7,151,834; 903, 170 Chinook. 2 12, 537, 3191, 087, 540 1, 399, 969} 82, 439) 9, 525, 335 1, 093, 514/23, 462, 623 2, 263, 484 pres ee 905,810) 28, 365 4, 333,464, 52,957) 1,094, 488 19, 266) 6,333, 762) 100, 588 Humppacks| =) 356.4. MS eG ene oe Po SSE es 2 ee ae ee Se eee 11, 270, 745) 413, 150 Sniver lens Oe - = ae 7, 944, 088| 556, 088.1, 643, 842) 79, 696) 2,989,311! 212, 23¢|12,577, 241; 848,023 Dinero testin | Ashtgh . | Wee AE). .(Rew eo [SPE RNG ae ee oe | 254, 610 5,086, 254, 610 5, 086 Bratese: eames Sue 1, 287 Oi) Es See |: Ca Ls ee ee ee | 1, 287 26 Smelt: | | Suih Cy ee i A 2AD BOO ko, fon ean sas [ae ee SS Se (eee ee ee 219,839 19, 795 lOSAeY TaD ee RR ERR eS SS ee a eee (Cg ears 1, 249, 264 18, 841, 1, 249, 264 18, 341 “STO Ngan 55, 156) Di ABD at oP, = al ae SS aes | 55, 156 2, 452 Steelhead trout____-________ 76, 437 7.644) 56,058) 4,425) 1, 585,382) 101,289) 1,717,877 113, 308 SHiblgee ae aN ee ee a 616 74| 26,130 1, 829 93, 053 5, 896 119, 799, 7, 799 Pbree ished ee ye 65, 509 4, 692 708 48) eyes ae gE ee OS | ere 66, 217 4, 740 ACY £2) be sae a aa i a '40, 758, 606/3, 019, 236 7, 794, 561]. 248, 815 17, 266, 552/)1, 487, 343 65, 819, 7194, 755, 394 SHELLFISH | Crabs ots eee eee ee 582, 710 OO Taal PaO LAG el Oe 21 en ete 849, 856 57, 947 SLED 0 ete eee 8, 875 1, BBM ae PR oe Sees A a ee 8, 875 1, 331 Clams: } (S76 ba ie ees ae O21, 58b\e% = 36; 200 |- aes ea Le ee ee ee al 221,585, 36,299 UAL Reta rere ernst et fp S025 887123, 902|ter See wales ores 892, 887 123, 992 Oysters, market: } | Wargo sore es 656,268 348, 004! POS8O te 2088 | Sse xe eeten Less 663, 348 350, 042 LOST eine EE ER RO | [POSS 21 UORGOS |e oa tee 4, ate 10, 332 9, 608 Fapariese so. 807 MS) a [eee SS SOGOINN E16: OOO me: saeee = a8 | Ea eras eis eee 28,060 16,600 CLG DHS eee ee aa 105, 171 6530 7S ee es |e aie A ee 105, 171 6, 397 - Trepang or sea cucumber-__| 4, 100 5 |e oe i |e a Sa 4, 100 185 AKO. | 1,606, 709) 447, 94911, dit, 445)-15S; B52|e. 2S lee 2, 784,154 601, 801 Grand total_._._____- 42, 365, 3153, 467, 1858, 972, 006} 402, 667|17, 266, 552/1, 487, 343/68, 603, 873'5, 357, 195 442 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the shore fisheries of Washington in 1925, by districts, apparatus, and species =| : | Apparatus and species Puget Sound Wie tie ee Columbia River | Total peo — —__— -— | — { | Haul seines: Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value Pounds Value Odep. 2.22. . 22. 2. -_ Ae Sea Bese hee eee en Se [n------- 286, 137| $8, 584, 286,137| $8, 584 Mlounders: {4 = oar eee 8, 158 S200 Cee eo Lae 8, 158 209 Ghar Vhish2 = i eee DOG) en baka Sat Se eee eS ae Se ee [x22 eh 2, 096 5 Hering). .=--2> tessa 66, 135 Bate as a ee 2s Eee Se 66, 135 441 4 (OR incod 77.2235 pe sane eee » 514 0, EE Se eee Ee ae 514 24 Roekfishes-.82- 9, 378 413 ee S822 SA 9, 378 478 Salmon— | | | | Blueback or sockeye-__--- 36, 904 EAST ee eee ee a 11,500) 1,380 48, 404 6, 125 Chinook 2432. 50, 138 Di Oneness ee eg 563, 868) 64,744, 614,006, 69,782 Chum.) 4 Ss eee 330 ii) is ees eee 16, 839 299 17, 169 318 Munpbacks 280s 222% 93, 330 ae: hs UE cE POND fl NE | fit 1k YI 8 ie 93, 330 3, 408 Silyer2= 2 £65- > = 26, 184) ARS a eee eee 13, 770 1,055 39, 954) 2, 888 Shade) cae ee eee oe ee dee) See 73. 671 1, 47: 73, 671 1, 474 BEatesse eee es ee 116 Di sae ee ee eee ane S= 116 3 SMel ba sihvien sses me ae ae 1403738) se 12, G66 Me S23 canara eee BSS RE? ye 140,738, 12, 666 SISOlG pee eee ee cae 17, 737 vat St ee | RR a Ree 8 ale Se! 17, 737 788 Steelhead trout____._-_-___- 180 i fy Ses ee 1s SEE 108,560) 6,924 108, 740 6, 942 | Dturgeon aos Se ee | eee see ye eel Sere Surisfishes” i sie Bic 2 oe 53, 937, 3, 845, 195 bs ae aoe (omer Eee 54, 132, 3, 857 RO bals oe coe eee 505, 875; 33, 520 195 12)1, 074. 429) 84, 465) 1 580, 499) 117, 997 Drift gill nets: Herring, #-0o02) =. scoooe | es aaa 5, 950 60|2.223e Ae eee | 5, 950 60 DAP eOd rt sts a 950! Ey | WS eee eee een [eer eie oy ata Seater | 950) 57 Salmon— | we Blueback or sockeye__-_-_- 69, 755, Pt eee (ee Sera 30,625) 3,677) 100,380; 12,646 Chinook 2 eee ea 765, 182} 69, 862} 362,411 18, 1195,003, 926) 574,449 6,131,519 662, 430 Chamien ee. ees | 273, 830 8, 666) 885,624) 10,821) 522,900) 9,202) 1,682,354) 28, 689 am pbacks2= a eee es SriGrasaiees Pete ee eens Pen eee ee | _ 178, 890 6, 347 Silversea eee 10,359; 281,540) 19, 991) 1,159,590; 77,314 EA See a en See | ates eee ge ee eet Ole | aed | 133,196} 2, 662 133, 196) 2, 662 SURE E SIL VOT sae a> BY ST a2 GOO) an Vid 200 Seer a8 is Be ea pa ele | 2, 900 290 Steelhead trout__.__._.---.- 226, 497,700 31, 118) 519, 285 33, 221 utr C ORs eas N 1,783; 46,920) 2,972 72, 390 4, 755 Surf fishes____._._- sees le gle oeol ea 92) 20. ee ee oS Sees eee 1, 225} 92 Chap iSM es 2 Se ATO 8s edo seen ee ae | Beas ea eet 470) 33 TOL Pen Bott sso eer 41, 368 6, 516, 807, 644,071, 9,984,099) 828, 596 Set gill nets | Greys ae SS See ee 36, 673) 74 “Lingeod”’__ | PRP 101 Rockfishes__.---..--------- 2, 979! 161 Salmon— | Blueback or sockeye--_-_--|----------|--------- 155, 412 | 161,267; 18, 654 F Ghinoghe ee. eee 2 ee we ates a 175, 036) | 217,471 10, 178 : Chomhet 2 2 cr as 2, 420. i 624, 612 | 638, 822 7, 688 + IE pH Acka= 22 se eeweers 20 |e ae CHE Spd a ae 20 SALVOT Sa tee ete 19, 712) Ie 380 312, 650 | 340, 932 12, 241 Shad eerie ee Dees | Man ate ee ae lea eee 84 - CENOIG so ae Sah ee eS 392 19 392 19 > Steelhead: trout £250 a Noe ee pe ee 27, 738 55, 168) 3, 876 > Blt peones 20! 35222 aees eee | ea coe Se [egee ee Als ee oS 9, 880! 625 N Sariifishes: e220 oie Fes 3, 467 268) s_ = 3, 467 268 “ Ogtopus:2. 253.425. See 1, 225 Sch eee 1, 225 86 j Totals ete. so oe 2k 69, 110) 2, 235)1, 295, 448} 38, 008 106, 744, 8, 738 1, 471, 302! 48, 981 i Pound nets | # MiGungerSs. 5-28 eee 5, 796 8 A i a PS Se fet ae en Pare BE 5, 796 148 . Gra yiishrse | Soa ee 40 1) EE SS ST a ONE SE | ee 40 1 al pubsee ee = a ee 242 ee ee eee 2) eT a [oe eet ee Ee ee 242 30 Hetringee ss. oe ies 140 jf eee eS eae a eee tke ee 140) 1 Rockfishes= as ers 8, 782, cs | ee ares 3 ee ee SES Fears | 8, 782 418 Salmon— | Blueback or sockeye_-__- 6, 502, 762! 836,070} 173,028 14, 419 25,115) 3,013) 6,700,905) 853, 502 7 Chinceks Se 5, 162,212! 356,662) 344,494 15, 602 2; 808, 369) 322, 399, 8,315,075 694, 663 ‘ C@littimet 2 bes eke ht 621, 790 19, 275|2, 810, 808 34, 645) 542, 331 9, 545) 3,974,929 63, 465 , ium packs = 22 £25 re 9.656, 315)) 3852, 000|2-2 2 a eS el aes ee jecoan ee 9,656,315 352, 555 SiVerseo- = eas 3, 348, 472) 234,393) 673,700) 32, 0811, 002,200; 71,155) 5,024,372) 337, 629 q ahs Sea Ne ae ee eee ee pa eS al A ola 30, 984 621 30, 984 621 kates sito end See 1, 051) 21S el baer Sears 1, 051 21 j Steelhead trout___...._____- 55, 368 5,537; 25,500) 2, 010 638,960; 39,934! 719,828) 47,511 4 SMUITe6On. 22) =. (os ey 616 74 660 46, 11, 36¢ 721 12, 636, * OCA DUSSs se en eee 102 | eee jsatoee Sbreraens Wao hs 102 4 ¢ EPR DERN ota SUS 2) Dae Pate (ek eee MEtS MIE i. ee ec a “LIXa |i US eee ee eel 25, 363, 683, 1, 805, 192/4, 028, 190) 98, 833 5, 059, 319 447, 388. 34, 451, 197)2, 351, 413 ¥ — —— ———_—————e| ——— a ee &. * é FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 443 Yield of the shore fisheries of Washington in 1925, by districts, apparatyvs, and species—Continued Apparatus and species Puget Sound W poe Columbia River Total Lines: Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds Value MIGunOerS.<. =. e~ = 2 =e 166 SIO = =- loo... See eee 166 $10 ray ishte 2086 och 2, 740 SibS-20 2 e eee 2,740 6 Hel Davee a2 SL 337, 217 BOAT OO anon wens -| 2.2 3h 52 Bee oe oe eee 337, 217 33, 796 TST ee a ee | 20 1 ee Ne Eee aS se ee 20 1 pelieipipoed 4. Re occute 9, 944 Et) SR A ee Py eee Peel [eo a 9, 944 449 Mockhshes 2+. <2. S sess 99, 881 PS oe Se he ec en 99, 881 5, 048 Salmon— | Blueback or sockeye - - --- 5, 772 SOG ee saat S22 e Lien |ond. 2 ee | eee 5; 242) 866 Ming kKss2< 2-2 ts oe 16,559, 369} 655, 936) 2 517, 269) $43, 360 3 728, 249 $83, 604! 7, 804, 887) 782, 900 ON vevete Do Se RS SSS RES eS ed es ee eee eee eres 286) 5 286 5 unpack. 6 Sse - PU LAO EO | eu DS | ee IE _ _ eeel eeea aee ee 1,111,010) 42, 218 RM WEE Son 3 xnewsewas |1 3,856, 424) 269,949) 445,872) 26, 782)1, 611,683) 114, 425) 5, 913,929) 411, 156 SRNR CO eee ee 120 74 eee: ee ee | Pe ee |e ee 120 2 Gist) Oy 22s 100 BRE Se Pe eS ee | ee ae 100 5 Steelhead trout__....-.-----| 2, 124 7] 64 Oe ee | 938) 59 3, 062 274 SON ROTR ETE ol ae ae |S) eee eee ee Pee 8, 609) 546 8, 609 546 Sarfifishese= 242222 2.222 2, 490 iy) SaaS eee ae [Eee one ee 2, 490 175 REL ODS cea see a cece 103, 374 (60070 ES aoe Se ate ged SS eels ecient ee 103, 374 6, 271 Ral ee eee ns a, 12, 090, 751)1, 014, 944; 963,141) 70, 1422, 349, 715) 198, 639/15, 403, 607/1, 283, 725 Drag bag nets: . | Le bntu rt SEO SSE ae ees 11, 740) | a See ae leseecsea|eeseecce| coca se 11, 740 if ROCKHSNESS 22 e252 22 Se fe Cee ER ee Se eee 22 1 Salmon— } RINOG Kes Sats Aeros (Son eee en | eee 759 Olam ae ae 759 38 CVT Tt) Ae Dope ae a a pow! cad Ces VEE Ue Ts 12, 420) ITE) (pee ee | Pees | 12,420 155 STURT 5 SSS SS a eee (ese eet Lae ee eae 4, 450) OPS) aly SSE Nl aa 4, 450) 223 Smielisilver-- ao bai) 0e35 75, 301 6)758| 52 oe eee eke a es eee See Ie ee75, 50! 6, 758 Syl SiN eee Se oae 4, 150) 295 513 6 it ee ee ee eae | 4, 663 331 fRotalce ty? es ee 91, 213 7, 182| 18, 142 AnD eh een eee Sa, 109, 355 7, 584 Beam trawls: oy, iKlgunders=— -*2-=- 2 Ae 72, 044 aa a ee Se a ee as Ye ee eee 72, 044 1, 844 ean poog ts feet) eee 20 OT A a Mee ea ge I TS a | an | 20 1 imelohishes= eee Fer 10, 079 AO) te Fa | es SR ne S| a | 10, 079 509 ~ystLie he See eee 36, 927 ie GAGIS TITEL EE a ae Fe 36, 927 1, 640 Gerintishes oe) oes) R78 4 240) 7, A Aa RB 240 17 Trepang or sea cucumber-___ 4, 100 ictal RE ea Ae | Sea OME | AE Wee | 4, 100 185 SLOT CE, Soe os See 8, 875 aL ej heer ee, ee SaaS ee SS 8, 875 1, 331 CEL ss eae 132, 285 65 2T | mess as TS PE [epee -=3 |e 132, 285 5, 527 Fish wheels: Salmon— BING ACRAOISUCKEV Os 6 =a ee ee ae tml | 110, 570; 13, 268) 110, 570} =—-:13, 268 TR A a ie ae | yes Ce PDE a chal 376, 602| 43,234 376,602) 43, 234 DUM OL eee an atone en ence eas easel ee el = So | 68,680) 4, 796) 68, 680 4, 796 - SG Le = a eg ee al Ee a Fe eee eS 2 ae ee 12s SOT 320 15, 975 320 “Sy Retet DYE Ue PEN FY re a at Se ey (aps ieee | (eS (aera) POE ee | 285, 320; 19,832} 285,320) 19, 832 Rare a ee (siedosieed|ooee sce ss sess seediazsschce i. 2 6H200|" al 027 16, 200 1, 027 | | Ae) i SS ea ee fee eee ee | ees 873, 347| 82,477 | 873, 347| 82, 477 Dip nets: = isla: (rch aes Beeee eee 200 QELS Ae a ee eS ees gs: eee ee 200 2 Salmon— Bimehsek or sockeye. =-l2_~ 222_ oud oR Se 5, 307 637 5, 307 637 Git GG Kerr ee a eee oS ae 1, 886 217) 1, 886 217 (Clava 24. 222 Se ee ete er eel eee tiene eee er ee 342 8) 342 & ec ae og A ge es ees ae ee ee ee (ee eee wl [Pe ges 2 2, 918 207 2, 918 207 Smelt— | lly ee aay Se eg BS ee 900 Bi Pose 2 Se SE ee ee eee eee 81 TOT See 32 Sie ee ee ee eel Pe eee (ee See 41,249,264) 18,841) 1, 249,264) 18, 841 Steelhead trout__.....-.---- | Be Spe (lea reat [Egy cons ER Te 26,474) = 1, 655 26, 474 1, 655 | ol be) 121 | ae ae eer 1, 100 83) Se ee Ss. | eens 1, 286,191} 21, 565) 1, 287, 291 21, 648 Reef nets: SSI See a Se Salmon— Blueback or sockeye_--__- 19, 229 Pe Pd ed rag || Ne 2 ee ne | 19, 229 2, 472 Clg ie) 40a ee 418 CPA eee Las ee ee bn ee | 418 42 li(hier aE ps 5? ke eee 7, 440 We) ee one eS ee Re 7, 440 260 Hump packs = Ss3- 2-32 236, 180 Cy Ma i | Sk alegre Ba 236, 180 8, 621 QthGrs la Ss See | 22, 416 nA Ee eS ee ee ee aes (See Se 22, 416 1, 569 ING: LS Se a ea Ce 285/683 | eet Ot ween ise ete TAPE) ath ae 285, 683) 12, 964 1 Caught largely by trollers off Neah Bay. 2 Caught largely by trollers off Grays Harbcr and Willipa Harbor, though a small portion of this catch may have been taken off the mouth of the Columbia River. 3 all taken by trollers off the mouth of the Columbia River. ‘ Caught in tributaries of the Columbia River. &. 444 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the shore fisheries of Washington in 1925, by districts, apparatus, and species—Continued Apparatus and species Puget Sound Washington Columbia River Total Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds Value Pounds Value Brush weirs: Herring -------- 359, 200) $2, 395)-..-_-__- ee ee See {a ee | 359,200 $2,395 —_ | —————— ] ; | ————tl Grab traps: ‘Crabsi222== 222228 582, 710 39, 733| 267, 146 | $18, 214) Se ee ee 849,856 - 57, 947 Shoveis: Glamsshard= 2232s 22:45'585|*--36.209)- 2 2822 = ee (ie 2: | 2 ee i 221,585) 36,299 Glams"razors) Ss. oe ee ee 8927887) 123,992 |EeseS == |S sa ee 892, 887; 123, 992 |} a "TOCA eh weirs 221,585) 36,299) 892, 887, 123, '992)=2s:.3-=|2- 2-39-28 1,114,472) 160,291 Tongs: | Oysters, market, private— | Natives®2222s.3222 2. 656, 268) 348, 004) 73080). -2;088) 5.2 ss 2 aseaeese 663, 348, 350, 042 ‘Basten 2-2 eS eer bene es 10,332} 9, 608).-------- lsccscces 10, 332 9, 608 Japanese= 2.2 2seie 28,000} 16, 000|--------- | SEE yg ON ee ah 16, 000 Totals == ee 684, 268} 364, 004 D212 (646 |e se ee See ee 701,680 375, 650 OREGON The fisheries of Oregon employed 4,945 persons, 8 vessels, 2,224 motor boats, and 539 rowboats in 1925. The products of the fish- eries amounted to 40,007,349 pounds, valued at $3,442,366. The various species of salmon were by far the most important of Oregon’s commercial fishes, yielding 34,357,936 pounds, valued at $3,059,473. Steelhead trout contributed 2,307,062 pounds, valued at $169,410; shad, 1,016,776 pounds, valued at $31,381; halibut, 577,742 pounds, valued at $75,713; sablefish, 347,592 pounds, valued at $17,271; and eulachon or smelt, 308,676 pounds, valued at $4,352. The remaining portion of the catch amounted to 322,161 pounds, valued at $15,245, and consisted of carp, “‘lingcod,” rockfishes, sole, striped bass, and sturgeon. The yield of the various kinds of shell- fish, consisting of crabs, crawfish, clams, and oysters, amounted to 769,404 pounds, valued at $69,521. Vessel fisheries—In the vessel fishery only 8 vessels, having a net tonnage of 80 and carrying 36 fishermen, were actually engaged in fishing. The catch was made up entirely of halibut, ‘‘lingcod,”’ rockfishes, and sablefish, amounting to 1,015,222 pounds, valued at $95,459. The fares of these vessels were landed at Portland and Astoria, Oreg. Shore and boat fisheries—The shore and boat fisheries greatly exceeded the vessel fisheries in importance, employing 4,909 fisher- men, 2,224 motor boats of under 5 tons net, and 539 rowboats, and yielded products amounting to 38,992,127 pounds, valued at $3,346,907. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 445 Men and boats engaged in the shore fisheries of Oregon in 1925, by apparatus and districts Apparatus Columbia River Oregon coast | Total | r Motor | Row- | | Motor | Row- | Motor | Row- Gill nets: | Men | boats | boats | Men | boats | boats | Men | boats boats To) he eee eae ay |- 1, 634 Oras |e 1, 026 677 eee i oreB0r| 4856" |-2 02 <—- Gy eee tee ee ESO | 138 62 | 76 577 206 | 371 715 268 447 Pare paines -55 2 fl (= ee en Pens DED eel ae | 37 Whee JOU ZG BoP Tel nA Cs () Ramey gael eae al 43>: 7 Dey Meee Ee eee LOPRELE A ET c facelly J SRG NS eS Pe At 2 ee Re ee ee 259 259) |. es 259 Oboe ase Crawfish traps.------------- 44; 24 7:1) ttapeaals pee RES Rete rs8 7 44 24 20 Glan showers and forks !22<<4)__ . 23. .|--e Seat 2. oo Ve P236 18. 2. See ee 238i) == = 28ers Ovstertongs 252. £5 =~ se eee ee eas (ieee ae | 5 1 3 5 1 3 | | | | Ty aN Ee tS oe | 3,013 1, 303 157 1, 896 921 382 | 4,909 | 2,224 | 539 1 | ! i 1 Exclusive of duplication. Yield of the fisheries of Oregon in 1925, by districts and species } | | Species Columbia River | Oregon coast | Total eee ees | | | aE Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value CTH 5 Se 5 2 AEE eee > eee a eee aes G2, (008) R°SL, S8ii|a- ess 22 ee eee 2 ee 62, 700 $1, 881 IS(SUN trie. a eee ee 577, 742 (OR Ak ee es Ss 577, 742 75, 713 Gi iene ee op 58, 592 POUT e|Ewo et SEs faire es a 58, 592 1, 617 RUG PRAISHEGE Se O88 vee eer ee nl id 31, 296 tie) = See [ee See 31, 296 858 BUSS, 2 Re RN EE BS Se one 347, 592 ie ft a ae a ae 12 ees. 2 347, 592 17, 271 Salmon: Blueback or sockeye--.-.-------- 352,726 | 42, 327 73 | $9 | 352, 799 42, 336 OREO Kone ee ee ke 17, 211, 872 |1,975, 923 | 4,208,395 | 381,772 | 21,420, 267 | 2,357, 695 ii (ica SES Eee ee 1, 108,849 | 19, 516 1,229,496 | 14,566 | 2,338,345 34, 082 SSL PS A a ae ee 4,703,124 | 333,922 5, 543, 401 | 291, 438 10, 246, 525 625, 360 S]2G | oS ee eee 410, 527 8, 211 606, 249 | 23,170 1, 016, 776 31, 381 PMB EPOMIACHON ee pee eee fe 308, 676 Re eee ero ae | Sacto wae! 308, 676 | 4, 352 USD = ee ee ee 2, 243 1G 5) ee jeveveesecs 2, 243 | 112 Bieelheadstroub.=.— 228 ee 1, 770, 839 110, 677 536, 223 | 58, 733 2, 307, 062 169, 410 BSE TIPIG OD ASS ete nee nes ee ne alee Se | 6, 000 | 600 6, 000 600 ‘Shnrie stl oo ee er er a | 138, 309 8, 989 | 23, 021 | 1, 188 161, 330 | 10, 177 ee ee ee 27, 085, 087 2, 601,369 | 12,152,858 | 771,476 | 39, 237,945 | 3,372, 845 _— | — _————————e = _ 522, 201 35, 402 522, 201 | 35, 402 Cs Nae Boks Sasses 128, 250 | 12, 255 89,132 | 13,845 89, 132 13, 845 20, 128 3, 719 20, 128 3, 719 9,693 | 4,300 9, 693 | 4,300 TN He oe Se ee 128,250 | 12, 255 641, 154 57, 266 769, 404 69, 521 ErAnCeLOLals==- = 292.2 Sees o 27, 213, 337 613, 624 | 12, 794, 012 | 828, 742 | 40, 007,349 | 3, 442, 366 1 All taken by shore fisheries except the halibut, ‘‘lingcod,’’ rockfishes, and sablefish, totaling 1,015,222 pounds and valued at $95,459, which were taken by 8 vessels operating trawl lines and landing their fares qaecpally. at Portland and Astoria, Oreg. These vessels had a total net tonnage of 80 and carried 36 ermen. CALIFORNIA In 1925 the fisheries of California were prosecuted by 4,518 fisher- men, who used 362 vessels with a tonnage of 5,350 net tons, as well as 1,255 motor boats and 150 rowboats. The greater part of their catch was made in waters off California, where 414,503,026 pounds, valued at $9,716,492, were taken. From waters off Mexico, 22,381,881 pounds, valued at $1,707,493, were landed, and 3,415,608 pounds of dried cod, valued at $237,724, were caught by California fishermen in the waters off Alaska. The total yield amounted to 440,300,515 pounds, valued at $11,661,709. J 446 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The various species used for canning loom largest in the California catch. The pilchard or sardine, with a yield of 315,294,986 pounds, valued at $2,087,756, accounted for three-fourths of the total quantity and one-fifth of the value. Next was the albacore, with 22,206,923 pounds, valued at $2,333,600. The two tunas—bluefin and yellow- fin—accounted for 17,468,428 pounds, valued at $1,446,991. Salmon yielded 9,525,753 pounds, valued at $919,720; skipjack, 14,235,089 pounds, valued at $751,609; and bonita, 866,530 pounds, valued at $25,983. Of the market species, the flounder group was most important, yielding 13,765,487 pounds, valued at $736,996, of which 2,451,759 pounds, valued at $334,136, were reported as ‘‘California halibut,” and 8,762,535 pounds, valued at $331,391, as soles. Barracuda was next, with 8,005,601 pounds, valued at $340,341; yellowtail, 3,179,891 pounds, valued at $272,717; the rockfishes, 5,453,510 pounds, valued at $266,069; and white sea bass, 1,920,295 pounds, valued at $252,144. The salt-cod production was 3,415,608 pounds, valued at $237,724. The remaining 13,406,860 pounds, valued at ee were made up of smaller quantities of over 30 varieties of sh. : The production of shellfish amounted to 8,872,118 pounds, valued at $1,197,804. Spiny lobsters, crabs, and abalone, each with more than $250,000 worth of products, were the most important items in the catch. In addition to the fish and shellfish products, there were whale products to the value of $138,848, consisting of 1,525,733 pounds of whale oil, valued at $111,887; 48,870 pounds of sperm oil, valued at $2,281, and 1,108,833 pounds of other whale products, valued at $24,675. Vessels engaged in the fisheries of California in 1925, by apparatus and districts Apparatus Northern district San Francisco district | | Monterey district | | Num- | Ton Num- | Ton Num- | Ton ber | nage Crew | ober nage | Crew | ober nage Crew TINGS *22)o ee Sel os Se ee | Tail 18 11 1, 408 114 3 26 17 Tampara metsanss2222< 22 22/5 eee 2 eS ee EE ee a ee eee wae ee | 4 34 46 Paranzella:nets:. 2-—2- 2-2-2 = 2 | 14 10 12 211 | 50) a ee Gillriets: 42s Cee ae 1s 5 2 1 5 | pi eee ay (eet te Bape ts: 8s pase ois tee an ee Ae ee eee See ee eS 1 6 7 es Sl a | IS SS Crabyirapsice seo. A ee ise eal sla ped Pl fe ee | ee 1 5 1 Avalone outht. = ase Sel ee ee 1 7 5 3 27 15 Whaling apparatus___-..___- ae RS eZ ee 4 147 44.\\ so | es eee Totalil 22538 aw od 9 55 21 25 1, 761 223 8 66 62 | if Apparatus Los Angeles district San Diego district Total 1= — a Num- | Ton Num- | Ton- Num- | Ton- | | ber nage Crew | ber nage Crew ber nage | iN Gseasee ere ace ee 164 1, 403 984 101 935 | 432 282 3,813 | 1,558 Mamparametsacses=-= 22226 119 |} 1,103 815 | 85 822 | 388 207 | 1,959; . 1,24 IPMITSe SPINES == ee ee 43 | 1,022 367 3 75 | 25 46 | 1,097 392 mranimel nets. 2-22 ee 13 115 38 9 64 33 22 179 | 71 Paranzella nets. 2... 22.25: =- | Sakae oe eer ee 16 235 | 73 GHP ROUS eee ae eee 23 152 83 ll 7: 38 36 236 | 124 Wak Dotsly Bet he ce eh ec TN | el eee 1 6 | 2 TROWSTOR taps wey 2 eee 4 23) | 10 | 5 63 14 9 86 24 Crap traps. 2-20) eee [sae Es 0b EES SS 2 hae eee ene atte beni See 1 5 | MbAlGww OUT Se ce a a Ma Siege A ES ode Sees | ee ee 4 34 20 Whaling apparatus_____---_- eee || eS oS Pe Sire | Raed So 28 Bd wo Re sasaee 4 147 | 44 Dismehs fe s78) 2 ae) oe TE 1 8 | PAN ee 38 oe Ge at oe See 1 8) 2 Total ie ee | 912] 2,434) 1,274 106 | 1,034| 464 362 | 5,350 | 2,044 | 1 Exclusive of duplication. Nore.—All of the above were motor vessels, except 10 vessels sailing from the San Francisco district, as follows: 4 schooners in the line fishery, 4 steamers in the whale fishery, and 2 steamers in the paranzella fishery. Pages FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 447 Men and boats engaged in the shore fisheries of California in 1925, by apparatus and districts Apparatus Northern district San Francisco district Monterey district | Motor | Row- Motor | Row- Motor | Row- Men boats boats Men boats boats Men boats boats JWT 2 pies SERS SS ee ee 166 133 4 356 | 274 | 5 208 LAG yea eS ATS rear a 190 | 3 128.) 225 132 | 10 8 Vin Se eee Tampara netSu2._---_-.=-.- 2 | Sig ees | 47 | hi ee 286 Grimes eke Aiea Gelnes == eee == oy ee | 1 | 8 5 | ie ese cae ae ete ae perinicmes cee Stal ete ES eaiens. scp y= 26 | 13 | sR TNS Ne a AON A voc tis Det: ae 5 Sale 2 Pe se 9 | 7 nO (A See ne A oe ipa) trans: oes. YS 29 DG || 178 | 172 1 PA Je) es eee te Less SL tae oe ee a Se (eet Ssai23 1 | Des | aera | ere ee | ae iGiamishovels: 92-S.<- -2. 2222 Gi a = teres to 16 | a es | er oe eee ee se OM SUGTe es a SES ee eS i eel Reese |--------| 2 | 1 |--------|--------|--------|-------- (RGR ae ee 375 135 | 126 618 | 414 | 20 417 M65: as sS8e 5 Apparatus Los Angeles district San Diego district Total | Motor | Row- Motor | Row- Motor | Row- | Men | boats boats | Men boats boats Men boats boats inrie eee Eee ee | 601 | 346 3 | 266 ia pee alae 1, 597 1, 056 | 12 LUN GS ees a 105 | 32 1 56 30) Bee ee 584 201 134 Lampara nets_---.---------- 218 Se, | eee ere 63 Zon Rone = 616 | 114s ee eS Efeirseines +2 == + so 3 (es a ayy ont ss ee ON 26 6 2 EEPAnMelne ts == == 2-8 a= 67 PATH ecards 32 i Ya ge 99 8 il ato Paranzella nets_.--_---------- 15 Es (eee a pee ee (ee eee 15 aie ee Loy Ere Sa Re SIRE aie a Vega | ase (SS) (I a el | Ca | ere 26 13 1 LQ AERS TEUT) ES) ae PR a DN te aS | ee es eee ll 9 1 CI OE eee ee ae See | et | Ro 1 i ee eae 210 192 if POUSEOMLTE DS ee ce 5 ee e| 42 PA) ie = sinters 2 31 yp | | een Rca 7 Os re Be SlAWUSROVE Isso = 8 (i) Wee ree ee Be a Sk ON | Se cece [eee eee 86 pa ee ares ee oe Oyster tongs: ss we 8 eae ES eT ea | ee cee ER, pee ee a Sa 2 i} s/s eee AYR) i A ree | 788 382 4 276 alse | Ro Sara 2,474 | 1,255 150 1 Exclusive of duplication. Summary of the yield of the California fisheries in 1925, by species F ff | F ff . rom waters 0 rom waters 0 Species California | Mexico Total | | Se Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value CACY 2a) 9 en a 21, 684, 942 |$2, wi ut | 521,981 | $50, 824 22, 206, 923 |$2, 333, 600 Auchovies VIPAT C818) TE sod Uae Yl gee cee re ec a ete 128, 919 1,2 Barracuda 5; 945, 605 268 753 2, 059, 996 71, 588 8, 005, 601 340, 341 Bonites= sees 770, 232 23, 980 | 96, 298 2, 003 866, 530 25, 983 (C4 i 94, 935 L 928 | A eres | Beso ae 94, 935 1, 928 CHET 211 1 bea oe as a a 366, 279 4; O42) ||. ee eee eee 366, 279 54, 942 ead, Pry saledcn oa osueee = eee P3415 O08) | e2OU eeu aoe se eee eee ones 13, 415,608 237, 724 Sa aes ig ee ena 246 | OT HEY Vie a Bee 5 a | ht oe le 246 13 Pieunders ee ee ae 2. bolehO3 | -<-71;,469 4) See ee a a 2. 551, 193 71, 469 Rar yiisk eee a kee 372, 332 9,128) oe eee eee oe, 372, 332 3, 723 LE ee Se eee 22, 017 BAY | ce oe eee ae a 22, 017 441 TENE inhib le = ee a BE ee Oe AGEL OD a2 21 B79] ee ee | ae re ee 162, 102 21, 579 Halibut, “California?’_.---— = 2. 1,351,456 189,407 | 1,100,303 | 144,729 2, 451, 759 334, 136 “TUNEL hi eee aegiees ae ea Deas 24, 028 | es ere t ea pale caren 24, 028 961 13 hae ee a ee ee 862, 974 17, 259 2, 800 56 865, 774 17, 315 ater fintys assent eee 536, 604 12, 867 50 1 536, 654 12, 868 sigpend at ee a ee Pas eee 68351300 4059 ( 57 een enee eee eee 683, 130 40, 975 Witickeroleets is So re pe shed 3, 506, 103 97, 408 16, 316 346 3, 522, 419 97, 754 Wo els Se ee Seen 21, 651 | 1, 861 15, 156 758 36, 807 2, 619 hike; Sactamento.__..-.==- 2. -_ 5, 764 | GAIN | aes al | een 5, 764 231 Pilchard or sardine--.._________- 315; 294 986.2) 087,756) |p = - ane. |2=----- ne 315, 294, 986 | 2, 087, 756 POM PANO ree ose 9,111 | 4,181 10, 536 4, 808 PEGCKa DABS 70 cess So assess! 310, 061 27, 004 330, 285 28, 543 apkiushipsesmes ss 2 5, 449, 694 | 265, 914 5, 453, 510 266, 069 722, 472 | 26, 118 722, 472 26, 118 9, 525,753 | 919, 720 |- 9, 525, 753 919, 720 226,456 | 22,419 226, 456 22, 419 1 From waters off Alaska. 68078—28——_8 448 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Summary of the yield ef the California fisheries in 1925, by species—Continued < From waters off From waters off Species California Mexico Total FisH—continued Sea bass: Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value Black. - 3333333 eee 102, 804 $2, 286 86, 168 $1, 316 189, 072 $3, 602 White or squeteague---_____- 925,623 120, 986 994,672 | 131,158 1, 920, 295 252, 144 Shad i284. 22 ht eee 2543927263 105 108! |e Se Ie es 2, 439, 726 105, 118 Sheepsheade 25-6 es 2 a 47, 748 1,042 | 1, 063 16 48, 811 1, 058 Skates’ 25 Se eee = 183, 484 05.625! (ese 2k 22 ee: | ee 183, 484 3, 625 Skipjack or striped tuna_-_-_.___- 8, 768,114 501,101 5, 466,975 250, 508 14, 235; 089 751, 609 Smelt; Silvers sess -- eb | 749, 798 40, 911 | 1, 871 42 751, 669 40, 953 “ Sole’its = Breese we Eee 8, 756,338 331, 196 6, 197 195 8, 762, 535 331, 391 Splittailsressieen eg eee eee 6, 557 TY lek = Ea eal (ee eet 6,557 131 Steelhead trout_....-----.----.-- 222 Bll |Ss22 ee eee Soles ce 222 31 Striped! bass. 22-3 Seo See 837, 773 ATG HO28 | ceaeke 1c STE Paka we ee 837, 773 116, 028 Stidkersas0amot Aca ee enter net 5, 709 fide Ire? eee |e ee 5, 709 114 Sori fishes st. <> eereaen ee Shs 473 eran (ogee eee ee 268, 473 13, 126 Swordfish seems es Px) eae 25, 612 3, 665 | 1, 433 186 27, 045 3, 851 Momcodses => eee ee A eee 14, 508 S63) oe eases 14, 508 363 Tuna: ; 185 Foe) ab aR Eos ies cr, oe ieee RES) 3, 803,677 | 342,140 Pe ee ee |e 3, 803, 677 342, 140 Mellowhin= 222 2- <= trees | 2, 963,620 | 266,114 | 10,274,278 | 800,307 13, 237, 898 | 1, 066, 421 IEG oe eR a ns Da Tae 385, 463 35, 077 | 41, 390 3, 353 426, 853 38, 430 Wihite bates: = so ee eee sae 70, 968 3;:903>|. 22 ees ee 70, 968 3, 903 Wihitetishee 2-22 sss 219, 430 11, 925 | 2, 682 109 222, 112 12, 034 PYGH Oy bal lees sae ee 2, 586, 621 226, 628 | 593, 270 46, 089 3, 179, 891 272, 717 Other Shes 28s wae ee ea ane 215,653 | 10, 089 18, 923 917 234, 57! 11, 006 otal e222... - ee 407, 417. 674 |8, 818,240 | 21,327, 287 |1,506,822 | 428, 744, 961 |10, 325, 062 1 _————————— od SHELLFISH | (Org: eye) AS Ee ee Pe Ee ae 3, 234,312 | 269, 526 | Se Ae cme = 9) Ee it 3, 234, 312 269, 526 Shrimipiet Saree eas aes Le os 1 4G08234- | 621464 005) |oo wee ie ee 1, 460,234 | 146, 023 Sea crawfish or spiny lobster -_-_-_- 432, 059 89,207 | 1,054,347 | 200,578 1,486,406 | 289, 785 Oysters, eastern, market___-__-__ 56, 900 PANS RG a eee SS sa a Sa 56, 900 24, 386 Oysters, native, market________- 25 | bye ae ee ee a ee ae ee 25 8 ams: ) 399 399 299 9, 265 | 9, 276 6, 182 80, 811 | 80, 811 40, 406 44, 009 44, 009 27, 856 4, 324 | 4, 324 631 470,572 | 261, 429 160 78 470,732 | 261,507 133, 394 12, 019 | 55 8 133, 449 | 12, 027 Squidie: = sale tt ee AS9L 2208), VGH 6 sal ee eee eee 1, 891, 220 119, 167 Murtless 46S 2. ee ee ee 2 S| } 21 1 21 ea as eS Ele es | re TROpal: 222 Pe Ss, 7, 817, 524 | 997,133 | 1, 054,594 | 200, 671 8, 872,118 | 1,197, 804 —<$<—<—<$<>$—=—$———————— |_| —<— iene WHALE FRODUCTS | Spehmionss- ee eee eee 48, 870 LOL, | ee ee er ee” 2 48, 870 2, 281 WEL AYORE eo eee ee Teen eee ee 4 i Uta 74s Se 8 be a LL RES a ee = a Tg ee 1,525,783 111, 887 Other whale products___________ 1, 108, 833 DANO TON Sccete eee Tapes ee 1, 108, 833 24, 675 Mio} Fr ihee 9 ee oe eee ae 256837436 alos S4an eee ae |---------- 2, 683, 436 138, 843 Grandirotsi==s2- 2-2 = =seen 417, 918, 634 |9, 954, 216 | 22,381,881 |1, 707,493 | 440, 300, 515 ae 661, 709 Yield of the fisheries off the California coast in 1925, by districts and species ] Species Northern district Sai Francisco District | Monterey district | He Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value AIDA COLO oe ek 2 oe a ea keene ae] Fein ED 20, 525 $2, 258 | 439, 304 $32, 296 ANCHOVIES seo ake Ta Cae ae Ea 26, 012 | 260 1, 400 7 OHIO 5 eee Obs ee WE Ee ead a Ree 13 if 6, 025 301 Caip sas ee 2 Te ea 29, 652 $593 65, 028 1, 32%" |sos2t. 22S eee api sty eu Re ee sy es ese 163, 239 24, 486 203, 040 30; 456 |=. -=2. 2252S | eee Gods dry salicds. 225. Sbe noes | SO ee OR ee 13, 415, 608 237, 124°| 2-35.22. 3 See OGTR eA BO ag wore ces hee ee Boe ROE a 130 Y fal es elganidersss-seee <7 ances 73, 418 1,736 | 2,085, 734 58, 843 | 379, 889 10, 329 ray fishies tS. 33 3s 27s see eS ete ea = Ee ae rn 196, 131 1, 9617 870 9 RG! See See te ee oe Na bee Sait ae ane Lee 16, 892 5, 125 103 1 Taken in Bering Sea. 338 a i a FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 449 Yield of the fisheries off the California coast in 1925, by districts and species—Contd. Species Northern district | son San Francisco district Monterey district ——— ——$————————— —— | —— | es = — | FlsH—continued Pounds Value | Pou rds Value Pounds Value OO oa eS ee 151, 262 | $20,278 10, 840 18012 ki cee eee eee Halibut, “‘California”’_----------|-------....- [eases coon BRAS 32 oo ee 8, 761 $1, 051 SCS LS a a 23, 597 eae eee ee | Jeera Grin g =e ee sa ssnccce 847, 071 16, 941 2,136 | 43 TAS Te (i ee 3, 888 136 103, 832 | 4, 153 SIP COU ener: =. Se aes =o 426, 571 25, 594 204, 862 | 12, 292 Mackeroters: 2) 208 a5. 446 13 845, 764 | 25, 373 Pike, Sacramento------- 5, 764 yap eee ee | S¥gan aes Pilchard or sardine 464, 182 | 9, 284 124, 756, 314 | 785, 965 TECOVPOV OTT: (0) 4a oe et Sy a pe Oe mee ee et (ene lee 18 TOR ORR ee ee | 747, 191 42, 324 1, 190, 918 39, 388 Mr Oita ee 11, 275 564 | 418, 442 16, 738 291, 929 8, 758 SEU Srna Se a ee 4, 377,256 | 323,874 | 4,049, 782 485, 974 1, 098, 715 109, 872 SOUNDS 25 Sek Sa a a oes ate Leas 125 13 BPP 323 Sea bass: White or squeteague__-. 29 | 35) HO, Leal 5, 231 41, 686 1, 294 UR GLOR eS. 5 eee! a es ee eee fae eet 2, 439, 726 HOSP 1LSt 2 oes Se Soe eae eee icties Cet ee 650 13 | 156,328 3, 127 17, 452 349 SIDINGHIOL Spi PU) LUNA en a~ | a2 2 =e esl seca aese | 1, 344 81 11, 292 565 ESET LPORATL NGA 2) 9 oS a 39, 473 2, 763 110, 247 th, ul 142, 606 12, 319 Sos 33 ee ee ee 257,797 | 10,312) 6,845, 793 239, 604 1, 462, 006 73, 100 SS ouch Ls Sea eR eS CS SS ee eee ee ee ees oe | 6, 557 ADTs RGSS eS be eho) Bien ee Sreeinesd trove... she 222 | Dilecieenen eee eed tak IS alo ee eee ae o> SUAPCTR DEN OS = eae ae ee eee cee ee | $37, 716 116, 021 57 7 BRIS eee ee one = ee el 4,972 | 99 737 LGR) Sie Ge Seema et 5 come SUS ct ere 41,013 1, 230 89, 209 2, 676 32, 255 1, 290 PG HIN eee 2 250 ee oe pul See eee es 12, 633 316 1, 875 47 UL AO i ek Se 38, 017 2, 091 32, 951 VSL 2 i lee eh a ae | ee SR ROU er TSH seater eee OE 15, 640 782 | 10, 226 511 24, 350 487 5, 323, 247 | 395, 208 | 23, 626, 610 1,415,028 | 131,072,710 | 1,119,739 __——————————| ; _——————_— 196, 944 16,412 2,962,800 246, 900 74, 568 6, 214 ce Sh reece 1, 460, 234 146023 Ns eS ae ae eS He tetas Eesessacce 1, 827, 416 109, 645 200,882 | 18,986 | 4,549, 271 450, 901 2, 487, 368 386, 156 eee S| Semen 48, 870 PRO een oe ene ali eee pe ea ee BES Ne eis oe 1, 525, 733 TOG RCE YS Sees ee eae ee ee eee 1, 108, 833 Pea 3) | eee ye Bee ee en ae es ee 2, 683, 436 133) S407 |p oens eee | See Grand itotals 2-52-2222 5,524,129 414,194 | 30,859,317 | 2,004,772 | 183, 560, 078 | 1, 505, 895 ! Species Los Angeles district San Diego district Total | | oe Pounds | Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value PAU ACOT RE aca aa an 16, 760,017 $1,801,712 | 4,465,096 $446, 510 21, 684, 942 |$2, 282, 776 PRON OVIGS ne an 96, 507 iS) eee Se saos Rees eeeae 123, 919 1, 232 IBATTACU OS. (ae onacscscu eens 5, 154, 707 | 237, 117 790, 898 31, 636 5, 945, 605 268, 753 SBYCTEVA 7 As Ama, pe i al a ea 629, 065 | 19, 624 135, 129 | 4, 054 770, 232 23, 980 tee ck Saas Cee Sel en ae Renner a [ae be ees 255 | 94, 935 1, 928 SS AUHEY Senne noe cabo senses |seos tosooe stone eee oes ee ee a eeeee- eee 366, 279 54, 942 eed, TURRET Le Se ee a eee eS [eee = 2 re ee ee ee 3, 415, 608 237, 724 Rue eyes tit So eT 116 CHR Aine toes 246 13 LGTY CS 9 eS a 12, 112 | 560 4 1 2, 551, 193 71, 469 iy fishers tonne Soe oo Le 8, 992 90 166, 339 1, 663 372, 332 3, 723 [BUD a a Pe Se eel = ea Pee eee ee (eee ee 22, 017 441 ST Dice CSG ORs Remicce eres | tiem | Oe em ee aR 162, 102 21, 579 Halibut, ‘“‘ California’”’__.._-.-- 1, 087, 508 | 152, 630 255, 187 35, 726 1, 351, 456 | 189, 407 450 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the fisheries off the California coast in 1925, by districts and species—Contd. Species Los Angeles district San Diego district Total FIsH—continued Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Wardhead: ~~ 2. -ca2-25 22 Ses es | a ee | eee See ee 24, 028 | $961 PGRN g 222 ee ote ee ee 1, 480 $30 | 9, 065 $181 862, 974 17, 259 Ranphishy: <2) ae | 419, 378 8, 388 9, 506 190 536, 604 12, 867 SST INP COC ce eee ae oe eS 2, 5382 TSO = aaa Ss |e 683, 180 | 40, 975 NMackerelis 2 Set ass eee 2, 074, 768 57, 393 | 585, 025 14, 626 3, 506, 103 97, 408. MMe 5 35s ee ee 6, 419 642 | 15, 232 1, 219 21, 651 1, 861 Pike, Sacramento. =.-.--<3---+ ist. Se ee See ey ee (ate pee et eed Ie te 5, 764 231 Pilchard or sardine 174, 405, 326 1,185,957 | 15, 669, 164 106,550 | 315,294, 986 | 2, 087, 756 Ponipano-e es 8, 974 4,128 | 77 35 9, 111 4,181 ROCK passe aeeee a 122, 076 11, 025 | 187, 985 15, 979 310, 061 | 27, 004 RoGkAShes=as see sea 1, 889, 387 103,094 | 1, 555, 784 77, 789 5, 449, 694 265, 914 Salblefish 22s et os wee Si 826 ORI e Stee eT ee 722, 472 26, 118 Salmon= Jes oe fr See ae Sees ae ee ree eee cena Fide SSE 9,525,753 | 919, 720 Sculpin 22s Sete os Seas 200, 395 20, 039 | 22, 709 2, 044 226, 456 | 22, 419 Sea bass: | IBIS Gke 28 2 es es eae | 42, 488 | 1,078 | 60, 416 1, 208 102, 904 2, 286 White or squeteague______| 662, 748 91, 481 | 165, 029 22, 977 925, 623 120, 986 Shadie 3 ee ee ee ee Cee bis aS: [ee Pe Se oro | Cees 2,439,726 | 105,118 Sheepshead 245 =--2 eS) 28, 850 664 18, 898 378 47, 7: 1, 042 Dcate Ses t ee oupe 8 Ie 8, 984 135 eaT0 1 183, 484 3, 625 Skipjack or striped tuna_-__--__ 6, 268, 079 376,085 | 2,487,399 | 124,370 8,768,114; 501,101 Smeltesilvers.. Sos ecole 438, 714 17, 549 18, 758 563 749, 798 40, 911 SOOO ease ee 3 eee eed 183, 394 7, 886 7, 348 294 8, 756, 338 | 331,196 Splittailie vos s Se eae Shae Se ewes | ee eee © Preece 6, 557 131 Steclheaditrouts 22S see te | Sok aera g ae ed Oe | ake eee 222 | 31 Striped bass’ 2) o> eee ae eS eas Sete ig ay Oe ONE eo an ed | erates Mh 837,773 | 116,028 Suckerstee ass. 3. ee at [he ee SS | Sree eas | Oe ee 5, 709 | 114 SITE HSHOS Seem = oe eee | 100, 286 | 7, 530 5, 710 400 268, 473 | 13, 126 Swwiordtishtseen. seo 8, 023 1, 203 17, 589 2, 462 25, 612 | 3, 665 ROMO Tee Nae ee ak ee ale ee A ley ier a wee et ence | ee oe ee 14, 508 363 Tuna: | BT fin es See ee 3, 765, 496 338, 895 38, 181 3, 245 3,803,677 | 342,140 bell oni 25 ie ee 2, 841, 212 | 255, 709 122, 408 10, 405 2, 963, 620 266, 114 Mixedieee eae oe: se a 385, 463 SONOT Tee oe | ee eee 385, 463 | 35, 077 WWVALTET Co an tees eS aa he Ni atte fn ee ae dais all ered Uae onllae nae 70, 968 | 3, 903 Wik tenses Gai eee ae 136, 235 7, 765 83, 195 4, 160 219, 430 | 11, 925 mvellowtatle =: Hae ie ee ae 1, 353, 045 121, 774 1, 233, 576 104, 854 2, 586,621 | 226,628 Othertishvers es ee eis 165, 437 8 300) ee a Sas Re ea ee 215, 653 10, 089 PROTale ut Clee wes eis 2 219, 269, 039 4, 874, 737 | 28, 126, 068 |1, 013, 528 | 407,417,674 (8, 818, 240 SHELLFISH (Oye oA Re See Se a 2 Se el NR ee OR ee Be ee a a | Be ee eal ee a er ar 3, 234,312 | 269, 526- Shrmpe nse eee el Sa ee oer eee eae eS ae ee Vg te RS WEN ies 1,460,234 146,023 nee crawfish or spiny lobster- -| 293, 401 61, 475 138, 658 27, 732 432, 059 89, 207 ysters: MAS TORN WAT KG hse o5- S| S250 ree a Lesa ie Sans ee eh eee 56, 900 24, 386. Nativesmankete= = 5 eee |e iP Tee Sut eb cake S| eae Aye | eke 25 | 8 Clams: Gockles< 45s eit eee SU ere ore oe na) Gey Re ee | ee i ole ea Oe 399 299 Mixed canes OE eee] 74 49 132 88 9, 265 6, 176 IRism ols sie es seers 80, 796 40N398" see See a | eee 80, 811 | 40, 406. LS 0) Fe Sey a PC 8) Mh pH | eS oS ak eS ee A eat 44,009 | 27, 856 IMIG SSel See see Se seer ee ees 214 Bile | See ae a se | Rene eee 4, 324 | 631 JAM AI OTC ais as oe eo 3, 220 Lf 80ulS. cee ee eee 470, 572 261, 429 Octapigsee => mea 2% Pee ae 196 By Se eS ee |S ee 133, 394 12, 019 BS Gand see ee a epee i es 44, 867 6, 730 18, 445 2, 767 1, 891, 220 119, 167 Ota ee Saeed e938 5 es 422, 768 _ 110, 503 157, 235 30, 587 7, 817, 524 997, 133 WHALE PRODUCTS | Soe} oat (OVI oe a. Oe eee 48, 870 2, 281 Wihalle toile sare eae Sy 1, 525, 733 111, 887 Other whale produets____.___- 1, 108, 833 24, 675 *Pobiler ic. > = See he eee Pest aiken nna EAN a ae 2, 683,436 | 138, 843 Grand) total- 2-2. =-2=22 = 219, 691,807 | 4,985, 240 | 28, 283,303 |1,044,115 | 417, 918, 634 | 9, 954, 216 | ; . , | i ) | | FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 451 Yield of the fisheries by California fishermen in waters off the coast of Mexico, 1925 Species Landed at San Pedro | Landed at San Diego Total FISH Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value PRUNE oe BS eee SL ke 512,748 | $49, 993 9, 233 | $831 521, 981 $50, 824 HOTPRCUGG St sen fo 3H a ke 1,631,427 | 58, 731 428,569 | 12,857 2, 059, 996 — 71, 588 TA NEVER DS oS 20S eo eae 77, 675 1, 631 18, 623 372 96, 298 | 2, 003 sbatbius,. “Calitomia’’=—=2- = -0 ee 168,972 | 28.656 931, 331 121, 073 1,100,303 144, 729 EU gore Sa ok a A RR ied hee = Seed | 3 ee 2, 800 56 2, 800 | 56 DONS US rege ee oe ae eae ee ete oac ne 50 1 50 1 PEICOV Olena ao eae ee 3, 869 97 12, 447 249 | 16, 316 346 REID) fg aa a ee eae | er rs Se ale a aS 15, 156 758 | 15, 156 758 PSE AT ere Se tee eae en | oe eemeeee ke [oe ee 1, 425 627 | 1, 425 | 627 OGRA DSS ees 3, 676 298 16, 548 1, 241 20, 224 | 1, 5389 PRE RSS eer ge ee a 326 15 3, 490 140 3, 816 155 Sea bass: ; L1G e oe a Se ee 4, 696 94 81, 472 1, 222 86, 168 1, 316 White or squeteague - - te 370,254 49, 984 624,418 | 81, 174 994, 672 131, 158 Sheepshead -_ -........--- $2 70 | 1 993 15 | i, 063 16 Skipjack or striped tuna --..| 3,182, 899 159, 145 2, 284, 076 91, 363 | 5, 466, 975 290, 508 Sines, Silbver.— "5-22... Seas 472 | 14 1, 399 28 | 1, 871 mei ba seetey Sas) ees SREREE rey 5 I 1, 483 186 | 1, 433 186 Tuna: | AVG iP Bak onl salt | RE aes as 5, 947,255 | 475,780 , 4,327,023 324,527 | 10, 274, 278 800. 307 [SVs La a OS AT 300 |» SBASh are sae sc aod eee | 41, 390 3, 353 MEE QVEn pA Ses SP ae Se es 222 11 2, 460 98 2, 682 109 SE Og) LES ee ee eee eee 318, 767 | 25, 501 274, 503 20, 588 593, 270 46, 089 SUTHANET LNT G bot es ig nee { 16, 288 | 764 2, 635 153 18, 923 917 ARLE |e SE ee 2 ae ai 12, 284,196 | 849,173 9,043, 091 657, 649 | 21, 327, 287 | 1, 506, 822 SHELLFISH Sea crawfish or spiny lobster_---_._- 19, 363 | 3,931 | 1,034,984 196,647 1, 054, 347 200, 578 lara Ss amni gegen ses eet AE a a 11 | (ay bee ee SO) Pe ee 11 6 POI MOT ED ee 9 cerns ISAS Sah 1d 160 | Mpales 2 she Sete ea. 160 ih Metomwse = seek! eee eae eas 55 | fo (Aer ae oa OF ed EP 55 | 8 ES HS a noel ee 21 | i Rete ee ee aes | 21 1 TN ie AS eee | 19,616 | 4,024 | 1,034,984 | 196,647 | 1,054,594 | 200, 671 (GRAINS Ue (1c) 1721 Nee a a | 12, 303, 806 | 853, 197 | 10, 078, 075 854, 296 | 22,381, 881 | 1, 707, 493 COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST STATES With the presentation in this report of the 1924 and 1925 statistics, there are available four successive sets of annual data on the fisheries ofgthe Pacific Coast States. It seems desirable to bring together these four years’ statistics for ready reference purposes. This is especially desirable because some revisions have been necessary in the data for 1922 and 1923, particularly as regards the oysters, clams, scallops, and mussels. In the first presentation of the statistics there was some confusion in reporting these shellfish, with respect to their poundage on a shell-free basis. In the tables given herewith they are all reported on the basis of pounds of meats without shells. The following statement shows the equivalents used:_ § In all statistical reports of the Bureau of Fisheries it has béen customary to report the oysters, clams, scallops, and mussels on the basis of pounds of meats. Through misunderstanding of the State reports, the 1923 poundage reported (and to a lesser extent that of 1922), included the shells of some of these mollusks. 452 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES | Equivalent } neue weight of Variety tee a | | meats as RE ESTES with Phat given in | table Oysters: Native— | Pounds Pounds Wasbinetont 22 22o- oe. Be eS ae eee PACK case ee 120 | 24 Oregon ‘and: California S2~ =e oe oe a eee ee dosz=-et=-~ 120 | 18 Eastern and Japaneseo= sss eee ee re ue ee ee Bushelaes=-veee a= 70 if Clams | Hard'and cockle: ses 2) ees ae een eee SE eas ote d@ercte Sey 60 & SOft eee ee a a ere ee em ee ee ae tes owe Suns eee | 60 10. Pisin 08 ee er ee a 8 EO gees Pee Le Dozens= = sees 24 RGZOL 28 cata a nos shee ens ete ee eo Bee a eee Sack sweewee =< See 100 36- MUIXGd= =e ae Se he Ne ee ee ee ) Busheles. See eee: | 60 9 Scallops se a ee ee ee Ee ose ce == Sas 40 6 IMGussels 8 23 sc eee ok Se aoe ee Se a ee ee ee lee G0 2-3. se | 60 10: (A BlONG 228 eee Sees se Sa eee ee ee ne Sy ee ee he Dozens sees eeee 50 10 It should be pointed out also that not all of the statistics in this section are strictly comparable. Those for 1922 were collected in a canvass by the bureau’s agents, and those for 1923, 1924, and 1925 were collected largely by the States (which require reports from the various fishing operators) and supplemented with canvassing by the bureau’s agents (see explanation, p. 419). As bearing on the comparability of the statistics collected by various agencies, the records of California for the year 1922, as collected by the California Fish and Game Commission and by the Bureau of Fisheries, may be of significance. The statistics collected by the State agency were secured by means of duplicates of sales slips, which all fish dealers are required to transmit to the State authorities. This gives a bookkeeping record for compilation and must be considered as highly accurate, unless there is some loss through illegibility of slips and failure to transmit slips to the State. We believe these losses to. be negligible. The statistics collected by the bureau were taken by means of a canvass by field agents, who derived most of their informa- tion direct from fishermen and wholesalers and used the State com- pilations to a certain extent. The use of the State figures was limited by the necessity of collecting the data on the catches of each type of gear and each vessel engaged in fishing. As such classification was not available from State compilations, the information was sought ere from operators and consisted largely of estimates of their catches. From the table given herewith, it may be seen that the totals differ by about 1 per cent. The differences of various items exceed 11 per cent in only three cases. Two of these (the carp and catfish) are differences that probably arose from the restriction of the bureau’s canvass to the lower portions of the rivers while the State statistics included the catch from the upper portions of the rivers. The third large difference (in mullet) may be due to confusion of names or to exclusion of the Salton Sea statistics from the State tabulations. The well-known staple fishes were reported in substantially the same amounts by both agencies. In many cases the comparison is closer than would be expected from independent collections of data, and, indeed, the two collections were not wholly independent, for the State figures were used where possible by the bureau’s agents. On the whole, it may be concluded that the statistics are in sufficient agree- Se ae OA) Sa RP Nt I te el SBihiggtia ar 453 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 ment to be comparable within certain limits, and the agreement is closer than would be expected of entirely independent collections of data. Comparison of the collection of fisheries statistics by the California Fish and Game Commission and the United States Bureau of Fisheries } | Per cent | that the 5 iris of . isheries | fee coe | As collected by | statistics Variety | ays 1 the Bureau of | are more | Fish and Game! “Fisheries (+) or less | Commission | * : (—) than | those of the California | | commission lee — ——— ae Pounds Pounds wok UAE TIRE 27000 MN Te a 2 ES SE a See a or 24, 099, 773 | 25, 252, 392 +5 GAA CES SE SR aS eS oe ee ean ae See | 652, 516 652, 516 0 ishhereh arg t= ae Oe Se re eee eee | 6, 250, 218 6, 284, 065 +1 (SiG: Deh Glof ENO eee Rs SR i ee 12, 791, 447 11, 648, 413 —9 WER Os Seen ene eR line a a ER saat a ae Ye ee ee 66, 915 55, 054 2—18 RR Siipee ee ee a Sa Ee 125, 679 | 7, 361 2—94 Ti SSN OS ee eee eS: See ranean 12, 158, 553 11, 692, 376 —4 Rebyey yess eee ie eS Ae ts So esate | 282, 018 314, 176 +11 PIR Genie oe et ee es er 74, 516 78, 763 +6 TSI QGnGig |. =... = eS Re ee eee eae 18, 206 18, 206 | 0 LBS ra eee de SR ne Seti pS Pee ae | 341, 621 341, 614 | 0 LEDs Oe ee EA BE ee ie ee Ee ee ee | 581, 863 579, 754 | 0 SLUESTN X01 6 EASE SR Dee pe eee Se ee ee el 568, 481 569, 821 | 0 VTericD ne ae see eres on Sea 2 i se SO Ae | 2, 495, 928 2, 498, 197 | 0 DF D 2 ee iene 1s 2 0 See 30, 946 148, 628 | 24471 [EMI DED SG Rete PICT OS Spe a eS eee 93, 399, 900 92, 114, 542 | =) UREA eee eee ee te Seceiea st Det See ese sen a2 16, 422 16, 494 | 0 Lee A SL eS Se ee ie Se et eee eee 316, 051 285, 494 | —10 Ea Kali OG gee Oe Ea ey ee ee ES ek 4, 262, 678 4, 219, 650 | —l SSE LRLTEN EIST A Dua wp a ek |Salad tcp SE Pa agate eT 268, 554 268, 905 | 0 Nalmon=) 22+. a ge Tee ee Pe on Sona St a 7, 235, 124 7, 236, 580 | 0 SiG(eU TT ala Seger ne SS Ae is Sei det as Se eae ee 42, 121 44,176 | 0 Sea bass: | Ted silos a: yeni ne enone Bet on oe 97, 354 87, 559 | —10 \WWRESG 2 22 Dogs St Bier a tp Deed WE soe og Re aah 2, 981, 488 2, 904, 054 | —3 SLEGVC|. Ta JG 8 ee ie Sg Sa a 1, 109, 445 1, 133, 270 | +2 Sheepshead. 18, 205 18, 245 | 0 Skates___- 121, 210 121, 753 | 0 Smelt___- $30, 140 728, 406 | —7 Steelhead_ 2, 490 2, 480 0 Striped bass 684, 198 678, 820 —1 Surf fishes__ 237, 634 236, 431 —il Swordfish__ 23, 256 24, 363 | +5 Tomcod-_.- 32, 114 31, 344 —2 dates cee eee ree oe ee re ee nee eee 84, 007 84, 007 0 TUE FECTISIE © © a GAN Be EE) ec ele a | 30, 270 32, 184 | +6 GUA WaT ee Ss ea eS eee Big Sioa tod pe SEAS tA eR | 3, 414, 423 3, 416, 572 | 0 GFA EDeT=Ut EIS ay or <0) ln ea ey a A 279, 651 273, 193 —2 DE CYEEN as eh i Se a i Sl A er oe 176, 025, 413 174, 099, 868 = 1 The material used herewith are the data on 1922 production of fishes, exclusive of salt cod. 2 See discussion in text, p. 452. As the State-collected statistics of California are considered the more reliable of the two sets available, they have been used in the tables given in this section. In those tables requiring the values as well as quantities of California fish the 1922 statistics were omitted because there are no values available for the specific quantities re- ported by the State. The comparative tables that follow give the statistics on fishermen, vessels, and boats for the Pacific Coast States as a whole for the years 1922 to 1925, inclusive, and for each State separately; on quantities and values, by species, of the yield of the fisheries of the Pacific Coast States for the years 1923 to 1925, inclusive; on quantities and values, by species, for Washington and Oregon, 1922 to 1925, inclusive; 454 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES on quantities, by species, for California, 1918 to 1925, inclusive, and on values, by species, for California, for the years 1923 to 1925. Separate tables are given, showing the yield by species, of the fisheries prosecuted by California fishermen off the coast of Mexico and off the coast of California. Comparative statistics of the personnel and fishing craft employed in the fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1922 to 1925 Items Vessel fishery: Fishermen Tonnage Shore fishery: Risheramien <2 San ek Sey FAA eS Le ee 1922 1923 | 1924 1925 | Number Number | Number Number 3, 162 | 3, 932 3, 597 4, 418 526 556 | 560 673 10, 265 11,095 12, 064 13, 361 8,439! 10,309 ~—«‘11, 762 12, 438 4,173 5, 100 5, 727 5, 424 1,041 | 657 676 1,019 Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1923 to 1925 | Species | 1923 1924 1925 ee ere oS Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pounds Value Albacore Sao t= oe ae eee 12, 514, 833 | $1, 627, 193 17, 695, 362 | $1, 828, 812 22, 206, 923 |$2, 333, 600 SAT CHO VICES seat tet ye ee 307, 074 19, 292 346, 951 1, 984 | 123, 919 1, 232 Barracuda Ce ae a 7, 200, 575 575, 285 7, 128, 523 257, 022 8, 005, 601 340, 341 oritt green eee Do ae 1, 115, 247 47, 310 1, 038, 369 29, 130 866, 530 25, 983 Carp See See ee er §32, 312 14, 483 455, 223 12, 930 443, 772 12, 393 oe be SE A Sete San eS eee 130, 516 23, 333 351, 960 51, 977 366, 279 54, 942 od: (Beet tet Ee EES oes | 1, 027 253, 936 6, 584, 819 366,856 | 7, 541, 146 421, 180 74, 260 2, 269; 743 63, 068 2, 811, 858 78, 147 1, 887 489, 639 12, 229 413, 881 3, 809 1S 0A ci ee pe eee ee ere 78, 969 7389 60, 780 1, 519 22, 017 441 Halihute Hoe ese eee 25, 015, 540 3, 319, 876 15, 973, 188 2, 138, 170 19, 256,185 | 2,177, 125 Halibut, “California” ___-___ | 2, 426, 837 392, 749 | 2, 576, 261 348,759 | 2,451,759 | 334,136 ardtidad ss Samet eck ea a | 9, 563 96 19, 023 761 24, 028 961 Herring 22 saw. Ce eee ed | 903, 089 | 10, 124 619, 064 10, 488 1, 535, 617 21, 810 Kanefishms ota eee | 411, 564 | 10, 301 384, 317 8, 892 | 536, 654 12, 868 SPL E COMM eee wee be (1) | (4) 928, 988 40,600 | = 1,.437, 216 64, 005 IMiackeralese eset yma sit 2oaet | 3,592, 446 144,082 | 3, 240, 534 86,834) 3, 522, 419 97, 754 Ving ete eee eee ae | 74, 225 8, 065 61, 971 3, 343 | 36, 807 2, 619 Pilchard or sardine__---______ | 159, 197, 006 704, 280 | 242,685,958 | 2,079,727 | 315, 294, 986 | 2, 087, 756 IPampaAnOwes tae ee ewe 32, 918 13, 298 17, 579 7, 855 | 10, 536 4, 808 Rock assets pees awe SORTED 357, 269 30, 301 466, 208 38, 876 330, 285 28, 543 ack fishes dee) seed ee Ae 6, 136, 813 294, 977 5, 051, 200 223,231 | 5, 927, 306 284, 248 Sablplshe ssa ee eee 3, 014, 772 156,871 | 2,989,185 | 146,001 | 3,512,464 | 210, 512 ror. heo(ai4 Seen eee om nee Seen | 106, 089,172 | 7, 208, 526 | 101,960,651 | 7,825,101 | 139, 848, 020 |10, 149, 961 Sei pitie eee ear oF Wi oe | 60, 466 6, 046 109, 070 10, 213 226, 456 22, 419 Sea bass: | BiaGk 2 3s Sosa Soe 226, 995 22, 168 231, 404 | 4, 163 189, 072 3, 602 White, or squeteague 2, 520, 263 224, 869 1, 515, 584 185, 086 1, 920, 295 252, 144 Shadkte Pa Gs hay 1, 778, 009 66,870 | 2,716,081 | 87,054 | 3,711,112 | 141,585 Sheepshead =e = a= = 31, 628 639 24, 267 493 48, 811 1, 058 Skates oe wat et as eee 141, 198 791 141, 316 2, 070 184, 771 3, 651 Skipjack or striped tuna______, 11, 462, 522 298,085 | 3, 780, 971 179,210 | 14,235,089 | 751, 609 melt: Silver e040 ah be a! ete 22.1073 .7860 43, 661 1, 179, 418 86, 401 977, 333 61, 270 Mplachon sa Meenas | 1, 188,390 11,882 | 1, 210, 153 12,103 | 1, 557,940 23, 193 SO SOLES Peete eee Sr eathes 9 | 7,205, 939 290, 268 9, 101, 728 315, 795 8, 995, 969 341, 732 Steelhead trout____.-.--___-_- | 4, 259, 527 301,505 | 4, 835, 099 270, 894 | 4,026,070 | 282, 840 Striped bass___...------_-_-_- 909, 573 90, 957 661, 777 87, 493 843,773 | 116, 628 Sturgeon ss sis 2s ek ee 208, 178 16, 726 261, 712 16, 930 281, 129 17, 976 Suri sishes=o sos eee | 394, 792 20, 638 332, 865 15, 961 348, 929 18, 881 Swordhehtecs!: iin a en 11, 691 1, 468 31, 833 3, 610 27, 045 3, 851 Homeod nas ie nds EA 47, 551 3, 754 42, 948 982 14, 508 363 una: lien £2 oh eee 2 eee a 3, 301, 087 165, 885 3, 241, 110 291, 306 3, 803, 677 342, 140 Vellowtme 8s set eenen 10, 836, 925 600,412 | 3, 063, 398 244,389 | 13, 237, 898 | 1, 066, 421 Vixed 2 Widnthed S25 289 73 | 662, 370 35, 471 546, 538 48, 577 426, 853 38, 430 1 Included with rockfishes, er. ed < PS th nina ea penie nt ibd a pindnici Soten nota = Sele «each FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 455 Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1923 to 1925—Continued Species 1923 1924 | 1925 | | FIsH—continued | Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value WarHtopaiye oe 2 oo 67, 818 $1, 356 122, 483 $2, 449 | 70, 968 $3, 903 * Mu LM AN To a Se eee 39, 908 | 2, 089 273, O77 14, 391 222, 112 12, 034 alawiaiios: = 2022 o 3, 979, 611 | 217, 050 4, 714, 149 375, 156 3, 179, 891 272, 717 Otnerrcheeene 22 ose | 237, 073 9, 762 376, 640 18, 658 252, 852 11, 495 MBOt ees eat | 387, 358, 947 | 17,363, 666 | 451, 909, 112 | 17,857,499 | 595, 309, 788 /22, 539, 174 SHELLFISH | CSD Ses eee eee | 2 588, 748 | 253, 87 3, 085, 814 224,668 | 4, 708, 858 370, 008 Cen See Nal ee eee ae | 141, 800 12, 000 12, 200 966 | 128, 250 12, 255 Sea crawfish or spiny lobster_| 1, 092, 858 225,656 | 1,027,312 199, 650 1, 486, 406 289, 785 Sania pe seece he a | 1,148,015 | 71,305 | 1, 589, 098 160,811 1,495,995 | 151, 386 Clams: Wocki-=c-<- 2° 2. 4,815 3, 973 845 571 399 299 Hard nes OG oa SS aS 79, 825 17, 276 | 204, 212 26, 659 | 221, 585 36, 299 Mixed a eee a= 3, 877 | 2, 076 7, 407 3, 333 | 9, 276 6, 182 SING aes rea 8S 59, 487 16, 656 73, 287 35, 178 80, 811 40, 406 LTO es Seen aes 430, 698 53, 839 557, 084 | 77, 874 982, 019 137, 837 Si) ii Soe ae ee eee 52, 469 125752 DOmuToN 18, 447 | 64, 137 “31, 575 ip ithe cS See Se 10, 004 3, 002 8, 204 | 1,119 4, 324 631 Oysters: | ASTOR Seen = S55 SS 113, 764 62, 319 88, 700 | 45, 938 67, 232 33, 994 PRE Vee Abed eh er 696, 240 327, 970 661,770 | 346, 752 673, 066 354, 350 apanese keke ss 9, 800 7, 000 15, 680 9,997 | 28, 000 16, 000 RPBUODS ees sree A. eee Ee Spe 4, 200 | 1,155 | 6, 000 1, 650 PML OHG © feee sen Be SS 317, 547 60, 367 449, 362 249, 646 470, 732 261, 507 Octopus Se ae 162, 670 12, 599 | 270, 825 | 9, 707 239, 019 18, 450 ‘STG (Sie ee Doe 2 a eee 1, 180, 446 7, 680 6, 831, 029 | 409, 350 1, 891, 220 119, 167 OmhenshellAshias a os 1, 270 77 363 | 28 4,121 186 \ | | TR Fil ig es eae 8, 094, 333 1, 150, 426 14, 942,567 | 1,821, 849 12, 561, 450 | 1, 881, 967 WHALE PRODUCTS Spermap ilar te eee 362, 835 19, 782 67, 875 3, 620 | 135, 495 6, 901 Wihalesoilsa oto essa: 6, 019, 793 407, 950 4, 403, 963 314, 475 | 1, 667, 858 128, 257 Other whale products --_---_- 3, 114, 000 100, 306 2, 373, 500 | 54,771 | 1,318, 833 29, 225 Mobabeaet ot 2) 9, 496, 628 528,038 | 6,845,338 | 372,866 | 3,122,186 | 159,383 i De et Grand total___________- 404, 949, 908 | 19, 042, 130 | 473, 697, 017 | 20, 052, 214 | 610, 993, 424 |24, 580, 524 } Comparative statistics of the personnel and fisheries craft employed in the fisheries of Washington, 1922 to 1925 1922 1923 1924 | 1925 1 Items | ; | | | | | Vessel fishery: | Number Number | Number Number FEISLAYEI oe; adhoc 2 Ge ee SU fA ete ae 1,811 1, 945 | 1,639 | 2, 338 ERC IGES NE EO RS oe 313 267 | 217 303 A TTTG ot re Le epee Se Re ee ka eee | 6, 330 6, 980 6,175 7,931 Shore fishery: Peis isetni oiilee eee eee ee ee ote | 3,109 3, 454 | 4,551 | 5, 055 LPT 0) ie ae Se ee ee eee 1,158 1,751 2,036 1, 945 LRG YES REL An ee ee 248 289 | 261 330 | | 456 Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of Washington, 1922 to 1925 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Species 1922 1923 1924 1925 FISH | | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value penis Se a ee eran 375, 160} $12, 054) aoe ae 379,258 $11,376 286,137} $8, 584 MUASH: . 2.2 SJusyetes SalG_ saa eo abies 230 fob. 162| sees = apse ie eee [ee en * Cod: Freshs. 202 2io-2 = (1) (1) a () Qe eas ae 1,027 Diy salbed eee ae see 1,175,875} 86,395) 3,680,711) 184,036 3,700,791 176,815| 4,125,538] 183,456 Flounders! Sees 85,211 2,454 195, 600) 4,092} 188,273) 3, 778 260, 665 6, 678 Grayfishos= 6,359 22) 59, 400 85 97,005, 247 41,549 86 Halibuts22 =. 3 2, 18, 467, 49911, 904,915, 24, 151, 374/3, 183, 820/15, 329, 5692, 040,881) 18, 516, 341)2, 079, 833 Herring 2222 2td= eeres 260, 338 2, 605 425, 389 4,254 183, 444 1,836 669, 843 4,495 Toingeodee se 1 Om 1 (1) 476, 926) 15, 025 695,494) 21,413 Rockfishes--_....-._--- 2361,082} 29,234) 2579,259) 217,097]. 295,187; 10,715 442,500) 17,321 Bablofish Bhi en 1,021,700) 42,866| 2,226,480, 112,074] 1,894,527 103,394) 2,442,400, 167, 128 almon: | Blueback or sock- | | Ohi Se eet eee 5,104,380, 543,743) 3,664,245) 514,257| 5,052,576| 658,923) 10, 211, 758/1, 296, 596 Chincok=== == 10, 969, §02| 946,422) 13,217, 424)1, 374, 204/24, 697, 911 2,086, 769; 23, 756, 404|2, 291, 041 Chums sors 6, 319, 808} 137,180) 8,791,085} 190, 158/12,219,145, 253,973] 11,492,502) 261,319 Humpback..--__---- 144, 683 5,262) 33,096,940) 960,590) 498,250, 22,932) 35,308, 7701, 290, 554 Sil Veneie eee 14, 816,994) 546,495) 12,950,359! 473,258/16, 158,108) 930,501) 15, 194,897/1, 031, 258 SFY \G EAE eae be dk SEE 48,039 769) 88, 767 2,710) 193,442 1, 940 254, 610 5, 086 pees Seen ts 8 4,227 27 7,210 74 10, 179 103 1, 287 26 melt | | Silversea 238,414) 19, 046 267,356] 19,512; 457,506 45,750, 225,664! 20,317 Eulachon_______-_- 1, 154, 002 11, 542) 911, 195 9, it 983, 353) 9,835| 1,249,264 18,841 rapOle es eae ee eee 130, 886 3, 931 119, 904 3, 637 266, 377| 7, 986 231,191} 10,229 Steelhead trout_____-__- 475, 687 34/075 1,400,973] 100, 902| 1,143,453! 66,439] 1,718,786) 113,399 Stureoness 22 267,782} 18,670 84, 057 6, 798) 86, 205 6,109 119, 799) 7,799 ae ee pene eee ee 50, 927 2,616 53, 743 2, 224; are 2, 194| 80, 456, 5, 755 INCOM ee een ee tees iil ES a een tee 784 13} 42 A) eee | SR Other fish222 22-2 1,660,143 89 IE Rb D 2.45: | | eee opal eee as too 61,480, 438/4, 331, 376 106, 357, 279|7, 174, 483 84, 355, 805 6, 457, 525]127, 326, 882/8, 841, 267 SHELLFISH | | | } | Grabs: sobs a: bie eed 1,172,092} 59,221) 1,153,665} 57, 683 1, 145, 587 66, 578 952,345 65,080 euHip me geo eae 62,000! 7,439 34,657] 4, 504 38,012! 5, 702| 35, 761 5,363 ams: | TEV Me pe tik Pel pear 92,433, 11,424 79,825] 17, 276 203, 412 26,479, 221,585] 36,299 0 AZ ORS ea aeee | 949,086) 106,905 381, 268 47, 659 524, 205) 72, 842) 892,887| 123, 992 ysters: | asterl= ee 22 ne 45,332) 34,668 44, 954 38, 235 36,022} - 23,362 10, 332 9, 608 INST Os ore ees 554, 640) 251,400 681,840} 323,770, 650,700, 342,447 663,348) 350,042 : Bees seen eeroee 35,336] 27,131 9,8 O00) a 15; Sao a pe eee 16,000 CAMODS ooo 2 aoe ee eel Se ae ae ee ee (ee 4,2 , 155) Onfopusin sus ten 790, 295 640| 52,377} ‘1,573| 104,534| 3,137) + 105,570| «6, 428 Trepang or sea cucum- | | Derssae ae eee ee ag jaa See id ieee Beet 88 Fe aed ots ae ae es eee 4,100 185 Ota se eee 2,931,144) 498,828) 2,438,386) 497, 700) 2,722, 352| 551,699} 2,919,928} 614, 642 WHALE PRODUCTS | | | | | | Sperm Oil =e ee | 260, 625) 12,163 347,250) 18,500 67, 875 3, 620) 86, 625 4,620 Whale sony sea ee | 1,762,500) 94,000} 1,375,500} 91,500) 1,471,875 98,125, 142,125| 11,370 Other whale products_- i 130, 000. 30, 180 744,000) 18,510, 606,000, 12,488 210, 000 4,550 Topaleee es | 3,153,125, 136,343] 2,466,750, 128,510, 2,145,750) 114,233 438, 750| 20, 540 Grand total. ----- 67, 564, 707 4, 966, 547|111, 262, 41517, 800, 693.89, 223, 907 7, 123, 457/130, 685, 560|9, 476, 449 | | | | 1 Included with rockfishes. 2 Includes fresh cod and ‘‘lingeod.’”’ Comparative statistics of the personnel and fishing craft employed in the fisheries of Oregon, 1922 to 1925 Items 1922 1923 1924 Vessel fishery: Number | Number Number LOGY sc} te (25 6 eR en em A pee LATS CaS Ene ae 20 15 25 Messels@ 83 2x hart Sar ase) eee aes tok Ae SIA 4 | 3 6 Monn ages 5. Fl eas eee apn WORE Ie EN | 48 44 68 Shore fishery: Hishermen esos ee ee oe eae 3, 999 4, 230 4, 335 ACME ChE ORES ere Seng ee ee = oe, Ce oie aera tc 2, 042 2, 178 OW MOSES Be aoe eet ee ete ee ao ee 501 233 283 ——— Bad, i. —— ee ee —— FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 457 Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of Oregon, 1922 to 1925 | Species 1922 1923 1924 - : =| < FISH Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds (SUC ioe ES Sea a Re ee Seen eee [een eeeeeee WEI GIS ROR set tec ons) eae tea| ooo qe <= ae 5, 000 S150| See LET 1 a 239,095) $20,567) 864,166) 136,056) 510, 977) UTUN ge) te, ea sel REE Bees Sean Se Fe eee 93, 750 16876 cone RIP COG. one ae 21, 198 513 77, 500 2,325) - 51, 630) Roekfishes--.....-_-.---- 2, 270) 88| 62,510/ ‘1,875; 39, 223) SOUR ae ee 57, 108 2,528} 250,000} 12,500) 161,348 Salmon: Blueback or sockeye- 935, 789} 114,980! 2,085,031) 278,837) 436, 340, 12, 650, 132) 757, 546/17, 360, 898|2, 430, 544 19, 605, 761 2, 352, 669 128, 385) 1,413) 1, 136, 268 13, 126| 2, 998, 456 4,378,922) 125,428] 6,716, 662) 335, 430 10, 278, 835) 578, 003 11, 332} 403, 859 6,072} 9838, 422) 217, a50 2, 174 277, 195 Pau Al 226, 800. 25 1 bce A eS De ee 1, 820, 734) 136, 802| 2, 855, 543) 200, 181) 3, 604, 558 Sturgeon.....-..._..-..-.| 216,765] 13, 257| 124,121, 9,928] 175, 507| SRE 5 ESCO TOONS Si gia UBS Sel eee 15, 000) 750 AB syed ctey lp eee S aeiraie \52 52 ls| RST | 5, 000. 400, SLD eS eae 5, 343 Dif lea shee {pen Beate 4} A 5, SS a 121, 251, 119)1, 186, 896 32, 312, 503 3, 432, 821/39, 072, 857 SHELLFISH CWS ee ee ee | 730, 802} 36,499) 359, 283 47,737, 433,411 CTA ETS Chee tie oA Rea na 68, 935 9, 226 141,800 12,000 12, 200 ‘Clams: TECTIA) pee Se lee re 58, 720 7, 290. 49, 430, 6, 180 32, 879 SVD i) eM a a re ee ag 13, 800 8, 278 5, 286) 1, 429 14, 621 Lies Deg fe Soe a a al a eR a eS WIS een = en 800 ‘Oysters, native__-.._-_-__ 11, 250 3, 750 14, 400 4, 200 11, 070 BYGiAG) AY ays ee eS ee [age a ese |. Sosy eee 71) inte eek “hs Ea ga di ae | $83,507| 65,043) 570,270) 71, 550| 504, 981 Grand total -_..._. 2, 134, 626|1, 251, 939/32, 882, 773'3, 504, 371 | | 1925 Value | Pounds Value PRR Aa Se 62,700; $1,881 $81,373) 577,742) 75, 713 8,067} 347,592) 17,271 52,356] 352,799) 42,336 21, 420, 267)2, 357, 695 29, 986) 2, 338, 345, 34, 082 411, 154/10, 246, 525) 625, 360 10, 561) 1,016,776) 31, 381 2,268) 308, 676 4, 352 2, 243 112 197, 053) 2,307, 062) 169, 410 6, 000 600 10,821, 161,330) 10,177 Sek see |e 3, 159, 029 39, 237, 945/3, 372, 845 31,474) 522,201) 35, 402 966, 128,250] 12, 255 | ele at oi 2 eee 44,588) 769,404 69, 521 39, 577, 838)3, 203, a, 007, 349 3, 442, 366 California, 1922 to 1925 ‘Comparative statistics of the personnel and fishing craft employed in the fisheries of Items 1922 1923 1924 1925 Vessel fishery: Number Number Number Number LG Gretta Oe es Se ee eee 1, 321 1, 972 1, 933 2. 044 \SUESCH Rae 1 Sant be 5 ee ee eet ee ee 209 285 337 362 SGHHAPGLeaee eee So ne eet 8S es 3, 887 4, 071 5, 821 5, 350 Shore fishery: Ig i@iniGik 250 ee 2 eet ee ee 3, 136 2, 625 2, 876 2, 474 Power boats 1, 297 1, 307 1, 513 1, 255 Rains. 5 SRE AS ie ee ee) ae ee 292 135 132 150 Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of California, 1918 to 1925 Species 1918 1919 i Pounds Pounds LaCie. ee ee 7, 265, 422 13, 630, 899 PEMEH OMICS meee moe Fy te TSA 867, 851 1, 609, 548 ECC ieee ae eee 4, 837, 594 5, 824, 957 LE). 5 Oe Sa ee ee ae ee ee 2, 440, 831 3, 504, 041 CHT Ds x ae ee eee ee eae ae 312, 774 261, 388 CEG) tases San he ea le Ee PO a ee | 204, 876 164, 856 OU NGIY SANE see nas eK nee eee ees 4, 713, 018 2, 086, 200 LONG EVEVG FE Sao ha Sie a oe ee ee ee 2, 574, 108 1, 147, 584 GRR iin Sa loa ee ES Bee ae ee eee es | 403, 093 612, 683 PEEK Ga phe erga tee Be Set Dado oes 218, 672 133, 181 PERU eee eee ee ee a eee ee (1) (1) 1 Included with halibut, ‘‘ California.” 1920 1921 Pounds Pounds 18, 876, 647 15, 276, 727 569, 774 1, 946, 881 8, 201, 335 7, 625, 162 873, 498 320, 737 134, 420 102, 126 112, 365 148, 116 2, 473, 800 805, 383 1, 204, 252 1, 077, 886 811, 349 539, 333 141, 981 90, 218 (1) (1) 458 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of California, 1918 to 1925—Con. Species | 1918 1919 1920 1921 Fise_ee nr sues Pounds Pounds Pounds | Pounds Halibut, “Californias. oe- nae = eo een eee 4, 753, 691 4, 859, 498 4, 444, 890 3, 795, 757 5 age te 0 eal MG te We -alac ee pec) ae ae 27, 861 | 49, 291 13, 323 | 75, 811 RCREING 2S. - = ee te aa ee ee eee ee 7, 938, 280 4, 289, 899 274, 364 | 542, 124 Gin pTISH 2.53 eee See eae oe 975, 095 | 609, 175 461, 459 391, 085: Sing codgs tees a ose ee ee See eee 915, 836 1, 063, 136 687, 954 425, 543. Miackerblcc. 