Lia 99 | {Sh cares £o ; ie = 3 einen Ss) Aer =apet Caner 23. : peter nite st z ; saci 5 repens : to one ivinet re ner a oe rise peereents rar ee we ay Shc yen ete wie Pied rove: 7 ” ST cl rou eee ee Y eta fetetete tie i eradede lates ; phe alia oe ss Ir nh rtte eieteseert es aan fp ne ta ¢ pee er pores er apes set ree fete aie ace teee ee 2 : = sy tebetd ete ove rte aia” aa cal EG oe o a! f A Us a aN of ips j Wy 3 Wiebe 9a Dy ie — ye ve we. ae P = —_—" ——.. = | i Sige = —. = Ke. et a) : hy. a f 4h oe MANA ok (Ms , j i - 7 7 MA Bik a ais ! ; : af toh al U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE © BUREAU OF FISHERIES REPORT UNITED STATES . COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1930 WITH APPENDIXES HENRY O’MALLEY Commissioner UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1931 ERRATA Page 6, third line: The word no should be inserted following the word be. Page 88, Table 3: In the first box head Tid should be Tide. Page 123, third line: Agricultural should be Aquicultural. Page 177, third line: Agricultural should be Aquicultural. Page 320, fifth line: $3,467.50 should be $3;476.50. Page 588, table on American opening prices: Under 1927, Medium red or coho should read in the last column 1.50-1.65; and Pink should be 1.10—1.14. Page 735: Last figure in last column should be 19. Page 737: No dollar signs should appear in the table. ii CONTENTS REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1930. By Henry O’Malley. (Document No. Miri... issued November 17, 1930) 225. ee ee REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES COMMISSION APPOINTED UNDER NorTHERN Paciric Hautiput Treaty. By John Pease Babcock et al. Appendix I, 9 figs. (Document No. 1073. MEA eO MOV ELERIT NC EOS 2 a8 a Fee RP ee ee STATISTICS OF THE HADDOCK FISHERY IN NoRTH AMERICAN WATERS. By A. W. H. Needler. Appendix II, 2 figs. (Document No. ds SSned Uvetron 7190) .- 30 2 Se oe NET PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS. By W. T. Conn. Appendix III. (Mocumeny No..1075. Issued April 4, 1930)_.--.2.........- IMPROVED METHODS FOR THE COLLECTION OF SEED OYSTERS. By Herbert F. Prytherch. Appendix IV, 9 figs. (Document No. PU vGe BAIBUER “eT ah Lape) Oo0) 2288 a. A So Joe ee 8 OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEorGIA. By Paul S. Galtsoff and R. H. Luce. Appendix V, 28 figs. (Document No. 1077. Issued ame MEM Se ANC ee oy eh oe fee UTILIzATION OF SHRIMP WASTE. By F. C. Vilbrandt and R. F. Abernethy. Appendix VI, 3 figs. (Document No. 1078. Is- oe es pe Eg) pies SS Sear i ee ees ee EXPERIMENTS WITH MEAT AND MEAT SUBSTITUTES AS TROUT FOOD. By H. S. Davis and R. F. Lord, jr. Appendix VII, 11 figs. (Document No. 1079. Issued June 19, 1930)_______________- INVESTIGATIONS UPON THE DETERIORATION OF NETS IN LAKE ERIP. By A. C. Robertson and W. H. Wright. Appendix VIII, 10 figs. (Document No. 10838. Issued August 22, 1930)___.___________ EXPERIMENTS IN THE CULTURE OF THE BLACK BASS AND OTHER POND- FisH. By H.S8. Davis and A. H. Weibe. Appendix IX, 6 figs. (Document No. 1085. Issued October 1, 1930).-__________-_- ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES IN 1929. By Ward T. Bower. Appendix X, 14 figs. (Document No. 1086. Issued en SE eres i GAs eS po ee dee 2 REVIEW OF THE FISHERIES OF CALirorNiA. By R. H. Fiedler. Ap- pendix "ate 8 figs. (Document No. 1087. Issued November Oe LO et ae ea eee Ae it itm SE he Ste Se Sa FIsH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING WITH BIBLIOGRAPHY. By John Ruel Manning, Appendix XII. (Document No. 1090. Issued RMN TARE OIERD F o a S k a ss Sh a oa Rall ote eek en PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. By John N. Cobb. Appendix XIII, 48 figs. (Document No. 1092. Issued January 3, 1931.)______ FIsHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNitep Srares, 1929. By R. H. Fiedler. Appendix XIV, 29 figs. (Document No. 1095. _Is- i nS Oe MERE Jere es Len a a eS eee be PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1929. By Elmer Higgins. Ap- aT ob) 11 figs. (Document No. 1096. Issued February é Rete ot ee rae ST cee ha IE Ste ow a eos PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930. By Glen C. Leach. Appendix XVI, 5 figs. (Document No. 1098. Issued agg SDR Se ada Se Ps ol I-XXXII 1—25 27-40 41-45 47-59 61-100 101-122 123-147 149-176 177-203 205-339 341-369 371-407 409-704 705-1068 1069-1121 1123-1191 AN52Z9 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF FISHERIES HEADQUARTERS STAFF, 1929-30 Commissioner Henry O’Matiey Deputy Commissioner—LeEwis RADCLIFFE. Chiefs of Divisions: Office—ALBERT K. Brown. Fish Culture—GurEn C. LEAcH Inquiry Respecting Food Fishes—EuMer HiaaIns. Fishery Industries—R. H. FrnpuER. Alaska Service—Warv T. Bownr Architect and Engineer—GrorGE A. SCHNEIDER. Superintendent Central Station and Aquaria—Cuar es W. BURNHAM. Editor—Cuirrorp F. Mayne. iv A ] | REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES? CONTENTS Page RAPES CHIE) AUNIGe = =) eee eS Oe ke III WoriiEaciic- taltiit CONVENTION. -—©-. 2. = 2 ee III eves Ponwonnon 2-8 2 - s- IV Paeeinaguoeddy. power project. — 2) 5 si Vv International Fur Trade and Congress at Leipzig____________ Vv SES EE Se he ee OES Sar ES 2 ae VI Five-year construction and maintenance program ___________ VI CSRS Ae ee ee VIII Development of fish screens and fishways_-____-______-___- x ipper Mississippr miver-sitmation= 2. +. S22 lb elc.____- XI Special Senate committee on wild life resources_____________ xii Alaska fisheries service_________-_- sis ER i el ee el ee ea XII Administration of fishery laws and regulations______________ XII PeGIniel Halo Mabe ReTIess © oe Fe OA ee XI Special studies and investigations____.___._..-____.-.__--- XII Pemiteneeh the tanec! 2... oS ce ee XIII ENE SENSE RETOLD O08, hg Al ae re XIV ee TN OREN Se eee ee eS ee XIV Lil le EN sh RA ads ti Pa ey Sea oot a oe XV Seer Mu RISS | 0s pS ese As ek XV Eg Co ne ee er a ee a XV ES SO a ae le ae gy ne ee XV ee eee Se eenIeh Seen ee 8 Oe ee XV Mir-seal shans.taken by natives! /l2__- 62-22... 22 ill el XVI eS BE SE: Se eae eee Se ee cee XVI Protection of sea otters, walruses, and sea lions_____________ XVI Ewological fishery investigations.______._._....-......._-:_____ XVI mecneuluurel mvesnpations_.__-._ == Le XV Fisheries of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts__________________- XVIII Fisheries of the Pacific coast and Alaska___________________ XVUI mueninaiet 200 Great Takes so ko elk Da 3 International investigation of the Lake Champlain fishery dis- a Sia ete SE aE i es el Se ae re XIX mente ORIAMEIONB. ee ee : : ¥ a ‘ al \ a Qorener Zz » q AN ‘ \ \, ‘ Ys i Hi Usa u u u si U u u i le q a se t u rt — iu : ii 87842—30. (Face p. 19.) Ficurp 3.—Cape Spencer to the Aleutian Islands INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES COMMISSION 19 LW SEN P "o / C.Cress SE Oy) . : Salisbury “ax ¥ oe Ae SNP Coaowe row L7: {95 «TAs a DizenEn trarice ——— Capt ined. ~ eal ee Ya Ma Figure 2.—Cape Scott to Cape Spencer 20 U. S. BUREAU GF FISHERIES Ilicure 4.—Live halibut ready for liberation with numbered tag on cheek bone 21 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES COMMISSION TIM payieq AypBNsn puw wWo0jj;oG burp unos vey, sabe SWOYLR) O$-GZ-aur7 Fong 3 z > : 3 oy} UO jos woyuy, sz Py (aaqun ain) bay Fong Py SaL1oy (SovBys ,, Poles s}tun jo dn ope sul, punoiy "1B03 Inqlyey—e AOI i ay bu0/422f 00/2 Of OOS 2EPYS Y2O-Fu/-YS BU! SALZBYS OLY _ PVP PPI, §-9 -aw/7 hong = — .———— 7=5 Sy0DIWBS 02 -9/ EF Peg COPUIEG,I/- py | Se,) SeauP > Pe 22 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES rsa Catch per Skate in Fourds (906 08 yo it “4 6 7d 20 ‘22 2 1926 Ficurp 6.—Decline of abundance of fish as shown by the catch in pounds per set of standard gear, the skate. From 1906 to 1926, on the grounds south of Cape Ommaney INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES COMMISSION Catch tn Hundreds of Thousands of Fourrds Ficure 7.—Catch of halibut from the eastern side of the gulf of Alaska, between Cape Spencer and Cape St. Elias, by 2-week periods, as hailed in Prince Rupert. Unbroken line before, and broken line after the closure of the winter season, November 16 to February 15 23 24 of Pounds tn Hunareds of Thousarids Catch FiGURE 8 periods, U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 9Zlaand 19723 —— —— 92S aad 1926 COOMA tT reg gf 2B saz) 2 oe Month Catch of halibut from Hecate Strait and Dixon Entrance, by 2-week as hailed in Prince Rupert. Unbroken line before and broken line after the closure of the winter season, November 16 to February 15 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES COMMISSION Dixon Fritrance fo Sitka Sound — ——_ Kecate Strai7s — — —larweather, Yakvtet rley Bay Foriloch + westward in Millions of Founds Catch I’'icurp 9.—The rise in landings from the westward banks, including Portlock, con- trasted with the decline in those from other regions. Prince Rupert, 1921 to 1926 O 25 U.S. B. F. Doc, 1073. Wreate tte i 40 fH Fors 10k “4 ae 1] z a 82, f 40> FI és en ON my 5 Met, $¥ vty] | 135 : " ia ba Tcnarr€l73} 165," fs 2D NS 2a iio Y haley 6 f 32 a2} Cet ; Y ety 30 is) 85} wy 134 84 le > 9 ‘ P My, os) 88.<* | Gas Mk 37 Dic = ‘ vale 2(aeHa 260 4, sfis2 es 12 31 H 34, he 29 = } ‘ yes Ce at Bea N 9 Mp a of % Cute S370 Bald Me! > met VE G72 780 | q be (chart E15 10 ~ jo 30 32 ae 7coArriaga i Saas Roller Bay?) 17 Ss z St¥achalasPt ; 31 31 Cone I, 22 291 35 Silketi Pt 4s 30 35 #18 45(chert 8/58) 3° Ss 40 26 4 5 54 ic 44 = Gaviotn Rk, "3 ~ 0 30 jay igh \ at te 18 59 Fiaurp 10.—Proposed Timbered Islet closed “ nursery” 87842—30. (Follow p. 25, No. 1.) ‘ ae > age ¢ pir od ; “ ss ne € FX aso ie ce 22 : i hl Be : 3 : e 3 % la di — ie, e = ic = ; 9 | es! f ; = f-% ~~ \ i i f on IT a, a “ i sclat Dowsdmt® besogott-—Of ang - U.S. B. F. Doc, 1073. the Strecker oe = & eeenpeers qo 3 Conspieveus Mer topped hii! Densely wooded Fieurn 11.—Proposed Massett closed “ nursery ” == ww 7 30° ” eh Pee be ee et ere ay | Pr | im Meat Devil Nock ‘3 16 Sess seseeesssessse: 20° 87842—30. (Follow p. 25, No. 2.) « - * hea0ls Hem baxqort—tt } i - STATISTICS OF THE HADDOCK FISHERY IN NORTH AMERICAN WATERS ' e By A. W. H. Nrexepurr, University of Toronto CONTENTS Page lOMMEPOGIOKENT OLS SS ee eee a ee eee 27 North American haddock catches since 1880 and the question of deple- SHNONOY 2. uh See Sy at Te eh a eee ee oe ae? 2 Ee eee Stee es oes re 27 Newrouncdiand,; Pramece,and Portugal: t= .se. 2 2bobee sy sL-.----- 28 IOC St ket elmer. tk eS SY LN eed, 2 ee age es en, ee 28 RENNES NE eg LMS SEO DRS (oF ilar hla ems 29 Pn eeiisyne HACtOCkmenten ns. = oto wae tbo hs kes et a Le 32 esi 8 ae ce AR gi Te oT 2 ee SEES Paice nr SP ees os ie ik Ne ee Ay 33 Umnitecss tales aaesetmern evans yh PES Aen ce ek eee oe SI ye oe 34 oo SECTS OES PST SS pA are Sala pe Se ny OY ge A Sk a 34 Changes in the distribution of the catch of the Boston and Gloucester vessel LESLEY AES ap Eh et he 8 oe PU RS AO ee oe te eee a ee ee 35 mepeniareuron Or Gepletion 19-2 <-seius 8 eles eee bees 37 Geographical distribution of the North American haddock catch --_-__-- 37 Renan s vlOmmOlmuMenC lait = ee eee aioe eee Ne 37 CSAIL ot Sate et Rae IA BLS Sal iad eis a ay es a ee Me Le Uae 39 arma errerr caer gargs 2 FE LETT A ee UN Oe Oe Se Le es SEU tee 39 INTRODUCTION The haddock fishery in the western North Atlantic is of consid- erable importance, and its catches are increasing. In this report certain results of a consideration of the available statistics are presented. Chiefly, the statistics collected and published by the Governments are considered here, and we are concerned particularly with those giving, directly or indirectly, the weights of the haddock catches made at various times and places. Two subjects on which these data throw light are discussed—(1) changes in the amounts of the catch from year to year and the question of depletion, and (2) the geo- graphical distribution of the haddock catch. The haddock catches are all given in this report as weights of fresh haddock gutted but with the heads still on. This is the form in which the catches are most often purchased from the fishermen and is referred to as “fresh” in the United States statistics and as “caught and landed (in a fresh or green state) ” in the Cana- dian statistics. The whole weight is about 1.15 times the above weight in the summer and larger in the winter. NORTH AMERICAN HADDOCK CATCHES SINCE 1880 AND THE QUESTION OF DEPLETION The statistics of the total haddock catches since, 1880 are given below. On account of the diversity of form, those of each country are given separately. pee ends It to the Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. Bureau of Fisheries Docu- ment No. : Contribution No. 2 from the North American Committee on Fishery Investigation. 86483—30 27 28 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES NEWFOUNDLAND, FRANCE, AND PORTUGAL The haddock catches by these countries in North American waters appear in their fishery statistics only very recently. Their small size (a combined catch of about 2 per cent of the North American total) makes their. omission of little importance. UNITED STATES The statistics of the United States haddock catches were taken from the annual reports of the Commissioner of Fisheries. ‘They fall into two divisions—(1) annual reports $n the vessel fisheries of Boston and Gloucester since 1891, and (2) complete surveys of the fisheries of the New England States in 1880, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1902, 1905, 1908, 1919, and 1924. For the latter years the amounts of the New England shore catch and of the vessel catch landed at other ports than Boston and Gloucester were determined. These were considered to have varied evenly between the known catches, and the resulting estimated annual catches were added to those of Boston and Gloucester, giving a figure for the total New England catch each year since 1887. The Boston and Gloucester catches for 1890 and 1892 are averages of those for the adjacent years. During the years 1922 to 1927 there was a rapid increase in the haddock landings at New York, and annual statistics of the land- ings in that city were furnished by J. H. Matthews, of the Atlantic Coast Fisheries Co. As practically all the haddock of New York | and New Jersey are landed at New York City, these figures were — taken as totals for those States. The catches of New York and New Jersey for earlier years were taken from surveys made in the years 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1897, 1898, 1901, 1904, 1915, 1917, 1921, and 1926, and the annual catches were estimated by interpola- tion. The annual catches of the States of New York and New Jersey were then added to the New England catches to give the total United States catches. These appear in Table 1. TABLE 1.—United States catches, shown in pounds, of fresh gutted haddock Vessel | : Total New Eng- Total New Middle | Landed at . Year land shore | pg eB “ae England | Atlantic | New York Pe haa Riches | acute: h catch States ! City ? | other ports catch | | | ere Hk 1880. 3=22..28 (o> ee ee ee = SE SDONUUN | a. 2-2 eee | === 42, 800, 000 | | 1887 oo 3252259 0, DUD. OD 24, 100, 000 | 11, 200, 000 40, 800, 000 |__-__- ee | ee wi oe 41, 000, 000 ISagety z= __..| 5, 500, 000 29, 700, 000'| 11,'700/000"| 46;000;000 !|==*_-- = -2 hens ceeeeee 47, 100, 000 188025. Uc ees | 5, 400.000 | * 29,100,000 | 11, 200,000 | 45, 800, 000 | 18210003) =2. ee 46, 000, 000 1800222 ee AS [eo obec el fees eee ple ee 4 ie eee Ree } 174, 000.|<=-=-..-.--2] 5150; 200; 000 1SOee Se face ck oe) 08; 400/000 [-=— 3 100; 000. |=:ce. =e ee 5 54, 700, 000 18922: a eer See a eee jit dole. ee N76;,000 |= 25 3 aa 5 52, 200, 000 1803! 2. = = 2S eee BANOO SOND |: ae ees [eee e (Sa SS al ECR § 49, 700, 000 i.) OS .$ See ee |. 46, 600;,000, |i: =. . -22cc1i Pee a [Pa as 223 8A) ee es eee 5 61, 000, 000 1B9bs £28 ole. ree SSS ir £4, BOOSOUG) i= bes ea Vos Se aes so BY. 8 p.$ 1) See ee 5 56, 800, 000 sub6 ae oS] ey OE Bee 1) 330) 200000) 12-8 ae gone eee a? ea ae eee 5 45, 200, 000 j Re le eee Oe pepe at Ene AEE 1). 9 $81,(000, 000) 2525-32) 2 eee 821/000 4/2- Sees 5 45, 600, 000 1 New York and New Jersey shore and vessel fisheries. * Statistics furnished by J. H. Matthews, of the Atlantic Coast Fisheries Co. >“*Estimated total when fresh” taken from the Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, by G. B. Goode et al. 4 Vessel catch in Essex and Suffolk Counties. 5 Estimated, as explained in text. STATISTICS OF NORTH AMERICAN HADDOCK FISHERY 29 Taste 1.—United States catches, etc.—Continued | | Vessel | : Total New Eng- Total New Middle | Landed at A Year land shore Basten and 1 gach t | England Atlantic | New York United catch ougester | landed a catch States | City SPY eS other ports | , catch ROO Ree SoS 6, 300, 000 32, 600, 000 7, 900, 000 46, 800, 000 AAS OOD wars ua/ fee 47, 200, 000 LPN OS i Oe Re oe ee oe BRAD OOO Veen eet ee tt eee oe S dap acon st ta|\. S49, SOUR GUE 1175 onda PS et Se Pear BST A pe 28 Boe Bes be oe 08S ee ee eee 5 45, 900, 000 Une Ses 2 et ie Sa ZO REOO NOU: [nas ae see S|) oe ee eet BERAOOO To 2.) =. _.| 5 40, 400, 000 Up Ber te ees 4, 300, 000 38, 400, 000 5, 800, 000 48°000;'G60))-2 2-222. ==> Lay ees 48, 400, 000 TTON Aw Sica Se alia ZU REE UN 1 eee a SS oe ae ior = oe ec ee ee 5 50, 700, 000 calls fos 8 ye ee Saeed See ARSEDOSIHN) |= Oe. Sere eS Soe SSS 3 UT |e ee 5 49, 500, 000 MSs css 6, 200, 000 | 66, 700, 000 | 4,700,000 | 77,600,000 |.---.....__|___- a 78, 000, 000 MUR oe ee Ee eee Coll OS CM ae ae ee Se ee) eee a aa 5 73, 300, 000 HE S38 Oe We GS LAS ae ae TOD MON Not te a= Beet gee ne ees | oe oeee 2 BC oe Sa 5 54, 300, 000 UGS ee ae 7, 300, 000 48, 700, 000 4, 600, 000 ROSGUOnOOO! eases eoow see sete sc 60, 900, 000 NTs 6 See eS ee eee ASC DATUM EE Pe, eee Sa) ae ge ss See Pa ese er os eae ees 5 55, 600, 000 UMC yo Sey) ae eee 49, #70 ULACO 06 Sig EE: 2 ee ee ae ee | ne eee be ee 5 62, 500, 000 "eS an 00 Ce [Se SO ATT OVE oe Se 2S ee eee pees aoe 5 68, 900, 000 VI oy tae eel cll ag RNR eee Ga tO sect ea ae eee eRe Se oe ee 5 76, 300, 000 EUS eS Te et) Se ee SEL ATOU MT UC) ek ORS) Es Soe Ses 8 eae ee ed en eee 5 66, 900, 000 TIS ed ee ee ETO N= a wee | Bee age eee he te eae eee Be 5 71, 000, 000 GIGS S oe SSN | eee aoe SS LOOH OOO): | 22s a SaaS PETE SG; OG00 oS eee 5 71, 400, 000 MOTGE 3 = a Ne sat es BIS CLV OD OE CRE Sa SS eS ee al ee eee a = S| ee 5 68, 700, 000 ete ene ee |e eee 48, 500, 000 | ae tpt Ae Ak Od AR 25 OOOF Etats =e 5 61, 900, 000 MER te eyne te UT hyo Foe CORT AC V0 CUS ie SS ee es SIRE epee ere a (ney eae ae 1 § 74, 300, 000 | LSA Oe ee a 4, 600, 000 75, 900,000 | 9, 200. 000 pole COU COs ARE OE EEE RE EF eee ee 89, 700, 000 SAY Sat ces aE a |S en 73. 400, TE IS Seca ota al ee eee he eye ee blah oe ee ® §8, 500, 000 DET Se ee ie ee 64, 500, 000 VES base. TEN]. PELE et See 25 {0008 | Se ee er 2 5 81, 000, 000 eres pyre tk tee os 28 a 65, 600, 000 | Pebendh Riles il ae Se SPR Sg te 4, 300, 000 | 5 87, 600, 000 LIS ES Nc Ae at (eae eae a GSO OU0 sess etes ees Uae ee cee tae See a 10, 800, 000 | »* 98, 200, 000 ae Baie, Se 8, 700, 000 73, 300, 000 11, 600, 000 | 34500; O00) (P3225 222 = 2 14, 490, 000 107, 900, 000 Spbeereart: Mer Al ees gS SR ONGR O00]. semen o> die See oa Le aca 14. 800, 000 | 5 119, 100, 000 SGD See a eremcet res tlh S 38-000, 000) 54-22. 22h es at SES ALES: 17, 020, 000 | 17, 900, 000 | 5 126, 500, 000 “SY Bley Se ae apes ae 121, 200, 000 | oS ae Fe. le. Se, Se, SVE ee ee Me 30, 400, 000 | 5 174, 200, 000 | 5 Estimated, as explained in text. Some of the catches were given in part as “ salted,” the fish under this head being split and salted but not dried. The amount of salted fish was usually very small—about 1 per cent of the total. A factor of 2.0 was used to obtain the fresh weight of these catches. This factor is in current use in the compilation of statistics both in the United States and Canada. CANADA The Canadian haddock catches were obtained from the annual reports of the Department of Marine and Fisheries and from the fisheries statistics published by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics— the former from 1880 to 1917 and the latter since 1918. The statistics are based on annual and, since 1911, monthly reports by the fishery overseers. These are compilations of the records of the various firms in their districts. Before 1910 the statistics do not give the weights of the catch in terms of fresh gutted fish, and this ‘figure must be caleulated from the weights of the products marketed. Since 1910 figures are pub- lished entitled.“ Caught and landed in a fresh or green state”; but uniformity throughout the period studied is desirable, and the weights “caught and landed” are themselves at times calculated from the weights of the products marketed—for example, in the case of the Lunenburg catches, which are landed salted, and in those where fish are prepared by the fishermen themselves. For these ~ reasons the Canadian catches given here are the weights of fresh fish gutted but without the heads removed, calculated to be 30 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES necessary to produce the amounts of the marketed products given in the statistics. ; The opinions of eight representative fish firms were obtained in an effort to gain accurate knowledge of the quantitative conversion factors involved in the preparation of the various products from fresh fish. Certain tests also were made under the author’s super- vision. The results are given below: Finnan haddie—One hundred and fifty to 180 pounds of fresh haddock (average 167 pounds) were given as necessary to produce 100 pounds of smoked finnan haddie. Variations are due to differences in trimming and in the condition of the fish—fat fish lose less weight. Dried haddock.—Three hundred to 450 pounds of fresh haddock were given as necessary to produce 1 quintal (112 pounds) of dried haddock. Variations are due to the degree of salting and drying and the condition of the fish. In tests conducted by the author at Ingonish, Cape Breton, in June, 425 and 450 pounds of fresh gutted haddock produced 1 quintal dried. Fresh fillets—Two hundred and fifty to 360 pounds of fresh fish was considered necessary to produce 100 pounds of fresh fillets, de- pending largely on the method of cutting and trimming. These figures show the lack of agreement on the quantitative factors involved. The following were regarded as the best available approximations to average conditions: Finnan haddie—One hundred and sixty-seven pounds fresh to 100 pounds finnan haddie (smoked haddock). Dried.—¥our hundred pounds fresh to 1 quintal (112 pounds) dried. Fillets—Three hundred pounds fresh to 100 pounds salted. Canned.—One hundred and sixty pounds fresh to one case canned. The Canadian haddock catches calculated, using these relations, are given in Table 2. TABLE 2.—Canadian haddock catches Products marketed, in pounds of fresh gutted haddock used Total catch ___ in pounds of fresh gutted Others ! haddock Year = = — = Fresh Smoked Dried Salted [rt OR ARE MO SRI eet, eee ea RIAD BODE cv, = Sal. Soe 85, 400, 000 17 TI Dey yn oh ies PO es 10 | ee el MIR, SEES fF 86, 400, 000 94, 900, 000 50, 300, 000 53, 200, 000 60, 000, 000 67, 000, 000 53, 300, ie 48, 700, 000 } In order of importance—smoked fillets, canned and fresh fillets. STATISTICS OF NORTH AMERICAN HADDOCK FISHERY 31 TABLE. 2.—Canadian haddock catches—Continued ‘Products marketed, in pounds of fresh gutted haddock used lesstat catch - \_ ; wee are Wel _jin pounds of ar : : | fresh gutted Fresh Smoked Dried Salted Others | naddock iG Ge Be Serene 1, 900, 000 BO a OCHO Om meen 2 tis! bag eee | 52, 000, 000 ito a BEES ae 3, 500, 000 2, 900, 000 89, 900, 000 |---------- ee ___.., 96, 000, 000 iOS ae ee. Geol Epa cee 5, 700, 000 3, 800, 000 AON ON OUU awe ee lok S Le 59, 200, 000 Papoes i aleec2 se a 4, 400, 000 4, 100, 000 FAR SOON OOO Mee nen meee => 62, 700, 000 IMO Ka Go he ee 5, 300, 000 3, 300, 000 41, 600, 000 |__---- rope oe el ee 50, 200. 000 Oe eee 4, 700, 000 3, 500, 000 2 BCU CUO p | eeemee ee ere eens = 2 | 60, 500, 000 12)? ER nla SEE ee 4, 400, 000 3, 500, 000 BB COR OUT eee eee | 45, 200, 000 gt) Se SRS ed ep a 8, 100, 000 3, 300. 000 30, 000, 000 |___--- Lote Us| ee 41, 400, 000 COTE i eh a 7, 300, 000 4, 400, 000 313, OO UU Nee ee | pa | 46, 900, 000 Otiee woe hee eee | 11, 500, 000 | 4, 500, 000 SOO0OH O00 eae ees ene ao 55, 900, 000 1b] ei eee oe 10, 500, 000 | 4, 500, 000 Ba oT 00 OU0n heme ee eee eomeee 48, 100, 000 i 7/ See eee eens = 12, 600, 000 4, 400, 000 SULGOOAOUO) | sae Seree ne es | See = 47, 000, 000 iNOS Ae ice oe ae | 8, 600, 000 | 5, 500, 000 34, 900, 000 |__---- STE We | Le es 49, 000, 000 HODGE Rae 2. ~__.| 11, 000, 000 | 4, 300, 000 AA LOO NUON | Sees |e ae 60, 000, 000 POT eoeee ee 8 200000 10, 400, 000 Soa OOK OOO aaa ea oe | ete a 60, 500, 000 UTD, Te ee as ee _ 24,600,000 | 12, 900, 000 T7300; COON es ee ee ee eee 54, 800, 000 | C912)2. 2. 23. mye atk soos 19, 600, 000 6, 900, 000 28S A001 O00 ies ecient 1, 200,000 | 56, 100, 000 i CVE SEE Bee cone 14, 600, 000 | 4, 600, 000 Db Te0O"O00s ee esate a= 1,100,000 | 45, 900, 000 Rute aa oe Saws Bo 13,900,000 | 12,100,000 35, 500, 000 25008 000) || seen ees 63, 000, 000 SVT Ma oe Ee 15, 400, 000 | 8, 200, 000 35, 800, 000 4,100,000! 2,300,000 | 65, 800, 000 TOUGueee ss ee See 16, 000, 000 | 6, 600, 000 34, 200, 000 4,700,000 | 3,800,000 | 65, 300, 000 TUS 7/ ak see See ee Ps 22, 200, 000 | 6, 900, 000 32, 700, 000 14,100,000 | 2,100,000 | 78, 000, 000 Ghee eye Bie ® 19, 200, 000 9, 300, 000 28, 300, 000 6, 700,000 | 6,000,000 | 70, 100, 000 SUS eee Pee eae 13, 000, 000 6, 400, 000 22,700,000 | 13,100,000 | 5,400,000 | 60, 600, 000 | } Pee aos Fae ee 10, 800,000 | 11, 300, 000 15, 500, 000 5,100,000 | 2,800,000 | 45, 500, 000 RGRIe ean aad ee ee et! 11, 900, 000 | 6, 700, 000 4, 800, 000 2, 500,000 | 1,000,000 | 26, 900, 000 1G) 2a SRO Oe aos 11, 600, 000 | 9, 200, 000 6, 500, 000 3, 000,000 | 1,300,000 | 31, 600, 000 HEP 2 high By eee ee ee 13, 700, 000 | 8, 100, 000 5, 200, 000 | 1,300,000 | 2,100,000 | 32, 400, 000 GPR ak SE ante ee 15, 700, 000 | 6, 700, 000 8, 100, 000 | 1, 700,000 | 2,200,000 | 34, 400, 000 iar ga A eee 15, 800, 000 | 5, 400, 000 7, 700, 000 1,800,000 | 5,400,000 | 36, 100, 000 OG tee es Teena: 22 22, 600, 000 | 8, 900, 000 8, 300, 000 1, 800,000 | 8,600,000 | 50, 200, 000 OD a oe ed Tp 23, 700, 000 4, 500, 000 4, $00, 000 1, 700,000 | 4,900,000 | 39, 700, 000 2 Fiscal year. Doubt is cast on the accuracy of catches before 1888, when “ hake and haddock ” are given together in the detailed statistics, when the total for haddock is perhaps only an estimate, and when certain discrepancies occur in the compilation of the provincial totals to make the Canadian totals. The extreme catch in 1897 is due entirely to one county—Digby—which showed an increase of 400 per cent in the catch with no increase in the fishing equipment. This record is considered doubtful in the 1897 report itself, and we place no reliance on it here. The “offshore” catch (defined in the Canadian statistics as that made on trips lasting more than two days), the inshore catch, and the total are shown in Table 3, all taken from the figures for haddock “caught and landed.” The average prices per 100 pounds paid to the fishermen are also shown, as they have a probable bearing on the postwar depression of the catch. 32 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 3.—Canadian haddock catches | Catches ‘‘caught and Janded” (pounds) Price per eet : = 4 hundred - weight, Year! “caught Offshore 2 Inshore Total and | landed”’ S010 TE.) 2 eee ee LES gtd: Seed pee ea te oP |r Ae Oe oe ee 45, 700, 000 $1.45 it Yh Ripe eine Se OS” |. opel are eee Lee IRE BSE 53, 000, 000 1.40 AGI. = = 2 23 ELSE 8 SE Eee 2 A ee | | ae ee 50, 400, 000 1.65 AVE Gabe J Boe 1 SR eee ee | 5 ea [ay ea 40, 600, 000 1.90 1 NL bine tare hela, hte gp Oe ers eae 56, 600, 000 1. 60 1916 on Ea od SOU Ste ee Tt ee Soe 58, 300, 000 1.35 TONG 2 Te she ee ae mee pe ge 3 |e ee ere p= Aaa Be 58, 200, 000 2.05 Ty yan chen EES, Wo Be SO 1 oa aig | | iat ane ea ibe ae 71, 200, 000 2.25 DIG <8” ui ys i? RS Or ee PEO 25, 200,000 | 30,200,000 | 55, 400, 000 3.35 Lit Rempe nites 0 PAL. Giial ee: yee --------. 19,100,000 | 37,300,000 | 56, 400, 000 2. 40 1920: 232 252k oe. 2a ae Oe Be ee eee 23, 400, 000 20, 800, 000 44, 200, 000 2. 00 1h 7) SARA ee ie age Peed eS eg Pe ek Less 6, 700, 000 20, 200, 000 26, 900, 000 Lip EN 7 ili Reh ae 2 ieee tape rs Oe 2k ee 8, 500, 000 22, 200, 000 30, 700, 000 1.75 1928 sos a at ke ee ee ee 13, 900, 000 16, 600, 000 30, 500, 000 1.65 LOA 32 SOE Oe eee 14, 800, 000 19, 000, 000 33, 800, 000 1,80 1 Sas ees ES Sea ie ene Lee ee 17, 100, 000 17, 300, 000 34, 400, 000 1.90 1906 =< = sae Pe en ee ee ee ee e ' 26, 400, 000 23, 200, 000 | 49, 600, 000 1.80 ! 4 or 1910-1916, inclusive, the catch is given for the fiscal year. “‘offshore’’ catch is made on a trip lasting more than 2 days. CHANGES IN THE HADDOCK CATCH The United States and Canadian haddock catches and the total catch for North America since 1889 are summarized in Table 4 and Figure 1. Disregarding the unreliable records before 1889 we can see no significant changes j in the total haddock catch before 1903— SERRE AERA edd Aye Ul iL Sa Pa CAPE Po EES: Cea CARR ae Peer NE a ac ee ey ee ae een ai ne en Catch in millions of pounds Ea ma hig AY IS me | tas Fes BS ie Bi) Liz Mea PERE EEE 1920 I'iGURB 1.—Catches of haddock in North America, given as the weight of fresh had- dock, gutted but with the heads still on only minor fluctuations, with no general increase or decrease. From about that year to 1919 there is a distinct increase with fluctuations. A sudden depression followed, with a minimum catch in 1921, since which there has been a steacly increase. ‘To repeat: From a catch of about 100,000,000 pounds in about 1900 the total increased with STATISTICS OF NORTH AMERICAN HADDOCK FISHERY 33 considerable fluctuations to about 150,000,000 pounds in 1919, cle- creased to 108,000,000 pounds in 1921. and reached 214,000,000 pounds in 1927. Tarnte 4.—Total catches in North American ivcaters, gutted haddock in pounds, of fresh x | United , yi United Year Canada ! Goran Total ! | Year Canada 1 States Total ! 43, 600,000 | 42,800,000 | 86,400,000 || 1904__-______ 46, 900,000 | 59, 500, 000 | 106, 400, 000 _-| 47, 100, 000 LON5- Sees es 55, 900, 000 | 78,000,000 | 133, 700, 000 _| 71, 500, 000 |- GORE Aaa 48, 100,000 | 73,300,000 | 121, 400, 000 69, 200, 000 2) a es 47,000,000 | 54,300,000 | 101, 300, 000 86, 800, 000 905 49, 000,000 | 60, 900,000 | 109, 900, 000 74, 400, 000 |_- | _| 60,000,000 | 55,600,000 | 115, 600, 000 85, 400, 000 | _| 60, 500, 000 | 62, 500. 000 | 133, 000, 000 86, 400, 000 | 41,000, 000 | 147, 200, 000 _| 54, 800, 000 | 68, 900, 000 | 123, 700, 000 | 94, 900,000 | 47,100,000 | 142, 000, 000 || __| 56, 100,000 | 76,300,000 | 132, 400, 000 50,300,000 | 46,000,000 | 96, 300, 000 _| 45, 900,000 | 66,900, 000 | 112, 800, 000 53, 200,000 | 50, 200, 000 | 103, 400, 000 _| 68,000, 000 | 71,000,000 | 134, 000, 000 60, 000,000 | 54, 700, 000 | 114, 700, 000 65, 800,000 | 71,400,000 137, 200, 090 67,000,000 | 52, 200, 000 | 118, 200, 000 | 65,300,000 | 68, 700,000 | 133, 800, 000 53, 300,000 | 49,700, 600 | 103, 000, 600 78, 000, 000 | 61,900, 000 | 139, 900, 000 54, 900,000 | 61,000, 000 | 115, 900, 000 ' 70,100, 000 | 74,300,000 | 144, 400, 000 48, 700,000 | 56, 800, 000 | 105, 500, 000 | 60. 600,000 | 89,700,600 | 150, 300, 000 | 52,000,000 | 45, 200,000 | 97, 200,000 || | 45,500,000 | 88, 500,000 | 134, 000, 000 252,400,000 | 45, 600,000 | 98, 600, 000 || | 26,900,000 | 81,000,000 | 107, 900, 000 59, 200,000 | 47, 200,000 | 106, 400, 000 || ° | 31,600,000 | 87,600,000 | 119, 200, 000 62, 700,000 | 49, 500,000 | 112, 200, 000 || | 32,400,000 | 98, 200,000 | 130, 600, 000 50, 200,000 | 45,900,000 | 96, 100, 000 | : 34,400, 000 | 107,900,000 | 142, 300, 000 60, 500,000 | 40, 400, 000 | 100, 900, 000 || | 36,100, 000 | 119, 100,000 | 155, 200, 000 45, 200,000 | 48, 400,000 | 93, 600, 000 || 50, 200,000 | 126, 500,000 | 176, 700, 000 eee ee oe 41, 400, 000 | 50,700,000 | 92, 100, 000 | 39, 700, 000 | 174, 200,000 | 213, 900, 000 } | | i 1 Canadian catches before 1888 unreliable (see text). 2 Estimated by replacing the extraordinary catch of Digby Coungy, Nova Scotia, by the average for the 2 adjacent years. Considering the two countries separately, we see that both the United States and Canadian catches show a general increase from 1903 to 1917. The United States catch, however, fell off only very slightly from 1919 to 1921, the postwar depression of the total catch being due largely to a decrease in that of Canada from 78,000,000 pounds in 1917 (the largest recorded) to about 27,000,000 pounds in 1921 (the smallest recorded). Reference to Table 3 shows that this depression of the catch was coincident with a fall in the prices paid to the fishermen. It was apparently due to economic factors at the close of the war rather than to any decrease in the abundance of the fish. ‘The marketing of fish and fish products was found to be difficult and prices fell to a figure which made it impossible, in some districts of the Atlantic coast especially, to carry on.” (Report of the Deputy Minister of Marine and Fisheries. Canada, 1921.) This decrease was general, affecting both offshore and inshore fisheries and all parts of the coast. On the whole, the recovery has been slow, particularly in the shore fisheries. CANADA The inshore and offshore catches are not given separately before 1918. They are shown since that date in Table 3. It may be seen that they are similar in size at the beginning and end of the period 34 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 1918 to 1926, but that the offshore catch shows a greater depression and a quicker recovery during the period. The net result has been a relative gain for the offshore catches, which may be attributed largely to the otter-trawl fishery. UNITED STATES In the United States the inshore catch is not as important as in Canada. Reference to Table 1 shows that it has increased, but that the increase in the United States total catch has been largely due to greater landings in the New England and New York vessel fish- eries. This has been accompanied by the increased use of the otter trawl. OTTER-TRAWL FISHERY The increasing importance of the otter-trawl fishery has been one of ‘the most striking developments in the North American haddock fishery in the last 20 years. Otter trawls were first used in the United States for the haddock fishery in 1905, when one steam trawler was operated from Boston. They were introduced later in Canada and have taken an increasingly important part in the fishery in both countries. In 1926 11 steam otter trawlers were fishing on the Canadian Atlantic coast, and their catch was a large proportion of the Canadian offshore catch of haddock. Untortunately, records of the Canadian catches by otter trawlers have not been kept sep- arate from those of the offshore line fishery. In the United States the otter-trawl fishery has assumed larger proportions than in Can- ada. Most of the catcheg landed at New York City since 1922 have been made by otter trawlers. Statistics of the New England otter- trawl fishery are given in Table 5. The catches have been landed chiefly at Boston and also at Portland and Gloucester. Haddock have consistently constituted over 80 per cent of the otter trawlers’ catches, and this may be considered principally a haddock fishery. Since the first otter trawler operated in 1905 the fleet has increased, reaching 12 in number by 1915 and averaging about 30 since 1920. Since 1920 its haddock catch has been about one-half of the total for New England. Changes in the fishery are evident in Table 5, both in the figures for the individual years and in the averages for the two periods for which statistics are available—1908-1915 and 1920-1927. Compar- ing these two periods, we see that the catch per trip has increased over 50 per cent. The number of trips per trawler has decreased, however, and the catch per trawler is lower for the later period and high again in 1927. Before 1915 thé otter-trawl fishery was con- fined largely to Georges Bank and the South Channel, while in recent years considerable catches have also been made on Nantucket Shoals, Western Banks, and other grounds. The same changes in the fishery, however, are shown when only Georges Banks and the South Channel are considered. STATISTICS OF NORTH AMERICAN HADDOCK FISHERY 35 TABLE 5.—New Hngland otter-trawl fishery for haddock | | | | Catch, in | Catch Pee eee ee | Number j ‘ pounds, of | as per- | Number Catch per | Number of trips maven er Year | fresh centage | of trips trip, |, 9 per trawler haddock | of total (pounds) | trawlers] trawler | (pounds) j TE TS Sm een emcipiee 3 (SRE GS NR aE (ee | 1. |_-222 oo ae spade eee ee ap! US SASS © RT Se Ra |e eee eee eee oe J |..22. 2 eee | 1, 500, 000 3 44 | 35, 000 1 42 1, 500, 000 | 1,700, 000 4 47 | 36, 800 1 47 1, 700, 000 | 2,800, 000 | 5 59 47, 000 1 59 2, 800, 000 | 7,400, 000 11 178 | 41, 400 3 59 2, 470, 000 | 13, 000, 000 18 295 44, 000 16 49 2, 170, 000 12, 500, 000 22 326 38, 200 1g 36 1, 370, 000 15, 400, 000 | 23 387 39, 700 211 35 1, 400, 000 17, 100, 000 | 26 380 45, 000 a 32 1, 420, 000 | 52, 000, 000 65 646 80, 400 44 15 1, 180, 000 | 26, 700, 000 40 346 72, 300 26 13 1, 030, 000 | 35, 900, 000 | 51 578 62, 000 28 21 1, 710, 000 - 35, 500, 000 ! 48 665 53, 400 33 20 1, 080, 000 | 35, 200, 000 44 | 543 | 64, 300 | 32 17 1, 100, 000 | 44, 000, 000 48 | 607 72, 500 29 2 1, 520, 000 | 52, 400, 000 60 | 667 | 78, 500 30 22 1, 750, 000 | 69, 200, 000 53 | 794 | 87, 200 25 32 2, 170, 000 8, 900, 000 14 | 215 | 40, 900 5.5 45 1, 840, 000 | | 440 | 5 1,620,000 43, 900, 000 51 606 | 71, 300 | 31 20.1 1, 440, 000 419.6 | 51,420, 000 | | 1 Including 1 from New York for part of the year. 2 Including 2 from New York for part of the year. 3 Averages of figures calculated for each year. 4 Average number of trips divided by average number of trawlers. 5 Average total catch divided by average number of trawlers. The extent to which the above data indicate changes in the abun- dance of the fish is very doubtful. The increased catch per trip is rather an indication of a change in the nature of the trawlers enabling them to make longer trips. This is borne out by the decreased num- ber of trips made by a trawler each year. The catch per trawler is probably the nearest approach to the catch per unit of fishing effort, which is our only criterion of the relative abundance of the fish. But we have just pointed out one change in the mode of opera- tion, and others are probable both in the fishing ability of the average trawler and in the average length of time spent in fishing each year. These changes influence the catch per trawler and make it unreliable as an indication of the abundance of the fish. CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CATCH OF THE BOSTON AND GLOUCESTER VESSEL FISHERIES In Table 6 the geographical distribution of the Boston and Gloucester vessel fisheries is summarized for two periods—1891 to 1901 and 1916 to 1925, both inclusive. The grounds east and west of 66° west longitude are totalized separately. 36 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 6.—Geographical distribution of the catch of the Boston and Gloucester vessels fisheries, in pounds, of fresh gutted haddock 34, 578, 000 100.0 | 67,049, 000 i 100. 0 Average for 1891 to 1901 1] am Average for 1916 to 1925 | Fishing ground Per cant Ferognt- ; age of | ; age 0} Catch fatal Catch total eatch catch a Have Banks 4 cer 2c) eee os See ares 2, 049, 000 5.9 | 683, 000 1.0 Wrestertl Banke e220 es) oe Tee ee ee | 396, 000 sia | 5, 721, 000 8.5 Qubreait Banks (252) 2 ee eee | 24, 000 sll 713, 000 12) RDG) SHOR 22 aoe. ee ee eee ee es re eee 601, 000 Le) 597, 000 9 Other grounds E. of 66° W. longitude_ Pea p tc ee els 11,000 Ov 2 115, 000 2 Total E. of 66° W. longitude__--_z-.2-__---.---- 3, 071, 000 | 8.9 7, 939, 000 11.8 Browhs: Bankes: 4 FISH BUREAU OF Ss. C 38 UL yoopppey JO aoued 000‘'00Z JO Soyo}vo [uNUUL dSvIBAL JUESAIdeT S}0q “GZEL 0} STEL ‘Yo1v2 Yooppry ue 1nd00 384} JO spaoda I Juaseide I Sasso [R uoseip !S9yo) Bo I[vuls jueseidel sasso1d 4 Weury YON 24} JO uoly poo Jo sayqa}to I1dn ‘spunod jstg—zZ gunoly STATISTICS OF NORTH AMERICAN HADDOCK FISHERY 39 _ The distribution of the catch within the areas for which it is recorded—for example, on different parts of the same banks—is not reliable. As the chart is on Mercator’s projection the areas to the south are represented on a slightly smaller scale, and the catch appears more concentrated than is the case to the north. CATCH The more important features of the distribution may be seen in the chart (fig. 2). The greatest catch is made in the neighborhood of the South Channel, extending over Georges Bank on the east and to Cape Cod on the west. West of Cape Cod only very small catches are made, extending to Cape May. In the Gulf of Maine consider- able catches are made inshore along the entire coast. Large catches are made on the south shore of the Bay of Fundy near the mouth, but they decrease markedly toward the head of the bay; on the north shore there is no commercial catch east of St. John. Fair catches are made along the entire coast of Nova Scotia from Cape Sable to Cape North, Cape Breton, with large catches in the vicinity of Canso and Ingonish, where haddock are taken in trap nets. Large catches are made on the banks off this coast, particularly Browns, Western, and Quereau Banks. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with the exception of a fair catch on the Cape Breton coast, only very small catches are made in spite of a great deal of line and trap-net fishing for cod. These small catches extend throughout Magdalen Bay. The very small catches elsewhere in the gulf are not mentioned in the statistics. On the banks south and east of Newfoundland very small catches are made by United States vessels. The French catch on Newfound- land Bank (including all French catches in North American waters) is very small—about 200,000 pounds annually. Records of Canadian, Newfoundland, and Portuguese catches in this area are not available, but they are probably small. They are estimated at not over 600,000 pounds, but their amount and distribution are very uncertain. It must be remembered that the chart shows the catches and not the abundance of the haddock. The presence of a large haddock catch is indicative of the abundance of haddock, but the relative abundance at various places can not be judged safely from the catches. The absence of a haddock catch has significance only where a fishery exists using gear that will catch haddock. SUMMARY 1. The total haddock catches in North American waters since 1880 are summarized in Table 4and Figure 1. The total catch has shown an increase from about 100,000,000 pounds in 1900 to about 214,- 000,000 pounds in 1927. 2. The postwar depression of the catch was relatively small in the United States. In’ Canada the decrease from 78,000,000 pounds in 1917 to 27,000,000 pounds in 1921 was due apparently to economic factors. It was most marked in the offshore fishery but also very general inshore. 3. The inshore and offshore catches are given for the United States in Table 1 and for Canada in Table 8. The increasing total haddock 40 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES catch is attributable largely to increasing vessel catches and the development of otter trawling. 4. The development of the New England otter-trawl fishery is summarized in Table 4. Beginning in 1905, from 1920 to 1927 its catch averaged about one-half of the New England vessel catch and was made by about 31 steam trawlers. Since 1920 longer trips have been made with increased catches per trip. The catch per trawler has been low since 1920, but was high again in 1927. 5. The landings at Boston and Gloucester from various grounds during the period 1891 to 1901 and 1916 to 1925 are summarized, in Table 6. The total haddock catch does not show a decrease on nearer grounds accompanied by increase farther afield. The line fishery by itself does so, increases on the nearer grounds being due to the otter-trawl fishery. 6. No general or lasting depletion is evidenced by the available statistics. 7. The geographical distribution of the North American haddock catch is shown in Figure 2. The catch is made chiefly from Cabot Strait to Cape Cod, being greatest in the South Channel and the vicinity. Large catches are made on Georges, Browns, and the Sable Island Banks. With the exception of the Heed of the Bay of Fundy, considerable catches are made along the entire coast from Cape Cod to Cape North, with large catches near Digby, Canso, and Ingonish. Small catches are made in the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. O NET PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS* By W. T. Conn Technologist, United States Bureau of Fisheries INTRODUCTION Of the commercial catch of fish in the United States and Alaska, about $75,000,000 worth is taken by means of textile webbing which, when combined with other materials, is commonly referred to as nets. The size, form, and quality of these vary with the size and species of fish sought. The investment in fishing nets in the United States and Alaska amounts to about $16,000,000 when the value of the rope, floats, leads, and other accessories are added to the value of the webbing. From this it can be seen that the value of nets alone constitutes about 20 per cent of the value of the catch made by them annually. The factory value of textile webbing used for replacement of nets annually is about $5,400,000. This figure would be increased con- siderably if the cost of merchandising, labor, and transportation were added. Thus, the maintenance of replacement of nets repre- sents a considerable proportion of the cost of fish landed, and pre- servative treatments which will prolong the life of these nets are of economic importance, not only to the fisherman or producer, but also to the consumer of fishery products. Replacement of textile fishing gear is necessary, due largely to deterioration which is partly controllable. When the best preserva- tives are used the loss of tensile strength and losses due to storm damage are minimized, with the result that more fish can be taken with a certain quantity of gear. Fishermen can not eliminate dam- age from driftwood, violent storms, and possibly from destruction of nets by sharks, but it is generally recognized that a clean net is less liable to storm damage, as it offers a minimum resistance to the motion of the water. Preservatives are available which, when ap- plied to certain types of textile webbing, impart to it a high resistance to mechanical abrasion. Members of the technological staff of the Bureau of Fisheries have devoted the past several years to a study of net preservatives. They have tested many formulas over a long period of time under actual fishing conditions. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss those treatments which it is believed will have the greatest promise of efficient preservatives. As a result of the investigations it has been found that the quantity and quality by fouling of textile fishing gear varies widely in different waters. Bacterial decomposi- tion of nets has been proved in certain localities, and it is suspected in others. In certain types of nets, contamination of the webbing 1 Appendix III to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1950. B. F. Doc. 1075. 93238°—30 4] 42 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES by fish slime and subsequent atmospheric exposure of the nets leads to heating due to bacterial action, which is controllable, so far as is known now, only by thorough washing of the nets, followed by salting. Preservative treatments applied to gill nets which are fowed during immersion should not only minimize aquatic growths but must also leave the webbing soft and plable and capable of flat- tening when struck by fish. In contrast, purse seines, which are immersed for relatively short periods and in which fouling is caused exclusively by contact with the fish, require a preservative that will maintain tensile strength and resist abrasion; a round, smooth, compact thread is desirable, and a high degree of flexibility appears to be of minor importance. ‘These two examples will suffice to point out that no one preservative formula is applicable to all types and sizes of textile fishing gear. In the application of preservatives in which tar is a principal constituent it is necessary to provide a kettle of convenient size that can be heated to 250° F., a draining board, and tackle for hauling out the hot net. For the lighter treatments, in which solvents are used, a tank that can be heated with a closed steam coil is the only essential equipment, although a draining board is sometimes used. The preservative treatments listed below are on the basis of 100- pound mixes. These mixes will have to be increased or decreased according to the size of the twine and the quantity of the nets to be preserved. Those treatments for pound or trap nets and gill nets which contain copper compounds other than bluestone were developed by technologists of the Bureau of Fisheries. TREATMENTS FOR POUND NETS No preservative developed up to the present time has demon- strated its ability to prevent absolutely the growth of vegetable material on trap-net webbing in all waters. When this material persists in forming it may be killed by removing the nets from the water and exposing them to the bright sunlight for a day. The most general treatment used for preserving pound or trap nets con- sists of the following ingredients: Pounds Coal , tar. 1:42) eee ee ty Pee ee eee +, 5 ee 67 Wood tar... he ee ee eee ee eee 33 A coal tar low in residue (benzol insoluble) is recommended. This mixture is heated to fuming temperature in a kettle. The net is immersed in the tar for a few minutes and then drained, after which it is ready for use. This treatment is fairly satisfactory for nets exposed in fresh water. For nets exposed in salt water the treatment becomes somewhat exhausted in about one month and fouling with vegetable growth becomes quite extensive. How- ever, this treatment has the advantage of low initial cost and pro- duces a net with a good resistance to abrasion, the latter being an important consideration with pound or trap nets. A tarred net is relatively heavy and inflexible, and the treatment is attended by some fire risk and considerable discomfort to the laborers applying the treatment. NET PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS 43 A preservative for pound or trap nets, which gives promise of a higher resistance to vegetable growth, consists of the following ingredients : Pounds CLO PEYTE (fs SIE pe I TNE at ee 62 \ Coto a MF 2 ae Sey a ee a ee ee a ae 3 RedNOsICE. Ole COMWCle = ae en ee ree ee if The red oxide of copper should be “ Navy standard,” that is, con- taining not less than 88 per cent cuprous oxide and fine enough so that 98 per cent can be sieved through a 350-mesh screen. This should be added last in making the mixture. The mixture should be stirred while the net is being treated. Another preservative treatment for pound or trap nets, which leaves the webbing more pliable and resistant to abrasion, consists of the following ingredients : Pounds (OroeeW eS eer W glee Me A I a nt Eee rea 50 (CHG G ay Ces gO ENS ee IN SE aera pe al ee al eye oo 15 enzo ys (4S, aerallO ms) Sey se es pee ae ire yh oT La ey sd 35 Copper oleate containing not less than 8 per cent of copper should be used. Benzol is highly inflammable and shghtly poisonous, so ~ that extreme caution should be used in handling this mixture. Ordi- narily, in warm weather, the mixture can be effected without heat. In cold weather to make the mixture it may be necessary to heat the kettle containing the mixture with a closed steam coil. /n all events the mixture should be kept away from open fires at all times. A most satisfactory preservative treatment for producing a light- weight pound or trap net consists of the following ingredients: Pounds COLG ENS PE lh fe ke eS ede ek IN ON AE BALL eile Sc Rabe seg er hd Ba A 12 WOULD DT Sa eE yes ENT eS ak RAPALA De eS Pd US eee EET ES 6 Red oxide of copperss_=2-=+— =. 24 eae Bee digs AT ih ES og k 5% AW KenGe reo a Suenos Olle. Qxo eu LOIS jets See apt See ea Fee 761% Red sOxidem olnmereuny:: (27,0UNGCeS) =.) 2 a ee 1% The oxide of mercury should be as fine as possible and should be ground thoroughly together with the red oxide of copper before they are added to the other ingredients. The water gas tar oil is a by- product of the coal-tar industry and ordinarily may be obtained from the refiners at a cost of about 25 cents per gallon in 50-gallon drums. This material is about as inflammable as kerosene and should be handled with reasonable caution. Mixtures containing it should be used at a temperature well above blood heat (about 150° F.) to insure complete solution of the solvent components. In using the above mixture, clean dry webbing should be immersed for at least five minutes with constant agitation of the mixture to insure against settling of the heavy solids. To guard against this, it has been found excellent practice to operate a bilge pump in the center of the kettle or tank in order to draw the mixture from the bottom of the tank and distribute it over the section of the net being treated. This treatment has produced webbing which, under adverse con- ditions, has maintained full strength for one year without fouling, although it should not be inferred that similar results will always be obtained. The only objection to this treatment is that the webbing has a comparatively low resistance to abrasion. 44 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES A preservative treatment for pound and trap nets which produces an extremely lightweight and flexible webbing consists of the fol- lowing ingredients : Pounds Gopper: ‘oleate: 2222 ee 8 + a es ere 30 Gasoline or kerosene (about 914 gallons) --------_-____-_-- 70 After the copper oleate has been dissolved in the gasoline or kerosene the clean, dry webbing should be soaked for at, least five minutes in the mixture, then drained and dried, when it is ready for use. The treatment is reasonably satisfactory for six weeks in salt water and for a shorter period in fresh water. Somewhat better results may be obtained by using the above mixture diluted with an equal quantity of gasoline or kerosene and repeating the treatment twice as often on clean, dry webbing. TREATMENTS FOR GILL NETS Investigations on the preservation of gill nets have been conducted by the bureau’s technologists on gill nets which have been exposed in Lake Erie waters, where losses are more serious than generally in fresh water. In Lake Erie a green slime accumulates upon gill nets, and, while it appears to have a minor influence upon the tensile strength, the fouling lessens the catch. A net covered with green slime may be restored to ordinary condition by thorough washing and then exposing upon a reel to bright sunlight. Continued ex- posure of this nature is detrimental, and so after the washed net is thoroughly dried, it should be hung in the shade. The more serious fouling of nets in Lake Erie waters is due to two cellulose digesting bacteria which have been isolated from so- called red slime. Microscopic examinations reveal that the bacteria are found in the lumen of the cotton hairs and, apparently, there is a progressive deterioration of the cellulose material from the lumen outward. Gill-net webbing on which a red slime appears may disintegrate within a few hours unless the slime is washed off. The following treatment (identical with that for pound or trap nets) may be used to advantage: Pounds Copper ioleatese= = <222 54S ore Sie ee oe eee 30 Gasoline or kerosene (about 914 gallons) —~---------______-- 70 This treatment reduces the danger from red slime but increases the liability of knots slipping when the fish are removed from the net. To overcome this objection as far as possible the bureau’s technol- ogists have developed the following treatment: Pounds Copper ‘oleate: ices eee ee eee oe ee 20 @opper, resinate..520 3 bas ee eee 10 Gasoline or kerosene (about 914 gallons) __------__--__--__ 70 The copper oleate should contain not less than 8 per cent copper. Another preservative treatment for gill nets consists of the follow- ing ingredients: Pounds COoal: tars 22. ie ee ee ee ee, eee 102 W O0U. baat ee eee 6 Kerosene (about 10 gallons) ~----------- Re WORE 2s 1 EE 76 Hine red oxide.of, copper... ~. | Sh ao a see 6 NET PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS 45 After the tars are dissolved in the kerosene the sludge is allowed to settle for 24 hours. The clear liquid is then poured off and mixed with the 6 pounds of fine red oxide of copper. The red oxide of copper should be “ Navy standard,” that is, containing not less than 88 per cent cuprous oxide and fine enough so that 98 per cent can be sieved through a 350-mesh screen. When the net is dipped in this mixture it is essential that the mixture be constantly agitated. To do this it has been found good practice to operate a bilge pump in the center of the kettle or tank, in order to draw the mixture from the bottom of the tank and distribute it over the section of the net being treated. Another method of preserving gill nets, which is common practice in certain localities, is to wash them in a weak solution of copper sulphate (bluestone). This chemical, while it doubtless acts as a deterrent to bacterial development, can not be regarded as having a very prolonged effect. TREATMENTS FOR PURSE SEINES Most purse seines on the Pacific coast of the United States are preserved by tanning. During the fishing season it is the general practice of the fishermen to wash the seines and then dip them in a solution of hemlock extract about once each week. ‘These purse seines are hand knit by the fishermen from twine which has been tanned prior to purchase. On the Atlantic coast of the United States purse seines are generally preserved with hght crude coal tar. The deterioration of purse seines, aside from mechanical wear, appéars to be due to the breakdown of the twine by heating, caused by the action of bacteria in the slime which clings to the webbing after a haul has been made. Damage from this cause may be lessened by washing the net thoroughly with sea water after each haul and then sprinkling the net with salt at the end of each day’s fishing. While in storage, purse seines should be packed in enough salt to cover all parts of the webbing. BIBLIOGRAPHY The reader may be interested in the following publications of the Bureau of Fisheries on the subject of net preservation, which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at the prices stated: TAYLOR, HARDEN F. 1921. Preservation of fish nets. Appendix IV, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1920 (1921). Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 898, 35 pp., 1 fig. Washington. 10 cents. TayLor. HARDEN F., and ARTHUR W. WELLS. 1923. Properties and values of certain fish-net preservatives. Appendix I, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1923 (1924). Bureau of Fisheries Document No, 947, 69 pp., 35 figs. Washington. 15 cents. 1926. Further experiments on the preservation of fish nets. Appendix VII, Report, U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1925 (1926), pp. 409- 437. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 998, 29 pp., 19 figs. Washington. 10 cents. O ans, a ) ‘ ae apse ww. = ne . a a. ge >> “it ‘ 3 PUD — ids . * “4 Pes * 4 ‘ - * . / ow ve. ‘ és STAR os 5 $ ‘ a ore. as T (a0 oe he ARR PT PARC GA [Cn Fee Kdwedy, 1 Aaa Nii See } , : ren ‘ 4 | oy vl treanitig 6 4 my Se, f ¥ — MAS wos eee eS a - va 7 fn Reins oY ey eth wa to eT: ero ie a ras vrei Serge : d Mia us atta IMPROVED METHODS FOR THE COLLECTION OF SEED OYSTERS * By HersBerr I’. PRyYTHERCH Assistant Aquatic Biologist, United States Bureau of Fisheries CONTENTS Page PFN EVER aNG OES PCa eo nal ee a RE AT NVire-Dn ec ONC CIO RGmeeeet= == emi ee aes. ee ee 49 PESTS} STE TT NE ONG So Wel UL JOA TS CANN OTS es es bs Se a Te se ee 52 PSI SLOT a1) Cli UTR Ea ees oe eee oe wet ng Se 07 eS ES a ee D7 INTRODUCTION In order to devise new methods for maintaining and increasing the supply of oysters, the Bureau of Fisheries has conducted extensive studies and experiments under the direction of Dr. P. S. Galtsoff, in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and various other coastal States. Two practical methods have been developed for increasing the production of seed oysters, since the decrease in the supply of these has been one of the principal causes for the decline of the indus- try. In the propagation and cultivation of oysters the most important operation is that of collecting the seed oysters, or spat, on some suit- able material such as shells, gravel, brush, etc. The usual practice is to clean and prepare an area of bottom in the vicinity of the spawn- ing beds and plant thereon from 500 to 1,000 bushels of oyster shells per acre. The oyster larve when fully developed cement themselves or set upon these shells and though designated as set, or spat, are in reality small seed oysters, as they grow and develop into the adult. The quantity of seed oysters that is obtained on the shells varies greatly according to seasonal conditions, number of spawners, and especially the location of the bottoms on which the shells are planted. In nearly every oyster-growing region there are certain areas or zones where the setting is of greatest intensity, and more seed oysters are produced than can survive and grow on the surface that is avail- able. For example, in some of these areas we oftentimes find on a single oyster shell from a few hundred to several thousand spat while only 25 or 30 of these are able to survive. With such intensive setting, a very high percentage (98 to 99.9 per cent) of the spat die from overcrowding, lack of food, oxygen, etc.; and those surviving are so closely cemented together and misshapen that they are of go sae IV to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. B. F. oc. 1076. 96420—30 47 4S U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES little value as seed oysters or as adults. The extensive coon oyster beds in the South Atlantic and Gulf States are outstanding evidence » of this fact. The purpose, therefore, in developing these new meth- ods and devices is to reduce this unnecessary loss of seed oysters as much as possible and to obtain the most efficient utilization of these intensive setting areas. The plan of the experiments was twofold, namely: (1) To in- crease the amount of surface available in a given area for attachment of the oyster larvee, which would not only reduce the number of spat per unit of surface and allow more room for growth, but would ereatly increase the number of bushels of seed oysters that could be produced on a limited area of bottom; and (2) to find a material to which the larvee would attach that would be superior to shells, in that it would break apart and allow the spat room for growth when they were a few months old. For example, on 1 square inch of sur- face of oyster shell an original set of 100 or more spat becomes re- duced to approximately 50 in one month, 25 in two months, and finally 1 or 2 at the end of the year. (See fig. 4.) It is obvious, therefore, that a collecting material which would allow.separation of spat 1, 2, or 8 months old would prevent death of a large number and produce well-shaped seed oysters. Two types of seed-oyster collectors which fulfill one or both of the previously outlined, requirements have been developed, tested, and applied successfully on a small commercial scale. One type consists of an elongated wire bag, which can be filled with oyster or other shells and planted on the bottom singly or in tiers. The other and latest-developed collector consists of a series of compart- ments or partitions of waterproof cardboard, resembling an egg- crate filler, which are coated with a mixture of lime, cement, and sand. It will perhaps be convenient in subsequent discussion of the construction and use of these collectors to speak of the first as the wire bag and the second as the partition type. Though both of these collectors were devised by the author, he is greatly indebted to Capt. Charles E. Wheeler, of the Connecticut Oyster Farms Co., and to W. H. Raye, president of the General Seafoods (Corp.), for their suggestions and improvements. Captain Wheeler supplied the original idea for our first experiments in 1925. in which we used 1-bushel wire baskets, filled with various kinds of shells, on which thousands of spat were collected. The final step in perfecting the partition collectors and making them of practical value is due to the plan of Mr. Raye for using a lime or cementlike coating, which offered an ideal surface for collection of the spat and their subsequent separation into single seed oysters. The experiments with the different collectors were carried*on in several localities in cooperation with the following parties and con- cerns, to whom the bureau is indebted for stpplying materials, men, and boats for this work: Milford Harbor, Conn., C. E. Wheeler, Connecticut Oyster Farms Co.; New Haven Harbor, Conn., F. Mans- field Oyster Co.; East Haven Harbor, Conn., H. W. Beach, Con- necticut Shellfish Commission; Branford Harbor, Conn., E. Ball & Co.: Onset Harbor, Mass., Besse & Schroeder Co.; and Great South Bay, Long Island, P. Mercer, Blue Points Co. COLLECTION OF SEED OYSTERS 49 WIRE-BAG COLLECTORS Various types of seed collectors were tested out in Milford Harbor in 1925, the most successful being the round, galvanized-wire bushel baskets which were filled with clam, mussel, and oyster shells. Twelve of these baskets were set out on the tidal flats and collected on the average 15,000 spat per bushel of shells. The spat were not uni- formly distributed throughout the baskets but were most numerous on shells in the bottom and on the outside edges and were compara- tively scarce on those in the middle. By actual count the oyster shells on the top, bottom, and sides were found to be covered with from 25 to 200 spat, those on the next inside layer with from 12 to 50, while in the center only 2 to 10 spat were found per shell. These initial Riad x Jal te Ms iy tin... ae F1GuRE 1.—Seed oysters collected in wire basket experiments showed that by placing shells in a comparatively open container we could greatly increase the amount of shells that could be planted on a given area and thus offer more surface for the attach- ment of the oyster larve. Previously the planting of shells was limited to a narrow layer just above the bottom; but by this means it was possible to utilize in a practical way a third dimension, or the vertical distance above the bed. A single basket covering approxi- mately 1 square foot collected more seed oysters than would ordi- narily be obtained by a heavy planting or scattering of shells over 1 or more yards of bottom. It was obvious, however, that a change in the shape of this type of shell container should be made that would facilitate the passage of the larvze among the shells and thus produce more uniform setting. For this purpose triangular lath crates were tested out in 1926 as shell containers, a study of which 50 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES led to the construction of the wire bags having the proper dimensions for uniform setting. The wire bags were made of from 114 to 2 inch mesh chicken wire, which was cut so as to form the walls of a cylindrical container hav- ing a length of 36 inches and a diameter of 12 inches. They had a capacity of 1 bushel and were filled with oyster, scallop, clam, or sea scallop shells according to the locality in which they were used. In making the bags the wire in the 24-inch rolls was found to be most suitable and was cut in pieces 4 feet long. Each piece was then folded lengthwise and the ends closed either by twisting the wires together or by weaving a short piece of No. 18 annealed iron wire through them. The bags were then filled with shells and closed tightly by drawing and weaving the open edges together with a piece of the annealed wire. In these cheap containers a large quantity of shells Figure 2.—Stacking 6 bushels of shells on 1 square yard of bottom by means of wire bags can be handled very easily and thrown from wharf to boat and onto the beds without the bags breaking open. The total cost for material and labor in preparing and setting out these collectors amounted to approximately 25 cents per bag. For operations on a large scale the cost of operations could be greatly reduced by using ready-made bags and filling them by one end from a hopper by a method similar to that employed in handling grain. In 1927 and 1928 the wire- -bag method of spat collection was tested on a small commercial scale at Great South Bay, Long Island; New _ Haven Harbor, East Haven Harbor, Branford Harbor, and Milford Harbor, Conn.; and at Onset, Mass. The experiments in Connecti- cut and Long Island were carried on by the author, and those in Massachusetts were under the direction of Doctor Galtsoff. In the following tables a brief summary is given of the results that were obtained in these localities. COLLECTION OF SEED OYSTERS 51 TABLE 1.—Results in 1927 Milford | QDSet Har-| Great Harbor | en | South Bay Average number of spat per bag---..-------------------------------- 2, 450 | 5, 880 | 18, 000 Wiaximum number ot spat per bages—>-------..----------.--2---_-- 3, 500 12, 600 22, 000 MMi Td ber GLspat Per DAC oo}. 2 eee ona eee nea ne 1, 500 | 2, 000 | 7, 500 Average number of spat per shell_-_.-.--_-- | 9 | 19 | 75 Maximum number of spat per shell 50 42 | 150 Per cent of shells covered with spat s 1 In the zone between low-water mark and 2 feet above it. Note.—This was a very light setting year in each one of these regions. TABLE 2.—Results in 1928 . Onset Har-| Other Con- aoe bor (Shell | necticut har- Point 1) bors | d : 2 es os ACVerace NUM DEOnSDHitel BAG. oan os aes eae nn See | 15, 000 39, 500 | 15, 000-20, 000 Maximum numberof spat per bag_.=.--.-.--.=-.2-..---+-=-4-=2-- 26, 000 68, 600 25, 000 Minimo namber ofspat per bagi2 © === 2 ence. 9,000 | 2, 320 5, 000 Averacemunmiperorspat per Snell s.22 o2 55 sb ssa kane 60 131 70 Maximum num bemor spat: per- Shell. 5 2-5 a eee eles 85 | 229 100 Per:centior shells: covered: with spat... _-- =.= +=-.25-2-255 22-222. 99 99 90-98 1 In the zone between 1 foot below low-water mark and 1 foot above it. Note.—In Connecticut the setting was light while in Onset it was fairly heavy. The number of spat collected in the bags was found to vary accord- ing to (1) the intensity of setting in each locality, (2) the location in which they were planted in the harbors, and (3) their position in relation to low water mark and the zone in which setting was heaviest. In comparison with the commercial practice of scattering shells over the bottom, the bags proved to be far superior and col- lected from 10 to 100 times as many seed oysters on the same area of bottom. When the bags were stacked crosswise in tiers of six or eight to a group, there were produced or collected several hundred thousand seed oysters per square yard of bottom, which were uni- formly distributed over 6 or 8 bushels. In Great South Bay, where the settings occur through a vertical distance of approximately € feet the planting of the bags in stacks of 10 during the good setting years would not only yield over 500,000 seed oysters per square yard of bottom but would also keep a large number of them alive and allow better growth. In the past these heavy sets have been so densely packed in a thin bottom layer of shells that practi- cally all have died from overcrowding and lack of nourishment. Although the wire bags will serve to increase the production of seed oysters there will still be a considerable loss because the supply of shells is limited and only a small number of spat can survive from sets of 100 or more per shell. The best solution of this problem, thus, calls for a collector that is (1) cheap, practicable, and suitable for stacking; (2) capable of manufacture in large quantities; and (3) suitable for collecting spat and especially for their separation soon after attachment. A device that satisfies these requirements is the partition type of seed collector. 52 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES EXPERIMENTS WITH PARTITIONS The first collectors of this type were devised by the author in 1923 (Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 961) for the purpose of facili- tating the handling of heavy oyster sets and reducing to a minimum the loss of seed oysters from overcrowding. They were made from ordinary egg-crate partitions which were dipped in hot paraffin and then coated with a layer of coarse sand. The setting in Milford Harbor during that summer was comparatively light and an average of only two or three spat per square inch was obtained on the par- titions. These experiments showed, however, that these cheap col- FIGURE 3.—Partition collector covered with 15,000 spat 2 months old. Great South Bay, Long Island, 1929 lectors were capable of collecting thousands of spat and that in two or three months they would break up so as to produce single seed oysters. The partitions quickly sank to the bottom and were heavy enough to withstand tides and storms in a moderate depth of water. Experiments along this line were temporarily discontinued until 1927 and 1928 when partitions coated with tar and asphalt were used, as spat had often been found growing on such materials when applied to boats, fish nets, etc. These collectors likewise obtained a set which, unfortunately, was very light for both years so that the real value of the partition for handling heavy sets could hardly be demonstrated. If such partitions had been placed in Great South Bay in 1929, it is very likely that they would have been equal to those coated with lime and cement for collecting and growing the heavy set that occurred there. The partitions that were used in Milford Harbor and Great South Bay during the past summer were made of 22 interlocking strips or COLLECTION OF SEED OYSTERS 53 waterproof cardboard 15 inches long, 114 inches wide, and };; of an inch thick. A single assembled partition collector consists of 100 inner closed compartments surrounded by a row of 44 partially inclosed spaces, giving a total collecting surface of approximately 1,000 square inches. In Great South Bay 1,000 partitions were tested out by the Blue- oints Co., and the Connecticut Oyster Farms Co. tested 1,000 in Milford Harbor. The partitions were coated by quickly dipping them into a vat containing a mixture of quicklime, sand, and cement mixed with either fresh or sea water to a consistency of thick cream. After being allowed to drain, they were set aside for several days until thoroughly dry. The mixtures used varied from a proportion of 2 parts quicklime, 2 parts cement, and 1 part fine sand to 1 part hydraulic or Portland cement, 1 part quicklime and 2 to 4 parts ordinary beach sand. The coating should preferably be one-thirty- second of an inch or less in thickness and of sufficient hardness and strength as to make the partitions rigid enough for stacking and handling. For the collectors that were planted in Great South Bay in 8 feet of water, a coating of equal parts cement, quicklime, and sand, approximately one-thirty-second of an inch thick, was found very satisfactory. For the ones that were planted in Connecticut on tidal flats and exposed to wave action, the coating was made slightly heavier and harder by using more cement in the mixture. The most uniform coating was obtained by dipping the partitions twice in a more watery mixture so as to give them two very thin coats, the second of which was applied after the first had set but was still moist. The real value of the partitions as seed collectors depends largely upon obtaining a thin, shell-like coating that will either disintegrate as the spat grow or that will allow their separation from the parti- tions when the set is shifted to growing grounds. In Great South Bay the partitions were thrown overboard into water 6 to 8 feet deep, where they settled immediately over a previously planted layer of oyster shells. The shells served to hold the partitions a short distance above the bottom, allowing the water to circulate through them and preventing the accumulation of sediment within the compartments. In a few cases where the partitions fell on hard mud bottom the growth and survival of spat on the lower half of the collector were considerably reduced by deposition of sediment and lack of water circulation. On the lower portion of these, the spat attained an average size or diameter of only one-eighth of an inch in two months, while those on the upper edges reached a length of over half an inch. This same condition is found in spat collected on shells in this region, the ones on the lower side and edges growing very little and even- tually dying, while those one-half inch or more above the bottom grow very rapidly. An examination of the partitions during the early part of July showed the attachment of a fairly uniform and heavy set ranging from approximately 100 to 200 spat per square inch. The growth and survival of these spat were essentially the same as that given in the following figure which is based on a study of the heavy set in Milford Harbor in 1925. The curves show clearly the competition between the spat in growth and survival that results in a loss of over 99 per cent at the end of a year. The rate of mortality is unusually 54 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES high during the first, second, and third months and results primarily from overcrowding. Representative collectors taken from different parts of the bay in September yielded by actual count 10,000 to 25,000 single seed oysters per partition. A week after the time of setting, however, each partition was covered with as high as 100,000 to 200,000 spat, large numbers of which were gradually covered over and smothered by the more rapidly growing individuals. In the lower valves of the larger surviving spat there were oftentimes found ar roe Tiw nda El IF o om fa) a m > wa m z = = oa Sh >) INCREASE | wen _-_—-—- 100 LENGTH OF SEED OYSTER IN INCHES | BERNATION -—> NUMBER OF SPAT PER SQUARE INCH A S 0 N D J ie M A M J J MONTHS AFTER SETTING Ficurp 4.—Growth and survival of spat on oyster shells, Milford Harbor, 1925-26 embedded many shells of the smaller individuals which they had overgrown. By the first week in September the spat had attained an average length of one-half to three-fourths inch and were some- what elongated in shape as a result of crowding. At this age and size the concentration of spat on the partitions ranged from 15 to 30 per square inch. At a concentration of 20 or less it was found that each individual spat was fairly well shaped and had deveioped sufficient thickness of shell to withstand detachment and separation from the collector and surrounding spat. At concentrations of over 20 per square inch, the spat were decidedly overcrowded, the shells thin, greatly distorted, and so closely ingrown with those adjoining as to make detachment without injury a difficult matter. It thus appears COLLECTION OF SEED OYSTERS 55 that a set of less than 20 spat per square inch would be the concentra- tion most desirable on collectors from which they are to be detached in approximately two months. The only practical method of limit- ing the intensity of setting under such conditions is by stacking of shells or partitions so as to offer more surface for attachment of the oyster larve. The detachment of spat from the South Bay collectors was in some instances automatically brought about by disintegration of the col- lectors, but in most cases required hand labor. The partitions were broken up by tearing apart each cardboard strip, by hitting the col- lectors against some solid object, or by slipping a broad, sharp knife under the spat or cement. The loss of spat from these operations ranged from approximately 2 to 5 per cent and depended largely upon the concentration per square inch. Spat which are growing vertically to the surface of the partition can be separated easily with minimum loss. Those that are lying flat are difficult to detach with- out injury and should be planted by tearing the partition into squares at each joint. Though the present methods of spat detachment and separation are comparatively crude, they do demonstrate that seed oysters can be successfully removed from such collectors when a few months old. During the coming summer further experiments will be made to improve the size, shape, and coating of the partitions and determine the most desirable specifications for use in accordance with conditions in different localities. In Milford Harbor the partitions were either set out directly on hard bottom or shells or were elevated a few inches in groups of four by means of stakes. A very light set occurred the first week of August, ranging from 75 to 200 spat per collector, followed by a greatly delayed heavier set on September 14 to 18, of approximately 1,000 to 2,000 spat per collector. Because of the slow growth and lateness of this set very few observations or conclusions on these ex- periments can be made until next spring. A few dozen partitions were coated with hot asphalt to which small bits of oyster shell were made to adhere, and these were found to have collected nearly as many spat as the cement-coated type. It might be well to point out here another advantage in obtaining separation of the seed oysters when a few months old as demonstrated by experiments in Milford Harbor in 1928 and 1929. A set averag- ing 60 spat per shell was obtained on new oyster shells and also on old, thin, fragile shells that were excavated from deposits in the Housatonic River. A year later the new shells were covered with 20 to 25 closely crowded seed oysters, while those on the old shells had broken apart and were lying about singly on the bottom. By measur- ing the displacement of several representative samples it was found that 25 of the single seed had a total volume in one year of 14.5 cubic inches while the same number when crowded on a shell had a volume of only 7.8 cubic inches. In other words, there is nearly 100 per cent increase in volume and growth to be gained during the first year by the early separation of seed. The shell which they produce is also much thicker, much heavier, and nearly round in shape and will with- stand rough treatment in dredging and transplanting operations. U. SS. BUREAU OF FISHERIES FIGURE 5.—Partition collectors ready to be planted « Se At NE, sl FiGuRE 6.—Planting o f partitions in Milford Harbor, Conn. COLLECTION OF SEED OYSTERS 57 Since oyster shells are used more extensively than any other mate- ‘rial for collecting set it will be well to compare them in many re- spects with partitions in order to show whether the latter are really of practical value. One bushel of shells offers a surface of approxi- mately 5,000 square inches but at least half of this is lost when the shells lie on the bottom and sediment settles upon them. One parti- tion has a surface of 1,000 square inches, all of which remains clean because it lies vertical to the bottom. ‘Two partitions are approxi- mately equivalent to 1 bushel of shells in collecting surface, and each has obtained, we shall say, a set of 10 to 20 spat per square inch. By fall the crop of seed on each will be about equal except that those on the partitions will be slightly larger as a result of being elevated above the bottom. When the seed is dredged and shifted at an age of 2 to 3 months the loss of spat on the shells will be approximately 2 to 5 per cent and about equal to that in separating the seed from the partitions. Each material now has about 30,000 spat, but the number on the shells decreases rapidly to 10,000 in six months and finally to approximately 3,000 in one year as a result of overcrowd- ing. The extent of loss in seed taken from the partitions will depend upon the skill used in detaching them and especially upon the selection of clean hard bottom for their subsequent growth. In a year we should have 20,000 to 25,000 single seed oysters from the partitions as against a crop of 3,000 crowded individuals on shells. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY The previous experiments have dealt with the problems of collect- ing heavy oyster sets by the use of practical and efficient methods. To increase the production of seed oysters in intensive setting regions such operations and devices must be employed as will reduce crowd- ing of the spat to a minimum. In order to prevent the loss of over 90 per cent of the spat by this cause, the setting must either be dis- tributed over a greater amount of surface or the spat must be sepa- rated from each other, preferably when they are 1 or 2 months old. The oyster culturists clearly recognize that a well-distributed light set of 10, or even 1 spat per square inch, is oftentimes more valuable and productive of better seed oysters than are heavy sets. The fact nevertheless remains that each small spat produced by a heavy set is potentially equal to those from a lght set, and the oyster farmer, through inadequate methods, has permitted the loss of this valuable product that would soon amount to millions of bushels of seed oysters. This state of affairs has existed chiefly as the result of four conditions, namely: (1) An insufficient supply of shells, (2) a limited area of good setting bottoms, (8) ineffectiveness of heavy shell plant- ings, and (4) the yearly fluctuation in setting on any particular area. The research and practical experiments conducted by the bureau during the past few years have served to furnish a solution to these problems and to remove certain limitations. The supply of a suitable set-collecting material can now be in- creased to meet any future demands by preparation during the winter, of lime, cement, tar, or asphalt coated partitions. The pro- duction of limited setting areas can be increased by the use of the wire bag or partition type of seed collectors which make available U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Ficurb 7.—Heavy set on oyster shell planted in Great South Bay. Enlarged portion of this shell shown in Figure 9 l'icurE 8.—Heavy set two months later. Spat dying from overcrowding and unfayor- able bottom conditions COLLECTION OF SEED OYSTERS 59 the collection of set through the whole vertical range or zone in which setting takes place. The intensity of setting that will occur each year in certain local- ities can be determined a month or more in advance by the method outlined by the author in Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1054. When the outlook is unfavorable the collectors can either be planted sparingly or be saved until the following year. When conditions Picture 9.—Enlarged photograph of %4-inch square of oyster shell, showing 28 spat 1 week old, and only 1 of which can survive at the end of the year are favorable, planting operations can be increased so as to prepare as great an amount of surface as possible for collection of spat. By obtaining the maximum yield during the best setting years the in- dustry will be benefited not only by having more and better seed to grow for market but by having in the coming summers a good supply of oysters for the production of spawn and future sets. O OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEORGIA * By Pau 8S. Gavrsorr, Ph. D., In charge of Oyster Fishery Investigations, aud R. H. Lucr, Ph. D., Temporary Assistant CONTENTS Page PENT TOGIICH OE sea stew Cement Er sh RST pet Oe A A aa Ae 7 61 Physiography of the coastal region._....._.--..-.----: = Nee ae aS Hage 62 (Went sound Sea Sse ee fee BP Si eat ae gee ete ale oes 62 Riversae i 2s = Sys Sentyee ae: Ele Os ia? Thi ase tery eyes wah bu GEyE 63 Mianrshesgandacreekseeeys oy oe a2 ete Sea ates aude elie etek y 2 g UC 63 Distribution of natural oyster beds__-_-.._..------_- At ae hee ay” Hi Sah 64 Salinity, pH, amount of suspended matter in water, and character of the |CXOE Gt 1 Sn Es i) eRe Se BF 3 a Dene Se ae ee Le eo RE ae 69 Wocalities sutiaible for oyster culture. 232/22 5.220822 22 ee es 73 Observations and experiments in oyster culture at Doboy Island___-_-_-__ 75 Brien Gescripuion, of pue. locality) eo.) oboe. a Bee Ag Vemperature and salinity of the water_. =... -2---2-2-.22_--.s-_-- 76 SCLC Te bS ee eens eae eo es et ee ee NS 79 Changes in salinity during the tidal cycles______.______-_--------_-- 90 Spawning and setting of oysters near Doboy Island_-_---_-------_-- 91 Biusieas a collector onoysterse 2s. e=) Us stay. Seale ele telu Ses. 93 REZ yaetensiabic MeaATaiOmAP Os 225 ose ots BS bw he en 96 Bericlistous.5o% 0.5 45 8. ec Ss ee a oe eee 97 Bibliography ___. aT See he ik Seige cae Jame seem 100 INTRODUCTION In 1925, in compliance with the request of the Department of Game and Fish of the State of Georgia, an examination of the oyster beds of this State was undertaken to ascertain what practical measures were necessary to restore the natural oyster beds and to increase the production of oysters in the State. The investigation was carried out with the cooperation of the State game and fish commissioner. In February and March, 1925, the senior author with the State survey boat 7wo Friends covered 351 miles between Savannah and St. Marys, Ga., visiting the following localities: Wilmington River, Tybee River, Lazaretto Creek, Oyster Creek, Shad River, Skidaway River, Back River (Burnside Island), Ver- non River, Ossabaw Sound, Bradley River, Florida Passage, Kil- kenny Creek, Cabbage Creek, Bear River, Newell Creek, St. Cather- ine Sound, Walburg Creek, Cedar Creek, Sunbury Creek, Ashville Creek, Little Ashville Creek, Timmons River, Johnson Creek, Sa- Fo Sound, Blackbeard River, Mud River, Old Teakettle Creek, oboy Sound, Connegan River, Dead River, Folly River, Buzzard Roost Creek, North River, Back River, South River, Rockdedundy River, Wolf Creek, Altamaha Sound, Frederic River, St. Simon 1 Appendix V to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. B. F. Doe. 1077. 61 62 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Sound, Turtle River, Jekyl Creek, St. Andrew Sound, Cumberland River, Brickhill River, Cumberland Sound, and St. Marys River. The program of observations consisted of examination of the bottoms and determinations of temperature, salinity, hydrogen-ion concentration of the water, and of the amount of material suspended in it. The results of the survey served as a basis for outlining a series of recommendations concerning the management and develop- ment of the natural oyster reefs. In order to obtain a better under- standing of the local conditions affecting the life of the oyster, it was deemed desirable to extend observations throughout the spawn- ing and setting season. In the summer of 1928 Dr. aici Weatherby, tempor ary assistant, was assigned to field work in the vicinity of Doboy Island. Under the supervision of the senior author and in cooperation with the State department of game and fish he carried out a program of observations and made experiments on spawning and setting of oysters. In April, 1929, Dr. R. H. Luce visited Doboy Isl: md to examine the spat collectors which were placed there during the preceding summer and to make some additional observa- tions on tidal currents. It is the authors’ desire to acknowledge the cooperation of the State department of game and fish and to express their gratitude to Peter S. Twitty, commissioner, and R. W. Clancy and rea Seegers, tidewater commissioner S for help and interest in this work. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE COASTAL REGION The oyster-producing bottoms of Georgia are entirely confined to the coastal region, which consists of numerous sounds, estuaries, and of a network of tortuous rivers and creeks connecting with each other and surrounding low and uninhabitable marshlands. Due to recent . (from the geological point of view) submergence of the coastal low- land, the mouths of the lar ge rivers have been converted into estuaries navigable by seagoing vessels from 10 to 20 miles from the seacoast, while small creeks became deep tidal rivers. Owing to the low alti- tude of the land, the streams are sluggish and the whole coastal plain poorly drained. One of the most “typical characteristics of this region is the salt marshes, which reach their greatest extent near the mouths of large rivers. The origin of the marshland, according to- O. Veatch and L. W. Stephenson (1911), is attributed to the sub- mergence of the coast, although silting is also considered as a con-— tributing factor. The whole area of the inshore waters of Georgia can be characterized by its comparative shallowness; continuous depo- sition of sediment, which settles as a thick layer of soft mud on the bottoms and over the tidal flats; and strong tidal currents sweeping — the tidal rivers and creeks. From an ecological point of view, the — waters of this region may be divided into three classes, as follows: (a) Open sounds, (6) rivers, (¢) small creeks and marshes. OPEN SOUNDS [ St. Andrews, St. Simon, Altamaha, Doboy, Sapeélo, St. Catherine, Ossabaw, Wassaw. Sée- figs. 1 and 2] The sounds are large bodies of water varying from 1 to 2 miles in width at their mouths and extending several miles inland. On their eastern sides they are directly connected with the ocean, although sn N anh nica cis i i: Peer we OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEORGIA 63 the entrances to the sounds are always obstructed with sand bars. With the exception of the dredged channels, the sounds for the most part are shallow. The character of the bottom varies in different localities, but is generally shifting sand. The salinity of water is rather high near the entrances, gradually decreasing toward the mouths of the rivers. The sounds are exposed to heavy northeast seas from the ocean. RIVERS [St. Marys, Satilla, Altamaha, Darien, Ogeechee, Savannah. See figs. 1 and 2] On the basis of their origin, rivers of the State of Georgia empty- ing into the Atlantic Ocean fall into two classes: Those originating in the Piedmont Plateau and Appalachian Mountains, such as the Savannah, Ogeechee, and Altamaha Rivers; and those having their source within the coastal plain, such as Satilla and St. Marys. ‘The rivers of the first class have larger drainage areas, are longer, and carry greater volumes of water. With the exception of the Ogeechee River, which throughout a greater part of its course has much the aspect of a stream of the second class, their waters are muddy, con- taining a considerable amount of sediment derived from red clay hills of the Piedmont Plateau. The rivers of the second class are smaller; they flow wholly through areas where the geological forma- tions are predominantly sand, and, therefore, their waters are clear but dark, or even black, from dissolved organic matter. The bottoms of the rivers vary greatly, ranging from very soft mud to hard mud and shifting sand. The water near the mouths is always brackish but subject to great fluctuations, depending on the stage of the river and tide. At the time of freshets such as occurred in January and February, 1925, entirely fresh water was found as far as the clubhouse near the entrance of Altamaha Sound. On the other hand, at low stage during the dry season the salinity increases, approaching the degree characteristic of the open ocean. Tidal currents are strong in the rivers and reach a velocity of several knots at ebb tide. MARSHES AND CREEKS A continuous network of small creeks, tidal rivers, estuaries, and salt marshes is a characteristic feature of the coast. The area of salt marshes probably does not aggregate more than 150 or 200 square miles; but since no survey of the marshland of the State has et been made, accurate figures are not available. The character of he bottom represents all the graduations from extremely soft mud o hard mud and clay, while sand occurs here very rarely. The bottom is often covered with pieces of marsh grass mixed with ither clay or mud, making a relatively hard substratum. The alinity of the water varies in different localities, but its fluctuations re not as great as in the mouths of the large rivers. The tides, hat create strong currents in the sounds and rivers, flow rather lowly in the creeks and marshes but provide an exchange of water ufficient to prevent stagnation. 64 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL OYSTER BEDS rh natural oyster beds in Georgia were carefully examined by J Drake in 1889, and the results of his survey were published in United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Bulletin No. 19 (1891). The location of oyster beds described by Drake is shown in the sketch charts (figs. 1 and 2), which were prepared from the charts published by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (1891). A survey made in 1925 has shown that there are no significant changes in the distribution and extent of the natural oyster beds, although a difference in their condition was very noticeable. Many areas indicated in the old survey as natural oyster beds include, at present, all those areas where oysters had grown. In many instances, nothing but shells now remain; in others, the shells are even covered by a layer of silt. Iicurn 3.—First stage of the formation of an oyster bed. Soft mud flats near Brunswick, Ga. Low tide A glance at Figures 1 and 2 discloses that most of the natural beds in Georgia are located along the shores of the rivers and creeks, where they form long and narrow strips on the flats. Most of these beds are confined to the zone between high and low tidal marks. There are but a few localities where oysters are found growing on the bottom of the streams. Scattered single oysters can be found also in small creeks and in the marshes where bottom is sufficiently firm to support their weight. It is interesting to note that although oysters thrown on the bottom below low-water mark will grow well, no large accumulations of them are found anywhere in Georgia coastal waters exc ept on tidal flats. The peculiar distribution of natural beds apparently is due to the tendency of the oyster larve to congregate at the time of setting at the level between high and low water marks. Although, as a rule, tidal flats in Georgia are covered with very soft mud, yet they may contain certain solid objects, as for instance branches or stumps of fallen trees, old shells, etc., to which the larvee can attach themselves. As a matter of fact, any object thrown on the flats a little above low-water mark and (soinSg Jeaor) moy0q 2q3 3B puv (samSy Jeddn) sovjins aq} 3B ajar Jad sy1Ud Uy SoqITUTS 910 syaUM UOTINIS apjsoq sams ‘se13aBIA3 Brickhill, |_--do_---.|_...-.__...... 8 River. SUB aivgiewe ome reste cre ee eile Goz=-= Sy aes = a 0 ie oe ok Te aS ad eee ed | ee a Be umberland Sound near | Feb. 10 |______________ 0 Marsh Island. Dpposite Kings Bay-----_-_-- Feb. 11 | 8:25'a. m___2 7 Mt. Marys River just above |__-do____- 10.30 a. m__- 0 mouth of Jolly Creek. Rel SuC@ TOOK = ae 2 Feb. 12 | 12 noon__.-_ 0 meiantation Creek______-______. Heb. 13.) 1iea,ma 0 PRGRLULY OG = sts eee eee | dos 11:20/a. m-_- - 0 pekeayS huiver == 222 e=-2--| 2 doz.2-= 210 spr m= 0 ackays River opposite Wil- |-_-do_____ 12.55 Pp. m__- 0 sons Creek. Buttermilk Sound------------|__- dose 1522p. mee. 0 Warien River above 3-mile cut_}___do_____ 55 pe mneses 0 41d Teakettle Creek_--_-.-_-- Feb. 16 | 4.20 p. m____ 0 ee oa opposite Doboy |} Feb. 28 | 9.25 a. m____ 0 Bye OOUTO == GOs a= |Eeaced do. == 0 oboy Island, red buoy--_-_---- 2 dose 9:43-@, M___-_ 0 Did Teakettle Creek_________- BPE Tejon Lianne 0 ud River opposite mouth of ___do_____ 10.30 a. m__- 0 Teakettle Creek. | ud River opposite mouth of ___do____- slots Saree oe 0 Eagle Creek. : sapelo Sound opposite High __-do____. HO foams 0 Point (red buoy). Papelo Sound opposite Quar- ___do_____ 11 3Qa5 me 0 antine. | outh Newport River at red |___do_____ 11.45 a. m___ 0 ) buoy. Johnson Creek, south end_____ mesa. ses 12moon__2_— 0 ohnson Creek, north end_____ BGO) SS 12:35ip. mo 0 Valburg Creek, south end____|___ Ge 12.50 p. m___ 0 Valburg Creek? St. Catherine |___do_____ ayy, sis ae 2s 0 Island. orth Newport River________- EU e G1) |e Sak Pee eae 8 U0 1Very muddy. trance St. Catherine Sound.|________! aie 0} ook oef+ fk nwnwe (Yo) meowon OOO WENNNH NO NON Oom0000 Or W=~IW a ore or w bo bo GEORGIA Salinity (parts per 1,000) Fresh. Fresh, Fresh. 5.73 16. 51 Fresh. Fresh. Fresh, Fresh. 4.85 | TABLE 1—NSurvey of Georgia coastal waters, Lebruary—March, Trans- | parency)| (feet) cnt ' Sus- | pended matter | (mg. per liter) ut 925 Le A pH 12 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 1.—Survey of Georgia coastal waters, February-March, 1925—Continued aes Sus- Depth vee panty Trans- | pended Stations Date Dime ee. vets oe ae Ee pH ters on’ eet mg. per Cc 1,000 F | 000) liter) St. Catherine Sound, red buoy_| Mar. 1 | 9.55 a, m____ 0 14,0) 15.28 oa ae ee ee St. Catherine Sound opposite |__.do____- 10.10 a. m_- 0 14:0 11. 43. oo ete Se ee mouth of Kernel Island Creek. Ashville Creek: 222 [mad O==s 10.18 a. m___ 0 14.0} 13.31 34) | St ese S| Ashville Creek at dock_._--.-- ZLfdous =e 125 p.m 0 1522:,|\¢13:09) | 2.25) See eee Do: Se ee Miata 2 | Saeko = a 0 12,45) T3964 > 2 eS See eo Sunbury Creek. > 2s) ois (ee 8.30 a. m___- 0 14:53 13206 ‘5 oo Ae |e ee St. Catherine Sound, red buoy | Mar. 3 | 9a. m-____--- 0 LOSS eekeb 7 sane 14:35) ee Kilkenny Creek_....-.-...---- se GOsee== 1.45 p. m__-_- 0 13.2) 3) 17" |S. ee D0 te Se ca eee Mar, 4 | 7.304. m-_-... 0 OST SIA. 24 5a See ee Bear River, above mouth of |.--do__--- Saag Meee 0 11.0 $44) oe eee eee Kilkenny Creek. Florida Passage opposite Skip- |--.do___-- 10.30 a, m-_-- 0 14.9 4. 85 135 13.1 7.0 pers Narrows. DO eA ee oe eo eee ‘a 4 14.9 6.319 =e 15s2 7.0 Back Hivers ese se ese Maree 4. el pt meee 0 14.4] 12.65 28 NE ee Ose ee ee oe | ee es | 10 13.8 12579)|:2-- ee Ogeechee River_-.------------- Mars 4°) \livaeames=—-- 0 13.8 2:18" |o. 2 ee bee ee Little Ogeechee River__-_------ ree Inose 11.40 a. m__- 0 1453 “et 4509 Eocene 15/0) Skidaway River_...----------- dome Ae EO: 0 LSP Oe lb. S| ee 19.3 7.8 Thunderbolt (midstream) __--- dons OND Sw eeee 0 1353) 58L5).68; |- 2a | eee | eee ‘Turners; Creek. 22. -2-=5-5--= Mar. 5 | 9!a>m_=---2- | 0 125151227 o Se ee ee Tybee Riveree cs a ee ea Osea 10lasme ene | 0 LIS Teh 142935 eee 15530) Confluence of Tybee River |---do___-- 45 pelea 0 12.7 18*oya|to eso 2838')|=a ae and Lazaretto Creek. 7 | Skidaway Passage__-.--------- Mar. 6 | 10.20 a. m_-_- 0 LOM 521423" ee ee ee eee |e es eee opposite Kilkenny |---do_---- Sip. ple 0 13,5) | 14,109) ||:2- es See eee reek. St. Catherine Sound near |_--do___-- 34D) Deine 0 12.-3"\\. -20. (06-2222 eee eee mouth of Bear River. Walburg Creeks. ..222---2= oe okey as" A LSno. Weer, 0 13214) 7191/89" | 2.8. See eee ‘Dimmons Hive eses 2-2 Miers mio) eines ee 0 12.2 | 20.07 3 33. 3 8.0 Dos tse Se ee Se Se ee Ne eee ee ae 7 1D Ao Pace ON ae eee 81.4 8.1 Sapelo Sound, red buoy------- Mer. 7 | 2.40 p. m--_-- Ou) 142.86 ]> 21558") sees |e ee eee New Teakettle Creek --_------- do ee 3.40 p. m___- 0 14.3), .18204-|_ 22S 4/2 22 Sea Eee North River, opposite Doboy | Mar. 11 | 4.30 p, m___- 0 19. 4 4,52) |... cal Sea ee eee Island. DD Eee os eee ee | LA eee a a ena 4 19.1 4 94h. ae ere 3139/8) |beoeee Altamahs Sound! -<222-— 2-2-2 Mar. 11 | 11.35 a. m_-- 0 16.3 4.11 1 39. 6 7.6 | BY Sepa Sa Ae See pe oe ae ee a ee ee eS 6 15.0 LON | 2 eee IPP RPA 7.9 Dopoyetslarids ste se eee Mar) Sia eae 0 1660) \ee20:10Gi)| sss 38.0 |2-- = Connegan River-------------- Lee ase 8.30 a. m___- 0 16.4. | 18/67 | 2 223 |o ee |e Buzzard Roost Creek, oppo- |--.do_-_-- 10 tay ame ers 0 16.3 | 16.60 0.5 23851 | ae site head of Dead River. DO Ae ee 7 a a a on eee | ee eee | 6 16.9 7225: | 22s 204 | eee Back Rivensoae- ose ce eee Mars 125) 2:30 pamease= 0 LOLON IP 14061 eee 105. 6 4 Doser oe sae ek a eg Le ae a = a 6 16:72) 16:46" | eee eee 7 Rockdedundy River---------- | Mer. 13 | 8.30 a. m-__-_- ON, 6225 316.46 a | See eee 39. 6 7. TB Ys er eae NE penn NIRS Be) SN RE ee ee By | lO es 77 eee RID Me ch Several conclusions can be drawn from the examination of Table 1 and Figures 1 and 2. During the first half of February, fresh- water conditions prevailed in the vicinity of Altamaha Sound and Doboy Island. The water of this region contained up to 449.6 milli- grams per liter of suspended matter; consequently, its transparency was very low (0.2 feet, Altamaha Sound). Its reaction in Altamaha River and adjacent streams was acid (pH 5.8 to 6.1), probably be- cause of the addition of water washed from the swamps, while the water in the sounds and river not affected by the flood remained alka- line (pH 7.3 to 8.4). Flood waters did not extend to St. Andrews Sound and the mouth of St. Marys River, where the salinity wa 17.9 and 22.3, respectively. In March, the salinity of the water in Altamaha Sound rose to 4.1 on the surface and 11.9 at the bottom. OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEORGIA q3 In certain streams (Rockdedundy River, North River), the water was still very muddy, carrying over 300 milligrams of suspended matter per liter. All the observations north of Doboy Island were made between February 28 and March 12, 1925. The salinity of the water varied, depending on the distance from the ocean and local conditions, from 2.18 (Ogeechee River) to 20.16 per mille (Sapelo Sound). The pH value of the water was from 7.0 to 8.1; and the amount of material in suspension, with the exception of Mud River, the water of which carried 206.7 milligrams of clay per liter, varied from 13.1 to 81.4 milligrams per liter. During the survey the temperature of the water recorded at various stations varied from 10.1° to 19.4° C. (about 50° to 67° F.). It is a well-known fact that a substantially firm and unshifting bottom is a prerequisite for the successful cultivation of oysters. Unfortunately, our method of determining the consistency of the bottom is very primitive; it consists in trying the bottom with a sounding pole to which a metal disk is attached and in expressing the impression—gained by gently forcing the pole in the mud—in arbitrary terms: Ooze, very soft, soft, sticky, hard, etc. In 1910, Moore (1918) made an attempt to introduce an apparatus for meas- uring the consistency of bottoms. Unfortunately, his instrument is very heavy and can not be opérated from a small boat. During the present survey the bottoms were examined by using the sounding pole, and samples of various representative types of mud were col- lected and preserved for further analysis. By taking into consideration all the ecological conditions observed during the survey of 1925 (character of the bottom, salinity, pH, temperature, currents, and distribution of setting) it is possible to arrive at some conclusions as to the suitability of the various sections of Georgia coastal waters for oyster culture. Because of the brief period of observation, such conclusions can not be regarded as final, but can be used as a point of departure for further investigations. Before giving a list of the localities which the senior author thinks are suitable for oyster farming and which he believes can be profit- ably developed into productive grounds, it is desirable to analyze in a more general way the different classes of coastal waters with reference to their adaptability for the purpose. The question arises in which of three classes of waters—in the sounds, in the mouths of the rivers, or in small tidal creeks and marshes—one should expect to find conditions most favorable for the cultivation of oysters. LOCALITIES SUITABLE FOR OYSTER CULTURE The sounds are characterized by their sandy and shifting bottoms; their waters are exposed to heavy seas from the ocean and readily become choppy when tides are running against the wind; and the salinity is rather high. All these factors make the sounds unsuit- able for oyster culture; and though there are several localities in the sounds where oysters grow and where the bottom is suitable, it would be unwise to recommend any oyster planting there. The one ex- ception which should be mentioned is the inside part of Cumberland Sound along the shores of Cumberland Island and around the marsh 74 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES islands. This locality is well protected from heavy seas and seems — to be suitable for oyster culture. : The mouths of the rivers present a great variety of bottom condi- tions from hard and sticky mud, very suitable for oyster culture, to entirely unsuitable soft mud and sand. The salinity of the water is subject to great seasonal and daily fluctuations, depending on the stage of the river and tide. The water of the large rivers, like the Savannah and Altamaha, is muddy and contains a considerable amount of suspended material which is deposited at their mouths. Better conditions can be found in the smaller clear-water rivers such as the Satilla and St. Marys, but even in these the sudden changes caused by freshets may produce disastrous results. The heavy dep- osition of silt, low salinity especially during the freshets, and strong currents make any oyster culture here very difficult. The third class of waters includes the tributaries of the principal streams, tidal rivers, and a large number of narrow creeks and salt marshes. The bottom here varies from very soft mud, unsuitable for oyster planting, to hard blue mud, which is considered very de- sirable for oyster culture; sand bottom occurs rarely. Though the rise and fall of tide can be regarded as uniform for the whole coastal region, averaging 7 to 8 feet, the tidal currents here are consider- ably slower than in the sounds. The salinity of the water naturally varies, depending on the distance from the ocean and the stage of the rivers. It can be roughly estimated that 6 to 8 miles from the ocean beach is the average limit of brackish water. Further inland the salt marshes pass into tidai swamps, which at high tide are partly covered by the backing up of the fresh river water. Small creeks and marshes are.well protected from the rough sea. Their water is rich in the microscopic organisms which constitute the natural food of the oysters, and wherever the salinity and bottom conditions are right, they can be regarded as suitable for oyster culture. There are no natural beds located in the marshes, but where the oysters were introduced they grew rapidly and acquired good flavor. These waters should, therefore, be regarded as very suitable for oyster propagation. The total area of salt marshes probably measures be- tween 150 and 200 square miles (estimated by L. W. Stephenson and J. O. Veath) ; but since no survey of the marshlands of the State has yet been made, accurate figures can not be given. The figures just mentioned can be regarded as very conservative. They mean that there are between 96,000 and 128,000 acres of salt marshes, a considerable portion of which can be used for oyster culture. It is opinion of the senior writer, based on the observations of the survey of 1925, that large areas of salt marsh and small creeks can be adapted for oyster planting. We can see from the foregoing pages that considerable areas can be found in the Georgia tidewater region that can be exploited for oyster culture. For this purpose the small streams, creeks, and marshes are preferable to mouths of the large rivers and open sounds where oysters may be buried by shifting bottoms and the deposition of silt, killed by freshets, or attacked by enemies such as drills and starfishes which avoid brackish waters. OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEORGIA ao The following localities visited during the survey are regarded as particularly suitable for oyster culture: Oyster Creek, Tybee Island; Black River, Burnside Island; Newell Creek, Ossabaw Island; Sunbury Creek, Medway River; Ashville Creek and sur- rounding marshes, Timmons River; Blackbeard River, Sapelo Island; Dead River, Folly River, and surrounding marshes; Duplin River; and Doboy Island and vicinity. OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS IN OYSTER CULTURE AT DOBOY ISLAND In order to outline more specifically the best method of oyster culture suitable to local conditions, a number of observations and experiments were carried out in the summer of 1927 by J. H. Weatherby at Doboy Island. It must be borne in mind that eco- logical conditions of inshore waters along the Georgia coast are quite different from those of New England and Long Island Sound, where oyster farming has been in operation for more than 60 years, and that consequently the methods and experience gained in the cultiva- tion of oysters in the northern latitudes are not directly applicalle to the waters of the South Atlantic States. The very complex topography of the coastal region of Georgia presents difficulty in selecting a representative location. Probably no location along the coastal line could be called typical for the whole section. The decision to carry out experimental work in the vicinity of Doboy Island was influenced by several considerations: The State authorities promised to provide on the island quarters suitable for a field laboratory; the island is easily accessible from either Darien or Brunswick; several productive oyster beds are found in its vicinity, and the bottoms near by present a great variety of condi- tions, from very soft mud to hard-shelled grounds; and, finally, it has been known that setting of oysters in the vicinity of Doboy Island is usually good. In June, 1928, a primitive dwelling was provided by the State in which a temporary laboratory was estab- lished. The work was, however, greatly handicapped by the ad- verse conditions under which the bureau’s investigator worked and lived. Sultry heat; swarms of sand flies, mosquitoes, ants, and other insects infesting the laboratory; the dilapidated state of the building; and the difficulty of obtaining help on the small, isolated island, sur- rounded by marshes, constituted considerable obstacles in carrying out the program of observations. The latter consisted in taking daily temperature and salinity readings, in a study of tidal currents, in collecting quantitative plankton samples, and in experiments with brush and wire-bag spat collectors. The work continued from June 22 until September 1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE LOCALITY Doboy Island is located at the confluence of the North and Black Rivers and Doboy Sound. (Fig. 1.) A narrow canal separates it from Commodore Island on the east. The greatest part of the island 1s salt marsh, and only a small portion of it in the southwestern 103218—30——3 76 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES corner is occupied by high land. The channel along the western shore of the island and in the North River is from 19 to 27 feet deep, with very steep banks. The bottom and flats along the northeastern shore ~ of North River are hard, while soft mud prevails on the bottom of © the channel and on the flats farther up the river. Sticky mud is found between Doboy and Commodore Islands. At high tide, sea j water enters the channel from Doboy Sound through the mouth of — North River, while fresh water from Darien River is brought in by — North and Rockdedundy Rivers. k On the western shore of the island there is a dock extending nearly 4 to the channel from which daily observations of temperature, salinity, and plankton were carried out. The rocks on the eee and on the pillars of the dock were well covered with oysters. q TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY OF THE WATER Daily observations of temperature and salinity of the water made during the period from June 22 to August 31, 1928, are shown in © Figure 11 and Table 2, together with the data on precipitation and — maximum and minimum air temperatures. The latter were taken from the records of the nearest meteorological station, at Brunswick. An examination of Figure 11 shows that by the end of June the water temperature was already above 26° C. (79° F.) and that it remained around this figure throughout the summer. The curves of maximum and minimum air temperatures remained at their respec- tive levels without showing any definite rise or fall. As would be expected, their fluctuations from day to day were more pronounced than those of the water temperatures. FF Zhese thermal conditions, typical for the coastal region of Geor- gia, the climate of which is characterized by long, hot summers dur- ing which the changes in temperature from day to day are very small, are distinctly different from those observed in Long Island Sound and other inshore areas of the North Atlantic States, where during the summer the temperature of the water gradually rises until it reaches its maximum, usually during the second or third week of August. The fact that water temperature in Georgia remains nearly constant throughout the summer must have a pro- nounced effect. on spawning of oysters. It has been shown by the experiments of Galtsoff (1930) that temperature is one of the- important factors stimulating the discharge of the sex products by — the oysters. Prytherch (1929) has demonstrated that spawning of oysters in Long Island Sound usually is coincident with the rise of temperature of the water. ‘These observations were confirmed by _ Galtsoff (unpublished reports) for Wareham River and Onset Mass., where it has been noticed that oysters begin to spawn almost simultaneously after the temperature has reached its highest point. It is permissible to assume that in the localities when the tempera- ture remains nearly constant for a period of several months environ= mental changes other than temperature may enter into play and become the controlling factors. ~ Unfortunately, observations at_ Doboy Island began rather late (end of June), when the tempera-— «ee ee OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEORGIA a4 ture of the water had already reached 26° C. (79° F.); that is, it was 6° higher than the lowest temperature (20° C., 68° F.) at which, according to Galtsoff (1930), oysters may spawn. It is not 45+ «PRECIPITATION GREENSBORO | | x 40} i BRUNSWICK Sask: ----- MAXIMUM AIR TEMPERATURE =| —— MINIMUM’ > = . | 23) SS aaa WATER “ | pol *e BOTTOM SALINITY HIGH TIDE =e “ : LOW | = Si a INCHES PRECIPIT. 