25. eS a eee 4, 076, 084 | 2, 702, 682 3, 048, 040 2, 975, 259 INTC G8 Ses ee re ee eS 91, 402 9, 199 17, 603 28, 955: Pilchard; ,orjsardine: +e: 2 ee 157, 652,811 | 153,877,179 | 118, 520, 914 | 59, 323, 305 Bont panoessetce 25-325. ia oekel oe seen 24, 260 | 61, 424 30, 357 | 16, 703 ROCKS D ASS itm oe ote Ba sie ee Etre pn a les ee 783, 864 | 450, 229 219, 380 — 363, 856 ROC SNesse Sess Sass sh ela ae St eee ee 7, 889, 838 5, 333, 313 5, 600, 848 | 4, 687, 879 Sablefish tax. b Jee se a ee eS ree | 498, 937 | 334, 950 781, 032 | 1, 022, 642 Salmons s2¢3 Ga. Bose Se ee ce oe | 13,026,076 | 13, 145, 553 11, 133, 819 | 7, 990, 932 Scull pint ae ee ea Ee Ae oe eee eee 28, 404 | 25, 432 35, 674 | 58, 380: Sea bass: IBA Ck pest pe) - ot ee aie =e en ee ae 248, 795 | 185, 270 148, 037 | 127, 431 WHERE ESI eae ee Be eet 1, 683, 603 | 2, 520, 210 2, 660, 984 | 2, 643, 398: S00: (0 See T = OLE a aE Seat ot ha we eet 2, 383, 635 | 1, 573, 738 1, 409, 768 | 862, 897 Sheepsherd 4222. ose eS ee See oe 22, 978 17, 972 14, 567 | 23, 925 Skates = 54. Shenae Ser a ee bee ee 246, 231 | 252, 776 88, 931 | 60, 164 Ship jackss= 52 ene he ee ee ee ee ae oe 3, 023, 847 | 6, 897, 484 7, 957, 427 | 1, 138, 993 Smelt t aes sare ee ee eb os el gales 796, 984 756, 980 744, 187 | 765, 073 SES OL 2 ee noon he oy ee Pe Oy 7, 027, 767 | 5, 528, 685 3, 821, 748 | 4, 870, 870 Steelhenditrout =o eee os See eee 21,819 17, 217 6, 999 | 3, 605 SUBD ECNP ASS Hea Stee ee ae Rae 1, 407, 841 762, 345 671, 747 €01, 614 Sania fishest ties: tet weet Ape we Si eet oe 8 198, 167 191, 341 181,131 | 242, 774 SwWOranish mie aoe. 2s eee LT Pie ph ae ah 18, 442 18, 252 ibsiates| 14, 803 ROTC OG Sr So See eS ea ee 48, 536 31, 310 37, 237 | 41, 77 Tuna: plueiine "5-24 fe Se OS ee eS. se Seiten 14, 990, 860 10, 530, 272 2, 031, 648 NGM ib oleae sae Oe oe ace een al ee ee eee | 348, 081 1, 965, 024 | 1, 237, 616 IW (ec |S aa ET PS 9 Ea ee | 6, 240, 971 | 2, 461, 311 5, 482, 574 1, 552, 845 Waite Daxts=-<* e-A0o eet ae a es Fe 135, 857 5, 915 678 5, 229 VOWS) ESTOS LS EET Re SY SR Se ae ee eer a wee 27, 261 13, 711 | 29, 439 Micllowitailine sere S ie 18 Sag ae 2 ee cel 11, 798, 205 5, 905, 265 2, 704, 937 2, 490, 796 AO Ghiersishise oak 2k 5s oe ead 858, 774 654, 745 680, 695 | 1, 358, 748 Se ee eee dl Noy EN ee i OS ee ee 258, 683,130 | 258,033,315 | 217,793,245 | 129, 734, 447 SHELLFISH | VC SBEEY OS AIPA ge hen an a BW Eye ph eh 1, 618, 992 | 1, 305, 024 1, 220, 568 800, 952: SDNY LODSECIS =o eee ts See | 930, 827 | 1, 089, 465 1, 189, 776 1, 277, 848. SRrimp Sao s Sh oe eat 2 ee Cee eee See 722, 178 | 813, 035 818, 042 909, 844 Clams: | | Cockle S2e,3 25 ptr Ae ee) es ce) 5, 991 | 3, 304 2, 407 1, 934 Mixed 22: 5 Sees 2a) 2 eee 19, 363 | 9, 912 11, 981 8, 975 FRIST OS sed a ee ee eet Or Sita rate: ot 166,421 © 104, 379 74, 754 54, 877 $0) ee ae Sh I Ea REN es sl Shr SE 52, 174 | 50, 429 38, 854 36, 100 IVITIBSCL GS: 2: +. ROR 2 oot Ih ees 8, 053 5, 849 5, 519 1, 533 Oysters: Hastennes eee co at ees es yr eee me 136, 137 | 151, 543 112, 116 76, 712 INSUIVGS = sesso ee ee ee ee 5, 892 13, 793 8, 961 1,014 3X) OF: 10) 21 a ee ea Se 2 Se NS, keen Rene 120, 584 | 151, 841 180, 365 297, 853 Octopusie5 se Sh eee ees 32, 739 | 21, 492 70, 740 56, 266 SCWIGe 5 SEP Bi oo bee. | ee a 361, 714 | 3, 698, 242 508, 219 432, 559 Other shellfish 21, 031 269, 722 96, 836 4, 062 PE GUS Lipo ets a Ameo eee I eer sh re 4, 202, 096 | 7, 688, 030 4, 339, 138 3, 960, 529 DORM ROM eg Se cee cero 8 a ae Pre ae As SE Se en RS a | PO 13, 125 9, 375 Whale oil 3, 120, 000 4, 425, 000 1, 561, 065 Other whale products 1, 500, 000 2, 390, 000 696, 000 motel: ches. Se Eh A eee ee 22, 500 4, 620, 000 6, 828, 125 2, 266, 440 Grand :total2 5-27 ee ee Sab | 262,907,726 | 270,341,345 | 228, 960, 508 135, 961, 416 ae a FISHERY 1N Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries of California, 1918 to 192 DUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 459 5—Con. Species 1922 1923 1924 a 1925 a A ee = | a ISH Pounds | Pounds Pounds | Pounds Weel ce Soe ee 13, 231, 823 12, 514,833 | 17, 695,362 | 22, 206, 923 Anchovies__ 652, 516 307, 074 346, 951 } 123, 919 Barracuda_- 6, 250, 218 7, 200, 575 7, 128, 523 | | 8, 005, €01 SM seseaed ee eee 929, 065 | 1, 115, 247 1 038, 369 | 866, 530 die ee SS ee ee eee 66,913 | 148, 607 75, 965 | 94, 935 UME les see Se 2 SS a eee 125, 679 129, 286 351, 960 | 366, 279 LED PE SSCS IL ai eS ee 1, 680, 000 1, 398, 000 rs 884, 028 | 3, 415, 608 5 aS 3 ne ans 1, 711, 733 1, 873, 883 2, 081, 470 | 2, 551, 193 LSICS HSL) 5 gee 5 ee 282, 018 360, 363 392, 634 | 372, 332 ea peer REN 22k Oe es Se 74, 516 78, 969 60, 780 | 22, 017 TE! SAO Geb rs Saee See Dae Sa eT Ee eee eae ae 1) (1) 132, 637 162, 102 Pile Coliferninn ne 22 ee eee 3, 403, 484 2, 426, 837 2, 576, 261 2, 451, 759 Hardhe; ad ee Seat Re te SS Ie eee Dee 2 18, 206 9, 563 19, 023 | 24, 028 TUMUN NUE G hee ge oe dd ene ee ee ee ee 341, 621 383, 950 435, 620 | 865, 774 DUNG LS le See eS a Pe Fe oer ee ogee 581, 863 411, 564 384, 317 | 536, 654 S.Lby 3 (0 6 | AS eS Sc ae ae a 568, 481 | 467, 300 400, 432 | 683, 130 Wi wit les Seis SES Sale eee 2, 495, 928 3, 592, 446 3, 240, 534 | 3, 522, 419 SURE ee oo eee eee oe ee Ry de 30, 946 74, 225 61, 971 | 36, 807 LET PELE Wio LARS 6 Ba 61: oo a ee gs 93, 399, 900 | 159,197,006 | 242,685,958 | 315, 294, 986 Ue EERO Dia Wet ae se whe ees SS eens 16, 422 | 32, 918 17, 579 | 10, 536 TRC PLE Dee Se hea So ee nr | 316, 051 357, 269 466, 208 330, 285 RAI SHOS So ora te ee er ee oe 4, 262, 678 | 4, 956, 244 4, 716, 790 | 5, 453, 510 Reis eeerenmaetibee Ls SoC erm a Lo A 268, 554 538, 292 933, 310 722, 472 CS DUPE et ay ie tile ha paleo 2 ie is 235, 124 7, 090, 260 10, 015, 269 | 9, 525, 753 SUSU CUTIES ea Bein Ne pees hsp eal pee ee ae 42, 121 | 60, 466 109, 070 | 226, 456 Sea bass: ELS UCL EE a at 2 Bip Se a a pe Fie a Se ae ee eR 97, 354 226, 995 231, 404 | 189, 072 White_____ 2, 981, 488 2, 520, 263 1, 515, 584 | 1, 920, 295 Rhee BCRP E CAC TSS 2 etme es. koe A 1, 109, 445 1, 285, 383 1, 539, 217 2, 439, 726 Sheepshead 18, 205 31, 628 24, 267 48, 811 SSURD FEGich Saat LD beable ila eb ae Sie eed nape ger 121, 210 133, 988 131, 137 183, 484 SUS CT OCs as Oe Se ee ae See at eee. 11, 862, 382 11, 462, 522 3, 780, 971 14, 235, 089 ‘SUERTED hp SUR BA soe | ai 9 RMS os 1 830, 140 806, 380 721, 912 751, 669 2 S)F1CE Oe tee 2p Bs Se a 0 0 SE Pig 7, 043, 336 7, 086, 035 8, 835, 351 8, 762, 535 EEE INBAMSEROt boos ee oe ee a | 2, 490 3, O11 87, 088 eee, DiPAPEUHOASS eee et Se oe a yl | 684, 198 909, 573 661, 777 837, 773 DYSIE HRS HES os amen Man Ol eee SU Ue | 237, 634 326, 049 288, 969 | 268, 473 Rimoelhishie- ee eel ele yo ee ee ee | 23,250) 11, 691 31, 833 27, 045 AD STUNT yo Bee ce ea i Bil a oe a oe ee BB 32, 114 | 41, 767 42, 524 14, 508 Tuna: TREE GU ER ETC Si cate a eek ON Si re OP a ent a | 2, 838, 193 | 3, 301, 087 3, 241, 110 3, 803, 677 SEM OW oe eee eee eee Rea St 7,337,405 | 10,836,925 3, 063, 398 13, 237, 898 Rial eee ere ge een EE Re ee 692, 352 662, 370 546, 538 | 426, 853 PUB ARG =t fat ee een rs ee 84, 007 67, 818 122, 483 70, 968 Si UNCLES Fie ae eS eae aE a ES See ee 30, 270 39, 908 273, 077 222, 112 REPL a DV All ee ene ee cue ee AN ee 3, 414, 423 | 3, 979, 611 4,714, 149 3, 179, 891 OTRAS Tle eee en ee, ce 7, SE Re nn ee 279, 651 | 236, 984 376, 640 252, 852 ToT ee ental | 177,705,413 | 248,689,165 | 328,480,450 | 428, 744, 961 SHELLFISH Crabs 5S SS de re eee | 860, 328 1, 075, 800 1, 506, 816 3, 234, 312 1, 016, 776 1, 092, 858 1, 027, 312 1, 486, 406 990, 349 1, 113, 358 1, 551, 086 1, 460, 234 4, 2C8 4,815 | 845 399 5, 294 3, 877 | 7,407 9, 276 48, 373 59, 487 73, 287 80, 811 57, 210 | 47, 183 | 40, 554 44, 009 7,312 | 10, 004 8, 204 4, 324 74, 325 | 68, 810 52, 678 56, a 312, 087 | 317, 547 449, 362 470, = 98, 588 110, 222 166, 291 133, 449 209, 641 1, 180, 446 | 6, 831, 029 dF 891, 220 12, 696 1, 270 363 21 3, 697, 187 | 5, 085, 677 11, 715, 234 8, 872, 118 ———SSS =— 37, 875 daha shi na a ee es 48, 870 6, 862, 500 4, 644, 293 | 2, 932, 088 al 525, 733 3, 136, 000 2, 370, 000 1, 767, 500 i 108, 833 PANU Het oye oe ea i rte byt Spd Bere a SE 10, 036, 375 7, 029, 878 pete 699, 588 2, 683, 436 CN AMIOLGUAL es noes ene he ee 191, 438,975 | 260, 804, 720 344, 895, 272. 272 440, 300, 415 460 Comparative statistics of the value of the yield of the fisheries 1925 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES of California, 1923 to Species 1923 1924 | 1925 FISH PAIDAGORG - — «3-25 a eee san SE ee ee ee $1, 627,193 | - $1, 828, 812 $2, 333, 600. AM ChOVI0S. = J SReaess SERE - EAR See eae 19, 292 1,984 | 1, 232, PES ANTS CUA 25 oe ee ee 575, 285 | 257, 022 340, 341 BONLGO =» = 5 ee a a ee Se sos Se 47, 310 29, 130 25, 983: Carp. 2s 22-25 sae en aoe een eee eames a ES 2, 972 1, 554 1, 928 HEHE. eae IE Reet Pe es 23, 271 51, 977 54, 942: Ood, ary Salted ss l22e 2-3 _ 5.2 Oe See eee ee ee. 69, 900 | 190, 041 237, 724 Blound ors 2s2348 ease. oes ae ee ae ee eee 70,018 | 59, 290 | 71, 469 Grayfish-_. <2 Sr etn 2 ee ee ee ee 1,802 | 11, 982 3, 723 LS «Bape OD id) 1 een Dene ene Le SRRERM AE Yee INES Ad 789 | 1, 519 441 ialipape ses 2a Oe Ue. a SE Oe ae BO ee ee () 15, 916 21, 579: Halibut; << 'Calitormigits 2-2 ke ee aS 392, 749 348, 759 334, 136 Havitead’. 22 St see 7) See ee FT A Ae eae 96 761 961 | 1ST EC ea Se oe Se a SL SE 3, 994 8, 602 17,315 DQ Oe = a eo ee eae oe es eee SE | 10, 301 8, 892 | 12, 868 SEINE COG = ose sek ey a eee are RE op 23, 366 24, 026 40, 975 iWaeK ere) fe 52 48 Vee Sk ee a Sa a eee 144, 082 86, 834 97, 754 MGM G Gees: 22 SS Ot see 7s Peo TE ee ee et 8, 065 3, 343 | 2, 619» 704, 280 2, 079, 727 2, 087, 756 13, 298 7, 855 4,808. 30, 301 38, 876 28, 543 250, 314 | 211, 344 266, 069- 32, 297 34, 540 26, 118 638,122 | 1, 025, 838 919, 720 6, 046 10, 213 22,419: Black. _ Sites s bees = 7a ees ee 22, 168 | 4, 163 3, 602 AVAGO 2 Fo eee Be a = sk i ane Re LEI Ee 224, 869 185, 086 252, 144 Sine eno TAR Ra re EER ay ee 58, 088 74, 553 105, 118 BHGOHSHOAG A =) UmPan 22 o.- Reta ie eens Ee ee 639 493° | 1, 058 SAL CSRS RIE Ae 2 ae 5 Eee 717 1, 937 3, 625 {SH Of) ee 1 rr 2 a ae See Oe ee ee, is) Pee eae 298, 085 | 179, 210 781, 609 MMGlis Sven: sew ee aes = OR Oe a os Ee 24, 149 40, 651 40, 953 SIO) CEA SERN, eS SRN BE SS ree aE Us SE oS ee a 286, 631 307, 809 331, 391 BLreciierGd: troutseens et. - Ae ee ee eee ee eee 452 7, 402 | 31 Striped! bass. lee wets fone em ee Sek i | 90, 957 87, 493 | 116, 028 Swi alsl CRESS SS Se ae 6 Ws eee eo Se | 17, 664 13, 767 | 13, 126 1, 468 3, 610 3, 851 3, 341 978 363. 165, 885 291, 306 342, 140: 600, 412 | 244, 389 1, 066, 421 35,471 | 48, 577 38, 430. 1,356 | 2,449 3, 903- AVI LGTIS Tee ie Sees en a eee ee 2,089 | 14, 391 12, 034: AGL tke ete 1 2 NE Rs BA Sg OS I SS ele 217, 050 | 375, 156 272, 717 OPTOReTS Ty eae ee ea rey ee en eee tn 9, 758 | 18, 658 11, 495 EO Geel ee ear OD AOE Lene ee a | 6, 756, 362 | 8, 240, 945 10, 325, 062: SHELLFISH rast 52) ie pee) the ae CS Beae Ene ee Re | 148, 459 © 126, 616 269, 526 Searcrawiish/ Or, Spiny ilobstenee= = soo ean eee ee aa | 225, 656 199, 650 289, 785: SEA Vectual 0 eae Soaps ee See Seen aeee ee ee PRS UE ee ets 9 eae 66, 801 — 155, 109 146, 023. Clams: Cocke iaz7 eee ns a AS Ss ee 3, 973 | 571 £99» IVI Css ee ee 6 le ER ee ne 2, 076 | 3, 333 6, 182 (PISMO == Seer 5 AR ee a ee aes 16, 656 35, 178 40, 406. oi2) | eps Soe, See ee Seep ae tLe ne ee tee nee ee 11, 323 15, 816 27,856. VETISS OIG See AOE laren ee Ee aT ree ta eee 3, 002 1,119 631 Oysters: WaStenni: # Ore «5 See re A ee oe a eel, ey ee es 24, 084 | 22, 576 24,386. INAtiVe® OF EMER ssa tork a BOER os Se BE eG 2 de ost ee | re 8. AD alane es <— read RS SE ee 60, 367 249, 646 261, 507 OCLODUS. 2: eet alae et BSS DE be «ka 11, 022 6, 570 12, 027- SQuid 2S. 2-25 J Be Os rE Pe Ee ee ae ees 7, 680 409, 350 119, 167~ Tuirilese= t= feos Sat Dy pee aerated eae Al aed Ae oe Wi 28 Uy eae ——_—$_____—_. 0 Le pt gg pc a ee a 581, 176 | 1, 225, 562 1, 197, 804 WHALE PRODUCTS | Sperm Ol... ee eee: ee ee: Oe Ee Se 1 980)|2 2, 281° Whale oil. <.* Saat oe SE Se i a See 316, 450 216, 350 111, 887° Optier whale prod ict: ee in et 81, 796 42, 283 24, 675.. TG teal ee ee ee aes ees ee 399, 528 258, 633 138, 843 . Grandstotali.2° 2 <2 te ea pe at ee Pe 7, 737, 066 9, 725, 140 11, 661, 709» 1 Included with halibut, ‘‘ California.”’ FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries off the California coast, 1918 to 1925 Species VR ate = ae ee OER Ur RR AE 2 a Sa oe Heibot; RPTEIOT eee eee ee 2 oes ee VRE ee Ses ee ek Se ee a UBL a hs Sey eee ees Bey ee 1918 Pounds | 7, 263, 895 867, 851 | 8, 885, 691 | 2, 264, 164 312, 774 | 204, 876 4, 713, 018 2, 574, 108 400, 478 | 218, 672 1 Q) 2, 837, 987 27, 861 7, 938, 280 975, 095 915, 836 4, 005, 906 89, 657 157, 652, 811 24, 260 776, 645 7, 876, 926 498, 937 13, 026, 076 28, 404 210, 432 1, 528, 750 2, 383, 635 22, 488 246, 231 3, 023, 847 788, 923 7, 027, 767 6, 240, 971 135, 857 11, 658, 259° 588, 886 1, 618, 992 195, 750 722, 178 5, 991 19, 363 166, 421 52, 174 8, 053 136, 137 5, 892 120, 584 32, 739 361, 714 20, 196 1 Included with halibut, “California.” 254, 931, 059 3, 466, 184 1919 Pounds 18, 553, 025 | 1, 609, 548 4, 038, 852 2, 903, 688 261, 388 | 164, 856 | 2, 086, 200 1, 147, 584 | 612, 683 133, 181 (1) 2, 523, 895 | 49, 291 4, 289, 899 608, 561 1, 063, 136 2, 654, 596 7, 539 153, 877, 179 61, 424 | 442, 555 | 5, 265, 664 | 334, 950 | 13, 145, 553 | 25, 432 126, 997 | 2, 445, 556 1, 573, 738 17, 972 252, 776 6, 885, 369 751, 870 5, 528, 685 17, 217 762, 345 191, 341 18, 252 | 31, 310 14, 990, 860 | 348, 081 2, 194, 584 5, 915 27, 191 4, 871, 763 636, 943 252, 539, 444 1, 305, 024 256, 894 747, 130 3, 304 9, 912 104, 379 50, 429 5, 849 151, 543 13, 793 151, 841 21, 492 3, 698, 242 14, 483 6, 534, 315 1, 500, 000 4, 620, 000 263, 693, 759 461 1920 1921 Pounds | Pounds 18, 876,647 | 15, 274, 528 569, 774 | 1, 946, 881 4, 585, 388 4, 588, 900 672, 243 237, 859 134, 420 102, 126 112, 365 148, 116 2, 473, 800 | 805, 383 1, 204, 252 1, 077, 113 798, 721 539, 333 141, 981 90, 218 (4) | (1) 2, 767, 351 | 2, 482, 324 13, 323 75, 811 274, 364 542, 124 461, 411 389, 390 687, 954 425, 543 2, 997, 308 | 2, 914, 613 17, 513 | 17, 140 118, 517, 729 59, 323, 305 30, 126 | 16, 333 207, 075 355, 702 5, 503, 187 4, 641, 156 781, 032 1, 022, 642 11, 133, 819 7,990, 932 35, 674 | 58, 068 89, 869 87, 196 2, 408, 522 2, 143, 323 1, 409, 768 862, 897 14, 402 23, 925 88, 931 60, 164 7, 942, 338 | 1, 138, 853 730, 475 | 755, 738 3, 821, 023 | 4, 870, 158 6,999 | 3, 605 671, 747 | 601, 614 181, 131 242, 774 12, 240 | 14, 803 37, 237 | 41,779 10, 530,272 | - 1,971,813 1, 477, 905 1, 200, 600 5, 245, 412 1, 384, 739 678 5, 229 8, 859 28, 639 2, 486, 537 2, 139, 626 649, 940 1, 345, 561 210, 811, 742 1, 220, 568 | 247, 156 818, 042 2, 407 8, 148 74, 754 | 38, 854 5, 519 112, 116 8, 961 161, 343 70, 740 | 508, 219 19, 918 3, 296, 745 13, 125 4, 425, 000 2, 390, 000 6, 828, 125 “990, 936, 612 123, 988, 576 800, 952 334, 271 909, 844 1, 934 8, 975 54, 877 36, 100 1, 533 76, 712 1, 014 296, 234 56, 266 432, 559 1, 787 3, 013, 098 9, 375 1, 561, 065 696, 000 2, 266, 440 129, 278, 114 462 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries off the California coast, 1918 to 1925—Continued 4 ] Species 1922 1923 1924 1925 ae “Ths | BSE Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pipacore__-- = sae eee se eee pipe eo Sa 13, 231,823 | 12,488,199 | 17, 280, 346 21, 684, 942 ANCHOVIES... 5- ose” ae 652, 516 | 307, 074 | 346, 951 123, 919 Barracuda: - 32S Se ee ee ee 4, 721, 448 | 5, 135, 824 4, 733, 779 5, 945, 605 BODILO=—- === 3 883, 143 478, 771 836, 182 770, 232 are eae 66, 913 | 148, 607 | 75, 965 94, 935 GSifish 5-2 a 125, 679 | 129, 286 | 351, 960 366, 279 Cod, salted 1, 680, 000 | 1, 398, 000 2, 884, 028 3, 415, 608 MlouMuerses = fi Sek CE Le Ae eae. 1, 711, 193 | 1,873, 7! 2, 081, 196 | 2, 551, 193 Grayfish= 0. > eee aE aa tne Ree eee 282, 018 | 360, 363 | 392, 634 372, 332 FLGE GE A SE ee Se ee ae ee 74, 516 | 78, 969 60, 780 22, 017 ali pHs eee See ae a on oh eae (1) 1) 132, 637 162, 102 Halibut, oCaliforniaye 202) alee et Sra ae 2, 586,945 | 1,544,699 | 1, 527, 778 1, 351, 456 an dheads-2:5 6 soins ere Ba ee 18, 206 9, 563 | 19, 023 24, 028 EGRET ps wae ee ee a ee ee | 341, 621 383, 950 — 435, 620 862, 974 Rong fisiie oe, ee CN SD es ee | 581, 698 | 403, 435 | 383, 927 536, 604 SS Riripeod eee seas ee a See pole” Se 568, 481 467, 300 | 400, 432 683, 130 Vic Kerele ee Jes SRE See ee ee 2, 466, 762 © 3, 553, 951 3, 227, 300 3, 506, 103 24, 364 | 10, 007 24, 496 21, 651 93, 399, 900 | 159,197,006 | 242,685,958 | 315, 294, 986 16, 050 | 19, 780 | 13, 059 9, 311, 362 | 328, 039 | 380, 620 310, 061 4,238,480 | 4,932,350 | 4, 684, 065 5, 449, 694 268, 554 538, 292 | 933, 310 722, 472 7, 235,124 | 7,090,260 | 10, 015, 269 9, 525, 753 41, 940 | 60, 466 | 109, 070 226, 456 83, 692 | 75, 740 | 88, 677 102, 904 2,245,268 | —«:1, 928, 386 964, 755 925, 623 1, 109, 445 | 1, 285, 383 1, 539, 217 2, 439, 726 18, 183 31, 111 | 23, 427 47, 748 ates 121, 210 133, 988 131, 137 183, 484 BRT JACK foe eke een 2 3 eRe ey ee 10, 115, 712 | 4, 579, 077 1, 356, 426 8, 768, 114 PSP EY SG Py SO ek gO Se 822, 928 798, 840 715, 280 749, 798 CSE aR Ree) «eta Seana: NS See a 7, 043, 111 | 7, 085, 085 8, 828, 380 8, 756, 338 SPEEA frOlinee a ne ee eae ee 2, 490 3, 011 87, 088 SERCO ASS: ae se en see 2 TN Sele bie Ve re BE 684, 198 909, 573 661, 777 837, 773 Nun gushes= tee sees eo se See ea oe ea 237, 634 | 326, 049 288, 969 268, 473 PAW ASLO Hy Se Se NEL Pee OE Tare oe Ae Ee | 23, 256 | 11, 056 31, 833 25, 612 A NaTTT (C010 Liye et atags See as Vega oat ee Rae 32, 114 |. 41, 767 42, 524 14, 508 Tuna: PERE: Soe ee ee es CR el ae 2, 811, 283 3, 218, 090 | 3, 241, 110 3, 803, 677 VGH O Whit 222 aes ee eT ee ee et | 1, 205, 023 428, 896 680, 759 2, 963, 620 Tae Ee nee nt ee Ard GHD Ahh. SERRE } 671, 890 | 427, 166 485, 401 385, 463 Ny ALS Wi FS) OFF 98 Rg Re Res A ae ie ata ae ee 84, 007 | 67, 818 122, 483 70, 968 WK Lenses so ee are vee eee bee Ser 27, 779 34, 503 250, 663 219, 430 SOLOW Lall a se een Ne SEE ee an AS 3, 111, 131 | 2, 968, 596 2, 863, 012 2, 586, 621 OS HEYSTON TG | EB ed an rea, 6s a Done peeme ee. Hae ae 270, 509 189, 520 349, 798 233, 929 | : Li 0) 2 ee rn gin oS Cap cae | 166, 249,599 | 225,481,554 | 316, 769, 101 407, 417, 674 | —— SHELLFISH | Cig ees ie Ete Oe a? eI ee se 860, 328 1, 075, 800 1, 506, 816 3, 234, 312 Spiny lobsters es 5 2 et

=e eee | 3, 136, 000 2, 370, 000 1, 767, 500 1, 108, 833 Total sok a oe ae ee eS ee 10, 036, 375 7, 029, 878 4, 699, 588 2, 683, 436 Grand:totali. = 7-03 ss ee ke eee 179, 322,710 | 236,877,469 | 332, 449, 967 417, 918, 634 1 Included with halibut, ‘‘ California.” RIOT Ve Mi) RRM “pein He . FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 463 Comparative statistics of the yield of the fisheries prosecuted by California fishermen in waters off the coast of Mexico, 1918 to 1925 | Species } 1918 1919 1920 1921 | 1922 1923 1924 1925 } } | | FISH | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds| Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds MUIBQOORO oS esece 22h to 1, 527 (yA! a 2; L9Ops Bz es see es } 26, 634 415, 016 521, 981 iit GC ea oe 951, 903|1, 786, 105|3, 615, 947/3, 036, 262) 1, 528, 770) 2, 064, 751) 2, 394, 744) 2, 059, 996 BORO eso 2 So. Fe 176, 667; 600,353} 201,255} 82, 87. 45,922} 636,476) 202, 187 96, 298 TOL SHG bir Bde ie pas ea par te 773| 540) 175 Dial es ase CoN Th i 2, G85)2.2- 2 == 1262812225 5 2 | Sooner: pee $e ee St ee eee Halibut, “California’’___|1, 915, 70412 , 335, 603)1, 677, 539/1, 318, 433, 816, 539) 882, 138) 1, 048, 483) 1, 100, 303 LEP AE rat eo SE SS SE eee | ee Rae, een ee bios setae |E ee eee 2, 800 LAG TES cS See ey aes 614 48 1, 695) 165) 8, 129 390 50 RWinekerels coe 70, 178 48, 086 50, 732 60, 646 29, 166) 38, 495) 13, 234 16, 316 INCU CS eS ee 1, 745) 1, 660 90 11, 815) 6, 582 64, 218 37, 475 14, 156 Pilchard or sardine__._.._|_..-..._- ote Se 5 He Sots eS ee ee een oy Sore ee OMAN Oo ee ae. [nates era ee 231 370 372) 13, 138 4, 520 1, 425 Rock bass -2 454 ee 7, 219 7, 674 3, 305 8, 154 4, 689 29, 230 85, 588 20, 224 Rockfishes_----..-.-.-.--| 12,912] 67,649] 97,661) 46,723 24, 198 17, 894 32, 725 3, 816 Pen BP ee See ae ae ee Pee ee |p oeeoe ee 312 ee Bene jeassoeee a: |eseeccnees Sea bass ite ae ee ee 38,363, 58,273) 58,168) 40, 235 13, 662 151,255) 142, 727 86, 168 DIED? Oe = Sen oes be 154,853 74,654) 252,462) 500, 075 736, 220) 591,877) 550,829] 994, 672 mnpepsmead==2o-- = 5. cee | Gt 22) 517) 840, 1, 063 ‘Sing bid 28 pre i a aS 12, 115) 15, 089 140} 1, 746, 670; 6, 883, 445) 2, 424, 545) 5, 466, 975 Si ee 8, 061, 5 110) 2, 712 9, 335 ie 212) le 540, 6 632 L 871 SSL ae Be eee [42 2 3a 725 712 225) 950, 6, 971 6, 197 Shih eS ee rr ee ee eee 21S) se oe <= See Sa (Si) ea es 1, 433 Tuna: | BUT (ei its eee Oe ee ee eee [2 oeeee 2 59, 835 26, 910) S2ROOT ene tse se Cee MAGUS 7a fir a eee |e | | 487,119] 37, 016) 6, 132, 382,10, 408, 029) 2, 382, 639) 10, 274, 278 KOC eee er a ee Ny rs 266, 727) 237,162} 168, 106 20, 462 235, 204) 61, 137 41, 390 VSL RS Ee cos Ok Sale eS Saar 70 4, 852 800 2, 491) 5, 405) 22, 414 2; 682 wellowtaH 25. Schees: 139, 946! 133, 502) 218,400’ 351,170} 303, 292) 1,011,015) 1,851,137! 593, 270 THER tisha a as = 269, 888} 17,802; 30,755) 13,187 9, 142 47, 464 26, 842 18, 923 pQbale s2G See Ss 3, 752, 071)5, 493, 8716, 981, 503)5, 745, 871/11, 455, 814)23, 207, 611/11, 711, 349/21, 327, 287 SHELLFISH Sea erawfish or spiny fabstersse ee Se 735, 077} 832,571! 942,620) 943,577| 640,466) 708,477| 732,956) 1, 054, 347 PAG AI OHB ssa Pe” e0re |e te Eo 13,181} 19, 022) 1, 619 7, 408) 6, 520 1, 000 160 Clams: | LS OTS ESS eae EE ere |S (eee ee SNS33 [pesos Bessa es 120| Eee xd 11 ETSI — CS ty | SE ee eae eee ae eee Glee ese Sas es Ee Ee Seu AN YSU ee ar ete Se a Bae Se ee Ed Be 55 SE Ta! oes et (ee ee ee ee a eet ee eee a Deen eee 45381222 2S |e eee Other shellfish ---________ 835] 255,239) 76,918 2, 275 12, 521 1 ae eee 21 Ltn rs Le Se a Poh ees 735, 912)1, 100, 9911, 042, 393) 947,471) 660,451! 719,640 733, 956) 1, 054, 594 Grand total. -_..._- 4, 487, 983)6, 594, 862/8, 023, 896.6, 693, 342/12, 116, 265/23, 927, 251/12, 445, 305/22, 381, 881 FISHERIES OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA, 1925 The statistics contained in this report are based on the regular canvass of the fisheries of Maryland and Virginia for the calendar year 1925.’ The statistics of the oyster industry, however, represent the oyster season of 1924-25. ‘This report also includes comparative sta- tistics of the production of shad, alewives, crabs, and oysters in the two States for various years from 1880 to 1925. Statistics of the shad and alewife fisheries of the Potomac River for 1926 (following the prac- tice of making an annual canvass of these fisheries, beginning with 1919) and comparative statistics of the production of shad for various years from 1896 to 1926 and of alewives for various years from 1909 to 1926 are given on page 394. 7 The canvass was made by Winthrop A. Roberts, Rob Leon Greer, R. N. Burrows, W. A. Galloway, and C. E. Brandon. ° 68078—28——9 464 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES EARLIER PUBLICATIONS Some of the earlier publications relating to the fisheries of Maryland and Virginia, and published in Washington, D. C., follow: 1887. Maryland and its fisheries. By R. Edward Earll. Jn The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, by G. Brown Goode et al., Sec. II, Pt. X, pp. 421-448. Virginia and its fisheries. By Marshall McDonald. Jbid., Sec. II, Pt. XI, pp. 449-473. History and methods of the fisheries. Jbid., Sec. V, Vol. I, xi+808 pp., and Vol. II, xx+881 pp. and atlas of 275 pls. 1892. IV. Fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States (1887 and 1888). Jn Sta- tistical review of the coast fisheries of the United States, prepared under the direction of J. W. Collins. Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1888 (1892), pp. 323-351. 1894. The oyster industry of Maryland. By Charles H. Stevenson. Bulletin, U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. XII, 1892 (1894), pp. 203-297. 1895. A statistical report on the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States. By Hugh M. Smith. Bulletin, U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. XIV, 1894 (1895), pp. 339-467. 1899. The shad fisheries of the Atlantic coast of the United States. By Charles H. Stevenson. Appendix, Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1898 (1899), pp. 101-269. Notes on the extent and condition of the alewife fisheries of the United States in 1896. By Hugh M. Smith. Jbid., pp. 31-48. 1901. Statistics of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States (1897). By C. H. Townsend. Appendix, Report, U. 8S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1900 (1901), pp. 195-310. 1904. Statistics of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States (1901). By Barton W. Evermann. Appendix, Report, U. 8. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1902 (1904), pp. 4383-540. 1905. The crab industry of Maryland. By Winthrop A. Roberts. Jn Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1904 (1905), pp. 415-482. 1907. Statistics of the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States for 1904. In Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1905 (1907), 122 pp. 1911. sare of the United States, 1908. Special Reports, Bureau of the ensus. 1911. Shad and alewife fisheries (1909). Jn Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1910 (1911), pp. 27-28. 1914. Oyster industry (1912). Jn Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1913 (1914), pp. 40-49. 1915. The menhaden industry of the Atlantic coast. By Rob Leon Greer. Appendix III, Report of the U. 8S. Commissioner of fisheries for 1914 (1915), 27 pp. 7 pl. 1917. Crab industry of Maryland and Virginia (1915). Jn Report of the U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1916 (1917), pp. 60-64. Shad and alewife industry of Chesapeake Bay and tributaries (1915). Ibid., pp. 65-72. 1919. Crab industry of Chesapeake Bay. By E. P. Churchill, jr. Appendix IV, Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1918 (1920), 25 pp., XII pls. 1920. The oyster and the oyster industry of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. By E. P. Churchill, jr. Appendix VIII, Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1919 (1921), 51 pp., X XIX pls., 5 figs. 1922. Fishery industries of the United States. Report of the Division of Fishery Industries for 1921. By Lewis Radcliffe. Appendix IX, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 932, pp. 77-136. COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF FISHES Following is a list of the common and scientific names of the fishes of Maryland and Virginia included in this report: Alewives { Pomolobus xstivalis. ek geen oN are a ae Cerra g Pomolobus pseudoharengus. Angelfishzis. 22 Sa cc beusseosceta eee oes Chetodipterus faber. wags FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 ba A Sete le Crevalle (including blue runner) OTST ELS a ee ee es Se LOVEE, OTL eS SR are cranny emp et ee een Sm ee Wdnimnperecs Or Tedishs 2 2-4 2 oo ee TEIN. SHOVE LS Leto pg cee en Se SS ea ERG Pere OKO iesemeue ar ae Se et ai Sa Se JAS ra cs SLA gh ag ee ee pag ei Ns Nistekcerelmeriere eileen ier! Biot e Toe LPXOW GB OEY aVos © 22S, any arene a OY CU ra a Oy SDD 1 CESS a as ee aa a a ile ciao nares Shi meee ae Sie Ae Sach Roum SRSUi cp emer re ss Pa ed eo le oh Spanishgmachkercle eeu 9 a cae SDD Lee ee eer eae ee Che kW Ko sqmeteaguesior “sea trout”... -__._.-- == SHEDS ECAP GS a ea A ae a RRPINIRE OE ny SS ty Ee NR SIE AEE 2 Lee koh et lta ee eaear 2 e SOTTIE Si Spc 7 ASR a he EN TEETINKO Se, 2 Da eles 2 Eee ed ee a me ede eet Mienpletanwec= = S"! Da See BS hi eae MMe EDecCne ae key erate So Sa OES VAN IT ees es e e So ee she Brie Wowaper el ic as Meth Se te oS “CURD Sy a le a tne Sd Te a eee eer erates ergs Es Sy PTE SIIS SEE SO Ee RS cS ae er in © DLL SP oe ON ae aie OD Saar, pe ar ae a “ST Ca a oa I tr 1a icropterus salmoides. Micropterus dolomieu. Pomatomus saltatriz. Sarda sarda. Amiatus calvus, Poronotus triacanthus. Cyprinus carpio, Siluride (species). Rachycentron canadum. Gadus callarias. Caranx (species). Micropogon undulatus. Pogonias cromis. Scienops ocellatus. Anguilla rostrata. Veeco dentatus. Pleuronectide (species). Dorosoma cepedianum. Carassius auratus Melanogrammus xglifinus. Urophycis (species). Peprilus alepidotus. Pomolobus mediocris. Achirus fasciatus. Menticirrhus (species). Scomber scombrus. Brevoortia tyrannus. ‘er cephalus. Mugil curema. Orthopristis chrysopterus. Esox (species). Lagodon rhomboides. Trachinotus (species). Stenotomus chrysops. Centropristes striatus. Prionotus (species). Alosa sapidissima. Selachii (species). Archosargus probatocephalus. Batoidei (species). Scomberomorus maculatus. Leiostomus canthurus. tee regalis. Cynoscion nebulosus. Roccus lineatus. Acipenser sturio. Catostomide (species). Centrarchide (species). Tetraodon maculatus. Tautoga onitis. Scomber colias. Microgadus tomcod. Lobotes surinamensis. Morone americana. Merluccius bilinearis. Perca flavescens. Callinectes sapidus. Cambarus (species). Crangon vulgaris. Loligo pealei. Venus mercenaria. Ostrea elongata. Pecten irradians. Malaclemmys (species) . 465 466 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES GENERAL STATISTICS The fisheries and fishery industries of Maryland and Virginia in 1925 gave employment to 39,091 persons, of whom 25,856 were en- gaged in fishing operations, 9,671 in the wholesale fishery trade, and 3,564 in the canning, salting, smoking, and by-products industries. The investment amounted to $19,322,844, of which amount $10,635,397 were invested in vessels, boats, fishing apparatus, and shore and accessory property used by the fishermen, $4,259,205 in property and cash capital in the wholesale fishery trade, and $4,428,242 in property and cash capital in the canning, salting, smok- ing, and by-products industries. The products of the fisheries of these two, States amounted to 333,205,769 pounds, valued at $13,948,060. The products of the canning and other fishery indus- tries had a value of $4,936,664. Compared with 1920, there was a decrease of 1,670, or about 5 per cent, in the number of persons engaged; an increase of $1,046,911, or 5.73 per cent, in the investment; and a decrease of 197,544,115 pounds, or 37.22 per cent, in the quantity, with an increase of $1,207,668, or 9.48 per cent, in the value of the products of the fish- erles. The decrease in quantity of products was due largely to a smaller catch of menhaden in Virginia. The output of the canning and other fishery industries showed a decrease of $1,388,621, or 21.95 per cent, in value. The following tables contain condensed statistics of the fisheries and fishery industries of Maryland and Virginia for 1925 and com- parative statistics of the products of the fisheries and of shad, ale- wives, crabs, and oysters for various years from 1880 to 1925. Fisheries of Maryland and Virginia, 1925 Items Maryland Virginia Total | er ee PERSONS ENGAGED | Number Value | Number Value Number Value On) vessels fishing= == -<-_ | OD) | a | PAU) i pe ee 3; GOON eee On vessels transporting _- ------ | DEH |B see eee 467) |222 2 985 eas ae In shore or boat fisheries - --_-_-_- OF 320) ee es 6i3i| === 20) 9930 | see soe Shoresmen = eee Aled sane Shee ae 18 |223S Ree LAT 0) fo [Se ae ee re eee T680r| 22s. eee | 14, 176 Sees Sse 25,800) |e soaaenes INVESTMENT | Messels fishing steam <22= 029s 22a Jee oh eee eee 44 \$2, 219, 912 $2, 219, 912 MDonTing ete eee eS en Se eres Fae Al See pene 0; 00) ase eee 5, O10) Saeeneee COE (ntl oe peewee ee SNS ee ote eee Se Pesce See a iets Save 237; 643 .\223. eee 237, 643 Vessels, fishing, motor__---__-- 37 $45, 900 | 97 501, 125 | 134 547, 025 Ronnare sen o-=- ee ee BIOS), | ew eee | 1S O04 | 6 Sak ae Eo 1,304) |= Outfits: ee ee ee ee 128i See 745.207 :|== = ee 87, 032 Vessels, fishing, sail___._._-._-_- 354 499, 850 42 41, 450 396 541, 300 "Nonnage 0. ae 75.970 elt a Be rt a Eee ee ees, 4/523) ee soe Ee eS Outi see aes a eee CS eee 138;605s/-e s2o-e tae 12, '000)\|5. 2s 151, 105 JA:CCOSSOLY: MOLOL HORUS! Ses |e eee ee eee eee 126 34, 600 126 34, 600 Vessels) transporting; steamiaa|e seo 2 2 |= se 1 51, 875 1 51, 875 TRONHAgS A Ae soe eee | eee | oe CA tig Eaeeeeg a eee 76 | eee OEE Ne Se a yeaa ak lel g enter a eee eee es 1, 204 || <= 1, 204 Vessels, transporting, motor. —_ 168 464, 250 265 471, 900 433 936, 150 Nonndges:--) eee 6) 1 ee eee DAN if Aol eee ees 5, 1803/3. .2i2282= OUItA Ge ee ee 684,925 || Soa eee 63,750: ||-=== ees 132, 675 Vessels, trasporting, sail______-- 74 195, 650 15 26, 850 89 222, 500 Tonnage. =. - 2 Res Fae Bt Pa ROL AL ane ere Ir ae tah he 7s eee ee Sew 2:907 |e Onin As= 2; 4759 -sokae cakes 22, 310 IBOats pMOLOn. 2 =e == a 1, 264, 085 8,188 | 2, 408, 674 Boats, sail, row, etc.-...__.____ } 3, 271 166, 422 5, 436 198, 530 8, 707 364, 952 * Ye tn Besa: +s FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 Fisheries of Maryland and Virginia, 1925—Continued Items INVESTMENT—Continued Apparatus, vessel fisheries: mse: Seinesse. —- 8 22S 3k iter tra Wises 5.24 os seue Crab dredges.....---.--.--- Oyster dredges_.-.--.--.--- Seallop dredges-_-..-------- RarohisGrapecec «=. -62sae~= pROm PS: Pee sss Le Clam picks or hoes__------- Apparatus, shore fisheries: MaDSeMmeSe = .2=525625.-_- Purse seines Guiinoetss +. s>=:-=- | aye eel si a DIP) NBUSHee. -5 = =o eee we Minor mets.2 oo s- Sass 5K Lines, hand and trot__----- Slat traps or baskets_------ piwspeceese..- 2.55 -—4 . NS) OEE) oye ot ee Grab scrapesee --. - 5-266_2.- Crabidredges-_--.=5-22=.--. Oyster dredges_-_--_--------- Scallop dredges_--.--------- Tongs, nippers, rakes, and Clam picks or hoes--------- Shore and accessory property-.- PRODUCTS Alewives: PAMIPIDfISH he ato nce ce cae (CORTE i a ee ee Drum: Bilagkes sha! oj. toe sos se Eel Goldfish ENG Csi miki eee ee ERICK Gr ysl oe = = em tee Tee - Hog-chokers, salted_.---------- Being hiting se. ee Nid i ae a eae POMIDANO: so ances oe naa cas sn ace BCUPIOMDOLGY= -- a cscccensnasn oe SICH (CCIE SE ee a SE eee ents Maryland Number 276, 575 198, 353 | 474, 719 2, 602, 861 25, 150 4 160 197, 862 Virginia Number Pounds 17, 886, 647 23, 600 22, 649, 295 228, 180 125, 390 181, 948 iS 581, 817. 350, 283 122, 838 11, 840 150, 485, 623 122, 072 140, 799 17, 855 1) 400 4, 584 402, 274 51, 340 50, 000 6, 103, 704 17, 154 122 Total Pounds 25, 366, 761 224, 20, 400 4, 050 93, 027 215, 001 304, 410 24, 775 6, 112, 932 660, 772 | 1, 009, 049 3, 260 17, 000 701, 445 25, 252, 156 253, 330 129, 550 379, 810 67, 200 699, 895 381, 308 3; 000 000 141, 799 468 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Maryland and Virginia, 1925—Continued Items Maryland Virginia Total PRODUCTS—continued Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Scabies oi ahs eee A pri eae ey ue | Aa eee 23, 600 $1 23, 600 $148 Spanish mackeral-_-_-..-----.--- 290 $65 127, 445 16, 679 127, 735 16, 744 DOba. cet nes ene sean eee 208, 377 11, 485 1, 768, 206 88, 090 1, 976, 583 99, 575 Squeteagues or “sea trout’’._--| 1, 480, 209 88, 733 | 12, 444, 450 579, 563 | 18, 924, 659 668, 296 Striped bassse = tas) eee 1, 413, 999 240, 388 821, 309 151, 027 2, 235, 308 391, 415 SLUTS CONS een eee eee 19, 225 4,321 65, 977 16, 167 85, 202 20, 488 Sturgeon cavair and roe-_-.------ 2, 500 | 2, 500 5, 353 5, 752 7, 853 8, 252 Suckers. 2233 2a 2 3, 775 | 155 4,113 250 7, 888 405 Sunfish2i shee eae 7, 733 322 400 20 8, 133 342 Swellfishi22e.cte ee eee each enema a Mea ee Oe 35, 000 | 49 35, 000 49 AUTOR Se nae ea eee 400 24 2, 870 225 3, 270 249 ‘Thimble-eyed mackeral -- 5, 000 100 13, 700 428 18, 700 528 Tomcod sas ceee a aacce 800 25 17, 400 420 18, 200 445 Tripletall ase ane see ee eta a a Se ape oe ce ie 2 25 4 25 4 White perch 629, 485 59, 278 427, 275 35, 230 1, 056, 760 94, 508 Whiting =4 223 he ee 8 | 80, 000 800 33, 600 716 113, 600 i, 516 Yellow: perchic 222. 52-2 8ss2-42 231, 861 25, 379 79, 687 7, 338 311, 548 32, 717 ue TiS sees oe ee eee 4, 720 70 970 65 5, 690 135 rabs: | ard’io2 7.2 822s. ee aes | 17,321,116 303, 507 | 2 18, 531, 994 523, 733 | 3 25, 853, 110 827, 240 Rothe pee ee PEO eee ae 7 | 42,325,245 | 264,276] 51,422,250 | 157,981 | °3,747,495 | 422, 257 Crawfish =e a 400 40 lo es Se 8 |p eee 400 40 Shrimp oS 2232-2 eee 550 275) So 226-223. | ee ee aes 550 275 Squid=22s te 2 ee a 38, 000 2, 440 415, 825 23, 607 453, 825 26, 047 Clams, hard: iIPUbliGieee es sc eee 7 109, 720 46,450 | 81,048, 544 400,908 | 91,158, 264 447, 358 IB TEVALO Sete se ees oe Se er | ene SE SENS eee 10 32,008 21, 426 10 32, 008 21, 426 Oysters, market: Public_....-.---.----------/!1 28, 650, 678 | 3, 102,960 | 12 9, 546,327 | 1,036, 500 |!3 38,197,005 | 4,139, 460 Private weeee ssc ae aee 8 14 1,106, 042 152, 547 |15 11,013,366 | 1,367, 761 |16 12,119,408 | 1,520,308 Oysters, seed: 17 13,300 765 | 18 9,855, 769 358, 555 | 19 9,869, 069 359, 320 20 79, 450 2, 518 20 79, 450 2, 518 21 360, 732 | 74, 272 21 360, 732 74, 272 8, 400 || 4, 400 9, 830 5, 400 2, 700 | 49 3, 733 102 100,000 10, 000 100, 000 10, 000 56, 977, 985 1 21,963,348 in number. 2 55,595,982 in number. 3 77,559,330 in number. 4 6,975,735 in number. 5 4,266,750 in number. 8 11,242,485 in number. 713,715 bushels. 8 131,068 bushels. 9 144,783 bushels. 10 4,001 bushels. 11 4,092,954 bushels. 12 1,363,761 bushels. 4, 863, 419 276, 227, 784 | 9,084, 641 | 13 5,456,715 bushels. 14 158,006 bushels. 16 1,573,338 bushels. 16 1,731,344 bushels. 17 1,900 bushels. 18 1,407,967 bushels. 333, 205, 769 |13, 948, 060 19 1,409,867 bushels. 20 11,350 bushels. 21 60,122 bushels. Fishery industries of Maryland and Virginia, 1925 Canning, salting, smoking, and by-products industries Items as Maryland Virginia Total Number Value Number | Value Number Value Hstablishments== = 222-65 --~ 42 28 36 | $1,087, 203 50 | $2, 093, 239 86 | $3,180,442 (BersonsienParedec abe eee a ee seas oe Ue PR eee eon nti iy pte es hs 564 | oe eee NIST REST O12 apak Ll OL US AI af Lg Erb 27486 130 eee mi 924.,| SS Oe eae 926, 537 @ashitcap i tales: eee ee Ty ef ee 607,900) o ee 639; 900) |222 Sees 1, 247, 800 Producisys = te aeee toe es bh RUA oe tly U IS Calis eee oes eat 937194809) Sanaeeanen 4, 936, 664 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 469 Products of the fisheries of Maryland and Virginia for various years from 1880 to 1925 Years Maryland Virginia Total Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Le a eee 95,712,570 | $5,221,715 | 158,874,609 | $3,124,444 | 254,587,179 | $8,346, 159 f. 3.5 eee 107,981,976 | 3,514,182 97,635,402 | 1,606,811 | 205,617,378 5, 120, 993 a= -S5 ee eee 114, 788,113 | 3,813,199 | 101,318,814 | 1,836,155 | 216, 106, 927 5, 649, 354 Li as eee 148, 905, 576 6, 019, 165 185, 282, 705 3, 636, 351 329, 188, 281 9, 655, 516 / Se See 141,177,827 | 6,460,759 | 183,993,834 | 3,647,845 | 325,171,661 | 10,108,604 o. Bae te ee 88,588,018 | 3,617,306 | 277,993,949 | 3,179,498 | 366,581, 967 6, 796, 804 Js Estee en ee ee 82,975,245 | 3,767,461 | 378,183,358 | 4,613,384 | 461,158, 603 8, 380, 845 SAREE ae erat ee 81,128,866 | 3,336,560 | 355,315,798 | 5,584,354 | 486,444, 664 8, 920, 914 32 a ee ee 113,796,000 | 3,306,000 | 312,515,000 | 4,716,000 | 426,311,000 8, 022, 000 --| 59,530,795 | 4,198,668 | 471,219,089 | 8,541,724 | 530,749,884 | 12,740,392 2 2 ae 56,977,985 | 4,863,419 | 276,227,784 | 9,084,641 | 333,205,769 | 13, 948, 060 Nore.—The statistics for 1908 in this table are from data published by the Bureau of the Census. Comparative statistics of the crab product of Maryland and Virginia, various years, 1880 to 1925 Maryland Years j Crabs, hard Crabs, soft | Total il Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pounds Value 1,166,667 | $46,850 (1) Og Nens2c=" Sc4| See 2, 757, 638 36,969 | 1,636,530 | $133,788 | 4,394,168 | $170,757 2, 674, 675 37,438 | 2,208,829 | 161,331 | 4,883, 504 198, 769 2, 388, 099 31,723 | 4,056,110 | 228,690 | 6,444,209 260, 413 2, 776, 898 37,460 | 4,828,872 | 266,256 | 7,605,770 303, 716 5, 333,316 39,949 | 4,115,879 | 177,637 | 9,449,195 217, 586 9, 824, 793 85,884 | 4,303,582 | 202,563 | 14, 128,375 288, 447 12, 665,282 | 168,996 | 5,732,865 | 189,851 | 18,398, 147 358, 847 12,786,000 | 124,000 | 7,587,000 | 195,000 | 20,373,000 319, 000 22,491,675 | 335,375 | 7,602,207 | 329,276 | 30,093, 882 664, 651 5,165,703 | 248,160 | 3,897,271 | 494,784 | 9,062,974 742, 944 7,321,116 | 303,507 | 2,325,245 | 264,276 | 9,646,361 567, 783 Virginia Years 7 : Grand total Crabs, hard | Crabs, soft Total | Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value 2,139,200 | $32, 088 (1) COR ay ea Se gi be a ee eee © | 626,820 | 15,479 (1) (aia (Ei ae ae eo eed Pe eee ass 956,843 | 24,669 (1) ee se ers ee orl ee |S aE a ae | 2,584,794 | 28,210 440,310 | $26,054 | 3,025,104 | $54,264 | 9,469,313 | $314,677 2,208,071 | 32,683 585,956 | 29,379 | 2,794,027 | 62,062 | 10,399, 797 365, 778 5,331,398 | 28,331 | 1,068,116 | 39,914 | 6,399,514 | 68,245 | 15,848,709 6,113,277 | 52,863 | 1,288,424 | 65,972 | 7,401,701 | 118,835 | 21,530,076 | 407,282 10,356,052 | 179,575 | 1,910,654 | 92,909 | 12,266,706 | 272,484 | 30,664,853 | 631,331 23,001,000 | 235,000 | 2,082,000 | 87,000 | 25,083,000 | 326,000 | 45,456, 000 645, 000 18,765,148 | 242,754 | 1,484,238 | 74,402 | 20,249,386 | 317,156 | 50,343,268 981, 807 12,465, 342 | 401,295 | 1,171,737 | 164,269 | 13,637,079 | 565, 564 | 22,700,053 | 1,308, 508 18, 531, 994 | 523,733 | 1,422,250 | 157,981 | 19,954,244 | 681,714 | 29,600,605 | 1,249,497 1 Statistics not available. ‘ Note.—The statistics for 1908 in this table are from data published by the Bureau of the Census. 470 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Comparative statistics of the shad and alewife product of Maryland various years, 1850 to 1925 Maryland Virginia Years | Shad Alewives Total | Shad i. Pounds Value Pounds Value Value Pounds Value 3, 774, 426 | $140,926 | 9, 203, 959 | $139, 667 | $280,593 | 3,171,953 | $134, 496 4,040,820 | 146,951 | 11,062,270 | 89,273 | 236,234 3,815,126 | 172,272 4, 868, 435 | 176,655 | 11,511,774 | 110,291 | 286,946 | 7,056,473 | 321, 634 7, 127, 486 | 242,909 | 19,766,994 | 143,793 | 386,702 | 7,266,207 | 228, 897 6, 224, 873 | 211,575 |-17, 418,850 | 131,245 342,820) 6,498,242! 207,394 5, 541, 499 | 166,551 | 17,667,315 | 126,050 | 292,601 | 11,170,519 | 307, 055 5, 799, 563 | 159,365 | 17,139,459 | 123,453 | 282,818 | 11,529,474 | 304, 448 3,111,181 | 120,602 | 13,747,157 | 91, 308 2,912,249 | 159,772 | 14,484,970 | 137,982 | 297,754 7,419,899 | 439, 625 3, 937, 000 | 247,000 | 28,805,000 | 157, 000 | 3, 252, 688 | 272,869 | 23, 637,320 | 155,499 | 428,368 6,030,200 | 488, 336 1, 454, 535 | 191,517 | 12, 567,580 | 131,779 | 323,296 | 4, 1, 867,196 | 355,217 | 7,071,688 | 177,190 | 532,407} 7,293, 80. 1, 807,074 | 347,396 | 6,504,845 | 144,584 491,980, 6, 1,260,152 | 264,388 | 7,700,914 | 84,284 | 348,672 | 6, 103,704 | 1,372, 491 bob coor Cae Sze : o PANS RES SLRS. 33k re bo Laos SSS S85 | Virginia—Continued Grand total | Years j Alewives | Total Shad Alewives | Pounds Value | Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Wie 2 8 aes eS | 6,925,413 | $76,300 $210, 796 | 6, 946,379 | $275,422 | 16,129,372 | $215, 967 ete eee ee eee a | 4, 401, 635 29, 585 | 201,857 | 7,855,946 | 319,223 | 15, 463, 905 118, 858 ee eee | 6,453, 005 40, 369 362, 003 | 11,924,908 | 498,289 | 17, 964, 779 150, 660 Pee e Ss eee en | 10, 641, 698 91, 674 320, 571 | 14,393,693 | 471,806 | 30, 408, 692 235, 467 Been ene eee ae | 11, 013, 485 93, 905 301, 299 | 12,723,115 | 418,969 | 28, 432, 335 225, 150 Loe Sat ese | 12, 197, 607 63, 024 | 370, 079 | 16,712,018 | 473, 606 | 29, 864, 922 189, 074 = Sn Sees Ee eee | 13, 689, 510 70, 841 375, 289 | 17,329,037 | 463,813 | 30, 828, 969 194, 294 See ceasssacnsos-3| 198, 913; 444019 Tilo, 424 481, 627 | 10, 083,393 | 486, 805 | 27, 660, 601 206, 732 | 14, 603, 866 90, 733 530, 358 | 10,332,148 | 599,397 | 29, 088, 836 228, 715 . | 37, 885, 000 | 171, 000 657, 000 | 11, 251,000 | 733,000 | 66, 690, 000 328, 000 weaseeascecee=5 | 27, 787, 980 | 128,375 616,711 | 9,282,888 | 761,205 | 51, 425, 300 283, 874 BS ae ee | 16, 054, 130 | 165, 950 | 823, 960 | 6,168,669 | 849,527 | 28, 621, 710 297, 729 vane eeaaas ae sreeee | 16, 665, 100 | 259,258 | 1,404,364 | 9,161,001 |1, 500, 323 | 23, 736, 788 436, 448 ee er | | 18, 834, 164 | 245,945 | 1,445,539 | 8, 716, 250 |1, 546, 990 | 25, 339, 009 390, 529 bosestec cet baeneo se | 17, 910, 247 | 209,723 | 1,582,214 | 7, 363, 856 |1, 636,879 | 25, 611, 161 294, 007 | } Note.—The catch of shad and alewives in these States, outside of the Chesapeake Bay region, is included for some years but is practically negligible. In 1925 it amounted to 4,180 pounds of shad, valued at $647, and 5,247 pounds of alewives, valued at $142, in Maryland and 30,313 pounds of shad, valued at $5,741, and 311,065 pounds of alewives, valued at $3,163, in Virginia, included in the above table. The statistics for 1908 in this table are from data published by the Bureau of the Census. Oyster industry of Maryland and Virginia for various years from 1880 to 1925 | Years Maryland Virginia Totai Bushels | Pounds Value Bushels | Pounds Value | Bushels | Pounds Value 1880__..--|10, 600, 000/74, 200, 000'$4, 730, 476 6, 837, 320 47, 861, 240 $2, 218, 376 17, 437, 320|122, 061, 240'$6, 948, 852 117 ee 8, 148, 217/57, 037, 519| 2, 683, 43512, 921, 140/20, 447, 980) 1, 002, 901/11, 069, 357| 77, 485, 499) 3, 686, 336 TRBSS sas 8, 531, 658/59, 721, 606| 2,877, 790, 3, 664, 433/25, 651, 031| 1,336, 012/12, 196, 091) 85,372, 637| 4, 213, 802 1890. - - ---|10, 450, 087/73, 150, 609| 4, 854,746 6, 074, 025/42, 518, 175| 2, 482, 348116, 524, 112/115, 668, 784| 7, 337, 094 9, 945, 058 69, 615, 406| 5, 295, 866, 6, 162, 086/43, 134, 602| 2, 524, 348/16, 107, 144|112, 750, 008) 7, 820, 214 7, 254, 934/50, 784, 538) 2,885, 202 7, 023, 848/49, 166, 936) 2, 041, 683/14, 278, 782| 99, 951, 474) 4, 926, 885 5, 685, 561/39, 798, 927| 3,031, 518, 6, 067, 669|42, 473, 683| 2, 621, 915 11, 753, 230| 82, 272, 610| 5, 653, 433 4, 429, 650/31, 007, 550) 2, 417, 674 7, 612, 289/53, 286, 023) 3, 459, 676/12, 041, 939) 84, 293, 573| 5, 877, 350 6, 232, 000 43, 624, 000| 2, 228, 000 5, 075, 000/35, 525, 000) 2, 348, 000111, 307, 000] 79, 149, 000| 4, 576, 000 5, 510, 421/38, 572, 947| 2, 127,759 6, 206, 098/43, 442, 686| 2, 286, 34011, 716, 519| 82,015, 633| 4, 414, 099 4, 547, 47131, 832, 297| 2, 291, 120 3, 963, 569/27, 744, 983! 2) 348, 961) 8,511,040) 59, 577, 280| 4, 640, 081 1925____--| 4,252, 860 '29; 770, 020| 3, 256,272) 4, 356, 416(30, 494, 912' 2,765, 334) 8, 609, 276| 60, 264, 932| 6, 021, 606 1 Exclusive of the James and Potomac Rivers, Note.—The statistics for 1908 in this table are from data published by the Bureau of the Census. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 471 MARYLAND The fisheries of Maryland in 1925 gave employment to 19,725 persons, of whom 1,795 were on vessels fishing, 518 on vessels trans- porting fishery products, 9,320 in the shore or boat fisheries, and 8,092 on shore in connection with the fisheries, in wholesale estab- lishments, canneries, and other fishery industries. The investment in the fisheries and fishery industries amounted to $8,053,239 and includes 391 motor and sail fishing vessels valued at $545,750, with a net tonnage of 4,423 tons and outfits valued at $151,430; 242 motor and sail transporting vessels valued at $659,900, with a net tonnage of 5,003 tons and outfits valued at $88,760; 7,406 motor, sail, row, and other boats valued at $1,311,011; fishing apparatus employed on vessels, to the value of $37,156, and on boats, to the value of $503,609; and shore and accessory property valued at $133,975. Additional shore property employed in the wholesale fishery trade and other fishery industries amounted to $2,891,048 in value and cash capital to $1,730,600. The products of the fisheries amounted to 56,977,985 pounds, with a value to the fishermen of $4,863,419. The principal species, arranged in the order of their value, included oysters, 29,770,020 pounds, or 4,252,860 bushels, valued at $3,256,272; crabs, 9,646,361 pounds, or 28,939,083 in number, valued at $567,783; shad, 1,260,152 pounds, valued at $264,388; striped bass, 1,413,999 pounds, valued at $240,388; squeteagues or ‘“‘sea trout,’’ 1,480,209 pounds, valued at $88,793; alewives, fresh, salted, and smoked, 7,700,914 pounds, valued at $84,284; and croaker, 2,602,861 pounds, valued at $63,326. Compared with 1920, there was a decrease of 1,658, or 7.75 per cent, in the number of persons employed in the fisheries and fishery indus- tries of Maryland but an increase of $486,805, or 6.43 per cent, in the investment. There was a decrease in the products of the fisheries of 2,552,810 pounds, or 4.29 per cent, in the quantity, with an in- crease of $664,751 or 15.83 per cent in the value. There was a small decrease in the value of the products of the canning and other fishery industries amounting to $10,100 or 0.58 per cent. Fisheries by apparatus.—The vessel fisheries of Maryland in 1925 yielded 6,879,398 pounds of products, valued at $951,678, consisting principally of oysters, taken mostly with dredges. The yield of the shore or boat fisheries amounted to 50,098,587 pounds of products, valued at $3,911,741. The most productive forms of apparatus were tongs and rakes, with a catch of 22,084,416 pounds of oysters and clams, valued at $2,225,706; pound nets, with a catch of 12,519,118 pounds of alewives, butterfish, catfish, croaker, shad, squeteagues, striped bass, white perch, and other species, valued at $478,697; lines, used chiefly in the crab fishery, 6,825,544 pounds, valued at $295,697; haul seines, 2,300,760 pounds, valued at $157,718, the more important species taken being alewives, carp, catfish, croaker, striped bass, and white perch; dip nets, 1,690,250 pounds, valued at $159,155, consisting chiefly of crabs; gill nets, 1,311,820 pounds, valued at $219,616, the more important species being shad, striped bass, and white perch; dredges, 1,264,851 pounds of oysters, valued at $169,293; and crab scrapes, 1,252,140 pounds of crabs, valued at $118,925. The products of the vessel fisheries and of the shore or boat fisheries are shown separately in the following tables: 472 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the vessel fisheries of Maryland in 1925, by apparatus and species ~— . : ; Species Oyster dredges Purse seines Crab scrapes | Otter trawls | | Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds) Value | Pounds) Value Bltietish. 3-2 22- )Sk Sek SEE eek |e Oe 11, 750 S980 oat Base Bee | 22 [eee Wroaker. os. 2325222 ste es aa eee Pea 41,420 | -2,.071 12.2.2 -.)=22 2-5 | eee ee BDOb! Cot ae eee [canoe eee ee eee ay ee 3, 125 250 [oi 2- Sess ee eee Sdueteseues: -- 262 32 Sere eee ees Pee eae a 11:9;'040):)<11: 904 |.0_-_- 220/552 See ee eee SUL MO. DASS a= = ee eee en | epee ine lire Fe ol a 150) 2624027, 0b0))| 2262 2 eS eee 2,000 | $300 Wihite-perch:f SiO ae sa Ia ane 3, 963 ry Reeeen aa eae S75: 2,000 | 160 Crabs: | ard: +h tes aA Ran BM ie ESSE Rae CL RSD teens Men 1eceea. | PURSES 5, 165¢|) $105] seen eres Soft. eee ie a ee ep re ra mee eee CEs EN Se ae aye 12, 200 1, 450 (RE ee ees eee Oysters, market: | | Publics teen. Seay 156,(502,(041 7} $903, 429° |! SERA | ee ase ead ee (Private. Sas ee le Sie Os 26, 432 | 3,000) 24-4325. S| oes 22) oe ae ee ee ae Notalee:ss-22= 3p 2b 6, 528, 473 | 906, 723 | 329, 560 | 42, 850 | 17, 365 1,645 | 4,000 460 1 Includes 21,259 pounds of oysters, valued at $2,100, taken with tongs. Yield of the shore or boat fisheries of Maryland in 1925, by apparatus and species Species Pound nets Gill nets Haul seines Alewives: Pounds Value |-Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value 7, 163, 039 | $72, 285 59, 183 | $2,014 | 200,939 | $2, 984 198, 000 4,477 2, 000 TOO (38: 3232 {opie SE a Rat So ee A eee | a 8 20,400 | 1,200 5, 909 1,175 1, 900 314 15,882 | 3,110 10, 912 1, 069 26, 406 4,484 875 | 100 6, 000 5A al PR * Epa, pe bees Aaa, QTGPSTAN|| UBAbO4: |= 2. ae es 4, 160 4, 160 107 Eels: er OSH bee tae le Ae 2 ee Ee 197, 862 197, 862 23, 423 aCe: ee ae) res 67, 200 67, 200 8, 064 Wlotrdcrs Seas: et SC Se ee 118, 078 118, 078 7, 704 azar shadser m5 sity toe 31, 025 31, 025 973 SOIC (ls Os a ee ae eee 400 400 20 Harvest fish____- 3, 700 3, 700 428 Hickory shad_____--- 20, 561 20, 561 1, 132 Hog-chokers, salted_-_-_-- 23, 525 23, 525 1, 379 eTipiwitinp. 22 s- 2 S32 ees 3, 600 3, 600 424 nck ere Ss: 8 eee 5 ee oS 9, 460 9, 460 980 474 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Summary of the yield of the fisheries of Maryland in 1925—Continued Species Shore fisheries Vessel fisheries Total { | Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pounds Value Mienhaden-=.---). 2 ae ee 7, 000 | , $25 Ya CTL) we aR a SP Mi Fat a ye 14, 509 | 999 ISTISH 2S 7" een ee 1, 000 34 Ley hip aia ide ideas Ale Pa 4) KC 3. aaah 71, 691 16, 456 OM DANO sen eee Seren 250 70 SCUp OL POLLY 2-5 - eee eee 45, 000 3, 100 DOM ASS San ee eee 54, 700 3, 788 Slade Ae shee e rays eee eee 1, 260, 152 264, 388 Spanishimackerele see ae Spots. ee eee 205, 252 11, 485 Suuctiesguess tees ae ee 1, 361, 169 88, 733 ptiripedibass= 22 {222s 1, 261, 737 240, 388 Sturgeqn eee ee es eee ear 19, 225 4, 321 PLUTPEOneAVinn: seen eens 2, 500 | 2, 500 SUCKEES= See te Se eee ee es Se hiho 155 SOUT AT SLY ae Sil Re Ae aay, ighos 322 Rant cabs gee ahe Rees Sa 4 24 Thimble-eyed mackerel___-____--- 5, 000 | 100 sROMCOdeE sees eee tee SE 800 | | 25 Wabitesperchaten eae eR) | 623, 522 59, 278 AWAD hin eer ae ee Se ae a 80, 000 | 800 VellowaperGhe- eran seo ee ens | 231, 861 | 25, 379 ODMGE fiShe= ss2 5 fed OREN Ea 4, 720 70 Crabs: Har es nee ee Pee et inolosoal 303, 312 5, 165 | 195 7, 321, 116 303, 507 Sei dpe Sakae ae eas am Sete 2, 313, 045 262, $26 12, 200 1,450 | 2,325,245 | 264, 276 Crawidish Creare! Se TN er oe 400 40S ae | ae | 400 40 Satta eee ee ee ane 550 fii ee Es (eee 550 275 (S(eibtsliss Sees ee Bere ee he 38, 000 D2 NAEO 1 Se a eee 38, 000 2, 440 Clams, hard, public___--__-------- 109, 720 46, 450)| seks Syl eae eae 109, 720 46, 450 Oysters: Wiarket; publi¢s-- 3... 22, 148, 637 | 2, 199, 537 6, 502, 041 903, 423 | 28, 650, 678 | 3, 102, 960 Market privatessi22 o-oo 1, 079, 610 149, 247 26, 432 3,300 | 1,106, 042 152, 547 Sed spublie a ee ee 13, 300 G0, |e ae 13, 300 765 ROLES DLN es Sas gi ges ae) et te 1, 430 UEC Uk ee es el ae 1, 430 1, 000 PTItUleS = eee eee eae 1, 033 (ia oe es TOI 3) 1, 033 53 “Noy fr le Seed ee wee Borie spe Ne | 50, 098, 587 3, 911, 741 6, 879, 398 | 951,678 | 56,977,985 | 4, 863, 419 Summary by counties Counties Se Tnvest Products | Number Dollars Pounds Value AmnesvATInGdel so.) =. he eee eR, Yo wi ety e 1, 258 351, 008 3, 633, 839 $300, 128 Balm One leet ee ele ee ee eee ee os 2,168 | 2,776, 387 1, 118, 321 134, 921 SE sf eae eae ee eee Oe ee 657 121, 727 1, 761, 169 172, 038 Garoline- = =s2 5 Ra) EV eee ae ee 60 7, 877 130, 683 14, 563 Cecile seer 222 oe: ds Oe ee a = ee 159 74, 437 1, 410, 119 60, 226 ie neanlechete a ole ae ts a a a ee 545 75, 620 1, 051, 951 102, 369 Worchesterns so Nie. Pe eee ee er ee 4,057 | 1,352, 132 10, 952, 248 1, 104, 098 Elariord= 2 erent cae ieee See Coe 213 54, 569 432, 480 25, 411 iGavel he aie oe SS Au ae a eke eee Sle eae ae 774 218, 815 4, 211, 307 338, 428 Prince! Genres een Le Pe ee ee 31 2, 803 58, 985 5, 723 GisceneAninese sae n= - 5 le ee er ee eee 1, 058 196, 241 5, 757, 415 427, 041 Sliema IaveaT ie Se ee ee A ce Ce Re 2 Fee 1, 123 191, 600 3, 680, 596 294, 720 Somersep Ses: Sos). tee a eee a 4,471 1, 792, 897 8, 111, 844 848, 019 SRE DO tee mes yo RE ey 1, 983 610, 231 8, 989, 328 630, 641 AWW COIN COlere eet ahs bt ON AE eal 5 2 SS et 605 108, 470 1, 676, 042 175, 124 HoTcesterae aan a. (ol ee Se ea 563 118, 425 4, 001, 658 229, 969 Mo tale Sees es. See he eR 19, 725 | 8, 053, 239 56, 977, 985 4, 863, 419 Salt-fish industry—Alewives are the only species of importance salted in Maryland, the output in 1925 amounting to 2,677,490 pound s, valued at $48,412. The number of firms engaged was as follows: In Talbot County, 4; in Harford, Anne Arundel, Cecil, and Dorchester Counties, 1 each. Canning industry.—The pack of fishery products in cans in Mary- land in 1925 amounted to 122,281 cases, valued at $764,691, of which Ee a ae 475 104,379 cases, valued at $703,869, were canned oysters. The remainder of the pack consisted ‘of 3. 186 cases of canned alewives, valued at $5,728, and 14,716 cases of canned alewife roe, valued at $55,094. Of the total pack of canned products, 89,999 cases, consisting of canned oysters, are credited to Baltimore City. By-products—The most important source of by-products in Maryland is the oyster-shell crushing industry, which in 1925 yielded 63,709 tons of poultry grit, valued at $643,889, and 27,488 tons of lime, valued at $76,747. The ereater part of this industry i is in Baltimore. In addition, there were produced 360 tons of dry scrap, valued at $7,150, and fish oil to the value of $1,200. Wholesale trade —In 1925 there were 316 wholesale fishery establish- ments in Maryland valued at $1,803,845, with a cash capital amount- ing to $1,122,700 and employing 6, 312 es to whom were paid $1,662, 282 in wages. The important features of each of the phore fishery industries are shown in the following tables: FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 Quantity and value of fishery products prepared in Maryland in 1925 Items | Baltimore City Remainder of State Total l PRODUCTS CANNED | | Oysters: | Number Value Number Value Number | Value 4-ounce (4 dozen to case) !_____cases__ 12,944 | $74, 504 223 | $367 13, 167 | $74, 871 5-ounce (4 dozen to case)-_--__- doses 45,215 | 289, 705 11, 809 | 71, 702 57,024 | 361, 407 6-ounce (4 dozen to case) _-_--- do=—- 12,008 | 119, 434 2, 023 19, 381 14,031 | 138, 815 8-ounce (2 dozen to case)_-__-- doz--- 3, 902 222370 paaes eee Sa aR 3,902 | 22,370 10-ounce (2 dozen to case) ____- Gozz2- 14, 872 94, 592 300 | 1, 940 15,172 | 96, 5382 12-ounce (2 dozen to case) _---- doz 1, 058 9, 611 25 | 263 1, 083 9, 874 TUNE eS ae ene ee Ghee 89,999 | 610, 216 14, 380 93, 653 104, 379 703, 869 Alewives: | ms 18-ounce (2 dozen to case) ?__..do_.-.|.--.------ |e ee 3,186 | 5,728 | 3,186 | 5, 728 Alewife roe: | | 10-ounce (4 dozen to case) __--- Os eek esas Sk 6, 800 29, 920 6,800 | 29,920 18-ounce (2 dozen to case) #....do_-__|------__-- pecrcceoee 7, 916 | 25, 174 7,916 | 25,174 TROLS eee ee ee ee Goess=|seer sees eee ose 14,716 | 55,094 14,716 | 55,094 PRODUCTS SALTED | | | Micwivesterets © is hee eee opens eel ek ee ale ee ee “| 2,677, 490 | 48,412 | 2,677,490 | 48,412 emidtotabee.ne: A STAC POLS | iG, 216 |S eee Soneay ee Sy | 813, 103 | 1 Includes a few cases packed in 3-ounce cans, reduced to the equivalent of 4-ounce cans. 2 Includes some cases packed in 10-ounce cans, reduced to the equivalent of 18-ounce cans. 3 Includes some cases packed in 19-ounce cans, reduced to the equivalent of 18-ounce cans. Norte.—In addition to the above products, 586,870 pounds of fish, valued at $200,360, were smoked by 3 firms in the State, the greater part of which were from the Great Lakes and the Pacific coast. Quantity and value of by-products manufactured from fishery products in Baltimore City and various counties in Maryland in 1925 Anne Arundel : : Somerset and By-products | Baltimore City | and Dorchester F Total orntics Talbot Counties | Ground oyster shells: Tons Value Tons | Value Tons Value Tons Value $374, 214 4, 175 | $45, 925 | 23,389 | $223, 750 | 63, 709 $643, 889 39, 169 2,412 | 12,410 10,391 | 25,168 | 27, 488 76, 747 Dry scrap and oil (from | waste fish and crab shells)_- _______- eaprpees EEE [e=osesee | UE AS 44/823 eh TS TAC6B mle ses 7, 666 Mopaloessesres ses ANE 3 ere 413/383) p28 87. PRS grag5 hts ihe | Pay k=l MY a ae 728, 302 | ; 476 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Investment, persons engaged, and wages paid in the wholesale trade of fresh fishery products in Maryland in 1925, by localities | Establishments | | whe Cash Number} Wages Localities capital |ofpersons| paid Number Value | | engaged | Annapolis and Hastponte 2-225 ees 4 $57, 100 | $4, 800 | 118 $16, 500 Galloways and: Mayors se ee ens ees 3 6, 200 — 1, 700 | 38 6, 425 Nutwell:and Shady: Sidet.222 = eae 3 7, 650 | 1,800. 36 7, 100 Baltimore 2 2-2 ee ee ee ee eee 69 829, 120 | 681, 200 | 1, 071 705, 140 Solomons and Broomes Island_------------------ 6 20, 525 3, 800 98 13, 800 Perry.ville;and Northeast. 35" 75225 <2 eat 3 4,100 | 2, 500 | 12 4, 348 BenedichandsHock: boints= 42-55 eases 4 5, 300 2, 900 71 9, 750 Bishops Head, Crocheron, and Elliott_-_-----_-- 3 6, 300 | 11, 200 — 106 18, 048 @ambrideese se == Css 2 Si aa eee ee 17 158, 200 155, 950 | 874 182, 913 FIOODERS Islan Gses 238 ot See ee See 7g 32, 350 23, 500 | 372 39, 863 Hudson, Honga, and Secretary -_-_---.-----_---. 3 | 11, 200 10, 000 | 95 27, 120 Wingateland! Roddivalle=--== 3 ~ Sa e e 6 24, 500 20, 500 | 255 28, 379 @Hestentiowmese— ss ed tee ee 3 500 | 900 Ibe, 3 Rio Ck hia ies ee es 8s ee ee eee 9 3, 600 3, 900 58 12,111 Cesta ee ee a ee eee el 17 42, 575 28, 550 260 67, 290 Blakistone, Compton, and Ridge_-__---____----- 4 4, 100 2, 100 52 8, 450 GRISHCIORE SS eee Se uC a } 83 | 416, 050 71, 500 1, 660 318, 086 Deal Island, Chance, and Wenona------_----_-_- | 12 34, 300 | 16, 200 | 224 48, 136 Inverness und sRumibleye---— 2s 5 a ee 4 5, 100 | 2, 900 | 52 11, 800 Mount Vernon and Marion Station_________-__-_ 5 34, 650 10, 100 169 38, 300 SMITH eESlan dah ie re eee ee a 25 10, 800 13, 400 108 8, 150 Oxford, Neavitt, and Newcomb. -.-_--._._-----_-- 6 | 24, 575 11, 000 142 17, 638 St, Michaels:and Claiborne: 2 °--2== 3 29, 500 11, 000 145 27, 692 Tilghman Island -_-_-_--_- Je et 22 6 20, 650 | 18, 200 155 26, 725 Salisbury, Bivalve, and Nanticoke__-_____-_-__- 4 | 12, 300 9, 800 | 109 14, 918 (indleuresas sees to: eS Se oe eee 3 1, 500 1, 700 10 350 Océan City andsNewark.2. =. =. e285. ee 4 | 1, 100 1, 600 | 7 250 STS eal era ee eg Oe Se eee 316 | 1,803,845 | 1,122, 700 | 6,312 | 1, 662, 282 VIRGINIA The number of persons engaged in the fisheries and related in- dustries of Virginia in 1925 was 19,366, of whom 2,005 were on fishing vessels, 467 on vessels transporting fishery products, 11,673 in the shore or boat fisheries, and 5,221 engaged as shoremen connected with the fisheries and in the wholesale fishery trade, canning, and other fishery industries. The amount of capital invested in the fisheries and fishery in- dustries was $11,269,605 and included 464 fishing and transporting vessels valued at $3,313,112, with a net tonnage of 9,577 tons and outfits valued at $391,779; 9,615 boats valued at $1,497,215; fishing apparatus with a value of $1,607,290; shore and accessory property to the value of $3,424,709; and cash capital amounting to $1,035,500. The products of the fisheries amounted to 276,227,784 pounds, valued at $9,084,641. The principal species, arranged in the order of their value, were as follows: Oysters, 30,494,912 pounds, or 4,356,416 bushels, valued at $2,765,334; menhaden, 150,485,623 pounds, valued at $1,434,681; shad, 6,103,704 pounds, valued at $1,372,491; crabs, 19,945,244 pounds, valued at $681,714; croaker, 22,649,295 pounds, valued at $648,090; squeteagues, 12,444,450 pounds, valued at $579,563; clams, 1,080,552 pounds, valued at $422,334; butterfish, 5,836,357 pounds, valued at $252,298; and alewives, 17,910,247 pounds, valued at $209,723. Compared with 1920, there was a decrease of 12 in the number of persons engaged in the fisheries and fishery industries and an increase of $560,106, or 5.23 per cent, in the investment. The products of the fisheries showed a decrease of 194,991,305 pounds, or 41.38 per cent, FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 477 in the quantity but an increase of $542,917, or 6.36 per cent, in the value. There was a decrease in the value of the products of the canning and other fishery industries amounting to $1,376,521, or 30.10 per cent. Fisheries by apparatus.—The products of the vessel fisheries of Virginia in 1925 amounted to 159,439,533 pounds, valued at $2,138,- 127, consisting chiefly of menhaden taken with purse seines, 146,008,- 200 pounds, valued at $1,416,422; oysters taken with dredges and tongs, 7,505,033 pounds, or 1,072,148 bushels, valued at $624,881; and crabs taken with dredges, 3,345,587 pounds, valued at $115,595. In the shore or boat fisheries the most productive torm of apparatus used is the pound net, the catch amounting to 66,244,102 pounds, valued at $2,959,881. The species taken in the largest quantities with pound nets were alewives, croaker, squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout,”’ butterfish, shad, and menhaden. Tongs, nippers, rakes, forks, and clam picks or hoes, used chiefly in taking oysters, yielded a catch of 24,035,361 pounds, valued at $2,400,112. The catch with lines, con- sisting principally of hard crabs, amounted to 15,138,799 pounds, valued at $424,086. Gill nets tock 3,463,948 pounds, valued at $338,- 951, the principal species being croaker and shad. The catch with haul seines amounted to 3,977,704 pounds, valued at $190,503, the principal species being croaker, spot, squeteagues or “‘sea trout,” and carp. Dredges took 1,658,043 pounds, valued at $171,819; dip nets, 790,215 pounds, valued at $83,746; fyke nets, 1,243,694 pounds, valued at $83,499; crab scrapes, 482,124 pounds, valued at $45,141; pots, 183,115 pounds, valued at $13,305; slat traps, 318,310 pounds, valued at $8,612; stop nets, 83,000 pounds, valued at $8,240; otter trawls, 51,000 pounds, valued at $2,500; spears, 15,000 pounds, valued at $1,880; and purse seines, 264,404 pounds, valued at $1,311, The products of the vessel and shore fisheries are shown separately in the following tables: Yield of the vessel fisheries of Virginia in 1925, by apparatus and species | Species | Purse seines | Otter trawls Pounds Value Pounds Value ROA RC a ec ee roca Puen nave oooh [ee Sona b oe ee ee 1, 492, 000 $59, 680 LDIIDE E13 (Gi Seep a ee a) [ee ohare |e ieee 5s 152,000 | 12, 160 DEG GVOVT I ness on See ER pee he a ee | ee eee ae ee ee 2, 000 80 ERCOPRNS S7VUNTN en) Te SI ele SR a ee ee ap eee eg (Ue etn oe Veer oe se 17, 750 | 1,775 vinta prime eae ena! 1. SENS | AEE fe ee ee Wh 146).008, 200: |$1;,416,422 |. 22 lea SCH TUDOR yeaa mete ne ein yet Sa Sy a Wc nies ok eta be Ph ie Tod 14, 000 700 SERS DES Sa ere a cD SU Rs gaa | ty a oe (ee 18, 000 2, 230 ro] 0) 6) Page eae eles Ee See S et eh le SNA SE IRS TN oe op 30, 000 2, 270 SHOITEHIGT O EES Bt sa I Ne 2 ae am | RRL ee vs) Irae eee | 22, 400 | 1, 690 a | TG a ell Ae De gn em | 146,008,200 | 1,416,422 | 1,748,150 | 80,585 | i : Species Dredges Tongs Pounds Value | Pounds Value UDI OS, VET Lee gel ah Ae a 3, 339, 187 $113; 145: |-22t Soe eee ee eee latin NAAT eae ee ney Stews Teka ier NEY Sh ges ed 6, 400 2, 450 | 2, 000 $692 Oysters, market: | (HU Nee pee ae ek ee, ha eee | 651, 420 78, 624 | 9, 100 970 peiiaia ser gens os liga GTA Ua 3, 488,926 | 428° 016 | 5, 600 184 SETH Gast le Ee earn aS 6 ee ee en 2, 400 ESTOr OY (tse sei ea [ange nS Sar kg talsa eter mera isso ean wey eae AFT ey? 7, 488, 333 623, 035 | 16, 700 1, 846 H 478 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of the vessel fisheries of Virginia in 1925, by apparatus and species—Con. Species Clam picks or hoes By hand Pounds Value Pounds Value G@lams; hard: =----¢s2Seeee2 aes ae te 19, 120 $7, 533 8, 880 $3, 475- Olysters; seed, DUD @l223 eae ne ee ee oe ae eee 150, 150 5, 231 Total 2: 355 eee eh Bee eee 19, 120 | 7, 533 159, 030 8, 706- Yield of the shore or boat fisheries of Virginia in 1925, by apparatus and species Species Pound nets Gill nets Haul seines Fyke nets | | Alewives: Pounds Value Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value lpia ets re es 5 ELS ee 17, 313, 300 | $195, 952 98, 000 | $2,675 79,097 | $2,143 | 136,250 $2, 683 Sultedaseee stan sa | 23, 600 770. |sccnsnte be) eee ln ee wat eee! cba 23, 600 148) |e. 5:2 252|beeeee |b ote See eee ee Spanish mackerel----------- | 118, 974 15, 482 2, 000 100 6, 4701 W097 |S 2a e ee SpOtess see eke see 799, 654 37, 198 228, 329 | 10,045 662, 694 | 35,979 7,479 440 Squeteaguesss=_ 2-255 ---eL e \11, 790, 280 | 539, 982 159, 010 7,004 | 381,871 | 25, 269 19, 699 | 1,275 Striped bass: 220-2222 _ 2 a 4753686 84, 466 68,930 | 13, 103 175, 698 | 32, 295 99, 795 |20, 923 Sturgeon= 2 60, 527 14, 790 4,200 | 1,065 1, 250 $12))|22- 32.22 Sturgeon caviar and roe-_-____ 4, 585 4, 984 750 750 18 13: oS SS ee SiTCKersee eee ie a ees See eek Sel aN ah aa I ee 870 48 3, 043 186 Strmfish= = see Soe So ee ase 400 20) 22225 2532 |eeaeeuee lesec3 222 |- ee es ee ee Svwellfish=2 32 22ee ease 35, 000 40n|Ss252 2FC 3 Jeeb 6. 3.|bec oe ee eee Ratton Gee ee ee ae 2, 870 Days MEE See |e tence IE 2 2s = se ie | Sipe Thimble-eyed mackerel - ___- 13, 700 498) 72 ee a Se ee ee PROMCOGSes = ease 17, 400 420!) 3 2 Bos | esl os =| See ee eee Ep letail aes eee Bee 25 4ie oe es ek ee eel ae |e Se ee | asian una) se oa cee: San nt 320 Uae 3 a8 eo. 3. 2 ee eee oe WiktibesnGrchiesssunece ane 115, 384 9,189 | 27,960 | 3,239 | 123,338! 7,722 | 142,543 |13, 609 Wihitine?=.25 2 ea 33, 600 (1 «(epee et) He a ear IR fe ae | ns | ee Yellow percht=—- === Se 6, 845 692) 5-2-8 jemeeaes <4 31,412 | 2,086 41, 430 | 4,560: Other fish 4s- sass 55 eee 350 18) | s282 a ee ee Crabs: 10h a0 Cee eee ee ae Saleh aes Stes ee oe 1, 250 80. |- 02-22. - 2224-22. 2/e ee ee SOlto. ose a eee a ee ee eee 2,000 "| 1,000! |= <2 = =2 Ie SS ee ee poke (b bts Re eee eee SS tke 415, 825 23) 607 osc. oases Stee 22S ES eee Murtlessac- sa eS 2, 700 QQ) | eter nos ht sue Ses eo eee ee Alewife scales: --.2_----.=--- 100, 090 FOSOOON SS. See se2 |. 2-saean|aancee see | ee otal aa. 8s eee 66, 244, 102 (> 959, 881 Ig, 463, 948 338,951 |8, 977, 704 |190, 503 |1, 243, 694 ss, 499° FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 479 Yield of the shore or boat fisheries of Virginia in 1925, by apparatus and spe- cies—Continued Species Lines _ Stop nets Otter trawls Purse seines | Pounds Value Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pownds | Value OTT ET Ree ee a 1, 320 $63) [222.---..- [oes aoe Ree eas PASM eee =< one 49, 059 AN201) Oss. an eS SAP ee a S « J OUTS ik oe SS ee See 83,000 | $8,240 |____------ MENGSK Ole. een ssn k 486, 300 LHs6NG) ESS 5. | ee ckes 40, 000 OT Tp (ee rie 1, 000 Dit |e ee 2 aS | ee iG ee re 18, 760 CAL |e 10, 000 King whiting____--__--_- 9, 415 (TU) [eo ei MR | Rammer 5 Mrenhaden=2=-<2- ..-._ +. [enna Stew ean soe en CNS on 20S S| cc cece TET FS 1 Ses fen 25, 648 ING96) joerc 2-52) s_ a Pet |. oS cone! Scup or porgy--_--------- | 700 OQ) (PES ee he ee co |e ocae aes eoeeees aghassee eek Dan 20, 125 Tas 1) Oe (Ea 1, 000 ‘Shot pe eee ee rr 40, 050 yuh ital Cites aa Ve ed Be Caer Leos cr |beln AMUSE OL) = ft Fe Squeteagues___._.--.----- 71, 240 Bo S43) |e 2-8 =. S| a | 23 a ee | eee a Sirmed: bass 22 = =. =. 1, 200 240) See ee Ns Pc ae Sec bes | bee eee Eee = ee E Wihite perch’... .=.=.-== 6, 450 563), |Bis2=. 22 |- 254 2222) - nn cones | sae se seen oo Sa pee uner fishes eos. ts 300 30! [ios 2. s|a cScndoe | oa beaedsleaee see Se eeeee <=] basen Crabs: lett Ree Lin ee eo 14-3932397-||'--890,863 \|S2 202 o/h eke AS | aoa o| et tooo BR ee eo? ee Be 13, 835 W245) |e co obit te eb ac esalocsiecen beoce bess PSE LOY) ae | 15, 138,799 | 424, 086 83,000 | 8, 240 51,000 | 2,500 | 264, 404 1,311 i j Species Dip nets Pots, eel, ete. Slat traps Spears Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value See? Pa See 260: 000))0 a $55 500) sa = en eee Pe Saws 2 |i. Bee 8 3, 850 O80) |aae ene =e. | sae 105, 425 $5, 088 7, 800 390) 2 sok ee 4S pee ee 77, 690 8, 217 5, 200 520 | 15,000 | $1,880 eee Se nee A eres ae 29, 600 880>|- 22-522 = eee Sina sees. Ba Se SY ee eee ee Aer Cees beeen eemetert pre 60 LOY Se = 2S eee ee Sy DGS gs 28 oS ct sara Se Ee eee (ee ee Le ge | eee Eo 200 CLG) | ee oe ee 2 ae WON COG 15 Sas SEE ee ere ieee eee! Meare Oe ay Pease ee 11, 600 GOR sae 2 So eee Crabs: Hard rest = == 93, 500 ST O53 gas eee Se ee a SG 2 ean one en PA en eee SOT: ee ee 696, 715 SU) | eae eer A OR ee | A he oe | ee ome 790, 215 83, 746 | 183,115 13,305 | 318,310 8, 612 15, 000 1, 880 ; Tongs, nippers, Species Dredges rakes, forks, clam By hand Crab scrapes picks, and hoes Crabs: Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value ard ae Ss ho ee Fs GaOROHOp SLC dai, aoe see S| ee a ee ee Eee 44, 700 $921 esti eae aS [ee See | ee ee ee 272,276 | $29, 723 | 437,424 | 44,220 Oysters, market: lic soe se eS 196;525,| 225260) ||: 8) 478-274. | $920.66: 211008: 14,390) |--_---= —- |. = Privateees 2 2 2 466,200 | 64,995 | 5, 862, 094 783%209) (1; 1969146 | 86,540 |b. 22-2 oe = Oysters, seed: LETS OR. Ae eee ae 83 718,619: || 32051257) 9815400) 333015 |------- Ie = sas REV ate ee eee! Skee Oe Sa eet SS = 22, 750 1, 138 56, 700 13380) |E-see es Eas 2 Scallops Se weecs | 335, 358 | 67, 803 1, 200 350 21, 774 5, S19) ees | ae eS Clams, hard: TejFlafitos Gs Ses Soa eee (NS ee ree Weeven ae O27-21Gh1, 355848.) + 84.998) = 33, O10) |e. eee ee oe ai) 3) eee ae See 25, 208 17, 176 6, 800 ys: Ui eee ll [are Cgc Tariana | ee Ee (EE ET ae) ee a SSZ00N|t 4s 400 | eee ee | “Nt | eee ne ee 1, 658, 043 | 171,819 | 24, 035,361 |2, 400, 112 |2, 839, 432 | 212,928 | 482,124 | 45, 141 480. U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Summary of the yield of the fisheries of Virginia in 1925 Species Shore fisheries Vessel fisheries Alewives: Pounds Value resh 42-232: 24 Rees Paes 17, 886, 647 | $208, 953 Salted. 22 obese eae ue aes 23, 600 770 PAgipelfish = = 2 222s see 4, 050 225 Black ibass2 224222 etree ees 57, 418 7, 734 157, 258 18, 858 288, 110 15, 891 24, 775 753 5, 836, 357 | 252, 298 462, 419 30, 997 534, 330 32, 057 3, 260 265 17, 000 701, 445 21, 157, 295 588, 410 228, 180 3, 529 125, 390 2, 248 181, 948 21, 900 429, 817 25, 742 350, 283 8, 785 Gold fishes eae ee a 2, 600 129 TSE Co KG (Yc) conten ann She GTS VET BS SR ae | eee PAK 6 yds Atte nee aa 11, 800 232 ITA VEStis het) see aes are 42, 325 1, 488 Hickory‘shad= === SS 235, 127 11, 034 Kingswhiting=— 02 ei ee 105, 088 7, 144 Mackerel Menhaden IME Ot seater ae A EE Pinfish Sei be A eA asp le Ee) RL Ped Pinfish____ Pompano Scup and porgy Seatbassi sole hie ae Sea robin Shadtea ae. ae a eee Sharks 2s 20. Soa ee cee EY Sheepsheaduce fete ee 122 17 suicr Gi). Se Lee ee eee 23, 600 148 Spanish mackerel._.__......---. | 127, 445 16, 679 SOG ee i eee a een 1, 738, 206 85, 820 Saquetearues: 2. = SDP. Sali 12, 422, 050 577, 873 Stripedsbass = ess ae Tae ee 821, 309 151, 027 BLUreeoe. 22 ao eee eae 65, 977 16, 167 Sturgeon caviar and roe_.------ 5, 353 5, 752 Suckers. mets o t a 4,113 250 Sunishe—) es eet ee ee 400 20 Swellfishes 3 sob boas 35, 000 49 | Taitoget 22 o-oo es 2, 870 225 Thimble-eyed mackerel 13, 700 428 OMICO GH es Pa Atle saat) 17, 400 420 Tripletail____ 25 4 Nas ee 320 17 White perch 427, 275 35, 230 Wihitings seehe4 LE acca ed 33, 600 716 Wellow perch 452 2o ae 79, 687 7, 338 Other fishes ese Tee ea 650 48 Crabs: NEP LT ere eaten nh Ta SL 15, 192, 807 410, 588 (SY6) jek EI pas Se ee 1, 422, 250 157, 981 | Clams, hard: IPUbNCe anes 2 Ube tee 1, 012, 144 386, 758 IPLLVatOm ee eset ete eee ee ee 32, 008 21, 426 Sqiiideae a=ses nek oe a. eae 415, 825 23, 607 Oysters, market: PTD 1iC sae Oe see ei ee 8, 885, 807 | 956, 906 660, 520 79, 594 Privates see See eee 7, 524, 440 939,745 | 3, 494, 526 428, 200 Oysters, seed: PHDliCwS or nc oe ee a 9, 700, 019 353, 140 150, 150 5, 231 Privates eee scccsee cone eee 79, 450 2 S18 see oe os ae ose Begllopsseeessseeseeeseane=saa=e 358, 332 73, 472 2, 400 | 800 Terrapin. ao cceccaeee-cneesee 8, 400 4,400) | eee Ss newest EDIT ElGS eee ae Re ee ed ee 2, 700 49) | Soha So Sho cae iMewitlerscalesie 222-2 ooo eee 100, 000 10, 000 eeteicteieetsietel eietaiieienatan otal Se = <2 ee eae 120, 788, 251 | 6,946, 514 | 159, 439, 533 | 2, 138, 127 Total Pounds Value 17, 886, 647 | $208, 953 23, 600 770 4, 050 225 57, 418 7, 734 157, 258 18, 858 288, 110 15, 891 24, 775 753 5, 836, 357 252, 298 462, 419 30, 997 534, 330 32, 057 3, 260 265 17, 000 406 701, 445 25, 376 22, 649,295 | 648, 090 228, 180 3, 529 125, 390 2, 243 181, 948 21, 900 581, 817 37, 902 350, 283 8, 785 2, 600 129 2, 000 80 11, 800 232 42, 325 1, 488 235, 127 11, 034 122, 838 8,919 11, 840 1, 234 150, 485, 623 | 1, 4384, 681 122, 072 8, 161 140, 799 7, 558 17, 855 2, 983 1, 400 130 4, 584 1, 003 402, 274 27, 928 51, 340 4, 568 50, 000 71 6, 103, 704 | 1,372, 491 17, 154 1, 021 122 17 23, 600 148 127, 445 16, 679 1, 768, 206 88, 090 12, 444, 450 579, 563 821, 309 151, 027 65, 977 16, 167 5, 353 5, 752 4,113 250 400 20 35, 000 49 2, 870 225 13, 700 428 17, 400 420 25 4 320 17 427,275 35, 230 33, 600 716 79, 687 7, 338 650 48 18, 531, 994 523, 733 1, 422, 250 157, 981 1, 048, 544 400, 908 32, 008 21, 426 415, 825 23, 607 9, 546, 327 | 1, 036, 500 11, 013, 366 | 1, 367, 761 9, 855, 769 358, 555 79, 450 2, 518 360, 732 74, 272 8, 4 4, 400 2, 700 49 100, 000 10, 000 276, 227, 784 | 9, 084, 641 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 481 Summary by counties Counties inter Investment Products ° Number Dollars Pounds Value Accomac.--- 3,175 1,412,182} 41,275,492 | $1,651, 491 Arlington--- 66 | 70, 390 30, 591 4, 943 Caroline -- -- 9 425 6, 350 625 OP an Sah yo See ee 237 13, 325 242, 018 42, 080 CURES SEL DOSS os ae Se eee eee | 22 655 33, 000 4, 675 iri. Gi Ree ae 8 | 270 27, 350 1, 125 TENT EA) aH (KS) nan pea Sa 1, 143 1,077,279 | 15, 205, 633 953, 161 eee 184 21, 592 394 40, 083 Lg ES oe ee Se ee ee 69 12, 304 108, 417 15, 275 QUEEF gE Se SE ES CS ee 953 204, 153 9, 348, 417 527, 096 ceiearir iceman eee ae ee et a oe ecase 21 1, 945 277, 000 7,776 TRU Or WAT kee ge ee el NE Eee ae 387 89, 340 2, 856, 827 192, 987 GAMES O LE oan coe 126 25, 060 702, 189 | 92, 492 King and Queen-_ 67 6, 452 288, 680 29, 122 King George----- | 113 28, 314 457, 260 38, 725 King William_....-.--. 204 185, 990 | 547, 991 | 59, 594 NSHP ASLOD SY tee oo ean sacar eon aanceeeeosesasccc-s< 2, 381 1, 719, 272 47, 317, 013 764, 769 fiTart Heys eee ae es eme mints oe SS Se eke | 1, 125 555,945 | 12, 557, 881 | 873, 593 TSI ES Ty Cal Se a a 1,175 170, 606 2, 369, 675 209, 956 IN EVEIS g1e110) 000 [a ee ee a 210 63, 637 2, 002, 891 | 149, 492 LST, LT pS Se ee 71 5, 850 187, 336 | 21, 060 IsSTSYAID Ue a3 Se he a ee 1, 354 1, 090, 295 4, 484, 511 293, 160 Rinrebam prone eae ae eee en eS ee 1, 216 506,163) 12, 705,068 567, 777 INeruntiniherlands-o2 2.522 2s-5 55 snc see sce aasasscecee 2, 560 3, 255,096 | 101, 096, 696 1, 337, 725 Prince George 64 7, 70 220, 130 20, 343 Princess Anne 312 59, 788 2, 221, 618 134, 589 Prince William__. 46 10, 546 113, 525 14, 424 Richmond_.------ 203 42, 560 474, 363 56, 279 Spotsylvania 14 335 45, 450 1, 20 Staffor 79 17, 817 209, 930 20, 369 Surry 61 12, 853 274, 268 28, 269 Warwick 387 86, 855 3, 113, 458 191, 565 Westmoreland 458 92, 755 1, 616, 816 107, 319 York 866 421, 856 18, 478, 546 631, 499 19, 366 11, 269,605 | 276, 227, 784 9, 084, 641 Wholesale fishery trade—In 1925 there were 218 establishments engaged in the wholesale fishery trade in Virginia, valued at $937,060, using a cash or working capital amounting to $395,600, and employ- ing 3,359 persons, to whom $917,263 were paid in wages. Menhaden industry.—There were 15 menhaden factories operated in Virginia in 1925, valued at $1,399,729, as compared with 18 factories, valued at $1,727,063, in 1920, and the cash or working capital used amounted to $326,000. The number of persons engaged in the fac- tories was 598, to whom $225,199 was paid in wages. The number of vessels operated in 1925 was 48, valued at $2,324,912, with a net tonnage of 5,088 tons and outfits valued at $260,345. The apparatus used on vessels, consisting of purse seines, was valued at $78,200. There were also 126 accessory gasoline boats employed, valued at $34,600. The number of persons employed on vessels was 1,466. The number of menhaden utilized in the factories was 248,847,550, valued at $1,423,612, as compared with 536,879,567, valued at $2,192,837 in 1920. The manufactured products included 18,247 tons of dry scrap and fish meal, valued at $950,739, and 2,669,074 gallons of oil, valued at $1,330,799, as compared with 40,212 tons of dry scrap and fish meal, valued at $3,035,169, and 2,053,363 gallons of oil, valued at $546,198, in 1920. Miscellaneous industries —In 1925 there were canned 5,669 cases of alewives, valued at $9,317; 53,252 cases of alewife roe, valued at $178,421; and 6,093 cases of other fishery products, valued at $48,823. There were salted 6,206,748 pounds of alewives, valued at $158,768. 482 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The by-products industry produced 1,308 tons of dry scrap and fish meal, valued at $50,997; 32,389 gallons of fish oil, valued at $13,876; 24,872 tons of poultry grit, valued at $264,705; and 27,133 tons of lime, valued at $188,474. from oyster shells. The poultry grit and lime were prepared The detailed statistics of the industries*above referred to are given in the following tables: Investment, persons engaged, and wages paid in the wholesale trade in fresh fishery products in Virginia in 1925, by localities Establishments Number she Cash of Wages Localities capital | persons | paid Number Value engaged Accomac, Atlantic, and Belinda-_-._--____._-_=2- 3 $13, 350 $2, 700 62 $7, 600 @hineotenrue Islands 22-s pe) eee Cee ar Ps 25 45, 550 26, 100 235 47, 620 Franklin City, Greenbackville, and Sinnickson__ 12 11, 250 7, 000 74 13, 140 3 1, 150 1, 400 8 450 8 6, 000 6, 300 22 2, 850 4 3, 900 1, 800 54 3, 900 5 4, 650 3, 100 71 5, 900 9 4, 650 5, 900 69 10, 075 UN 32 (2 i() eee em ee, ie RC. eS Se Tea 20 11, 100 11, 500 52 7, 975 Wiarhapreaciiet effet Dee eae 8 3 5, 500 3, 600 84 13, 550 Hanipion: and Phoehuss222 ee 2 oo ee ee 14 294, 700 67, 900 456 139, 509 Bertrandand Invington:— i.e eh a oes | 4 13, 110 3, 900 67 11, 750 Millenbeck and Merry Point_..._.___-______-.-. 7 15, 200 4,100 107 19, 250 Morattico, Mollusk, and Monaskon_______--__-- 7 15, 700 3, 600 156 22, 750 iWeemsland Wikite:Stone:= = 2a. - 42 = 2 ees 12 5, 600 5, 200 123 28, 702 Urbanna, Remlik, and Water View___--_-------- 5 13, 000 7, 700 135 26, 160 INO ike 2 ete tert rant seid ee ee eee 8 13 264, 700 140, 000 613 326, 199 RDTiStn OU Giese San oe bee pes et 5 94, 750 38, 000 195 77, 372 Bayiord.angd Broad waters lee. ee 5 4, 900 2, 600 49 5 Gaper@iharlés Hor ayo shes art eee eee 5 4, 400 1, 400 35 6, 360 @aneyillevand*Magotha_- 44" - 22 ee 4 3, 300 2, 300 35 5,175 Mheritontand Oyster Ss a ae et 4 8, 700 3, 200 60 14, 800 SWilLISSWilarios = peel hole ee a ees ee ee ai - 41, 300 11, 700 186 31, 560 Binckowelistandv Milas =) ee pee Le ee ee ee 4 4, 750 1, 650 46 5, 950 Cowart, Lewisetta, and Lilian.___.-_--..________ 3 2, 900 2, 000 44 5, 623 Sampsons Wharf and Tipers_......-.-___.-._--.. 5 2, 700 1, 400 31 3, 100 SHanpsiands ign OMSOn=tasea oe ee ey 4 8, 650 1, 800 76 14, 400 IWew port News22) seo 28 8 ao ois iy cet Shae ee 3 5, 300 4, 100 33 11, 843 Messick, Odd, and Yorktown... _.___________-__- 4 7, 000 13, 000 32 13, 810 Miscellaneous localities 2= 53 2 11 19, 300 10, 650 149 32, 390 FD OG ATS ke hee See ae | a eee oN 218 937, 060 395, 600 3, 359 917, 263 The menhaden industry of Virginia in 1925 | Items Number Value Items Number Value Nactories= 222-2345 22a 15 | $1,399, 729 || Steam vessels, fishing__-_- 42 | $2, 264, 912 Gashicapitalic oP E. = js. f loess 326, 000 onnare. .--. 26a 4, 956;\|22 tae Wages paid factory em- Ontht22=- 2 Ss ee 253, 933 DGVees -— ree ee eee de | fa SE ee 225, 199 || Gasoline vessels, fishing___ 1 60, 000 Persons in factories______-_ 008 pe eee Tenge: ee 132.2 ee Persons on vessels_______- D466) Fee ee Outhit... 222.2: Cs eee 6, 412 Menhaden utilized_______ 248, 847, 550 | 1,423,612 |} Accessory gasoline boats__ 126 34, 600 Products: Apparatus on _ vessels: Dry serapes 2212 tons__ 14, 792 742, 542 Purse seins (total length Fish meal______ dosoas 3, 455 208, 197 12'612. yards) 2: | Swe Ses 42 78, 200 Ouest fete gallons__ 2, 669, 074 1, 330, 799 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1926 483 Quantity and value of canned and salted fishery products and by-products manu- factured in Virginia in 1925 Items Number} Value || Items Number} Value | _ ee Canned: | Alewives, 15-ounce (2 dozen | Salted: Alewives_...pounds_-|6, 206,748 | $158, 768 ROICOSG) oon nt on cases__| 5, 668 $9, 317 | —S = —— : —————— v= DrOducts: Alewife roe— | Dry scrap and fish meal 15-ounce (2 dozen to Reyes hc aoe tons_- 1, 308 50, 977 RSG )fa fess ae cases... 46, 366 11645290) |) Bish’ oil--_=_- 22 gallons__| 32, 389 13, 876 18-ounce (2 dozen to pe .Ouliiy, etites- eee tons..| 24,872 264, 705 CASO) ers oe Sea cases..| 6, 886 PA Olive iimnes 2 eet do....| 27,133 188, 474 ‘ta do..--| 53,252 | 178,421 | Mobal 25 222, ese ee 518, 032 ed —e Se ee SS Other products_...._- do...-| 6,093 | 48,823 || Gremd total-—-- 2 A-<2 ae | 913, 361 Pocaless 0.3. do...-| 65,013 | 236, 561 | 1Includes a few cases packed in 18-ounce cans reduced to the equivalent of 15-ounce cans. 2Includes some cases packed in 71%, 10, and 17 ounce cans reduced to the equivalent of 15-ounce cans. O a z = aes iy tn “ a wi, a oa ; , Mule oe ae sr) =i ba § . F I . ¢ * ee mie RO, Rane iS. veal two eae 1 BES, ok aaa art Paki Rites dane oe | a POY ae J i iy Eyer 2 pvt ape. ret Dis abet laks an Sle ut Papers We seh hs f For a ce a ; eh . cay ‘ ‘ le i nes Fog ees Stat 6g i a viata aie Sis pik Saray ra ere an rte 4h ay did Dass “abe / Oct ort aes ‘Tage i a | i . ac shunner Caek Ae See oat Fell an Ae: BRE dy ee) ee “3 ste re, ‘4 en ral Seer : ; age earls ov a ane - i. > be read gain inne dares * eee aber aed Se tele pais ate ont Sea Piet ut 1 146, fai ait a moet hse doriririge BL 08: Taker ay eap ve TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS AND hugion a NG CONSIDERATIONS IN GREATER ST. By R. H. Frepier Agent, United States Bureau of Fisheries CONTENTS Page DENT OuL ON eae os etn eo ee -- 485 | Cold-storage facilities__......__.__.____._._---———4 HGrHe SMe eis ee Ol oP hha BU 2 ASGn SIZES OLS sa oe tees Le eet LT Cae ea ie Source of supply of fishery products _-_--___- 486 Form in which fish are received ECOL VAT Bi pL tS ee ee ot Ae ee Sek oe = 480) Shipping containers sess = = ees Pipaiisretiorin sere sry F Sepress he FE ese De 490 | Trade categories of fishery products received. 502 Reshipment of fishery products_-_-_-________ 490 | Estimated population of the greater St. Louis TiGeCam RNR LING ss = 2 cle et Lo sie Pe 491 ATCO LOD Ss cert Wes 2 APSE 2 ee St 507 Widolesilewirade = tee 491 Per capita consumption of fish__.__________ 507 Common and scientific names of fishery Summary of market survey__...__._________- 508 PEOGUCLS WANG eda FS eset e e ees 492 | Health regulations governing fish stores______ 508 Important commercial products__________- 493 | Regulations governing the sale of fish________ 509 Products of moderate importance__________ 491 | Directory of sea-food dealers in St. Louis____ 510 Products of slight importance_____.________ 494 | Express and freight rates_.._-.......__....-- 512 Retail trade and fish stores__.-______-_____- 495 Union Wiapket< aes sete ee 2 Tl rs oc). 497 Grocery and meat stores_-._....-__-.-__--- 500 INTRODUCTION The present survey is the eighth of a series of trade investigations made by the Bureau of Fisheries, the cities previously canvassed being Louisville, Ky.; Pittsburgh, Pa.; Chicago, Ill.; Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.; Seattle, Wash.; Boston, Mass.; and New York City, N. Y. The following report is based on the calendar year 1926 as to amounts of fish handled and the spring of 1927 for market- ing conditions. The author wishes to express his appreciation to the fish trade for its interest, cooperation, and many courtesies extended while the information for this survey was being collected. Thanks are especially due to George J. Goettling and William Goettling of the Geo. J. Goettling Co.; W. A. Meletio and Frank J. Girse of the Meletio Seafood Co.; G. Roettger of the Faust’s Fulton Market Co.; and Carl A. Lammers of the Booth Fisheries Co., for supplying data and helpful suggestions throughout the course of this survey. Greater St. Louis is situated on the Mississippi River, near the geographical center of the United States, near the center of popula- tion, the center of agricultural production, and the center of many of the sources of raw materials. Being neither eastern nor western, northern nor southern, its population represents a mythical cross section of the United States. The city of St Louis, considered alone, is the most American city in the United States, with the smallest number of foreign-born citizens of any metropolitan city, according to the fourteenth United States census report. 1 Appendix VI to the Report of the U, S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1927. B. F. Doc. 1026. 485 486 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES FINDINGS Through this study it has been found that— 1. Greater St. Louis is supplied with fresh and frozen fishery products by 28 States and 4 Canadian Provinces. 2. Wholesale dealers distribute fresh and frozen fishery products to 17 States. 3. Wholesale houses are in close proximity to terminal team tracks and cold-storage warehouses, thereby minimizing time and expense in intracity transportation of fishery products. 4. Consumer preference for fresh-water fishery products has been replaced by a more general use of salt-water fishery products. 5. Six fishery products constitute 75 per cent of the trade, 4 of which are salt-water products and 2 fresh-water products. 6. The popularity of whiting has been due, in no little degree, to its being prepared for cooking and to its sale as a whiting sandwich by hot-fish shops. 7. Most of the retail fish stores handling fishery products every ey, in the week cater largely to the Jewish, Italian, and colored trade. 8. The gentile trade deals largely with grocery stores that handle fishery products only one or two days a week. 9. These grocery stores, while handling quantities of fish in the round or viscerated are inclined to handle prepared packaged products more readily. 10. Cold-storage facilities afforded in greater St. Louis have tended to stabilize the fish trade. 11. Frozen fishery products amount to over one-half of the receipts. 12. Wholesale dealers prefer to have shipments made in boxes. 13. Wholesale dealers prefer fishery products prepared and pack- oe at the point of production as far as consistent with the type of fish. 14. The annual per capita consumption of fish in the round is about 12 pounds and of the edible portion about 9 pounds. SOURCES OF SUPPLY OF FISHERY PRODUCTS The fisheries of 28 States and 4 Canadian Provinces contribute in supplying greater St. Louis with fishery products. During 1926, 13,127,000 pounds of fishery products were received in this market, of which 9,099,000 pounds, or 69 per cent, were salt-water varieties, and 4,028,000 pounds, or 31 per cent, were fresh-water varieties. Of the total amount, Massachusetts sent the largest supply, amounting to 4,583,000 pounds, consisting entirely of salt-water varieties. Florida was second with 1,384,000 pounds, consisting of 946,000 pounds of fresh-water varieties and 438,000 pounds of salt-water varieties. Washington was third with 1,324,000 pounds, consisting entirely of salt-water varieties. Louisiana was fourth with 1,166,000 pounds, consisting almost entirely of fresh-water varieties. New York was fifth with 749,000 pounds, consisting entirely of salt-water varieties. Other States or Provinces, in order of importance, were: New Jersey, Illinois (quantities of these fish were reshipped through Chicago and did not originate in the State), British Columbia, Mary- land, Ohio, Mississippi, Arkansas, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, Ten- nessee, Manitoba, Missouri, Connecticut, New Brunswick, Maine, TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 487 Michigan, Georgia, Minnesota, Nova Scotia, Alabama, Kentucky, Iowa, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, California, and North Carolina. TABLE 1.—A mount of fresh and frozen fishery products received in greater St. Louis, Mo., by States and Provinces where produced || State or Province | Pounds ae State or Province Pounds ral : S5H Ohio se. 2) Ss cee 369, 000 3 11 || Mississippi 331, 000 3 10 || Arkansas 229, 000 2 OM PeROXaS ssa. 2-2as-s5.5 190, 000 1 Oolmvirginl aes oe soo eek ee 146, 000 1 5 || All other States or Prov- | be | ences aeete ten ee. Loe 2 581,000 | 3 3 Se | 3 Bigtnleet ee th oe | 13, 127,000 | 100 1 About 260,000 pounds of these products were distributed through Chicago and were produced at points outside of the State. : 2 Includes products produced in the following States or Provinces, ranked in order of importance: Wis- consin, Tennessee, Manitoba, Missouri, Connecticut, New Brunswick, Maine, Michigan, Georgia, eae, Nova Scotia, Alabama, Kentucky, Iowa, Rhode Tsland, Pennsylvania, California, and North ‘arolina. TABLE 2.—Sources of supply of the fishery products received in greater St. Louis Product Massachu- setts Connecticut New York New Jersey Maryland North Caro- lina Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Pennsylva- nia Black Passe cea es ss || a | ai Pog ian ee IT ci ges (aol Ey (eer |S. i ee eee eee ee AES WTO ans ee BESS Shaped os). 20a = Se meses /E S| sl ee [es Spe Cael are ae ee SES Bee eae PEI Grouper iEPaTTAyO 7 Tht Oe ie Bee a || Pd PR Pa PO | | [Spe eee 5 | eae |e (E(B =| CTy Bs (Same ae ge a EB | [a La ae (a (eS caja le eae te ee ES SE had Sheepshead (fresh-water) ---_|---- fp | Sil AS | ee | | a bee eee eee Le a o.< Smelfisseasternls-~ 2. + -=22--|2ss— Spanish mackerel EEoonbill (Cr) AS = aS ee ee ie sa PERFOR AISKO sso. = ---— = a-|-2=— PRTOUL, S@AE 2-5 28 S25 5 2s =| an 488 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 2.—Sources of supply of the SE miodiees received in greater . Loutis—Continue Product Massachu- setts Connecticut New York New Jersey Murylend! Virginia | North Caro- Jina Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas nia | Pennsylva- Clams-= 22 eee eel het S| | rs pe PE eC Ne ee | ee Crabs, hard Ie Se Ee aie (cal sce ak Meee as Diath PRN sal eset ih teh Crabs; ‘softeetoc 2 males Re) pra eee MES aoa D>. |=. ge (es el fea ee i c- New Bruns- wick Product British Co- lumbia Blacksbass: 2s = n= 30 A Bass awhite se sera Site, IBASSHBpri ped m= aa 2, Sees es ae Bee fisheee a ss Se eee SF 3200 Buffalo fish, alive Carp ise test ee ae ee ee Carp, alive @athishi sh Taeeie Bradt. Eee x Di pee epee peered er. Gay eee paag peee aC ae) oe ae Flerring) seasas (3s els ae — Gakesherring 2 a se Mackerpla= be 0k. Ye Re ue Perch, white (fresh-water) -_____- x Perch syellow2==)-*. 222-20 Se Pike, blue *-. 2 eee ee es a Dike, STASS -t22-= ON eh Se A ene Pike, sauger-_____ Bike, yellow,--== 6222 1--- 25 ene Redisnappers 220 es. he Rockfish (red snapper) Bablefishs.22- Se tala ak oe x Smeltseastern sass ee eS meee Smelts, western s-22---- 2252222 oa Spoonbill cat. TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 489 RECEIVING POINTS Of the total fresh and frozen fishery products received in greater St. Louis, 5,655,000 pounds, or 43 per cent, are received by freight, 7,257,000 pounds, or 55 per cent, by express, and 215,000 pounds, or 2 per cent, by barge. Express shipments.—All express shipments carried by the American Railway Express Co. or the Southeastern Express Co. are received at their terminal at the Union Depot in the vicinity of Twentieth and Clark Streets. Fish arriving by express in less-than-carload lots are delivered to the consignees’ door without further charge than that included in the regular tariff rate. In some cases, where the fish are urgently needed, the consignee calls at the express terminal in person and obtains the shipment, although no allowance is made the con- signee for performing this transportation service. When express shipments are received in carload lots and nondelivery from the ter- minal to the consignees’ door is specified, a charge is made by the express company for such delivery. Usually a carload express ship- ment is composed of parcels for various consignees. In some cases the express company delivers the goods of only one person without further charge. The consignee who obtains this service usually receives the largest shipment in the particular car. The other con- signees must truck their goods themselves or hire it done by a trucking firm. In other cases, particularly with shipments of fish from the west, no free delivery is made. Freight shipments —Freight shipments are received over four routes from the east, three from the west, and three from the south. The freight terminals of these various trunk-line railroads are situated both in St. Louis and East St. Louis; the latter city is directly east across the Mississippi River. Shipments arriving by freight over these lines usually are handled by a terminal railroad company, which switches the freight cars of fish to various convenient localities in St. Louis known as terminal team tracks. No charges are assessed the consignee for the transfer of his carload freight shipments by the terminal railroad company, as all such charges are absorbed in the tariff rate charged for transporting the commodity over the trunk-line railroad. In many instances team tracks are situated less than one- balf mile from the majority of the wholesale fishery establishments. While the traffic over the arteries between the team tracks and the wholesale fishery establishments is somewhat heavy at intervals, the loss of time in intracity transportation of fishery products is of no great importance. Most of the wholesale fishery firms do their own trucking to and from the freight tracks, as well as any needed trucking between the express terminals. Should the contents of a freight shipment be urgently desired, the wholesaler will instruct the carrier of the shipment to leave the car containing that shipment at its freight terminal and his trucks will then call for the shipment. This method of obtaining the freight shipments is sometimes a little quicker than waiting for the terminal railroad company to switch the car to a team track, which sometimes requires half a day. Barge shipments of live fish. During 1926, 215,000 pounds of live fish, consisting of buffalo fish, carp, and catfish, were received in greater St. Louis. All originated in Illinois. These live fish are shipped in barges from the point of origin to the foot of Franklin 490 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Street in St. Louis. Here they are unloaded into tanks of water on trucks, or into containers without water, and then transported to the wholesale establishment, where they are held in tanks of running water pending sale. In addition to the live fish, 72,000 pounds of live soft crabs, craw- fish, lobsters, and turtles were received in 1926. The method of shipping these products is described under the subject ‘‘containers”’ in the latter portion of this report. PRODUCTION The waters surrounding greater St. Louis support no extensive commercial fishery. A few fishermen make small catches of buffalo fish and other species in surrounding streams, but the catch amounts to only a few thousand pounds annually. The fishermen dispose of their catches locally to wholesalers or by peddling direct to the consumer. RESHIPMENT OF FISHERY PRODUCTS Greater St. Louis is favorably situated for the distribution of fishery products. During 1926, 1,191,000 pounds, or 9 per cent, of the fresh and frozen fishery products received in this market, and large amounts of cured and canned fish, were distributed in the several States, in- cluding and adjoining Missouri, and also the States directly to the south. Direct and fast rail communication with the principal cities in these States is available. Reshipment by States—During 1926 Illinois received the largest amount of fish distributed from greater St. Louis, amounting to 344,000 pounds; Missouri was second, receiving 305,000 pounds; Oklahoma was third, receiving 165,000 pounds; and Arkansas was fourth, receiving 131,000 pounds. Other States that receive fishery products from greater St. Louis, ranked in order of importance, were Texas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Kansas, Indiana, Louisiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Alabama, Nebraska, Florida, Ohio, and New Mexico. TaBLE 3.—Amount of fresh and frozen fishery products distributed by greater St. Louis fish dealers, by the States receiving these products Per cent | Per cent State | Pounds SEtatale| State Pounds | ‘oF total Mlinoiss<222 44 = 5 344, 000 SOiN KANSAS: ste ee rae 27, 000 9 IVISSouriae= ao: 2a EL ES 305, 000 257|| “indiana 688525 tee se ees 24, 000 2 ORlshomar— 3 aeons 165, 000 145 | Ouisianae= 202652 eee” 15, 000 1 IT EKANISAS =o gee Se, 131, 000 Tbe] | OW Se oe ee. se ee ee 13, 000 1 exasee ce: it Fe) TS 78, 000 62! Other States: 222-22 ee 1 20, 000 2 ‘Mennessees 22.7 2 35, 3 | ae Mississippisio- 2: 22a se Ses 34, 000 3 SRotales- tera tec eee 1, 191, 000 100 1 Includes fresh and frozen fishery products distributed to the following States, ranked in order of im- portance: Kentucky, Alabama, Nebraska, Florida, Ohio, and New Mexico. Reshipment by species.—It is interesting to note that the varieties reshipped in the largest quantities from this market are those that have been received from distant production points. During 1926 whiting led the reshipments, with 259,000 pounds; halibut was second, with 215,000 pounds; catfish third, with 212,000 pounds; haddock TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 491 fillets fourth, with 116,000 pounds; and oysters fifth, with 111,000 pounds. Quantities of 33 other products also were reshipped. TABLE 4.—A mount of fresh and frozen fishery products distributed by greater St. Louis fish dealers, by species I! Species | Pounds | Species Pounds | VLR ESV ay ey os Fa ee Ba ee 259, 000 | White perch (fresh-water)_....-------- 17, 000 PT Sd ID iboats snore ee eee 215, 000 || Buffalo fish._.____- JSS ene ees 13, 000 PEST 22 5 eS eS ee 212, 000 | HORS! oe ae ee ee 13, 000 Haddocks Gillets)- sec. 2 on cco cncccee MG.O00l | Red snapper... eee 10, 000 With s hee ne ee ee cee ect TLINO00T| |Phlack bass. =. ..-2 LDS See Sa eee 9, 000 Spanishsmaekerel. =.— so. <2 anosant sete ADS OUOM BOARD coe == ue coe eee eee 7, 000 Gig ee oe eS ee ea SOLOOOR i Vellow: perch... 2h Si? is ea Se See 7, 000 Sth Sitehi ek CE A ee eee 23; O00 Other Drow tCts omen eee eee eee 43, 000 SING GASLOn-- oe nea ak 22, 000 || Shrimps see ee ee 19, 000 Totaleci k=. seb. 7 er St oc eee 1, 191, 000 GARGUTOH 6 Sone a aces 17, 000 | 1 Includes sablefish, lobsters, whitefish, shad roe, red rockfish, spoonbill cat, soft crabs, scallops, blue pike, pulpo, flounders, pompano, crab meat, cod, sunfish, sole, white bass, clams, mackerel, and tilefish. LOCAL MARKETING WHOLESALE TRADE The wholesale fisheries trade is conducted at various places through- out the city, although most of it is centered in the wholesale com- mission section, where Broadway crosses Franklin Avenue. None of the firms has direct rail communication with any railroad, although terminal team tracks for unloading freight shipments are situated less than one-half mile from the wholesale commission section. In 1926 there were 12 wholesale establishments engaged in han- dling 13,127,000 pounds of 74 varieties of fresh and frozen fishery products with a wholesale value of approximately $3,200,000. The total investment was $574,000, and the cash or working capital amounted to $104,500. There were 208 persons engaged in the trade, receiving $262,000 in wages. The wholesale dealers are equipped to handle shipments in an efficient and regular manner. Some of the wholesalers repack, grade, inspect, and freeze or otherwise prepare the fishery products for the local trade. Most firms have large rooms for repacking and grading, several have freezing plants on their premises, others have cold storage supplied by a local cold-storage firm, while still others have insulated cold rooms in which to hold fish for several days. Local sales are made at the wholesale house at a market price stated over the telephone or by direct contact. Small orders are wrapped in paper and the larger ones are packed in baskets. Free deliveries are made by the wholesalers within the greater St. Louis area. Some of the wholesale firms have regular routes covered by their trucks each day or at regular intervals. Orders are taken by the drivers and are delivered when wanted. Out-of-town shipments are packed in boxes and usually are sold f. 0. b. St. Louis. A charge sometimes is made for the container. 71447—28——2 zZ ~>3~m aw S\N mass’ oy by, a2 cy BOSC # Ss 492 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS HANDLED Following is a list of common and scientific names of fishery prod- ucts handled by the wholesale and retail fisheries trade in greater St. Louis, to which reference is made in this report: Common name Other common names Scientific name Bass, sea. Bream (Florida) Buffalo fish HIGIrIN Ge ASOAL > os eee ee tee King mackerel Mackerel Perch, white (salt-water) Perch, yellow Pike, blue Pompano Red snapper Red rockfish Smelts, eastern Smelts, western Spanish mackerel Spoonbill cat Spot Suckers "Gerian erp. 2c ee are Bullhead Kingfish eis | are ace en EEE s | Pounnon mackerel, native mack- erel. Jumping mullet Sheepshead, fresh-water drum, gaspergou. Gulf red snapper Western red snapper-__-__._--___-- Black cod Paddlefish 22ers Seen Lafayette Frogs Oysters Octopus, devilfish Boned squid Periwinkle: 222. ce ares eee Micropterus sp. Centropristes striatus. Roccus lineatus. Roccus chrysops. Pomatomus saltatrix. Sarda sarda. Centrarchide sp. Ictiobus cyprinella. Poronotus triacanthus. Cyprinus carpio. ~ | Ameiurus sp. and Ictalurus sp. Gadus callarias. Pomoxis sp. Anguilla rostrata. Pleuronectid& sp. : Epinephelus mycteroperca. | Melanogrammus aeglifinus. Hippoglossus hippoglossus. Leucichthys sp. Clupea harengus. comberomorus regalis. Scomber scombrus. Mugil cephalus. Aplodinotus grunniens. Morone americana. Perca flavescens. Stizostedion glaucum. Esox sp. Stizostedion canadense griseum. Stizostedion vitreum. Pollachius virens. Trachinotus carolinus. LIntianus blackfordi. Sebastodes sp. Anaplopoma fimbria. Oncorhynchus sp. Ammodytes americanus. Alosa sapidissima. Stenotomus chrysops. Aplodinotus grunniens. Pleuronectide sp. Osmerus sp. Argentinid sp. Scomberomorus maculatus. Polyodon spathula. Leiostomus ranthurus. Acipenser rubicundus. Catostomide sp. Centrarchidz sp Lopholatilus cliarisloaniteane: Cristivomer namaycush. Salmo irideus. Salmo gairdneri. Cynoscion regalis. Leucichthys tullibee. Coregonus clupeaformis. Merluccius bilinearis. Venus mercenaria. Callinectes sapidus. Cambarus sp. Rana sp. : Homarus americanus. Mytilus edulis. Osirea elongata, . Pecten irridians, Pecten majellani- cus. Peneus setiferus. Octopus vulgaris. Loligo sp. Trionychid® sp. Chelydride@ sp. Testudinide sp. Littorina littorea. | * TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 493 IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS While 74 varieties of fishery products are handled by the trade in greater St. Louis, 6 of these, amounting to 9,873,000 pounds, consti- tute 75 per cent of the trade. Four of these are not common to this locality, while two represent species that formerly were caught in large quantities locally but now are shipped in from distant points. TaBLe 5.—Fishery products upon which 75 per cent of the trade is based ! Rank Product | Rank Product | xo ey ne pease —- i 5 > 1 Sal el Whiting. |p et Cattish: 7 | Halibut. ie See ae | Oysters. Sea ears Buffalo fish, Gee eee | Haddock.? 1 Tables 5, 6, and 7 are to be considered together as regards the relative rank of importance of the npduels as a whole. 2 Fillets. In years past the trade in greater St. Louis preferred varieties of Great Lakes and local fresh-water fish. When near-by supplies became insufficient, shipments were received from more distant points. As other cities were drawing upon the same supply and shipments became unsteady with intermittent high and low prices, the fisheries trade became more or less erratic, with the trade during the summer months almost at a standstill. Stabilization was needed if the trade was to remain in a prosperous condition. About 1915 a search was made for varieties of fish that would be available in steady quantities throughout the year at a fairly uniform price. Various species were introduced, including the whiting. This fish readily gained favor with the trade and sales increased steadily, so that now it ranks first in importance in this market. Whiting is taken chiefly along the coastal waters of Massachusetts and New Jersey during the late spring, summer, and fall months, where it is frozen in the round, boxed, and held in cold storage. As supplies are needed, they are shipped to St. Louis, usually in carload pe where they are again placed in cold-storage warehouses pending sale. The vast majority of whiting sold are beheaded, viscerated, and skinned in St. Louis, ready for cooking, and then sorted according to sizes of one to a pound, two to a pound, three to a pound, and so on. The finished product might’ be called a whiting ‘‘stick.’”’ As it is eually boneless, it is especially acceptable to children as well as adults. Dealers in greater St. Louis say that the whiting has become popu- lar in this market because it resembles varieties of fish once popular, the supply is steady, and it can be graded and sold by number as well as by weight. This is especially acceptable to the restaurant dealer, as he knows the cost of the fish in each portion served. Barbecue stands and hot-fish shops (an American modification of the European fish and chip shops) have aided in popularizing whiting in greater St. Louis. These shops range in size from an out-of-door lunch counter to a restaurant or hot-fish shop that makes a specialty of selling only cooked whiting. On one of the main highways near St. Louis is such a shop handling only whiting of a size of about three 494 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES toa pound. The whiting “sticks”? are cooked in hot fat and then placed on a steam table, where they are kept hot until sold. A suffi- cient number are cooked to supply the trade expected at a given time. Portions are served as a whiting sandwich, consisting of a whiting and two slices of bread, which sells for 15 cents. During the course of a year this establishment sold 72,000 pounds of this fish and as high as 2,200 pounds in one week. ‘The trade is best during the summer, particularly on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. Ice chests capable of holding a reserve supply of 3,600 pounds of fish were installed in a building adjoining the shop. PRODUCTS OF MODERATE IMPORTANCE In this class of fishery products are some that have been important in this market and are now of secondary importance because the supply is limited or too seasonal. There are others, also, which ranked in the third class in years past but now are becoming more important. It is believed that in future years some of these species will rank among those commercially important. The 15 species of this group amount to 2,626,000 pounds and constitute 20 per cent of the trade. TABLE 6.—Fishery products upon which 20 per cent of the trade is based ! Rank | Product Rank Product. Ae mPa (j2atee NEY Pee Se | Lake herring. DY sjee Eee tees. see ee Sablefish. Set eee oe | Spanish mackerel. 1622 Red snapper (Gulf). Ores 2 ae ICR | Carp oa U7 fe ene Salmon. WOS.E6. Sone soos | Frogs Tee ts tere | Whitefish. 1 a ERE | Shrimp 1k? See eo Spoonbill cat. i Ee nS Fe ee | Tilefish 20. sake SIR Crappie. Lge ane ee e™ eee Lake trout. A ee White perch (fresh-water). Mais svat oan 2 ot | Black bass. 1 Tables 5, 6, and 7 are to be considered together as regards the relative rank of importance of the products as a whole. PRODUCTS OF SLIGHT IMPORTANCE Limited quantities of 53 fishery products, amounting to 628,000 pounds, or 5 per cent of the trade, are marketed in greater St. Louis. Many of these products are used mainly by the foreign trade, some are species of which the supply is declining, and some are unpopular in this market. TaBLEe 7.—Fishery products upon which & per cent of the trade is based ! Rank Product Reasons for limited sale PP pee Blnempiket = 2052. Deane Seasonal variety; relatively high priced. O35 eae Sunfish]. - 222.8 ee Limited supply; high priced. ?, Smelts, eastern__----.---- Seasonal variety. ; ; Rote=tes Tallibess.:. 2a ess Limited supply; used largely for smoking and substituted for ciscoes and whitefish. 26 Pak (lObstersaa-asess sae neene Limited supply; high priced. Pt eer Mlounders:#25: Seas Not well known; demand increasing. eae Yellow perch:----- == 2222 Seasonal variety. p1! ee Rees j\ Crabsshard2e2 2) See Poor shipper; too many losses en route. 1 alice 5, 6, and 7 are to be considered tozether as regards the relative rank of importance of the products as a whole, Se, EOE TO ARS, At pls 5 ope Epo! ET TRADE IN FRESH AND FISHERY FROZEN PRODUCTS 495 TABLE 7.—Fishery products upon which 5 per cent of the trade is based—Continued Rank Product Reasons for limited sale S022 Sauger pike. .........._-- Limited supply; seasonal. Sie ae era whishetes Se Fe oe to ae Used mainly by hotels and restaurants. pee Sheepshead (Lake Erie)__. Seasonal variety. Soh 2 Wellow: pike 222. 2s- .--. Seasonal variety; relatively high priced. at Orang ssort- sso e 2 Seasonal variety; poor shipper; popular. So. P\eelorring. Sea. oS o=2t 2S Used mainly by the Italian trade. Se mcalopesssk. tee te: oes Not well known; becoming popular. SiGe Shas lites pS est a ea Limited supply; seasonal; high priced. 38 d5o32 Pompano--_.-........-.-| Seasonal variety; high-priced; popular. SOs 2 HGS 232 SS Ew es | Limited local supply and price too high for eastern supply. BORE EELS Red rockfish, western___.| Substituted for red snapper, but the quality is considered not as good. rh ee Cod ees See Not well known on this market. ies dat SRuntleo an eee Used mainly by hotels and restaurants, 433 vet! Smelts, western ___.---._- Accepted when eastern smelts are not available; quality considered Bream King mackerel oes (octopus) medium. Considered poor quality in this market; some smoked. Limited supply; usually arrives in poor condition. DEriped bass. oe Used mainly by the Italian trade. DIG eee et ST ee CFS | Not well known; demand increasing for fillets. Grabumneate 2s 22732. = | Searcity and high prices. Mackeraleew 2= 2) fated Unpopular; not well known. Grouper sesso se Ss -.| Unpopular; not highly esteemed; not well known. Oli a ee Used mainly by hotels and restaurants. Siihvob Bees e eS eee Seasonal variety; high priced. Used mainly by the Italian trade. 0. Do. _| Used mainly by the Jewish trade. Seasonal variety; unpopular. Limited supply; seasonal variety; popular. Used mainly by the Italian trade. Bluefish___-- .| Limited supply; relatively high priced. Marippite soe tee Used mainly by the Italian trade. ihszez Wor Cos sae elceas Do. G32 se" BORO E ate 2 ete Do. eee | White perch (salt-water) - Do. 6be=-3| Pollock} sss ese 2 2 see Do. 6652=-< ieoandiecis-s:. si2 2s ses Do. 626 = SPOTS tee cee eee eee Do. eS Soa nOULe tas tae ee ot Do. goviket sturpoone 5 Bea hal ios Limited supply. Vil eee WAN KIGS tees DSSS ae 2 Used mainly by the Italian trade. 7 eerie WESSOISSs ee Do. WietS Rainbow trout____..___-- | Limited supply; high priced; used mainly by hotels and restaurants. WB255225 Salmon:trout.-- 22. = Do. 4282 | Caviar (in bulk) ____.__--| Do. A study of Table 7 reveals that the sale of 16 products is limited to the Italian trade; 13 are restricted because of a limited supply; 14, because of the high price; 11, because the products are seasonal; 6, because the products are not well known; 6, because the sale of the products is limited mainly to hotels and restaurants; 4, because the products are considered of medium or poor quality; 3, because the products are poor shippers; and 3, because the products are generally unpopular. RETAIL TRADE AND FISH STORES During this survey the author visited 62 retail stores that handled fish every day in the week either entirely or in connection with poul- try and fruits or vegetables, and a study was made of the retail merchandizing of fish in these stores. Most of these retail stores cater entirely to the Jewish, colored, or foreign trade, except for a few stores in outlying districts and those in the new Union Market, which cater to a mixed trade. Interior construction.—The display fixtures and appurtenances of the majority of the stores outside of Union Market are much alike. Those selling live fish have a glass aquarium in the window displaying 496 U. S} BUREAU OF FISHERIES carp, buffalo fish, and catfish. Those having window displays of fresh fish show these products on crushed ice in metal pans. Others have no window displays. One side of the interior usually contains a wooden, metal-lined display case of various dimensions, ranging from 5 to 8 or more feet in length, 214 feet high, sloping to the front, and about 3 feet wide. Crushed ice is placed in the bottom of such a case, upon which the fish are laid. Sometimes the fish are placed in porcelain pans, the pans resting on crushed ice. Usually a glass cover fits over the top of the case to keep off insects and dust. An ice box of much the same dimensions as the display case, but with a wooden cover instead of glass, is used for storing the reserve supply of fish. Some of the larger firms have insulated cold rooms for storing the reserve supply. Some of the firms that sell live fish have an auxiliary metal or concrete tank containing live fish in the rear of the storeroom. Should other products be sold, one usually finds opposite the fish display cages containing live poultry or counters upon which are displayed fruits and vegetables. Window displays —Window displays of fishery products were made by 27 stores at all times. Of these, 20 consisted of glass aquaria and 7 of cured, fresh, or frozen fish. Occasional displays were made by 7 other firms. Of the window displays of cured, fresh, or frozen fish, 7 were inclosed in glass, 3 used the original containers to display cured fish, and 9 used metal pans filled with crushed ice, upon which the fresh or frozen fish were displayed. Of the latter, 4 placed the fish, garnished with greens, first in porcelain pans and then on the crushed ice. Inside displays.—Inside displays were made by 60 firms, of which 50 were metal-lined display cases (described above) filled with crushed ice, directly upon which the fish were laid. Earthen jars for holding oysters were sunk, neck deep, in the crushed ice. * Sunken white porcelain counters were used by 4 stores. These were filled with crushed ice and the fish were arranged in porcelain pans laid upon the ice. Raised-edge metal-covered tables were used by 3 stores, while 3 other stores used only their ice boxes with the lids left off during business hours for displaying the fish. The majority of the stores held quantities of fish in reserve, of which 46 had ice boxes solely for this purpose and 10 had insulated cold rooms. Wrapping paper.—Standard white or brown paper only was used by 14 firms for wrapping all packages of fish, 7 used only newspaper, while 41 used first a layer of standard paper and then an outer wrapper of newspaper. In most instances those firms using only standard wrapping paper ranked excellent in sanitary conditions, those using one wrapper of each kind of paper ranked fair or good, and those using only newspapers as poor. Retailers stated that news- papers tend to impart an inky taste and odor to the fish, and thus in most instances the first wrapper is of standard paper. Payment for retail sales, deliveries, and advertising.—Retails ales were made for cash only in every store except 7, which intimated that credit sometimes was extended to a few regular customers. Deliveries of retail purchases were made by only 3 “stores, and then only in the immediate vicinity. Advertising was done by 12 stores or firms, daily, weekly, or monthly, at intervals. One wholesaler stated that billboard advertising was used at times. The consensus SY: Coty inl eth nie yon, TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 497 of opinion among the dealers is that newspaper advertising is the most effective. Prices.—Prices were adjusted by 55 retailers, meaning that the retail price is raised or lowered according to the wholesale price. An attempt is made by the retail shops to sell a variety at approxi- mately the same price during the season unless the wholesale price fluctuates more than 6 or 7 cents. Only two stores marked the fishery product with the price or variety, and one had signs on the walls quoting prices on certain varieties. Class of trade—Of the retailers 26 stated that 75 per cent or more of their trade was colored; 9, Jewish; 6, gentile; 2, foreign; 2, about equal between the colored and Jewish trade; and 17, a mixed trade among all races or creeds. Upon analysis it may be judged that the majority of the retail stores cater to a trade other than the gentile. It was found that the latter trade, which buys more or less but one day a week, obtains fishery products from the grocery or meat store. Sanitary conditions—Sanitary conditions in the stores were rated as follows: First, excellent; second, good; third, fair; fourth, poor; fifth, very poor. The author rated 6 stores as having excellent sani- tary conditions, 9 as good, 37 as fair, 9 as poor, and 1 as very poor. Trade during the week.—Inquiry was made as to the trade during the week, and the retailer was asked to state the day upon which most of his business was done, the day of second importance, the day of third importance, and so on. It was found that Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday invariably were listed as second or third, and that Thursday, Friday, and Saturday were ranked mostly first or second. On Sunday 42 retailers remained open until about noon, and most of these retailers ranked this day as either second or third. The stores catering to the Jewish trade reported Thursday as the busiest day; Friday was busiest with those catering to the gentile and mixed trade, and Saturday and Sunday with those catering to the colored trade. Following is a table showing the results of the inquiry into the trade during the week: TaBLe 8.—Trade during the week for 62 retail fish stores selling fish every day of the week, greater St. Louis, Mo., 1927 Wednes-} Thurs- Rank Monday | Tuesday day day Friday |Saturday| Sunday TS Gee re ea re (aes se ee 19 32 24 8 SSCONGE eee ee=t 2 eae Se 27 27 30 19 26 29 21 Phird==seee 29. 29 29 24 4 7 12 OUr GE See sae oe 3 AUAIE ot FO ig) | azstent 2 1S pe (Oh) ee ithe ee Se ee 3 OAs Se oo ol ae el eee 1 Total reporting-_________- 62 62 62 62 62 62 142 1 20 stores not open. UNION MARKET The new Union Market, situated in the entire square surrounded by Sixth Street, Broadway, Lucas Avenue, and Morgan Street, was constructed by the city at a cost of $1,500,000. The market is on the ground floor. On the second floor is a garage, where cars may U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 498 oe Paaxer a ie OW ‘SInO'T “4g ‘([}8}e1) yoxIVP, UOIUQ—'T “org hs San TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 499 be parked by persons marketing. All kinds of food products are sold in this market, including fruits, vegetables, meats, groceries, delicatessen foods, and sea food. The sea-food division is a separate section, set off from the rest of the market with a partition. Four fisheries firms occupy stalls in this department. The fixtures in the sea-food department are arranged for the proper and sanitary display of sea foods. Each stall consists of a counter with a white-tile front. Midway between the floor and the top of the front of the counter is a brass shelf, upon which to rest a market basket. The top of the counter is a series of sunken porcelain pans about 8 inches deep and 3 feet long, much resembling a series of kitchen sinks, placed end toend. Crushed ice is placed in these trays, and on this fish are displayed, either directly upon the ice or in porce- Fig. 2.—A section of the sea-food department of the new Union Market, St. Louis, Mo. lain pans. Some of the displays are attractively arranged with garmishes, and present a very appetizing product. Extending up from the top of the front of the counter for about 12 inches and then inward for about 12 inches is a glass covering. Electric lights inclosed in nickel boxes, with the light reflected down upon the fish, are arranged along the top section of the glass inclosure. The fish can not be handled by the customer, but can be handled easily by the salesmen. To the rear of each stall are tables upon which to clean or otherwise prepare the fish. Each stall is provided with hot and cold running water. Insulated cold rooms are provided in the base- ment for each dealer. The floors of the aisles are of polished concrete and the walls are of tile. Electric lights hung from the ceiling provide general light. In the summer all the exits and windows are provided with screens, to exclude both insects and dust. Each salesman is required to wear white clothes. The interior of this market is clean, sanitary, and of pleasing appearance. Prices for fishery products 500 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES are as low, if not lower, than in some other stores, and the products sold are of the best grade. While the interior of the building is well arranged for the display of food products, the exterior lacks the appearance of a market. One can not see into the interior except through the exits. It is believed that patronage would be encouraged if show windows or ordinary windows were placed around the entire four sides, so that one might see into the interior. People passing the market could then see the bountiful display of food products and possibly might be induced to enter and purchase. Replacement of the heavy, cumber- some doors at the entrance with some less heavy would make access and departure easy for a person with a market basket. GROCERY AND MEAT STORES Fishery products are also handled by grocery and meat stores throughout the city. It is in these stores that the gentile trade makes most of its purchases. Some of these stores handle fish only one or several days a week and some every day during Lent. Be- cause of the large number of such stores, no survey was made of these outlets for fish to determine existing conditions, although a few were visited. The fish usually is kept in an ice box or ice chest. Generally there is no display. Standardized varieties constitute the bulk of the trade. In most cases these varieties already are prepared and sometimes wrapped. Large quantities of whiting ‘‘sticks,”’ fillet of haddock, and steaked fish are sold by these retail stores. To the author it seems that the grocery and meat stores are to become one of the main outlets for fishery products. Not many years ago one bought only meat in a meat shop and groceries in a grocery store. At present there are few meat shops conducted as such, but usually they are combined with a grocery store. As has been shown, the bulk of the trade in fishery products in a store handling fish 6 or 7 days a week is confined to the end of the week. In other words, the fish store is open 6 or 7 days to do a 3-day, and in some cases, even a 1-day business. When conducted along with another business, the overhead on each of the consolidated lines of business can be minimized. However, to induce the grocer or meat dealer to handle fish, the product must be made attractive, standard, and easy for him to handle, and he must make a profit from its sale. This inducement is being given him in greater St. Louis, where such varieties as whiting, halibut, and haddock, either skinned, filleted, or eteeeed in packages, or in bulk, are supplied by the wholesale trade. COLD-STORAGE FACILITIES During 1926, 6,761,000 pounds of frozen fish were handled in this market, consisting mainly of halibut, salmon, Spanish mackerel, and whiting. In most cases these fish are frozen at the point of produc- duction. Excellent sharp-freezing equipment is available in St. Louis and quantities of fish are frozen there. Cold-storage ware- houses are favorably situated with respect to connection with railroad lines and the large wholesale houses. Carload-freight shipments of frozen fish intended for cold storage and fresh-fish shipments intended for freezing are switched directly to a siding at any one of the three cold-storage warehouses, where the contents are unloaded from the freight car into the warehouse. These three cold-storage establishments have siding space in which to unload : TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 501 about 20 cars at one time. Two of these warehouses are within one-half mile and one warehouse within three-fourths mile of the majority of the wholesale fish houses. SIZES OF FISH Virtually every variety of fish received in greater St. Louis is sold according to a certain size. Usually each variety is divided into three size classifications—viz, small, medium, and large. Some varieties, however, have only two classifications, and where the size of the fish is fairly uniform no sizes are stated. This is the case with salmon, as each variety has a fairly uniform size. ' FORM IN WHICH FISH ARE RECEIVED While many of the varieties of fish are sold as steaked, filleted, or skinned fish in this market, comparatively few of these varieties are received in this condition originally. Possible exceptions are the fillet of haddock, a few skinned whiting, fleeced buffalo fish and carp, and skinned catfish. Fish received in the round, fresh or frozen, are prepared by the wholesalers for the consumer in the style that he prefers. Wholesalers in greater St. Louis are of the opinion that their trade would be benefited if more of the varieties were prepared at the point of production to suit local needs. A variety could be more nearly standardized and the force, as now required by these inland wholesalers to prepare these fish, could be reduced. By properly preparing the fish at the point of production the waste products would accumulate at one central place and the utilization of this waste for making by-products could assume greater and possibly more profitable proportions. SHIPPING CONTAINERS Inasmuch as the greater St. Louis market handles standardized and graded varieties of fish, it follows that most of the fish are received in standard containers. Boxes predominate for shipments from the west coast, the Great Lakes, Canadian points, Massachusetts, and New Jersey, ranging from the 10, 15, and 25 pound smelt boxes and the 100-pound ‘‘Lake Erie”? box to the large 200 and 350 pound North Pacific halibut boxes. Except for filleted and skinned fish shipped from New York City, the shipments of fish from the Middle Atlantic States arrive in standardized sugar and flour barrels having an approximate capacity of 200 pounds. Shipments of fish from the South Atlantic, Gulf, and Mississippi River States also usually arrive in sugar and flour barrels, but the capacity is restricted to 150 to 175 pounds of fish, due to the large amount of ice required to keep the products fresh while in transit. Some of the southern shippers place up to 200 pounds of fish in the barrels. This overcrowds them and leaves a smaller space for ice, with the result that these overcrowded shipments do not arrive in as good condition in St. Louis as those containing less fish and more ice. Dealers in St. Louis suggest that less fish and more ice be placed in the barrels when shipped from southern points, especially during warm weather. Incorporated in the table following are the fresh and frozen fishery products received in this market, the sizes in which received, form in which received, and the usual containers. 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s[orinq punod-00z Seeeees soxoq punod-o¢ *‘sorpury YIM soxoq punod-goT toss st2-2--op----- worsen see=--op=---- i tae punod ‘ysol iy "PoyBIODSIA {JO poy ‘aezod ‘ysol 7 *PoqBIDOSTA ‘yO peoy ‘uozo017 “popeIOdSTA fM9z01 iT *peqe -I90SIA {YO proy ‘uMeIp ‘{punol ‘UeZOIj [Ysol gy nerare punol ‘yso1q ““PoJVIIOSTA !YSO1 iT *peqe1e0 “SIA {punol ‘ysotiy *poye -I90STA = fpunod :U9ZOIJ Sysorg oo seen ee= = -9p----- *paqereo “SIA !punol fyso1q *poqe -I90STA = fpunol ‘UeZOIJ fysoaIg SERS puno. ‘ysor yy *punoi Sysoly rat te puno. ‘yso1 7 {m9Z0.} hi puno. ‘uez0.1 7 “poxBIOOSIA fYsoly ~---"punos m9z01 iT *poqe -I90SIA = {punol !U9ZOIjJ fysolg *(109@.M -YselJ) peoysdeeyg Satan pa SONOS, rae eer ey uoul[eg aser “--USueIgES “oe YSU OON erin Joddeus poy ripe ate ourdu10g ene OO] lOc pape MOT[OA ‘OTT Se Josnes ‘oxlg *({a10 -yord) ssvi3 ‘oy “77-==-ontq ‘OAT ““"""MOT[OA SYOIOT * (1078 M-TBS) OIG M ‘Yo19g *(1048.M-YSoTJ) OITA ‘Yo19g arte eer de nA) Brac Has [O1OOB INT ~~" "[O1OYOVUL SUIT ese wos ‘SUII0F{ *(008}0) ey VB] ‘suo _— U. 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BUREAU OF FISHERIES 504 ‘AjouvA AUY *peuurys !poye1ed “STA {JO pBoy ‘SOZIs [TV *poye “IOOSIA ‘OZIS JOYITA *peyours ‘ezis AUW *poyereosta ‘ozIs AUW "payed “SIA {yo pwoy ‘ezis AUW ‘punol ‘WInIpeyy *poqeia0 “SIA {go pvoy ‘esre’T cee ge ae eae Dolsdolge || sn. es ae re “peuurys ‘poyeIOOSIA {TO prox] o------ --~poyeloost A. wnonse= ysoly :poxyourg ---------- poqBtodsl A. “po}VIVOSTA {YO peop “po}VIOOSIA {YO pvoy *punod T 0} YSy 1 ‘ode *spunod % IOAo ‘oquing ~punod { 19A0 ‘as1vT spunod 9 10A0 ‘asie'7 *punod *spunod *punod T 0} YSy Z ‘UINIpeTAL %e 01 Bl “UInIpeyy T 02 sy % “UINIpeyy “spunod 9 0) fp ‘WInIpey *pogioeds sezis ou “punod T 0} ysy¢ ‘Treurg “punod 7 04 ysg ¢ ‘Twang ---spunod f 03 Z ‘T ‘ON *poxvoqs 10 *spunod “spunod *syvoqs ‘adie | poyeroosta {yo peox | 9 JOAO ‘yBOIS BIBT [~~~ >>> - TTT i ---| 9 Jopun ‘yRo4s [[eUIg *puno PDULOL OsLeo lean css ns “"=-punoy | punod 3 Jeao ‘esiey | % Jopun ‘UINIpoy |-- 777 *pouulys fpoqyesied *pouurys “SIA sO Peel] OZIS AMY ||: POPBIOOSTA \OPBO EL [RTT a Sri he? 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Wiardl a APE || Ba peytdeds jou sazig *sB04S *sxB04S 10 ese, pue uinipeyy | !poyesoosta {yo peay |*spunod 0z 07 ¢ ‘asivT | spunod¢ 04 & Gn IDe A --spunod ¢ 03 T ‘[[eurs ‘spuno *poyeroostA ‘ose |-~--- 77-77 poyeroostA | Spunod z10A0 ‘odIv'yT | Z 03 BT BE “spunod %% 04 [ ‘[[eurs *punod | STCALOUSL SU a || more rc ODiseeal ee or aoe ce Goer OMT STE G O17, Tees ©) NI | er ai een nes ee *punol *punod { 04 *punod [| *punod Mefahoonalys johons) Sr MING | ame oe oem pene punoy | 4sy ZI 0} 8 ‘oquine | 0} Ysp ST 09 ZT ‘T‘ON | T 0} YSU 02 ‘% “ON Boxes) hae Mh gushed Ss) olsls) jad (opi johon qlee pt Paes ot SSS ei “punod | 10A0 ‘umipeyy |--punod { 04 ¥% ‘[[vurg Cyan ita § TWINIpsyyl lems 9oue pojey1eUr -Jojoid s,Jouinsuog YoIqAA Uy WoyTpUoD yonpoid Jo sapeis 10 sezig Race Den ee wam====---) (Kq9TIVA 0} BuIplooy |------~~spred punod-0z ‘soxoq punod 09r 04 6zT ‘punod ‘sexoq punod-ct ‘peuurys \ *soxoq punod “0ST ‘uazoIy fsoxoq punod-oo01 ‘qse1g “so[puey YIM sexoq punod-0ot “---sjeiieq punod-00z BOS soxoq punod-00t ---soxoq punod 0¢ 0} OT ‘sorpuRvy WIM sexoq punod-9¢—T ‘uazory ‘SsoTpUBY IIMA soxoq punod-oot ‘ysey “sed -Ivq punod 0¢z pue 00z bose oe sje1ieq punod-00z ‘ysy Joyo YIM pextur ‘Tareq punod-00z Pighy so soxoq punod-ot *soxoq punod ¢z puv ‘ct ‘OL *soxoq punod “08 ‘peqerty ‘s[or -1eq punod-00z ‘puno xy SoZzIs pUB sI0UTe]U0N [ens SOS sRipe “-peredelg |------"-"~~1e8taep ‘pouurys ‘poy ~I00SIA ‘JO pRoy + PIMLVOM) eCOZON na goes oon SUIT A *peye.ie0 SIA ‘u9zO0dj Sysod |---7-7 77 YSyoqy MA ee Meee op" |" seeqiiny ““poJBIOOSIA Sysalq |~77--7-7 > vos ‘]nO1], *poqyeIOSIA ‘go peoy ‘yselq |-~~~uomryes ‘yno1y, denge: punos ‘yserg |-~-Moqures 4yno1y, *poqedodstA {gO peoy ‘uezody {poyeIoostaA fysely |7----~ 77 9yRl “no, *PoqBIOOSIA ‘go pvoy {ase |----------- USDOL we---- punod ‘yserq |--~--~-----qsgung Sects ree ODiaesala- 222s va asuexo ng *pouurys [poyBIOOsTA ‘yo poy ‘punoi‘yseiy |~ ~~ IdAtI ‘mo931n4g aaa PUNnor fysel |--+- iw god, *po}BIOOSIA ‘go peoq ‘yselg |---~~ 489 [[Iquoodg “popzeradsta ‘yserg |" [ereyovur ystuedg ie Raa a Op" ">-7|""mse4ysom ‘syfouIg ~--"punod ‘uez01g |~~~U1e4see ‘sqyjourg *po}oT -[y ‘punor ‘yseiy poateoo1 Yor UL WOT pOnD Ota, penulu0g—opy ‘sanoT "}64 1aypau6 ur paarasas sjonposd fisaysif fo sar.obayn9 app. —'6 aTaV |, 505 TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS od od ‘od od ‘od ‘MMOS SY ‘od ‘aZ1e] 10 UINIpIy “BOS ‘OSIv'T “UMOYS SY “‘spiepueys 10 sjoaTos oyvodeseyO ‘od ‘UMOYS SY ‘uInIpem pue Aqeg ‘UMOYS SY “OAI[R ‘OZIV'T “uMOYS SY “OAT[B ‘UINIPI Ty od ‘UMOYS SY a hana oes 5, u9sZ01 a persed ‘paxo00p ~-"-payood Io weery Ul pdyx00d 10 UeeIH cheb oo Tf9qs Uy “punod [ J0A0 ‘es1e'7 “AZ *spunod JOA0 punod % soao‘asie'q ars Se aed =""s9xoq punod-cT ‘je17eq 0} spunod oor ‘sur punod-¢ SaaS sjelieq punod-c¢zt *sjalieq Ut “*"“][eYs Ul ‘qsel 7 Meteors cs 2 sd a SOLIHT a vie set OST ays eke 8201.7 io poysed fyserT ~---go peey ‘ysalg ma. SG OLS OTTUT MA “""""-qBour O[}IN I, oR ca eal sopiny, pet ie =-""="pmbs iivaae eOO;D eg ~-“pexooo ‘duigqg “-""me018 ‘dugg S[red Woes ¢ pus fe 6p |==--=--F-e-5 (0) OSes al lane te Pc aR 901 peyg *Jo1IVq B 04 SyoRs 0 OF OL poexord ‘syoes qJO[O punod-6 ees ak =(0) Oh ~--"qvour ‘sdojleog <= sm S[0L160| DUNOG-O)2, pannus seen tas Op--~~~-"]JeYs UL s19qyskO “fol -18q B 0} SUBD IZ 10 CT poyoed suvo uolped-[ |"~~~~-~-7-"7- yselg |" poxonys ‘sioyskO “>> ~sjelzeq punod-ozg |--~ >> LISUS) CS SOX vl mecmnoonnain s S[Ossn yr *s[od -1eq punod (oT pu og |-->-~ pase eZ Ysa | poxood ‘siaysqo’y *je1req 8.0) SPUNOd HOT 04/09 |Secuae scree GATIVinlinec enone s190jsqo’y *s[e.leq | punod-00z fsoxoq ‘yO pvoy punod Qyt pue OT | ‘poyerodstA fysory |----7 a ge Ss017 “"syoBs pus sjoy See ee ee oe “"-| -s8q punod cy pus QT |"--~~""-"---“OATTY 777-7" "Sp MBIO, ‘s[olieq pue soxoq UP Sus PUNOd!g UBT: Teco aes cn eee ysoly |---"--""4vour qvig “SABI} UIA YUNIY QVIQ |~-"--->~ Ze O DE cae. cakes. qJos ‘sqvig Pap soxoq punod-0g |--~-~--"-"---OAITV |"7"-~ ~pavy ‘squio “s[aiieq punod -0L2 ‘sexoq punod -O8I ‘syows punod-06 |~~-~---7-777- yselg |--"~ [Joys ur surelo I 0} 000‘T ‘yoou op9qyT 506 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Green shrimp arrive in barrels holding about 150 pounds, while the cooked shrimp come in 5-pound tins, about 100 pounds to the barrel. Lobsters are received in ordinary slat barrels with a net weight of 50 to 100 pounds. Scallops are received in 9-pound cloth sacks (1 gallon), 10 to 20 sacks to a barrel. Live hard crabs arrive in 30-pound boxes and soft crabs in the Chesapeake crab box, which is known as a “crab trunk,’’ so-called because of its several layers of trays. Crawfish are received in 10 and 15 pound baskets and sacks. Shell clams are received in 70-pound sacks, 180-pound boxes, and 270-pound barrels. Shell oysters are received in barrels containing about 270 pounds, while shucked oysters arrive in 1-gallon cans, 15 or 20 cans to a barrel. Live fish are brought down the Mississippi River in specially constructed barges. Shad roe is received in 1, 3, and 5 gallon pails, packed in barrels. Pulpo is received in 15-pound boxes and squid in 120-pound boxes. Frogs arrive in barrels with a net weight of 100, 150, or 200 pounds, depend- ing on the weather. Caviar is received in pails of various sizes. All shipments of fresh fishery products are packed in ice. Some of the local wholesalers express a desire for the adoption of standard boxes for the shipment of products received in their market. This is especially true of fish shipments. For the ship- ment of the smaller varieties of fish, such as Spanish mackerel, flounder, catfish, and similar varieties, the 100-pound box is suggested ; the 140-pound box for varieties of medium size, such as the red snapper, buffalo fish, and carp; and the 200 or 300 pound box for larger varieties, like the halibut. A box of larger proportions is cumbersome to handle. The smaller and medium sized boxes should be equipped with handles extending not more than 4 inches over each end. Each container should provide for the proper amount of fish, with sufficient space remaining for snow or ice to insure preservation en route. From a selling standpoint, the contents of such containers will represent a standard net weight for each class of fishery product. Then, should occasion warrant, the contents could be sold by the container, eliminating weighing and rehandling at the market. From the standpoint of transportation, an express or freight car could be filled more completely. The extension handles make picking up and setting down easy, and eliminate the possibility of upending the boxes while in transit. The 100 and 140 pound boxes, being of medium size, can be handled easily by two men. Shipments made in containers of this style present a better appear- ance upon arrival at their destination. The fish lie flat in the boxes, and loss due to spoilage (caused by the breaking of the body wall of fish packed in containers not conforming to their size) will be eliminated. Also, the lower layers will not present that ‘‘squashed”’ appearance, which is frequently seen in fish packed in boxes or barrels of larger dimensions and holding a greater quantity of fish. Shrinkage of shipments made in boxes is about 1 per cent less than when made in barrels. While this amount is of no great signifi- cance in the case of a single package, the aggregate will amount to several hundred pounds in a carload shipment. The use of stencils instead of shipping tags is suggested where possible for marking the name and address of the consignee onthe container. Such stenciling should always be done on each end of the boxes. ee ee ee Pe ee ee ee a a ee er : j 4 : TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 507 ESTIMATED POPULATION OF THE GREATER ST. LOUIS AREA, 1926 The estimated population of the greater St. Louis area in 1926, including 22 separate municipalities, and covered by the section 16 by 21 miles according to ‘‘A Study of Principal American Markets”’? for 1927, was as follows: Missouri: ERISA ea ee, ee ay aed A. os 834, 392 Role pine eee ee Sl ee woe bs LS ERIN Dice pee ges ae 2, 030 POtGROEeArEAGKRar 2 tes S58 ee 1, 000 UTR ee ea 3, 725 ING mWOUCeese eerers Serer eee ge ee ES 1, 298 BINS Kay, OG) ere ae pian el 4, 604 emcee ie sea Ser ee ee tt 2, 000 IMctale wou deems seme wee eh ee See ee 9, 208 OVERLAIN GMteai seres en Pie ee Pe ae eee oe Se 1, 000 Richmondsetleiphtsesss ech. 2 es Pa 2, 500 WmniversitveGiiyese. se eee 2 mere cree a ee 9, 960 WWicbsterg Groves == Sie oa a Pee a Be 11, 207 NVGlIS Homies ee aie ae uted Ser ee oe ee See ee 7, 433 Illinois: ESO SOU ses st4 pm ete Se erie ier ge 72, 726 Belleville 25s es Fd ee SS om 2 oa 27, 503 IBROO kiliy rae eee = Cee peg te, ee ee one tee 1, 769 Barman Gaby ees 8 re Be ig A 1, 500 Granite lye: a Cte ee Lae Ta os a EL 18, 271 Tees ons aie reas ene bere e A eS lo Boe et 4, 996 MERIC ERse Sasa cioee re oad eee saci pees egret jus tat Ue 4, 023 \PaTAEEVSH WON a {OY Olea] BEEN ere = Me ccd IS ep a ec 1, 663 agai. free op ts riya syn Dee ete s TIT eG 1, 025, 934 PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF FISH The estimated population of greater St. Louis in 1926 was 1,025,934. During this period, 13,127,000 pounds of fresh and frozen fishery prod- ucts were received in greater St. Louis. Of this amount 1,191,000 pounds were reshipped, leaving 11,936,000 pounds for consumption, making an annual per capita consumption of these products, in the round, of about 12 pounds. Considering only the edible portion, amounting to 9,295,000 pounds, the annual per capita consumption is about 9 pounds. In the survey of the fisheries trade in New York City, it was stated that the per capita consumption of fish was influenced by the large foreign-born, Jewish, and Catholic populations and to the unusually large number of transients. While the fisheries trade in greater St. Louis depends to some extent on the Jewish population as well as the negro population for a large percentage of its trade, it is believed that these are minor factors in influencing consumption and that the trade has been developed to a large degree among all races and creeds by the efficient methods employed by the wholesalers, coupled with advertising. As has been shown, the trade is supplied largely with filleted, steaked, or skinned varieties of fish. It is easy for the retailer to handle these, for the housewife to cook, and, as the portions con- ae few or no bones, they are eaten readily by children as well as adults. 