22 2 12 22 1 i JUNE JULY AUGUST _ Figure 11.—Precipitation, air temperature, water temperature, and salinity at Doboy Island, Ga., June 22 to August 31, 1928 21 31 known whether oysters around Doboy Island had spawned early in the season ; but according to observations made by Weatherby, there was no setting around Doboy Island that could be attributed to an early spawning. 78 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 2.—Daily temperature and salinity of the water at Doboy Island, Ga., June to August, 1928 Low water High water Date Temperature, Salinity per Temperature, Salinity per OF mille Ge mille | Time Time _* Top |Bottom| Top /Bottom Top |Bottom|! Top | Bottom -—— 3 . June 23 6.00 p. m 27.0 26:5") TON26)\}. 08) |=. --a-<- - Se | ee ee FSR ee ee em ESE res 2 A A la oe 2S | eh 2.40 p. m. 27.5 2635) |) seo Daler) 26 9.40 a. m. 26.0 25.3 12.09 13.89 3.30 p.m. 26.0 25.9 20. 46 27.3 28 10.45 a. m. 27.0 26.0 13. 39 16.39 4.45 p.m. 27.0 26.0 22.23 25. 72 29 11.30 a. m. 25 26.8 13.25 16.18 5.20 p. m. 28.0 26.9 21.80 24, 23 30)] 12:35 pam ||)" 228/07) a7s2u elie Saal eetie si 6.20:p. m= | 27.51) 2700. (2hs28ul eon July 2] 1.50 p.m. 29.0 28.4 | 16.01 | 17.76 7.40 p. m. 28.0 27.4 | 26.63 28.0 3 | 2.30 p.m. |} 29.0 28. 2 17.21 17,21 8.00 p. m. 28.0 27.8 27.95 28. 7. 4) 3.00 p. m. 29.5 28.8 14. 79 15. 08 8.40 a. m. 28. 5 27.6 22. 94 26. 76 bs Se ee | ee | eee ee 9.20 a. m. 28.5 28.0 | 14.60 26. 5 6 4.00 p. m 28.5 28.0 13. 94 14. 20 10.00 a. m. 28.0 26.1 23.40 24. 80° A ee ee ne RR ET Le Se et ee es ee 10.10 a. m. 27.5 27.6 23. 80 25. 5: 9 7.10 p. m 28.0 26.6 13. 96 16, 82 1.10 p. m. 28.0 27,2 27.41 27. 28 10 7.30 a. m 28. 0 27.0 13. 62 13. 56 2.00 p. m. 28.0 2002 26. 20 26.44 11 | 8.40 a. m. 28.0 28.0 13.88 14, 29 3.00 p. m. 28. 5 28. 5 26. 82 27. 63- 12 9.30 a. m. 28.0 | 28.0 11.47 11. 66 3.40 p. m. 28.0 27.5 27.02 27.10% 13 10.30 a. m. 28.0 | 28.0 10. 90 10:90 \o2so 2 sos 22 SoS 2 Se beeen ee eee er 18 3.15 p.m. 28.5 28.0 6.71 6.83 9.20 a. m. 28.0 26. 2 NAME 26.49" 19 4.00 p. m. Peel) PAG 6.44 6.38 9.40 a. m. 28.5 26.6 10.72 23. 96 20 4.45 p.m. 28.0 | 27.4 6.38 6.78 10.38 a. m. 30.0 26.8 10. 03 23. 48-— 21 5.35 p. m. 28.0 | 27.€ 6.11 6865.1" Di S0ia., me 29.0 26.6 11.4581 23. 70 25 8.30 a. m. 27.5 27.2 5.39 8.35 2.10 p.m. 30.0 26. 4 9.81 23. 2am 26 9.30 a. m. PAS) 2a 8. 93 9. 60 3.30 p. m. 28.0 2755. |) LON) 23. 40 27} 10.15 a. m. 28.0 275 9.98 | 12.15 4.00 p.m. 28.0 28.0} 11.38 25.1 28 10.40 a. m. 28.0 28.0 10. 26 10. 80 5.15 p.m. 29.0 26.5 | 21.38 22.74 30 12.30 p. m. 29.0 28.0 14.40 | 15.09 | 8.30 a. m. 27.5 PA ar 19. 06 21, 9 31 1.00 p. m. 28.0 28.0 15.96 | 16.17 7.30 a. mM. 27.5 27.0 23. 21 25.6 Aug. 3 3.20 p. m. 30.0 29.0 8.68) (85°75 2-222 5-2 oe ca beens Eee ee eee 4 4.05 p. m. 30.0 29.0 9.69 10.03 9.50 a. m 29.5 DONO eleraa 24.81 Geese ee es eke eee eee eee | 11.304. m 30.0 30.0 | 28.41 24, 20 Qe ee ee ee ee ee | eee | eee are 2.30 p. m 29.0 28.4 | 24.81 26.42 13 12.10 p. m 28.5 28.5 11.98 12.47 6.30 p. m 27.5 27.5 21.27 23. 12 15 2.00 p. m py Zhao: 11.48 11. 82 8.00 a. m 27.6 27.0 22.14 26. 16 16 3.00 p. m Dieo Pfs E: 9. 69 9.81 8.30 a. m 27.5 27.0) |) 20595 24. 08 17 3.40 p. m 2H 27.0 8.77 9°16. |uc22222 5 lee 2/2. eee ee See 19, |LSeee ese! nents ee IE Se eee 10.00a.m.| 28.0] 27.2] 15.41 18. 72) 20 DA0 pees |) S27. | a2 7b: 6.26; 7.18 11.30 a. m. 29.0 27.2 7.55 21.5 PAS ee jee see ee bon een | sees = |e once 12.00 noon 29.0 27.4 8. 62 17. 65 22 Melo peas it 18050 28.0 0 0 | 1.00 p.m. 30.0 27.6 0 20. 72) 23 8.00 a. m. 27.0 26.8 0 0 2.00 p. m. 29.0 27.8 0 22. 26 § 4 ea ee eae ee ee ee ee peas 3.50 p. m. 28.5 28.8} 0 15.15 29 1.10 p.m, ZigD 27.5 0 0 7.00 p. m. 28.0 28.0 0 6. 92° 30 1.30 p. m. 29.0 29.0 0 | 0 7.30 a. m. 27.5 27.5 0 oe ee ee For observations of salinity, top and bottom samples of water were taken twice a day within 30 minutes of exact time of high and™ low water. All the samples were collected from the end of the dock at Doboy Island; the determinations of salinity computed fro hydrometer readings are accurate within +0.05 per cent. . The concentration of salts in the water around Doboy Island is subject to wide daily fluctuations depending on the stage of the tide. There were but slight differences in the concentration of salts in top” and bottom samples, but the differences in the salinities of high an d low water were large, sometimes reaching 20 points. This fact can: be noticed by examining Figure 11, where the daily bottom salini- | ties observed at high and low water are plotted. After August 2, due to the rise of the Altamaha River, there was a sharp decline in the salinity, the water remaining fresh until the end of the month. That the drop in salinity at Doboy Island should be attributed to OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEORGIA 79 the rise of the river stage rather than to local precipitation is clear from the examination of Figure 11, the upper and the third curves of which indicate precipitation (in inches) in Greensboro and Bruns- wick. Greensboro is located at the head of Altamaha River, over 200 miles northwest from Doboy Island, while Brunswick is located in the coastal region about 20 miles south of Doboy Island. An examination of curves shows that local precipitation (Brunswick) was not followed by any noticeable decrease in the salinity of the water at Doboy; while the rains in Greensboro, which began on August 11-and continued for a week, were followed 10 days later by a sharp decline in the salinity. Daily discharge data of Al- tamaha River made by the United States Weather Bureau show that since August 20 the river at Everett City was at flood stage (10 feet and above). Flood conditions prevailed until October 2, when the water dropped to 9.7 feet. TIDAL CURRENTS The organisms of the coastal region are exposed to regular changes in their environment caused by the rhythmical tidal motion of the water. The length of time they remain out of water, the tempera- ture, velocity of the currents, osmotic pressure, and chemical com- position of the water vary with every change of tide and are de- pendent on the tidal range. Each of these factors may have a pro- nounced effect on the organisms and may control their growth and propagation. Hence, an understanding of the tidal conditions is essential in determining the extent of changes in the environment which the bottom and shore organisms of a given locality must endure. One of the striking features of the tidal motion is the change in the velocities of the current that accompany the rise and fall of the tide. We know that the direction and duration of tidal currents and their velocity depend on the range of tide and on the configura- tion of the tidal basin. According to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, the mean range of tide around Doboy Island is 6.8 feet, with the spring range reaching 8 feet. A study of the changes in the velocities of the current at Doboy Island was made for both spring and neap tides. Observations during spring tides were carried out on July 3, 31, and August 16, 30, 1928, and April 24, 1929; observations of July 10 and August 23, 1928, and May 2, 1929, fall on neap tides. The results of the observations are presented in Figures 12 to 18 and Tables 3 and 4. The range of tide was recorded on the tidal gage set under the dock at Doboy Island. The heights of tide in feet were recorded from an arbitrary zero level which was set about 4 feet below low-water mark. The direction and the velocity of current were determined by means of an Eckman current meter (old model). It can be noticed from an examination of Figures 12 to 18 that no significant differences in current velocities were ob- served between the spring and neap tides, and that the highest current velocities of 97.5 and 116 centimeters per second were ob- served on August 16 (spring tide) and August 23 (neap tide). (Figs. 14, 17.) SO U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The tides around Doboy Island are characterized by the very high : velocity of the ebb tide and the rather weak irregular velocities of” the flood tide. The highest velocity of the surface current occurs in most cases between three and one-half and four and one-half hours — after high water. There is no significant difference between theg ¢ surface and bottom current. (Fig. ‘18. ) SURFACE eet JULY 3, |1928 BOTTOM 0 8 10 12 z 4 AM. HOUR PM. Ficurp 12.—Salinity and surface currents during the tidal cycle at Doboy sland, July 3, 1928, spring tide The time of slack water (zero velocity) is influenced by the stage of the river. On July 3, 1928, and April 24, 1929, it nearly coincided © with the time of high and low water. (Fi igs. 12, 18.) In August. 1928, when the Altamaha River was approaching flood stage, the zero velocities were observed about two hours after the low water and one _ and one-half hours before high water (August 16, fig. 14). In all the observations, the velocities of the flood current were rather oe OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEORGIA 81 iat va i HEIGHTIOF TIDE eS 8 NX ee a 7 ae =e ae : a , > a _ @==-0 |SURFACE} SALIN 3 NGf ee 1928 ] 5 ¥ A.M. HOUR P.M. Figur» 13.—Salinity and surface currents during the tidal cycle at Doboy Island, July 81, 1928, spring tide 82 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES . p= 12 8 i imal fe . ; 0 @---0 SURFACE SALINITY o— BOTTOM } A.M. HOUR Figurp 14. Sy and surface currents during the tidal cycle at Doboy sland, August 16, 1928, spring tide OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEORGIA 83 irregular and less than the velocity of the ebb current. The dura- tion of flood and ebb current varied considerably. At the normal stage of the river, both currents were of approximately equal dura- tion; with the rise of the river stage, the ebb current prevailed with a corresponding decrease in the duration of flood. On August 23, when the Altamaha River was at high stage, the flood current con- tinued for only two hours. (Fig. 17.) ow | Ze Poe HEIGHT OF TIDE = A 8 SpA ee : ut SSE 4 A ‘ « digs 0 A.M. HOUR FIGURD 15.—Surface currents during the tidal cycle at Doboy Island, August 30, 1928, spring tide In the spring of 1929 the direction of flow of the surface ebb cur- rent was generally NNE., but varied slightly to NE., N.,and N. by W. The direction taken by the bottom ebb current followed that of the surface current rather closely (Tables 9 and 10), except that at the one point where the surface swung N. by W. the bottom current swung N. 84 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES a : eb : F Fe oe E | HEIGHT OF TIDE he 60 Ee = 0 F LOOD CURRENT CURRENT VELOCI 0 30 20 & 10 JULY 10, 1928 oF rs) II I S 5 i, A.M HOUR P.M FIGURE 16.—Salinity and surface currents during the tidal cycle at Doboy Island, July 10, 1928, neap tide —e ee ee Se a OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEORGIA 85 ae : pelo) OF TH ek l = 1 ul I ra ioe 4 60 0 FLOg Dy) EBB URRENT VELOCITY oe 20 8 @---O SURFACE SALINITY S e—o BOTTOM " d 10 / 0 4 if 9 1 | 3 5 7 A.M. HOUR PM. FIGURE 17.—Salinity and surface currents during the tidal cycle at Doboy Island, August 23, 1928, neap tide 86 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES HEIGHT OF TIDE ve 100 8 A 6 3 e 4 ! 2 5 0 = \ \ Z4™ 1929 8 10 12 2 4 A.M. HOUR P.M. Ficurb 18.—Salinity and surface currents during the tidal cycle at Doboy Island, April 24, 1929, spring tide 6 8 : OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEORGIA S7 TABLE 3.—Water temperature, salinity, and current velocity at Doboy Island + . JULY 3, 1928 (SPRING TIDE) Temperature, °C. | Salinity per mille Surface current Miders |= ee = - Hour stage in Velocity feet Surface | Bottom | Surface | Bottom nt Direction sec. OT ee ee ee 10.8 27.5 20.7 20. 56 27. 36 2.05 SW eter) hs See 2 Soe a sa 10. 6 28.0 27,2 22. 74 27. 90 1. 88 NE or Titel ile be Ne Sie ee 10. 4 28. 0 2iaw 25. 95 28. 10 1. 88 NE. (TTD oy aE SS ee 10.0 28. 0 27.3 27. 41 27. 83 12. 62 NE. ty it ile ie SB NE eae eee 9.5 28. 0 27.6 24. 42 26. 35 27. 43 NE. a eee 9.0 28. 0 27.6 23. 13 27.41 50. 33 NE. ty TO Be eee eee) 8.0 28. 5 28.1 21. 34 21. 47 52. 09 NE. Uy Bafa ibe Sen gee ea ee 7.3 28.0 28.0 21. 34 22. 00 46. 81 NE ea) eS ee ae eae erase 6.4 28.5 28. 2 21. 47 21.73 41. 52 NE SeaMop nN 2 se ne en oe ee ad 5.7 29. 0 28. 2 21. 38 21. 26 | 37.12 NE SEES oa ee See 5.3 29.0 28. 2 20. 05 20. 85 36. 76 NE MON Tne on at So 4.9 29.0 28. 2 18. 57 20. 85 30. 24 NE (OL Sls SNE a hE SS 4.7 29. 0 28. 2 17. 76 17. 76 22. 67 NE Peer ate ee = 2 4.7 29.0 28. 2 17. 21 L721 8. 57 NE Muerte fee ee 2 LS eee 5.0 29.0 28. 4 16.15 16.15 4. 70 SW ATS eg ROE ne ale le Ea A a a 5.6 29. 0 28.8 15. 28 16. 55 5. 93 SW 2 Uh aS RE ean eee 6.3 29. 5 29.0 | 15.15 15. 53 11.57 SW Ue Se ae Oe ee oe (4683 29. 5 29.2: | 16. 35 18. 57 | 9. 10 SW | 71, cig ee a 8.3 29.5 29.0 17. 41 19. 44 7.16 SW eters ee ee a. 5S Rh 9. 2 29.0 28. 8 19. 58 21.58 | 8.92 SW Te ee eee Se eee | 10.0 28.5 28. 4 22. 20 24. 87 | 3. 29 SW So ern a a ie es ee 10.6 28.5 27.8 | 24. 60 25. 48 | 2.76 SW TS ee eet ees 2 28.5 7.8 | 25, 21 26.48 | 2.7 NE An ar ee 2s ee 11.6 28.0 BERS le Dap Gl DTA6O | 014. 21) NIE mene rree eee ey <= Le) eT aS 11.9 28. 0 27.8 27. 95 28. 75 12. 98 NE JULY 10, 1928 (NEAP TIDE) TST ets Se ae eee 3.8 28. 0 27.0 13. 62 13. 56 27.19 NE 1, SR See eee 3.8 28.0 27.0 12. 68 12.77 7.16 NE Buen sean oe! see 8 oS 4.2 28.0 27.6 10. 93 11. 43 9.10 SW. 2 ne ee 4.7 28. 0 27.4 11. 06 11. 43 11. 57 SW. TUE 0 5.5 28. 0 27.6 10. 26 11. 33 26. 54 SW. | oT. CSE ee See ee ee 6.5 28. 0 27.6 10. 80 11. 60 23. 20 SW | FUR ee ee eee 7.3 28.0 27.6 11.19 18.17 6. 81 SW Ln ee eee 8.5 28. 0 27.4 13. 08 15. 48 2. 76 SW oe ee ene 9.3 28.0 | 27.5 20. 32 22. 38 5. 40 SW Spero Hee 2.3552 es bo Sn 10.0 28. 0 27.6 18.17 Zoo. | 7. 69 SW BOM i ae ONT, 28.0 28.0 24, 22 26. 48 1. 88 NE JT ee eae ae ee 11.0 28.0 28.0 24, 22 26. 08 1.88 NE i. TASS SE ee ee 11) al 28.0 74 br 26. 20 26. 44 2. 05 NE PEEeTareaT is 9 FN ot SF? oe 11.0 28.0 27.4 25. 81 PAPA One |Get fh it Se ae Se eee ee ee 10.5 28. 0 27.4 26. 63 26. 08 9.45 NE UL ne ee eee 10.0 28.0 27.6 24.74 27. 41 23. 90 NE BRRRBEI ee Re con SS ee ey ol 9.0 28. 5 28.4 22. 92 21.05 53. 15 NE MERI oe es Sn a Be 8.1 28.5 28.4 20. 72 21. 52 42. 93 NE ee eee Zia 28. 5 28.1 20. 39 20. 55 | 52: 97 NE Un grt 2 ei eee 6.4 28.0 28. 4 21. 80 20. 91 54. 38 NE 2 hi ee ee ere 5.5 28.0 7.8 20. 72 21.13 56. 50 NE LL a See eee See DD 28. 0 19. 20 19. 92 54. 38 NE BPE eee Se YS te 4.7 27.5 Pata) 17.18 17. 31 25. 66 NE JULY 31, 1928 (SPRING TIDE) 11.2 27.5 27.0 23. 21 25. 68 0 0 11.0 2a 27.0 23. 60 25. 21 0 0 10.0 28. 0 27.0 23. 68 27. 21 29. 23 NE. 9.3 28. 0 27.3 20. 86 21. 38 46. 81 NE. 8.7 28. 0 27.4 19. 24 22. 34 48. 57 NE. 8.0 28. 0 27.4 18. 86 19. 24 42. 40 NE. ted 28.0 27.8 18. 98 19, 24 31.83 NE. 6.6 28. 0 27.8 18. 44 18. 44 18. 62 NE. 5.8 28.0 28. 0 17.17 17. 38 22. 14 NE. Oak 28.0 28. 0 15. 96 16.17 12. 45 NE.* 5.0 28.5 28.0 13. 68 14. 02 8.57; NE. 5.0 28. 5 28.0 12. 47 12. 68 0 0 5.7 29.0 28. 5 11. 57 11. 52 1. 88 SW. 6.3 29. 5 29. 5 10. 36 10. 36 6. 28 SW. 7.4 29.0 28. 5 7.99 9. 84 6. 46 SW. 8.0 29. 2 28. 5 11. 44 14. 00 9. 45 SW. 9.0 29.0 28.5 13231 HG RPAL 9.10 SW. 10. 2 28. 5 28.0 17.45 18. 92 10. 86 SW. 10.8 28. 5 28. 0 18. 78 20. 26 5. 58 SW. 11.4 28.5 27.5 21. 06 22. 61 9. 45 SW. 12.0 28. 0 27.5 19. 24 24. 34 12. 98 SW. 12.3 28.0 27.5 23. 53 25. 81 6. 46 NE. 88 : U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 'TABLE 5.— Water tenvperature, salinity, and current velocity at Doboy Island—Con. AUGUST 16, 1928 (SPRING TIDE) Temperature, °C. | Salinity per mille Surface current Hour Velocity Surface | Bottom | Surface | Bottom | (ems./ | Direction sec.) 7 a. M.- -_---------------------- . 27.5 27.0 19. 99 20. 34 117] NE. a2 - 27.5 26.8 19. 33 20. 89 4. 52 NE. . 27.0 26.8 20. 14 19. 33 italy NE. , aD 27.0 20. 95 24. 08 1.88 NE. at 27.5 27.0 22. 61 24, 47 0 0. 11.0 27.5 27.0 22. 06 24. 47 3. 64 NE, 10.5 28.0 27.0 21. 40 25, 23 32, 18 NE. 9.5 27.5 27.0 21. 27 25. 35 77. 29 NE. 8.7 27.5 27. 2 18. 31 20. 53 57. 38 NE, 7.8 20.5 27.0 16. 91 17. 05 44, 34 NE. 6.7 27.5 27.2 a Alt 17.18 59. 47 NE. 5.5 27.0 27.0 15. 38 15. 38 97. 55 NE. 4.5 27.5 27.0 16. 64 16. 49 89. 27 NE. 4.0 iD 27.0 15.32 15. 26 60. 90 NE. 3.6 21.5 27.0 12. 92 13. 12 36. 59 NE. 3.0 27.5 27.0 10. 35 10. 62 20. 38 NE. 3.2 Dag fis 21.5 9. 69 9.81 19.14 NE. 3.5 Pf fda) PT fo 8. 48 8. 48 4. 52 NE. 4.0 Alo 27.5 7. 82 7. 82 1.88 NE. 4.4 Zio Zio 7. 56 7.95 22.14 SW. 652 27.5 27.0 7. 82 9. 41 9. 45 SW. 7.3 27.5 27.4 9.13 12. 78 5.93 | SW. 8.5 27.0 27.4 10. 35 14. 76 2.40] SW. 9.7 27.5 27.0 15. 30 19. 68 1.52| SW. 10.6 27.0 27.0 16.18 21, 02 2.76| NE. eee nas = os PR AUGUST 23, 1928 (NEAP TIDE) A ee gee As See 5.2 27.0 26.6 0 0 47.34] NE 7:80) hegre eee ee ee 5. 2 27.0 26.8 0 0 34.47 | NE: pi i a a ee ee 5.4 27.0 26.8 0 0 27. 07 NE, 830 a nines eee 5.6 27.0 26.9 0 0 18. 79 NE. Oa. Ne oe ae ee 6.0 27.0 26.9 0 0 1552 NE. DSO agen es See os ee 6.5 27.5 27.0 0 0 9, 81 NE, 1O}al ne ee ook 28. 0 26.0 0 0 0 0 SO aia ee a ee gee 7.8 28. 0 26.0 0 0 2. 40 SW. Lilteparn s.= eS Ee 8.6 28.0 26.0 0 0 7.74 SW. D2 OO Ne tee eee 10.0 28. 0 26. 4 0 7. 38 2. 40 NE. “A Ope ee ee Sek S SS a ee 10.8 28. 0 27.6 0 6. 29 6. 81 NE, USSU oe 10 eget Ss Be SE ee a 10.8 28.5 27.0 0 13, 50 8. 92 NE. Bile oe ee ee are 10.8 29. 0 27.8 0 22, 26 8. 32 NE. POUND AAG = oes ans eee 10.8 29. 0 27.6 0 23. 07 20, 91 NE. Sl eye! Eee See ees oo see sase sen 10.6 29.0 27.8 0 24, 02 15. 09 NE, DOU sD agele eee se ee rar 10.0 29. 0 27.6 0 24, 42 48, 75 NE, , 9.4 29. 0 27.8 0 22. 94 49. 10 NE 8.6 29.0 27.0 8. 50 21.19 54. 03 NE. 7.8 28. 5 26.6 9. 31 21. 27 116. 05 NE. 7.3 28.0 26. 0 7. 92 8. 44 82, 22 NE. 6.6 21.0 25. 6 7.72 8. 68 46. 81 NE. 6.3 21d 25.5 6. 08 7, 27 58.79 NE. 6.2 27.0 25. 5 5.10 6. 02 40. 29 NE. AUGUST 30, 1928 (SPRING TIDE) ; 5 27.5 27.5 0 0 15. 67 NE , 5 27.5 27.5 0 0 15, 37 NE. y ‘ 27.5 27.5 0 0 20. 55 NE. 830 a. ie See eee j 27.5 27.5 0 0 35. 35 NE. Ys 1 ee ere eens eS eee 10. 27.5 27.5 0 0 50. 33 NE. 9.30 ahim:.-2 5 ee eee ees 9. 27.5 28.5 0 0 58. 79 NE. LOM nS os eens ee 8. 28. 5 28.5 0 0 70. 59 NE. 10;30 ‘a.m! ee eee 16 28. 5 28. 5 0 0 64. 60 NE. Masi. se ee Se 6. 28. 5 28. 5 0 0 60. 00 NE. 11 30)a2 mm: 32 o Se e e e 5. 28. 5 28.5 0 0 64. 43 NE. 1 nodn: 23 eee 4, 29. 0 29.0 0 0 76. 06 NE. pO ah ve Ps ee ee se ee 3. 29.0 29.0 0 0 43. 81 NE. 1.00'D, mS. = ee 3. 29. 0 29.0 0 0 39. 94 NE. 7 6 Sb 11 ee Se Ne ee ee 3. 29.0 28. 5 0 0 32. 89 NE. 2:00 De TO =F oe eee see seae = 4, 28. 0. |=sseneeee 0 0 19. 67 NE. 3D. Wo eee ee ee 4. 28. 5 28. 5 0 0 14. 39 NE. 3.00. p) m2 ee eee 6. 29.0 29.0 0 0 15. 27 SW. 49. Ml 3s22 eee ee eee Me 28. 5 28. 5 0 0 19.14 SW. 430 p. in. ee eae 8. 28.5 28.5 0 0 23.90) SW. Lp Pap ree = OR! Se Se 9. 28.0 28.0 0 0 5. 93 SW. 1h 6 5 ee A ED ee oe eS su 28. 0 2160 0 0 2.05 NE. 6.30 p: mm. . 32-22 Ie See 11. 28. 0 Wed 0 0 0 0 OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEORGIA SY apie 4.—Water temperature, salinity, and current velocity, Doboy Island APRIL 24, 1929 (SPRING TIDE) Tempe isageer Aas Surface current Bottom current Tide ; Hour stage $< | ———— — in feet seeet | eel Surface! Bottom] Surface| Bottom cen Direction ea vaeey Direction Mee oe 6 ee 10.9 19.6 19.7 1 (ag) (| ee ce 7. 43 NNE. 28. 80 NNE er ees 11.5 20. 0 19.7 22. 01 24. 51 2. 59 NNE. 21. 24 | NNE PARI? tes: 11.4 19.8 19.7 23.78 26. 22 9. 32 NNE. 4.75| NNE Rison S22 es « 10.6 20. 4 19.8 22. 66 25. 44 18. 53 NNE, 9. 08 N AG 30a. = 5. = Coal Re oor eB il OS ee 48.15 | N. by W. 44. 50 N ee es 8.5 20.4 20. 0 18. 06 19. 16 64.22 | N. by E. 53.64 | N. by E ilo ISSO: es oo emt iy eke | ks sala Se eye St a el ee oe 73. 15 NE. 80. 46 NE Ae NOON. 2. -—5 6.4 20.4 20.3 16. 98 18. 22 63.09 | N. by E. 79.85 | N. by E 12.30 p. m____- Ree eas Salis Som, eee ta|t hee are 95.40 | N. by E. 68.58 | N. by E ip. Miss = s---= Feri (RN Aral ee ee Pees SS ee eee 79.24 | N. by E. 58.21 | N. by E HesOps ns = * 4.6 20.45 | 20.4 11. 49 12. 79 71. 62 NNE. 56. 08 NNE 2.65 or 9 «eae yk 782 Vie pe ela S| 3 ela eee | ee By Arh NNE. 35. 05 N 78 Ore 6 Vee pee 3.8 | 20.7 20. 45 9. 94 12. 11 30. 69 N. 20.42| NNE AY Og 40 eee 4.0 20.7 | 20.5 9. 63 11. 29 23.16 | N. by E 2, 31 is eb0: Ds m= soo 4.6 20.8 | 20.8 8. 03 8. 42 2.86 | NNE 15.84 | N. by W Chi Sa 5.4 20.8 20.8 7. 92 7.83 13.38 | S. by W 22.31 | N. by W A: 50)0; ces =— 6.8 21.0 20.8 8.37 11. 49 18. 80 S. by W 18.53 | S. by W Dip. Ens ses 3 8.0 21.1 PALE 8. 84 18. 64 12. 03 SSW 16. 64 SSW o-o0\ pane = == = 9.0 21.16 20. 84 12. 99 18. 86 OOO: pee ee 19. 08 SSW GMpetsso2 22252 10.0 20.9 20. 4 17. 94 21. 02 34. 44 SSW 23. 92 SSW G:30;ps met s2- 10.5 20.8 | 20.3 18. 86 22. 14 3. 10 NNE 35.02 | N. by E Ma Wee ee a 11.0 OT of ees 20. 46 24. 96 6. 37 NNE 19.84} N. by E | | MAY 2, 1929 (NEAP TIDE) (1) BU) eS 06 ee eee yf) 22. 4 22.4 15. 38 21. 92 57. 30 NNE. 25.84 | N. by E. Palit: a oe igi 22.5 Dono 15. 48 18. 66 30. 41 NEN. 20.69 | N. by E. Gro0iar mes. === Dao 22.4 22. 4 15. 38 21. 92 | 57. 30 NNE. 25.84 | N. by E. WoO. k=. oe bya bl 22.5 22.5 15. 48 18. 66 | 30. 41 NNE. 20.69 | N. by E. {Sr Ys vaio 8 i Sera ees 4.9] 22.4 OPA 15. 28 17. 88 29.07 | N. by E. 5.27) N. by E. elo LU) eRe oo eee 5.0 | 22.6 22.8 13: 78 16. 79 | 11. 47 N. OX00) 2 SS San aia = 8 = oe 5.0] 22.8 22.9 15. 14 16. 08 8.80 | N. by E. 1. 64 ? RS {ee 5.4 23.0 22.7 15. 66 15. 70 18. 53 NNE. 7.19 | N. by E ICE hs v1 a ee 5.8 PA | 2ar2 13. 60 13. 96 16.09 | N. by E. 1. 64 iS AO 30am = - 6.2 23.2 23.1 13. 51 13.91 0:00) 2 3=-— 2s — <= } 2.52) S. by W 3 (1 es a 07 ee ees 6.9 23.0 23.0 13571 13.75 2)310| (8. bya Wi. 2.52 | S. by W 14e30la. m2 bee: 26 23.0 23.0 ERC Al 13. 96 2.98 | S. by W. | OL0ONES- see o2 k=: Pa no0one. 2s. = 8.2 23.0 23.0 15. 57 15. 59 15. 30 S. by W. DOTA ES aby aw. 12°30 Dp. M=--- 8.7 23.0 22.9 14. 49 18. 52 4.32.| S. by W. | 0800) | 2 ee Soph ee 9.2 23.0 22.9 15. 35 TSS GOV a | ae a oe SA aee S| Sot e Sac Note.—May 1 was the day of least tide range. Observations were not attempted, however, because of a heavy SW. wind which disturbed the water in the channel. The morning of the 2d was calm, but on the change of tide the wind came up and gradually increased in strength so that observations had to be abandoned atlp.m. Thestorm blew in full force from 12.30 until 6, and then gradually died away. The direction of the flood current was exceedingly variable and swung from NNE. to SSW. (Table 4.) The shifting of the flood current and the reversing of its direction are due to the position of Doboy and Commodore Islands with respect to the mouth of Doboy Sound. The incoming flood tide makes up Doboy Sound in a north- west direction and up Back River, lying south of Commodore and Doboy Islands, in a general westerly direction. The flood current coming up Back River meets the mouths of North and Darien Rivers just to the southwest of Doboy Island and is divided three ways— part going up the Darien, part up the North River, and part flows to the NNE. in the channel past Doboy Island. The main flood current making up Doboy Sound is strong enough some two and one-half hours after low water to cause a current to set in a SSW. direction through the channel past Doboy. This set of current, however, lasts only two hours or so, and then reverses to flow in a general NNE. QQ) U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES direction again. As a consequence of this movement of the flood tide. we have the phenomenon of the tide rising at a rate of a little over 2 feet per hour at mid-flood tide with very low and irregular current velocities. It was also noticed that, due to the configuration of Doboy Island in jutting out into a narrow spit of ballast rock on the southwest corner, many eddies are set up along the western shore of the island. One strong eddy was observed setting in a NNE. direction under the wharf at Doboy at 5.15 p. m., April 24 (Table 4, fig. 18), while the current in the main channel was setting in a general SSW. or S. by W. direction. The eddy appeared to follow the shore line closely and extended only 30 or 35 feet out into the channel. The place of obser- vation appeared to be directly in the center of the eddy, and it is highly probable that this accounts for the zero velocity of the surface current at 5.30 p. m. and the variable velocities found from 3.30 to 7 p.m. Tests with the current meter showed that the eddy was a sur- face movement that did not extend more than 2 feet below the sur- face. CHANGES IN SALINITY DURING THE TIDAL CYCLES It can be seen from an examination of Figures 12 to 18 that salinity curves follow in general the tidal curves, the minimum salinity oc- curring about 1 hour after low water and the maximum salinity shortly after high water. On August 30, 1928 (fig. 15), when the river was at flood stage, the surface water was entirely fresh through-: out the tidal cycle. During the normal stage of the Altamaha River, the salinity at neap tides is lower than it is during spring tides, when greater volumes of ocean water enter the coastal region. This can be seen by comparing Figures 12 and 16. On July 3, 1928 (spring tide), the salinity at low slack water was 15.15 at the surface and 15.53 per mille at the bottom; a week later (July 10, neap tide), it dropped to 10.26 (surface) and 11.33 (bottom). Less significant changes were observed at high water. On the same days the salinity at the top and at bottom was 27.95 and 28.75, respectively (July 3, spring tide), and 25.81 and 27.21 on July 10, neap tide. Flood conditions in August and adverse weather conditions encountered in the spring of 1929 prevented further study of changes in salinity during neap and spring tides. When observations were made in April, 1929, the waters around Doboy Island were just clearing up from the flood of the Altamaha River, which occurred during March, causing the displacement of the salt water in the various rivers with fresh water. The Altamaha River is formed by the junction of the Oconee and Ocmulgee Rivers, both of which originate in the Piedmont Plateau. ) | ads gu oe oO /e— LENGTH |G——o WIDTH NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS. oT oS 3S a8 6 eee CMS. Ficgurp 23.—Length and width of 2-year-old oysters grown on brush planted in North River the two latter purposes the following practical measures should be adopted: (1) The return of the shells to the natural beds from which oysters were taken, (2) the restoration of the depleted oyster beds by the planting of hei or adult oysters, (3) the establishment of oyster beds in suitable localities, and (4) the development of oyster culture. Return of the shells to natural beds—Under section 10 of the coastal fisheries law of the State of Georgia, the lessee is required to deposit every year under the supervision of the tidewater cem- missioner a number of bushels of shells equal to 25 per cent of bush- els of oysters taken from the grounds leased. If reasonably enforced, this rule will be of great benefit for maintaining the natural beds and preventing their depletion, provided that the planting opera- tions are carefully supervised so that the shells are planted at the right time and place. OYSTER INVESTIGATIONS IN GEORGIA 99 Restoration of depleted oyster beds—In many localities, the nat- ural beds contain nothing but dead shells, all live oysters having been taken out. ‘These beds can be easily restored by planting seed or adult oysters. In this case the beds should be closed to the public for a definite period of time and efficiently patrolled. Beds of this type are found, for example, along the northwestern shores of the Doboy River, opposite Doboy Island, and in the creek between Doboy and Commodore Islands. The establishment of oyster beds in suitable localities —TVhere are numerous localities in Georgia coastal waters where oysters grow scattered on the mud flats. Where the mud is not too soft, these flats can be utilized for the establishment of new oyster beds by the following method: During June and July when the oyster larve are free-swimming in the water, spat may be collected on oak brush stuck into the mud between tide marks or on shells in wire-bag collectors placed on tidal flats between 1 foot below and 2 feet above low-water mark. The brush gradually decays or is destroyed by the shipworm and breaks to pieces, so that the oysters fall on the mud forming a new bed. The process can be expedited by breaking the twigs and scattering them over the grounds when the oysters sre sufficiently large. Spat collected on shells in wire bags must he scattered on the fiats or transplanted below low-water mark. The development of oyster culture—The greatest progress of the oyster industry in Georgia can be achieved, however, by the intro- duction of improved methods of oyster culture, which consists in the following: Setting aside sufficiently large areas suitable for cultiva- tion of oysters; improving the bottoms, by dredging out the accu- mulation of débris and grass and reinforcing them if necessary by planting shells or gravel; establishing of spawning grounds; col- lecting of seed oysters on spat collectors (wire bags, brush) ; trans- planting seed oysters on suitable bottoms below low-water mark; and protecting the beds from the attacks of drills and other enemies. As has been demonstrated by the experiments at Doboy Island, a good set of oysters can be obtained easily in many localities in the coastal waters of Georgia by means of oak brush or wire-bag col- lectors filled with shells. Seed oysters, upon reaching the size of a half-dollar coin, can be transplanted below low-water mark on firm and unshifting bottoms in the creeks, small rivers, and in the marshes where they will grow and assume perfect form. If necessary, they can be kept there for several years. Although, as our observations of 1928 show, setting may occur in deep water, its intensity is much Jess than in the tidal zone, and consequently there is little danger that the transplanted seed oysters will become overcrowded with new generations. As the oysters grow larger the extra space is taken up so that it is often advisable to work the beds and remove part of the crop to other grounds. The improvement in conditions for those left on the bed will result in better growth and better quality of the meats. It is believed that by an intelligent application of oyster cultural methods to local conditions, the total output can be considerably increased and the quality of the oysters greatly improved. 100 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES BIBLIOGRAPHY Coker, R. E. 1907. Experiments in oyster culture in Pamlico Sound, N. C. North Caro- lina Geological and Economic Survey Bulletin No. 15, 1907, pp. 74, Pls. I-XVII, 1 chart. Raleigh, N. C. DRAKE, J. C. 1891. On the sounds and estuaries of Georgia with reference to oyster cul-— ture. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Bulletin No. 19, 1891, pp. 179-209, 7 charts. Washington. GALTSOFF, P. 8. 1930. Biology and cultivation of shellfish. Jn Progress in Biological In- quiries, 1928, by Elmer Higgins. Appendix X, Report, United States Commissioner of Fisheries for 1929 (19380). Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1068, pp. 782-737. Washington. Moore, H. F. 1918. Condition and extent of the natural oyster beds and barren bottoms of Mississippi Sound, Ala. Report, United States Commissioner of Fisheries for 1911 (19138). Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 769, pp. 62, Pls. I-V, 1 chart. Washington. PRYTHERCH, H. F. 1929. Investigation of the physical conditions controlling spawning of oys- ters and the occurrence, distribution, and setting of oyster larvae in Milford Harbor, Conn. Bulletin, United States Bureau of Fish- eries, Vol. XLIV, 1928 (1929), pp. 429-503, figs. 32. Washington. 1930. Improved methods for the collection of seed oysters. Appendix IV, Report, United States Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1076. VeATCH, Orro, and STEPHENSON, LioyD WILLIAM. 1911. Preliminary report on the geology of the coastal plain of Georgia. Geological Survey of Georgia, Bulletin No. 26, 1911, pp. 466, Pl. I-XXX, 2 charts. Atlanta, Ga. @) UTILIZATION OF SHRIMP WASTE ' By F. C. VILBRANDT Professor of Industrial Chemistry, University of North Carolina and R. F. ABERNETHY CONTENTS Page MLO CUUCHTOM a apa epee eee me Spee Pea a eee ee ee reed by hee 101 Beare ing hnnapyy tin Or; tat od Ere SE og ae 2h its eS ee Se ei esi cte 102 ME eESnunn pp GUSbinyt ose ee ee ee LS ee ee A Me ee 103 Handling shrimp aboard vessels and at the wharf___--_-_________- 103 Preparsion: Or Slainp LOT MaArkeb! 226-72. 20 5 eel ee See 103 Packingeshrimpmonimarket s+. 52 .8e\ ope aie. lpi eee De Se 106 “SOFT DS, (Tye Cig 0 op VUES | eos eee we eee ogee pep 8 ase ee ose eae BER 107 Sounceszot shrimp wastes see | ya eae ee ee eee 109 IRKeSemiaSeScO lis WinlM WAS LCs] seen ee i re ee 110 ABS TORRONE ee eee a eee te ae ee 110 SRESCIMUMINVeSUICUUION ==) Sats See ees ee, bet ioe eT es ee ee Soe 111 Preparation of experimental meals high in salt content________________- 112 REE -COOkMIe Ode temo. roe — oe tp Oe a ee 112 ASE rine COOK IMeUUOU: << 22 FS ee ye eh 114 Preparation of experimental meals low in salt content_---_______-_____- 115 Sonam pwaver-Cook metodo. 92 22022 ee 115 Pale WeLierCOOK mMennOd= seats Sees See i epee oo eda Fiekk IEG Preparanon ol fertilizerimaterial oe sos ete ee 118 Meamrank aciiulation method. = 2.0 25-255 22 = sat a Se US 118 Magkandeaciauiation mepnod= =< 22 oe 2s ies fe es 118 General considerations of the various methods________________________ 120 SO CLUTC UL ONECOSUS Smee ene auiry = es m oheys alee ser ee sae eed a i 3S 121 BeoBrodtets From, ShTIMp Waste. i266 4b eee eS ek 122 IRIE BRE CP pee ens p ah gy en On ese oe yee Se = ee ce 122 INTRODUCTION 2 The utilization of the waste of any industry is desirable because of: (1) The increased profits due to the increased returns from the by-product; (2) the elimination of the disposal problem that is in- creasingly demanding more attention due to the density of population in the industrial areas; (3) the use of valuable and desirable materials 1Appendix VI to the report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. B. F. Doc. 1078. __ ?The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to W. T. Conn, technologist, and Dr. A. C. Robertson, formerly associate technologist, division of fishery industries, Bureau of Visheries, Washington, D. C., for their valuable aid in directing the investigation; to R. Clyde Brown and VY. Abrams, of the Glynn Canning Co., Brunswick, Ga., for their co- operation not only in providing space, light, and steam, but also for supplying and aiding in the construction of much of the field equipment; and to the chemical laboratories of the Hercules Powder Co. and the Atlantic Refinery, Brunswick, Ga., for their kindness in joaning chemical supplies to tide over the shortages that occurred during the investigation. 101 102 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES that are oftentimes wasted. In the shrimp industry the utilization is doubly important because of the relatively large percentage of waste present, the health hazards caused by careless disposal, and the valuable products that can be prepared from the waste. At the time of this investigation it appears that only approximately 25 per cent of the waste of the shrimp industry is recovered as shrimp meal, the remainder being thrown away since there is a lack of a simple recovery process which can be profitably adopted at isolated plants and under the condition of widely fluctuating receipts of stock. The primary object of this investigation is the development of one or more processes to utilize the present waste. The utilization of shrimp waste has been attempted heretofore in one plant at Brunswick, Ga., for the purpose of preparing a fertilizer component. This practice was given up because of the engineering difficulties encountered at this plant during the reduc- tion of the wastes to the form of a fertilizer component. The diffi- culties were due mainly to the necessity of handling the fluctuating supply of shrimp waste promptly and to the difficulty in drying waste, since the latter often “ gummed up” the rotary drivers and stopped operations. If excessive heat was used to reduce this hazard, the waste became partially calcined and carbonized with the loss of nitrogen in the final product and gave off very offensive odors. From statistics collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries for the year 1927, the entire catch of shrimp over the territory extending from the northern boundary of North Carolina to the western boundary of Texas amounted to about 100,000,000 pounds. THE SHRIMP FISHERY * Three marine species of shrimp are taken for commercial purposes. Of these the most important and abundant form is Peneaus setiferus, which occurs throughout the range of the fishery from Beaufort, N. C., to Corpus Christi, Tex. The closely related species P. brasili- ensis is much less abundant and may be distinguished from the other by the characteristic groove along each side of the rostrum which extends nearly to the posterior margin of the carapace, while in P. setiferus this groove extends less than halfway back. As the fishermen do not recognize these differences, an estimate of P. brasili- ensis is difficult. Large specimens of both species (P. setiferus and P. brasiliensis) are known on the markets as “prawns,” or “ sprawns,” and the half-grown individuals are known as “ shrimp.” The third species, Yiphopeneus kroyeri, commonly known to the fishermen as the “sea-bobs” or “seven-beards,” is considerably smaller and differs in color and general appearance; it has a rostrum as long as, or longer than, the carapace instead of shorter as in the species of Pencaus. It is taken commercially only on the Louisi- ana coast. where it is used for drying when the larger species are unobtainable. The irregularity of the movements of the shrimp makes it difficult to define the seasons of abundance in the various waters. In general, 2 Material in this section is largely drawn from the Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for 1917, pp. 7-8. UTILIZATION OF SHRIMP WASTE 103 the season in North Carolina is August to November; in South Caro- lina, July to November; in Georgia . and east Flor ida, the year round, with irregular slack periods; in western Florida, October. to July: in Mississippi, March, April, and July to December; in Louisiana, February to May and July to Nov ember; in Galveston Bay, Tex., March to November; and in Corpus Christi Bay, Tex., throughout the year with longer or shorter periods of slackness. On the Atlantic coast the bulk of the shrimp is taken with trawls. At Appalachicola, Fla., and Biloxi, Miss., the otter trawls have been recently introduced and are expected to play an increasingly important role in the shrimp fishery of the Gulf coast. In the tr awl fishery, motor boats with crews of 1 to 3 men are employed. In the Mississippi haul-seine fishery, sailing schooners about 40 feet long serve to carry the fishermen to the fishing ground, which is 25 to 80 miles distant, and to return the catch to the factor y. In operating the seine a motor boat and a rowboat are used. The seines range from 175 to 250 fathoms in length and 11 to 18 feet in depth, and are operated by crews of 6 men. In Louisiana the fishermen estab- lish camps near the fishing grounds, the latter being visited in open motor boats. The otter trawl used in the shrimp industry varies in width from 22 to 75 feet, the length being about one-fourth greater than the width. The wings are : from 3 to 5 feet in length. Cotton netting is used, supported by tarred cork and lead lines. A buoy is attached to the bunted tail, which insures recovery of the net should it become torn loose from the tow lines. The mouth of the net is held open by otter boards of 1-inch plank of suitable length. The trawl is generally operated from cleats amidship of the boat and is towed at 2 to 5 miles per hour for about 30 minutes for each haul. Trawling brings a greater revenue to the fishermen as the average catch per man per day is considerably increased. This was particu- larly important during the war while the shortage of labor was acute, as 1 or 2 men could often take the place of 15 or 20. Furthermore, up to the advent of the trawl, the adult of the P. setiferus was un- known as an article of commerce, as they seldom came within seining distance of the shore. On the other hand, at a depth of 1 fathom to about 10 fathoms and a distance off the shore of about 18 miles, there has been opened by the use of the trawl an immense fishing ground where a bounteous supply of the adult shrimp usually exists, This new supply offers favorable possibilities for the future of the shrimp industry. The disadvantages of the trawl must not be overlooked, however, for at certain seasons of the year, when small shrimp are abundant in inside waters and when they are traveling through the deeper bayous, they can be destroyed in considerable quantities by selfish fishermen. This fault, however, is not inherent in the device itself as shrimp show a mutual tendency to separate themselves into schools of uniformly sized individuals, and when seines and trawls operate side by side the average size of the shri imp caught is always identical. 104 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES THE SHRIMP INDUSTRY HANDLING SHRIMP ABOARD VESSELS AND AT THE WHARF Unless the shrimp are iced or cooled immediately when caught, they will soften quickly, especially in warm weather. Because there is danger of such softening, shrimp boats or trawlers carry plenty of ice. Shrimp buyers refuse to take stock that is not in aan con- dition at the dock. Heavy icing is particularly important when the shrimp are molting because they are soft, easily broken in handling, and more subject to decomposition. Care in handling shrimp begins the moment the net is raised. All soft, damaged, or small shrimp are culled out and the slime and dirt removed by thorough washing with water. Culled and cleaned shrimp are stored in the hold of the boat at once with ice. As soon as the boat reaches the dock the shrimp are removed from the hold and sorted a second time. Steel baskets holding about 100 pounds of shrimp each are lowered to the boats by means of a derrick op- erated by power. The shrimp are loaded into the baskets with shovels or dip nets; the baskets are then hoisted to the wharf, where they are weighed. . If to be stored for a short time they are placed in an ice box which is about 12 feet square and 7 feet high, just off the picking room. It is built with double, insulated walls in refrigerator fashion, with a door on the side. Chopped ice to the depth of 4 inches is first spread on the floor, followed by a layer of shrimp about 6 inches deep. Between each layer of shrimp there is a layer of ice 2 inches deep, but on the top layer of shrimp there is another layer of ice 4 or 5 inches deep. Every day there is a fresh supply of ice thrown over the top. These ice boxes can be chilled down to about 40° F. In hot weather the shrimp can not be kept in the ice box longer than 2 or 3 days without spoiling, but in cold weather they are frequently held for as long as 8 or 10 days, waiting for the accumulation of a supply large enough to justify packing operations. For short-time storage some dealers place the shrimp in tubs of water filled with crushed ice, whereby the temperature is held in the neighborhood of 40° F. PREPARATION OF SHRIMP FOR MARKET Removal of the head, which is known as “ heading ” and which is accomplished by breaking the head and thorax from the tail portion, is done either before or after the shrimp are iced, depending upon the amount of the shrimp on hand. If the amount on hand is larger than can be taken care of immediately by the “heading” crew the surplus is iced; otherwise the heads are removed as soon as the shrimp are landed. Heading is done for most of the iced fresh shrimp that are sent to inland markets or for preparing the pickled “ keg stock.” It is essential that the shrimp be headed before they have become warm, because the dark liquid in the stomach of the shrimp consists of oily, partially digested plant and animal matter, which readily decomposes. This liquid, as well as the body slime, must be removed immediately after the shrimp are headed by washing the headed shrimp in iced or fresh water three or four times, dipping from one UTILIZATION OF SHRIMP WASTE 105 iced tub to another. In certain sections the trade demands the head- less stock. In other markets, especially in the South, consumers are suspicious of headed shrimp as they erroneously regard the absence of the head as an indication of spoiled stock. Such consumers ulti- mately pay the express on the entire weight of the package and then throw nearly half of the shrimp away. Experiments indicate that the heads and appendages constitute from 43 to 45 per cent of the whole raw shrimp. The shrimp are kept in the ice box for two or three days to facili- tate the removal of the appendages in the peeling operation. This removal of the desirable fleshy portion of the tail from the shell, head, and thorax is done on the picking tables in the sheltered portion of the wharves. The pickers stand on either side of the table facing each other. Each one is supplied with a round bucket made of galvanized metal, perforated both sides and bottom with round holes about one-half inch in diameter, and having a capacity of about 7 pounds of shrimp meat. Each picker is supplied also with a bucket or can of alum water into which the fingers are dipped from time to time to offset the action of the alkaline secretions from the body of the shrimp. With- out the use of the alum water, the pickers’ fingers would soon become so sore from the action of these body fluids that they would be com- pelled to abandon their work. The meat buckets and the alum water buckets are placed on the edge of the table outside the trough. A shrimp is taken in the left hand, palm downward, being held by the tail or the body portion, the legs pointing toward the body of the picker and the head pointing toward the right hand of the picker. The head of the shrimp is first seized between the thumb and the two first fingers of the right hand and broken or twisted off. The right thumb is now thrust between the right and left rows of legs, break- ing open the shell by running the thumb under the shell and around the body, peeling off a section of shell an inch to an inch and one-half in length. By squeezing the tail end of the shrimp between the fingers and thumb of the left hand the meat is forced from the shell and allowed to drop into the meat bucket. The heads and shells are dropped upon the edge of the table; and when a small pile accumulates they are pushed from the table into wooden boxes placed on the floor at the pickers’ feet, or upon the floor to be raked up later and disposed of by an attendant who carries the boxes to the end of the wharf where they are gone over for any whole shrimp that the pickers carelessly throw away; the waste is then dumped overboard. If the picking room is above the water the waste is dumped directly into the tide water. The whole shrimp which are recovered are returned to the picking room. When the shrimp are running small in size, there is a considerable quantity of whole shrimp thrown out by the pickers. The manager ignores this when the size of the shrimp is small. When the shrimp are large the care- less one is found and cautioned for the carelessness. The pickers consist principally of women, boys, and girls, both white and black, the two races always working at separate tables. Sometimes colored men will be seen working at the picking tables, but seldom, if ever, white men. The picking operations, when a large supply of shrimp is on hand, usually begin about 4 a. m. 106 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The picking rooms are about 75 feet long and 40 feet-wide. The picking tables are each about 18 feet long and 42 inches wide, being made of 6-inch planks held together by wooden cleats on the under side. The middle portion of the table, about 21 inches in width, is inclosed by 4-inch planks set on the edge and running the entire length of the table. This forms a trough i in the middle of the table which holds a supply of shrimp for the pickers. The main object of the 4-inch planks, however, is to supply a support for the steel baskets in which the shrimp are unloaded from the boats. The basket full of shrimp, after being brought to the table, is turned over on its side, with the weight of the basket resting on the side of the trough and the shrimp falling into the trough in the middle of the table. The basket is rolled along on the edge of the plank, distribut- ing the shrimp as it goes, the plank preventing the weight of the basket from rolling on the shrimp and crushing them. There is a space of about 10 inches in width on the side of the trough of the table on which the pickers place their buckets. . The pickers are paid by weight. The rate at which they are paid depends altogether on how the shrimp run as to size. In practically every lot there will be some shrimp of every size; but in some lots the larger ones predominate, although there are times when a partic- war lot of shrimp will be almost uniform in size throughout. Before picking operations begin, the foreman sizes up the shrimp and then announces to the pickers the number of pounds of meat for which 5 cents will be paid. This ranges during the season from 5 to 614 pounds, the smaller weight being required when the shrimp are small. Most of the picking is done at the rate of 6 pounds of meat for 5 cents, although there is no hard and fast rule governing the various prices. The average picker will make, on a full day’s run, about $1.50. A few of the expert pickers have been known to make as high as $2.50 per day. PACKING SHRIMP FOR MARKET Shrimp are packed for the market in the following conditions: (1) Raw whole shrimp, (2) raw headed shrimp, (3) headed cooked shrimp, (4) cooked shrimp meat, (5) canned shrimp meat, (6) dried shrimp meat, (7) shrimp paste. All shrimp except those shipped in the raw state are brine cooked, the concentration of the brine, time of cooking, and conditions after treatment such as drying, cooling, rebrining, etc., depending upon . 2 Aes SS tee ee ee we Oe Se ee ee 6.3 5.6 | 5.2 8.4 Proteins: (dry Dasis) 6. a. 2. cece en eee es Se ee 43.3 42.8 40.7 41.3 Ether, extract: (dry; basis)==. #243. Fu. sai sees. ssh go 7 rh See 4 9 1.6 1a Calcium phosphate: (dry basis) =352---2 ee ee ae ee Tall 6.8 7.0 6.8 Sodium) ehloride (salt; dry basis) See Le Eee 17.5 20. 8 22.8 20.8 Calcium sulphate; (dry basis) ot Be ee eee 3 3 .3 oO lodine-./35.21: 9974.20 iea Set pees ee See parts per billion_- 7, 600 4, 400 7, 300 4, 700 proportions than 10 per cent of the total ration of the animal. According to animal husbandrymen of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2 per cent of salt in the total ration is sufficient for the dietary needs of cattle, 1 per cent for swine, and 1 per cent for poultry. More than these amounts for the respective animals might produce deleterious results. UTILIZATION OF SHRIMP WASTE 115 PREPARATION OF EXPERIMENTAL MEALS LOW IN SALT CONTENT The conversion of shrimp wastes into meals low in salt entails more labor than the conversion of wastes into fertilizer, a procedure which will be described later, but the processing is cleaner and the returns on the product obtained are so much greater that it becomes the more economical method of utilizing the wastes. There are two general methods of treating the shrimp heads, (@) nonacid water- cook and rapid drying and (6) acid water-cook and drying. The ‘first method gives a product low in soluble sulphates, while the latter gives a sulphate content dependent upon the amount of acid added to the cook. The first requires no acid, but the drying or reduction of the stock to about 40 per cent moisture content must be carried out the same day that the shrimp are headed to prevent spoilage. The second requires care in adding acid, but the product with as high as 60 per cent moisture will not decompose for a period of two days. NONACID WATER-COOK METIIOD Cooking —The shrimp waste is collected in 2-poled wire baskets of 50 to 100 pound capacity and carried to the community plant serving the group of small shrimp handlers. Here the baskets are lowered into a cooking vat steam heated, or heated by direct fire. A large iron kettle will give satisfactory service but in that case the baskets must be so constructed as to fit the circular kettle, ample space being allowed around the basket to permit ready circulation of the boiling water. The vats to be used for cooking shrimp wastes can also be built of heavy timber, in square or rectangular shape to accommo- date the baskets used in carrying the shrimp. The shrimp wastes are loaded into wire baskets of a type similar to those used in the cooking of the shrimp meat. - These baskets are carried into the waste shrimp cooking rooms and suspended into vats, where they are left for 10 minutes after the water in which they are suspended reaches the boiling point, or 212° F. Solar drying.—The cooked waste, now quite pink in color, is carried to a drying platform or dumped onto wire bottom frames to allow free circulation of air through the mass. In this manner the sun will evaporate the moisture. Tray drying is shown in Figure 3. These trays can be so constructed that they can later be transferred to a heat drier. If the sun is shining, the frames may be placed in the sun and the drying started. The period of drying by solar heat depends upon the thickness of the mass upon the screens, the time of day, and the sequence of hours of sunshine. In good sunshine, and with a layer not over 3 inches thick, drying of the product to 10 per cent moisture content is readily accomplished in 8 hours. A product with as high as 15 per cent moisture may be stored several months or more without spoilage. This product can be accumulated and further dried in a heated drier, when sufficient stock is on hand, and then ground at leisure, or in the off season for shrimp. The final drying should be carried below 8 per cent in moisture, the best prod- uct for efficient grinding containing about 5 per cent moisture. Rapid heat drying—In inclement weather and for the final drying. the stock must be placed in heated driers. The type of drier to use is 116 : U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES one that permits ready circulation of hot air and gases among the mass of whole heads and whole peeled shrimp waste. The direct externally heated rotary drier should be avoided because the stoppage of the drier would permit burning which would make the product unsalable. The shelf type or tunnel drier, as shown in Figure 2, would require the least power equipment and would give a satisfac- torily dried product. In all cases such driers should be on hand to reduce the sun-dried stock to 5 per cent moisture content. The drier built of sheet steel with removable shelves of steel plates is inexpen- . sive and quite flexible and is able to handle either a large or small amount of stock. Sliding trays can be arranged so as to provide a zigzag course for the heat to pass under and over the trays. The drying process is conducted by removing the lower dry tray, and moving down each upper tray, and supplying a fresh tray in the upper ‘slide. The rate of drying in such a drier depends upon the FIGURE 3.—Trays used for platform drying amount of heat supplied and the loss of heat in the walis. Under no circumstance should the cost of drying be over one-third cent per pound to obtain a product with 5 per cent moisture. a eae po nature of the dried product requires the use of feed or grain grinders for reducing to desirable size. The spiny parts of the shrimp heads and tails are very brittle when dried and grind easily, as do the legs and body shell. The meaty portions in the heads and waste shrimp must be dried before grinding and give trouble unless the grinding is done step wise, first reducing the stock to about 9 mesh to the square inch size, then to about 25 “mesh, and finally to the desired or fine size. The demands for the product will control the size of the ground stock, but, in order to reduce the spines to a harmless size, the grinding must be carried down to about 16 mesh, or lower, per square inch. A grinder of this type is the ordi- nary grain or feed grinder, with revolving disk plates to disintegrate the particles. These may be purchased _ im any size, but one “of 5 UTILIZATION OF SHRIMP WASTE Bie bushels per hour capacity can be easily operated by one man. This meal can be stored without danger of spoilage as long as kept out of direct rain; humid weather does not affect it. It is a fine, dry product with no disagreeable odor. The yield approximates 540 pounds per ton of raw shrimp waste. Chemical analysis —Typical analyses of meals prepared by the above method are given in Table 3. The composition of the material would vary slightly with the season, upon the amount of shrimp meat thrown into the waste, and on the nature of the green stock, depend- ing on whether it was heads or peeled waste. The calcium phosphate and the high protein content should make this material a valuable poultry feed. Furthermore, the high iodine content of the meal is new to poultry feeds and should be expected to have the same beneficial effects on poultry and egg production as this substance has on other animals. The nature of the fat is not known, and its vitamin content is now being studied. TABLE 3.—Chemical composition of experimental meals prepared by the nonacid water-cook method Asana-| On dry Asana- On dry Items lyzed basis Items lyzed | basis Per cent| Per cent || Per cent Per cent MTISIUInG Se wens ee ee IFC baa ap eee H@alcium\sulphates=s-9- 2-2 == 0.18 0. 20 PATS Sees ee we ead Pe 59 4D TL 44.4) || Potassiumioxide.==2---==2---222-=- 02 . 59 Calcium phosphate__._.....-_-__- 6. 67 7. 02 | | Bunler extract. 2-_- 22-22 et 2.47 2) 61h Todiness=. parts per billion__| 3,400 3, 600 Sodium chloride (salt) __..--_____- 4.02 4.25 ACID WATER-COOK METHOD The initial procedure to be followed in the acid cook processing is similar to that of the nonacid cook. The difference in the procedure is at the cooking vats, where the operator must add slowly with rapid stirring 5 pounds of chamber acid (brown sulphuric acid of com- merce) to every 100 pounds of the wet stock. This should be added just when the mass comes to a boil. In a few minutes the mass is neutral, the acid having reacted with the calcium carbonate found in the shell material of the shrimp heads. The cooked heads can then be dumped onto a platform or piled up and left to accumulate for a day or two to await attention when the canning plant operations do not require the laborers. One of the advantages of this method lies in the preservative action of the acid on the shrimp stock, permitting the stock to be laid aside for a day or so, should the weather be too inclement for platform drying or the help become scarce because of the rush in the canning plant. It also increases the yield over that of the nonacid cook. The yield of meal with approximately 8 per cent moisture is about 750 pounds from 1 ton of the raw shrimp waste. The worn out cooking vats can be utilized for cooking the heads, thus cutting the cost of extra cook- ing equipment to zero. The coils in the vats are usually galvanized and last for only a season or two, when too much iron becomes ex- posed to use for cooking shrimp meat. These vats can be put into use as waste shrimp cookers until they are exhausted. 118 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Chemical analysis—Typical analyses of meal prepared by the foregoing acid-cook method, using 3 per cent acid addition, are given below in Table 4. Taste 4+.—Chemical composition of experimental meals prepared by the acid water-cook method aa Asana-| Dry RE AR Asana-| Dry Items lyzed | basis Items lyzed | basis — = = — —- = = | ~— — ; < =- = — -_—_ —_ | Per cent\ Per cent Per cent| Per vent NTOISUDT Gs. see oe ee ee om ON Stale ae eee Calecumisulphates ss. ee 4.44 4.77 Brotems: . eee ets 129 | Miscellaneous products_______-._.__--____--- 139 resi Wish = =~ ae ke eo Sao e eee 130 Moxfood Geis 2c Sees se SB ee ee 139 Gokedsmeatsss > = sects Se ke te 131 Cod-liverrolland:yeaste=- ===> = 140 nica animal productss2.— 225.2228 5. 22. 2-25 1S ele ConclusionSass 252. Saas s web oe oe ey ee 141 Bie lnmvHeads ese ee ceo ate eee ioLs | SBibNopraphy.ce<2e eee — ee 146 ashimenis=2eee cere se - skeet ss Fe 134 INTRODUCTION During the past several years the Bureau of Fisheries has been conducting a series of feeding experiments with fingerling and yearling trout. The object of these experiments has been to deter- mine, if possible, the available foods which will give the most satis- factory results when fed to trout in the hatchery or in rearing ponds. These tests have all been conducted from the practical standpoint, and no attempt has been made to carry on fundamental investiga- tions on the nutrition of trout. Accordingly, they have been con- ducted under as nearly typical hatchery conditions as possible, and it is believed that the results attained are a fair criterion of what may be expected from the various rations when fed on a large scale at hatcheries. Since environmental conditions have a marked influence on the health and vigor of the fish, we realize that the results obtained with a given diet at different hatcheries may show considerable diversity ; and in comparing our results with those from other stations this fact should be kept in mind. Furthermore, there is considerable evi- dence that different species of trout may give quite different results on the same diet, which again greatly complicates the problem for the trout culturist. The majority of our experiments have been con- ducted with the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), although the 1 Appendix VII to the Report of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. B. F. Doc. 1079. 123 124 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES rainbow trout (Salmo shasta), the steelhead trout (Salmo gaird- nevi), and the lake trout (Christovomer namoycush), have been utilized to some extent. It is planned to conduct more extensive feeding experiments with rainbow and brown trout as soon as facil- ities are available. In any consideration of the relative value of different trout foods it is important to bear in mind that rapidity of growth is not the only factor to be considered. Too often in the past this has been virtually the only criterion used in evaluating a trout food. Of course, the reason for this is perfectly obvious. We have no other means of comparing definitely the results obtained with different rations. We have no * yardstick ” for making precise measurements of vigor and vitality in fish, yet anyone who has had experience in handling trout knows that they often show marked differences in this respect. Mortality records are very valuable as an aid in de- termining the relative efficiency of different rations and have been carefully “kept i in all of our experiments. The interpretation of these records has frequently been complicated, however, by the spread of specific infections among the fish in the experimental lots. The form, color, and behavior of the individual fish are among the most important criteria to be observed in forming an opinion as to the relative hardiness and vigor of different lots. ‘There can be little doubt that trout which closely approximate the wild fish in these respects are more desirable for stocking purposes than the soft, fat, pot-bellied fish not infrequently seen at our hatcheries. Available trout foods can be divided into three groups: The first group includes fresh fish and fresh meats, such as horse meat and the liver, lungs, and spleen of cattle, sheep, and hogs; the second embraces the various dried products of animal origin, such as meat meals, fish meals, and dried milks; while in the third group we have the vegetable products including wheat middlings, low grades of flour, shorts, soybean meal, and Mexican pinto beans. Although these products have been used for years by fish culturists, in many cases there is, as yet, no general agreement regarding their relative value as trout foods. The experiments which form the basis of this paper were begun at the Manchester (Iowa) station in the spring of 1923. They were continued during the summer of 1924 at White Sulphur Springs (W. Va.) station. In the spring of 1925 it was decided to convert a small hatchery at Pittsford, Vt., into an experimental hatchery, and the feeding experiments were accordingly transferred to this station where they have been carried on each summer since that date. Unfortunately, for various reasons it has been found impracticable to continue the experiments during the winter, METHODS In all cases the feeding experiments were conducted under as nearly average hatchery conditions as possible. Fingerling trout were kept in standard hatchery troughs supplied with spring water of a uniform temperature. Tn order to reduce the nossibility of oxygen deficiency to a minimum, the water was fully aerated before entering the troughs, and the flow was considerably in excess of that required by such small numbers of fish. : MEATS AS TROUT FOOD 125 In our earlier work the experimental lots contained 500 fish which were reduced to 300 later in the season when the compartments became crowded. With these small lots of fish, each trough was divided by screens into two compartments of equal size with an interval between. Care was taken that the ration fed in the upper compartment contained no ingredient which was not likewise in- cluded in the ration fed to fish in the lower compartment. Other- wise, but one compartment was maintained to a trough. Since our experience led us to believe that more reliable results could be obtained with larger lots it was decided to increase the number of fingerlings in each lot to 1,000 fish. Still later this number was increased to 1,500 fish, which we have adopted as the standard unit. Each lot is kept in a standard hatchery trough 12 feet long, 14 inches wide, and 8 inches deep, the average depth of water being about 6 inches. The fish are held in the troughs until the experi- ments are discontinued in the fall. Although the number of fish to the trough early in the season is much smaller than in ordinary hatchery practice, it is believed that more reliable results can be obtained in this way than to attempt to divide the lots later in the season, as would be necessary if the experiments were started with a larger number. All our experiments with fingerlings at the Pittsford hatchery with the exception of those in 1928, have been started with very small fish which had been taking food but a short time. Conse- quently, in accordance with ordinary hatchery practice, the number of daily feedings early in the season was greater than later. At first the fish were fed four times a day, but later this was reduced to twice daily. At each feeding the amount of food given was slightly in excess of that which was taken readily, so as to obviate any possibility of some of the fish being unable to get all they would eat. Needless to say, the troughs were carefully cleaned every day and/no trouble was spared to keep them in perfectly sanitary condition. Each season all experimental fish were hatched from the same lot of eges, and every effort was made to keep them under as nearly identical conditions as possible. Consequently, all the lots of any one season are directly comparable; but owing to variations in the source of the eggs and other conditions this is manifestly not true of lots in different seasons, although, with few exceptions, our results with similar rations have been remarkably constant from year to year. The experiments with yearling trout have been conducted in race- ways supplied with brook water which showed considerable fluctua- tions in temperature. At no time, however, were the temperatures high enough to injure the fish. While it is obviously impossible to obtain as constant conditions in outdoor raceways as in hatchery troughs, every effort has been made to keep conditions in the experi- mental raceways as uniform as possible. In these yearling experiments, just as with the fingerlings, our primary object has been to keep the fish under conditions similar to those found in the average hatchery. Although this has resulted in a less rigid control of environmental factors, it is believed that our results are more applicable to hatchery practice than would be the case had the fish been kept under less normal conditions. 126 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Owing to the difficulties in obtaining yearling fish of sufficient uniformity for experimental work the number of fish in our lots has varied from 75 to 225 in different years. In no case, however, has the number been sufficient to result in overcrowding. Each season the same number of fish was used in each lot except in a few compart- ments which were somewhat larger than the standard size. In such instances larger numbers of fish were used so that the number of fish per unit area of water surface was the same in all compartments. FRESH MEAT AND FISH PRODUCTS BEEF LIVER At this late date in the history of fish culture, despite marked dif- ferences of opinion on other foods, no one challenges the real value of raw beef liver as a trout food. ‘Time-tried and time-proved, its use as a single element in the diet of hatchery-raised fish has doubtless met with greater success than has any other meat. Because of its steadily advancing price, investigators have been at work for some time past to discover some substitute for beef liver. Heart, liver, lungs, and spleen of cattle, pigs, and sheep, as well as other meat products, have all received attention; but beef liver has withstood the competition, especially as a growth producer. Not that these other meats failed to give good results, but beef liver gave better, particularly with the smaller fingerlings. Embody (1918) in search of cheaper trout foods, showed that cer- tain combinations of dried animal meals when cooked with flour could be used successfully, providing 45 per cent of raw beef liver was fed also. On the other hand, very carefully conducted experiments by Morgulis (1918) led him to conclude that while beef heart was very satisfactory, beef liver was not a good food for trout. This conclusion was based on the ease with which beef liver gave up its components to the water, a great deal of nourishment being thus wasted. Fish culturists early recognized this fact when feeding finely ground liver, and the bureau’s reports contain frequent sug- gestions as to how to feed liver less wastefully. One of the most common practices is to mix the ground liver with some flour or middlings which absorb the meat juices and act as a binder. One of the first experiments undertaken at the Pittsford experi- mental station was the testing of the comparative values of beef liver, beef heart, and sheep liver for brook and rainbow trout finger- lings. In comparing results from these three meat diets with the brook trout (fig. 1) it was found that until the ninth week of feeding there was little difference in the growth of the respective lots; but as the weeks went by those on beef liver began to forge ahead, finishing at the close of the experiment definitely in the lead. The mortality among these fish was higher than in the beef-heart lot, although it was much lower than in the sheep-liver lot. There appeared to be little doubt that the increased growth after the ninth week was because it was by then unnecessary to grind the beef liver so fine, and there was less waste. Rainbow fingerlings on these diets (fig. 2) reacted in practically the same manner. In comparing the growth curves of the two ao MEATS AS TROUT FOOD 7%, MOR TALITY 0 5 10 is) 20 25 30 35 40 45 AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL WEIGHT IN GRAMS. 9 WEEKS FIGURE 1.—Comparative growth and total mortality of brook trout fingerlings fed beef liver, beef heart, and sheep liver. (Compare with fig. 2.) A1= beef liver, 100. A2=beef heart, 100. A3=sheep liver, 100 Zo MORTALITY Gimice totes yz 75 a0 35). 40 | AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL WEIGHT IN GRAMS. 9 WEEKS FicurRE 2.—Comparative growth and total mortality of rainbow trout fin- gerlings fed beef liver, beef heart, and sheep liver. Bi=beef liver, 100. B2=beef heart, 100. ’B3=sheep liver, 100 127 128 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES species it is interesting to note that, although there is little difference in the size of the brook and rainbow fingerlings at the start of the experiments, the latter quickly widen the gap, making a much better growth and finishing far in the lead. This serves to illustrate the greater adaptability of the rainbow trout to hatchery conditions in general. In these experimental lots the rainbows were always less wild and would feed readily under conditions that would send the brook trout darting wildly to the darkest corners of the troughs. In later experiments testing a great variety of meat and animal meal combinations, it was found that young fingerlings receiving beef liver as the meat constituent of the ration did much better than when other meats were used; and we still believe that, despite its higher price, beef liver will in the end prove a more economical food for young brook-trout fingerlings. With older fish, of course, a variety of cheaper meats is available. BEEF HEART Few real objections have ever been raised as to the value of beef heart as a trout food. The most common objection that trout cul- turists have made to the feeding of this meat is the waste and labor involved in removing the fatty and connective tissues before the heart can be prepared satisfactorily for feeding to fingerlings. Beef heart has, however, one great thing in its favor. Whenever this food has been used in our experimental diets there has been noticed a very beneficial effect on the mortality. (Figs. 1 and 2.) Con- sidered from this standpoint alone, beef heart is undoubtedly at the head of the list of available meats. The present demand, however, for rapid growth can best be satisfied by the use of some beef liver in addition. Both brook and rainbow fingerlings do well on a diet of beef heart. The consistent correlation between beef liver and a superior growth and beef heart and a low mortality suggested the advisability of a direct combination of these into one ration. Accordingly in 1997, one lot of brook fingerlings and one of rainbow fingerlings were started on a ration consisting of 50 per cent each of beef liver and beef heart. The results were even better than anticipated. The brook-trout fingerlings made a growth very close indeed to that made by the lot on beef liver with an accompanying mortality even lower than that of the beef-heart lot. The rainbow fingerlings responded in the same manner to the ration and made a better growth than those on straight beef liver. There was practically no difference: in the mortality of this and the beef-heart lot, both being very low.. The same ration repeated in the 1928 series again gave excellent results. The fish used in 1928 were, however, almost 2 inches long when the experiments were started and had thus passed over the period of high mortality so often found in advanced fry and very young fingerlings. Consequently, the mortality figures in this sea- son’s work are lower than they would have been had the experiments been started earlier. The results obtained with mixture of beef liver and beef heart are, nevertheless, directly comparable with those obtained from the other rations and are a real indication of the value of the food, : Peart rake MEATS AS TROUT FOOD 129 The early mortality mentioned above can often be checked by proper feeding. Our experience has shown that the following prac- tice is very satisfactory in producing rapid growth with low mortal- ity: For the first 3 or 4 weeks the young fingerlings are fed beef heart exclusively. This meat can be ground into very fine particles with little waste. ‘After the fourth week the food need not be ground so fine and 50 per cent of beef liver can be added to the ration. This provides the fingerlings with larger particles of a very nutritious food which can be used less wastefully than when the fish are smaller. The continued use of beef heart in the ration tends to lower the mortality. BEEF MELTS Beef melts or spleen is one of the cheapest meats available to fish culturists. In our experiments fingerling and yearling brook trout were fed this meat straight and in combinations with dry products. (Figs. 10 and 11.) In practically all cases very poor growth resulted, although the accompanying mortality was rather low. Any instance in which a ration containing beef melts gave good results was directly traceable to some other constituent in the ration. We must conclude, therefore, that despite any advantage in price the poor growth made by trout on this diet is alone sufficient reason for not including it among the suitable hatchery meats. PIG LIVER Pig liver is another staple meat which has been used extensively. As a food for both brook and rainbow fingerlings it has proved infe- rior to beef liver, particularly in regard to growth. (Fig. 10.) The exceptional stickiness of ground pig liver is an objectionable feature when it is fed to fingerlings in hatchery troughs, since it materially increases the labor involved in keeping troughs and screens in a clean and sanitary condition. Pig liver, when fed straight or in combination with other foods, has made an excellent showing with yearling trout. (Fig. 11.) It is especially adapted for use with dry products, since it makes an ideal binding medium and will permit the use of quite fine meals which are difficult to feed without a great deal of waste unless held together by some sticky material. The addition of 50 per cent beef heart to the pig-liver ration of brook-trout fingerlings resulted in added growth and a lowering of the mortality. No advantage from this combination was noted with ‘rainbow fingerlings. Yearling brook trout fed on this meat mixture gave no evidence that the ration was superior to pig liver alone. SHEEP LIVER Considering its popularity at many hatcheries our results with sheep liver have been disappointing. With brook fingerlings (fig. 1) the mortality was very high and the growth unsatisfactory in comparison with fish fed on beef liver or beef heart. Consequently, we have made no attempt to feed sheep liver to young brook trout in our later experiments. 105586°—30——2 130 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES With rainbow fingerlings (fig. 2) sheep liver made a somewhat better showing, although it was still decidedly inferior to beef liver. Fish on a straight diet of sheep liver showed a high mortality, but when the liver was combined with other products fairly good results were obtained. Although brook-trout fingerlings on the same combinations showed a better growth and lower mortality than on straight sheep liver the improvement was not as marked as with the rainbows. Both brook and rainbow yearlings did well on a diet of straight sheep liver, no unusual mortality appearing. Although the latter species again. did somewhat better the results, in general, were not sufficiently encouraging to warrant the use of sheep liver in prefer- ence to other and cheaper meats. FRESH FISH Hatcheries located near an available supply often make use of fresh fish in considerable quantities. The fish used consist usually of “rough,” inferior species, unpopular with the trade, and selling at prices attractive to the hatchery operator. As there has always— been more or less prejudice and difference of opinion as to the suitability of fish as a trout food, the 1928 feeding program at the Pittsford hatchery included some lots of fingerling and yearling | brook trout on fresh fish diets. A few lots of rainbow fingerlings were also used. The fish was donated by the General Seafoods Corporation, Gloucester, Mass., a carton of freshly frozen packages being shipped | each week. This consisted of “bone loaf,’ herring, and mackerel. “ Bone loaf” is a by-product of the fillet industry, being made from the bones and whatever flesh adheres to them after the filleting process. It was received in a frozen condition, finely ground, and compressed into bricklike cakes. The herring used consisted of the whole animal, and the mackerel of heads and fin scrap, both kinds of fish being ground fine and frozen. The brook-trout fingerlings on the herring ration made the best erowth (fig. 9), those on “bone loaf” next, while the fish on mack- erel made a very poor showing. The addition of 50 per cent beef liver to the “bone-loaf” ration gave greatly improved results and indicated a possible way to make use of this product if it were ever put on the market as a food for trout. Results with the fish in general were, however, greatly inferior to those obtained from the standard meats. A real objection to these fish products was the fact that they thawed quickly and were then very difficult to keep fresh—mackerel being particularly unpleasant. This was very greasy and spoiled easily. The mortality following the use of the straight fish rations was consistently very high in the brook-trout lots. The rainbow finger- lings, on the other hand, did fairly well, making a good growth, accompanied by a moderate mortality. This fact again indicated the greater tolerance and adaptability of the rainbow for hatchery conditions in general. Brook-trout yearlings were fed no “bone loaf” but received the mackerel and the herring with results inferior to those obtained MEATS AS TROUT FOOD 131 from fresh meat, although with these older fish the difference was less marked. From these results we can not recommend fresh fish as an impor- tant item in the menu of trout. In the case of hatcheries located near an abundant supply cheap fish might prove economical when fed in conjunction with meat, but its sole use emphatically is not recommended. COOKED MEATS Most fish culturists agree that cooked meats do not prove as satis- factory for trout as raw meats, and our own experiments have further verified this belief. In all cases poorer growth and higher mortality followed the use of cooked meat which was not eaten by. the fish as readily as the raw product. An experimental lot of brook-trout fingerlings kept for 103 days on cooked liver suffered a loss four times greater than a lot on raw liver. There thus appears to be no advantage in cooking meats before feeding. Although fish on cooked meats might appear healthy for some time following its use it is safe to say that continued feeding of nothing but cooked meat will bring very unsatisfactory results. DRIED ANIMAL PRODUCTS Prior to 1929 practically all the dry products used in our experi- ments were mixed with warm water so as to form a thick mush before being incorporated with the ground meat; and, unless spe- cifically stated otherwise, it is to be understood that this was the method employed. In moistening the meals the amount of water required to make a mixture of the proper consistency was carefully determined in the case of each meal, and this amount was rigidly adhered to in all our work. The actual percentage of each dry product used in our experimental rations can be determined by making allowances for a water content as follows: Clam meal and buttermilk, 50 per cent; shrimp meal, 60 per cent; haddock and menhaden meals, 65 per cent; and cod-liver meal, 67 per cent. This method was adopted since it was thought that by moistening the dry products before they were mixed with the meats a mixture was obtained which was eaten more readily than when the dry meals were added directly to the ration. Carefully controlled experiments during 1929 have convinced us, however, that with most dry products this is not the case, although there are some, such as coarse shrimp meal, which can not be fed without preliminary moistening. “CLAM HEADS” “Clam heads” is the trade name given to a by-product of the clam canneries. It consists almost entirely of the siphons and small fragments of the gills and mantle, which are discarded by canners. This product is dried and either placed on market as it comes from the driers or ground into a coarse or fine meal. “ Clam heads” has given us by far the best results of any dry product with which we have experimented; but, unfortunately, there is only a limited quan- 132 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES tity available, and for that reason it can never become a staple trout food. Experiments with this product for three years in succession have consistently yielded excellent results, both as regards growth and mortality. It is one of the few dry products which can be fed successfully to small fingerlings; but, like all such products, it should always be fed in combination with fresh meat. The rapid growth of fingerlings on a mixture of clam meal and beef liver is shown in Figure 3. This mixture has proved a better % MORTALITY he AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL WEIGHT IN GRAMS. oo 10 30 19 9 29 18 @] 27 APR. MAY JUNE JULY. AUG. SEPT Ficurp 3.—Comparative growth and total mortality of brook trout fin- gerlings fed clam meal, buttermilk, and dry skim milk. N5=beef liver, 75; dry clam meal, 25. Ni0=beef liver, 75; dry buttermilk, 25. N18=beef liver, 75; dry skim milk, 25. N4=beef liver, 50; clam meal (moist), 50 food for brook-trout fingerlings than any straight meat diet, and we consider it the best trout ration which has been developed up to this time. Since beef melts do not prove satisfactory when fed straight it is interesting to note that a much better growth is made when 50 per cent clam meal is added to the ration. (Fig. 4.) Experiments with yearling brook trout show that they also make a better growth on various combinations of “ clam heads ” and meat than on the meat diets alone. (Fig. 11.) Naturally, mixtures of “clam heads” and the better meats give somewhat better results MEATS AS TROUT FOOD 133 than when the product is used with the poorer meats, but the superi- ority of the better combinations is not so great as might be expected. In fact, our experiments with yearlings and older fish indicate that clam heads can be fed in combination with almost any fresh meat with satisfactory results. During the past two years a considerable percentage of “clam heads” has been included in the ration of the brood stock at the Pittsford experimental hatchery, and the results have been highly 7 MORTALITY Pia MeL lee eo 300. 35. | 40 wW AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL WEIGHT JN GRAMS. AOe @10p p30 1S, = "9 PER MAY, ec SUNE. JUL fe nuan arr y, Figur 4.—Comparative growth and total mortality of brook trout fingerlings fed clam meal combined with various meat products. N4=beef liver, 50; clam meal, 50. Ni;=—beef liver, 25; beef heart, 25; clam meal, 25. Ni6é= peer melts, 50; clam meal, 50. Ni8=beef melts, 25; beef heart, 25; clam meal, 25 satisfactory. The fish are vigorous and healthy, the form of the body closely approximating that of wild fish, and the coloration is better than is usually the case in hatchery fish. The quality of the eggs has also been uniformly good. The effect of the food on the eggs, however, has not been checked by carefully conducted experiments, pet we are hoping to carry on investigations in this field in the near uture. Good results have also been obtained with a meal manufactured from the dried meats of fresh-water mussels. This meal was found to be somewhat inferior to the meal derived from clam heads; and since there is no probability of its being available in commercial quantities its use was discontinued in our later experiments, 134 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES FISH MEALS In our experiments with fish meals we have not attempted to feed them straight to any extent, but in practically all cases have used them in combination with fresh meats. We have tried menhaden, piulchard, haddock, and cod-liver meals with fingerling and yearling brook trout and have met with fair success. The menhaden and the pilchard meals are made from the entire fish. The haddock meal—also known as “ white fish meal ”—like “ bone loaf,” consists of the waste flesh and bones incidental to the preparation of fillets, only in this case it is vacuum dried and ground into a fine white meal. 7%, MORTALITY 0 5 10 15 FeO 25 30 35 40 =" ‘ aN jr ofeonel ee Z N15 A B , N4 2,2 1.S 20 1-30 19 9 29 18 7 27 APR. MAY... “JUNE-. JULY< ““AUGH* > SERRE FicurE 5.—Comparative growth and total mortality of brook trout fingerlings fed clam meal, shrimp meal, and fish meals. N4=beef liver, 50; clam meal, 50. Ni5=beef liver, 50; pilchard meal, 50. N7?=beef liver, 50; haddock meal, 50. N8=beef liver, 50; shrimp meal, 50 The cod-liver meal used was of a much better grade than that usually sold for stock feeding. Figure 5 shows the respective growth made by the fingerlings on clam, pilchard, haddock, and shrimp meals when fed with 50 per cent beef liver. These data show clam meal to be definitely superior to either fish or shrimp meals. Pilchard meal is next in value, but there is very little difference in the growth of the fish on either the haddock or the shrimp, although the former made a slightly better showing. It is interesting here to note that the fingerlings on the pilchard meal show a more uniform growth than those on the haddock or the shrimp. A possible explanation is the physical consistency of the respective products. The shrimp and haddock meals are light and finely ground, being difficult to use without considerable waste. There was always a fine precipitate of these meals on the bottom of MEATS AS TROUT FOOD 135 jthe troughs following feeding, and the fingerlings were never seen Jeating it. Pilchard meal, on the other hand, being heavier and jcoarser, was much easier for the fish to pick up and eat. It was, furthermore, less distinguishable from the particles of liver, which in the case of the haddock and shrimp combinations were easily selected ‘and eaten. This resulted in the more active, stronger fish securing most of the meat before the smaller ones could do so. An irregular jlot of fingerlings in respect to size was the natural result. Systematic jweighing of samples from these lots revealed the irregularities in the size of the fish, it being particularly evident in the growth curves. As 7, MORTALITY | ONg EC NON iene paleo. Shier 2: ae (Wan. (sage 3.5 Va) = << ce Ww = kt — = ree) = — << =) = > = = ul Oo <—< ae uw) > =< 20 10:4 2-38 19 5 29 18 ra RPE otcMAY. 2 =: JUNE. 5 JULY, AUGce SER YT. Ficurp 6.—Comparative growth and total mortality of brook trout fingerlings fed beef liver, pig liver, and beef melts in combination with dry prducts. N4=beef liver, 50; clam meal, 50. N6=beef liver, 50; clam meal, 25; shrimp meal, 25. N20=pig liver, 50; clam meal, 25; shrimp meal, 25. N19=beef melts, 50; clam meal, 25; shrimp meal, 25 Our results also revealed that there was nothing gained in feeding a combination of haddock and shrimp meals. A combination of 50 per ‘cent beef liver and 25 per cent each of shrimp and haddock meals erely resulted in a rate of growth closer to that obtained on a diet of haddock and beef liver, which has already been observed to be slightly better than a shrimp combination. | The haddock meal proved to be somewhat superior to the menhaden meal (fig. 9), and the difference would probably have been moremarked had the ordinary commercial grade of menhaden meal been used in our experiments. Although the menhaden meal was flame dried, the eleterious oils had been extracted by a special process developed by 2a 136 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES the bureau so that the resulting product was comparatively light in color and above the average grade. Both haddock and menhaden meals gave quite satisfactory results with yearling trout. | The cod-liver meal was also difficult to use without waste, as it was | very fine and light. Even when mixed with meat before feeding it | was easily separated on contact with the water; and, as with shrimp | and haddock meals, the trout left it alone after its precipitation on the bottom of the trough. SHRIMP MEAL Shrimp meal is a waste product of the shrimp canneries and large quantities are produced annually, although at the present time only a small percentage of the available supply is being utilized. As ordinarily sold it consists chiefly of the dried fragments of the head, thorax, and legs of shrimp. The entire bodies of shrimp which are too small for canning are also included, and not infrequently these: may form a considerable percentage of the total. It will thus be seen that the product varies considerably in nutritive value but always con- tains a high percentage of protein and chitin. Of course, the chitin is indigestible, but may serve a valuable purpose as “ roughage.” In this respect shrimp meal is quite similar to the natural food of trout. Like most marine products, shrimp meal contains a relatively high percentage of essential minerals and from this standpoint alone should make a valuable adjunct to the fresh meats which are deficient in this respect. In addition to the coarse meal referred to above, which is frequently) called shrimp bran, there is also available a finely ground product which can be fed to small fingerlings. The ordinary shrimp bran is too coarse to feed to fish under 4 or 5 inches long. | When fed to yearlings in combination with fresh meats shrimp meal has given results comparable to those obtained with fish meals: (Fig. 11.) While the growth is not as rapid as with “clam heads” it is quite satisfactory, nevertheless, and owing to the relatively low price of shrimp meal it may prove to be more economical than the fish meals. When fed in combination with “ clam heads ” the growth wa nearly equal to that obtained when the latter was the only dry. con: stituent in the ration. The mortality in lots fed a ration containing shrimp meal was low, and the fish were always vigorous with excellent coloration. Our experiments indicate that nothing is to be gained by the addition of shrimp meal to mixtures of meat and fish meals, but) a beneficial effect was evident when it was added to a mixture of sheep liver and soybean meal at a 10 per cent level. | Shrimp meal is a less satisfactory food for fingerlings than for larger fish, a mixture of equal parts beef liver and shrimp meal producing a relatively slow growth. (Fig. 5.) In our experiments) for 1928 (fig. 9) only menhaden meal was inferior to shrimp meal in this respect, and in the following year the mixture of beef liver and shrimp meal made the poorest showing of any of the beef-liver combinations. In view of these results the inclusion of any consid: erable quantities of shrimp meal in the diet of young fingerlings is not recommended. MEATS AS TROUT FOOD 137 MILK PRODUCTS | We have used only two examples of dried milks in our experi- ments—a dry skim milk and a dry buttermilk. The former is a fine powder, which is readily soluble in water, while the latter is insoluble and can be obtained in the form of meals of varying degrees of coarseness. Some of the meals are ground ey fine, while the coarser grades may contain particles up to one-eighth of an inch in diameter. McCay and his coworkers (McKay, Bing, and Dilley, 1927; McKay, Dilley, and Crowell, 1929) have obtained excellent results with dry skim milk and conclude that a mixture of skim milk and beef liver is superior to beef liver alone. They were even able to keep brook-trout fingerlings for 15 weeks on a diet of skim milk and cod-liver oil with a 500 per cent increase in weight. At the end of this time, however, the fish ceased to grow and began to die rapidly. In our own experiments dry buttermilk has given better results than skim milk, although the differential in favor of the former was not great. Probably the superiority of buttermilk is due largely to its insolubility. It is very difficult to feed dry skim milk with- out a considerable percentage going into solution in the water before the fish can get it. There is no evidence that the comparatively high acidity of buttermilk has any deleterious effect on the fish. In order to determine the comparative value of clam meal, dry buttermilk, and dry skim milk, three lots of brook fingerling during the summer of 1929 were fed a ration composed of 75 per cent beef liver, supplemented with either 25 per cent dry clam meal or the same percentage of dry skim milk or dry buttermilk. (Fig. 3.) At the end of the season the average individual weight of fish fed on beef liver and clam meal was 5.17 grams; of those fed on beef liver and buttermilk, 3.72 grams; and of those fed beef liver and skim milk, 3.50 grams. The differences in the mortality of the three lots were not significant. Another lot of fish was kept on a ration made up of 40 per cent beef liver and 60 per cent “consolidated buttermilk.” Although the fish in this lot made practically the same growth as those receiving beef liver and dry skim milk (Fig. 10) the results are believed to be of little value. The “consolidated buttermilk” has much the Same consistency as clabbered milk, and consequently large amounts jare lost in feeding. In fact, so much of the buttermilk was lost that it was necessary to feed much larger amounts of the mixture than in ithe case of beef liver and dried milk. Consequently, the fish were jactually receiving a much larger quantity of liver than is indicated by the composition of the ration, and it is probable that their rapid ‘growth was largely due to this fact. Owing to the excessive waste in feeding “ consolidated buttermilk ” and similar products they are a much less economical food for trout than dry buttermilk. Aside from their food value, however, these ‘products appear to have a tonic effect; and where they can be ob- tained at a low cost their inclusion in the diet may be advisable from ‘this standpoint. Trout appear to be very fond of all milk products, either moist or dry, and their presence in a ration no doubt often makes it more palatable, 138 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES During the summer of 1925 a lot of lake-trout fingerlings was | kept on a diet of sheep liver and clabbered sour milk for a period of | four months. In this case the milk was not mixed directly with the | liver, but the fish were given alternate feedings of liver and clabbered | milk. The growth was practically identical with that of the controlg fed straight sheep liver, but near the close of the experiment the: mortality of the fish on liver and milk showed a considerable increase | over that of the control. For some unknown reason dry buttermilk has not made as favorable | a showing with yearlings as with fingerlings. (Fig. 11.) In com. ] bination with pig liver dry buttermilk produced only a moderate | growth, although when shrimp meal was added to the ration the. growth was considerably better. With beef melts the buttermilk made an even poorer showing than with pig liver. We are planning more extensive experiments with dry buttermilk in the rations of yearlings in the hope that some explanation will be found of the apparent discrepancy in the results with fingerlings and yearlings No attempt has been made to include dry skim milk or “ consolidated. buttermilk ” in the diets of yearlings. CEREALS AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS WHEAT MIDDLINGS 4 Probably no cereal products have been used more consistently than: wheat middlings or low-grade flours. Although our results from feeding middlings have been somewhat conflicting, we are of the opinion that this product has comparatively little nutritive value in trout rations. It is exceedingly doubtful if trout can make use of, raw starches, and it is probable that any apparent advantage derived from the presence of middlings or flour in the ration is due to the fact that they absorb the meat juices which otherwise would be largely lost. Thoroughly cooked middlings are no doubt superio to the raw product but, nevertheless, have made a poorer showing In our experiments than the fish meals or dried milks. (Fig, 11.) SOYBEAN MEAL As the protein constituent of this meal more closely resembles animal protein than is the case with cereals it was one of the first vegetable products selected in our investigation of possible meat substitutes. SSoybean meal was incorporated into meat rations of brook and rainbow fingerlings (figs. 7 and 8) at a 25 per cent level. In both cases lower growth resulted, being more marked in the case of the rainbows. The growth made by the brook trout when soy- bean meal was included in their ration was not greatly inferior to) that produced by straight meat. In general, however, we found that the addition of this meal to the meat rations of brook trout,) fingerlings, and yearlings alike, resulted in definitely retarding the’ rate of growth. This was directly proportional to the amount of soybean meal used. For some reason rainbow trout on a ration containing 25 per cent soybean meal made a much poorer showing) than brook trout, | MEATS AS TROUT FOOD 139 MEXICAN PINTO BEANS Reports of the successful use of cooked beans at certain rainbow hatcheries in the West led to our giving this food a trial. The results were similar to those obtained from the feeding of soybean meal. When incorporated at 25 per cent in the meat ration lower rowth again resulted. With brook fingerlings (fig. 7) there was little difference in the growth when either Mexican beans or soy- bean meal was used, although results with soybean meal were slightly better. Rainbow fingerlings, however, did much better on Mexican 7, MORTALITY Meee el 20 2 30), 38. 40 2 Ve) = <= Cc is) = bt ae = ud = ——s << = = ae A = ul wo . wi 4 ; ‘ 4 " ” . 4p . wt, oes, 4 sab any FF. 034 ee eras roe HOUSE ee AE an Mag ie nad f ; \ vo he 7 55 : eae is ae SA ae eta ree er 7 AT n'a) vs ee Blt ire ae Tights Se, a ¥ f ° é ar) ¥ z 4 t . , Bri’ { Wish ha ‘ ne T 7, Pt ti. } ; reiced: é pee t m i ' sh ot os é } « ’ sf 7 2 v “ie ¥ egy + " < Ale I eal \ : ; . . v ' H 4 ay) ‘ 1 i « 7. , ” ‘ i \ i 4 ; ' “fy , ‘ ‘ - . : fl 4 i joa y- y 4 r | . : 4 7 ns ‘ ‘ ts von “Mbeet 7 ~(y, ee fidia die aeengoeite i os, freer era at ratte ap AL RSH US Teas Ritts) AAI RUR Re A! a s 7 ‘4 x } we %, cs | INVESTIGATIONS UPON THE DETERIORATION OF NETS IN LAKE ERIE! By A. C. Roserrson, Associate Technologist, Bureau of Fisheries, and W. H. Wricut, Late Associate Professor of Agricultural Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin CONTENTS Page (LUT (lamba Ted 2 (ESO ge | ee CATE eg C006 Ae A 149 Siac tratacred altima: ronimetting {256 oP ah ee 151 Biiee uals nec erinnOn: Mecting = =n Ne Nn paar hn es tg 152 Heserphion of attacking bacteria. =)! 2 joo See 152 Mprpliotuey Of ONeteriau: ot. = 201 See oie het, ae oe 153 Colony formation and growth characteristics...__________________ 154 Bemumence: Ohthe Machen aceite ee Longe ets OL MON cs Se ts 158 Bacterial’action on the individual fiber... 2 158 Distribution of the bacteria and their environment________________ 160 REEHCarUrV en tron tInents..- aie IL ewe Ua SPE Ve BER oe 162 Tests of preservative treatments in the laboratory.___________________ 163 Tests of preservative treatments in the lake_______________.__________ 165 Beet isbinp tether sews | ee uh eT ot en eS 171 Spe Cbieeryereme. pue tay eeetiow Yar tise TNs SOU Cee SOY eae ae 174 | TCHIGYSTE The * Se RM pas Ses ea EO eee i ae a 175 INTRODUCTION The Great Lakes, and particularly Lake Erie, contribute appre- ciably to the catch of the American fisheries. In 1927, 81,326,550 pounds of fish worth $6,794,891 were caught in the Great Lakes, of which Lake Erie supplied 23,796,462 pounds, worth $1,831,284. From these data it can be seen that Lake Erie plays an important part in the fishery industries of the country. The productivity of the water is about 10 pounds of fish per acre per year,” which exceeds that of the other lakes. Lake Ontario, for instance, produces but 1.1 pounds of fish per acre and Lake Superior only 0.6 pound per acre. This low yield for the latter is no doubt due to the unusual coldness of its waters and the extensive areas of deep water. The large productivity of Lake Erie makes it an excellent fishing ground. However, the cost of keeping nets in good condition con- stitutes a heavy expense to the fishermen. Surveys show that about $3,000,000 worth of gear is used in the ‘‘interior waters,’’ of which a large amount (about $920,000 in 1922)? was used in Lake Erie. Part of this gear, such as gill nets, etc., scarcely maintains good working strength over a year’s time, and the rest (trap nets, etc.) seldom lasts over three years without extensive repairs. 1 Appendix VIII to the Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. B. F. Doc.1083, Submitted for publication, Apr. 5, 1930. 2 Fishery Industries of the United States 1926, by Oscar E. Sette, Appendix V to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1927. Average catches for years 1913-1925, inclusive, are divided by the area of the lake in acres. The exact figures follow: Erie, 9.06; Huron, 1.64; Michigan, 1.65; Superior, 0.63; and Ontario, 1.14 pounds per acre per year. § Fishery Industries of the United States, 1923, by Oscar E. Sette, Appendix IV to the Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1924, p. 278. 149 150 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Estimates vary as to the amount of loss suffered by the individual fisherman; it is safe to say that 10 per cent of the total expenditures must be allowed for expenses due to netting under the most favorable circumstances, and that this expense may even run as high as 50 per cent in stormy seasons, or seasons when the catch is small. The estimates of the United States Tariff Commission for 1924 (which cover data upon 28.65 per cent of the total catch of fish) place the average per cent cost of gear—excluding vessel repairs and replace- m at 17.46 per cent of the total fishing costs for the Great Lakes.* This report places the expense due to fishing gear on Lake Erie at 14.29 per cent of the total expenses, while the expenses of Lake Superior fisheries are as great as 21.98 per cent of the total costs The compar- atively low cost cited for Lake Erie is not what one expects in view of the reported opinions on rotting of gear and the relatively high FIGURE 1.—One method used for washing pound nets on Lake Erie water temperatures known to prevail; but when one considers that Lake Erie producers have labor and ‘“‘share”’ costs much larger than those of the other lakes, it is apparent why the fractional part of the cost of gear may appear smaller. It would be very instructive to have more detailed data concerning the cost of nets; but, unfortu- nately, it is very difficult to assemble such material. It was recognized that Lake Erie fishermen employ the greater part of the gear used on the Great Lakes, and that the ability of Lake Erie to ‘produce its large yields of fish is due to its natural conditions favorable to fish life, such as warmth, shallowness, reaction of water, and oxygen tension, ‘all of which combine to produce a great quantity of fish food. Funds were not available for research in 1927, but a brief field’inquiry by W. T. Conn, technologist of this bureau, indi- cated that the damage to nets might be due to bacterial action. 4 These data are given in their Tariff Information Survey No. 36 on “ ake, Fish. ” U.S. Tariff Com- mission. NET DETERIORATION IN LAKE ERIE ; 151 Through the cooperation and generosity of I. H. Kolbe, of Erie, Pa., arrangements were made for opening a laboratory at his plant for conducting detailed bacteriological and chemical studies when funds should be available. In the summer of 1928 it became possible to establish a laboratory at this point; Prof. W. H. Wright of the depart- ment of agricultural bacteriology of the University of Wisconsin, was associated with the bureau’s workers in order that the problem might be attacked from a sound basis of microbiological experience and knowledge. J. M. Fogelberg and E. M. Hildebrand, likewise from the University of Wisconsin, performed the greater part of the experimental work with praiseworthy energy and skill. EFFECT OF RED SLIME ON NETTING During the summer, certain species of hydra become very abun- dant in Lake Erie, of which one with a red color is most common. These small animals drift about the lake, stinging the fish and driving them ‘‘wild.’”’> They settle upon nets where they remain as a source of annoyance to the fishermen, whose hands often swell as a result of the irritation caused by handling the nets thus contaminated.’ This red slime represents practically all the actual gross fouling that affects nets in Lake Erie. The growth of alew—the green organisms found in nearly all waters—is generally not very great, though often a.factor to be considered. The amount of grass and weeds is not at all com- parable with the growths found at Beaufort, N. C., for instance, where luxuriant growths occur during the warm weather. In Figure 2 will be seen a composite net made from a number of vertical strips treated with different preservatives. The treatment on the left is composed of tar applied to the twine while hot. This is the usual treatment for trap and pound nets; and the section is heavily fouled with red slime, as can be seen by comparing the size of the twine in the first section with that in the next two which are treated with preservatives containing cuprous oxide. The fishermen believe that this red slime rots the nets. However, when one considers the mode of life of hydra this does not seem prob- able, for these organisms merely use the net as an anchoring place and derive their sustenance from material brought to them by the currents in the water. It was thought that possibly formic acid or a similar product caused the hydra to ‘‘sting”’ and that this acid might hydrolyze the cellulose of the cotton, but colorimetric measurements failed to show any great amount of acidity in a beaker of water in which hydra were allowed to rot. In order to make sure what part is played by the larger forms of life and what part is played by the microscopic forms such as bacteria, 5 “July 30, 1927, commercial fishermen at St. Joseph, Mich., complain that at irregular intervals (that is, the slime does not appear every year) a red slime accumulates on their nets and after a storm it may be found in water up to 40 fathoms deep. They first noticed the red slime here 40 years ago. This slime is usually found in shallow water. They assert that this slime produces a soreness of the hands and wherever it occurs in abundance no fish can be taken. The informants assert that the slime makes the fish wild and drives them away. Gill nets fished here in the shallower water generally take whitefish, but when the slime is present no whitefish can be taken. For about two weeks this spring (1927) trout were very scarce and it was noticed that the red slime was present in abundance.’”’ Field notes by Dr. John Van Oosten. Beardsley, in the Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1902, Vol. X XII, pp. 157-160, records a case where hydra killed trout fry. 6 See also W. A. Clemens, Science LV, pp. 445-6 (1922), in which is stated—‘‘ Fishermen had frequently spoken about a poisoning which often affected them while handling the nets during the process of cleaning and mending. ‘They said this occurred chiefly after the nets had dried and were covered with a fine dust which they called tar dust. No poisioning was observed during this summer, but the men stated thay their hands and faces became inflamed and swollen especially if there were any cuts.”’ 152 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES three Mason jars were prepared with special lids. These tops had the center cut out and served to hold two disks of 200-mesh Monel metal wire cloth between which was a layer of absorbent cotton. The cotton excluded alge and hydra but permitted bacteria to enter the jar, which contained sterilized twine. These jars were placed in the lake near the test racks. At the end of two weeks a jar was recovered and the contents examined. Many bacteria were found but no alge, protozoa, or other larger plankton organisms (the name commonly applied to freely floating forms of life). At this time the strength of the twine had decreased very little. At the end of a month a second jar was opened and examined. Several examinations showed nothing but bacteria present, proving the filter had done its work in excluding larger organisms. The twine from the second jar was dried; it was found to be so rotten that no tensile strength determinations were made. FIGURE 2.—Composite net showing differences in fouling on test panel near a pound net. The strip nearest the fisherman’s hand is tarred; the others are treated with cuprous oxide treatments From these experiments it was concluded that red slime did not harm nets markedly, since the twine in the screened jars rotted quite as fast in the absence of hydra as the other twine did in the presence of these organisms. Experimentally, it is almost impossible to grow hydra in the absence of bacteria, hence the effect upon cotton of red slime alone was not tested. It is thought on the basis of the fore- going experiments, that the only probable harm resulting from hydra is the increased bacterial action caused by these organisms affording the bacteria a safe place for growth. EFFECT OF BACTERIA ON NETTING Description of attacking bacteri1a—In order to learn what part bacteria played in the rotting of nets, some slime was taken from a pound net and examined with the microscope. Numerous bacteria were present and so steps were taken to grow these organisms in the NET DETERIORATION IN LAKE ERIE 153 laboratory. A drop of slime was put into a test tube containing some twine and a nutrient solution which was known to favor the growth of cellulose-attacking bacteria more than the growth of organ- isms which utilize other material for food. In ashort time the nutrient solution clouded, there was formation of membranes on the surface and of gas bubbles, all of which indicated vigorous growth of the ‘planted’? organisms. The next step in isolating these organisms was to transfer some of the culture to an agar culture medium containing finely divided cellulose and special nutrient material, the purpose of which was to favor the growth of the bacteria in which we were interested. The culture medium used was that recommended by Dubos (1928) and consisted of: Sodium nitrate (Na NOs3), 0.50 grams; di-potassium phosphate K,HPO,, 1 gram; magnesium sulphate (Mg SO, 7H.O), 0.50; potassium chloride (KCl), 0.50; ferrous sulphate (Ke SO, 7H.0O), 0.01; and distilled water, 1,000 cubic centimeters. The reaction was Ee 723% 4 Later experiments have shown that ammonium sulphate serves better than sodium nitrate. Apparently some or all of the organisms are facultative anerobes and resist higher oxygen tensions when, ammonium salts are supplied as nutrients. The use of cellulose agar was suggested by the work of McBeth and Seales (1913). The preparation of cellulose with the copper treatment was not satisfactory, and a much better preparation was made by dissolving 75 grams of very pure absorbent cotton in 16 cubic centi- meters of 72 per cent sulphuric acid, precipitating by diluting, and then washing thoroughly. The agar medium was made by adding 1 per cent by weight of the suspended cellulose and 1.5 per cent agar to Dubos medium. The mixture was poured into Petri dishes and allowed to incubate at 25° C. for several days. At the end of 10 days the surface of the agar was examined. A number of colonies of bacteria were found,’ but not all of them were the same in appearance. Some had clear zones around them in the otherwise cloudy agar, showing that they had removed the suspended cellulose for use as a foodstuff. The colonies grew until the fourteenth day but remained small, though they were active enough to remove the cellulose from large areas surrounding them. Two typical plates 18 days old are shown in Figure 3. The cellulose-digesting bacteria from these colonies were examined under the microscope, and some of them were transferred to test tubes to prepare cultures for later experiments upon preserva- tive treatments. Morphology of the bacteria.—The organisms most commonly observed in the decomposed cotton fibers and in cultures prepared for study, were round-ended rods 1.3u to 2.64 by 0.4 occurring singly. The cultures give a microscopic picture which suggests that there are other organisms present. This is indicated by the size of the rods and their reaction to the Gram stain, which may be either positive or negative. In hanging drop preparations some of the organisms appear to be motile but most of them give no indication of vital movement. Flagella could not be demonstrated with the Caesares- Gil stain. No spores have been observed. There is often present ’ The occurrence of halo-forming bacterial colonies in the agar was not completed at 10 days, for other colonies put in their appearance at 11, 12, 13, and 14 days. 154 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES some slimy material but no particular indication of capsules. As long as the purity of the cultures is in doubt, it is impossible to deter- mine definitely the morphology of the organisms. (Several reisola- tions of these cultures are being studied at present. ) The best stains are carbol-erythrosin (Conn) and carbol-fuchsin. The former requires about 10 minutes to stain and the latter 30 seconds to 1 minute. Carbol-erythrosin is supposed not to stain foreign matter to any great extent but to be specific for bacterial protoplasm. Colony formation and growth characteristics.—On cellulose agar plate cultures there are a number of characteristic colonies that regularly appear. A white colony with a rhizoid appearance under the microscope, a finely granular internal structure, generally less than 0.5 millimeter in diameter, and surrounded by a halo of clear agar where the cellulose has been dissolved; a white punctiform col- ony also about 0.5 millimeter in diameter, undulate edge, and finely granular internal structure which also causes cellulose to be dissolved; a yellow chromogenic colony oenerally appearing as a football-shaped deep colony that sometimes breaks through the sur- face and grows sparsely in a round colony—the deep colony has a finely granular structure, and the surface colony looks rolled up lke globules of yellow fat on a wet surface. In plate cultures of the more active impure liquid cultures one may find many other forms which need not be described. When slants are inoculated from FIGURE 3.—Cellulose-agar plates with clear plates, in general, the growth is so Lee eaten bate mes of cella ight, if there is\ amy ‘atialle eee is hardly characteristic. None of the ordinary methods for obtaining pure cultures of these bacteria was successful. They do not grow well on solid media and seem to lose their power to ferment cellulose; accordingly the method of picking colonies off plates has not yet worked successfully. How- ever, there is no basis for the belief that these bacteria can not grow on cellulose agar. The only limitation seems to be that the active culture media should be streaked across the surface rather than broken up into separate colonies. If the first procedure is adopted an inocu- lation from the growth on agar into fresh media will cause fermentation, whereas if the separate colonies are picked off and inoculated into — fresh media growth occurs but no cellulose fermentation. As has | NET DETERIORATION IN LAKE ERIE 155 been mentioned, however, in the paragraph on colony morphology there are halos around single colonies which indicate that cellulose is being fermented. Except for the last fact one would be inclined to believe the action an associative one. The inconsistency might be explained by assuming that the colonies with halos around them are impure or that other colonies near them were secreting an enzyme which aided them to ferment cellulose. The frequency of the occur- rence of yellow colonies when active cultures are plated out and the presence of a yellow precipitate at the bottom of active liquid cultures would lead one to suspect that this chromogenic organism had some- thing to do with the cellulose fermentation. The yellow colonies, which all seem to have the same colony morphology, grow but sparsely on cellulose agar. In shaken cultures it is apparent that their oxygen requirements are very definite— GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT 4 Breakyng Srength of wine 20 —0- A- Sterile / TO, —--— 8-Distilled Water == SS5= C-Tap. Water D-Lake Warer —-— £-Loke Woter + Slime —_——-F-OQubos Mediar Flime Strength in Founds Time in Weeks FIGURE 4.—Breaking strength of twine in experiment 4 slightly below the concentration of the atmosphere. If they were associated in the fermentation, its nearly anerobic character would be explained. The cultures seem to lose gradually their power to destroy paper at the surface of Dubos media. This could be explained in one of several ways: (1) That the cellulose of paper is different from that of twine and more difficult to attack, and the power to attack it is lost more quickly than the power to attack cotton fibers; (2) that the nitrogen found in the lumen of the cotton fiber is helpful for bacterial growth and hence causes the cotton to be fermented more readily; (3) that there are two distinct kinds of organisms acting in our cultures—one erobic which quickly loses its power to ferment cellulose in culture media and one facultative or slightly anzrobic form which can be cultured more easily. The results of the experiment with 112709—30——2 156 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES shaken cultures would seem to bear out the latter view. Apparently | a very low oxygen tension is unfavorable to the organisms, for there is no “evidence of growth either in the closed arm of a fermentation tube or in a special anzrobic culture media containing reduced iron and an oxidation-reduction indicator. The bacteria can use either ammonium sulphate or sodium nitrate as a source of nitrogen. When nitrate is used, after four weeks the — media give no test for either nitrates or nitrites. This would indicate either that denitrification was taking place or that the nitrogen of the nitrate was being used to synthesize bacterial protein. There would hardly seem to be enough growth to support the latter hypothesis. This should be investigated for there has been reported by Gerretson and also Groenwege a symbiotic relation between two organisms which results in denitrification and cellulose fermentation. The bacteria involved in the preceding fermentation are apparently not the same as those involved in the rotting of wood. Organisms living at temperatures close to blood-heat, or greater, have been isolated from well-rotted samples of dry wood, but as yet no organism thriving best at room temperatures has been found in such material. It has been found that solutions of crystal violet of 1/100,000 concentration do not completely inhibit the growth of our culture of cellulose fermenters while concentrations of 1/75,000 do. 157 NET DETERIORATION IN LAKE ERIE “Bllajoeq AUPBUIT ‘1opo ‘eunys ‘Apnoya AIaA ‘1opo ‘suns ‘Apnoypo A134 *Apnoyo Ala A aUll[s pus BIPeM 9inq[NO ae ae ee as | ae O Deans | “Blleqovq AUBUL | ‘Iopo ‘ous ‘Apnopo AoA ~~~-1opo ‘aunts ‘Apnoyo Alo A. i a oe ee Apnoy) Ala A | dUII[S PUB 1OJBA OHV] ee = ee Ss ees ae oO p eee “1Opo ‘el1ejoeq AUBUI ‘SULUIIOJ OUIITS ‘ApNo[D A19 A ~"ZUTUIIOJ 9UIT[S ‘Apnoypo Aa A “eiiejoeq Auvu ‘Apnoyo Alo A Be ee ee ae ener op----- JayBM O¥B'T 128M AYO [BI10J8UL HOTB[NOOU! JO sdINOg op----- pe BlleyoRg Moy ‘APNOT,) “*B110}0Bq Moy ‘oyeqIdioeid ‘ApnolD “R110 -oeq may ‘Apnopo ATIYSITS uate Apnop ApqaI[s Ja}BM Pes! [0.1309 aTT1849 SaInjnd auin) jau-7)1b fo aauvisvadd p— | aIaV J, 8261 ‘2 “4deg | 8261 ‘0g “3ny 8261 ‘Fe “snV 8261 ‘21 “BnV 8261 ‘OL “sny 8261 ‘g “sny 8261 “22 Arne sz6r ‘oz Aine sz6r ‘el AINE ayeq 158 U.S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Occurrence of the bacteria .—Having found that bacteria are present in the slime deposited upon pound nets and that these bacteria digest cellulose, it was deemed advisable to study the occurrence of the organisms. Samples of sterilized gill-net thread, number 70/6 cord, were placed in test tubes containing distilled water, tap water, and lake water, respectively. These media were chosen to see how much of the contamination was water borne. In another series, other test tubes were filled with Lake Erie water plus 1 cubic centimeter of slime from nets, and with Dubos medium plus the same amount of slime, respectively, so that a comparison could be made concerning the effectiveness of lake water and an artificial medium in propagating the bacteria. Some twine was sterilized in a test tube containing distilled water in order to obtain an idea of the changes taking place in the absence of bacteria. At the end of a week, and each week thereafter, samples were removed, dried, and broken in the testing machine. The results of these tests are shown in Figure 4 and Table 1, where it is seen that the sterile control suffered no appreciable change in the two months and that the distilled water and tap water were almost without effect. This experiment indicated that the city water was not a source of contamination. The results also show that lake water is an excellent FIGURE 5.—Normal cotton fiber in sterile distilled water medium for the growth of the cellulose-digesting bacteria, though the growth is not as rapid at first as in the artificial medium of Dubos. The latter preparation was used in subsequent experiments since it was reproducible and easily available if laboratory work were to be done elsewhere than at Lake Erie. The lake water inoculated with slime caused the twine to rot until half its strength was gone in about 23 days; inoculated Dubos medium required.only 11 days to bring the twine to half-strength; and surprising to note, the lake water without added contamination took but 32 days. These tests must not be construed to mean that nets will rot this rapidly in practice, for laboratory conditions are not exactly com- parable with those in nature. These data do, however, allow one to compare in a rough way the effect of the various conditions being investigated. Bacterial action on the individual fiber —The cultures were examined microscopically and found to contain may bacteria of various forms, expecially very short rods occurring in pairs and ones having a spiral shape. Fibers of the test twine were placed under the microscope and were observed to contain many bacteria. A number of photographs are shown in Figures 5 to8. In order to understand them it is necessary NET DETERIORATION IN LAKE ERIE 159 to describe a cotton fiber briefly. Imagine outside pressure applied to a very heavy walled rubber tube which thereby collapses and thus — acquires a cross section somewhat dumb-bell-like in form. The wall FIGURE 6.—Cotton fiber in nonsterile tap water. Decomposition has started of a cotton fiber varies in thickness and is most often without structure, though pits and pores are sometimes visible. The interior of the fiber FIGURE 7.—Cotton fiber in lake water plus slime from nets. Numerous bacteria are present is lined with dried protoplasm, which may serve as a food for bacteria penetrating within. FIGURE 8.—Same as Figure 7 except in Dubos medium. The bacteria have pene- trated the lumen of the fiber and destruction is practically complete The air-filled lumen appears dark in the pictures until enough de- terioration takes place to allow water to enter and fill the gap, where- 160 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES upon the passage of light is not impeded as much as before. In stained specimens, the dye colors the protein-bearing material (protoplasm) within the lumen and renders it dark, especially on the sides where the lumen is thickest. Owing to the thickness of the fiber, it is difficult to render the structure of the fiber extremely clear, but in Figure 6 it can be seen that the cotton hair placed in tap water for a short time appears greatly different from the normal fiber. A cotton hair from the sample placed in lake water which had been inoculated with slime shows deterioration far advanced, while a similar sample in Dubos medium is already badly disintegrated. One should notice that the width of decomposing fibers is greater than that of unattacked hairs, indicating again the destructive and disintegrating effect of the attack- ing organisms. Several methods were tried for preparing fibers for examination. The swelling test used by Thaysen and Fleming (1921) and coworkers is altogether too delicate to use on fibers that have been extensively damaged by long use or by tests in the laboratory. This test would have a great value in testing the quality of cotton offered for sale in the form of fishing gear. The Congo Red test of Bright (1926) is useful for detecting the first degenerative changes, being less delicate than the previous one; but this method is also too sensitive for the preparation of material badly attacked and digested by the bacteria. The method finally adopted was simple. It was to mount and fix a few fibers as for simple bacteriological staining and then to treat with carbol-fuchsin for 20 to 30 seconds. Fibers which have suffered exten- sive change are handled most satisfactorily by using a diluted carbol- fuchsin and watching the progress of the staining. The cuticle does not show clearly—a decided disadvantage since otherwise a picture of the mode of entrance of the bacteria might be obtained. It does not seem as if any method will be found to do this. It is probable that the function of tars, incorporated in the various treatments used in the bureau’s experiment, has been to cover over the cuticle of the cotton fiber with a substance resistant to bacterial attack, thereby delaying invasion of the fiber by the organisms found in the water. When the tensile strength of the test threads began to decrease rapidly, it was always found by microscopic examination that the bacteria had penetrated the walls of the individual fibers and that the two events were simultaneous. The fibers begin to swell after entry is effected; this swelling is accompanied by a notable increase in the number of the bacteria within the lumen and a wasting away of the fiber from within until destruction is complete. Distribution of the bacteria and their environment.—In order to learn the relative abundance and distribution of the bacteria a number of samples of water were taken at fishing locations. These were obtained by means of a bacteriological water sample apparatus, Wilson (1920). With this apparatus sterile evacuated and sealed 8-inch test tubes were lowered to a predetermined depth. A messenger was then sent down to break the tip of a bent-glass tube which projected through the rubber stopper. The broken tip allowed the entrance of water to the container, which was then drawn up and taken to the laboratory NET DETERIORATION IN LAKE ERIE 161 where measured quantities of the water were introduced into tubes containing Dubos medium and cotton gill thread. The subsequent deterioration of this gill thread week by week is shown in Figure 9 which shows the results of weekly determinations of the tensile strength of the thread. The history of one sample shows the large amount of bacteria found in slime, which must therefore be considered a most dangerous source of contamination to clean nets. It is to be noted that contamination can take place far from shore and in water as deep as 10 fathoms. The bacteria attacking the nets are apparently found in all locations in the lake, but occur in largest numbers near shore, GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS Breaking Strength of Twine Strength in Foynds A- Sterile Contro/ —o—o- 8-Inoc: /ec. Slime, Arn ov, 6 F ——--— C-Inoc.ilec. Water, Arm. out, 6F D-Inoc‘Jec. Water, /$rm.out, (OF —--——-— ™ cy oO /0 20 30 40 50 Time in Oays FIGURE 9.—Breaking strength of twine where the water may contain as many as 500 per cubic inch. They are most numerous in the slime found on nets or similar anchorages and least frequent in the open lake, where their food is not as easily available and agitation of the water is less marked. The remaining portion of the lake water collected from known locations under aseptic conditions was used for determinations of reaction and dissolved oxygen, given in Table 2. Note that the oxygen content expressed here in parts per million, is high and rela- tively uniform. This and the high temperature of the water is due to the shallowness of Lake Erie. 162 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 2.—Temperatures, oxygen content, and reaction (pH) of Lake Erie water at locations where nets were set ; i | Tem- | Oxygen Course and distance from | Te Oxygen, Date Eri Depth | pera |parts per pH Remarks gue ture | million 1928 | se Aug. 15 | N. by E. 164% miles!______ Surface_____- [eee tN ese ee Thermometer and pH outfit 15 fathoms. _|________ | $25) seeee not available. 23 fathoms 22|-_---_-_ epee ae Aug. 16 | N. by E. 16 miles !_____-_- SHTface eee see SECA athe! 12 fathoms- _|_.__._-- 8. 45/22 oee 24 fathoms ?_|________ 8:9) 2a Aug. 17. N. by E. 4 E. 16 miles! _| Surface___-_- ie 8.0 | 8.4 13 fathoms__|_ Metal tence 22 fathoms 2_| 9.4} 8.1 Aug. 21) N. by W. 14 W. 14 miles!_|} Surface______ 8.3 | 8.4 14 fathoms ?_ Titel ea he Aug. 22} N. by W. 14 W. 15 miles!_| Surface_____-_|__ 8.3 | 8.3 ISitatbomsa| serene 853))|| Men Aug. 28 | N. 4% E. 8 miles 1_._______ Surface_____- ees PES 8.4 | 8.2 | Unusual for gill nets to be 13 fathoms 2_|________ 6.6 | 7.9 fished so near shore. Sept. 7! N.144 E. 16 miles }________} Surface______ Pe I825 8.8 | 8.0 | Thermocline between 16 and ll fathoms__| 18.2 8.7 7.8] 21 fathoms. 21 fathoms__ 8.8 oy eee Sept. 8 | iN..16 miles 1... .----_=.__| Surface. - 19.3 8.7) 8.0 11 fathoms__| 17.4 S88 sjaeeeee 19 fathoms ?_; 11.2 lal ee Sept. 15 | N. 4 E. 14 miles!___.___- Surface______ 19.7 Silat rSsen| 9 fathoms___ 18.5 hy Ab ete Se) | 18 fathoms _| 9.5 9.2 | 8.0 Sept. 6 | 3 miles from harbor *_____ Surface______ ie asl Ray lfeteodl 4 fathoms___ 202 aoe ee [ee 7 fathoms___ 20. 0 TEN aS CS Sept..14 |) 22. GOS 2 ef ae Surface_____- | 20.9 8.5 | 8.2 | 7 fathoms__ | 21.2 Ae 5. Pea ient) 1 Gill nets. 2 Bottom. 3 Pound nets. As a random experiment small pieces were cut from some dried gill nets, which had been out of the water for a period of time between one and two weeks, and put into Dubos medium for incubation. At the end of several days bacterial growth was noticed, and the usual bacteria were found by microscopic examination. Transfers were made from this culture to other tubes of media, which produced some of the most active cultures found in the work. The conclusion follows that contaminated nets handled in the accepted way still harbor destructive organisms for some time. The bacteria may slowly continue to cause deterioration during the period of winter storage until the nets become so dry that the organisms die. The part played by bacteria during the months when the nets are not being used should be investigated further. It seems probable that much deterioration can take place unless the nets are clean and dry at the time they are put away for the winter. PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS Bacteria differ with respect to the kind of food they thrive upon best. Some utilize meat, others starch, sugar, or fat. The bacteria in which we are interested utilize cellulose as their favorite food. It is the process of converting the cellulose so generally found in the lake that makes the bacteria injurious to net twine. As long as the cellulose is derived from débris of wood or rotting grass, this proc- ess does not concern the fisherman; but unfortunately the thread of gill nets can also serve these bacteria as food. Not only do the bac- teria feed on the fibers of the net, but they also find the threads an NET DETERIORATION IN LAKE ERIE 163 excellent home, since the currents passing by wash away waste products and bring to the germs foodstuffs needed to supplement the cellulose. Then, too, the interior of the cotton fiber contains nitrogenous material, always vital for life. Study has shown that the net-destroying bacteria found in Lake Erie are the type that can live in the presence of oxygen but thrive best when only a small amount of oxygen is present. Other cellulose-destroying organisms live only in the absence of air, as in the case of those inhabiting the soil and the digestive tracts of herbivorous animals, and hence do not generally constitute a source of danger when washed into the oxygen-bearing waters of the lake. With the aid of general knowledge concerning bacteria and the specific facts concerning these particular organisms it is possible to describe briefly ways of fighting them. Inasmuch as bacterial growth is greatly decreased or actually stopped by lack of moisture, fouled nets can be safeguarded by washing away most of their contamina- tion and killing the rest by drying the net thoroughly. When sun- light is available, its helpful rays add to the efficiency of the treat- ment. Unfortunately this simple though effective treatment can be used only once in a while. A second simple treatment is the use of a strong brine solution. This kills bacteria by removing water from their bodies. They shrivel in brine just as strawberries do when much sugar is used for their preservation. Then, too, alkaline materials kill bacteria quickly. A clear lime-water solution may be used on the nets to ‘‘cut the slime’ and to stop bacterial action. Other germicides are known but they are generally rather expensive for practical use and just as transient in their effects as those which are cheaper. Therefore, one finds it necessary to search for relatively insoluble germicidal materials and finds that there are a number, of which cuprous oxide, copper oleate, and mercuric oxide are cheap with respect to their usefulness. These materials have been tried before; copper resinate undoubtedly will replace copper oleate because it has about the same solubility, is cheaper, not as slippery, and is more adherent to the fibers. Any other copper salt of an organic acid of molecular weight over 200 and possessing no unsaturation will possibly serve as well. Since resin acids constitute about 90 per cent by weight of rosin and since the latter product is cheap, no further search for suitable copper salts seems necessary. Cuprous oxide must be finely eround, 95 per cent passing through a screen having 350 meshes per lineal inch, and may be further improved in evenness of application and in the slow-settling nature of its mix- ture by grinding still finer, as in a colloid mill. Tars are effective as germicidal treatments until the active ingredi- ents wash out, which probably takes place in two months, after which they offer mechanical protection only. The use of tar has been abandoned in the work undertaken by the bureau’s technologists except as a ‘‘vehicle” to hold the toxic material upon the fiber. TESTS OF PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS IN THE LABORATORY Laboratory experiments were made in order to test net-preserva- tive treatments rapidly and under rigorously controlled conditions. It was realized that factors such as the leaching out of toxic ingredients 164 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES in the treatment would not be the same as in the lake. Moreover, the supply of food to the bacteria and the removal of their waste prod- ucts would not be ideal, and hence the bacterial population would not reach a very high level. The results, therefore, could only be expected to be qualitative. Nevertheless, the experiments were initiated and carried through. The results are shown in the follow- ing table. The first column indicates the effect of the treatment, cold, upon previously sterilized twine; columns 2 and 4 show the effect of bacteria upon twine previously treated with the material under study, then sterilized in an autoclave, and finally inoculated with destructive bacteria. Columns 3 and 5 show the effect of steriliza- tion upon the treated twine. TABLE 3.—Effect of preservatives on gill-net twine under laboratory conditions Tensile strength in pounds sais ; Inoculat-| Treated | Inoculat-| Treated Description of treatment Chemical! ed with | and ster-| ed with | and ster- effect of | bacteria | ilized in | bacteria | ilized in treatment|in Dubos) Dubos | in lake lake media | media water water Untrested!control. = sae eee 3. 00 0.91 2.78 2. 88 2.95 Tannic acid, 1 per cent; copper sulphate, 10 per cent_ 2. 30 2 ii 2.12 2. 24 2. 20 Tannic acid, 1 per cent; phenol, 5 per cent; ferrous SHI phate, 10 per Can tassel eee 2. 83 2278 2.71 2. 63 2. 63 Salicylic acid, 10 per cent in cupric chloride dissolved methyl -alcohollOipericent=-- —-- eee ee 2. 88 2. 98 1. 86 2.95 1.94 Zinc'sulphate; 10 pericent.4 22 ee eee 2. 98 2.95 2.71 2.34 2.78 Tannic acid, 1 per cent; cupic chloride, 10 per cent___ PIP LE 1.81 2. 30 230 2. 24 Lead acetate, 10 per cent; potassium dichromate, 10 DOriCent. i428 45 to pe ere, 1. 67 1.52 1, 52 1.79 1.45 Tannic acid, 1 per cent; cupric acetate, 5 per cent___- 2.47 2. 30 2. 60 2. 54 2. 40 Copper sulphate, 10 per cent; sodium carbonate, 10 16s 2) ya) | Fae eS RE Naa LSA BRET ee ch See aE, coe 1. 84 2.30 2.15 2. 20 1.79 Cresote (beechwood), full strength _____--__________- Ske . 83 2.93 1.83 3.10 Phenol, 5 per cent; crystal violet, 1:1,000-_.-_-_____- 2. 95 2. 90 2. 90 3. 00 2. 98 Phenolsa percent se. ass kee ee } 2.90 | 2. 90 2. 90 3. 03 2. 98 Beta naphtol, 10 per cent in aleohol_-__________-__-- 2.90 ; 2. 88 3. 03 2. 80 3.15 Cupric chloride, 10 per cent; potassium dichromate, LO PO CON acre etree eee eee 1.18 1.13 1. 29 iat 1.01 Cupric chloride, 10 per cent; sodium carbonate, 10 Del; Cont. ea eres | oa Pe oe ee 1, 32 2.15 1. 92 1.83 1.65 Beta naphtol, 10 per cent in alcohol; cupric chloride, TD Or CONG pane oe ee eee ee 2.78 2. 85 2:15 3. 08 2. 63 Proprietary.compound. 2) — 2) ee eee 3. 22 Shales 2. 93 3. 63 3. 08 ‘arskerosenes see See Eee ets ee es (ee te ee 3.13 2.00 | 3. 08 3. 05 3.15 Cuprous oxide, 6 per cent; coal tar, 6 per cent; pine tar, 3 per cent; water-gas-tar oil, 85 per cent (treat- Ment INO: 2850) ee te se ee ee ee 3.10 3.10 2. 83 2.83 3. 10 Crystal violets 000s ss See eee 3.10 3.13 3.15 3.10 2.95 Cuprous oxide, 6 per cent; coal tar, 20 per cent; water-gas-tar oil, 74 per cent (treatment No. 284) - - 3. 30 3. 31 3.15 3.19 3. 10 Cuprous oxide, 6 per cent; coal tar, 1344 per cent; pine tar, 624 per cent; water-gas-tar oil, 74 per cent (treat- TTIGE PIN OF 255) Sco eee eee en = en meee 3. 33 3.19 2. 93 3. 31 3.10 Copper resinate, 29 per cent; water-gas-tar oil, 71 per Cent: (treatment INO; 2817) = a eee ee 3. 08 3. 31 3. 29 3. 63 3.48 Mercuric oxide, #4 per cent; ferric oxide, 6 per cent; coal tar, 13 per cent; wood tar, 7 per cent; water- gas-tar oil, 73 per cent (treatment No. 2819)________ BEA 3. 38 | 3.15 3.45 3. 33 } The treatments tested include many not heretofore used. Some are not suitable for practical use upon nets, but were tried in order to learn more about the characteristics of the cellulose-digesting bacteria. It appears that phenol affects the bacteria adversely; however, it can not be used on account of its solubility. Betanapthol is effective, but creosote has little effect. The inefficiency of creosote for this NET DETERIORATION IN LAKE ERIE 165 purpose agrees with findings in other fields, which show this material to be very effective in preventing putrefaction but rather weak as a germicide. The dye, crystal violet, is effective, and its potency suggested experiments as yet uncompleted which show that favorable results might be expected from materials of this sort. Dyes can be used when solids such as cuprous oxide or tar, for instance, are so bulky and inflexible as to reduce the ‘‘fishing power” of gill nets. It is interesting to note that these experiments show that treat- ments containing oxidizing agents, such as chromates or alkalies, are inapplicable to nets. The reason for these results is that alkalies destroy the cutin which otherwise protects the cellulose of the cotton fiber from hydrolysis and bacterial attack, thus weakening the fiber, and that chromates destroy the fiber by reason of their oxidizing power. Good results were obtained from all treatments selected from those originated by this laboratory and from a commercial preparation which probably consists of copper salts of napthenic acids. It would appear that the method using single inoculations 1s not severe enough to show sufficient differences in the strength of the best preservatives in a short time. Experiments are now being conducted by an employee of the bureau at the University of Wisconsin in order to make the laboratory controlled test more rapid. This is most valuable since any laboratory procedure which will enable one to sort out and place various treatments in rank of usefulness, will accomplish in three or six months what would otherwise take one or two seasons in nature’s laboratory, where storms or other uncon- trollable forces often interfere with or ruin experiments. TESTS OF PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS IN THE LAKE A number of racks were wound with samples of treatments selected from those which had previously shown promise in tests at Beaufort, N.C. These racks were immersed in 6 fathoms of water 4 miles out of Erie Harbor, and samples removed at weekly intervals. The samples were later broken in the testing machine, and duplicate samples were analyzed to see how the copper content of the twine had changed. The analysis of treated fish netting for copper is not very easy nor is it rapid enough, when using methods previously employed, to admit of sufficient samples being analyzed so that the results of the determinations are significant. The method which was finally evolved and found to be satisfactory was a modification of the Kjeldahl method. One foot of treated twine was used for each determination. This was obtained by cutting four 3-inch lengths from different places in the twine so as to secure an average sample. The twine was then weighed, cut into short lengths, and placed in a Kjeldahl flask. From 5 to 8 cubic centimeters of concentrated sulphuric acid was added; and the mate- rial was digested for a short period or allowed to stand for a time, depending on whether heating facilities were available. After this preliminary digestion the flask was cooled, and a very small amount ‘of concentrated nitric acid was added. Treatments containing little tar, or those which had been exposed for a long time, required little of the oxidizing agent; but those which were new or which contained much tar required more nitric acid. The flasks were then 166 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES heated very gently until the action of the nitric acid ceased, after which they were heated more strongly until digestion was complete and SO; was evolved. The solution at this point became nearly colorless. Samples con- taining much copper of course would color the acid slightly blue; and those which contained siliceous material or much mud would have a slight sediment remaining when digestion was complete. The solution should not show a yellow or brown color. If it did, it was cooled and 30 - l sila er! COPPER CONTENT OF TREATED TWINE EXPOSED AT ERIE PA. 1928 Sea /n milligrams of copper per lineal foot of twine la j } IS | 282. MuLtTiPLy \ v7 ORDINATES = BY TWO if \y °9 5 10 15 WEEKS FIGURE 10.—Copper content of treated twine treated with concentrated nitric again, and the process repeated until the solution became colorless or blue-green. After a colorless solution was obtained, it was cooled and 5 or 10 cubic centimeters of water added so as to dissociate the nitrosylsulphuric acid which was formed from the decomposition of nitric acid, and about 5 cubic centimeters of bromine water was added to destroy nitrous acid. The flask was then heated until the solution was evaporated to small volume and white fumes of SO, were given off. The flask was allowed to cool, the NET DETERIORATION IN LAKE ERIE 167 contents diluted with water and neutralized with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. The point of neutralization can be determined by noting the precipitation of copper hydroxide. The contents of the flask were cooled again, transferred to a beaker, made acid to litmus with acetic acid, and solid potassium iodide added. The liberated iodine was titrated with standard sodium thiosulphate solution, using starch as an indicator in the usual manner and observing the usual precautions for this method. The sodium thiosulphate was standardized against metallic copper, repeating all the steps of the usual procedure, and the factor calculated directly in terms of copper per cubic centimeter of thiosulphate solution. Care should be taken to examine the sodium hydroxide used in this deter- mination to make sure that it is free, from iron and copper. No trouble was encountered on this score in this work, however. The analytical determinations were quite satisfactory as regards accuracy and speed. In previous work the sample had been prepared by burning the twine in a crucible. This procedure is sufficiently satisfactory when only one or two determinations are necessary but does not give good results when a large number of samples are to be examined for the reason that the process of ashing is slow and each sample has to be watched carefully during this process of ashing lest material be lost. Pyrosulphate fusions and sodium peroxide fusions were tried but did not give any better results than simple ashing with regard to loss of material in the process of destroying the organic matter. Tasie 4.—Tensile strengths and copper content of treated twine exposed at Erie, Pa. 1928 | Initial 1 week 3 weeks 5 weeks 7 weeks | 13 weeks | a ~ | ~~ - = ~ No. | ob a3 oe 23 ob 3 ne ns ae 4 8 | S 2 ae) £2 |gs| 22 | 28 | Ae | Ze | Be | ge | Be | Be | BE Bacon aise) |e eee | Si Se SO Sal eS ul om | O° eS 6) = Sy ARS 6) = 6) a Ss) ge | Oo | | - - Mg. per Mg per| Mg. per | Mg. per Mg. per| Mg. per Lbs. | lin. ft. | Lbs. | lin. ft Lbs lin. jt. | Lbs lin. ft.| Lbs lin. ft Lbs. | lin. ft 21) BORO oh Doe aaa Tae AGS AY eae ote ste Bald OE Ae 1a Se) | Se eae St) A eee 282_ 38.8 44.6 | 46.3 20. 7 eh | 53.8 19. 2 49. 2 23. 5 45.5 15.8 ae AT Mee Sekt SNM es = |e See es Seo neces 1h ee 20.8 Eve Sh 4355))|2 52——5 Us Pa | se af | [a ae of Bos ES 165. 8))| eee DISS al Pees e- MElte Foes = ae Sry lye We! blu Sed om Nw Se Sl NE (a ee ee eS oe 2 ee a eee eee a ' 40.4 26.3 | 53.4 22.5 56. 6 16.9 55.9 14.6 43.0 13. 6 39. 4 13. 2 ae 20. OEE} 2340) \a52¢ 2S SUEY (as ee ee eae 10) 22a Ss LESSON es 22 ese 15.3 See a Drill oe | ae Re Os Wie a Tele Oe Oe en pean Bed eee Pee SS eae fae ee oe Vy eee 43.8 iO ere Belge one 13.0 49.3 12.0 45.8 10.3 33.9 8.9 SEES 20. 4 |. 194 Deseo | UBS yd RE See aoe 1H al eee = LOLOL} aoe 9.1 Si TR) IN oA Wah 20 UL A Sala Ste Zk Mie OS BU Pe 8 ee eee eee eee el 2 NS ee on wt bees Dee TUE ORGS ey eee eal ee Ss aR Sol ee eee ee ee 23) aes (eee aes ANS OB res ee Ieee Odea 5G) 8) heen oe 5ptas ee MONS Meenas 2815____| 40.5 9.6 | 43.5 7.0 | 46-9 6.5 46.9 6.8 46.6 Hie! 44.9 6.5 Sa ae Ce eee Gao yes aoe ae (ul ae ees G82 eee (1g BN Garo ES pee 6.3 2817__ 47.7 11.8 | 47.5 952)| 50.1 8.4 53.9 8.5 51.7 8.3 57.7 6.7 pee LON Sh 222225! 9.4 |-------- DO = * ers Oty ee = ae Seo ELE ao oe- 6.4 Fe ugeeal og aR UO SE ATR Sage Ses Gn Sa (Cue ai fs a Vee eae GhOP teres 6.0 ae te 2 |(ER CeO gee ROG! ene (oe Fo a Wiles EPO Rta et eves ewe eee eee os Ct tot gcs 6 ile Tx2 2818____| 47.6 9.8 | 48.3 7.0 | 53.6 6.0} 53.9 5.0 54.6 ip) |} RY 5.6 aed) TOR en ade |b PSR tases 2h0 BrGue. sles a) Ee dl (oo eek Ga | eS 6.3 pile ese 2 orth dab a SD Sat a (Se re 7 | ees AE ate ae Gy C0y, Ugh Ss 2D De Pl EOE SE he aap) Eee a fae ee ae 6.2 |.-------|-------- a No ee AGED) | 2 Fa s3 WAP Ovd Sr |e a Sore |eees eee He oat4s (ey t3 7 = ie Gy 8 ease 2825____| 46.7 AQHA 7 ay! COGS: FOOD) se ulosol | esozad) (ese 50 ste) Vetsste |S 46.0 12.5 Sele es | 12.3 12.3 13.1 168 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES By using the modified Kjeldahl digestion method the analyst is able to handle many samples, the number depending on the facilities available for Kjeldahl digestions. The process of digesting requires the minimum of attention and the analysis of the prepared solutions can be conducted during its course. Some samples, notably those which contain the most tar, took as long as two hours to digest; but most of the samples required about one-half hour. By planning the work carefully it was possible for an analyst using this procedure to analyze 10 to 15 duplicate samples a day, making a total, of 20 to 30 determinations. This progress would be impossible if each sample had to be destroyed by ashing. The tabulated results are shown in Table 4. The results of the analytical determinations are plotted in Figure 10 with the copper content of the twine in milligrams per lineal foot as abscisse and the time in weeks as ordinates. The data for the tensile-strength deter- minations are not plotted, for the reason that the period of the test was so short that no clear-cut differences are apparent early in the test and since the change of tensile strength with time gives no very valuable information. The treatments tested in the lake were as follows: 281. Untreated twine. 282. 6 per cent cuprous oxide, 20 per cent petroleum asphalt, 74 per cent water gas tar oil. 284. 6 per cent cuprous oxide, 20 per cent coal tar, 74 per cent gas tar oil. 287. 6 per cent cuprous oxide, 20 per cent coal tar, io per cent mercuric oxide, 74 per cent water gas tar oil. 2811. Two-thirds coal tar, one-third wood tar, applied warm. 2815. 29 per cent copper oleate, 71 per cent kerosene. 2817. 29 per cent copper resinate, 71 per cent water gas tar oil. 2818. 15 per cent copper oleate, 50 per cent coal tar, 35 per cent benzol. 2819. %4 per cent mercuric oxide, 6 per cent ferric oxide, 13 per cent coal tar, 7 per cent wood tar, 73 per cent water gas tar oil. 2825. A commercial preparation, said to contain copper salts of naphthenic acids. See The apparent increase in strength of twine when tested immediately after immersion in water is disconcerting at first sight. It has been noticed before and ascribed to errors of sampling, or variations in the strength of the twine whereby occasional lengths of twine stronger than usual would be encountered. Such is not always the case. Larger twine especially shows a tendency to ‘‘felt’’ or more properly to have its fibers become entangled more than usual after immersion in water, with the result that individual fibers do not slip as easily upon each other and that more fibers are broken than is ordinarily the case when the whole twine breaks. The apparent strength is, therefore, higher than before even though the fibers making up the whole may individually be weaker at the time of the test. A number of Japanese investigators have studied this phenomenon. Terada (1924) has shown that the weakening of twine immersed in water is dependent upon temperatures and is greater in warm water than in cold. This investigator also studied the rate at which twine decomposed and expressed the results in a complicated equation. Tauti (1927) has studied this question further and presents additional experimental data and mathematical analyses. This investigator’s paper, and the preceding one, seem to be of most value in that they call attention to the fact that the process of rotting is a complicated one, and that there are facts involved that have not been considered NET DETERIORATION IN LAKE ERIE 169 very seriously before. The mathematical treatment apparently is not valid. One of Terada’s first assumptions is that there is a constant bacterial environment to serve as a source of weakening influence. This is not true for any great length of time and occurs under condi- tions where the bacterial population probably will lose its virulence quickly. Tauti assumes in his paper that bacteria increase at a rate equal to a » +8 where a and 8 are constants. This assumption is true only when the bacteria are in the ‘“‘logarithmic growth phase,” a condition which probably does not prevail in nature and only under special conditions in the laboratory; hence further deductions can not be held valid. Finely divided solids, such as the pigments used in the net preserv- ative treatments, or mud will keep fibers from sliding upon themselves just as wetting will and hence cause an apparent increase in the strength of test twines at early times in the test period. As a result many preservative treatments appear to increase the strength of the twine during the time of the test—an increase in strength that does not necessarily parallel the strength of the individual fiber—thus making the experimental findings difficult to interpret. For this reason it seems best that observation at this time be limited to exami- nation of the amount of fouling, or at most a microscopic examination of the individual fiber, and that the tensile strength determinations be delayed until deterioration is well advanced. At that time many samples should be taken, and the strengths of the twine carefully determined. Only at this time, when the effect due to rotting is greater than the extraneous effects due to felting, or the presence of solid matter, can one get a good measure of the breakdown of the individual fiber. Experience up to the present time seems to show that early evaluation of net preservative treatments is apt to be misleading. The upper group of curves in Figure 10 represents mixtures using cuprous oxide as a toxic material, and the lower group represents those treatments using insoluble copper salts of organic acids for this purpose. It will be noted in both cases the copper content de- creases with time and approaches a fairly constant value. This is most marked in the case of treatments 2815 and 2818. The curve for treatment 282 is shown on this graph on a reduced scale in order to economize space. An examination of these curves indicates that in most cases the analytical determinations agree with each other best after the expira- tion of the first period, in which the rate of decrease in copper concen- tration is so much greater than it is during the second period, which arbitrarily may be said to date from about the fourth week. The only exception to this, apparently, is the case of treatment 282, which in this series, as well as in others, has shown itself to be most erratic in behavior. This treatment uses petroleum asphalt as a vehicle. This material, therefore, should be dissolved in the water-gas-tar oil and stirred until solution has progressed as far as possible. If a sluge remains the solution should be poured off before the cuprous oxide is added in order to minimize the segregation. Petroleum asphalt need not be used except where coal tar is not easily purchased, but will give results substantially as good as the other tars. Treatment 2825 likewise shows erratic results during the early part of the test. This can be explained on the basis that the treatment was applied in a ‘“‘spotty’? manner. This fact was quite obvious at the time the sample 170 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES was prepared, but another test specimen was not substituted because of lack of time. As the experiment progressed it became evident that the ‘‘spottiness”’ played a much less important part than it did at first. A visual examination of the lines treated with this preservative showed that the mequality of the treatment had decreased very remarkably after several weeks, and the lines at the end of the test were as uniform in color as those which had preservatives treated with 2815 and 2818. The explanation of these phenomena appears simple. It is that the excess preservative which was on the outside of the twine dissolved or was removed by currents or friction far more rapidly than was the material found within the body of the cord, and that the heavier deposits constituting the “‘spots’’ were easily removed and hence disappeared first of all. The material inclosed in the body of the cord is obviously safe from friction and the influence of strong currents and suffers loss only through the process of actual solution. The process of solution is very slow in general, as is shown by the very gradual downward slope of the curves 2825, 2815, and 2818 after the end of the fourth week. The presence of tar in treatment 2818 apparently hampered this process of solution but very little. After the end of the fourth week treatment 2817 did not behave in the same manner as those previously described. The concentration of toxic material in the twine treated with this preservative does not remain nearly constant after the end of the first period, as do the other treatments but decreases with time more rapidly than do the other toxic materials. This may be explained on the basis that copper resinate is more soluble than the organic copper salts used in the other treatments. This would account for the superior degree of protection offered by this treatment, for as long as there is any copper resinate present it will dissolve slowly, but rapidly enough so that there will exist a toxic atmosphere much more powerful than that which would have been supplied by other materials. Copper resinate possesses an additional advantage due to the fact that it is possibly more adhesive than copper oleate and not nearly as soft. Hence, it covers the outside fibers of the twine more effec- tively and resists abrasion longer. Some samples of copper resinate have shown a tendency to become brittle and friable after being applied to the twine, but this effect can be neutralized very effectively by the addition of copper oleate to the treatment. It seems probable that a mixture of copper resinate and copper oleate will give better satisfaction than either of these materials used alone. The lines treated with copper resinate are ‘‘wiry’’ in feel if the material is applied in large amounts. However a treatment containing 1% pounds of copper resinate and 1% pounds of copper oleate per gallon of kerosene, when applied to fine gill thread, leaves it with a softness and flexibility which is apparently near enough the feel of untreated twine to act in the same manner. Copper resinate appears to possess properties which will enable it largely to replace copper oleate for net preservative treatments. First, it is a low-priced copper salt which is sparingly soluble in water but soluble enough to be poisonous to destructive forms of life; secondly, it has the physical properties which enable it to stay on the fiber much longer than copper oleate; and, finally, it is cheaper and more depend- able than copper oleate purchased in the open market. Preliminary NET DETERIORATION IN LAKE ERIE 171 results from experiments, which have been conducted for the purpose, show that an excess of rosin used in the manufacture of copper resinate does not cause any deleterious éffect upon the twine. When an excess of oleic acid is used, however, the twine decreases rapidly in strength.® When one examines carefully the curves representing the changing copper content of twines using cuprous oxide as the active ingredient, one notices that their main characteristic is a rapid decrease from a relatively high copper content to a lower one, which is followed by a very gradual decrease in concentration dating from the fourth week. The explanation of this fact seems to be that the first period marks the time when the coating on the twine covers and projects beyond the outside fibers. This outer coating is not anchored very firmly and is rapidly dislodged. After the greater portion of the loosely adhering toxic material is dislodged, the preservative treatment inclosed within the boundaries of the twine itself has a chance to per- form its function of protection. The protection is accomplished partly by solution of the cuprous oxide by the water, but is also accompanied by mechanical dislodgment of some of the toxic mate- rial. The latter process is very slow compared to the first ‘‘shedding”’ of active material, since the cuprous oxide particles are entangled between the fibers of the cotton twine and can not fall off or be carried away easily. The experiments, which we are considering did not extend past the time when most of the toxic material would have been removed from within the twine, and hence it is not possible to study the whole phase of the deterioration of the test material. However, that is not nearly as important as the first phase. From what has been said heretofore, one can safely predict that treatments containing more cuprous oxide than those that have been tried will not be very eco- nomical. They, of course, will protect the twine as well as or better than the present treatments, for the time of the preliminary period, which has been extended by reason of the large amount of active ingredients which have been added. However, when this first period of ‘‘shedding”’ is past these newer treatments will be on an equal footing with those using less toxic material. One can say, therefore, that the production of cuprous oxide treatments producing a treated net containing more than about 30 milligrams of copper per lineal foot of No. 24 hard-laid twine can not be very economical unless the shedding which has been encountered with the treatments used in this series of experiments can be decreased very markedly. PRACTICAL FISHING TESTS The aid of the fishermen in Mr. Kolbe’s crews, and especially the assistance rendered by Capt. Charles Hoskins, made it possible to fish with experimental nets—some treated, some untreated to serve as a basis of comparison—under workaday conditions. This had not been done before and was considered to constitute a most valuable part of 8 See Holman and Jarrell, quoted on p. 435, Document No. 998. These investigators found oleic acid alone to have a marked deleterious effect on cotton twine exposed to sunlight. Linseed oil and many other substances also caused the twine to weaken. Rosin was found to exert a detrimental influence, which is contrary to our experience. The results of the two investigations can not be compared too closely, how- ever, for in their experiments the twine was exposed to sunlight, and in ours was immersed in water where only diffused light struck it. rz U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES the work of the 1928 season at Erie, since it showed that treated nets do catch fish much the same as untreated ‘‘white’’ ones in spite of the very decided local opinions to the contrary. The prejudice against treating gill nets is so marked that only one man near Erie, Pa., has been found using any preservative treatment. He is Clarence Jackway, of Westfield, N. Y. In the past Mr. Jackway used the copper oleate treatment for gill nets, but abandoned it as unsatisfac- tory. His opinion in this respect, no doubt, was strengthened by a reluctance to pay the added cost of this relatively expensive treat- ment. He now uses a solution of coal tar in kerosene, which is applied by pouring the mixture over the dry nets stored in their regular boxes. After a short period of drainage the nets are reeled up to dry in the usual manner. After two days of exposure on the racks they are ready for use. The tar-kerosene treatment used by Mr. Jackway is prepared by warming 5 parts of kerosene gently with 1 part of coal tar. It might be noted here that in this net treatment, as in others using coal tar, samples having the least “free carbon,” or residue insoluble in benzol, are best for preserving nets. The warm mixture of tar and kerosene is allowed to settle until the solution overlying the insoluble residue in the bottom may be poured off ready for use. This treatment is applied to the nets two or three times yearly; it is relatively cheap— the expense being estimated at about 75 cents per net per year. Mr. Jackway reports that nets treated in this manner last two or three times longer than untreated ones, and that the main objection to the treatment is the shrinkage it causes. The fishermen want to use the smallest possible mesh that will pass official inspection as to size of mesh, but can still use treated nets and be safe by ordering a larger sized mesh for those nets which are to be subsequently treated. The modified tar-kerosene treatment was applied to two alternate nets of a gang of ‘‘bull nets’? which were used regularly for approxi- mately three months. The remaining two nets of the gang were left untreated so as to serve as a means of comparison. A second gang of “bull nets”? was prepared with two nets treated with preservative No. 2850. This treatment originally was designed for trap nets, but produced a treated twine flexible enough so that it was deemed to be suitable for a practical fishing test. The two gangs of nets were placed with others and fished in the usual way. The catch was counted carefully each time the nets were lifted and the results listed. Tables 1 and 2 show the catch for gangs 1 and 2 respectively. Upon examining the results for gang 2, it is seen that the brown nets caught practically as many fish as their untreated neighbors. Upon exam- ining the results for gang 1, it is seen that the black nets did not catch as many fish as the near-by untreated controls nor as many fish as the brown nets of gang 1. It is difficult to say just what effect the color of nets has upon the actions of fish near by. In this particular case it seems safe to say that both nets are dark enough that the difference between brown and black is not as important in influencing the behavior of the fish as the degree of darkness of the thread, for the reason that the nets are used deep in the water under conditions where there is so little light at best that it would be difficult to distinguish difference in terms of color alone. Everyone has observed how difficult it is to say just what “color” a dark suit really is when beheld in a poor light. The visual NET DETERIORATION IN LAKE ERIE Lie powers of fish and their habits in this respect are something concern- ing which little is known. It is reported that whitefish and yellow pickerel are best caught in light-colored trap nets, and that ciscoes refuse to enter trap nets at all. This latter effect may be due to the color of the net, to the tend- ency to flee from the sight of obstructions, or possibly the ‘‘smell”’ of a net. Sometimes the lake water is not very transparent, hence neither visibility or color perception would be a very large factor in influencing the fish. It may be that the texture of the net was the actual deciding factor. While experience has shown Mr. Jackway’s treatment to be good, a modified tar-kerosene treatment was used in these experiments, since previous experiments had shown the preservative action of the tar to be transient—seldom lasting over two months at best. There- fore, 6 pounds of coal tar and 3 pounds of pine tar were mixed with 5 gallons of warm kerosene and allowed to settle. Six pounds of cuprous oxide were added to this solution and the clear solution poured off. Some of the heavier particles of cuprous oxide remained behind; the most finely ground pigment is necessary in this modified treatment, which was designed to have the minimum of heavy or coarse material. TABLE 5.—Catches of nets in series'1, July 19 to September 9 Gang No. 1 Gang No. 2 Untreated con- | Treatment No. | Untreated con- Tar-kerosene pbeeles of Ssh trols—white net] 2850—black net |trols—white net ET Net 1 | Net 2 | Net 3 Net 4 | Net1 | Net 2 | Net3 | Net 4 DiGuabi sy ee eee ee eee 233 250 224 igi| 229] 299 245 227 luempikGwes West ees 32 27 15 21 25 19 24 | 17 {NOR a ES Se ae Rae See 22 16 4 Bil eee) | 9 8 7 Un DO teem emesis MIM Qa1 58 ee 13 12 9 8 13 11 14 16 Perch=____- johns Sale es 8 4 3 2 2 | 4 4 3 DL ¢ URES foc mee tp eae 308 | 309 255 215 284 | 272 295 270 ANSE 2s OS Reg eos eee ee 308 235 278 282 It seems that the only marked difference between the catch of the various nets is found in the number of whitefish and burbot taken by the nets treated with No. 2850 preservative. This difference for gang 1 seems large enough to be called significant, but gang 2 shows so little difference between nets that when one considers that fish run in schools which often hit nets in irregular groups, it seems reasonable to conclude that treated nets can be safely used for herring fishing in Lake Erie with no danger of decreasing the catch except that fewer whitefish probably will be taken at the same time. Until more extensive future observations give favorable results, whitefish nets should not be preserved with brown or black treatments. This is the safer course to pursue. The data are not sufficient to enable one to make a positive statement, and it appears possible that the difference between dark and light nets might be very small. In this connection it should be stated that treatment No. 2850 was designed for pound and trap nets and was used on gill nets with the 174 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES knowledge that the treatment was somewhat dark and heavy for the purpose intended. By accident the proportion of cuprous oxide was nearly doubled, thus rendering the nets still darker. In spite of this the cuprous oxide treatment showed itself to be of value, and it can be confidently expected that treatment with a more suitable modi- fication will be even more satisfactory. No great amount of deterio- ration took place in the twine for the reason that the total length of time the nets were in the water was only 30 days. Later tests made under laboratory conditions made it possible to compare the preservative action of this treatment with others. It is hoped that other treatments lighter in color than 2850 will be found for gill nets, but a preservative treatment described below gives results so satisfactory that it must be considered seriously before successors which are untried by practical tests are adopted. Qe Sa 9 = arte. Me 2 ; a et ee >) i) = sn oO am TNECLT Say 2 Oe me 5 = i ec aan as 5 Se tee es DA OO a ee ee —- i) S not . 3 Po = a Cs = aS = 8, qos g o a. oO oN s 2,, SHYIS SONOd ILIHINOD 1 are of sufficient import obtainec this time. The experimental work at the Fair ations are still in their concerned with the lar since local conditions at its biological station oO > 180 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Considerable work, however, has been done with other species of pondfishes including the smallmouth black bass, Micropterus dolomieu, the black and white crappies Pomowis sparoides and P. annularis, and the bluegill sunfish Lepomis incisor. DESCRIPTION OF PONDS The location and area of the ponds at the Fairport station are shown in Figure 1. Several of the ponds are so small as to be of little value for experimental purposes and practically all of the experiments described in this paper were conducted in the D, H, and F series of ponds. The D series comprises 10 dirt ponds ranging in size from 0.094 of an acre to 3.54 acres, only 3 of which are less than one-half acre in area. The E series comprises 4 small dirt ponds of nearly equal size. Two of these ponds are slightly larger Ficure 2.—Partial view of the D series of ponds at the Fairport station than the others, having an area of 0.128 acre, while the two smaller are only 0.121 acre in area. The F series includes three small dirt ponds, each having an area of 0.073 acre. The bottoms of all the ponds slope very gradually from the upper end to the kettle so that the water at one end of the pond may reach a depth of 3.5 to 7 feet—depending on the size of the pond—whie at the other end it is only a few inches deep. The ponds are so con- structed that they can be completely drained whenever desired, which makes possible a complete recovery of all fish. The water supply is derived from the Mississippi River and is first pumped into the reservoir shown in Figure 1. From the reservoir it is fed to the ponds by gravity through a system of underground pipes. Only enough water is allowed to flow into the ponds to replace that lost by evaporation and seepage. Practically all of the ponds support a luxuriant growth of aquatic vegetation throughout the summer. The plants are mostly of the BLACK BASS CULTURE 181 submerged type, including both rooted plants and filamentous algze, and are usually so abundant that they must be removed before the fish can be recovered when the ponds are drained in the fall. FERTILIZATION OF PONDS In Europe fertilizers have been used for a number of years to in- crease fish production in ponds, especially in connection with the rearing of carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the Schleihe (Zinea vul- garis). Although we are concerned chiefly with other species of fish, it may still be of interest to refer to some of the results obtained by European investigators. Kuhnert (1909) reports that fertilized ponds produce from 18 to 96 kilograms per hectare more carp than ponds that were not fertilized. Experiments conducted during 1909 and 1910 confirmed the results obtained in 1908 (Kuhnert, 1910). Hofer (1915), in a series of papers devoted largely to the discussion of the effects of fertilizer on the chemical constituents of the water, concludes that fertilizing the ponds increases fish production. Czensny (1919) found that as a result of fertilizing the ponds the total 1914 fish production was increased 28.2 per cent, carp produc- tion alone was raised 35.7 per cent. Demol (1920) observed an ap- preciable increase in fish production in 1919 at the Hofer Institute. Wohlgemuth (1922) reporting on fertilizer experiments extending over a period of seven years, 1915-1921, states that in every year the fish production in the fertilized ponds exceeded that in the controls. In 1918 and 1919 the increase in the fertilized ponds exceeded that in the controls by more than 100 per cent. Fisher (1924) found that the use of superphosphate at the Bavarian Pond Fishery Experiment Station increased carp production from 20.8 to 22.9 kilograms per 2,000 m? of water area. Walter (1925) on the basis of experiments extending over a period of eight years states that with various phos- phate fertilizers the fish production was increased by from 200 to 300 per cent. The same writer (Walter, 1927) reports that in 1926 the increase in fish production resulting from the use of fertilizers amounted to 61 kilograms per hectare in one instance. The idea that fertilizing fishponds is an economically sound practice seems to be fairly generally accepted among fish-culturists in Europe. While European fish-culturists agree that the addition of ferti- lizers has a beneficial effect on fish production, there exists among them considerable difference of opinion as to what elements should be supplied through the fertilizer. Their experimental work has centered chiefly around the three elements—potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen. When all three elements are present in the fertilizer, the fertilization is spoken of as complete; when only one or two ele- ments are added, it is called partial fertilization. The partial ferti- lization with potassium alone seems to have very little effect on pro- duction. This conclusion is almost unanimous. Partial fertilization with phosphorus, however, has produced large increases in produc- tion. This is shown by Kuhnert (1909), Czensny (1919), and espe- cially by Fisher (1924) and Walter (1925). Czensny (1919) obtained interesting results when fertilizing with phosphorus and potassium; namely, the fish production was much less when both potassium and phosphorus were used than when the latter was used alone. Czensny 182 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES ascribes this to the fact that the concentration of potassium had ex- ceeded the upper limit that plants can stand. Most experiments gave better results with complete fertilization—that is, when all three elements, potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen were added—than with any partial fertilization. Fisher (1924), however, maintains that nothing can be gained from the addition of either nitrogen or potassium, and that phosphorus alone should be added. Walter (1925) claims that in old ponds phosphorus alone is the most suitable fertilizer. There can be no question but that the fertilizer require- ments will differ in different localities, depending in large measure on the chemical nature of the pond soil and of the water. In the work at Fairport, several fertilizer mixtures have been tried. In 1926 a 3 to 1 mixture of sheep manure and bone meal was used. The results obtained were not at all encouraging. One reason for this may be that the phosphorus in the bone meal is very insoluble. FIGURE 3.—Partial view of the D series of ponds at the Fairport station Beginning with 1927, superphosphate has beem used in place of the bone meal. A 3 to 1 mixture of sheep manure and superphosphate gave very good results during 1927 and 1928. In 1929 the propor- tions of sheep manure and superphosphate were varied in the direc- tion of more phosphate. It is our opinion, at present, that a 1 to 1 mixture of sheep manure and superphosphate is preferable to a 3 to 1 mixture. In 1928 and 1929 soybean meal was tried as a pond fertilizer in a few ponds. ‘That this material has possibilities is shown by the results obtained in E 3 during 1929. This pond with an area of 0.128 acre produced 1,457 bass fingerlings, averaging 214 inches (6.21 centimeters) in length, and 15 selects averaging 51% inches (13.9 centi- meters). The pond was fertilized with soybean meal. That soybean meal may be expected to increase fish production is also evidenced by a series of experiments carried on in the C pond during 1928, which were planned to determine the effect of different fertilizers on plank- BLACK BASS CULTURE 183 ton production. The effect is here indicated by the average number of crustacea, exclusive of nauplii, based on from 68 to 70 samples taken from each of these ponds. C 1 was fertilized with super- phosphate, and the average number of crustacea per liter was 484.41; C 2 was fertilized with soybean meal, and the average number of crustacea per liter was 1,812.21; C 3 fertilized with shrimp bran pro- duced on the average 621.4 crustacea per liter; for C 4, the control pond, the average number of crustacea per liter was 265.72; in C 6, fertilized with sheep manure the average number of crustacea was 660.4. These results show that each one of these fertilizers exerted a beneficial effect, but that the effect was most pronounced in case of the soybean meal. When using fertilizers the question arises as to whether it is pref- erable to apply all of the fertilizer at one time or to make smaller applications at relatively short intervals. The latter procedure is probably the more economical. Most ponds have a considerable amount of seepage and if the whole amount of fertilizer is put in at one time there is necessarily some loss of nutrient material. Further- more, a large dose of fertilizer may produce such a high concentra- tion of some plant nutrient as to be harmful rather than beneficial. Still another objection is the possibility that the presence of large quantities of nitrogenous materials may encourage the activities of denitrifying bacteria and thus cause a loss of valuable nutrients. Finally, if a heavy application of organic fertilizer is made in warm weather, it may so deplete the supply of dissolved oxygen as to endanger the fish life in the pond. For these reasons we have adopted the method of applying fertilizers in small quantities at short inter- vals rather than resort to infrequent applications of large amounts. In applying fertilizers the different constituents are weighed and then mixed in the proper proportions. Small amounts of the mixture are distributed over the shallow areas along the margin of the ponds during the spring and early summer at intervals of about 10 days to 2 weeks. The mixture may be applied dry, but if the wind is strong, it is better to moisten the fertilizer before attempting to scatter it over the water. The amount of fertilizer to be used will depend to a large extent on local conditions. If the pond soil is infertile, more fertilizer will be required than in ponds built in fertile soil. In our work with the 3 to 1 mixture of sheep manure and superphosphate, we have found that 550 pounds per acre for the entire season gave very satisfactory results. During one season we used from 670 to 742 pounds per acre. The results, however, were no better than when 550 pounds per acre were used. In the small ponds as much as 936 pounds per acre were used. In one of these ponds 56 per cent of the bass put in as fry in June were removed as fingerlings in October. This is the highest percentage of survival that we have had at the Fairport station. Very good results have been obtained in the small- mouth black bass pond, when 472 pounds of a 3 to 2 mixture of sheep manure and superphosphate were used. It is possible, however, that the results would have been even better if more fertilizer had been used. 117574°—30——2 184 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Soybean meal has given good results when used at the rate of 575 to 700 pounds per acre during the season. Our maximum production of black bass fingerlings was obtained in a pond fertilized with soybean meal at the rate of 700 pounds per acre. In view of these results it is probable that in most cases from 500 to 1,000 pounds of fertilizer per acre of pond surface will be sufficient. However, if a pond is notably deficient in vegetation or if there is an exceptional amount of seepage, it will doubtless be necessary to use a ee larger amount of fertilizer if the best results are to be obtained. FORAGE FISH The utilization of forage fish in pond culture is a comparatively recent development. Although it is well known that bass and other game fishes subsist largely upon fish in nature most pond culturists have hesitated to adopt this method of providing food for the bass in their ponds. There is a more or less general belief that such a course would only serve to increase cannibalism which is always an important factor when bass are to be reared to any considerable size. It is obvious that if we are to obtain the maximum production of bass or other game fishes, we must increase the supply of food as much as practicable. Practically all young pondfish at first feed on the plankton crustacea and similar organisms. Many species continue to feed on these organisms and insects throughout their lives but the carnivorous fishes soon begin to prey on their weaker brethren and after a few weeks subsist chiefly on fish. It is true that bass and crappie can subsist largely on insects and crustacea during the first season but the bass, at least, prefer fish and will grow faster on a fish diet than on other foods. No practicable method has yet been developed of greatly increasing the insect life in our ponds, but, fortunately, this is not true of fish and many of the smaller species multiply prodigiously when given the proper conditions. This being the case, there is apparently no reason why we may not utilize such fish to build up a food supply for our game fishes. As a class, the minnows are preeminently nature’s forage fish, but in choosing forage fish for use with bass or other carnivorous pond- fishes it is well to bear in mind that not all minnows are equally valuable for this purpose. On the contrary there are certain funda- mental requirements which must be met if a fish is to prove satis- factory for forage purposes. Possibly the most important of these is the avoidance of direct competition with game fishes for food. Since all young fish apparently feed at first on animal plankton it is impossible to find a forage fish which will not compete with the young of carnivorous fishes to some extent, but it is important to avoid species which will require the same food as the game fishes for any length of time. This, of course, rules out all predacious fishes no matter what other desirable characters they may possess. If otherwise satisfactory, the most desirable species are undoubtedly those which feed principally upon vegetable material. They utilize a food supply which is not directly available to game fishes and, if readily eaten by them, form a convenient means of converting alge and vegetable débris into edible fish. BLACK BASS CULTURE 185 Another desirable feature in a forage fish is a late and protracted spawning season. If a fish spawns earlier than bass or other game fishes, the young are frequently too large to be devoured by the fingerlings, at least until late in the season. The ideal fish in this respect is one which does not spawn until after the game fishes, and which produces a number of broods through the season. There will then be a supply of young fish throughout the summer of the proper size to be readily eaten by the growing fingerlings. Furthermore, a good forage fish should be hardy, prolific, and readily adaptable to pond conditions. It should also have a wide geographical range, since such species are usually more tolerant of varied conditions than those which have a limited distribution. Barney and Anson (1922) have advocated the use of the orange- spotted sunfish, Lepomis hwmilis, as a forage fish in bass ponds. While this species undoubtedly possesses desirable features for a forage fish, its feeding habits are such as to make it of questionable value for this purpose. According to Barney and Anson this sun- fish feeds principally upon small crustacea and insects and practically never eats any vegetable food. Furthermore, it may on occasion prey on small fish which, of course, is a very objectionable feature since there is danger that it might attack the young bass. The common goldfish has also been used to some extent as a forage fish but in our experiments has not produced satisfactory results. When forage fish are to be propagated in separate ponds and then fed to large fingerlings or to brood fish the goldfish should prove very Bee rictors. It is more easily handled than most minnows, is very productive, and is an omnivorous feeder, all of which are desirable features in a fish that is to be used in this way. But as a forage fish for stocking spawning and rearing ponds the goldfish is not recommended. We have not determined definitely the reasons for the poor results with this species under such conditions, but the production of bass in ponds stocked with goldfish has not been equal to that obtained with other forage fish. The early spawning season is an objectionable feature and it is also possible that goldfish may eat bass eggs and fry but we have no conclusive evidence that this is the case. In our experimental work we have relied chiefly on the blackhead or fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, and the golden shiner or roach, Votemigonus crysoleucas, for forage fish with uniformly good results. The selection of these two species for use in our pond ex- periments was largely owing to the fact that they happen to be the only two minnows possessing the required characteristics which are locally abundant. The blackhead minnow is a small species with a wide geographical distribution, but is abundant only in certain localities. It is very adaptable to pond culture and will thrive in almost any type of pond if given a fair chance. It is a bottom feeder and is usually con- sidered as belonging to the mud-eating group of minnows. Accord- ing to Coyle (1930), the blackhead feeds largely on alge, the animal food being proportionately less abundant than that derived from plants. It apparently feeds quite indiscriminately on a large num- ber of algee, and the writer concludes that “ The algal species found in the alimentary canal of the fathead depend upon the habitat in 186 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES which the fish is taken; yet the number and size of the gill rakers of the fish determine to a great extent what forms are retained in the alimentary canal.” The blackhead has a long breeding season, spawning fish having been observed at Fairport from the middle of May to early August (Lord, 1927). The eggs are laid in masses on the underside of - stones, boards, or other objects, and are closely guarded by the male. The young grow rapidly and mature in one year. This minnow is capable of producing a large number of fish in a limited area, as shown by the production in a small pond in 1928. Pond F 3, with an area of 0.073 acre, was stocked on May 9 with 295 adult black- heads. The pond was drained October 11 and produced 15,691 blackheads having a total weight of 26 pounds. This was at the rate of approximately 215,000 fish or 356 pounds per acre. No food other than fertilizer was added to the pond during the summer. It is evident that a minow with such possibilities should make a good forage fish, but in our experiments with bass it has proved inferior to the golden shiner. This is probably due chiefly to the small size of the blackhead. Such small, soft fish fall an easy prey to the bass, and even the adults are devoured by the larger fingerlings before the summer is over. The result is that, even though the ponds may be heavily stocked with brood minnows in the spring, the black- heads are practically cleaned out before the ponds are drained in the fall, and the bass, deprived of their favorite food, begin to prey upon each other. There is some evidence that the blackhead may be a desirable forage fish for use with crappie, but we have not yet had an opportunity to try this combination on a sufficiently large scale to warrant definite conclusions. Since the blackhead is so prolific and feeds to such a large extent on plant material it will no doubt prove to be a valuable fish for growing in ponds by itself. As previously mentioned, the blackhead will thrive in almost any kind of a pond that is rich in vegetation, no matter how small it may be. Every pond station should have several ponds devoted solely to the propagation of forage minnows. Unless this is done there is always danger of losing one’s stock of forage fish, since it not infrequently happens that practically every minnow in the bass ponds is devoured before fall. Furthermore, it is essential to have a supply of forage fish on hand for feeding to the brood stock. An occasional meal of minnows will keep these fish in much better condition than if they are fed only artificial food. As stated above, the golden shiner has proved to be the best forage fish for bass of any that we have tried. It is superior in several respects to other fish which have been used for this purpose, and it is doubtful if there is any other species which combines in an equal degree the desirable qualities of an all-around forage fish. The golden shiner has a very wide geographical distribution and is abundant in suitable localities throughout its range. It is by nature a fish of quiet and stagnant waters and consequently is per- fectly at home in the ordinary fishpond. The young feed chiefly on microscopic crustacea and plankton alge. As they grow older vegetable material, consisting chiefly of algs, forms a larger per- centage of their food, although even adults may feed on crustacea and insects to a considerable extent. BLACK BASS CULTURE 187 Like the blackhead minnow the golden shiner has a long breed- ing season, beginning at Fairport in May and continuing until mid- summer, and possibly later. The eggs are adhesive and are said to be laid singly on plants but aside from this fact very little is known regarding the spawning habits of the shiner. The only eggs found at Fairport were attached singly to the filaments of mat alge. Experiments have shown that the fish spawn when 1 year old, but naturally the older fish lay a larger number of eggs than the yearlings. The productivity of the golden shiner is illustrated by an experi- ment in pond A 11 which has an area of 0.071 acre. This pond was stocked with 36 adult shiners May 20, 1927. During the fol- lowing summer 15,104 fish of various sizes were removed from the pond. The pond was drained on October 17 and 26 adults, 602 large fingerlings, and 2,000 small fingerlings removed. This is a total of 17,706 young shiners, which is at the rate of approximately 250,000 per acre. The following year pond F 2 (area 0.073 acre) was stocked with 34 shiners on May 4. The pond was drained October 13 and yielded 2,339 fingerling shiners and 31 adults. The fingerling production was at the rate of approximately 32,000 per acre. With regard to numbers this is a small yield compared to the previous experiment, but the fish averaged much larger and the actual production of fish flesh was at the rate of approximately 300 pounds to the acre. LARGEMOUTH BLACK BASS The natural habits of the largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides) are such as to make it an ideal pondfish. It is especially well suited to localities where the water is too warm and muddy to provide a suitable environment for smallmouth bass and other game fish that require clearer and cooler water. In addition to its adapta- bility to warm and sluggish waters, it has other very desirable qual- ities which have made this fish very popular. For an account of the life history, habits, and distribution of the black basses the reader is referred to the papers of Reighard (1904), Forbes and Richard- son (1908), and Adams and Hankinson (1928). The work at Fairport has differed from most bass cultural work in several very important details: (1) It has aimed at the rearing of bass to fingerling sizes rather than their distribution as fry. The practice of planting bass as fry in streams and lakes where preda- cious fish are present is of doubtful value, to say the least. (2) Nursery ponds have been employed; that is, ponds to which fry are transferred from the brood ponds and where they are reared away from the adults. (3) An attempt has been made to increase bass production by increasing the natural food supply through the use of fertilizers and of forage minnows. (4) We have adopted the policy of rearing our own brood fish. The results of this work have shown conclusively that it is practi- cable to rear bass to fingerling size in small hatchery ponds at a reasonable cost. In 1928 the Fairport ponds produced a total of 46,392 largemouth fingerlings. ‘The combined area of the ponds devoted to this species 188 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES was 7.25 acres. This gives an average production of 6,397 fingerlings per acre. That with the proper care good results may be expected each year is shown by the production in pond D 7 from 1927 to 1929. During this period this pond was used as a nursery pond for the largemouth bass. It was fertilized and stocked with minnows to supply forage for the bass. The average annual production for the 3 years was 8,527 three-inch fingerlings per acre. BROOD STOCK When the present investigation was begun, it was the common practice at Fairport, as at other stations, to depend on wild fish for brood stock. These fish were taken from the Mississippi River from time to time as required. This practice has been given up, Ficurp 4.—Seining fingerling bass from the ponds at Fairport and all the fish needed to replenish the brood stocks are now being reared in the station ponds. Each year there are a number of excep- tionally large fingerlings ranging from 5 to 8 inches in length. These fish are reared to maturity and kept for breeding purposes. That it is possible to rear brood stock is shown by the fact that at present most of the brood fish used in experimental work have been reared in the station ponds. A number of 2 and 3 year old fish have also been shipped to other localities. The only fish that have not been reared at the station is a lot of 24 adults which were originally wild fish and were at the station when these investigations were first started. The age of these fish is not known, but they have improved each year and last season produced an average of over 6,500 fry to each female. As a result of rearing our own brood fish, we know definitely the age of each fish and may also practice some selection so that only superior fish are retained for breeding purposes. Another advantage is that it is possible to determine definitely the age at which the bass BLACK BASS CULTURE 189 spawn for the first time, and how long they continue to spawn. As a result of this phase of the work, it has been learned, for instance, that the largemouth bass may spawn at Fairport when 1 year old. This is shown by the results for F 3 in 1927. This pond was stocked in the spring with 27 select yearling bass. Twelve of these were under 6 inches in length. When the pond was drained the following fall, 67 four-inch fingerling bass were found, in addition to the year- lings with which the pond was stocked. It is evident that at least one pair of these bass matured and spawned at the beginning of the _ second year. That 2-year-old bass may be expected to spawn is shown by the results for F 3 in 1929. This pond was stocked with 15 two-year-old bass (5 males, 10 females), and produced 12,219 fry. This is an average production of over 1,200 fry per female. These 15 adults when put in the pond weighed only 3 pounds and 1 ounce, or slightly over 3 ounces each. Their small size was due to underfeeding during the previous year. Three-year-old fish have also spawned with a fair degree of success. Age, however, is only one factor in brood fish. Size and weight are probably equally if not more important. We feel that in the past sufficient attention has not been paid to the food of our young brood fish, and consequently, they have not grown as rapidly as they should. Some of the poor results with spawners at Fairport as well as at other stations have probably been due to the fact that the fish had not been fed properly during the previous season. With reference to the important problem of the number of brood fish which can be expected to produce the best results, our informa- tion is still very incomplete. Owing to the small number of ponds at our disposal it will be some time before this question can be set- tled definitely, but nevertheless some of our results have a bearing on this question. In 1929 pond D 5 was stocked with 17 females and 7 males (these are the wild fish referred to above). This stocking was at the rate of 24 fish per acre and the ratio of males to females was 1 to 2.4. A. total of 101,650 fry were removed in June and in the fall the pond produced 3,808 bass fingerlings averaging 2.9 inches in length. In addition there were 15 “selects” averaging 4.5 inches long. The adults were not weighed in the spring, but in the fall when the pond was drained they averaged 1.84 pounds each. Taking into account the probable percentage of survival, it seems a conservative estimate that a 2-pound female should produce from 6,000 to 7,000 fry. A similar figure for the number of fry per female is obtained when we base our calculations on the results obtained from the same fish in 1928. These figures are significant, since they show that good results can be obtained when males and females are used in the ratio of 1 to 2.4. This not only makes possible a considerable reduction in the number of brood fish that have to be carried, but it also reduces the number of nests in a pond very materially and also the amount of fighting over females on the part of the males. In most of our spawning ponds, during the last three years, we have used 2 males to 3 females. Apparently 1 male to 2 females would give equally good results. 190 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The use of only 25 adult bass per acre would be too low for a spawning pond since the number of fry would be much less than a pond of this size should produce. On the basis of our experience we would make the following tentative recommendations regarding the number of adults to be used in stocking hatchery ponds: 1. Spawning ponds that are operated primarily for the production of fry should be stocked with about 75 (50 females and 25 males) 2-pound fish or 110 (75 females and 35 males) 1-pound fish per acre. The adults in such heavily stocked ponds should be fed minnows at frequent intervals throughout the summer and fall. 2. Combination spawning and rearing ponds from which no fry are to be removed should be stocked with 15 (10 females and 5 males) 2-pound fish or 25 (17 females and 8 males) 1-pound fish per acre. Such a pond should be stocked with from 500 to 700 large shiners per acre. NURSERY PONDS The use of nursery or rearing ponds in the propagation of bass is believed to be advisable since the fry can be utilized to better ad- vantage than by other methods. Where the young bass are reared in the same ponds with the adults there is bound to be some competi- tion for food which may result in cannibalism. The whole tendency in holding young and adults together throughout the summer is to reduce the production of fingerlings. Some pond culturists remove the adults to holding ponds after the spawning season, but we believe it is preferable to remove the fry to nursery ponds and allow the adults to remain where they spawned. The latter method provides complete control over the number of fry allowed in the ponds so that they can be stocked at any desired intensity. Furthermore, it is possible to stock the ponds with young fish of the same age and size which, obviously, will tend to reduce losses from cannibalism. An additional argument for the use of separate rearing ponds can be found in the fact that knowing how intensely a pond is stocked it is possible in many instances to predict quite accurately the number of fingerlings which will be left in the fall. The use of nursery ponds seems justified by the results obtained in pond D 7 from 1927 to 1929. During this period the pond was uti- lized as a nursery pond and the average production for the three seasons was at the rate of 8,527 fingerling bass per acre. Pond D 4, which is but slightly smaller than D 7, was used as a combined rear- ing and spawning pond and during the same period produced an average of 5,475 fingerlings per acre. In 1926 when both adults and fingerlings were held in D 7 through the summer the production was only 3,779 fingerlings per acre. At Fairport bass fry are transferred to nursery ponds early in June when they reach a length of about one-half to three-fourths of an inch (15-20 millimeters). They are trapped in the spawning ponds by means of a Hesen fish trap (Hesen, 1929), and are then transferred to the nursery ponds. The number of fry is ascertained by counting several thousand and determining their weight. The bulk of the fry are then weighed and the number calculated. This method is undoubtedly subject to a certain amount of error, but it is the best practical method we have at present. BLACK BASS CULTURE 191 The optimum number of fry per acre for stocking nursery ponds remains to be determined. This number will, of course, depend on the abundance of food and the size which it is desired to have the fingerling reach in one season. Another very important consideration is the relative cost of production of fry and fingerlings. This cost must determine whether we should aim at a high percentage of survival or at a large number of fingerlings per acre. For instance, the cost of production should determine whether it is better to stock with 10,000 fry to the acre and have 60 per cent survival with 6,000 fingerlings, or to stock with 20,000 fry and get 8,000 fingerlings per acre with a survival rate of 40 per cent. On the basis of our experience we believe that 8,000 fingerlings at the lower rate of survival would be the more economical practice. The following experiments may be of interest in this connection: In 1926 two small ponds, F 2 and F 3, were stocked with bass 1.5 inches in length at the rate of 1,500 to the acre. These bass made FIGURE 5.—Removinhg fingerling bass from the ponds at Fairport a very good growth, but in spite of the fact that they were well ad- vanced before they were placed in the pond, only 67.5 per cent sur- vived in the fall. The fingerling production amounted to 1,024 per acre. The percentage of survival is high as compared with the rest of our results but the production per acre is very low. In the same year some ponds were stocked with small fry at the rate of 26,000 and 36,000 to the acre. The fingerling production amounted to 4,610 and 6,253 per acre, respectively. The percentage of survival in the last two cases was only 17 per cent. In view of our later experiments we do not favor either of these extremes. Our results for D 7 show that from 20,000 to 25,000 fry per acre—if not the optimum number—produce good results. In 1927 this pond was stocked at the rate of 25,000 to the acre; the rate of survival was 33.7 per cent, the fingerling production being 8,018 per acre. In 1928 the same pond was stocked with 22,000 fry to the acre; the rate of survival was 45.8 per cent, and the fingerling production reached 9,963 per acre. In 1929 the pond was again stocked at the rate of 25,000 fry to 192 - U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES the acre. This time the rate of survival was only 29.6 per cent and the fingerling production was lowered to 7,581 per acre. This reduced yield is probably attributable to an invasion of crayfish. When this pond was drained in the fall the bottom was literally covered with these crustaceans and over 500 pounds were collected and removed. Crayfish not only compete with the bass for food, but they may also prey on them, to some extent at least. In former years very few crayfish were found in this pond. The following comparison of results obtained in 1928 at Fairport and the bureau’s station at Tupelo, Miss., may be of interest. At Fairport a 3-acre pond was stocked with bass fry at the rate of 20,000 per acre. The fingerling production amounted to 6,487 per acre, the percentage of survival being 33.4 per cent. At the Tupelo station a 3-acre pond was stocked at the rate of 7,666 fry per acre (Leach, 1930, p. 806). This pond produced fingerlings at the rate of 2,510 per acre with a percentage of survival of 30.6 per cent. The difference in the rate of survival is insignificant, but the fact that a 3-acre pond in one case produced 19,462 fingerlings for distribution and in the other only 7,530 deserves some consideration. In the work at Fairport the number of fry in nursery ponds has varied from 11,000 to 36,000 per acre.? Our highest percentage of survival, 55.6 per cent, was obtained in a pond stocked at the rate of 14,000 fry per acre. A survival rate as low as 17.6 per cent has been obtained when stocking at 11,000 per acre. The maximum fingerling production of 11,500 per acre with 46 per cent survival was obtained in a pond stocked with 25,000 fry per acre. Considering the slight expense involved in the production of fry and the much greater cost of producing fingerlings, we feel that 20,000 to 25,000 fry per acre is probably near the optimum stocking intensity. In recommending this number we have in mind the pro- duction of the maximum number of fingerlings per acre without artificial feeding. It is our opinion, based on four years careful observation, that the average rate of survival can not be expected to go much above 40 per cent. In some years it may even fall con- siderably below this figure. It seems that a certain number of fish disappear between the fry and fingerling stages regardless of the stocking intensity, although naturally the losses are greater when large numbers of fry are used. We have at present under considera- tion some experiments to determine the time and cause of this heavy mortality. FORAGE FOR YOUNG BASS It is generally agreed that the young of black bass at first subsist principally upon entomostraca and a little later, when about an inch long, begin to feed upon the smaller aquatic insects. As they in- crease in size larger insects appear in the food, and shortly thereafter the young bass begin to prey upon small fish. (Forbes, 1880; Pearse, 1918 and 1921; Turner and Kraatz, 1920; Wickliff, 1920.) After the fingerlings reach a length of about 2 inches they appear to subsist largely upon fish, when these are available. This being the case, if 2This is exclusive of the data for F 2 and F 3 for 1926. As these ponds were really stocked with fingerlings the results are not directly comparable. BLACK BASS CULTURE 193 we can provide the bass fry and small fingerlings with entomostraca and insects for a short time and follow these with a continuous supply of small fish, they should make an uninterrupted growth throughout the summer. The entomostraca feed largely upon algz and small fragments of vegetable material, consequently plant growth in the ponds should be stimulated early in the season so as to have sufficient food for the young bass when they appear on the scene. If there is no circulation through the ponds the water will warm up rapidly under the in- fluence of the sun’s rays and will soon be swarming with daphnids and other crustacea. Unless the ponds are very heavily stocked with fry they should, if properly fertilized, produce sufficient entomostraca to supply the needs of the young bass until they are able to eat larger organisms. However, if more than 25,000 to 30,000 fry to the acre are to be held in a pond for any length of time, it is advisable to add additional crustacea at frequent intervals. ‘These can be reared in small pools devoted solely to this purpose. So far we have no practicable method of materially increasing the supply of aquatic insects, but ordinarily these organisms are sufli- ciently abundant to tide the young bass over the transition stage until they can subsist chiefly on forage fish, with which the ponds should be heavily stocked. As previously mentioned, three species of fish have been used for forage purposes during the present investigation. Probably the goldfish has been more frequently used as a forage fish for bass than any other species, but in our experiments it has not given satisfactory results. This species is unsuitable for use in nursery ponds, since it spawns before the bass and by the time the young bass begin to feed upon fish many of the goldfish are too large to be eaten. The ad- visability of introducing goldfish in spawning ponds is also open to question, since they are liable to interfere with the bass nests. Gold- fish are, however, very prolific and easily propagated, and since they are eagerly eaten by bass that are large enough to do so they make an ideal fish for feeding to yearlings and also to brood stock during the fall and winter. For this purpose they should be reared in separate ponds and fed to the bass as required. The blackhead or fathead minnow has also been found unsatis- factory for use in bass ponds, although this species, like the goldfish, may prove to be very desirable for propagating in separate forage ponds. Where fish are to be reared in separate ponds for supple- menting the supply of forage fish in spawning and nursery ponds the blackhead is especially recommended. Yor stocking spawning and nursery ponds there is probably no forage fish which is superior to the golden shiner. This species has none of the defects of the goldfish and the adults are large enough to escape from even the most precocious bass fingerlings, at least until near the close of the season. Some fish-culturists have accused the shiner of feeding on bass eggs and while we have no definite informa- tion to disprove their assertions the results obtained in our spawning ponds clearly indicate that this must happen very rarely, if at all. The shiner is not primarily a bottom feeder, nor is it likely that ‘it would seek the proximity of a bass nest that is being guarded by an adult male. 194 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES That the golden shiner is superior to the blackhead as a forage fish in bass ponds is shown by some results obtained in 1928. Pond E 1 was stocked with blackheads for forage and E 4 with shiners. Neither of these ponds was fertilized. The weight in bass produced in E 4 exceeded that in E 1 by 134 per cent. In two fertilized ponds the bass production in the pond stocked with shiners exceeded that in the pond stocked with blackheads by 78 per cent. These results, of course, can not be taken as final, but they strongly indicate that shiners are much superior to blackheads for use with bass. The number of shiners per acre of pond area has varied consid- erably during this investigation.. At first relatively small numbers were used, but this number has been increased from year to year, so that during the season of 1929 from 600 to 800 shiners per acre were used. Even then the ponds were not overstocked as shown by the small number of shiners recovered when the ponds were drained. E 8, a nursery pond, was stocked in 1929 at the rate of 600 adult shiners to the acre. These shiners spawned very heavily 5, fry could be seen everywhere in the pond for some time after May 21. Nevertheless when the pond was drained on September 17 no small shiners were found. Incidentally this pond produced bass finger- lings at the rate of 11,500 per acre. In 1928 D 7, a nursery pond, was stocked with 434 adult shiners per acre. No small shiners were taken when the pond was drained on September 28. In 1929 the same pond was stocked at the rate of 800 adult (75 per cent medium and 25 per cent large) shiners per acre. Still no small shiners were left in the fall. D 5, a spawning pond, was stocked with 600 large adult golden shiners. Here likewise no shiner fingerlings were found when the pond was drained. The fact that no small shiners were left by fall shows that these ponds were not overstocked. About 500 to 800 adult shiners, depending on the size, should furnish enough forage in a nursery pond. It would not seem advisable to stock too heavily as the competition for food between the shiner and the bass fry may become severe. The same number of adults (but large fish) should give satisfactory results in a combination spawning and rearing pond. A straight spawning pond that is stocked heavily with brood fish can not be expected to produce enough food to sup- port the bass. Minnows should be reared in separate ponds and then fed to the bass at frequent intervals. For this purpose either goldfish or the golden shiner may be used. When blackhead minnows are used for forage in bass nursery ponds from 1,000 to 1,500 adults to the acre will be required to give satisfactory results. USE OF FERTILIZERS IN BASS PONDS Fertilizers appear to exert a beneficial effect on the productivity of nursery ponds. Wherever our results have been directly compar- able in fertilized and in unfertilized ponds there has been an increase in production as a result of fertilization. The most striking differ- ence in this respect was obtained in 1927. During that season E 1 and E 2 were treated alike except that E 2 was fertilized and E 1 was not. The fish produced in E 2 weighed 3.4 times as much as the fish produced in E 1. Another set of two ponds, E 3 and‘E 4, BLACK BASS CULTURE 195 were likewise treated in identically the same manner except that E 3 was fertilized and EK 4 was not. The weight of the fish reared in E 3 was 2.3 times that of those in E 4. In 1928 the differences were not as pronounced, the increase from fertilization ranging from 30 to 70 per cent. The beneficial effect of fertilization is also brought out by a comparison of the results from D 7 and D 10 in 1928. It is quite generally believed by fish-culturists that a new pond is more productive than an old one, which is probably true. Pond D 10 was used for the first time in 1928 whereas D 7 has been in use for many years. Yet D7 produced 9,963 fingerlings per acre while the production in D 10 was only 6,487 per acre. No fertilizer was used in D 10, but D 7 received 595 pounds of a 3 to 1 mixture of sheep manure and superphosphate. The fingerling production in D 7 exceeded that in D 10 by 3,746 or 58.5 per cent per acre. ‘The aver- age length and weight of the fingerlings from D 10 was 7.02 centi- meters and 5.1 grams, respectively; of those from D 7, 6.31 centi- meters and 4.5 grams. The quality of the D 10 fingerlings was, therefore, slightly better than that of the D 7 fingerlings. Never- theless, the total weight of the fingerlings produced per acre in D 7 exceeded that in D 10 by 35.3 per cent. GROWTH OF LARGEMOUTH BASS During the present investigations some attention has been given to the growth rate of bass. In all cases the bass fry were measured when placed in nursery ponds and the fingerlings measured when the ponds were drained in the fall. In some instances samples of bass were taken at intervals throughout the summer and measured to determine growth rate at different times during the season. It is not intended to give all of our data at this time as this phase of the work is to be continued. It seems desirable, however, to give sufficient data to show the size bass fingerlings may attain during the short growing season at Fairport. The earliest date on which bass fry have been observed is May 21. The ponds are, as a rule, drained during the last week of September and the first week of October. In 1927 the bass fry when introduced into the nursery pond, D 7, on June 13 averaged 18.3 millimeters in length and 0.08 gram in weight. When the pond was drained, October 1-11, the bulk of the fingerlings (8,434) averaged 2.9 inches (7.3 centimeters) in length and had an average weight of 5.7 grams. In addition there were 188 fingerlings which were much larger than the others, the largest being 7 inches long. ‘These selects averaged 5.78 inches (14.34 centimeters) in length and had an average weight of 57.52 grams. In 1928 the fry placed in D 7 on June 7 averaged 14.3 millimeters in length and 0.065 gram in weight. When the pond was drained on September 28 the bulk of the fingerlings (9,930) had an average length of 6.31 centimeters and an average weight of 4.5 grams. In addition there were 33 selects; 16 of these reaching a length of 7 to 8 inches, and one was 1134 inches long. In D 10 in 1928 the bulk of the fingerlings (19,421) reached an average length of 2.75 inches (7.02 centimeters) and an average weight of 5.1 grams; 41 selects averaged 6.21 inches (15.52 centimeters) and 4 of these were between 8 and 9 inches in length. In D 3 the bass fingerlings in 1928 aver- 196 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES aged 3.36 inches (8.4 centimeters) in length and attained an average weight of 9.61 grams by October 3. In "1929 a few fingerlings were raised under conditions that were somewhat superior to the average. These fingerlings (1,290) reached an average length of 4.28 inches (10.71 centimeters) and an average weight of 17.3 grams; 87 finger- lings in the same pond did slightly better and reached an average length of 5.5 inches (13.83 centimeters) and an average weight of 44.9 grams. ‘These data, though incomplete, gives some idea ‘of the rate of growth during the 4- month season at Fairport. This is also shown graphically by means of growth curves in Figure 6. The variations in the growth rate from time to time are probably due primarily to variations in the food supply. The sharp rise in 8 2) BE See BEE {eee es ~J wh GS ao) GRAMS OR CENTIMETERS ip) 7 £2 9 23 if 14 24 JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. Ficurp 6.—Growth curves of largemouth black bass fingerlings in 1928. The two lower curves represent weights in grams; the two upper, lengths in centimeters the weight curve for E 1 illustrates what happens when the food supply becomes exhausted and the large bass feed on the smaller. This condition is accompanied by a low ‘percentage of survival. SMALLMOUTH BLACK BASS Conditions in the ponds at Fairport are very different from those usually associated with the smallmouth bass (MJicropterus dolo- miew). The warm turbid water and bottoms covered with black mud are so unlike the natural environment of the smallmouth that it was at first thought inadvisable to attempt to propagate this species. However, in the fall of 1927 an opportunity arose to obtain a number of smallmouth bass from the Rock River (Ill.) and it was decided to stock one pond, even though it was doubtful if the venture would prove a success. Accordingly, 11 adults were obtained from the river and wintered in the station ponds without loss. In the follow- ing spring 9 more adults were obtained from the same source making a total of 20 fish which were placed in D 8 on May 1. This stocking BLACK BASS CULTURE 197 was at the rate of 31 fish to the acre. At the same time the pond was stocked with adult golden shiners at the rate of 400 to the acre. The pond was fertilized with a 3 to 1 mixture of sheep manure and superphosphate at the rate of 530 pounds per acre. The pond was drained, October 5, and a total of 4,393 fingerlings removed, the production being at the rate of 6,800 fingerlings per acre. The great majority of these fingerlings had an average length of slightly over 2 inches (5.385 centimeters), although a few fish had attained a much larger size. Only one adult was lost during the summer. The fact that no shiners were found when the pond was drained indicates that it was understocked with forage fish. The remaining 19 adult bass were wintered without loss and in the following spring (1929) were placed in D 3 which is somewhat larger than the pond used the previous season. This pond was stocked on April 22 and the fish were sexed as 9 males and 9 fe- males—the sex of one could not be determined from external ap- pearance. The stocking was at the rate of 22.4 fish per acre. For forage the pond was also stocked with 583 golden shiners (700 per acre). The pond was fertilized with a 2 to 1 mixture of sheep manure and superphosphate at the rate of 472 pounds per acre. When the pond was drained, September 24 to October 1, 18 adult bass and 6,010 fingerlings were removed. With the exception of 28 “selects” the fingerlings averaged 2.9 inches (7.25 centimeters) in length with an average weight of 19.5 grams. The fingerling production was at the rate of 7,092 per acre. In addition to the bass 730 large shiners were obtained when the pond was drained. The small number of these fish recovered clearly indicates that the pond was not overstocked with forage fish. The results for 1929 are much better than for 1928. The number of fingerlings per acre is not much greater but they were on the average almost 2 centimeters longer and weighed almost twice as much as in 1928. This improvement in production may be due, among other things, to the larger number of forage fish and the larger proportion of superphosphate in the fertilizer. No attempts have so far been made to rear smallmouth fingerlings in nursery ponds. THE CRAPPIES The rearing of crappie (Pomowis sparoides and P. annularius) has been a part of the pond cultural program at Fairport since 1925. During the first two years, the two species were reared together, but beginning with 1927 they have been reared separately. The best results with crappie were obtained in 1925, the year before the pres- ent investigations were inaugurated. During this year a small pond, B 16, was stocked with these two species at the rate of 67 adults per acre. The yield of fingerlings amounted to 13,000 per acre. ‘The experiment was repeated in the same pond during 1926. This time, however, the pond was stocked at the rate of 217 adults to the acre, and the fingerling production amounted to only 1,826 per acre. Obviously, this pond was greatly overstocked. Another pond, B 14, was stocked at the rate of 555 adults per acre in 1926. 