2 Published by the 100,000 group of American Cities, Chicago, Ill. 508 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TaBLE 10.—Summary of greater St. Louis market survey Item Quantity Number of wholesale fish dealers----_._.-.--.-----_--_----_---_-_- te See 12 Number of retail dealers handling fish every day in the week_-_______.__...-.------------ 62 Number. of fish: products;handledi eset 2 er i) Gea See Pe eee 74 Products on which bulk of trade is based (75 per cent)_.......__...---.-.-.--_---.--- AOU Tn Seer a a er ae ee ee 9, 873, 000 Prodiee: te moderate importance (20 per cent) 1 ge teet sas ds ea ET ae ee eee ee Bee 2, 626, 000 Produits ot slight importance (5 per cent) ‘ 53 ASO UTNE ae Se ee ka Se a sed TLE ES ee ee 2 628, 000 Reasons for limited sale— Used mainly by the Italian trade_- 16 Mimited Supplysess se sea ee 13 High price s2* 22a eee ee 13 Saaspnalvarniety..--32- - ee kee Se ee 2 ae ee ee ll INotawell known 222 ee == Se a es ee eee 6 Usadamainly- by notelsjandirestaurantSs- -—- ===. ee eee 6 Considered: mediumor-poor quality... ee eee ee 4 ROG Shippers S55 S54 5 Fe ae Se ee eee 3 fa Mmbopular. = 22s 2-8 22 fas S85 2a soo ee Seng ween ee eee 3 Principal containers: Boxes— IReSh= Water TiSh et esto 2 ee A a a Oe ee eee pounds_-_} 100-140-150-175 Saltewater fish 2=2 seat = sc ee a ee ee Se eee do__--| 10-15-25-125- 150-200-350 Barrels— Ibresh=wateriishee ses ee oe oe ee ee ae eee Sees 1s 8 doa== 200 Salt-water, fishwt: 2 o- owas or oh oe Se ee ens aon ee ee doze=y 200 Quantityzoiproducts: hand lediinil 92h ses ee a ee ee ee eee Cote | 13, 127, 000 Quantity shipped to other States (9 per cent):._.-_.--._.-.-------------------- (CKD 8) 1, 191,000 Quantity consumediinigreater, St.lowis-. = eee ido=22 11, 936, 000 Quantity consumed in greater St. Louis area, reduced to the edible portion__.-do___- 9, 295, 000 Estimated population of greater St. Louis, 1926__.___......_--.----__---------- number_-_ i 025, 934 Per capita consumption of fresh and frozen fishery products, 1926 (edible portion) -_pounds_- 9 Per capita consumption of fresh and frozen fishery products, 1926 (in the round) ---do_--- 12 HEALTH REGULATIONS GOVERNING FISH STORES Stores in St. Louis handling fish are subject to the following regu- lations, as stated in the Sanitary Code of the Division of Health of the City of St. Louis, for 1927: Sec. 73. Powers of inspectors: The said inspectors shall have power to enter all markets, stores, houses, or other places where food products are offered for sale for human food. When such human food products are found on inspection to be tainted, diseased, corrupted, or unwholesome from any cause, the said in- spector shall condemn the same as unfit for human food, mutilate or mark the same in such a manner as he may deem best to indicate condemnation of the same, and order the same to be immediately disposed of otherwise than for food. If, under this section, any shipment of fish received in St. Louis is condemned upon arrival, the consignee is given a receipt by the division of health, showing that such goods were officially condemned. This receipt acts in lieu of payment to the shipper for this shipment and officially declares that the fish covered by the receipt arrived at destination in bad order, either due to fault of the shipper or the carrier. If the carrier is at fault, the claim for reimbursement for the value of the fish carried in this shipment can be taken up with them and payment is made more certain. Sec. 78. Shops to be kept clean: Every person * * *_ shall keep his meat (fish) shop or stand pogo cleaned and free from all foul smells and nuisances of every description * Section 79 states in atiseasde that from the Ist day of May to the last day of October of each year all substances intended for human food or drink shall be screened or otherwise protected to prevent access of insects. TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 509 Section 80 states in substance that no meat or meat products (fish) intended for human food may be displayed on the sidewalk or other public place within the city. Any of the above sections that are applicable apply to products in cold storage also. REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE SALE OF FISH The sale in Missouri of certain species of fish obtained in the waters of Missouri and elsewhere, and the sale of fish caught in a certain manner, are subject to the following regulations, as stated in the game and fish laws of Missouri, chapter 37, article 11, for 1927-28: Sec. 5621. * * * It shall be unlawful for any person to ship or offer for shipment any fish which has been killed, or taken by use of spear or gig, * * *. [Fish gigged or speared are permitted for family consumption only and ean not be sold.] It shall be unlawful for any person or persons, firms, or associations, whatsoever, to catch, kill, take, ship, convey, or transport, or cause to be trans- ported, any species of game fish from the waters of this State, as herein provided, for commercial purposes. The term ‘‘game fish”’ shall include bass of all species, crappie, goggle-eye, trout of all species, and all other species known as game fish not specially named herein * * Sec. 5625. It shall be unlawful ee any person, firm, or partnership to offer for sale, sell, or ship for market purposes, when caught ‘or taken from the waters of this State, any of the following-named game fish: Channel catfish, rainbow trout, crappie, large-mouth black bass, small-mouth black bass, rock bass, black perch or green sunfish, pike perch, yellow perch, white bass, yellow bass, blue bream * * *, Bass from without the State may be Jee or shipped only on permit is sued by the game and fish commissioner * * Sec. 5627. * * *. It shall be unlawful to sell or SHEE for sale any of the following-named fish mentioned below which are less than the length specified for each: Trout, 8 inches; pike, 11 inches; jack salmon, 11 inches; crappie, 8 inches; black bass, 11 inches; white or striped bass, 8 inches; sunfish, 6 inches; blue or channel catfish, 13 inches; white perch, 10 inches; said fish to be measured from the end of nose to fork of tail * * *. Sec. 5636. * * *.~ It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corpora- tion to solicit, by correspondence, printed cards, circulars, shipping tags, adver- tisement, or otherwise, any illegal shipments, consignments, or delivery of game one fish contrary to the laws of this State, whether taken within or without this state * * 510 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 11.—Directory of sea-food dealers in St. Louis, Mo. [|W =wholesaler; R=retailer, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL Fish handled Other goods B a ° n Dealers a 6| 8 x 2 R/ 2/3 ra n a| od ima) Sie 2] olalslslsl8izislielsls PifIS(s|els\elSi el zlsie alin || l/O/O/O/O/HI|AIAIS Biddle Fish Market, 72-73 Biddle Market_______- WER eek 9 [0 |, oer heme al el eee Soc | Se | eee eee Booth Fisheries Co., 409 Franklin Ave-____----__- AWW Sete Mx" Nee: Secu] X |p Ss es ee Bruno Fish Co., 906-8 North 6th St--._.._...___- W Ri loeee| x viet xe xt Exes Se eee Bruno-Franz Sons, 919 North Broadway----_----- Wee ix x Pee x |C so ee Sees Consumers Commission Co., 718 North 4th St--.| W |---- 1x |!x |__--|----|----|---- X, |=22 teas Faust’s Fulton Market Co., 922 North Broadway.| W |_---| x | x |-x | x | x | x |£+--|--c}>x [=== Franz, Walter, 716 North 4th St__........________ Wit coe} 15 Ca | (25 ih ee =| pest (ee LE pe Pope LAR te French Market Fish & Oyster Co., 1234 South IB LORG Wi Vet eee see Bren ae ee cee 29 a ING il sal) NS cel fl eal Lae [cba ia) ye Oe Goettling, George J., & Co., 812 North 3d St_.-_- We ERE SS a Sc ee RD ee ee Grafton Fish Co., 2011 Franklin Ave_.-__-----.-- WR |x. Pack [Px xp Soe | ae ee ee SEES Haase, A.C. L.,.& Sans Fish'Co.,415 North 2d St-=| W_ |=22-!£--<|==--|-=--|=2-2|-=<2 bm ee ee | ere Kopperman Fish Co., 1121 Franklin Ave__._-_--- Veo | cee S| eee ees | oes |e re eee eee Lynch, E. L., Poultry Co., 807 North 4th St____- 1,5 al ees Fo cl (PY eat a ei eR cea Ke | eee ee ae ee Mathis Bish &.Oyster Co:; 3112) Easton Ave.----|-WR |!_22)) x |) x) |>x 0x |) xiax SSeS Meletio Seafood Co., 820-822 North Broadway ---| WR) [esd] — oe | ex fee ee en x a Mississippi Live Fish Market, 1307 Biddle St--..| WR | x | x | x | x |_---|---- Se 5 i AE cea Ee |e North Side Fish Co., 2332a Russell Blvd-__.-.-.-- 0, ap) Ra bee i (Me ideo. Ph CSE Sale| MS ae ee eee Progressive Commission Co., 819 North 3d St.-..| W |----)1x |1x |----|----|---- Cole | Pe |e ae ee St. Clair Fish Co., 101 Collinsville Ave., East | STpILOUIS I Seema Se tay ree ey ae WR, |o.0-}) Xe) x ox. [rac | xe | Sees es |e Whrig Bross sla Noreh 4thiStess- 2 ee eee ee WV ara eg e 2 |e =. 5 | ge ee ee ee | 1 Frogs only. TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS 511 TABLE 11.—Directory of sea-food dealers in St. Louis, Mo—Continued RETAIL ONLY Fish handled Other goods een te | Z | 5 q 2 Dealers = | lo | 2 |" a ) ° a |\OS| a (gi aid b> | as |B) 2 als/si\s|a\8lS1 be] 8 les alee ta ss fice cet fe epi) Sepa rede Gerrans S — 2 a < = is] =| io} Ss 2 le a Ale /eH)/O}/O;/O;O};a1A A |> o) — | — | — | | American Live Fish Co., 2706 Market St_..-------- alex ext x” || k ees ee iene Ser ee Ps Barth-Bernard Fish & Poultry Co., 1923 South IMAG Wa yrs tee ne oo ee eee 2x Barth, Harry, Fish Market, 3322 Laclede Ave_-__--- x Bernstein Fish Co., 5546 Ridge Aves ee eer ee Poe Biddle Fish Market, 1217 North 13th St....-.-_._- x Blackstone Fish Market, 1303 Blackstone Ave----- x Bodeman, William, 1109 "East Gano Ave Booth Fisheries Co., Union Market_-- Bruno Fish Co., Union Market_..._-.------------- a Buerger Fish & Oyster Co., 1504 North Taylor Ave_-_|__-- wes Bee Fish Market, 1019 North Vandeventer Central Fish Market, 111 North 15th St_____--_--_- Seay Ciluffo, Clemente, 1003 North 7th St._.-.._-...:__- eee Davis Fish Market, 1314 Biddle St__._--._-_-_---_- x Dellas Fish Market, 1146 Walton St___--_-..------|---- Dien and Sobel, 1306 North Pendelton Ave_--_-___|---- Easton Avenue Fish & Oyster Market, 4146 Easton JAG LS. aie a ES Re ee a ee ae (ees x Morlich Hy 4000 nage Blvd 2.2 5-528 22 2522 2-- 2-3 x Ebrlichs Market, 5645 Easton Ave_.--_.----------- XF|| x Franklin Fish & Oyster Co., 2636 Franklin Ave___-|__-- x Goldstein, Nat B., Fish Market, 2803 Market St__-|_--- x Gordoneds.- 2830 DICKSON Obs eee. 8 SS 2G | Heil, Edward C., 621 North Broadway-__-_----------|_---- ee Jacks Fish Market, 2630 Market St_____._________- Xn) x Jefferson Fish Market, 2323 Franklin Ave_-__.-____|---- x Jenner Fish & Poultry Co., 4501 North 19th St____- 2G || 52 Kentucky & Tennessee Live Fish Market, 2820 TATE TLE Se ee SF SS ee ce Xe |) aX: Lasky, Joseph, 1505 Biddle St x Lazaroff Fish Market, 2818 North Newstead Ave__- x Leonard Fish Market, 3223 Franklin Ave_-__._--__- ei bee.4 Tapety Live Fish & Poultry Co., 2325 Franklin Lo-S-s26 205-2 Suse = = So ee ee x 9.4% Tae Meat Co., 800 North 6th St.4_-_.--_--___-____ = | 5 Meletio Seafood’ Co:,; Union Market-)-_ 255 2e2" so eRe x: Millers Fish & Oyster Market, 5711 Easton Ave_-_-|----| x Nekola, Charles, Union Market_....._....__-----_- repos Newman, Max, 1804 North Taylor Ave-_-______---- = ee x North St. Louis Fish Market, 3609 North 11th St--| x | x Peoples Fish Market, 4407 Easton Ave______-_-__-_- asmeaell ox: Quality Fish Market, 1265 Bayard Ave___-_______- PA e.< Remley-Leber Market, 6th St. and Franklin Ave.5_|____) x Roodman Fish Co., 2224 Franklin Ave_____________ Bee i < Rosen, William, 1914 Biddle St___-_._..._________- xox St. Louis Fish Co., 2722 Franklin Ave--_----.-_---- Kx St. Louis Fish Market, 2124 Market St_____________ es) ll eal Sanitary Market, 4265 West Easton Ave__-________- Bee ip Sarah Live Fish Market, 1010 North Sarah St_____-_ > ml hao < Seiler, Charles, 1926 Biddle St_____...___-__--_-___- 6 1| fo Square Deal Live Fish Market, 1205 North 13th St_|2x | x Star Live Fish Co., 2702 Chauteau Ave___-________ pal oes Swailes, John & Son, 3214 Franklin Ave___-_______- BEPPIIES < Thomas Market, 709 North 6th St.§_-_._.__________ | ec Tocco, Anton, paiddis Sh she2 2). soon. Some ic United Fish and Poultry Co., 2607 Franklin Ave___|____| x Western Fish & Oyster Co., 3028 Market St__-___- See 1 ' 1 ' rei i Be << = 1 ial i io I oo a Beles = x eeees| een x x 2 Includes goldfish. 3 Operates restaurant, 4 Also meats. i : 5 Operated as a department in a public market, 512 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 12.—Short-line travel distance and freight and express rates on fresh and frozen fish and oysters from principal sources of supply to St. Louis, Mo. [Prepared by the Interstate Commerce Commission, Bureau of Traffic. Distances shown were taken from War Department mileages or War Department mileages in connection with Official Railway Guide. Notes to reference symbols are grouped at end of table] Rate in cents per 100 pounds Short- line Fresh or frozen fish | Fresh onntes fish and Points of origin travel, y' een in miles Carload, Tee aay Carload, | Less-than-car- freight freight. | express load, express DOMINION OF CANADA British Columbia: Prince Ru pense 32 eo sass ese 2, 726 187% 495 D393 #1390 Vaio y pes ak Sth ere SA ola E 2,486 { .38y%|} 495 | Dass #865 Manitoba;. Winnipeg_.2-=_--.-...-_-------- 1, 032 108% 224 | #290 #490 New Brunswick: Loggieville--------------- 1, 885 108 213) fe 5 #525 Nova Scotia: IMalifax. 52 = 1, 948 108 #580 Lockeport 2, 097 126% #580 UNITED STATES Alabama: Birmingham == 23. se es ee 486 70 1626:|2_ 2s VX 190 #221 1M lo) ¢ (ee ee ee eel 657 Bl1l1l% 173)4|2 2 oes VX 226 #274 AISCHIO OSA ae ase Se oa sae Aces 2 535 744 173: Tse V¥xX 294 #326 Georgia: IBTUMSWiGkia= <= =5 bce ee oo ee 887 94 | OA eS VX 273 #811 Sdvaniishs oe as eee ee 872 94 218Yg| Sc. eee VX 273 #311 Illinois: lethal ee eo ees a ee eS Saas eee 153 33 6524| eu. + 2a #124 Beardstowae -seeee eee ee ee 113 2814 561g) 32 Soe #124 IBTOW]IN Ge eo ee eee ene eS 122 2916 5815) tick fees #124 @hieagortet 2a! be se ot ee eee 284 3914 POS | cose Bie ey #154 Depues 2.2. Bisse gees 238 3714) fi eee #154 Gratton(> ===) _ se ee ee 41 2014) 4035) Vise 22S v¥xX 67 # 71 IA Van tents 2 ee ae eee 145 33 651625. See #124 Ley) gee ae Per ee ee ae ee 162 32 6314) 82S: Be #124 Towa: Clinton ssa ee ea ee eee 300 | 3914 7924) 222 Ses #154 IDUbUQUO 2. Soe See tee kk see eas 362 4216 Sor tea steeeees #169 Kentucky: I CKIMSN Eso s ee een cee ee 214 4014 1045) = ee VX 112 #124 iPadticah £2 8s ee Eee ee 171 35 6634/5. 2-5 = VX 96 #124 Louisiana: Atchafalaya River 704 | 121% 20214 Vv | A247 ¥B205 #274 Ber wickos 32-2 2-2 *Drs GC: H.- Gilbert... =-= 2524226 22 ooo eee Columbia River salmon. Harlan B. Holmes_____---2-22--2-22 Alaska herring. George A. Rownsefell) 2-2 == 25 283 ee eee ‘Thesrazor- clam. -Dr. FP. W. Weymouth.-_.—..25-- 22 = eee Oysterss222Uheds jen tee dof be ee Dee ee General review—Oyster surveys and experimental physiology. Dr: -P."S; Galtsofia< 2.2) fe. fone ace ee ee Collector experiments. H., ¥. Prytherch. 2 :2-/22 2420 i Sie Oyster-drill control. Dr. Henry Federighi_-.......__-2. 2922 Mishertes of the-Great Lakes... 2 outer General review. Dr... Walter Koelz_._-..._ 222220 ses eee ee Life histories of the Coregonine. Dr. John Van Oosten__------ Fisheries of the ‘Mississippi) River2o2--. 2-21 802 Ses eee General review—Work of the fisheries biological station, Fair- port, lowa:— T. K. Chamberlain: "s2_ 222 P22oo: Sa Mississippi River pollution. A. H. Wiebe__.----=~~2-2222222= Aqiicubiniress22% — eee ee ee oe eee eae EU Sa General review—Pathology and experimental fish culture. Dr. HeS Daviss<<<4-.2--. = Die Bei. So Uo ea ee Trout culture at the Holden experimental station. M.C. James- Pond culture!) Russell) ord. 29 Se a) oo) eee eee Page 600 600 600 601 605 608 612 614 618 618 622 624 627 631 633 633 637 645 650 652 653 653 655 658 660 660 662 667 667 669 671 671 675 678 FOREWORD As indicated by the table of contents, the following report of the division of scientific inquiry is presented in two parts: Part I is a condensed statement of the chief results of the investigations con- ducted by the division during the calendar year; Part II is a tran- script of the proceedings of the divisional conference held January 4 to 7, 1927. While both parts treat of the work of the division, it will be seen that the accounts of the various investigations, as given in the proceedings of the conference, are less detailed in nature but include the general and historical bearings of the problems, in most cases stressing the practical significance of results. The accounts of the investigations given in the first section are more nearly restricted to the detailed results obtained during the current year, and therefore supplement the more general treatment. The divisional conference of January, 1927, was the first meeting of its kind ever held by the Bureau of Fisheries. There have been many fisheries conventions, in which the bureau’s investigators have participated; there have been frequent conferences between the offi- cers of the bureau and smaller groups of workers interested in par- ticular problems; but never before, except, perhaps in the early days of the Fish Commission, has the entire staff of the division of inquiry been assembled for a general consideration of its prob- lems. The undertaking was an experiment, therefore, and it yet remains to be determined if the experiment be a success or if it will be repeated. It can hardly be doubted, however, that the efficiency of the bureau’s work will be increased materially by overcoming the effects of the isolation that surrounds the field investigators by bring- ing them into contact with others in the same and associated fields, by the mutual exchange of ideas, and by the friendly criticism of their fellows on the staff. General satisfaction and approval were expressed by all who were in attendance. The conference was planned for the midwinter season, when field work is at a minimum; and the investigators’ regular visits to Washington, which formerly were scattered through the year, were delayed or hastened in order to bring the staff together at one time. The meeting of the advisory committee on scientific investigations of the bureau, appointed by Secretary Hoover, was also scheduled to occur at this time; and the bureau was further fortunate in having as guests noted visitors of other departments, who were visiting Washington in connection with their own work. Approxi- mately 40 persons took part in the discussions, including the com- missioner, deputy commissioner, chiefs of the divisions, investigators of the division of scientific inquiry, members of the advisory com- mittee on scientific investigation, and several invited guests. The program continued through 3% days, and included many carefully prepared papers, followed by extended and stimulating discussion. 517 518 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Several evening gatherings of a social nature were arranged pri- vately, also affording opportunity for personal contact and acquaint- anceship among members of the staff and materially contributing to the development of a real esprit de corps. Because of the comprehensive treatment of the various fields of investigation by the investigators at the conference, it is considered worth while to publish the transcript of the proceedings. -Although most of the discussion was of such an mformal nature that it has been deleted editorially, the papers and parts of the discussion are included herewith in the belief that they present a more complete and readable statement of the widespread and complex activities of the division of scientific inquiry in the interests of fishery conserva- tion than could well be presented in the regular report. Part I.—INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED DURING 1926 INTRODUCTION During 1926 the work of the division of scientific inquiry has shown, in increasing degree, the effect of the conscious and deliberate effort to center attention upon the problems of the fisheries as a distinct branch of marine biology. While none of the lines of in- vestigation under way in 1925 have been abandoned, no effort has been spared to so conduct the work that results of practical benefit to the fisheries and to the fishery administrator may speedily be attained ; and it is believed that gratifying progress, comparing well with that of the past and promising much for the future, has been made. It should not be understood by this that only temporary and insig- nificant problems, bearing solely on immediate needs, have been un- dertaken; for it is realized that the big problem that the fishery biologist faces—the problem that enlists his deepest concern and demands his best effort—is the task of conserving or rebuilding a dwindling fish supply. The problem has not always been attacked directly, but in all cases a necessary groundwork has been laid as the basis for more immediately productive studies in the future. The practical utility of the bureau’s investigations is becoming more apparent to the public at large, and with public confidence has come a demand for additional investigations. The Congress and many State fishery departments have responded with greater finan- cial support, and as a result it is confidently believed that the science of fishery husbandry and the conservation of aquatic resources will be advanced more rapidly during the coming years than ever before. Perhaps the outstanding accomplishments during the past year are the development and application of principles of oyster culture to the varying conditions found on the Atlantic seaboard, the scien- tific regulation of the Alaska salmon fishery, and the development of aquiculture as appled to fresh-water fishes. Extensive surveys have been made of the oyster industry from Cape Cod through Long Island Sound, and on the southern shore of Long Island, in South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas; and recommendations on which the various States may base an oyster-cultural program have been offered. Hydrobiological conditions differ so greatly in the various localities that different procedures must be followed to in- crease oyster production. ‘There have been discovered great areas, now barren, which, without doubt, can be utilized for the production of oysters. Other areas, which have been depleted by overfishing, can be restocked; and in many cases the yield and quality of beds now productive can be increased materially. Not only have these field observations been of aid in drafting general oyster-cultural programs, but fundamental researches upon 519 520 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES the feeding and reproduction of oysters have contributed to our knowledge and made possible the more complete utilization of the present supply and a material increase in reproduction in unfavor- able areas or seasons. Thus, through these studies of physiology, the fact of hibernation at a temperature below 41° F. has been re- affirmed; at which time, as feeding is discontinued, it may be possible to market, without danger to the public health, oysters from areas that, during warm weather, may be condemned be- cause of slight pollution. Likewise, through studies of the physi- ology of reproduction, it has been possible to induce spawning under experimental conditions. The possibility, therefore, is by no means remote that spawning on the natural beds likewise may be induced artificially during seasons when natural spawning would not occur otherwise, thus materially increasing the supply of oysters by insur- ing an abundant supply of seed. In addition, studies on the ecology and behavior of oyster larvee have resulted in the designing of highly efficient spat collectors, making it possible, at small cost, to harvest a profitable crop of seed oysters on bottoms where setting does not occur naturally. Congress has vested the control of the Alaskan fisheries in the Department of Commerce, and the regulations promulgated by the Secretary are administered by the Commissioner of Fisheries. Per- haps in no other locality has it been realized so keenly that fishery regulations must rest upon a solid foundation of biological knowl- edge; and it has been one of the most important functions of the division of scientific inquiry, with the extensive cooperation of the Alaska division, to conduct the biological researches which make pos- sible the scientific husbanding of the great salmon fisheries. The past year has marked the culmination of a long period of investigation of the biology of the Pacific salmon. As a result of these studies, an understanding of many of the factors that cause the fiuctuation in supply has been gained. To be able to predict the degree of abundance of any species of fish in future years is one goal of all fishery investigators, and it now appears that eventually reliable predictions concerning the magnitude of the runs of salmon in certain localities may be made a year or more in advance. The realization of these hopes will not only make possible the fullest control of the supply through regulation of the fishery, but will afford economic protection to the industry in years when poor runs are anticipated, which should result in the saving of millions of dollars. Gratifying results in the newly initiated work in aquiculture also have been obtained. The first year’s pond experiments at Fairport, in which the ponds were fertilized to increase plankton production and in which various plankton-feeding species of fish were used as forage for the game species, has resulted in a marked increase in total production. Results of equal promise have followed the bu- reau’s investigations in the treatment and control of diseases of hatchery-reared fish. Because of the greater demand in recent years for larger fingerlings for stocking streams and lakes, fish-culturists have attempted to rear their stocks to larger sizes. The effectiveness of the hundreds of hatcheries throughout the country has been les- ian pases on experiments initiated before, but completed after, the end of the calendar yeal PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 521 sened materially, however, by the heavy mortality of the older fish. The bureau’s efforts, therefore, are of great importance, for its studies on nutrition and diseases have made possible an increased output of the larger fingerlings from hatcheries that formerly suf- fered the ravages of disease. Studies of the Atlantic marine fisheries have been prosecuted with increased vigor. Contributions to the basic knowledge of the biology of the region have been made through studies of the fish fauna, plankton, and oceanography of the Gulf of Maine; the fauna of Chesapeake Bay; cod-egg production in Massachusetts Bay; and mi- erations of the adult cod on the shore and offshore banks. The key to the fluctuation in the mackerel supply also has been discovered in the phenomenon of dominant year classes. These investigations dis- close the fact that the mackerel in the tremendous catches of the past two years are the progeny of but two successful spawning years. It is believed that continued observations will make possible the forecasting of the immediate future success or failure of the mackerel fishery. The extent and effectiveness of the bureau’s investigations has been increased materially by the cooperation of various State departments. During the past year, work was conducted in cooperation with the States of North Carolina, Texas, Arkansas, Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin, Washington, Oregon, and California. The States pro- vided men, laboratories, boats, and other equipment, and have been enthusiastic over the results obtained. An important conference of the North American Committee on Fishery Investigations was held at St. Johns, Newfoundland, on July 9, 1926, for the purpose of further coordinating the efforts of the several nations interested in the fisheries of the North Atlantic region. Dr. H. B. Bigelow, Elmer Higgins, and O. E. Sette rep- resented the United States; W. A. Found, Dr. A. H. Leim, and H. E. Tanner represented Canada; and D. James Davies, A. C. Goodrich, and G. F. Sleggs were the Newfoundland representatives. No rep- resentatives from France or Portugal were present. The various fishery investigations were considered by the committee and recom- mendations of extension or modification were made in some cases. The importance of statistics in the codfishery of the entire region was dwelt upon, and plans for participation by Newfoundland in the investigation of the oceanography of that region were made. Undoubtedly the most serious handicap to the proper development of effective fishery conservation in the United States is the almost uniform lack of adequate statistics of the fisheries. While there has always been a more or less general realjzation of the economic value of records of total annual yield, the numbers of persons engaged, and the amount of investment in the fisheries, less attention has been given to the need for determining the relative abundance of the fish stock, year by year, as an indication of the state of the fisheries: It has been announced repeatedly that the aim of the division of scientific inquiry is to study fluctuations in the fisheries and to deter- mine their immediate causes; but in nearly every case it has been impossible to attack the problem from a quantitative standpoint, which is by far the most important aspect, because of the lack of suitable statistical data. The yield per unit of effort, such as the boat 522 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES catch per day, has long been recognized as a useful index of abund- ance of fish in the sea, but the present records can not be analyzed on that basis. Suitable statistics must contain these essential details; they must be uniform throughout the range of a fishery, continuous, free from bias, and stored in central places in such a way that they may be preserved for subsequent analysis by fishery investigators. Only the State governments have authority to enforce the collection of these records; and inasmuch as the various States divide jurisdic- tion over the shore and lake fisheries, it 1s necessary that concerted action be taken and that some central agency supervise and coordinate the States’ activities in this direction. It seems essential, therefore, in order to obtain that intimate knowledge of fish life upon which all rational regulation must depend, that the Bureau of Fisheries should take a leading part in bringing to the attention of the State govern- ments this need, and in advising them concerning the character of legislation necessary to set up an adequate statistical system. The bureau should serve as the coordinating agency in bringing the statistics together and making them available to the biologist. This the bureau is prepared to de, and it is anticipated that material progress toward the accomplishment of such a program will be made during the coming year. ; The following progress reports, covering the most important investigations conducted by the division during the calendar year 1926, were prepared in the main by the investigators in charge. FISHERIES OF THE ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS LIFE HISTORIES AND MIGRATIONS OF COD, POLLOCK, AND HADDOCK Investigations of the great codfisheries of the New England coast, begun several years ago, were continued. The first method of attack has been to conduct tagging experiments to determine the move- ments and segregation of the various stocks of cod, pollock, and haddock that inhabit the region, and to study the development and early life history of the eggs and larve of these fishes. Tagging operations in 1926 received a late start, owing to the conditioning of the newly acquired vessel, Albatross JI.. The Halcyon, which has carried on this investigation ever since it was begun in April, 1923, has been taken out of service. The first cruise of the Albatross JJ was made to the northeast peak of Georges Bank, where, fishing from August 13 to 19, 1,014 cod, 23 pollock, and 66 haddock were tagged. The depth of water was nearly uniform (at 47 fathoms), and it was possible to utilize for tagging about 75 per cent of the total number of fish caught. The second cruise was directed to southwest Georges Bank and Nantucket Shoals from September 5 to 11, where 1,606 cod, 10 pol- lock, and 114 haddock were tagged; but of these, only 5 fish were caught on Georges Bank. The Albatross IT fished off Mount Desert, Me., from August 20 to 23 and from September 26 to October 1, tagging 945 cod, 6 pollock, and 461 haddock. At the Bureau of Fisheries’ Woods Hole biologi- cal station 946 cod were tagged on January 6 and 7, 1926. These fish had been held as a brood stock since November, 1925, and after spawning were tagged and liberated from the station’s dock. PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 523 Exclusive of the Woods Hole fish, 40,097 cod, pollock, and haddock have been caught and tagged at sea from 1923 to 1926. A complete statistical summary follows: ¢ Item | 1923 1924 1925 1926 | IN DF Pay PLS) (EL ER CUES oe ii ee RS he SS ee | 7 9 16 4 aystonactuslunahing: 2 Sins). es saa eo ee sess 5 kee. 43 51 76 23 EUS RACLUA NSM NG a ane oe soe Se eats cana a nsancccocne 333 318.5 461 167 INTENDED OPCOG WAGROU ous oo ea aes oes nae sane wase ena nssaseee 7, 618 | 6, 209 10, 420 3, 565 Number of poles (nett (0 ae ee Se eee en ee a | 2, 215 916 949 39 Nin DEL OhNAOOUCKLOPEOUS=.) nc oc tnna- heen Saoccet-cuccstoce 411 | 3, 223 | 3, 891 641 otalmumiperionfishtapged.. ..2- 2-4. 2e sehen eases 10, 244 | 10,348 | 15, 260 | 4, 245 Average number of fish tagged per day.------..-.---------- 238 | 203 201 | 185 Average number of fish tagged per hour___._._-_._.-..----- 30. 76 | 32.5 88:1 | 25.4 i According to localities, the number of fish tagged is divided as follows: Item 1923 1924 1925 1926 ifassachusetts, south of Cape Cod... 222-222 5. na oe eee eee» 10}'231 4, 384 6, 143 1, 730 Massachusetts, north of Cape Cod__..-.....-..-..----.---.---- 13 163 314 | 0 ING WE amp ShITen as se sae cee ee Se ee eee ee 0 8 5 | 0 Vici ra Oe nee eS OE es re Rk ce Se Ee 0 5, 793 8, 798 1, 412 CROTPes Banks ssa s eae REE ke eee eS | 0 0 0 1, 103 The total number of recaptures up to December 31, 1926, amounted to 1,940 and consisted of 1,742 cod, 72 pollock, and 126 haddock. Scale samples were taken from all fish tagged in 1926, as well as during 1924 and 1925. All the samples taken during 1924 (over 10,000) have been mounted and about 1,000 have been studied. Although tagging operations during 1926 were not as extensive as during the preceding three years, some very instructive results were obtained. It is believed that the year 1927 will produce results of great interest to this investigation, for not only is it planned to operate on an enlarged scale, but many of the experiments begun during the preceding four years will be one year nearer completion and in some cases may be terminated successfully. The outstanding results of the investigation during 1926 are as follows: 1. On the one cruise made to Nantucket Shoals (September 5-11), it was found that the stock of cod differed considerably in size from the fish present there during the period from the beginning of the investigation in 1923 up to 1925. Heretofore, cod less than 18 inches in length were caught rarely, and 22 to 32 inch fish predominated ; but in 1926 large fish were scarce, fish below 18 inches were common, and the predominating sizes were 16 to 22 inches. Some intimation of this exodus of large fish and entry of small fish was had in the preceding fall and could be traced to August, 1925, when the bottom- water temperature was 15° C, (59° F.) and the cod were much scattered and bunched. How unusual this high water temperature is can not be known until the investigation has continued further. In each of the tagging years (1923, 1924, and 1925), a definite migration of tagged cod occurred from Nantucket Shoals to the waters between Rhode Island and southern New Jersey. As the ~ 524 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES stock of fish present on Nantucket Shoals during 1926 was composed of much smaller cod than during the preceding years, it was of interest to note how this difference* would affect the catches of cod made between Rhode Island and New Jersey during the winter and thereby gain some idea as to how much Nantucket Shoals con- - tributes to the southern migration. It was found that small cod were far more abundant than usual around Marthas Vineyard during the fall of 1926, enough so to receive special comment in the newspapers and trade magazines. Furthermore, fishing-boat captains along the western Long Island and New Jersey coasts asserted that large cod were not plentiful’ during the fall of 1926, but that small cod, below 22 inches in length, were much more numerous than for many years past. These data indicate that the Nantucket Shoals stock of cod contributes a large part of the fish that migrate south each fall to the Middle Atlantic States. 2. No recaptures have been reported of the 1,000 cod tagged on northeast Georges Bank during August, 1926. It is probable that these fish have not yet made extensive migrations (it 1s not certain that they ever will) and that no fishing vessels have been operating within the immediate vicinity of the tagging grounds. 3. Asa result of the cod tagging along the shores of eastern Maine during 1924 and 1925, it was found that if these cod migrate at all they go to the Bay of Fundy and occasionally to the eastern coast of Nova Scotia. These same results obtained during 1926. 4. Very little is known definitely concerning the whereabouts and habits of cod and haddock between 114 and 7 inches in length in the western Atlantic. This year, by means of a 30-foot otter trawl, quite a few cod and haddock, 2 to 5 inches in length, were taken on Georges Bank. The stomach of one Georges Bank pollock contained 12 had- dock, 21% to 4 inches in length, but other pollock examined contained none. Although these data are not extensive, the indications are that young cod and haddock of these sizes (they are less than two years old) are present in large numbers on Georges Bank, Browns Bank, and other offshore fishing grounds. 5. A study of scales has shown that cod off southern Massachu- setts grow at the rate of about 7 inches each year for the first three years. “ A more complete discussion of the cod problem is given on page 601 of this report. The investigations of the spawning grounds and the early develop- ment and distribution of cod, haddock, and pollock in New England waters, carried on since 1924 by Dr. Charles J. Fish, assisted by Marie P. Fish and Robert A. Goffin, were interrupted during the past year because of the condemnation of the Fish Hawk and the necessity for making extensive repairs on the Albatross IT. ‘There- fore, the material obtained to date has been arranged and examined. Tt includes two series—one from Massachusetts Bay and one from the region of the Grand Banks. The immediate problem in Massachusetts Bay involved a deter- mination of the value of that area as a production center and also as a nursery for the large numbers of eggs and larvee, which we have reason to believe are being carried in constantly from the east. The results to date indicate that local production in Massachusetts PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 020 Bay does not maintain the supply of fish in that area, and that in all probability the inshore spawning grounds north of Cape Cod, as a aks are not selfsupporting but must rely on immigration from other areas. It is to be expected that some of the cod eggs that drift west into the Gulf of Maine will hatch before they leave the bay; but this probably does not alter the situation in any way, for the current that carries them in will transport them out again. A report on this work will be submitted in the near future. Biological collections from the region of the Grand Banks supple- ment, to a surprising degree, the hi etd al observations made by the Ice Patrol on the currents in that area. Each of the three principal water masses of the region—the liabeade current, Gulf Stream, and “banks water ”—is characterized by its own particular pelagic faunas and can often be defined as accurately by net collec- tions as by temperatures and salinities. In 1921, a series of hauls taken over the zone where the Labrador current and the Gulf Stream meet indicated clearly the sharp line of demarcation between the Arctic and the Atlantic faunas. The present investigation is limited to the area east of Newfoundland and is concerned with the meeting of the Labrador current and the third great mass—the “ banks water.’ The reports of the Ice Patrol have shown that a large drift of coastal water moves east from the vicinity of Cape Race and spreads over the whole region of the Grand Banks except the northeastern part. The plankton collections indicate clearly the faunal differ- ence in these two water masses. The most northerly station yielded a true Arctic community, but the more southerly ones, along the western margin of the banks, were of a boreal coastal nature, although far ‘from land. It may be that the Grand Banks are not dependent entirely upon local production to maintain their supply of bottom invertebrates (fish food) but are constantly enriched by an influx of the pelagic young of species from the coast, which, sinking to the bottom, find a favorable environment in the comparatively shallow water of the banks. If this be true, and both the hydrographical and biological evidence support it, the Grand Banks are unique among fishing grounds in that an ‘offshore drift continually adds to the resident bottom invertebrate community upon which the cod feed, while two great ocean currents transport enormous quantities of microscopic plants and animals, which, killed in the mixing zone of the sudden temperature changes, sink to the bottom and insure a rich source of nourishment for the crabs, upon which the fish feed. In the course of the investigation several interesting minor obser- vations were made. A great difference was found in the size of cod eggs from Massachusetts Bay and those from the region of the Grand “Banks, the former averaging 1.5 millimeters and the latter 1.28 millimeters. The cod eggs collected in the region of the Grand Banks on June 5 to 17, 1924, ranged from 1.1 to 1.55 millimeters, and averaged 1.28 millimeters. ‘These eggs were found to average between 1.2 and 1.3 milli- meters everywhere except at the most northerly station (approx- imately 390 miles north of the tip of the Grand Banks), where a surprising average of 1.42 millimeters was found, no eggs being 526 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES less than 1.35 millimeters. The total absence of cleavage stages at this station (the earliest eggs having the embryo well developed) indicates that they may have been carried for a long distance or belong to an entirely different race of fish. The force of the Lab- rador current at this point, the low temperature, and the number of planktonic forms that occur here and at no other station tend to substantiate the former possibility. Although the significance of the differences of the means has not been determined statistically, it appears, on the basis of the collec- tions alone, that temperature has a decided effect on the size of cod eggs, causing them to average larger during the colder periods and decrease in size as the water becomes warmer. Thus in Massachu- setts Bay eggs averaged smallest in December and May and largest in February. In the region of the Labrador current the largest average was found at the northernmost station and the smallest at the more southerly ones when the summer warming of the water had become noticeable. In the North Sea a similar condition was noted by Ehrenbaum, who found cod eggs averaging 1.46 milli- meters in January and 1.3 millimeters in April. Following are the average sizes of 50 cod eggs taken in Massa- chusetts Bay at various times: Date Millimeters PSC MAM, ODA sesh PEE Pl Te a, OTP Sa a TN er 1. 458 4 WMG@CAMi NODE # has tax re yest ty etek Ta oy see raphe eee ae eed ees Pe ee 1. 495 PCT S(t US Pe aS SE ee SE a, eA SMW CRU terty 99, ay fio 2 1. 494 UENCE) OR} IS Pets ts a Sn a eNO ed eR ee LA Ae OS 1, 529 IN (Gi cela If 6 Yaa A tye ee alan RS ee ME AA ao eh EB ba eB a i 1. 501 ASO SY Stal G26 As eed Cb es: eat As Rebel BA) oR ea eee Ed ee le 1. 518 May 20 li O25 tutes Ay A eye Ne. eh ec ee 1. 488 The average size of cod eggs from the Grand Banks in June, 1924, was 1.2 to 1.3 millimeters; from the polar current in June, 1924, 1.42 millimeters; and from Massachusetts Bay on June 5, 1926, 1.425 millimeters. Experiments were carried on at Gloucester and on the Boars Head fishing grounds to determine whether the seasonal fluctuations in the average size of cod eggs are due to temperature. In general the re- sults appear to be significant, the eggs fertilized at 0° C. averaging 1.447 millimeters and those fertilized at about 8° C. averaging 1.4106 millimeters. The increase in size at a reduced temperature corre- sponds with the observations made on eggs taken in the field. The investigation in Massachusetts Bay was not confined to the young of the cod, haddock, and pollock, but included eggs and larvee of all other species taken with them. There are at least 61 species of fishes that either have been taken in their larval forms about Woods Hole or may be expected in col- lections there. Thus far a bibliography for each species has been gathered, including original illustrations and notes on distribution, and the missing links in developmental histories have been listed. The collections are being searched at present to fill these gaps. MACKEREL During 1926, the investigations on the mackerel fishery, in co- operation with the division of fishery industries, were continued by PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 926 o2/ O. E. Sette, assisted by R. A. Nesbit and R. A. Goffin. The program contemplates the simultaneous collection of biological and _statis- tical data and their analysis to provide an understanding of the life history of the species and the fluctuations of the fishery. During the 1926 season an observer was stationed at the principal mackerel receiving ports for the purpose of interviewing mackerel fishermen as fish were landed and securing data on the locality, dates, size of catch, and fishing effort involved, as well as taking measurements, scales, ete. of the mackerel landed. During the season over 1,200 vessel skippers were interviewed, over 25,000 mackerel were measured, and about 3,500 scale samples were taken. Other data were collected at Woods Hole, Mass. Analyses of the 1925 and 1926 data on sizes and ages have pro- ceeded as rapidly as possible with the present limited personnel. Although they are yet tar from complete it is now fairly certain that the unusually large catches of 1925 and 1926 were composed largely of mackerel that originated in one spawning season, provisionally determined to be that of 1923. The preliminary age analysis of the stock of mackerel present during the past two years leads us to be- lieve, further, that the 1921 spawning season was more than normally suecessful; that the 1922 season was practically a failure; that the 1923 season was extraordinarily successful; and the 1924 season was probably average in production. This at once gives the clue to one cause of fluctuations in the mackerely fishery—that is, unequal increments in various years. It is believed that continued observa- tions of this sort eventually will permit the forecasting of immediate future success or failure of the mackerel fishery. The steamer Gannet was detailed to mackerel investigations for about five weeks during the spawning season in Massachusetts Bay, and was engaged in making tow-net hauls and taking oceanographic data. An incomplete analysis of the plankton collected showed that an abundance of mackerel eggs and larvee was present during and immediately after the spawning season. ‘This is significant, inasmuch as very few mackerel eggs and no larve had been found previously in the Gulf of Maine. It had been thought heretofore that the Gulf of St. Lawrence; where large quantities of mackerel eggs and larvee had been taken by the Princess and Acadia in the Canadian fisheries expedition of 1914-15, and again on the Cheticamp expedition of 1917, was the only important spawning ground for American mackerel. The 1926 cruise in Massachusetts Bay demonstrated the presence of comparable quantities of eggs and larve in this locality, thus extending our knowledge of the mackerel spawning grounds. It is possible that more extensive work of this nature may indicate even greater ranges for important breeding places of the mackerel. Tagging operations in 1926 were very limited, only 599 fish being tagged off the coast of Delaware in April. Two of these fish were recaptured, one of them on the date of tagging at virtually the place of release. The other was retaken in August off Cape Cod. Twelve fish tagged in 1925 were reported recaptured during 1926. It will be recalled that all of the mackerel tagged in 1925 were released along the coast of New England, and the recaptures during the same season indicated a general spread of mackerel from the points of release. The recaptures in the next year (1926) occurred from Fire 528 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Island to Gloucester, most of them to the southwestward of the place of release. The tagging operations have been too limited to warrant any definite conclusions. It is hoped to continue them in 1927, when a more suitable tag may be devised. SMELTS OF NEW ENGLAND A general account of the natural history, fish-cultural propagation, and conservation of,the Atlantic smelt, with a history of the smelt fisheries, by Dr. William C. Kendall, to which reference was made in a previous report of this division, has been published. That account is being supplemented by another paper on the smelts of the genus Osmerus, which embraces life histories, age, rate of growth, racial peculiarities, etc. The original plan to include Pacific species of the genus has been simplified by a recent reviewer of Pacific smelts, who has relegated all but one species (formeriy regarded as Osmerus) to other genera. Work on the smelts is discussed at greater length on page 614. MULLET The gray-mullet (Mugil cephalus) investigation in the south Atlantic States was continued during 1926 at Beaufort, N. C., by Elmer Higgins and Robert O. Smith. The tagging experiment was extended, 1,000 fish being tagged and lberated at Beaufort during July, August, and September. Because of the difficulty of securing uninjured fish in quantity from commercial hauls, a beach seine was operated by the investigators and crew. ‘This made possible the tagging of mullet and at the same time the tracing of the growth of mullet spawned in the preceding fall. Due to various factors, among which might be mentioned more effective advertising, smaller commercial catch, and the different sizes of fish tagged, 34 tags were returned during the year, an average of 3.39 per cent, or one returned for every 29.5 fish tagged. In some cases, 2 to 5 individuals from the same school were returned. All tags were received from North Carolina, except two from the upper portion of the South Carolina coast, thus confirming the results of previous experiments. ‘There were no returns from fish tagged in 1925. The assumption that so-called “ Cape mullet ” constitute a distinct division of the local stock seems to be corroborated by analyses of commercial catches during 1926. These fish appear at Beaufort about the middle of September, and are plentiful until the first of November. Length-frequency studies of Cape mullet that were taken in a number of commercial hauls indicate that these fish are intermediate in size between the local O and I classes. However, during the latter part of this season (mid October to mid November) it was virtually impossible to separate local O-class and “Cape” mullet on the basis of average length, inasmuch as some of the com- mercial Cape mullet averaged extremely small in size. Study of the growth of mullet, particularly the O-class, was con- tinued and significant results were obtained. Juvenile mullet of 22 millimeters body length appear at Beaufort by the middle of Jan- uary. They become more abundant during February, March, and April, but there is little growth until the middle of April, when the water temperature reaches about 20° C. In May the rate of growth PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 029 increases rapidly and continues, at an average of approximately 2 2 centimeters per month, through Oc tober. In the hope of observing spawning, a number of large mullet were placed in a tank of running sea water at the fisheries laboratory at Beaufort on October 27. From time to time the roe in killed speci- mens was examined, and while it appeared to be healthy, the eggs did not mature. The roe had not ripened when the last, specimen died on January 14, 1927. Various methods of estimating the num- ber of eggs in the ovaries of a fish of 367 millimeters body length were tried. Different methods gave results varying between 759,000 and 1,526,000. The eggs are not spherical but are more nearly an ovate ‘spheroid, the long axis being 0.61 millimeter and the short axis 0.57 millimeter. In all parts of the ov: ary the eggs are in the same stage of development. This meager evidence, combined with the observed disappearance of roe mullet from inside waters during October and the compact size group of young fish, leads to the con- viction that the spawning season is short. Observations throughout the season on the selectivity of commer- cial gear, in conjunction with samples of the commercial catch, show that the strain of the fishery falls most heavily on three age classes: “Cape mullet” approximately 1 year old,. 2-year gray mullet that will spawn the following fall, and roe mullet chiefly 3 years old. The yearling stock that appears at Beaufort in the middle of Janu- ary as individuals less than 1 inch long and attains a total length of about 7 inches by October seldom is taken. SHORE FISHERIES OF NORTH CAROLINA Life-history studies of various food fishes have been undertaken at the fisheries biological laboratory at Beaufort, N. C. The eggs of the pigfish (Orthopristis chrysopterus) and those of the anchovy (Anchoviella epsetus) were secured and their development was studied. The development of the larve and the rate of growth of the young fish, too, have been followed. Special attention was given to the food consumed by the young fish and the changes that take place in the diet with age, together with the change in “environment chosen by the fish as they develop. Similar studies, relative to the rate of growth, food, and environment of young sheepshead (Archo- sargus probatocephalus), young spot (Leiostomus wanthurus), and young white perch (Bairdiella chrysura), were undertaken. This work was carried on by Dr. Samuel F. Hildebrand and Irving L. Towers. Other work at the Beaufort laboratory is discussed elsewhere in this report. TEXAS MARINE FISHERIES In accordance with plans outlined in 1925, an investigation of the biology of the important food fishes of coastal Texas has been under- taken. A field station has been established at Corpus Christi, Tex., where John C. Pearson, with the aid of a boat and crew furnished by the State fishery authorities, i is making extensive and systematic collections. Variations in the commercial fishery have been fol- 66552—28——_2 530 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES lowed, but so erratic and limited is the fishery in most localities, due to*’legislative restriction, that few data of value can be secured. The major facts in the life histories of the three leading food fish—redfish (Sciewnops ocellatus), spotted trout (Cynoscion nebu- losus), and drum (Pogonias cromis)—are being ascertained. Col- lections of fish of all sizes, from larval stages to mature adults, have been made regularly over a wide range of localities and afford an understanding of the habits and movements, spawning age, and rates of growth of these valuable species. Preliminary findings of this study are given at greater length in another section of this report (p. 627). FOOD HABITS OF SHARKS Further observations on the food and reproductive habits of various sharks that enter into the catch of a commercial shark fishery at Big Pine, Fla., were made during the winter months of the past year. The stomachs and reproductive organs of about 1,500 sharks were examined carefully, with the object of ascertaining, if possible, the actual damage done to food fishes by these scavengers of the sea. Ten species of sharks were observed in the commercial catch, although the larger part of this catch comprised only five species. The food habits of the various species differed somewhat, but the amount of food fish eaten by all species was found to be very small. Refuse, crustaceans, and nonfood fish seemed to make up the bulk of the food. However, the. fact that most: sharks do much dam- age to commercial fishing gear probably warrants their unlimited utilization. FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST The bureau’s salmon investigations on the Pacific coast are con- ducted as an integral part of the program of the International Pacific Salmon Investigation Federation, and hence are closely coordinated with work undertaken by Canada and the Pacific Coast States. The activities of this federation, therefore, are of direct interest to the readers of this report. The third meeting of the executive committee of the International Pacific Salmon Investigation Federation was held in Seattle on December 2, 1926. At this meeting a program committee, consisting of Dr. W. H. Rich, chairman, Dr. C. H. Gilbert, Dr. W. A. Clemens, of the Biological Board of Canada, and Prof. J. O. Snyder, repre- senting the California Fish and Game Commission, presented a research program that was adopted unanimously by the executive committee. This program is presented in full elsewhere in this report (p. 635). After the presentation of this program, the various items were taken up separately and discussed in detail. A committee was appointed to consider the improvement of the statistics of the salmon fisheries and consisted of Dr. W. A. Clemens, chairman, N. B. Sco- field, of the California Fish and Game Commission, and Dr. W. H. Rich. Another committee was appointed to consider the matter of adequate fishways over high dams. The members of this committee are N. B. Scofield, chairman, C. R. Pollock, supervisor of fisheries for the State of Washington, and Maj. J. A. Motherwell, chief inspec- . PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 00 | tor for British Columbia of the Department of Fisheries of the Dominion of Canada. In view cf the recent development of a certain type of mechanical fishway, which has been advertised widely as having solved the problem of getting fish over high dams, the com- mittee presented the following resolution, which was adopted by the executive committee: Whereas constant and nation-wide prupaganda has been maintained in newspapers, engineering and technical magazines, ete., conveying the impres- sion, based on the partial success of the experimental fishway at the Baker River Dam, near Concrete, Wash., that a complete solution has been reached of the problem of safeguarding salmon runs jeopardized by the construction of dams; and Whereas.in the opinion of this federation no solution of this problem has yet been reached that can properly be considered as of general application; and Whereas in the opinion of this federation the problem connected with each dam is individual and distinet ; and Whereas much of the work at Baker River Dam has so far been experi- mental and results there are not yet conclusive: Therefore, be it Resolved, That the International Pacific Salmon Investigation Federation, at its meeting on December 2, 1926, strongly disapprove the propaganda mentioned as being unwarranted and misleading; and further be it Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be presented to. newspapers and periodicals and to such officials and others as may be interested. ALASKA SALMON The salmon investigations in Alaska have been continued under the direction of Dr. C. H. Gilbert, special assistant, and Dr. W. H. Rich, chief investigator of salmon fisheries. The tagging experiments in the channels of southeastern Alaska were continued, and a total of 13,100 salmon, representing four distinct species, were tagged and liberated. The results have not yet been compiled, but a report by Doctor Rich, covering the results of the tagging done in this district in 1924 and 1925, was published during the past year as Document No. 1005. In addition to the tagging experiments conducted in the channels of southeastern Alaska, efforts were made, in cooperation with the fishery authorities of Canada, British Columbia, and the States of Washington, Oregon, and California, to tag fish caught in the ocean mainly by trolling. These fish are of two species—the chinook or king salmon and the silver salmon. Including the work done by all agencies, approximately 2,500 fish, were tagged along the coast. be- tween Monterey Bay and the outside coast of southeastern Alaska. While the data are not yet sufficiently complete to warrant final con- clusions, it appears quite certain that these fish range quite widely up and down the coast. The troll fishery for salmon thus assumes an interstate and international character, and this fact will have an important bearing on the nature of the methods adopted for the care of such of the salmon resources as are affected by trolling. The intensive study and analysis (by means of scale examinations) of the salmon runs in a large number of the more important salmon streams of Alaska has been continued by Doctor Gilbert. Counting wiers for the enumeration of the spawning escapements have been maintained, as for a number of years past, in the Karluk and Chignik Rivers, at two of the streams that enter Olga Bay, Kodiak Island, at Thin Point and Morzhovoi Bay, Alaska Peninsula, and in 532 U. 3. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Egegik River, Bristol Bay. Plans are being made now for the con- struction of a counting weir in the Kvichak River, Bristol Bay. During 1926 particular interest attached to the run in the Karluk River, as this was the first return from a known escapement—that of 1921, the first year in which the counting weir was operated in this river. As the escapement of 1921 was one of the best on record (1,825,654 fish), a good run was expected and materialized. The total run, including the fish taken for commercial purposes and the escapement contained somewhat more than 4,500,000 fish. This indicates a return of approximately three fish for each one that escaped to the spawning grounds. Just how constant this produc- tivity will be, remains to be determined by the returns in future years from known escapements; but it is a noteworthy accomplish- ment to have secured such data as these on a stream of the size and commercial importance of the Karluk. This intensive study of escapements and runs is considered to be of the utmost importance to the understanding of the factors that cause fluctuations in abundance in these great fisheries. In addition to the detailed studies of the commercial catch and spawning escapement carried on by Doctor Gilbert at Karluk, a study of the history of the salmon in fresh water and of their seaward migration has been undertaken by Doctor Rich, assisted by Seymour P. Sm-th. In order to determine the number of young fish that migrate seaward, approximately 47,000 seaward migrants were marked during 1926, and the future runs of adult fish will be examined carefully for the return of marked fish. The total run of adults and the number of marked fish returning as adults will be determined, and from this it is believed that a fairly reliable measure of the total number of young salmon in the seaward migration each year can be determined with some accuracy. Such marking exper.- ments will be continued in the Karluk River over a period of years in order to permit a study of the correlation between the size of the seaward migration and the future runs. Considerable time was spent on Karluk Lake, which was mapped and sounded; and extensive observations of all spawning streams were made. ‘The past year was one of exceedingly low water, and many of the spawn:ng beds made early in the season were left ex- posed by the end of the summer. Further observations will be necessary to determine whether such conditions will affect the sur- vival of the eggs. The study of such factors as this, which un- doubtedly affect to a marked degree the survival of young salmon during their fresh-water life, is considered to be of prime impor- tance, and plans have been made to continue these observations as a routine part of the intens.ve study of the Karluk River salmon. SALMON OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER The salmon-marking experiments conducted on the Columbia River by Harlan B. Holmes yielded greater returns during the season of 1926 than ever before. As in former years, the cooperation of the Oregon Fish Commission (especially in paying rewards for records of the recovery of marked fish) was responsible for a great part of the success of the work. The most pleasing returns obtained during the past season were from a lot of 50,000 yearling sockeyes, which, PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 533 after their adipose and right ventral fins were removed, were lib- erated from the hatchery at Herman Creek in February, 1924. As a result of this marking, approximately 2,300 four-year-olds returned to the Columbia River and were taken in the commercial fishery. In addition, 96 of these fish succeeded in evading the commercial fishing gear and returned to the hatchery from which they were liberated, and their spawn was taken for artificial propagation. These 96 spawners produced a stock of eggs greater by one-half than that required to produce the fingerlings that were marked. Additional returns from this experiment are to be expected in 1927. Results such as these give promise of the possibility of maintaining commer- cially significant runs of salmon by artificial propagation. A second experiment with sockeyes yielded 2,500 four-year-olds from 100,000 marked yearlings. In this experiment, however, none returned to the tributary in which the fingerlings were liberated. Why they did not return to their home tributary is an important question, to which there is no reliable answer as yet. This problem will be given special attention when future returns are being studied. The importance of this question lies in the fact that unless the fish return to the place of liberation the run can not be perpetuated by artificial propagation. A hatchery that is able to produce an entirely satisfactory return to the commercial fishery may fail in the long run because of inability to secure a breeding stock. An experiment with chinook salmon conducted at the Big White Salmon River hatchery yielded 265 four-year-olds in 1926, bringing the total of returns from the experiment to 359. With the 5 and 6 year olds yet to return, this experiment gives promise of being the most successful of those with chinooks to date. As was pointed out a year ago, the greater returns from this experiment than from those in which fingerlings of the same class of fish were liberated at an older age, would indicate that the best time to liberate fingerlings of the fall run of chinooks is during the spring of their first year. More direct information on this important question is being sought by means of a series of experiments in which fingerlings from a single lot of eggs will be marked and liberated at various ages. A similar experiment is already under way with chinooks of the spring run. Comparison of the results of these two experiments should be en- lightening, and it is hoped that they may point the way to more suc- cessful hatchery operations. For a more complete account of this work see p. 645. Mr. Holmes also has continued an investigation of the blueback salmon of the Columbia River. The most important development during the past season was the observation that the seaward migrants from the Okanogan River spawning beds were so heavily infested with the encysted larvee of tapeworms as to have their vitality greatly reduced thereby. An effort is being made to discover the alternate host of the tapeworm, in the hope that the infestation of the salmon may be reduced in the future. HERRING OF ALASKA During the season of 1926, George A. Rounsefell continued the herring investigation in Alaska, confining his activities to Prince William Sound, Cook Inlet, and Shuyak Straits. Preserved samples 534 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES also were obtained from the Shumagin Islands and Golovin Bay. Study of the racial characters of the herring has disclosed the existence of local races, which knowledge will be of great value in drafting regulations, as it indicates the relative independence of the fishing areas. Weights of herring are being tabulated in an effort to determine when the herring in each locality reach a condition suit- able for packing. The present data, although not conclusive, indicated the presence of dominant year groups, which may be one explanation for the great fluctuations in abundance. Further study may show the possi- bility of foretelling such periods. The investigation is discussed at greater length on p. 650 of this report. During 1927 it is planned to continue the investigation, commencing: the field work in April with some experimental tagging and con- tinuing with the collection of samples in one locality throughout the season. FISHERIES OF INTERIOR WATERS COREGONINZ OF THE GREAT LAKES Dr. Walter Koelz has continued his investigations of the white fishes, and in addition to publishing Document No. 1001, “ Fishing Industry of the Great Lakes,” has completed the revision of the Coregonine, in which systematic relations and natural history of these fishes in the Great Lakes and Lake Nipigon are given in great detail, together with descriptions of several new species. This work,. which is now ready for publication, embodies the most extensive and complete study of coregonine fishes in North America that has ever been made and lays the groundwork for an understanding of fishery conditions in the Great Lakes as a basis for protecting these rapidly declining fisheries. The investigations on the herring of Lake Huron by Dr. John Van Oosten, described in the last annual report, were continued during 1926. The statistical data on the catch having been found wholly inadequate, biological data were sought which might furnish some clue to the trend of the intensity of fishing. That this fishing is very intense is suggested by the paucity of old fish in the commercial catches. Herring are known to reach an age of 11 years, yet ex- tremely few individuals reach the sixth year of their life—the second year after most of them first join the schools of commercial sizes. The majority of the herring do not even reach the fifth year of life, and relatively few 3-year-old fish, many of which enter the commer- cial catches for the first time in the fall, escape the nets to return a year later as 4-year-old fish. The biological data indicate, by the shifting in the age composition of the commercial catches, that the intensity of the fishing has steadily increased in recent years. In 1921 the 4-year-old fish were more numerous than the 2-year-olds,-but since 1921 the former have become progressively less and the latter progressively more abundant each successive years So intense does commercial fishing appear to. be that a year class is virtually wiped out during its year of abun- dance in the commercial catches. Although at present the herring: PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 535 are wholly unprotected and appear to be abundant in Lake Huron, each year the fishery is being prosecuted with increased vigor, for as the abundance of the more desirable species of coregonines decreases, the demand for the herring increases. It is evident from the bio- logical data, however, that in all probability the herring can not withstand further exploitation without disastrous results. The re- sults of this investigation are given in greater detail on p. 662 of this report. Whitefish material has been collected by Doctor Van Osten from. Lake Huron every year since 1923. These data indicate that the whitefish taken by gill nets in summer are younger than those taken in the fall. The summer catch consists principally of 4-year-old fish, a large percentage of which is sexually immature though of legal size. The fall catch consists mostly of 6-year-old fish, the 7-year-old individuals being second in abundance. ‘The youngest fish taken in. these samples were in the fourth year of life, the oldest in the thirteenth. Most of the fish of a year class probably do not spawn until the sixth year of life. Ths result was unsuspected, as it is generally believed that the whitefish attains sexual maturity in its. third year. There is some evidence, however, that this is true in the case of the Lake Erie whitefish. SURVEY OF SANDUSKY BAY IN LAKE ERIE In response to an appeal from the Izaak Walton League at Fre-. mont, Ohio, a preliminary survey was made of conditions in the San- dusky Bay region, with special reference to the destructiveness of commercial nets (especially the seines) to game fish. All complaints. were considered and investigated. It was concluded that the commer- cial fishermen of the Sandusky Bay region were not as destructive of fish life in general, or of strictly game fish in particular, as many sportsmen alleged. On the contrary, it appeared very probable that the seiners, by capturing carp and goldfish, were aiding in preserving conditions necessary for the existence of game fish and waterfowl. BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER In July, 1926, A. H. Wiebe was assigned to make a biological survey of the upper Mississippi River. The object of this survey was to determine if the pollution from the cities of Minneapolis. and St. Paul is destroying life in the Mississippi River. The part of the river covered by this survey extends from just above Minne- apolis to just above Winona, about 110 miles below St. Paul. The field work was carried on during August and September. After the completion of the field work (September 30) the plankton and the bottom samples were moved to the University of Wisconsin, at Madison, for study. The samples were analyzed and a report was prepared. The investigation showed that pollution from the Twin Cities is a factor in the destruction of life in the Mississippi River from Minne- apolis down to Red Wing, at the head of Lake Pepin, as is shown in more detail on p. 669. 536 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES KEOKUK DAM AND THE FISHERIES OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER Immediately after the dam was constructed across the Mississippi River between Keokuk, Iowa, and Hamilton, Ill., there was begun a study of the effect of this and other changes in the Mississippi River upon the fisheries above the dam. ‘The investigation was under the direction of Dr. R. E. Coker, then director of the fish- eries biological station at Fairport, Iowa. An investigation of this kind necessarily involved observations over a long period of time. The process of adjustment of living animals to the changing con- ditions of environment in a stream is so gradual that safe conclusions can be drawn only after years of study. It would have been desirable if the observations could have been continued year after year without interruption, but this was not possible. The problem has not been out of mind, however, and studies have been made from time to time and tentative reports have been prepared. ‘The time now seems ripe to put into form for publication the considerable data secured in the investigation. Accordingly, during the past year Doctor Coker undertook to complete the report and to make additional observations in the field. Accompanied by H. L. Canfield, he visite the Mississippi River at various points between Lake City, Minn., and Canton, Mo. The additional data gathered this year are now being incorporated in the report, which is nearing completion. WESTERN TROUTS AND OTHER COLLECTIONS In addition to investigating the New England smelt fisheries, Dr. W. C. Kendall also was occupied intermittently in studying and classifying trout material contained in numerous hitherto unstudied or little studied collections of trout from the Western States and Alaska, which represent years of accumulation. Inasmuch as these specimens were collected before the regions from which they came were affected by extensive fish-cultural distribution of nonindigenous species, this study is expected to throw greatly needed light upon the relationship of western species, and particularly upon the much- rooted problem of the so-called rainbow and steelhead trouts. The wide fish-cultural distribution of these species and the varied experience with them in the east and abroad have given rise to a number of questions concerning them, and from time to time inquiries have been received for information and opinion. An inquiry par- ticularly difficult to answer was from Doctor Ehrenbaum, of Ham- burg, Germany, who wished to ascertain the specific identity of rainbow trout imported into Germany. Doubtless the rainbow- trout eggs sent to Germany were from the same two or three different species that seem to compose the mixture that (at least in the past) has been distributed from the hatcheries under the one name, “ rain- bow trout.” During the summer, through the Bureau of Fisheries, five speci- mens of rainbow trout, which were the result of introduction, were received from H. L. Kelly, executive officer of the fish and game commission of the Territory of Hawaii, with the request that they be identified. PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 5a Concerning these trout, Doctor Kendall replied that according to his view there are two sorts of “ rainbow trout.” One sort comprises Salmo shasta and closely related species, which are supposed not to be habitually sea run. The other sort comprises the migratory fish that has received the name of “steelhead” (S. gairdnerii). This name originally signified the migratory fish only; but there are other forms, perhaps distinct species and perhaps nonmigratory, that are more closely related to the migratory steelhead than they are to S. Shasta. "These also have been popularly regarded as “rainbow trout.” Doctor Kendall regards the Hawaiian trout as the steelhead type of trout, but that does not signify necessarily that they were the migratory form; that is to say, the eggs that produced these fish may not have been taken from migratory fish (at the time recognized as such), but from trout supposed to be rainbows. While they are fish that have entered largely into the bureau’s fish-cultural rainbow- trout output, they are not of the Salmo shasta category. The fish in question may or may not have been from migratory stock or from fish that are occasionally sea run. Doctor Kendall was unable to say what the proper technical name of this fish should be, but suggested that not much violence to the present taxonomic situation or any greater confusion than now exists would ensue if they should be called Salmo irideus. Late in the season specimens of so-called steelhead trout were received for identification from Prof. J. R. Dymond, of the biologi- cal department of Toronto University, Toronto, Canada, which he had collected in British Columbia and Washington. A specimen from Kalama, Wash., appeared to differ somewhat from those from Vancouver Island and Prince Rupert, as it did also from other speci- mens from the Columbia River and from specimens collected by Doctor Rich in Naknek Lake, Alaska, with which it was compared. During the year other collections and specimens were received for study or identification. Particular mention should be made of the collection of Greenland chars made by Dr. Walter Koelz on the McMillan expedition in 1925. Also, a collection of salmonids, mostly chars, from Labrador, was delivered to Doctor Kendall in Novem- ber by Columbus Iselin, a Harvard student, who conducted an oceano- graphic expedition, sponsored by Dr. Henry B. Bigelow, along that coast. The collection, although not large, was representative and well preserved, and the observations recorded in accompanying notes added much to the knowledge of conditions in that region, as pertain to the Salmonide. A few specimens of salmon (Salmo salar) and recorded observa- tions confirm the statement made by Abe Bromfield, McMillan’s Es- kimo interpreter, that there is no commercial salmon fishery beyond about 50° north latitude, but that in one or two places farther north one or more individuals occasionally are taken in cod traps. How- ever, Bromfield asserted that a salmon fishery is carried on in Un- gava Bay, concerning previous reports to that effect there has been some doubt. The chars collected comprised two species—one that has been re- garded as Salvelinus fontimalis and the other as S. stagnalis. The 538 U, S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES first occurred only in lower Labrador, while the second was found along the entire coast. Both are sea run. INVESTIGATIONS PERTAINING TO FISH-CULTURAL OPERATIONS TROUT CULTURE Feeding experiments with various diets and with several species of trout were continued during the summer by Dr. H. S. Davis and M. C. James at the Holden (Vt.) experimental hatchery. A more detailed account of the work at the station may be found on p. 675. A comparison of three common foods—beef heart, beef liver, and sheep liver—indicated clearly the superiority of beef liver when trout are to be reared to a larger size than the small fingerlings commonly used for stocking waters. Apparently any one of the three foods is satisfactory with steelhead, rainbow, and brook trout when the fish are to be planted early in the season. However, when brook trout were held to the age of 6 months, beef liver was found to be markedly superior as a food and reduced the mortality approxi- mately one-half and produced twice the growth of its nearest com- petitor—sheep liver. A comparison of cooked sheep liver with the raw liver as ordi- narily fed yielded conflicting results, probably due to a number of complicating factors. With brook trout the superiority of raw liver became more marked as the experiment progressed, and at the end of 103 days the total mortality among the fish fed cooked liver was four times as great as among those on a raw diet. With young rainbow trout cooked liver showed a superiority over the raw product over a period of 94 days, both as regards mortality and growth. Inasmuch as many commercial growers have reported favorable results from the use of cooked food, it is planned to con- tinue experiments along these lines. Nothing has been found that offers any prospect of entirely re- placing the fresh-meat diets. However, three substances were tried, which yielded very encouraging results as substitutes for part of the meat, and in mixture may even be superior to the pure-meat diets. These are soy-bean oil meal, a dried shrimp product, and fresh-water mussel meal. Soy-bean oil meal is manufactured from the residue after the oil has been expressed from the bean. An important property is the high percentage of protein, which more closely resembles animal protein in structure than do proteins from vegetable sources. Ex- periments with this meal were unsuccessful at first, but after adjust- ing the quantity to a basis of 50 per cent meal and 50 per cent meat, both brook and lake trout fingerlings were maintained for several months with nominal loss, although the growth did not quite equal that of the controls. Further experiments will be undertaken on a larger scale, but it is believed that this material will be most useful as a food for yearlings and adult fish. The waste from shrimp factories, under the name of “shrimp bran” and “shrimp meal,” frequently have been used in trout diets with more or less beneficial results. These products usually contain a large percentage of chitinous shell, which is of little value except PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 126 539 as roughage and is entirely unsuited to feeding small fish. The dried shrimp used at Holden is a special grade, consisting of the abdomen only, which has been freed from the surrounding shell. After being soaked in water for several hours, it can be ground sufficiently fine to serve as food for fish 2 to 3 inches long and upwards. When used alone it is inadequate, as shown by a sharp increase in the mor- tality; but the addition of sheep liver quickly brought the mortality back to normal. A continuation of the experiment on the basis of >0 per cent shrimp and 50 per cent sheep liver resulted in practically no losses and an exceptionally rapid growth. The results with “clam” meal were particularly encouraging, although, owing to the small amount available, it was possible to try it on a small scale only. A lot of steelhead fingerlings fed beef heart with 25 per cent “clam ” meal over a period of 97 days showed a mortality less than one-half as great and a growth over one-fourth greater than the controls fed beef liver. The meal is made from the dried “ meats” of fresh-water mussels and is a by-product of the mussel-shell industry. Inasmuch as it is impossible to obtain a satis- factory grade of this meal in quantity. an attempt will be made to manufacture it at the Fairport (Iowa) biological station. A series of experiments to determine the effect of sunlight on young trout yielded very interesting results. Various lots of fish from the same source were placed outdoors in different compartments of the same trough, with some compartments covered so as to exclude all direct light, others were covered with ordinary window glass, which would absorb the ultra-violet rays, while some compartments were exposed entirely. All lots were fed alike, and the flow of spring water was abundant, so that on the hottest summer days there was no appreciable difference in temperature between head and foot com- partments of the same trough. The only difference in the various lots was the rather abundant algal growth in the exposed compart- ment, but it is not thought that this would react to the disadvantage of the fish. Lake trout in advanced fry and fingerling stages showed losses of 18.4 per cent in the covered lot and 33.7 per cent in the exposed lot. A repetition of the experiment, using advanced fry and fingerlings of rainbow trout, gave even more striking results. In this case, over a period of about two months, the protected fish suffered a loss of only 1.2 per cent; in the glass-covered group. the loss was 3.5 per cent; while among the fish that were entirely uncovered there was a mortality of 38.1 per cent. No record of the weights of the lots was taken, but plainly the condition of the fish was correlated with the mortality, inasmuch as the groups exposed to sunlight, which suf- fered the greatest loss, showed poor condition and comparatively slow growth. On the face of the results it would appear that ultra-violet light is injurious to trout, at least in the younger stages, and that the common practice of protecting trout at the hatcheries from direct sunlight is based on sound reasoning. It should be pointed out, however, that the fish were held in shallow troughs and that the results may not be applicable to fish held in ponds or raceways. Further experiments on the influence of light are planned for the near future. 540 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The initial steps in an extensive program of selective breeding of brook trout have been taken at the Holden station. By a rigid selection of the parent stock it is planned to develop strains in which desirable characters will become fixed and thus create a brood stock that will exhibit superior qualifications with regard to disease re- sistance, rapid growth, early maturity, prolific egg production, and greater vigor. During the past season, eggs were taken from fish selected for early maturity and rapid growth and also from fish characterized by desirable form and color. Fingerlings that show great resistance to disease and rapid growth have been segregated for future breeding purposes. It is evident that practical results from these experiments can not be expected for some time, but it is believed that in a few generations it will be possible to develop a strain of brook trout much better adapted to hatchery requirements than the stock now available. A necessary preliminary of the work in selective breeding is the expansion of the capacity of the Holden station. The construction of trout ponds has been continued during the past year, so that there are now in use eight rearing ponds, one small pond for brood stock, and several hundred feet of raceways. There is opportunity for the further extension of the pond system, and it is essential that a num- ber of ponds and raceways be constructed in the near future if the progress of the investigations is not to be hampered seriously. The abundance of good trout streams in the vicinity of the Holden hatchery has afforded an opportunity for the inauguration of much needed field work on certain ecological aspects of fish planting. It is planned to extend the scope of this work considerably during 1927. Cooperation has been maintained with the Vermont Department of Fish and Game in investigations of hatchery mortalities and a survey of waters for the purpose of formulating a stocking program. POND CULTURE The investigation of various problems relating to the propagation and rearing of pondfishes was inaugurated at the Fairport (Iowa) biological station during the summer of 1926 by Dr. H. S. Davis, assisted by Russell F. Lord and the station force. This is a field that has received very little attention in this country, although pond culture has reached a comparatively high stage of development in Europe. Details of the work are given on p. 678. During the past summer 21 ponds were utilized in these investi- gations, which, although only preliminary in nature, already have yielded valuable results. The experiments were confined almost entirely to problems connected with the propagation of the large- mouth bass and bluegill sunfish, but it is planned to broaden the ee of the work in the future so as to include other species of pond- shes. One of the problems of fundamental importance in pond culture — is the proper treatment of the ponds to produce the maximum amount of food. Questions arise as to the quantity and type of rooted vege- tation, the advisability of wintering the ponds wet or dry, the effect on the rooted vegetation and plankton of cultivating the bottom and treating with lime. These and many other problems of a similar nature are receiving consideration in the experiments at Fairport. PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 541 Another line of investigation concerns the use of fertilizers as a means of increasing the basic food supply. In rearing bass and other predaceous fishes, the use of forage fishes affords a promising line of investigation. The introduction of forage fishes is designed to furnish a supply of small fish that will serve as food for the bass. This not only will tend to prevent cannibalism, but as these fishes feed on plankton and plant materials will greatly increase the amount of food available to the bass. During the past season three species of forage fishes—viz, goldfish, golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas), and black-head minnows (Pimephales promelas)—were introduced into the bass ponds with excellent results. The black-head minnow promises to be especially desirable for the purpose, as it multiplies rapidly, continuing to spawn throughout the spring and early summer, so that a supply of small fish is always available. Furthermore, they are primarily bottom feeders, and consequently there is little direct competition with the young bass for food. Obviously, the use of forage fishes introduces a number of problems that are in urgent need of investi- gation. These include such questions as what is the most desirable species of forage fish to use with different game fishes, the advisa- bility of introducing two or more species of these fish in the same pond, and the proper methods of handling them to obtain maximum results. Other problems in pond culture that are being investigated relate to the number of brood fish required per unit area; the total yield of fish, both as to numbers and weight, that can reasonably be expected; and the advisability of rearing two or more species of food fishes in the same pond. As in the case of trout an attempt is being made to develop superior strains of pondfish by selective breeding, special emphasis being placed on rapid growth. PATHOLOGY OF FISHES As in previous years, special attention has been paid by the patholo- gist, Dr. H. S. Davis, to a study of the diseases that are causing serious losses at the trout hatcheries. ‘The Holden experimental hatchery affords exceptionally favorable conditions for such investi- gations, for here the fish are under close observation at all times and any outbreak of disease can be discovered in its early stages. During the summer of 1926, in addition to octomitiasis, which is now well under control, two infectious diseases appeared among the fingerling trout and caused considerable losses before control measures could be developed. The most serious losses were caused by an infection of the gills, which had not previously been recognized. The disease appeared during June and July among fingerlings of brook, rainbow, steel- head, and black-spotted trout, and also among some small landlocked- salmon fingerlings. It is due to an infection with bacteria, which form a luxuriant growth over the surface of the gills. They occur as long, threadlike filaments, which usually lie side by side so as to form a more or less continuous layer over the surface of the epi- thelium. The bacteria are colorless, transparent, and very difficult to distinguish, even under high magnification. They are most 542 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES abundant on the outer third of the gill filaments, where, evidently as the result of an irritation caused by their presence, there is a rapid proliferation of epithelial cells. This causes the free ends of the gill filaments to become greatly enlarged and in some cases distinctly club shaped. One of the most striking features of the disease is the fact that as a result of the rapid growth of the epithelium, the gill filaments often become fused, especially near the tips; and in ex- treme cases all the filaments of each gill may become united into a continuous mass. In addition to the marked proliferation of epithelial cells, there is a greatly increased secretion of mucus over the gills, in which par- ticles of sand and débris become entangled. Consequently, the gills present a very characteristic appearance, which furnishes the only reliable means of diagnosing the disease. In other respects the fish exhibit no characteristic symptoms, and in fact appear virtually normal until a very short time before death. Fortunately the disease is controlled easily, one or two treatments with a solution of copper sulphate being all that is required. The fish were placed in a 1:2,000 solution of copper sulphate for one minute and then removed at once to running water. Only a few of the weakest fish were injured by the treatment, while nearly all the bacteria were destroyed. When followed by a second treatment the following day, the bacteria entirely disappeared and there was no recurrence of the disease. An infection of the fins appeared in two instances among fish that were being held in hatchery troughs, but the disease did not spread widely. The disease first appeared in a trough of steelhead finger- lings but was quickly brought under control by a treatment with copper sulphate. Later in the season the same disease broke out in a trough of small rainbow fingerlings. In all probability it is a bac- terial infection, but owing to the fact that several species of bacteria were always present on infected fins, it has not yet been possible to determine definitely which was the cause of the disease. In most instances the infection is first noticeable on the pectoral fins, which become thickened and opaque, but later all the fins may become involved. A microscopical examination shows that infection first occurs on the outer margin of the fin and appears as a whitish discoloration. This is due to a thickening of the epithelium, which gradually extends toward the base of the fin. Later, the thickened region disintegrates and the fin rays become frayed and broken. Eventually the fins may be destroyed entirely, although in the majority of cases death intervenes before this occurs. The disease can be controlled by the copper-sulphate treatment, as used in the case of the gill disease. “Fin trouble” is quite common in many hatcheries, and while it 1s not always due to the same cause, it is believed that in many cases it is the same as that which occurred at Holden. During the spring of 1926 there were very heavy losses among the advanced brook-trout fry at the Holden station. This mortality oc- curred shortly after the fish began to feed, and in one lot the loss was virtually 100 per cent. This heavy mortality was confined to fish hatched from eggs that had been held in brook water or a mixture of brook and spring water. Fish hatched from eggs from the same PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 043 source, but which had been held in spring water, suffered a mor- tality of only about 10 per cent. The cause of the excessive losses among these fish has not been determined definitely. Some of the loss undoubtedly was due to an infection with the protozoan parasite, Octomitus salmonis, and there is little doubt but that the mortality among the fish in spring water was due almost entirely to this para- site. However, another factor appears to have been involved in the heavy mortality among the fish in brook water. It is possible that the fish were weakened as a result of retarded development caused by the low temperature of the brook water. It is interesting to find that a similar mortality has occurred annually in several State hatcheries where the eggs are held in cold water to retard their development. In fact, the information at hand indicates that the common practice of holding eggs at a temperature just above freezing is objectionable and often results in greatly lowered vitality. Octomitiasis has been prevalent at Holden for a number of years, and the losses from this disease were so large that all attempts to hold fingerling trout through the summer had been abandoned. However, during the past two summers, since the station has been used as an experimental hatchery, fingerlings have been carried through the summer with comparatively little loss from this disease. It has been found that while it is virtually impossible to get rid of Octomitus entirely, the severity of the infection can be reduced greatly by rearing the fingerlings in ponds, where they have more room than in the hatchery troughs and can obtain some natural food, such as insects and Entomostraca. In several instances, fish that had become heavily infected with Octomitus in the hatchery, when re- moved to ponds showed marked improvement within a week or ten days; and at the end of three or four weeks the parasites had dis- appeared very largely, the mortality was low, and the fish were mak- ing rapid growth. In addition to work at the bureau’s stations, the pathologist, at the request of the State authorities, visited several State hatcheries to investigate the causes for heavy losses among fish at these stations and to suggest remedial measures. He was consulted by a number of goldfish breeders, also, regarding mortality among their fish. In March, 1926, an investigation was made at the Washington . laboratory of the mortality occurring at the Central Station aquarium following chlorination of the water. Dr. R. S. Taylor, of the division of fishery industries, studied the chemical aspects of the problem, while M. C. James made observations on the biological phases. It was found that trout were killed by the concentrations found in the ordinary chlorine dosages (0.3 p. p.m.) of municipal water supplies. Survival in spite of such chlorination generally is due to a reduction in the concentration through interaction with organic matter and aeration. A number of chemicals, all reducing agents, were found to be effective in eliminating all chlorine in an aquarium supply and at the same time were harmless to fish. Among these, sodium bisul- phite and sodium thiosulphite were considered most satisfactory. A 1: 1,000,000 concentration of the former is sufficient to neutralize the chlorine usually present in municipal waters, while sufficient thiosul- phite must be introduced to give two or three parts per million. 544. U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Observations on the pathology of chlorine poisoning indicate that extremely small quantities have the same general effect on fish that much greater amounts have on higher animals. Death is the result of suffocation induced by inhibition of the respiratory action. Whether this is due to constriction of the arterioles or to edema at this point is uncertain. The most striking symptom in gassed fish is the congestion of the visceral blood vessels. It is noteworthy that after exposure to chlorine for any length of time fish will not recover when removed to chlorine-free water. INVESTIGATIONS IN WISCONSIN LAKES During July and August, 1926, limnological studies were con- tinued on the lakes of northeastern Wisconsin by the Geological and Natural History Survey of that State in cooperation with the Bureau of Fisheries. Observations were made on 73 lakes, most of them situated in Vilas County. Forty-six of these were visited in 1925, but 27 were visited for the first time in 1926. Biological and chemical laboratories were established in two build- ings at the State forestry headquarters at Trout Lake, Wis. Two biologists, Dr. E. A. Birge and Prof. C. Juday, and two chemists, Loren C. Hurd and Rex J. Robinson, were engaged in this investi- gation. Tn size, the various bod:es of water ranged from a minimum of an acre or two to a maximum of 1,500 acres. The depths varied from 2 meters to 35 meters: in most of them the maximum depth does not exceed 15 meters. The lowest surface temperature noted was 18° C., and the highest was 23.5°. The temperature of the bottom water in the deeper lakes varied from 4.7° C. to 10°, but the temperature of the bottom water in the shallow lakes was substantially the same as that of the surface. A complete set of chemical and biological determinations on a sample of water comprised 14 different items, not including a read- ing of the temperature of the water at the time the sample was taken. A single series of samples, extending from surface to bottom, in Trout Lake, for example, included 83 different determinations in addition to 14 temperature readings taken at the time the samples were obtained. Field methods have been developed that make it possible to complete such a set of determinations in one day. These lakes have relatively soft water; the fixed carbon dioxide ranges from a minimum of less than 1 cubic centimeter per liter of water to a maximum of a little more than 15 cubic centimeters. In 25 of these bodies of water the fixed carbon dioxide was less than 2 cubic centimeters per liter of water, but most of the others had between 5 and 10 cubic centimeters. The bottom water of some of these lakes possessed a distinctly larger amount of fixed carbon dioxide than the surface water; in Wild Cat Lake, for example, the surface water possessed 15.4 cubic centimeters per liter and the bot- tom water (11 meters) 22.3 cubic centimeters on August 24, 1926. The lowest readings for hydrogen-ion concentration were obtained in the lakes having the softest water; that is, in those having less than 2 cubic centimeters of fixed carbon dioxide per liter of water. In such lakes the reaction varied from pH 5.2 to pH 6.5. In the lakes having a larger amount of fixed carbon dioxide the range was PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 545 from pH 7 to pH 9.2. In the deeper lakes the bottom water usually gave lower readings than the surface water; in Trout Lake, for example, the range was from pH 7.6 at the surface to pH 6.6 at the bottom (32 meters). The surface stratum in these lakes was well supplied with dissolved oxygen; the amount varied from 4 cubic centimeters to a little more than 7 cubic centimeters per liter. In some of the deeper lakes the lower water possessed very little or no dissolved oxygen at all. The quantity of free ammonia in the surface water ranged from a minimum of 0.016 to a maximum of 0.68 milligram per liter of water. In lakes having a depth of 5 meters or more, the lower water usually contained a larger amouit of free ammonia than the upper. In Lake Mary, on July 12, 1926, the surface water yielded 0.024 milligram of free ammonia per liter, and the bottom water (20 meters) 2.40 milligrams, or a hundred times as much as the surface. In inost instances, however, the bottom water vielded mot more that 5 to 10: times as much as the surface. The amount of combined or organic nitrogen in the surface water varied from a minimum ef 9.073 milligram per liter to a maximum of 0.88 milligram. The quantity of organic nitrogen depends chiefly npen the amount of plankton that is present. In some of the deeper lakes a larger amount of organic nitrogen was found in the lower than in the upper water, but the reverse was true in the majority of these lakes. Most of the lakes contained no nitrite nitrogen, or only a trace; a few yielded measurable amounts of nitrite, the amount varying from 0.001 to 0.01 milligram per liter. Similar results were ob- tained for the nitrate nitrogen, but as much as 0.08 milligram per liter was noted in the bottom water of Trout Lake on August 14. In only a few instances did the nitrate nitrogen exceed 0.02 milli- gram per liter, and only a trace or none at all was found in the great majority of the samples. The 1926 observations included the organic phosphorus as well as the soluble; only the latter was determined in 1925. No soluble phosphorus was found in the upper water of one lake and only a trace in another; in all of the other lakes the amount in the upper water varied from a minimum of 0.003 to a maximum of 0.015 milli- gram per liter. In many instances the soluble phosphorus was uni- formly distributed from surface to bottom, but in others there was a more or less marked increase in the lower water. In Lake Mary there was no soluble phosphorus at the surface and at 3 meters, but 0.75 milligram per liter of water at 20 meters on July 12, 1926. The quantity of organic phosphorus in the upper water varied from a minimum of 0.01 to a maximum of 0.05 milligram per liter, but it exceeded 0.04 milligram in only three lakes. In most of the lakes the upper water contained from two to four times as much organic phosphorus as soluble phosphorus. In some of the lakes the organic phosphorus was substantially the same from surface to bot- tom, but in others the lower water contained from two to four times as much as the upper. The silica varied from only a trace or none at all to a maximum of 10 milligrams per liter in one lake. In most instances, however, 66552—28——3 546 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES the amount did not exceed 5 milligrams per liter, especially in the upper water. In some lakes there was a marked increase of silica in the lower water; in Trout Lake the surface water contained 3 milli- grams and the bottom water (30 meters) 8 milligrams per liter on July 9, 1926. The chlorides varied from 0.53 to 3.1 milligrams per liter of water; in most instances the amount was between 1 and 2 milligrams per liter. Two to 10 liter samples of centrifuged water were evaporated for the purpose of obtaining the residue. ‘These residues varied in amount from 12 milligrams to 88 milligrams per liter of water in the upper stratum. A maximum of 144 milligrams per liter was obtained in the lower water of one lake. In this connection it may be noted that the hard-water lakes of southeastern Wisconsin yield from 165 to 255 milligrams of residue per liter. These residues are now being used for the determination of the quantity of organic carbon, and quantitative determinations of other substances therein are also con- templated. A Foerst electric centrifuge was used for the purpose of making a quantitative study of the plankton. This material was dried in an oven, weighed, ashed in an electric furnace, and then weighed a second time in order to ascertain how much organic matter it con- tained. The quantity of this organic matter varied from a minimum of 265 milligrams per cubic meter of water to a maximum of 10,875 milligrams. In most of the lakes, however, the amount ranged from 800 to 2,000 milligrams per cubic meter. SHELLFISH AND TERRAPIN OYSTERS Owing to the increased appropriations for the oyster investiga- tions, the program of work relating to this important fishery was considerably extended under the supervision of Dr. P. S. Galtsoff. The investigations made during the fiscal year consisted in (1) sur- veying the natural oyster beds and reefs, (2) study of the spawning of the oyster, (8) studies of the behavior of the oyster larve and of the conditions controlling setting in northern waters, (4) experi- ments in oyster-seed production and collection, and (5) study of the oyster drill. SURVEYS OF THE NATURAL OYSTER REEFS AND BEDS Texas—In compliance with the request of the game, fish, and oyster commissioner of Texas, a survey of coastal waters was made by Dr. P. S. Galtsoff during February and March, 1926. The purpose of the survey was to determine what practical measures should be adopted in order to prevent further depletion of the natural reefs and to maintain, or if possible to increase, the production of oysters in the State. The survey covered the region extending 170 miles along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, from Corpus Christi to Galveston. Field observations were made in cooperation with the State authorities, who assigned the State boat Pearl to the investigator for this pur- PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 d47 pose. The Pearl covered 1,034 miles between Corpus Christi and Galveston, visiting the following localities: Corpus Christi and Nueces Bays, Corpus Christi Pass, Aransas Pass, Aransas Copano, Mesquite, San Antonio, Espiritu Santo, Matagorda, Lavaca, Karan- kawa, and Trespalacios Bays, Cedar Lakes, and West, Galveston, and East Bays. The program of observations consisted in the examination of the bottoms, readings of temperature, determination of salinity, alka- linity, and turbidity of water; measurements of currents; examina- tion of oyster reefs; and studies of the plankton. It was found that oyster reefs in Texas coastal waters produce enormous quantities of oysters, some of which have little market value; on the other hand, bottoms suitable for oyster culture are rather scarce. It is necessary, therefore, to exploit the suitable bottoms to their full capacity by planting young oysters on them, and to use the overcrowded reefs as the source of an almost unlimited supply of seed oysters. The following recommendations for the development of the oyster industry were based on this survey: 1. It is recommended that the State authorities encourage the development of oyster farming under private enterprise and dis- courage the exploitation of the natural beds as rapidly as the de- velopment of oyster farming will permit. 2. In the meantime, it is recommended that the State authorities aid in demonstrating the practicability of oyster farming and in increasing the production of the present natural beds by (a) the planting of single or culled young oysters over the bottoms in Aransas Bay, Mesquite Bay, Lavaca Bay north of Sandy Point, Kellers Bay, Karankawa Reef, mouth of Trespalacios Bay, and Matagorda Bay, between Portsmouth and Pallacios Points; (6) the planting of shells in Nueces Bay; (¢c) experimental planting of shells on Karankawa Reef and in other bays in order to determine the setting areas. 3. Certain biological data should be collected, as, for example, (a) observations of the time of spawning in various bays; (6) con- tinuation of the taking of samples of water for further examination in the laboratory of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. 4. Where reefs form barriers, preventing the mingling of fresh water and sea water, it is suggested that the State encourage the cut- ting of passes through the reefs by permitting the use of the “mud shells” for commercial purposes. South Carolina.—A survey was made in April, 1926, by Dr. P. S. Galtsoff and H. F. Prytherch, of the coastal waters of South Caro- lina for the purpose of determining the most suitable methods for conserving and building up the oyster industry. Headquarters were established at Beaufort, and an examination was made of the coastal region from Cape Romain to the Savannah River so as to cover the most important and representative oyster-growing localities. Deter- minations were made of the physical and biological characteristics of the oyster-growing regions as a basis for recommending such ex- perimental planting operations and methods of culture as will bring about the greatest development of the oyster fishery and the most successful utilization of the oyster grounds. A report covering the results of the investigation has been published, together with a chart 548 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES of the coast showing the general location and extent of the natural oyster beds and the distribution of salinity. It was found that, with very few exceptions, the natural oyster beds are situated along the shores on the tidal flats and lie in a zone between low and high water mark. This is due largely to the fact that setting occurs, for the most part, in the zone between tide marks. There are areas of the bottom, however, below low-water mark in the tidal streams, sufficiently firm and unshifting, which can be utilized for growing oysters, which can be obtained as seed by planting brush and shells in the vicinity of the natural beds. High-grade single oysters can be cultivated on these bottoms where setting does not occur, but their marketable quality will depend upon the environmental conditions in each locality and the care expended on the beds. Some of the natural oyster beds are depleted and should be restored and enlarged by a more extensive planting of shells. The following recommendations are offered in order to restore the natural wealth of oyster resources, increase the production, and improve the quality of the oysters grown in South Carolina waters: 1. A greater quantity of shells should be returned to the natural beds. 2. The natural bed should be extended by planting shells on ad- jacent firm bottoms. 3. Depleted oyster beds should be restored by planting seed and adult oysters. 4. The closing of depleted areas until they are built up to a self- maintaining basis is advised. 5. The collection of set on brush and shells planted on tidal flats should be practiced. 6. Seed oysters should be transplanted to suitable bottoms below low-water mark. 7. The experimental transplanting of seed oysters on the tidal flats in the upper portions of the streams where setting does not occur should be undertaken. 8. Adult oysters should be transplanted when necessary to prevent overcrowding and to facilitate growth and fattening. 9. The development of oyster farming should be encouraged by leasing the grounds and protecting the private beds. Massachusetts —During the latter part of the summer a survey of important oyster grounds on Cape Cod was made by Dr. P. S. Galtsoff and H. R. Seiwell. The survey covered the following locali- ties: Wareham River, on the Buzzards Bay side of the cape, and Waquoit, Cotuit, Centerville River, and Chatham on the ocean side. The first locality differs from the others in being chiefly an important seed-producing region, while most of the oyster bottoms on the ocean side of the cape can be regarded as growing grounds primarily. This especially refers to the Cotuit region (Osterville Harbor), where not a single young oyster can be found in spite of a very careful examination of the shores and bottoms made in August. It is diffi- cult to tell why the set does not occur on this bay, where general conditions (namely, the character of the bottom, the temperature and salinity of the water, and the tidal currents) are favorable. The probable causes may be either the failure of oysters to spawn or the eee Ca net is fat ree oe a PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 549 death of the oyster larvee during their free-swimming period of life. It has been noticed that adult oysters were rather scarce, being scat- tered over a large area of bottom, a condition that, according to the experiments described later, should be regarded as unfavorable for successful spawning. Waquoit Bay. —The oyster business in Waquoit Bay is of no im- portance at present. The main reason for the decline is the accumu- lation of eelgrass on the bottom, where it decays, giving off hydrogen sulphide in great abundance. A region free from “eelorass, and which appears to be excellent for oyster planting, was found at the mouth of Quostinet River. The salinity in this section of the bay ranges from 17 to 18 parts per thousand. Chatham region.—Conditions similar to those found in Osterville Harbor were found in Oyster River, Oyster Pond, Mill Pond, and Stage Harbor. Observations made in this region indicate that set- ting occurs irregularly and is never abundant. The grounds, how- ever, are excellent for erowing oysters for market. The salinity in Oyster Pond and Mill ‘Pond averages 30 parts per thousand. Centerville region —The natural oyster beds of this section, located in Bumps and Chequaquette Rivers, have been so depleted in the past 15 years that no oyster business is carried on there at present. A survey failed to show any mature oysters on the beds; consequently there were no seed oysters. Only a few small oysters, probably 2 or 3 years old, lying in clusters, were discovered on the bottom at the mouth of Bumps River. As no attempt at oyster culture has been made for about 12 years, the continual taking up of the mature oysters has exhausted the beds. The survey shows that the natural oyster beds can be developed again by planting mature oysters for spawning on the old oyster bed in Bumps River and the former value of the region as seed-producing ground thus be restored. This section is not suitable for raising marketable oysters, because in certain seasons of the year they turn yellow and acquire a dis agreeable flavor, but it is very suitable for raising seed oysters to supply Hyannis, Chatham, and other farms nearby. The results of the survey of Wareham River are discussed later in connection with the experiments on spat collectors. Mississippi—At the request of Hon. J. J. Kennedy, mayor of Biloxi, Miss., J. H. Weatherby, temporary investigator of the bureau. was detailed to make an investigation of the Mississippi Sound and adjacent waters. The observations were begun on October 15, and will be carried on throughout the year, covering various phases of the life history of the oyster. The purpose of the investigation is to determine the present conditions of the natural reefs and to work out the method by which the oyster crop in the State can be in- creased. The bill passed by the Louisiana Legislature, forbidding the citizens of the State of Mississippi to take ‘oysters in Louisiana waters, and the fact that at present about 50 per cent of oysters canned in Mississippi are brought from Louisiana, make this in- vestigation imperative. A preliminary survey of the reefs in the western section of Mississippi Sound was made in October by Dr. P. S. Galtsoff. Special attention was directed to the reefs near Pass Christian, where high mortality occurs rather regularly among the young oysters. Local oystermen attribute it either to the high salinity of water or to the destructive activity of conchs. The ob- 550 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES servations failed to support either view, as the salinity of the water was rather low and no conchs were found on the reefs. Preliminary observations tend to show that the planting of shells on suitable bottoms will probably increase the production of oysters to such an extent that Mississippi consumers will be independent of Louisiana. North Carolina—A survey of Core and Pamlico Sounds has been undertaken in cooperation with the State fisheries commission, Mr. Seiwell, temporary investigator of the bureau, conducting the field work. Since 1920 over $300,000 has been spent by the State in planting oyster shells in these waters. It was the purpose of this investigation to ascertain the results of the planting operations; to determine the value of various sections of the sound as seed-pro- ducing and oyster-growing grounds; and to acquire fundamental knowledge regarding the physical, chemical, and biological condi- tions existing in these waters and controlling the growth and propa- gation of the oyster. Observations extending over a period of two months (November and December) indicate that in Pamlico and Core Sounds the currents, and consequently the distribution of the salinity, depend almost entirely upon the winds; that the fluctua- tions in the temperature of the surface water can be correlated directly with a rising or falling air temperature; that bottom tem- peratures are usually 2° to 8° C. lower than that of the surface; that the oxygen content of water varies from 1,000 milligrams per liter to 8.85, and free CO, varies from 2.2 to 6.8 milligrams per liter. Numerous determinations of Ca content in water were made, and many bottom and plankton samples were collected and analyzed. The work will be carried on throughout the year, and special atten- tion will be directed to the study of spawning of oysters and abundance and distribution of set. SPAWNING OF THE OYSTER In the summer of 1926, experiments were conducted by Dr. P. S. Galtsoff at Woods Hole, Mass., on the spawning reactions of the oyster, which were studied under laboratory conditions. Both male and female oysters can be induced to spawn by raising the tempera- ture of the water. However, at a constant temperature the female can be forced to spawn by adding sperm to the water. The details of this experiment are given at greater length on p. 653 of this report. The following practical applications of the experiments can be made: 1. In certain localities the female oysters can be induced to spawn by adding sperm to the water. 2. For successful spawning, the oysters should be planted on the spawning grounds as densely as possible. BEHAVIOR OF THE OYSTER LARVA AND CONDITIONS CONTROLLING SETTING IN NORTHERN WATERS In addition to the practical experiments, studies were made in Milford Harbor by H. F. Prytherch in 1926 dealing primarily with the larval and subsequent attachment periods, both of which are of great importance from a scientific as well as practical standpoint. i PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 551 Larval period—In Milford Harbor oysters usually spawn be- tween July 15 and August 1, the exact date varying somewhat each year. Then follows a light set about the 1st of August and a heavy set around the middle of the month. During the interval between spawning and setting the oyster larve supposedly swim about in the harbor. A large number of plankton collections were made, therefore, to determine their abundance, distribution, and growth. However, on examining these collections, made at various depths and different stages of the tide, it was found (1) that very few oyster larvee were swimming about; (2) that of the few larve col- lected the majority were either a day or two old or were about 10 days old and nearly ready to set; (3) that when the tide was at low slack water the larvee were most abundant; and (4) that the total number of larve found in daily collections, extending over a month, scarcely reached 100, while millions of them were found attached in the same place later. In a series of bottom samples taken in the vicinity of the spawning beds many larve in the intermediate and late stages of development were found. This is but natural, for the oyster larve are adapted to either a free-swimming or a bottom existence. These studies revealed the fact that the strong tidal currents cause the larvee to settle to the bottom, thus avoiding their being carried out of the harbor. In other bodies of water, such as Great South Bay, Long Island, where the tidal currents are insignificant, the oyster larvee were found to swim actively throughout the larval period. This investigation shows that the oyster larve, by settling to the bottom, are able to remain and set in the vicinity of the spawning beds, affording a sound basis for the development of in- shore areas for the production of seed oysters. Attachment or setting of oyster larve.—The location and distri- bution of the oyster beds in any locality is determined largely by the zone in which the oyster Jarvee attach. This zone varies con- siderably in different regions, as, for example, in Long Island Sound and Milford Harbor setting occurs from the bottom to a point about 2 feet above low-water mark; in Great South Bay, Long Island, it occurs from the bottom to nearly high-water mark; while in South Carolina setting occurs between low and high water marks in the lower portions of a stream and only below low-water mark in the adjacent upper portions. Attempts to attribute the possible causes of this phenomenon directly to distribution of salinity, temperature, food content, and amount of sediment in the water have failed. In Milford Harbor, by means of floating and stationary spat collectors, tide gauge, and current meter, it has been found that the predomi- nating factor controlling and limiting setting is the velocity of the tidal current; that heaviest setting occur during the period of low slack water, and continues as the tide begins to run flood, gradually becoming less intense as the velocity of the current increases, and finally ceases altogether when the current attains a velocity of approximately 10 centimeters, or one-third foot, per second. The upper limit of setting varies somewhat according to the tidal condi- tions, and especially the difference in levels of slack water at the time when setting occurs each year. Drift-bottle experiments in Long Island Sound.—On September 18 to 21, 1926, 500 drift bottles, with drags attached, were released off 552 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Stratford: Point and Milford, Conn., by Mr. Prytherch. Up to the present time over 50 per cent have been recovered. The general drift of the water along the Connecticut coast from Bridgeport to New London is in an east-northeast direction. This shoreward movement of the water is due to a flood tide current that rotates gradually in a clockwise direction, so that by the last of flood it is running in a northeasterly direction. These observations, together with studies of the distribution of the oyster larvee, indicate (1) that a set on the offshore beds in Long Island Sound is obtained from oysters in their vicinity, and not from the inshore beds or those found in the bays and harbors; (2) in oyster-cultural operations on the offshore grounds the spawning beds should be located just seaward and southwest of the areas planted with shells. OYSTER-SEED PRODUCTION AND COLLECTION The studies and experiments made in 1925 by Mr. Prytherch in Milford Harbor, Conn., showed that such inshore bodies of water can be developed as oyster-seed producing areas by establishing spawning beds and planting suitable set collectors on the tidal flats. Several kinds of collectors were used successfully in obtaining a set, and of these, wirebaskets filled with oyster shells* proved to be the cheapest and most practical type. It was evident that the shape of the basket should be changed so as to enable the oyster larve to pene- trate more easily and attach on the shells in the center. For the experiments in 1926 less expensive shell containers were constructed of spruce lath, triangular in shape, and each had a capacity of 2 bushels and covered an area of 2 square feet. The oyster shells used averaged 250 to the bushel. At Milford, Conn., and Wareham River and Wellfleet, Mass., the lath crates were tested for the collection of seed oysters. A résumé of the experiments in each locality is as follows: Milford, Conn.—In Milford Harbor, 1,000 bushels of oysters were planted on the tidal flats for a spawning bed, and over these oysters 300 lath crates, filled with shells, were set out. The crates were placed in various formations, so as to determine their value as seed collectors and the effect of their position and arrangement on the uniformity or intensity of the set. On August 15, a light set oc- curred in the harbor, but counting the oyster spat in the crates was not done until September 15, when they were large enough to be seen easily. The examination of the crates showed the following results: 1. An average of 2,000 spat per bushel was collected. 2. An average of 9 spat per shell was caught, giving the crop commercial value. 3. A light set, averaging 4 spat per shell, was obtained in the very center of the crates, and a heavier set, averaging 15 spat per shell, was found in the corners. 4, The maximum number of spat attached on a single shell was 35. 5. Shells in the top and bottom layers of the crate caught a heavier set than those in the middle layer. ® Suggested by Capt. Charles E. Wheeler, manager, Connecticut Oyster Farms Co., Milford, Conn. i PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 553 6. Crates closely packed together collected a heavier set than those ret out alone. Wareham River—During the summer of 1926, observations and experiments with mea collectors were conducted in Wareham River, Mass., by Dr. P. S. Galtsoff and R. W. Crosley. In this region, the oystermen scatter oyster or scallop shells over the bars exposed a low water, and seed ‘oysters usually are gathered and sold in Beiober or November. The salinity of the water in this region varies from 14 to 29 parts per thousand; the mean tidal range is about 4 feet; the tidal currents, measured in September, 1921, are not very strong on the flats, seldom exceeding one-third foot per second. On July 19, 50 crates were planted in various sections of the river. During the six weeks that the crates were in the water, eight of them were broken and carried out by the tide. All the losses ‘occurred in the crates planted on the west side of the river, those on the east side sustaining the test successfully. In September the crates were examined and the seed oysters on the shells were counted. The results of the count show (1) that setting occurs above low- water mark and was found to be heaviest about 114 feet above the bar on which shells are planted by the local oystermen; (2) that the number of spat caught, per bushel of shell, varied from 1,900 to 45,000, according to the location of the crate. Wellfleet Harbor—Similar experiments with spat collectors were carried out in Wellfleet Harbor during the summer by Dr. Henry Federighi, temporary investigator of the bureau. It has been found that the type of crate used in the experiment was not suitable for regions where strong tidal currents occur. Of the 97 crates set out in various sections of the harbor, only 43 remained, the rest being washed away. Though there was no setting of commercial me tance in the harbor, ‘the crates placed in Herring River caught ¢ fairly good set, varying from 1,200 to 2,900 spat per bushel. The ‘investigation in Wellfleet Harbor shows that the areas best suited for spat t collection are Herring River, Duck Creek, Egg Island, and Blackfish Creek. The best setting takes place at a point mid- way between high and low water marks. Briefly summarized, the results of the experiments and scientific studies show: 1. The conditions necessary for successful spawning and setting are to be found primarily in the harbors, bays, and river mouths. 2. Such inshore areas, if not grossly polluted, can be rehabilitated as prolific oyster-producing regions by the establishment of spawning beds. 3. As shown by laboratory experiments on spawning under ad- verse seasonal conditions, the oysters on these beds can be induced to spawn. This was successfully accomplished in Milford Harbor. 4. The oyster larvee will remain and set in the vicinity of the spawning beds in spite of strong tidal currents and river discharge. 5. Triangular crates filled with shells can be placed on the tidal flats in the harbor and will collect from 2,000 to 50,000 oyster spat per bushel. 6. By means of the crates, from eight to ten times as many seed oysters can be colJected on a given area as by ordinary methods of shell planting. 554 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES é 7. The crates can be planted on barren mud flats, and sand bottoms or directly over the spawning beds, thereby obtaining the maximum use of the limited inshore areas. 