198 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The fingerling production amounted to 467 per acre. It is quite clear from these results that heavy stocking with brood fish is uneconomi- cal. It not only means an additional expense for carrying a larger aumber of brood fish, but also results in a far smaller production of fingerlings. WHITE CRAPPIE The experiments referred to in the last paragraph fail to distin- guish between the two species of crappie; and, therefore, there is no means of determining whether each species is equally adaptable to pond culture. The experiments outlined in the following para- graphs show that both species have been reared in ponds with a fair degree of success. In 1927, the white crappie (Pomoxis annularius) was reared together with bluegill sunfish in D 1. The pond was stocked at the rate of 80 adult crappie and 233 bluegill per acre. The fingerling production was at the rate of 8,973 crappie and 44,899 bluegill per acre. Since the bluegill production runs much higher than this when they are reared by themselves, it appears that the crappie fed on the young bluegill and thus held them in check, ‘As far as the bluegill pr oduction is concerned, this means fewer but larger finger- lings. In 1928 another attempt was made to rear white crappie, this time using golden shiner as a forage fish. Pond D 9 was used for this exper ‘iment, and was stocked at the rate of 44 crappie and 400 golden shiners per acre. When the pond was drained in Octo- ber, ‘it yielded 6,795 fingerling crappie (8,720 per acre) and 13,788 fingerling shiners (20,130 per acre). The relatively large number of shiners that survived suggests that this minnow is not a suitable forage fish for the white crappie. We have some evidence indicat- ing that the blackhead minnow would be more suitable. BLACK CRAPPIE That the black crappie (P. sparoides) or calico bass can be propa- gated successfully in ponds is indicated by the results obtained in 1928. In the spring of that year D 2 was stocked with 14 adult black crappie (46 per acre), 30 adult bluegill (99 per acre), and 20 adult bullheads (66 per acre). This pond produced 3,726 finger- ling crappie (12,295 per acre), 2,177 fingerling bluegill (7,184 per acre), and 3,505 fingerling bullheads (11,016 per acre). The crappie production compared favorably with that for 1925, when the two species were raised together. Our great difficulty in propagating crappie is that the sexes can not readily be distinguished. In the case of the bass, immediatel y before the spawning season, one can tell with a fair degree of accuracy whether a given individual is a male or a female, but with erapple this is not possible. Another difficulty lies in the fact that the crappie is very sensitive to handling. This results in heavy losses of brood fish during the summer and necessitates a new stock practi- cally every year. These difficulties, we believe, explain some of the poor results that have been obtained with these species in pond cultural work. BLACK BASS CULTURE 199 BLUEGILL SUNFISH Everything considered, the bluegill (Lepomis incisor) is probably the most desirable of the sunfishes for pond culture. ‘Two or three other species have been propagated in the Southern States with considerable success but for the country at large there is probably no sunfish which possesses as many desirable qualities as the blue- gill. It is especially suited to small ponds since it is an omnivorous feeder and will succeed under conditions which would result in fail- ure with bass or crappie. Although much less attention has been paid to this species in the Fairport experiments than to bass, a few have been propagated each year with considerable success. For the most part they have been reared in ponds which are too small to be suitable for bass. The largest pond devoted to the propagation of bluegill alone is D 1 having an area of 0.224 of an acre. In the spring of 1926 this pond was stocked with 212 adults and 500 yearlings—a total of 712 fish which is at the rate of approximately 3,180 per acre. At this time it was not realized that the yearlings would spawn as was later found to be the case. In the following September, 25,624 No. 1 fingerlings * were removed from the pond which was at the rate of approximately 114,000 to the acre. Including the increase in weight of the yearlings and older fish the total production of fish flesh in this pond during the summer was 188 pounds per acre. This pond was not fertilized. During the same summer, pond F 1, with an area of 0.073 of an acre was stocked with 300 select yearling bluegills. This was at the rate of about 4,000 per acre. This pond was fertilized with 45 pounds of bone meal and sheep manure and produced 12,000 No. 1 fingerlings (about 144,000 per acre). The actual production of fisk flesh was at the rate of 272 pounds to the acre. This figure is, no doubt, more indicative of the possibilities in the production of blue- gills than are the results in D 1. In the following year (1927) D 6 (area 0.087 acre) was stocked with 125 select 2-year-old blugegills. This stocking was at the rate of 1,436 fish per acre. This pond was drained on October 19, the production of fingerlings being at the rate of approximately 200,000 per acre. While this is a satisfactory yield as far as numbers are concerned the fish were smaller than usual, and were evidently too numerous for the amount of food produced in the pond which was not fertilized. Since it was very evident that in previous years the bluegill ponds had been heavily overstocked with brood fish it was decided to make a radical reduction in the stocking intensity. Accordingly, on April 24, 1929, pond D 1 was stocked with 30 adults (130 per acre). For some unknown reason there was a high mortality among these fish, 22 dying within a few weeks. These were replaced by 17 inferior fish. Under the circumstances the number of fish which actually spawned in the pond is unknown but it must have been much less than in pre- vious years. Nevertheless, when the pond was drained on October 18, 66,792 fingerling bluegills were removed. This production was %See Report U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1907, Document 630, p. 7, for standard usage in the classification of young fish according to size. 200 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES at the rate of about 300,000 per acre but most of the fish were much smaller than in previous years. The pond was not fertilized but re- ceived a total of 12.5 pounds of a mixture composed of equal parts shrimp meal and white fish meal. This mixture was first cooked and then run through a meat grinder so as to get it into the form of long shreds, but at no time were the fish observed to eat it. The adjoining pond, D 2, was stocked with 50 adult bluegills (166 per acre) and 12 adult black crappie. This pond was drained on September 24 and produced 41,297 No. 1 bluegills (136,000 per acre) and 410 fingerling crappie. The small number of crappie was probably due to the fact that the brood fish were in very poor condition when placed in the pond in the spring. Like D 1 this pond was not fertilized but received a total of 20.7 pounds of the shrimp meal and whitefish meal mixture at intervals from April 25 to September 9. Neither the bluegills nor the crappie were seen to take any of the food. Although with respect to numbers the production in D 2 was less than one-half that in D 1 the fingerlings - the former pond averaged about twice the size of those in the atter. The production of fingerlings in D 2 shows clearly that crappie feed on young bluegills to a considerable extent since the stocking intensity with brood fish was about the same in both D 1 and D 2. This is in accord with some of our experiments with crappie, pre- viously described, where it was shown that the bluegill makes a sat- isfactory forage fish for this species. The bluegill is also being used successfully at several hatcheries as a forage fish for largemouth bass but our own results have failed to confirm the favorable reports received from other stations. Our experience with this combination has, however, been very limited and future experiments may yield quite different results. Pond D 3 (area 0.846 acre) was stocked with 50 adult bass and 75 adult blue- gills. No other forage fish were placed in the pond. All the bass fry hatched in the pond were allowed to remain through the summer along with the brood fish. The pond was drained October 12 and 1,587 fingerling bass and 23,873 fingerling bluegill were removed. Since the pond was heavily overstocked with bass it is possible that better results would have been obtained if some of the fry had been removed. On account of the favorable results obtained elsewhere, it is planned to conduct further experiments with bluegills in bass ponds. It is not believed, however, that the bluegill will prove as satis- factory a forage fish for bass as the golden shiner. The feeding habits of the bluegill bring it into more direct competition with the bass fingerlings and it is not impossible that the adults may feed on the eggs or small fingerlings. From the results of these experiments we may conclude that under favorable conditions a pond stocked with bluegills should produce from 150,000 to 200,000 No. 1 fingerlings per acre. There is still some uncertainty regarding the proper number of brood fish but it is very evident that a high stocking intensity does not result in greater production than when smaller numbers of fish are used. It seems probable that it would be advisable to use even smaller num- BLACK BASS CULTURE 201 bers of brood fish than we have yet tried in our experiments. Cog- geshall (1923) estimates that a single female may lay from 10,000 to 20,000 eggs. If this is true, only a few fish are required to pro- duce as many fry as can be supported by a l-acre pond. On the other hand the fry appear to suffer a heavy mortality soon after hatching and there is usually considerable loss among the adults early in the season. For these reasons considerably larger numbers of brood fish should be used than is indicated by their egg-laying capacity. SUMMARY 1. In the spring of 1926 a comprehensive series of investigations in pond culture was inaugurated by the Bureau of Fisheries at its biological station at Fairport, Iowa. The experimental work has been largely concerned with the largemouth black bass but some attention has also been paid to the smallmouth bass, black and white crappie, and bluegill sunfish. 2. The experiments described in this paper were conducted in dirt ponds supplied with water from the Mississippi River. Many of the ponds are quite small and only seven are over one-half acre in area. 3. Several fertilizers have been tried in the ponds with success, the yield of fish in the fertilized ponds having been much greater than that in the unfertilized ponds. The best results have been ob- tained with mixtures of superphosphate and dry sheep manure and with soybean meal. 4. Forage fish appear to afford the most practicable method of increasing the natural food supply of bass fingerlings in ponds. In practice, the nursery ponds are stocked with brood minnows in the spring. These fish spawn and thus provide a supply of small min- nows for the bass fingerlings throughout the season. 5. Everything considered, the golden shiner appears to be the best forage fish for use in bass ponds. The blackhead minnow and goldfish are valuable where minnows are to be raised in separate ponds for feeding to brood stock. 6. For the propagation of largemouth black bass a combination of spawning and nursery ponds has been found to give the best results. The spawning ponds are heavily stocked with brood fish, using about one male to two females. The fry are trapped when they rise from the nests and placed in nursery ponds which have been previously stocked with brood minnows. These ponds are fertilized at frequent intervals throughout the spring and early summer. 7. The highest production of bass so far obtained was at the rate of 11,550 three-inch fingerlings per acre. In several instances yields of 8,000 to 10,000 fingerlings per acre have been obtained. 8. Although conditions in the ponds at Fairport are quite different from those usually thought to be necessary for the propagation of smallmouth bass, very good results have been obtained with this species during the past two years. 9. Both black and white crappie have been propagated success- fully, the highest production obtained being at the rate of about 13,000 fingerlings per acre. 202 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 10. Although comparatively little attention has been paid to the propagation of bluegill sunfish, the results obtained indicate that under favorable conditions a pond stocked with this species should produce from 150,000 to 200,000 No. 1 fingerlings per acre. BIBLIOGRAPHY ADAMS, CHARLES C., and T. L. HANKINSON. 1927. The ecology and economics of Oneida Lake fish. Roosevelt Wild Life Annals, vol. 1, Nos. 3 and 4, 1927, pp. 289-548, figs. 175-244, 4 pls. 1 map. Syracuse, N. Y. Barney, R. L., and B. J. ANSON. 1923. Life history and ecology of the orange-spotted sunfish, Lepomis humilis. Appendix XV, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1922 (1923). Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 988, 16 pp., 7 figs. Washington, BEEMAN, H. W. 1924. Habits and propagation of the small-mouthed black bass. Trans- actions, American Fisheries Society, vol. 54, 1924 (1925), pp. 92— 107. Hartford, Conn. COGGESHALL, LOWELL T. 1924. A study of the productivity and breeding habits of the bluegill, Lepomis pallidus (Mitch.). Proceedings, Indiana Academy of Sciences, 39th meeting, vol. 33, 1928 (1924), pp. 315-320, 3 figs. Indianapolis. CoYLE, ELIZABETH WB. 1930. The algal food of Pimephales promelas. (Fathead minnow.) Ohio ‘Journal of Science, vol. 30, 19380, pp. 28—25. CZENSNY, RUDOLF. 1919. Besatz, Abfischung, Ertrag. Zeitschrift fiir Fischerei, Band XX, No. XV, 1919, pp. 565-601. Berlin. Davis, H. 8. 1928. Forage minnows and bass culture. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, vol. 58, 1928, pp. 92-97. Hartford, Conn. 1930. Investigations in pondfish culture at the Fairport Biological Station. Ibid., vol. 59, 1929 (19380). (In press.) DEMAL, R. 1920. Bericht tiber die Diingungsversuche in dem “ Hofer-Institut” in Wielenbach in Jahre 1919. Allgemeine Fischerei-Zeitung, Jahrg. 45, Nr. 13, 1920, pp. 151-156, 3 figs. Augsburg. Forses, 8. A. 1880. The food of fishes. Bulletin, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Vol. I, No. 38, November, 1880, pp. 18-65. Peoria, Il. 1880. On the food of young fishes. Jbid., pp. 66-79. Peoria, Ill. ForRBES, STEPHEN ALFRED, and ROBERT EARL RICHARDSON. 1908. The fishes of Illinois. Natural History Survey of Illinois, State Laboratory of Natural Science, vol. 3, exxxi+357 pp., 76 figs. Urbana, Ill. HAYFORD, CHARLES O. 1927. Artificial production of food for young bass. Transactions, Ameri- can Fisheries Society, vol. 57, 1927, pp. 148-144. Hartford, Conn. HESEN, H. O. 1930. A trap for the capture of bass fry. Transactions, American Fish- eries Society, vol. 59, 1929 (1980). (In press.) Horer, B. é 1915. Teichdiingungsversuche in Wielenbach im Jahre 1913-1914. Allge- meine Fischerei-Zeitung, Jahrg 40, Nrs. 16-22, 1915. Augsburg. JAMES, M. C. 1929. Propagation of pondfishes. Appendix II, Report, U. S. Commis- sioner of Fisheries for 1929 (1930). Bureau of Fisheries Docu- ment No. 1056, pp. 19-50, 16 figs. Washington. BLACK BASS CULTURE 203 IXUHNERT, R. 1909. Uber die Diingung von Teichen und deren Wirkung auf den Fisch- ereiertrag. Archiv fiir Hydrobiologie und Planktonkunde. Band IV, Heft 4, pp. 384-892, 1 pl. Stuttgart. 1910. Teichdtingungsversuche. Mittheilungen der Deutsch Landwirt- schafts-Gesellschaft, Nr. 10, March, 1910. LwacH, GLEN C. 1930. Propagation and distribution of food fishes, 1929, Appendix XII, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1929 (1930). Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1070, pp. 759-823. Washington. Lorp, RUSSELL F. 1927. Notes on the use of the blackhead minnow, Pimephales promelas, as a forage fish. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, vol. 57, 1927, pp. 92-96. Hartford, Conn. LYDELL, DWIGHT. 1908. The habits and culture of the black bass. Bulletin, U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XXII, 1902 (1904), pp. 39-44, 1 pl. Washington. 1911. Increasing and insuring the output and natural food supply of small- mouth black bass fry, and notes on combination of breeding and rearing ponds. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, vol. 40, 1910 (1911), pp. 183-137. Washington. 1926. Small-mouth black bass propagation. TJbid., vol. 56, 1926, pp. 438-46. Hartford, Conn. PEARSE, A. S. 1918. The food of the shore fishes of certain Wisconsin lakes. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXXV, 1915-1916 (1918), pp. 245-292. Washington. 1921. Distribution and food of the fishes of Green Lake, Wis., in summer. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXXVII, 1919-1920 (1922), pp. 253-272, 1 fig. Washington. REIGHARD, JACOB. 1905. The breeding habits, development, and propagation of the black bass. Bulletin, Michigan Fish Commission, No. 7, pp. 1-73, 11 figs. 2 pls. Published as appendix to Biennial Report, State Board of Fish Commissioners, 1903-1904 (1905). Lansing, Mich. TURNER, C, L., and W. C. KRaAATz. 1921. Food of the large-mouth bass in some Ohio waters. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, Vol. L, 1920 (1921), pp. 372-380. Washington. WALTER, EMIL. 1925. Teichwirte, diingt eure Teiche. Allgemeine Fischerei-Zeitung, Jahr. 50, Nr. 6, 1925, pp. 90-92. Augsburg. 1927. Diingungsversuche in den Teichen des Bayerischen Landesfischerei- vereins bei Bernried. Jbid., Jahrg. 52, pp. 114-115. Augsburg. Wickuirr, EH. L. 1921. Food of young small-mouth black bass in Lake Erie. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, Vol. L, 1920 (1921), pp. 364-871. Washington. Wisse, A. H. 1930. The effect of fertilizers on plankton production in fish ponds. Trans- actions, American Fisheries Society, vol. 59, 1929 (1930). (In press. ) WOHLGEMUTH, RICHARD. 1922. Das Stickstoffproblem bei der Teichdungung; Versuche in Wielen- bash, 1921. Allgemeine Fischerei-Zeitung, Jahrg. 47, 1922, Nr. 12, pp. 177-181, Nr. 138, pp. 194-197. Augsburg. O Fey's , shit Agarctir a ee Gaprert ays 4 : Pe ; wi th ena a ‘re & 4 , ’ ~~ : { } re ia BiGy #2 Set fi thy moles ' i } 1 ae Pe Pitvts AR ae Pa te iy ay J i iNage vinnie’ | i my To i i ee ae ia i AF dh ’ , Dp/ (pe Fre ype Pas eth a | Me . oe | ma ay ‘ ; Pt i att j . 4 a ai ‘ vkee : ree iG i : wre ae. Tis ei a LP oa ; v) \ we ¢ cf » . =" : . é x = Ss » , P : ‘ it; * f : ik a ee” | ad ple 4 ; ’ ta) Bist? | € P > “7 SCALP Ee Pe fii one ited a5 et i Lins LUA Es ae tf itp Diet ‘ f iinet) te = A aaa bets fiir’ { : —. 4 at redvasi - }. {4 et ‘ ‘ | (sl oe. hy s Cre "HOLS ‘ a 7 ga « - : jn x au ee Ui pe) fide il ‘mite "f j Aevifes ik t ma * ¢ ‘ vy ’ pie: i ' ess g ober vg Si¢ : y Pr r : uy Acai PAT hits Ne we ¥ hls ww") if} an cr AS ; = 7 " swoe . ; . dal j \-0 > Petraes eo bee ie ra “i eo Ot) re ; vi RD ACR : ite aga #4 ley AS vant q 4a Cat! ; rela - ’ 7. L oA r 4 4 ] Fr p é . é . : iy ‘ f x A, / Thi Acta th : ie » a ah bon oa -,, 1 +a 50 a en on Ae ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES IN 1929! By Warp T. Bower, Chief, Division of Alaska Fisheries CONTENTS Page | FisHERY INDUSTRIES—Continued. Page FRTRODUCTION IS ee oe ee et he __. 206 Salmon—Continued. Visit of the Commissioner of Fisheries to RACK inpyer 2a2 a2 et tae ae eee ee aos 292 EC Tri Nine Coe ey ee Re ee 207 Mesh) sailmion: eS SSS ee sae ee 294 FISHERY INDUSTRIES___-_-----------_-_____- 207 LOR EPSN OY a ee ee oc eee .. 204 Alaska fisheries legislation._.___.__________ 208 Dry-salting, drying, and smoking. -____- 295 New fishery regulations___.._._-._.._____- 208 PER yO UC LSet ene ee nee eee 295 Mounale Reserve.) -eteeese ts 250 lelovinbil ose enecocecke mace ree cme ace 296 Annette Island Fishery Reserve____-______ 250 Statistical summary-------.---.._- Sotee 299 Alaska fishery intelligence service________- 250 Esp ieee es ene sone sees 300 Stream improvement__________ fee Oe PCE 250 Statistical summary ------.--.-.--------- 301 Sireamiumanicinge ween ein ee 251 QGl os -225 se oss 2 cece Se 302 Rireamipuardss: see ower ee isnt Ss ReeeE 951 Htshistical sumimanyeee se). be er 2} 303 Wessel matroleece Sieh se dee eee ga 252 NAGS oc nseseces sees seseb eee ses 303 Merialcpatroles eee ete hee OR eee 254 Clams-___..------.------------------------ 304 Complaints and prosecutions______________ 254 SATU Rees eee ee oe ee Bee eC 304 Territorial fishery legislation______________ 256 (CHAVIS. oct aceccccesesese nase aedeeeecee 305 ‘Territorial license tax. 2-22-0222 257 DPTOUb 22522 Lo 2-22 =k E22 SERS =e = 305 Bristol Bay: districtias 2 2 Te 258 Miscellaneous fishery products_-__----.---- 305 General report of season’s operations_____ 2580 AMUR-SEATSUNDUSTE Viet = eee sss ee ae oe ee 305 Ba tro) ees ee eee Ses eS 258 iPribilofdslands: 1342254. 28-2 se 305 Runs and escapement of salmon____-__- 259 General adnvinistrative work 305 Destruction of predatory fishes________ 259 Purchase and transportation of supplies. 306 Inspection of Iliamna and Lake Clark Power schooner Hider -_.-.....-.-.-.----- 306 spawning areas in 1929_________________ 260 Power vessel Penguin __....._._--------- 307 kuskokwim River’: 2sif 2s a oe 262 (yo eee aS ee ee ee eee 308 Setk Qn ghyl Vere eee le 262 BinlGin pst ese eee ne Se ee ce 308 Weirs for counting salmon escapement_____ 263 By-products plantes: 5 - Chet epee eee e eS 309 pAUTATING Tee kee tee LE as ee 263 INS GIVES een we eee eee Se Ee 309 WIBPIGWOTOGK eee eee Mee a PETES 264 @EnSUS sae ae ree ER AT en el ee 309 ORV Ovid sees SEE OE EE eS Sede Sia 264 Medical services__----.------ SR ae 310 LANEY OC TOCK n> eens Sy eee 264 SCHOOLS me sae eee ee ee ee eee 310 Wiser Passavesice 2 ty ms) oe es 264 Attendance at Salem Indian School, Syl OAS} BSi fs) gee ee eek Se NL ny 264 @hemawa Orepe ck ae 310 Kear TK RIV eGn se sa toe RS STE 265 StOnes 3: a ee ee PA 8 ae FE 310 Allitake: Davies eet ete Lee Perec of). 266 Savinesaccounises 2st = ss ieee | 312 Chionik Riveles 2.2 —- st owen na So a 266 Payments for taking fur-seal skins_-_-- 312 Avakanik or Red River: 2 ie ite Se Sat 267 Payments for taking fox skins___--_-_- 313 ani koh ivers<-<- a 267 Wi SbalS Se ane Stee ee See 313 Reiilingr ay sen tee oa ee Oo TE 267 Quotas for killing and reserving ____-_- 313 HIND HRBN BS ave eee sees bel) os Po OPO Ee 268 Kan ps ie ac cate etek s See pe 8 315 (Qlaviavice; Optic ehe Seat ates PS ioe 268 EAE CIASSES epee nee ere ees See Ee, 316 Kalcin island streams. 23.772 -t 268 Reserving operations_______.________-_- 316 OrenOlRivence seca yk fe Fe ee 268 Computation of fur-seal herd _____._-_- 317 WIOTANOVOIND AVE oe eer oe ee ee 269 HOXeS SS ais eee es Pe 318 GERI PR IV ORS. pe tiene 23 ty ee aso es 269 Trapping season of 1929-30 318 WPushikeR Vers ess oo 269 Reindeer 318 Salmon tagging. _._.--._--.--_-- 269 Fur-seal skins 319 Salmon life-history studies 270 Shipments 319 Observations on the escapement ofsalmon. 270 ales... tees see eee CIRO RATS SY. 2 319 ETAL CHORICS Nests) sey ke el Lee OE Pa) 273 Disposition of fur-seal skins taken at Hxtentofoperationss.- | 4-2-5 eee 273 IPribilofslandseeesss = ae eee 330 PATORTINK ee Renee. we pam tere eter eT tet) 273 Shipment and sale of fox skins_____________ 331 NMeDonaldvlakes< o> 32) Tee eae le 274 Ses-otteriskins: .—- 145 is = sae Sta ee 332 Hugh Smith Lake (Quadra)__________- 274 Hur-séal! patrols: ares ee re ee ee 332 Eatehervarebatesssssem =. ee os elt): 274 United States Coast Guard_._______-_-_- 332 General statistics of the fisheries___________ 274 Breas ols hisherigcs ss eee eee 332 RIFOM Ese as tok est yee TS eee 277 Sealing privileges accorded aborigines_____- 333 Matchindsanparabtlsseo es ee ae 277 Japanese sealskins delivered to the United Wantinge see See Bees Pe ease ee Sees 79 States. 3222 St = See Seer 333 Changes in canneries___________ 279 Visit to Pribilof Islands by Russians-_-_-___ 333 Newicinneriess22=s2en8 eae e 280 | COMPUTATION OF FUR SEALS, PRIBILOF Canneries not operated 281 ISEANDS; 192025 - 2a See eee ees Passe 334 Total canneries operated ___---------_- 282 Bs 5595 et Soe ee Oe Se ee 334 Losses and disasters __-__..------------ 285 JN WSS TEEG DOS Va Sears Se ee ee 336 ULUISUL US Seesone Peres eee eee et ae 286 IPUDS and iGowSss sss sea ee 336 Pack in certain districts _______________ 290 Mortality of seals at sea______---_----____ 337 Vita CHYIne — 22 en ses ESR SE ed 291 Complete computation _.__-_.-.-..-_._____- 338 1 Appendix X to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. B. F. Doc. 1086. Submitted for publication, May 19, 1930. 205 206 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES INTRODUCTION The enforcement of the law for the protection of the fisheries in Alaska and the management of the fur-seal industry of the Pribilof Islands constitute the chief activities of the Bureau of Fisheries in Alaska. In the course of the year a number of supplementary regulations were issued for the better protection of the fishery resources. These included an extension of the Yukon-Kuskokwim area and the promul- gation of herring regulations therein. Near the end of the year the fishery regulations were completely revised for the season of 1930, a noteworthy feature being further restrictions on the use of traps. As in previous years Commissioner O’Malley spent a number of weeks in Alaska during the height of the fishing season, thereby mak- ing possible prompt changes in the regulations whenever the con- servation requirements made such action desirable. He also visited the Pribilof Islands in the commercial sealing season. In the fisheries patrol work 14 power vessels belonging to the bureau were utilized, and in addition 10 privately owned boats were chartered for short periods. Through the courtesy of the Bureau of Public Roads one of its boats was also used for a brief period. A feature connected with the patrol was the utilization of aircraft for the first time. While the air patrol was limited to the use of a sea- plane in southeastern Alaska and was largely experimental in char- acter, it would seem that aircraft will have a definite place in patrol work in the future. The work of improving salmon streams was continued and the opera- tions were very materially helped by a fund of $40,000 appropriated by the Alaska Legislature, which was made available for use in con- nection with the bureau’s activities. In 1929, 20 weirs were maintained at important salmon streams in Alaska in order to ascertain the number of salmon ascending to the spawning grounds. Their operation affords a means of estab- lishing the ratio of escape to catch, and of determining the size of spawning colony necessary to prevent depletion of the run. Ex- tensive observations were made of the condition of the salmon spawning grounds throughout a large part of the Territory. Scien- tific investigations of salmon, herring, and other aquatic resources were continued. Sealing operations on the Pribilof Islands in 1929 resulted in the take of 40,068 fur-seal skins—the largest number for any year since 1889. A computation as of August 10, 1929, showed a total of 9715527 animals in the herd, an increase of 100,014 over the figures for the preceding year. The care of the fox herds on both St. Paul and St. George Islands was incidental to sealing activities. In the season of 1929-30, 745 blue and 32 white fox pelts were taken. Construction work at the islands included the erection of houses for natives and a number of buildings for the general purposes of the sealing industry. Further progress was made in the extension of improved roads. A contract was entered into for the construction of a new power vessel, the Penguin, to replace the Hider as tender for the Pribilof Islands, and the vessel was nearing completion at the end of the year. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 207 For the protection of fur seals the United States Coast Guard maintained a general patrol of waters of the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea frequented by the Pribilof Islands herd. In addition, local patrols were maintained off the coasts of Washington and south- eastern Alaska by vessels of the Bureau of Fisheries. The United States Navy Department afforded valuable assistance by detailing the U.S. 5S. Sirius to transport the annual shipment of general supplies from Seattle to the Pribilof Islands. Two public auction sales of fur-seal skins were held during the year by the department’s selling agents at St. Louis. At one of these fox skins were sold also. Acknowledgment is made of the assistance rendered by members of the bureau’s staff in the compilation and preparation of this document. VISIT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES TO ALASKA The Commissioner of Fisheries was in Alaska for approximately two months during the salmon-fishing season to observe the bureau’s activities in all districts in respect to the administration of the fishery laws and regulations and to confer with officials and others interested in the fishery industry. A trip was made also to the Pribilof Islands to note sealing operations conducted there. Commissioner O’Malley sailed from Seattle aboard the Brant on June 30 for southeast Alaska, where but a brief time was spent before proceeding westward. Seward was reached on July 9 and departure was made that evening on the Jeal for Iliamna Bay, whence the journey was continued across the portage to Iliamna Lake and then by boat to Bristol Bay. Through the courtesy of the United States Coast Guard, passage to the Pribilof Islands was furnished by the Haida. Departure from the Pribilofs was made on July 21 for Dutch Harbor, where the Brant was boarded. Stops were made thereafter at Ikatan, Squaw Harbor, and Karluk. Before returning to southeast Alaska calls were made at several points in the Prince William Sound region. The greater part of August was devoted to the consideration of fishery matters in the southeastern district. Following his departure from Alaska, Commissioner O’ Malley gave attention to various fishery matters on the Pacific coast, and arrived in Washington on September 19. FISHERY INDUSTRIES As in corresponding reports for previous years, the Territory of Alaska is- here considered in the three coastal geographic sections generally recognized, as: follows: (1) Southeast Alaska—embracing all that narrow strip of mainland and the numerous adjacent islands from Portland Canal northwestward to and including Yakutat Bay; (2) central Alaska—the region on the Pacific from Yakutat Bay westward, including Prince William Sound, Cook Inlet, and the southern coast of Alaska Peninsula, to Unimak Pass; and (3) western Alaska—the north shore of the Alaska Peninsula, including the Aleutian Islands westward from Unimak Pass, Bristol Bay, and the Kuskokwim and Yukon Rivers. These divisions are solely for statistical purposes and do not coincide with areas established in departmental regulations. 208 U. 8S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Detailed reports and statistical tables dealing with the various fishery industries are presented herewith, and there are also given the important features of certain subjects that were the objects. of special investigation or inquiry. ALASKA FISHERIES LEGISLATION Under date of February 28, 1929, the President approved an act amending the fisheries act of June 26, 1906. This modification broadens the provisions of the former act so that processes of preserv- ing salmon other than by canning or salting within 48 hours after bee killed are now recognized. The text of the amendment is as ollows: AN ACT TO amend the Act of Congress of June 26, 1906, entitled ‘‘ An Act for the protection of the fisherie of Alaska, and for other purposes’’ Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That section 7 of the Act of June 26, 1906, entitled ““An Act for the protection of the fisheries of Alaska, and for other purposes,”’ is amended so that it will read as follows: “Sec. 7. It shall be unlawful to preserve for sale as food for human consumption any salmon unless it shall have been canned, salted, iced, frozen, smoked, or dried within forty-eight hours after being killed.” Approved, February 28, 1929. NEW FISHERY REGULATIONS The regulations for the protection of the fisheries of Alaska, issued December 18, 1928, were amended by the following regulations issued by the Acting Secretary of Commerce under the dates indicated: [January 14, 1929] ALASKA PENINSULA AREA Salmon fishery—Regulation No. 16 (7) is amended to read as follows: Goloi Island, coast for a distance of 4,000 feet northeasterly from the western extremity of the island. Regulation No. 16 (mn) is amended to read as follows: Unga Island, east coast from West Head to a point at 55 degrees 11 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 160 degrees 27 minutes 30 seconds west longitude. Cook INLET AREA Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 13 (7) is amended to read as follows: Along the mainland coast on the east side of Cook Inlet from a point at 59 degrees 42 minutes 4 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 47 minutes 50 seconds west longi- tude, to a point at 59 degrees 41 minutes 33 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 46 minutes 30 seconds west longitude. SoUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA YAKUTAT DISTRICT In Dry Bay the use of any drift gill net more than 60 fathoms in length or more than 35 meshes in depth is prohibited. Except in Dry Bay the use of any drift gill net more than 40 fathoms in length or more than 35 meshes in depth is prohibited. For the purpose of determining depths of drift gill nets measure- ments will be upon the basis of 5% inches stretched measure. NORTH PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND DISTRICT Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 13 (a) is amended to read as follows: San Juan Bautista Island from a point on the west coast at 55 degrees 25 minutes 45 seconds north latitude southerly and easterly to a point on the south coast ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 209 at 55 degrees 24 minutes north latitude, 133 degrees 18 minutes 30 seconds west longitude. A part of these waters is in the south Prince of Wales Island district. SOUTH PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND DISTRICT Salmon fishery —Regulation No. 12 (6) is amended to read as follows: San Juan Bautista Island from a point on the west coast at 55 degrees 25 minutes 45 seconds north latitude southerly and easterly to a point on the south coast at 55 degrees 24 minutes north latitude, 133 degrees 18 minutes 30 seconds west longitude. A part of these waters is in the north Prince of Wales Island district. Regulation No. 12 (n) is amended to read as follows: Prince of Wales Island, (1) south coast within 600 feet northeasterly from the extremity of land at 54 degrees 43 minutes 5 seconds north latitude, 132 degrees 13 minutes 35 seconds west longitude, and (2) south coast between Brownson Bay and Nichols Bay from a point at 54 degrees 42 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 132 degrees 10 minutes west longitude, easterly to a point at 54 degrees 41 minutes 22 seconds north latitude, 182 degrees 8 minutes west longitude. [January 18, 1929] ALASKA PENINSULA AREA Salmon fishery — Regulation No. 2 is hereby amended to read as follows: In all other waters of this area, exclusive of the waters along the south side of Alaska Peninsula from Cape Tolstoi to the outer extremity of Kupreanof Point, including the waters of the Shumagin and other adjacent islands, the 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 48 hours: Provided, That this extension of 12 hours closed period each week shall not be effective after 6 o’clock antemeridian of July 25 in each year. : In the waters along the south side of Alaska Peninsula from Cape Tolstoi to the outer extremity of Kupreanof Point, including the waters of the Shumagin and other adjacent islands, the 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock postmeri- dian of the Wednesday following, making a weekly closed period of 96 hours: Provided, That this extension of 60 hours closed period each week shall not be effective after 6 o’clock antemeridian of July 25 in each year. Regulation No. 16 (n) as amended by supplementary regulations (No. 251-15-1) dated January 14, 1929, is further amended to read as follows: Unga Island, east coast from a point at the north side of the entrance to Baralof Bay at 55 degrees 14 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 160 degrees 32 minutes west longitude in a southerly and easterly direction to a point at 55 degrees 11 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 160 degrees 27 minutes 30 seconds west longitude. Regulation No. 16 (0) is hereby revoked. CHIGNIK AREA Salmon fishery. Regulation No. 1 is amended to read as follows: Commercial fishing for salmon by means of any floating trap or purse seine is prohibited. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 75 fathoms hung measure. ah geek or anchored gill net shall exceed 25 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. Set or anchored gill nets shall be operated in substantially a straight line. The use of motor-propelled gill-net boats in catching salmon is prohibited. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one set or anchored gill net to any part of another set. or anchored gill net or to any part of any trap shall not be less than 600 feet. All set or anchored gill nets shall be removed from the water throughout the weekly closed periods extending from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Saturday of each week to 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following. . No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one beach seine of any description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. The carrying of any additional seine or net of any kind on a boat towed by any salmon fishing boat is prohibited. 210 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES No beach seine shall be less than 50 fathoms or more than 75 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. No beach seine shall be less than 100 meshes or more than 200 meshes in depth. For the purpose of determining depths of seines measurements will be upon the basis of 3% inches stretched measure between knots. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in Chignik Lagoon within a line from a point on the mainland at 56 degrees 17 minutes 26 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 37 minutes 48 seconds west longitude, to a point on the west side of Chignik Island at 56 degrees 17 minutes 15 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 36 minutes 24 seconds west longitude, thence to a point on the north shore of Chignik Island at 56 degrees 17 minutes 33 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 34 minutes 54 seconds west longitude, thence to Rocky Point on the east side of Chignik Lagoon at 56 degrees 17 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 33 minutes 52 seconds west longitude. SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA SOUTH PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND DISTRICT Salmon fishery — Regulation No. 12 (c) is amended to read as follows: St. Ignace Island from a point on the south coast at 133 degrees 26 minutes 10 seconds west longitude easterly and northerly to a point on the east coast at 55 degrees 23 minutes 30 seconds north latitude. Regulation No. 12 (f) is amended to read as follows: Prince of Wales Island coast from Point Providence to a point on the coast between Tranquil Point and Point Batan at 133 degrees 13 minutes west longitude. SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA Herring fishery.—Regulation No. 5 is hereby amended to read as follows: No herring fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one seine of any description and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. The carrying of any additional seine or net of any kind on a boat towed by any herring fishing boat is prohibited. These prohibitions shall not apply to pound seines used exclusively for impounding herring or to seines used exclusively within waters inclosed by such pound seines. [March 23, 1929] Koptak AREA Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 2 is hereby amended to read as follows: Commercial fishing for salmon by means of any beach seine with mesh smaller than 3 inches stretched measure between knots or with mesh larger than 3% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited. Cook INLET AREA Salmon fishery.— Regulation No. 13 (b) is amended to read as follows: Along the mainland coast on the west side of Cook Inlet from a point at 60 degrees 48 minutes 55 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 47 minutes 30 seconds west longi- tude, southeasterly to a point at 60 degrees 44 minutes 10 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 43 minutes 7 seconds west longitude. Regulation No. 13 (g) is amended to read as follows: Along the mainland coast on the east side of Cook Inlet from the northern extremity of Point Possession southwesterly to a point at 60 degrees 46 minutes 45 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 9 minutes 30 seconds west longitude, exclusive of 2 statute miles each side of the mouth of Swansons Creek, 2 statute miles each side of Bishop Creek, and 1 statute mile each side of the mouths of all other salmon streams. SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA NORTH PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND DISTRICT Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 13 (tt) is hereby amended to read as follows: Grindall Island, off Grindall Point, Prince of Wales Island: Within 3,500 feet northwesterly of the eastern extremity of Approach Point. ; time ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 211 SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA Herring fishery — Commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, by means of any beach seine on any herring spawning ground is prohibited. [March 29, 1929) ALASKA PENINSULA AREA Salmon fishery.— Regulation No. 16 (l) is amended to read as follows: Mainland coast along the west side of Pavlof Bay from 55 degrees 14 minutes 18 seconds north latitude to 55 degrees 20 minutes north latitude, exclusive of any waters in East Bay (Long John Lagoon). [April 5, 1929] YuUKON-KUSKOKWIM AREA The Yukon-Kuskokwim area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska from Cape Newenham northward to the parallel of 65 degrees north latitude. Salmon fishery.—1. In the Yukon-Kuskokwim. area all commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited at all times: Provided, That this prohibition shall not prevent the taking of fish for local food requirements or for use as dog feed. Herring fishery —1. Commercial fishing for herring in the waters of Golofnin Bay within a line from the southern extremity of Rocky Point to the southern extremity of Cape Darby is prohibited from January 1 to August 19, both dates inclusive, and from November 1 to December 31, both dates inclusive. 2. Commercial fishing for herring in the waters of Golofnin Bay, within a line from the southern extremity of Rocky Point to the southern extremity of Cape Darby, shall be conducted solely by gill nets. SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA WESTERN DISTRICT Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 3 is amended to read as follows: The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 1 statute mile. Regulation 15 (h) is amended to read as follows: Mansfield Peninsula: West coast from a point 500 feet north of False Retreat to the southern extremity of the peninsula at the north side of the entrance to Hawk Inlet but exclusive of Funter Bay. NORTH PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND DISTRICT Salmon fishery.— Regulation No. 13 (ft) is amended to read as follows: Grindall Island, off Grindall Point, Prince of Wales Island, within 3,500 feet north- westerly of the eastern extremity of Approach Point, and on the south side of Grindall Island within one-eighth statute mile of a point at 55 degrees 26 minutes 20 seconds north latitude, 182 degrees 8 minutes 10 seconds west longitude. SOUTHERN DISTRICT Salmon fishery — Regulation No. 12 (e) is amended to read as follows: Annette Island, west coast from a point 1% statute miles south of Walden Point to Davison Point, including the west shore of Warburton Island. Regulation No. 12 (7) is amended to read as follows: Revillagigedo Island, within one-half statute mile of Escape Point, within 5,000 feet northwesterly of Indian Point, and within 1% statute miles northeasterly from a point north of Point Higgins at 55 degrees 27 minutes 45 seconds north latitude, 131 degrees 49 minutes 58 seconds west longitude. Regulation No. 12 (m) is amended to read as follows: Mainland south of Boca de Quadra, within one-eighth statute mile of a point on Kah Shakes Point at 55 degrees 3 minutes 44 seconds north latitude, 130 degrees 59 minutes 30 seconds west longitude, and from a point south of Kah Shakes Cove at 55 degrees 1 minute 54 seconds north latitude, 131 degrees west longitude, southward to Kirk Point. __ All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in Raymond Cove, Behm Canal, within a line from, the southern extremity of Mike Point northeasterly to a point at 55 degrees 37 minutes 40 seconds north latitude and 131 degrees 51 Minutes 56 seconds west longitude. 212 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES [April 26, 1929] ALASKA PENINSULA AREA Salmon fishery.— Regulation No. 16 (m) is amended to read as follows: Main- land coast along the east side of Pavlof Bay, (1) within 2,500 feet, measured along the coast, from a point at 55 degrees 35 minutes 12 seconds north latitude; (2) within 2,500 feet, measured along the coast, from a point at 55 degrees 29 minutes 38 seconds north latitude; (3) within 2,500 feet from a point at 55 degrees 27 minutes north latitude; and (4) within 2,500 feet of a point at 55 degrees 23 minutes 42 seconds north latitude. Cook INLET AREA Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 13 (d) is amended to read as follows: Along the north coast of Kalgin Island from a point at 60 degrees 30 minutes 32 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 57 minutes 30 seconds west longitude, easterly to a point at 60 degrees 30 minutes 20 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 55 minutes west longitude, and from a point at 60 degrees 29 minutes 55 seconds north lati- tude, 151 degrees 53 minutes 30 seconds west longitude, southeasterly to a point at 60 degrees 29 minutes 40 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 52 minutes 45 seconds west longitude. Herring fishery. —The use of purse seines for the capture of herring is prohibited a Kachemak Bay and tributary waters within a line from Nubble Point to Bluff oint. SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA ICY STRAIT DISTRICT Salmon fishery — Regulation No. 14 (0) is amended to read as follows: Chi- chagof Island, northeastern coast, from a point on the south side of Icy Strait at 1385 degrees 2 minutes 40 seconds west longitude easterly to a point at 58 degrees 2 minutes 43 seconds north latitude, 134 degrees 58 minutes west longi- tude. WESTERN DISTRICT Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 15 (c) is amended to read as follows: Chi- chagof Island, eastern coast from a point at 58 degrees 2 minutes 8 seconds north latitude, 1384 degrees 56 minutes 26 seconds west longitude, southerly to North Passage Point, exclusive of False Bay. SOUTHERN DISTRICT Salmon fishery—In addition to existing prohibitions commercial fishing for salmon by trolling is prohibited in Behm Canal and its tributaries within a line from Point Sykes to Point Alava, across the eastern entrance of the canal, and a line from Point Higgins to Caamano Point, across the western entrance, from 6 o’clock postmeridian April 30 to 6 o’clock postmeridian June 30. ALL SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA DISTRICTS Salmon fishery.—In commercial trolling operations no king salmon shall be caught which when dressed will weigh less than 6 pounds. In the event any such undersized salmon are thus taken, they must be carefully removed from the hook without jerking or other action causing injury and returned to the water alive. In addition to existing prohibitions commercial fishing for salmon by trolling is prohibited throughout the southeastern Alaska area from 6 o’clock post- meridian August 24 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 30. [May 7, 1929] Cook INLET AREA Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 13 (a) is amended so as to restrict traps along the Moquawkie Indian Reservation to the coast from a point at 61 degrees 2 minutes 15 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 13 minutes 33 seconds west longitude, southwesterly to a point at 61 degrees 2 minutes 12 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 15 minutes 12 seconds west longitude. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 213 [May 25, 1929] Cook Inter ARBA Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 13 (l) is amended to read as follows: Along the mainland coast on the east side of Cook Inlet within 1,000 feet of a point at 59 degrees 25 minutes 35 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 52 minutes west longitude, and from a point at 59 degrees 24 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 53 minutes 45 seconds west longitude, southerly to a point at 59 degrees 23 minutes 12 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 54 minutes west longi- tude. [May 29, 1929] SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA EASTERN DISTRICT Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 14 (f) is amended to read as follows: Main- land, Frederick Sound, from a point on the south side of Fanshaw Bay at 133 degrees 32 minutes 30 seconds west longitude to Cape Fanshaw, thence south- easterly to a point at 57 degrees 7 minutes 23 seconds north latitude, 133 degrees 21 minutes west longitude. [June 25, 1929] Cook InuET AREA Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 13 (n), which permitted trap fishing within 600 yards of Claim Point, is hereby revoked. SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA ARBA WESTERN DISTRICT Salmon _fishery.—Regulation No. 13 is hereby amended to read as follows: Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in Tenakee Inlet and Freshwater Bay within a line from North Passage Point to South Passage Point: Provided, That this prohibition shall not apply to trolling from January 1 to 6 o’clock postmeridian August 24. WESTERN, EASTERN, NORTH PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, SOUTH PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, AND SOUTHERN DISTRICTS Salmon fishery—In addition to existing prohibitions, commercial fishing for ‘salmon by means of any trap is prohibited from 6 o’clock antemeridian October 1 to 6 o’clock postmeridian October 15. [July 5, 1929] SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA WESTERN DISTRICT Salmon fishery.—Supplementary regulation No. 251—15-6, dated April 26, 1929, prohibiting commercial fishing for salmon by trolling throughout the southeastern Alaska area from 6 o’clock postmeridian August 24 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 30 shall not apply along the west coast of Baranof Island from the ‘south point of entrance to Whale Bay to Cape Ommaney from 6 o’clock post- meridian August 24 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 5. EASTERN DISTRICT Salmon fishery.—Supplementary regulation No. 251-15-6, dated April 26, 1929, prohibiting commercial fishing for salmon by trolling throughout the southeastern Alaska area from 6 o’clock postmeridian August 24 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 30, shall not apply along the east coast of Baranof Island from Cape mmaney to the outer extremity of Armstrong Point from 6 o’clock post- Meridian August 24 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 5. Salmon fishery.—Regulation No. 12 (s) is hereby amended to read as follows: Kelp Island and East Island east of Kelp Island: Southern coast of Kelp Island — between its eastern and western extremities, and the eastern coast of East Island between its northern and southern extremities. [July 18, 1929] BristoL Bay AREA Salmon fishery.— Regulation No. 9 is amended to read as follows: Commercial © fishing for salmon is prohibited in the Nushagak and Kvichak-Naknek districts — from 6 o’clock postmeridian July 20 to 6 o’clock antemeridian August 6, and in the Egegik and Ugashik districts from 6 o’clock postmeridian July 23 to 6 o’eclock antemeridian August 6. [July 24, 1929] ALASKA PENINSULA AREA 214 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES SOUTHERN DISTRICT : Salmon fishery.— Regulation No. 16 (h) is hereby amended to read as follows: — Along the mainland coast, between Belkofsky Bay and Bear Bay, from a point at ~ 55 degrees 6 minutes 6 seconds north latitude, 161 degrees 58 minutes 38 seconds west longitude, to a point at 55 degrees 8 minutes north latitude, 161 degrees : 57 minutes 18 seconds west longitude. [August 2, 1929] Prince WILLIAM SouND AREA Salmon fishery.— Regulation No. 8 is hereby amended to read as follows: Com- mercial fishing for salmon is prohibited during the remainder of each calendar 4 year after 6 o’clock antemeridian August 3, except that in the waters along the — western coast from the outer point on the north shore of Granite Bay (known as — Granite Bay Point) to the light on the south shore of the entrance to Port Nellie — Juan commercial fishing for salmon by gill netting is permitted through August — 15. All trap leads from shore to entrance of hearts must be removed prior to — 6 o'clock antemeridian August 6. [August 8, 1929) ¢ KopraAkK AREA 3 Salmon fishery.—In addition to existing prohibitions commercial fishing for — salmon in Karluk waters, extending from Cape Karluk to West Point, is pro-— hibited for the remainder of the calendar year after 6 o'clock postmeridian August 10. iG Cook Inter AREA Salmon fishery.— Regulation No. 1 is amended so as to permit commercial fishing for salmon with beach seines south of the latitude of Anchor Point from — 6 o’clock antemeridian August 20 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 3. [August 10, 1929] ALEUTIAN ISLANDS AREA Herring fishery.—All herring pounds must be removed from the water from 6 o'clock postmeridian Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of thes Monday following. The dumping of herring offal in the waters of Unalaska Bay south of 53 degreal 57 minutes north latitude is prohibited. [August 17, 1929] ALEUTIAN ISLANDS AREA : ‘ ) PEt t ie we eiidhialey asian animated Herring fishery.—Supplementary regulation of August 10, 1929, requiring th removal of all herring pounds from the water from 6 o ’elock postmeridian Satur day of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following is hereby revoked. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 215 [August 21, 1929] SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA WESTERN DISTRICT Salmon fishery.—Commercial fishing for salmon by means of gill nets is per- mitted in Lynn Canal and contiguous waters between the south end of Kochu Island and the north end of Sullivan Island from 6 o’clock antemeridian Sep- tember 5 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 30. [August 26, 1929] SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA Salmon fishery.—In addition to existing prohibitions commercial fishing for salmon by trolling is prohibited throughout the southeastern Alaska area during the remainder of the calendar year after 6 o’clock postmeridian September 20: Provided, That commercial fishing for salmon by trolling along the east coast of Baranof Island from Cape Ommaney to the outer extremity of Armstrong Point and along the west coast of Baranof Island from Cape Ommaney to the south point of entrance to Whale Bay is permitted through September 30. [September 11, 1929] SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA Salmon fishery.—Commercial fishing for salmon by trolling along the east coast of Baranof Island from Cape Ommaney to the outer extremity of Arm- strong Point and along the west coast of Baranof Island from Cape Ommaney to the south point of entrance to Whale Bay is permitted during the remainder of the calendar year and in other waters of the southeastern Alaska area during the remainder of the calendar year after 6 o’clock postmeridian September 20. [September 13, 1929} SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREA YAKUTAT DISTRICT Salmon fishery.—In addition to existing prohibitions, commercial fishing for salmon, except by trolling, is prohibited in all lagoons and other waters outside or between the mouths of Situk and Ahrnklin Rivers for the remainder of the calendar year after 6 o’clock postmeridian September 20. Revised regulations covering the fisheries of Alaska were issued by the Secretary of Commerce under date of December 19, 1929, as follows: By virtue of the authority vested in the Secretary of Commerce, fishing areas are hereby set apart and regulations governing fishing therein are made effective as follows: J. YukKon-Kuskokwim AREA The Yukon-Kuskokwim area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska from Cape Newenham northward to the parallel of 65 degrees north latitude. SALMON FISHERY.—In the Yukon-Kuskokwim area all commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited at all times: Provided, That this prohibition shall not pre- vent the taking of fish for local food requirements or for use as dog feed. HERRING FISHERY.—1. Commercial fishing for herring in the waters of Golofnin Bay within a line from the southern extremity of Rocky Point to the southern extremity of Cape Darby is prohibited from January 1 to August 19, both dates inclusive, and from November 1 to December 31, both dates inclusive. 2. Commercial fishing for herring in the waters of Golofnin Bay, within a line from the southern extremity of Rocky Point to the southern extremity of Cape Darby, shall be conducted solely by gill nets. 216 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES II. Bristrot Bay AREA The Bristol Bay area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska from Cape Newenham to a point on the coast 3 statute miles south of Cape Menshikof. SALMON FISHERY.—1. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited except within the following-described districts: (a) Nushagak district: Waters of Nushagak Bay within a line from Point Pro- tection to Etolin Point. (b) Kvichak-Naknek district: Waters of Kvichak Bay within a line from Etolin Point to Middle Bluff Light on the eastern side of Kvichak Bay. (c) Egegik district: Waters between an east and west line 8 statute miles north of South Spit, Egegik Bay, and an east and west line 10 statute miles south of South Spit. (d) Ugashik district: Waters between an east and west line 3 statute miles north of Cape Greig and the southern limit of the area at a point on the coast 3 statute miles south of Cape Menshikof. 2. Commercial fishing for salmon shall be conducted solely by drift gill nets and stake nets. The use of all other forms of fishing gear is prohibited. 3. Each gill net in operation shall be marked by a cluster of floats or corks at the ends, and double floats or corks shall be attached to the cork line at 25-fathom intervals. The clusters of floats or corks at the ends and the double floats or corks at the 25-fathom intervals shall be painted bright red. The clusters at the ends shall also be legibly and plainly marked with the initials of the operator. In addition, metal markers bearing the initials of the operator shall be attached to the ends of each gill-net cork line and at 25-fathom intervals along the cork line. 4. Stake nets shall be operated in substantially a straight line. 5. Commercial fishing for salmon with stake nets shall be limited to beach areas between high and low water marks and shall be confined to the following places: (a) Nushagak district, except along the west side of Nushagak Bay from a point 2 statute miles south of Bradford Point to Coffee Point and along the east side of that bay from a point 2,000 yards southeast of the northern extremity of Ekuk Spit to Etolin Point. (b) Along the beach in front of Koggiung Indian village on Kvichak Bay. (c) Along the beach on the east and west side of Egegik near the Indian village. (d) Along the beach on Ugashik Bay near the Indian village below the Alaska Packers Association cannery. 6. The total aggregate length of stake nets used by any individual shall not exceed 75 fathoms measured on the cork line. 7. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 150 fathoms hung measure. 8. King salmon nets shall have a mesh of at least 8% inches stretched measure between knots, and red salmon nets shall have a mesh of at least 54 inches stretched measure between knots as measured when actually in use. No red salmon net shall be over 28 meshes deep. 9. Prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 25 in each year commercial fishing for salmon with nets of mesh less than 8% inches stretched measured between knots is prohibited. 10. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian July 25 to 6 o’clock antemeridian August 6. 11. The trailing of web behind any fishing boat is prohibited above the markers fixing closed waters. 12. The use of motor-propelled fishing boats in catching salmon is prohibited. 13. The use of smelt nets is prohibited in localities where young salmon are migrating. 14. In the waters of Kvichak Bay between the line extending across the bay from the marker on a high point on the east bank of Prosper Creek, about 700 yards above the Koggiung cannery of the Alaska Packers Association, to the marker on the opposite side, the course being about north, 44 degrees west, mag- netic, and the line extending at right angles across the bay from a marker at Jensen Creek to a marker on the opposite shore about 144 miles west of Squaw Creek, the 36-hour weekly closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o'clock postmeridian of Saturday of each week to 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Wednesday following, making a weekly closed period of 84 hours. cA ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 PA 15. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited as follows: (a) Nushagak Bay: All waters northward of a line from Bradford Point through the southern end of Williams Island to a point on the opposite shore near the old cannery site of the Alaska Packers Association south of Kanulik village except that stake nets limited to beach areas between high and low water marks will be permitted north of 59 degrees north latitude to the old prohibitive markers located at Snag Point. (b) Kvichak Bay: All waters above a line extending at right angles across Kvichak Bay from the marker on a high point on the east bank of Prosper Creek, about 700 yards above the Koggiung cannery of the Alaska Packers Association, to the marker on the opposite side, the course being about north, 44 degrees west, magnetic. (c) Ugashik River and Bay: All waters above a line extending at right angles across said river 500 yards below the mouth of King Salmon River. STEELHEAD FISHERY.—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. III. AuaskA PENINSULA AREA The Alaska Peninsula area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of the Alaska Peninsula from a point on the coast 3 statute miles south of Cape Menshikof on the Bering Sea shore, extending in a southwesterly direction to Unimak Pass, thence in a northeasterly direction along the Pacific side of the Alaska Peninsula to Castle Cape (Tuliumnit Point). The waters of Unimak, the Sanak, the Shumagin, and all other adjacent islands are included. SALMON FISHERY.—1. In the waters of Nelson Lagoon, and thence along the coast to Cape Seniavin, including Nelson Lagoon, Herendeen Bay, Port Moller, and the fishing grounds off the Bear, Sandy, and Ocean Rivers, the 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the periods from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Wed- nesday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the following Thursday, and from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Friday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the following Saturday, making a weekly closed period in these waters of 84 hours, which shall be effective throughout the entire salmon fishing season of each year. 2. In the waters along the south side of Alaska Peninsula from Cape Tolstoi to the outer extremity of Kupreanof Point including the waters of the Shumagin and other adjacent islands, the 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock postmeridian of the Wednesday following, making a weekly closed period of 96 hours: Provided, That this extension of 60 hours closed period each week shall not be effective after 6 o’clock antemeridian of July 25 in each year. 3. In all other waters of this area the 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 48 hours: Provided, That this extension of 12 hours closed period each week shall not be effective after 6 o’clock antemeridian of July 25 in each year. 4. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. ' 5. Stake and anchored gill nets shall be operated in substantially a straight ine. 6. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one set gill net to any part of another set gill net shall not be less than 1,800 feet. No set or anchored gill net shall exceed 25 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. 8. The use of any beach seine less than 60 fathoms in length or more than 75 fathoms in length is prohibited. 9. The use of floating traps for the capture of salmon is prohibited. 10. In all waters along the shores of the Alaska Peninsula west of the longitude of Cape Aliaksin, and in the waters of Unga Island, the distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap, shall not be less than 1 statute mile. 11. The use of purse seines for the capture of salmon is prohibited, except that (a) in the waters of the Shumagin Islands seines not to exceed 100 fathoms in length and 150 meshes in depth may be used, and (b) purse seines are permitted in waters open to commercial fishing between Lagoon Point and Cape Seniavin. 218 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES No boat used in operating any purse seine shall be longer than 50 feet, as ae n by official register length: Provided, That this shall not ‘apply to such boats operated on the north side of the Alaska Peninsula. 13. In Port Heiden waters the catch of red salmon shall not exceed 50,000 in any calendar year. 14. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 1 in each calendar year and during the remainder of each calendar year after 6 o’clock postmeridian August 15, except that beach seines and gill nets may be used from September 5 to September 30, both dates inclusive. 15. Commercial fishing for salmon along the mainland shore on the south side of Alaska Peninsula from Kabuch Point easterly to Morgan Point is pro- hibited prior to July 15 in each year. 16. Commercial fishing for salmon along the mainland shore on the south side of Alaska Peninsula from the outer extremity of Moss Cape to the outer extremity of Kupreanof Point, except in the waters of Orzinski (Orzenoi) Bay, is prohibited prior to July 5 in each year. 17. All commercial fishing for salmon, except by beach seines not exceeding 65 fathoms in length, is prohibited (a) in all waters between Cape Tachilni and the southern extremity of Bold Cape and (6) in all waters from Cape Tolstoi to the outer extremity of Kupreanof Point. In Orzinski (Orzenoi) Bay the catch of red salmon shall not exceed 20,000 in any calendar year. 18. Commercial fishing for salmon by means of gill nets, including drift nets, and set nets, is prohibited west of 161 degrees west longitude, exclusive of waters along the Bering Sea coast. 19. Commercial fishing for salmon by means of stake nets except along the Bering Sea coast, is prohibited. 20. The use of any trap for the capture of salmon is prohibited, except as follows: (a) Mainland coast, including adjacent islands from Entrance Point to Lagoon Point. (b) Unimak Island: Along the coast on the west and south sides of Ikatan Bay from a point on False Pass (Isanotski Strait) indicated by a marker to a point on Louisiana Cove at 54 degrees 45 minutes 58 seconds north latitude, 163 degrees 8 minutes 52 seconds west longitude. (c) Unimak Island: Along the coast.of East Anchor Cove within 2,500 feet, measured along the coast, from a point at 54 degrees 41 minutes 12 seconds north -latitude, 163 degrees 3 minutes 36 seconds west longitude. (d) Along the coast on the west side of Morzhovoi Bay from the outer extremity of Boiler Point to a point at 55 degrees 3 minutes 18 seconds north latitude, 163 degrees 12 minutes 44 seconds west longitude. (e) Along the coast on the east side of Morzhovoi Bay within 2,500 feet, meas- ured along the coast, from a point at 55 degrees 0 minutes 38 seconds north latitude, 162 degrees 57 minutes 48 seconds w est longitude. (f) Along the coast on the north side of Belkofski Bay for a distance of 5,000 feet westerly of the point at the north side of the entrance to Captain Harbor, exclusive of any waters in Captain Harbor. (g) Along the coast on the south and east side of Kitchen Anchorage, Belkofski Bay, within a distance of 2,500 feet, measured along the coast, from a point at 55 degrees 7 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 162 degrees 6 minutes 42 seconds west longitude. (h) Along the mainland coast, between Belkofski Bay and Bear Bay, from a point at 55 degrees 6 minutes 6 seconds north latitude, 161 degrees 58 minutes _ 38 seconds west longitude, to a point at 55 degrees 8 minutes north latitude, 161 degrees 57 minutes 18 seconds west longitude. (7) Goloi Island: Coast for a distance of 4,000 feet northeasterly from the western extremity of the island. (j) Along the coast on the north side of Voleano Bay within 2,500 feet, measured along the coast, from a point at 55 degrees 14 minutes 6 seconds north latitude, 161 degrees 58 minutes 36 seconds west longitude. (k) Along the mainland coast within 2,500 feet, measured along the coast, from a point at 55 degrees 13 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 161 degrees 52 minutes 36 seconds west longitude. (1) Mainland coast along the west side of Pavlof Bay from 55 degrees 14 minutes 18 seconds north latitude to 55 degrees 20 minutes north latitude, ex- clusive of any waters in East Bay (Long John Lagoon). (m) Mainland coast along the east side of Pavlof Bay, (1) within 2,500 feet, measured along the coast, from a point at 55 degrees 35 minutes 12 seconds north latitude; (2) within 2,500 feet, measured along the coast, from a point at 55 degrees 29 minutes 38 seconds north latitude; (8) within 2,500 feet from a - . ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 219 point at 55 degrees 27 minutes north latitude; and (4) within 2,500 feet of a point at 55 degrees 28 minutes 42 seconds north latitude. (n) Unga Island: East coast from a point at 55 degrees 13 minutes 43 seconds north latitude, 160 degrees 31 minutes west longitude, easterly and southerly to a point at 55 degrees 11 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 160 degrees 27 minutes 30 seconds west longitude. 21. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited, as follows: (a) Within 1 statute mile of the mouths of Bear, Sandy, and Ocean Rivers. (b) Thin Point Lagoon, East Bay (Long John Lagoon), Kinzaroff Lagoon, Mortensen Lagoon, Swanson Lagoon, Big Lagoon, and Middle or Lambsport Lagoon: All waters within the lagoons and their streams and within a distance of 500 yards outside the entrances to the lagoons. ’ (c) Captain Harbor, tributary to Belkofski Bay: All waters within the harbor. (d) Voleano and Bear Bays: All waters west of 161 degrees 59 minutes 30 seconds west longitude. (e) Canoe Bay, tributary to Pavlof Bay. (f) All waters between Kupreanof Point and Cape Ikti. STEELHEAD FISHERY.—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. HERRING FISHERY.—1. Commercial fishing for herring, except for bait pur- poses, is prohibited in the period from January 1 to June 30, both dates inclusive, and from December 1 to December 31, both dates inclusive. 2. During the period from June 1 to October 1, both dates inclusive, com- mercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, is prohibited in all waters closed throughout the year to salmon fishing. 3. Commercial fishing for herring, except for bait purposes, is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following. 4. Gill nets used in catching herring shall not be of smaller mesh than 3 inches stretched measure. 5. Commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, by means of any trap is prohibited. 6. Commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, by means of any purse seine more than 1,400 meshes in depth, more than 180 fathoms in length, or of mesh less than 1'% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited. 7. No one shall place, or cause to be placed, across the entrance of any lagoon or bay any net or other device which will prevent the free passage at all times of herring in and out of said lagoon or bay. CaM FISHERY.—It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 4% inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor Clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. IV. ALEUTIAN IsLANDS AREA The Aleutian Islands area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of the Aleutian Islands westward of and including Unimak Pass. SALMON FISHERY.—1. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat or in use by such boat shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. 2. Stake and anchored gill nets shall be operated in substantially a straight line. 3. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited during the period from 6 o’clock postmeridian August 20 to 6 o’clock postmeridian October 1 in each year. 4. The use of any trap is prohibited. 5. The.use of any purse seine exceeding 100 fathoms in length or 150 meshes in depth is prohibited. STEELHEAD FISHERY.—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject Pere provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. HERRING FISHERY.—1. Commercial fishing for herring, except for bait pur- poses, is prohibited in the period from January 1 to June 30, both dates inclusive, and from December 1 to December 31, both dates inclusive. ! 2. Commercial fishing for herring, except for bait purposes, is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following. 3. Gill nets used in catching herring shall not be of smaller mesh than 3 inches stretched measure. 117716—30——2 220 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 4. Commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, by means of any trap is prohibited. 5. Commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, by means of any purse seine more than 1,400 meshes in depth, more than 180 fathoms in length, or of mesh less than 11% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited. 6. No one shall place, or cause to be placed, across the entrance of any lagoon or bay any net or other device which will prevent the free passage at all times of herring in and out of said lagoon or bay. 7. The dumping of herring offal in the waters of Unalaska Bay south of 53 degrees 57 minutes north latitude is prohibited. V. Cuignik AREA The Chignik area is hereby defined to include the territorial coastal and tribu- tary waters of Alaska along the mainland shore from Castle Cape (Tuliumnit Point) to Cape Kunmik. The waters of Chankliut, Sutwik, and all other adjacent islands are included. SALMON FISHERY.—1. Commercial fishing for salmon by means of any floating trap or purse seine is prohibited. 2.. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use dy such boat, shall not exceed 75 fathoms hung measure. 3. No set or anchored gill net shall exceed 25 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. 4. Set or anchored gill nets shall be operated in substantially a straight line. 5. The use of motor-propelled gill-net boats in catching salmon is prohibited. 6. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one set or anchored gill net to any part of another set or anchored gill net or to any part of any trap shall not be less than 600 feet. 7. All set or anchored gill nets shall be removed from the water throughout the weekly closed periods extending from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Saturday of 2ach week to 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following. 8. No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one beach seine of any description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. The carrying of any additional seine or net of any kind on a boat towed by any salmon fishing boat is prohibited. 9. No beach seine shall be less than 50 fathoms or more than 75 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. No beach seine shall be less than 100 meshes or more than 200 meshes in depth. For the purpose of determining depths of seines measurements will be upon the basis of 314 inches stretched measure between knots. 10. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in Chignik Lagoon within a line from a point on the mainland at 56 degrees 17 minutes 26 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 37 minutes 48 seconds west longitude, to a point on the west side of Chignik Island at 56 degrees 17 minutes 15 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 36 minutes 24 seconds west longitude, thence to a point on the north shore of Chignik Island at 56 degrees 17 minutes 33 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 34 minutes 54 seconds west longitude, thence to Rocky Point on the east side of Chignik Lagoon at 56 degrees 17 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 33 minutes 52 seconds west longitude. : 11. The take of salmon within waters in which the runs are tributary to the Chignik River shall not exceed 50 per cent of the total run as determined at the weir in Chignik River operated by the Bureau of Fisheries. 12. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 1 and after 6 o’clock postmeridian October 1 in each year. 13. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in the waters surrounding Nakchamik and Chankliut Islands. 14. The use of any trap for the capture of salmon is prohibited except as follows: (a) Along the coast of Chignik Lagoon within 2,500 feet from the outer extremity of Hume Point. (b) Along the coast of Chignik Island within 2,500 feet from a point at 56 degrees 17 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 35 minutes 38 seconds west longitude. (c) Along the east side of the spit at the entrance to Chignik Lagoon from the southern extremity of the spit to a point at 56 degrees 21 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 30 minutes west longitude. (d) Along the coast of Chignik Bay from a point at 56 degrees 20 minutes 40 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 27 minutes 30 seconds west longitude, to a - ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 aot point at 56 degrees 20 minutes 48 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 26 minutes 18 seconds west longitude, including the sand bar offshore. (e) Along the coast on the east side of Anchorage Bay within 2,500 feet from a point at 56 degrees 19 minutes 17 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 21 minutes 12 seconds west longitude. (f) Along the east side of the spit on the west side of Lake Bay from the northern extremity of the spit at 56 degrees 18 minutes 53 seconds north latitude to a point at 56 degrees 18 minutes 22 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 16 minutes 41 seconds west longitude. (g) Along the coast on the west side of Hook Bay within 2,500 feet from a point at 56 degrees 30 minutes 54 seconds north latitude, 158 degrees 9 minutes 12 seconds west longitude. (h) Along the coast on the north side of Cape Kumliun within 2,500 feet from a point at 56 degrees 34 minutes north latitude, 157 degrees 56 minutes 8 seconds west longitude. (7) Along the coast on the east side of Kujulik Bay within 2,500 feet from a point at 56 degrees 39 minutes 44 seconds north latitude, 157 degrees 43 minutes 30 seconds west longitude. (j) Along the coast on the south side of Aniakchak Bay for a distance of 5,000 feet westerly and northerly from a point at 56 degrees 40 minutes 20 seconds north latitude, 157 degrees 28 minutes 36 seconds west longitude (as shown on U. 8. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 8710). (k) Along the coast on the west side of Aniakchak Bay beginning at a point on the coast 8,000 feet southeasterly of the mouth of the lagoon and extending southeasterly for a distance of 5,000 feet. (1) Along the coast on the west side of Aniakchak Bay beginning at a point on the coast 500 yards southerly of the mouth of Aniakchak River and extending southerly for a distance of 5,000 feet. 15. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 1 statute mile, except in Chignik Lagoon, where there shall be a distance interval of not less than 10 statute miles laterally between any two traps on the north shore or on the south shore of Chig- nik Lagoon. Chignik Island shall be considered as a part of the south shore of the lagoon. STEELHEAD FISHERY.—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. CLAM FISHERY.—It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 4! inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. VI. Koprak AREA The Kodiak area is hereby defined to include the waters of the mainland shore extending from Cape Douglas southwestward to Cape Kunmik and the territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska surrounding Kodiak, Afognak, and adjacent islands, including Chirikof Island and the Semidi Islands. SALMON FISHERY.—1. The use of purse seines and floating traps for the capture of salmon is prohibited. 2. Commercial fishing for salmon by means of any beach seine with mesh smaller than 3 inches stretched measure between knots or with mesh larger than 344 inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited. 3. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. 4. No set or anchored gill net shall exceed 300 yards in length, and each shall be set in substantially a straight line: Provided, That not to exceed 20 yards of each net may be used as a hook. Only one such hook is permitted on a net. There shall be a distance interval of at least 200 yards both endwise and laterally at all times between all set or anchored gill nets operated. No wire net lead or other device that impedes or obstructs the free passage of fish shall be used in con- nection with the operation of any set or anchored gill net. 5. Commercial fishing for salmon in Alitak Bay and all its branches within a line from Cape Trinity to Cape Alitak prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 15 in each year is prohibited. 6. Commercial fishing for salmon after August 15, except from September 1 to September 30, both dates inclusive, in each calendar year in Alitak Bay and all its branches within a line from Cape Trinity to Cape Alitak is prohibited: Pro- ae U.S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES vided, That this prohibition shall not apply to traps on the north shore of the entrance to Moser Bay within 1 statute mile outside Bun Point. 7. Commercial fishing for salmon within a line from Cape Trinity to Cape Alitak shall be conducted solely by beach seines and traps. 8. The take of salmon within waters in which the runs are tributary to Olga Bay shall not exceed 50 per cent of the total run as determined at the weirs on tributary waters of Olga Bay operated by the Bureau of Fisheries. 9. Commercial fishing for salmon in Karluk waters, extending from Cape Karluk to West Point, prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 1 in each year is pro- hibited. The take of red salmon in these waters shall not exceed 50 per cent of the total run as determined at the weir in Karluk River operated by the Bureau of Fisheries. 10. Commercial fishing for salmon between Cape Karluk and Cape Uyak except by beach seines, and between Cape Uyak and Uyak post office, except by beach seines and gill nets, is prohibited. 11. Commercial fishing for salmon in all waters of Kizhuyak Bay within a line from. Kekur Point to Inner Point is prohibited prior to 6 o’cloeck antemeridian July 21 in each calendar year. 12. Commercial fishing for salmon in all waters of Ugak Bay within a line from Gull Point to Narrow Cape is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian July 21 in each calendar year. 13. All commercial fishing for salmon in the Kodiak area is prohibited after September 30 in each calendar year. 14. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap, except in those waters of Alitak Bay in which the runs are tributary to streams where counting weirs are maintained, shall not be less than 1 statute mile. 15. Commercial fishing for salmon by means of any beach seine is prohibited from August 16 to August 31, both dates inclusive, in each calendar year, as follows: (a) In all waters of the mainland shore and adjacent islands from Cape Douglas southward to Cape Kunmik. (b) In all waters of Kodiak Island and adjacent islands northwestward from Cape Chiniak to Inner Point, Kizhuyak Bay. (c) In all waters of Terror and Viekoda Bays south of 57 degrees 54 minutes north latitude. (d) In all waters of Uganik Bay, including Uganik Passage and other tributaries and arms within a line from West Point to Uganik Island passing through the northern extremity of East Point. (e) All waters of Shuyak Island, Afognak Island (exclusive of Malina Beach), Marmot Island, Hog Island, and of all other islands north of 58 degrees north latitude adjacent to those islands; all waters of Whele Island, Deranof Island, and Little Raspberry Island; all waters of other islands between Whale and Raspberry Islands; and all waters of Raspberry Strait. 16. Commercial fishing for salmon by means of any trap or beach seine is prohibited from August 16 to August 31, both dates inclusive, in each calendar year, as follows: (a) In all waters of Uyak Bay and its tributaries and adjoining waters within a line from Uyak Postoffice to Cape Kuliuk. (b) In all waters of Kodiak Island from Cape Chiniak to Cape Kiavak. The waters of Ugak Island, Sitkalidak Island, and of other adjacent islands between those capes are included. 17. The use of any trap for the capture of salmon is prohibited, except as follows: (a) Raspberry Island: Coast west of 153 degrees 14 minutes 30 seconds west longitude. ; (b) Kodiak Island: Coast from a point near the western entrance to Whale Passage at 152 degrees 54 minutes west longitude to Outlet Cape, exclusive of the coast of Dry Spruce Bay withia the line from a point at 57 degrees 56 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 153 degrees 0 minutes 22 seconds west longi- tude, to a point at 57 degrees 56 minutes 10 seconds north latitude, 153 degrees 3 minutes 40 seconds west longitude. (c) Uganik Island: East coast from a point at 57 degrees 55 minutes 50 seconds north latitude, 153 degrees 21 minutes 28 seconds west longitude, west- erly to a point at 153 degrees 28 minutes 20 seconds west longitude. (d) Uganik Island: West coast from a point at 153 degrees 27 minutes west longitude to a point indicated by marker approximately 3 statute miles south- west of Cape Uganik. > AWHgts.4, Ah oe gel We ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 pps (e) Kodiak Island: Along the coast on the west side of Uganik Bay between West Point and Broken Point. (f) Kodiak Island near entrance to Uyak Bay: Along the coast within 5,000 feet easterly of a point at 57 degrees 41 minutes 48 seconds north latitude, 153 ‘degrees 54 minutes 45 seconds west longitude. (g) Kodiak Island near entrance to Uyak Bay: Along the coast within 5,000 feet westerly of a point at 57 degrees 41 minutes 47 seconds north latitude, 153 degrees 50 minutes 20 seconds west longitude. (h) Kodiak Island: Coast from the point on the south side of the entrance to Spiridon Bay (or northeast arm of Uyak Bay) southeastward to a point on the east side of Zachar Bay at 57 degrees 34 minutes 35 seconds north lati- tude. (¢) Kodiak Island: Coast from the southern extremity of the point of land at the north side of the entrance to Larsen Bay northward to a point on the west side of Uyak Bay at 57 degrees 35 minutes 42 seconds north latitude. (j) Kodiak Island: Coast from Gull Point southwestward to the southwest extremity of Right Cape. (k) Kodiak Island: Coast from the outer extremity of Left Cape westward to a point on the south shore of Kiliuda Bay at 153 degrees 1 minute west longitude. (1) Kodiak Island: Coast from a point 1 statute mile westward of Sitkalidak or Old Harbor Narrows southwestward to the headland on the north side of Kiavak Bay, exclusive of waters between headlands of Barling, Three Saints, and Kaiugnak Bays. (m) Kodiak Island: Coast along east side of Alitak Bay within 800 feet from a point at 56 degrees 51 minutes 20 seconds north latitude, 154 degrees west longitude. (rn) Kodiak Island: Coast along east side of Alitak Bay within 800 feet from a point at 56 degrees 53 minutes 10 seconds north latitude, 153 degrees 58 minutes 52 seconds west longitude. (0) Kodiak Island: Coast along east side of Alitak Bay within 800 feet from a point at 56 degrees 57 minutes north latitude, 153 degrees 57 minutes 50 seconds west longitude. (p) Kodiak Island: Coast along west side of Alitak Bay within 800 feet from a point at 56 degrees 59 minutes 35 seconds north latitude, 154 degrees 3 minutes 40 seconds west longitude. (q) Kodiak Island: Coast along west side of Alitak Bay within 800 feet from, a point at 56 degrees 58 minutes 25 seconds north latitude, 154 degrees 3 minutes 40 seconds west longitude. (r) Kodiak Island: Coast along west side of Alitak Bay within 800 feet from a point at 56 degrees 57 minutes 40 seconds north latitude, 154 degrees 4 minutes 10 seconds west longitude. (s) Kodiak Island: Coast along west side of Alitak Bay, near Bun Point, within 800 feet from a point at 56 degrees 58 minutes 20 seconds north latitude, 154 degrees 5 minutes west longitude. (t) Turn Island, in Alitak Bay: Coast along east side of Turn Island within 1,000 feet from the northern extremity of the island. (uw) Afognak Island: From a point on the north side of Raspberry Strait at 58 degrees 8 minutes 45 seconds north latitude, 153 degrees 13 minutes 20 sec- onds west longitude, north to a point at 58 degrees 9 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 153 degrees 13 minutes 20 seconds west longitude. 18. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited, as follows: (a) Deadman Bay, tributary to Alitak Bay: All waters of Deadman Bay within 1 statute mile of the head of the bay. (6) Olga and Moser Bays: All waters of Olga and Moser Bays and contiguous waters within a line from Bun Point through Turn Island at the entrance of Moser Bay to Akhiok village. (c) Western shore of Kodiak Island: All waters along the western shore of Kodiak Island between Cape Alitak and Cape Karluk. (d) Karluk River: All waters within Karluk River and within 100 yards of its mouth where it breaks through Karluk Spit into Shelikof Strait. (e) Larsen Bay, tributary to Uyak Bay: All waters of Larsen Bay west of 154 degrees west longitude. (f) Uyak Bay: All waters of the bay south of 57 degrees 23 minutes 12 sec- onds north latitude. (g) Zachar Bay, tributary to Uyak Bay: All waters of Zachar Bay east of 153 degrees 48 minutes west longitude. 224 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES (h) Spiridon Bay (or northeast arm of Uyak Bay): All waters of Spiridon Bay east of 153 degrees 42 minutes west longitude. (7) East Arm, Uganik Bay, Kodiak Island: All waters within the arm, as designated by markers on Packers Spit and Mink Point. (7) Terror Bay: All waters within the bay south of 57 degrees 44 minutes © north latitude. (k) Kiliuda Bay: All waters of the bay west of 153 degrees 1 minute west longitude. (1) Southern coast of Kodiak Island: All waters along the southern coast of Kodiak Island between Cape Kiavak and Cape Trinity and all waters of the adjacent islands between those capes, also all waters of the Trinity Islands. (m) All bays of Afognak Island: All waters of the bays within lines indicated by markers erected for the purpose. (n) Kaflia and Halferty Bays, on north shore of Shelikof Strait: All waters of Kaflia Bay within a line from Cape Ugyak to Cape Gull, and all waters of Halferty Bay, which adjoins Kaflia Bay on the southwest. STEELHEAD FISHERY.—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. HERRING FISHERY.—1. Commercial fishing for herring, except for bait pur- poses, is prohibited during the period from January 1 to June 30, both dates inclusive. 2. Commercial fishing for herring, except for bait purposes, is prohibited from November 16 to December 31, both dates inclusive: Provided, That this pro- hibition shall not apply to the use of gill nets. 3. During the period from July 15 to October 1, both dates inclusive, com- mercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, is prohibited in all waters closed throughout the year to salmon fishing. 4. Gill nets used in catching herring shall not be of smaller mesh than 244 inches stretched measure. 5. Commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, by means of any trap is prohibited. 6. Commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, by means of any purse seine more than 1,400 meshes in depth, more than 180 fathoms in length, or of mesh less than 1% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited. 7. No one shall place, or cause to be placed, across the entrance of any lagoon or bay any net or other device which will prevent the free passage at all times of herring in and out of said lagoon or bay. CLAM FISHERY.—It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 4% inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. VII. Coox InutET AREA The Cook Inlet area is hereby defined to include Cook Inlet, its tributary waters, and all adjoining waters north of Cape Douglas and west of Point Gore. The Berren Islands are included within this area. SALMON FISHERY.—1. North of the latitude of Anchor Point commercial fish- ing for salmon is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 5 and after 6 o’clock postmeridian August 1 in each year. South of the latitude of Anchor Point commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 10 and after 6 o’clock postmeridian August 5 in each year, except that beach seines may be operated south of the latitude of Anchor Point in the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian August 20 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 3. 2. The 36-hour weekly closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section - 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week to 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 48 hours. 3. The use of purse seines and floating traps for the capture of salmon is prohibited. 4. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 2,500 feet. 5. Twenty-five feet of the heart walls next to the pot of each hand trap in Cook Inlet shall be constructed of flexible webbing other than wire. 6. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. ee ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 225 7. No set or anchored gill net shall exceed 25 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. ; 8. Stake and set or anchored gill nets shall be operated in substantially a straight line. 9. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one set or anchored gill net to any part of another set or anchored gill net or to any part of any trap shall not be less than 600 feet. 10. All set or anchored gill nets shall be removed from the water throughout the weekly closed periods extending from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week to 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following. 11. No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one seine of any description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. The carrying of any additional seine or net of any kind on a boat towed by any ‘salmon fishing boat is prohibited. 12. No beach seine shall be less than 125 meshes in depth or less than 90 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. For the purpose of determining the depths of seines measurements will be upon the basis of 3% inches stretched measure between knots. 18. The use of any trap for the capture of salmon is prohibited, except as follows: (a) Along the mainland coast on the west side of Cook Inlet from a point at 61 degrees 9 minutes 15 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 3 minutes 30 sec- onds west longitude, southwesterly to a point at 61 degrees 0 minute 40 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees°24 minutes 40 seconds west longitude, exclusive of 2 statute miles each side of the mouth of Chuit River and 1 statute mile each side of the mouths of all other salmon streams: Provided, That traps along the Mo- quawkie Indian Reservation are restricted to the coast from a point at 61 degrees 2 minutes 15 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 138 minutes 33 seconds west longitude, southwesterly to a point at 61 degrees 2 minutes 12 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 15 minutes 12 seconds west longitude. (6) Along the mainland coast on the west side of Cook Inlet from a point at 60 degrees 48 minutes 55 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 47 minutes 30 sec- onds west longitude, southeasterly to a point at 60 degrees 44 minutes 10 sec- onds north latitude, 151 degrees 43 minutes 7 seconds west longitude. (c) Along the mainland coast on the west side of Cook Inlet from a point at 60 degrees 24 minutes 10 seconds north latitude, 152 degrees 16 minutes 15 seconds west longitude, to Harriet Point at 60 degrees 23 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 152 degrees 14 minutes 22 seconds west longitude. (d) Along the north coast of Kalgin Island from a point at 60 degrees 30 minutes 32 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 57 minutes 30 seconds west longi- tude, easterly to a point at 60 degrees 30 minutes 20 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 55 minutes west longitude, and from a point at 60 degrees 29 minutes 55 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 53 minutes 30 seconds west longitude, south- easterly to a point at 60 degrees 29 minutes 40 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 52 minutes 45 seconds west longitude. (e) Along the east coast of Kalgin Island from a point at 60 degrees 26 minutes 42 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 53 minutes 35 seconds west longitude, southerly to a point at 60 degrees 26 minutes north latitude, 151 degrees 56 minutes west longitude, exclusive of 1 statute mile each side of the mouths of all salmon streams. (f) Along the east coast of Chisik Island between the northern and southern extremities of the island. (g) Along the mainland coast on the east side of Cook Inlet from the northern extremity of Point Possession southwesterly to a point at 60 degrees 58 minutes 22 seconds north latitude, 150 degrees 36 minutes 30 seconds west longitude, exclusive of 1 statute mile each side of the mouths of all salmon streams and exclusive of the coast within 1,000 feet of a point at 61 degrees 2 minutes north latitude, 150 degrees 24 minutes 45 seconds west longitude. (h) Along the mainland coast on the east side of Cook Inlet from a point at 60 degrees 58 minutes north latitude, 150 degrees 37 minutes 40 seconds west longitude, southwesterly to a point at 60 degrees 50 minutes 22 seconds north latitude, 150 degrees 56 minutes 6 seconds west longitude, exclusive of 1 statute mile each side of the mouths of all salmon streams and exclusive of the coast between 60 degrees 57 minutes 45 seconds north latitude and 60 degrees 56 minutes 50 seconds north latitude. (z) Along the mainland coast on the east side of Cook Inlet from a point at 60 degrees 49 minutes 40 seconds north latitude, 150 degrees 58 minutes west 226 U. 8S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES longitude, southwesterly to a point at 60 degrees 46 minutes 45 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 9 minutes 380 seconds west longitude, exclusive of 2 statute miles each side of the mouth of Swanson Creek, 2 statute miles each side of Bishop Creek, and 1 statute mile each side of the mouths of all other salmon streams. (j) Along the mainland coast on the east side of Cook Inlet from a point north ef Boulder Point at 60 degrees 46 minutes 18 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 15 minutes 40 seconds west longitude, southerly to a point 2 statute miles north- ward from the mouth of Anchor Point River, exclusive of 24 statute miles each side of the mouth of Kenai River, 2'4 statute miles each side of the mouth of Kasilof River, 2 statute miles each side of the mouth of Ninilchik River, 2 statute miles each side of the mouth of Deep Creek, and 1 statute mile each side of the mouths of all other salmon streams and exclusive of the coast within 6,000 feet of a point at 59 degrees 57 minutes 50 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 44 minutes 17 seconds west longitude. (k) Along the mainland coast on the east side of Cook Inlet from a point at 59 degrees 42 minutes 4 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 47 minutes 50 seconds west longitude, to a point at 59 degrees 41 minutes 33 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 46 minutes 30 seconds west longitude. (1) Along the mainland coast on the east side of Cook Inlet from the northern extremity of Nubble Point westerly along the west side of Nubble Point Spit to a point at 59 degrees 28 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 37 minutes 30 seconds weést longitude. (m) Along the mainland coast on the east side of Cook Inlet from a point at 59 degrees 26 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 46 minutes west longitude, westerly to a point at 59 degrees 26 minutes 40 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 46 minutes 45 seconds west longitude. (n) Along the mainland coast on the east side of Cook Inlet within 1,000 feet of a point at 59 degrees 25 minutes 35 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 52 minutes west longitude, and from a point at 59 degrees 24 minutes 30 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 53 minutes 45 seconds west longitude, southerly to a point at 59 degrees 23 minutes 12 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 54 minutes west longitude. (0) Along the mainland coast on the east side of Cook Inlet from a point at 59 degrees 21 minutes 28 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 55 minutes west longitude, southwesterly to a point at 59 degrees 19 minutes 20 seconds north latitude, 151 degrees 58 minutes 30 seconds west longitude, exclusive of 1 statute mile each side of the mouths of all salmon streams. 14. All commercial fishing is prohibited, as follows: (a) Within 2% statute miles of the mouths of Kasilof and Kenai Rivers, and within | statute mile of all other salmon streams. 5 (b) Turnagain Arm and Knik Arm: All waters above a line from Point Posses- sion to the western limit of the closed area around the mouth of the Susitna River. (c) Chinik Inlet, Kamishak Bay: All waters within the inlet. (d) Kachemak Bay: All waters above a line from Indian Island to a point on the opposite shore one-half mile below the mouth of Swift Creek. STEELHEAD FISHERY.—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. HERRING FISHERY.—1. Commercial fishing for herring, except for bait purposes, is prohibited during the period from January 1 to June 30, both dates inclusive, and from November 16 to December 31, both dates inclusive: Provided, That this prohibition shall not apply to the use of set and drift gill nets in the period from November 16 to December 31, both dates inclusive. 2. During the period from July 1 to October 1, both dates inclusive, commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, is prohibited in all waters closed through- out the year to salmon fishing. 3. Commercial fishing for herring in Halibut Cove, including the waters within a line from the western end of Ismailof Island to the outermost point on Glacier Spit, is limited to gill nets. 4. Commercial fishing for herring in Halibut Cove Lagoon is limited to set gill nets not exceeding 50 fathoms in length, hung measure. All such nets shall be anchored in a substantial manner not less than 150 yards apart. 5. Nets operated within areas marked at the north and south ends of Halibut Cove Lagoon shall be anchored at right angles to the line joining the markers. Nets operated between these areas shall be anchored in a general direction parallel- ing the shore line. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 Zot 6. The maintaining of a herring pound or the dumping of offal and dead herring in the waters of Halibut Cove and Lagoon is prohibited. 7. The use of purse seines for the capture of herring is prohibited in Kachemak Bay and tributary waters within a line from Nubble Point to Bluff Point. 8. Gill nets used in catching herring shall not be of smaller mesh than 3 inches stretched measure. 9. Commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, by means of any trap is prohibited. 10. Commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, by means of any purse seine more than 1,400 meshes in depth, more than 180 fathoms in length, or of mesh less than 1% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited. 11. No one shall place, or cause to be placed, across.the entrance of any lagoon or bay any net or other device which will prevent the free passage at all times of herring in and out of said lagoon or bay. CLAM FISHERY.—lIt is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 4! inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. VIII. ResurREcTION Bay AREA The Resurrection Bay area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of the Gulf of Alaska between Point Gore on the west and Cape Fairfield on the east. SALMON FISHERY.—1. The use of any trap for the capture of salmon is pro- hibited. 2. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. 3. No set or anchored gill net shall exceed 300 yards in length, and each shall be set in substantially a straight line: Provided, That not to exceed 20 yards of each net may be used as a hook. Only one such hook is permitted on a net. There shall be a distance interval of at least 200 yards, both endwise and laterally, at all times between all set or anchored gill nets operated. 4. King salmon nets shall have a mesh at least 8% inches stretched measure between knots, and red salmon nets shall have a mesh at least 5! inches stretched measure between knots, as measured when actually in use. 5. No boat used in operating any purse seine shall be longer than 50 feet, as shown by official register length. 6. Prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 6 in each year commercial fishing for salmon with nets of mesh less than 84 inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited. 7. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited during the remainder of each calendar year after 6 o’clock, postmeridian September 22. 8. In the waters of Resurrection Bay, within a line from Cape Resurrection to the western side of Bear Glacier at its mouth, the 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby ex- tended to include the period from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Friday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 60 hours: Provided, That this extension shall not be effective after August 23 in each year. 9. Commercial fishing for salmon within 1,000 yards of the mouths of Bear Creek and Resurrection River is prohibited at all times; and in the period from June 7 to August 23, both dates inclusive, commercial fishing for salmon is pro- hibited within 1,700 yards of the mouths of these streams. STEELHEAD FISHERY.—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject mae provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. CLAM FISHERY.—It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 44 inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. IX. Prince WILLIAM SouND AREA The Prince William Sound area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of the Gulf of Alaska between Cape Fairfield on the west and Point Whitshed on the east. SALMON FISHERY.—1. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 200 fathoms hung measure. 228 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 2. No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one seine of any description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. The carrying of any additional seine or net of any kind on a boat towed by any salmon fishing boat is prohibited. No purse seine shall be less than 125 meshes nor more than 150 meshes in depth, nor less than 90 fathoms nor more than 150 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. For the purpose of determining depths of seines, measurements will be upon the basis of 3% inches stretched measure between knots. No extension to any seine in the way of leads will be permitted. 3. No boat used in operating any purse seine shall be longer than 50 feet, as shown by official register length. 4. No set or anchored gill net shall exceed 300 yards in length and each shall be set in substantially a straight line: Provided, That not to exceed 20 yards of each net may be used as a hook. Only one such hook is permitted on a net. There shall be a distance interval of at least 200 yards both endwise and laterally at all times between all set or anchored gill nets operated. 5. The use of purse seines and beach seines for the capture of salmon is pro- hibited in the waters along the western coast, from the outer point on the north shore of Granite Bay (known as Granite Bay Point) to the light on the south shore of the entrance to Port Nellie Juan. 6. The 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 48 hours. 7. Commercial fishing for salmon, except by trolling from boats propelled wholly by oars or sails, is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 20 in each calendar year: Provided, That in Drier Bay below Williams Creek this prohibition shall not apply to commercial fishing for salmon after May 28 in each calendar year. 8. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited during the remainder of each calendar year after 6 o’clock antemeridian August 2, except that in the waters along the western coast from the outer point on the north shore of Granite Bay (known as Granite Bay Point) to the light on the south shore of the entrance to Port Nellie Juan commercial fishing for salmon by trolling and gill netting is permitted through August 15. All trap leads from shore to entrance of hearts must be removed prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian August 6. 9. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 114 statute miles. 10. Commercial fishing for salmon in the waters of Port Fidalgo east of 146 degrees 20 minutes west longitude is prohibited after 6 o’clock antemeridian July 11 in each year. 11. The use of any trap for the capture of salmon is prohibited except as follows: (a) Along the coast of Squire Island within 44 statute mile of its southern extremity. (b) Eastern coast of Chenega Island from a point 1 statute mile southward of its northern extremity to a point 1 statute mile eastward of Chenega village. (c) The coast within 1 statute mile eastward of the point where the one hun- dred and forty-eighth meridian of west longitude intersects the north shore of Granite Bay, west coast of Prince William Sound. (d) Eastern coast of Culross Island: (1) Within 5,000 feet northeasterly of a point on the southeast coast at 148 degrees 8 minutes 45 seconds west longitude; and (2) from the northern side of the entrance to Hidden Bay northerly to a point at 60 degrees 45 minutes north latitude, 148 degrees 8 minutes 30 seconds west longitude. : (e) Within 1 statute mile eastward of the southwestern extremity of Naked sland. (f) Along the mainland eastward and northward from the outermost extremity of Point Pellew to 60 degrees 51 minutes north latitude. ; (g) Along the mainland within 1 statute mile of the outer extremity of Granite Point, near Fairmount Island. E (h) Western side of Valdez Arm from Point Freemantle to 60 degrees 59 min- utes north latitude. (7) From the north side of the entrance to Sawmill Bay to a point on the coast 1 statute mile northeastward. (j) Southwest coast of Bligh Island from 60 degrees 49 minutes 45 seconds north latitude to 146 degrees 44 minutes 20 seconds west longitude. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 229 (k) Within 4 statute mile of the southwestern extremity of Bidarka Point. (l) From a point on the east side of Landlocked Bay at 60 degrees 49 minutes north latitude to a point on the north shore of Port Fidalgo at 146 degrees 32 minutes west longitude. (m) Within % statute mile of the northern extremity of the land between Two Moon Bay and Snug Corner Cove. (n) Within 4 statute mile of Porcupine Point. (0) Goose Island: West coast between the northern and southern extremities of the island. (p) Mainland coast from a point at 60 degrees 41 minutes 51 seconds north latitude, 146 degrees 40 minutes 22 seconds west longitude, to a point east of Knowles Head at 146 degrees 36 minutes 20 seconds west longitude. (q) Within 1 statute mile of Red Head. (r) From a point on the coast 1 statute mile northwestward of the light at Gravina Point to a point on the coast 2 statute miles northwestward of the light at Gravina Point, making an open space of 1 statute mile. (s) Along the coast within 1 statute mile southwesterly of the outer point on the southwest side of the entrance to Cedar Bay, Hawkins Island. (t) Within 1 statute mile of Makaka Point, Hawkins Island. (w) Hinchinbrook Island: Within 3,000 feet, measured westerly along the north side of a peninsula, from a point at 60 degrees 28 minutes 47 seconds north latitude, 146 degrees 23 minutes 27 seconds west longitude. (v) Hinchinbrook Island: Within 3,000 feet, measured easterly along the coast, from a point at 60 degrees 27 minutes 58 seconds north latitude, 146 degrees 27 minutes west longitude, on the north side of a spit. (w) Hinchinbrook Island: Within 2,500 feet, measured along the coast, from a point at 60 degrees 28 minutes 54 seconds north latitude, 146 degrees 32 min- utes 11 seconds west longitude. (x) Hinchinbrook Island: From a point on the coast at 60 degrees 27 minutes north latitude, 146 degrees 39 minutes 48 seconds west longitude, northward to the light at Johnstone Point. (y) Hinchinbrook Island: From a point on the coast 2% statute miles north of the southwestern extremity of Bear Cape northward to a point at 60 degrees 24 minutes 53 seconds north latitude, 146 degrees 42 minutes 24 seconds west longitude. (z) Hinchinbrook Island: Within 4 statute mile eastward of a point on the south side of Port Etches at 146 degrees 40 minutes west longitude. (aa) Montague Island: Along the coast within 2,500 feet from a point at 59 degrees 47 minutes north latitude, 147 degrees 56 minutes west longitude. (bb) Montague Island: Along the coast from a point on the south side of Mac- leod Harbor 2,500 feet easterly of the outer extremity of Point Bryant to a point at 59 degrees 50 minutes 49 seconds north latitude, 147 degrees 54 minutes 27 seconds west longitude. (cc) Western coast of Montague Island from Point Woodcock to a point on the south side of Hanning Bay at 147 degrees 42 minutes 40 seconds west longitude. (dd) Western coast of Montague Island from the north side of the entrance to Hanning Bay northeasterly to 60 degrees 9 minutes 45 seconds north latitude (as shown on U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 8550). (ee) Western coast of Montague Island from a point at 60 degrees 10 minutes 20 seconds north latitude northeasterly to a point at 60 degrees 12 minutes 17 seconds north latitude, 147 degrees 17 minutes 15 seconds west longitude (as shown on U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey chart No. 8550). (ff) Northern coast of Montague Island from Graveyard Point to a point on the coast }4 statute mile westerly of Montague Point. 12. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited, as follows: (a) Constantine Harbor, northwest arm of Port Etches: All waters within the harbor and its tributary waters and within 100 yards outside the narrows at the entrance to the harbor. (b) Anderson Bay and Double Bay, north shore of Hinchinbrook Island: All waters within the bays. ; (c) Port Etches: All waters within 2 statute miles of the mouth of the salmon stream flowing into the head of Port Etches. (d) Boswell Bay, indenting Hinchinbrook Island: All waters in the bay west of 146 degrees 8 minutes west longitude. (e) Twin Lake Creek: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouth of Twin Lake Creek flowing into the southeast arm of Simpson Bay. (f) Gravina River: All waters within 1 statute mile of the mouth of the river. 230 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES (g) Olsen Bay, north side of Port Gravina: All waters within 2,000 yards of the mouth of the stream flowing into the head of the bay. (h) St. Matthew Bay, north side of Port Gravina: All waters within 2,000 yards of the mouth of the stream flowing into the head of the bay. (7) Irish Cove, south side of Port Fidalgo: All waters within the cove south of 60 degrees 46 minutes north latitude. (j) Port Fidalgo: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouth of the stream at the head of Port Fidalgo. (k) Fish Bay, north side of Port Fidalgo: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouth of the stream at the head of the bay. (1) Galena Bay, east side of Valdez Arm: All waters within 2,000 yards of the mouth of Duck River and all waters within 1,000 yards of the-mouth of Indian Creek. (m) Jack Bay, east side of Valdez Arm: All waters east of 146 degrees 36 minutes west longitude. , (n) Robe River, Lowe River, and other unnamed streams flowing into Port Valdez in the immediate vicinity of Valdez: All waters within 1 statute mile of the mouths. (0) Columbia Bay, Long Bay, and their tributaries, indenting mainland on north shore of Prince William Sound: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouth of any salmon stream. (p) Unakwik Inlet, indenting mainland on north shore of Prince William Sound: All waters north of an east and west line passing through the northern side of the entrance to Jonah Bay and all waters of the inlet within 1,000 yards of the mouth of any salmon stream. (q) Siwash Bay, west side of Unakwik Inlet: All waters within the bay. (r) Coghill River, tributary to College Fiord: All waters within 2,000 yards outside of the mouth of the river. (s) Pigot Bay, west side of Port Wells: All waters within the bay. (t) Long Bay, tributary to Culross Passage: All waters within the bay. (w) Gumboot Creek, on northwest shore of Eshamy Bay: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouth of the creek. (v) Eshamy Lagoon and its tributary waters: All waters within the lagoon and its tributaries and within 100 yards outside the narrows at the entrance to the lagoon. (w) Jackpot Bay: All waters within a line, indicated by markers, passing through one of the islands at the entrance to Jackpot Bay from Dangerous Passage. (z) Port Bainbridge: All waters in the middle north arm of Port Bainbridge. - (y) Crab Bay, on north shore of Evans Bay, Evans Island: All waters within 1,000 yards of the mouth of any salmon stream. (z) Bay of Isles, indenting east shore of Knight Island: All waters within the west arm of the bay. STEELHEAD FISHERY.—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject to the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. HERRING FISHERY.—1. Commercial fishing for herring, except for bait pur- poses, is prohibited from January 1 to June 30, both dates inclusive, and from November 16 to December 31, both dates inclusive, except that gill nets with mesh of not less than 2% inches stretched measure between knots may be used from November 16 to December 15, both dates inclusive. 2. During the period from July 1 to October 1, both dates inclusive, commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, is prohibited in all waters closed through- out the year to salmon fishing. 3. Gill nets used in catching herring shall not be of smaller mesh than 214 inches stretched measure. 4. Commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, by means of any trap is prohibited. 5. Commercial fishing for herring, including bait fishing, by means of any purse seine more than 1,400 meshes in depth, more than 180 fathoms in length, or of mesh less than 1% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited. 6. No one shall place, or cause to be placed, across the entrance of any lagoon or bay any net or other device which will prevent the free passage at all times of herring in and out of said lagoon or bay. CLAM FISHERY.—l. It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 4% inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor Clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. ea he ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 231 2. The taking of clams for commercial purposes is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian July 15 to 6 o’clock postmeridian August 31 in each calendar year. CRAB FISHERY—DUNGENESS CRAB (Cancer magister).—No female of this species shall be taken at any time, and no male of this species measuring less than 6% inches in greatest width shall be taken for commercial purposes. X. Copper River AREA The Copper River area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska between Point Whitshed on the west and Point Martin on the east, including Egg Islands and the other islands between these points. SALMON FISHERY.—1. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian July 5 to 6 o’clock antemeridian August 10 in each year. 2. Prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian May 15 in each year commercial fishing with nets of mesh less than 8% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited. 3. From May 15 to July 5, both dates inclusive, the 36 hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby ex- tended to include the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian of Saturday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 48 hours. 4. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited after 6 o’clock postmeridian September 22 in each calendar year. 5. Commercial fishing for salmon shall be conducted solely by drift gill nets, except that gill nets attached to anchored boats or other anchored floating equip- ment and stake nets may also be used from 6 o’clock antemeridian August 10 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 22 in each calendar year. 6. Prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian August 10 in each calendar year the total aggregate length of drift gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 250 fathoms hung measure: Provided,-That during the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian May 15 to 6 o’clock postmeridian May 31 _any gill net boat on the Copper River flats may carry and operate not to exceed 100 fathoms of net of mesh not less than 8% inches stretched measure between knots in addition to 250 fathoms of smaller mesh net. 7. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited within 500 yards of the Grass Banks, except that from 6 o’clock antemeridian August 10 to 6 o’clock post- “meridian September 22 in each calendar year such fishing is permitted within 500 yards of the Grass Banks by means of gill nets and stake nets not exceeding 300 fathoms each in length: Provided, That all stakes, pegs to which guy wires or lines are attached, or other pieces of equipment used in connection with stake nets shall be removed at or before the end of the fishing season. All fishing is prohibited at all times within the sloughs and within 500 yards of their mouths. 4 8. Stake and anchored gill nets shall be operated in substantially a straight ine. STEELHEAD FISHERY.—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject pe the provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. CLAM FISHERY.—1. It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 44% inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. 2. The taking of clams for commercial purposes is prohibited from 6 o’clock postmeridian July 15 to 6 o’clock postmeridian August 31 in each calendar year. CRAB FISHERY—DUNGENESS CRAB (Cancer magister)——No female of this species shall be taken at any time, and no male of this species measuring less than 6% inches in greatest width shall be taken for commercial purposes. XI. Bertne River AREA The Bering River area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska between Point Martin on the west and Cape Suckling on the east. SALMON FISHERY.—1. In the Bering River area all commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian August 10 in each year: Provided, That this prohibition shall not prevent the taking of fish for local food requirements or for use as dog feed. 2. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited after 6 o’elock postmeridian September 22 in each calendar year. 232 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 3. Stake and anchored gill nets shall be operated in substantially a straight line. 4. Commercial fishing for salmon by means of any trap is prohibited. STEELHEAD FISHERY.—Commercial fishing for steelhead trout shall be subject eatin provisions of law and the regulations applicable to commercial fishing for salmon. CLAM FISHERY.—It is prohibited to take for commercial purposes any razor clam measuring less than 4% inches in total length of shell. Possession of any razor clam of less than this length will be regarded as prima facie evidence of unlawful taking. XII. SouTHEASTERN ALASKAN AREA The Southeastern Alaska area is hereby defined to include all territorial coastal and tributary waters of Alaska extending from Dixon Entrance on the south to and including Yakutat Bay on the north. SALMON FISHERY.—This area is subdivided into the following districts, wherein regulations shall be effective as follows: Yakutat district—Al territorial waters within a line extending from Cape Fairweather at 58 degrees 49 minutes north latitude, 1388 degrees west longitude, to Mount Fairweather, thence following the international boundary to a point at 140 degrees 28 minutes west longitude, thence south to a point at 59 degrees 36 minutes north latitude, 140 degrees 28 minutes west longitude, thence to Cape Fairweather at the point of beginning. 1. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 150 fathoms hung measure. 2. Stake and anchored gill nets shall be operated in substantially a straight line. 3. In Dry Bay the use of any drift gill net more than 60 fathoms in length or more than 35 meshes in depth is prohibited. Except in Dry Bay the use of any drift gill net more than 40 fathoms in length or more than 35 meshes in depth is prohibited. For the purpose of determining depths of drift gill nets measurements will be upon the basis of 5% inches stretched measure. 4. In Dry Bay, Situk Inlet, and the lagoon between Ahrnklin and Situk Inlets no stake, set, or anchored gill net shall exceed 25 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. 5. Commercial fishing for salmon by means of any gill net having mesh of more than 5% inches stretched measure between knots is prohibited in Situk Inlet prior to August 10 in each year. 6. No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one seine of any description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. The carrying of any additional seine or net of any kind on a boat towed by any salmon fishing boat is prohibited. 7. Commercial fishing for salmon by means of any beach seine less than 75 fathoms hung measure in length or less than 4 fathoms hung measure in depth is prohibited. For the purpose of determining depths of seines measurements will be upon the basis of 31% inches stretched measure between knots. 8. Commercial fishing for salmon in Dry Bay is prohibited prior to May 15 in each year. 9. Commercial fishing for salmon, except in Dry Bay, is prohibited prior to June 24 in each year: Provided, That this prohibition shall not apply to trolling. 10. Commercial fishing for salmon, except by trolling, is prohibited for the remainder of each calendar year after September 30. 11. Commercial fishing for salmon, except by trolling, is prohibited in all lagoons and other waters outside or between the mouths of Situk and Ahrnklin rivers for the remainder of each calendar year after 6 o’clock postmeridian September 20. ; 12. Commercial fishing for salmon by trolling, except from boats propelled wholly by oars or sails, is prohibited prior to March 1 in each calendar year. 13. In commercial trolling operations no king salmon shall be caught which when dressed will weigh less than 6 pounds. In the event any such undersized salmon are thus taken, they must be carefully removed from the hook without jerking or other action causing injury and returned to the water alive. 14. The use of any trap or purse seine is prohibited. 15. No trolling boat shall operate more than four trolling lines. 16. The 36-hour closed period for salmon fishing prescribed by section 5 of the act of June 6, 1924, is hereby extended to include the period from 6 o’clock postmeridian of Friday of each week until 6 o’clock antemeridian of the Monday following, making a weekly closed period of 60 hours. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 233 17. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited, as follows: (a) Ankau Creek and Inlet. (b) Akwe or Ahquay River. (c) The ‘‘Basin”’ above Dry Bay. Icy Strait district—All territorial waters within a line extending from a point west of Yakobi Island at 58 degrees north latitude, 136 degrees 51 minutes west longitude, to a point at 58 degrees north latitude, 134 degrees 58 minutes west longitude, thence north to a point on the coast of Chichagof Island near Point Augusta at 58 degrees 2 minutes 43 seconds north latitude, 134 degrees 58 minutes west longitude, thence to the southeastern extremity of Point Couverden, thence to Mount Harris, thence following the international boundary to Mount Fair- weather, thence to Cape Fairweather at 58 degrees 49 minutes north latitude, 138 degrees west longitude, thence to the point of beginning at 58 degrees north latitude, 136 degrees 51 minutes west longitude. 1. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or in use by such boat, shall not exceed 250 fathoms hung measure. 2. Stake and anchored gill nets shall be operated in substantially a straight line. 3. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 14% statute miles. 4. No floating trap shall exceed 900 feet in length when any part of such trap is in a greater depth of water than 100 feet at mean high tide. The length of any such trap shall be as measured along the lead from shore at mean high tide to the outer face of the pot. 5. No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one seine of any description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. The carrying of any additional seine or net of any kind on a boat towed by any salmon fishing boat is prohibited. No purse seine shall be less than 175 meshes nor more than 250 meshes in depth nor less than 150 fathoms nor more than 200 fathoms in length, measured on the cork line. For the purpose of determining depths ot seines measurements will be upon the basis of 314 inches stretched measure between knots. No extension to any seine in the way of leads will be permitted. 6. Commercial fishing for salmon, other than trolling, is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 15 in each calendar year and for the remainder of each calendar year after 6 o’clock postmeridian August 3: Provided, That in the waters of Icy Strait and its tributaries easterly of a line from Point Adolphus to Point Gustavus the closing date shall be 6 o’clock postmeridian August 6. 7. Commercial fishing for salmon by trolling is prohibited from 6 o’clock antemeridian August 25 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 20 in each year. 8. Commercial fishing for salmon by trolling, except from boats propelled wholly by oars or sails, is prohibited prior to March 1 in each calendar year. 9. In commercial trolling operations no king salmon shall be caught which when dressed will weight less than 6 pounds. In the event any such undersized salmon are thus taken, they must be carefully removed from the hook without jerking or other action causing injury and returned to the water alive. 10. The use of any beach seine is prohibited. 11. No boat used in operating any purse seine shall be longer than 50 feet, as shown by official register length. 12. No trolling boat shall operate more than four trolling lines. 13. Commercial fishing for salmon, except by gill nets, is prohibited in Dundas Bay north of 58 degrees 21 minutes north latitude, also in the western section of the bay southward of that latitude. 14. Commercial fishing for salmon by means of any seine is prohibited in Idaho Inlet south of 58 degrees 8 minutes 12 seconds north latitude. 15. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in Port Frederick, northern shore of Chichagof Island,.in all waters east of a line from Inner Point Sophia to Game Point and in all waters south of 58 degrees 4 minutes north latitude, except that trolling will be permitted from November 1 to June 1, both dates inclusive. A portion of the waters closed is in the western district. , 16. The use of any trap for the capture of salmon is prohibited, except as fol- ows: (a) Mainland: From the east side of Dundas Bay at 58 degrees 20 minutes north _ latitude to a point 1,000 feet east of Point Dundas. (b) Inian Islands: (1) North of 58 degrees 15 minutes 42 seconds north latitude, exclusive of the east end of the northeastern island and the east and north coasts of the northwestern island easterly of the light at the northwest end; and (2) south- west coast of the northwestern island between 58 degrees 15 minutes 42 seconds north latitude and 58 degrees 15 minutes 18 seconds north latitude, 234 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES (c) George Islands: That island of the George Islands group located at 58 degrees 12 minutes 18 seconds north latitude. (d) Island west of Three Hill Island, Cross Sound: Shore of island west of Three Hill Island located at 58 degrees 10 minutes 3 seconds north latitude, 136 degrees 24 minutes 42 seconds west longitude. (e) Chichagof Island: East coast of Port Althorp between 58 degrees 9 minutes 42 seconds and 58 degrees 11 minutes north latitude. (f) Chichagof Island: From a point easterly of Point Lavinia at 58 degrees 13 minutes 2 seconds north latitude, 136 degrees 20 minutes west longitude, easterly to a point at 58 degrees 13 minutes 18 seconds north latitude, 136 degrees 17 minutes 36 seconds west longitude. (g) Chichagof Island: From a point on the east side of Idaho Inlet at 58 degrees 12 minutes 18 seconds north latitude northward and eastward to 136 degrees 6 minutes 18 seconds west longitude. (h) Chichagof Island: North coast within 1,000 feet westerly from Eagle Point. (7) Chichagof Island: North coast from a point 1,000 feet southerly from Pinta Cove Point westward to a point on the east side of Mud Bay at 58 degrees 12 minutes 6 seconds north latitude. (7) Lemesurier Island: Northwest coast between the western and the northern extremities of the island. : (k) Mainland: From Point Gustavus to 135 degrees 50 minutes west longitude. (1) Pleasant Island: Southern coast from the western extremity of the island easterly to 135 degrees 33 minutes 10 seconds west longitude. . (m) Mainland: From a point on the east side of Excursion Inlet at 58 degrees —- 23 minutes north latitude southward to 185 degrees 8 minutes 40 seconds west — longitude. (n) Chichagof Island: Northeastern coast from Point Sophia to a point on the — south side of Iey Strait at 135 degrees 11 minutes 20 seconds west longitude. (0) Chichagof Island: Northeastern coast from a point on the south side of — Tey Strait at 135 degrees 2 minutes 40 seconds west longitude easterly to a point at 58 degrees 2 minutes 483 seconds north latitude, 184 degrees 58 minutes west longitude. 17. All commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in Glacier Bay within a line from Point Carolus to Point Gustavus. ; Western district—AlIl territorial waters within a line extending from a point off Cape Ommaney at 56 degrees 6 minutes north latitude, 134 degrees 51 min- utes west longitude, to a point off Cape Edgecumbe at 57 degrees north latitude, 136 degrees 4 minutes west longitude, thence to a point at 58 degrees north latitude, 136 degrees 51 minutes west longitude, thence east to 1384 degrees 58 minutes west longitude, thence north to a point on the coast of Chichagof Island near Point Augusta at 58 degrees 2 minutes 48 seconds north latitude, 134 degrees 58 minutes west longitude, thence to the southeastern extremity of Point Couverden, thence to Mount Harris, thence following the international boundary to Mount Ogilvie, thence to the northern extremity of Shelter Island, thence to the northern extremity of Mansfield Peninsula, thence following the — watersheds on Mansfield Peninsula and Admiralty Island to the southern ex- | tremity of Point Gardner, thence west to the watershed on Baranof Island, thence following the watershed to the southern extremity of Cape Ommaney, thence to the point of beginning at 56 degrees 6 minutes north latitude, 134 — degrees 51 minutes west longitude. 1. The total aggregate length of gill nets on any salmon fishing boat, or-in use by such boat, shall not exceed 250 fathoms hung measure. 2. Stake and anchored gill nets shall be operated in substantially a straight $ line. 3. The distance by most direct water measurement from any part of one trap to any part of another trap shall not be less than 1 statute mile. 4. No floating trap shall exceed 900 feet in length when any part of such trap is in a greater depth of water than 100 feet at mean high tide. The length of any such trap shall be as measured along the lead from shore at mean high tide — to the outer face of the pot. 5. No salmon fishing boat shall carry or operate more than one seine of any — description, and no additional net of any kind shall be carried on such boat. The carrying of any additional seine or net of any kind on a boat towed by any — salmon fishing boat is prohibited. No purse seine shall be less than 175 meshes nor more than 250 meshes in depth, nor less than 150 fathoms nor more than — 200 fathoms in length measured on the cork line. For the purpose of deter-_ mining depths of seines measurements will be upon the basis of 3/4 inches_ gl a ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 235 stretched measure between knots. No extension to any seine in the way of leads will be permitted. 6. Commercial fishing for salmon, other than trolling, is prohibited prior to 6 o’clock antemeridian June 15 in each calendar year and for the remainder of each calendar year after 6 o’clock postmeridian August 10: Provided, Tat commercial fishing for salmon south of 58 degrees north latitude is permitted from 6 o’cloek antemeridian October 1 to 6 o’clock postmeridian October 15: and provided further, That this prohibition shall not apply to the use of gill nets from 6 o’clock antemeridian September 5 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 30 in Lynn Canal and contiguous waters north of the north end of Sullivan Island, including Chilkat Inlet outside of a line from Green Point passing across the southern shore of Pyramid Island and Chilkoot Inlet, 1,000 yards outside the mouth of Chilkoot River. 7. Commercial fishing for salmon by trolling is prohibited from 6 o’clock antemeridian August 25 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 20 in each year: Provided, That this prohibition shall not apply along the west coast of Baranof Island from Cape Ommaney to the south point of entrance to Whale Bay. 8. Commercial fishing for salmon by means of any trap is prohibited except in the period from 6 o’clock antemeridian June 15 to 6 o’clock postmeridian August 10 in each year. 9. Commercial fishing for salmon by trolling, except from boats propelled wholly by oars or sails, is prohibited prior to March 1 in each calendar year. 10. The use of any beach seine is prohibited. 11. No boat used in operating any purse seine shall be longer than 50 feet, as shown by official register length. 12. No trolling boat shall operate more than four trolling lines. 13. In commercial trolling operations no king salmon shall be caught which when dressed will weigh less than 6 pounds. In the event any such undersized salmon are thus taken, they must be carefully removed from the hook without jerking or other action causing injury and returned to the water alive. 14. Purse seines are prohibited in Lynn Canal and contiguous waters north of 58 degrees 26 minutes north latitude. — 15. Commercial fishing for salmon in Chilkat Inlet north of the south end of Kochu Island is prohibited, except that in these closed waters outside of a line from Green Point passing across the southern shore of Pyramid Island such fishing is permitted by gill nets from 6 o’clock antemeridian September 5 to 6 o'clock post meridian September 30 in each year. 16. Commercial fishing for salmon in Chilkoot Inlet and contiguous waters north of 59 degrees 14 minutes 39 seconds north latitude is prohibited, except that in these closed waters outside of 1,000 yards of the mouth of Chilkoot River such fishing is permitted by gill nets from 6 o’clock antemeridian September 5 to 6 o’clock postmeridian September 30 in each year. 17. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in Tenakee Inlet and Fresh- water Bay within a line from North Passage Point to South Passage Point: Provided, That this prohibition shall not apply to trolling from January 1 to 6 o’clock postmeridian August 24. 18. Commercial fishing for salmon is prohibited in Port Frederick, northern shore of Chichagof Island, in all waters east of a line from Inner Point Sophia to Game Point, and in all waters south of 58 degrees 4 minutes north latitude, except that trolling will be permitted from November 1 to June 1, both dates inclusive. 0° se ee ee eee 40'0684|- 25k. 2 40, 066 Miscellaneous skins held for reference purposes - ----- 4 i Ree ae eee coe |e 4 United States’ share of Japanese sealskins, season of 1928s 2. 28 ee SS So oo Sues Se eee 152 152? |.-.=2-22e3| see Confiscated akins:- 2... 2 S0hY es eee ee ee eee 6 25), <3 eee 4 TOTAL oo =: See So eee ee 40, 029 40, 226 29, 500 2 2 50, 753 1 When skins taken in the commercial sealing season in 1929 were packed for shipment the count was 2 less than the number taken. It is believed that a miscount was made in the error will be rectified when the skins are unpacked at St. Louis. : : 2 800 skins at Pribilof Islands; 49,938 in custody of Fouke Fur Co.; 15 in custody of Washington office, Bureau of Fisheries. packing the skins and that ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 331 SHIPMENT AND SALE OF FOX SKINS The 79 blue and 8 white fox skins taken on St. Paul Island in the season of 1928-29, and the 465 blue-fox skins and 1 white skin taken on St. George Island in the same season were placed aboard the U. S. S. Sirius for shipment and reached Seattle on September 16, whence they were forwarded by express on the next day to the bureau’s selling agents at St. Louis, Mo. The above skins were sold at public auction at St. Louis on Sep- tember 30, 1929. The blue pelts sold for $35,865, an average of $65.93 per skin; and the white pelts brought $556, an average of $61.78 per skin. The maximum price per skin was $185, obtained for two blue pelts in separate lots. Further details are given in the follow- ing tables: Sale of 544 blue and 9 white fox skins at St. Louis, Mo., September 30, 1929 Num- Price Num- | Price _ ber of} Trade classification | per pele for ae ber of} Trade classification | per ee for 0. | skins skin * | skins skin 0 BLUE-FOX SKINS BLUE-FOX SKINS—Con. 501 1 | Extra extra fine----_|$185.00 | $185. 00 554 1 | Fine silvery-_------- $140.00 | $140.00 “502 Lj Bxtrasane.— 22-2 222 185. 00 185. 00 555 44) Wine. dark. 2-22 25 110. 00 440. 00 503 1b | ees (6 (ee eee 125. 00 125. 00 556 3 | I silvery_- -| 94.00 282. 00 504 1 eee dos ee 145. 00 145. 00 557 ees GOeses- as 92. 50 92. 50 505 5 We O70 a; ea es a eS 140. 00 140. 00 558 | tL ee cl ate es ee 86. 00 86. 00 506 1 | Fine silvery. --.----- 140.00 | 140.00 559 PH ae a clot eae hs Teer | 87.00 174.00 507 oS RE Qzssa 55) Saee 160. 00 160. 00 560 Sidi tot Tt a ae ee eee 89. 00 267. 00 508 AF | oe AO Saar. ARE 150. 00 150. 00 561 je) Peer Bhs ae Eee 76. 00 228. 00 509 ii) | ee dort 4 to 145.00 , 145.00 562 | one does en ee Sa 70. 00 210. 00 510 | Vist PRSHIVORY aes oa Sone 130. 00 260. 00 563 cL CL Sea eee 75. 00 300. 00 511 (Nal Ses One SS see, 129. 00 516. 00 564 LEIS IS ee ee 76. 00 684. 00 512 71) eres (6 0) Seen nea 140. 00 280. 00 565 TOs alae ee tS Ps | 73. 00 730. 00 513 4 | I pale silvery------- 105. 00 420. 00 566 (oil j [See eee ee Se ee 68. 00 544. 00 514 ie | ewes Queens Sere 110. 00 110. 00 567 Ae esiVeryoeos esse 68. 00 272. 00 515 Dh SS OS = Hk tS 110. 00 220. 00 568 OF InGaN kes oa 3 eS 52. 00 312. 00 516 1S ewe Goze ee es 105. 00 105. 00 569 140) NE Bes es ee ae eel 54. 00 540. 00 517 Be awsihVvenys 22 <2= 2225 102. 00 204. 00 570 by POL Loe eS 50. 00 400. 00 518 Jl 3b Pe LE eS eres 106. 00 212. 00 571 NON ee Ce eo 58.00 | 580.00 519 2a paleesi- 82 oso 2e sts 94.00 | 188.00 572 GUE OWeeer aoe ae n= 38. 00 418. 00 520 Liye] FS FY ea 89. 00 445. 00 573 St Pares Ose eee 38.00 | 304.00 521 i gt ea 6g ae eae =e Secs 115. 00 | 115. 00 574 Sym) ee ee do SS 44, 00 220. 00 §22 3 do 106.00 | 318.00 575 Lip Mi Db aire rch eee Se 130.00 | 130.00 523 3 4 336. 00 576 1 | Fine silvery_------- 135. 00 135. 00 524 3 312. 00 577 Jilehine =.) eee 92. 00 184. 00 525 3 318. 00 578 LUNES es GbE ae 65. 00 65. 00 526 6 3 456. 00 579 Ne Glia Seeeeere 86. 00 | 86. 00 527 2 i 150. 00 580 2 silvery < 22s Sse 90. 00 180. 00 528 2 156. 00 581 A hee ee (a anal ee eee Nee 2S 110. 00 110. 00 529 2h) WU Ea ee ee ee 66.00 | 264.00 582 Dh Ieee does 92. 00 184. 00 530 COA HE al i ae 68.00 | 272.00 583 Sol dark 252 are en 79. 00 395. 00 531 ANEW ae oe eS 38.00 | 190.00 584 Ge eee doe eee eee 76. 00 456. 00 532 (ET ae ores 17. 00 119. 00 585 Alls 28 doe 76. 00 304. 00 533 1 | Extra extra fine____- 175. 00 175. 00 586 LOSE Sarees eee 72.00 | - 720.00 534 JOE xtrartines. . 1-5. 145. 00 145. 00 587 Boe Se ae eh eS 68.00 | 544.00 535 io) BANE SiVeLy 22<===-= 150. 00 150. 00 588 OP sin alO == ene ene 62.00 | 558. 00 536 aA ene darks 22's. 2 135. 00 270.00 |; 589 2 NOD SUMCLY sss sssose 62.00 | 248.00 537 OUlebSIvenyea— == === 110. 00 330.00 || 590 Wey) MGR TN SS ae ee 58. 00 696. 00 538 age oe (Cpe 94. 00 282. 00 591 7A ba 3 ee Se pee ee ee 45.00 | 315.00 539 ESN Col 16 tok es Snes ae ae ee 87. 00 435.00 || 592 8) UR ee Resa 50. 00 400. 00 540 yl ee te eee 2 76. 00 380. 00 593 2 a fa Ol (ne ee oe ee 42. 00 378. 00 541 Gees eyes Bee ee eS 76. 00 456. 00 594 5 | he 32 = eee 40.00 200.00 542 WL See 68. 00 544. 00 595 Bf pe) ee at Se Se | 48.00; 144.00 543 Ro Al hc): Geo ee ee 78. 00 234. 00 596 14) tO ee 44. 00 616. 00 544 Ba BNSveryee=—-=----— 78. 00 234. 00 597 Lis) = dos heen. =e 46. 00 506. 00 545 1274 biel OE. Fe oud ee ee 58. 00 290.00 || 598 1b ehxtrantine=s=2-—— 115.00, 115.00 546 ST) vel 1 LS ee Sar ieee 56. 00 560. 00 599 | 2) gWiNG = see see | 102.00 | 204. 00 547 Peis Pee ee Ae 58. 00 696. 00 600 Pg te ee dosses an Se | 102. 00 204. 00 548 1/20 ee a ee 46.00 | 368.00 601 1 | Fine silvery-_-___---- 117.50} 117.50 549 LATIN) cL ULI of (Pe Se 54. 00 540. 00 602 1 Wines) sees ee 86. 00 86. 00 550 Sel lows 22. 46.00 368. 00 603 tI oe ae GO= Se et tate 76. 00 76. 00 551 (sl eee do_- 34. 00 238. 00 604 Dal MCSThVeny!-—seeee = =o 110. 00 330. 00 552 L745 pL 1) ee a a 24. 00 288. 00 605 2 | 5 SEE See = eee 114.00 | 228.00 553 1 | Extra extra fine_____ 145. 00 145. 00 606 i) eee Ds Sa es a 98. 00 98. 00 117716—30——_9 soz U. 8S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Sale of 544 blue and 9 white fox skins at St. Louis, Mo., September 30, 1929—Con. Num- : Price Num- Price oe ber of Trade classification |. per | Duis for ae ber of| Trade classification | per ae for - | skins skin | : |skins skin ot ee | ae | BLUE-FOX SKINS— BLUE-FOX SKINS— continued continued 607 | on sb: dark 222 sees 34 88. 00 264. 00 619 2>| cE OW ssinaeseeee ee 36. 00 72. 00 608 | i yl eee dos) Se ss 71. 00 426. 00 620 | Ve See do.2k ae 32. 00 448. 00 609 | Ailes se dot <6 72. 00 288. 00 wasn Sap ee 10). eke Kean yo oe 68.00 | 408. 00 = 85, Son O9 611 10 ese Rete: SETA 2.052 68. 00 680. 00 ae 3 Disilvery=-c82 =e 68. 00 204. 00 WHITE-FOX SKINS reer y preeeia mie ee er 5200, 52000 | 2) 8) Land Mr .__. 64.00 | 512,00 615| 11 | IL__-.-.-.-.-.-.-..-| 52.00] 572.00 || 622) . 1) ILstained-------- 44.00) 00 616 [fy fe 8 ea a Re 44. 00 308. 00 9 556. 00 617 S UL SS ee ee 48. 00 384. 00 —— 618 | 4.) low ae 34. 00 136. 00 | 553 36, 421. 00 SEA-OTTER SKINS Five sea-otter skins, reported taken from animals found dead, were seized by the bureau in 1929 and forwarded to the Fouke Fur Co., at St. Louis, Mo., to be sold for Government account. Three of these skins were taken on shores of the Aleutian Islands and surrendered through the United States commissioner at Unalaska, and two were taken in the vicinity of Yantarni Bay, near Cape Kunmik, on the south side of the Alaska Peninsula, and turned over to the bureau’s warden at Kodiak. The skins were sold at public auction on Sep- tember 30, 1929, for $963—one of them bringing $450. FUR-SEAL PATROL UNITED STATES COAST GUARD Five cutters—the Chelan, Unalga, Snohomish, Northland, and Haida—were assigned by the United States Coast Guard to take part in the patrol for the protection of the fur seals and sea otters in waters of the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. The Snohomish began to patrol off the mouth of Columbia River on April 5 and covered the area as far north as Dixon Entrance until May 17. The Unalga patrolled from Dixon Entrance northward and westward to Unalaska and then took part in the general patrol in the Bering Sea region. The Chelan sailed from Seattle for Unalaska in April and the Haida in June, patrolling en route and thereafter maintaining the patrol in Bering Sea and around the Pribilof Islands. While on its annual trip to the Arctic Ocean the Northland patrolled waters frequented by the fur seals. The season’s patrol extended as far westward as Attu, the westernmost island of the Aleutian Islands, and was prosecuted as long as the circumstances required. BUREAU OF FISHERIES An Executive order of January 14, 1929, superseding one dated April 11, 1924, named each of the bureau’s boats in the Alaska service as duly authorized and directed to take part in the patrol for the protection of the fur seals and sea otters which frequent the waters of the North Pacific Ocean. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 333 Throughout April and May the Brant was detailed to patrol waters in the vicinity of Cape Flattery. The Auklet was engaged in the seal patrol near Sitka during the month of April. SEALING PRIVILEGES ACCORDED ABORIGINES The North Pacific Sealing Convention of July 7, 1911, provides that Indians and other aborigines dwelling on the coasts of the waters designated by the convention may take fur-seal skins under limited conditions. There have been authenticated by agents of the United States 1,586 fur-seal skins taken by Indians in 1929 in the waters off the coasts of Washington and southeast Alaska. The details are as follows: Washington.—A total of 591 skins taken by the Indians of Wash- ington were authenticated. Of these 166 were from males, 421 from females, 3 from unborn pups, and 1 from a seal whose sex was not recorded. The skins were taken by Indians of La Push and Neah Bay and in the months from February to June, both inclusive. Dr. Carl B. Boyd, Superintendent of the Neah Bay Indian Agency, Neah Bay, Wash., attended to the authentication of the skins for the bureau. Alaska.—Nine hundred and ninety-five skins taken by natives of Sitka were authenticated. Of these 582 were reported to be from males, 291 from females, and 122 from unborn pups. The seals from which the skins were secured were taken in waters off Biorka Island and Cape Edgecumbe and in the months of April, May, and June. An official report received by the bureau stated that 3,383 fur-seal skins were taken by natives of British Columbia in 1929. JAPANESE SEALSKINS DELIVERED TO THE UNITED STATES The North Pacific Sealing Convention of July 7, 1911, provides that 10 per cent of the fur-seal skins taken annually upon Robben Island or any other islands or shores of waters defined by the con- vention subject to the jurisdiction of Japan shall be turned over to the United States Government unless the number of seals frequenting the Japanese islands falls below 6,500, enumerated by official count. In January, 1929, there were delivered at St. Louis, Mo., 152 fur- seal skins, comprising the United States Government’s share of such skins taken by the Japanese Government in 1928. They were sold at public auction on September 30, 1929. Before being sold 142 were dressed, dyed, and machined. The remaining 10 were sold in the raw salted condition. Details of the sale are given on page 326. The United States Government’s share of fur-seal skins taken by the Japanese Government in 1929 was 170. They were received at St. Louis in January, 1930. VISIT TO PRIBILOF ISLANDS BY RUSSIANS In June a permit was issued by the Department of Commerce authorizing two Russians, Leonty Vasilievich Boitsoff and Titus Ardeevich Malkovitch, to visit the Pribilof Islands for the purpose of observing fur seals and making general observations of the activities at those islands over a period of not exceeding three weeks. They arrived at the Pribilofs on July 14 and left July 25. The U.S. F.S. Hider afforded them transportation from Dutch Harbor to the Pribilofs and on their departure took them from the islands to Akutan. 334 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES COMPUTATION OF FUR SEALS, PRIBILOF ISLANDS, 1929 By Harry J. CHRISTOFFERS The fur-seal herd of the Pribilof Islands at the present time is in a very healthful condition. The large number of breeding bulls— harem, idle, and surplus bulls—shows that the present requirements of the herd have been amply provided for through the reserving of part of the 3-year-old males for breeding purposes. It is believed that at present there are not more bulls than are desirable. Though the number of breeding bulls has been greatly increased, there is no apparent increase in the amount of fighting on the rook- eries or in the percentage of dead pups. In spite of the increased number of bulls there are still a few young bulls holding harems. Many branded 9-year-olds were observed holding harems. In the early part of the season the large number of bulls on the hauling grounds causes some trouble in “making drives, especially when the weather is warm. As the season advances the number of bulls in drives decreases, though there are always more or less of them. Toward the end of the season the 2-year-olds cause more trouble than the bulls. There are now so many 2-year-olds that it is not advisable to drive large numbers of bachelors for any great distance during the last week in July. This is, therefore, the best possible time to discontinue killing and make provision for breeding requirements. After the discontinuance of killing operations on July 23, it was possible this season to mark for breeding purposes over eight thousand 3-year-old males before August 1. There were still a great many unmarked 3-year-olds to be observed on the hauling grounds. It is felt, therefore, that sufficient 3-year-olds were reserved. With normal conditions the number of 3-year-olds which could be reserved after July 23 would increase each year in approximately the same pro- portion as the growth of the herd. Killing operations may, therefore, be discontinued at about this time each season to provide for a proper reserve. BULLS The census of harem and idle bulls this season was taken on St. Paul Island between July 16 and July 22, inclusive, and on St. George Island on July 23 and 24. The count on Zapadni and South rookeries, St. George Island, was made by Agent H. A. Peterson and Storekeeper A. “J. Messner. The counts on all other rookeries, on both islands, were made by Special Agent A. Christoffersen and the writer. It is considered advisable for two persons to make each count simultaneously so that final figures may be verified. Harem areas continued to expand this season, especially toward the rear of the rookeries. A number of harems were again found on hauling grounds. In a relatively few years, if the present rate of eee continues, there will be no hauling erounds on Reef rook- ery, Paul Island. Later, when the Gorbatch hauling grounds are es with harems, the bachelors’ will probably haul out on Zoltoi sands. These c hanges would result in shortening materially the length of the drives from these rookeries to the killing field. It was impossible, on accouat of weather conditions, to count ~ Sivutch rookery. A conservative estimate, therefore, has been — included. | a ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 330 In 1928 there was an actual decrease in the number of bulls oa Kitovi and Lukanin rookeries, due to late ice conditions. This year these rookeries recovered their normal position. Zapadni rookery, St. George Island, showed a decrease in harems, while South rookery, on the same island, showed an unusual increase. A hauling ground also appeared on South rookery, which undoubtedly claimed a great many of the bachelors that would otherwise have hauled out at Zapadni. This is unfortunate, as it is impossible to hold a drive or killing at South rookery. To facilitate the counting of barems, three additional tripods were erected in the spring—one each on Reef, Gorbatch, and Polovina rookeries. All other tripods and walks were repaired, and in some cases extensions were made on account of greatly expanded harem areas. Additional tripods and extensions to walks are contemplated before another season. A great many iron-branded 9-year-old bulls were observed holding harems. A number of these bulls also were to be found on hauling grounds throughout the season. No matter what their age, most of the late-arriving bulls are probably forced to spend the major portion of the season on hauling grounds or in the rear of rookeries. Rookeries now cover such extensive areas that idle and surplus bulls do not remain continuously in the rear of rookeries or on hauling grounds. Large numbers of these bulls constantly roam between the hauling grounds and the rookeries. Number of harem and idle bulls, approximate ratio of idle bulls to harem bulls, and average harem, 1929 Approxi- : mate LE Harem Idle ratio of | Average Rookery Date bulls bulls Total idle bulls| harem to harem bulls St. Paul Island: SERED ee es See Om 2 July 16 260 51 | 311 1825} 39. 11 Netriccha rie eae ee eee! El Sedo es. 104 11 115 1:9 47. 28 (Cigte iN Soa eee eee July 18 507 131 638 1:4 50. 93 Aigeh lt TS ees ee eee eee ne 5 GonenS 48 14 62 1:3 50. 89 TRON. Gg EE See 8 oe ek Te ae pe Ka eee 1, 123 293 1, 416 1:4 46.19 MuMlbenn (esha tod) a. 2 = Aa a bee te se 375 80 455 ey 42. 32 beers See Se ee eee July 20 2 | eee | Type ee 56. 00 eo st aie, eee eres a Se July 16 543 106 649 ea 56. 23 WARE O Tins Sao ee ee ees a July 17 486 102 588 15 60. 38 MItheeZAnaGni = seme we os eS ee Sa Goet = 299 53 | 352 1:6 50. 03 PAO AGMIMReCR ea oa 2. oe So Se Se dOeee 27 7 34 1:4 19. 22 jetta. 2 RO. ae eee July 19 344 79 423 1:4 30. 65 inate Chik aes ee a EGOS er 189 44 233 1:4 30. 55 Pigiie cholo 220 oe Wee doe 54 16 70 1:3 38. 94 IMGye (halk. 8 ee July 22 166 33 | 199 isd 22071 Wostochinine se. 9s 2 ee ee =do__-- 1, 471 319 1, 790 V5 28. 60 . ANQUENL SS 22 OS a SS Sa a ne ee Oe 5, 998 1, 339 (EBRY/ 1:4 41. 82 St. George Island: ; PAK GT eee ees eee tS So et July 24 431 76 507 1:6 47. 48 SP Atl 93 416 3 47.74 92 31 123 1:3 23. 65 48 16 64 Le 10. 62 98 26 124 1:4 47.86 197 52 249 1:4 67. 96 1, 189 294 1, 483 1:4 47. 64 ——S_—s= 7, 187 1, 633 8, 820 1:4 42. 78 336 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES AVERAGE HAREM The estimated average harem has been determined on the basis of an increase of 8 per cent for the cows. With normal conditions pre- vailing, the use of this rate of increase for the present will answer all practical requirements. The average harem shows a very satisfactory decrease. This is due, no doubt, to the creation of a greatly increased reserve of breeding bulls. Computation of breeding cows, based on annual increases of 8 per cent, and of average harems, in 1929 Breeding cows Average harem Harem Increase Rookery bulls, (+) or 128 | soap | = 180) 8 ozo ea ee 1929 from 1928 St. Paul Island: Kat GVico.- 9 Aan ee ene 9, 417 10, 170 260 39. 11 47. 56 —8. 45 aoikanin® 3 2, ee es 4, 553 4,917 | 104 47. 28 56. 21 —8. 93 @ortbateh {2.22 = 2 Sn a ee eee 23, 910 25, 823 507 50. 93 51. 20 —.27 ATOISHOD Boe 2 ak eee ees eee See oe 2, 262 2, 443 48 50. 89 39. 68 +11. 21 Reef. 822 es ne ae ane see 48, 028 51, 870 1, 123 46.19 46. 72 —. 53 Siguich 222 > eS ee ee 14, 696 15, 872 375 42.32 41.99 +. 33 Lagoon (actual count pups) ----------- 115 112 2 56. 00 57. 50 —1. 50 Toston jG ee eS Ss Ee 28, 273 30, 5385 543 56. 23 61. 60 —5. 37 /A Sato 6c) eee eee en ARS Se 27,171 29, 345 486 60. 38 72. 84 —12. 46 hittle Zapadnis: 2 ees 13, 850 14, 958 299 50. 08 66. 59 —16. 56 TSPaaninh ce fteas= ea ee 481 519 27 19. 22 20. 91 —1.69 IPOlOViti8 «50 ee a Se eee 9, 764 10, 545 344 30. 65 35. 12 —4,47 PolovinaiClitiswe. > 22-2) 5 a hewn See 5, 346 5, 774 189 30. 55 36. 37 —5. 82 ‘Listlewoldvink=+ ees eee 1, 947 2, 103 54 38. 94 40. 56 —1. 62 IMGT O Vine Sate Scans oes shat osee ee 3, 500 3, 780 166 D2 22. 01 +. 76 WiNStOCHINE sees 55 aoe Se ee 38, 961 42, 078 1, 471 28. 60 32. 99 —4.39 ROTA eas hee se oe ee eee | 232, 274 250, 844 5, 998 41. 82 45. 91 —4.09 St. George Island: 4 Worth: 4-2-2 eee eee 18, 948 20, 464 431 47. 48 52. 93 —5. 45 StanavacAriili: 25s. ee re ee 14, 277 15, 419 323 47.74 60. 50 —12. 76 ZAPROM: oo en oe ee eae 2,015 2,176 92 23. 65 20. 35 +3. 30 South in eo 22 eae ees 472 510 48, 10. 62 15. 73 —5.11 east Reel .2 2-2 7 sea 8 eee eee 4, 343 4, 690 98 47.86 48. 80 —.94 ast. Glifis: 3:3 252. 41 ee ee 12, 396 13, 388 197 67. 96 69. 25 —1.29 Totale+~ 8 15-582 oe ee ee 52, 451 56, 647 1, 189 47. 64 52. 93 —5. 29 Total (both islands) 2222 222----2=-=—— 284,725 | 307,491 7, 187 42. 78 | 47.06 | —4. 28 PUPS AND COWS This season the average rate of increase of 8 per cent, as determined from complete pup counts of 1917 and 1922, has again been used for computing the number of cows and pups in the herd. The number of dead pups observed appeared to be about normal. The percentage of dead pups as counted in 1922, therefore, has been applied to each rookery. For comparative purposes only the estimated number of dead pups is included in the total number of pups. It is possible that there has been a larger percentage of pups born as a result of making a larger reserve of 3-year-old males for breeding purposes. The sharp increase in the number of 2 and 3 year olds arriving at the islands would indicate either an increase in birth rate of more than 8 per cent or a sharp decrease in the mortality rate. ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 Sor For the present it does not appear to be desirable to increase the percentage used to determine the number born. ‘The final results will be the same if mortality rates are reduced. It has now been definitely determined that the mortality rates applied in 1925 and for several years thereafter (which rates were determined as a result of information secured from branding operations of 1923 and 1924) were too high. Observations on a number of rookeries on July 12 and 13 showed at least 25 per cent less harems than when count was actually made. This showed that cows were arriving late. Within the next few days they hauled out in large numbers. Distribution of pups on the Pribilof Islands, August 10, 1929, and comparison with distribution in 1928 1929 1928 | 1929 Rookery Living Dead Total | Percent| Total nanos pups pups pups jdeadpups; pups | St. Paul Island: | TECTUCO RTD bes eg el ee a 10, 021 149 | 10,170 1.47 9, 417 753 NG careers hee 4,810 107 4,917 | Dalia 4, 553 364 (Cli oti Galt ee Se 25, 601 222 25, 823 . 86 23, 910 1, 913 JARO its. ee Ae ee ee 2, 385 58 | 2, 443 2.39 2, 262 181 ei ee ee oe See eee ae 61, 113 757 | 51,870 1. 46 48, 028 3,842 - SO HIKG 00 2S ee ee eee 15, 485 387 | 15,872 2. 44 14, 696 1,176 Lagoon (actual count) = ._.--_-.-.----- fips) eee AA) py] ene a ie 115 | —3 HMGIB ON. = 2 oe ee eee 30, 111 424 30, 535 | 1.39 28, 273 2, 262 PANO YG NT oo ge Oe eee ee 28, 840 505 29, 345 | te 27,171 2,174 ibe ApoE 14, 584 374 14, 958 | 2. 50 13, 850 1, 108 EVO OWA Rye) Wes ee ee Re 515 4 519 | . 80 481 38 Leta oye es sae ONS ee er 10, 384 161 10, 545 1.53 9, 764 781 EON AGT (Clitik: ae a ae eae 5, 667 107 5, 774 1.85 5, 346 428 tiles olovanaee eee] ose 22 ee 2, 050 53 2, 103 Dank 1, 947 156 IM (OM TEA Ala 2S” SR ne oa ee 3, 704 76 3, 780 2.02 3, 500 280 WiOStoChniien 8) aur reeeen Se Se ee 41, 203 875 42, 078 2.08 38, 961 3, 117 TOT) DY ES SR ee eo ee a 246, 585 4, 259 250, 844 1.70 232, 274 18, 570 SSS eee eee SS 22. —E—E=E ——] St. George Island: INOS Se eee a 20, 178 | 286 20, 464 1. 40 18, 948 1, 516 SHEESH 92a 1 Me a Se ee oe 15, 021 398 15, 419 2. 58 14, 277 1, 142 Several. bs es SA SE ee ee 2, 152 24 2,176 Wet 2,015 161 DRG tees Sees ee 501 9 510 rp 472 38 TDS TRAST SS OS eee 4, 619 71 4, 690 1,51 4, 343 347 IDE OA aa es 13, 189 199 13, 388 1. 49 12, 396 992 AUG Ss Oe ee ee eee 55, 660 987 56, 647 1.74 52, 451 4,196 orale (Dounvislands)2-2e=- =. =< =.= 52 302, 245 5, 246 307, 491 1.71 284, 725 22, 766 MORTALITY OF SEALS AT SEA In 1925, due to information secured from branding operations, it was necessary to increase the mortality rates of seals for the first three years of their existence. It was advisable to continue using these mortality rates until it could be definitely proved that they were incorrect. It is now felt that it has been distinctly shown that the mortality rates established in 1925 were abnormal. For the present, therefore, it is desirable to use the mortality rates established for males prior to 1925 and to make adjustments accordingly in the number of seals credited to each age class for the first 3 years. This has been done in the computation for this season. The mortality rate for yearling females has been reduced to 40 per cent. 338 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES COMPLETE COMPUTATION Following is a summary of the method used for computing the number of animals in the Pribilof Islands fur-seal herd in 1929, together with a recapitulation of the herd by classes. It will be noted that the increase in the total number of seals over 1928 was 100,014, or 11.48 per cent. per cent. Complete computation of fur seals, Pribilof Islands, as The increase in 1928 over 1927 was 62,648, or 7.74 of August 10, 1929 St. Paul |St. George Class Island | Island | Total Pups; estimated .{ <2: 21) 1. seer ee ee sees oan on ee ee 250, 844 56, 647 307, 491 Breeding cows, 3 years old and over, by inference------------------------- 250, 844 56, 647 307, 491 Harem bulls: counted !< 2. S05 0h ee eee CNR baa eee eee 5, 998 1, 189 7, 187 Tdlé bulls; counted is. et ee 2 ee ee eee 1, 339 294 1, 633 Yearlings, male and female, estimated: Ketnsles borm in 192855 2S) es ae he oe ee ees 116, 137 26, 225 142, 362 Natural mortality, 40 per cent 46, 455 10, 490 56, 945 Yearling females, Aug. 10, 1929 69, 682 15, 735 85, 417 Males"born in:1928". 4. te See el ee eee thee ee See eee 116, 137 26, 226 142, 363 Natural mortality, 40 per cent 46, 455 10, 490 56, 945 Yearling males beginning 1929 69, 682 15, 736 85, 418 Yearling)males killed) 19205...) ee a ee eee Se ios Soo 37 Wearlingmales, Awe: 10) 1999. = 2222 2. eae eee 69, 645 15, 736 85, 381 2-year-olds, male and female, estimated: Yearling females) Aue. 10-1928) = _. 22 ek eee 59, 126 13, 355 72,481 Adjustment to decrease mortality rate of yearlings from 45 per cent {0:40:Der cent.22-> Oke. See ee he eee ee eee 5, 375 1, 214 6, 589 Corrected totalforzA tie: VOVIOO8 =* Aes 2 eee ee ee ee 64, 501 14, 569 79, 070 Naturaltmortalitivedhipericent--2o- se coe soe oo eee eee 9, 675 2, 185 11, 860 2-year-old females; Aire. 10; 19202 2 Spe eee eaeee 54, 826 12, 384 67, 210 Yearling*males: Aupei0: 1928: 2-2". 2. 2 ee ee eee 53, 721 12, 140 65, 861 Adjustment to decrease mortality rate of yearlings from 50 per cent to 40 per cent ____- CEES Pe Feats ee We Fay IE a 10, 750 2,429 13, 179 @orreeteditotalfor Aime: 10519985 22 Ee eee eee ee 64, 471 14, 569 79, 040 Vearling misles\ killedifall 19983 Se eee ee bial eee 5 Yearlmp ‘males end tofi1928 +225". See ee eee eee eee 64, 466 14, 569 79, 035 Wattnal mortality 17:5 percentoes S00 ss ee 11, 281 2, 550 18, 831 2-year-olds beginning 1920 nk 28 ha ee ee ere Be 53, 185 12, 019 65, 204 2-year-olds killed 10929). 2- S22. Se). ee eee 781 69 850 2-year-old males, Aig. 10:'1929. - 22 sbo ee eae eee eee 52, 404 11, 950 64, 354 3-year-old males, estimated: in| i 2-yenr-old males, Aves 10; 192k Seon Se re ee eee ee ea 40, 000 9, 087 49, 087 Adjustment to decrease mortality rate of yearlings from 50 per cent to. 40 per’ conto... Lee se ER ee ere a sot a 8, 215 1, 855 10, 070 Corrected’ total/for Aig: 10: A928 oe re Soe ee 48, 215 10, 942 59, 157 2-Vear-old misles killedfall Of 928 25s st yr ee ee es a 46 5 51 2-year-0ld males end Of 1928 5 3.) eis ee ee eee 48, 169 10, 937 59, 106 Natural mortality, 12:5 per cent. 2.22. eee a eee 6, 021 1, 367 7, 388 3-year-old males beginning 1929__....-__---.--------------- 42, 148 9, 570 51, 718 8-yéar-old. males killed.1920" 2 eee 31, 635 6, 444 38, 079 3-year-old males, Aug. 10, 1929 10, 513 3,126 | 13,639 4-year-old males, estimated: 3-year-0ld ‘males “Avg 310.1928 2-2. ee ee eee (1) (1) 11, 133 38-year-old malés‘killédsalWio2s”. oc 22 Ss 2 ee ee ne 442 295 737 38-year-old malesiend of 1928. ----~_ oe ers eee ee | Sa ee | es | 10, 396 Natural mortality, 10 per cent --------- bles ee ed ok ee Ses eee 1, 040 4-vear-old malés beginning 1929.__.-: 212. 2i See Se See i Lee eee | 9, 356 A-year-0ld:males killed 1929: 5-2 2 a ee ee 219 35 254 4=year-old males, Alig; 10; 1929-< =. 2c ono oe eee es oe ae a see ae eee [ere | 9, 102 1 As it was not possible to allocate to each island the 3, 4, or 5 year old males in 1928, it is not possible to do this in respect to the 4, 5, or 6 year old males in 1929. r ¥ > ALASKA FISHERY AND FUR-SEAL INDUSTRIES, 1929 339 Complete computation of fur seals, Pribilof Islands, as of August 10, 1929—Contd. Woo St. Paul |St. George} ,, Class Island Island Total 5-year-old males, estimated: Legeaw os ey ta Lawal VR ele be S10} lt) a a (1) (1) 7, 798 Gh ONS) CER DUIDS, oil eS LT GSH SIC f 2 Se a Se Sa)» ee ee a eee Aovparoldimalestent Olea sten 2a eee ee he LA SESS | Psa See 7, 798 IN Tine! Tala DI bipS LEN OT eC Stay oe pe rr) aS (ee a 780 eS Ooieo ents Esa DOPIMMUN Ey O20 eae s see One ee oo see een b ee ated enncccenen|ancencocce 7, 018 SSVEMESOI el MICS uRIDOO 1020 eee Gon ee ee Se no ee acne ne 2a : 2 Osea OLOMUAMIOS Rots LO O20 ae eenn eee se ke ei efee ace ce eee ee 7, 016 _ 6-year-old males, estimated: aN EEe-OLGMIM Ales ATI CA MOL O28 aceeee se oo Pe coe es ek ee (*) (4) 13, 001 SP MEBE-OUleMinlosiKlled ia lO2800-oen or een seers seme Sn a= -|---=2=--=- [Senak eno Paeeeeses BEETS Nel eas NS aka Mayi TRS see ye (ree eee) |e we 13, 001 PE eMOniali etc OLED COU Laeee eee meee tees ee le 2, 600 PAA! UNS oer avaNe Ne Pe te SE Be ee te ee ae | (ee 10, 401 (Hewrpirstoy Vo berm es URSS TU Layo Lepore Dileeee see 2 ROMCHtOLMeli Al eS me AuIerml Os 1 O20 yee manne enn ne a ee Cy oe a Ne 10, 399 Surplus bulls,7 years and over, estimated: peveaten Gna los ACE 1 Onl O28. — a5 5 a ke SE SN See ee 12, 278 579 12, 857 DeMe Mesto Kae aaa se Cay Pe SKa EEUU Ge) SS A J I Se ha | ae ae Os ee GVeAr ol daisies nd OllOgs = sa. ee tee ee he SE 12, 278 579 12, 857 Ma TuTA MERON y4ec0 DenCONbs 2 eee. 2 See Se ee 2, 455 116 2, 571 i-year-olaimales:bepmming 1929! S222 Se Ses ee oe 9, 823 463 10, 286 fap SCO ELITE OH Kan elgg ame eee meer ee pena Sty eT a a |e a Pe ea OAL -OLG TRIOS PALO LO: 102 Ose aad Wuner SCL Ae FT ee 9, 823 463 10, 286 SKESR CURTISH See, ENE Te 3) Ps ces ie es See eee ears S 4, 937 348 5, 285 Neiinalmrontaliny, soercentes so... 22-2025 2 favs je 1, 481 104 1, 585 LRA yoays vie Wb of G1 Ur] OV ED ASI 20) oh AY 24 Je ae ea 2 Re a ec aR Se 3, 456 244 3, 700 BLT Ge READE Isl O oben aaa ee ee eee ee Se ek A See ane ee ee 6, 267 iL ay) 7, 499 INSHHEAMINOTEALILY wo O Per CONb. = as" 23) =o. ooo ee 2 Se ee 1, 880 370 2, 250 O2S DULSTremialnin pl O20 les wee eae 2 Sa ee ee 4, 387 862 | 5, 249 Mreedinie Emiatai cutee. 8. et ee Rg 7,337 | 1,483 | 8,820 POs DULlsremamine deducted. oo.) . ene a eee 4, 387 862 5, 249 THGrOMen VORMOW DULISHN O20 fsa 2 Re eee See 2, 950 621 | 3, oc PEVear-o1danales Computed fOr L92922-2 o. = 22" = ee ee 9, 823 463 | 10, 286 SUES Uusicomputediorl G20. sos 2 eee ee oe eee 3, 456 244 3, 700 ‘Rotalitheoretical surplusibull'stock, 1929" = 2-22 = 5-=-. 2 ===) == 5 = 13, 279 707 | 13, 986 New increment of breeding bulls deducted______-.._-_---.-_-_--______. 2, 950 621 3, 571 pS EET OUT Ss [oy ew USSF OO I a ee ne er ne eee 10, 329 86 10, 415 50 per cent deducted for losses due to fighting, natural causes, and errors in loss percentage in previous years __2___-___-_----_-_-_---.-_. 5, 165 2 43 5, 208 REL OsUs DUS eATI oe OM lOg Oia = veto eS ee ee 5, 164 | 43 | 5, 207 RECAPITULATION Class Total Class Sitesi! 3715 ee ee ee eee 307, 491 | 5eyear-oldsmalesseses a= ae een ROR re ee eee ee eee 2 3072491 ||| 6-year-old) males. ee ee EMA reM yD Uliseee eae 8 Pe eet ee G87 |SSUrplUS bulls es eee ee el Idle bulls____- See Ay Be Me 1, 633 Beatin Cimalegese: see lie my 8 85, 417 | POT. 1929 22 =e ae See ee ae CEPT RESET OG he Es Ne ee 85, 381 2-year-old females 67;,;210)))||\Botal, 1028) 88 ee ase ee ee ees 2-year-old males _______ 64, 354 | Numerical increase, 1929 3-year-old males ______- 13/639" ||| Per centinerease: 1920 meas see oe ee Bovent-Oldmnaless ano. ee eee ee 9, 102 1 As it was not possible to allocate to each island the 3, 4, or 5 year old males in 1928, it is not possible to do this in respect to the 4, 5, or 6 year old males in 1929. 2 Considerably more than 43 surplus bulls were observed on St. George Island. The total for the 2 islands may, however, be considered as approximately correct. 3 The total for 1928 has not been altered to take care of adjustments made in 1929 to cover changes in mortality rates of certain ages. O — * vere. vod; >’, : fre g? ' es REVIEW OF THE FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA!’ By R. H. Frepumrr, Chief, Division of Fishery Industries CONTENTS Page Page mLronuetion a ews a Se Pae red sine eae sent os ees 365 firendloiecatehios 2592" ee eae 341) Alaskan! fisheries'==—___~-=2-22=) 366 Location of the fisheries ___-_-- 345 | California department of natu- Canmenyais ee eax ee 348 ATESOUTCES = ean eee Ae 368 1M SiC 2 fe ES pe ee el j00r| Game! fishing sce) 2s) = 368 INTRODUCTION California is the only State in the southwestern section of the United States where commercial fishing is followed. The fisheries of this State rank second (from point of value to the fishermen) among those of the United States. In 1927 the 7,033 fishermen employed in the shore and vessel fisheries of California caught over 490,000,000 pounds of fishery products valued (to the fishermen) at more than $10,000,000. This is about 10 per cent of the total first value of the fisheries of the United States. In 1927 there were operated in the vessel fisheries 420 vessels of 5 net tons and over, with a combined carrying capacity of nearly 8,000 tons. That portion of the catch marketed fresh, frozen, or cured, in 1927, was valued to wholesalers at approximately $6,500,000; that mar- keted canned, was valued at $17,828,000; and that marketed as by- products, such as fish meal and oil, was valued at $2,495,000. The total value at wholesale and packing plants was $26,823,000. TREND OF CATCH From 1889 to 1927 (see fig. 1) the general trend in size of catch has been upward. In 1889 it amounted to 53,500,000 pounds and during the following years hovered around this figure until 1899, when the total increased to 75,600,000 pounds. A decline during the next few years was followed by an upward swing, and in 1915 the total reached 93,300,000 pounds. Beginning with 1918, when the catch amounted to nearly 263,000,000 pounds, annual figures are available. Since 1923 the catch has shown a great increase, in 1927 amounting to over 490,000,000 pounds. Judging from these figures one might be led to believe that the fisheries of California have had a phenomenal growth during the 1 Appendix XI to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. B.F. Doc. 1087. This document is Chapter V of ‘‘ Commercial Survey of the Pacific Southwest’’ by C. R: Niklason of the U.S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. The chapter was prepared by R. H. Fiedler of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, partly from material gathered in the field by C. R. Niklason. 341 342 U. §. BUREAU OF FISHERIES past few years. However, a study reveals that this increase has been occasioned almost entirely by larger catches of a few species of fish used for canning, which are termed “‘cannery”’ fish. These are pilchards (sardines) and tunas, the production of which amounted to about 176,000,000 pounds in 1918, 81,000,000 in 1921, and 413,- 000,000 in 1927. On the other hand, the catch of ‘“market”’ fish, which includes all species of finfishes, although showing fluctuation, has remained in the neighborhood of 50,000,000 to 60,000,000 pounds in recent years. During this time about 80 per cent of the catch has consisted of cannery fish. H/bacore und 7 almon os 4 PT Retallatirgrniat— 7 IN | == Se ==s Bezel Aa ee eel ee ee es ee sie Fa NL | YJ NG il TIEN rE CCE CO FicuRe 1,—Trend in production and value of California fisheries, 1880-1927 FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA 343 Fisheries of California (operating units), 1880-1927 Item 1880 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1895 1899 1904 Fishermen: On vessels # oo Sos 1, 396 1, 128 1, 385 1, 532 1, 798 1, 419 885 838 Oni boatse esse ase ses 3,188] 2,940] 2,922) 2,964] 2,968] 2,716] 2,538) 3,491 Men on transporting vessels - 147 24 27 37 27 32} 57 77 Shoresmen in canneries, etc_- 607 597 547 576 610 603 494 1, 124 Vessels fishing--------------- 69 47 56 65 76 58 33 37 Net tonnage.-_------...-- 9,544) 8,398} 9,908) 10,045) 11,952) 9,215 5,952) 6,096 Vessels transporting -_------- 2 6 9 8 15 24 Net tonnage---222---+_-- 2, 564 338 353 536 483 581 834 998 DNS EN Ta OO BUS eee en or ca ee | ee Cree ee oak |e (Le one | sae sadealewenaeee 231 Sail and row boats, ete____--- 853 1, 354 1, 351 1, 364 1, 397 1,391 1, 442) 21,355 1, 798 Value of apparatus - -----_---|$205, 840 $354, 675 $198, 026|$197, 421|$208, 936/$216, 456|/$221, 313/$249, 631/$360, 300 Item 1908 8 1915 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 Fishermen: (Omnviesselseere es tee ee ee ae 645 551 1, 331 1, 972 1, 933 2, 044 2, 279 2, 594 Onabont seen ee ee eae res 8,320} 4,282) 3,136) 2,625) 2,876) 2,474) 3,665) 4,439 Men on transporting vessels_________- 135 35 189) (4) (4) (4) 4) 4) Shoresmen in canneries, ete_____-_-_- 529) 3,584 4,517) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) WiGSSGl Gat nate ee oe 2 ee ae eae 31 73 209 285 337 362 362 411 INetOnnAa Re ssa eee sree. are e 4, 480 3, 198 3, 887 4,071 5, 821 5, 350) 6, 675 7, 995 iViesselsitransporting= === -.4 2.22. e. 21 20 53} (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) INethonndeeres - 22 Set fy 4, 852 330} 2,906) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) AVEOLGI DOdiSeess a eeee e ee. 413 1, 429 1, 297 1, 307 1, 513 1, 255) 1,719 1, 961 Sail and row boats, etc_---:--.---_--- 1,716) 1,169 292 135 132 150 255 350 Waltievof apparatus... 2225 0--5 <2 5! $502 000 $606, 944/$683, 587) = (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) | 1 Includes men on vessels and boats. 2 Includes some motor boats. 3 Data from report of the Bureau of the Census. 4 Data not available. 5 Does not include persons in canneries, wholesale houses, etc. Source: U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Yield of California fisheries, by species, 1922-1927 Product 1922 1923 1924 Pounds Pounds Pounds Albacore: and tuna. 2.222 2:===-- 36, 085, 416 |$1, 807, 097 | 38, 777, 737 |$2, 727, 046 | 28, 327,379 |$2, 592, 294 AMICHO VIPS sates 2 RUE TL a2 652, 516 13, 049 307, 074 19, 292 346, 951 , 98 Parra Cli seen sees ood yal eee 6, 284, 065 439, 817 | 7, 200, 575 575, 285 | 7, 128, 523 257, 022 TRACY at faye 2s VU ee ae et 815, 389 40, 470 1, 115, 247 47, 310 1, 038, 369 29, 130 ode salted sense eee Te a 1, 680, 000 84, 000 1, 398, 000 69, 900 2, 884, 028 190, 041 loud ensos eee ee ek ee 11, 692, 376 682, 613 | 11, 368, 694 746, 471 | 18, 493, 082 715, 858 PO MITIGEMI SS ALI DIG y rene ok ee ue | ea ke Le ke ee 2, 576, 261 348, 759 SO) Se ce) ee ge ee eee 6, 949, 557 211, 800 7, 086, 035 286, 631 8, 835, 351 307, 809 WO Ghete oe eee ce Dw. 1 4, 742, 819 #0, 813 | 14, 282, 659 459, 840 2, 081, 470 59, 290 (Ciera OF alm opie ea Pe aE a ae ee 314, 176 6, 709 360, 363 1, 802 392, 634 11, 982 1B IG ts ee SO Se ee ree eae 78, 763 i, 576 78, 969 789 60, 780 1, 519 LB SOM MOUTHS lee See Be Se Ee Eg Bee | 8 en com fener eee fp ook ree [Ee ee ee 132, 637 15, 916 FLAT GHA G aeku sho as i rss 18, 206 1, 183 9, 563 96 19, 023 761 LeiGiid batt ee ee oe 341, 614 6, 832 383, 950 3, 994 435, 620 8, 602 Gly ia See eee ae Se a 579, 754 11, 595 411, 564 10, 301 384, 317 8, 892 Pabing cod? 222 i) 2 ees 569, 821 33, 936 467, 357 23, 369 400, 432 24, 026 Mie Clone) mae meet nes rte tis oe 2, 498, 197 75, 455 3, 592, 446 144, 082 | 3, 240, 534 86, 834 Pilchard(or sardine=2: 222252227. o! 92, 114, 542 | 1,381, 008 |159, 197, 006 704, 280 242) 685, 958 | 2, 079, 727 lEoroel ahah oe ee ae 16, 494 5, 049 32, 918 13, 298 17, 579 7, 855 Ho Cictish ai ais Risa Ses ay Oe 4, 219, 650 205, 239 4, 950, 244 250, 314 4, 716, 790 211, 344 ‘sie oj Cay atsl oe Dek er ae 268, 905 8, 067 538, 292 32, 297 933, 310 34, 540 ‘Silber Be eet eae Ae Sore 7, 236, 580 590, 509 | 7, 090, 260 638, 122 | 10, 015, 269 | 1, 025, 838 Sea bass, black, or jewfish___----~- 87, 559 4, 502 226, 995 22, 168 231, 404 4, 163 Sea bass, white, or squeteague-_--| 2, 904, 054 176, 993 | 2, 520, 263 224, 869 | 1, 515, 584 185, 086 Siar (éle, ek be 28 bs ee Sei ie eee eee 1, 133, 270 55,513 | 1, 285, 383 58, 088 | 1, 539, 217 74, 553 SUG) pas OSES eS eee eee eee 728, 406 51, 908 806, 380 24, 149 721, 912 40, 651 Bieeibeadiroutes —-- 2-2 8a) et! 2, 490 174 3, O11 422 87, 088 7, 402 sting oto of Che eee ene 678, 820 62, 747 909, 573 90, 957 661, 777 87, 493 VIDUNUORISI = Sela tse eS 32, 184 1, 609 39, 908 2, 089 273, 077 14, 391 1 {Includes “ California halibut.”’ 344 U. §. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Yield of California fisheries, by species, 1922-1927—Continued. Product 1922 1923 1924 Pounds Pounds Pounds Swordfish )-2-_- £2" 835. oe se. 24, 363 $506 11, 691 $1, 468 31, 833 $3, 610 Sella kes se eee ete a ee 3, 416, 572 68,671 | 3,979, 611 217,050 | 4,714, 149 375, 156 Miscellaneous fish ?_______________ 1, 305, 686 67,329 | 1,626, 101 116,872 | 2,051, 194 144, 275 Abalone (meat and shells)______-_- 1, 523, 543 60,943 | 1, 587, 733 60, 367 449, 362 249, 646 OclOpusys: 22) See ee eee 99, 274 3, 409 110, 222 11, 022 166, 291 6, 570 Jkt CED Ca [Na SE is Se ee to 208, 875 9,200 | 1, 180, 446 7,680 | 6,831, 029 409, 350 Shrimps ects 2: iat ae ae 990, 349 94, 5384 | 1,113, 358 66, 801 1, 551, O86 155, 109 Clams! See oe Re SS eee 3 568, 202 34, 044 3 583, 005 34, 028 4122, 093 54, 898 Oysters: Eastern, market_.....=-2.-=2-- 3 94, 598 101, 351 3 9, 600 3, 360 4 52, 678 22, 576 Native; markets * of 0 Ses So ae. = Oe ee ee os oS ec ee ee Crabs. Ene cae SER 844, 472 66, 543 | 1, 075, 800 148,459 | 1, 506, 816 126, 616 SPINVAODSterS ee oe ee ee ee 966, 632 86, 302 1, 092, 858 225, 656 1, 027, 312 199, 650 Whale s<2 4th ee eee 6, 862, 500 366, 000 | 4, 644, 293 316,450 | 2, 932, 088 216, 350 Sperm.oil: eos Rae Pee ae 37, 875 2, 525 15, 585 1282) | 28 ene ees Rr ee Other whale products_____________ 3, 136, 000 64,330 | 2,370, 000 81, 796 1, 767, 500 42, 283 Miscellaneous products_-—-________- 14, 664 644 61, 296 3, 079 8,567 1, 147 TNotales) 336-7 Bee ae 191, 126, 852 | 6, 773, 981 |262, 533, 371 | 7, 726, 160 |344, 895, 272 | 9, 725, 140 Product 1925 1926 1927 Pounds Pounds Pounds Albacore and tuna___------______] 53, 910, 440 | $4, 582, 200 | 42, 816, 581 |$2, 058,713 | 69, 218, 809 |$3, 393, 720 ANCHO VICS eset oe oe ae ee ers ae 123, 919 1, 232 60, 127 631 368, 201 3, 909 IB ATTA CTIO Ges oo ee Oa ee 8, 005, 601 340, 341 | 5, 022, 494 449/610 | 6, 199, 739 595, 997 Bonito eee ee eee 866, 530 25, 983 | 3, 078, 666 93, 256 | 1, 716, 957 49, 997 Cod salted’ = Sete Ree 3, 415, 608 237,724 | 3,712,070 235, 055 | -2, 746, 880. 186, 644 Hlownderse) ses ee eee 13, 765, 487 736, 996 | 11, 893, 881 651,481 | 18, 068, 555 730, 812 “California halibut”’________- 2, 451, 759 334, 136 | 1, 431, 000 209,710 | 1, 302, 283 187, 268 BOGE Bares ee cee a 8, 762, 535 331,391 | 8, 649, 870 357, 405 | 10, 298, 290. 467, 227 OLA as Me hod ee ee Ge 2, 551, 193 71,469 | 1,813, 011 84,366 | 1,467, 982 76, 317 Grayiish 2-82 Pee ee 372, 332 3, 723 506, 723 3,115 324, 903 5, 822 Hake! se) te ete oe ee 22, 017 441 58, 335 1, 458 84, 553 2, 144 EAD band eos De ye 162, 102 21, 579 256, 720 28, 413 569, 937 65, 628 Handheads = saan see te oe ee 24, 028 961 43, 625 4, 409 32, 898 2, 838 Elerrin 22 55502 see ee Ss ee 865, 774 17, 315 453, 607 9,130 | 1, 168, 321 28, 253 Wingiish eo eee ee ae eee 536, 654 12, 868 484, 921 By BYE 529, 267 16, 365 SSN GLCOUN ah ee ete a a eee 683, 130 40, 975 645, 000 22, 231 555, 078 23, 284 Wackerel 28 a ee a 3, 522, 419 97,754 | 3, 623, 290 96,103 | 4, 740, 639 121, 389 Pilchard br Sardinese se. see 315, 294, 986 | 2, 087, 756 |286, 741, 250 | 1, 527, 186 |342, 275, 289 | 1, 826, 785 PORIDSNO se te ee ee ee 10, 536 4, 808 8, 125 3, 908 55, 127 6, 408 ROCKHSn Os Soha tp ee ae ae ee 5, 453, 510 266, 069 | 7, 538, 448 348, 069 | 6,377, 179 292, 631 PADIONS oy eee ee epee ns bee 722, 472 26, 118 183, 065 9, 802 992, 354 43, 616 Salinon 2 eae ee es ee Roba bo: 919,720 | 6, 084, 079 610, 218 | 6, 511, 929 644, 175 Sea bass, black, or jewfish____---- 189, 072 3, 602 377, 934 12, 503 467, 595 20, 787 Sea bass, white, or squeteague -__] 1, 920, 295 252,144 | 2, 216, 402 238,590 | 2, 273, 407 217, 744 Shadae ce.) et 2s ee ee 2, 439, 726 105, 118 902, 202 23, 800 | . 4, 103, 423 148, 201 SmMeliss. pee ee bee es 751, 669 40, 953 883, 123 79, 158 965, 921 55, 794 Steelhead (trowtess =) eee 222 OL oS pe Nos Ue oe | ee ea ee Biriped basse ae 1 Lie ere 837, 773 116, 028 750, 801 110, 118 647, 594 92, 036 Wihitetish sas. Sat: 2 eS 222, 112 12, 034 368, 064 28, 217 313, 102 PARI VIL Swordtish’ te tee Fo Cee eae 27, 045 3, 851 45, 543 3, 763 130, 288 12, 287 Wellow tail 43a) Oo eh oabs': 3, 179, 891 272,717 | 65, 023, 114 266,045 | 4, 224, 853 195, 463 Miscellaneous fish ?__._______-____] 1, 893, 858 144, 021 2, 279, 394 157,359 | 2, 628, 231 174, 182 Abalone (meat and shells)________ 470, 732 261, 507 412, 154 84, 827 563, 306 112, 822 Octopus: 22 aes - et 133, 449 12, 027 63, 304 6, 260 36, 693 3, 837 Sed ee ae ee ae 1, 891, 220 119, 167 | 3, 135, 561 45,806 | 6,014, 113 55, 734 Shrimp. 2 eae 5 Pe 1, 460, 234 146,023 | 1,481, 511 60,755 | 1, 697, 365 28, 007 Clanisjc- 233 2 ea 4134, 495 74, 743 4117, 251 54, 059 4 68, 969 34, 036 Oysters: Eastern, market.__...---..-.- 4 56, 900 24, 386 461, 042 26, 161 4 55, 492 23, 782 Native, market. 2 _ 2 222 -=: 425 8 436 20 |2a2 Sere Cees Crabs.22 oe= 3s: Cah a2 oe 3, 234, 312 269, 526 | 3, 296, 280 241,117 | 2,960, 352 217, 933 Spinylobstersy 2s: oe eS 1, 486, 406 289,785 | 1,175, 223 163,182 | 1,490, 958 275, 351 Wihale oil iti22 2 tS es? 1, 525, 733 111,887 | 1, 980, 068 112,917 | 5, 165, 930 326, 975 Sperm oi Ss ee ee ee 48, 870 2, 281 36, 750 1,920 || 2 =< eee oes Other whale products____------_- 1, 108, 833 24, 675 882, 760 20, 902!) oe wee Pee ee Miscellaneous products_____-____ 4, 345 632 1,461 498 2, 968 394 Total. S225. 222 ee fee 440, 300, 515 | 11, 661, 709 |398, 650,985 | 7, 904, 345 |491, 347, 170 |10, 058, 303 2 Includes carp, catfish, croakers, dolphins, eels, horse mackerel, mullet, perch, Sacramento pike, rock bass, sculpin, sheepshead, skates, split-tails, suckers, surf fish, tom cod, white bait, and a few others. 8’ Weight of shells and meat. 4 Weight of meat only. Source: U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA Yield of California fisheries, by growps, 1918-1927 345 Cannery fish Market fish P Miscella- Total, all Year neous fish Tice . Nene 1 7 yroducts PIQGuere Tuna Pilchard Total Finfishes Shellfish I Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds 18, 971, 071 | 157, 652,811 | 176, 623, 882 | 82, 059, 248 4, 173, 012 51, 584 | 262, 907, 726 41, 832, 676 45, 685, 442 153, 877, 179 118, 520, 914 195, 709, 855 164, 206, 356 62, 323, 460 53, 586, 889 7, 412, 459 4, 236, 783 4, 895, 571 6, 930, 480 270, 341, 345 228, 960, 508 21, 558, 566 | 59,323,305 | 80, 881,871 | 48,852,576 | 3,954,934 | 2,272,035 | 135, 961, 416 NOZ2 ea eee 36, 900, 805 | 92, 114, 542 | 129,015, 347 | 46, 764, 521 5, 295, 945 | 10, 051, 039 | 191, 126, 852 O23 See eos 39, 892, 984 | 159, 197, 006 | 199, 089, 990 | 49,599,185 | 6,753,022 | 7,091,174 | 262, 533, 371 1 pL eee 29, 3€5, 748 | 242, 685, 958 | 272,051, 706 | 56, 428, 744 | 11, 706,667 | 4,708,155 | 344, 895, 272 ile? ee ee 54, 776, 970 | 315, 294, 986 | 370,071, 956 | 58, 673,005 | 8,867,773 | 2,687,781 | 440,300, 515 OZbee eae esses 45, 895, 247 | 286, 741, 250 | 332, 636, 497 | 53, 421,087 | 9, 692,362 | 2,901,039 | 398, 650, 985 Ue Pf Sol See eae 70, 935, 766 | 342, 275, 289 | 413, 211,055 | 60,079, 974 | 12, 887, 248 | 5, 168,893 | 491, 347,170 Source: U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Yield of California fisheries, by groups, in 1927 7 Per cent r Per cent Group Pounds errata Value of total RETIN GS ee Sate Bee oe ee eee eee Dee 342, 275, 289 70 $1, 826, 785 18 BURA eee eee ee Sr ad Sar ees oy ee 70, 935, 766 14 3, 443, 717 34 MarketfimiShas® Ses: =< 50 See ee 60, 079, 974 12 3, 708, 930. 37 ISUSYELb oils) 0 toe Se Se eae pn ol RT SE a, Da 12, 887, 248 3 751, 502 8 MAISCeMANGOUS saat Rhee oe! © ECE eee ete ers. es 5, 168, 893 1 327, 369 3 ADO} EL sre a i ca ee, Ra ial FE Nay Ph ag eS 491, 347, 170 100 10, 058, 303 100 Source: U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. LOCATION OF FISHERIES Marine fishing is carried on along the entire seacoast of California, although the San Pedro district, of which San Pedro is the principal port, is by far the most important in the amount and value of fishery products landed. (See fig. 2.) In 1927 this district accounted for 41 per cent of the total yield and 41 per cent of the total value, its puchard and tuna fisheries being especially important. Yield of California fisheries, by districts, in 1927 se 0 Per cent Per cent District Pounds of total Value of total IN OyABMG) aN pe te Oe ea te oe I BR ae aE ee 5, 321, 445 1 $445, 728 5 Shao Pye eietoes oe eee ae ee eee ee ee 52, 551, 605 11 2, 013, 430 20 TMIGTITCLO Veena eee ee oe a hee el Spee Se Se 186, 350, 813 38 1, 352, 768 13 SHR: Dee Coe 2 eae ah Se se Oe a ere 202, 080, 546 41 4, 087, 896 41 (Oise? Ch iayiih sk Or ee eee PTs 6325995; [pone = 25 GTi tb) eee aes OTE ICOM eek Sr ek ee es es ee 30; 44 7S Obi | hae es AON 46) ee eee Bane Diecom ssa tee ee wer SNe he 45, 042, 761 9 2, 148, 481 21 OTC ANION te 15 ee re oe ee fe DEL ET AL 2S NBER eyaeta yal | De Ue 478989) | Rate ee OTTENTERICO EES soe a Ses ae Bae BS a ie 2 Sh a SL 68051190) aes I; 669, 492") rs Gran ehO tales wees meh a ea ee 491, 347, 170 100 10, 058, 303 100 CONTA GTEU TUG) of 00: Hepp aaa a Lo 429), 219 429) || Soe see 6,978; O65 s}oae es LOTTI ORTEG e een nee oe ee eae St 6212774) | eee 3, 080; 238) heal eo Source: U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 346 U. §. BUREAU OF FISHERIES LOCATION OF é I CALIFORNIA FISHERIES ITTSBURG \ Pt. Conception Santa ‘Cruz, x : *, ALBACORE *BLUEFIN TUNA, - ee BONIMOn ie SKIPJACK OR STRIPED AES YELLOW FIN TUNA - : LEGEND iia eee ae . + SKIPIACK OR STRIPED TUNA 5 9 Canning centers > oe RO. ee } r . 2252 Tuna and Tunalike fishes”... ies. Magdalena taySS CEE pitchards or Sardines)» |" irks aries ces yeaa ent Salmon P Note: Market fish are taker in most all waters ioe but mainly off Califorrid. Cape San Lucas (00.4470-+46) FiGuRE 2.—Location of California fisheries FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA 347 The importance of San Pedro as a fishing port is due to its proxim- ity to the sardine-fishing area and to its facilities for unloading the catch and for harboring the vessels in safety. The city of Los Angeles‘ of which San Pedro is a part, recognized the possibilities and advan- tages of a fish harbor, with the result that special provision was made for such a harbor in the general port development. It was built at a cost of $1,875,000, has direct rail communication, is near a large city, is well sheltered, and has provision for future expansion. All necessary facilities for trade in fresh and frozen fish, salt fish, and by-products, as well as for the canning industry, are to be found in San Pedro. A breakwater protects the harbor, thereby making safe the moor- ing and unloading of vessels. The harbor is located in the industrial section of San Pedro, at a distance from other commercial enterprises. At dead low water the soundings show 14 feet at the entrance and edge of the piers and 12 feet in the center of the harbor. Control is vested in the harbor department of the city of Los Angeles. There PER CENT OF TOTAL 10 20. 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 PER CENT OF PRODUCTION PER CENT OF VALUE FIGuRE 3.—Percentage distribution of California fish catch, by districts, 1927 are no restrictions except that dead fish and refuse must not be dumped in these waters. Surrounding the harbor are canning and by-products plants, each of which is supplied with railroad spurs from the main track. Pro- vision for the trade in fresh and frozen fish is also possible, but the companies engaged in this business are still all located across the harbor in San Pedro proper, on a municipal fish pier paralleling the harbor, where the market fishermen dispose of their catch to the wholesalers. There are 16 wholesale dealers located on this pier, of whom 2 are American, 3 Japanese, 4 Slovak, and 7 Italian. In value to fishermen in 1927 the catch of the San Diego district, with San Diego as the principal port, ranked second. This district, important for its tuna fisheries, landed 9 per cent of the catch, and its value was 21 per cent of the total. Following closely is the San Francisco district, where San Francisco is the principal port. Here 11 per cent of the catch was landed, the value of which was 20 per cent of the total. The fisheries of this district are conducted primarily _for several species of market fish, such as flounder, salmon, shad, and crabs. Monterey district was fourth in importance, with 38 per cent of the total catch and 13 per cent of the total value. Monterey, the 12514°—30——2 348 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES principal port in this district, is especially important for its pilchard fisheries. The northern district is of least importance, with only 1 per cent of the total catch and 5 per cent of the total value. The salmon fisheries are most important there, and the principal ports are Fort Bragg, Eureka, and Requa. In the northern, San Francisco, and Monterey districts the fisheries are prosecuted alongshore and in waters of the high seas adjacent to the United States. Thus, all the fish landed in these districts are a product of American fisheries. In the San Pedro and San Diego districts fishing is followed not only along the shores of the United States, but off the coast of Mexico. In 1927, 15 per cent of the catch landed at San Pedro and 70 per cent of that landed at San Diego, or a total of 62,127,741 pounds, were taken off the coast of Mexico. This is 13 per cent of the total quantity of fish landed in PER CENT OF TOTAL 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 =F]: MARKET FINFISH 12% | SHELLFISH, 3% MISCELLANEOUSI% PER CENT OF PRODUCTION SARDINES, 70% PER CENT OF WALUE ————————————— SARDINES, 18% TUNAS 34% SHELLFISH, 8% MISCELLANEOUS,3 % FIGURE 4.—Percentage distribution of California fish catch, by species, 1927 California. Practically the entire catch taken off the Mexican coast consisted of tuna and tunalike fish. CANNERY FISH During 1927 the fish-canning and fish by-products industries of California gave employment to 286 salaried officers and employees, who received $742,122; in addition, 3,755 wage earners—many of them women—were employed in the fish-canning establishments and received $2,824,680 in wages. This constitutes an average annual wage of $752. The salaried officers and employees are em- ployed the entire year, while the wage earners are employed only during the canning season, which, in many instances, lasts only four or five months of the year. In 1928 the value of all canned fishery products and by-products manufactured in California amounted to $23,901,587. In addition, there was a pack of mild-cured salmon and salted cod prepared, with an estimated value of $500,000, making the value of manufactured products in California about one-third of that of all fishery products manufactured in the United States during 1928. FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA 349 Employment in California fish canning and preserving industry, 1927} Number : Number Item or amount Item or amount Salaried officers and employees_------- 2861) Wagea. -s-) =222e sn snenee em $2, 824, 680 planipseree cee eee eS Fe Si42.122 ||) Asverdge wager... 222-22 8 Soa ee $752 ASV GLACE SHIGL Ve see oe ee eee ances $2, 595 || Value of canned pian ts and by- Wage earners (average number) ------- 3, 755 products) (1928) 9s = ee | $23, 901, 587 1 Represents only firms whose products are valued at $5,000 and upward. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. PILCHARDS, OR SARDINES Pilchards, or sardines, are fished in California waters from the vicinity of San Francisco southward to San Diego. This fish is a pilchard (Sardina caerules), which is a true sardine in the sense understood by scientists and is very similar to the pilchards canned in Europe. Pilchards are surface swimming. Most of them are taken with lampara nets, although considerable quantities are taken in purse seines. Fishing is done at night, in the dark of the moon. PER CENT OF TOTAL OTe. 2a AO PbO ment Nope S80 G0 e100 PER CENT OF VALUE SARDINE OIL,45.6% FISH MEAL & SCRAP 454% WHALE OIL, 8.3% TUNA OIL, 0.1% MISCELLANEOUS OILS, 0.6%, FIGURE 5.—Percentage distribution of California fishery by-products, 1928 The catch is made in the open ocean and in deep bays and inlets of the section, often within a few hundred yards of the cannery itself. The seasons are set by State law. In the vicinity of Monterey the season begins August 1 and runs to February 15. In the vicinity of San Pedro and San Diego the season begins on November 1 and continues through to March 31. The season for large fish in the vicinity of San Diego usually corresponds with the season in San Pedro, while that for small fish continues throughout the spring. The season at Monterey is at its peak in September and at San Pedro in February. Most of the fishermen are Italians and Japanese, although there are considerable numbers of Austrians and Yugoslavs. During the off season considerable numbers of these, especially the Italians from the Monterey district, migrate to Alaska and enter the salmon fishery there. During 1927 the catch of pilchards amounted to 342,275,289 pounds valued at $1,826,785 to the fishermen. This is the largest annual catch on record. Of the total production 51 per cent was taken in the Monterey district, 42 per cent in the San Pedro district, and the remaining 7 per cent in the San Francisco and San Diego districts. 350 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Sardine pack in California, 1900-1928 5 \1-pound| 14-pound | !4-pound | 4-pound | 1%4-pound| No. 10 Year |! oe tall (48| oval (48 | square | flat (100 | square | round Total cans) cans) (100 cans) cans) (100 cans)|(6 cans) Pounds Pounds| Pounds Pounds Pounds | Pounds |Pounds Pounds Value CTU ee LL lea RR SEOUN e WMG ne RA Hn! | cs 5 Ae ESE 2 388,992 | $79, 000 19045 21 Soe See: 2 | 2 eee ee ee | 25 eee Ee dot 2 206, 016 (4) 1905= 2) 2222 se ete eee ede |es ee eee peewee 2 ae 2 860, 016 78, 000 Ts ee ie RUNS NEATH IG ip, PPS oo SS poe ee 2 1,634,016 | 207, 000 1912._| 1849, 696 |_-----__- B1T466) [20 ate ee Ren Eee > «=| aces 3901, 152 (4) 1913232 3, 686,928 |o= Se lescut ocak ieee | eres | Oe ce — all 3 3, 536, 928 (4) jou al 08 980 039 | ccc [eee co to ee he oS 3 3, 880, 032 () 1915__ 2, 096, 544 |__..-..- 15; O02 | So a eee ee ee oe | 2, 112, 456 238, 973 1916-2 || 15; 261, 184) Ee sees 20 O76, 1846 = eee O50) a oe ee ee 6, 628, 518 (4) 1917-—|/2 24, 004,992 }--22-=- = 112: 877,656. | 22 ee ee Dols OOU | o-oo eee eee 40, 614, 248 (4) 1918__| 1 44, 967, 600 |__-__--- 18, 298, 576 |__ 2 069) 475 2 2 eee eae 58, 325, 651 (4) 1919_ _\1 46, 332; 576: |2-...-.- 12, 498, 064 2054; 450: 5. cee SSeS ere ees 50, 885, 090 (4) rT: ipl EER Mae 4 (Tome NoMeCE et ea it | an ERR A ee TS 3 46,966,938 | (4) 1991] 138) 236 D424 ob tee ae 272, 568 29, 300 62, 125 522, 325 | 12, 928 19, 135, 790 | 2, 346, 446 1922__| 33, 486, 864 3, 744 173, 736 1445760, |a22 Se seee 528; LOO) | Reet eee 34, 337, 194 | 3, 361, 480 192322) = 51004, S72) | => -o-— 154, 344 D750" Sos lee’ 633; 550) ====2 22 52, 807, 516 | 4, 607, 931 1924__| 63, 335, 136 |____-___ 406,416 | 196,450 |_---_-____- 1, 684, 650 |__--____ 65, 622, 652 | 5, 445, 573 1925-2) (80,531,328 | 22. <- ke 723, 816 348; 000 || 2-66 322 W267 On| Sees 82, 315, 819 | 6, 380, 617 1926__| 98, 203,008 |____.__- 781, 584 | 1,072,200 |_---_-_---- AN pie Ae 100, 477, 367 | 7,807, 404 1927= —|) 115; 300; 608 |5— = = — 924) 336 | 5,852,850) |------ == ==. 958,225 )2--- 50 = 123, 031, 019 | 9, 268, 784 1928__| 121,950,672 692, 016 | 1, 067, 232 | 8,504,000 |__--__--__- 890, 000)| 22a 133, 033, 920 | 9; 658, 822 1 May include a few other shapes. 2 Various sizes not separated. 3 Estimated. 4 Data not available. Source: 1912 to 1914 and 1916 to 1920, Pacific Fisherman; 1900, 1905, and 1908, Bureau of the Census; 1904, 1915, and 1921 to 1928, Bureau of Fisheries. Note.—Figures in parentheses in box heads indicate number of cans to case. The pilchard fishery has shown a phenomenal growth which re- sulted largely from the stimulation of demand for an inexpensive protein food during the World War. In the first few years of the postwar period production dropped off, but by 1923 equaled the out- put of 1918. Since then the production has gained rapidly, each year since 1923 exceeding the previous one except 1926. Very few pilchards are sold fresh, most of them being used for canning as sardines. In 1928 the pack of canned sardines by the 28 plants in California amounted to 133,033,920 pounds valued at $9,658,822. This is the largest pack on record, both in quantity and value, and is 72 per cent of the entire production in the United States. (See table above and fig. 6.) Because of the predominance of large fish in the catch, the canning of sardines in California is quite different from that of any other country. The pack consists mainly of fish canned in tomato sauce in 1-pound oval cans, which usually contain 4 to 10 large pilchards. In 1928 over 90 per cent of the production was so packed. The 4-pound square can was the next most important type of can, while the %-pound oval, %-pound square, and 1-pound tall cans followed in order of importance. Sardines are packed in small cans mainly in the San Diego district, where juvenile pilchards predominate. These are generally packed in olive oil in cans of the key-opening type. In 1928 the production of sardine meal and oil was valued at about $3,000,000. To market the canned sardines the price has been lowered to such an extent that in many instances producers sell their pack at little more than the cost of production, the wholesale price to the canners FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA 351 being about 5 cents a pound. In retail stores one pays about 15 cents a pound for this product when packed in the 1-pound oval cans, obtaining about 1 pound of high-quality totally edible protein egecH7 a POUNDS Te a ee epee ht be 90,00 a gdpo0 SSS Saas nares cele dtaleaarioulnoh aoe ~~ Zee : pl a a ASAE SR Soon a ee ee ape ee ipet Yate 5 (EES en) 6,0 oo 5,000 Deep Prod SAE ae ae val aac ar ENE "90 2 tetas a vette SS paren EA ee ra ee a eae aS a eer Fi ee Hee Peale aie eee ee a Soo Barts auleiten eatieed atlae eal eR OE Hii ne Oe [Sy sa a Spek 77 FAs A UES Rt) a cd le insole sonable i900 04'05 08 ‘12 ‘I3 ‘14 715 ‘16 ‘17 ‘IB "19 720 ‘21 '22 '23 '24 ‘25 26 (abe 28 FIGURE 6.—Trend in production and value of California sardine pack, 1900-1928 food that is ready for immediate consumption or that will keep in any climate until used. This low price has stimulated consumption in foreign markets, especially in the Orient. Roughly, about 50 per cent of the annual production is exported. In 1927 the value of the exports of canned 352 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES sardines exceeded that of salmon, which has generally been our chief export fishery item. However, in 1928, salmon regained its previous place, exceeding by more than $1,000,000 the value of sardines exported. The policy of selling California canned sardines at little more than cost no doubt has stimulated demand and has given them wide dis- tribution, but it is a question as to how long this condition can exist. They will in all probability eventually be sold at a price based on a fair profit, which will tend to discourage their use for reduction purposes. Canned sardines are marketed mainly through brokers, although many packers of specialties, such as kippered sardines and fillets of sardines, market their own product. Some of the packers are pack- aging their product in an attractive manner and are also conducting intensive advertising campaigns. In an effort to stabilize the export trade the canners formed the California Sardine Export Association, which operated under the provision of the Webb-Pomerene Act. This association had its head- quarters in San Francisco, where studies were made to learn the conditions surrounding the sale of California sardines in foreign coun- tries. This lasted but a year or so and then dissolved. A new organization is now being formed to continue the work. It has been found that, in general, when California sardines are introduced into a foreign country they continue to be sold there. Orientals are espe- cially fond of the product, and it can be purchased in Straits Settle- ments, China, Japan, the Netherland East Indies, Philippines, and other sections of the Far East. The oriental buyers want packs with 6 to 10 fish to the can, as venders in the Orient open the can and sell the fish one at a time. The sardine packers are continually striving to improve their product. More sanitary methods have been adopted in the can- neries, and the most modern labor-saving devices are installed. The packers themselves have set a high standard for their product. To continue the work of standardization a committee has recently been appointed by the Sardine Canners’ Association of California to set rules for standardizing and bettering the pack. While the export market has been the most important, the product is gaining favor with the American public, especially the fancier packs put up in small cans. Trade is especially active in certain sections of New York City. Shipments to the Atlantic coast are usually made by water through the Panama Canal. These originate largely in San Francisco and Los Angéles. TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISHES The fishery for tuna and tunalike fishes (albacore, skipjack or striped tuna, bluefin tuna, yellowfin tuna, and bonito) is active over a strip of ocean for over 1,000 miles along California and off the Mexican coast from Point Conception in Santa Barbara County, Calif., to Cape San Lucas in Lower California. Some catches have been made as far south as Chile. Albacore and bluefin tuna are taken almost entirely off the coast of California, while the bulk of the catches of yellowfin and skipjack tuna are taken off the coast of Mexico. The bonito is native to the waters of both California and Mexico. These fish are taken with purse seines and hook and line, FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA 353 baited with live fish. Japanese fishermen have become the dominant factor in this industry, although the vessels fly the American flag. In 1927 the total catch of tunas amounted to 70,935,766 pounds, valued at $3,443,717. (See fig. 1.) This is the largest catch on ao eA NDS OF CASES ° | See eC er 2a AC NIT I a a GAN pees yee 3 ! 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 192] 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 FIGURE 7.—Trend in production and value of California tuna pack, 1912-1928 record, although in keeping with the general upward trend in the catch since 1921. Of the total, 76 per cent was taken off Mexico and 24 per cent off California, thus indicating that the fishery is almost entirely dependent upon supplies obtained in distant waters. This 354 U.S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES condition did not always exist, for when this branch of the industry was established albacore and bluefin tuna were the species most sought. These were plentiful near the canneries, and the catch could be landed at the close of one or two days of fishing. However, the supplies of these species of fish became inadequate and other species of tuna were introduced which might be used for canning. The quest led the fishermen farther from port to points off the coast’ of Mexico, where the yellowfin tuna and skipjack or striped tuna could be taken. At first the smaller vessels made the 1,000-mile trip to these fishing areas accompanied by large tenders, which supplied fresh water, provi- sions, bait, ice, and fuel to the small fishing vessels and also delivered their catch to the cannery. In this fishery by the smaller vessels it was necessary to clear from Mexican ports, whereby the Mexican authorities could require an export duty on the catch. To be relieved of the payment of this duty brought about a readjustment in the fishery, and larger vessels were outfitted so that 1t would be unnec- essary to call at a Mexican port. Many of the tuna vessels are now equipped with large bait boxes and with mechanical refrigeration to aid in holding the catch in prime condition. These vessels are able to clear from San Diego or San Pedro for the high seas, and they return to the home port “only when a full load has ‘been secured. To supply the increasing demand of canneries, other sources of supply have been investigated. Importations of white-meat tuna have been made from Japan, where the dark meat is preferred. Quantities of tuna have also been received from Hawaii. Very little tuna is marketed fresh or frozen. Formerly only the white meat was canned, but now the dark meat is being used for this purpose also. In 1928 there were 16 plants in California canning tuna. Their production amounted to 1,216,222 standard cases, on the basis of forty-eight -pound cans, valued at $8,374,030. This was one of the largest packs on record and constitutes about 90 per cent of the world pack. Other producing countries are Mexico (2 canneries), Hawaii (1 cannery), Italy, Portugal, Spain and France, and the Lybia region. The most popular pack is the 4-pound can, in 1928 the pack of this size being valued at $5,464,275, or 65 per cent of the total value of tuna packed. The next most popular size is the -pound round can, the production of which was valued at $1,505,246. The 1-pound round can is third in importance, and was used to can products to the value of $1,196,177. Tuna to the value of $208,332 was canned s “flakes” in various sizes of cans. The production of canned tuna is marketed chiefly in the United States. The Mexican pack is marketed mainly in Mexico, although some is sold in the Orient, being shipped through California ports. FISTIERTES Or CALIFORNIA 355 Pack of canned tuna, tunalike fishes, and mackerel in California, 1912-1928 SS a , ; ixed Mixed (ye owfin, Keel “Tonno,”’ ‘ Year Albacore | Yellowfin} Bluefin | » ae on paces piriped Italian | Bonito , agar) ne : style 4 bluefin striped : tuna Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases OMS ee SS aa ater COO) Ee Sake SE fe see Se eee ae eee eee! sey ane Ae a ETUC Ee |S Te 36. GAD |(o: Sac eC ee ay tee |e i A TSEAO30 | eee eel ee ee ESE 522/836, 9.28 Soe coe ae ee DIE ad Se LPR (OF ae pea Pe ee) eee eee 24:8 WO) ae te eae |e ee ee ee BG ae ee oe US PsP Ee ST yl Se ee Se et Se DOOR TSO) Pes oso sco 2 sea eens eee OL See BS Nas fe een aes Sy SS Se ech So Pee re ar S355 6458 |Site SA eee See Ee ae Est dy Op eel (a BOABUTh ae ceca 2 TRA197, | sek + oo A ROE SR ee ee Den O0a# | tae = ee es |e Ree Sees 2 TY (eZ ae pe ee ii (46) (bee ee 10, 591 LPR ee eee, 295, 546 171, 820 66, 395 NG its Pay | ee eS 89, 893 131, 745 14, 683 ope ie OS ae eee 388, 874 33, 944 21, 665 1OR123)||S-sosnesce 43, 205 177, 049 20, 558 OD i cn es Te, 457, 497 81, 630 AGHOOO) le 40 ROO Ta |e es 163,919 | 245, 084 12, 377 iS Pd BOS oe a 56, 962 169, 387 67, 096 2AAD1O) See ee 272, 690 256, 028 49, 334 MOD ae ca sees aaa 129, 671 423, 332 49, 888 441600) [2222232 406, 056 208, 287 23, 800 «GPA ae ee 105, 873 571, 461 TG ARSPBS || Se ene Eas 34, 516 199, 803 231, 486 23, 157 | Mixed yellow- tail, Year peeliew: per: Mackerel] Flakes Total? other canned products Cases Cases Cases Pounds Value aie be even Ss TMA VL Pe 375, 900 3, 643, 200 (4) dea Bs BEY. Gl RE See 377, 500 3, 720, 000 (4) Laat i Rint ob) a Ty ep nee ol 3 217, 000 10, 416, 000 (4) eer eae ee | WON eA 260, 069 12, 483, 312 $1, 529, 267 26 S04 | Soe Ss 2S 490, 734 238, 555, 232 (4) TE SSOy bene ee 701, 426 33, 668, 448 (4) Ole. |pnea ee sae 525, 871 25, 241, 808 (4) OTAT Oy eee nen 841,374 | 40, 385, 952 (4) 36388) (Ee ue te 842,140 | 40, 422, 720 (4) 2200) |e eet ee 279, 292 13, 406, 016 3, 085, 956 ee ee ee § 31, 548 341, 203 16, 377, 744 4, 554, 839 () (4) 437, 052 20, 978, 496 6, 914, 760 (CN isl [aor eek Be 326, 208 15, 657, 984 5, 756, 586 eas Nata ot oy 23, 855 551, 236 26, 459, 328 8, 499, O80 (4) 21, 188 425, 600 20, 428, 800 5, 282, 283 (4) 6 49, 585 627, 909 30, 139, 632 8, 368, 227 392,421 | 6 47, 104 996, 632 47, 838, 336 9, 995, 625 1 Included under other heads. sizes. 3 Detailed figures not available. 4 Data not available. 5 Includes fish flakes, abalone, mackerel, squid, and ‘‘tonno.”’ 6 Forty-eight 14-pound cans to the case. Source: 1912 to 1920, except 1915, Pacific Fisherman; 1915 and 1921 to 1928, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. MACKEREL 2 Totals are on the basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case; the individual items include cans of all _ The catch of mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in California rarely exceeded 4,000,000 pounds until 1928, when it is estimated that the This large production catch amounted to about 35,000,000 pounds. was brought about by the demand from the canning industry. It now seems likely that mackerel will become one of the stable cannery fishes of the State, and the production is expected to reach large proportions. ied 356 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES From time to time mackerel have been packed in an experimental way, but the production was never large. In 1928, however, 18 plants devoted their operations in whole or in part to the canning of mackerel. The production during that year amounted to 392,421 ete OF CASES iM a Lert NL AC ear Cee a Sugary sgassseseeebet © coe ein aloe ne eT Sa Hoy AURRREREEEEEEEAL| 2 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1928 FIGURE 8.—Trend in production and value of California pack of canned salmon, 1900-1928 standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans, valued at $1,621,595. This represented 97 per cent of the entire United States production of canned mackerel, the remainder being packed in Massachusetts. This species is not seé vasonal in char: acter, as mackerel seem to be found — —_—- FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA 357 in abundant quantities throughout the year, making it possible to can them during the off seasons for sardine and tuna, thereby reduc- ing the overhead expenses of the cannery. Formerly, mackerel were taken by hook and line, but now that greater quantities are necessary to satisfy demands by canners, the purse seine is being used. The canned product finds favor in oriental markets. SALMON Salmon, formerly one of the leading canning species of California fish, now find their chief demand as market fish. The first salmon cannery on the Pacific coast was established in 1864 on a houseboat in the Sacramento River, hear the town of Yolo. That year about 2,000 cases of forty-eight 1- pound cans were packed. During the following years canneries were established at other points in California and the fishery prospered, although no annual reported catch ever greatly exceeded 13,000,000 pounds. The largest pro- duction of canned salmon was reported in 1882, when 200, 000 cases (on the basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans) were ‘packed. Since then the production has steadily declined, that for 1928 barely exceeding 2,500 cases, valued at about $43,000. The production of mild-cured salmon in 1928 amounted to 1,500,000 pounds, which is slightly smaller than that for the past several years. The largest pack on record was made in 1909, when about 5,000,000 pounds were packed. The product is packed in tierces holding about 800 pounds each. It is marketed in this and foreign countries. Pack of canned salmon in California 1864-1928 Ay acra- Northern ae. cua Northern Sacre HO Year California) yy one’ Year _‘|California Arag 0 coast onterey : - coast onterey ees district | Quantity) Value || district | Quantity; Value Cases ! Cases } Cases 1 Cases 1 Cases 1 Cases 1 HOD 2 42) eee 2, 000 2, 000 (*) L900b= 2. oo] Se 39, 304 39, 304 () TSGbe Sat eee| Oe es Fi 2, 000 2, 000 (2) 190 esas 17, 500 (@) Cy Clee See ee 2, 500 2, 500 (2) 190252 Sas os 16, 543 (2) TES Aye | 1 ea 3, 000 3, 000 (?) 19032 22 = ae 8, 200 (2) TS AGE! Sees) be ete a 10, 000 10, 000 (2) 1904-28055) 17, 807 | $85, 296 Pienaar? 8, 500 21, 500 30, 000 (2) 1905 Rees 2, 780 2 TRS fe aa seal 14, 777 34, 017 48, 794 (2) 1908! 2 sex 3, 938 20, 000 ERY OL es See a| aoc Ik 18, 855 13, 855 (2) 1909. 22 Ser 5, 633 (2) IEC Ee eres 13, 750 62, 000 75, 750 (2) ake ng) Fes See 14, 016 (2) SS eee Le Se 181, 200 181, 200 (2) LONE E e 11, 746 (2) TGS 7 See eee 200, 000 | 200, 000 () 191225203 33, 200 (2) PRG o eae oe fn Pee a ve 123,000 | 123, 000 () LOLS eae 7, 326 (2) TRG Ie ue och ary 81, 450 81, 450 (2) nie oes 31, 315 (2) TRG). & Leow ieee 2 eerie 90, 000 90, 000 (2) 1Ot5 Sa 23, 086 | 125, 782 i iolo | eee, Ce ee i 39, 300 39, 300 (2) ISI6SS ese 30, 834 2 SR 7a ne Cee at 36, 500 36, 500 (2) LON (yee Sane 25, 773 (2) HBSS. = 2 oo 6, 747 68, 075 74, 822 |$464, 232 || 1918_______ 25, 136 (2) UT Gee 5, 669 57, 300 62, 969 (2) LOL9== oe e= 22, 766 (2) BBO0 is 7, 500 25, 065 32, 565 (2) 192022 555.2 21, 055 () ASOT Be) oj 2 4, 500 19, 353 23, 853 () 1921 aes 9, 296 | 133, 610 ASOD eh 4, 250 11, 634 15, 884 hon G96 | |P1O222 2 ee 11, 831 | 196, 310 LCR a 3, 600 23, 336 26, 936 (2) (1 923. Sees 4) 12, 822 | 127, 850 B04 eo ee 3, 700 28, 463 32, 163 (2) yp At 7, ee, 6, 512 89, 136 HROD. SS oe 3, 850 25, 185 29:03) ||) 128, 632) || 1925-22 -_ == 14, 543 | 199, 766 ROG Se ee ea 2 13, 387 13, 387 (2) 11, 761 | 184, 977 LU gO A ES 38, 543 38, 543 (?) ae 4, 581 77, 184 SOR ee Se cee ae 29, 731 29, 731 () 1928 __ ae 2, 522 42,716 Cs aes 3, 850 30, 330 34, 180 | 159, 468 } il 1 Converted to the equivalent of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. 2 Data not available. Source: Pacific Fisherman; U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 358 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES California pack of mild-cured salmon, 1900-1928 [In tierces, holding about 800 pounds] Klamath,| a... | Klamath, as Belden Sacra- Mon- z Eel, and Sacra- | Mon- ear Noss mento | terey Total | Year Noyo mento | terey | Total care River Bay Rivers River | Bay 1900 boos. eek [cesT a 950;|-— aoe OBO" AOUE eee a ae ce 2 2, 200 ik? 1) eet SSeS 1s ee 3, 100) Sco 3,100] 19162-2222 SN See ee ee 650 1, 069 1,719 sb |p) Se See See ieee eee 2, 325 504 3 829) 107. ae eae ee cee 1, 508 300 1, 808 1903 2622 See eS. Sees 24 roe 354 3,954 || 191822 0e ese ees 455 1, 913 266 2, 684 OO Re oe Be a eee | Bae a A, 1S) 233 | LOL OLE ee eee 1, 326 2, 355 1, 055 4, 736 eee ae ee eee 2, 979 310 3,289 |i} 192022 =e ees 1, 463 1, 345 330 3, 1388 TONGS Nee ee | 175 Pie 510 2.862 1921-2 eee 1, 050 812 201 2, 063 ROOTS = ode 140 4, 102 | 582 4, 824 19225 Sako cle ee ec ee ee eee 32, 163 190825. Bet! OEE ee 3, 243 | 252 3, 496vi|\ LOZ ser eee oud) 1, 126 606 103 1, 885 LOD Ss eee 80 Vn OE 911 6) 102] ASRS se te eee 2, 619 1, 291 5 3, 915 11g) 2 SS eee 5, 516 | 75 ‘ODO || O25 bees Aa ee 1, 965 1, 523 76 3, 764 1911 110 2, 011 160 23281 ued oe eee cones 929 iB Gy, eee 2, 696 1912 =< ao Bee 100 Ae pare ee Sp Ota! | | /PLOATE ee ee eee es 895 15 125 2 2, 052 1913 ee eee 4, 789 550 5,800 |] 92825 = 2 eee 1, 686 17/9) 1, 865 1914.03) ae | Meee a¥ 1,829 | 1,476 | 3,305 1 Value, $243,946. 2 Value, $187,220. 3 Value, $208,709. Source: Pacific Fisherman, except for 1904, 1915, and 1922, which are from Bureau of Fisheries reports. BY-PRODUCTS The output of fishery by-products in California was valued at $4,022,642 in 1928. Under this designation are included fish meal and scrap; tuna, sardine, and whale oils; agar-agar; and other miscel- laneous fishery by-products. Sardine oil was the most important item, the production being valued at $1,621,531. Next in importance ‘was fish meal and scrap, the production of which was valued at $1,614,515. The products of the whale industry were valued at $296,000. The oils and meals are manufactured at the canneries from whole fish unsuitable for canning, from the surplus, or from offal. The whale products result from operations of whale fisheries. In 1928 one floating whaling factory was operated by California interests off San Clemente Island in southern California. Four killer boats worked with this factory, obtaining 304 whales, which produced 633,848 gallons of whale oil. This is a somewhat greater quantity than was produced for several years previous to 1928, but was less than that for 1922. A large percentage of the fish meal produced is used as a constituent of poultry feed, most of it being marketed in California. The oils are used in the manufacture of paints and soaps, and some is hydro- genated into margarine for use in cooking. San Pedro and Monterey are the principal points for the production of fish meals, and sardine and tuna oils. FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA 359 Production of certain fishery by-products in California, 1915 and 1921-1928 Fish meal and scrap Tuna oil Sardine oil Year ; SS Se [a SSS Tons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value 995 45; DOD) f= te oe |e a cao e ee el ee te ee | a 15, 293 O7.0).020) sae aaaee se ioe 170, 977 | $35, 760 10, 544 558, 642 86,099 | $23, 617 428, 859 145, 668 10, 106 596, 082 3, 349 1, 198 284, 415 95, 711 17, 813 833,609 | 35,408] 10,801 | 2,338,711 1, 076, 903 22,243 | 1,084, 985 57, 825 14,717 | 3,082,392 1, 551, 431 16, 227 784, 694 24, 766 13, 771 2, 040, 500 904, 709 121,263 | 1,134,484 | 32,895 8,265 | 2,514,562] 1,116,725 -| 126,900} 1, 614, 515 22, 834 5,102 | 3,825,786 | 1,621,531 ER oR iS SN eee ee ADA: teeeee ws, (93 1 en eee 45.6 Whale oil Sperm oil | Miscellaneous oils Year = ese Gallons | Value Gallons Value Gallons Value ee heme peer bn AP See, be ts Be ee oa Pee ES ee ea eee Sole 2S ee oe 65, 567 $19, 548 LOD [Ree eetee ees oe BE oF ee Dove. eae Deak Se ee: Lo SN a eos ks Soe 451, 770 123, 115 vue AO eae SA eee Be oe 915, 000 | | $366, 000 5, 050 $2, 525 33, 092 10, 508 IEP SES ce RES tp SAT CE EEN ED tpn ele Lee ene eee 619, 239 | 316, 450 2,078 1,282 | 648, 764 310, 024 iM pL Ee ee POP Pes Oe Se ee ee ee ees See) eee 390) 945) |e 216) 350)! meee eee | eee 2 ee 25, 516 12, 758 Tilia il PRS SE SASS Tee 6 a ee See eee 208,348 | 104,174 6, 500 2, 600 28, 119 11, 247 OTe eS ae Pee Ee OS eee eee ee 264,009 | 142, 917 4, 900 1, 927 48, 101 15, 474 HGP S AS a a ee Be ee ee ALK OOOR |) | 2U8 sa dn | neers ee Rees | 43,140 12, 607 ity UR, SPS Le ee eee eee Pee oe 633, 848 | 296; O00): |eseees Soe Se ee | 44, 232 16, 626 fPericoniiOmocalavalldorees = sen aie 2 Ae a | Sho) es | ee ee ae eee 0.6 | 1 Includes some whale scrap. Source: U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. MERCHANDISING FISH TO CANNERIES Fishing for cannery fish is conducted under three plans, namely, (a) by independent fishermen owning their own vessels; (b) by vessel owners employing fishermen for the operation of the vessel: and (c) by vessels owned by canneries. As a general rule, the vessels in the sardine fishery are owned by independent fishermen or vessel owners and in the tuna fishery the vessels are owned by the canneries. The price to be paid fishermen and vessel owners for fish by the canners is determined at the beginning of each season by agreement between these parties. Canners owning their own vessels usually figure the cost of their fish at the price set by the above agreement. While the price of cannery fish at the cannery is set by mutual agree- ment before the opening of the fishing season, it sometimes happens that this price is changed during the course of the season if there occurs an unusual dearth or abundance of fish. he ee 7 360 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES MARKET FISH Market fish are all those species of finfishes which do not enter primarily into the canning trade—the salmon, shad, and mackerel being exceptions. The production of market species in 1927 amounted to 60,079,974 pounds. This was about a normal year’s catch, and was 12 per cent of the entire production of all fishery products in California for 1927. The most important species in this group in 1927, ranked according to value, are the flounders or flatfish (‘‘Cali- fornia halibut,” sole, and other flounders), salmon, barracuda, rock- fish, white sea bass or squeteague, yellowtail, shad, and mackerel. LEADING SPECIES Flounders.—The production of flounders, the most important market fish in 1927, from the standpoint of value, amounted to 13,068,555 pounds, valued at $730,812. This is an average produc- tion for the years since 1918. Flounders are taken primarily by ves- sels operating paranzella nets in the San Francisco district. They are marketed fresh or frozen. Quantities are filleted and packaged. Salmon.—Until the World War gave an impetus to sardine and tuna canning the fishery for salmon (king and silver salmon) was the principal one in California. Now salmon ranks second in importance in value among the market fish. Prior to the war this fishery was conducted primarily to supply the salmon canneries of California. (See p. 357.) The fishery became depleted to such an extent that canning became of minor importance, and now most of the catch enters the fresh or frozen trade. Some of the fish are mild-cured. The catch in 1927, amounting to 6,511,929 pounds, valued at $644,175, was made largely in the Sacramento River and in the ocean touching | Humboldt and Del Norte Counties. The bulk of the catch was taken with troll lines, but a small part was taken with gill nets. Barracuda.