8. This type of crate can be used successfully, except in a few regions where the tidal currents are unusually strong. OYSTER DRILL At the request of the oyster companies operating in Chesapeake Bay, near Norfolk, Va., the bureau, since last October, has under- taken a systematic investigation of the oyster drill, with the view to discovering a method of checking the destruction of oyster beds by this pest. Dr. Henry Federighi, who is conducting this investi- gation, has established a laboratory (through the courtesy of the United States Public Health Service) at Craney Island, Norfolk, Va. The program of observations consists of a study of distribu- tion, migration, propagation, and behavior of the organism. Field observations made during November and December show that at low winter temperature the drili becomes inactive. Further dis- cussion of these studies may be found on page 658. CLAMS OF THE PACIFIC COAST During 1926 investigation of the clams of the Pacific coast was continued by H. C. McMillin, scientific assistant, and Prof. F. W. Weymouth, of Stanford University. Field work was carried on by Mr. McMillin from April to September. An examination of the commercial catch on the Washington beds indicated serious deple- tion. The beds at Massett, British Columbia, were examined and shells collected for growth study. Spawning was observed at Cor- dova, and the set of young (1-year-old) on various portions of the bed was determined. Swickshak Beach showed the heaviest set of any Alaskan bed. Data were collected here to determine the correct status of the form now described as Stligua patula var. alta. Shells were collected at new places, and material is now available for a study of growth on all important beds. A number of shells from animals of known sexes were measured, and norms of growth were constructed for each sex. Although the sexes are separate in this species, there is no significant difference between them when pene and determinations made without reference to sex give valid results. Razor clams move freely through the sand in a vertical direction. Observations indicate that they are closely confined to a limited area and do not migrate. Only part of them feed at one time and are in position to be taken by the diggers; the others remain inactive at some distance below the surface. The commercial digger covers the ground on successive days without apparent reduction in catch. It is difficult, therefore, to determine the abundance on any one bed. Depletion may show in the commercial catch, but a definite measure of the actual state of the resource can not be made. By marking the beach with permanent stakes, the same area can be dug each day © and the catch recorded. A limited numbere of such observations indicate that beds that have been subject to heavy commercial dig- ging will show a rapidly decreasing daily production. The razor-clam beds of Washington are in urgent need of protec- tion. Tourist and commercial digging have so reduced the popula- -—— PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 J00 tion of the beds that only very young clams are commonly found. A short report of these conditions with recommendation for a size- limit regulation was submitted to the supervisor of fisheries of the State of Washington. After examining canned samples of Cardium corbis and consulting with interested operators, a suitable method of processing this clam has been worked out. By using this species it is possible for the canneries to operate during the winter, when razor clams can not be obtained, and during the late summer, when there is a closed season for razor clams. The supply of this species is quite extensive and the product is of satisfactory quality. SCALLOPS The scallop investigations in North Carolina, begun in July, 1925, by J. S. Gutsell, have been continued through 1926. Special empha- sis has been laid on spawning, growth, and longevity. Spawning has been found to begin in the spring (if, indeed, it ceases at all through any season) and to continue to the end of the year. However, there is accumulating evidence, chiefly from the collections of small scallops, that the principal spawning occurs over a shorter period, beginning in early fall or late summer and extending through the fall, perhaps into the winter. New methods of collecting small scallops and of examining the collected material have given greatly improved results for this as for other aspects of the work, so that good evidence throughout 1927 is anticipated. Growth data that show remarkable homogeneity of size grouping indicate an increase in length from 114 inches in May to about 3 inches in the next fall or winter. Commercial destruction of scallops at Pivers Island and other known sources of supply in February, 1926, prevented extension of knowledge of later growth and normal longevity. These problems we hope to solve during the coming year. ; On advice of the investigator, some modification of the scallop season by the State authorities aready has been made. It is hoped that when the present studies are completed, or sufficiently advanced, detailed recommendations of practical value may be made available to the State board, which has taken an active interest and to which thanks are due for cooperation. FRESH-WATER MUSSELS Undoubtedly the outstanding work carried out in 1926 in connec- tion with fresh-water mussels, of value to the pearl-button industry for their shells, was performed at the Fairport (Iowa) fisheries biological laboratory by Dr. Max M. Ellis, of the University of Missouri, a special investigator of the bureau. After working on the problem several summers Doctor Ellis succeeded in developing a nutrient solution that serves as a medium for the development of mussels from the glochidial to the adult stage. This elimination of the parasitic stage in the life history of the mussels prom‘ses to simplify greatly the propagation work that the bureau is conducting with a few of the more important commercial species. Doctor Ellis plans to develop the use of this solution during the coming summer. T. K. Chamberlain, director of the Fa‘rport station, went to Arkansas to represent the bureau in devising more satisfactory 556 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES regulations for the mussel fishery than the one in force. In company with representatives of the Ar kansas fish commission, Mr. Chamber- lain spent over three months in examining the state of the mussel fishery in Arkansas waters. A large number of shellers and shell buyers were interviewed, and tentative recommendations were drawn embody: ng alternate open and closed sections of the rivers, which were given publicity in the State press. Criticisms and suggestions were invited, which resulted in some minor changes, but the “revised recommendations were acted upon favorably by the commission in November and are to go into effect on February 1, 1927. The new series of sections alternately opened and closed fiers from the old, mainly in that the average length per section is a little under 15 miles, as opposed to the 70 miles’ provided for in the program that failed. It will be possible now for all shellers who live along the river fronts to be within a convenient distance of some open territory at all t-mes. After completing the work in Arkansas, Mr. Chamberlain began a new series of mussel surveys in certain waters of the upper Missis- sippl. In these surveys it is planned to develop new methods, based upon those used by Doctor Weymouth in his studies of the salt- water clams of the Pacific coast. ‘A survey of the mussel beds of certain rivers in Virg.nia was made by H. O. Hesen, superintendent of fish culture at the Fairport station, to determine the effect of former plantings of commercial mussels taken from the Mississippi River. Mr. Hesen made fresh planting of several thousand young mussels, reared by the trough- culture method, which was employed on a small scale at Fairport during the summer. There was no indication that commercial mussels had become established in Virginia waters. In connection with the studies of the life history of the more valuable fresh-water mussels, a particular study of the habits of the two species of gar found in the Mississippi in the vicinity of Fairport was made during the past summer by Doctor Ellis. ‘One or both species of gar are the hosts for the glochidia of the most valuable of all the fresh-water mussels—the yellow sand_ shell (Lampsilis anodontotdes). TERRAPIN CULTURE The experimental work in breeding diamond-back terrapins at the Beaufort (N. C.) fisheries biological station continued to give inter- esting results. Experiments in hybridizing Carolina and Texas ter- rapins were started in 1915. It was hoped that in cross-breeding the two species, a fast-growing animal with a flavor scarcely inferior to that of the Carolina terrapin might be produced. A cooperative arrangement for ‘hatching terrapins, entered into with the fisheries commission board of North Carolina in 1925, has been extended. An additional concrete pound, 125 feet in length and 64 feet in width, was constructed to hold 1,235 breeding terra- pins, which the State has supplied. It is purposed to hatch a lar ge number of terrapins and to hold these young animals at the station until they have attained a considerable size and have passed through the most critical stages of life, when they are to be liberated for re- stocking the sadly depleted waters. Several hundred young animals were liberated in the vicinity of Beaufort from 1914 to 1924, and as PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 5OT several of these animals have been recaptured the indications are that a fair percentage survives to reach maturity. In 1926 the sur- plus young, not needed for experimental purposes, were turned over to the State fisheries commissioner, and 1,881 individuals were liber- ated by him in suitable places in the sounds of North Carolina. The total number of young terrapins secured in the fall of 1926 was 4,370, which is an increase of 1,402 over the hatch of 1925. All of these young, except 735, are the offspring of the bureau’s experi- mental stock. The terrapins belonging to the State, in part, were received too late for the last breeding : season, and the rest had not been in confinement long enough to have become acclimated. A much larger number of young, therefore, is expected in 1927. The dia- mond-back terrapin work is under the supervision of Dr. Samuel F. Hildebrand and in immediate charge of Charles Hatsel. FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES Thirty investigators and others took advantage of the opportuni- ties offered at the United States Fisheries Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole during the summer season of 1926. J. O. Snyder, head of the zoology department of Stanford University, acted as director. The station was used to an unusuai degree by permanent and temporary employees of the bureau, and research facilities were afforded to investigators from other Govern- ment departments, also, and to research workers from widely sepa- rated universities and colleges. Doctor Snyder expressed himself as in full Pa ie with the change in policy with regard to privi- leges of this laboratory, inaugurated last year, w hereby, in case of overcrowding, investigators are selected on the basis of the scientific program contemplated, accommodations being afforded only to those who are working on problems of special interest to the bureau and who have shown capacity for energetic and productive research. He expressed astonishment at the richness of the opportunities the station offers for the study of marine animals, suggesting that the failure to receive more numerous applications for these facilities must be due to misunderstanding or lack of information on the part of the younger investigators of the countr y. The ‘laboratories, library, and apparatus were in good condition, and apparently the needs of the various investigators were well taken care of. Boats and collecting apparatus were available at all times. The aquarium was in fine condition, and live material was supplied promptly upon request of investigators. The particularly efficient and willing service of Robert A. Goffin, the station collector, and Capt. Robert Veeder, of the steamer Phalarope, deserve mention. Raymond G. Hoffses, superintendent of the station, and Miss Jessie E. Drayton, who acted as secretary, assumed charge of the many details, which contributed to the general efficiency of the laboratory. Miss Regina M. Ford was active in the library. She brought to- gether the peridodicals and scattered books, catalogued the separates that had accumulated, and arranged the duplicates on newly in- stalled shelves. Alvin S. Eichorn placed the storeroom in order and made the customary inventory of material and apparatus. In 1926, as during the previous year, the laboratory was again the headquarters of the oyster investigations conducted by Dr. P. S. 558 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Galtsoff and his assistants. Doctor Galtsoff and H. R. Seiwell worked largely on the physiology of feeding and reproduction in oysters, and field observations on various problems in oyster culture were conducted by Dr. Henry Federighi and J. H. Weatherby. The laboratory was made the center of the mackerel investigations, also, under the direction of O. E. Sette. W.C. Schroeder conducted his investigations on the life history of the cod and haddock and completed his manuscript on the fishes of Chesapeake Bay, which is to be published in collaboration with Dr. S. F. Hildebrand. Dr. C. J. Fish and Marie P. Fish continued their investigations of the eggs and larve of the cod and other larval fishes occurring in the Woods Hole region. Dr. F. G. Hall, of Duke University, assisted by Dr. Samuel Lep- kovsky and Dr. Irving E. Gray, continued their excellent researches in the metabolism of fish, with reference to various degrees of salinity of water. In addition to the staff of the bureau, researches were conducted by numerous private investigators. Dr. N. A. Cobb, nematologist, of the United States Department of Agriculture, continued his studies, with the aid of four assistants, on the nematode fauna of Woods Hole region. Dr. Edwin Linton and Dr. G. A. MacCallum carried on their studies of fish parasites, as they have done for many years past. Paul S. Conger, of the Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington, working under the direction of Dr. Albert Mann, continued the study of the diatom flora, with particular attention to the bottom forms. Dr. C. B. Wilson carried on important studies in both parasitic and free-living copepods, and among other things com- pleted the examination of a large number of collections made by the Albatross and other research vessels of the bureau. Earle B. Perkins occupied the Harvard table while engaged on color changes in Crustacea. Dr. H. B. Stough, Dr. C. J. Connolly, Dr. W. E. Bullington, E. F. B. Fries, Dr. F. M. Baldwin, and E. G. Agersborg were also engaged on private researches. Dr. N. Borodin, of the Brooklyn Museum, visited the station in connection with his museum work. The fisheries biological laboratory at Fairport, Iowa, has already been mentioned in connection with the work on the commercial fresh- water mussels, and also in connection with the studies in aquiculture made by Russell F. Lord under the direction of Dr. H. 8. Davis. These are the major activities, but the station, under the direction of T. K. Chamberlain, has been the center of other important activities. A. H. Wiebe, a special investigator for the bureau, made a biological survey of the upper Mississippi during the summer, using Fairport as headquarters. This investigation, while under the direc- tion of the bureau, was financed largely by the States of Minnesota and Wisconsin and the municipalities of St. Paul and Minneapolis. The plankton collections made will be studied at the Fairport station by Mr. Wiebe. An investigation begun by Dr. R. E. Coker some years ago, when he was director at the Fairport station, was taken up again during the past summer by Doctor Coker, at the bureau’s request. This was a study of the effects of the dam across the Mississippi at Keokuk, Iowa, upon the fish population above and below the dam. OO I PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 559 Work of special interest to the bureau was performed by a private investigator, George W. Hunter, of the University of Illinois, who occupied a table at the Fairport station throughout the summer. Mr. Hunter worked on fish parasites found in the vicinity of Fairport. In the course of his investigations he discovered a new species of tapeworm and a new species of nematode. In connection with the aquicultural studies of Doctor Davis and Mr. Lord, the station was able to conduct considerable fish-cultural work on warm-water game fish. The fish produced were turned over to the division of fish culture. The activities of the fisheries biological laboratory at Beaufort, N. C., were extended during the year. Dr. S. F. Hildebrand, the director, assisted by Charles Hatsel and Irving L. Towers, carried on experiments in diamond-back terrapin culture, the study of the life histories of several species of fish, and observations and experi- ments relative to the use of fish for controlling mosquito breeding. A collection of 38 species of fish was made in the vicinity of Green- wood, Miss., in connection with investigations pertaining to the use of fish for mosquito control, carried on at that place during the sum- mer of 1925. The fish have been identified, and a few undescribed forms appear to be included. The stomachs of many of the speci- mens have been examined for the food contents and a report on the collection is being prepared. Investigations relative to the use of fish for controlling mosquito breeding, carried on for a number of years, were curtailed, owing to the urgency of other duties. Only limited observations and ex- periments, concerned principally with mosquito breeding in brackish water, were made in the vicinity of Beaufort. Elmer Higgins, chief of the division of scientific inquiry, assisted by R. O. Smith and others, continued his investigations on the mullet fishery and of the Pamlico Sound fisheries from August to October. J. S. Gutsell continued his studies on the life history of the bay scallop. Toward the end of the year, H. R. Seiwell and R. W. Crosley were detailed to Beaufort to study local oyster problems. The Navy Department sent two investigators, Dr. A. W. Bray and Dr. J. Paul Visscher, to the station in the summer to continue their previous studies on the prevention of the fouling of ships’ bottoms. In addi- tion, six independent investigators availed themselves of the privi- leges of the laboratory. Prof. H. V. Wilson, of the University of North Carolina, made studies on the behavior of sponge cells; Dr. Bartgis McGlone, of the University of Pennsylvania, continued his studies of the previous summer on the effects of hydrogen-ion concentration on the fertiliza- tion of the eggs of sea urchins; Dr. Hoyt S. Hopkins, of New York . University, studied respiration in the tissues of mollusks; Dr. Elinor H. Behre, of the University of Louisiana, studied colar adaptation in fishes, especially in certain blennies and in a foolfish; Dr. Libbie H. Hyman, of the University of Chicago, worked on digestion in sponges; and H. Randolph Halsey, of Columbia University, made some studies pertaining to the fertilization of the eggs of the stone crab, Menippe mercenaria, and he also made studies of the effect on certain cytoplasmic bodies of the cell of centrifuging the eggs of sea urchins, BUREAU OF FISHERIES S. U. 560 I ‘aqdIM “H weyvaqy ‘UeseT] ‘GO wou ‘ployoodg “g ‘N ‘solajsnpur Aqeysy JO osaivyo UL JUBISISSV ‘9}}0g “H 1BdSO ‘SANQSUID OBRS]T ‘TTOMTOG PAVYOTY “H ‘Sewer “"H AON ‘UVUTION “G YoPMopodT ‘Solo, “GT UVpavA, ‘DOVITIVM “M ‘“ “3deD ‘[leyosunoy “VW *o0ay ‘Tosny “G souler ‘urepioquivgD “yw ‘soy, ‘Aqmnbuy oytjzueTOS JO vsavyo UL JULISTSSV ‘SUISSIFT JOM ‘WOM “AH SIM “Ad “eqD “H ‘SByD Ad ‘TOMOISSIMIMMOD AjNdep ‘aYpOpvy STAT ‘Tlepusey “OD “WA “AC ‘STAB “§ JtoqtoH “Ad ‘Ue}JsoO UBA UgoL “Ad ‘puBiqep[ly ‘7 Tohweg "iq ‘sSiaMOT, ‘J SUIAI[ ‘JIQSON “y oqoy ‘teMOTssTuIMOD ‘AOT[VIN.O AdUoOH{ “W}IUIG ‘O JIOGOYy ‘Vos}[Vy "G [nv ‘Aq ‘WOsived "DM UYOL ‘Zjooy 19}[BM “AM ‘ps1O'T “H [lessny ‘Mojestq “gq Aiuey{ “Aq ‘1epeo0rqog “OD “UM ‘USI “£ ‘SBD “Ad ‘(USLT ‘G OMB) UST “£ ‘SBUD ‘SI ‘TUStiepey Armes “Id ‘qorsyy sig “T Woqsofy :3UST1 0} Wo] Woda Suypvoy ‘ooudtoyuod [VUOISTAIP OY} 7B JUESoId SofeYysTT JO Nveing oy} JO HVS oOYLjuss puv sioogO—'T “OWL L261 L- + NYE AMIGONI HALLNIS 40 NOIS i Part II.—PROCEEDINGS OF THE DIVISIONAL CONFERENCE, JANUARY 4 TO 7, 1927 SYMPOSIUM ON FISHERIES AND FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS OUR OPPORTUNITIES: OUR RESPONSIBILITIES By Henry O'MALLEY, COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES I am very glad to welcome you to this first conference of the division of scientific inquiry. We have an important work to perform, and I trust that the results of this conference will be such that we will want its annual repetition. ; After you have had an opportunity to examine in some detail the work of the various investigators, I hope that you may be able to direct your efforts toward the most worthy goals, getting a perspective of the larger problems of the fisheries and realizing their gravity and importance to the Nation. You should have a self-consciousness as fishery investigators and a group conscious- ness as the scientific staff of the Bureau of Fisheries that will add to your re- spect for the dignity and significance of your daily tasks and increase your pride in your chosen calling. You fishery investigators are favored persons. You have unprecedented opportunities, but with these opportunities there are equally great responsi- bilities. The attitude of the people toward scientific investigation of the fisheries has undergone a distinct change in the last five years. While the tendency was noticeable many years before, it has been only very recently that we find dealers and fishermen, leaders of the industry, advocating fishery regulation, requesting technical advice, and calling upon us to draft appropriate legislation to protect the fisheries. While the fishery investigator formerly was looked upon as some kind of a queer, impractical person, a “bug hunter,” he is now regarded by the more intelligent fishermen as an expert with a deeper insight and broader, more sympathetic understanding of the problems of the sea than many so-called “practical” men. This change of attitude on the part of the public has been reflected in the legislation of the States and Congress by increasing appropriations for research. While formerly congressional constitu- ents demanded only the establishment of fish hatcheries, now, particularly in the marine fisheries, the demand is also for biological investigations, and funds for this purpose are being provided. The fishery investigator of to-day stands on the threshold of a new era of scientific development. The new science of fishery biology is developing rapidly, both in this country and in Europe, and promises to become an important and honored member of the group of natural sciences. While systematic ichthy- ology in America is based upon the names Gill, Jordan, Gilbert, and Cope, the future development of fishery biology may well rest upon the names of many of you here present. Fishery biology is entering upon a virtually virgin field; there is no dearth of urgent and significant questions; in fact, every fishery in every section of the country offers a host of problems too numerous to mention and as yet untouched. Not only the practice of fishery conservation but the very fundamentals still await investigation. The opportunities for fishery research offered by the Bureau of Fisheries are now superior to those ever before provided, and, needless to say, are superior to those of any private organization or institution. Few institutions have the financial resources of the Government for such work; none of them have the facilities for collecting data or the authority to make these data accessible. Few have access to library facilities equal to those found in Washington, and few can offer their investigators such freedom of movement, such breadth of field, as can the Bureau of Fisheries. The bureau investigator may pursue his subject to its ultimate and complete solution and satisfy the desire for scientific 66552—28——4 561 562 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES recognition, which so often is a powerful spur to activity. The bureau’s employ- ment offers opportunity for the making of a career. Academic honors and scientific recognition are now possible, and adequate compensation and the pos- sibility of material advancement make the bureau’s positions most desirable. But along with all these opportunities, as I have said, come heavy responsi- bilities. We can not deny or ignore the fact that our fisheries are declining. A half century of the bureau’s activities have not been sufficient to prevent depletion in some, commercial extinction in others. I should not care to say that the bureau’s work has amounted to nothing, but we must conclude that our efforts have not been sufficient to maintain the fisheries in their former state of productiveness. We must, therefore, extend and more wisely direct our efforts; we must succeed in coordinating and organizing the efforts of our staff and of biologists throughout the country upon the problems of the maintenance of the annual yield. Our responsibility toward the fisheries is emphasized by the childlike faith of the public in the efficacy of science. Science in industry has worked won- ders. Science is introduced into business, into government, into every phase of daily life; and it is natural and, indeed, proper to expect science to maintain the fisheries for all time. This confidence is almost embarrassing, and in view of the complexity of the problems of conservation, this faith may well be shaken by the unayoiilable slowness with which results are produced. But results can be produced, I am very confident, through cooperation and organization. The division of inquiry must develop a comprehensive program of fishery investigation, in which each of you must take a part as a unit in a great machine, It is my ambition to see this scientific staff grow in numbers and in effective- ness far surpassing previous experience. I want men of ability and vision, of industry and diligence, who are prepared to put the whole of their energies and interests into the shaping of their scientific careers in the bureau. Half interest and half time can never bring the results for which the bureau aims, and the dilettante naturalist can expect no Government subsidy through this bureau. It is through cooperation that the great responsibility of your division can be discharged effectually. The principles of fishery investigation must be carried into execution, made applicable to the daily problems of fishery administration, and, above all, must produce results for the benefit of the fisheries. The indi- vidual investigator may be concerned with a theoretical problem, but even in the prosecution of highly technical scientific work the ultimate aim of fishery conservation must be kept clearly in mind. Some must develop principles, some must work upon their application, but the aims and objects of our work must be ever before us. We are all giving to the people of this country a service as real and as important as that of any agency of production. This service to be enduring and far reaching must be carried to the ultimate consumer or it fails completely. Your immediate problem in this conference is to devise means and develop methods of effecting real fishery conservation, and I charge you with the respon- sibility of perfecting a program of action that will be more effective than any hitherto developed. I have no anxiety concerning your success, and I unhesi- tatingly place in your hands the development of the scientific work of this bureau, confident that through your whole-hearted endeavors the fishery indus- try and the American people will receive benefits that will be a source of pride to the bureau and to yourselves. Mr. Hicerns. Mr. O’Malley has laid down our work for us very pointedly, indeed. We all have our own ideas of how fishery conser- vation should be effected. It is now our duty, as he has told us, to coordinate these ideas, and therefrom to develop a policy. Before attempting to lay down a general policy for the bureau, it is neces- sary for us, I believe, to examine, as a background, the field in which we must work, and I have asked Mr. Sette, in charge of the division of fishery industries, who has at his command all of the available statistics, to review for us just what can be found out about the actual state of America’s fisheries. PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1026 563 THE STATE OF AMERICA’S FISHERIES By O. EB. SErte Assistant in charge, Division of Fishery Industries The first thing we must face, in considering the status of our fisheries, is that we have an invisible resource. One can cruise timber and learn the remaining stand, and one can enumerate the acres of cultivated land, but the fisheries one ean not see. All we know about the fisheries is what the fishermen bring to market, and therefore, in considering this subject, we have to deal entirely with the fisherman’s catch. Moreover, it is only by a consideration of the past that we can understand the present or foresee the future, so that this discussion will deal largely with the record as it appears in the published statistics of the fisheries. Our first records of this nature were made in 1880, 46 years ago, when the first census of the fisheries was taken. Since then there have been periodical censuses of the various regions. I have charted (fig. 2) a picture of these censuses. The squares in the horizontal row across the top represent the years for which we have statistics of the fisheries of New England. You can see that they are scattered pretty well during the period. On the line below are the Middle Atlantic States. Below that are the South Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific coast, Great fener Seale: Weeweerny serio Seema soles eee | ) 1925 \e80 NEw ENGLAND Z MippLt ATLANTIC Soutw AyLasnc GULF oF MExico PAciFiC COAST | GREAT LAKES Mississivm Rvtr — oa Oe ee COMBINATION USED COMBINATION USED COMBINATIONLSED COMBINATION UstD COMBINATIONUSED COMBINATION USED COMBINATION USED As TOTAL FOR 1890 AS ICTAL FOR 1890 AS TOTAL TOR 16897 AS IOTAL FORIOCZ AS TOTAL FORISSD «AS TOTAL FORISID ASTOTAL FORISZ2 Fic. 2.—Years for which statistics are available on the fisheries of the various geo- graphical sections of the United States, and combinations that were used in compiling totals Lakes, and Mississippi River. You will notice immediately that there are only two years for which we have the statistics of the whole country—1880 and 1908. Even 1880 is incomplete because we haven’t the Mississippi River. The remaining years are so scattered that it is impossible to compile the statistics of the country for any one year to show the total yield; but as a substitute I have compiled those that apply most nearly to the same year and include all of the regions as indicated on the chart. It is an imperfect compilation, but it is the best available.* Referring to Figure 3, in 1880 the total yield of our fisheries, exclusive of Alaska, was less than 1,600,000,000 pounds. This has risen, with some fluctua- tion, to a total at the present time of nearly 2,200,000,000 pounds. The line of dashes represents the yield in the Atlantic coast section including the Gulf, which has fluctuated widely but shows an upward trend, running from about 1,500,000,000 to over 1,600,000,000 pounds in recent years. You will also notice that the Atlantic coast yields the greatest poundage of fish. The Pacific coast has grown from about 50,000,000 to about 400,000,000, an increase of approxi- mately 800 per cent during the period covered. The Great Lakes and Missis- sippi River together have yielded about 150,000,000 pounds annually from 1890 to the present time. *In order to provide comparable statistics in the various years, all salt fish appearing in the reports has been converted to the equivalent anfount of fresh fish. The statistics on oysters, clams, and scallops are in terms of meats, exclusive of shells. Statistics on Beer exrtery, shells, hides, oils, whale products, king crab (Mimulus), and frogs have been omitted. 564 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Confining our attention now to the Atlantic coast, let us examine the components of the present-day catch of fish. The largest single item in the catch is menhaden. Of the total catch (1,638,000,000 pounds), 770,000,000 pounds were of this species: Referring to Figure 4, we see that the poundage of menhaden was greater than that of all other fish combined and more than twice that of all shellfish. This great predominance of menhaden is not often appreciated, probably because this fish has not been used for food and thus is considered a “poor relation ” among the fishes. But, despite our low esteem of this fish, it must certainly be a tremendous factor in the ecology of the sea. In fact, the relative amount in the catch probably underrates it as compared with other fish. For men- haden the fishermen receive only one-half cent a pound. For other fish the average price is 4 cents. If the fishermen were to get 4 cents a pound for menhaden, it would loom still larger in the catch. Cod and haddock rank next in quantity to menhaden, each yielding over 90,000,000 pounds annually. Herring is fourth in quantity, with over 60,000,000 MILLIONS OF POUNDS 1920 192 Fic. 3.—Yield of the fisheries of the various waters of the United States pounds. The catches of mullet, alewives, squeteagues, and flounders are nearly equal—close to 40,000,000 pounds annually. Others follow, in order of quantity, as shown in Figure 5. It is interesting to note that two of our most esteemed fishes—halibut and bluefish—are near the bottom. In order to get a group picture of the changes occurring in our fisheries I have compiled the statistics of several branches of the fisheries, grouping sepa- rately the fresh-water, anadromous, catadromous, shore, demersal, and pelagic fishes. Some explanation of these groupings may be in order. The fresh-water fishes include all those that nominally spend their lifetime in the rivers and are largely caught there by commercial fishermen, though they may be taken occasionally in brackish water. Some of the important species in this group are suckers, carp, catfish, sunfish, yellow perch, black bass, pike, and buffalo- fish. The statistics of these may not be complete, for the canvasses include the coastal streams only so far as the commercial fishery is relatively important. Among the anadromous fishes are the shads, alewives, striped bass, white perch, smelt, salmon, and sturgeon. The common eel comprises the catadromous EE PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 065 group. Among the shore fishes I have included all species usually taken by in- shore gear, such as pound nets, traps, weirs, haul seines, hook and line, and gill nets operated in inshore waters. Thus, the sea herring, which has some claims for inclusion among the pelagic fishes, was put into the shore: group because it is taken mostly in weirs; and pollock, which is regularly taken among the demersal fishes, has also been included with the shore group because by far the largest part of the catch comes from inshore waters. Other species of importance in this group are squeteague, mullet, croaker, Spot, butterfish, drum, king whiting, scup, and whiting (silver hake). Among the demersal MILLIONS OF PouNDs Fic. 4.—Relative size of the menhaden catch fishes I have included cod, haddock, hake, halibut, flounders, snappers, groupers, ete. Among the pelagic fishes I have included all those taken primarily in off- shore surface waters by such gears as purse seines, drift gill nets, and harpoons. These are menhaden, mackevel, swordfish, ete. By consulting Figure 6 we may follow the changes in yield in these various groups. As might be expected. the group of pelagic fishes shows wide fluctua- tions from 340,000,000 to 930,000,000 pounds in various years. It also has had a decided upward trend since 1908. The demersal fishes aS a group have had a fairly constant vield since 1890. The shore fishes reached a peak yield MILLIONS OF POUNDS 50 SQUETEAGUES FLOUNDERS MACKEREL CROAKERS HAKE SNAPPERS & GROUPERS| SHAD WHITING PoLLocK BiLVEFISH HALIBUT Fic. 5.—Relative quantities of various species of fish (excepting menhaden) taken annually on the Atlantic coast in 1902 but have declined since. The anadromous fishes reached their peak yield prior to 1897, but have since then declined more severely than the shore fishes. There seems to be an orderly coherence in these trends when considered in terms of the accessibility to the fishermen of the various groups. The least accessible are the offshore surface fishes, which roam over relatively large areas and may be found only by much cruising in search of the wandering schools. and are caught with difficulty when found. These show only a tre- mendous fluctuation in yield and the trend, if any may be distinguished, seems upward. Next are the demersal fishes, found over extensive offshore areas 566 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES but caught witu greater certainty. These show a relatively constant yield. The shore fisheries are confined to a more limited area conducive to a more thorough exploitation. The fish in this group passed the climax of their yield in 1902 and since then have been taken in smaller quantities. The anadromous fishes are still more strictly confined to limited areas during their spawning runs when they are subject to intensive fishing, and their yield passed its climax some 10 years earlier than that of the shore fishes and has declined more severely. We can not venture too far with general conclusions of this sort, however. Each of the above-mentioned groups is a complex of species that must be examined separately. For this purpose I have prepared a number of charts. “oC} “2 [e) POUND 500 MILLIONS OF 300 206 og ) = Fig. 6.—yYields of various groups Eetcs on the Atlantic seaboard, 1880 to 1922 on a logarithmic scale to show the relative changes in yield of the more im- portant species. The logarithmic scale reduces the curves to a convenient form for comparing rates of change, and in interpreting them the relative steepness of the slopes of the curves is the significant feature. Thus, if in a given period the yield of a spez_es increases from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 pounds, a 100 per cent increase, and another species increases from 12,000,000 to 24,000,000, also a 100 per cent increase, the slopes of the two curves will be the same. In other words, logarithmic plotting expresses the percentage increase or decrease. Among the pelagic fishes (fig. 7), menhaden and mackerel fluctuate so much that it is difficult to say whether the trend is upward or downward. It seems slightly upward in the case of menhaden and slightly downward in the case of PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 567 mackerel. Swordfish present a slight upward trend and Spanish mackerel (including cero) show a distinct downward trend. Among the demersal fishes (fig. 8), cod and halibut show a general downward trend (more severe in the case of halibut), haddock show a general upward trend, as do also snappers and groupers, flounders show a most decided upward trend, and hake showed a slight upward trend until 1897 and thereafter a moderate downward trend. All of the important anadromous fishes (fig. 9) show trends distinctly upward in the early years and downward in the later years. Shad and sturgeon reached peak productions earliest (1897) and declined most rapidly thereafter. Smelt reached peak production as early but declined less consistently. Striped bass and alewives, though showing a declining yield, have not fallen as rapidly and consistently as the others. Among the shore fishes (fig. 10), four species—whiting, butterfish, spots, and croakers—show very marked upward trends. Scup and kingfish seem to 4 O Tn MMII XN MILLIONS OF PouNDS ny Pp 2S AL LE | U ) TT - 1880) ¢ 8 Fic. 7.—Changes in the yield of several important pelagic species on the Atlantic seaboard (on a logarithmic calc 1895 1900 905) 210 \O15 1920 have maintained their yield at a fairly constant level. Squeteague and mullet grew in yield until 1902, and have since maintained it at nearly the same level. Herring and pollock show a rise and fall of considerable magnitude. If we group the species that have declined most seriously in recent years (bluefish, cod, halibut, shad, and sturgeon), we find that they are all fish that were highly prized during early years and have been subject to intensive fishing for the longest time. Also, if we group those showing greatly increased yield in recent years (flounders, Spanish mackerel, haddock, snappers, groupers, croakers, spots, butterfish, and whiting), we find that they are species less in demand in former years but that have been exploited more lately. It would seem that in general the yield on the Atlantic coast has been held at a high level by replacing the staple fish of former days with new species, which were not greatly in demand in the earlier years. In some cases this may have been due to economic factors. The cod, for instance, among those that have declined, apparently has been affected by the decreased salt-fish trade; but in most cases the declining yields seem to be the result of depletion, and the total yield of FISHERIES BUREAU OF Ss. U. 568 eee ee) SNAPPE SQNNO0q 40 SNOIVIIW O%e\ Si6l OV6\ gO6\ ashi s6al Ossi ssvl O9e\ sal fishes on the ant demer “4 ale) nport a logarithmic sc everal ir s yields of anges in the Atlantic seaboard (on Fie. 8.—Ch EE ae fade ; S\6\ O16\ OO6\ S69\ O69 S8el one eee ARIA AS LS oge! SQONNOd AO SANYSNOHL a eS Sh eT eee le) ant anadromous fishes on the arithmie sca o > aboard (on a lo Atlantic se Changes in yields of several import Fig. 9. PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 THOUSANDS OF POUNDS yao 2 ” S wo 3 2 2 B g Fic. 10.—Changes in yield of important shore fishes on the Atlantic seaboard (on a logarithmic scale) \ \92 569 570 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES our fishes is being maintained only by drawing on new resources. If so, we have a disquieting picture. Our substitute species may decline when they are subjected to intensive fishing as long as the others have been. Among the shellfishes we find similar tendencies. Referring to Figure 11, we see that oysters, crabs, and clams have declined moderately; lobsters have declined more; while shrimp is the only shellfish that has an upward trend in yield. Oysters, clams, and lobsters were fished more extensively in the earlier years and they began their decline first. The most intensive fishery for crabs began when the dredge was introduced in the early nineteen hundreds. This kept the yield up for over a decade, when it too declined. Similarly, the otter trawl, introduced into the shrimp fishery after 1908, has been responsible for greater yields, which are still continuing to increase. If it were not for the greater yield of shrimp, the shellfish fisheries would show a distinct decline since 1908. Similar charts could be shown to demonstrate trends of the same nature in fisheries of other regions of the United States, but it will not be necessary to trouble you with the details. Suffice it to say, that while the Pacific Coast States show a remarkable upward trend in the total yield of their fisheries, the MILLIONS OF POUNDS ° 1 ° 0 Cc 3 q D o re) ro} Q at rx 2 2 © a o ® ® ® Fig. 11.—Changes in the yield of the important shellfish on the Atlantic sea- board (on a logarithmic scale) salmon and halibut, which have been fished the longest time, are barely maintain- ing their yields. The great increase is due to the sardine and tuna fisheries of comparatively recent origin. As for the Great Lakes, Doctor Koelz, in his report, has shown that although they have a relatively constant yield, this constant yield has been maintained by the increased use of so-called “rough” fish, which to a marked extent, have replaced the fishes that formerly were considered more desirable. In the Mississippi River, we have a rise and decline during the period, and if we omit the mussel fisheries we find that the yield has declined quite markedly. In conclusion, I wish to emphasize again that yield statistics have been used throughout this discussion. According to these statistics, our yield has been maintained and in some regions increased, but not by general increases in all species. On the contrary, many of the highly prized species have failed to provide yields comparable with those of former years. Their places have been taken by species that formerly were not sought after. While this does not mean that depletion is proven in every case where decreased yields occurred, it does point out the fact that there is need for critical studies of many species. If the yield of our fisheries is to be maintained, we must determine first what fluctuations in abundance are occurring, then find out whether they are due to natural or other causes, and finally determine what steps should be taken to ee ee *) & eae PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 Walt conserve those species that are being depleted by agencies under the control of man. Until this is accomplished, we will not know the exact status of our fisheries Hr. Hears. I think that in addition it would be desirable for us to consider, from the angle of the fishing industry, some of the prob- lems that need early solution. I believe that there is no one more closely in touch with the industry itself than Captain Wallace, editor of the Fishing Gazette, and he has consented to discuss with us some of these problems. OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY By Capt. F. W. WALLACE Editor, Fishing Gazette, New York The outstanding problem confronting the fishing industry to-day is that of providing a profitable market for all that our fishermen catch. The prosperity of the industry rests upon two things—(1) larger markets and (2) utilization of inedible fish and fish waste. Dealing with the subject of larger markets, it undoubtedly is a fact that the people of this country are not consuming as much fish as are the citizens of other nations. This condition is all the more remarkable when it is con- sidered that the United States possesses and has ready access to more prolific and more varied fishery resources than has any other nation. In presenting my ideas to a body of men well versed in the history of the fishing industry, it will not be necessary for me to go into the details of present-day conditions. We all know that the demand has been for certain species, many of which are becoming scarce. The task before the industry is to expand the market for those varieties of fish than can be produced in abundance and at a reasonable price. On the Atlantic coast the haddock, cod, hake, pollock, cusk, skate, flounder, herring, whiting, and mackerel fall into this class, and there are many others—good, edible fish, but not appreciated as such—for which a market should be found. Any expansion in the domestic market is not going to be made entirely by in- sisting that the public use more fish in their diet, but is more likely to be brought about by a radical change in current methods of marketing. Acquaint- ing the public with the value and variety of fish as a food is necessary. Ad- vertising campaigns are being conducted by various branches of the fishing industry, and these are worth while and comparable with the high quality of salesmanship employed by other food-producing industries. However, the main plank of the expansion platform is to give the public what it wants, and it doesn’t want bones. To my mind, fish bones, more than anything else, have deterred people from eating fish. Prehistoric man may have delighted in sharpening his teeth upon the bones of his rude provender, and some of our near ancestors were not averse to worrying a herring, but in this day of mush foods, seedless and stoneless fruits, filet mignons, and similar ‘“ easy-to-eat” fare, anything that has to be dissected upon the plate is regarded with disfavor. I have questioned children, asking them if they like fish. In most cases the answer was “ Yes, but I don’t like the bones.” This fact has a great deal of influence with the mothers. They are always fearful that the children will get fish bones in their throats. As a result, fish very often is passed by in favor of other foods. The same is true of older people. They consider fish messy when they are compelled to separate meat from bones. In this hasty age, extra labor in cooking and eating is avoided. Personally, I am very fond of fish. I invariably have fish for lunch at the lunch club maintained by the dealers in Fulton Market. At this club, naturally, we have the best of fish at all times, but I have noticed that my preference, and that of most of the members, is for filleted fish. Canned salmon, fresh salmon steaks, cod steaks, halibut, and swordfish owe much of their popularity to the fact that they are devoid of small bones; while the haddock fillet, the greatest advance made in the fish business in recent years, is now being marketed so extensively largely because it is boneless. he U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The fresh-fish fillet, as now produced in Boston, New York, and elsewhere (a piece of solid fish meat, skinless, boneless, wrapped in parchment paper, and shipped in handy packages) has proved that the American public will eat more fish if it gets it in a tashion that will insure less trouble in handling, preparing, and eating it; and when one notes the favorable reception accorded fish marketed in this manner, it is not impracticable to state that all fish, whenever possible, should be filleted at producing points and marketed as a piece of solid meat, wrapped in parchment or packed in such fashion that it can be handled with a minimum of trouble by the retail dealer, the chef, and the housewife. My observations over many years, in connection with various branches of the fishing industry and fish trade, have convinced me that unless we market most of our fish in this manner we shall never succeed in creating the larger market we hope for. There is yet another obstacle to overcome in enlarging the market. This is the matter of quality—of freshness. The fresh fish, as received by the housewife or the restaurant in most localities, is a burlesque of the real thing. Even in the best hotels, we, who know fish, receive portions that are decidedly stale and unappetizing. A vast amount of stale fish is being served—enough to deter many people from eating it except at irregular intervals. Not only is the ultimate consumer receiving fish in a condition that fails to arouse enthusiasm, but the trade itself faces selling difficulties and heavy losses because of staleness and spoiling incurred by the present universal methods of shipping fish packed in ice in boxes and barrels. There is a solution to this problem, and leaders in the trade have expressed their opinion that this solution lies in shipping fish in a frozen state. The draw- back, however, is the public prejudice against frozen fish—a prejudice inspired by the unpalatability of fish frozen by the usual methods. Certain species— halibut and salmon, for instance—lend themselves admirably to freezing, but there are other species that, when thawed, taste like nothing at all. Experi- ments in brine freezing and with other methods have proved that fish can be frozen, kept for long periods in storage, shipped for considerable distances in adverse weather, and ultimately cooked and eaten without the consumer being able to detect any difference between frozen and strictly fresh fish. The success attending these experiments opens a new and desirable prospect for the fish trade, for freezing methods that will not change the composition of the fish or destroy its palatability make it possible for us to store fish when they are being caught, thus insuring a more even distribution later at a more even price. It means that we can ship greater distances, reduce the heavy losses in transit. and enlarge the market; it provides the retail dealer with a product that will not spoil before he can sell it: and the consumer will receive a piece of fish in a condition closely approximating that of freshly caught fish. Some very bright minds in our industry are working along these lines. Personally, I believe that they are on the right track and that the future development of the fish trade rests upon giving the consumer a ready-to-cook boneless fish fillet with its quality and freshness maintained by shipment in a frozen state. In bringing about this desirable end the various governmental bodies, paternally interested in developing the fishing industries, can do much in stimulating action by the trade itself. There is a conservative element in our fishing industries that does not welcome innovations. ‘Get the fish on the market with the minimum of expense, labor, and trouble” is their motto, and this apathetic and stubborn attitude has not helped the business. In fact, it would almost appear that the adoption of modern methods in most cases was brought about by force, in the form of legislation, or by the competi- tion of More progressive members. The Bureau of Fisheries and other organi- zations, by recognizing the absolute soundness of marketing fish in filleted and frozen form, are in a splendid position to convert the industry to this practice, and much more quickly than would be the case if the industry were left to discover this for itself. Marketing of fish in fillet form involves numerous problems. The most important, perhaps, are those of labor and the profitable utilization of the waste. The labor problem is claiming the attention of many firms in the fillet business, and a way of mechanically cutting the fillets is being sought. Machin- ery is being used in some stages of the work, and one firm in Gloucester has evolved an ingenious series of machines which will virtually eliminate all hand labor in cutting the fillets. The Bureau of Fisheries might detail one of its officers to investigate labor-saving devices for fish cutting in use here a eee a ee PRQGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 S023 and abroad and publish its findings for the information of the industry at large. Before tackling the problem of waste utilization I would like to commend the bureau's interest in the maintenance of the quality of fresh fish from the time it is caught to the time it is placed on the consumer’s plate. Dp. : - ®Heincke and Mielck: Schongebiete fiir die Scholle in der Nordsee. Berichte der aah Sees Wissenschaftlichen Kommission fiir Meeresforschung, neue Folge, Band 11, e 4 7Baranov: On the question of the dynamics of the fishing industry. Bulletin of Fishery Economics, No. 8, Moscow, 1925. 586 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES and other animals, has shown this to be far from true. There very obviously is great variability in the conditions of survival, the yield varying widely from year to year, even in cultivated organisms. We have learned, indeed, that an organism must meet, in the course of its existence, periods of varying length in which adverse conditions of varying intensity prevail, causing great unequal infant mortality. A species in the state of nature has existed throughout the ages. It has had to survive the most extreme of these periods in length and intensity. Tees: my thought that this variability in nature has played a major role in evolu- tion and in the survival of species. Many characteristics of a living organism. are of importance from this standpoint, and theoretically, at least, it is easy to conceive that the reproductive power of a species must have an excess beyond that required by a favorable or normal year. I think of many characters of a species aS adapted to meet the normal or ordinary emergencies of the annual cycle. The power of resisting freezing, which many spores have, is an example. These many characters must be developed far beyond the ordinary in order to meet the occasional extraordinary conditions. For our purposes, however, I am thinking mainly of those char- acters that serve to bridge the adverse periods of various durations. An animal, developing warmth of blood, is capable of surviving more than a year with less loss in numbers. So, too, the young are protected by the adults. through the period of highest fatality, the protection in some cases lasting sufficiently long to bridge an ordinary long period of difficult years. Foremost among survival characters one must place age. The halibut reaches a great age, as do the elephant and man. One inevitably thinks of the significance of this age as a survival factor of first magnitude. The loss. of one year’s spawning is but a fifteenth of the total loss for the life of an individual, and after a period of adverse years the adult is left to spawn anew. But species vary widely in such characters as food, habits, age, fecundity or egg production—they meet the situation differently. Why can not we expect infinite variety in the reaction of survival characters to the strain imposed’ by man? The halibut is long-lived and comes to maturity at 12 years. Man’s attack on the adults shortens greatly the average duration of life and seems. to me to be undermining the very character upon which the halibut largely depends for its power of survival. May his fishing efforts not result in the inability of that Species to meet and overcome some prolonged period of adversity? In that case it may disappear, entirely or over large areas. The reverse may be true of the herring—who knows? But at all events, it may be fair to think that we will have as many problems as there are species. Perhaps, using the factors of age, food production, egg production, and migration, man may be able at some time to deduce some general law as to the productivity of a species and as to the value of characters contributing to this power of survival. The solution of such a problem may contribute vitally not merely to fisheries science but to biology. The power of survival is an essential part of the evolution of a species. The most promising method of attack seems to me to be through expe1iment, carefully observed by statistical method. Under known biological conditions of age, migration, spawning, etc., certain results may be obtained. In time a general law may be framed to bring these into harmony, but until then, and as. a means to such an end, we certainly must seek results experimentally. So much for the second great problem of fisheries science. Our first was to obtain accurate methods of observation, our second to ascertain the method of reaction of the species to the strain. Our third must be to devise methods of protection. After much thought concerning the halibut and other species, it seems to me that almost all protective measures are based upon the degree of migration existing. The reason for this is easy to see when the significance of a high degree of independence between banks is grasped. An isolated race of fish is depleted as a separate unit and must be rebuilt as a separate unit. With a homogenous, freely moving species the case must be just the reverse—it must be dealt with as a whole. Let us, then, set the study of migrations above all others when protective measures are discussed. It is not necessary to review at length the means of such study. Tagging, the finding of racial characters, of differing growth rates, of finding physical traces in the individual of its past life history—all these are biological studies of great importance. PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 587 My purpose is not to emphasize to you the known methods of research. I wish, rather, to outline the great problems; and in regard to the nature of protective measures I find one of these great problems. j To begin with, if restriction is necessary, there are many types of it. Some species have been protected by saving the spawning adults, others by saving the immature. There is no cold scientific reasoning back of these measures. They are restrictive, they are expedient from an economic standpoint, they are popular, and hence they are those that it is advisable to impose. Once restric- tion is granted as necessary, and as either limited in area or general in appli- cation, the choice of restrictive measures becomes economic and political, not biological. I am not speaking of the salmon, of course, in which there is but. one stage to restrict, but of marine fishes, many life stages of which are exploited. Restriction and regulation, however necessary, are not and can not as yet be based upon biological reasoning. To illustrate, is there any biological reasoning that justifies the protection of halibut young? They are the most abundant members of the species. They are scarcely touched as yet. Many of those taken would die before maturity any- way. As a matter of fact, however, an economic reason justifies their protec- tion—they are not worth as much for food, pound for pound. I wish to suggest here, as a biologist, that the existing relative abundance of the various stages or ages of fish in nature is presumably that best fitted for the survival of a species. That is, if a species spawns 1,000,000 eggs, that habit has been acquired by a natural selection to meet the conditions of the environment. So with the young—their numbers are adapted to conditions to be met. But somewhere in the cycle between egg and adult must be a stage or stages in which there exists the reserve power of survival. Until we know, then, what characters affect this reserve power our restrictions and regulations may be more or less arbitrary. There is only one sound biological principle that I can suggest. That is, that if mankind takes his toll before a period of great mortality, it must mean less to the species, proportionately, than if the toll were taken after such a period. That is, put concretely, if 1,000 pounds of fish exist, 100 pounds taken constitute only one-tenth; but if this 1,000 pounds pass through a period of mortality that reduces it to 500 pounds, and the toll then be taken, the toll of 100 pounds constitutes one-fifth instead of one-tenth. If to spawn and reproduce a species passes through such periods of intensified mortality, surely one would safely recommend that wherever possible man’s toll be taken before these periods. There is, of course, another thought—that where a species taken mostly as an adult declines in abundance it would be in order to protect the adult stage as the weakened link in the chain. But, of course, industry has its say there. To sum up these remarks on methods of protection, I would like to think that I have impressed upon you the unscientific state of our present knowledge and the great need of earnest study of basic principles by biologists. In fact, some such remarks as these may apply to all three of the great problems I have touched upon—in determining the trend of the abundance there is need for careful study, in gauging the reaction of the species to the drain of our fisheries and to the results of protection the possibilities and principles are yet to be outlined, and in devising logical methods of protection the field of thought and discovery is wide open. Looking back over that which I have thought and written, it seems to me that what stands out most clearly is the vast promise in this field of work for one desirous of thinking as he goes. The accomplishments in every essen- tial phase of marine fisheries science seem to be almost nil—to have been sadly neglected, compared with what may some day be true. There is here vast opportunity awaiting some clear-minded thinker in biology; and in view of the uncertain knowledge of the basic necessities in marine fisheries con- servation, no one taking that duty seriously can afford to expend his efforts aimlessly. Mr. Hicerns. Because I had the making of the plan, I took the liberty of preparing a paper myself, as a target for you to aim at, something to center our discussions on, something to carry in the back of our minds while we are going over each investigator’s individual work—the policy of the Bureau of Fisheries in regard to biological investigations. I call them my own ideas; at least I 588 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES wrote them down, but you will recognize, no doubt, a familiarity in what I have to say. I invite criticism; I invite discussion; and being a target, your sharpest shafts will be welcome. THE POLICY OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES WITH REGARD TO BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS : By ELMER HiIccIns Assistant in charge, Division of Scientific Inquiry The first step toward the conservation of our aquatic resources, taken because of the well-defined conviction as to their imminent destruction, was made by Congress in 1871, when the United States Fish Commission was established. Spencer F. Baird, the first commissioner, outlined the duties imposed by Congress, as follows:* That it should be the duty of the commissioner “to prosecute ” the necessary inquiries, “ with the view of ascertaining whether any and what diminution in the number of food fishes cf the coast and lakes of the United States has taken place; and, if so, to what causes the same is due; and also whether any and what protection, prohibitory or precautionary measures should be adopted * * *.” Thereupon, numerous activities, which had been conducted by scattered agencies such as the United States National Museum, the State fish commissions, and private agencies, were stimulated and centralized by the amazing energy of Commissioner Baird and his associates. The United States Fish Commission (later the United States Bureau of Fish- eries) has been, therefore, since its inception, essentially an investigative advisory organization, whose duty it is to discover the need for and devise the means of practical conservation work. The principal direction in which the expansion of original plans has occurred is in the development of fish- cultural operations, intended to prevent depletion or build up the fisheries that have been depleted, and in the administration of the fisheries of Alaska, including the fur-seal industry. Due to the rosy promises of the newly discovered art of fish culture, Congress was induced to add to the duties of the fish commissioner, at the end of the first year of his service, the artificial propagation of fishes. Under the influ- ence of Professor Baird, an admirable program was initiated and carried out vigorously for many years. Investigations in marine biology were fostered and encouraged. 1S Se = Se he ee ee ee ee e eae: - PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 675 grows rapidly and which will adapt itself to conditions existing in small ponds. The bluegill sunfish is the best that we have for this purpose at the present time. The yellow perch is very good and has some possibilities. However, certain objections have been raised to the use of the yellow perch for this purpose. Still another problem which, I think, offers possibilities is that of utilizing two or more types of food by having more than one species of fish in the same pond at the same time. The hatcheries throughout the country usually haye only one species of fish to the pond. It is possible that two or more species could be utilized in the same pond, and we could get a greater poundage from our ponds in that way. This involves the utilization of all food in the pond. We are approaching this from two angles—by the introduction of forage fishes and by the use of two or more ecologically dissimilar species of food fishes. We can introduce one type that feeds on the bottom material and another that feeds on the plankton. In the past it has been a matter of utilizing one food while others were allowed virtually to go to waste. It seems to me that if we once know the practicable combination, we can utilize all these various sources of food and thus get a much larger yield. Doctor Van Oosten. The black bass taken in commercial seines are retained in live boxes until collected by the State. Shortly there- after a white film covers the fish. I have seen as many as 25 to 50 per cent of those fish with white coatings over the eyes. What do you think is the cause Doctor Dayis. Does it spread to various parts of the head? Doctor Van Oosren. No. Doctor Davis. It might be a bacterial infection. Doctor Van OostEen. These are in Lake Erie. Doctor Davis. That is the only thing I can think of at the present time. It would be rather remarkable that this is confined only to the eyes. It would seem that the fins would become infected 1f it is the species I have in mind. There was found, of course, recently a number of worms in the eyes. In fact, they have taken several hundred out of the eyes of a single fish, but I think this would hardly be found in this case. TROUT CULTURE AT THE HOLDEN EXPERIMENTAL STATiON By M. C. JAMES Virtually all of our work bearing on the scientific aspects of fish culture must be done at the hatcheries themselves. Formerly we were forced to move to one or the other of the bureau’s stations, shipping equipment back and forth and making the best of the facilities afforded for undertaking the investigations. While every possible cooperation was offered by those in charge of the stations, their first object was the production of fish, and our efforts sometimes involved the destruction of fish and required space and necessitated changes that might reduce production materially. The net result was a failure to achieve the fullest results from the scientific work. Consequently the opportunity to secure from the division of fish culture a going trout hatchery, to be under our control with no obligations for the production of fish for distribution, was welcomed. The Holden (Vt.) substation was turned over to us in 1925. It probably is the only trout hatchery in the country to be devoted solely to scientific investigations of fish-cultural problems. Parenthetically I-may say that within the last few days there has appeared in the latest issue of the Scientific Monthly an article, by Dr. Nathan Fasten, which sets forth, far more concisely than I could hope to, the exact nature of these fish-cultural problems. He cites 12 separate phases, and I am tempted to refer to a few of the more important ones as an exact definition of the purposes of our work in this field. Returning to the Holden station, it is sufficient to say that there is a 40- trough hatchery building with a room serving as a combination office and laboratory, and necessary outbuildings. There is an excellent water supply— both spring and brook. Of outside pond and raceway facilities there are none. 676 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES and the supplying of these deficiencies by the construction of 9 pools and 285 feet of raceways during the last two years has accounted for much of the time spent there and for the somewhat limited output of a strictly scientific nature. A few words as to the conduct of such an enterprise may be permissible. It is probable that the keeping of exact, easily analyzed data and records on every condition occurring in the ordinary State or Government hatchery would bring to light information that would surprise the keepers. Such information as is generally recorded is fragmentary, unsystematic, and frequently an ap- proximate expression of personal judgment. The fish records cover the lots as groups, and analysis of diverse conditions is impossible. At the Holden station it is a cardinal principle that every factor having any bearing on the fish must be recorded. A ecard filing system has been begun to give ready in- formation on the history and status of virtually every fish on hand. These are cross indexed so that the fish in any trough or pond can be traced back to their origin with all deviations from normalcy exposed; or any particular lot of fry or eggs can be followed through to the final disposal of the last survivor. Routine records are kept of losses, temperature, where changes are occurring, growth (if desired), diet, etc. Any unusual manifestation in any lot is noted as to time and place; this has proved to be of value in checking up in the case of a subsequent outbreak of disease. In fact, such a plan will give, in time, a mass of information, from the ordinary routine of the hatchery, that will be as valuable as any to be gained from formal experiments. It may be stated that with 6 species on hand from a dozen or more different sources, distributed among 10 ponds and 15 raceway compartments, as well as 40 troughs, a sea- son’s haul of notes can well be described as voluminous. The feeding experiments cited at the beg nning are part cf a series initi- ated four years ago and carried on at other hatcheries. Based, at the start, on a belief that some of the many difficulties besetting the rearing of trout might reasonably be expected to have their origin, to some degree, in the diets of artificial culture, the assumption of vitamin deficiency was entertained. First attempts to improve such a condition (if it existed) by the enrichment of various foods with substances of high vitamin value, like cod-liver oil and yeast, were not highly successful. The most encouraging results were obtained in the augmentation of the diet of rainbow trout with vitamin A from cod- liver oil and vitamin B from yeast and natural sources. A short time later, investigations by other workers brought out the fact that liver, heart, etce., were much richer in vitamins than had been suspected. Less emphasis has been placed on this branch of the work of late; it has been developed that under some circumstances a vitamin enrichment of the diet of rainbow trout, by means of cod-liver oil, has been of some benefit, but our experiments have consistently shown the reverse to be true in the case of brook trout. The more recent work (that of the past season) was deyoted to determining the effects of various diets on a serious disease that prevails at Holden; to determining the relative values of the common diets of present practice (beef heart and liver and sheep liver) ; and to the development of three new prod- ucts to supplement the meat diets. Beef liver was found to be apparently better, as regards lower mortality and increased growth, when compared with the other meats mentioned. The superiority is more marked, of course, where fish are to be reared to large size rather than planted as early fingerlings. The new products utilized were soy-bean oil meal, a dried shrimp, and a clam meal. It is widespread practice among fish-cultur sts to feed their larger fish a mixture of fresh meat with a large proportion of a cheaper meal cereal, such as middlings or a low-grade flour. There is a serious doubt that the carbohy- drate of these materials enters into the nutrition of trout very extensively, and the purpose of the products mentioned above was to obtain the roughage values obtained from cereals, and at the same time feed a high protein ration to fur- ther growth and condition, and at the same time supplant part of the expensive meat. It can be said that experiments on a small scale have shown no objec- tionable features in these substances; with some promise of real benefit in the case of the clam meal, and their use will be continued in a more practical way. The procedure and technique of these feeding experiments do not appear to have the complexity that would warrant the application of the term “ scien- tific”’ The simple process of feeding one lot of fish a certain diet and an- other lot a different diet, and observing their reactions, growth, and mortality. would not seem to require a highly specialized training or a broad erudition. This is true; but at the same time it must be recalled that our present knowl- PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 677 edge of vitamins has been gained from a multitude of experiments no more complicated than this. The work with fish enjoys certain advantages and suffers certain handicaps, in comparison with the vitamin investigations in higher animals. From a statistical standpoint, the results gained from ex- periment with a lot of 1,000 fish are worth more than those gained from a single individual or 5 or 10 rats or pigeons. At the same time, the vitamin investigators have a “standard rat” to work with, as well as uniform speci- mens of pigeons, ete., and they exercise almost complete control over the environmental conditions in which their animals exist. There is no such thing as a “standard trout,’ and the great fluctuation in the growth rate of fingerlings, the frequency and severity of epidemics, the changes in water conditions, the cannibalism, the inability to keep an accurate check on food consumption, combine to furnish the fish dietitian with food for thought for his idle moments. Concerning the subject of fish breeding, I can offer little more than a pros- pectus at present. Briefly, this is merely the application of the universally known principles of selection of parent stock for desirable qualities, such as man practices wherever he is rearing animal or vegetable life for his use. Strangly enough, application of these simple principles has been merely rudi- mentary. At all hatcheries there has been, consciously or unconsciously, a selection of the future brood stock from the better grade of breeders, but the practice has been spasmodic, applied to large groups chiefly, little accurate check of results has been kept, and selection for specific qualities has been largely ignored. The commercial dealers probably have accomplished the most in this field, and while their efforts and achievements have been commendable, the need for immediate monetary profits necessarily has circumscribed their efforts. We have been forestalled, in our plans to inaugurate a program of scientific selective breeding, by an undertaking at the New Jersey State hatchery. Doctor Embody, of Cornell University, is directing this project. Briefly, they now have a fourth generation of selected brook trout. The original stock consisted of survivors from a large number of hatchery fish that had been sub- jected to all the vicissitudes of ordinary hatchery life, including a serious epidemic. Enough remained to permit the work to proceed on a similar basis for the succeeding generations. Summarized, they have cut down the mor- tality, at the July fingerling stage, from 98 per cent to 380.8 per cent in the 1925 generation. At the same time, the average length at this age has in- creased from 2 to 3% to 4 inches. Thus, the primary selection was exclu- sively for disease-resisting characters, and this has been adhered to through- out, aithough rapid growth has entered into the selection from the later gener- ations as a secondary character. This has been accomplished by what is really mass selection with no attention paid to individual qualities. Inci- dentally, I know of no publication, save the report of this work, that treats of the selective breeding of trout, except in a cursory way, and that sets forth a definite program and describes the results of that program in a definite, reliable, and comparable manner, As stated, efforts in this field at the Holden station are chiefly aspiration. This fall we took eggs from a lot of brook trout that have shown rapid growth and early sexual maturity. This is the first yield of eggs from these fish, and we will be in position soon to determine whether this precocity has a definite influence on the vitality of the eggs or fry. This has been mass selec- tion, as the early-maturing character was common to all the fish that spawned, and no other outstanding differences existed. We also have one lot of this year’s fingerlings, which exhibits the disease-resisting character to a greater degree than does the general hatchery stock. These probably will not yield eggs in any quantity until 1928. There is also on hand a lot of this year’s fingerlings, which has exhibited splendid growth, and these will be depended upon as parents of a strain that emphasizes this quality. As for individual selection, we have this year taken eggs from five or six females that showed desirable qualities in the way of color, form, and production of a large number of eggs. These eggs will be segregated, of course, and the lots will continue to be handled thus until maturity. The fish spawned from individ- ually selected stock are marked by numbered tags for future recognition, and the best males are selected for pairing with these fish whenever enough of the latter are ripe. However, extensive attempts to establish pedigreed stock will be deferred until the general strains have become well established. 678 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES This limited experience has demonstrated already that the demands of this sort of work, as regards time, effort, and space, are heavy and that the wisdom of having a hatchery devoted exclusively to this type of investigation is un- questionable. It is evident that the selective breeding experiments will require several years in the immediate future that will be barren of results; but the ultimate outcome will be of fundamental value. If it is not already evident. I should state in closing that all of the work at the Holden station is extremely practical and has as its aim the immediate application of all es to the improvement of fish cultural practice. POND CULTURE By Russet F. Lorp Doctor Davis already has given an idea of the program we have initiated in the past summer at the Fairport biological station. Although fishponds may be small, pond culture is a large subject, notwithstanding. Many elementary and practical questions concerning the propagation of our pondfishes have not yet been answered satisfactorily. Here are some examples: What is the best number of fish to rear in a pond of certain size? Should adults and young be raised together, or should young fish be removed to rearing ponds? If the latter, at what stage in their development and by what method? Should species be isolated in separate ponds? If this is not necessary, what species can be raised together best? Is the use of fertilizer practical? If so, what kind of fertilizer should be used, in what amounts, when should it be applied, and for what reasons? Questions thus pile up; questions as to the best varieties of aquatic vegetation, questions concerning the relation of aquatic vegetation to plankton and other natural food, questions as to the use of forage minnows—in short, a great problem of ecological relationship. Various experimental data, from 22 pends, are being collected at Fairport in an attempt to answer these questions. Mot a single conclusion has been reached so far as to any of these. They could not possibly be settled in a short time. Indications, however, are numerous. One phase of these experiments consists of systematic observations on each pond, in which records of the amounts of net plankton and nanoplankton per unit volume of water, water temperature records (surface and bottom twice daily), pH determinations, turbidity readings, and chemical determinations of dissolved oxygen are being secured and filed. A check has been made on the rates of growth of different species in the different ponds, also. Commercial fertilizer has been applied for varying periods and in varying amounts for cer- tain series of ponds. This is the briefest possible review of this phase of the work and does not attempt to go into any of the details. On the forage minnows, however, I shall spend a little more time. Perhaps if I tell you some of the things contained in a more or less complete report on one of the species experimented with, it will give you an idea of how the work has been carried on. It was planned to experiment with various minnows in the hope of finding several species that would be suitable as forage fish in the bass ponds. The golden shiner (Abramis crysoleuwcus) and the black-head minnow (Pimephales promelas) were the only two suitable species that could be secured in numbers sufficient for practical experiments. Work was done also with the common goldfish. Pond No. B 138, of 1,482 square feet (0.034 acre), was used as the rearing pond for the black-head minnows. This small pond had been wintered dry. On April 23, 4% pounds of fertilizer were placed in it and the water turned in. On June 5, 4% pounds of fertilizer also were placed in it, and then from June 19 to August 30, inclusive, 2 pounds of fertilizer were applied at approximately five-day intervals. On May 1 the pond was stocked with 72 adult black-head minnows. On May 15, 19 more were introduced, bringing the total up to 91 adults for the pond. These fish were secured in the sloughs of the Mississippi and Cedar Rivers. The pond was watched carefully for the first signs of spawning. PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 679 On May 21 a piece of floating wood was found in the pond with many hundred closely arranged eggs adhering to the under surface. The movements of well-developed embryos could be seen through the shells. A sample of these ggs was taken to the laboratory and more closely examined. Hatching began in the afternoon and was still in progress on May 22. Almost all of the emerging fry, however, were weak and dying, and before night all that had hatched, as well as the unhatched eggs, were all dead in the jar of water in which they had been placed. Fortunately, the nesting habits of this fish made detailed observations possible. After the discovery of the first eggs on the floating wood, several boards, about 3 by 10 inches in size, were placed along the banks of the pond, about 8 inches under the surface. It was thus easy to take up each board for examination and then replace it in the soft pond bank. These nest boards Were given numbers, and daily observations were made. During the season it was possible to examine 20 nests; and several other nests, out of reach on the under surface of the various pipe and platform supports, were indicated by the actions of guarding fish. The last eggs were observed on August 6. The following data was secured from observations on the 20 nests mentioned above: Time of first appearance of eggs to first eggs eyed, average four days. Time of first appearance of eggs to first eggs hatched, average six days. Time of first appearance of eggs to total eggs hatched, average nine days. The eg°s of the blackhead minnow thus required a period of six days (at the temperatures given for the pond) from the time of their first appearance to the time of hatching. The eggs were not, however, all placed upon a nest board at once, but sometimes in as many as four successive lots. It was found that the eggs eyed and hatched in the exact order of their appearance upon the nest boards. No attempt was made to see if all the eggs on a certain nest were from a single female. Two fish, however, were all that ever were seen near a nest at the same time. The habits of adult blackhead minnows were especially interesting. One or both of the parent fish were always seen near the nest board. Usually they kept immediately under the eggs and were very active, moving fins, tail, and body constantly. The male fish was the more aggressive, and when attempts were made to eatch various males with a dip net, they would swim under, over, and around it, but refused to be frightened away from the nest permanently. When two fish were present, the female kept quietly under the nest board, at the shore end, and always returned to her position. Thus, the protective instinct seems to be highly developed in these minrows For example, on May 28 two males were found fighting vigorously. The scene of action was close to the nest of the larger fish, which had been observed often enough to be recognized easily, and hostilities evidently began when the smaller male discovered the loss of his entire nest and went in search of it. This nest had been removed to another pond to see if the eggs would hatch without parental protection. The male on guard at nest D, however, resented the inquiring stranger and was quick to defend his own eggs. The two fighting males had a firm grip on each other’s jaws and were shaking their heads and bodies strongly. As they approached the surface of the pond both fish were scooped up with one dip of the net and examined. Both were male Pimephales promelas. The color was deep black, especially about the head, with two large bands of gold from the belly part way up the sides, and a third, smaller patch of gold near the belly side of the peduncle. Tubercles were prominent on the snout. Both of these fish were returned, uninjured, to the pond. On other occasions the guarding males would nibble at investigating fingers whenever a nest board was touched. They appeared to become more fearless as the hatching time approached. This display of aggressiveness seemed to be essential, as many times water beetles and water bugs, both adults and larve, were taken in the act of destroying the eggs on some nest board. In fact, when nests were transferred to other ponds where these beetles were abundant, it was necessary to protect them with fine wire screen. The growth of fingerlings also was noted with interest. A large sample of blackhead minnow fingerling was measured on August 17. As the spawning had been more or less continuous from May 21 to August 6, it was not sur- prising to find the fish varying in size from 8 to 40 millimeters. Most of the 680 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES larger fingerlings easily avoided the small hand seine that was used in the collecting, but the fish caught indicated a fairly even distribution, from the very smallest to those in the 40-millimeter class. The actual body lengths and the distribution for these lengths follow: Total number Total number Body length, of fish at this | Body length of fish at this millimeters length millimeters length [er et Fee Sty Be SILT, 10 a We rcs a, oi le es ee ai Ore ee 8.) AS 22222 ee te eee 4 GU) 2 ahs Ne Eee ts Da ares DA AO) 2c Nae ee al EL etal eam ES pags Fee care aS ct 4.0) 20 222 22) 2 of i ee en eS Se ee ee Biel ec ee 2 all i [5 eee a eS te SE ee OS Ror let 4 2A Se Te al iy: Sag i gp Dara htop aot tit Boe te 4 Mn Sia 5 ele a ah 9 aide ere Aaa 14.) 30.2. 2° 3 oe ee nl 6 eel oe NOs gh PIAS < ow an Oh AQ) re ee as Ne il As to plankton, samples of net plankton were collected from May 8 to September 15, inclusive. The May samples showed the highest concentration of the season, and even this was very low in comparison to most of the other ponds. The supply of net plankton continued to be very scarce throughout the summer. This was not surprising, considering the great number of young fish so small a pond was supporting. Nanoplankton was collected from July 31 to September 15, inclusive. The amount of nanoplankton was several times that of the net. There was a good supply of aquatic plants in this pond. Potamogeton was abundant at one end of the pond and submerged Ceratophyllum and Elodea also were common, A jellylike blue-green algze that floated on the surface on hot days also was very abundant. A scum of the ‘jelly’ had to be removed from the surface of the pond on two occasions. Other algze (filamentous forms) also was abundant, but no attempt was made to study the alge of this pond in any detail. Aphanizomenon, so abundant in other ponds, was not present ime: 13. The miscellaneous records taken at regular intervals include water tem- perature, pH, turbidity, and oxygen content. Pond No. B 138 was drained on October 14 and the fish were removed. The minnows were first culled by allowing the smaller fish to pass through the meshes of a net that retained the larger. Four hundred and fifty-eight large minnows were thus separated and counted. Only one fish of this entire lot was clearly an adult. The rest of the minnows were very uniform in size and were no larger than blackhead fingerlings hatched in the first week of June. The smaller fish ranged from 12 to 41 millimeters in body length at a weight of 500 fish to 3 ounces. The larger minnows were not weighed, but in comparison to D 8 bass fingerlings, these minnows would easily average 7 ounces to 100 fish. There were 6,500 of the smaller minnows. Production for the pond was 6,500 small fingerlings at 39 ounces, 367 large fingerlings (458 less the original 91) at 25.69 ounces (estimated), 6,867 total fingerling pro- duction, weighing 64.69 ounces. Production per acre was computed at 201,971 fingerlings of all sizes weighing approximately 119 pounds (smaller minnows at 71 pounds 11 ounces and larger minnows at 47 pounds 4 ounces). What are the possibilities of this minnow as a forage fish for bass? Of course, a single summer’s observations of the life history and general habits are not sufficient for exact conclusions, but the present observations do indicate that it is a valuable fish. The following facts are cited: 1. After a size of 25 to 30 millimeters was reached, the fish were observed feeding on alge to a great extent. 2. The species was prolific, having increased in numbers about seventy-five times by the end of the summer, 3. It spawned on boards placed for the purpose, and thus its distribution to other ponds was made easy. 4. The spawning season was of long duration. This would supply both small and large bass with a supply of fish food throughout the growing season. 5. It appeared to be relished by the game fish. A few trials made during the summer showed that bass and erappie readily took to these minnows as food. A large nest of eggs in hatching condition were placed in a crappie pond on June 24. When the pond was drained on September 21 there was a survival of only 4 minnows out of hundreds that a a PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1926 681 must have hatched. The crappie from this pond were reported to be in better condition than in other years, and we might conclude that the minnows were somewhat responsible for this. Another nest placed in bass-rearing pond No. E 1 had no survivors; and from 1,000 fingerling black-heads (estimated) placed in another pond, none were recovered in the fall. The present conclusion is that this species will be of value in pond culture. Its superiority or inferiority to other forage minnows must be determined, how- ever, by more experiments, Good results also were obtained with the goldfish and golden shiners. In fact, the success met with the latter species was the factor that brought our production of bass fingerlings per acre up to an average of 5,000 fish. In the rearing ponds where golden shiners were used in numbers the produc- tion of bass fingerlings was over 6,000 per acre. As each of the 22 ponds must be taken up in this same way, we have so far collected a large number of miscellaneous data. It is evident that our work must be continued systematically and new experiments instigated as rapidly as possible. It is now necessary to make a thorough study of our material in an effort to establish correct interpretation and correlation. Mr. Nessrr. Mr. Lord mentioned that he had in mind a number of other investigations. We must realize that he had just one summer for all this work. There are one or two points that seem to me rather significant—regarding the efficiency of different depths in the various ‘ponds used. In. this connection’ I may say that the idea in fertilizing ponds, in addition to what food might already be supplied, is that you modify the growth of the organisms; but it seems to me that you should get the actual value of the sunlight effect on the organism you are trying to rear. In the days ‘when I was a botanist, I recall that the University of Nebraska was carrying on studies in the sand lakes of Nebraska on the sunlight at different levels in the water. The outstanding fact developed was that the ray of sunlight that affected the organism most did not penetrate far below the surface. It seems to me that in deeper ponds you would have to use more fertilizer, and fertilizer costs money. On the other hand, if you reduce the depth of the pond you would have conditions that may be unfavorable for the fish, so, of course, some sort of balance would have to be reached. I might add that in my own experience in rearing alge the amount of sunlight seemed to have a remarkable effect on the species. Mr. Lorp. We had not considered that in this summer’s work. The ponds are not very deep and when we applied fertilizer we just scattered it along the edges of the pond. Of course, a complete analysis of the result of using the fertilizer has not been undertaken. We have been endeavoring to cover a great deal of ground to get practical results as soon as s possible. O sceye aan. a Abas tags s] we 3 ‘ ae Fcick rae £3 Pal ar Don wersTysitis: gel eet ieg en bah nalts) “aera whey Sis ae ¢ ‘ ie afied yy it Cbnger hte ao) rye) af Tay ‘fDi Ati WEEIGL & oitdu And sigh } : ah 1S tion iat ine: bain eit sikh 1oGee Isai sede. son oe aul Peat) va | sik, miter nal le vind ead es slitvr gay : 2 . 5H UU G THesa sion as Sigh (Ra18 eR ei pail oh aon art. att. ; i We aalilod eli. ahiapy- ait ih : ag ae Ye Beatty ; : . . 3 ci ’ 4 rey hayes? etd se! 202 ie 5%. is? tnt liad uy Babe iy Asie. Séseita: ; , } ; , j ii 4 na i, “ a 4) i 2 ha os . ' SPT t if r ' cf bi Be: } ak ‘ : ~ ‘ 4 Sa] PEt as ri $3 i} ; ' she id f y a ae yt) | bod 4 iy oi = > Seen esa? * a4 f é -_ $ 2. (te ; - . Ae pipes ae eat “ry tela iJ a + ‘ i 4 4 ai AAs : 7 7 ay ; rt ' : ‘ ; i Nasicigl a § at DA. a Re Oa SE a soi e heer ; hai bo bedis «1 r taky Ghote avGo. wi witito yatta: oe Lh sldtegodg an eR ea ‘ , an > F a a sees, bd sb ciag Arid ve oe = j } ane ‘My &RH “_ s ‘ Fria CF Nt > Sa Sore ae ot 4 Pe a E Wis om ac >) 4 oer WO iy on i , — PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, FISCAL YEAR 1927 ' By GLEN C, Leacn, Assistant in Charge, Division of Fish Culture CONTENTS Page SER EG0) sR es ae a 685 Part 1.—Fish Production: Propagation and Rescue Work Beacon Gr fishies Handled. semen ee eee a Ne 686 Cooperation with States, other Federal agencies, and foreign governments 687 CEE 2 RESTS St TS 4 ae AE eS 1s SA a a 687 Es PY ee SE a ee 689 Assignments of fish eggs to State and Territorial fish commissions__-_-_-__- 691 Shipments of fish and fish eggs to foreign countries____-______________- 691 Pee COTS = 02 one eee ie eo I en ene 691 Bee eOvec ling StnbiONS» 22a aan se fe a oe ame 692 PASTELS GUC IW OT Kata ee rete ee em ees SE eM ee 693 Production of stationsrand substationss, - 9252225. 252 022.25 2502 kk 695 eainicr Oem DebWeEN SunulOns 2.2 222 asec eee ee ke 701 Pee ner yen -Culiiral NOES =n ae eee eT 702 rsh BOT) isPs fe BAe a (EIS phen Ba rs SR ah ne, ee Oe 702 iB MaNene tfoOrpOndiisie ss ee ek 702 iNew: dieb for pondfish2 28 2 223 eee Pee yer AE ee Se 702 Pee ICT USAR IICR 5 a ese eS re ee i a ee ee 702 =P TVPTECE SIS SEO ent erence prec ee, AE ST yal re 702 Beh DIG PALO Se on Fee ee oe ee ee ie 703 es iy ete ee ee re Se ee 703 fEyraioe reetistice eV ances eo) he Pe ee 703 BSUS ISS 8 O02 SSUES eM ul ge ea 704 1 SDC 4 SOUSA Te VES oe a es od ia le Eke 704 ne HECK SIN eS eee es ee ee ee 704 PakerCrescencsWasiir ue = cue cee) 2 ee 704. Ozetior nyse a. 222s eee ge SI ee eek 704 @itlgenie’. Wass a San ee ee 705 tbat, Wiel pee as ee ny ee ee 705 2 ETS Pe i eee pee ese Lb 705 Rigckamins: Oreps os sre ets oy See eee 705 Woper:Clackammas (Oreg= <5 5S ee ee 706 Init tleaw hite Salmons Washi... 4 semmmmepere eh ee 706 DieeNniLe Salmon: Washe 2) J eo eee eee 2 706 Pe mIREVCT, (NCR oe oS ee eee eS SS 706 Appiceaue: Creek: repo 2a > ie ees Bee ee 706 Sleiena a G2. are ee 706 vine ntver, Wass ono = st Cee ee 706 VLE nee ite eee 3 Se he fe Se A 706 Battles Creek. \Calitq=. 0 2 S22 os eee a ie se 707 Mal @resk wali i ke 2 707 Minuesienphe Greatvbakess 200)". 20 i) ee ot 707 rise iri 32 oo le er 2 707 Wiernbiya le Ne to pe tee ee ae 708 CApCeVINGEnG ONG) Yo eee CE 708 MALICE Vibes 2 4p ae em Le 709 Paasenee Eoiihe Mid sear eee 710 1 Appendix VIII to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1927. B. F. Doc. No. 1033, 683 684 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Continued. Commercial fishes Rescue. operations! So) 222 Se ee ee eee La. Crosse;; Wis2U02 202 Wb 28 2a sah eee Riis Bae ee Homer): Minny = =u tees Bo ek Pee ee ee ee Lynxville Wis! 2227 eee eee ee Marqnettes Towarsss 22m Sire 2 eae 2 alae Bellevue lowals 2 22st St oat ee ee eee Plaquemine glia ort ee tea a Bs 2 ee Musselanfection:-=22 22625 Se See oe ee ok Rae Marine iiphese 523220 2 coe Seemann retest th) eee _ Boothbays Harbors Mes. 222.0 Sg Ne ee ee Gloucester, "Masse 2 3-5 Mies ARE) oe ee Woods JHOleSMiass S22 © te: ale ee 5 ee ee sry See Anadromous fishes of the Atlantic coast____________._-_+_____= pind.) Isryans Pomt, Mase = ek ese re Shad and river herring. Edenton, N. C_____-=___-___2 12 Atlantie-salmon.. ‘Craig Brook; Me. 22/2. 0 5). 5e es ae Pushes of minor mterior waters. — ye ee Rocky lountain-troutstabions 22> i ne ee BS OMe ATR UOT hee es ee ee ee Meadow; Creek,-Mont: 203 eee Glacier Park, Mont2 = 22 3s 2 2 ee ee ee MysticrLakes Mont=2~ 2258) 2220 eae See ImeadvillenColo teen yes ro ee Pe ae Yellowstone: Nationalibark=) Wiy Ol. 2-9 = eee Saratoga WiyOsoe oe see Sere a ee Speariishe S) Dake oe Sel ers e eas Harts valle Nias et So se eee CraievBrookys Mica ee ee ee 2 Grandtake* Stream) "Mel =e See Se eee Gréenvbake pMece 2a fe ee ee eee Stivohnsbury. Vite. tS ee Se oe ee ee PY ork wPonge Nyse 2 eee ON eee ee Nashua GN ete see eee 2 ee ee Combination trout,and- pond stations=s2 = eee inwansy en mse ee ee ee ee ee Neosho; MOvee aa ee a oe ee eae Bourbon, SMole we ee eee Dangdon, Kansi 2.2 228 a ee eee ee White Stlplur Springs, Wi. Valo22 2 ek a eee Wivithe ville: Via ee ee ee Pondfishistations = =). 2 ssa er ee Cold Spring, "Gav en ee Se Bdenton Ni Clot ee ee Loutsville. Ky ae2 2 ae eee De ee Mammioth'Spring, Ark? 2) oe ee ee eee Orangeburg, SoCo ee a ea ee ee San WMareos; Tex. Ur San ee Ne ee ePupelo;) Miss ©. ( oes os we a ieee ee ee akeland (MdS)iponds- 22 2-=-- se ee ee Central station and aquarium, Washington, D. C___________------ Part 2.—Distribution of Fish and Fish Eggs Summaniesion distribution: - 2-25.65 3— 2s ee ee ne Methodvotidistribution. 22 22.02 2 oe 2 a ee ek a Receiving and! planting fish] 2s ele Se ee eee DistributionyG arse soe aes La 2 eRe el Se Hiltros plugs] 2 eee 8 os oe Se ee a PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927, 685 INTRODUCTION With changing conditions in many streams throughout the United States it has become increasingly difficult to maintain the supply of fish by natural reproduction, and artificial propagation and stocking of waters are being depended upon more and more, with the result that the demand for fish for this purpose is considerably greater than existing facilities of the bureau can satisfy. The bureau has striven to meet this increased demand by enlisting the aid of other agencies. Its cooperative efforts have included the development of the plan suggested by Secretary Hoover of inducing sportsmen’s clubs and individuals to operate fish nurseries or rearing ponds; the greater interchange of facilities and aid between Federal and State fisheries authorities; and the advising of individuals and organizations as to the best means for developing their water resources. During the past year more than 50 cooperative fish nurseries were established and many requests were received to inspect sites to determine their suitability for such purpose. The bureau has cooperated with virtually every State in which the fisheries authorities are interested in a comprehensive plan of fish stocking. Finally, by correspondence, the distribution of publications, and by actual inspection of many areas proposed for fish-cultural use the bureau has rendered aid to individuals and organizations interested in conserving and increasing the fish supply. The earlier conception of the functions of the fish-cultural division of the bureau was that of an agency for introducing a brood stock of fish in barren waters and for substituting new and more desirable species in waters that already supported fish life. The planting of a brood stock that, when protected, would replenish the waters by its natural increase was considered adequate. "Nowadays it is not expected that natural reproduction will offset the drain in the more thickly populated and heavily fished regions, and it is understood that if fish are to be taken from the waters they must first be placed there. This refers especially to the game species, whose production and distribution are the most difficult and expensive part of the bureau’s fish-cultural work. During 1927 more than 6,000,000,000 eggs of the cod, haddock, pollock, and winter flounder were collected; over 500,000,000 eggs of the whitefish and cisco were handled; a similar number of pike- perch eggs was taken; and the number of eggs collected from the various species of Pacific salmons amounted to over 100,000,000. Such operations represent a waste or by-product recovery in the truest sense of the word, as, particularly in the case of the marine species, the fishes of the Great Lakes, and the shad, the eggs would be lost otherwise in marketing the parent fish. Inasmuch as the commercial species listed above are released largely in the egg or fry stage, the unit cost of producing them is low. Certain species, such as the shad and salmon, can be reared to the fingerling size successfully, and the question arises as to whether the greater expenditure required for such a plan would not be justified by the greater benefits derived. Wherever possible without occasioning too great a demand upon its funds, the bureau is endeavoring to make this its policy. When the public comes to realize that there is a unit cost in the hatchery production of fish, just as there is in the 686 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES “ production of agricultural or manufactured goods, the prospects of producing enough fish to meet the needs of the Nation will be bet- ter. It costs more to rear fingerlings than fry, and the States and the Federal Government can not keep pace with the Nation’s requirements. Part 1—FISH PRODUCTION: PROPAGATION AND RESCUE WORK SPECIES OF FISHES HANDLED During the fiscal year 1927 the fish-cultural work of the bureau involved the handling of 43 species of fish, as follows: CaATFISHES (SILURID#): Catfishes (Ictalurus sp. and Leptops sp.). Horned pout (Ameiurus nebulosus). Suckers (Catostomip#): Buffalo fish (Ictiobus sp.). Carp (CYPRINID#): Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Goldfish (Carassius auratus). SHAD AND HERRING (CLUPEID#): Shad (Alosa sapidissima). Glut herring (Pomolobus exstivalis). SALMONS, TROUTS, AND WHITEFISHES (SALMONID#): Common whitefishes (Coregonus sp.) Cisco (Argyrosomus artedi). Chub (Leucicthys sp.). Chinook, king, or quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha). Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Humpback salmon, pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Silver salmon, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Sockeye, blueback, or red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Steelhead salmon (Salmo gairdner?). Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). . Landlocked salmon (Salmo sebago). Rainbow trout (Salmo shasta). Black-spotted trout, redthroat trout (Salmo lewis7). Loch Leven trout (Salmo levenensis). Lake trout, Mackinaw trout (Cristivomer namaycush). Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Smeuts (ARGENTINIDA): American smelt (Osmerus mordazx). GRAYLINGS (THYMALLID#): Montana grayling (Thymallus montanus). Pixes (Esocip#): Common pickerel (Hsox lucius). SUNFISHES, BLACK BASSES, AND CRAPPIES (CENTRARCHID#): Crappies (Pomozis annularis and P. sparoides). Largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides). Smallmouth black bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris). Warmouth bass, goggle-eye (Chxenobryttus gulosus). Green sunfish (A pomotis cyanellus). Red-breasted bream (Lepomis auritus). Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis pallidus). Common sunfish (Hupomotis gibbosus). PERCHES (PERCID#): Pike perch (Stizostedion vitreum). Yellow perch, ringed perch (Perca flavescens). Drums (ScimNn1pm): Fresh-water drum, lake sheepshead (A plodinotus grunniens). Cops (GapDID#&): Cod (Gadus callarias) . Haddock (Melanogrammus eglifinus). Pollock (Pollachius virens). FLouNpDERS (PLEURONECTID#): Winter flounder, American flatfish (Pseudo- pleuronectes americanus). PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 687 COOPERATION WITH STATES, OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES, AND FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS Much duplication of effort was avoided during 1927, and great benefit resulted from a thorough cooperation with every State that interested itself in the conservation of its fisheries. Hatcheries were conducted jointly with Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and Florida, and eggs were incubated for the States of West Virginia, Missouri, North Carolina, South Dakota, and Washington. A list of the eggs assigned to the various States is given later in thisreport. The incubation and distribution of these eggs resulted in a marked saving to the bureau. In addition to such interchanges, the bureau gave advice and in some cases furnished the services of its experienced employees to solve fisheries problems affecting the States. The bureau’s program was aided materially by the permission granted by some of the States to collect brood fish in their waters. Ohio, New York, and Maine were particularly accommodating in this respect. Connections with the Forest Service of the Department of Agricul- ture have been mutually beneficial. This agency is interested in keeping the streams of the forest reserves well stocked and has distributed all fish that could be supplied for such waters. Many barren lakes in the West have been placed on a productive basis in this way. The Forest Service is now taking steps to rear fish and is providing sites for bass and trout hatcheries. Such sites have been inspected in the Unaka and Ouachita National Forests in Arkansas. The continued operation of the Yellowstone and Glacier Park hatcheries is evidence of the maintenance of former cooperative rela- tions with the park service. Wherever possible, the bureau has acceded to the requests of foreign governments for American species of fish. A list of such shipments made during the past fiscal year appears later in this report. FISH NURSERIES During the fiscal year 55 cooperative nurseries in 12 States were operated for the production of fingerling fish. Pennsylvania leads in such work with 15 establishments. The nurseries range in size from single units having a capacity of several hundred thousand (such as the one at Barneveld, N. Y., which really constitutes a sub- station of the Cape Vincent (N. Y.) station) to small plants capable of holding only 10,000 or 15,000 fish. The bureau furnished approx- imately 2,500,000 fish to these nurseries during the year. The fish are to be fed and cared for by the nursery owners and will be released when from 6 to 18 months of age. The bureau reserves the right to claim half of the output for filling applications for fish received from persons living in the vicinity of the nurseries, and the rest belong to the nurserymen for disposal in waters in which they may be interested. At present seven projects are being actively developed to receive fish at a later date; a number sufficient to bring the total to about 75 are under consideration; and from the requests for future inspec- tions that are being received there is every indication that next year will see 100 or more of these private cooperative fish nurseries in operation. Basing estimates on the rearing capacity of the average 688 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES hatchery, it is safe to say that the adoption of the Hoover plan for cooperation in rearing fish already has provided rearing facilities equivalent to three new hatcheries. The cost to private organizations Fic. 1.—Applicants receiving fish at Meyersdale (Pa.) cooperative fish nursery of developing and maintaining cooperative nurseries varies greatly, but in general the expenditures for units of average size have not exceeded $1,000. PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 689 The advantages that lie in having the sportsman himself raise the fish so that he may catch them later ave (1) that he will receive a larger assignment than ordinarily would be made on a regular application; (2) fish frequently larger than the legal size limit are planted; (3) the fish are immediately at hand, so that distribution can be made without the confusion and hurry incident to receiving fish from a messenger; and (4) it is possible to exercise greater care in planting the stock. The chief advantage is that under the nursery plan an organization will have a carload of fish in October, whereas otherwise it would receive only a few cans of small fish in the spring from one of the bureau’s hatcheries. The bureau gains (1) by having its distribution costs cut through handling a large proportion of its fish in the spring as advanced fry or small fingerlings; (2) by being able to utilize all its rearing facilities for the pr roduction of fingerlings to meet demands from sections where no nurseries have been. established ; and (3) by arousing the interest of the public and awakening it to a realization of the necessity for further stocking of waters and of the difficulties that limit the production of fish. Commercial fishermen are becoming convinced of the value of rear- ing pools and of the necessity for their adopting this means of increas- ing their business. The Alpena (Mich.) station has undertaken the rearing of lake trout in cooperation with an organization of fishermen in a near-by town. Several of the States also have made private fish nurseries an important part of their programs. The plan has become well established, the initial difficulties have been overcome, and the advantages have been made evident. There remains the task of standardizing the practices and procedure and expanding the plan to cover territory not yet included. OUTPUT There were distributed to applicants during the past fiscal year or returned to original waters 6,481,073,000 eggs, fry, fingerling, and larger fish, in spite of the fact that a larger percentage than usual of the 1927 hatch is being held over for distribution as fingerlings in 1928. Of the above number, 190,502,000 were distributed as finger- lings, a decrease of 108,792,7 00 as compared with last year’s figures, and of which 1.9 per cent were purely game species, particularly trouts and pondfishes. The remainder were species that are the basis of the commercial fishery, although they may also be considered game fishes in certain respects. 83420—28—2 690 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Summary, by species, of the output of fish and fish eggs during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1927 Species Eggs Fry Fingerlings | Total @atfish: - 26 22 ack e SaeE ee EET eee e Sd S55 eee ae eet 27, 101, 000 27, 101, 000 iBiflalo fish: . = 2 c= Se Re a ee ee 2, 850, 000 6, 120, 000 8, 970, 000 Garp ee se on ee 2 ae ea see ete Serene 18, 500, 000 17, 264, 700 35, 764, 700 @hub ks oc ie ee en | Ce oe 240; 000); | 522 eee 240, Shad®. -----222 2 22 Se en wa |S eee eee saeese 21; '579, 000) 2-2 o- eeee 21, 579, 000 Glut herring oSc2* 32a ee eee ee , 000/000) 22S eo eee 2, 000, 000 Whitefish 222-225 2s eee a ee seen eens 7, 087, 000 1465060000) (5222s eee 153, 147, 000 CiscoZa223 i 22 2 ee a 5, 200, 000 1085040000) |2 3-22) ee 113, 240, 000 @hinook salmon ess a os eee ae 9, 112, 000 266,000 | 31, 084, 800 , 462, 800 Chum salmon eso2 2 2 ee oe ore saws pos ee eee eae 17,964, 000 2-23-22 -e ee 17, 964, 000 Silver salmon: 224-- 3-22 22 2222 eee 148, 000 5, 154, 000 1, 645, 000 , 947, 000 Sockeye. salmons22. 290. 224 eae 125, 000 12, 030, 000 36, 919, 000 49, 074, 000 Humpback salmon eee ea ee eae eee 044, 30, 000 3, 574, 000 Steelhead’ salmon=o222-- == >= 5-2 15240, 000 one 23. st eons 951, 000 2, 191, 000 Atlanticisalmonses- soso) nese eee 200; '000))| 22 sos enca=-- 1, 229, 000 1, 429, 000 Gandlockedisalmone2 222-2222 see 194, 000 55, 000 641, 000 890, 000 Rainbow. troutsa 22252 sss es 4, 473, 000 539, 000 5, 018, 200 10, 030, 200 Black-spotted trout 6; 968; 000"|S2 2-25 2a. 7, 751, 700 14, 719, 700 Loch Leven trout---_- 5, 958, 000 158, 000 3, 409, 300 9, 525, 300 Take trouussss = 1, 564, 000 24, 976, 000 922, 500 27, 462, 500 Brookitroutesoes sss ee 1, 305, 000 2, 609, 000 10, 644, 200 14, 558, 200 Grayling eee aaa ae a ae ee 1,.800;000) |) 2 2. =e22 228 = , 800, Sinelt = ee ee et ee ee 11, 125, 000 4,175; 000" |. Se tates 15, 300, 000 Pike~and ipickereles. 2 ess os ease eee as eeeod io oe 361, 500 361, Crappie: 6 aoon te ceca a ete ee oe ces |e ee oo een | Se one eee | 17,516, 000 17, 516, 000 Tuarvemouth black bass=c0 =) 222 ao Se a eee ee ee Eee 904, 000 1, 260, 200 2, 164, 200 Smiallmouthublack: passes sere e see oe ees |e eae ee 688, 000 239, 200 927, 200 IRGC DAS sh Ba eres 22 2 ae ne ea et eee eae eee 54, 600 54, 600 WWatmouth ibass2-2. 22 <= so sss esse ess se Ee Se ee 7,4 7, 400 ESA OREN GE.) UR Pe = a papa OA pees eB ee > eae a (ee a eS aie ET bg ee ee BA 15, 144, 900 15, 144, 900 IBIKe perches en ee ee eS 48, 100, 000 134,;:5102000)|2222 See ae 182, 610, 000 SWellow,perchtsss sa 2 ene re ee VIG Tee 12, 000, 000 193, 753, 000 1, 251, 800 207, 004, 800 AWinice perchieees® peas sie SF ooo ee ees Pe os Eee eens 900 900 NWiNitey ASS! 2 se eee sea he ee ie Oe ee TA ee eee 17, 200 17, 200 Fresh-water drum_-____----_---- AE oso es| Soe rom, ob oe oe 27, 700 27, 700 (fo ees eres | eae ee oe ee eee he oe 1, 049, 668, 000 265;;314,'000}|- 2-2 eee 1, 314, 982, 000 1S Ga Qo level ces Se ke ee ee ee 315, 387, 000 63;'894;000)|5 2225-5 5 ee 379, 281, 000 deta) here ees CS SR a ee eee ee Bee 638, 749,000 |--= 2-2 222558 638, 749, 000 Wanter founders 2". 002s aos ae Sn See © 43, 604,000 | 3,096, 762, 000 |__-.---------- 3, 140, 366, 000 Miscellaneous fishes =~ =. 22262 222-0222 -—|2- occas nasa eae | See oe ease wee 3, 889, 200 3, 889, 200 AMG) RHE aes eee ee ee ae eee 1, 523, 458,000 | 4, 767,113,000 | 190,502,000 | 6,481,073, 000 800 & 600 6 400 = 200 2 BILLION COST PER TOTAL OUTPUT MILLION DOLLARS 20 200 MILLION 1900 1927 Fic. 2.—Total output for years 1900 to 1927, inclusive, and cost per million for same period based upon appropriations for propagation of food fishes and total salaries for fish-cultural employees PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 691 Assignments of fish eggs to State and Territorial fish commissions, fiscal year 1927 State and species Number State and species Number = ae Colorado: Rainbow trout............. 100, 000 || North Carolina: Connecticut: Lake trout_.......-.--.- 50, 000 Igake| trout 288 i802 sheen -- 5-2 20, 000 Hawaii: och Levenitrout. 2422. .2_-22.5-. 100, 000 Ghinhokssamonss. 2684 oe 26, 000 | Rainbow. troutaws2-22-.-- oS 186, 000 Rainbow trout____._____- 25,000 || Oregon: Idaho: Landlocked salmon 25, 000 Black-spotted trout-__------------ 500, 000 inois: @hinookisalmon#2-2.-2 22222. 2-2-4 | 8, 986, 000 Loch Leven trout_-..............- 50,000 | Pennsylvania: Rape nengh sae se. 2 ee ok 40, 600, 000 @Gisco: c.-. See ee Ste 5, 000, 000 aN pow Wout s 2s Tse es. | 42, 000 Hake trontsist Bee oe) 2 eee 50, 000 Bilvor.calmony see oy 100, 000 WWinicehshe 22e8 ke Se eee 3, 000, 000 Iowa: Rainbow trout--..-......._..__- 68,000 | South Dakota: Wane: ake trontsec- 5. 2... ese 300, 000 Brook troute 2-2 es 2 eee 500, 000 Maryland: Rainbow trout__..__...__- 61, 000 Loch Leven\troute..-. 22222222344 500, 000 Massachusetts: || Utah: EVE AG yest g el he, Se Se 500, 000 | IBTOOK thOUb=s2 - as seae eee ease 804, 000 RAmMHOW Ones - ee 25, 000 | ASAK OPO be ee ee eee 50, 000 Minnesota: VAIN DOW CLOUD neo eee 229, 000 Wake troutes-< eer Ea fe! GOL EFS 28 SEES? Do. WHAUMONEBAVA UN. eee ae Non) 4 Dee: dion. Te | Whitefish and cisco. COHDOUTEMONUATION 22222) Sete eRe | Oct. 28-Nov. 9__.---_- | Whitefish. @Consecons Ontarios 8. be te Nows 10-Decs ie Seeks Cisco. alr Haven Baye Nc Yost 22 coh oon S Nov. 12-Dee. 1__..___- Do. Indian Point,.Ontario---. 212 7-2 ee | Oct. 18-Nov. 9_-...--- Lake trout and -whitefish. Pigeon Island wOntario- = 2 2b ns Octsi13-Nove et 2 Lake trout. ROFG HON ONLBLIO se ns eee. Lene | Oct. 28-Nov. 9_.___.-- Whitefish. Simcoe Island, Ontario-_---------------- | Oct. 13-Nov. 15-_--.-- Lake trout and whitefish. BOGUS Bayan teseeete eee se we ee Nov. 12-Nov. 29_._-_-__| Cisco. Wellers' Bay, (Ontarios-te ss. 22 fore: | Nov. 10-Nov. 20... -.-- Do. Clackamas, Oreg.: bemhi River, Vdanose ssn eee ee | Aug. 16-Sept. 4.._.__- Chinook salmon. Upper Clackamas, Oreg._.___-__._-__-_- | Aug. 29-Oct. 15_._.-22 Do. Whaind sRiverw ashore eee Aug. 23-Oct. 20...___- Do. Craig Brook, Me.: Craig Pond Mees ose eee Oct. 20-Nov. 18..-..-- Brook trout. ToddyvPonds rales ea a ae Oct. 20-Nov. 20_______ Landlocked salmon. PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 693 Egg-collecting stations—Continued Station Period of operation Species handled Duluth, Minn.: AGate ET arnor, IWICh Sos a= . Do. 1 Dh er ee ee eh A ee May 5-May 381.-_----.-- Rainbow and blackspotted trout. Red Feather Lakes, Colo_..-..-..------ Apr. 1—May 1222-25222 Rainbow trout. ‘Turquoise. bake; Coley 25220 See Oct. 20-Dec. 10____-_-- Brook and Loch Leven trout. Warts ake Colo: sass eee ceo. a ae Sept. 24-Nov. 18_.._-- Brook trout. Nashua, N. H.: Lebanon, N. H__----------- Apr. 5-May 20_----_-. Rainbow trout. Northville, Mich.: Reaverisiand. Mich 222220 222 2.22! Oct. 25-Nov. 25. -.---- Lake trout and whitefish. OVER Ver Niches eee ee et! ‘Apr: ti—Apr. 302 =-<-2-| Rainbow trout. hapoyrantpVviveh 2 2 es Oct: 19-Oct. 30__-.-__- Lake trout. iCrosseyillseen Miche-ses- 5-8 sooo 2 Nov. 1-Nov. 20------- Whitefish. MASEL UAW AS WEICHSes a antes er ie ye ae INOW LOS eseeeeee toe se Lake trout. HMOnOlLe tl Chae seen ee ee Nov. 3-Nov. 25_------ | Whitefish. iron Beachy Vic ae = ee ee Oct 2/—Dechii === — | Do. lang pi Che ste mee ye eee Ut 8 Nov. 5-Nov. 22__...-.| Lake trout. MranIStiGUbeWliChe nes se seo eee ote Oct. 25—-Nov. 212222222 Do. Nanbinwayeavilene a2 200 eter fee Nov. 1-Nov. 28_------ Whitefish. IGEGHPORE NICH esses at See Co Ne Nov. 5-Nov. 22_-.-..- | Lake trout. RISCOC BeeWVE Glass eee Nov. 3-Nov. 7-------- Do. Presaues isles Witch ee. ee WN oe 8 Octr24-Nov.2-2------ | Do. LEYa ig 6 tye BCC a oe a Se le Oct. 26-Nov. 6_------- | Do. Rovers Cityawichs ss) =. 22 St ee MINOV2:0—NOWnG=o2=-2 == Do. Sielenace, Mich]. =. .22222225_222.....2 | Oct. 22-Nov. 4-.------ Do. Put in Bay, Ohio: ae ees Catawba Island, Ohio_-_--..-.---.------ | Nov. 7-Nov. 30-_------ Whitefish. Windle; Bass: Onto --=- 22. -eas~ 08 eee | Nov. 6-Nov. 29------- __ Do. 1D Yetta at ee eh ees Apr. 28-May 6-.------ Yellow perch. ORbHE Asse Ohi teen nee ee) 2 Nov. 6B—-Novi d02=-=--= Whitefish. 1D eae A ss i et a ee Aprel0=Aprs262-2---- Pike perch. Ia Oberon Oe Nov. 7-Dec. 2_-.------ Whitefish. LOE eee ben Se 8 Be en | Apr. 6-May 8--------- | Pike perch and yellow perch. SUDO Sap cia ck oy are eee | May 31-June 27_____-- Carp. OISA OO MO se te tee ak | Nov. 9-Nov. 27------- Whitefish. TD (rj ee ih Sc sey Pele Tos er (eArp rainy See==saeee | Pike perch. St. Johnsbury, Vt.: Lake Dunmore, Vt-_---- | Oct. 27-Nov. 5_------- Lake trout. Saratoga, Wyo.: | Big) Creek uakes, Wi y0--.--225222---2.-- | Sept. 8-Nov. 8.------- Brook trout. g pesca Sage, and Canon Creeks, Wyo----) Mar. 22-June 22.___.... Rainbow trout. ringville, Utah: y Fish Lake, LB] sea Eee terion | 3 | Oct. 20-Nov. 24-...--- Brook trout. DitLo 2 ~ See eee | Mar. 29-May 28-_-.----- Rainbow trout. Salembbake puitale ne sees s__ 5 S- Mar. 7-Mar. 26------- __ Do. Woods Hole, Mass.: Waquoit, Mass-------- | Jan. 6—Mar. 14___..--.| Winter flounder. FISH-RESCUE WORE The aggregate number of fish handled in the rescue work in all fields failed by a wide margin to meet the figures of the previous year, when over 149,000,000 were salvaged. However, the bureau’s crews can not take care of all the fish that may be stranded in a normal year, and when water conditions are such that rescue work is limited it really signifies that the fish are being preserved without 694 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES the intervention of outside agencies. When such a situation pre- vails, as was the case during the fiscal year 1927, the funds of the division of fish culture may be applied to actual propagation work without detriment to the actual conservation of fish life in the Mississippi. The State of Wisconsin has continued to operate in some of the most prolific breeding areas, and to avoid duplication of effort the bureau has withdrawn from such territory. The diversion of fish away from the parental waters was negligible. Less than 1 per cent of the fish rescued were shipped to fill applica- tions, although the demand for fish in carload lots is insistent. It is the intention to make the work on the Mississippi River rescue work in the truest sense of the word, admitting no possibility of depletion by excessive withdrawal of fish from their sources of origin. Appended are tables showing the disposition of fish according to species and a summary by stations. More detailed tabulation ap- pears in the statistics of output of the individual stations. Number and disposition of fish rescued, fiscal year 1927 . Restored to |Total number Locality and species Delivered £0 original of fish PP waters rescued Homer, Minn.: iBuflaloifishy.23 s¢ ots anon sts See ck eee ie a 5, 935 5, 935 Carp eer e seen Seen ee ee ee ra one neat en ns sob ee 2, 918, 650 2, 918, 650 CO TTS) ea RT ec ean eg a a oes Pt aro Re obs MeL 2, 192, 585 , 185 Crappie =~ aes = one See 8 er een eee 3, 910, 000 3, 933, 100 inTesh-Water Grit == 22 So eee ee ete ee eee eee 10, 830 10, 830 Largemouth black bass 95, 740 120, 970 Pike and pickerel________- 88, 390 88, 390 Sunfish 332 2, 079, 020 2, 080, 530 iWihite basse 22. 22222 = 1, 630 1, 630 Yellow perch S222 255 see Se 892, 005 932, 705 Miscellaneous S20 Slee ee Le Tet eh ee 546, 795 | 546, 795 Ota Gees Sete Ae care We epe Rcrd ee le ee 2 hs 98, 140 12, 741, 580 12, 839, 720 La Crosse, Wis.: Dutra OPES HE SR Sa ee a ea eet ee ee 130, 200 | 130, 200 OF oy Oe a ap ON teal ny AIRE ree, eee Bes: Bn hoy beeen naridhgn ee 1, 766, 000 1, 766, 000 Caisse see eee rere Sak cies eck see eae oe me eels Se ey peed , 884, 000 , 884, GTAP DIO Se ss oe a eee ee ee nereeegE et aed |e erect orem 992, 000 992, 000 argemouth black Passe scree eee ne ey eee ee 11,975 5, 250 17, 225 Pikerand*pickarel- ee ee mnes a ae ee eee ee aL cee Se em 64, 650 64, 650 SEE 0 615) «VO aie Sy greene OP Sain pai ppt aba ahd |e ah uli ae 795, 200 795, 200 AVL GSS oes a ee te nes eee ee RE |S ee ee 900 wWellowaperch 220 =i Ses et ee are Peet ete 1, 660 153, 610 155, 270 IVEISCOLLANIGOUS 20.25 = certo eed ee eae tee ee ee MR | nn ee ie Seed 764, 260 764, 260 YOY HE 5 Sa a ae wane pend Ben pha A eeepc 13, 635 6, 556, 070 6, 569, 705 Lynxville, Wis.: BU slOMmistee seats eS 21, 200 21, 200 Op eg SAR Pn Sik pe Realy 1, 039, 100 1, 039, 100 np ushits ecsee Ss 4, 341, 580 4, 349, 400 Grappiehere n= eee eee aos cee 1, 260, 000 1, 260, 000 Fresh-water drum 500 Largemouth black bass 8,975 14, 400 miko andipickerglesss lool 2 Se eee) 8, 100 8, 100 DUNS ete see ek TN? Pte oe ee ee eee 1, 105, 000 1, 105, 000 iWihiite basi amie t ed So ee on se moar orn Me 3, 900 3, 900 Mello ws perches cent ae aoa LSet ar ia 30, 850 30, 850 Miscellaneous yoko soo oo tee bly fe hs a oe ee awe 336, 150 336, 150 otal s+ ae soe ene ee NT ee oe res 13, 245 8, 155, 355 8, 168, 600 Marquette, Iowa Buittalo fish <2. 5. 32s. CREP Cee 9 Fo ees 1, 908, 700 ro OE = ae a ee Ss Ee 5 ke Aes Sine LNT SER Capris. ie 2 Oe OE Re ees I 13 Wi 000 CYrappie-6s-—ae5. 5s. es 7, 400, 300 Largemouth black bass 40, 945 Pike and/pickorel! 22.0. ous) Oe Pees iy) eee rea e 127, 350 PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 695 Number and disposition of fish rescued, fiscal year 192?—-Continued Locality and species Marquette, lowa—Continued. Sunfish Yaa TS Te So eee ee eee Yellow perch Bellevue, Iowa: Buffalo fish Marvamonthiplackspass. = 5s °~ss.soasesaceuecarenasaacss PIERO WICKOIEl sso —. 0. so = eco c asc cd nee cee eee Yellow perch Miscellaneous Rock Island, I1.: Buffalo fish Delivered to applicants 25, 495 SITAR OSHS eo ee a nese coos oe cen en owe sees eee @atfish== Sea GCrappiess ose ee resh-water drm ss =. 22-5. .526- Rea cee eae aes Are OniGhuben lack DASE ose os ne SLs (Den Teoh wae Se ete os 2, 350 Nrnrifin ieee ene eek. 2 Sa Pe ee oe eee caeea se 13, 675 POL le eee RO at SL bee cucecewaccewoncceacs= 17, 865 All stations: IBtiiinlottistrems-weree en tn on oda e occ scnsenclaseseet oe. CATS eke Le ee ee eee ey eee eee ICAaGHShi~ os eee eee 2a ee fon ok coe cschaccocsccssses 16, 420 CVAD De we eee eee en S25 5s Ls aks bon sees 24, 940 ePESHoWaALoIsdhilineme se eo ek a Dak akon are one onee Near PeMOibieblackapasse tse oe laa ss oes tee eee 300 300 nao) oan oo Ue i eee 19, 851, 090 19, 851, 090 2 In addition to 234,000 fingerling brook trout turned over to the State of South Dakota in cooperative work. 3 In addition to 715,000 fingerling brook trout turned over to the State of West Virginia in cooperative work. PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 701 TRANSFER OF EGGS BETWEEN STATIONS To illustrate that the various stations operated by the bureau are not independent units but are interlocking, there is given a list of the numbers and species of eggs transferred between stations. The object of such transfers is to maintain the widest possible distribution of the various species at a minimum cost and to relieve the pressure on those stations that take eggs in excess of their capacity to incubate them. Transfer of eggs between stations, fiscal year 1927 . Number Species of eggs From To— Black-spotted trout_._ 450,000 | Yellowstone Park, Wyo-----.- Leadville, Colo. Brook trout. = 2.05. 115,000 | Clackamas, Oreg-_.....--...-.. Little White Salmon, Wash. TSS OO0 Reece - (Ol). Rad See Se Senos Big White Salmon, Wash. 100, 000 | Craig Brook, Me___...-....-.- Grand Lake Stream, Me. 250;000""| eadville, Colo....-2..--=22--2 Nashua, N. H. 250, 000 |----- dO ss2 8 -ssckvasunceceecaces White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. 500, 000 |__--- G0s225. 5. oe eS | Bozeman, Mont. | LOO} GOOR York Pond, N. Hie 2222 22s l= | Holden, Vt. 125: 000g =2 3 do St. Johnsbury, Vt. 259,000 | Springville, Utah Spearfish, S. Dak. 506, 000 |----- do Clackamas, Oreg. Chinook salmon_-_-..-_. 882,000 | Mill Creek, Calif Baird, Calif. 963, 000 |._--- do Battle Creek, Calif. 988,000 | Big White Salmon, Wash---_-- | Clackamas, Oreg, 3, 000, 000 | Little White Salmon, Wash--_-| Salmon, Idaho. 90, Clackamas, Oreg. | Puget Sound Stations, Wash. 230,000 | Upper Clackamas, Ore: | Clackamas, Oreg. 750,000 | Wind River, Wash_-- | Little White Salmon, Wash. Cishos te se a ee 2, 000, 000 | Cape Vincent, N. Y | Central Station, Washington, D. C. Humpback salmon_-_.| 3,617,900 | Afognak, Alaska_-_-- Puget Sound Stations, Wash. uake trout... 22222222 15, 000 | Cape Vincent, N. Y---- | Berkshire trout hatchery, Mass. 15,000 | Duluth, Minn-_--.-.....-_-.-.| Louisville, Ky. 60, 000 |_.__. Cee poe SS ee Leadville, Colo. Landlocked salmon-_-_. 162,400 | Green Lake, Me_--.----------| Craig Brook, Me. 25,000 | Craig Brook, Me--_..---------- | St. Johnsbury, Vt. 25000) joo 5 (olo)2 ee eee a eee Nashua, N. H. 200,000 | Grand Lake Stream, Me-_-_---- Craig Brook, Me. Loch Leven trout____- 75, 000 | Bozeman, Mont-_---.---.-.---- | St. Johnsbury, Vt. 250, 000 | Meadow Creek, Mont-------- | La Crosse, Wis. 25, 200 |_.--- Cl) o- Saceeeasoce eos Neosho, Mo. 258200) |Z 222 LO i as ee Cape Vincent, N. Y. 20. 200) |= ss Goszs = eee 8 os Sees ssa 2-= Erwin, Tenn. 20;000))|-= 255 COE sac atenesesceasesees-== | Alpena, Mich. Pike perche=so---ss2- 1000! 000) |} Swanton; Vite-22-22.2--2 2-22 | Central Station, Washington, D. C. 1,000,000 | Alpena, Mich_-.._..------.--- Do. Rainbow trout.---.-- 25,100 | Meadow Creek, Mont-------- Manchester, Iowa. 20, 000 |____. (tot) 42 See ey eee ee Neosho, Mo. TASO1S 0000/22 = [ALC ee a oe Bozeman, Mont. 42050007 |22— = (Cos ae ee eee | Wytheville, Va. 33,000 | Manchester, Iowa._-_--..----- La Crosse, Wis. 200; 000s) BOuUrDOD, JMO}. <= -<--==------ Do. 50, 000 |____. (6 (lee pe Ef fe oe AN RE | Mammoth Spring, Ark. 397,000 | Springville, Utah_.__.--------- | Leadville, Colo. 50,000 | White Sulphur Springs, W. Va-| Central Station, Washington, D. C. 133, 000 |_-.-- oes as, a a Nashua, N. H. 50, 000: |___.. doeas sae Rati essen Holden, Vt. J 207,000) /EZ 22 2 domes Se ee ee Northville, Mich. Silver salmon__.___-__ 1, 722,000 | Baker Lake, Wash-_----------- Birdsview, Wash. Pop ea | | rpc ae Se Ske 5, 250, 000 | Green Lake, Me---.-.-------- Craig Brook, Me. Sockeye salmon___..__| 3,402,000 | Afognak, Alaska_.-..---.-.--- Puget Sound Stations, Wash. 30, 700 | Quinault, Wash__._...-.----.. Rogue River, Oreg. Steelhead salmon-_-_-_- 50,000 | Clackamas, Oreg__.----------- Little White Salmon, Wash. 75,000 | Applegate, Oreg..-..---------- Spearfish, S. Dak. 702 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES HATCHERY FISH-CULTURAL NOTES NEW HATCHERIES Surveys have been made of possible sites for the new auxiliary of the Warm Springs (Ga.) station, and final investigations are now under way for the location of the hatchery. Preliminary arrange- ments have been completed for the establishment of a proposed auxiliary of the San Marcos (Tex.) station at Fort Worth, Tex., and actual construction work is now waiting on the clearing of the title to the property under consideration. ENTOMOSTRACA FOR PONDFISH The superintendent of the Wytheville (Va.) station received from the New Jersey State hatchery at Hackettstown, N. J., a stock of two species of daphnia. One form, Daphnia magna, attaims a very large size and is useful for that reason. The other, Daphnia moina, is a Japanese form and is unusually prolific. These organisms constitute the main food supply of young bass. The cultures trans- ferred to the Wytheville ponds flourished, and the superintendent reports a notable increase in growth in the fish receiving them. A stock has been shipped to the bureau’s Georgia and Tennessee stations and also to the State of Kentucky. NEW DIET FOR PONDFISH The superintendent of the Warm Springs (Ga.) station has been experimenting in feeding shrimp heads to the brood fish in the station ponds. This material is largely a waste product of the coastal fisheries. The fish appear to take it readily and thrive upon it, but it has not been used sufficiently long to determine fully its actual value as food for pondfish. COMMERCIAL FISHES Fishes of great commercial importance constituted a large part of the output for the past year. The hatching of Pacific salmons is supplementary to conservation by legal restriction. The propa- gation of whitefish, cisco, lake trout, and pike perch probably is one of the most important factors in the perpetuation of these fishes. The propagation of the marine species as well as the anadromous shad and herring of the Atlantic coast is responsible for the salvaging of eggs that otherwise would be lost in marketing. The culture of carp and buffalo fish also is directed toward the improvement of the economic fisheries. PACIFICESALMONS As the collection of eggs from these species is dependent upon the natural runs, considerable fluctuation in the numbers taken occurs from year to year. During the past year, however, smaller collections in some fields were offset by gains in others, so that the total take of all species aggregated 1,000,000 more than in 1926. Brook trout were hatched during the year at the Puget Sound (Wash.) stations and at ine Yes Bay (Alaska) station. A more detailed résumé of the work ollows: PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 703 AFoGNAK (ALASKA) STATION [FRANK L. Snipgs,' Superintendent] This station handles sockeye salmon mainly, although smaller numbers of humpback and steelhead salmon also are collected. An escapement of 22,250 sockeye salmon was counted through a rack into Letnik Lake, or virtually double the escapement of the previous season. Egg collections from this run amounted to over 21,000,000. During August a run of 4,626 humpback salmon made their way to Letnik Lake and enough fish were taken below the rack to furnish 4,212,000 eggs, all of which were shipped to the Puget Sound stations. Over 1,000,000 steelhead eggs were forwarded to the same destination. Destruction of Dolly Varden trout was continued, and approximately 100,000 of these predacious fish were accounted for in the course of the year. The results of the campaign of the past two years against them have become quite noticeable. Yes Bay (Ataska) Srarion [J. L. GARDNER and A. T. Loorr, Superintendents] During part of the fiscal year this station was without a superintendent, being in charge of an employee attached to the Clackamas (Oreg.) station. Chinook salmon exclusively are handled here, although a shipment of 60,000 brook-trout eggs was received for incubation. The collection of over 30,000,000 sockeye eggs represents almost half of the bureau’s total take of that species. Low water during the fishing season and a sudden rise at the close probably prevented the securing of at least 10,000,000 additional eggs. Twenty million salmon eggs were hatched at the station; the remainder were shipped away or lost through normal mortality. Whereas on July 1 of last year only 2,892,000 fingerkings were being carried over for feeding, the close of the fiscal year 1927 found 10,473,000 on hand. This is indicative of the attempt to make the work at this station more effective by rearing a larger proportion of the stock to larger size. The fry are carried through the sac stage in stacked trays very successfully. This system lessens the amount of attention and care that must be given to the fry. Five thousand fish are held in each tray. A campaign was waged to eradicate the predatory Dolly Varden trout. The practice of liberating fingerlings in the feeding ponds, from which they can work their way gradually into the lake and become adapted to new conditions by degrees, was continued. Condemned canned salmon and salted salmon were used successfully as food. The cost of this material varies from 14 to 4 cent per pound. BakeER LAKE (WASH.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS [JOSEPH KEMMERICH, Superintendent] This important group consists of five permanent stations and one egg-collecting station at Walcotts Slough near Brinnon, Wash. Steelhead trout and all species of Pacific salmon except the humpback were handled. Weather and water conditions were unusually favorable during the past year, but in several cases the run of fish failed to meet expectations. The run of chum salmon in the Hoods Canal region was an exception, however. A light run of sockeye salmon occurred in the Baker River, and, in addition, numbers of fish were injured in being carried over the dam at Concrete, Wash. Consequently only 2,823 fish were caught in Baker Lake for the work at the Baker Lake station. Egg collections from all points totaled 34,743,800, an increase of more than 8,000,000 over those of the previous year. In addition, numbers of eggs were transferred for incubation and distribution from points outside this field. Baker Lake (Wash.) station.—Since the submission of last year’s report, the combined fish ladder and elevator in the power dam at Concrete, Wash., has been put in operation. In the fiscal year 1926 practically no fish reached Baker Lake, but 2,823 sockeyes were taken at that point during the past year. It is believed that the total run amounted to about 4,000 fish, and a comparison of the figures will give an idea of the effectiveness of the device. The discrepancy between 4,000 and 2,823 was due largely to injuries received by the fish in making the ascent. Other species that entered the ladder, such as the chinook and silver salmons, apparently were put over with less tendency to injury, and the per- centage of the total run that surmounted the dam probably was greater. So far as can be observed, the passage of the fingerlings downstream over the dam is 704 U. 8S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES accomplished with little loss. During the spring run of steelheads in 1927 the ladder and elevator were out of commission because of the construction of an addition to the dam and certain changes in the racks designed to divert the fish into the fishway. The apparatus will be in operation in time to care for the coming run of sockeyes. The changes and improvements mentioned should oe the effectiveness of the fishway and lessen the tendency to injure the sh. The first sockeye entered the fishway on June 18, and the first fish were observed in the trap in Baker Lake on July 1. As usual, the trapped fish were held in an inclosure until spawning commenced on September 17. The season’s collection of eggs amounted to 3,921,000, which were hatched with small loss. A number of advanced fry were liberated in the inclosure stream, from which they could work gradually into the lake. Eggs were received from the Yes Bay (Alaska) and Birdsview (Wash.) stations, and 200,000 of the resulting fingerlings are being held and fed. A good proportion of the silver-salmon run surmounted the dam, and 2,286 fish were trapped. Only 623 proved to be females, and 1,766,000 eggs were taken. All eggs were hatched and the resulting fish distributed at the Birdsview station. Birdsview (Wash.) substation.