—The catch of barracuda in 1927 amounted to 6,199,739 pounds, valued at $595,997. Practically the entire catch was taken in the San Pedro and San Diego districts, but a small portion was caught off the coast of Mexico. They are taken in purse seines, lampara nets, gill nets, and on troll lines. The catch is marketed mainly fresh, or frozen, although some of the fish are canned, the production in 1928 being valued at $85,841. Rockfishes—The catch of rockfishes in 1927 amounted to 6,377,179 pounds, valued at $292,631. These fish are taken in every district, although most of the landings are recorded for the San Pedro district. They are taken by paranzella nets, lampara nets, gill nets, and lines. The catch is marketed fresh or frozen. White sea bass or squeteaque.—This species is found in every district in California from San Francisco southward, and off the coast of Mexico, although the bulk is taken in the San Pedro and San Diego districts. The catch, which in 1927 amounted to 2,273,407 pounds, valued at $217,744, is taken by means of purse seines, lampara nets, gill nets, trammel nets, and lines. These fish are marketed fresh or frozen. Yellowtail—The catch of yellowtail in 1927 totaled 4,224,853 pounds, valued at $195,463. These fish are taken in the San Pedro and San Diego districts, but principally off the coast of Mexico. Purse seines, gill nets, trammel nets, lampara nets, and troll lines are FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA 361 used. Some of the fish are marketed fresh or frozen but are used more extensively for canning. The output of the canned product in 1928 was valued at $79,523. Shad.—The catch of shad in 1927 amounted to 4,103,423 pounds, valued at $148,201, although normally the annual catchranges between 1,500,000 and 2,000,000 pounds. The entire catch was made in the San Francisco district by the use of gill nets. Shad are not native to California, but were introduced there by the United States Bureau of Fisheries in 1873. They were afforded wise protection and the pro- duction has steadily increased, that for 1927 being one of the largest on record and about one-fourth of the total yield of this species in the United States. Shad are marketed fresh, frozen, and canned. Considerable quantities of the fresh and frozen stocks are shipped to Atlantic coast cities. In 1928 there were 8,917 cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans of shad packed in California, which represents about a normal pack for recent years. This is 32 per cent of the entire pro- duction of canned shad in the United States. California (Sacramento River) pack of canned shad! 1914-1928 Year Cases 2 Year Cases ? | Year Cases 2 | GAS ees are ote of take Lee OU0} RIO 8 eee eee DS S00N| | 1920 seks = ee ae ce eee 8, 724 ieee SS 8, 578 | KO) Re koe Be ee eee 4,721 | ODEs Seka & Set eee Ei 8, 692 Ue Ae eS os es 27,603) || 192025 o seen eee aoe A SOO Te LOD Sear oe a eee 8, 917 TEEN a eas Lt cei eee Sever peel Be | 24, 048 | NOZACE Ky Boe Se Pees 3, 000 | 1 Includes shad roe. 2 Forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. Source: Pacific Fisherman. Totuava or ‘‘ Mexican bass.’’—This fishery is followed mainly by Mexicans and Indians in the Gulf of California, and it is discussed here because the fish are marketed chiefly in San Pedro although considerable quantities are marketed in San Francisco. Originally this fishery was conducted for the sound, or swim bladder, which when dried brought high prices in oriental markets. Now the meat is saved, especially during seasons when catches of market fish at San Pedro are small. The fish are trucked by Mexicans to the border, at Calexico or Yuma, where they are purchased by Americans and col- lected into larger lots; then they are washed, weighed, and packed aboard refrigerated motor trucks and conveyed across the desert of Lower California to San Pedro, a distance of 230 miles. The trip takes about 15 hours and is usually made during the night. Trucks leaving the border in the evening have the fish at the San Pedro market early next morning. Some carload shipments have been sent direct to San Francisco from Guaymas. According to statistical records of the State of California the American importation of totuava now amounts to about 2,000,000 pounds annually, whereas in 1923 imports of only about 75 pounds were reported. MERCHANDISING MARKET FISH TO WHOLESALE FISH DEALERS Market fish are brought to port and sold by fishermen to the whole- sale dealers marketing fresh and frozen fish. In 1929 there were 78 wholesale establishments, 30 wholesale branches, and 15 brokers and buyers in the business. Many fisherman belong to trade organizations 362 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES which aid them to merchandise their catch. InSan Francisco the catch is marketed mainly through the San Francisco Crab Fishermen’s Association. In addition to marketing crabs this association also markets rockfish, salmon, and bait fish taken by its members. — In marketing the catch to wholesalers that of the various members is — pooled each day and prorated to the wholesale houses in San Francisco, — No dispute arises over this distribution, as the percentage allowed — each wholesaler is agreed upon at a meeting of the wholesalers and — association each year. The association also controls the amount of the catch. It is familiar with the wholesalers’ needs in San Francisco and makes an effort to supply them, but is careful not to have a surplus. Salmon is marketed on a seasonal contract basis, while the prices for other species vary from day to day. Practically all the fishermen operating out of San Francisco belong to this association. Market fish landed at San Diego are sold to the local wholesale establishments through the San Diego Fishermen’s Association and the American Fishermen’s Protective Association. Upon arrival at port with a fare the captain of the vessel notifies the officers of his respective association of its amount. The price to be paid the fisher- man by the wholesalers is then determined by the officers of the association, after due consideration is given to the landings at this port and the prices current at San Pedro. After the price is deter- mined the fare is unloaded at the wholesale establishment purchasing it. No regulations are effective regarding the catch each member is allowed to take each day, and at times the market may be glutted. During the course of a day an unusual number of fares may be landed, and, in order to move them, the later arrivals are sold at a lower price than that offered for a fare arriving earlier in the day, in which case the last price governs the selling price of fares sold earlier in the day. When fish are scarce the fishermen’s organizations prorate the land- ings among the wholesalers according to the percentage they usually purchase. When prices drop below 3 cents a pound on any one variety of fish, a portion of this variety, if suitable, is diverted to the salt-fish trade, in order to hold up the price for the fresh stock. There are no fishermen’s selling organizations in San Pedro, each captain disposing of his fare to the local distributor who will pay the highest price. To market a large fare it is sometimes necessary to divide it among several wholesalers. While cannery fish and market fish are disposed of by fishermen through two channels, the fisherman with his stock of gear is able to fish for practically every species. His decision as to which species to fish is governed by the price he can get. Some fishermen will fish for cannery fish when they are running good and the price is high. In the meantime if market fish are more valu- able they will fish for those species. However, as a general rule, fishing is done for cannery fish when they are in season and for market fish at other times of the year, although some engage in the market fishery the year round. After purchase by the wholesalers the fish are washed, packed, and iced. Shipping containers are usually boxes—some new, while others have been used for the shipment of other merchandise. As a rule these containers are of no standard dimensions. The principal markets for fresh and frozen fish of California origin are in San Francisco and Los Angeles, although distribution is quite Rae et eS Sei eae) FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA 363 well effected throughout the smaller towns of the State. A few ship- ments are forwarded as far east as Texas and Kansas, but this business has not been developed to any great extent. The following figures from the Bureau of Agricultural Economics shows the amount of fish frozen in California in 1928, by species and by months. FISH FROZEN IN CALIFORNIA, BY SPECIES, 1928 Pounds Codahaddoek shakes mollocketc2. =... =~ 23-22. 134, 841 Niackenrela(excepu, spanish) 225-2222 22a ete 450, 934 SAplefisia(OlacCkiCOd) me aan sane wee Lo oe 112, 988 almon: STU donee 8 APN LF Wigs Sale BB SPU ee oars Oe Soe 359, 707 Erin dap = SN Og DED is 14 EL ep lg 131, 769 JAMIN (yeh g Sa ee ae Ne rh ES re Nema a ee fe 359, 292 Shadeand shad roc. s ss ever e i a8 Pi rd ys AC ok 6, 957 Sire IEG hyd ese ime = ed Ee irs SPI 2 eet LB (le 554, 748 MIE celinmentg saa :i bet AT eee ee ee yh ope 2, 124, 907 LIS yale et cas le 2 ad pe NO al Sl gE ee 4, 236, 093 FISH FROZEN IN CALIFORNIA, BY MONTHS, 1928 Month ending the 15th of— Pounds SATCU: yatta ee BR et ot Sah ad Eis Te ae eae 389, 399 Henan ye 45 te ee eee eee ree 20 Ue eye Leg Bale 694, 208 LNs Feri 6 vier Pee pp, WE EE ed da oh 292, 847 ANTON Sb lass Ba a SOF gn Pe eS, Wee A 199, 168 In IG her aR Re Sip Sa ap Sheep AS Pee eR NOt RD ida DS 440, 832 Urn copiers WS rfp hee ok EY Soh AA ELEY Oe 9 lo BO 369, 050 SUR NR ca is hs See Mg Bk ag Bh fa as Dey REIN ah A es 195, 412 ZENS VERT SHC EU 7 BORA a a a PP rp 228, 733 NSLS] OUTS G0] OTS Ree Pi aes he ps Lae a hes eee ae SE 251, 448 OCUODEr te wea te Senet REE pauaael anne a heeh Oa 298, 559 Noite ers fis Mee cy ni EER pti sean rea a8 ok Ot 2 Be 361, 521 | DYeverevatt overeat Se oe Se Dig gS eI Ee ees es Ate a 514, 916 gl NC lL See ak Sole A kd Sele es alg PR ot 4, 236, 093 Monthly holdings of frozen and cured fish in California, 1928 Holdings on the 15th of— | Frozen fish |Cured fish Holdings on the 15th of— | Frozen fish |Curedfish Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds ANU ARV ssses es sa st 1, 632, 107 45 93%. || Auguste seen ee eee 1, 226, 422 559, 265 DIE] OV DESY cA ee eS 1, 668, 824 ATA 7908 eNO OLED Creat 5 eee = nee ae 1, 209, 171 751, 125 NVisir cline les Se RCN Pe 1, 540, 511 Ab 22. 05t | OCvOber sae ee sane eee 1, 244, 769 728, 650 Yai SPSS Tele Sere ree 1, 045, 430 437,.407-||) November =2 2-298" saat 1, 305, 978 534, 974 TST peste a ly 1, 133, 416 44085315) |MOGCAII Dens tee eee 1, 487, 425 558, 096 ANUWAYS) hair Fs Se ie ee eee nee 1, 281, 985 265, 588 dual oes Bee Ee ee eee ee i 26letot 827, 679 || Average monthly holdings__| 1, 332, 266 537, 188 Source: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. The shipping of fresh and frozen fish from California to interior points has been hindered by methods of handling and shipping, but this situation is being remedied. Some firms are preparing and mar- keting fish fillets. These are wrapped in vegetable parchment paper, packed in tin cans, well iced, and shipped in wooden boxes. This type of pack has become popular with California retailers, and the future should show extensive developments along this line. The advancement of the fresh or market fish industry in California, especially at San Pedro and San Diego, has been retarded somewhat 364 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES by wide fluctuations in prices paid by wholesalers to fishermen. The State Fish Exchange is making an effort to remedy this situation in an effort to stabilize the industry. RETAIL SALE OF FRESH AND FROZEN FISH In 1929 the retail sale of fresh and frozen fish in California was conducted by 125 fish dealers who handle fish exclusively, 175 fish peddlers, and 3,200 who handle it as a side line to other merchandise. According to the California State Fish Exchange, about 40 per cent of the trade in these stores is done on Friday, and the average dealer sells fish only three days a week. Over 90 per cent of the trade is in four species—salmon, halibut, sole, and barracuda—while rockfish, bass, cod, and tuna represent 5 per cent of the trade. Only about 15 per cent of the fish marketed in the retail stores is sold in the form of fillets. The State Fish Exchange also has learned that the sale of fish is hindered to a great extent by the relatively high price, this being attributed to a demand for certain species of fresh fish when out of season in California or for species of which there is a small catch. The former might be remedied by freezing stocks at times when the supply exceeds the demand, for distribution in the off season. To counteract this situation the exchange is attempting to acquaint consumers with the large variety of California fish available and with the times at which they are in season. This is being accomplished by radio talks, newspaper publicity, exhibits, and by the publication of a sea-food cookbook. Consumers have been especially eager to obtain copies of the cookbook, demonstrating that there is a great interest in sea foods which can be made a source of profit to retailers if the dealers exhibit a like interest and handle these products on a par with other products rather than as a side line. WAREHOUSING FROZEN FISH There are eight cold-storage warehouses in California that provide for the storage of frozen fishery products. Two of these are located in San Francisco, 1 at Pittsburg, 2 at Sacramento, 2 at Los Angeles, and 1 at Long Beach. These plants are able to store about 3,000,000 pounds of fishery products at a time, and, according to reports, this can be increased if business warrants. The two plants at San Fran- cisco, the one at Pittsburg, one of the two at Los Angeles, and the one at Long Beach freeze in addition to storing fishery products. These plants are able to freeze about 82,500 pounds in 10 working hours. Most of these storage plants are less than a mile from local express terminals, while all except one have spur tracks from the main railroad line leading directly to the doors of the plant. These spur tracks can accommodate 62 cars. The plant at Pittsburg is located on a pier where fishing vessels can unload directly into the warehouse, and one of the plants in San Fran- cisco is located about one-half block from the water front. The remaining six plants are located at some distance from the water front; thus in most cases fish landed by vessels must be transported overland from the pier to the cold-storage warehouse. Rates for storing frozen fish vary from 25 to 50 cents a month for each 100 pounds, Three firms charge 25 cents a month per 100 = FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA 365 pounds; two firms, 30 cents per 100 pounds if received frozen, and 50 cents per 100 pounds if the fish is to be frozen in the plant; and three firms charge 50 cents per 100 pounds for the first month’s storage and 33% cents per 100 pounds for each succeeding month. During 1928 the freezing plants in California froze 4,236,093 pounds of fishery products, consisting mainly of salmon, shellfish, and “mackerel. This is only about 4 per cent of the total quantity of fish frozen in the United States during 1928. Monthly holdings of frozen fish in 1928 ranged from 1,045,000 pounds to 1,669,000 pounds, the smallest amount being held in April and the largest in February, and averaged about 1,332,000 pounds. Holdings of cured fish each month in 1928 ranged from 414,790 pounds in February to 827,679 pounds in July and averaged about 537,000 pounds. Fish rapidly frozen and packaged as fillets have lately been intro- duced in California. This product is frozen and packed at plants on the east coast, transported in mechanically refrigerated freight cars, and marketed at retail stores in its original frozen condition. As yet no local establishments have begun to freeze and package fillets or other fish products, although several firms prepare and market fresh fillets and other package products. SHELLFISH The shellfish group includes abalone, octopus, squid, shrimp, clams, oysters, crabs, and spiny lobsters. California is the only State hav- ing an abalone fishery. The production of all these species in 1927 amounted to 12,887,248 pounds, valued at $751,502, or about 3 per cent of the entire yield of the California fisheries that year. This was the largest catch on record. Practically the entire catch is made in the San Francisco and Monterey districts. In point of value, spiny lobsters were most important and crabs next, followed by abalone. ; Crabs and spiny lobsters are marketed fresh cooked. Large quan- tities of the meat of crabs are sold by retail establishments in the form of cocktails. At the fish wharf in San Francisco there is a row of these establishments where each has a cooking vat on the sidewalk in front of the store. Here the crabs are cooked immediately upon landing; the meat is picked out and is then ready for serving. Both the meat and the shell of the abalone are utilized. The meat is marketed fresh although some is minced and canned, the production of the latter in 1928 being valued at $3,520. The shells are used for the manufacture of curios. Octopus and squid are dried and mar- keted chiefly to the oriental trade. Some squid is canned, but the production is small. Shrimp is marketed both fresh and dried; the dried shrimp being sold mainly to the oriental trade. Clams and oysters are marketed fresh. The catch of native oysters is negligible. Mature eastern oysters are transplanted to beds in the vicinity of San Francisco, where they are held pending sale. The eastern oyster does not reproduce in California waters. 366 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES ALASKAN FISHERIES SALMON FISHERY Interests operating salmon-canning plants in Alaska have their headquarters in San Francisco. Each season 4,000 to 5,000 men work at these canneries, being employed largely through the Alaska Fishermen’s Union in San Francisco. The union has a contract with the canners which covers the wages, living conditions, hours of labor, and other matters pertaining to the employment and well- being of its members. The season in Alaska usually lasts during the four to five summer months of each year. Therefore, laborers hiring out for this work find it necessary to obtain employment in other lines during the winter months. Some follow fishing upon their return to California, while others work as sailors, longshoremen, or ship riggers, or find employment in steel construction and other lines. The crews leave San Francisco about May 15 and return during the latter part of August or the first week in September. Most of the fishermen are Italians, although there are considerable numbers of Finns, Norwegians, and Swedes. The cannery employees are generally Japanese, Chinese, Filipinos, and Mexicans. Practically all the supplies for these canning operations in Alaska are purchased in the State of California, and are loaded on the com- pany’s vessel at San Francisco for transportation to Alaska. The pack is brought to San Francisco and distributed from there. COD FISHERY A fishery for cod off the coast of Alaska in the northern Pacific is conducted by interests operating from San Francisco, where the boats are outfitted and from which port they sail. The season in — Alaska lasts through the summer months, although the schooners sail from port some time in the spring and return in September. Four vessels were engaged in this fishery in 1928. The cod are immediately salted aboard vessel or at shore stations in Alaska, barreled, and then brought to San Francisco for manu- facture at the plants of the fishing interests into various salt codfish products. The landings of salt cod in California during 1928 amounted to 1,898,106 pounds, valued at about $115,000. This represents the landings of only three vessels, as the fourth vessel to sail in 1928 was wrecked on its return voyage, with a loss of about 1,000,000 pounds of salt fish. The fishery for cod from California ports has been conducted since 1863 although it never gained much prominence, the annual landings of salt cod at San Francisco rarely exceeding 5,000,000 pounds. The markets for salt cod products are on the Pacific coast and in several of the Western States, the west coast of South America, the Hawaian and Philippine Islands, and to some extent in Straits Settlements, FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA 367 Catch of cod by California fishermen in Okhotsk and Bering Seas and North Pacific Ocean, 1863-1928 Catch Vessels engaged Dry salted Year Fishing grounds Number Num- ~ et. P r Sap on- ounds | Value nage its ae 1 OR NG Kn Orsks SEM teehee ee ete se oe he ED. 7, 100 2a) 48a, \=2 se oe S864... Phy Oe area Okhotsk and Bering (Season a2 ease 54, 500 218 O00 eee ee AS65652... 7 449 | Okhotsk Sea and North Pacific_--____----___-__ 225, 000 700; (000) (E=ees eee AS6G-—_- = 16 724, 000 | 2,080,000 |_-______ 1867__—_- 20 934, 400 | 3,140,000 |________ Iti ee ee 10 580, 000 2) 026; 000. | S2 Ss 1869___.- 21 1, 032, 000 | 3, 440,000 |___-____ 1 24 1, 467,000 | 4, 218,000 |________ Te eae 16 926, 000 | 2, 572,000 |________ 1} 7 305, 500 | 1,000,000 |__-_____ 8 /3:2- == ~ 12 563, 000 | 1,832,000 |_-______ 163) Se 8 369, 000 | 1,270,000 |_---____ HRT bis 9 362, 000 | 1, 680,000 |________ BS (62-2 13 814, 000 | 2,526,000 |________ PS ie === 16 779, 000 | 2, 500, 000 |________ 1878____- 21 902, 000 | 3, 968, 000 |________ A879) SL 12 1,301, 000 | 4, 690,000 |_______ es PBR: Sc 8 1, 203, 000 ERS1s 2 22 8 1, 061, 000 HRS 2) 22 he 13 1, 241, 000 TS83e es =" 17 d 1, 720, 000 1884. - USbiee ov olone Okhotskiand Bening Seass 72--! 2. 2.5% ase. 222 1, 622, 000 PS85_ =F. 12 2,347 | Okhotsk and Bering Seas and North Pacific____- 1, 374, 000 TSSGe- == A ie SAS ee Ome eee a Ree eee eee re ret 1, 222, 000 i SOS e704) ae ae See BNE he OAL. PRO Bee A eT 1, 107, 000 1888__-__ toh (0, TT GULL nel Mats (eee OB ae a nl eee ee ee 1, 036, 000 | 3, 160, QUO: Sneakers 1889_--_- 6| 1,097 Okhotsk Sease 25 ae ee te oh ee ee 462, 134 | 1, 463, 424 | $36, 587 1890_____ 3 lon Okhotsk andsBering,Seaste= ese ee Tyee 562.951 | 1,782,679 | 44, 567 ip a Gn tesla O30) | ees, (tie De Se ee eee ene eee te ee bene! 646, 708 | 2,047,911 | 51,393 ia Gl pa ee | eet (Os teen REE el ee ee 718, 284 | 2,274,565 | 56, 864 SOB =~ 2 (Si) aera eee BR oa ee RSENS ee ee ee eee 556, 000 | 1, 760, 667 |_-_-___ iy at: {ty aft Paste tony Eee C5 Sa er aa es ae ee 589, 000 | 1, 865, 167 |_---____ 1895_._.- (ajad wer le fas 3 ss LG ea ee Ba iS ee ne we eb Se 879, 016 | 2, 783,550 | 83, 506 1896_____ Galt Us512)| sas GOS See ees RT SEL 2 Oa PEER a SETI EE 618, 000 | 1, 957, 000 |_--_____ #397 __= Br] el 3080 Derind 66a rete eee ee ae eh es 554, 000 | 1, 754, 333 |-------_ HS9S* 22m 3 7802|- 2s" Oe EES Oe ie et ee ee ee ees 292, 000 Be Gy) eo ibe Eee Dee clesti7 4s | Se 225. GO- 2: 524 AJ ee ee ae ee 1, 868, 568 | 5, 917, 131 HSO0 = = Gatpeles0bp |p (0 Cj ae ae oe A eg ee See ee ee 623, 000 | 1, 972, 833 iG Ee (OM jel ay. 0) 9 ee dO ooo eh ees oe ee eee ee eee, 702, 000 | 2, 223, 000 1902____. Ona 084s | ee oes GO. Sep Net tee ss Sa ges ys Ba 933, 000 | 2, 954, 500 1903___.. 8/0 1899 |) Okhotsk and. Bering Seas.-_---_---_- "=e 3 1, 037, 300 | 3, 284, 783 1904____- 7| 1,939 | Okhotsk and Bering Seas and North Pacific____| 1, 775, 667 | 5, 622, 944 OOD. te e098) | Okhotsk and! Bering Seas 6- = 2222s = ee 1S SSG; 1 SS Ni4e 28 POSS, eee ee 1906_____ 11 Diol |= sees oy aes 8 ee ee ee Ee So eee 1, 478, 000 | 4, 680, 383 |_-______ it 8) 225400) |e GOL Roda F 2S Vee ee eS Te eee eee 741, 800 | 2,349, 033 |_-.-_-__ 1908_____ |e Ol eee OSE aCe Sees es Se Se 910, 000 | 2, 881,667 |_-______ 1909_____ iy }| > a h(G} | kee (Gi}2 shes 2h oe a En OSE AE pie ve NOREE ETE: Te E 600, 000 | 1, 900,000 |________ HOIO. 2 = One sO Tas PBGnine Conse ese 2 eet, | eee eae ee ee 380;000),|| 15.203) 338) |-25= = HOUT _ 3 O93 /Ez==s (1G eee neh Pent oes Bde or et a ed 439, 000 | 1,390, 167 |_-_-_-_- OTD eo) 5} 1,554 | Bering Sea and North Pacific_--_-______________ 664, 000 | 2, 102, 667 |_-______ 1913 __ ___ Bale alaboanen ee Cee eee ee Sa ee 717, 000! | 2, 270, 500 |---=--2_ it (33.1) Seay See) ee G(s SR eS Sen Se eee re eee a 931, 202 | 2,848, 806 |_------- HOT5 2. = TE C2n ures & (de ee Pe Ee Re ps 50 ee SST ES 1, 564, 008 | 4, 952, 692 | 161, 695 OIG 2. AaltetGope | MeN ORL Dr Paciic: 25-22) Se 07 ee 1,127, 000. | 3,,568; 833) |---- ==. a MOLT S512 Taleo oOo) tates LG APM RATS ea ES EA ES 1352, 000 | 4,281, 333 |--=+--_= #918 -__ 6 250345 |2— Oe ed ee a a eee 1, 488,321 | 4, 713,018 |_--_--= a 1919-____ Sal paorsert eee oe A nea eae 658, 800 | 2, 086,200 |________ 920. __ _ _ 11 Pt A eee (gee ae re eit Ss Ee Bee 781,200 |) 2; 473, 800. |__.--__ Ye 3 AGA ae AG ee ee ES 3 FS Son a le 2 254, 333 SORSRS) | Sear #922. ____ Ae ole (Guerre CO Se ee ees i 2 Se ee 530, 526 | 1,680,000 | 84,000 1923) Sh 2645) |e (CG Eee SRE a I 441, 474 | 1,398,000 | 69, 900 1924_____ 6 DS Sie ae Cg aaren eee re ee ee! eee 910, 746 | 2, 884,028 | 190, 041 O25 4 1, 544 |_-___ eee Seemann TATE Et See ee 1 078, 613 | 3, 415, 608 | 237, 724 EE SER ge Se [ets gee Se a es od rt ee 1, 172, 233 3 712, 070 | 235, 055 UG at ae (eT ea MOD ee at oe 3 th So 867, 436 | 2, 746,880 | 186, 644 EE 5. SE ho PP ee i) ee (olin EMER ee gee ReReee eee meen hb! ee ee 599, 402 | 1, 898, LOG yeaa Source: Pacific Cod Fisheries; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 368 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES The fishery resources of the State of California have been declared the property of the State, and their taking and manufacture is regu- lated by acts of the legislature through the department of natural resources. The division of fish and game of the department of natural resources is interested in the fisheries and licenses anglers, commercial fishing, and fish-manufacturing establishments, and regulates their operations. In addition, this division collects statistical data on the commercial fisheries and prepares this information in‘such a form that the real abundance of the fisheries can be determined. These statistical data are obtained by reports from the fishermen, wholesale establishments, and canneries, and cover such jnformation as size of catch, method of capture, where taken, where landed, production of manufactured products, and other similar information. Statistical reports of this nature enable the division to have on file facts to be used as a basis for wise legislation. J'urther, these statistical reports are of economic importance to the trade and serve as a basis for their operations. The division also makes biological studies of the important fisheries, the most conspicuous of which during recent years has been the study of the sardine fishery. These studies guide the type of statistical information requested of the trade, determine measures to restrict fishing operations, and assist to enlarge a fishery where this may be done without danger to the supply. For the conduct of its investigations pertaining to fish the division operates a modern, up-to-date laboratory at Terminal, Calif. This is the base for the operations of the statisticians and biologists of the State fisheries. GAME FISHING The place of the game fishes, particularly the trouts, in the South- western States is of some importance. In these States the presence or absence of trout fishing is to a considerable extent correlated with altitude. An altitude of 5,000 feet upward, whether it be in Arizona or northern Idaho, will generally signify the presence of snow-fed streams, whose low temperatures will support trout. Consequently, in spite of the preponderance of arid country in Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Utah and Nevada, the mountain streams and the larger permanent water courses in the lower altitudes will afford excellent trout fishing for the native western cutthroat, rainbow, and intro- duced brook trout. California offers advantages for fine trout fishing. In many sections of the Pacific Southwest the relative inaccessi- bility of the fishing waters has prevented overfishing, and conse- quently the angler will enjoy better sport than in the more populous sections which are easily reached. While warm-water game fish of the type of bass and others are not native to many of the watersheds in the Southwest, they have been introduced in several sections and have become well established, so that waters which would otherwise be devoid of food or game fish are now capable of furnishing an immediate supply of both. The large irrigation reservoirs in Colorado, Nevada, Utah, and the other States have been stocked with bass, catfish, and similar species and FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA 369 furnish an abundant supply of these varieties. The Elephant Butte irrigation project in New Mexico, and other developments on a smaller scale, have provided artificial lakes which will not support trout but which afford the proper conditions for an abundance of the so-called warm-water or pond fishes. The stocking of lakes and streams by State and Federal hatcheries is being constantly augmented, and in spite of the somewhat reduced mileage of streams in comparison with many other regions, sport fishing is sufficiently attractive in the greater part of the area under discussion to demand the attention of anglers. That sport fishing is of importance in the section is evidenced by the fact that annually these States license over 472,000 anglers and sport fishermen, over one-half of whom are licensed in California. According to the latest report available 47 State fish hatcheries (of which 26 are in California) are operated in the States comprising the Southwestern section. The annual output of these is about 47,000,000 eggs, fry, and fingerlings, and consists mainly of various species of trout, although there was a considerable production of salmon in California. In addition, the United States Bureau of Fisheries operates five fish hatcheries in the section. These have an annual output of nearly 24,000,000 eggs, fry, and fingerlings, which consist mainly of chinook salmon and various species of trout. O FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING, WITH BIBLIOGRAPHY ? By JoHN RUEL MANNING, Technologist United States Bureau of Fisheries CONTENTS Page Page MEO CUGELONee= ae ee ee St 371 | General feeding value—Continued. Aeknowledements==— =... 373 Effect of fish-meal feeding on General feeding value --__-__----__-_ 373 odor of milk, eggs, and meat_ 388 Superiority of fish meals over Effect of fish meals high in salt other feed concentrates_____~ 374 content on farm animals_____ 388 Growth-promoting properties of Palatability of fish meals______ 389 RAHA Geek tee eee 375 Digestibility of fish meals______ 389 Wine =2 532 3_ SS as 375 Amounts of fish meal commonly Cation Bee ee oes 382 fedbving the ration] === 389 iia ce lee See See ooo || etoteins in eashymeals=. =e ae 390 AES np ee Oe ea 394), | (Minerals inetishsmealses=. 2a Ses 391 Fur-bearing animals ______ Soe | Vitamins neishe meals. eee 393 Effect of fish-meal feeding on Composition of fish meals__________ 395 milks production] ——— = eas 385 Manufacture of fish meals _____ 396 Effect of fish-meal feeding on Effect of storage on fish meals__ 396 butterfat content of milk___ 385 Analyses of fish and_ shellfish Effect of fish-meal feeding on mea) Ste eee 396 ere pLogducnon =. ee 385 Adulteration of fish meals_ 397 Effect of fish-meal feeding on the Conclusions 32 a2 22222 ses Set 397 quality of carcasses of swine 387 Bibliography: =e se es Sue eee aL 397 INTRODUCTION There are two important steps in the obligation of the research worker in making known to the general public the results of his work so that the greatest benefit from his efforts may accrue to man- kind. The first is the formal publication of his report or manuscript so that his coworkers may collaborate with him. The second obliga- tion is to publish the practical aspects, the possibilities, and the potential benefits to civilization which may be developed from the knowledge made available by his work. Many scientists uninten- tionally neglect this second phase in their responsibilities to the public. Many excellent scientific accomplishments have remained buried in some archive or storehouse of science, locked from public use, until a coworker comes along, appreciates the value of the work, and makes it known to the public. Therefore, the purpose of this publication is to give a review and bibliography of the researches and present scientific knowledge— both American and foreign—in the field of the experimental feeding of fish meals and shellfish meals to laboratory and farm animals, including noncritical comments on the results of these researches. Every effort has been made to condense the contents and to make this treatise concise. The details, except the very essential ones of 1 Appendix XII to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. B. F. Doc. 1090. Submitted for publication July 9, 1930. 371 372 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES the many experiments conducted by numerous investigators, have been omitted, for to burden the reader with such a mass of material would defeat the purpose of this publication. This report is intended not only for the scientist or biochemist, but also for the animal feeder and for those engaged in the produc- tion of fish meals and shellfish meals. Marine products are an extremely important potential source of numerous nutritional requirements in the dietary of man and his domestic animals. These products of the sea are valuable for their vitamin potency, protein content of a high cofficient of digestibility, and for their quantity and variety of mineral constituents. The diversification of mineral content may be realized and emphasized by calling attention to the fact that scientists have found in sea water at least 34 elements useful to life. Much research remains to be done to determine the role played by minerals in nutrition; in fact, this field of nutrition has hardly begun to be investigated. How- ever, outstanding examples of the importance of obtaining knowledge along these lines are the demonstration of the rdle played by copper and iron in one type of nutritional anemia, and iodine in the pre- vention and cure of simple goiter. Marine products offer the richest known sources of materials for these mineral studies in the science of nutrition. This should appeal especially to scientific investiga- tors. It can not be too emphatically stated to workers in the science of nutrition that here lies a pioneer field of potential investigation offering rich rewards and a veritable “ gold mine” of possibilities in scientific accomplishment. Fish meals and shellfish meals are manufactured as by-products from the waste or inedible parts of fish and shellfish accumulating in large quantities at various concentration points of our fishery industries. Some fish meals, such as the menhaden, are produced from whole nonedible fish. If the fish or fish waste contains much oil, it is both cooked and pressed and the remaining so-called “ oreen ” scrap is dried and ground. In certain localities in Maine the oily herring scrap is dried directly without cooking or pressing. If the waste is low in oil, as is the case with the waste accruing in some of the North Atlantic fisheries, it is either directly dried and ground, or cooked, pressed, dried, and ground. Processes of drying vary considerably in different plants. In general, the meal may have been dried either by solar evaporation, hot air or hot furnace gases, or by steam heat with or without reduced pressure. The Bu- reau of Fisheries is very much interested at present in investigations of the relative nutritive value of fish meals produced by various methods of drying. Scientific data, so far available, seem to indi- cate that there is a wider variance in the nutritive value of the same sources of material prepared according to different processes of dry- ing than there is in the nutritive qualities of meals prepared from different species of fish by the same type of dryer. Fish meals may be divided into two general classes according to their oil content; namely, oily fish meals and nonoily fish meals. Oily fish meals may be considered as those prepared from fish in which the oils are distributed generally throughout their bodies, whereas nonoily fish meals come from fish whose oils are concen- trated mainly in their livers. A certain amount of prejudice has FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 316 grown up in the trade regarding the term “ oily ” as applied to fish meals. ‘“ Oily” fish meals have been considered inferior products, but this prejudice is unfounded and misunderstanding exists as to the true value of good oily fish meals. An oily fish meal properly prepared is a product of unexcelled feeding value among sources of animal proteins. Oily fish meals are relatively high in oil or fat and somewhat lower in protein content than nonoily fish meals. Nonoily fish meals are very low in content of oil or fat and as a rule relatively high in protein content. There is some evidence resulting from recent scien- tific research to indicate that nonoily fish meals. may be best suited to some farm animals and that other farm animals may give more economical returns on oily fish meals. Some of the important fish meals and shellfish meals from the standpoint of commercial production and potential availability in quantities, together with 1929 statistics, are given in the following table: Production of scrap, meals, etc., in United States and Alaska, 1929 Products Tons Products Tons Dried scrap and meal: Dried scrap and meal—Continued. Fish— Fish—Continued. Ground fish (sources of white fish Whale, meat and bone___-________ 1, 415 NIGH) Pee ne ee eal abe ree Sok 13, 298 Miscellancousees sae cote) San eee 1, 944 erring. Alaska-- lo 8 285 ee 12, 750 Shellfish— Herring, sea and alewives (Atlan- Crab; cineand' bites - 2-2 e 1, 468 ETCRCORS Dae cee oe ei ore a 3, 373 Shrinipe Shae ee BO se eee 2, 153 Minckpreleeee ts sere teeee eS. ee 497 || Acidulated scrap, menhaden______________ 23, 089 Mlertad en Sa en eee eh ee eee 33, 041 || Crude and green scrap, miscellaneous_____ 4, 540 Pilchard ee ssese=— eee a ee ee 36, 500 Salmons see Sate ee ee ees 2, 427 Notalivssssstseu ses isee see eee 142, 681 ANonOh RE 2e SS ee, ee eee ee 6, 186 Tt should be noted that a few of the items appearing in the above table such as crude, green, and acidulated scrap, are not suitable for animal feeding as now prepared. A different process or further steps would have to be undertaken to render them useful for such purposes. However, they do represent potential sources of feed concentrates. Acidulated scrap is diverted into fertilizer stock. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the useful- ness of the excellent scientific abstracts contained in the “ Experiment Station Record,” published by the office of experiment stations of the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., and the “ International Review of Poultry Science,” Rotterdam, Holland. These abstracts are so comprehensive, and at the same time concise, that their equal could not be duplicated, and in some instances all or parts of some of them were used in this publication. GENERAL FEEDING VALUE Under the general feeding value of fish meals and shellfish meals, the following subjects are discussed : Superiority of fish meals over other feed concentrates ; growth-promoting properties of fish and 374 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES shellfish meals; effect of fish meal feeding on milk production, on butterfat content of milk, on egg production, on slaughter records of swine, and on odor of milk, eggs, and meat; effect of fish meals high in salt content on farm animals; palatability of fish meals; digestibility of fish meals; and amounts of fish meals which should be fed in the rations of various animals. SUPERIORITY OF FISH MEALS OVER OTHER FEED CONCENTRATES In surveying the literature in this field, the reader will find that there are 21 references* which report that fish meal gave better results and more economical gains in feeding farm animals than did tankage or meat meal, whereas there are only 3 references * which reported the superiority of tankage or meat meal over fish meal in this respect. There are 6 references* reporting these feeds on an equal basis. Four references ° stated that fish meal gave better feed- ing results than cottonseed meal; 3 references ° reported superiority of fish meal over soybean meal; 2* showed fish meal to be better than peanut feed or peanut cake; 2° indicated better returns from fish meal than those obtained from linseed meal; 1° reported fish meal superior to alfalfa meal; 17° obtained greater gains with fish meal than with a basal ration of bran and middling; 17? said fish meal was better than decorticated cotton cake; 11° reported fish meal as superior to coconut meal; 17** stated fish meal’s superiority over corn meal; 11* reported greater gains with fish meal than with oat meal; 1 obtained more economical gains with fish meal than with buttermilk or with condensed milk; and 1 reference *° said fish meal and soybean meal were about equal in feeding value. One inves- tigator ‘’ said that fish meal gave better results than any available vegetable protein concentrates unless the vegetable proteins were supplemented with minerals, in which case they were about equal in feeding value. Rosenfeld (1906) reported that fish was equal to beef as a source of energy in the diet and that eating fish caused a secretion of less uric acid than was the case in eating meat. Morgan (1914) said that fish meal was being extensively used in Germany as a supplementary feed for cattle, hogs, and poultry. 2 Kleeman, 1910; Martinoli, 1914; Ashbrook, 1917; Weaver, 1920; Hackedorn, 1922; Hostetler, 1922; Scott, 1924; Straight, 1923; Blair, 1923; Scott, 1925; Godbey and Durant, 1926; Kaupp and Dearstyne, 1926; Edwards, 1929; New Jersey Station Report, 1928; Manning, 1929d; Hackedorn and Sotola, 1922; Henry and Morrison, 1923; Hyvard, 1929, 1930, 1930a; Feedstuffs, 1930. 2Kaupp, 1927; Templeton, 1927; Clayton, 1927. 4Kaupp, 1924, 1925; Helyar, 1925, 1926; Kaupp and Dearstyne, 1926; Livesay and Stillwell, 1928. 5 Weber, 1916; Woodward, Converse, Hale, and McNulty, 1924; Scott, 1927; Clayton, 1927. 6 Ruffner and Curtis, 1925; Ellington and Knott, 1928; Robertson and Baskett, 1929. 7 Paterson, 1920; Woodward, Converse, Hale, and MeNulty, 1924. 8 Scott, 1924; Hackedorn and Sotola, 1922. ®Scott, 1927. 10 Crowther, 1916. 11 Paterson, 1920. 12 Hackedorn and Sotola, 1922. 18 Green and Richardson, 1924. 144 Green and Richardson, 1924. 15 Kaupp and Dearstyne, 1926. 1® Hillington and Knott, 1928. 17 Davidson, 1928. ~ FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 375 Weber (1916) stated that “the universally favorable results ob- tained in the feeding of fish meal appear to warrant its extended use as a supplementary feeding stuff.” Hostetler and Halverson (1927) fed fish meal to swine with excel- lent results. Fish meal gave satisfactory results in experimental feeding at the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station (1928). GROWTH-PROMOTING PROPERTIES OF FISH MEALS The Live Stock Journal (1913) stated that fish meal is used in Germany and Scandinavia as a food for dairy cows, and for fatten- ing bullocks and pigs, with excellent results on their productive powers. Cattle may be fed a daily allowance of from 2 to 214 pounds, and pigs about one-half pound. SWINE Kleeman (1910) said that fish meal was better and gave greater gains than meat meal in swine feeding. - According to Martinoli (1914), pigs fed on fish meal grew more rapidly than those fed on meat meal, and they were of superior quality. Fish meal was valuable in developing the skeleton and in stimulating the appetite and the processes of assimilation, from the earliest age of the pigs. In feeding tests with pigs, as reported by Crowther (1916), gains were greater with fish meal than on basal ration of bran and middlings. Ashbrook (1917) conducted feeding experiments with swine at the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Indus- try experimental farm located at Beltsville, Md., in which he demon- strated that pigs made greater gains on fish meal than on tankage. Templeton (1920) reported that menhaden fish meal, which was furnished by the United States Department of Agriculture, proved to be a palatable feed and gave satisfactory gains when fed to swine. According to Weaver (1920) fish meal produced greater gains in weight, on less feed consumed, than did tankage. Swine which were fed fish meal produced an average daily gain of 1.76 pounds per head and required only 4.41 pounds of feed per pound of gain in weight, whereas those fed tankage produced only 1.45 pounds of average daily gain in weight per head and required 5.17 pounds of feed per pound of gain. Hostetler (1922), in feeding swine, found that fish meal, as a supplement to corn, showed greater gains than tankage. Landis (1923) said fish-meal feeding increased the gains in weight of swine slightly, and also improved slightly the quality of the carcasses. According to Green and Richardson (1924), fish meal fed in com- parison with corn meal to young pigs not only produced greater gains in weight on less feed consumed, but cured lameness in the control lot and prevented lameness in the fish meal lot. These in- vestigators also demonstrated that fish meal produced greater gains in weight on a smaller feed requirement than oatmeal. Paterson (1925) reported that fish meal gave satisfactory gains. 376 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES In feeding experiments with swine, Scott (1924) demonstrated that fish meal as a supplement to corn in the ration was superior to tankage and linseed meal. The tests indicated that corn alone is not an economical feed for fattening purposes, while fish meal proved to be a highly desirable supplement. In 1925, the same in- vestigator in swine-feeding tests obtained an average daily gain of 0.7 pound on the corn and fish-meal ration and obtained only 0.42 pound of daily gain on the corn and meat-meal ration. Not only that, but the amount of feed required per unit of gain was 50 per cent greater on the corn and meat-meal ration than was required on corn and fish meal. Ruffner and Curtis (1925) found that fish meal produced more rapid and economical gains than soybean meal, in supplementing corn for fattening pigs. Investigating fish meal and tankage as sources of protein in feed- ing tests with swine, Helyar (1925) reported that the group fed tank- age on rape pasture made an average daily gain of 2.06 pounds while those fed fish meal made a comparative gain of 1.41 pounds. But, in the dry lot, the pigs fed tankage made only 1.63 pounds of average daily gain, while those fed fish meal under the same con- ditions made a comparative gain of 1.96 pounds. In comparing the effect of fish meal and tankage on the rate of growth and on the texture and quality of the carcass of swine (Helyar, 1926), the results were found to be about equal. Scott (1927) fed the pigs in one group a ration of 9 parts of corn to 0.75 part of fish meal. Another group received 9 parts of corn to 0.75 part of cottonseed meal and 0.5 part of alfalfa meal. The fish-meal lot produced an average daily gain of 0.65 pound per head, against 0.8 pound per head for the other group. Furthermore, the second group required about 2.2 times as much feed to produce 100 pounds of gain as did the fish-meal group. In an effort to find satisfactory supplementary feeds for swine being fattened on pasture (de Ruyter de Wildt, 1928), two trials were conducted using two lots of 12 pigs each, averaging 22.33 kilo- grams (49.1 pounds) per head in the first test and 20.7 kilograms (45.5 pounds) each in the second test. The basal ration consisted of barley, whey, and dicalcium phosphate, and the experimental lot received in addition to the basal ration 150 grams of fish meal in the first test and 200 grams in the second test. The average daily gains were 0.495 and 0.524 kilograms per head in trial 1, and 0.46. and 0.485 kilograms per head in trial 2 in the respective lots. In the second test the value of the results was somewhat obscured by the fact that 1 pig from lot 1, and 3 from lot 2 had to be discarded. While the addition of fish meal increased the rate of gain, it also increased the cost of gains to a point where it was not economical. There was no significant difference in the quality of carcasses pro- duced in the various lots. The cured hams had no off flavors or taste,. nor was there any difference in the quality of the hams from the various lots. According to Templeton (1927), “ marine tankage,” a by-product of the fish industry was compared with “ digester tankage,” using 2: lots of 16 pigs each, averaging 68.5 pounds per head. Corn and “ digester tankage ” were fed in lot 1 and corn and “ marine tank-. FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 377 age” in lot 2. The average daily gains during the 101-day feeding period were 1.58 and 1.34 pounds per head, respectively. The feed consumed per 100 pounds of gain was 352 pounds of corn and 20.9 pounds of “ digester tankage ” in lot 1, and 389 pounds of corn and 25.2 pounds in lot 2 of “ marine tankage.” The following is quoted from the 1928 report of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station: “ For each 100 pounds of gain pigs fed corn supplemented with fish meal required 359 pounds of feed, while those receiving tankage instead of fish meal required 402 pounds of feed. Pigs in the first lot gained at the rate of 1.48 pounds and those in the second lot 1.33 pounds per head daily.” According to Hostetler and Halverson (1928) pigs averaging 42 pounds per head were divided into 3 lots of 15 head each and fed a mixture of corn meal, wheat shorts, fish meal, and minerals. The protein content of the ration was decreased as the pigs increased in live weight. Lot 1 was fed in dry lot and lots 2 and 3 on orchard grass pasture, but in the latter lot only half as much shorts and fish meal was fed as in the other lots. Death losses of 5 pigs in lot 1, 3 in lot 2, and 4 in lot 3 made the results somewhat unsatisfactory. The average daily gains in the respective lots were 1.23, 1.25, and 1.2 pounds per head, and for each 100 pounds of gain the respective lots required 362, 3863, and 375 pounds of feed. Nance (1928) reported that the rate of gain, feed consumption, and cost of gain were practically the same in two lots of pigs, one of which received shelled corn, fish meal, and minerals and the other fish meal and cottonseed meal, equal parts, instead of fish meal alone. In the latter lot, 26 pigs were fed the cottonseed-meal supplement for 153 days without any apparent harm. Nance (1928a) fed shelled corn and minerals to two lots of 8 pigs each, averaging approximately 100 pounds per head. In addition to this basal ration, lot 1 received fish meal and lot 2 whale meal as protein supplements. The average daily gains were 2.04 and 1.28 pounds per head in the respective lots. Lot 1 required approxi- mately 100 pounds less feed to produce 100 pounds of gain than did lot 2. Both lots consumed about the same amount of protein supple- ment, but lot 2 ate 3.7 times as much mineral and 153 pounds less -of corn than lot 1. The American Fertilizer (1929) in commenting on swine-feeding tests at the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, stated that Edwards obtained 123.3 pounds of gain in 57 days on fish meal and only 99.1 pounds of gain on digester tankage. The comparative figures on cost were $7.49 to $8.48, favoring the fish meal. Manning (1930) reported that the addition of 10 per cent of fish meal to the ration produced excellent results in swine feeding. The following three paragraphs are abstracted from the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station report, dated June 30, 1928: North Carolina (1928) stated that 4 groups of 15 pigs each were self-fed corn, fish meal, and minerals. In group 3 ground soybean hay and in group 4 ground alfalfa hay replaced one-fourth of the fish meal. The mineral mixture was composed of 10 pounds of 10420°—30——2 378 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES ground dolomitic limestone (except in lot 2, which received calcitic limestone), 10 pounds of superphosphate, and 2 pounds of salt. The average daily gains in the respective lots were 2.36, 2.54, 2.31, and 2.4 pounds per head, while the feed required per 100 pounds of gain was 371, 356, 391, and 368 pounds in the respective groups. North Carolina (1928a) said that, on 3 acres of standing corn, 66 pigs averaging 41 pounds per head and self-fed fish meal and mineral in addition gained 640 pounds of pork per acre. The estimated yield was 29.7 bushels of corn per acre, and the 3 acres furnished feed for the pigs for 32 days. For hogging down immature corn (North Carolina, 1928b), 66 pigs were turned into an 11.85-acre field when the corn was in the dough stage. They were self-fed fish meal and minerals as supple- ments. It required 48 pounds of fish meal, 7.6 pounds of minerals, and 1 acre of corn to produce 283 pounds of gain. In this connection, it is well to quote from Evvard (1929) : We have computed a test in which we compared 60 per cent protein tankage with 54 per cent menhaden fish meal in the balancing of corn for young growing pigs in dry lot feeding. These pigs were carried from the 60-pound weight until they went over the scales at 225 pounds. The check group of pigs receiv- ing corn, self-fed, and tankage, self-fed, block salt being allowed free-choice style, made an average daily gain of 1.59 pounds per pig and the feed required for the 100 pounds of gain amounted to 353 pounds of corn and 34 pounds of high-protein packing-house tankage. The total feed requirement therefore was 887 pounds of feed per hundredweight of gain produced. On the other hand, where menhaden fish meal was fed in the same manner as the tankage along with corn the showing was better on the whole. These pigs took 354 pounds of corn and 28 pounds of fish meal per hundred pounds of gain made. The total therefore amounted to 882 pounds. The fish-meal fed pigs gained practically the same or 1.55 pounds per head daily. But the fish-meal pigs ate less fish meal out of the self-feeder than did those pigs across the fence which got tankage. The average daily tankage consumption was 0.53 pound, as contrasted with 0.45 for the fish meal. The difference is quite considerable, amounting to approximately 15 per cent, the fish-meal pigs eating that percentage less of supplementary high-protein feed than did the tankage ones. Since the corn-consumption requirement was so close in both groups the big difference therefore was in the supplement consumed, 100 pounds of the fish meal going as far as 121 pounds of the 60 per cent protein tankage. In figuring the protein consumed per hundred pounds of gain put on we find that the tankage-fed pigs took 55.7 pounds, this counting the protein in the corn as well as in the tankage. On the other hand, the fish-meal fed pigs took only 50.5 pounds of total protein for the hundredweight of pork made or a difference of 5.2 pounds of protein, which was saved by the fish product fed pigs. In round numbers, the protein saved by the fish meal, therefore, amounted to close to 10 per cent. Twelve American experiments have been run with fish meal in comparison to high-protein tankage and in 11 out of 12 of these trials the fish meal produced larger and more economical gains. In these 12 trials the pigs averaged approximately 75 pounds when the experi- ment started and the days fed, figured approximately in months, close to three. The average daily gain with tankage and corn was 1.48 pounds per pig, as contrasted with 1.58 pounds when fish meal was allowed. Here we have a difference of practically 10 per cent in the gains, in favor of the fish- meal feeding. The feed required for the hundred pounds of gain produced on corn and tankage added up to 435 pounds, on the average, whereas with fish meal and corn it was 401 pounds, a saving of 34 pounds of feed on this amount of gain. This is equivalent to approximately 8 per cent saving in feed. And what is more important, the pigs receiving fish meal took not only less: corn, but also less supplement. On corn and tankage the corn requirement amounted to 398 pounds and the tankage figured 37 pounds. With fish meal, Ae FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 379 however, the corn requirement was only 369 pounds, combined with 32 pounds of fish meal. Here we have practically 8 per cent less corn required when fish meal was consumed, and also 18 per cent less fish meal than of tankage. Considering the whole matter in another way we find that in these 12 tests 100 pounds of fish meal was equivalent in feeding value to 117 pounds of tankage plus 91 pounds of corn. If we convert these figures into dollars and cents, charging the corn at 84 cents the bushel and the tankage at $4 the hundredweight, 100 pounds of fish meal was worth $6.04. The fish meal was worth approximately $2 per hundredweight more than the tankage, or practically 50 per cent more. The above figures are applicable to those conditions under which one is feeding pigs in dry lot and using either one of these two animal source sup- plements to balance the corn. Of course if the fish meal or the tankage is combined with other feeds in such a manner as to make a high-class protein supplement then we would not expect nearly so much difference between the tankage and the fish meal. Naturally if one is buying fish meal for feeding purposes, the higher the protein content, other things being equal, the greater should be the value per bag. And fish meals which carry aS much as 3, 4, or 5 per cent salt, especially the latter figures, are likely to be worth less than similar fish meals carrying 1 per cent salt or less. Salt is a splend’d feed for pigs, but if it is fed in too large quantities it detracts from the gains and increases the feed requirement. If one has too much salt in the fish meal or other protein supplement which he feeds, then he is forcing the pigs to take more salt than they require for normal body functioning; hence there is a detraction from the efficiency of the feed. There isn’t any question but that high-grade fish meal is a splendid feed for pigs as well as poultry, and judging from the above figures one can certainly pay more for the fish meal than he can for stra’ght 60 per cent protein tankage, even though the fish meal runs only 55 per cent protein or so. Evvard and others (1930) said: The high protein regular fish meals prepared from haddock (69.2 per cent protein), menhaden (58.8 per cent proten), and herring (68.24 per cent protein) proved superior to tankage in margins per pig, particularly per month ou the basis of feed prices charged in this experiment. Fish meals of high quality produced by the right kind of drying and manufacturing process should logically be looked on with much favor when one is seeking a superior animal source supplement for corn balancing. Comparative cost prices as well as feeding value should of course be given due consideration in mak'ng selections. A high bone and relatively low protein fish meal is much better adapted to the fortification of supplemental mixtures of vegetative source feeds than as a lone supplement to corn. The Canadian source fish meal “ Fasterfat” with 64.12 per cent protein fed to Lot G did not give as good results as tankage. The relatively short show- ing of this Canadian meal may be accounted for by the relatively high price for the distantly secured product as well possibly as to the particular method of manufacture used in its preparation. We need to know more about the relative efficiency of the different drying systems used in the making of dry fish meal from naturally wet fish and fish by-products inasmuch as there are indications that some processes produce a better final product than others even though the same raw material is used. Cod-liver meal was fed to Lot K in order to test its palatability and gener- ally wholesome qualities when consumed in relatively large amounts. From these standpoints this meal showed up very well although financially, largely due to the high price of the meal ($130 a ton), the feeding of this by-product of cod-liver oil manufacture, as a lone supplement to corn, proved inadvisable. The addition of 2, 3, or 4 per cent to perhaps as high as 8, 9, or 10 per cent of a vitamin D potent cod-liver meal to suitable supplemental blends should prove efficacious in many cases not only for the bone growth vitamin standpoint but also from the protein quality viewpoint. 380 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES According to Evvard and others (1930a) : All of the fish meals used excelled meat meal tankage as lone supplements to corn in daily gains, feed consumption, and feed requirements for the dry lot fattening of spring pigs. The ‘Canadian source” fish meal was the least efficient of the three fish meals fed. The menhaden and haddock fish meals (Lots II and III) fed in place of tankage reduced the feeding costs materially, on the basis of feed prices charged in this experiment, and increased the mar- gin per pig over feed costs. The Canadian fish meal, Fasterfat (Lot IV) made a relatively poor financial showing. Since nutritious fish and fish products were used in the making of this Nova Scotia fish meal the method of manufacture may have possibly had a destructive effect on certain nutri- tional elements therein such, for instance, as on the vitamins or protein building stones. The full replacement of the meat meal tankage of the Trinity mixture with each one of the three fish meals used, resulted in substantially greater gains (thus causing a marked saving in the feeding time required to reach the 225 pound marketable weight), lessened supplement consumption per pig daily and per hundred pounds gain, decreased total feed requirements, lowered cost of gains, based on feed prices used, and enhanced financial returns (measured by Margins per pig per month or for entire feeding period). The straight menhaden and haddock fish meals led. The full replacement of the meat meal tankage of the “ Big 10” mixture with different fish meals did not yield the markedly beneficial results mani- fested in the modification of the Trinity mixture—thus indicating in another fashion that the “ Big 10,” nutritionally speaking, is superior to the simple Trinity supplement. However, the incorporation of two of the fish meals, men- haden and haddock, proved efficient, the cost of gains being lowered and the margins per pig increased. Less supplement was consumed per pig daily and per hundred pounds gain produced in all three fish-meal lots (compared IX With. kok. and Sell )e The combination of both fish meal and tankage in providing the “ animal source” feeding products proved more efficacious than dependence on either one of these two high-class zoological products. The incorporation of equal quantities of meat meal, tankage and fish mea] in the “ Big 10” rather than the use of only one of these showed up advantageously from the nutritional and financial standpoints in that the gains were augmented, the feed require- ments lessened, the cost of gains decreased and the “dollars and cents” mar- gins per pig enhanced. Again we find that the fish meal made from the straight haddock source (Lot XIV) and the straight menhaden source (Lot XIII) showed superior to the white fish source product from Nova Scotia (Lot XV). By including the combination of the mammalian and land source meat meal tankage with the piscatorial and ocean source fish meal in the “ Big 10” sup- plement we therefore have what we now designate and name “The Big 11 Supplement ” which is a superior one. The “ Big 11” supplement, on this basis, would be compounded as per the following formula: The “Big 11” Supplement Pounds Meat meal tankage, 60 per cent protein= 22-22 = ee ee 20 Huish meal, 55 per cent or more protein {2 2) eee 20 Linseed-oil meal! 34 per cent protein2-=—2 2 ee eee aly Cottonseed meal, preferably 48 per cent protein-_____-_____-___________ 20 Peanut-oil meal, not less than 40 per cent protein____________________ 9 Alfalfa meal, high frade, green and leatyo== == ss2s eee 12.8 Salt. 2-26 2 ee it Limestone, 95 per cent or better calcium carbonate__--_____-_____-__ 1.5 Tron,’ oxide; ‘ferric: srade 22 {2s Se ee eee ee 0. 198 Wood ashes, hardwood2 222. 0-222 2 ee 0.5 Potassium idide- 2222 b 2. te ee ee ee 0. 002 In purchasing a supplement for corn balancing in the production of pork on foot one must ever consider both nutritional and economic efficiency in order to garner the largest possible profit from the feeding operation. The relative cost prices of the supplements under consideration must be weighted alongside their nutritive worth in making the most efficient and profitable purchase. FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 381 The following is quoted from pages 652 and 653 of Henry and Morrison (1923): Though fish meal has for years been fed to stock in Europe, only recently has: . it been thus used in the United States. The composition of the better grades of fish meal is quite similar to that of digester tankage. Fish meal from various sources varies more or less in composition and quite probably in feeding value. Recent experiments have shown clearly that high-grade fish meal is even superior to tankage as a supplement to the grains in swine feeding. The following table summarizes the results of 11 trials in which fish meal has been compared with tankage as supplement to corn for pigs in dry lot. The fish meal was in most cases the by-product of oil extraction from menhaden herring caught off the Atlantic coast. A total of 145 pigs, averaging 77 pounds in initial weight were fed for an average of 80 days in these trials. Fish meal vs. tankage as supplement to corn for pigs? Feed for 100 lbs. gain Average ration Daily gain Fish meal Corn or tankage Pounds Pounds Pounds otsleunishyimed)) 048i] b- CONN i -/l0S= a-eaeea nee essa eee one 1. 58 370 Ncobeblsabankare 0:49 lbyconn, 6.6 LDSe s-sor 8b ooo ore ee eee 1,42 403 37 1 Hostetler, N. C. Station (information to the authors); Morrison and Bohstedt, Wis. Station (unpub- lished data); Robison (Ohio Bul. 349); Starkey, S. C. Station (Information to the authors); Vestal, Ind. Station (information to the authors); Wilson and Kuhlman (S. D. Bul. 192); Ala. and Tenn. Stations (Data from U.S. D. A.). In 10 out of the 11 trials fish meal produced larger and more economical gains than tankage. On the average the pigs fed fish meal gained 1.58 pounds a head daily and required only 370 pounds corn and 383 pounds fish meal for 100 pounds gain, while those fed tankage gained 1.42 pounds and consumed 403 pounds corn and 37 pounds tankage for each 100 pounds gain. In the majority of other trials in which fish meal has been compared w.th tankage in various rations, it has also proven superior, but in a few instances tankage has been the more valuable. In experiments at the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station in which protein supplements were studied for fattening purposes, pigs hand-fed a combination of fish meal and soybean meal as a protein supplement made an average daily gain of 1.81 pounds per head at a feed cost of $7.42 per 100 pounds of gain, while a combination of fish meal and cottonseed meal fed in the same manner produced a gain of 1.76 pounds per head at a cost of $7.71 per 100 pounds. When the cottonseed meal combination was self- fed free-choice, faster and more economical gains were obtained than with the soybean-meal mixture. In a comparison of hand and free-choice feeding of corn and fish meal in dry lot and on forage, the most rapid and economical gains were obtained by the use of the free-choice method. Forage increased the daily gains per head from 1.56 to 1.75 pounds, and reduced the cost of 100 pounds of gain from $7.88 to $7.09. As an illustration of the growing interest in fish meal for feeding farm animals, the following is quoted from Feedstuffs (19380) : The value of fish meal as a feed for swine was stressed by W. L. Robison, of the Ohio experiment station, when he discussed feeding experiments carried on at the station during the past year. Mr. Robison’s talk was a part of the program of Livestock Day, held at Wooster, Ohio, on April 25. A feature of the meeting was the presence of many feed dealers in addition to several 382 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES hundred farmers. The feed dealers were especially invited, as those in charge of the station feel that their education in proper feeding methods is of prime importance to the farm prosperity of the State. Mr. Robison, who was in charge of the hog-feeding experiments, said that the most important fact brought out by his work was that fish meal should be considered in the hog ration. The lots where corn, fish meal, and salt were fed put on gains at a lower cost than those fed on rations which depended on tankage exclusively for protein. Two kinds of fish meal were used, haddock, which is available in comparatively limited quantities, and menhaden. Both of these seemed equally good, and lowered the cost of gain from $1 to $2 per 100 pounds under the other rations used. The Ohio experiment was the second in which a leading agricultural station recommended fish meal as being superior to other protein supplements for swine. Last February, the Iowa State College, concluding a year’s tests, announced that best results could be obtained with hogs by using equal parts of fish meal and tankage in the ration instead of using only tankage for protein. * * * The protein supplement thus derived by using both fish meal and tankage results in faster gains on less feed, lower feed cost, and greater profit, the Iowa authorities said. This announcement was followed by an almost sensational demand for fish meal in Iowa and near-by States, with a resultant falling off in the purchases of tankage. It was hailed by feed manufacturers and dealers as one of the most interesting of recent developments in feeding practices. CATTLE Fink (1896) reported the feeding of 3 pounds of fish meal per day per steer. The fish meal was mixed in the ration for 90 days. Fa- vorable gains in weight were made. Paterson (1920) in cattle-feeding experiments, testing the suit- ability of fish meal for fattening cattle, showed that the animals re- ceiving the fish meal made the greatest gains in weight. The animals receiving decorticated peanut cake in the ration made average weekly gains of 14.7 pounds, whereas those on fish meal gained 15.1 pounds. In further feeding tests, lasting 110 days, the average weekly gains per head for the group receiving decorticated cotton cake amounted to 15.3 pounds and for the fish meal group 15.6 pounds. The car- casses of the animals fed on fish meal were inspected and showed no bad effects or tainting of the meat. Hoard’s Dairyman (1925) reported extracts from an address made by Prof. George W. Cavanaugh, of Cornell University, before the Certified Milk Producers Association, as follows: There is no evidence whatever to show that the odor which usually is found with fish meal contaminates in.the slightest degree either the milk or the eggs produced from cows or chickens which have had fish meal in their feed. Fur- ther, certified milk produced from a herd which has received fish meal in the ration has been distributed in three important cities in New York State, i. e., Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo, during the past year and a half or two years. Certain effects on the animals receiving this ration are worthy of note. Ten one-year-old heifer calves were placed in a yard which contained a shed opened at one side. For a period of one year, in addition to the regular ration of hay and silage, they received a grain ration containing fish meal. These animals were measured and weighed each month during the year. At the end of the year they had an average height of 214 inches in excess of the standard height and an ayerage weight 300 pounds in excess of standard weight. One of the reasons why I think this increase in weight and height was obtained, is that the fish meal, which contains the finely ground bones of the fish, furnished the bone-making lime and phosphoric acid in exactly the right proportions. The herd which some two years ago was placed upon this ration had pre- viously been troubled by big neck, or goiter, in the young calves. Since the animals have been receiving this ration no case of goiter has been observed among the calves. The manager of the herd also reports that there has been FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 383 no case of abortion during the same period, while previous to that time cases had occurred. About the time that these observations were made the Bureau of Fisheries, United States Department of Commerce, published Document 967, entitled, “The Iodine Content of Seafood.” In this document were published the results of analysis of most of our common foods, giving the amount of iodine present, Among the conclusions drawn from a study of these analyses one finds the fol- lowing: “As a matter of comparison it has been shown that oysters, clams, and lobsters contain two hundred times as much iodine as milk, eggs, or beef- steak. Shrimp contains one hundred times as much, while crabs and most ocean fishes contain fifty times as much.” The document further shows that milk contains 5 parts of iodine per billion, which is very small. Butter made from milk contains 105 parts per billion. Apparently the iodine of milk is contained in the milk fat. An analysis of the fish meal was made to see whether it might not be supply- ing the elements in iodine which are necessary for the proper function of the thyroid gland. The result showed the fish meal to contain about 2,000 parts of iodine per billion. The dried matter of blue fish, cod, haddock, and mackerel contains about 1,500 parts of iodine per billion. The fish meal is, therefore, relatively high in iodine and its use seems to have a beneficial effect not only on the health of the animals receiving it, but also on the vigor of their offspring. The milk produced by these animals was next examined to see whether its iodine content had been increased. Some milk was obtained from the herd which had been receiving this ration for over one and one-half years. This milk was found to contain from ten to fifteen times as much iodine as the amount stated in the Bureau of Fisheries Docu- ment 967, i. e., 50 to 75 parts of iodine per billion. Doctor McClendon, of the University of Minnesota, has shown that there are four distinct zones in the United States with reference to high and low iodine content of water and, consequently, a low and high prevalence of goiter among the people. The first zone is the one in which there is less than one part of iodine per billion of water in that zone, notably around the Great Lakes, the number of goiter cases runs from 15 to 30 per thousand of population ; whereas in the zones where the content runs from zero to one per thousand, the number of cases is in direct proportion to the amount of iodine. I should like to say just one word on behalf of the iodine going in as food and without discouraging the use of iodine in drinking water or any other soluble form. If we stop to think, in that part of the country where the water has an extremely low iodine content, the soil itself must have a very low content because the water represents the drainage from the soil. If we have a water where the iodine content is high, we must not interpret the low number of goiter cases to the iodine which we get in the water alone, but add to that the iodine which you get in the food that is grown on a soil draining water from which has iodine. While I have not the exact statistics to prove it, I am inclined to think that in the sections where the prevalence is small the major portion comes through the food and not through the drinking water and it was for that reason that I was trying to urge consideration of the value of iodine in a natural food product, rather than in intermittent doses of a soluble form. This evidence is submitted to the Association of Certified Milk Producers for their consideration as one means of economically feeding cows to produce young stock of increased strength and health and to increase the resistance of the milk-producing animals to disease. It is submitted also to the Association of Medical Milk Commissions as a possible means of contributing toward the solution of the goiter problem in those parts of the country, especially around the Great Lakes, where that trouble is prevalent. POULTRY According to Kaupp and Dearstyne (1926), growth studies with chicks showed that fish meal as a feed concentrate gave the lowest cost per pound of gain, followed by dried buttermilk, meat meal, and condensed milk in the order named. The results of experiments at the New Hampshire station, (Stuart, 1928) indicated that 5 per cent of fish meal in the ration contains 384 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES sufficient vitamin D to prevent rickets in chicks for at least 8 weeks. Fish meal, however, did not produce as much growth as the’ cod- liver oil or the cod-liver meal. Cod-liver oil and cod-liver meal were about equal in growth promotion. Two per cent of cod-liver oil was fed to one group, 2 per cent of cod-liver meal to the second group, and 5 per cent of fish meal to the third group. Otherwise, the rations were the same for each group and only water was allowed for drinking. Titus, McNally, and Hilberg (1930), in growth studies with chicks, fed fish meals with good results. A specially prepared desiccated meat meal was used as a basis of comparison. This meat meal can not be obtained commercially and is not in any sense of the word a commercial product; therefore, any direct comparison be- tween the marine products and this special meat meal, which is prepared from condemned carcasses, would be of no value to either the agricultural or the fishery industries. The diets were the same except that 10 per cent North Atlantic white fish meal, 10 per cent menhaden fish meal, and 10 per cent shrimp meal were fed comparatively in the respective diets. The diets containing the two fish meals were about equal in efficiency and the diet containing the shrimp meal did not produce quite as good results as the fish meals. The authors stated that the protein of the menhaden fish meal was of better quality than that of the North Atlantic white fish meal, and the protein of the shrimp meal was poorer in quality than that of the menhaden fish meal. George H. Conn (1930) said: Fish meal has been largely used in the past for feeding poultry, and it is quite likely that it will have its greatest use in the future for this purpose. It is now fed in quite large quantities to hogs, but hogs can be supplied with protein in a very satisfactory form in tankage or milk, or in many of the legumes that are grown on the average farm. Some recent statements have been made to the effect that while fish meal is very satisfactory in the ration for poultry it should not at any time con- stitute more than one-twentieth of the whole diet in the case of chickens, which means that it should not exceed more than one-twentieth of the total weight of mash and grain consumed by adult birds, and not more than one- tenth of the total feed of young growing birds. It is reported that the meal ean be fed in slightly larger quantities to ducks than it can to chickens. For feeding poultry, fish meal will largely replace meat scraps or tankage. In the eastern part of the United States and particularly in the New England States large quantities are now being used for this purpose. Because it has a higher digestibility, especially as far as the protein content is concerned, and because it carries a somewhat higher content of bone, sulphate, and lime, it is slightly superior to tankage or meat scraps as a poultry feed. FISH Crawford and Nizam (1929) found that salmon meal was the best of the commercially prepared fish meals fed to fish and that herring meal was almost as good. Davis and Lord (1930) reported that fish meals may be success- fully incorporated in trout rations provided some fresh meat is included in the mixture. FUR-BEARING ANIMALS Feeding experiments indicate that marine products offer possi- bilities of profitable returns in the feeding of fur-bearing animals —— FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 385 The following is quoted from a report by W. J. Erskine on page 122 of Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries in 1915 by Bower and Aller (1917). “The proper feeding of foxes is, of course, one of the most important matters to be considered in this business. We have tried many experiments along these lines, and are convinced that fish can safely be made the chief item of diet. * * * Canned salmon is used to quite an extent by a number of the fox ranchers, in- cluding ourselves.” He further states that salmon heads are parti- cularly relished by foxes, and that dried salmon backs make an excellent food. EFFECT OF FISH-MEAL FEEDING ON MILK PRODUCTION Very little study has been made of the effect of fish-meal feeding on either milk production or beef production. Certainly these sub- jects need to be investigated. There is every reason to believe, in the light of scientific data available, that fish meal should be a part of the dairy cow’s ration. The heavy drain on the mineral reserve of the milk producer places the dairy cow in greater need of the quantity and diversity of minerals contained in fish meals than is the case of my other farm animal. Ellington and Knott (1928) found that herring meal and soy- bean meal were about equal in value as to milk production and con- tent of butterfat. ‘“ No disagreeable flavor could be noticed in the milk. In feeding tests by the dairy division of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, as reported by Weber (1916), dairy cows fed fish meal gave a greater yield of milk than those fed cottonseed meal. The meal had no detrimental effect on either the milk or the butter. EFFECT OF FISH-MEAL FEEDING ON BUTTERFAT CONTENT OF MILK According to Hansson (1926), amounts as large as 1 to 1.5 kilo- grams (2.2 to 3.8 pounds) of fish meal daily had no influence on the flavor of the milk produced by dairy cows, and this feed appeared to increase the butterfat content. The large percentage of mineral present was considerably in its favor, in addition to its high protein content. The analysis of the fish meal used was 65 per cent of crude protein, 2 to 2.5 per cent of fat and 16 to 17 per cent of inorganic matter. Isaachsen and Ulvesli (1926) reported the feeding of herring meal to dairy cows with good results. Two kinds of herring meal were fed, one low in salt content and the other relatively high. Both meals gave satisfactory results, although the meal low in salt was the better of the two. Codfish meal was also fed to dairy cows with satisfactory results. However, the percentage of fat in the milk was not affected by fish meal. EFFECT OF FISH-MEAL FEEDING ON EGG PRODUCTION Straight (1923) found that in poultry feeding, fish meal proved to be a more economical feed for egg production than beef scrap. While the beef scrap produced more eggs, the cost of production per 10420°—30——3 386 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES dozen of eggs was 14.4 cents, while on the fish meal ration the cost was only 14 cents. The egg production on the beef scrap ration was 1,777 and on the fish meal ration 1,615. According to Blair (1923), two lots of 25 white leghorn pullets were selected for comparing beef scrap with fish scrap, each con- taining 60 per cent of protein, as protein supplements for egg pro- duction. ‘The birds received equal amounts of scratch grain and mash. The lot receiving fish meal laid 1,816 eggs as compared with 1,755 eggs laid by the lot receiving beef scrap. As reported by Kaupp (1925), fish meal and meat meal were found to be practically equal pound for pound on a protein basis as sources’ of protein for egg production in Rhode Island reds in a test of 12 months’ duration. Kaupp and Dearstyne (1926) said that fish meal and meat meal were about equal for egg production; and, again, in 1927, Kaupp stated that the results were approximately equal, the figures favoring the meat meal slightly. Kaupp had previously said in 1924, in comparing these two products, that, in a repetition of experiments from the previous year, fish meal was again found to equal meat meal in poultry feeding. Clayton (1927) made a study of various sources of proteins alone and in combination as egg producers. Seven pens of white leghorns were fed a standard commercial grain and mash to which was added various protein feeds. A three years’ average production per bird was 114 eggs in a lot receiving beef scrap and cottonseed meal, 109 eggs when fed beef scrap, 99 eggs with shrimp meal, 79 eggs with cottonseed meal and 2 per cent ground lime, 120 eggs with beef scrap and 2 per cent of lime, 105 eggs with shrimp meal and 2 per cent of lime, and 93 eggs when no additional protein was fed. In a study at the University of the Philippines (Fronda, 1929), five lots of 20 pullets each were fed for one year on a basal ration composed of 1 part of a grain mixture of corn and palay and 1 part of a mash mixture of rice bran, corn meal, and copra meal. Two of these lots had their basal ration supplemented with 5 and 10 per cent, respectively, of dried shrimp and two others with 5 and 10 per cent of fish meal. The feed consumption was practically the same in all lots. When fed at the rate of 5 per cent both dried shrimp and fish meal were quite satisfactory and caused a profitable increase in egg production as compared with the check lot. Adding 10 per cent of these supple- ments further stimulated egg production, but not in proportion to the increased cost of the ration. The yearling hens which had received one or the other of these supplements during their pullet year were well grown and vigorous. The addition of the protein supplement to the basal ration lowered the mortality rate. According to the periodical, “ Farming in South Africa” (1929) the highest egg production was obtained by feeding 20 per cent of fish meal. Shellfish meals have recently received considerable attention in poultry feeding, particularly for increasing egg production, both in this country and abroad. Consul Dunlap (1918) reported the following: Difficulties in procuring sufficient quantities of nourishing food for barn- yard fowl in Denmark have led to a number of experiments with poultry feed, one of which seems to have brought on the market a product that may FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 387 hold its place even after normal conditions return. A meal made from the blue mussels that are found in countless numbers along the Danish coast has been tried and is now being offered on the market. It is claimed that this meal will increase egg production by more than 100 per cent. The food values and the keeping qualities of the meal are said to be satisfactory. It is delivered in sealed sacks of 25 or 50 kilos (55 or 110 pounds), costing 40 ore per kilo (about 10 cents per pound) delivered in Odense. One great trouble with shellfish used as chicken feed has been that when the weather is warm the mussels quickly spoil and give forth a very disagree- able odor. It is now claimed, however, if blue mussels are dried at a very high temperature and afterwards ground to a comparatively fine meal, a hen feed is obtained which, if kept dry, is in no way objectionable and will last a long time. It has another special advantage in that it is not bulky and can, there- fore, be delivered cheaply. The meal in its dried form, according to an analysis made at an agricultural experiment station, contains the following elements: Lime (in the form of ashes), 71.41 per cent; sugar, starch, and other organic matter, 13.21 per cent; nitrogenous matter, 11.64 per cent; fats, 1.68 per cent; and water, 2.06 per cent. Thus it seems that the food contains an unusually large quantity of nitrogen, together with other nourishing elements, and a large amount of lime which is so necessary for forming the eggshell. It is claimed that this food mixed with grain gives ideal nourishment for hens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. The experiment station that analyzed this meal also experimented with its use. Eight hens were fed for 12 days with barley bran and as much green vegetables as they would eat. The hens laid during that time 16 eggs, that is, 114 eggs per day. The following nine days the hens were given the same ration with an addition of 25 grams of mussel meal per hen. During this time the hens laid 29 eggs, or 3% eggs per day. These eggs weighed slightly more than those produced during the first nine days, so that is another point to be considered, eggs being sold here by weight, not by the dozen. The following rations have been found satisfactory for feeding mussel meal to poultry : For each hen take 384% grams of barley bran and the same quantity of the meal and mix into a soft mash; in addition use as much fresh vegetables or cooked potatoes as the hen will eat and 10 to 15 grams of whole grain in the evening. For ducks the ration should be 50 grams instead of 37%, and for geese or turkeys, 75 grams. At first the poultry will not like the new food, but after a few days they will eat it willingly. There must not be too much set before them at one time and they must be allowed to have absolutely nothing else until they have eaten all that has been given them. It has been estimated that the use of mussel meal for all the hens in Den- mark, numbering about 6,000,000, would give an enormous increase in the total egg production of the country. The meal has been developed as a “ war product ” to supplement the 50 grams of feed per day that is allowed by the Government for each hen. It is thought, however, that even under normal conditions this new eed can be produced at a price to compete with imported feeds. Manning (1929a) conducted poultry feeding experiments in which the value of crab meal as an egg@ producer was tested. The group receiving 20 per cent of crab meal in the ration produced almost twice as many eggs as was produced by the control pen. In comparing crab meal and meat meal in egg production tests, as described by Manning (1929d), poultry receiving 20 per cent of crab meal in the ration produced 1,110 eggs, whereas those on a diet containing 20 per cent of meat meal produced only 855 eggs in the same period. ‘The rations of both groups were otherwise the same. EFFECT OF FISH-MEAL FEEDING ON THE QUALITY OF CARCASSES OF SWINE Landis (1928) said that feeding fish meal improved slightly the quality of the carcasses of swine. According to de Ruyter de Wildt (1925), slaughter records showed that pigs fed fish meal were more fleshy, better proportioned, and 388 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES produced a better quality of meat. The flavor and odor after cooking were normal. Even though fish meal was fed up to the time of slaughtering no appreciable effect on the flavor or odor of the raw or cooked meat was evident. In comparing the effect of fish meal and tankage on the rate of growth and on the texture and quality of the carcass of swine, Helyar (1926) reported the results to be about equal. de Ruyter de Wildt (1928) made a favorable report on the effect of fish-meal feeding on the slaughter records of swine and carried the investigation even as far as the cured hams, finding no off- flavors or taste. EFFECT OF FISH-MEAL FEEDING ON ODOR OF MILK, EGGS, AND MEAT The following authorities reported that the feeding of fish meal had no deleterious effect on the odor of milk, eggs, or meat and that no fishy odor or taste was imparted thereby: Kuhn-Cornieten, 1894; Live Stock Journal, 1913; Weber, 1916; Crowther, 1916; Ash- brook, 1917; Paterson, 1920; Orr and Crichton, 1922; Scott, 1922; Hostetler, 1922; Patterson, 1925; de Ruyter de Wildt, 1925; Hansson, 1926; de Ruyter de Wildt, 1928; Farming in South Africa, 1929; Ellington and Knott, 1928; Lindsey, 1909; Woodward and others, 1924; Rowett Institute, 1922; Edwards, 1929; Wilgress, 1924; Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1919; Hoard’s Dairyman, 1925. In fact, Woodward and others (1924), in United States Depart- ment of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1272, said, “The flavor of the milk apparently was not impaired in any way either by exposing milk to the odor of fish meal or by feeding the cows 4 pounds of the fish meal one hour before milking.” Bartlett (1917) recommended feeding fish meal containing not over 2 to 4 per cent of oil and 3 per cent of salt. He suggested that a higher oil content in fish meal may cause a fishy taste in the meat’ products. Green and Richardson (1924) reported that where pigs were fed fish meal as high as one-eighth of the total ration right u to the time of slaughtering, there was an unpleasant flavor observe in the bacon. According to Orr, Crichton, and Green (1922), in several feeding experiments at the Rowett Institute, white fish meal made from fish cuttings, waste, etc., was fed to hogs, poultry, and dairy cattle with- out any fishy odor being noticeable in the pork, bacon, eggs, milk, or poultry meat. Poor quality fish meals, however, were found to taint the bacon in some cases unless the feeding of the fish meal was stopped four weeks prior to slaughtering. EFFECT OF FISH MEALS HIGH IN SALT CONTENT ON FARM ANIMALS Investigating the effect on swine of fish meal containing large amounts of salt, Rasenack (1925) found that a dose of 5.48 to 10 grams of salt per pig per day was not injurious. However, 75 to 100 grams daily caused death. FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 389 In feeding two kinds of herring meal to dairy cows, Isaachsen and Ulvesli found that the meal lower in salt content gave the better results of the two meals. According to Wilgress (1924) importers of Hamburg, Germany, stated that “ fish meal for feeding purposes should not contain more than 10 per cent of oil or 3 per cent of salt.” Haselhoff (1914) said that the salt content should not exceed 3 per cent. PALATABILITY OF FISH MEAL Archibald (1916) said that the palatability of fish meal is rela- tively good. According to Templeton (1920) menhaden fish meal furnished by the United States Department of Agriculture proved to be a palatable feed and gave satisfactory gains. Thompson (1919) reported the successful feeding of frozen fish to poultry during the winter in place of meat scrap; and the Live Stock Journal (1920) reported the successful feeding of fish meal to calves. In feeding swine, Hicks (1922) stated that the fish meal fed was not relished and was therefore unsatisfactory. Manning (1929d) found that poultry receiving crab meal in the radon had better appetites than those receiving meat meal. DIGESTIBILITY OF FISH MEAL Kaupp and Ivey (1922) reported the digestible nutrients of poul- try feeds as determined by laboratory feeding tests. The coefficients of digestibility for poultry of fish meal were: Organic matter, 91.60 per cent: crude protein, 91.48 per cent; fat, 92.94 per cent. The average digestibility of these ingredients in fish meal ranked higher than that of any other feed or feed concentrate tested. According to Isaachsen and Ulvesli (1926) the coefficients of di- gestibility for herring meal as determined with sheep were 88 per cent for protein, 95 per cent for fat, and 91 per cent for organic matter. Likewise, the coefficients of digestibility for codfish meal, determined in the same manner, were 90 per cent for protein and 95 per cent for fat. Lindsey and Smith (1914) carried on 47 single digestion experi- ments with a variety of feedstuffs, using sheep as the experimental animals. The basal ration consisted of hay, corn, and gluten. Fish meal ranked relatively high in digestibility. Orr, Crichton, and Green (1922) found that the pig can absorb over 90 per cent of the protein in fish meal. This fact was deter- mined by carefully controlled metabolism experiments in which analyses of the feces were made, AMOUNTS OF FISH MEAL COMMONLY FED IN THE RATION Orr, Crichton, and Green (1922) recommended: “ For a growing animal producing new tissue the proportion of protein to the other energy-yielding constituents of the ration (i. e., nutritive ratio) should be about 1 to 4 or 5 for young animals, and 1 to 6 or 7 for animals reaching maturity.” 390 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES According to the Live Stock Journal (1913), cattle may be fed a daily allowance of from 2 to 2144 pounds of fish meal, and pigs about one-half pound. Haselhoff (1914) suggested the following daily amounts of fish meal: Cattle, 2 pounds for every 1,000 pounds of live weight; pigs, from one-fourth to one-half pound per head, according to weight of swine; and sheep from one-tenth to one-fifth pound for every 100 pounds of live weight. General instructions on balancing rations and on feeding practice have been issued by Borland and Loveland (1914). Weber (1916) described the production of excellent results where fish meal was fed to pigs during the growing period at the rate of 0.5 pound per head per day and during the fattening period at the rate of 0.85 pound of fish meal per head per day. Satisfactory results were obtained when hens were fed on fish meal in the proportion of 20 per cent of the weight of the mash. Manning (1929a) reported that egg production was practically doubled by substituting 20 per cent of crab meal in the poultry ration. The basal ration was low in protein. Manning (1930) also reported that the live and dressed weights of pigs were more than doubled by substituting 10 per cent of fish meal in the ration. The basal ration was low in protein. According to Leaflet No. 333 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (1919), “ Fish meal has been fed with satisfactory results. to horses up to an amount of 2 pounds per head per day. Likewise, fish meal has been used with satisfactory results, to the extent of 2 or 3 pounds per head per day, by Scottish cattle feeders. Difficulty has been experienced in some cases in securing satisfactory consump- tion at the outset, but with a little ingenuity in blending the foods this is soon overcome. Experiments in Scandinavia and elsewhere have demonstrated that fish meal can be fed to dairy cows to the extent of 4 pounds or even more, per head daily, without imparting a fishy taint to the milk. In calf-rearing at the Kilmarnock farm, in 1916 and 1917, 1 part of fish meal to 2 parts of oatmeal were successfully used. Fish meal is a useful supplementary food for sheep on roots, and may be given at the rate of 2 to 3 ounces daily per 100 pounds live weight, in admixture with pulped roots or other food. It should be particularly useful for ewes in milk. Fish meal may be fed to pigs as high as 1 pound per head daily with excellent results. Fish meal should be introduced gradually into the diet of poultry, and the proportion used should not exceed one-twentieth of the whole diet in the case of chickens, or one-tenth in the case of adult fowls.” Wilgress (1924) reported that, in Germany, “from 1 to 5 ounces (of fish meal) per pig is given daily, varying according to the age of the pig.” PROTEINS IN FISH MEALS Ingvaldsen (1929 and 1929a) has made two excellent contributions to our meager knowledge concerning the character of proteins in fish meals, including some data on the amino acids in these proteins. These two references are highly recommended to those interested in the chemical or technical phases of this subject. FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 391 Orr, Crichton, and Green (1922) emphasized the value of fish meal for its content of protein. Edwards (1923) recommended fish meal as a supplement to corn to supply sufficient protein in hog rations. Fish meal was used by Blair (1923) as a protein supplement in poultry rations, in egg production tests. Kaupp (1925) found fish meal to be a good source of protein for poultry in egg production. Ruffner and Curtis (1925) used fish meal as a protein supplement to corn for fattening pigs. In testing protein supplements to corn in dry lot for fattening pigs, Godbey and Durant (1926) found fish meal to be superior to tankage. Hansson (1926) commented favorably on the high protein content of fish meal in tests with dairy cows. Davidson (1928), in studying rations for fattening pigs, men- tioned the protein value of fish meal. According to the Rowett Institute (1922), “ Fish meal is an excel- lent source of protein for the growing pig.” Drummond (1918) found, in feeding tests with laboratory animals, that the coagulable proteins of the muscle tissue of cod, herring, and canned salmon possess a nutritive value as high as those derived from beef. From unpublished data by McCollum and Daniel, in feeding ex- periments with rats at Johns Hopkins University, the excellent value of the proteins in fish meals was clearly demonstrated. MINERALS IN FISH MEALS Orr, Crichton, and Green (1922) emphasized the value of fish meal for its content of minerals. They stated that, “ The results of ex- perimental work at this institute (Rowett Research Institute) in connection with the mineral requirements of animals showed that the large amount of bone-forming material in fish meal makes it suitable for mixing with grains and certain other commonly used feeding stuffs which are deficient in this essential.” In dealing with the utilization of calcium and phosphorus, they said: Of the amounts of these two essential minerals given in the fish meal, more than a third was utilized by the animal and the amounts utilized were just about what the animal would be expected to require. * * *. A pig of 3 to 4 months old can absorb and retain as much as 5 grams of lime (CaO) per day. This mineral is required in the food to the extent of 1 to 2 per cent of the increase in weight, and growth is limited if the supply in the food is not suffi- cient. Grains are deficient in lime. Sharps contain only 0.08 per cent and maize (corn) less than 0.02 per cent. A pig putting on 2 pounds per day would require to eat over 20 pounds per day of a mixture of equal parts of these to get sufficient lime, whereas a quarter of a pound of fish meal would yield more than sufficient. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that the addition of fish meal to a ration of grains and grain offal leads to increased gains in weight. The results of experiments carried out in connection with mineral requirement led us to believe that the undoubted beneficial effects of fish meal in growth were largely dependent on the minerals present. To test this, an experiment was carried out comparing fish meal with blood albumin (almost pure protein) to which mineral matter similar to that in fish meal had been added. It was found that the ration with blood albumin plus minerals gave 392 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES as good results as fish meal, but that with blood albumin alone, although for the first fortnight the gains were as good as with fish meal, afterwards growth slowed down and was no better than with a purely grain ration. They further stated that “ both milk and eggs consist very largely of protein and mineral matter. Three gallons of milk contain about 1 pound of protein, three-fourths of an ounce of lime (CaQ) and an ounce of phosphorus (P.O;) so that a cow giving that amount of milk per day loses these quantities of essential substances that must be made good in the ration, unless it draws on its tissues and bones for them. Egg, like fish meal itself, consists almost entirely of protein, minerals, and fat. For milk cows and poultry, therefore, fish meal seems a most suitable food and it is not difficult to under- stand why good results are obtained in feeding it to these animals.” Something to be remembered emphatically is a statement of the authors as follows: “ With regard to meeting the requirements for mineral matter fish meal is so rich in this that if sufficient be given to yield the necessary amount of protein there is likely to be more than sufficient mineral matter present.” They said that “in fish meal the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is about the same as is required for growth, and it might be expected that the percentage utilization would be high.” This fact was subsequently proved by the authors in feeding experiments. Edwards (1923) recommended fish meal along with corn to supply sufficient minerals in hog rations. In feeding fish meal to dairy cows, Hansson (1926) said that the large percentage of minerals present in fish meal was considerably in its favor in addition to its high protein content. In studying rations for fattening pigs, Davidson (1928) stated that fish meal was found to be valuable not only for its protein con- tent but particularly for the amount and proportions of mineral constituents. Robertson and Baskett (1929) reported that soybean meal was not as good as fish meal in poultry rations, unless the soybean meal was supplemented with minerals. According to Jenny (1929), “ Kelp, the aquatic crop, and the fish living in the sea have in them the mineral matter necessary to optimum nutrition—by feeding the milk cow certain proportions of kelp and ground dried fish (tuna fish minus the white meat) in her rations, we can supply the natural amounts of the essential minerals her feed lacks and at the same time provide animal proteins of the best quality to the ration.” The author also said that the feeding of these marine products increased the iodine content of the milk many times its original centent. Mann (1930) reported kelp, a dried seaweed, to be an excellent source of organic mineral salts for animal feeding. Feeding tests indicated that kelp was a better and cheaper source of minerals than an inorganic mixture of minerals. He states: Feeding experiments indicate these are in the proper proportions to meet the requirements of the animal body. No great quantities seem to be needed, but a little seems to make a great deal of difference in the results from feeding. The best gains (with cattle) were made on a daily apportionment of 2% ounces of the supplement (a commercial mixture of fish meal and kelp). Insufficient iodine causes goiter, and this disease is largely corrected with the use of kelp in the feed. Fed to pregnant animals it will prevent the FISH’ MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 393 appearance of goiter in the offspring. Wed to dairy cattle it will increase the iodine content of milk so as to assure sufficient supplies of iodine to the con- sumers of that milk. Manning (1929a and 1929d) attributed the excellent egg pro- duction records, resulting from feeding crab meal to poultry, to the quantity and variety of mineral constituents contained in the crab meal. The high percentages of calcium carbonate and calcium phos- phate found in crab meal, and undoubtedly in a readily assimilable form, should be particularly beneficial in stimulating egg production and in producing a good shell texture. The relatively high content of iodine in crab meal should also stimulate egg production, Doctor Orr, whose excellent work has been mentioned so many times in this publication, has said that hens need lime and iodine for optimum egg production. Hoard’s Dairyman (1925) has quoted Doctor Cavanaugh as hav- ing said that he thought that the large gains in weight and height obtained by feeding 1-year-old heifer calves fish meal was due to the finely ground bones of the fish, which furnished “the bone- making lime and phosphoric acid in exactly right proportions.” In feeding fish meal to swine, Manning (1930) believed that the favorable results obtained were due, “ not only to the high coefficient of digestibility of the protein contained in the fish meal, but due also: to a certain amount of vitamin potency and a distribution of min- erals in variety and proportion amply provided for by nature.” According to the Rowett Institute (1922) fish meal is an excellent source of mineral for the growing pig. In digestibility tests with a young pig, fish meal feeding increased the retention of lime (CaQ) from 0 to 4.7 grams per day, and of phosphate (P,O;) from 3.4 to 8.4 grams. It was further stated that fish meal contained “ good protein and well balanced mineral matter.” Orr and Husband (1922) said that “the ratio of lime to phos- phorus in fish meal is not unlike that in sow’s or cow’s milk. The percentages, however, are so high that comparatively small amounts of this meal added to a ration yield a sufficient supply of these.” Haselhoff (1914) reported that calcium phosphate in fish meal is a valuable adjunct to the rations of farm animals. To illustrate the importance of minerals in animal nutrition, Orr and Husband (1922) are quoted as follows: There is probably no subject in nutrition on which information is more needed than the mineral requirements of animals, and the best combination of foodstuffs to provide a ration with properly balanced minerals. Further knowledge would enable us to get more rapid gains in weight and a more economical use of feeding-stuffs, and would also probably throw light on many conditions of malnutrition whose causes are at present obscure. VITAMINS IN FISH MEALS Bohstedt (1923) reported that the results of a series of tests with rats have indicated that fish meal, tankage, and blood meal are de- ficient in both vitamins A and B, when fed as 1, 4, and 8 per cent respectively, of the ration. According to Green and Richardson (1924), fish meal fed in com- parison with corn meal to young pigs not only produced greater gains in weight on less feed consumed, but cured lameness in the control lot and prevented lameness in the fish meal lot. 394 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Maynard and Miller (1927b), in calcification studies with men- haden fish meal, concluded that the better calcification of fish meal over oil meal of similar calcium and phosphorus ratio was due to vitamin D rather than the quality of the protein. Miller and Maynard (1927) conducted calcification studies with rats fed menhaden oil and various menhaden fish meals. Rats re- ceiving fish meal grew more rapidly than those in the check lot, and the ash content of the bones was about 15 per cent higher than that of the bones of the rats on the rachitic ration. The experiments in- dicated that both menhaden fish meal and menhaden oil contain the specific factor that aids in calcification. . Mussehl, Hill, and Ackerson (1928) said: “ Cod-liver meal con- tains some vitamin D, but not as much as is associated with an equal amount of fat in cod-liver oil. Five per cent of cod-liver meal did not provide sufficient vitamin D to prevent rickets on a ration complete in all but the rickets-preventing factor.” Poultry were used in the experiments. In accordance with a report from Stuart (1928), the results of experiments indicated that 5 per cent of fish meal in the ration con- tains sufficient vitamin D to prevent rickets in chicks for at least eight weeks. Fish meal, however, did not produce as much growth as the cod-liver oil or cod-liver meal. Cod-liver oil and cod-liver meal were about equal in growth promotion. Two per cent of cod- liver oil was fed to one group, 2 per cent of cod-liver meal to the second group, and 5 per cent of fish meal to the third group. Other- wise, the rations were the same for each group and only water was allowed for drinking. Bethke (1927) stated that cod-liver meal prevents leg weakness, that the meal varies in vitamin potency just as the oil does, that heat may attentuate its vitamin content, and that the source of the meal and its probable method of manufacture influence its anti- rachitic properties. As reported by Cruikshank (1927) “a sample of cod-liver meal was tested for its potency in vitamins A and D, using white leghorn chicks as the experimental animals and for the basal ration a mix- ture of corn 97, calcium carbonate 2, and salt 1 part, with skim milk ad libitum. In the vitamin D experiments the corn was yellow and in the vitamin A experiments, white. Positive and negative controls were run in both series. It was found that 1 per cent of cod-liver meal was sufficient to protect the chicks against rickets and from 7 to 10 per cent to meet the requirements of vitamin A. Ophthalmia was not observed in the vitamin A deficiency, but respiratory and lung trouble, with nodular lesions of mouth and pharynx, and charac- teristic changes in the kidneys, in which the ureters and renal tubules were filled with an accumulation of urates, were observed.” E. M. Cruikshank, E. B. Hart, and J. G. Halpin report as fol- lows on a poultry-feeding experiment, using cod-liver meal, cod-liver oil and ultra-violet light, in their vitamin studies: Cod-liver meal containing 45 per cent of oil and 48 per cent of protein was tested for its vitamins A and D potency at the Wisconsin experiment station, using day-old chicks for the determination. In testing the vitamin D content.9 groups of chicks were fed for 6 weeks on a basal ration of 97 parts of yellow corn, 2 parts of calcium car- FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 395 bonate, 1 part of salt, and skimmed milk ad libitum. To the basal ration was added in the various groups ultra-violet light, cod-liver oil, and cod-liver meal in amounts varying from 1 to 10 per cent. In testing the vitamin A content 10 groups of chicks were fed a basal ration of 92 parts of white corn, 5 parts of yeast, 2 parts of calcium carbonate, 1 part of salt, and skim milk ad libitum. To the basal ration in the various groups were added ultra-violet light irradiation, cod-liver oil, and cod-liver meal in amounts varying from 1 to 10 per cent, and cod-liver meal and ultra-violet light in combination. The chicks in the first phase of the experiment were killed for post-mortem examination. The tibia was dissected out and soaked in formalin and a longitudinal section from the proximal end treated with 1.5 per cent of silver nitrate and exposed to light. Ash analyses were also made of the bones. In the group receiving the basal ration the ash content of the tibia varied from 33 to 37 per cent, while in all other groups the ash content ranged from 46 to 52 per cent. The silver nitrate test showed good calcification in all groups save the check, where there was a wide uncalcified area of proliferating cartilage. Tt was found that even 10 per cent of the cod-liver meal used in the experiment did not furnish sufficient vitamin A to protect against a deficiency in this respect, although chicks receiving this amount survived longer and did not show pathological symptoms in such a marked degree as those receiving less meal. It is concluded that the cod-liver meal used contains sufficient vitamin D to promote good calcification even when fed at a level of 1 per cent, but not enough vitamin A to protect birds from vitamin A deficiency even when fed at a 10 per cent level. These results are verified by Hart, Steenbock, Kletzien, Scott, Hal- pin, and Johnson, in their poultry experiments at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station as shown herewith: “It has been demonstrated that cod-liver meal is an effective source of vitamin D but not of A. A ration containing 1 per cent of this product was sufficient to prevent leg weakness in chicks, but did not prevent the common symptoms of vitamin A deficiencies.” Unfortunately we possess far too meager a store of knowledge concerning the vitamin potency of fish meal and related marine products, except in the case of cod-liver oil where considerable scien- tific information is available as summarized by Manning (1929b). Needless to say, if a corresponding amount of scientific research had been expended on fish meal or other related marine products, suitable for the dietary of man and beast, as has been completed on cod-liver oil, our knowledge of the science of nutrition would be much ad- vanced. It is only to be hoped that the future will provide such data. COMPOSITION OF FISH MEALS The composition of a fish meal is obviously of primary importance, as its composition determines its quality and its actual and relative feeding value. Fish meals vary considerably in composition, depend- ing on the kind and freshness of the raw material from which they are manufactured, as well as the methods or processes of manufac- ture. Inasmuch as this subject was dealt with at length in the intro- duction to this manuscript, brief treatment will be given it here. 396 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIBS Under the general subject of the composition of fish meals are dis- cussed: The manufacture of fish meals, the effect of storage on fish meals, analyses of fish meals, and adulteration of fish meals. MANUFACTURE OF FISH MEALS Inasmuch as this publication is designed primarily for the animal feeder and others in the agricultural and fishery industries interested in nutrition, no effort will be made herein to go into the details of the different methods and processes of manufacture. Enough has been said in the introduction to give a general idea of the common methods now in use for the preparation of fish meals. But, for the benefit of those readers who may wish to study this subject, the fol- lowing references, listed in the bibliography, contain data on the production or manufacture of fish meals: Turrentine, 1915; Orr, Crichton, and Green, 1922; Dill, 1923; Ingvaldsen, 1929 and 1929a; Jewett, 1918; Dunlap, 1918 and 1920; United States Bureau of Fish- eries, 1919 and 1930; Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1919; Wilgress, 1924; Bellwood, 1928; Conn, 1929a; Tressler, 1923; Le Clerc, 1928a; Manning, 1929; Vilbrandt and Abernethy, 1930; Greer, 1915. EFFECT OF STORAGE ON FISH MEALS Davies (1925 and 1926), in investigations on fish meals, has de- scribed at considerable length, the nature of the water-soluble nitro- gen compounds and the changes occurring in the water-soluble ni- trogen and in the amount of water-soluble phosphorus with different methods of treatment and storage. Harrison, of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, has shown that fish meals, in storage, diminish in extractible fat, as indicated by a diminishing ether extract of the fish meals tested.?8 ANALYSES OF FISH AND SHELLFISH MEALS The following references, listed in the bibliography, contain an- alyses of various types of fish meals and shellfish meals: Weren- skiold, 1898; Liechti, 1910; Schenke, 1903; Hals and Kavli, 1903; Darbishire and Goodwin, 1910; Bericht der Agrikultur Chemischen Kontroll Station, 1910; Kellner, Lehmann, and Konig, 1909; Curry and Smith, 1911; Haselhoff, 1910, 1911, 1912; Street, 1912; aa and Beals, 1913; Kling, 1914; Hills et al., 1914; New York Agricul- tural Experiment Station, 1914; Journal of the Board of Agricul- ture, 1914; Smith and Beals, 1914; Jones et al., 1914; Curry and Smith, 1914; Street, Shepard, and Davis, 1914; Clark, 1915; Wes- sels, 1915; Smith, Beals, and Howard, 1915; Curry and Smith, 1915; Wilk, 1915; Wessels and Fitts, 1916; Curry and Smith, 1916; New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 1916; Smith, 1916; Youngblood, 1916; Shutt, 1915; Jones et al., 1916: Cathcart, 1916; Wessels, 1917; New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 1917; Smith, 1918; Cathcart, 1918; Shutt, 1919; New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 1918; Bartlett, 1917; Jewett, 1918; Dunlap, 1918; United States Bureau of Fisheries, 1919; Min- ‘* Unpublished data in the files of the Bureau of Fisheries, by Roger W. Harrison. FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 397 istry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1919; Tressler, 1923; Tressler and Wells, 1924; Wilgress, 1924; Wells, 1925; Hansson, 1926; Le Clerc, 19282; Conn, 19292; Manning, 1929, 1929a, 1929¢, 1929d, 1930; Ingvaldsen, 1929, 1929; Vilbrandt and Abernethy, 1930. Kling (1914) commented on the variability of composition of the different brands of fish meal and recommended a uniform grade containing a guaranteed analysis of 50 per cent protein, 5 per cent fat, 5 per cent salt, and from 20 to 25 per cent calcium phosphate. The analysis of the fish meal used by Hansson (1926) was: 65 per cent crude protein, 2 to 2.5 per cent fat, and 16 to 17 per cent inor- ganic matter. Satisfactory results were obtained by feeding this meal to dairy cows. The following table is quoted from page 443 of Wells (1925) : Iodine content of fish meal As purchased Dry basis Kind of fish meal Mg. I per | Parts per | Mg. I per | Parts per kilogram billion kilogram billion IMIG MPEG Rite Le ese ee See BESS 8 ener ee 0. 