—The year opened with a larger stock of feeding fingerlings on hand than in any previous year. In addition to chinook, silver, and sockeye salmon, brook trout were being held for the account of the Skagit County Game Commission. The run of chinook and silver salmon in the Skagit River was below normal. A few sockeye eggs were secured from Grandy Creek and also a small number of chinook eggs. Over 1,000,000 of the latter were transferred from the Little White Salmon River station. The light run of silver salmon in Grandy Creek necessitated the shipping in of 600,000 from the Quinault station to supplement the local collection of 850,000. All silver-salmon eggs secured at Baker Lake were hatched and distributed at Birdsview to avoid plant- ing this species in Baker Lake. The steelhead-egg collection surpassed that of any year since 1918. Almost 1,000,000 fry and fingerlings of this species were on hand on June 30. A shipment of ornamental Japanese carp, goldfish, and killifish was received and part of the fish distributed to other points. Duckabush (Wash.) substation—The permanent trap in the Duckabush River is so low that any rise in water submerges it; consequently but few silver salmon or steelheads were taken. It will be necessary to rebuild a new and higher trap at this point for future work. Chum-salmon eggs in a quantity beyond the capacity of the station were obtained from Walcotts Slough and in the Ducka- bush River. Egg losses were greater than normal, due, it is believed, to certain changes in the practice of hardening the eggs. The late run of fish at the slough was heavy, and a good supply of eggs was obtained. The chum salmon were liberated as sac fry. Chinook salmon from the Little White Salmon station were pee and liberated in the Duckabush River in the hope of establishing a run there. Illabot Creek (Wash.) substation —IWllabot Lake and Illabot Creek are tributary to the Skagit River. It has been considered desirable to establish a sockeye run in this system, and, beginning in 1925, plants of eved eggs were made in the gravel. A number of plants have been made since then, but it was found in November, 1926, that the eggs were not hatching. A subsequent investigation of the November plantings showed that only about one-fourth of the eggs were hatching. In view of this situation it was deemed necessary to make future plantings of fingerlings, and 20,000 sockeye fingerlings were reserved at the Birds- view station to be transported to Illabot Lake by pack horse later in the season. Lake Crescent (Wash.) substation.—Operations at this point consisted mainly in the rearing of 1,000,000 fingerling sockeyes in the ponds of the Washington State hatchery at that point. It is considered that Lake Crescent and its outlet, the Lyre River, constitute the most feasible place in the State of Washington for the establishment of a sockeye run. The river apparently supports a good run of steelheads and silver salmon, and no fish-cultural operations have been conducted upon it. Sockeye eggs to the number of 1,013,098 were shipped from the Yes Bay station and incubated at the State hatchery. The resulting fish were fed until June 14, on which date they were liberated because the ponds were needed for other work. Pa | Ozette (Wash.) substation—Mention was made in last year’s report that hatchery operations were contemplated at this point and that retaining pens for sockeye salmon had been constructed. Later developments have shown that the waters of the lake and of Umbrella Creek become too warm, and it was neces- PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 705 sary to release all fish. A survey was made of the entire Quillayute River water- shed, and at no other point was there any indication of a run of sockeyes. Con- sequently all work at Ozette Lake has been abandoned and all equipment removed. Quilcene (Wash.) substation.—Collections of chum-salmon eggs from the Ducka- bush River as well as the Quilcene River gave an extra large output of this species. The collection of silver-salmon eggs from the Quilcene River did not represent the full run of fish in that stream, as unavoidable defects in the traps permitted the escape of many fish. Egg-collecting operations at Walcotts Slough in coop- eration with the Duckabush station have been mentioned already. In addition, attention was given to both early and late runs of chum salmon in the Quilcene River territory, giving a total take of 7,944,000 eggs of that species. A half million chinook eggs from the Little White Salmon River station were hatched with the object of creating a run of this species in the Quileene River. The escape of the greater part of the silver-salmon run up the river reduced the total number of eggs to only 427,000. Three hundred thousand additional eggs were transferred from the Quinault station for hatching and local distribution. The only humpback-salmon eggs hatched at the Puget Sound stations consisted of 3,617,900 eved eggs shipped from Afognak, Alaska, to this station. Being the off year for this species in Puget Sound waters, no local collections were attempted. A light run of steelheads gave a short collection of only 240,000 eggs. The resulting fry and fingerlings are being held at the station and fed. Sultan (Wash.) substation.—While water conditions appeared favorable, there was an inexplicably light run of all species in this territory. A collection of 199,000 chinook eggs was secured by gaffing females, which do not ascend Elwell Creek to the trap. The small run of silver salmon in the Skyhomish River was deflected into Elwell Creek, and only a little over 1,000,000 eggs were taken. This number was increased by the transfer of 1,000,000 eggs from the State fisheries department. The steelhead run in the Skyhomish River was reported Fat large, but comparatively few of the fish reached the bureau’s trap in Elwell reek. QUINAULT (WasH.) STATION {Marcus S. Meyer, Superintendent] At this station efforts have been devoted largely to the handling of sockeyes, with incidental collections of silver and chinook salmon. Almost 2,500,000 sockeye eggs were obtained during the season. The use of traps has been aban- doned largely, and dependence is now placed in seining for securing the fish. The egg-taking season, extending over a month, brings about a prolongation of hatching, so that earlier fingerlings can be reared and fed in outside pools until a later hatch necessitates their distribution to provide space. At the close of the year 837,080 sockeye fingerlings and a small number of chinooks were being held for later distribution. CLACKAMAS (OREG.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS [PuHILo B. HAWLEY, Superintendent] This station, with its group of seven substations, is a factor in the maintenance of the salmon runs in three States—Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Their operations are concerned mainly with the chinook, silver, and steelhead sal- mons, although the sockeye salmon and several species of trout are handled in small numbers. The total production for last year failed to equal that of the preceding year, although it was well up to the average. As in previous reports, acknowledgment should be made of the hearty cooperation afforded by the State of Oregon, both financially and otherwise. Clackamas (Oreg.) station.—Facilities at this point have been improved by the construction of 16 concrete rearing ponds each 36 feet in length. The racks were set up at the usual time with the expectation of a normal run of fish, but it failed to materialize, and the collection of chinook-salmon eggs at this point was the smallest in the history of the station. The fish hatched from the eggs secured were reared to No. 1 fingerlings or larger before liberation. Over 2,000,000 chinook eggs were transferred from other points and hatched here. In addition to the usual shipments of steelhead eggs from Applegate Creek, eggs of the brook trout and black-spotted trout from the Springville and Yellowstone Park hatch- eries, respectively, were hatched and distributed in local waters. It has been found difficult to raise trout to a size greater than 2 inches at this station, there- fore the distribution must be made at that stage of growth or earlier. _ 83420—28——4 706 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Upper Clackamas (Oreg.) substation—The usual egg-collecting operations yielded a disappointing total about one-third as large as that of the previous year. The Chinook eggs were transferred to the main Clackamas station to be hatched, and the fry were planted in the waters from which the eggs were derived. Little White Salmon (Wash.) substation—While racks were installed during late August and early September, low water retarded spawning until September 23. A good yield of chinook eggs was had until the close of the season on October 13. Sockeye salmon were noticed in the Little White Salmon River, and 60,000 eggs were secured. More might have been obtained except for inability to trap the fish in a rack designed for the larger chinooks. Steelhead and brook-trout eggs transferred here were hatched and reared to fingerling size. Seventy barrels of salmon were salted for fish food. Big White Salmon (Wash.) substation—Preparations for the spawning runs were made in Big White Salmon River and Spring Creek. The number of eggs taken during the season exceeded that of the previous year, and the 4,315,000 secured from Spring Creek established a record for that field. The latter has been built up from a stream barren of salmon to a first-class egg-collecting station by virtue of frequent and heavy stockings. About 4,000,000 eyed chinook eggs were shipped, part of them going to the Clackamas station and the remainder to the Oregon fish commission. Fingerling fish were retained until May, when the exhaustion of the food supply of salted salmon necessitated their release. Two hundred and fifty thousand were retained for marking experiments, to be con- ducted by the division of scientific inquiry with the view of securing data on the migrations and survivals of fingerlings of various ages. A number of brook trout were hatched and distributed to the bureau’s applicants and for the account of the Klickitat County Game Commission. Rogue River (Oreg.) substation.—The opening of the chinook-salmon spawning season at this point occurred on August 16, and eggs were taken until October 4, the season’s collection amounting to 3,271,000. A very high proportion of male to female fish (frequently 8 to 1) was experienced. A new rack for intercepting silver and steelhead salmon was erected in Elk Creek, but high water retarded the collections. The flooding of the station grounds permitted the escape of all fish, but no property damage was suffered, although the water was 3 feet deep in some of the buildings. Applegate Creek (Oreg.) substation——The work at this point is confined to the silver and steelhead salmons. Egg collections of the former were very light, only 650,000 being obtained. A large run of steelheads aroused expectations of a good yield from that species, but freshets carried away part of the dam and rack and allowed most of the fish to escape. In spite of this mishap the egg collections amounted to 1,250,000. Salmon (Idaho) substation —One hundred and thirty thousand rainbow-trout fingerlings carried over from the previous season were distributed in local barren streams and in Williams Lake with the aim of establishing an egg-collecting field. Racks erected in the Pahsimeroi River in June were washed out by a cloud-burst in July; consequently the take of eggs in this field was largely negligible. Spawn- ing operations in the Lemhi River yielded only about half the number of eggs secured the previous year, an unusually dry season being given as the cause. Eggs were incubated at the main station at Salmon, Idaho. Three million chinook eggs were transferred to this point for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of feeding ‘‘spring’’ and ‘‘fall” fingerlings. No fish under 1144 inches in length were released. Wind River (Wash.) substation.—Results at this station were unsatisfactory, with collections less than half as large as the previous year’s take. No eggs were hatched here, all of them being transferred to other points. This station, the property of the State of Washington, is in such condition that there is little hope of making it highly productive without a heavy expenditure of funds, and it is suggested that it be discontinued. Barrp (Cauir.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS {W. K. Hancock, Superintendent] A series of mishaps prevented the full realization of expectations at the Baird station. At this point dependence is placed in the seining of chinook salmon below the racks for an egg supply. Escape of fish through openings in the rack and high and muddy water materially checked operations with the early fall run of fish. During the winter high water carried out a supply dam and washed out some rearing ponds. The construction of racks in the spring was attended PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 707 by great difficulty for the same reason. The presence of a tremendous amount of voleanic ash from Mount Shasta in the McCloud River has been a constant source of difficulty. The continual turbidity prevented examination of the racks to keep them fish tight, deposited thick layers of mud on the spawning grounds, and an inordinate amount of attention was required to prevent its smothering the eggs. Battle Creek (Calif.) substation—A repetition of the high water noted at Baird rendered seining difficult at this point and in November damaged the rack so that all fish could ascend the river. Four million salmon eggs were taken, with the probability that half that number was lost through the break in the scale Muddy water gave continuous trouble throughout the whole incubation period. Mill Creek (Calif.) substation.—Similar conditions washed out the rack at Mill Creek after 5,000,000 eggs had been collected, and as many more probably were lost on account of the accident. Muddy water hindered incubation here, also, with heavy losses resulting. Constant attention to the eggs was necessary. An aggravated condition of mud and high water in the river seriously curtailed all operations in the California field. FISHES OF THE GREAT LAKES Operations in this field also are contingent upon weather conditions, egg collections of the important lake trout, whitefish, cisco, and pike perch fluctuating with the prosecution of the fisheries. The four ain stations, with an equal number of substations and numerous collecting points, are concerned largely with the species mentioned above, though minor commercial fishes, such as yellow perch and carp and the game fishes, likewise are included in the output. DututH (Minn.) STATION [S. P. WirEs, Superintendent] The take of lake trout and whitefish was light this season although slightly in excess of that of last year. Unfavorable weather conditions influenced the limited collections and probably were partially responsible for a poorer quality of eggs. These conditions prevailed not only on the south shore but at various points on Isle Royale. From the 16,717,295 lake-trout eggs taken, 615,400 eyed eggs, 8,380,000 fry, and 321,000 fingerlings were distributed; 2,732,000 whitefish eggs were collected. Pike-perch work in cooperation with the State of Minnesota near Bemidji was successful. Eggs were eyed at the State’s hatchery at Bemidji and transferred to other points for hatching. The bureau’s share from these operations was 19,600,000 eggs. Almost 250,000 brook-trout eggs from various sources were handled. The hatch of 204,000 was distributed to applicants. NoRTHVILLE (Micu.) STATION AND SUBSTATION [W. W. THAYER, Superintendent] The Northville station handles none of the commercial species but propagates game fishes, both trout and the pond varieties. Almost 1,500,000 brook-trout eggs were received from commercial dealers. Part of these were shipped to the Alpena substation. Of the resulting fry, 200,000 were shipped to the cooperative nursery of the Turtle Lake Club. Difficulty was experienced in holding brook trout in the ponds, although no trouble was had with rainbows under similar conditions. An attempt to hold the fish longer than usual undoubtedly made the losses heavier than would have been the case if all of them had been dis- tributed soon after May 1. The smallmouth-bass operations were encouraging, with a large increase in the fall distribution of fingerlings carried over. Winter losses of adult stock were lower than in the previous year. The 1927 hatch already has yielded 132,250 fry and fingerlings. The usual collections of brood bass were made for other stations. Some bluegill sunfish also were produced. Several hundred thousand rainbow-trout eggs were hatched, and at the close of the year 118,000 were being held over. The work with this species was very successful. This station 708 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES is supervising the Turtle Lake (Mich.) cooperative nursery and another one at Metamora, Mich. Alpena (Mich.) substation.—Whitefish-egg collections were carried on under the handicap of extremely stormy weather, with a consequent reduction in the number of eggs taken. Inability to secure experienced spawn takers was reflected in eggs of poorer quality. Further experiments at penning whitefish were made at Huron Beach, but with the same handicaps as were present in other fields. The possibilities of this practice are promising, however, and it should be con- tinued. Weather conditions were more favorable for lake-trout collections, and a normal yield was obtained. The eggs were of good quality, but losses through an accident cut down the percentage of hatch. A lake-trout nursery has been established at Rogers, Mich., and 300,000 fish are being reared. An equal number are being reared at the hatchery. A coop- erative brook-trout nursery in Wilson Township also is being conducted under the supervision of this station. In the spring pike-perch operations were con- ducted in cooperation with the State of Michigan. It was found that the use of muck to prevent adhesion gave better results than did starch. Charlevoix (Mich.) substation——The bad weather affecting the whitefish work at the above-mentioned stations was, of course, operative here. Its effect was noticeable chiefly in the quality of the eggs, as a larger number was obtained than in the preceding year. A period of bad weather prevents the lifting of the nets, and when the fish are removed they are in bad shape and the eggs are of poor quality. Greater cooperation on the part of the fishermen would go a long way toward perpetuating the whitefish by artificial propagation. The same general conditions have applied to the lake-trout work. An attempt was made to develop a collecting station for rainbow troui near the station, and a few eggs were taken. Put in Bay (Onto) STATION [Davip DaAvVIEs, Superintendent] The usual arrangements were made for opening the whitefish egg-collecting stations in the fall. The collection of whitefish eggs, however, was the smallest in several years. This, of course, was a reflection of the fact that unusually small catches were made by the commercial fishermen. There appears to have been a change in the habits of the fish, reduction of spawning on the grounds west of Put in Bay apparently having taken place. Fish are now spawning more plentifully in waters east of Kelleys Island. The season’s yield was 122,800,000 eggs, of which over 79,000,000 hatched. In the pike-perch work there was a decrease of 50,000,000 eggs from the Port Clinton field, being offset largely by a gainin the Toledo field, so that the season’s take approximated that of last year. The spawning season was prolonged, and early breaking of the ice gave a longer fishing season. The percentage of hatch was rather low. Large collections of yellow-perch eggs were made, a number being shipped to Missouri and Montana and the remainder being incubated and planted in Ohio waters. The carp work at Port Clinton was only partly successful as the commercial catch of this species was very light. No satisfactory explana- tion for this condition is evident. Collections of smallmouth black bass were made in Lake Erie for brood stock for other stations. Carr VincENT (N. Y.) STATION AND SUBSTATION [J. P. SNYDER, Superintendent] Spawn takers were placed at four points on Lake Ontario during the lake- trout season. An innovation was attempted in the seining of lake trout to be held in pens to ripen. Difficulty in securing State permission for this work delayed its start, but a total of 600 fish penned, of which only 153 were females, gave 767,000 eggs. The yield for the season from all sources was more than double that of any previous year. A fair hatch resulted, and the majority of the young fish were returned to Lake Ontario. Adverse conditions confronted the whitefish work. Coupled with a failure to secure permission to take eggs from any but the most unproductive fields in Canadian waters, there were continual high winds that permitted the lifting of nets only four or five times during the spawning season. The largest number of eggs was obtained in the vicinity of Chaumont Bay. The adverse conditions prevailed during the lake-herring spawning season also. In spite of this, a eee PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 709 heavy increase over the collections of the previous year was noted. ) Dae ae 8, 130 Crappie! Aas! sios2 eee eS 2,045 | Yellow perchi<-= | ee See 84, 696, 580 Largemouth black bass-----.---- 22,069 | Washington: Sunfish’ 232s o sae ee see 6,615 | @atfish 22:22: 22 20 22s e 55 Oregon: j | @hinook salmone_- 3s 10, 094, 778 @hinookssalmon'eees. =e sees 13, 158, 000 | Chumisalmon22=2 = ae 15, 986, 725 Silver salmon 640, 900 Silversalmon-) > es 5, 795, 957 Steelhead salmon 15, 000 | Sockéye salmon 2+ se oe= eee 19, 939, 300 Rainbow trout 95, 800 | Humpback salmon 3, 544, 000 Black-spotted trout -_- 543, 000 Steelhead salmon-_-.--_.____- 969, 729 Loch Leven trout 50, 000 Rain bowstroutes- 2 oe eee 10, 000 Brook troute--- 52s ste = 241, 500 Black-spotted trout __-._---_---- 6, 903, 000 Pennsylvania: Loch Leven trout _._......__---- , 000 WiNitehsShee © ==. 25 = ee 3, 000, 000 | bakettrout:2ss-.-5- = eee 25, 000 Ciscoe a ee Se he ee 6, 080,000 || West Virginia: Silverjsalmon 222--_ 22> seas 5, 600 | Rainbows blot.) == as eee 513, 650 Rainbowrtroutsccs». =e eee 305, 300 | Loch Leven trout _......---_-_-- 188, 000 Loch Leven) trout. —__---_ aes 188, 998 | Dakertrowte.--- 2 eee 100, 000 ake troute 2s 3. eee 50, 000 | Brooks trout. = i. =.-+_.. eee 929, 410 Brookmtrolteses ee ee 791, 617 | Largemouth black bass_-__--_---- 143, 790 Largemouth black bass-_---._._-- 8, 330 \ Rock DasSseseseccc ale 4, 550 Rock bass2. 32.2 22a Soe 1, 800 | Sunfish > Sos eee 150 MUnTshees 2 ee es ees 19,920 | Wisconsin: South Carolina: Catfish .-*....--. <2 aes eee 6, 227, 580 GCattishie eee = ot. es a ae 130 | iBultalo fish] 22222) 50a eee 151, 400 Rainbows routes. se eee 15, 300 | Carpet ste ee eee 2, 805, 100 Brookstrouts 2-2 =o - see eo 19, 000 | Rainbow troute = eo eee 230, 280 @rapples= a=. on. So ies oe soe ee 40 | Tochiieven trout. 2-222 -e 218, 650 Largemouth black bass---------- 205, 255 | IBrookutroutss = => eee 839, 550 ROCK Dassass oo Se 2, 525 Pike and pickerel __-.......----- 72, 350 Wanrmouth bass2- 2" __=__ s.!- 32) 2223. See 1, 405 Rambow iouts.--o-- 2-42 hs 2 76, 950 |; Rain bowstroiltess.2- 22s en eee 1, 786, 402 FOO RSUROU tS eee eee a8 oe 25, 400 | Black-spotted trout.--.--.-.---- 6, 258, 000 Largemouth biack bass-_----.---- 7, 650 | och Leventrout=-o 22s cole eae 780, 320 RVG CK: DA SS so 2ne soe en See 5, 200 | Whake\troutes 2232282 bees. ace 250, 000 Shi tects ba Seat or te ay 12, 371 Brook: (route ekeee scene eee 1, 056, 025 Texas: Grappies=. 2. eee 1, 050 RAIN DOW TIOUieee ae 22, 100 | Largemouth black bass__-_------ 3, 975 Crappie. fe oeec ce oc seen cea UE 46, 268 | Sunfish! 0222 eS ee 210 Largemouth black bass-_-.--_---- 183, 682 | Wellow:perchinc*..-. ee 25, 200 aK rOuUtee eer enero eae sk ee 22, 750 1 Total: 3-22.22 3, 704, 316 Besides the 62 side trips made from the car, its messengers made 29 trips with fish from the hatcheries, at a cost of $376.50. The following table shows the species and the numbers of fish the messengers thus handled: Species Fingerlings | Species Fingerling Reainbowstroutes seas os 8 oa Se Pee 74,.800';|' Rock-bass2: 209129 920 bees eee ee 400 IBTOO ROM bes eos sane as es 235, | Black-spotted trout._--_-2 22-822 - 2 7 2 112, 000 Total: 2) 22. ae ae ee 424, 300 Boch Leven strouts sc: Vie eke 1, 200 | ’ The car’s crew made all needed minor repairs to its interior during the year, one of the most economically valuable changes effected being in the arrangement of the air pipes in the fish compartments so that it is now possible to aerate 230 aluminum fish pails instead of seventy 10-gallon cans and 100 aluminum fish pails, thereby increasing the carrying capacity of the car. CAR NO. 9 [H. F. Jounston, Captain] At the beginning of the fiscal year car No. 9 was stationed at Washington, D. C., the members of its crew being on detail at the central office of the bureau. On July 12 the car proceeded to White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., for the purpose of completing the distribution from that station for the season of 1926. The load of trout obtained was delivered to applicants at Cowan, W. Va., and by means ore logging train were transported from Cowan to various points along the Gauley iver. PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1927 100 After completing the White Sulphur Springs distribution the car was ordered to Manchester, Iowa, where a load of trout was obtained for distribution to applicants, the destination of the car being Red Granite, Wis. Early in August the car was detailed to distribute the output of trout of the Bozeman (Mont.) by 3 rs) q = ~_ =| 2 _ a) 4 Mo) a) f=] ro} Oo ee = a2 <) q ~ ime) Q Mo) Oo q cS) 3S o LJ 2 2Q ~_ ° =| eS 5 fe) rs) 3 =| ~ n Lol Oo me 3 EB oO a = = ° D me] Ad Oo ro) rs n ° » Me S S) ca qo | iS) mM _ q n a oo A= ue) 3 = a fr 1S re) = & station, and on August 4 it left La Crosse, Wis., with a load of miscellaneous pondfishes for delivery to applicants in Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana en route to Bozeman. The Bozeman distribution continued during the months of August, September, and part of October, during which time numerous applicants 736 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES in Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho were supplied with brook, rainbow, black- spotted, and Loch Leven trouts. The car returned to Dubuque on October 10, and, as the distribution of the warm-water fishes from the various substations along the Mississippi River in the vicinity of Dubuque had been completed, the car was ordered to Fairport, Iowa, where it received a load of pondfishes for delivery to applicants in Pennsyl- vania. After completing this trip it proceeded to Washington, D. C., the mem- bers of its crew being sent to various stations of the bureau for the winter. Annual repairs were made during January, 1927, at the Pennsylvania Railroad shops at Wilmington, Del. From April 1 to June 30 the car was used in distributing the 1927 output of trout from the White Sulphur Springs station to applicants in Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland, which necessitated making carload ship- ments to the following points: Uniontown, Williamsport, Kane, Bellefonte, Pittsburgh, and Scranton, Pa.; Elkins and Grafton, W. Va.; and Oakland, Md. In completing this distribution the car made 24 trips, traveled 19,800 paid and 2,176 free miles, and supplied 890 applicants in 11 States with 4,743,845 trout and pondfishes, as follows: Finger- Finger- | Finger- Finger- Species Fry lings lings | lings lings Adults No. 1 INo#2! >|) Nore No. 4 Catfishacs fetes 5 hs ee ee ee eo sae ee ee pice shee noe eS = Si } 2, 940 Rain DOWALLOM Teese es eee Jacsascocntes 403, 200 551, 400 | 69)'750 |S = see pe an Black-spotted: trots. 2 ee e |Se 268, 800 810002252 | eee 18 MochiWevensiroute 222 Seep UM a 237,600. 22sec ES! Se ee res IBOOK GROW te ee on oes | ee 525, 500 210, 600 269; 800) | 25 saree 5, 012 Graylinge= 262 ee [ee oe ae = |e ee ee 18 Targemouthuplacks Pass = eee |e ce aR Ea 11, 600 4, 575 12 Smaliniouthiplackibass= = sates |S 2e as ee Sa ee | eee eo 2;600 |. 2-2-2. ee | eee oe SUT AAS Haha aa Pe Sh Bi 1) ees ee (eoge_csS tee ee 420 PIKO ELC ha eae ee rear a || «62, 080;(000)|Barsce ooo ek eee oo fl Poo Se Se 2 | cs Se Yellow perch ote vca 02 Sul ele | see ee oe |e Poa 3, 750 1, 200 300 aes "Total ep seeme. ie Ue’ oes | 2,080,000 | 1,211,150 1,084, 450 | 354, 950 ~ 4,875 8, 420 FILTROS PLUGS The porous substance known as filtros, which was used on the bureau’s distribution cars for the first time some years ago, has proved quite satisfactory as a means of diffusing air into the water of the fish container. Prior to the introduction of this material plugs made of basswood were used in specially designed holders of hard rubber having three threaded openings where the plugs were inserted. The old-type wooden plug, of course, was subject to con- traction and expansion and required a great deal of attention, it being necessary to examine the plugs carefully at the end of each trip and to replace them once or twice a year. Moreover, the com- bination could not be purchased from any dealer, the plug holder being made in a special matrix and the plugs by hand. This made the cost quite high, and their use by the States was prohibitive. The bureau has standardized the filtros plug, and States desiring to use it may purchase their supplies from the dealer who supplies the bureau. This plug does not require a special holder, as it can be inserted in the end of the rubber tube leading from the pipe line to the fish container. It is always in condition for use and need not be replaced for at least three years. It may be purchased in a size to fit a 44-inch rubber tube. All the bureau’s cars are using this material with satisfactory results. O STATISTICS OF THE CATCH OF COD OFF THE EAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA TO 1926! By Oscar E. Serre, Assistant in Charge, Division of Fishery Industries The fishery for cod on the east coast of North America is probably the most international fishery of North America. No less than five nations have an important part in it; named in order of the size of their cod catch they are Newfoundland, France, Canada, the United States, and Portugal.? This report is intended to bring together the available statistics on this fishery in order to show its size, trend, and relative importance of the fisheries of each participating country. As the statistics of each country are shown in different units of quantity and represent various stages in the preparation of cod for market, all have been reduced to the same basis—pounds of round cod as caught. The treatment of the data is given in detail for each country in the following sections. NEWFOUNDLAND With the exception of the year 1925, the only statistics available on the total production of cod by Newfoundland are the number of quintals of dry-salted cod exported annually. Statistics on this subject are available from 1804 to date. The data for 1804 to 1904, inclusive, are taken from ‘“‘Report on the Trade and Commerce of Newfoundland for the Four Years ended June 30, 1906,” by William MacGregor; from the annual reports of the Department of Marine and Fisheries for the years 1905 to 1924; and from the report of the American consul, St. Johns, Newfoundland, for 1925 and 1926. Itis understood that these include the catch on the Labrador coast as well as that of Newfoundland proper. Virtually all of the catch is exported. In a letter of December 1, 1926, Alan Goodridge, deputy minister, says: ‘‘To this (export) may be added, roughly, three quintals per family eaten during the year. There are, roughly, 80,000 families in the population of 275,000.” This gives us an esti- mate of 240,000 quintals of cod consumed in Newfoundland in 1925. On this basis it is possible to make an estimate of the amounts con- sumed in previous years, on the basis of previous populations, figures for which are given in Table 1. TasBLE 1.—Population of Newfoundland, various years, 1804 to 1925 Year | Population Source of information | ES UY Sy Ste ec 20,000 | Encyclopedia Brittanica. theS p= See eee 60, 000 Do. pire 2 ot Se eee ee eee 75, 094 Do OE ee Ae a 124, 288 Do. UC 28. Beet be ee ee 161, 374 Do. fs is 5 ee ee eee eee 220, 249 | International Encyclopedia. ep eee cate ee ee eee ee 263, 383 | World Almanac. (Clo ee eee eee 259, 358 | American Annual. py is Se Se eee 27%, 600 | Goodridge Letter. 1 Appendix I X to Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1927. B. F. Doc. No. 1034. Contri- bution No. 1 from the North American Committee on Atlantic Fishery Investigations. : 2 The Greenland cod fishery has been omitted from this report because it is comparatively unimportant and for lack of complete statistics. During the five years 1919 to 1923 the annual yield averaged 525,000 kilograms of salt cod and klipfish, the equivalent of about 3,500,000 pounds of fresh round cod. 88167—28 (ge 738 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Assuming that the population has increased at a uniform rate during the years for which we have no population statistics, we have calculated the number of quintals consumed on the basis of 3 quintals per family, or 0.873 quintal per capita. The resulting totals are shown in Table 2 in terms of quintals of dry-salted cod and also converted to the basis of pounds of fresh round cod, using as factors 112 pounds to the quintal and 3 quintals of fresh round cod to 1 quintal of dry-salted cod. In addition to the statistics here presented, data are available on the number of vessels in and total catch of the vessel fishery for the years 1889 to 1904 and on the number of vessels, tonnage, crew, and catch for the years 1897 to date. These are published in the annual reports of the Department of Marine and Fisheries of Newfoundland and are presented here in Table 3. Beginning with 1925, statistics are available also on the shore catch of cod in Newfoundland by districts. TaBLe 2.—Newfoundland cod catch, 1804 to 1926 } Consumed | Total on Year ape a in New- Total basis of fresh foundland round cod Calendar year Quintals | Quintals | Quintals Pounds 1, 438, 852 240,000 | 1,678,852 | 564, 094, 272 1, 237, 630 240,000 | 1,477,630 | 496, 483, 680 1, 165, 097 240, 075 1, 264, 674 237, 702 1, 483, 587 235, 327 1,405,172 | 472, 137, 792 1 1 1, 592, 046 232,952 | 1 1 1 502,376 | 504, 798, 336 718,914 | 577, 555, 104 824,998 | 613, 199, 328 535, 707, 984 016,217 | 677, 448, 912 1, 363, 792 230, 577 1, 788, 015 228, 202 | 2, 3 in co for) © 1, 681,770 |~ 226,312 1,908,082 641, 115, 552 1, 821, 206 224,421 | 2045,627 | 687, 330, 672 1, 568, 020 222,530 | 1,790,550 601, 624, 800 64 1, 421, 372 220, 640 1, 094, 242 218, 749 1, 247, 314 216, 858 2,012 | 551, 716, 032 12,991 441, 164, 976 491, 961, 792 Dew for) > -_ ~] bo 1, 408, 582 214,967 | 1,623,549 | 545, 512, 464 1, 388, 178 213,076 | 1,601,254 | 538, 021, 344 1,182,720! 211, 185 393,905 ; 468, 352, 080 1,502,269 | 209, 295 711, 564 | 575, 085, 504 1, 732,387 | 207, 404 939,791 | 651, 769, 776 1, 509,269 205, 513 714,782 | 576, 166, 752 1, 422, 445 | 626,067 | 546, 358, 512 1, 481, 025 201, 731 682,756 | 565, 406, 016 1,196,814 —-199, 841 396,655 | 469, 276, 080 1,360,373 | 197,950 | 1,558,323 | 523, 596, 528 1,429,274 | 196, 059 625,333 | 546, 111, 888 1, 288,955 —- 194, 168 483,123 | 498, 329, 328 1, 233, 107 192, 277 | 1, 300, 622 190, 300 1, 226,336 | 188, 324 1, 145, 540 186, 347 1,135,817 | 184, 370 425,384 | 478, 929, 024 499,922 | 503, 973, 792 | 475, 325, 760 331,887 | 447, 514, 032 320,187 | 443, 582, 832 ES ear Le a> Ss 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 203, 622 | 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 312, 608 182,393 | 1,495,001 | 502, 320, 336 1, 107, 696 180,416 | 1,288,112 | 432, 805, 632 1, 060, 335 178, 440 | 1, 238, 775 416, 228, 400 * 1,049, 310 | 176, 463 | 1, 225,773 411, 859, 728 1, 244,834 | 174,486 | 1,419, 320 476, 891, 520 1, 040, 916 | 172,509 | 1,213,425 | 407, 710, 800 1, 076, 507 170, 532 | 1, 247, 039 419, 005, 104 1, 175, 720 | 168,556 | 1,344, 276 451, 676, 736 1, 080, 024 166,579 | 1,246,603 | 418, 858, 608 1, 344, 180 164,602 | 1, 508, 782 506, 950, 752 1, 284,710 | 162,625 | 1, 447,335 486, 304, 560 1, 457, 637 | 160,648 | 1,618, 285 543, 743, 760 1, 532, 023 | 158,672 | 1,690, 695 568, 073, 520 1 Data on exports are from following sources: 1804-1904, Report on the Trade and Commerce of New- foundiand, by Sir William McGregor; 1905-1924, annual reports of the Department of Marine and Fisheries, Newfoundland; 1925 and 1926, report of the American consul, St. Johns, Newfoundland, May 7, 1927. aE COD STATISTICS TO 1926 TABLE 2.—Newfoundland cod catch, 1804 to 1926—Continued Year Calendar year—Continued Exports of | dried cod Quintals 1,391, 107 | 1, 034, 101 | 1, 068, 471 | 1, 144, 196 , 086, 266 947, 762 891, 360 711, 059 923, 540 884, 474 810, 219 576, 132 674, 810 772, 809 625, 519 664, 277 739 Consumed in New- | foundland Quintals 156, 695 154, 718 152, 741 150, 764 148, 788 146, 811 144, 834 142, 857 140, 880 138, 974 137, 070 135, 165 133, 261 131, 356 129, 452 127, 547 125, 643 123, 738 121, 834 119, 929 118, 025 116, 120 114, 216 112, 312 110, 407 108, 503 106, 457 104, 412 102, 367 100, 322 98, 297 96, 232 94, 187 92, 142 90, 097 88, 052 86, 007 83, 962 81, 917 79, 872 77, 827 75, 782 73, 737 71, 692 69, 647 67, 602 65, 557 62, 262 58, 968 55, 674 52, 380 51, 129 49, 882 48, 635 47, 388 46, 141 44, 894 43, 647 42, 400 41, 153 39, 906 38, 659 37, 412 36, 165 34, 918 33, 671 32, 424 31,177 29, 930 28, 683 Total Quintals 1, 547, 802 1, 690, 291 1, 536, 272 1, 538, 534 1, 183, 801 1, 180, 912 1, 213, 305 1, 287, 053 1, 736, 707 1, 455, 759 1, 253, 913 1, 302, 653 1, 303, 437 1, 235, 462 1, 017, 515 1, 132, 635 1, 012, 333 1, 085, 077 1, 138, 128 1, 119, 018 1, 387, 862 1, 354, 493 1, 452, 418 1, 334, 556 1, 148, 496 1, 500, 825 1, 374, 791 1, 211, 800 876, 484 1, 023, 040 1, 071, 249 1, 113, 384 | 1, 183, 369 1, 267, 309 1, 010, 463 926, 025 965, 012 1, 084, 195 934, 079 1, 016, 074 1, 085, 807 1, 085, 507 989, 532 937, 069 794, 162 854, 548 917, 011 774, 850 865, 233 739, 210 671, 557 806, 796 998, 290 972, 872 | 947, 388 946, 141 1, 008, 836 1, 017, 111 915, 826 905, 894 921, 382 936, 004 938, 571 960, 402 1, 043, 560 1, 057, 133 1, 079, 050 1, 117, 443 977, 692 920, 043 738, 495 949, 729 909, 416 833, 914 598, 580 696, O11 792, 763 644, 226 681, 737 Total on basis of fresh round cod Pounds 520, 061, 472 567, 937, 776 516, 187, 392 516, 947, 424 397, 757, 136 396, 786, 432 407, 670, 480 432, 449, 806 583, 533, 552 489, 135, 024 421, 314, 768 437, 691, 408 437, 954, 832 415, 115, 232 341, 885, 040 380, 565, 360 340, 143, 888 364, 585, 872 382, 411, 008 375, 990, 048 466, 321, 632 455, 109, 648 488, 012, 448 448, 410, 816 385, 894, 656 504, 277, 200 461, 929, 776 407, 164, 800 294, 498, 624 343, 741, 440 359, 939, 664 374, 097, 024 397, 611, 984 425, 815, 824 339, 515, 568 311, 144, 400 324, 244, 032 364, 289, 520 313, 850, 544 341, 400, 864 364, 831, 152 364, 730, 352 332, 482, 752 314, 855, 184 266, 838, 432 287, 128, 128 308, 115, 696 260, 349, 600 290, 718, 288 248, 374, 560 225, 643, 152 271, 083, 456 335, 425, 440 326, 884, 992 318, 322, 368 317, 903, 376 338, 968, 896 341, 749, 296 307, 717, 536 304, 380, 384 309, 584, 352 314, 497, 344 315, 359, 856 322, 695, 072 350, 636, 160 355, 196, 688 362, 560, 800 375, 460, 848 328, 504, 512 309, 134, 448 248, 134, 320 319, 108, 944 305, 563, 776 280, 195, 104 201, 122, 880 233, 859, 696 266, 368, 368 216, 459, 936 229, 063, 632 740 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 3.—Analysis of the Newfoundland vessel fishery for cod | Catch Year | Vessels | Tonnage} Crew | ] | Dried cod F Berea Per vessel | | Per man| Per ton goths = 3 Number | Number | Number | Quintals | Pounds Pounds Pounds | Pounds LO05 e252 a 41 3, 048 753 101, 384 34, 065, 024 830, 854 45, 239 11, 176 G24 eee 36 2, 612 607 70, 013 23, 524, 368 658, 453 38, 755 9, 006 ht 2 Ea ae 51 3, 797 939 69, 372 23, 308, 992 457, 039 24, 823 6, 139 DODD a ees! 53 3, 738 934 132, 699 44, 586, 864 841, 262 47, 738 11, 928 ‘eS 41 2, 874 697 94,461 | 31, 738, 896 774, 119 45, 536 11, 043 BDZ ES pet ae 50 3, 154 793 95,484 | 32, 082, 624 641, 652 40, 457 10, 172 AOTOLs See el 41 2, 770 732 94, 770 31, 842, 720 776, 652 43, 501 11, 496 DOTS ee 56 3, 904 940 98, 300 33, 028, 800 589, 800 | 35, 137 8, 460 LO lyse aaa 78 5, 334 1, 298 134, 298 45, 124, 128 578,514 | 34, 764 8, 460 NO1G Ste. 87 6, 792 1, 645 151,888 51, 034, 368 586,602 | 31,024 7, 514 POTD Siete 102 7, 526 1, 806 | 170,390 ; 57, 251, 040 565, 285 : 31,700 7, 607 MOTE Ss tn sae ee | 105 | 7,770 1, 882 124, 067 41, 686, 512 | 397, 014 22, 150 | 5, 365 1 ae | 104 45 BOL 1, 803 | 152, 374 51, 197, 664 | 492, 285 28, 396 6, 780 1OTDEe Nees Bee 124 8, 696 2, 065 155, 517 52, 253, 712 | 421, 401 25, 304 6, 009 POTHe Ss aces 122 | 8, 281 1, 924 149, 924 50, 374, 464 412, 905 26, 182 6, 083 LOTR. nate | 101 | 6, 630 1, 567 | 144, 524 48, 560, 064 | 480, 793 30, 989 hy 324 C2 100 | 5, 818 1,377 | 131,452 | 44, 167, 872 441,679 | 32,075 7, 592 St): Paes eee 107 | 5, 976 1, 433 | 120, 000 40, 320, 000 376,822 | 28, 137 6, 747 TOO (ae Bee ee 83 | 4, 286 1, 261 | 88, 086 29, 596, 896 | 356, 589 23, 471 6, 905 GORE S Se a= oP |e Sa 2 [Ute 5, Ses | oe yas | 75, 153 25,251,408. |=. ooo ee 1/1) Cee aes 87- | 5, 039 1,.215 70, 872 23, 812, 992 | 273, 713 19, 599 4, 726 LQUS2 22 Sas 3 100 | 5, 529 1, 386 | 89, 331 30, 015, 216 | 300, 152 21, 656 5, 429 SOUZA aes =e 111 | 5, 964 1,444 | 131, 102 44, 050, 272 | 396, 849 30, 506 7, 386 AO ae 118 | 6, 282 1,531 | 113, 841 38, 250, 576 | 324, 157 24, 984 6, 089 RU C0 es et 112 | 5, 757 1, 400 | 116, 278 39, 069, 408 | 348, 834 27, 907 6, 786 i he (ta 90 | 4, 723 1, 163 97, 399 32, 726, 064 | 363, 623 28, 139 6, 929 ESGSa. Se as 74 4, 224 1, 000 | 74, 002 24, 864, 672 | 336, 009 24, 865 5, 887 1 66: |--e24-ce2- 872 | 58, 762 19, 744, 032 | 299, 152 22; G42, \|2- se seee Uy ae ae A} al Ne ae ee 2S 53, 824 18, 084, 864 | 311,,808, |-3- == eae ESGSc aoe see se hig eee ae as | 58,494 | 19, 653, 984 276, 817. [== cee POG Dee ee 100) |2.¢22.24.,4]5 -=aeeeee 90, 467 30, 396, 912 | 303, '969"|=. == = ee POOH eens | 165). |2822 2. 3|_ ee 103, 688 34, 839, 168 211, 146, |223-2 2 es es ES90 5222s 2 279° | = Ske ogy: 2 | eee | 147, 948 49, 710, 528 178, 173) 223 = eee TARO See es oe Bo0!.|J2ee ees Se em 236, 822 79, 572, 192 241, 128. |S 2e San se eee FRANCE The statistics of the French catch of cod off the east coast of North America are taken from “Statistique des Peches Maritimes,” an annual publication of the Service des Peches Maritimes, Paris, which gives a separate table on the cod fishery of Terre-Neuve. The follow- ing statement is from a letter dated June 16, 1927, from Chester Lloyd Jones, United States commercial attaché at Paris, who secured his information from the Comité Central des Armateurs de France: The French statistics indicate only the weight of the cod on arrival in France. These weights refer to the prepared cod; that is to say, cod salted after having been slit and the head removed. The fish are prepared aboard the fishing boats and are given an actual weighing only on unloadings. For this reason it is impos- sible to indicate precisely the weight of the cod when caught. This fresh eod is known as “‘morues rondes”’ (round cod). Nevertheless, tests made on a certain number of boats permit the establishment of a rough relation between the “round” or fresh cod and the prepared or green cod after slitting and salting. It is generally accepted that 150 kilograms of round cod equal 55 kilos of green salt cod. This is only a rough approximation and is subject to error according to the promptness with which the green cod are weighed. There may be consid- erable variation due to the drying, which may occur between the time of original salting and the time of weighing. This may involve a period of several months. In converting the French statistics to the standard basis of pounds of fresh round cod we have used the factor six (= x2,205=6.0). The resulting totals are given in Table 4. a COD STATISTICS TO 1926 741 TABLE 4.—Catch of cod off the east coast of North America by French vessels, 1874-1926 } | ] “i sroteux | “‘Dotanx forue : orue . , On basis of , On basis of Year SN round cod Year haat round cod 3 | (total cod)? | (total cod) 2 \- = = } | Kilograms | Pounds | Kilograms Pounds thy i A Ss eS ee 57, 255, 541 848, 538, 246 || 1809. =...........-.-..] +36, 180, 438 216, 782, 628 10M. 225 Ae bes 2am 45, 868,298 | 275, 209, 788 (S08 ~ 28-25 - eee | 29, 932, 896 179, 597, 376 AGate — Ceaeet ce 52, 598, 160 315, 588, 960 ty eens ES | 31, 263, 477 187, 580, 862 1 tt ARS ea a SES Se 37, 777, 346 226; 664; 076i)! 1606~ 2-2. =. 2. =a Sees 24, 383, 926 146, 303, 556 (3 eS = See 33, 095, 350 198, 572, 100 | TROD as See eee 18, 575, 387 111, 452, 322 TAOS a. See Sees ces 30, 116, 672 180)i700; 082 9/|A1B0S 2 ==. 2 ee | 14, 238, 863 | 85, 433, 178 (ho | RS Se Ee 27, 216, 090 163)206, 1620). |)\ 0803202. =.--s2=-5-e--- | 14, 316, 548 | 85, 899, 288 191s 25a Se 9, 494, 018 06; 964,108" |) T8025 222-22 oe eit | 13, 182, 590 | 79, 095, 540 jt ly ee Se Se ee | 12, 295, 038 MO MLO ReAO NN) LSOle See soo ee ee oe | 11, 957, 778 | 71, 746, 668 UN OR ee ee eee | 10, 320, 660 615923960) ie 1890s 22 2-3 o sao | 21,030,630 | 126, 183, 780 NK Pe Se eee | 17,977,817 | 107, 866, 902 SS eee 21, 309, 306 127, 855, 836 UNL eee Se ee 1, ewer aooolGal: 2 8451357006) ||-TB882 2-8. --2 -_.- Sacek 22, 141, 852 132, 851, 112 LS eR Te eee LL SaG2 ent | «= 208) 574142 B87 2 Ae. - = ee 38, 613, 915 231, 683, 490 Bee 3 Sabo 5 ee 27, 662, 919 165, 977, 514 | TES ece es Ss Nees 33,715, 858 | 202, 295, 148 io ae ee, 35, 273, 000 OCR S S00 0 an | (Sf ee pe ea ee 26, 871, 000 161, 226, 000 es eee eee 63, 890, 334 BeOp eee OUL: || Teed ae = eee es See Eee 25, 326, 123 151, 956, 738 PaO 5s. ee 52, 219, 899 SloRolOtogs |! 1883. foe" 8 eo 21, 315, 853 127, 895, 118 RSS? = ese Re 41, 592, 683 PAG Hb OUS! IP Losan sla eerece- see eee 17, 803,924 | 106, 823, 544 Pee 2 oes ee 34, 581, 564 2075 4899384 i P1881. 22 Sn 17, 683, 289 | 106, 099, 734 SONGS 232 ee = ee 19, 845,965 119, 075, 790 | UE ee ae ae ere Se 18, 382,910 | 110, 297, 460 MOS. Soe eet eae 22, 632, 343 1S) (ss ODS el O10 on aoe 18, 481,384 110, 888, 304 jt ee 2 2S SRI AG. SOR 18941) © 117, BOR 19s W IST. =e 16,070,560 | 96, 423, 360 1003S eee eee 21, 896, 066 TITS SZOPS90) | PLOd aaa = aoe oe ek 138, 922, 714 | 83, 536, 284 Lene Be ee ee | 24, 469, 623 146; S17, S| |p elOna aces naan ene 16, 296, 993 | 97, 781, 958 PODAUE OF. Reese SN 37, 862, 775 BUY ON ODUR le ene a= sea e eee 14, 955, 928 89, 735, 568 TH00 2: Soe ae | 390706; 908) 106, 241,958" || W8745 02. oe | 18, 565, 090 | 111, 390, 540 | } 1 From ‘Statistique des Peches Maritimes.’’ Service des Peches Maritimes. Paris, France. Published annually. 2 Green-salted cod as landed in France. See text, p. 740. 3 Conversion data: 150 kilos round cod=55 kilos green-salted; 1 kilo= 2.205 pounds * See text, p. 740. CANADA 50 5 X2.205=6.0 ) : For the statistics of the cod catch of Canada we have drawn upon the annual reports of fisheries statistics of Canada, published by the Canada Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Fisheries Division. The total catch of fresh round cod is given for the years 1910 to 1926. For the years 1869 to 1909 statistics are given on the quantities of cod as marketed. From 1903 to 1909 two items appear—‘‘dried”’ and ‘‘fresh or green.’”’ In previous years only dried cod appear in the statistics. In converting these figures to the basis of iresh round cod we have used a factor of 1 for fresh, 2 for green salted, and 3 for dried. Inasmuch as the fresh and green salted are shown together it was necessary to calculate an average conversion factor for this item. This was done by using the four fiscal years, beginning with 1910-11, in which both cod caught and landed and cod marketed were given. The method of calculation is shown in Table 5 and results appear to correspond very closely with the assumed factors. The resulting totals are shown in Tables 6 and 7. 742 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 5.—Study of the conversion factors for reducing statistics of Canadian cod as marketed to the basis of cod as caught | ! As given in | Assumed Gulculuted| Item Canadian | conver- weight as Remarks statistical sion nent reports factors 8 1910-11 Hundred- Hundred- Marketed: weight weight Mreshi =! =) eee es 105, 398 1 105, 398 been conversion factor for = 428 Green-salted --._- 75, 515 2 151,030 J ‘‘fresh and green-salted”’: 180, 913 2: 4 Teds 222-28 1, 017, 895 3 | 3, 053, 685 Caught and landed.--| 3, 126, 563 |---------- 3,310,113 Calculated weight as caught is 6 per cent more —————__ than reported weight as caught. 1911-12 Marketed: | rashes. 22S ies ae 124, 695 1 124, 695 |\Calculated conversion factor a 061 Green-salted _ ___- 101, 183 2 202,366 f ‘‘fresh and green-salted””: 225, 878 1: 45- Driedevses aise 593, 433 3 1, 780, 299 | Caught and landed--_| 2, 072, 195 {i tole A heal 2,107,360 | Calculated weight as caught is 2 per cent more —=—=———"_ than reported weight as caught. 1912-13 | Marketed: resi eee 104, 164 1 104, 164 Nepreeiee conversion factor forf255, 260 _ Green-salted - --_- 75, 548 | 2, 151,096 f ‘‘fresh and green-salted’’: 179, 712 1: 4% Driede see 481, 714 3 | 1,446, 142 | Caught and landed--} 1, 700,490 |_.-.------ | 1, 700, 402 | Calculated weight as caught is nearly the same | ———— __ asreported weight as caught. 1913-14 | Marketed: | reshh: 225-5 73, 951 | 1 73, 951 \ Cee conversion factor pee 293 Green-salted _ __-- 91, 671 | 2 183,342 J ‘‘fresh and green-salted’’: 165, 622 155. Snioked=--3-—= 1, 128 2 2, 256 Dredeae as es 458, 643 | 3 1, 375, 929 | =e ; Caught and landed--| 1, 635, 379 | see 1, 635,478 | Calculated weight as caught is nearly the same as reported weight as caught. | | | Average conversion factor_.-----.------- 1.46 TaBLE 6.—Canadian cod catch on the Atlantic seaboard, 1910 to 1926 = | : = Wis \¢ Osta ] ; gee ong- caught by Along- | (caught by shore _ vessels eecent shore vessels (counnt (total remaining shes (total | remaining aa minus | out more landed) minus | out more landed) offshore) | than two | offshore) | than two days) | days) LASS Se ~|——— == = ‘4 Ee 1 wba Calendar year| Hundred- | Hundred- | Hundred- || Fiscal year Hundred- | Hundred- | Hundred- weight weight weight weight weight weight 10262 eee ae ee eee AO Feel ee 2666871) )|' TOLG=ij eee hn ee dk 1, 962, 860 L025 es etal | 1, 094, 313 1, 183, 051 DOR oOF || F19Lb=1622 see |S ee Se eee 2, 116, 886 pit) es 906, 701 941, 085 fl S47, 786") 1Ohaa ht he ee aes j oa Oe ee 1, 772, 864 O23 793, 238 979, 268 eas DOG. iil Ol peo) Cee tees ey ie he AS 1, 635, 379 2. See 975,990 | 1,344, 218 2 S205208) 1) LOW 135 8 es ae a ee eee 1, 700, 490 LOI 5 1, 028, 026 976, 217 2) 004; :243) || MOLL es eh ee ee eee 2, 072, 195 LOZ Fa: Fete 911,088 | 1,037, 516 L943 "604: || AGIOS ee sae es ee ee ee 3, 126, 563 TOTO Rtas eee 1,465,103 | 1,094,343} 2,559, 446 LOLS SS eR 1, 257, 099 | 905, 295 2, 162, 394 | OR es 2, 216, 455 COD STATISTICS TO 1926 743 TABLE 7.—Canadian cod catch on the Atlantic seaboard, 1869-1910 | | | | Calculated | | 7 | Calculated Year | Dried | ¥ steb.ce | weight as | Yoar Dried | hkl or | weight as gre / caught! || | ever caught 1 he S a \|- ee \ Hundred- Hundred- || Calendar year | Hundred- weight | Pounds weight weight 814, 041 3, 272, 171 2, 489, 897 || 1889._....__.. 904, 560 | | NSSSSsu2 ai Te 1, 050, 847 | | | 188 (acc cee oe OFS 00: |=eneoeesasn = | | ASG Eo C2 sei 1, 080, 716 700,530 | 4,802,100 | 2,171,701 (ees 1, 077, 393 670, 775 |. 1,459,695 | 2,033,637 |! 1884____-__-_- 1, 022, 389 738, 637 1,208,100 | ~ 2,233,649 |) 1883_________. 1, 075, 121 792, 881 | 510, 985 2, 386, 103 TSS 2s ee eee! 903, 030 824, 756 | 504,500) 2,481,634 |) 1881_..._._._- 1, 075, 582 997, 244 | bees OOlad2 || Lse0.. 22 2 2c 1, 092, 514 | f 9, 998, 998 |] 1879.________- 1, 067, 484 | 2,676,840 | 1878 902, 496 2, 781, 546 : 815, 068 2, 128, 374 830, 860 2, 375, 343 | 748, 788 2) 390, 208 797, 891 2, 410, 785 880, 842 2, 804, 535 824, 438 2, 665, 074 674, 602 | 2, 694, 636 HOST eee | 1, 735, 269 2, 546, 907 OS Spee ee ae 1, 540, 074 2,573, 202 1 Conversion factors: Dried X3; ‘‘fresh or green’’ X1.46. (See Table 5.) UNITED STATES The statistics for the cod catch of the United States are taken from the annual reports of the Commissioner of Fisheries. ‘These consist of two series: (1) Annual reports of the quantities of cod landed by vessels at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me. (1891 to date); (2) the total cod catch by New England fisher- men for the years 1880, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1902, 1905, 1908, 1919, and 1924. The statistics, as published, represent the weight of cod as marketed by the fishermen, some of it salted and some fresh. The salt cod was converted to the equivalent of fresh cod by multiplying by two, thus reducing all items to a comparable basis. Having totals for only certain years, it was necessary to estimate the catches in intervening years. Using as a basis those years in which total statistics were available, it was possible to ascertain the amounts landed at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland by vessels, the amounts landed by vessels elsewhere, and the amounts taken in the shore fishery. Having annual statistics on the principal New England ports, which include the greater portion of the catch, it is necessary only to estimate the landings elsewhere by vessels and the catch of the shore fishery in the intervening years. Assuming that the trends of these fisheries were constant in the intervening years, the estimates were made and added to the landings at the principal ports. The resulting totals were then multiplied by the factor 1.25 to offset the loss in dressing, giving finally the totals shown in Table 8. Because they are estimates, these are only approximately correct. We believe they reflect the actual catch sufficiently well to be of value as used in this report. 744 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 8.—United States cod catch off the east coast of North Ameiica | | Vessel catch | | | Add 25 per woke Shore Landed at | | Total shore cent to off- Graal eateh Boston, anded | and vessel | set loss in oun Basic ea | elsewhere | Total | | dressing | Portland | | | i Pounds Pounds | Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds LOD Gee oe = 19, 500, 000 | ~82, 800,477 | 12,600,000 95,400,000 | 114,900,000 | 28, 700, 060 | 1438, 600, 000: Cp ee ee 18, 900,000 | 70, 118,974 | 12,300,000 | 82,400,000 | 101,300,000 25, 300, 000 | 126, 600, 000 i oS eee 18, 344, 256 | 63,995,450 | 11,111,440 | 75,106,890 | 93, 451,146 | 23, 362, 786 | 116, 813, 932 tthe ere 17, 400,000 | 66,718,136 | 9,600,000 _ 76,300,000 | 93, 700,000 23, 400,000 | 117, 100, 600 19220 Meee See 16, 800,000 | 59,759,695 8,300,000 68,100,000 | 84,900,000 | 21, 200,000 | 106, 100, 000 19 2Ve oe ee eee 16, 200,000 | 58, 456,532 | 7,000,000 | 65,500,000 | 81,700,000 | 20, 400, 000 | 102, 100, 000 1OQOEE: S252 ee 15, 600, 000 | 65, 825,084 | 5, 700, 000 | 71,500,000 | 87,100,000 21, 800, 000 | 108, 900, 000: AO1GMES Ss oe 14, 975, 867 | 69, 695,432 | 4,404,885 | 74,100,317 | 89,076,184 | 22, 269,046 | 111,345, 230: 1k Ss eer 15, 100,000 | 75, 028,832 | 5,450,000 80,400,000 | 95, 500,000 23, 900, 000 | 119, 400, 000 IO U7 ASS ee 15, 200,000 | 62, 518,654 | 6,500,000 | 69,000,000 | 84, 200,000 21,000,000 | 105, 200, 000 TOT GUS ses ee 15, 300,000 | 50,626,493 7,550,000 | 58, 200,000 | 73,500,000 18,400,000 | 91, 900, 000: IGI hoes ee 15, 400,000 | 55,110,151 | 8,600,000 63,700,000 79,100,000 19,800,000 | 98, 900, 000 TC (os AS 6 15, 500, 000 | 58,024,594 9,650,000 67,700,000 | 83, 200,000 | 20,800,000 | 104, 000, 000 tk Soa ee | 15, 700,000 | 60, 552,395 | 10,700,000 71,300,000 | 87,000,000 21,800,000 | 108, 800, 000 AGL IER oy Se | 15,800,000 | 71,891,436 | 11,750,000 83,600,000 | 99, 400,000 24, 800,000 | 124, 200, 000 TN eee eT | 15,900,000 | 73, 435,211 | 12,800,000 86, 200,000 | 102, 100,000 | 25, 500, 000 | 127, 600, 000 GIO ae | 16, 000,000 | 87, 129, 584 | 13, 850,000 | 101, 000, 000 | 117,000,000 29, 200, 000 | 146, 200, 000 TODO Merten tae 16, 200, 000 | 104,078,875 | 14,900,000 119, 000,000 | 135, 200,000 | 33, 800, 000 | 169, 000, 000: 19087 ee 16, 327,000 | 85, 280,185 | 15,974,815 101, 255,000 | 117, 582,000 | 29, 395, 500 | 146, 977, 500 1907 aL eee 15, 200,000 | 76, 688, 791 | 13, 800,000 | 90, 500, 000 | 105,700,000 | 26, 400, 000 | 132, 100, 000: [906 SSS ce 14, 000, 000 | 72,841,802 11, 500,000 84, 300,000 98, 300, 000 | 24, 600, 000 | 122, 900, 000: 1905Ss. Ae 12,771,968 | 71,841,821 | 9,178,229 81,020,050 | 93,791,968 | 23, 447,992 | 117, 239, 960 1OD4E SS use es | 11,600,000 | 73, 522,679 | 11, 900, 000 ' 85,400,000 | 97,000,000 , 24, 200, 000 | 121, 200, 000: 1903S ee ee 10, 500,000 | 84, 947,481 | 14, 600, 000 99, 500, 000 110, 000, 000 | 27, 500,000 | 137, 500, 000 190222 = Saas Ae 9, 490, 657 | 96, 869,838 | 17,244,301 114, 114, 239 | 123, 604, 896 | 30,901, 224 | 154, 506, 120: LOO So Ses | 10, 550,000 | 95, 410, 126 | 19,600,000 115, 000,000 | 125, 500, 000 | 31, 400, 000 | 156, 900, 000 L1900se te 2S S| 11, 700,000 | 93, 989,034 | 22,000,000 116,000,000 | 127,700,000 | 31, 900,000 | 159, 600, 000 TRO GER teal | 12,850,000 | 122, 104,886 | 24,400,000 | 146, 500,000 | 159, 300,000 | 39, 800, 000 | 199, 100, 000 T8982 eee ee 13, 966, 554 | 84, 646, 547 | 26,827,424 , 111,473,971 | 125, 440, 525 | 31, 360, 131 | 156, 800, 656 18972 See aes 13, 400, 000 | 76, 752, 504 | 29,400,000 106, 200,000 | 119, 600,000 | 29, 900, 000 | 149, 500, 000 1806325 see eee | 12,800,000 | 93, 527,647 | 32,000,000 125, 500,000 | 138, 300,000 | 34, 600,000 | 172, 900, 000 1896-332 22 | 12, 200, 000 | 110, 526, 602 | 34,600,000 145, 100,000 | 157,300,000 | 39, 300, 000 | 196, 600, 000 1894_.___._-.---| 11,600,000 | 99,420,048 | 37, 200,060 136,600,000 | 148, 200,000 | 37,000,000 | 185, 200, 000: 1803s eee 11, 000,000 | 89, 000, 501 | 39,800,000 128, 800,000 | 139, 800,000 | 35,000,000 | 174, 800, 000 1891____.-.-.--| 9,800,000 | 100, 745, 788 | 45,000,000 145, 700, 000 | 155, 500, 000 | 38, 900, 000 | 194, 400, 000 1SS9i cee Bee SL PAGS HG Reese PAs aS Se ee --| 155, 401, 270 164, 122,647 | 41, 030, 662 | 205, 153, 309 18885232 - 2 AGS 25; 876 | Siete Pe ee | 186, 894, 224 | 196, 220, 100 | 49, 055, 025 | 245, 275, 125 LSS Se eos Psa 8070) 725 lan ee ee ee 198, 178, 003 | 207, 457, 728 | 51, 864, 432 | 259, 322, 160- JIS {losis aad le ee |e eee rs ee |S eel on Re eee : 235, 480, 677 | 58, 870, 169 | 294, 350, 846 | Norte.—Figures given in even 100,000’s are estimates. See text, p. 743, for explanation. PORTUGAL The statistics of the Portuguese fishery for cod off the eastern coast of North America were taken from Estatistica des Pescas Maritimas, published by the Comissao Central de Pescarias at Lisbon. They cover the years 1896 to 1925, inclusive. We are informed by the American consul at Lisbon that the statistics represent ‘‘salted sod, not dried; that is, such as is unloaded from the ships at Portuguese ports when returning from the banks, to be dried afterwards.”’ In converting to the basis of pounds of fresh round cod we have used factor 6, as in the French statistics. (Seep. 740.) In addition to the total catch, the Portuguese statistics also give the number of vessels, tonnage, crew, and number of dories. These figures are shown in Table 9. a A de OS ae jth — @ TABLE 9 COD STATISTICS TO 1926 Year (crew) Number 1, 562 2, 269 1, 756 1, 667 1, 278 ve) oe Q “'Tone- |\lagemde”’ ““Navios”’ arqueacao, (vessels) dos navios | (tonnage) | Thou- | sands of Number | kilos 44 10, 253 65 13, 806 47 | 10,887 45 | 10, 560 35 7, 921 19 | 3, 795 13 2, 947 if |! So. 387 22,, 4, 333 31 6, 1384 38 8, 112 34 6, 854 38 7, 265 37 7, 838 39 7, 270 28 6, 529 31 6, 746 30 6, 231 25 5, 035 18 3, 956 13 2, 817 17 3, 743 17 3, 576 15 3, 352 12 2, 313 12 2, 313 12 2, 313 12 2,313 12 2, 313 12 PAB IB) 622 | “Canoas,” (dories) 1, 471 2, 063 1, 642 1, 510 1, 186 = _ oO for) Number | 745 —Catch of cod off the east coast of North America by Portuguese vessels } j | “Produto, bacalhan’’ (product cod) | Converted As pub- | to basis lished? | of fresh round cod 3 Kilos Pounds 5,031,710 30, 190, 260 6,521,611 39, 129, 666 4, 436, 959 26, 621, 754 4, 276, 570 25, 659, 420 4, 097, 649 24, 585, 894 1, 678,184 — 10, 069, 104 1, 241, 655 7, 449, 930 1, 810, 897 10, 865, 382 2,039, 945 | 12, 239, 670 3, 451, 644 20, 709, 864 3, 899,086 | 23, 394, 516. 2, 445,000 | 14, 670, 000 2, 587,067 | 15, 522, 402 3, 854, 358 23, 126, 148 5, 330, 564 = 31, 983, 384 4, 914, 014 29, 484, 084 4,971, 543 | 29, 829, 258 4,379,041 26, 274, 246 3, 623,772 | 21, 742, 632 3, 454,075 | 20, 724, 450 2, 480,400 | 14, 882, 400 2, 381, 440 | 14, 288, 640 2, 030, 287 | 12, 181, 722 2, 574, 445 15, 446, 670 2) 336, 090 14, 016, 540 2, 080,035 | 12, 480, 210 1, 614, 775 9, 688, 650 901, 172 5, 407, 032 1, 647,790 | 9, 886, 740 1 Source: ‘‘Estatistica das Pescas Martine: Comissao Central de Pescarias. Published annually. 2 Green-salted cod. Lisbon, Portugal. 3 converted on basis of 55 kilograms of green-salted cod equals 150 kilos round cod and 1 kilogram eae 2.205 pounds ss x2, 2056.0). TABLE 10.—Catch of cod off the east coast of North America [Figures are in millions; that is, 000,000 omitted] = 1 Fiscal year. New- ; found- France | Canada | ated Portugal! Total States land | Pounds Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds 538 190 225 130 19 1, 103 DOSS eS ae ee 267 144 2222 S|. See 496 — 344 228 127 30 1,225 1472 | 275 185 | 117 39 1, 088. 1 505 316 177 117 27 1, 142 1 578 227 232 | 106 26 | 1,169 1613 199 200 | 102 25 1,139 1 §36 181 195 | 109 10 1,031 1 677 163 | 256 | lll 7 1, 214 1641 57 | 216 119 OTs) 1, 044 1 687 74 | 222 105 12 1,100 1 602 62 1196 92 3), 973- 1 552 108 1212 99 23 | 994 1441 | 135 1177 104 15 | 872 1 492 | 209 1 164 109 16 990 1 546 166 1170 124 23 1,029 1 538 212 1 207 128 32. | eb tg 1 468 383 1313 146 29 | 1, 339 1575 313 | 1249 169 30 | 1, 336. 746 ' U.S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 10.—Catch of cod off the east coast of North America—Continued [Figures are in millions; that is, 000.000 omitted] New- Year found- France | Canada vee Portugal} Total an 1 Fiscal year. 2 Estimated. TaBLe 11.—Percentage of cod caught off the east coast of North America by each country, 1896-1925 | ; New- T. Year found- | France | Canada puited Portugal | Total land | | } Averages, 189G—t925==- = 2. eae ee 49 | 17 | 20 12 2 100 40 28 19 10 2 99 43 25), 17 il 4 101 44 28 15 10 2 99 49 19 | 20 9 2 99 54 17 18 9 2 100 52 18 19 1l i 101 56 13 21 9 1 100 61 5 21 ll 1 99 62 7 20 10 1 100 62 6 20 9 2 99 56 11 21 10 2 100 51 15 | 20 12 2 100 50 21 17 11 2 101 53 16 17 12 2 100 48 19 19 11 | 3 | 100 35 29 23 11 2 100 43 23 19 13 2 | 100 50 19 17 ll 2 99 50 18 18 12 2 100 54 12 20 12 2 100 53 13 21 11 1 99 49 12 25 13 ut 100 50 | 12 24 13 al 100 47 13 26 13 1 100 42 19 25 13 1 100 43 18 24 14 1 100 42 17 23 16 1 99 46 Ly 21 15 1 100 44 18 23 15 (4) 100 44 14 24 1s 1 ~ 100 { 1 Lss than 0.5 per cent. an COD STATISTICS TO 1926 747 SUMMARY The cod catches of the countries participating in the fishery off the oe coast of North America are summarized in Tables 10 and 11 and igure 1. During the last 30 years the total catch of cod averaged 1, 103, 000,- 000 pounds annually, varying between 872,000,000 and 1 339, 000, 000 pounds. The plotted curve of total annual production appears at the beginning of the 30-year period to be rising from a minimum, which probably occurred in 1893, to a maximum in 1899 to 1902; another minimum occurred in 1904, a maximum in 1908 to 1910, and another minimum in 1914. Since then the yield has been increasing fairly continuously. If a straight-line trend were fitted to the curve it would be nearly horizontal. Thus we may conclude that, on the whole, the productivity of the cod fishery, while subject to fluctuations, has neither increased nor declined during the last three decades. = NEWFOUNDLAND aps < 3 a MILLIONS OF POUNDS (ON FRESH ROUND BASIS) 19802 4 6 8189024 6 819002 4 6 819102 4 6 819202 4 6 FIGURE |.- THE CATCH OF COD OFF THE EAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA. With regard to the yields of the separate countries the situation is somewhat different. Newfoundland had the lion’s share of this fishery, her catch averaging 538,000,000 pounds, or 49 per cent of the total, during the 30-year period. In general, it has been increas- ing since 1890. Canada averaged 225,000,000 pounds, or 20 per cent of the total, during the 30 years. ‘On the whole, her yield has suffered a general decline but has been recovering moderately since 1913. The French catch averaged 190,000,000 pounds, or 17 per cent of the total, and has been subject to such large fluctuations that it is difficult to say whether there has been any well-defined trend during the last 30 years, though since 1880 the trend has been slightly upward. The United States yield averaged 130,000,000 pounds, or 12 per cent, during the 30-year period, and, on the whole, shows a distinctly downward trend. Since 1916, however, there have been farily consistent increases. The Portuguese catch aver- aged 19,000,000 pounds, or 2 per cent of the total, for the last 30 years. Tts trend has been noticeably upward. 748 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES That there should be such differences in the trends of the various countries is not surprising, for there are basic differences in both the production and marketing conditions in the different countries. The Newfoundland fishery is largely a shore fishery on the coasts of New- foundland and Labrador. Her market is entirely dependent on her export trade in the dried product. The Canadian production is about equally divided between the shore and bank fisheries. The former is conducted on the coasts of Nova Scotia and the Gulf of St. Law- rence, the latter largely on the ‘‘Western Banks.” Her product is largely dried cod, and the export trade is an important part of her market, although her domestic market for both fresh and dried cod is much more important than that of Newfoundland. The United States catch is largely made by vessels operating on the near-by banks, of which Georges Bank is most important. Her shore fishery is of considerable importance, however, providing about 20 per cent of the catch. Her market is largely domestic and in recent years has been chiefly for fresh cod. The French fishery is almost entirely a vessel fishery on the Grand Banks, though some cod are caught along the shores of St. Pierre et Miquelon and on the Western Banks. Her market is for dried cod and is largely domestic. The Portuguese fishery is entirely a vessel fishery and is prosecuted mostly on the Grand Banks. Her market is domestic and for dried cod. Although differences in the conditions surrounding the fisheries of the various countries may be pointed out readily, and while we may be sure that the differing trends may be caused by the different conditions it is impossible to deduce the specific causes without many more extensive data on the various factors that influence the fisheries of each country. NoTeE.—Since writing the above it has been found that the Canadian statistics shown in this repor f are not wholly comparable to the figures shown for the other countries. At the time the compilations were made there was reason to believe that the figures published under the heading ‘‘ Caught and landed’’ represented fresh round cod, but it has since been found that the cod landed fresh is actually reported on the basis of fresh gutted weights and the landings of green salted cod are usually reported on the basis of 300 pounds to every 100 pounds of dried product. This practice is not entirely uniform at present and presumably was not in the past. Under the circumstances it is difficult to determine an accurate conversion factor, but it seems that the Canadian figures might be rendered more com- parable to those of the other countries by adding approximately 25 per cent. O iM H ii, stirs eipmncet se 4 ada ea rT Rebeh aha Hee bepekabahed pra Air Baked PET etlnoks