98 980 1.08 1, 080 alm pT eee nese tae seen Se ee an eee 1, 28 1, 280 1.31 1, 310 Stoiraltinte oo SS Sa re ee a ee eee aa ee . 89 890 . 98 980 BES TLIO ee ee ee ee ee ne ena Seana ao 2. 61 2, 610 2. 84 2, 840 ADULTERATION OF FISH MEALS Methods are described by Lucks (1915) for detecting meat meal adulteration of fish meal. It is not within the province of this report to elaborate on this phase of the subject. Those who are specially interested in adulteration of fish meals will find further information in this reference. CONCLUSIONS An effort has been made to assemble in readable form in one publi- cation the American and foreign publications of researches and experiments conducted on the feeding of fish meals to various ani- mals. For the convenience of the practical animal feeder this pub- lication has been made as nontechnical as it was possible to do under the circumstances. As scientific data and practical feeding tests have indicated, fish meals and related marine products have a nutritive value of consid- erable quality and diversity. As previously stated, marine products offer a most fertile field for nutritional investigations to the great benefit of man and his domestic animals. BIBLIOGRAPHY No claim is made that the bibliography of this report is a com- plete résumé of all published literature in this field of research. It is believed, however, that it does include the more important refer- ences on the subject to date. 398 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. AMERICAN FERTILIZER. 1929. Fish meal as feed. Vol. 70, No. 18, June 22, 1929, p. 82. Philadel- phia. ARCHIBALD, FE. S. 1916. Comparative value of concentrated protein meals for dairy cattle, sheep, and swine. Agricultural Gazette of Canada, vol. 3, No. 8, August, 1916, pp. 687-692. Ottawa. 1917. Dairy cattle. Canada Experimental Farms Reports for 1916, Vol. I, March 31, 1916, pp. 423-505, pls. 7. Ottawa. ASHBROOK, FRANK G. 1917. Fish meal as a feed for swine. Bulletin No. 610, United States Department of Agriculture, December 7, 1917, pp. 9. Washington. ASMUNDSON, V. S., W. JOHN ALLARDYCE, and JAcoB BIELY. 1929. Fish oils as sources of vitamin D for poultry. Bibliography. Sci- entific Agriculture, vol. 9, No. 9, May, 1929, pp. 594-598. Ottawa. BarRTLeTT, J. M. 1917. Fish wastes for feeding animals. ‘Bulletin No. 266, Maine Agricul- tural Experiment Station, November, 1917, pp. 291-292. Orono, Me. BELLWoop, R. A. 1928. Fish meal as a food for animals and poultry and an improved continuous process of manufacture. Chemistry and Industry Journal, Society of Chemical Industry, vol. 47, No. 17, April 27, 1928, pp. 483-435. London. BERICHT DER AGRIKULTUR CHEMISCHEN KONTROLL STATION. 1910. Futtermittel, pp. 22-88 and 45-58. Saxony. BETHKE, R. M. 1927. Antirachitic properties of cod liver meals. Bimonthly Bulletin 12 (No. 4), Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, July, 1927, pp. 126-127. Wooster, Ohio. BLAIR, W. SAXBY. 1923. Fish meal vs. beef scrap. Report of Superintendent for 1923, Canada Experimental Farms Station, pp. 67-70. Kentville, Nova Scotia. BousTepDT, G., C. H. Hunt, A. R. WINTER, and R. C. WINTER. 1923. The vitamin content of fish meal, tankage, and blood meal. Monthly Bulletin, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, vol. 8, No. 11-12, Noyvember-December, 1928, pp. 167-169. Wooster, Ohio. BorLanpD, A. A., and E. H. LOVELAND. 1914. Concerning feeding practice. Bulletin 180, Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, May, 1914, pp. 219-232. Burlington, Vt. Bower, WARD T. and Henry D. ALLER. 1917. Alaska fisheries and fur industries in 1915. Appendix III, Report, United States Commissioner of Fisheries, 1915 (1916). Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 8384, 140 pp. Washington. Boyp, M. L. 1928. Proteins and minerals from the sea. American Miller, July 1, 1928, pp. 782-733. Chicago. CATHCART, CHARLES S. 1916. Commercial feeding stuffs and registrations for 1916. Bulletin 295, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, May 27, 1916, pp. 95. New Brunswick, N. J. 1918. Commercial feeding stuffs and registrations for 1918. Bulletin 327, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, May 1, 1918, pp. 4-79. New Brunswick, N. J. CLARK, A. W. 1915. Inspection of feeding stuffs. Bulletin 404, New York Agricultural Experiment Station, April, 1915, pp. 221-334. Geneva, N. Y. CLAYTON, E. P. 1927. Poultry Studies at the Mississippi Station. Report for 1927, Missis- sippi Agricultural Experiment Station, June 30, 1927, pp. 34-87. A. and M. College, Miss. Conn, GEORGE H. 1930. Fish meal—a valuable poultry feed. Feedstuffs, vol. 2, No. 19, May 10, 1930, pp. 16-17, published by Miller Publishing Co. Minneapolis, FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 399 Conn, W. T. 1929. Fish meal for swine in Southern States. Memorandum §304, Bureau of Fisheries, July 2. 1929, 8 pp. Washington. 1929a. Utilization of crustacean waste. Memorandum $311, Bureau of Fisheries, November 9, 1929, 2 pp. Washington. CRAWFORD, DoNALD RUSSELL, and AHAMEDUR RAHMAN NIZAM. 1929. Fish meals as food for young salmonoid fishes. Publications in Fisheries, vol. 2, No. 5, June, 1929, pp. 51-72, University of Wash- ington College of Fisheries. Seattle. CROWTHER, CHARLES. 1916. Fish meal as food for pigs. Journal of the Board of Agriculture, vol. 23, No. 1, April, 1916, pp. 27-33. London. CRUIKSHANK, Hruen M. 1927. The vitamin A and vitamin D content of cod liver meal. Report of World’s Poultry Congress, Ottawa, Canada, 1927. Mortimer Co. (1928), pp. 246-247. Ottawa. CRUIKSHANK, ETHEL M., HE. B. Hart, and J. G. HALPIN. 1927. The vitamin A and vitamin D content of cod liver meal. Poultry Science, vol. 7, No. 1, October-November, 1927, pp. 9-16, 1 fig. Urbana, Ill. Curry, B. E., and T. O. SMITH. 1911. The feeding-stuffs inspection for 1911. Bulletin 154, New Hamp- shire Agricultural Experiment Station, October, 1911, 8 p. Dur- ham, N. H. 1914. Analysis of feeding stuffs made for the State Department of Agri- culture. Bulletin 169, New Hampshire Agricultural Station, July, 1914, pp. 26. Durham, N. H. 1915. Analysis of feeding stuffs. Bulletin 175, New Hampshire Agricul- tural Station, March, 1915, 23 pp. Durham, N. H. 1916. Analysis of feeding stuffs. Bulletin 178, New Hampshire Agricul- tural Station, March, 1916, 16 pp. Durham, N. H. DARBISHIRE, FEF. V., and W. GooDWwIN. 1910. Feeding stuffs. Journal, Southeast Agricultural College, Wye. No. 19, pp. 222-230. London. DAVIDSON, H. R. 1928. Substitutes for fish meal in the rations of fattening pigs. Journal of Ministry of Agriculture (Great Britain), vol. 35, No. 5, 1928, pp. 409-422. London. DavIiEs, W. L. 1925. Investigations on fish meals. I. The nature of the water-soluble nitrogen compounds. Journal, Society of Chemical Industry, Transactions, vol. 44, No. 42, October, 1925, pp. 487T-491T. London. 1926. Investigations on fish meals. II. Changes occurring in the water- soluble nitrogen and in the amount of water-soluble phosphorus with different methods of treatment and storage. Jbid., vol. 45, No. 8, January 29, 1926, pp. 25T-29T. London. Davis, H. S. and R. F. Lorp. 1930. Experiments with meat and meat substitutes as trout food. Ap- pendix VII, Report, United States Commissioner of Fisheries, 1930. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1079, 25 pp. Wash- ington. Dr Liste, RoDNEY. 1929. Fish meal for live stock. Farmer’s Advocate, vol. 64, No. 1925, August 15, 1929, p. 1,257. London, Ontario. DE RUYTER DE WILT, J. C. 1925. Over vischmeel als yoedsel voor mestvarkens veroeniging. Hx- ploitatie Proefzuivelboerderijte Hoorn. Verslag, 1925, pp. 27-149, figs. 5. Hoorn. 1928. Weidegang en vischmeel, speciaal met het oog op Bacon—productie. (Zouters.) Verslagen van Landbouwkundige. Onderzoekingen der Rijkslandbouw-proefstation, 33, pp. 120-162, pls. 1. Hoorn. Dire. DB: 1923. Comparative efficiency of fish-meal plants. American Fertilizer, vol. 58, No. 7, April 7, 1923, pp. 25-28. Philadelphia. A400 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES DruMMoND, J. C. 1918. The nutritive value of certain fish. Journal of Physiology, vol. 52, No. 2-3, July 10, 1918, pp. 95-109, figs. 8. London. DUNLAP, MAURICE P. 1919. Shellfish meal used as poultry feed in Denmark. Commerce Report No. 32, February 7, 1919, pp. 606-607. Washington. 1920. A cattle food from seaweed. Commerce Report for February 11, 1920, p. 845. Washington. Epwarps, F. R. 1929. Swine feeding and quality of pork. Circular 84, Georgia Agricul- tural Experiment Station, March, 1929, 12 pp. Experiment, Ga. EpWARDS, W. E. J. 1923. Supplements for swine feeding. Quarterly Bulletin, Michigan Agri- cultural Experiment Station, vol. 5, No. 4, May, 1928, pp. 157-158. East Lansing, Mich. EXLLINGTON, HE. V., and J. C. KNorrt. 1928. A comparison of herring meal and soybean meal for milk produc- tion. Bulletin 229, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, December, 1928, pp. 24-25. Pullman, Wash. ELLior, WALTER E., ARTHUR CRITCHTON, and JOHN Boyp Orr. 1922. The importance of the inorganic constituents of the food in nutri- tional disorders. I. Rickets in pigs. British Journal of Experi- mental Pathology, Vol. III, No. 1, February, 1922, pp. 10-19. London. Evvarp, JOHN M. 1929. Fish meal better than meat tankage as a corn balancer. The Weekly Kansas City Star, April 24, 1929. Kansas City, Mo. EvvARD, JOHN M., C. C. CULBERTSON, W. E. HAMMOUND, and C. EF. BASSETT. 1930. Fish meals, tankage, and supplemental mixtures for fattening spring pigs. Leaflet No. 128, Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, January, 1930, 7 pp. Ames, Iowa. 1930a. Fish meals, meat meal, tankage, and fish meal modifications of Trinity and “Big 10” mixtures for fattening spring pigs in dry lot. Leaflet No. 129, Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, January, 1930, 8 pp. Ames, Iowa. 1930b. Modifications of the “ Big 10” supplement for fattening spring pigs in dry lot. Leaflet No. 130, Iowa Agr-cultural Experiment Station, January, 1930, 5 pp. Ames, Iowa. ‘ARMING IN SouTH AFRICA. 1929. Fish meal feeding and tainting of eggs. Vol. 4, No. 45, December, 1929, pp. 493-494. Pretoria, South Africa. FEEDSTUFFS. 1930. Fish meal as swine feed scores again. Vol. 2, No. 19, May 10, 1930, p. 1. Published by Miller Publishing Co. Minneapolis. Fink, K. 1896. Deutsche landwirtschaftlichen Presse, Band 238, Nr. 17, p. 145. Berlin. FLAMENT, M. R. 1929. Les farines de poissons et leur utilisation dans l’alimentation des animaux domestiques. Ecole de cavalerie de Saumur. Revue Generale de Medecine Veterinaire, 1929, p. 333. Toulouse. FronDA, F. M. 1929. Effect of dried shrimps and fish meal as supplements in rations for egg production. Bibliography. Philippine Agriculturist No. 18, June, 1929, pp. 3-12. Laguna, P. I. GODBEY, E. G., and A. lL. DURANT. 1926. Protein supplements to corn in dry lot for fattening pigs. Bulletin 234, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, October, 1926, pp. 3-14, fig. 1. Clemson College, S. C. (GREEN, J. J.. and R. RICHARDSON. 1924. Report on pig-feeding trials carried out at the County Council Farm, Hutton, 1920-1923. Farmers’ Bulletin 39, Lancaster County Coun- cil Education Committee, Agriculture Department, pp. 6-14 and p. 28. FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEEDING 401 GREER, Ros LEON. 1915. The menhaden industry of the Atlantic coast. Appendix III,. Report, United States Commissioner of Fisheries, 1914 (1915), 27 pp., VII pl. Bureau of Fisheries Document 811. Washington. HaAcKEporN, H. 1922. Feeding experiments at the Washington Station with swine. Bulle- tin 167, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, January,. 1922, pp. 12-14. Pullman, Wash. HaAckeporn, H., and J. Soro.a. 1922. Hog feeding experiments, Bulletin 169, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, August, 1922, pp. 82, 2 figs. Pullman, Wash. Hats, S., and A. KAVLI. 1903. Norsk. Landmandsblad, vol. 22, No. 8, pp. 88-41. Christiana. Hansson, NIL. 1926. Svenskt fishfodermjol dess sammansattuing och bruksvarde. Med- delande Centralanstalten Forsoksvasendet pa Jordbruksomradet, No. 302, 16 pp. Stockholm. Hart, BE. B., H. Sreengock, S. W. F. Kietzimn, H. Scorr, J. G. HALpin, and O. N. JOHNSON. 1927. Poultry experiments at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. Cod liver meal as a source of vitamin A and vitamin D. Bulletin No. 396, Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 47-53, 2 figs. Madison, Wis. HASELHOFF, EMIL. 1910. Untersuchung der futtermittel. Jahresbericht Landwirtschaftlichen: Versuchsstation, 1909-10, pp. 10-15. Marburg. 1911. Jbid. 1910-11, pp. 7-11. Harleshausen. 1912. Jbid. 1911-12, pp. 15-23. Harleshausen. 1914. Fischmehl. Fuhling’s Landwirtschaftliche Zeitung, vol. 53, No. 4, February 15, 1914, pp. 187-148. Stuttgart. HELyAR, FRANK G. 1925. Fish meal and tankage as sources of protein. Report, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, 1925, June 30, 1925, pp. 175-178. New Brunswick, N. J. 1926. A comparison of the effect of fish meal and tankage on the rate of growth and on the texture and quality of the carcass of swine Tbid., June 30, 1926. pp. 99. New Brunswick, N. J. Henry, W. A., and F. B. Morrison. 1928. Feeds and Feeding. The Henry-Morrison Co. Milwaukee. (See pp. 186, 375, and 652-653.) Hicks, W. H. 1922. (Experiments with swine at the Agassiz Experimental Farm.) Fish meal vs. soy bean meal, vs. oil cake, vs. check. Report of Superintendent, Canada Experimental Farms, 1922, pp. 15-18. Agassiz, British Columbia. Hits, J. L., C. H. Jones, C. G. WILLIAMSON, and GEORGE ANDERSON. 1914. Commercial feeding stuffs. Bulletin 180, Vermont Agricultural Ex- periment Station, May, 1914, pp. 187-2382. Burlington, Vt. Hitrner, L., and W. HINZEL. 1912. Futtermittelkontrolle. Landwirtschaftliches Jahrbuch fur Bauern. Band 2, Nr. 9, pp. 607-676. Munchen. Hoarp’s DAIRYMAN. 1925. Fish meal for feeding dairy cattle. Vol. 70, No. 12, October 2, 1925, p. 345. Fort Atkinson, Wis. Hostetter, Hart H. 1922. (Swine experiments in North Carolina.) Report, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 1922, June 30, 1922, pp. 39, 41,. 42; also in North Carolina Department of Agriculture Biennial Report, 1921-1922, pp. 32, 33, 36. Raleigh, N. C. Hostetter, Hart H., and J. O. HALVERSON. 1927. (Experiments with swine at the North Carolina Station.) Report, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 1927, June 30, 1927, pp. 64-68. Raleigh, N. C. 1928. Value of permanent pasture for fattening pigs. (Experiments with swine at the North Carolina Station.) Jbid., 1928, pp. 47-49, 50,. 52, and 58. Raleigh, N. C. 402 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES HutcHInson, E. N. 1930. Food for plant life is food for beast. Better Fruit, vol. 24, No. 8, February, 1930, pp. 88-39. Portland, Oreg. INGVALDSEN, 'T. 1929. Fish meals. Part 1.—The effect of the high temperature employed for drying, on the nitrogen partition in fish meals. Canadian Chemistry and Metallurgy, vol. 18, No. 4, April, 1929, pp. 97-99. Toronto. 1929a. Fish meals. II. Comparative analysis of meals made from non- putrid and putrid materials. Jbid., vol. 18, No. 5, May, 1929, pp. 129-131, 139. Toronto. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF POULTRY SCIENCE. 1929. (Official organ of the world’s Poultry Science Association—600,000 members), Tome II, No. 4, December, 1929, pp. 71-78. Rotterdam, Holland. (Contains excellent abstracts on nutritive value of marine products collected from the scientific literature of all of the countries of the world.) ISAACHSEN, H. 1916. Levermel som for til melkefae. Tidsskrift for det, Norske Landbruk, vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 65-84. Christiana. IsAaAcHEN, H., and OLA ULVESLI. 1926. Melkeproduksjonsvaerdien av forstoffer fremstillet av fisk. IV. Sil- demel. Meldinger Norges Landbrukshoiskole, vol. 6, Nr. 6-7, pp. 369-404. Oslo. J AHRESBERICHT LANDWIRTSCHAFTS KAMMER STETTIN, PROVINZ POMMERN. 1912. Pp. 37-42. JENNY, GERALD. 1929. Sea-plants for dairy cows. il Breder’s Gazette, vol. 94, February, 1929, p. 65. Chicago. JEWETT, Mi~o A. 1918. Seaweed meal. Annual Report on Commerce and Industries for 1917, October 22, 1918. Washington. JongEs, W. J., JR., F. D. FuLtER, E. G. PRouLx, C. CuTLER and J. H. Roop. 1914. Commercial feeding stuffs. Bulletin 177, Indiana Agricultural Ex- periment Station, vol. XVIII, August, 1914, pp. 47-840, fig. 1. Lafayette, Ind. 1916. Commercial feeding stuffs. Bulletin 190, Indiana Agricultural Ex- periment Station, vol. XIX, August, 1916, pp. 23-360, fig. 1. La- fayette, Ind. JOURNAL OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 1914. Fish meal and fish manure, vol. 21, No. 8, November, 1914, pp. 688- 694. London. 4 I ' et Bealreny (shy aniog ss Wines i ie. ies 5 athe F . $Y just heel ads Rieti» Wht baeace hale th Ae Ai HA) ‘Shy eh Biase 4 as ar Pg fam Eis oye veoh EIEE ify pres ; fale | ‘Tf F We tas ee Teeth fyi is Miah x rare awe. t/a? Pe i lo : ae oe r \re ‘ ‘ ioe Ae ae yt 4 hei ae « hey A yer vs a sarit Aa, Mi riers. Ae uy aes ile te try Me ae en ae ee Sea CUNT ! ae Fide gaa ca AE es, Sonera AR Ih il, wm I tidy ke Lee ee baer Fyht Aye! Setar ie wen A j Ai ft ® WERT wi Fay AN ACen | Br pig La ORR CL SER is Pea? Ui Lua IE ; aa T | a ee s\)) ed ' , lh AL bf v wa Mon fan i) | é . sy hw \e 5 1 eb ae ai tp aa me Let En sqaq@ DONINMVdsS 3AHL NO NOW 1VS—'! ‘Sla4 Aajo)| Welal === l =| Ts} 1) PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES ' By Joun N. Cops Dean, College of Fisheries, University of Washington IminOuUchoOnins 2 sose is Saha = The species of salmon and the PATTI ee oh cs Sty Pi to A Chinook, quinnat, or king Salm Onna a= fs se eto Sockeye, blueback, or red Sal OMen ee yom 2 seat Silver or coho salmon- - ----- Humpback or pink salmon_- Chum or keta salmon ------- Steelhead trout._- - ---U-=4-= Age of salmon at maturity —__ Marking salmon. = 22522202 Ocean home of the salmon_-- Fishing grounds and history of tiheviisheriese=* = -== Ja. 8208 Wiashinghon- 22 lds at oe @olumbrasRivers = 22-2222 2 3 Mreronwre 25) eo on Southeast Alaska________- Prince William Sound and Copper River ss =) 4 Cooksinletess seats Atornakisland! 22243 s2 Kodiak Island__.-....==-- Chignik Bay s2ea4ee she: Alaska Peninsula, south FSG (ag pe hae ee ES Shumagin and Sannak Hetanigl se oe ata. Seo eringeseds. 3222. fo op ae Nushagak River and Bay-- Kvichak River and Bay_--_ Naknek: Rivers. 225-2242 MipesilcsRivers S252 22 2 Wigashtkeliver=. 2... Alaska Peninsula, Bering Bemmideriisin 2 fyi iiss Miscellaneous places_ _-_-_-_- ArcticeOcean 2. 22s Britishs Golumbias 220). 21252 Salmon fishing in the head- PWUUOTS 2 eee es Sey hee ops Bh Apparatus and methods of the NSHETICS eee see Se eee Galle tise eases a gett PERS She Haul: seines 2 * A) eee: ee 245 Diversnetse 652A ths es. (Dip En ets Shs ML gee Sd BIW OBEYS Ss was ae a = IPinseyselnes. 28 see ae 8 CONTENTS Page 410 | Apparatus and methods of the fisheries—Contiuued. 411 Traps or pound nets- ------- [have bbsnay hinds) ose eye eee Ses © 411 Wihcel sm eie ae ps iris nel oe ae Reet me psee en] satiety et 412 sro lliin pee en eS oe 2 414 Bow anduarroweess--o= nee 414 Speak tocmedine sooo. 2 Nee 415 Sport fishing for salmon_- - --- 415 Dangers to the industry ~~ - -- 416 | Fishing season in Alaska____-_-- 418 | Fishermen and other employees_ 420 Hisherm enn 2 oe be 2 aie & Canntryplaborias::-3 ui siee 422 Nationalities == sa ssiaee = 422 Chinese contract system _-- 428 | Fisheries of boundary waters_-- 434 Washington and Oregon-_--_-- 437 Washington and British Co- 440 Wien ove es Be ee 441 Decrease in sockeye salmon TUN ee ae nD eee eye 450 American-Canadian Fisher- 452 ies Conference__-_--- 2s fe 453 New Treaty proposed _-__-_-_ 454 Packs by Canadian and 458 American canners-__--- Methods of preparing salmon__-_ 459 Canninga tes os. es ees Early days of the industry _ 460 Handling the salmon_-_---- 460 Dressing Messe eae pce 460 Cutting 380. os ae ee eS 463 al Gino SPL eA Lash eae * 465 Filling the cans__-__------ 465 Cooking. 4423 58 Sn aie Se 466 Repairs cans== ss naes NEGENG YUE Telit 6a ee eee 467 abelingiky Mie there 468 Brand si. 33543 ieee Saye 469 Boxinevor Cas in ea = aee 470 @anern ai in cae eee 470 Canning smoked salmon__-_ 470 Home! canning =a ls ese Inspection of plants packing 476 canned salmon_--------- Investigation of canned 477 salmon industry — —_-___ 477 Maldtcurinoss aes 478 Pickling t0 = Sees ta eee 479 Dry sail hin oe een ee ee 479 Simo kai o eae pee es sy 479 Freezing ee ek ont = ale 479 Utilizing salmon eggs and milt_ Page 481 483 484 485 487 490 491 491 493 497 498 498 499 499 500 502 502 505 506 507 512 515 516 516 516 518 519 519 520 520 522 523 524 525 525 528 528 528 529 529 531 532 537 538 538 540 542 1 Appendix XIII tothe Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. B. F. Doc. No. 1092. Submitted for publication Nov. 9, 1929. 409 410 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Page Page Methods of preparing salmon— Foreign trade in salmon—Con. Continued. Exports of domestic fresh Miscellaneous products__-—-_-_- 544 and cured salmon_-__..-__-_ 615 Meal, fertilizer, and oil______ 544 Imports of fresh salmon__-___- 628 Shipping fresh salmon direct Imports of cured salmon_ _---_- 629 torconsumerns ase == 545 Exports of Canadian canned Nutritive qualities of salmon __- 546 salmone: 222 22) oe 631 Analyses of canned and fresh Salmon.culture_<.2..<5. =.= 634 Pacitic: salmoneaee= 2. = 546 Obtaining the spawning fish__ 634 Analyses of canned salmon by Rearing salmon fry_-_._---__- 635 South Dakota authorities_._ 548 Salmon hatcheries on the Analysisof salted salmon---- 550 Pacific coast222 22 eee 637 Salmon in relation to the General statistics_..-.....-. 637 prevention of goiter__-_---- 550 Acclimatizing Pacific salmon Statistics of the salmon output__ 553 in other waters________-__- 642 Canning industry, 1864 to California ==) eee 643 1O2 8 meee ha a 553 History~ «22.52.3432 643 Summary of canning indus- Output... 2. to ee eee 646 TV eS 553 Distribution [222225 648 Canning industry, by species Oregon 2... eS eee 652 BG waters! 2 Sess) eae 555 Hatcheries on coastal Market prices for canned streams. _o22 S3ts eee 652 salmon 2 7S ee 584 Distribution== 232255. 653 American opening prices. 585 Columbia River and _ tribu- British Columbia open- tarles 208.52. eee 660 Ingprices==_ ese ee 588 Washington] 22223222 ae 664 Pickling industry ___-------- 590 British Columbia-_~ _.-.-2--- 672 Mild-curing industry _ _- ~~~ -- 594 Alaska.2 02222454 Sea 676 Yukon Territory, Canada____ 594 | The salmon fisheries of Siberia__ 685 Trade with outlying possessions. 595 Species of salmon-___------_- 686 HaWallees aoe a Bee 595 Pishing districts=5=5-— == 686 Porto Rico# 32 sees eee 595 Apparatus employed -_-__-_-_-- 687 Philippine Islands_-__-_------ 596 Abundance of salmon__-__-__-- 687 Virgin Tslandsas 26 52 ose eee 596 Freezing salmon-.----------- 689 Alaska. 2. 3 Se ee ee 596 Canning salmon== == eese ee 690 Guam: 2s) eee. See ee 597 Salting’ salmon]o2 25 Sane 700 Tutus; Samone e221 2 526 597 | The salmon fisheries of Japan__- 701 Foreign trade in salmon___------ 597 Canning industry2245-2ee= 702 Exports of domestic canned Hisherysmethods22322 == a= 704 BeNOR I} fer DS So Is 597 Fish culture. 22: 72eo5 eee 704 INTRODUCTION The most valuable commercial fisheries in the world, excepting only the oyster and herring fisheries, are those supported by the salm- ons. Of these the most important by far are the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast of North America, where California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska, including also British Columbia, possess industries representing millions of dollars of investment and millions of output annually. In Siberia the fishery is increasing in impor- tance annually as means of transportation become better, while Japan is also becoming a large factor in the salmon markets of the world through her investments in the salmon fisheries of Siberia and, to a lesser extent, through fisheries prosecuted in her own waters. In this fourth edition of the report * considerable new material has been added, while some chapters have been entirely remodeled and materially enlarged. The statistical data have been brought up to 2 First edition: The Salmon Fisheries of the Pacific Coast. By John N.Cobb. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 751, 180 pp. Washington, 1911. Second edition: Pacific Salmon Fisheries. By John N. Cobb. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 839, Appendix III, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, 255 pp., 29 pls. Washington, 1917. Third edition: Pacific Salmon Fisheries. By John N. Cobb. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 902, Appendix I, Report, U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1921, 268 pp., 48 figs. Washington, 1921. ty PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 411 January 1, 1929. The author is indebted to the Pacific Fisherman, of Seattle, Wash., for certain illustrations and to George C. Teal for permission to use his copyrighted picture shown as Figure 11. Most of the illustrations are from pictures taken by the author. THE SPECIES OF SALMON AND THE RUNS The Pacific coast salmons are all included in the genus Oncorhyn- chus. With them the fishermen incorrectly class the steelhead trout, which really belongs to the closely related genus Salmo. As long ago as 1731 the species of Oncorhynchus were first made known by Steller, who, almost simultaneously with Krascheninikoy, another early investigator, distinguished them with perfect accuracy under their Russian vernacular names. In 1792 Walbaum adopted these vernacular names in a scientific nomenclature for these fishes. Five species of salmon (Oncorhynchus) are found in the waters of the north Pacific, ranging northward from Monterey Bay on the American Coast and Japan on the Asiatic, the extreme northern distribution of certain of the species having not yet been accurately determined. The five species are: (1) Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, quinnat, tyee, chinook, spring, or king salmon; (2) Oncorhynchus nerka, blueback, red, sukkegh, or sockeye salmon; (3) Oncorhynchus kisutch, silver, silverside, coho, or white salmon; (4) Oncorhynchus keta, chum or keta salmon; and (5) Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, hump- back or pink salmon. CHINOOK, QUINNAT, OR KING SALMON The largest of the Pacific salmons is the chinook or king salmon (0. tschawytscha). It is found throughout the region from the Ventura River, Calif., to Norton Sound, Alaska, and on the Asiatic coast as far south as northern China. As knowledge extends, it will probably be recorded in the Arctic. In the spring the body is silvery, the back, dorsal fin, and caudal fin having more or less of round black spots, and the sides of the head having a peculiar tin-colored metallic luster. In the fall the color is, in some places, black or dirty red. The fish has an average weight of about 22 pounds, but individuals weighing 70 to over 100 pounds are occasionally taken. One was caught near Klawak, Alaska, in 1909, which weighed 101 pounds without the head. The Yukon River is supposed to produce the finest examples, although this supposition is not based on very reliable observations. The southeast Alaska fish average as high as 23 pounds in certain seasons, followed by an average of about 22 pounds in the Columbia River and about 16 pounds in the Sacramento. In most places the flesh is of a deep salmon red, but in certain places, notably southeast Alaska, Bristol Bay, Puget Sound, and British Columbia, many of the fish, the proportion being sometimes as-much as one-third of the catch, have white flesh. A few examples have been taken with one side of the body red and the other white, while some are found with mottled flesh. No reasonable explanation of this phenomenon has yet been given. In its southern range the quinnat strikes in at Monterey Bay in sufficient numbers to justify commercial fishing about the middle of April, where it is seen feeding upon the inshore moving schools of 412 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES herring and sardines, continuing until in August. There are two runs of spawning fish in the Sacramento, the first or “spring run” beginning in April and continuing throughout May and June, these fish spawning mainly in the cold tributaries of the Sacramento, such as the McCloud and Fall Rivers. The second or “fall run” occurs in August, September, and October, and these fish spawn in the rifles in the main river between Tehama and Redding, also entering the tributaries in that vicinity. The two runs merge into each other. It is also claimed that there is a third run which comes in December. In former years the San Joaquin and the American and Feather Rivers of the Sacramento system had large runs of salmon, but ex- cessive fishing and the operation of various mining and irrigation projects have practically depleted them. The Kel and Mad Rivers of northern California have only a late or fall run, while the Klamath River has both a spring and a fall run, and Smith River has a spring run alone. Rogue River in Oregon has both a spring and a fall run, and the Umpqua and several other coast streams of Oregon have small early runs. The Columbia River has three runs, the first entering during January, February, and March, and spawning mainly in the Clack- amas and neighboring streams. The second, which is the best run, enters during May, June, and part of July, spawning mainly in the headwaters. The third run occurs during late July, August, Sep- tember, and part of October, and spawns in the tributaries of the lower Columbia. In Puget Sound chinook salmon are found throughout the year, although it is only during the spawning season that they are very abundant. In the Fraser River, a tributary of the Sound, the run occurs from March to August. In the Skeena River, British Columbia, the run occurs from May to July, the same being approximately true of the Naas also. In southeast Alaska they are found all months of the year. From March to the middle of June they are abundant and feeding in the numerous straits and sounds; in May and June the spawning fish enter the Unuk, Stikine, Taku, Chilkat, Alsek, and Copper Rivers in large numbers, and in a few smaller streams in lesser abundance. In August, September, and October they are again to be found in large numbers feeding in the bays and sounds, while during the winter months a few have been taken on trawls set for halibut, show- ing that they are living in the lower depths at this time. In Cook Inlet the run occurs during May and June and is com- posed wholly of red-meated fish; in the rivers of Bristol Bay the run comes in June and July, principally in the first-named month, and the same is true of the Togiak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon Rivers, the late appearance of the fish in the upper courses of the Yukon being due to the immense distance the fish have to cover. SOCKEYE, BLUEBACK, OR RED SALMON The red or sockeye salmon (OQ. nerka), when it first comes in from the sea is a clear bright blue above in color, silvery below. Soon after entering the river for the purpose of spawning the color of the head changes to a rich olive, the back and sides to crimson, and finally to a dark blood red, and the belly to a dirty white. The maximum weight is about 12 pounds, and length 3 feet, with the average weight PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 413 about 5 pounds, varying greatly, however, in different localities. Observations of Chamberlain® in Alaska show that the average weight of a number of sockeyes taken from Yes Bay was 8.294 pounds, while the average weight of a number from Tamgas was only 3.934 pounds. Evermann and Goldsborough * report as a result of the weighings of 1,390 red salmon, taken from as many different places in Alaska as possible, an average weight for the males of 7.43 pounds; for the females, 5.78 pounds; or an average weight for both sexes of 6.57 pounds. A run of small, or dwarf, males accompanies certain of the main runs, being especially noticeable in the Chignik Lagoon (Alaska) run. This species usually enters streams with accessible lakes in their courses. These fish are occasionally found landlocked in certain lakes, especially in the State of Washington, and are always much smaller in size than the sea-run fish. In Bumping Lake, near North Yakima, Wash., they are quite abundant and are mature when about a pound in weight. Despite the fact that these fish have a soft mouth, anglers consider them very gamey. They take bait, the fly, and the trolling spoon. Large numbers are hatched and distributed by the Washing- ton Department of Fisheries under the name of “‘silver trout.” A few specimens of the sockeye have been taken as far south as the Sacramento River. In Humboldt County, Calif., small runs are said to occur in Mad and Eel Rivers, while 20 sockeyes are reported as having been taken in the Klamath River in the autumn of 1915. Only an occasional specimen appears in the coastal streams of Oregon. The Columbia is the most southern river in which this species is known to run in any considerable numbers, entering the river with the spring run of chinooks. From here south the species is called blueback exclusively. A considerable run enters the Quinault River, Wash., and there is also a small run in Ozette Lake, just south of Cape Flattery. In the Puget Sound region, where it is known as the sockeye, this species ascends only the Skagit River in commercial numbers, although a small run appears in the Lake Washington system of lakes and, possibly, in the Snohomish, Stillaguamish, and Nooksack Rivers. At one time the greatest of all the sockeye streams was the Fraser River, British Columbia, a stream famous from very early days for its enormous runs of this species, a peculiar feature of which is, that there is a marked quadrennial periodicity in the run. The maximum run occurs the year following leap year, the minimum on the year following that. The greater part of the catch of the Puget Sound fishermen is made from this run as it is passing through Washington waters on its way to the Fraser. The fish strike in during July and August on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, apparently coming from the open sea to the northwest. They pass through the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Rosario, and Georgia, spending considerable time in the passage and about the mouth of the river. Small numbers run as early as May and as late as October, but the main body enters about the first week in August. The sockeye occurs in most of the coastal streams of British Columbia, and is usually the most abundant species. The principal er ee ei 3 Some Observations on Salmon and Trout in Alaska. By F. M. Chamberlain, naturalist, U.S. Fish- eries steamer Albatross. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 627, p. 80. Washington, 1907. +The Fishes of Alaska. By B. W. Evermann and E. L. Goldsborough. Bulletin; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1906, Vol. X XVI, p. 257. Washington, 1907. 414 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES streams frequented are the Skeena, Rivers Inlet, Naas, Lowe Inlet, Dean Channel, Namu Harbor, Bella Coola, Smith Inlet, Alert Bay, and Alberni Canal. In Alaska, where this fish is generally known as the red salmon, it is abundant and runs in great numbers in all suitable streams, of which the following are the most important: In southeast Alaska, Boca de Quadra, Naha, Yes Bay, Thorne Bay, Karta Bay, Nowiskay, Peter Johnson, Hessa, Hetta, Hunter Bay, Klawak, Redfish Bay, Stikine, Taku, Chilkoot, Chilkat, Alsek, Situk, Ankow, etc. ;1n central Alaska, Copper, Knik, Kenai, Susitna, Afognak, Karluk, Alitak, Chignik; and in the Bristol Bay region, the Ugashik, Egegik, N aknek, Kvichak, Nushagak, and Wood. It is also supposed to occur in small numbers in the Togiak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon Rivers, which debouch into Bering Sea, and possibly occurs in the Arctic streams of Alaska. The run in western Alaska begins usually early in June and extends usually to the middle of August, the bulk of the run occurring in the first three weeks of July. It begins earlier in Prince William Sound, however, and sometimes extends into September in southeast Alaska. The duration of the run averages about the same in each section. SILVER OR COHO SALMON The silver or coho salmon (0. kisutch) is silvery in spring, greenish on the upper parts, where there are a few faint black spots. In the fall the males are mostly of a dirty red. The flesh in this species is of excellent flavor, but paler in color than the red salmon, and hence less valued for canning purposes. The maximum weight is about 30 pounds, with a general average of about 6 pounds. The silver salmon is found as far south as Monterey Bay, where it appears during the month of July, and is taken by the trollers. From Eel River, in California, north, it is found in most of the coastal streams. It usually appears in July, and runs as late as November, the time of appearance and disappearance varying some- what in different sections. Owing to its late appearance compara- tively few, and they usually in the early part of the season, are packed by the canneries, most of which shut down in August and September. This fish also tarries but a short time about the mouth of the stream it is to enter, and is wary of nets, which makes it rather unprofitable to fish for the latter part of the season when it is running alone. HUMPBACK OR PINK SALMON The humpback or pink salmon (0. gorbuscha), the smallest of American species, weighs from 3 to 11 pounds, the average being about 4 pounds. Its color is bluish above, silvery below, the posterior and upper parts with many round black spots, the caudal fin always having a few large black spots oblong in shape. The males in fall are dirty red and are very much distorted in shape, a decided hump appearing on the back, from which deformity the species acquires itsname. The flesh is pale, hence its canned name, “pink” salmon. The southern limit of the fish is the San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, but only occasional specimens are found here and in the rivers to the northward until Puget Sound is reached. Here a large run appears every other year, the only place on the coast where such is the case. U. S. B. F.—Doc. 1092 FIG. 2—CHINOOK SALMON. BREEDING MALE FIG. 3.—SOCKEYE SALMON. ADULT MALE FIG. 4—COHO SALMON. BREEDING MALE U. S. B. F.—Doc. 1092 FIG. 5—CHUM SALMON. BREEDING MALE FIG. 6—HUMPBACK SALMON. ADULT MALE FIG. 7.—STEELHEAD TROUT PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 415 The humpback occurs in varying abundance in the waters of British Columbia, but it is in the waters of southeast Alaska that it appears in its greatest abundance. Many of the canneries in this region and some of those operating in central Alaska depend mainly upon the humpback for their season’s pack, and the canned product now occupies an excellent position in the markets of the world. The fish spawn in nearly all of the small, short streams. In western Alaska the runs are much smaller and the humpback is not much sought after by the cannery men, who are usually able to fill their cans with the more valuable species. In southeast Alaska the run begins in June and continues until September. In western Alaska the period is somewhat shorter. In Puget Sound it continues until late in the fall, although but few are taken after September 15. CHUM OR KETA SALMON The chum or keta salmon (0. keta) reaches a maximum weight of 16 pounds, the average being about 8 pounds. When it first appears along the coast it is dirty silvery, immaculate or sprinkled with small black specks, the fins dusky, the sides with faint traces of gridironlike bars. Later in the season the male is brick red or blackish, and its jaws are greatly distorted. Its flesh is light yellow, especially when canned. It is especially good for freezing, salting, and smoking. This species has a wide distribution. It is found as far south as San Lorenzo River, Santa Cruz County, Calif., but is not utilized commercially in California except on Eel River. It is found in most of the coastal streams from here north, being especially abundant from Puget Sound northward to southeast Alaska, both inclusive. In this region it is being utilized in greater abundance each year, as the market for it widens. In central, western, and arctic Alaska the species occurs in varying abundance, but it is utilized sparingly, except by the natives, with whom it is the favorite species dried for winter food for their dogs. The run of chum salmon comes later than that of any other species except the coho. In Alaska it begins in June, but the height of the season does not occur until late in August or early in September, and fish are found as late as November. In Puget Sound they run from about the middle of August till late in November, and practically the same is true in the Columbia River. STEELHEAD TROUT The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) is commonly classed as one of the salmons by the fishermen of the Pacific coast, and it has been included in this report on this account. It is said to have received its common name from the hardness of the skull, several blows of the club being required to kill the salmon when taken into the boat. In different localities the average weight is placed at from 8 to 15 pounds, while extreme sizes reach 45 pounds. The excellent quality of its flesh causes it to be highly prized for the fresh and frozen mar- kets, but owing to its pale color only limited quantities are canned. The principal center of abundance of this species is the Columbia River. Itis found from Carmel River, Calif., north to central Alaska, and possibly has an even wider range in Alaska, As a result of 416 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES extensive plants made during the last 10 or 11 years the range has been much extended on the Pacific coast as well as elsewhere in this country. It seems to be found in the rivers during the greater part of the year. In the Columbia River the spawning season is from February to May, in Puget Sound in the spring, and in southeast Alaska in May and June. The best commercial fishing is in January, February, and March. In California the catching of this species is restricted to hook and line fishing. AGE OF SALMON AT MATURITY As practically all salmon which have the opportunity spawn but once and then die, knowledge of the age at which this occurs is of great interest both from an economic and scientific standpoint. Many attempts have been made to solve the problem with the sockeye and king salmon, the most important commercially of the five species, by means of marking artificially reared fry, usually by clipping one of their fins before they are liberated, as noted elsewhere in this report, but with unsatisfactory results. Fortunately, certain experiments carried on in Tomales Bay, Calif., and in New Zealand, where king fry were planted in streams not frequented by the species in question and the return of the adults noted, have yielded some interesting and accurate information on the subject. These indicated that the age was four or more years, as no run was reported until the fourth year. A more certain method of determining the age of salmon has been developed in recent years through the adaptation by American scien- tists of the discovery by European investigators that the ridges observed on the scales of certain fishes indicated a period of growth of the animal itself. ; The late Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford University, as early as 1910, applied this method to the determination of the age of the various species of Pacific salmon. As to its application to the Pacific salmon and the general method followed, Doctor Gilbert has the fol- lowing to say: While the method is new as regards Pacific salmon, it has been experimentally tested and fully approved by the Fisheries Board of Scotland in the case of the Atlantic salmon, and is now universally accepted as furnishing reliable data as to the age and many other facts in the life history of that fish. It has been shown to be applicable also to various species of trout, and its value has been demon- strated in fishes as widely divergent as the carp, the eel, the bass, the flounder, and the cod. Descriptions of this scale structure and its significance have appeared in a large number of papers, both scientific and popular. It will suffice here to repeat that the scale in general persists throughout life, and. grows in proportion with the rest of the fish, principally by additions around its border. At intervals there is produced at the growing edge a delicate ridge upon the surface of the scale, the successive ridges thus formed being concentric and subcircular in contour, each representing the outline of the scale at a certain period in its development. Many of these ridges are formed in the course of a year’s growth, the number varying so widely in different individuals and during successive years in the his- tory of the same individual that number alone can not be depended on to deter- mine age. For this purpose we rely upon the fact that the fish grows at widely different rates during different seasons of the year, spring-summer being a period of rapid growth and fall-winter a season when growth is greatly retarded or almost wholly arrested. During the period of rapid growth the ridges are widely separated, While during the slow growth of fall and winter the ridges are crowded closely together, forming a dense band. ‘Thus it comes that the surface of the scale is mapped out in a definite succession of areas, a band of widely spaced rings always followed by a band of closely crowded rings, the two together constituting a single year’s growth. That irregularities occur will not be denied, and this is PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 417 natural, inasmuch as growth may be checked by other causes than the purely seasonal one. Also a considerable experience is requisite for the correct inter- pretation in many cases, and a small residue of doubtful significance has always remained. This element is too small to affect the general results, and further investigation will almost certainly eliminate the doubtful cases altogether.’ As a result of his investigations up to this point, Doctor Gilbert presented the following conclusions drawn from the data collected: 1. The sockeye spawns normally either in its fourth or fifth year, the king salmon in its fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh year, the females of both species being preponderatingly 4-year fish. 2. The young of both sockeye and king salmon may migrate seaward shortly after hatching, or may reside in fresh water until their second spring. Those of the first type grow more rapidly than the second, but are subject to greater dangers and develop proportionately fewer adults. 3. Coho salmon spawn normally only in their third year. The young migrate either as fry or yearlings, but adults are developed almost exclusively from those which migrate as yearlings. ; 4. Dog [chum] salmon mature normally either in their third, fourth, or fifth years, the humpback always in their second year. The young of both species pass to sea as soon as they are free swimming. seo ; 5. The term ‘‘grilse,’”’ as used for Pacific salmon, signifies conspicuously under- sized fish which sparingly accompany the spawning run. They are precociously developed in advance of the normal spawning period of the species. So far as known, the grilse of the king salmon, coho, and dog [chum] salmon are exclusively males; of the sockeye, almost exclusively males, except in the Columbia River, where both sexes are about equally represented. The larger grilse meet or overlap in size the smaller of those individuals which mature one year later at the normal-period. 6. Grilse of the sockeye are in their third year, of the king salmon in their second or third year, of the coho and the dog [chum] salmon in their second year. 7. The great differences in size among individuals of a species observed in the spawning run are closely correlated with age, the younger fish averaging con- stantly smaller than those one year older, though the curves of the two may overlap.® Since 1910 Doctor Gilbert devoted much of his time to inves- tigations ’ along this line, especially on the sockeye, with most interesting and valuable results. His observations on the sockeye runs of British Columbia indicate that they consist principally of four and five year fish and that these two classes appear during successive seasons in widely differing pro- portions; that each stream has its distinctive race of sockeye, the progeny returning at maturity to the parent stream; that sockeye fry rarely survive when they proceed to sea within the year in which they are hatched; and that sea feeding, with the consequent rapid erowth, is the most important factor in producing early maturity, an equal number of years in fresh water producing comparatively little effect. 5 Age at Maturity of the Pacific Coast Salmon of the Genus Oncorhynchus. By Charles H. Gilbert. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1912, Vol. XXXII, pp. 4, 5. Washington, 1913. 6 Age at Maturity of the Pacific Coast Salmon of the Genus Oncorhynchus. By Charles H. Gilbert. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1912, Vol. XX XII, pp. 21, 22. Washington, 1913. _ 7 Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 1.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report of British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1913, with Appendices, pp. R53-78. Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 2.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1914, with Appendices, pp. N45-75. Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 3.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1915, with Appendices, pp. 827-64, 6 p!s. Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 4.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1917, with Appendices, pp. Q33-80, 14 pls. Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No. 5.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1918, with Appendices, pp. X26-52, 24 pls. Contributions to the Life History of the Sockeye Salmon. (No.6.) By C. H. Gilbert. Report, British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ending Dec. 31, 1919, with Appendices, pp. U35-68, 6 pls. Victoria, British Columbia. 418 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Much along this line has been done by other biologists, in Canada, the United States, and Japan, and it is hoped that some day a full report on the natural history of the Pacific salmons may be prepared and published. MARKING SALMON A favorite recreation for quite a number of Pacific coast people has been the marking of ‘salmon fry in order to find out the age at which they return to spawn, the rate of growth, etc. Scattered through the reports of the various State fish commissions,. and occasionally in the reports of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, are to be found detailed reports of such markings and the sometimes remarkable results attained, apparently at varying periods subsequent to the marking. All sorts of marks were employed. The favorite was the removal of the adipose fin, the experimenters appearing to be of the opinion that the fish would miss this the least of any. However, the entire or partial removal of nearly every fin was practiced by some one or other of the many experimenters. Sometimes a V or a U was punched out of the tail or the gill cover, and in one or two instances a tag was employed. In time these marking experiments became so numerous, and so imperfect a record was kept of them by any central authority, that frequently it was impossible to tell, when an apparently marked specimen was obtained, where and when it was marked, and as a result but little dependence could have been placed upon them even had there been no other factors conspiring to vitiate their value. Fishermen are continually finding in their nets salmon which they feel sure have been marked by some hatchery. Scores of times in the course of his various investigations of the fisheries of this coast the writer has been told of or shown specimens which the fishermen thought had been marked. Many of these marks were on the side of the fish and represented an M or W, depending upon the angle from which viewed, and it was impossible, generally, to convince the fisher- men that this mark was caused by the twine of his gill net pressing on the side of the fish. The obvious fact that a fish could not survive when in the fry stage the infliction of such a mark did not occur to them. Frequently the scars left by the suctorial organs of the lamprey have been mistakenly supposed to be hatchery marks. This scar resembles very closely a date stamp on a canceled letter. One of the most interesting cases of salmon marking, and one which drives home the necessity for accepting reports of returns from such markings with extreme caution, is that of F. M. Chamberlain, then naturalist of the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross, on the Naha Stream in Alaska. In August, 1903, 1,600 red salmon fry, reared for the purpose from the 1902 eggs, at the Fortmann hatchery of the Alaska Packers Association, near Loring, Alaska, were marked by Mr. Chamberlain by excising both ventrals with fine curved scissors. The fry were released in the Naha River as soon as marked, at which time they were about three months old. In 1906 between 50 and 100 adult reds with ventral fins missing were reported by the superintendent of the hatchery at Yes Bay, which is located on the northern side of Behm Canal (Naha being on PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 419 the southern side) and some 15 miles farther up the canal than the mouth of Naha Stream. Some of these also had the adipose removed, this mark having also been used on some of the fry. At the Fort- mann hatchery, where they were marked, only two of these fish were obtained in 1906. From then on until 1912, a period of 91% years, the return of a number of these supposedly marked fish is noted each year at the two hatcheries in question, the number reported in the latter year being larger than in some of the intervening years. In 1912 Mr. Chamberlain himself pointed out the impossibility of these all being from the fry he had marked and no further attention was paid to them. The principal thing that this and some of the other many experi- ments in salmon marking prove is that the percentage of salmon which accidentally lose, either through disease or the attacks of their many enemies, one or more of their fins, or portions of same, is much larger than most people suppose. Out of the many millions taken annually i in commercial and fish cultural operations it is not surprising that some should be minus such exposed portions of their anatomy, and this percentage would doubtless be found to be considerable were particular attention directed toward it. As it is now, it is only occasionally that the fisherman notices such loss, or mentions the same when he does, unless his attention has been directed to it by particular inquiry. In the Chamberlain experiment, for instance, after 1907 considerable publicity was given to the search for such marked fish, and the writer, in his travels through southeast Alaska during the succeeding years until the end of 1911, frequently was told by fishermen that they had caught salmon with missing fins. Inquiry developed that while a few of the lost fins were the same as Chamber- lain had excised, a number were entirely different fins, showing that when the attention of fishermen was directed especially in this line many deformed fish would be found. The confusion resulting from the many marking experiments carried on by different people shows the absolute necessity of some central authority regulating them if any real results are to be achieved from this line of endeavor. In 1908 the Secretary of Commerce, under authority of sections 11 and 12 of the Alaska fisheries law, directed that any persons desiring to mark and release salmon in Alaska first consult with and secure the written consent of the Commissioner of Fisheries or of the agent at the salmon fisheries of Alaska. It would be an excellent thing if some such control could also be exercised over these operations in the coastal States. During the year 1916 Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford Univer- sity, assisted by Willis H. Rich, conducted salmon-marking experi- ments on an extensive scale. Late in the fall of 1915 a consignment of 100,000 eggs of the red salmon was forwarded to Seattle, Wash., from the station of the Bureau of Fisheries at Yes Bay, Alaska, of which 50,000 were reshipped to the Anderson Lake hatchery of the British Columbia Fisheries Department, located on the ocean side of Vancouver Island. The remaining 50,000 were sent to the Bureau of Fisheries hatchery at Quinault Lake, near the coast of Washington. The intention was as soon as the fry, hatched from these eggs, had developed into fingerlings to mark each lot with a distinctive marking and plant them in waters near the hatcheries, with the object of 420 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES proving that the adult fish would return to the stream in which they had passed their early existence, no matter where the eggs were taken. This plan could not be carried out at Anderson Lake, as the young fish resulting from the eggs, which were sent there, were not strong enough to survive the experiment. They were therefore liberated without marking. Those hatched at Quinault Lake were marked, however, and liberated in the summer of 1916. Doctor Gilbert has strong hopes that upon the return of the marked fish important data relating to the life history of the-species will be obtained. During February, March, and April, 1916, some 50,000 yearling sockeyes, which had been reared at the Bonneville hatchery of the Oregon Fish and Game Commission from eggs obtained from the Yes Bay (Alaska) hatchery of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, were marked by the removal of the adipose and both ventral fins, and the fish then liberated in Tanner Creek, a tributary of the Columbia. The fish were in an apparently healthy condition when liberated. In order to make sure that they suffered no ill effects from the marking a few were held until the wounds had healed perfectly, and these were not affected adversely. During the summer of 1918 a number of marked fish were reported to have returned and been caught. During the same period close watch was kept on the Quinault River for the return of marked sockeyes from that marking experi- ment but none were observed so far as known. OCEAN HOME OF THE SALMON All sorts of conjectures have been hazarded as to the ocean home of the salmon after the young fish have gone to sea and disappeared ap- parently from the ken of man. Many have conjured up visions of the vast schools of adult salmon surging along the coast hundreds of miles seeking for some suitable river in which to spawn, explaining in this wise the variations in the seasonal runs in different sections. Others think the fish go out into the greater depths of the ocean and there hide from man until the spawning instinct leads them back to the coast and thence to the stream in which they were born or planted. Discoveries of recent years have quite altered this uncertainty, and we now are reasonably certain that the vast majority of the salmon are comparatively near our coast line, while others stay in the bays, straits, and sounds virtually all the time when not in the rivers. Some years ago it was first noticed that king salmon would take the hook while in salt and brackish waters. At first only the anglers were interested in this fact, but as the demand for king salmon for mild curing became more insistent the commercial fishermen, attracted by the high prices paid, began to devote some attention to the fish dur- ing the early spring months, and soon trolling became a recognized branch of the industry. It was first taken up on a considerable scale in southeast Alaska in 1905.5 As the demand for the fish increased, the fishermen extended operations until almost all of southeast Alaska waters were being fished. The length of the fishing season was also increased until now only the severe weather of winter prevents them from fishing. However, the halibut trawls occasionally come up dur- ing the season with king salmon on them, showing that they are still on the ground. * Report on the Fisheries of Alaska. By John N. Cobb. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 618, pp. 19-21. Washington, 1907. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 421 The above is also true to a certain extent of the waters of British - Columbia and Puget Sound and to a lesser extent, so far as has been disclosed, of Monterey Bay and the Oregon coast. It has been known for some years that, the silver, or coho, salmon would also take tne hook under practically the same conditions as the king salmon, and the only reason this species has not been fished for to the same extent as the king has been because it was not large enough to be attractive to the mild curers, and hence there was a much lesser demand for it. It had been supposed that the other species did not feed when in coastal waters, but Marsh and Cobb ® state quite differently: Other species of salmon, in addition to the king, are found to take the trolling hook. For several weeks in July trollers in Union Bay, in southeast Alaska, caught a number of cohos and humpbacks while trolling for kings. The hump- backs were caught mainly with a spoon, no bait being used. Most of them appeared to have been feeding on needlefish and herring, according to the cutter who dressed them. A few red salmon are reported to have been caught on the trolling line by fishermen operating for king salmon in the neighborhood of Mary Island, near Dixon Entrance. Several fishermen report having in previous years frequently taken dog [chum] salmon on a hook in the bays along Chatham Strait. In 1909 Mr. J. R. Heckman, of Ketchikan, Alaska, a well-known cannery man, told the writer that, while he was trying to install a floating trap near Cape Chacon, at the lower end of Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska, he on several occasions observed red salmon feeding on what he called a red shrimp. This was also observed in 1912, when Doctor Gilbert reported, in connection with his observations of salmon fishing on Swiftsure Bank, off the Straits of San Juan de Fuca, that ‘during the past summer it was observed by Mr. J. P. Babcock and the writer that the sockeye on the Bank were feeding extensively on a small shrimp-like crustacean (Thysanoessa spinifera, Holmes), which floats in incredible numbers on the tides and forms a favorite food for the other species as well as for the sockeye.”’?° He also found all the other species feeding vora- ciously in this neighborhood. The experience of the fishermen operating in and off Port Moller, in Bering Sea, also affords confirmatory evidence along this line. A cannery was established on Port Moller in 1913, the avowed purpose of the owners being to catch what they claimed would be the enor- mous schools which annually resort to the great rivers of Bristol Bay, some 210 miles to the eastward from Port Moller. This cannery made a fairly large pack for a season or two, using purse seines in Bering Sea and traps along the shore. Misled by this, three other canneries were built in 1916 and 1917. In a season or two the catches of the combined plants had dropped to much less than the catch of the one cannery when operating alone, thus showing that the fishermen were operating on a run which was local to that neighborhood. This is borne out by the fact that the Bristol Bay runs showed no appreciable diminution when the catch was lowest at Port Moller. The pack of the Port Moller canneries for certain years was as follows: 9 The Fisheries of Alaska in 1909. By Millard C. Marsh and John N. Cobb. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 730, p. 26. Washington, 1910. 10 The Salmon on Swiftsure Bank. By Charles H. Gilbert. Report of British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for year ending Dec, 31, 1912, and Appendix, p.116. Victoria, British Columbia. 422 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of the Port Moller canneries Number Number Year | of can- Sean Year of can- ca | neries |, Packe neries | P LOIS | Seb h Fe CER SOS 2 ea eS. | 1 44.150)||, 10; /2ae eee ees eee 4 39, 688 1914 5.2 4s Ste eee 1 87, 175y|| LOR eater ee ok Ae 4 124, 884 ROLG SS. Ab ae 58 Ee 1 106, 67401) "LOID Eset eso. | Sie ee 2 29, 849 LOGS he SAN SCO 2} 132, 367 | These observations would tend to confirm the belief which has been steadily growing in favor for some years that the salmon either spend the greater part of their life in the bays, straits, and sounds, or else in regions adjacent to the coast line. The reason they had not been found in this region earlier is doubt- less due to the fact that during the fall, winter, and spring months the weather on the north Pacific coast is such that fishing operations can not be carried on along the open coast, while in summer the fishermen are all busy on the spawning runs and have no time to devote to fish not yet arrived at maturity, which are probably feeding along the coast as usual. FISHING GROUNDS AND HISTORY OF THE FISHERIES " WASHINGTON Puget Sound.—Strictly speaking, the name Puget Sound should be restricted to that long, narrow arm extending south from the Strait of Juan de Fuca, but a practice has developed, and is now common among fishermen and others, of designating all the great water area in the State of Washington, comprising Puget Sound proper, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Canal de Haro, Rosario Strait, the Gulf of Georgia, and the smaller straits, bays, and sounds, as Puget Sound, and this practice, for the sake of convenience, has been followed in this report. This great indentation in the coast, with its numerous islands and many fine harbors, has greatly aided the development of this portion of Washington and has been specially favorable to the prosecution of the salmon and other fisheries. Numerous rivers and creeks enter the Sound, the more important of these being on the eastern shore and comprising the Nooksack, Skagit, Stillaguamish, Snohomish, Duwamish, Puyallup, and Nisqually. On the southern and western shores the tributary streams are nearly all small, the more important being the Skokomish, Quilcene, Dungeness, and Elwha. As on other bodies of water on the Pacific coast frequented by salmon, the Indians were fishing for them when the first whites visited the country. The natives at this time, and for many years after, used reef nets and hooks and lines in the salt water, and spears, dip nets, and weirs in the rivers. Traders first reached the head- waters of the Fraser River and gradually worked down the same until they reached the sea. For many years this region was comparatively isolated from the rest of the world, and the completion of transcontinental railroads has not completely changed this, owing to its distance from large 1! For some of the regions the historical data are fragmentary and can not be considered as other than historical notes, It is hoped that some one will write a history of the industry before all of the pioneers have passed away, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 423 consuming centers. As a result of this isolation, it was necessary for many years to resort to methods of preparation which would insure the preservation of the product for indefinite periods. Salting naturally came first, followed by canning, while the shipping of fresh salmon has been steadily growing in importance as transporta- tion facilities increased. The Northwest Co., a large fur-trading organization, about the beginning of last century first introduced the salting process and this was continued by the Hudson Bay Co. Both companies carried on the business primarily for the purpose of providing a winter stock for the use of their employees and for local sale. As shipping de- veloped on the Pacific, a considerable export trade in salted salmon was developed with the Hawaiian Islands, Australia, China, and Japan, and with the eastern United States. Quinnat, or spring, and sockeye salmon were the principal species employed in the earlier years. After the boundary line between Canada and the United States had been established in 1846, and what is now the State of Wash- ington was acknowledged as part of the latter, a number of small traders and fish packers succeeded the Hudson Bay Co. In the early sixties several men were engaged in the business at Point Roberts, according to the Olympia Columbian of September 10, 1853. In 1873 V. T. Tull, of Olympia, established a salmon fishery at Mukilteo, principally for putting up fish in barrels. The first year 500 barrels were packed at Mukilteo, after which the fishery was moved tem- porarily to Seattle to take the late run up the Duwamish River, which is usually large. Fifteen hundred good large salmon have been taken at one haul of the seine in the Puyallup. Bancroft’s History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana contains among others the following references ” to the early fishermen of the Sound: In 1874 Corbette & Macleay, of Portland, founded a fishery at Tacoma. Sixty barrels were packed in five days, only three men being employed.mNew Tacoma Tribune, November 14, 1874. In 1876, John Bryggot, a Norwegian, founded another fishery at Salmon Bay, 6 miles north of Olympia. In 1878 a company of Puget Sound men established a fourth at Clallam Bay. They put up the first season 600 casks of salmon and 700 of halibut.—Morse’s Wash. Terr., MS., xviii, 17-18. In the following season D. D. Hume established a fishery near Steilacoom for the purpose of salting salmon. In 1880 H. Levy, of Seattle, went to London with 100 barrels to introduce Puget Sound salted salmon to that market. In 1882 asalmon packing establishment was opened at Old Tacoma by Williams. Salmon ran in great numbers this year. One boat brought in a thousand fish. The extension of the railroad to Puget Sound, thus furnishing an outlet to the rapidly growing population in the Middle West, did much to aid the industry. This also gave opportunity to begin the shipping of fresh halibut and salmon to eastern pomts. Ainsworth & Dunn, of Seattle, operating later under the name of the Seattle Fish Co., were the first successful pioneers in this branch of the industry, beginning about 1889, and carrying it on until they sold out in 1901, as noted later. 12 History of the Pacific States, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845-1889, vol. 26, pp. 345-349, By Hubert Howe Bancroft. 112992°—30——_2 424 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES In 1903 the San Juan Fishing & Packing Co., which had begun the fresh-fish business in 1899, bought this business from the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co., to which it had been sold in 1901. The first salmon cannery on Puget Sound was erected by Jackson, Myers & Co., in 1877, at Mukilteo, in Snohomish County. The mem- bers of this firm had all been engaged previously in salmon canning on the Columbia River. The first pack was of 5,000 cases, composed wholly of silver, or coho, salmon. Later at this plant were put up the first humpbacks ever canned. In order to divert the minds of purchasers from the fact that the meat of the humpback was much lighter in color than the grades then known to the consuming public, the company printed on its label the legend, ‘‘ Warranted not to turn red in the can.” Even with this shrewd sizing up of the weak side of the consuming public the demand for humpback, or pink, salmon developed very slowly, and it was some years before it became a factor in the markets. Within a year or two after the opening of the above plant another was started at Mukilteo by a man named Bigelow. In 1880 the Myers’s cannery was destroyed by a heavy fall of snow. It was rebuilt in West Seattle and was operated till 1888, when it was destroyed by fire. George T. Myers, now sole owner, built a new cannery at Milton, which was burned two years later, and he then came back to Seattle and built a cannery about where Ainsworth & Dunn’s dock now stands. He remained here only one season, after which he moved to where the Pacific Coal Co.’s bunkers are now. Late in 1901 he sold out his plant to the United Fish Co., which com- pany moved the plant to the foot of Connecticut Avenue, where they continued operations for two or three years and then quit. The first Puget Sound sockeye cannery was built at Semiahmoo, near Blaine, by J. A. Martin and John Elwood about the year 1891. It was bought in 1892 for $500 by D. Drysdale, who shortly after- ward rebuilt and greatly enlarged the plant. In the same year Mr. Drysdale demonstrated the commercial success of fish traps. Traps had been in operation before this, however. In 1893 Ainsworth & Dunn had a trap at Five Mile Rock, just beyond the lighthouse at Magnolia Bluff (now a part of Seattle), and there had been a trap or two in Elliott Bay even prior to this. Traps had not been profitable in this section, however, owing to the cheapness and abundance of salmon, haul seines being cheaper and more profitable to operate. A man named H. B. Kirby, who came originally from Nova Scotia, and another named Goodfellow put in the first trap for Mr. Drysdale. During the early years of sockeye canning they were not sold to the trade as sockeyes, but as Alaska reds and Columbia River salmon, for which there had been an established market for some years. H. Bell-Irving & Co., of Vancouver, British Columbia, were the pioneers in the labeling of the fish as sockeyes, this being in 1894—95. Like all virtually new products, sockeye salmon had a hard fight for several years to secure a foothold in the salmon markets, and it was not until the Spanish-American War in 1898 caused a heavy demand for canned foods that its position became finally established. By 1900 a number of canneries had been erected on the shores of Puget Sound, most of which were then in active operation. In 1901 the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. was organized under the laws PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 425 of the State of New Jersey for the purpose of acquiring a number of salmon canneries on the coast. It was supposed to be backed by unlimited eastern capital, and its authorized capitalization was as follows: Common stock, $12,500,000; 7 per cent accumulative pre- ferred stock, $12,500,000; and 6 per cent debentures, $7,000,000. It actually issued $6,037,000 common stock, $6,963,000 preferred stock, and $3,000,000 debentures. Subsequently the management effected an exchange of preferred stock for debentures, increasing the for- mer to about $7,500,000 and decreasing the debentures to about $1,650,000. The new company purchased a number of canneries in Alaska, also the following Puget Sound plants: Pacific American Fisheries Co.’s canneries at Fairhaven (now Bellingham) and Friday Harbor, the Ainsworth & Dunn canneries at Blaine and Seattle, and the Fair- haven Packing Co. cannery at Fairhaven. The company had a very short career, ending up in the bank- ruptcy courts in 1903, and when all its affairs were wound up the stockholders received nothing, while the bondholders got but an exceedingly paltry sum out of all the money put into it. Most of the canneries secured on Puget Sound were repurchased by their former owners or by new people. In 1915 there were 41 canneries in operation. From this time on the industry fluctuated considerably. The blockade in the Fraser River in the big sockeye year of 1913, as noted elsewhere, caused a great falling off in the sockeye pack in subsequent “‘big years,’”’ with the result that there were 45 canneries in operation in 1917, 23 in 1921, 23 in 1925, and 14 in 1928. Soleduck River —This is a small stream, about 30 miles in length, which flows through the southwestern part of Clallam County and empties directly into the ocean. The Quillayute Indian Reservation is located here and the natives formerly caught salmon and marketed them on Puget Sound, but a small cannery, started at Mora, on this river, in 1912, furnished a market for the catch up to the end of 1915, when it was abandoned. Hoh River.—This is a comparatively small river, which is wholly within Jefferson County, and debouches into the ocean in the north- western part of the county. It passes through the Hoh Indian Reservation in its lower reaches. A cannery was built here in 1917 by Fletcher Bros. and has been operated most seasons since. In the spring of 1919 it was moved to a more convenient location about a mile from the original site. Queets River.—This river, which is about 35 miles long, rises in the northern part of Jefferson County and empties directly into the ocean in the northwestern part of Grays Harbor County, within the bounds of the Quinault Indian Reservation. A small salmon cannery was built at Queets, in Jefferson County, in 1905, and has been operated nearly every season since. Quinault River—This river, which enters the ocean in the north- western part of Grays Harbor County, has a length from the ocean to Quinault Lake of about 40 miles, wholly within the boundaries of the Quinault Indian Reservation. This stream is especially noted for its long-continued annual run of Quinault salmon (QO. nerka). These fish, which are noted for their especially red-colored flesh, make their appearance early in 426 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES December, when the Indians generally catch them for their own use, as they fear that if the whites got hold of the fish they might throw away the hearts. Should a heart be eaten at this time by a dog or chicken, the Indians believe the run would not come. In January, when the fish begin to be abundant, all danger of this seems to have passed, for the Indians then usually have a considerable number for sale, and these are generally shipped to distant markets in a fresh condition by the buyers. As soon as the canneries open at Moclips most of the fish are disposed of at that place. The run continues up to July 1. May and June are the best fishing months. There is a fall run of chinooks in this river, which usually arrives in August and ends about October 15. The silver salmon appear about October 1 and the run is generally over by November 15; the chum salmon appear about November 1, and the run is usually over by the middle of the same month, while the steelhead trout run between November 20 and May 1. None of the latter are canned. Moclips, the terminus of the railroad, is about 10 miles from the river, and the fish are all taken by team to this place. Twenty fish, weighing approximately 100 pounds, are put in each box, and these are piled onto the wagons until a load has been accumulated. The team owners get 50 cents a box for hauling the loaded ones to Moclips and 5 cents a box for bringing the empty ones back. In 1915 the records of the Indian agent show that the Indians fishing on the north side of the river caught 219,654 Quinault salmon, valued at $49,820, while those on the south side caught 135,353 of these fish, valued at $30,528.60, or a grand total of 355,007 fish, valued at $80,348.60. This does not take into account the results of the fishing for the other species of salmon and steelhead trout, which quite materially swell the total. Fishing is restricted to the Indians, who also make their own fishery laws, with the advice and approval of the Office of Indian Affairs, as the State laws have no force inside the bounds of the reser- vation. Under the regulations now in force a clear channel of one- third the width must be left in the middle of the stream, which is from 250 to 300 yards in width. Each owner of a fishing location has to fish it in person; provided, however, that widows, orphans, minor children, old Indians, and those who are sick or have gainful occupations other than fishing are allowed to lease their locations or hire some one to fish them, and then only with the approval of the officer in charge. During the Quinault season stake nets are used, while the rest of the time, as a result of the freshets, drift gill nets are used in the eddies. The stake nets are arranged in a rather peculiar manner. A line of stakes is run out for about one-third the width at right angles to the shore, and to these are attached a net by short ropes. From each stake a section of net is run out and downstream, curving inward like a hook at the end, the latter part being held in place by three stakes. The stake nets are 40 to 60 meshes deep, with 5\-inch stretch mesh, and are set 85 yards apart. A set of these as described above forms one fishing location. The chinook gill nets are usually 8% to 9 inches stretch mesh and 24 meshes deep, while the gill nets for silvers, chums, and steelheads are of 7-inch stretch mesh and 35 meshes deep. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 427 For some years the salmon from the Quinault River were brought to Hoquiam and Aberdeen for canning. In 1911 W. W. Kurtz, of the former place, began the erection of a cannery at Moclips for the purpose of packing these fish, and the same season his example was followed by Frank Shafer. Only one cannery was in operation in 1928. Grays Harbor.—This is the first important indentation on the coast of Washington south of Cape Flattery. It is about 40 miles long from east to west and about 20 miles wide in the widest part. The principal tributary is the Chehalis River, but there are a number of small streams which debouch into the harbor. In 1883 B. A. Seaborg, who operated a cannery on the Columbia River, established a plant at what was later to be the thriving city of Aberdeen, although at that time it was practically a wilderness. In 1902 the North American Fisheries Co. built a plant at Aber- deen. Shortly after it came into the possession of the Grays Harbor Packing Co., and on June 8, 1903, it was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt and operated by this company until 1906, when it was sold to S. Elmore & Co. The Hoquiam Packing Co. built a cannery at Hoquiam in 1904 and operated it each season for a number of years. In 1910, 2 canneries were in operation at Aberdeen and Hoquiam, respectively; in 1915 there were 3 at the former place and 1 at the latter; in 1919 there were 6 in operation; while in 1928 there were 4 in operation. Willapa Harbor.—The entrance to this harbor, which also includes Shoalwater Bay, is about 27 miles south of Grays Harbor. The har- bor runs east and west and is about 25 miles long. Shoalwater Bay extends south from it a distance of about 30 miles, its southern por- tion ending about a mile from the Columbia River and its west- ern side being separated from the ocean by a spit varying in width from three-fourths to one mile. The bay is shallow, excepting in the main channel. The principal salmon streams entering the harbor are the Nasel and North Rivers, in which most of the pound or trap nets are located. In 1884 B.A. Seaborg, a Columbia River canner, established a plant on Shoalwater Bay, as the whole of Willapa Harbor was then known. About 1900 F. C. Barnes established a cannery at Sunshine, on the Nasel River, but the run of salmon on this river soon became so small that the plant was abandoned and the machinery moved to Mr. Barnes’s cannery at South Bend. In 1904 P. J. McGowan, the Columbia River canner, opened a cannery on the North River. Mr. McGowan, who was over 80 years of age at the time, had turned the control of his important Columbia River canning interest over to his sons, but finding idleness not to his liking, started this cannery in order to have something to occupy his time. He operated it for several years and then abandoned the project. In 1912 the Chetlo Harbor Packing Co., established a cannery at Chetlo Harbor, but operated it only that year and in 1914. In 1919 only 2 canneries, both of them at South Bend, operated on Willapa Harbor, while in 1928 there were 4 in operation. 428 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES COLUMBIA RIVER The Columbia, which is the largest river of the Pacific coast, rises in British Columbia, flows through Washington, reaching the north- ern border of Oregon about 75 miles west of the State’s eastern boundary; from this point the river forms the dividing line between Oregon and Washington, its general course being westerly. It empties into the Pacific at Cape Disappointment. Its principal tributaries are the Spokane, Yakima, Snake, John Day, Deschutes, and Willamette Rivers, and through these the main river drains an enormous extent of territory. This river, which has produced more salmon than any other river in the world, has had a most interesting history. Many years before the white man saw its waters the Indians visited its banks during the annual salmon runs and caught and cured their winter’s supply of food. Along the shores of the river at The Dalles for 15 miles were notable fisheries where various bands, who lived south and north, had their respective fishing locations, and to which all others were forbidden access. They used spears and dip nets in catching the salmon, the majority of which were dried and smoked for winter use. This dip, or basket, net was fastened to a pole about 30 feet long and shd on a hoop. The Indian filled it by slinging it as far as possible up the stream and then hauling it up, the weight of the fish closing the net by drawing it on the hoop. A favorite preparation of the Indians who resorted to the river was pemmican. This was the meat of the salmon cleaned of the bones, pounded up fine, and then packed in hempen sacks of home manufacture. A sack of pemmican weighed from 80 to 90 pounds and was worth in barter as much as an ordinary horse. Captain Wilkes, United States Navy, has the following to say with respect to salmon fishing by natives at Kettle Falls on the Columbia River near the present city of Colville, Wash., at the time of his visit there in 1841: There is an Indian village on the banks of the great falls, inhabited by a few families, who are called ‘‘Quiarlpi’’ (basket people), from the circumstance of their using baskets to catch their fish (salmon). The season for the salmon fishery had not yet (in June ?) arrived, so that our gentlemen did not see the man- ner of taking the fish; but, as described to them, the fishing apparatus consists of a large wicker basket supported by long poles inserted into it and fixed in the rocks. The lower part, which is of the basket form, is joined to a broad frame spreading above, against which the fish in attempting to jump the falls strike and are thrown back into the basket. This basket during the fishing season is raised three times in the day (24 hours), and at each haul not unfrequently con- tains 300 fine fish. A division of these takes place at sunset each day under the direction of one of the chief men of the village, and to each family is allotted the number it may be entitled to; not only the resident Indians, but all who may be there fishing, or by accident, are equally included in the distribution.’ The first American to engage in fishing on the Columbia River was Capt. Nathaniel J. Wyeth, of Massachusetts, who in 1832 crossed overland to Oregon with the purpose of establishing salmon fisheries in connection with prosecuting the Indian and fur trade. He dis- patched a vessel via Cape Horn to the Columbia with trading goods, but she was never heard from after sailing. In the meantime Wyeth had established a station at Fort Hall, on the Lewis River, a branch of the Columbia. 13 Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842. By Charles Wilkes, U. S. Navy, commander of the expedition. In 5 volumes. Vol. IV, pp. 444, 445. Philadelphia, Lee & Blanchard, 1845. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 429 In 1833 Captain Wyeth returned overland to Boston, while the rest of his party dispersed throughout the Columbia Valley. Far from disheartened by the disaster to his vessel, Captain Wyeth dis- patched the brig May Dacre, Captain Lambert, laden with trading goods and supplies, to the Columbia River via Cape Horn, while he crossed overland with 200 men. He established a salmon fishery and fort at the lower end of Wappatoo (now Sauvies) Island, at the mouth of the Willamette River. The salmon fishery did not prove successful and the brig sailed in 1835 with only a half cargo of fish and did net come back. The same year Captain Wyeth broke up both the establishment here and on the Lewis River and, disheartened, returned to Massachusetts, having found the competition of the Hudson Bay Co. too powerful for him. In August, 1840, Capt. John H. Couch, in command of the brig Maryland, which belonged to Cushing & Co., of Newburyport, Mass., arrived in the Columbia River. After taking a few salmon the vessel left in the autumn, never to return. On April 2, 1842, Captain Couch reappeared in the river with a new vessel, the Chenamus, named after the chief of the Chinooks. With his cargo of goods he estab- lished himself at the present site of Oregon City, the first American trading house to be established in the Willamette Valley. He also established a small fishery on the Columbia River. The vessel returned to Newburyport in the autumn. The next American vessel to come in established a far from enviable record. There is no record of her name, but she was commanded by a man named Chapman and entered the river April 10, 1842. She came for the purpose of trading and fishing and remained till autumn. During her presence in the river it is charged she sold liquor to the Clatsop and other savages, as a result of which much bloodshed and discord resulted. About 1857 John West began salting salmon in barrels at Westport, on the lower Columbia. In February, 1859, the Washington Legislature passed an act pro- hibiting nonresidents from taking fish on the beach of the Columbia between Point Ellis and Cape Hancock. Bancroft '* states: On the 26th of January, 1861, J. T. Lovelace and W. H. Dillon were granted the exclusive right to fish in the Columbia for a distance of 1 mile along its banks and extending from low-water mark half a mile toward the middle of the stream. In 1861 H. N. Rice and Jotham Reed began packing salted salmon in barrels at Oak Point, 60 miles below Portland. The first season’s pack amounted to 600 barrels. The venture proved fairly profitable and was soon participated in by others. In the spring of 1866 William Hume, who had assisted in starting the first salmon cannery in the United States on the Sacramento River in 1864, finding the run of fish in the latter stream rather dis- appointing, started a cannery for Hapgood, Hume & Co. on the Columbia at Eagle Cliff, Wash., about 40 miles above Astoria. The year this first cannery operated the following fishermen were operating in the river: Jotham Reed used a trap and a small gill net opposite Oak Point; Mr. Wallace fished a small seine from the shore of an island of that name a short distance below; John T. M. Harrington (who was later to establish the Pillar Rock cannery), in 1 History of the Pacific States, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845-1889, vol. 26, p. 349. By Hubert Howe Bancroft. 430 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES conjunction with a man named Fitzpatrick, operated a seine at Tenasillihe, as did also a Mr. Welch; P. J. McGowan, who, with his sons, in 1884 started a cannery at McGowan, and later, at Warrendale, Ilwaco, etc., operated two small seines at Chinook Beach; and Hap- good, Hume & Co. had two small gill nets about 125 fathoms in length and 32 meshes deep. The gill net of Mr. Reed was much smaller than these. At this period the river literally swarmed with salmon, and the cannery had no trouble in packing 4,000 cases, which it increased to 18,000 the next year and to 28,000 cases in 1868. In 1867 a crude cannevy on a scow was started by S. W. Aldrich, a ship carpenter. The scow was about 50 by 20 feet, with a cabin on it, and in one end of this he constructed a brick furnace in which he set a large cast-iron cauldron for a cooker. Along one side he rigged a bench and manufactured the cans. Aldrich was a regular jack-of-all-trades, as he did everything from catching the fish to canning and cooking them ready for the market. In 1868 a cannery was built near Eagle Cliff by one of the Humes, while in 1873 R. D. Hume built another at Bay View, Wash. He operated it until 1876, when Mr. Leveridge, of Leveridge, Wadhams & Co., of San Francisco, bought it and operated it during 1877 and 1878. George W. Hume took it then and a few years later sold it to David Morgan, jr., who got into financial difficulties, and the plant was ordered sold by the court. C. W. Fulton, of Astoria, later a United States Senator, had the matter in charge, but was unable to find a customer, and finally in desperation offered it to W. H. Barker, of George & Barker, for $600. Mr. Fulton closed with him the same day. It proved a most profitable transaction for the purchasers, who acquired a million and a half labels which could be utilized, the machinery was taken out for other plants, the timber on the land belonging to the tract sold, and the floating property sold for a considerable sum, after which the stripped plant and land were sold back to Mr. Morgan for $600, the purchase price. He sold it to George W. Hume, who wanted it to correct a title. It was sold for taxes a couple of years later and was bought in by B. A. Seaborg, who operated it for two years, since when it has been idle. George W. Hume was the first salmon canner to employ Chinese. This was at Eagle Cliff in 1872. At this period the white laborers in the canneries were recruited from the riffraff and criminal element of Portland. He had a Chinese working for him and through this man secured a Chinese gang from Portland. This labor proved so satisfactory that the custom soon spread to the other canneries. It was not found that the Chinese could do the work any better or quicker than the white laborer, but they proved more reliable in their work and gave less trouble. Donald and Kenneth Macleay, of Portland, and William Corbitt, of San Francisco, who were in business in Portland, were the first to make a direct shipment of canned salmon to Liverpool. This was in 1871, and the shipment abroad that year amounted to 30,000 cases. Of the 35 canneries on the Columbia River in 1881, it is said that about one-half had been established by the Hume brothers. and William Hume were partners in the firm of Hapgood, Hume & Co., on the Sacramento River, and established the first cannery on PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 431 the Columbia. In 1881 William was the proprietor of two canneries, one. at Astoria, Oreg., and one at Eagle Cliff, Wash. R. D. Hume, a third brother, in the same year had a cannery in operation on the Rogue River, and established three others, one at Eagle Cliff (then owned by William Hume), one at Rainier (then belonging to Jackson & Myers), and one at Astoria. The fourth brother, Joseph, came to the coast in 1871 and some time later established a cannery on the river. One of the pioneer canners on the river was the late F. M. Warren, operating as the Warren Packing Co., who established a cannery, at Cathlamet, Wash., in 1869. The same company is still operating the plant. Later another cannery was established at Warrendale, Oreg., and it also is still operated by this company. Mr. Warren was the inventor of a retort, patented on April 10, 1877, which was in use by the principal canneries on the coast for a number of years. John West was another pioneer. He built a cannery at Hungry Harbor, Wash., about 1869. In 1881 he moved his plant to West- port, on the Oregon side of the river. Mr. West was the inventor of a packing machine for placing the fish in the cans. In 1871 the firm of Megler & Jewett established a cannery on the present site of Brookfield, Wash., and named it in honor of Mrs. Meg- ler’s birthplace, North Brookfield, Mass. In 1876 the plant was greatly enlarged and J. G. Megler bought out his partners and took in Mr. Macleay, of Corbitt-Macleay, wholesale grocers, of Portland and San Francisco, and changed the firm name to J. G. Megler & Co., under which title it operated “until 1929. In 1879 Mr. Megler bought out this partner and owned the plant until his death in 1915, since when it was operated by his widow for a number of years and then was leased. The first soldering machine used on the Columbia River was in this plant, while the steam box and lacquering machines were first put in use on the river in this plant. In 1874 the Adair brothers, S. D. and John, jr., erected a cannery at Astoria, the second one to be built there. Before packing began, A. Booth, the well-known Chicago fish dealer, and progenitor of the present Booth Fisheries Co., acquired a half interest in the plant, which was then named A. Booth & Co. John Adair, jr., was the manager. The brothers established canneries on the Fraser River and in some seasons exchanged places in operating on the two rivers. S. D. Adair sold out his cannery on the Fraser and bought one on the Columbia and operated it under the firm name of S. D. Adair & Co. After selling out his interest in A. Booth & Co., S. D. Adair formed a partnership with William B. Adair under the style of S. D. Adair & Co. in 1881. The brothers were active in the industry for a number of years. J. O. Hanthorn, under the firm name of J. O. Hanthorn & Co., established one of the largest canneries on the river at Astoria in 1876. He invented a rotary can washer for washing cans after they were filled ready for soldering and before the tops were put on. In the same year Marshall J. Kinney began his long and interesting career in the canning business by establishing a cannery at Astoria. One of the most noted men the Columbia River produced was Mathias Jensen, a Dane, who fished there for some years. He achieved especial fame from his important inventions in canning machinery. His first invention, however, was a machine for filling 432 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES needles for knitting salmon nets. He next invented a can-filling machine, which is in common use to-day. He also invented the first topping machine, which was a marked success. The patent rights of both these machines were sold to the Alaska Packers Association. The machines were all made at the plant of the Astoria Iron Works, at Astoria, of which Mr. John Fox was the founder. The first fish trap or pound on the river was constructed by Mr. Graham, in Baker Bay, on the Washington shore, in 1879. In1881 Mr. P. J. McGowan built some traps just below the bay. The traps were very successful at times. The first purse seine on the river was operated by William Graham & Co. in 1906. Below appears a list of the canneries operated on the Columbia River in 1881, together with the pack of each during the year in question: J. Williams (Oregon side)____ 9,000 | J. W. & V. Cook___-_--__--- 30, 000 Astoria Packing Co_-------- 30, 000')::F eM: Warren) 2.2223) 2 ase" 12, 000 Elmore Packing Co-_----_--- 7,890 4nd) West... hoe eae 12, 000 Astoria Fishery (M. J. Kin- Jackson & Myers(2 canneries). 13, 000 MGV) ahs 2S oe rc 26, 000 | Aberdeen Packing Co. (Wash- Win cuume: 62 se fies SaaS 20, 000 ington Territory side) ~~~ -- 17, 000 Geo.- Wibumes? Cee aes 18, 000 | Jos. Hume, Knappton-__----- 20, 225 Devin & Coie 5ses ah fee 20,000; | ;Billax Rock Cok] 4.2225 eae 15, 000 Occident Packing Co___----- 15, 000 | J. G. Megler & Co___--=-_-- 25, 000 Westcoast <' e 15, 000 | Columbia Canning Co_-_--__- 8, 000 Badollet 02-4.) ee 25, 000’) R: Di Hume &° Colt eeseiee 8, 300 Booth & Cont ys eee aa 23, 000 | Cathlamet Cannery--------- 8, 000 Dagle Canneryiz 2o3 joe 2 2 Ne 300) wJisisia@ imme ee ee 5, 000 Tints 6c) CO ses ee ts 8,000 | Cutting & Co. s 2) 3-2 se 20, 000 Fishermen’s Packing Co_---- 19, 000 | Eureka Packing Co__------- 20, 000 SD Adair anon zee eee 10, 000.) Hapgood'& Coz == =e Ss eaee 13, 000 Anglo-American Packing Co__ 10, 300 | Eagle Cliff Cannery ------.-- 10, 000 Hanthornidc: | Cozs sae ses S42 19, 000 er Scandinavian Co- ---------- 20, 000 Total. 2.0 eae 549, 115 An interesting compilation prepared by the Portland Board of Trade = shows the total product in cases, the price per case of 48 pounds, and the price for each fish paid by the canneries to the fishermen from 1866 to 1881: = Total . Cost of rn Total : Cost of Year product Price fish Year product Price fish Cents Cents 186633 2 22 2 eae 4, 000 $16. 00 15 1874 oso ee ee 350, 000 $6. 50 25 LRG Se oe Se 18, 000 13. 00 15 DC yf ee i oe 375, 000 5. 60 25 S68) 35 ee 28, 000 12. 00 20 S765 ss. 28 Sees 450, 000 4. 50 25 1b.) Reet EE Siete | 100, 000 10. 00 20 1877 2-8. - eee 460, 000 5, 20 25 0 eat ene ees 150, 000 9. 00 20 1878242 -- See | 460, 000 5. 00 25 IST1 Ss So See se 200, 000 9. 50 2016) 1879. 2-5-2 480, 000 4. 60 50 S72 oe ae 250, 000 8. 00 25 18800 eee 530, 000 4. 80 50 187332---4275 “Pidioes 250, 000 7. 00 25 1881 rt Reese 550, 000 5. 00 60 The banner year in the canning industry was 1884, when 620,000 cases of chinook salmon were marketed. At this time the runs were so enormous that tons and tons of salmon were thrown overboard by the fishermen because the canneries were unable to handle them. As in other sections, there came a time when the market began to be glutted by the packs of the numerous canneries, and it was found | 15 The Commerce and Industries of the Pacific Coast of North America, pp. 372, 373. By John §, Hittell. San Francisco, 1882, | PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 433 necessary to combine some of the plants in order to operate more cheaply and also to reduce the output. In 1885 W. H. Barker and George H. George, who had been con- nected with various canneries, formed a partnership as George & Barker and purchased the Astoria cannery of the Port Adams Packing Co., then 2 years old. Shortly before this a combination which was named the Eureka & Epicure Packing Co. had been formed and comprised the following plants: Knappton Packing Co., Knappton; North Shore Packing Co., just below Knappton; and the Eureka Packing Co. This combination got into financial difficulties, and the reorganizers per- suaded George & Barker to join the combination and take charge. In 1887 the Eureka & Epicure Packing Co., the plants of Samuel Elmore, M. J. Kinney, and J. W. Seaborg, all of Astoria; J. O. Han- thorn & Co., Astoria; Fishermen’s Packing Co., Astoria; Scandinavian Packing Co., Astoria; Columbia Canning Co., and J. W. & V. Cook, Clifton, were combined under the name of the Columbia River Packers Association. In 1889 the association built a new cannery at Rooster Rock. Mr. George was with the association until his death, but Mr. Barker left it to become general manager of the British Columbia Packers Association, where he is at present, the dean of the Pacific coast cannerymen. Early in the eighties the California Can Co. was engaged in the business of making cans in San Francisco. Later the Pacific Sheet Metal Works absorbed the company. A factory was started at Asto- ria, with F. P. Kendall in charge. The latter was one of the deans of the industry and had a long and interesting connection with all branches of the industry and in most sections. The American Can Co. later on bought the Pacific Sheet Metal Works, and the Astoria plant was moved to Portland. The American Can Co. was the first to install sanitary can-packing machinery in the salmon industry, the venture being made in 1911, at the Sanborn-Cutting plant in Astoria. At the present time (1928) there are 24 canneries in operation on the river, while large quantities of salmon are also frozen, mild cured, pickled, smoked, and sold fresh in the markets of the world. Commercial fishing is carried on mainly between the mouth of the Columbia and Celilo, a distance of about 200 miles, and in the Wil- lamette River. The most of it is in the lower part of the river, within about 40 miles of its mouth. Bakers Bay, on the Washington or north side, and just within the river’s mouth, is the favorite ground for pound-net fishing. The principal gill-net drifting ground is from the river’s mouth to about 20 miles above Astoria, but drifting is done wherever convenient reaches are found much farther up the river. Most of the drag seines are hauled on the sandy bars in the river near Astoria, which are uncovered at low water. Wheels are operated in the upper river above the junction of the Willamette with the main river. Astoria is the principal center for all branches of the industry, but more especially for canning. Other places in addition to Astoria at which canneries are located are Ilwaco, Eagle Cliff, Altoona, Brook- field, Pillar Rock, Cathlamet, Longview, Chinook, Ellsworth, and Pt. Ellice on the Washington shore, and at Warrendale, Rooster Rock, Rainier, Warrenton, Hammond, and Seuferts, on the Oregon shore. 434 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES OREGON Necanicum Creek.—This short stream is in Clatsop County and | enters the Pacific Ocean about 10 miles south of the Columbia River. Its fisheries are of small importance. Nehalem River—The Nehalem is a small coastal river that rises in the mountains of Clatsop and Columbia Counties, and flows into the Pacific Ocean in the northern part of Tillamook County. As early as 1887 there was a small cannery here, and the business has been followed ever since. In 1911 an additional plant was built and both have operated each year to 1919, except in 1913, when one was shut down. Since 1919 none have been operated except in 1922. Tillamook Bay and River.—Tillamook River is a very short stream which enters Tillamook Bay, the latter beg in Tillamook County and about 45 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. Fishing is carried on mainly in the bay. The earliest record we have of canneries on this bay is of 1886, when two were in operation. From 1891 to 1910 but one was operated, but in 1911 another plant was started. In 1915 a third cannery was built, and all three oper- ated until 1918, when only one was in oper ation. In 1919 two operated. In 1920 and 1921 both were shut down. Since then from one to three have been operated. Nestugga River —This stream enters the ocean in the southwestern part of Tillamook County. A cannery operated here in 1887 and the business was carried on each season with but one intermission until 1919. Since then it has been closed each year except in 1926. Siletz River —This river has its source in the mountains of Polk County and enters the ocean in the northern part of Lincoln County. The commercial development of the fisheries was hampered for many years owing to the fact that the river was within the boundaries of r ee ese what was then the Siletz Indian Reservation. The first cannery — was established here in 1896. An additional one was built in 1918. Since 1919 only one has been operated. Yaquina Bay and River.—The Yaquina (‘‘crooked”’) River is about 60 miles long; its general course is nearly west through the county of Benton. The river is narrow throughout the greater part of its length. A few miles from its mouth it suddenly broadens out into an estuary from one-half to three-fourths of a mile wide, which is commonly called Yaquina Bay. The river enters the Pacific about 100 miles south of the Columbia. Salmon canning was begun on this river in 1887, when two small canneries were constructed. The next year an additional plant was erected. The business has fluctuated considerably since then and there is now but one cannery, which has not been operated since 1911. In 1917 this plant was consolidated with the one at Waldport. The fishing grounds are all in the bay and the lower section of the river. The fishermen of this section are fortunate in that they have railroad communication with the outside world. Alsea Bay and River—Alsea River rises in the southwestern part of Benton County, and flows in nearly a northwesterly direction to the Pacific, a distance of about 60 miles. Like the Yaquina, the ‘““bay’’ is merely a broadening out of the river just inside its mouth, The first cannery was established in 1886 and by 1888 there were three in operation. For many years but one was operated. In 1911 and each season since up to 1919 two canneries have been operated. In 1920 and 1923-26 one was operated each year, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 435 The best fishing grounds are from the mouth of the river to about 5 miles inland. Siuslaw River.—This river has its source in the mountains of Lane County, and its course lies first in a northwesterly direction and to the westward until the Pacific is reached. Through part of its course it is the dividing line between Lane and Douglas Counties. In 1915 a railroad line from Eugene to the mouth of the Siuslaw River, at which point it connected with a line to the Coquille River, was opened for traffic. As early as 1878 there were two canneries operated on this river, but from 1879 till 1888 there are no data available showing the extent of the fisheries. In 1888 the Florence Canning Co., the Lone Star Packing Co., and the Elmore Packing Co. each operated a cannery. In 1896 A. W. Hurd built a cannery which was destroyed by fire in 1908. No cannery has been operated since 1919. The opening of a railroad line from Eugene to here, thus furnishing an outlet for fresh salmon shipments, has greatly helped in developing its fisheries, and has cut off the supply of salmon for canning. The salmon fishing grounds extend from near the mouth of the river to about 20 miles upstream. Umpqua River.—With the exception of the Columbia this is the largest and longest river in Oregon. It is formed by north and south forks, which unite about 9 miles northwest of Roseburg, and the river then flows northwestwardly and enters the Pacific. Practically all of this river is within the boundaries of Douglas County, one of the largest counties in the State. A railroad has recently been built along this river and in time there will doubtless be a large development of the fisheries of this region owing to the opportunities which will be offered for shipping fresh fish. With the exception of Rogue River, this is the only river in Oregon south of the Columbia River in which a spring run of chinook salmon occurs. As early as 1878 there were two canneries located on the Umpqua, one of which was built by George W. Hume. The number has never been larger than this, and usually there has been but one operating. In 1912 there was but one at Gardiner. In 1919 one was operated. Since then but one has operated and this only in 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, and 1927. In 1918 the Reedsport Fish Co., of Reedsport, purchased the can- nery of the Umpqua Cooperative Co., at Gardiner. Coos Bay and River—Coos Bay is a navigable semicircular inlet of the ocean with numerous arms or branches. There is much marshy ground in the bay, and a number of sloughs, or small creeks, which empty into the bay from both sides. Coos River proper is an unimportant stream, but a few miles in length. North Bend, Marsh- field, and Empire are the principal towns on the bay. A branch railroad is being built to these points from the main line of the South- ern Pacific Railway, and as soon as this is completed the fishing industry will receive a great impetus. Heretofore this region has depended upon steamers and sailing vessels plying to Portland and San Francisco for its communication with the outside world, and this slow and infrequent means of shipment has very seriously handicapped the fisheries. 436 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Salmon canning began here in 1887, when two canneries opened for business. The business has fluctuated considerably since, most of the time but one cannery being operated; none has been operated since 1918. Fishing is carried on mainly in the bay. A few set nets are operated in the river. Coquille River —This river is formed by three branches, called the North, Middle, and South Forks, which rise in the Umpqua Moun- tains and unite near Myrtle Point, the head of tidewater, about 45 miles by river from the mouth of the stream. It is a deep and slug- gish river, with no natural cbstructions to hinder the free passage of fish. Its fisheries have been seriously hampered by the lack of rail- road communication, but this has recently been remedied, as the rail- road to Coos Bay connects with a short line now in existence between the Coquille River and Coos Bay, and thence on to the Siuslaw and from there to Eugene. The principal towns on the Coquille River are Bandon, Prosper, Coquille, and Myrtle Point. Bandon is the shipping port. Pickled salmon were cured and shipped from this river very early, the first recorded instance of any considerable quantity being in 1877, when 3,000 barrels of salmon were sent to San Francisco. The salt shipments were important until within recent years. The first salmon cannery was erected in 1883, at Parkersburg. In 1886 another was built at the same place, and the following year still another was erected close by. This was the largest number ever in operation in any one year. Since 1909 two canneries have been operated, both at Prosper. In 1916 the Macleay estate took over the Coquille River Fishermen’s Cooperative Co.’s cannery near Bandon. None of the canneries operated in 1928. The fishing grounds are from the mouth to Myrtle Point, about 45 miles inland. Sizes River —This small river is located in the northern part of Curry County, and is about 40 miles in length, entering the Pacific a very short distance above Cape Blanco. The salmon caught here are either salted or shipped fresh to the canneries on the Coquille River. Elk River.—This is another small stream about 40 miles in length, which enters the Pacific just south of Cape Blanco. As on the Sixes River, the salmon are either salted or sold fresh to the canneries on the Coquille River. Rogue River —This river has as its source Crater Lake in the Cas- cade Mountains, on the western border of Klamath County, flow- ing a distance of about 325 miles to the ocean, which it enters at Wedderburn. Its principal tributaries are the ‘Illinois, Applegate, and Stewart Rivers. Owing to canyons and falls in the main river between the mouth of the Illinois River and Hellgate, the latter near Hogan Creek which runs through the town of Merlin, naviga- tion and fishing are impossible in that section. Except at the mouth of the river the population is very sparse until about the neighbor- hood of Hogan Creek, where the river approaches the railroad, and from here on for some miles there are numerous growing towns. Owing to the fact of there being both a spring and a fal) run of salmon in. this river, the fisheries early became of importance, although sadly hampered because of being compelled to depend PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 437 wholly on vessel communication with San Francisco, many miles away. In the early years the salmon were pickled and shipped to San Francisco. Strong, Baldwin & Co. started in the business as early as 1859. In 1877 R. D. Hume, who had been canning salmon on the Columbia River, removed to the Rogue River, and established near the mouth a cannery which he operated every season (except 1894, when the cannery burned down) until his death in November, 1908, after which date it was operated by his heirs. Mr. Hume also operated a large cold-storage plant at Wedderburn for several years. The development of the fisheries of the lower Rogue River was very much hampered by the monopoly which Mr. Hume acquired and maintained until his death. He bought both shores of the river for 12 miles from its mouth, and also owned an unbroken frontage on the ocean shore extending 7 miles north from the mouth of the river. As a result of this, independent fishermen could find no convenient places for landing, which was necessary in order to cure, handle, and ship the fish caught. Since Mr. Hume’s death the property has been sold to the Macleay estate, but the people of Oregon, upon an initia- tive and referendum petition, voted in 1910 to close Rogue River to all commercial fishing, and it was so closed in 1911 and 1912 but re- opened in 1913. A second cannery was built here in 1915 by the Seaborg Canning Co. A third cannery was built in 1919, but during the period from 1921 to 1926 but one was operated. Two operated in 1927 and 1928. In the upper river ranchers living along the banks have engaged in fishing for a number of years, the catch for the most part being sold fresh. In recent years, as the country has developed, this fishery has become fairly important. Chetco and Windchuck Rivers.—These two unimportant streams empty into the Pacific in the lower part of Curry County, not far from the California line. The former is about 20 miles and the latter about 25 miles in length. Both have runs of salmon, and small fish- erles have been maintained for some years, the catch being either pickled or sold to the California canneries. CALIFORNIA Smith River —This river, which is the most northerly one in the State, rises near the Siskiyou Mountains, and runs in a westerly direction to the Pacific Ocean. The river has only a spring run of salmon, and the early recorded history of the fisheries is fragmentary. The pickling of salmon was the main business at first and has been important ever since, as the cannery, which was first established in 1878, operated irregularly, and seems to have shut down entirely in 1895. Canning began again in 1914 by H. E. Westbrook and has been prosecuted in various years since. Klamath River—This is the most important river in California north of the Sacramento. It issues from the Lower Klamath Lake in Klamath County, Oreg., and runs southwesterly across Siskiyou County, passes through the southeastern section of Del Norte County, keeping its southerly course into Humboldt County, where it forms a junction with the Trinity River, and thence its course is directed to the northwest until it reaches the Pacific Ocean. 438 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The Klamath River is important as a salmon stream because it has both a spring and fall run of salmon. In 1888 a cannery was estab- lished at Requa, at the mouth, and this has been operated occasion- ally ever since. The pickling of salmon has been done here for a number of years. Some years part of the catch has been shipped fresh to the cannery on Smith River or to the Rogue River (Oreg.) cannery. Since 1909 the cannery has been operated continuously by the Klamath River Packers Association. Humboldt Bay and tributaries —The shore line of Humboldt County is bold and high, except in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay, where it is rather flat. The latter is the only harbor along the county shore, and it is quite difficult of access, owing to the bar at the entrance upon which the sea breaks quite heavily. The bay is about 12 miles long and about 3 miles wide. Mad River, which has its rise in the lower part of Trinity County, runs in a northwesterly direction, then makes a sharp turn and enters the bay from the north side. Eel River, which has its rise in Lake County, far to the southeast, runs in a northwesterly direction and enters the bay at its southern extrem- ity. Small railroads running south from Eureka traverse the shores of both rivers for some miles. A railroad now runs from the north side of San Francisco Bay to Eureka, and it has aided very materially in extending the market for salmon caught in these rivers. Mattole River —This is a small and unimportant river in the south- ern part of Humboldt County and is said to have a good run of salmon each year, but no commercial fishing has as yet been carried on here. Noyo River—In 1915 salmon fishing began at Fort Bragg, in Mendocino County, where the Noyo River debouches into the ocean. The building of a branch railroad to this point made the shipping of salmon a possibility. In 1915 and 1916 considerable salmon were caught and shipped fresh. In 1917 the Tillamook Ice & Cold Storage Co. built and operated a cannery here, while the Columbia & Northern Fishing & Packing Co. in the same year built and operated a cold-storage and mild-curing plant. The cannery has not been operated since 1920. Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers—These two rivers are the most important rivers in California. The Sacramento is quite crooked, the distance by river from Red Bluff to San Francisco being about 375 miles, while the distance by rail between these two places is only 225 miles. The river rises in several small lakes in the mountains about 20 miles west of the town of Mount Shasta (formerly known as Sisson), in Siskiyou County, and for nearly half its length flows through a narrow canyon. The upper portion is a typical mountain stream, with innumerable pools and rapids. A little above Redding the river emerges from the canyon and widens into a broad, shallow stream. Below Sacramento it runs through a level country and is affected by tides. Sloughs are numerous in this stretch, some con- necting it with the San Joaquin. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers join as they empty into Suisun Bay. The principal tributaries of the Sacramento which are frequented by salmon are the Pit and McCloud Rivers and Battle Creek. At one time salmon frequented the American and Feather Rivers, but min- ing and irrigation operations along these streams either killed them off or drove them away. ; PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 439 The San Joaquin River has its source in the Sierra Nevada Moun- tains. Flowing westerly and forming the boundary between Fresno and Madera Counties for a considerable distance, it then turns abruptly to the north just where it is joined by Fresno Slough, which drains Lake Tulare. From here its general course is northwesterly until it joins the Sacramento River, near the latter’s mouth. The Chouchilla and Fresno Rivers are the principal tributaries of the San Joaquin. The principal fishing grounds for salmon are Suisun Bay, the lower part of San Joaquin River, and the Sacramento River as high as the vicinity of Sacramento. Drift gill nets are used almost exclusively in this section. From Sacramento to Anderson there is considerable commercial fishing, more particularly with haul seines. Owing to the early and excellent railroad facilities which the fish- eries of the Sacramento River have enjoyed, they have not been handicapped so seriously as most of the other Pacific coast rivers in finding profitable outlets for the catch. Soon after the first trans- continental line was opened the shipping of fresh salmon to eastern points began, and it has been an important feature of the industry ever since. The chief event in the history of the salmon fisheries of this river is the fact that the canning of salmon on the Pacific coast had its inception here in 1864. The circumstances leading up to this event and its consummation are interestingly told by R. D. Hume in the following words: The first salmon cannery of the United States was located at Washington, Yolo County, Calif. fish 8g8 com. | Number | Number | oanneq | Number | num- District Grade of fish antes of fish of fish Sadia of cases ber of panies | canned | purchased c packed fish report- were ing pur- Pee chased CaSO West Alaska__....--.--- | Riggs feast ok 8 107, 590 | 18, 407 17.10 21, 398 5.03 Central Alaska = —- —-se|ooaes Gear 9 34, 158 19, 872 58.19 6, 675 5.11 Southeast Alaska_-----_|----- WG. ttf ties 22 283, 643 202, 693 71. 46 45, 674 6.21 Puget Sound.222--2-23|-s=2 dose t 18 209, 360 105, 731 50. 54 53, 485 3.91 Columbia Rivers |= does 10 959, 846 643, 063 6.99 273, 291 3. 51 Outside rivers ?...------|.---- Gon. AS os! 9 45, 378 43, 468 95. 75 12, 940 2.30 Totals and averages-|_-_.------------ 76 | 1,689,975 | 1,033, 284 63. 00 413, 463 3.96 Wiest Alaskans = 22-3 Lhe 9 | 21,449,913 } 1, 192, 000 5. 56 | 1, 433, 780 14. 90 Gentral’ Alssknet eso [6 (cae eae | 9 | 2,271, 989 974, 653 42.89 | 189, 921 11.96 Southeast Alaska__-__--|.---- daw es 33] 1,964,998 | 1,074, 658 54.95 158, 582 12. 03 Poet Sound =k (Geese 27; 4,781, 861 1, 233, 489 26. 00 372, 467 12.73 Columbia River---_----|----- doze ee 7 | 1,218, 887 688, 637 56. 72 98, 076 12. 36 Outside Tivers 4-e2s- se do. ae 2 21, 868 21, 868 100. 00 1, 769 12. 36 Totals and averages_|----:----------- 87 | 31,654,511 | 5,185, 305 16.40 | 2, 254, 595 14.13 West Alaska: "2 22.3 Fe Medium reds - 3 145, 837 18, 385 12. 60 13, 406 10. 87 Central Alaska- --_---<--|----- Moz. aes 9 238, 572 141, 424 59. 29 30, 430 7.84 | Southeast Alaska__-_---|----- Goi2aeee 33 1, 033, 339 419, 046 40. 55 98, 324 10. 51 Pure cound ss ae dose. ees 27 813, 269 501, 857 73. 90 91, 991 8. 84 Columbia River-_-_---..-|----- dos. 10 728, 221 587, 879 80. 72 47, 861 15.11 Outside rivers'3) 22 ie aloe ee 10 394, 779 376, 224 95. 29 34, 417 11.48 Totals and averages_|------------.--- 92 3, 349, 017 2, 044, 815 61.05 316, 429 10. 58 West Alaska,_..-.....- Pinks: See tS 2} 3,958,391 | 1,175, 748 29. 70 219, 508 18.03 Central Alaska’ =.= -E sss dota. Js, 10 | 5,221,887 | 2,172,476 41. 62 324, 230 16.11 Southeast Alaska_______!----- dose 33 | 24, 166, 834 | 10, 473, 748 43.30 | 1,362, 187 17. 26 Puret Sounds -2_--- 2 4|2-2=— dose ae 26 | 11,805, 693 | 6,361, 891 53. 80 858, 396 13. 68 Columbia River-=-.----}-=--- Gos =seh 278 1 77, O81 14, 635 18. 98 4, 761 16. 21 Oitside rivers 42-222. HE es dolsas 2 1 62, 892 62, 892 100. 00 4, 222 14. 89 Totals and averages.|---------------- 73 | 45, 292,778 | 20, 261, 390 44,90 | 2,778, 304 16. 29 West, Alaskd. 22-2 2... 2 @hums=223: 332 9 | 527, 982 194, 962 36. 92 54, 215 9. 74 Central Alaska. -=...-.- er eee 33 728, 514 418, 419 57. 43 79, 208 9. 20 Southeast Alaska--____- £8082 ais Jas 26 | 4,087,578 | 2,554, 968 62. 49 480, 895 8.50 Puget, Sound: -=-.---==2 e2d022 253-8 27.| 2,547,457 ! 1,852, 350 72. 71 249, 390 10. 22 Columbia River-------- ore OSL eee See 8 277, 836 123, 436 44, 42 28, 085 9. 89 Outside rivers ?...-..--- ws CO's Lees se rf 88, 736 84, 413 95. 12 11, 655 7.61 Totals and averages.|---.------------ 119 | 8,258,103 | 5, 228, 548 63. 31 903, 448 9. 14 Puget Sound..--..----- Steelheads_ --_- 1 33 33 100. 00 5 6. 60 Columbia River_--_----|----- dole 10 188, 421 145, 581 105. 01 22, 234 6.71 Outside rivers #___------|----- doe see aes 1 787 787 100. 00 126 6. 24 Totals and averages.|.._--------=--=-- 12 139, 241 146, 401 105. 00 22, 365 6. 22 2 Coastal streams in Washington, Oregon, and California. MILD CURING The beginning of the business of mild-curing salmon, or “sweet pickling,” as it is sometimes called, is of comparatively recent date. In 1889 a German dealer came to the Columbia River and tried to interest some of the cannery men in the business. J. O. Hanthorn, M. J. Kinney, and J. W. Cook were persuaded to prepare some, and the plant of the Northwest Cold Storage Co., at Portland, was used to keep the fish at a low temperature during repacking and preparation for shipment. These fish were shipped to Germany, but the shippers. received no financial returns, word coming back that the fish were not. satisfactory. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 533 Owing to this lack of success from the first effort, no further attempt was made until 1894, when Mueller & Loring, of Chicago, put up a carload of mild-cured salmon at Kalama, Wash., and shipped it to Germany. In 1896 Charles Ruckles and Wallace Bros., of Kalama, packed several carloads for the German market. It was not until 1898 that the business was permanently established on the Columbia, the Trescott Packing Co. and 8. Schmidt & Sons putting up plants at Warrenton and Astoria, respectively. In 1900 the Trescott Packing Co. began packing the spring and fall runs, and the Sacramento River Packers’ Association packed the fall run, on the Sacramento River, the business being carried on here every year since. In 1901 the Sacramento River Packers’ Association began at Mon- terey the mild curing of the spring salmon that were taken with hook and line in the open ocean. S. Elmore & Co. started the industry in 1902 at Tillamook, and the business began on Puget Sound in 1901, when the San Juan Fishing & Packing Co. and the Seattle Fish Co. took it up. The Pacific Cold Storage Co. began the next year at Anacortes. Prior to 1906 several of the Alaska cannery men put up each season a few tierces of mild-cured salmon, but it was not until this time that the industry really began as such. In that year J. Lindenberger (Inc.) started packing at Ketchikan, Alaska. The following year several other plants were started, and in 1910 almost all of the king salmon taken in southeast Alaska were mild cured. The same is true to-day. For mild curing the fresh fish must be given greater care in han- dling than is the case with any other process. Care must be exercised to see that the flesh of the fish is not bruised or broken, and in order to make sure of this the handlers usually pack several fish in one box, with cracked ice over and around them if the weather is warm. As soon as a box is filled, itis put in the hold, where the boxes are stacked one upon another, but prevent more weight than is repre~ sented inside one box coming upon any one fish. In dressing, the head is removed, care being taken to leave as much of the bony structure of the head as possible to assist in holding the side of the hooks when it is being smoked later on; the fish is then split down the belly to the vent, the entrails removed, when a cut is made on either side of the blood clot in the back, and the fish passed to the ‘‘washer,’’ who holds the fish on its back in a slot on the table under a spray of water, and removes the membrane of skin which covers the inside of the backbone and inside of which a good deal of thick blood l'es, by means of a large spoon or some similar form of scraper. A knife should not be employed. Some curers do not remove the fins at this stage, while others do. The body is then scored along the sides with a small knife, care being used to cut the skin only; this allows the salt to penetrate more freely and thus assist the process of cure. A specially prepared ec- centric wheel is sometimes used for this purpose, which makes a series of small cuts varying from half an inch at the tail to 1% inches long at the shoulder, and from 2 to 3 inches apart. : The fish is now ready for the splitter, who turns it on its back with the open belly toward him and forces the shoulder down on a sharp- pointed nail, so the fish will not slip during the operation. A cross- cut is first made across the root of the tail to the bone, but no deeper. : 534 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Then the knife is entered at the vent, immediately above the bone, and a cut, which should go no farther back than the middle of the backbone, is drawn down to the crosscut already made. Then rais- ing the lug with his left hand, the splitter enters the knife at the shoulder above the bone, and with one sweep from head to tail, sepa- rates the entire side. This is the more easily done if the fins have been previously removed. If the work is perfect, there will be no flesh left on the bone, but a line of fat will show down the center of a side. This improves the appearance of the fish and adds to its value. In order to remove the bone from the remaining half of the fish, the splitter inserts the knife under the bone, about the vent, and draws down toward the tail, but care must be taken, as before, not to go farther back than the spine. The splitter now takes the fish off the nail, holding it by the lug, his left thumb resting on the upper, or inside of the fish, and his fingers on the lower, or skin side. The tail is now pointing away from the splitter, who enters his knife carefully under the backbone, and with one dexterous outward sweep separates the bone from the fish right down to the root of the tail. When abreast of the crosscut, however, he turns the knife sharply down- ward, and cuts off the fish the same as on the other side. As with the first half, no flesh should be left adhering to the bone, and the line of fat should show down the center. In other words, the two sides should be exactly alike. The sides are dipped into cold water in the dress tank, and are then laid, skin side down, on the table with the thin or belly edge toward the front. A man then removes any blood remaining in the veins on the inside of the fish, by pressing it away from him toward the back of the fish, either with his fingers or with a spoon. If the blood is not squeezed out in this way the salt will harden it during the process of curing, and the flesh will become dark in color. The sides are then dipped in a tank of weak brine and crushed ice to give them a final wash, but should on no account be left to soak in the brme. Upon removal, they are again scraped to insure the removal of all the blood from the veins. Great care must be used in handling the newly split sides, as they are very tender and may be easily broken or bruised. In lifting them by the lug or collar bone, the curer should have his fingers to the inside and his thumb to the outer or skin side; otherwise the skin may be broken. The sides are then taken to the salter, who lays them, skin side down, on a salting table, on which has been dumped a quantity of dairy salt, and gently rubs the flesh with the salt, lifts it up with only such salt as will adhere to it, and places it in the tierce. The tierces in which the salmon sides are packed are stout casks made of fir or spruce, bound with six strong galvanized hoops. _They contain about 800 pounds of fish, but when full of pickle the gross weight of cask and content is between 1,100 and 1,200 pounds. A plug hole is bored in the head of the tierce. Two or three handfuls of salt are thrown over the bottom of the tierce, then a layer of salmon sides, skin down, and two or three hand- fuls of salt are sprinkled over them. In packing two sides of fish, crossed head and tail are packed close to opposite sides of the tierce, the back or thick part of each side being placed close up against PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 535 the side of the tierce. Other sides of fish are packed from the sides toward the center of the tierce, napes and tails alternately, the back of each side being drawn halfway up and resting on the side already laid. When complete, the layer should be perfectly level, and this depends a good deal on how the last or center piece is laid. Salt is sprinkled between each layer in the manner and quantity noted above and the process continued until the tierce is full. The tiers should be crossed in packing. The top layer should be placed with the skin up and have extra salt put on. From 85 to 100 pounds of salt are used to 800 pounds of fish. The tierce is then headed up, after which pickle is poured in until the tierce is quite full. This pickle may be made with the same salt as is used for rousing and sprinkling the fish. Perfectly clear water should be provided and broken ice should be added in liberal quantities, if the weather is warm. Before using, the pickle should be strained through a fine sieve or a clean cloth, to remove froth and sediment. A centigrade saltmeter is used by most mild curers. The pickle is made to a strength of at least 90°, but it usually weakens to about 70° during the first 10 days of cure, whereas after repacking it should not readily come below 85°, and it should retain that strength for a long time. When tierces have been filled with pickle they are rolled inside a cold-storage room, with a temperature of 35 to 38° F., where they may be tiered two tiers high. Very little variation in the temperature is allowable, as it would start the oil or fat in the flesh, allowing it to escape into the brine. Unless the tierces are kept quite full of pickle the sides of fish are apt to be broken when the cask is rolled about. The tierces must be examined frequently to see that they are full of brine, as there are always small leaks, while the staves absorb more or less moisture. Furthermore, if the tierces were allowed to leak, ugly yellow spots would show on the parts of the fish that were left dry. Thus it is of the utmost importance, both during the two or three weeks allowed for pining and also after repacking, to see that they are kept full of pickle. Several gallons of pickle may be absorbed by each cask during the first two or three weeks of cure. The actual shrinkage during the two or three weeks in which the fish lie in the first packing may be reckoned at 30 per cent. Fat, well-conditioned fish, especially those which are caught in the ocean, shrink less, but poor fish, especially those caught when well on their way to the spawning grounds, shrink more—sometimes up to 35 per cent. After holding the fish in storage for at least 20 and not more than 90 days they are taken out of the tierces. Each side of fish should be lifted out carefully, as described above, and sponged with a large sponge until all salt and slime are entirely removed, leaving only a clean, red side of fish. Either pure ice water or ice pickle may be used for this washing, but it will depend entirely on the quality and condition of the fish. Soft, poor fish would require pickle, but good firm fish may be washed in clean ice water. The sides are then weighed and graded accordingly, 6 to 8 pounds, 8 to 10 pounds, and so on, being the grades. Sides of 11 pounds and over are called large fish, and ‘‘L”’ is marked on the side of the 112992°—30——_9 536 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES tierce. Some curers grade their sides from 9 to 11 pounds and class them as medium and mark them ‘‘M;’’ smaller sides are termed small and are marked “8.” After the sides have been graded they should be counted and repacked, the defective sides, such as thin-bellied, torn or broken, being put by themselves. Fish which are considered perfect are called No. 1; those which do not come up to that standard are termed No. 2, and are marked accordingly; while fish that have any taint of sourness are marked “T.’’ In repacking, the sides of fish should be replaced as nearly as possible in their original position, those curved in shape being placed against the sides of the cask and straight pieces laid in the center of the tier. No salt is used in repack- ing, but as soon as the tierce is filled, the head put in, and the air test applied it is laid on its bilge and filled up with ice-cold pickle made to a strength of 90° salometer (90 per cent saturation) that can be made from fresh or salt water, whichever is handiest and cleanest, half- ground salt being used. There will be about 830 pounds of fish on an average in the tierce after repacking, and some 14 gallons of pickle may be required to fill the cask up. They are then put back into cold stor- age and pickled at the bilge daily for at least a week. If kept for any length of time, they would, of course, have to be tested, regularly—a tap with a hammer would do—and any leakage promptly rectified. If properly cured, the fish should keep in good condition for months in cold storage, provided the casks are sound and kept full of pickle. On the head of each tierce are put the following marks: Initials of packer or packers; initials of place where packed; number of tierce (consecutive); number of sides in tierce, the tare, and the gross weight (weight of pickle not counted); quality of fish (I, II, or T); and size of fish (L, M, or S). If of first quality, no mark is necessary, but second-quality and tainted fish have to be noted. In the early days of the industry different preparations, which included salicylic and boracic acids, were used to help preserve the fish. This caused much complaint from the Germans, and finally their Government subjected our product to a rigid inspection, with most salutary results, as now it is one of the purest and best products put up on this coast, the use of acids being done away with entirely. The king salmon is almost invariably the species mild cured, being the only one large enough to answer the requirements of the trade. In 1907 a Ketchikan (Alaska) packer put up a quantity of coho, chum, and humpback salmon, but he found so much difficulty in disposing of the product that he abandoned further efforts in this line. A few cohos are put up each year. The principal consumers of the mild-cured salmon are the smokers, who take them from the tierce, wash and soak them for a few minutes, and then have a practically fresh fish to smoke, and not, as in the days when hard-pickled salmon were used, one that had lost most of its oil and flavor through the excessive amount of salt needed to preserve it. The greater part of the product put up on this coast goes to Europe, Germany being the principal consumer, but considerable quantities are sold in Norway, Sweden, and other countries, while the smokers of the cities east of the Rocky Mountains use large quantities every year. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 537 In Germany, the principal market for mild-cured salmon, nearly all of the fish are smoked. One of the most popular ways of using the smoked salmon is in the making of sandwiches, and probably the greater portion of these are used in the beer halls and the auto- matic restaurants in that country. PICKLING The earliest method of preserving salmon on the coast was by pickling. At times this industry attained to large proportions, but during the last 10 years it has been declining, largely because the canners are able to pay more for the raw fish than the salters. All species of salmon are pickled, but the most popular is the red salmon. In dressing salmon for pickling the head is removed, the fish split along the back, the cut ending with a downward curve on the tail. The viscera and two-thirds of the backbone are removed, and the blood, gurry, and black stomach membrane scraped away. The fish are then thoroughly scrubbed and washed in cold water. They are next placed in pickling butts with about 15 pounds of half-ground salt to every 100 pounds of fish. The fish should be laid in a tier, flesh side up, and the salt well sprinkled over it, repeating until the tank is full. Several boards are then laid across the fish and these are weighted down with large stones in order to keep the fish sub- merged in the pickle which will form. The fish remain here about one week, the brine being held at about 90°. They are then removed, rubbed clean with a scrub brush, and repacked in market barrels, one sack of salt being used to every three barrels of 200 pounds each. About 40 to 52 red salmon, 25 to 35 coho salmon, 70 to 80 humpback salmon, 10 to 14 king salmon, and 25 to 30 chum salmon are required in packing a barrel of pickled salmon. A few salteries also pack ‘‘bellies.”” This product is merely the belly of the fish, which is the fattest portion, and as most of the packers threw away the rest of the fish, thus causing a very large waste of choice food, this method has come under the ban of the law in some of the coast States and in Alaska. As a result, but few “bellies” are packed now, and most of these only when some economic use is made of the remainder. Humpback salmon furnish the major part of the ‘‘belly”’ pack. In preparing salmon bellies, the operator first cuts off the two pectoral fins, and then removes the head, care being taken to follow the curve of the body until the backbone is reached, which should then be severed straight across. With the smaller salmon the fish is then turned on its back, and the operator inserts his knife in the body just above the backbone and cuts down through the body, the knife coming out just in front of the vent. If properly done, the cut will come close to the upper wall of the stomach. With large king salmon it is sometimes necessary to make the cut first on one side, then turn the fish over and make the cut on the other side. The belly is then laid flat on the cutting table and the membrane at one end cut so the belly will lie flat. The bellies are then washed and salted the same as hard-salted salmon. When bellies are cut, the backs are saved and either dried in the open air, without salt, or else pickled. With large kings, the operator, after the belly has been cut out, scrapes the inside of the remainder of the carcass. The knife is then 538 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES inserted under the backbone at the end nearest the tail, and it is cut away with as little flesh as possible adhering to it. The blood is then scraped off, the fish thoroughly washed, and then salted the same as the whole fish. Some of the old-time fishermen save parts of the salmon heads as food. In this event, the head is split lengthwise clear to the bony covering which protects the top of the head. The gill rakers are then removed from each side of the split head, leaving the nutritious parts intact. The cleaned heads are then salted down the same as whole salmon. DRY SALTING During the progress of the Russian-Japanese War the preparation of dry-salted chum salmon became an important industry, but as soon as the Japanese fishermen resumed their former occupations the demand fell off so much that the industry was virtually abandoned in the United States, although a number of Japanese continue it in British Columbia. The fish, after being dressed, were packed in boxes, in salt, these boxes holding about 560 pounds of fish, and were shipped in this condition to Japan. . At a number of places in Alaska the bellies of red and coho salmon are cut out and salted, after which the backs are dried in the sun and, thus cured, are used for fox food at the numerous fox ranches. This product is called ‘‘ukalu.” SMOKING The smoking of salmon is virtually a continuation of the pickling, as the fish must be pickled before being smoked, the main purpose of the pickling being to preserve them until the time arrives for smoking, which may be weeks or months after the fish are caught. For smok- ing the salmon are taken out of the barrel and soaked until as much of the salt as possible is removed. They are then put into the smokehouse and subjected to the heat and smoke of a fairly hot fire for about two days in order that they may be thoroughly dried and hardened. Exposure to a smoldering fire (alder wood is a favorite fuel) for about three days completes the process. For shipment smoked salmon are packed in wooden boxes, oil paper being placed between the fish. In the manufacture of smoked salmon, the mild-cured product is most in demand. The necessary quantity of sides is taken from the cold-storage and placed in large tanks filled with fresh water. In these they are soaked over night, the water being changed several times, depending upon the salinity of the fish, the variation of which depends upon the length of time the product has been held in storage, those held longest absorbing the most salt. After soaking, the sides are taken from the tanks, piled on tables, and allowed to drain as much as possible. They are then taken one at a time, laid flesh side down, and a bacon hanger, which is made of wire and has six or more points bent at right angles to the frame, terminating at the top in a hook, is pressed firmly into the flesh on the skin side and at the upper end of the side. They are then hung upon a round stick, which latter is then set in position in the smokehouse, each end resting upon supports on the side. The fish are placed so that no two of them will touch. When the smoke- house is full, a small fire of any nonresinous wood is then built under- _ PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 539 neath to dry them, the ventilator in the top being left open so the moist air can escape. The fires should not be allowed to become too hot; the object is to give the fish smoke rather than heat, as in the latter case they would become partially cooked. For a mild cure, for ready consumption, from 8 to 10 hours, according to the condition of the fish, should be sufficient. If immediate sale should not be possible the fish must be kept in a cold-storage room with a temperature of about 24° F. In sections where the products move more slowly into consump- tion, a harder smoking is wanted. In this event, they are held over the fire until dried, which would depend upon climatic condi- tions, but probably around two days.. After the fish have dried sufficiently, the fire is smothered with sawdust, which produces a dense smoke, giving the sides their color. During the latter period the ventilator is partly closed, but must be watched to prevent the fish from sweating. When thoroughly smoked the sides are removed from the smoke- house, taken off the hanger, and each side wrapped in paper, then packed in wooden boxes holding each 30 pounds. Kippered salmon.—On the Pacific coast practically all of the kippered salmon is prepared from frozen white-meated king salmon, which on account of the color of the flesh is not in much demand. It is, however, fully the equal, in both flavor and food value, of the red-meated kings. It is not absolutely essential that the fish be first frozen, as the fresh fish may be kippered after dressing, but the latter is always a little soft when so prepared, owing to an excess of moisture, which is largely removed in freezing. Fresh salmon is available only part of the year, so it is found most convenient to freeze and store the stock and work it up when needed throughout the year. Before freezing, the fish have been dressed, so, when thawed in cold-running water, it is only necessary to split and cut them into pieces of a pound or less, these being about 6 inches long, or perhaps 3 inches broad, depending upon the part of the fish the piece is taken from, and place them in a tank of strong brine to season for several hours. They are then dipped in a harmless vegetable coloring, similar to that used by the butchers for coloring sausage; this gives the outside of the product a red color, a concession to popular prejudice. From the coloring tank, the pieces are placed on a tray with wood frame and bottom of one-half inch square meshed wire; care is taken that the pieces do not touch each other. The tray is then slipped into a rack which will hold a number of these, placed one above the other, and this rack is then run on a track into the smokehouse. A medium fire is then kindled which dries and slightly smokes the pieces from 16 to 18 hours. When they reach a proper stage the fire is enlarged, but great care must be exercised in order to prevent their being overheated, and this is done by means of the damper at the bottom of the smoke- house and the ventilator at the top. The fish are baked in this manner from 25 to 35 minutes, the thermometer showing from 250 . to 275° of heat. When the cooking is completed the cars are pulled out and the fish allowed to cool, after which each piece is wrapped in a square 540 U. 8S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES of ote ar paper and packed in a box or basket which holds 10 pounds The product is quite perishable, and if it can not be used at once, when of course it is at 1ts best, must be placed in cold storage. The dae endeavors to turn out daily only the amount he can market that day. Beleke—A smoked product, known locally as ‘“beleke,” is put up at Kodiak, Alaska, from red and coho salmons. Steelhead trout are the best for this purpose, but are not often utilized owing to their scarcity in this region. In preparing “‘beleke” only the backs of the fish are used, the belly part being cut out and pickled separately. The backs are divided into three grades, according to size, viz, ‘“‘small,”’ ““medium,” and ‘‘large.’’ They are first put into a brine, the “large” being put in first, followed by the ‘‘medium”’ and ‘ ‘small” at intervals of one hour each, so that all will be cured at about the same time. The coho backs, ‘being the largest, are kept in the brine from 19 to 20 hours, while the red salmon “backs, which are smaller, remain in the brine only about 16 hours. After being thoroughly salted the backs are removed from the brine and rinsed in fresh water, then hung in the air for about 24 hours to dry and to allow a thin’skin to form on the outside. They are then hung in the smoke- house, in the presence of a little fire of cottonwood or alder. On dry days the gable windows are thrown open and the wind allowed to pass through while the smoking is going on. The smoking must be done slowly, two weeks being devoted to it. There is a good demand for this product locally, the fish selling for from 15 to 20 cents a pair, but little effort has been made to extend its sale outside of central Alaska. FREEZING The process of preserving fish by freezing was first introduced in 1888. Previous to this the comparatively ancient method of packing with ice, or in rare instances letting the fish freeze naturally during the winter months, was followed. Packing with ice is in quite general use to-day for shipments of fish which are to be preserved for short periods of time. Cooling with ice never results in a temperature lower than 32° F., which, of course, does not freeze the fish. The freezing of salmon and steelhead trout began on the Sacra- mento and Columbia Rivers in the late eighties. It was taken up in a small way on Puget Sound in 1892. That year Wallace Bros. and Ainsworth & Dunn froze a small lot, the work being done for them by the Seattle Ice Co. (now the Ice Delivery Co.), and the venture was so successful that the next year nearly all of the whole- sale dealers on the Sound took up the business. The Crescent Creamery, of Tacoma, also engaged in the business for the fish dealers for a year or two shor tly thereafter. In 1902 the British Columbia Packers Association bought a large cold-storage plant at New West- minster, British Columbia, at that time the only large and modern plant in the Province, and began the active freezing of fish. Since then a number of excellent plants have been built and operated. In Alaska the preparing of frozen salmon began in 1902. The San Juan Fishing & Packing Co., soon to be succeeded by the Pacific Cold Storage Co., put up a cannery and cold-storage plant at Taku Harbor, in southeast Alaska, in 1901, though it did not operate the cold- INVld 3DVYOLS-d109 GNV AYSNNVO ONILVOTS «HLINS “H "WM, ‘dIHS—'8€ “SIs 601 ‘(90g—'J ‘8 'S 'N SINV1d IVAW-HSId GNV Y43ZI1LYsas SHL OL AMSAITSG YO4s AaVaY 1V440 NOW vYS—6€ ‘Id 560 Gs) ase ml PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 541 storage portion until 1902. The Taku Harbor Canning & Cold Storage Co. later on succeeded to the ownership and operation of this plant. This is the only plant which was operated in Alaska until the New England Fish Co. erected in 1909 a large plant at Ketchikan for the freezing of halibut primarily, but considerable quantities of salmon have been frozen also. In 1911 the schooner Metha Nelson was fitted up as a floating freezer by the Alaska Packers Association and sent to Kodiak Island. As the vessel arrived in San Francisco shortly before the State’s closed season on salmon began, and it was a difficult matter to dispose of the catch before then, the business was abandoned. In 1912 J. Lindenberger (Inc.) opened a freezing plant at Craig, on Fish Egg Island, Alaska, while the ship William H. Smith was outfitted as a floating cannery and freezer by the Weiding & Inde- pendent Fisheries Co., at Saginaw Bay, Alaska. The latter operated only one season. The year 1913 saw quite a development-in the industry. The Columbia & Northern Fishing & Packing Co., at Wrangell, the Juneau Cold Storage Co., at Juneau, the Booth Fisheries Co., at Sitka, and the floating cold-storage ship Glory of the Seas, by the Glacier Fish Co., at Idaho Inlet, were all started this year. In 1914 the Ketchikan Cold Storage Co. opened a freezer for the general commercial freezing of fish. In 1917 the San Juan Fishing & Packing Co. built and operated a cold-storage plant at Seward. In 1918 Henry Goemaere operated for the first time a plant at Washington Bay; while the National Independent Fisheries Co. and the Trout Fisheries Co. froze salmon at Ketchikan. All the other freezers operated as usual, the only change being the purchase by Libby, McNeill & Libby of the cold-storage plant and cannery of the Taku Harbor Canning & Cold Storage Co. at Taku Harbor. The freezing of salmon is almost invariably carried on in connection with other methods of handling and preserving, and the purpose is usually to secure the fish when numerous and cheap, freeze them, and then hold them until the runs are over and the fish are once more in good demand at high prices. The business proved so profitable, however, that the dealers began to look for wider markets for their product. Europe, more especially Germany, was prospected and a profitable market soon developed, with the result that to-day frozen Pacific salmon can be secured in nearly every town of any size in western Europe, while large quantities are marketed all over our own country. There are four important features in packing and using frozen salmon: (1) T6 get fresh fish; (2) to keep them cold (about 15° above zero) after they are frozen; (3) to keep a coat of ice on them; and (4) to allow them to thaw slowly in cold water or in the air before cooking. : In selecting salmon for freezing, only the finest and freshest of each species are used. The current belief that freezing destroys the flavor of the fish is erroneous, the flavor depending entirely upon the condition before freezing, and the quicker they are frozen after being caught the better will the natural flavor of the fish be pre- served. Frozen salmon are just as wholesome as fresh, and their chemical constituents are almost identical. The danger lies in the 542 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES temptation to freeze the fish after decomposition has set in, but, fortunately, this is now very rarely practiced in the salmon industry. The coho, or silver, and the chum, or keta, salmon are the choicest of the salmons for freezing. The other species, except the red, or sockeye, which is too oily and rarely frozen, are also frozen in vary- ing quantities. The steelhead trout, which is ranked by the Pacific coast dealers among the salmon, is considered the choicest fish of all for freezing. Some of the most modern plants in the country are on this coast. These have numerous freezers, generally, in which a temperature of from 25° to 30° F. below zero can be maintained if desired, although a temperature of more than 10° below zero is rarely ever required. All freezing is by direct expansion and each freezer is piped with about 2 feet of 14-inch pipe per cubic foot of freezing space. The bunkers in the freezers are in pairs, generally nine pipes wide, spaced 10 inches apart. This leaves about a 3%-foot passage through the center of each freezer opposite the swing doors. The salmon are laid on metal sheets, which are placed on the tiers of pipes. After freezing the salmon are passed through openings in the rear of the freezers into the glazing room, which has a temperature of about 20° F., where they are dipped into water, and when removed are covered with a thin glaze of ice, which may be thickened by repeated dippings. This is an extra precaution to exclude the air from the fish. After being thoroughly frozen and glazed, each fish is covered first with a parchment, like rolls of butter, and then with a piece of heavy brown paper. They are then packed in boxes holding about 250 pounds each, placed in cold-storage cars and shipped. UTILIZING SALMON EGGS AND MILT Every year immense quantities of salmon eggs are thrown away in the fisheries of the west coast, though there is but little doubt that, if properly prepared, a market could in time be found for this now waste part of the fish. In France there is a good market for a prod- uct known as ‘‘rogue,’”’ which is the spawn of cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, salted in casks, and which is used as bait in the sardine fisheries. Salmon spawn is the choicest and most successful bait used on this coast, and if properly prepared would undoubtedly answer the purpose as well as the regular “rogue”’ if not better, owing to its oiliness and attractive color. The roes should be soaked for some days in old brine and then packed in strong casks holding about 25 gallons each. It might also prove to be a good bait for tolling mackerel on the Atlantic coast. In 1910 a considerable quantity of salmon roe was prepared in Siberia and sold in competition with caviar, which is prepared from sturgeon eggs. The product met with favor in Europe and now large quantities are prepared each season. In this country Miss Ida Tuholski, of San Francisco, who had been engaged in the preparation of sturgeon caviar for some years, put up a number of sample lots of salmon caviar which are fully the equal of the best sturgeon caviar. Capital has been chary, however, about engaging in the business, although undoubtedly it will be an impor- tant industry some day. During the last five years several firms, notably the Neptune Fish Products Co., of Seattle, have successfully taken up the business of caviar making. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 543 For making caviar the eggs should be as fresh as possible, and in order to make sure of this the salmon are taken alive, if possible, shortly after coming from the water, killed and bled, the belly opened up and the roe taken out. This work can best be done on work and living scows anchored close to the fishing camps. The roe is placed upon a stand, the top of which is formed of a small-meshed galvanized iron wire screen. On the underside is arranged a zinc-lined trough. The operator gently rubs the mass of eggs back and forth over the screen, the mesh of which is just large enough to let the eggs drop through, and, as they are separated from the membrane by the rubbing, they fall through into the trough and are thence drawn off into tubs by means of a sliding door at the end of the trough. After all the roe has been separated the tub is removed and a cer- tain proportion of salt (the sturgeon caviar makers employ the best Luneburg, Germany, salt in this work, while some of the Siberian makers of salmon caviar use No. 2 Berkshire salt from England) is added to the roe, after which the mass is mixed with the hands. The most delicate part of the whole operation is in the manner of mixing. No direct rule can be given for doing this portion of the work, as the condition of the roe regulates the time consumed and the manner of handling. It requires practical experience to become proficient, but this should be an easy matter for one used to handling salted products. The sturgeon caviar makers use about 11 pounds of salt in preparing a keg of caviar. After the salt has been added the mass of eggs first dries up, but in a few minutes the strength of the salt draws from the eggs their watery constituents and a copious brine is formed, which can be poured off when the tub becomes too full. In Siberia the caviar makers put the eggs into a brine solution of 19 to 22 per cent Baumé strength immediately after they come from the trough. The salted eggs are then poured into very fine-meshed sieves which hold about 10 pounds each. In the caviar house are arranged long, sloping boards with narrow strips nailed on each side. On these the sieves oe and left here from 8 to 20 hours in order to thoroughly rain. The Siberian caviar makers hasten the operation by putting the eggs into a brine solution as noted above, leave them there for from 25 to 45 minutes, then place them in bags and subject them to heavy pressure, after which they are packed. While this method occupies less time, it is not thought the resulting product is as good as that prepared by the slower method outlined above. The eggs are then transferred to small casks (holding about 135 pounds). The sturgeon caviar makers use oak or pine casks, but some of the Siberian makers say that oak casks turn the salmon caviar black. The casks are steamed before use in order to prevent any possible leakage. It is especially necessary that the kegs or barrels used be air-tight, as otherwise the product will spoil. Barrels such as used in packing salt salmon are rarely ever tight enough to hold caviar. The casks are covered and allowed to stand until the gas escapes and the eggs settle. The vacant space caused by the settling is then filled, the cask headed up and put in a cool place until ready for shipment. The Siberian salmon caviar makers use a small quantity of “pre- servaline” in each keg for the purpose of aiding in preserving them, 544 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES as cold-storage facilities are quite primitive as yet in that country, and it is the addition of this powder which forms the mysterious part to the uninitiated. No preservative would be needed in Alaska, however, as the kegs could be shipped in cold storage along with the mild-cured salmon. A number of establishments are putting up these eggs in jars and hermetically sealed cans for use as bait in sport fishing. In 1916 one of the companies operating in Alaska put up some salmon milt in cans. No difficulty was experienced in canning this product and it met with considerable favor from those who tried it, but nothing has been done with it since. Recently a Seattle company has been obtaining and preserving the eggs of silver and chum salmon and selling them to fish-cultural establishments to be used in feeding the young fish. As these are usually too large for feeding to the young fry, a method for dehydrat- ing them was worked out in the laboratory of the College of Fisheries, University of Washington. When dehydrated the eggs could be fed directly to all sizes of hatchery-reared fishes; when intended for young fry the dehydrated eggs would be crushed up to a coarse powder which the fish found no trouble in swallowing. Experiments covering some months showed that the fry and others thrived on salmon eggs as food prepared in any of the ways noted in this paragraph. MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS A few years ago a company on the Columbia River put up what was known as “‘fish pudding.’”’? In preparing this the salmon was ground fine, mixed with milk and eggs, and then packed in tin cans. The preparation was soon abandoned. In 1903 one of the Point Roberts canneries packed a new product which was called ‘‘salmon paste.’’ For this the fish was ground up, cooked, seasoned with spices, etc., and made into fish balls, a very palatable dish when warmed over. In 1905 a Seattle concern began the manufacture of wienerwurst sausages from halibut and salmon. A Columbia River plant has also recently begun the preservation as food of the livers of the salmon. The Indians in the Bristol Bay region of Alaska occasionally dress the skins of salmon and make of them leather for the tops of boots, also bags and other small articles. A product, which was first made in Norway, is prepared by means of an invention which quickly dries and pulverizes the flesh of fresh fish. The resulting powder, called ‘‘fish flour,” is easy to transport from one place to another and has great nutritive value. It is prob- able that the tailpieces of the fish, which are at present thrown away, and the cheaper grades of salmon might be prepared in this way and thus furnish another market for salmon. MEAL, FERTILIZER, AND OIL As early as 1888 there was a small plant at Astoria, Oreg., where the refuse of the canneries was utilized for the manufacture of oil and fertilizer. In that year 8,000 gallons of oil (chiefly from salmon heads) and 90 tons of fertilizer were prepared. The oil was worth 22%, cents per gallon and the fertilizer had a market value of $20 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 545 per ton. Most of the refuse was dumped into the river, however. In 1898 a similar plant was established in the Puget Sound district of Washington. In 1929 the Alaska Packers Association at Blaine, the Marine Products Corporation at Everett, the Neptune Fish Products Co. (Inc.) at Seattle, the Robinson Fisheries Co. at Ana- cortes, the Sea Products Co. at Seattle, and the United States Sea Products Co. on Lummi Island operated on waste from Puget Sound salmon canneries. In 1882 the Alaska Oil & Guano Co. established a fertilizer plant at Killisnoo, Alaska, for the extraction of oil and fertilizer from herring and the plant has been operated continuously ever since. In some years large quantities of whole salmon have been handled at this plant, and the resulting product was found to sell as well as that from herring. In Alaska the Fish Canners By-Products (Ltd.) in 1914 built a large plant at Ward Cove, near Ketchikan, where salmon offal was used in the preparation of fer tilizer, meal, and oil. Later the com- pany experimented in the preparation of various chemical products from the raw material. The plant has not been operated since 1920. Probably the most serious evil in the salmon industry to-day is the enormous wastage which annually occurs. About one-fourth of the total weight of each fish handled at the various packing plants is thrown away. With the exception of the tailpiece, which is dis- carded at some canneries owing to the excessive amount of bone which would be in the product if canned, this waste material could not be utilized as food, comprising as it does the head, viscera, fins, and tail. When not conveniently near the very few fertilizer plants at present in operation this product is either allowed to pass through chutes into the water under the cannery or is dumped into scows and towed to the ocean or the deeper waters of the sounds and there thrown overboard. This procedure is not only exceedingly wasteful, but is also far from beneficial to the waters where deposited. A great impetus has been given to the industry during recent years, owing to the big demand which has come from the farmers and poultrymen for fish meal or scrap, which, after it has been mixed with other ingredients, can be fed to cattle, hogs, and poultry. Ex- periments carried out at various agricultural experiment stations, both here and in Europe, show conclusively that this class of food in- creases the appetite of the animal, and consequently the weight, while it does not affect the flavor of the flesh of the animals. As a result of this profitable demand a number of salmon canneries have installed small reduction outfits at their plants, where all of the hitherto wasted products are handled and the oil and meal obtained. It will probably be only a few years now before all of the canneries are so equipped. SHIPPING FRESH SALMON DIRECT TO CONSUMER A feature in the salmon industry is the shipping of individual salmon direct to consumers by express, or, for certain short distances, by parcel post, for a certain fixed sum, which includes the fish itself and the cost of delivering same to the buyer. This business began in Tacoma, Wash., in 1914, and those who originated it advertised throughout the country that they would ship a fresh salmon to any express office in the United States (except 546 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Southern Express), express prepaid, for $1.25, weight 7 to 8 pounds. In 1915 the cost, delivered east of the Mississippi River, was raised to $1.50 each, the old rate of $1.25 still being in force for shipments west of the Mississippi River. The price has since been increased. The business is now carried on from a number of places in Wash- ington, Oregon, and California. In shipping an individual fish, it is packed in a box containing 20 pounds of cracked ice. These boxes are collected by the express companies and are generally sent out in their own regular cars at- tached to trains leaving in the evening. About every 15 to 20 hours the box is opened and from 5 to 7 pounds, depending upon the weather, of cracked ice added to the box to make up the loss through melting. As the Post Office Department will not accept packages in which ice is used for preserving fish, the use of the parcel post for ship- ments of individual fish is limited to the first postal zone (up to 50 miles from the initial point), except in winter, when the postmasters are authorized, in their discretion, to accept shipments for the second zone (50 to 100 miles from the initial pomt). In making fresh-fish shipments by parcel post, frozen fish are generally used. Most of the orders come from the Middle West, where fresh fish are not abundant, but orders are received from all sections of the country. The success met with in shipping fresh salmon led to a considerable expansion of the industry, with the result that now one can obtain not only a fresh salmon, but also may purchase salt, smoked, and kippered salmon, salt codfish, and fresh halibut, smelt, crabs, and other sea food in their season. NUTRITIVE QUALITIES OF SALMON More and more attention is being paid by the consuming public to the nutritive qualities of the food products offered them, and this is especially true as regards fishery products. The proper functions of food are twofold, first, to furnish protein for building and repairing the body, and, second, to supply energy for heat and muscular work. Foods which supply an abundance of both at a reasonable price are of the greatest importance from an eco- nomical standpoint. ANALYSES OF CANNED AND FRESH PACIFIC SALMON Despite the great prominence of the salmon industry, but little time has been devoted to it by the chemist. Prof. W. O. Atwater was the first American investigator to devote any portion of his energies to the analysis of Pacific salmon. In Principles of Nutrition and Nutritive Value of Food (Farmers Bulle- tin No. 142, United States Department of Agriculture, 1901), he gives the following analysis of canned Pacific coast salmon: Water, 63.5 per cent; protein, 21.8 per cent; fat, 12.1 per cent; ash, 2.6 per cent; fuel value per pound, 915 calories.*4 C. F. Langworthy, in Fish as Food (Farmers Bulletin No. 85, United States Department of Agriculture, 1898), gives the following analyses of fresh and canned Pacific coast salmon: % The unit used to show the fuel value is the ‘‘calorie,”” which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of about 1 pound of water 4° F. a ee _- PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 547 Fresh salmon, California (sections): Refuse (bone, skin, etc.), 5.2 per cent; water, 60.3 per cent; protein, 16.5 per cent; fat, 17 per cent; mineral matter, 1 per cent; total nutrients, 34.5 per cent; fuel value per pound, 1,025 calories. Canned salmon: Refuse (bone, skin, ete.), 3.9 per cent; salt, 1 per cent; water, 59.3 per cent; protein, 19.3 per cent; fat, 15.3 per cent; mineral, 1.2 per cent; total nutrients, 35.8 per cent; fuel value per pound, 1,005 calories. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley gives the following as the composition of a Pacific coast salmon (species not given): * Fresh— Water, 63.61 per cent; protein, 17.46 per cent; fat, 17.87 per cent; ash, 1.06 per cent. Dry—Protein, 52.31 per cent; fat, 49.05 per cent; ash, 2.92 per cent. On page 137 of the same work Doctor Wiley gives the following as the mean of three samples of Pacific coast canned salmon: Composition of canned salmon.—Mean of three samples. Water-free sub- stance: Protein, 53.52 per cent; fat, 40.52 per cent; ash, 6.24 per cent. Professor Knisely,** of the Oregon State Agricultural College at Corvallis, Oreg., analyzed canned salmon packed at the Funter Bay (Alaska) cannery of the Thlinket Packing Co., with the following results: Species Moisture} Protein Fat Ash Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent NOCKOVEIOH TOds <. 2 eee eas Se Ee soe ae cere 64. 74 24.19 | 9.11 2. 06 @oho or mediom red=_—=_--_-~_.--_--_ 68. 22 26. 56 | 3. 61 1. 66 Hmpbackion pink==s<05-. +2. __. 2 s 2 69. 43 24.00 | 4. 86 1. 68 Ike We Ci it se ee ee eee 67. 08 25. 06 6. 59 | 1. 26 H. M. Loomis, formerly chief of the Seattle food and drug inspec- tion laboratory, Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, reports as follows on analyses of both canned and fresh Pacific salmon made at this laboratory.*’ CANNED SALMON (1911 PACK) 2 Ammoniacal aoe nitrogen ¥. c _—— Sample Water | ether Ae roe NaCl.c extract > Rich- | Aleohol ardson | vapor method) method Per cent| Per cent| Per cent |Per cent! Per cent| Per cent| Per cent No.1. Puget Sound sockeye__-----.-----___ 62.44 | 15.17 20. 25 2. 50 0.79 |0. 0403 0. 0348 No. 2. Puget Sound sockeye__.------_-_____ 61.84 | 13.74 21.77 2.73 1.10 | . 0437 . 0410 Noto. Alaska medium red__2..-22--.-...=- 69. 97 7.81 20. 40 2. 58 15.09) | 1049G5)| oe eee INOS 4a Alaska chume. 252 4012 oa 73. 48 2. 88 21. 33 2. 57 . 83 | . 0563 . 0557 No. 5. Alaska pink or humpback_-__________ 74. 12 4.75 19. 75 1. 98 00 | OL049 | ae ee IN On GarAUaSKanreG. 2. atk wae sce eT 70. 88 5. 26 21. 79 2. 35 A604, Otho eee oe FRESH SALMON (CAUGHT MAY 7, 1912), EDIBLE PORTIONS 67. 48 8. 86 67. 89 9. 39 22. 24 21. 80 Te3G6t |e 1s 30 Seeeee iPucetisound sockeye. 22... 22 Pe Puget Sound steelhead or salmon trout____- 0. 0121 - 0135 0. 0205 - 0218 2 Each sample is average of two or more cans. All samples, except No. 2, are old form 1-pound tall cans. No. 2 is 4%-pound flat cans. + Represents the fat. ¢ Represents the salt. % Foods and their Adulteration, etc., p. 135. By Harvey W. Wiley. 8°, Philadelphia, 1907. %® Pacific Fisherman, Vol. VI, No. 1, January, 1908, p. 21. %t Salmon Canning Industry of North America. By H.M.Loomis. Original communications. Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, Washington and New York, Sept. 4 to 13, 1912. Vol. XVIII, pp. 239-245. The Rumford Press, Concord, N. H. 548 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The composition of the flesh of the five species of salmon differs somewhat. The following table from Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1000 entitled ‘‘ Nutritive value of fish and shellfish,” Washington, D. C. (1926), gives the average of many analyses, together with analyses of steelhead trout and Atlantic salmon for comparison: Composition of canned salmon . Ash (in- Food cee Fat nse) organic | value per “| matter) | pound Pacific salmon: Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Calories Sockeye.2- 5 4 22 5 ee ees ree 35. 22 11. 22 20. 80 1, 23 860 Chinook:..{..5 20. eee eee 36. 83 15. 72 17. 67 iP 991 Coho ee ee Fd 32. 51 8. 49 21. 08 1. 24 750 Pink: 78 ae ee eee er oe ERS ees Le 30. 20 6. 99 21. 40 ark 696 Chum. - 2) 23s eee ee ee 29. 96 6. 69 20. 67 1. 02 514 Pacific: steelhaaaitrontss pean nee ee 33. 16 8.95 21. 32 pal 792 Atlantic'salmon?2 0325123 peer eee ee 35. 70 12. 49 21.14 1322 920 Notr.—For certain reasons the backbone and as much as possible of the rib bone were removed from these cans before analyzing, but ordinarily they are eaten and thus increase the valuable mineral con- stituents in the food. ANALYSES OF CANNED SALMON BY SOUTH DAKOTA AUTHORITIES In 1916 the South Dakota Food and Drug Department analyzed a considerable number of samples of canned salmon for the purpose of determining, if possible, whether inferior grades of the fish were sub- stituted for the better grades, and for the further purpose of discoy- ering some means of identifying the different types of salmon by chemical analysis. Thirty-three samples of commercial canned salmon, including 30 different brands, were analyzed. Thirteen of these were labeled as belonging to the sockeye class, five to the coho, six to the humpback, and one to the chum. Five samples were not labeled as to variety. One sample was labeled ‘‘Salmon Steaks’? and two samples were labeled ‘‘Fresh Alaska.”’ The last eight samples, because they were not labeled to show the common name of the fish contained in the can, were in violation of the F. I. D. No. 105 referred to above. All of the cans but one were labeled to show the net weight of fish in the ean. Sixteen per cent of them contained less than the declared amount of contents, but the greatest shortage was but 3.1 per cent of the declared weight, while the greatest excess in weight was 18.7 per cent of the declared weight. The weight is usually stated considerably under the actual amount of the contents. The amount of liquid in the cans is an important factor to consider in com- puting the value of the contents. The free liquor in the cans examined varied widely from 3.95 per cent in sample number 15-209, labeled ‘‘Salmon Steaks” to 26.54 per cent in sample number 15-638, which was not labeled as to variety. As a rule, the largest amount of free liquor is found in the lower priced grades, but there are exceptions, notably number 15-70, which contained 24.14 per cent of free liquor. ; It will be noticed from the results given in the table that the amount of total moisture varies inversely as the amount of fat (called ether extract in the table). That is, salmon containing an excessive amount of moisture contains little fat, but those samples which contain the lower amounts of moisture contain the largest amounts of fat. The protein content seems to be fairly constant in all samples, the average amount being 19.34 per cent, while the minimum found is 15.66 per cent and the maximum 22.45 per cent. The total phosphoric acid varies from 4.2 per cent to 9.8 per cent, the average being 6.6 per cent. As would be expected, the samples containing the larger proportions of fat liberate the larger quantities of heat units, or calories, per pound, and it will be noted that the price is not in all cases an accurate measure of value, some of the higher priced varieties being in reality much lower in actual cost, when their food value is taken into consideration, than some of the cheaper varieties. 38 rity peg South Dakota Food and Drug Department, Vol. IV, Nos. 2 and 3, October-December, 1916, pp. 8-11. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 549 The table below has been condensed from that shown in the report. The brand, name of the jobber, and the data about these samples, where the species is not shown on the label, have been eliminated, as they were not essential to our purpose. All of the other data have been reproduced exactly as they appeared in the original report. Not a single one of the samples apparently bore the packer’s label, all being jobber’s labels. Ash Labora- : Total Ether Ay tory No Variety moisture | extract Protein Soluble | Insoluble Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Per cent ISG1S) gl EL ONS eA at Re Dee ae ee 52,32 17. 68 19. 50 2.15 0. 81 Te -wLOMietianey: SOCREVOs-- 52 See ee ee ee 59. 29 16. 83 18. 28 1.63 . 88 ve—209R a palmonishedksess = = 212 8 ae 60. 45 17. 96 17.31 1.47 .33 Toone ancwren ese on eer eee Sees 60. 46 15.40 18. 22 1.33 2.89 TSK ESOC Key Ose eee = Sete es _ 60. 80 18.19 19. 15 81 ay 15-65) [52-0 (Oly bye tin See ee ae ee ee 60. 95 15. 94 18. 56 1. 50 eal Tb 5Oheied sockewes.o-8 =.) 025 61.60 15. 48 16. 89 1.99 Alay | 15-64 |_____ Gee ee ee ee ee ee 62.18 13. 10 19. 18 1.45 65 i DOSE DRCGeAaS hat 282% 2a oR Tue Fb Slee sl 65. 44 10. 57 20. 31 2.15 = faith 15-58 | Coho salmon 65. 65 9. 62 17. 32 1.61 1.33 SOI ECOG RAU ASI RE a.trc es Spee eo Se eee 66. 12 8. €3 21.22 1.73 - 62 ub -oemeCohosalmont (2s 8s, Seee ths eieoest F 67.18 9. 59 17. 60 1.18 1.20 Ieyrralll Sleabal ices haaXQo} aye eee ee pee eee, 69. 53 6. 62 20. 48 1.85 - 18 5 -2OsRegtsalrmon: = las olen eked. Fie ee 69. 87 6. 36 20. 38 2. 24 ati! e207 | weak Selim On. = se" ee kb eee DEES 70. 45 7. 28 17. 66 1. 53 - 90 TGC PAL] | MQ) aya ti die See eee eee ee ages ee ale eee eat 70. 52 4.57 19. 7: . 80 mide. 5-205 Red salmon: s 1s. ssn ne es hae Le 70. 86 4.04 Pata tt 1. 60 1.13 15-70 |_____ CL a he Sa ee 71.45 4.47 20. 75 2:35 1.60 LS Gle | miimkSAlM ONE ss... 2 hel ee ee ee 8 71. 64 4.35 18. 31 1. 56 1.01 205mm CrOnMOUSGMatH pees he ee woeeel hE ee 73.17 5. 33 17.35 1.27 45 1G 20GneAdaske salmon. == >So == es eee Te 73. 30 2.43 21. 22 1.45 . 96 15214) ees (10 eee tees ee ao ee 73. 76 3. 98 18. 31 1.62 . 54 Gael KeeAASKal Hoenn See eee ie 74. 08 3. 90 15. 66 1. 50 1.02 Phosphoric acid 3 Labora- eet Sodium | Calories Price tory No Variety chloride | per Ib. per Ib. Soluble | Insoluble ; Per cent | Per cent | Per cent | Number Value ast ial fal oY -0 eae se ee ee ae 2 eee 4.2 3.5 1.45 1,110 $0. 31 15210 sh HAN CY: SOCKCVOL a4 2s28 = ose Jes BS 4.2 4.0 .81 1, 050 . 36 TP OOS AlIMONISUCAKG» © 5 eran a = ee eee 3.7 eta) phil 1, 080 36 LS -GOmme ATIC Vared: s.32 Eee teh kn Pee ee ee eee 2.8 3.8 . 53 $90 29 15-72 | Sockeve___ seal Bal. .14 1b 25 15-65, |e === doe -- 252 5.3 . 68 1, 020 29 15-59 | Red sockey: 3.6 2.6 1.10 OG hn |= = ee ay 3 10S ae ee A SES Peete 2S Nicer ae BYP} 3.5 . 60 910 30 15-204 | Red Alaska 4.0 Oe} eas Ro ASt | ey eee 15-58 | Coho salmon 2.5 5.7 1.02 730 25 ROO Red MARASKg ee = = At ee eT Ae bases) 1.9 2.8 . 82 (citi Sa eee oe 154s @ono: salmon as. See eb ee 2.4 5.9 -43 730 21 Te Oo eal edn SANTO = sass eee ee eee ee! 1.8 3.6 - 90 6600) o-oo RP eOusalinONasas sos aes Bo he ve 2.0 2.7 1. 26 545 pee See oe WRF) WAL EATS ina Voy se eee Su Se 3.4 4.1 .74 635 15 TIGA lal {OMA rie rs Ree LESS ae eee eae ake es Sa ee ce 1.0 4.1, Trace. bo eee eee S=20 by eed: Salim onic oes sed 2. Soe ae ee 3.3 3.2 | 65 560 30 15—70 ule (00) pa oe eS SO i ook Dent 3.1 aa 7 575 30 15--bia eR inks Salmons sss. | eae t ye ose Se 2.4 4.7 84 §25 15 15-208 | Gorbousecna 1__________ es en STE ees 2.9 Zaal 45 DOR oscee eee fo—-200 a alaska Salmonieess seeks. ee este AY: 4.4 . 66 500 -15 15-214 |____- Os See ON Dg nd ey eB hn eS bee 2.5 215 510 Allis} He aie eT KepAU AS Kris mes See ae ee Se ee 2.0 4.5 . 85 455 525 1 Probably pink salmon (author). *% Probably chum salmon (author). 3 Mgm. of P2 Os per gram. 550 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES ANALYSIS OF SALTED SALMON Falkenburg & Co., of Seattle, have recently made an analysis of the food value of salted salmon, as follows: * Regarding the salmon recently inspected and analyzed for you by ourselves with the following results: Proteins 232 = Joe = ee eae ee 21. 97 per cent Rat=3=42.5>-aseeee erent eee 4. 34 per cent alte ck = oe eee ee ee ees 19. O8 per cent Ash os oct 4a eet be es ee 2 AAS eh . 84 per cent Moistiire:: 202255) aes ee ee ee 54. 35 per cent Calories: per. pounds eres oe ee 592 If this salmon were freshened, as is the custom in preparing it for the table, removing all but about 2 per cent of the salt, the fish would then have the following analysis: Protein2e seg ee a eee ev ae ae ae 27. 13 per cent | Oe eae AS Ese) Me ae a eee eat Mery at rs 5. 86 per cent OE i neae SA ae bob «Sas ee - 38 Sz88 322352222 i) 3 1, 355, 130 1, 877, 415 1, 887, 650 2, 169, 848 2, 413, 312 3, 133, 134 2, 492, 252 SS DDS NANI OND > on Da ee ee i eae 1918.3. eee 16.200") > ar eae 2, 000 4,036 | 6,605,835 | 1, 616, 157 O19... 7 ai | = eee 7, 500 43,169 | 4,583,688 | 1,393, 156 ! Reduced to a common basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. 1 Includes 950 cases packed at Monterey. ? Includes 12,809 cases packed at Monterey. ‘ Includes 2,000 cases packed at Monterey. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 555 Pack of canned salmon on the Pacific coast, by years and waters—Continued Klamath | Eel River Noyo Sacramento Buiitish = Year River,Calif.| Calif. ” |River,Calif.| River Alaska | Columbia | 7 °tal | Cases Cases Cases Cases Eee oe eS 4, 429, 463 1, 187, 616 6, 309, 597 nee eese 3, 572,128 | 1,357, 697 6, 443, 310 Loh ocSee 6, 083,903 | 2, 035, 629 8, 944, 780 1, 419, 534 |117, 402, 384 | 40, 099, 841 | 216, 607, 292 CANNING INDUSTRY, BY SPECIES AND WATERS The tables which follow show separately, by waters and as far as possible by species, the salmon canned on the Pacific coast from the beginning of the industry until 1928. It is only within recent years that the published statistics have shown the pack of the different spe- cies separately. In the early years of canning the chinook, or quinnat, salmon was used exclusively, the other species not being utilized until the chinook had begun to decrease in abundance, or a demand had arisen for a cheaper product. There is a very great difference in the selling value of the highest and lowest grades, and it is neces- sary to have complete statistical data now in order intelligently to comprehend the trend of the industry. While every effort has been made to make these tables complete, there are, unfortunately, some gaps which it was found impossible to fill. Such ellipses indicate that either the canneries did not operate or that no data were available for such periods. Although there are only five species of salmon found on the Pacific coast, each bears several common names which are in general use in one or more of the many fishing districts. Trade names of each species as known in each district follow: Districts 1 2 3 4 5 MAAS = % 22S ae He Redi~.c:=-- King: 2253234 British Columbia-_----- Sockeye----- Spring_-..--| C oho_-_-- Pnget poundes2--=—-—-|==——- doo Tyee Spring Columbia River------- Blueback_-_| Chinook---- Outside rivers--------- Quinault__--| Quinnat-----|----- d eee ee ee al ie ee 556 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canned salmon on Puget Sound in specified years Can- Chinook Sockeye Medium red or silver neries Year oper- ated Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value eae aes ones 5, 000"|_--— seks es a 238) | Sao ee Saaoteseneee 1, 300 $5, 690 Oe petite 8 7, 480 37, 400 bee tear 5 3, 000 15, 000 $24, 921 5, 869 19, 308 11, 816 7, 206 24, 500 103, 371 11, 812 59, 000 188, 014 22, 418 89, 672 273, 108 50, 865 154, 218 350, 299 82, 640 264, 448 1, 248, 192 91, 900 282, 133 1, 058, 400 98, 600 335, 240 2, 368, 334 | 111, 387 418, 176 1, 149, 000 | 128, 200 512, 800 150, 245 R 2, 047, 655 85, 817 429, 085 72, 500 167,211 | 1,003,260 ; 103, 450 413, 800 69, 352 109, 264 653, 871 | 118, 127 447, 851 9, 922 825, 453 | 4, 952, 718 79, 335 337, 174 48, 834 178, 748 | 1, 251, 236 94, 497 472, 485 16, 326 93, 122 698, 416 | 119, 472 476, 288 666, 470 170,951 | 1,196,657 | 128, 922 644, 922 72, 604 | 1,097,904 | 6, 183,300 | 148, 133 630, 446 60, 324 248,014 | 1,673,095 | 162, 755 895, 153 172, 582 127, 769 | 1,168,145 | 256, 123 1, 711, 178 101, 706 184,680 | 1,660,173 | 149, 727 761, 200 5, 247 | 1,673,099 | 10, 871, 178 61, 019 235, 372 179, 532 339, 787 | 2,751,832 | 158, 933 715, 995 145, 555 64, 584 676, 769 | 180, 783 902, 335 270, 432 90, 866 817,790 | 208, 967 1, 044, 835 638, 262 454, 336 | 4, 543,360 | 115, 860 926, 880 565, 385 52, 587 736, 225 | 235, 795 2, 004, 258 640, 710 67, 087 764, 792 | 201, 697 1, 815, 269 274, 820 62,751 | 1, 211, 094 25, 321 164, 587 205, 376 95, 667 | 1, 599, 529 65, 303 375, 928 214, 910 50, 235 850, 416 | 115, 405 674, 928 147, 594 50, 003 817, 882 | 120, 908 730, 214 208, 718 70, 749 | 1, 072, 083 84, 850 660, 411 310, 480 104,973 | 1,604,501 | 172, 007 1, 615, 538 305, 930 44, 568 720,786 | 120, 950 1, 020, 429 587, 258 97,594 | 2,115,410 | 135, 802 1, 358, 020 291, 493 60,081 | 1, 207, 981 89, 923 777, 472 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 557 Pack of canned salmon on Puget Sotnd in specified years—Continued ee a OS SOOOOOom_wwroomms Can- Chum Pink Steelhead Total neries Year oper- ated Cases Value Cases Value Cases | Value Cases Value $5, 690 RS Bie et Pe ho et ¢ 126, 356 49, 619 WS Se oa Ee eee 32, 000 ! 72, 461 Fae ee | Pee aes 93, 419 247, 537 363, 036 591, 948 pale eS ee essa 755, 235 1, 805, 277 Sie ee i Mose ee 1, 549, 864 3, 710, 358 1, 940, 925 3, 094, 445 1, 927, 546 1, 295, 328 5, 615, 433 2, 481, 336 2, 642, 146 T8399 5e | Rae eess | ee 448, 765 | 2,669, 095 O02N 342s aes eae 1, 678, 737 7, 917, 608 S88a| S522 ae bees 567, 883 | 3, 1438, 256 45302: 344))|e ese) 5 Ss 1,551,028 | 7, 745, 372 Rtn ee a ee 416, 119 2; 679, 457 24O92 401m eases |e aaa ee 2, 583, 463 | 13, 329, 168 AP Gls |aesew. zee sees 817,354 | 4, 555, 649 TL SAS ROASTS. | | seas el ee ee 1, 2¢9, 206 | 4,675, 412 575, 216 14] $84 | 11,052,917 | 4, 739, 455 6, 780, 978 4 36 | 1,990, 2&8 | 14, 159, 583 42) O66) bose |2es—— = 622, 732 | £&, 017, 823 3, 392, 411 62 620 | 1,307, 734 | 9, 793, 604 23, €21 28 168 168, 334 | 1, 853, 656 WB O4 AGA) |i Se Seas SS 589, 847 | 3, 673, 812 TSAGA SR ee el ees 257, 282 | 2, 056, 773 2, 310, 681 29 174 757, 5€4 | 4, 483, 828 143, 074 663, 426 6, 699 35, 359 130 729 321, 821 | 2,640, 726 42, 715 139, 911 557, 086 | 2, 893, 984 229 | 1,786 906, 993 | 6, 566, 200 112, 201 550, 405 2, 128 11, 901 63 719 307, 690 2, 610, 170 38, 129 225, 654 578, 923 | 3, 669, 941 80 | 1, 056 292,244 | 7, 957, 339 146, 356 833, 114 5, 597 41, 091 266 | 2,873 325, 376 3, 154, 024 1 The totals include large quantities of salmon brought to the sound canneries from other waters, prin- cipally in British Columbia, and packed here, these when prepared for market comprising approximately 141,917 cases of humpbacks or pinks, valued at $566,952; 136,316 cases of chums, valued at $538,937, and 53,135 cases of silvers, valued at $87,185; a grand total of 331,368 cases and $1,193,074. 558 Pack of canned salmon on U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Soleduck River, Wash., in specified years} Can- Chinook Sockeye Silverside Year neries operated | Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 1 414 940 $4, 324 1 206 1, 040 3, 536 1 237 1, 439 5, 574 1 388 1, 320 6, 072 Can- Pink 2 Chum Total Year neries operated | Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 1992. ee a eee 1 103 $268 76 $182 1, 548 $7, 414 1913.2 ese eee Us| tS Se EN ae 28 61 1, 27. 5, 039 1914.2 3 aS eee 1 189 567 103 291 1, 968 7,617 1016: 8s. eee eee 1 826 2, 478 192 538 2, 726 11, 028 1 None packed since 1915. 2 These are virtually all light-colored chinooks. Pack of canned salmon on Hoh River, Wash., in specified years | Can- Year neries Chinook Silverside Chum 1 None packed since 1921. Pack of canned salmon on Queets River, Wash., in specified years } Can- neries oper- ated _ © — oo ' ' 1 1 1 ' t 1 ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' i 1 1 1 1 1 ee Year Chinook Sockeye Cases Value Cases Value 750 $4, 500 200 $2, 080 1, 082 7, 574 220 1, 848 1,175 5, 875 200 2, 134 PEPE Al Write aa 1, 512 9, 072 1, 506 9, '036);| 23 22 28. | Seren 713 64075) So 5 ee ea 381 3, 429 20 280 450 5, 400 100 1, 600 a sece eee eee 750 11, 930 100 406 463 5, 389 127 814 257 4, 166 1, 745 11, 185 338 5, 479 592 3, 242 146 2, 380 1, 420 11, 360 275 5, Chum Steelhead Cases Value Cases Value 1, 000 $2400 ok a Rees 670 1, 461 600 $3, 300 1, 020 2, 887 500 2, 750 Vigo eB eas 1, O45) | ce oe ee eee 47 306 129 1, 161 ppp ES ae Ee eee 2 87 870 50 B20 acuk oto eo mr ss 478 | 1,979| 1,500] 11,250 675 POU 2 =e a | 867 Ay P| ee ee eee eh oe 579 2000! |saacacseee| eee ! No operations in 1920, 1921, and 1928, | — | | |_ E Silverside Cases Value 2, 500 $11, 500 1, 680 5, 712 1, 800 , 966 I Falas 617| 3,085 1, 196 9, 759 1, 138 9, 673 1, 025 12, 300 ate. 976| 4,821 1,314 8, 541 765 4, 972 1, 311 9, 832 Total Cases Value 4, 450 $20, 480 4, 252 19, 895 4, 695 20, 612 1, 512 9, 072 2, 538 13, 366 2, 085 17, 643 1, 626 14, 252 1, 625 19, 620 750 11, 930 3, 517 23, 845 2, 373 16, 423 3, 715 25, 364 2, 570 18, 149 2 68 cases of these were smoked. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 559 Pack of canned salmon on Quinault River, Wash., in specified years Can- Chinook Sockeye Silverside neries Year oper- ated Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 0 ee a a are 2, 031 $16, 000 6, 000 $42, 000 Ud Le Se ee ee ee 4, 500 40, 500 3, 916 18, 014 atl deere wenn a at Alete Tie See 492 4, 133 7, 106 24, 160 UA TLCS es os Se Se eae ae 12, 074 120, 740 1, 623 6, 281 CG oe RRS Se a re eee oe 22, 972 239, 989 1, 388 6, 807 VIG. SS eo ee a eee 10, 315 92, 835 1, 093 5, 465 Eee pi eereeete ee ees 2S See ee 4, 608 55, 296 2, 609 21, 289 OR. oe ed Se ee ee 2, 470 30, 869 6, 086 51, 731 betes epee ene eee 1,144 18, 304 775 9, 300 LES Sf ey Jt pe NE ee eee 235 40230 | LS PAL ee A al) i ee ee 2, 590 Gl 440). 32 es | ee LN PAA Sea 5 bee 0 eT ara el tani ee 18, 463 290, 238 1, 852 5, 302 LDP Ges 2 i aE alee a 9, 991 116, 295 1, 081 5, 340 UL as Ee Ee ee 8, 216 15 PLT | ee ee oS Tips Se Oe Le SAE Ae ee 2, 975 48, 225 475 3, 087 UTP GSM eee Re ee ia oe 1, 583 2805 (eae os Fos 2 > ee Hn) 2 en ne oh rc INE Pe Sant 4, 985 OG ZC | ee ee | SE PUL a ee ee Ne eee 2, 000 AOs OOO? |p Snares | a Can- Chum Total neries Year oper- ated Cases Value Cases Value APIS 5" yo SS Pete te ie Se BE a ee See Sane 1 5,400 | $27, 000 18, 431 $120, 000 VRP oo Sie oe PO a a SE ea ah ge ee oe 2 5, 500 13, 200 13, 916 71, 714 DENS bn ale ee ARE ER all oe SE ae ee 5 OE SN | tees 7, 598 28, 293 CRETE ns a a eS eS ee ee SS Sd eee tt eg ee 2 1, 048 2, 966 14, 796 130, 242 TPM a Ro Me al a a SR ty a SO Bie ek ae 2 1, 993 5, 580 27, 497 259, 240 TDG 6 brag BU op PEI ae Shae ae Ce cog Se Se 2 466 1, 398 13, 239 107, 888 TED iy enaneee eno mle ee See de Ny ole eer o 2 ee 2 1, 821 11, 836 | 2 10, 553 98, 438 HOT Se bo oe os ee A te ee eo 2 1, 682 10, 874 11, 735 106, 947 TDD. 2s 2 a ee es Sah eet eS ee 2 650 4, 160 2, 734 33, 827 TMP hae ae Dae De el i RE ee Oe ae Oe ee ee met 11) page ee Sl eee 235 4, 230 UR es Soe Se Se A as Dea ee eee oneness 2, 590 41, 440 O22 ae See Cree ee = een! She Wee oe ee re Lo ed 5 4, 230 17, 081 24, 695 313, 265 GPRM TOE, Ae ee ae ee 2 6,756 | 27,970] 18,440 | 152,090 DUALS ye Ch Dee ae ER 8 oe Se eee eee oy | ees el teat See 8, 216 123, 988 (APA ae pe Se ay ee ee ee ere ee 3 190 817 4, 090 55, 014 TDP) Sepia Ls PE a Ree 5 AT hee ee ee ee ea Di eee ee eC tae ae Ree oe, 1, 583 25, 803 IMPS o. SEE Se eee ie Oe See een ett ee ee eee CEN eS OCS Sul EE eee 4, 985 99, 700 INGA ee ee Se eee Si reer eae (iL eee ee ee 2, 000 40, 000 1 Previous to this date the fish were transported to the Aberdeen and Hoquiam canneries and prepared ere. 2 Includes 1,206 cases of humpbacks, valued at $7,236. 560 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canned salmon on Grays Harbor in specified years Can- Chinook Silverside Chum Total Voar neries oper- ated | Cases | Value | Cases | Value Cases Value Cases | Value iniS- 9 ELS Tp Aes A 8 na es 2a) a ES CE eaten RL ES 5, 420 | $29, 268 A870. bo es Ee D2 SEE Es ee | ees | 3 8 | | To Sa ame ep Nera Ml (eee | Ur) a la ee 8/200) uae SAGs oo ee | ee es eee ee ees ee ol eee 1855/00) |= RN oe hat Op wel PM apse oe PL Pe PN 37, 000 | 212, 750 180] Si kee eee ft ee ee ee 500! || S1)200 E222 222-2 eee 500 1, 500 18020 82 i 52 eet oes 1 4,500 | $15,390 | 9,000 | 30,780 3,000 | $9, 415 16, 500 55, 585 AROS Os eS ee ee 1 4,500 | 22,500 | 12,000 | 48,000 5,500 | 14,850 | 22,000 | 85,350 1894e4 2 ee 1 | 12,300} 61,500} 4,100} 16, 400 5,000 | 13,500 | 21,400 | 91,400 1805. tee eee 1 56 202 | 8,876 | 28, 403 2, 517 6,922 | 11,449 | 35, 527 {ROB rer Eee 2| 7,816| 36,806 | 9,278] 29,689| 4,180] 11,495 | 21,274] 57,990 TROT” Jo: eee ee 1| 3,100] 11,741 | 8,300] 23,481 | 1,900] 5,000] -13,300| 40, 222 1808 222 2) 5,100! 23,052] 4,800! 16,320} 2,200! 6,050] 12,100! 45,422 DE} a Ps eee Speed a NED 1 5, 000 21, 250 | 15, 740 59, 025 38, 500 8, 750 24, 240 | 89, 025 10005. 48 Se ee 2 6, 700 33, 500 | 12, 900 51, 600 11, 200 30, 800 30, 800 | 115, 900 [DOM eee ee Ey ee bce ee a ee al 41, 500, | "oss 1902. Ss eee 1 4,000 | 20,000 | 10,000 | 45, 000 17,500 | 70,000 | 31,500 | 135,000 1904: 5.23323 ee eo 2] 4,339 20, 163 | 14, 904 51, 854 8, 316 21, 022 27, 559 93, 039 105. +s eee 2| 2050] 9,225 | 13,000 | 52,000 | 7,000] 18,200} 22,050 | 79, 425 1906 ee ee 2 2, 500 10, 000 | 11, 500 43, 900 8, 000 21, 500 22, 000 75, 400 10070 eee een 1} 1,000} 7,000] 9,500] 47,500] 3,500] 11,500] 14,000 | 66,000 (uit eee PSOE a ens 1} 1,000} 7000] 9,500] 47,500] 3,500] 11,500] 14,000 | 66,000 Re i eo Cage ena 1| 5,721 | 20,819 | 9,019] 38,146 | 5,047] 11,608 |121,436| 79, 624 Lh ee ee Raa 3 | 15,495 | 90,718 | 21,768 | 108,840 | 13,867 | 48,534 | 2.55, 480 | 279, 017 AO ee Sa eee 4 | 15,773 | 110,411 | 28,991 | 202, 937 | 3 31,177 | 155, 885 75, 941 | 469, 233 Oto eee eee 5 9, 060 54, 360 | 26, 162 | 120, 345 12, 065 28,956 | 47, 287 | 203, 661 1913. 3S ey se 4 1, 253 8, 771 5, 723 19, 458 12, 919 28, 163 19, 895 56, 392 Lk) YS Se SS aCe 4 | 11,899 59, 495 9, 156 35, 434 11, 379 32, 203 32, 434 | 127, 132 1OUp ees ee eee soe 4 4, 219 20,089 | 14, 036 61, 707 22, 737 63, 678 40,992 | 145, 474 AOVG a2 = re, et oe eee 5 | 12,400 74,403 | 11, 580 57, 898 32, 560 | 117, 744 | 4 60, 336 | 265, 229 MOU eee ease 9 | 12,124 | 109, 116 9, 589 51, 246 10, 910 70,915 | 5 42, 696 | 291, 715 TOR i Se ee eS 6 8, 731 99, 912 | 21,994 | 201, 705 5, 247 37, 915 35, 972 | 339, 532 1919). 2:2 eee 6 | 4,370 54, 626 | 12,214 | 146, 608 28, 712 | 183, 757 45, 296 | 384, 991 1920 not ee ee 1 337 4, 044 35 240 Se Soe eee oe 372 4, 293 MODS ee eet ee ee 2 942 9, 476 2, 834 13, 079 2, 746 9, 270 5, 544 31, 825 rip eo Sh OE SA 3 57 244 | 4052 | 18,558} 10,077 | 40,106 | 14,186] 58,908 TO 28 )) Roe ee ees 4 3, 076 12, 489 3, 085 15, 240 20,828 | 86, 228 26, 989 | 113, 957 Red te ta a ees 4 35 215} 3,513 | 19,813 | 26,435 | 111,820 | 29,991 | 131, 848 1 ye ae hs Se 4 992 6, 359 6, 411 41,671,| 22, 281 95, 808 29, 684 | 143, 838 1020s 2 Seow see ial etl SEE ara 556 3, 047 7,978 | 37,098 8, 534 40, 145 (5 jp tied Sai CNS Se 3 338 | 2,076 324 | 1,944] 12,177| 73,136 | 12,839| 77,156 hp ae ee I eee Cal leas Sie, £ || hee CL 77 462 15,876 | 79, 380 15, 953 79, 842 1 Includes 1,649 cases, valued at $9,051, packed with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound. 2 Includes 4,350 cases of ‘‘ quinault,’’ or sockeye, salmon, valued at $23,925. 3 Includes 6,730 cases of humpbacks. 4 Includes 3,796 cases of humpbacks, valued at $15,184. 5 Includes 10,073 cases of humpbacks, valued at $60,438, ee ee PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 561 Pack of canned salmon on Willapa Harbor in specified years Can- neries oper- ated Year He OTH GO HR Co Chinook Silverside Chum Humpback Total Cases | Value | Cases | Value | Cases | Value | Cases | Value | Cases | Value Ses a8 EE Se Se ee ee eee oe 2 Se |e aes Pe GOO} eae see Be Te ee aaa | Ps ee ee ee eee es 22, 500 |$129, 375 5 Pee ed ee et Sea $000 245000) be eee s|_-- 2/2555 Se ea S8000)|| (24; 000 3, 000 |$10, 260 | 9,000 | 30,780 | 2,500 | $7, 745 |________]_______- 14,500 | 48,785 12000] 9180) |r seo smal Ds0n|, s6f000)| 185150 |2-- 2 ap ee 16,195 | 58,910 2,700 | 14, 580 5, 600 | 22, 400 (eter) || UE 7(0 a ae eee a ae 15, 100 55, 680 45636") 23, 180) | 13,0475 |p40 150u) 4 ON 7aleld, 222 |---| 22,600 | 77, 552 4,551 | 22,755 | 11,940 | 38,208 | 8 450 | 21,238 |..-...-_]..______ 24,941 | 82, 201 8,100 | 33, 291 | 14,600 | 44,822 | 6,900 | 18,975 |___-----|_______- 29,600 | 97,088 5, 865 | 26, 510 9, 809 | 33, 351 ti TPN ONS 0) | | 21, 420 75, 663 5, 650 | 25,425 | 10,675 | 40,031 | 4,989 | 13,720 |__------|_______- 21,314 | 79,176 6, 700 | 33, 500 | 12,400 | 49,600 | 7,200 | 19, 800 |_-_-----[________ a 300 | 102, 900 ee ee ee Eee ne) ne eee ee eS ae Sees 34000) 22a 5, 836 | 29,186 | 9,128 | 41,076 | 24,528 | 97,112 |_------_|________ 39, 492 | 167, 368 2,300) | 13; 800! 2,390) 1057550)! 15200) I< 3,300) |222-- 2-2 | 222-2 ee 5,890 | 27, 855 3, 000 | 12, 000 7, 400 | 28, 440 | 16,000 | 38,700 |.-------|_-______ 26, 400 79, 140 4,650 | 20,925 | 4,300 | 17,200} 6,000 | 15,000 |--------|________ 14,950 | 53, 125 4,000 | .16,000 | 5,340 || 21,360 | 5,100 | 13, 260 |_--.----|_-______ 14,440 | 50, 620 3, 530 | 15,354 | 9, 228 | 36, 682 24a 2R406 0 S2o- Ss SE oe? eee 13, 382 | 54, 582 4,017 | 20, 585 OF O23 ges 6924) LO 51%, \)\000;,809) |==2- 21 = 20, 457 81, 086 1, 455 5, 869 4, 822 | 17,359 DNA E los 1Gd: ee =a noes |e ee 12, 024 36, 391 Zeon PLonOse |e 0; O00s\e2o- 480m! sand4sOulicoy el os ae] = es ee 11,508 | 63, 268 Onele || 40019) | +9,'298 | 655086) | 10;483) 52.410) |--= === = |2 = 25, 497 | 157, 515 6, 123 | 36, 738 8, 030 | 36, 938 9, 5383 | 22,879 4, 462 |$11, 601 | 28,148 | 108, 156 67 A260R | SS Ue LONO 7a ||. Se Scent 92808, [one | ee 12,050 | 30, 414 2924) 14430 |) 4, 1791 27,749) | 6,034. | 19) O77 |-=--- 22 |e 16, 837 | 61, 256 3, 148 | 19, 380 4,008 | 18, 437 OxB86u|loxO2I |e = see Se ee 12, 842 53, 738 OplLOulS0/690! no,,cG0shLons2or| LOs073) || 86; 202)|-- 22a sje sse nS 18, 553 | 83, 777 POM S5O20slaez, 145 LOLI 75 | 4o1 Galle oOn csr | aes eee e eee see 8,379 | 68,915 921 | 10, 131 5, 249 | 50, 390 ZAG 71s) | pL 8x 500s | See ee ae ee 8, 827 79, 120 1,152 | 12, 672 1,491 | 14,910 9, 301 | 65, 107 1, 688 8, 440 | 13, 632 | 101, 129 62 8975 FSS ese So ae OS Sie epee aes ee ee ee ee 62 837 623 | 4,673 | 1,683 | 6,732] 2,719] 9,788 141 536 | 5,166] 21,729 1,168 | 6,168 | 1,549 | 10,260} 2,289} 8,579 56 224 | 5,062) 25, 231 375 | 3,525 45 Zo GG HA02H Onl 42) |e eee sean oe 7,466 | 46, 203 168 | 1,275 602} 4,455 | 21,959 | 70,582 | 1,104] 5,400 | 23,833 | 81,712 13, 500 | 67, 500 10 2 OR 5B la ROSS 40 |= es ae 33, 071 | 126, 312 1,491 | 13,517 | 1,400 | 8,240] 8, 205 | 34,320 275 | 1,375 | 11,371 | 57,452 2,668 | 21, 342 Dole eke Sone 8044 eSONGS2i|2- 8 ee es ee feo 21,793 | 114, 157 502 | 4,518 Soom e028) |) 81647432235) |S = Soe Soar ee 9,487 | 49, 781 1 In 1923 there were 644 cases of steelheads packed, valued at $6,311. 562 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canned salmon on the Columbia River from the inception of the industry to 1928 Year Chinook Cases Value 4, 000 18, 000 28, 000 100, 000 150, 000 200, 000 250, 000 250, 000 350, 000 375, 000 450, 000 380, 000 | 2, 052, 000 460,000 | 2, 300, 000 480,000 | 2, 640, 000 530, 000 | 2, 650, 000 550, 000 | 2, 475, 000 541, 300 | 2, 600, 000 629, 400 | 3, 147, 000 620,000 | 2, 915, 000 553, 800 | 2, 500, 000 448, 500 | 2, 135, 000 356, 000 | 2, 124, 000 372, 477 | 2,327, 981 266, 697 | 1, 600, 182 335, 604 | 1, 946, 087 353, 907 | 2, 038, 566 344, 267 | 1, 996, 388 288, 773 | 1, 559, 374 351, 106 | 1, 895, 976 444,909 | 2, 428, 658 370, 943 | 1, 840, 511 432,753 | 1, 804, 221 329, 566 | 1, 490, 394 255, 824 | 1, 458, 175 262, 392 | 1, 821, 258 270, 580 | 1, 428, 743 301, 762 | 1, 610, 614 320, 378 | 1, 944, 690 327,106 | 1, 962, 636 311, 334 | 1, 868, PAR Res ee ee Se 210509612222 es 162, 131 1, 203, 546 244, 285 | 1, 882, 137 405, 862 | 2, 204, 185 220, 317 | 1, 988, 526 192,116 | 1, 664, 670 289, 464 | 2, 573, 502 406, 486 | 3, 694, 361 395, 166 | 3, 572, 203 403, 637 | 5, 023, 529 400, 952 | 5, 222, 983 392,125 | 5, 031, 207 420, 467 | 6, 286, 403 267, 852 | 3, 643, 282 237, 230 | 3, 257, 244 289, 586 | 4, 638, 956 293,716 | 3, 991, 588 350, 809 | 4, 869, 950 295, 302 | 4, 140, 271 339, 446 | 5, 559, 222 251, 404 | 4, 355, 218 Blueback Cases 17, 797 57, 345 15, 482 Silverside Value Cases Value $101, 061 |i 1c dee eee 290, (0602. o- Ja dee eee 984,242 |_| oe anal 372, 909 4, 176 $20, 880 152,295 | 29, 107 116, 428 224,430 | 42, 758 171, 032 86,523 | 99, 601 329, 683 81,518 | 44; 108 141) 145 51,888 | 60, 850 197, 762 300,015 | 65, 431 222) 465 134,723 | 29, 608 112, 055 92,184 | 44) 925 202, 163 86,465 | 10, 532 44, 732 42,867 | 12, 181 49, 869 78,048 | 31, 254 118, 357 46, 608 | 26, 826 114, 011 54,712] 41, 446 124, Pee 31 o7alsce ees Wigiur: 587 BL 492) |c Sees 214,561 | 42; 178 185, 070 34,287 | 68, 922 363, 688 47,904} 79,416 549, 478 85,384 | 31,842 177, 248 93, 677 | 40, 969 175, 412 376,924 | 69, 769 380, 666 56,707 | 33, 336 173, 234 288 | 52, 084 335, 114 111) 552 299 700, 680 605,328 | 98,145 | 1,072,843 73,116 | 90,728 | 1,052, 767 41,872 | 27,024 189, 168 89,820 | 34,381 239, 613 442, 466 | 90, 437 605, 942 518,724 | 101, 554 630, 543 118, 587 | 112) 308 742, 445 103, 182 | 113,544 | 1, 196, 749 388,621 | 97, 142 981, 217 147, 378 | 74,879 585, 816 100,131 | 49, 136 478, 355 1 Of these, 2,846 cases, valued at $23,203, were packed with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 563 Pack of canned salmon on the Columbia River from the inception of the industry to 1928—Continued Can- Humpback Chum Steelhead trout Total . neries ~ Year oper- ated | Cases | Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value ino. Sas i Ne eee be ete ee es 9 Ee oer $64, 000 I eoee eee i lle ae ls aa Oy ee | Rae Eee 288, 000 GGUS: eR Ae Gee ee Sl i ee a ee 392, 000 FFOs een wn |e a ae | |e | ane nnaee- |s-a---=--- 1, 350, 000 eT c atl | ea | ge ee ee 1, 800, 000 TSG oo ae Se See ee ee Pee pee eae eee 2, 100, 000 iT cg) ee |e tee ee ee we 2 bese ee nomen | ame = — 2, 325, 000 HVE Li oe pe od op) A A SS oS oP ee oe eee ee eee 2, 250, 000 YASS eee 13 9 | ee | es cn a ee Ps | ee 2, 625, 000 Tei Mia Saar a 18} ye hee S| (U SE Sah eee Se ee eee 2, 250, 000 TED oo ee ees Peo seee Pema e Tee 2, 475, 000 2, 052, 000 2, 300, 000 2, 640, 000 2, 650, 000 2, 475, 000 2, 600, 000 3, 147, 000 2, 915, 000 2, 500, 000 2, 135, 000 2, 124, 000 2, 327, 981 Deeks Sashes 25, 391 | $108, 587 309, 885 1, 809, 820 eho es 42, 825 171, 300 435, 774 2, 407, 456 ee Pe 5 29, 564 118, 156 398, 953 2, 440, 964 oe BL ee 72, 348 | 288,892 | 487, 338 2, 679, 069 $6, 933 65, 226 260, 904 415, 876 2, 095, 934 a = 52, 422 209, 688 490, 100 2, 501, 126 62, 591 49, 678 203, 542 634, 696 3, 110, 997 aoe aN 49,663 | 198,652 | 481, 697 2, 261, 826 fame aaa 46,146 | 165,440 | 552,721 | 2, 219, 311 Se eer 26, 277 60, 352 487, 944 2, 073, 226 33, 836 11, 994 39,186 | 332, 774 1, 777, 975 63, 706 20, 597 102, 985 358, 772 2, 282, 296 Se ne Pama eel ear ees 390, 183 1, 942, 660 41, 604 8, 593 42,965 | 317, 143 1, 644, 509 37, 500 dpe 36, 255 | 339, 577 1, 777,105 52, 691 9, 868 48,892 | 395, 104 2, 242, 678 65, 206 9, 822 49,110 | 397, 273 2, 237, 571 69, 505 6, 500 32,500 | 394, 898 2, 149, 062 cased 5G 21h) | eaemmenawee |r 324-17 ele7(68)400 eee ees IO Ly || eee eel | yi erale) 1, 380, 708 57, 115 17, 382 99,796 | 274, 196 1, 760, 220 232, 883 5, 436 31, 203 391, 415 2, 544, 198 203, 198 8, 594 47,399 | 553, 331 3, 052, 164 46, 590 6, 958 22, 108 286, 026 2, 319, 856 29, 486 8, 939 49, 142 266, 479 2, 012, 387 305, 541 10, 792 59,356 | 454, 621 3, 695, 989 251, 632 26, 723 129, 358 558, 534 4, 305, 292 IO See, See 20 56 224 77,766 | 307, 483 18,999 | 118,987] 547, 861 4, 361, 299 1b} eee ee 2 eel a | ee 53, 659 386, 596 23, 783 292, 583 553, 346 6, 514, 940 AOTSE Assos Se Oj il ae Res = ee Ee Se 29, 846 215, 669 24, 605 350, 071 591, 381 7, 466, 894 1) ORE eee 7a tl | SER | ees 75,493 | 441, 989 14,414 | 144,140] 580,028 6, 743, 219 152 7 | a ete a 77 fl ee CE |S eee ase 18, 792 60, 134 12, 645 151, 740 481, 545 6, 729, 317 Te al 4 ala OS oe 07 at ee eee 3, 700 10, 174 10, 142 | 110,618 | 322,120 4, 093, 507 1 PPh NES Eta 5 (a ape ee 2 eae 8, 844 47, 640 24,920 | 223,566 | 392, 174 4, 576, 858 BPR yo lhe A tee 7B | Re Noe) [arene Ee! 25, 508 | 110, 638 25,968 | 269,765 | 480,925 6, 168, 626 LAU ee ee ed 22 593 2, 709 57, 748 257, 502 29, 734 273, 581 501, 465 5, 386, 412 TAS 75 A age 21 84 278 55, 812 246, 010 14, 637 205, 204 540, 536 6, 621, 373 AODG eee a3 SEL Sr lace Wray ener Ree 32,853 | 141, 926 32,690 | 352,744 | 479, 723 6, 004, 779 127, ee D2 's|2 oe Se ei 68,449 | 425, 240 30,148 | 311,070 | 519, 809 7, 028, 726 POOR ra Se DA | Rae Oaee ae Lee 124,953 | 747, 619 16,339 | 222,139 | 446, 650 5, 903, 467 2 Packed with humpbacks brought from Puget Sound. 564 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canned salmon on the Columbia River, by States, 1917-1928 1917 1918 1919 1920 States and species Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Washington: Blueback- --.--.-- 2, 801 $33,612 | 19,450 | $245,070 2, 329 $18, 632 1, 297 $20, 752 Chinook.= 44227) = 146, 140 | 1, 753, 680 | 145, 511 | 1, 715, 874 |1130, 185 | 1,671, 007 |2140, 319 | 2,098, 190 Ohum= 22. Sees 14, 539 93,050 | 12,173 85,211 | 39, 279 235, 674 4,911 15, 715 Silverside____----- 15, 989 183,874 | 35, 746 343, 162 | 34, 927 349, 270 7, 398 51, 786 Steelhead .___----- 6, 053 66, 583 8, 699 104, 388 7, 148 71, 480 4, 977 59, 724 Total- essa 185, 522 | 2,130, 799 | 221,579 | 2,493, 705 | 213, 868 | 2,346, 063 | 158, 902 | 2, 246, 167 Oregon: Blueback--___----- 5, 167 77,940 | 18, 383 360, 258 4, 939 54, 484 1, 320 21, 120 Ghinook.. 23 =2- 257, 497 | 3, 269, 849 | 255, 441 | 3, 507, 109 | 261, 940 | 3,360, 200 | 280, 148 | 4, 188, 213 293, 546 17, 673 130, 458 36, 214 206, 315 13, 881 44, 419 516, 806 62, 399 729, 681 55, 801 703, 497 19, 626 137, 382 225,955] 15, 906 245, 683 7, 266 72, 660 7, 668 92, 016 Total. --os-4=— 367, 824 | 4,384, 096 | 369, 802 | 4,973, 189 | 366,160 | 4, 397, 156 | 322, 643 | 4, 488, 150 Grand total___-_- 553, 346 | 6, 514, 895 | 591,381 | 7, 466, 894 | 580, 028 | 6, 743, 219 | 481,545 |} 6,729, 317 1921 1922 1923 1924 States and species Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Washington: IBtuebsek= 22-2242 2, 674 $39,727 | 17,568 | $252,878 | 19,084 | $258, 417 2, 591 $41, 709 Chinook == 104, 349 | 1,419,641 | 99,096 | 1,360,664 | 94,821 | 1,518,821 | 110,872 | 1, 506, 738 Chum as 641 1, 762 7, 609 40,983 | 16, 401 71,114 | 13,899 61, 935 1g hbkerha) oVele = Soe} || soe pee | ses ce celle aco eS ec|[ssossesae =e 593 2, 709 Silverside--------- 8, 454 58,902 | 28, 580 191,500 | 27, 918 173, 263 | 22, 965 151, 888 Steelhead--.._.---- 8, 955 97, 668 8, 047 72,215 | 18, 103 136, 098 9, 617 88, 505 Motal= == sts ee 125, 073 | 1, 617, 700 | 160, 900 | 1, 918, 240 | 171,327 | 2,157,713 | 160, 537 | 1, 853, 484” Oregon: iBlueback. 22-22" 3, 371 50,093 | 18,175 189, 588 | 19, 225 260, 307 4,775 76, 878 Chinook-= 22 163, 503 | 2, 223,641 | 138, 134 | 1,896, 580 | 194, 765 | 3,120,135 | 182, 844 | 2, 484, 850 Gbps ee 3, 059 8, 412 1, 235 6, 657 9, 107 39,524 | 43, 849 195, 567 Silverside_-...-.-- 25, 927 180,711 | 61, 857 414, 442 | 73, 636 457, 280 | 89, 343 590, 557 Steelhead --_--_---- 1, 187 12, 950 16, 873 151, 351 12, 865 133, 667 20, 117 185, 076 otal 2243se ee 197, 047 | 2,475, 807 | 231, 274 | 2,658, 618 | 309, 598 | 4,010,913 | 340,928 | 3, 582, 928 Grand total-_-___- 322, 120 | 4, 093, 507 | 392,174 | 4,576,858 | 480,925 | 6, 168, 626 | 501, 465 | 5,386, 412 1925 1926 1927 1928 States and species Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Washington: Blueback- - - -.---- 2, 900 $52, 967 9,392 | $167, 910 3, 170 $67, 521 8, 307 $66, 140 Ghinook? 2252 170, 181 | 2, 362, 833 | 105, 791 | 1, 483, 327 | 141,377 | 2, 588, 187 | 143, 841 | 2, 445, 297 (3) ¢\b ie A ae 30, 228 133, 185 6, 738 29,109 | 15, 409 95, 536 | 51, 593 309, 558 Humpback- ------ 84 P15 ae el [Eee a rene) Memmne ete [meet eee). eat Silverside--------- 20, 732 218,511 | 17,103 172,823 | 34,619 269, 228 | 23, 242 217, 772 Steelhead -__-_-_-_-- 3, 396 47, 605 7, 148 77, 146 6, 021 62, 016 9, 988 134, 838 POLL eee 227, 521 | 2,815,379 | 146,172 | 1,930,315 | 200, 596 | 3, 082, 488 | 231,971 | 3, 173, 605 Oregon: Blueback---_------ 2, 750 50,215 | 12,324 220, 711 By Le 79, 857 1, 511 33, 991 Chinook = 180, 628 | 2,507,117 | 189,511 | 2, 656, 944 | 198,069 | 2,971,035 | 107, 563 | 1, 909, 921 O) irri tee SSeS 25, 584 112,825 | 26,115 112,817 | 53, 040 329, 704 | 73, 360 438, 061 Silverside--_---_-- 92, 812 978, 238 | 80, 039 808, 394 | 40, 260 316, 588 | 25, 894 260, 583 Steelhead_._______ 11, 241 157, 599 | 25, 542 275, 598 | 24, 127 249, 054 6, 351 87, 301 Total=as-pss aes 313, 015 | 3, 805, 994 | 333, 551 | 4, 074, 464 | 319, 213 | 3, 946, 238 | 214,679 | 2, 729, 857 Grand total____- 540, 536 | 6,621,373 | 479,723 | 6,004,779 | 519, 809 | 7, 028, 726 | 446, 650 | 5, 903, 462 1 Includes 106,328 cases spring chinooks, valued at $1,382,264; 21,740 cases fall chinooks, valued at $273,924; and 2,117 cases light-colored chinooks, valued at $14,819. : 2 Includes 138,258 cases spring chinooks, valued at $2,073,870; and 2,061 cases fall chinooks, valued at $24,310. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES Pack of canned salmon in specified years NEHALEM RIVER, OREG. bet DOD OO DD DD DD tS 00 GO ND ND BN rt tt et et Chinook Silverside Cases Value Cases Value SERRE BA ee pe as 10, 000 $40, 000 1, 692 $6, 768 5, 031 20, 124 | 1, 627 6, 508 4, 866 19, 464 1, 752 7, 008 5, 152 16, 486 2, 828 8, 484 5, 218 15, 654 3, 384 10, 152 8, 366 25, 098 3, 808 9, 891 5, 700 19, 380 1, 384 5, 536 7,405 26, 658 268 1, 139 3, 273 13, 092 271 1, 431 3, 169 13, 468 686 3, 670 4, 615 19, 614 500 2, 500 5, 000 20, 009 2, 700 16, 200 2, 900 12, 325 3, 987 23, 922 4, 976 14, 928 4, 000 28, 000 6, 600 19, 800 5, 000 35, 000 6, 100 18, 300 1, 985 10, 542 4, 554 20, 253 3, 500 24, 500 5, 400 29, 700 5, 821 46, 568 14, 878 81, 829 Bente Sal ae ears wed 13, 331 73, 321 300 1. 500 764 3, 056 4, 841 33, 887 11, 800 63, 720 400 2, 400 5,400 | 24, 840 2, 700 21, 656 3, 474 17, 370 783 7, 047 851 6, 808 1, 685 18, 535 9, 200 88, 320 500 6, 250 8, 124 97, 488 pec ee Pe asl aS 2, 000 9, 160 WONMNN NEE CEST pe be 18, 000 $1, 988 4, 000 2, 800 7, 763 Balt 5 Se 6, 514 6, 600 4, 860 6, 000 9, 000 | 13,000 | 10,342 8, 720 3, 889 4, 240 2, 133 1, 135 2, 287 Bare eee 2, 727 ee PTT 4, 400 6, 600 1, 700 11, 220 2, 364 14, 000 3, 410 16, 100 6, 000 15, 663 5, 029 20, 300 4, 500 67, 464 | 12, 663 26, 677 6, 418 15, 600 1, 000 33, 138 4,131 34, 300 4, 549 75, 720 4, 333 35, 162 Chum Total Cases Value Cases Value 5 AOE eee Ae 5, 000 $30, 000 an a= Ae Soe 6, 000 32, 000 Or ee | eee 9, 000 45, 500 ee | es 8, 500 14, 000 Se eee ee 10, 000 40, 000 Ree sa bt 6, 723 26, 892 $e 5 ee eee 6, 493 25, 972 ee ee ee Cpe 6, 904 23, 494 eee eae SE 8, 046 24, 138 | eee 11, 750 35, 250 2 a el eee 9, 508 29, 271 1, 288 $3, 864 10, 077 36, 058 2, 669 7, 206 6, 210 21, 437 2, 570 10, 280 6, 010 25,179 a 5, 301 22, 284 6, 000 12, 000 11, 500 34, 500 6, 000 15, 000 11, 600 43, 525 2, 057 5, 143 11, 020 42, 993 2, 000 6, 000 12, 600 53, 800 2, 016 6, 048 13, 116 59, 348 909 2,091 7, 448 32, 886 1, 500 4, 500 10, 400 58, 700 3, 439 13, 048 24, 138 141, 445 1, 571 3, 927 14, 902 77, 248 5 Bi 1, 069 4, 567 1, 668 4, 150 18, 309 101, 777 2, 260 6, 328 8, 060 33, 568 833 2, 499 7, 007 41, 525 472 38, 304 2, 106 17, 159 519 3, 633 11, 404 110, 488 1, 183 7, 571 9, 807 111, 309 De eee Ee es 2 2, 000 9, 160 4°'5000|22 222-5 == G5S800h|baeee eens 37 O00) | eee ae 21, 000 $115, 500 14, 633 84, 140 9, 500 52, 250 14, 009 79, 049 ee 6 Ro ee 18, 000 72, 000 6,919 | $17, 297 11, 416 35, 285 700 1, 750 9, 163 35, 602 7, 001 19, 253 13, 515 40, 098 eae gee 7, 060 21, 180 ie ere e ye Pee eee 11, 000 33, 000 Lo ae ee ee ae ae 15, 342 48, 162 5, 121 15, 363 11, 190 38, 119 3, 901 10, 728 6, 882 24, 566 4, 093 16, 372 6, 595 27, 227 2, 620 10, 480 5, 347 22, 070 6, 500 13, 000 10, 900 30, 600 8, 800 22, 000 11, 600 36, 250 1, 270 3,175 5, 504 21, 487 2, 314 6, 942 7, 724 31, 172 4, 000 12, 000 12, 300 49, 100 3, 712 8, 538 11, 356 46, 010 2, 000 6, 000 9, 400 51, 050 5, 200 20, 053 26, 373 157, 164 4, 550 11, 375 14, 779 70, 142 1, 000 2, 200 4, 600 21, 800 6, 707 16, 867 15, 572 72, 312 9, 099 25,477 19, 323 70, 702 7, 580 22, 590 21, 328 119, 975 6, 941 48, 587 21, 285 172, 161 1, 567 10, 969 5, 135 45, 372 4, 350 27, 840 13, 000 132, 390 2, 248 8, 947 2, 248 8, 947 14, 000 57, 960 14, 000 57, 960 14, 072 59, 525 16, 517 73, 393 13, 614 58, 540 17, 744 85, 244 4, 838 22, 497 4, 838 22, 497 13, 970 69, 850 13, 970 69, 850 ; 27, 500 5, 500 27, 500 1 None packed in 1920 and 1921 nor since 1922, 2 None packed in 1920 and 1921. qr [op (op) U. 58. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Year Can- neries | oper- ated 1k See ese (UE eee ese 13905 eee eae 1000 See ona 1901 Ut ee see eee Pack of canned salmon in specified years—Continued NESTUGGA RIVER, OREG3 Chinook Silverside Chum Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Bee ee hie bd Be See Ae ae ee Se Se hae ee = 4, 300 $23, 650 CR ee | ee ee eee ere al oe ee ent ee eet 5, 000 28, 750 Se 3 Be Se ees rere ee |e ees 6, 700 36, 850 "3,109 | $4,436 | 3,034 | $10,922) 513 | $1,539| 4,656| 16, 897 Tee 279 | 1,116 | 3,563 | 13323| 396] 1,089| 4,2298/ 15,528 3, 000 18, 000 1, 000 4, 250 400 1, 000 4, 400 23, 250. 2, 622 15, 732 2, 468 7, 404 165 413 5, 255 23, 549 2, 100 14, 700 3, 540 10, 620 150 450 5, 7 25, 770 2, 000 14, 000 3, 000 10, 500 100 300 5, 100 24, 800 2, 000 14, 000 3, 300 18, 150 140 420 5, 440 32, 570 3, 562 28, 496 7, 124 39, 182 641 2, 436 HERP y/ 70, 114 3, 090 18, 540 6, 180 30, 900 708 1, 770 9, 978 51, 210 126 756 243 72) | -Saa2e=- |Last 369 1, 728 3, 542 24, 794 5, 730 30, 942 265 662 9, 537 56, 308 ae 18, 078 800 2; 240 4, 930 21, 618 3 Cannery not operated from 1920 to 1925, inclusive, nor since 1926. 4 Cannery not operated in 1928. L seated Ad carte digs) PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES Pack of canned salmon in specified years—Continued YAQUINA BAY AND RIVER, OREG. Can- Chinook Silverside Chum Total E neries |__ = = Y ear oper- ated Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Le ae 2h | eeepc ere el ey ae fee sel | Sea sece |p ese acl sa eRe. He itu 0 om | eens | eae cee =| Sees see eee 5, 088 $29, 256 cu TS Ne ON eae ae a a |e 2 (ee en [eee 5S Del 5,000 | ~— 27, 500 J gS Tk Won ae ata 2 a ee eer rae | Pye oe || ed A 1 1,714 | $5,142 Clb $1845). See Sus cee 2, 329 6, 987 TRO = er aoe 1 170 442 1, 530 65202. \2 2 28 Se ees aes ae 1, 700 5, 644 Cj ed 2 316 1, 422 3, 234 12, 127 1, 300 $3, 575 4, 850 17, 124 iO eee ae ee ee el ae in eel tek oh = S| ee al |e ae aed ey ed meee 7 2) |e Pe ee Aah ems See 1 96 480 2, 848 12, 816 549 1, 647 3, 493 14, 943 life ee oe fy tian eres een)! 1, 238 5, 262 315 787 1, 553 6, 049 NOQt ee 2 SY 1 50 200 2, 600 8, 840 450 1, 080 3, 100 10, 120 12 yea 1 200 1, 200 2, 050 8, 613 62 155 2, 312 9, 968 iG eR 1 500 3, 000 3, 100 9, 300 60 150 3, 660 12, 450 ie ee ee 1 834 5, 838 1, 000 3, 000 49 147 1, 883 8, 985 ORE Me ot hs = > a pe et el |e ney 4, 000 TAS ODO | eee eee ee rset ola. 4, 000 14, 000 i ol 1ha| 2 Re eee eee ee 1, 139 4, 556 33 76 1,172 4, 632 Oe: ae 1 ee Ee ee oe 2, 669 TSS S45, |F awe urea ease es 2, 669 13, 345 Ait. ee fa) Rs tem eee tee oe 2 Eee 1, 009 5, 549 51 289 1, 060 5, 838 ALSEA RIVER AND BAY, OREG. i ee eee 1p || Saag ca Ley rl | Sees ap (IE a (A | Se (A | Dies Se Cty ee ees Pd || Poe Sell ake I | Ap oe (oe ee eee 11, 180 $64, 285 IBS Re ee i Ss 2 Sl a es Se ee eer ol eee ee ae 9, 620 55, 315 DED oo sce = olf Se es ae Se Bak ae Bde pee, Bal ae el (Se Se) Lae 10, 000 55, 000 Sip eae Ses I ec coetes to|e sa ceesesellecs seas a|eae see Ss es ee Se ee SS | eee esate ee Tet eee ee 1 ae aes Bem SS STOOD Menplas 400A ees eee |e eee 3, 600 14, 400 ite as eee 1 1, 260 $6, 300 3, 240 12. 960) ==e= = reese o 4, 500 19, 260 Ii lee DS Seen 1 440 2, 200 4, 160 AGS640) |B 2 Soo ab ese Tee 4, 600 18, 840 HROns ene be .2 1 1, 700 6, 375 3, 280 S087 |e? Se | Peers = 4, 980 18, 183 ict ees ee 1 3, 500 10, 500 3, 400 RTT De eames fee oe eral Se 6, 900 20, 700 iV ye asta 1 1, 800 5, 400 3, 200 Si GOO)" Sain Sane a eee ee 5, 000 15, 000 PROBS Se 1 4, 296 11, 170 2,170 (ECU A see ae Be eee SS 6, 466 18, 548 ih he ees 1 2, 150 9, 138 5, 010 SRS | Pe eee eee ee ee 7, 160 28, 176 POO = beret 1 ee a ee el |e ee ae eee ee ee eee POM cee oan 1 695 3, 475 4, 629 18, 790 891 $3, 118 6, 215 25, 383 ROD D238 2 1 701 3, 702 4, 530 19, 253 670 2, 680 5, 901 25, 635 i,t 1S es ee 1 1, 031 5, 516 4, 242 18, 029 44 88 5, 317 23, 633 ee ee 1 1, 000 5, 000 6, 500 26, 000 300 600 7, 800 31, 600 Oe ea ae: 1 2, 500 15, 000 1, 800 7, 650 700 1, 750 5, 000 24, 400 1OOB eee 1 3, 702 22, 212 3, 843 1 520) bers ee | ee ae 7, 545 33, 741 OOS 2 oo ae 1 800 5, 600 5, 100 15, 300 350 1, 050 6, 250 21, 950 LOS =e 6 ke 1 1, 200 8, 400 6, 000 21, 000 400 1, 200 7, 600 30, 600 10), eee = Se 1 1,119 6, 714 5, 486 24, 027 80 184 6, 685 30, 925 TAQ oe eat ea 1 2, 500 17, 500 5, 900 31, 950 100 300 8, 500 49, 750 PNAS ea hs ne 2 4,161 33, 288 9, 329 51, 309 688 2, 614 14, 178 87, 211 14) Pee ee ee 2 3, 731 22, 386 8, 286 41, 430 524 1,310 12, 541 65, 126 TS ee eee 2 1, 607 8, 035 4, 304 17, 216 160 352 6,.071 25, 603 OA Ee 2 4, 546 31, 822 6, 728 36, 331 73 183 11, 347 68, 336 1) Vy ee eee 2 1, 668 10, 763 6, 966 32, 044 178 498 8, 812 43, 305 11h A 2 2, 624 20, 992 3, 864 19, 320 292 876 6, 780 41, 188 S18 J 7 es a ara 7) 2, 727 24, 543 6, 621 52, 968 418 2, 926 9, 766 80, 437 NOISE See 2 2, 000 22, 000 7, 215 69, 264 312 2,178 | 7 10,068 99, 934 T9192 ae Z 2, 512 31, 400 2, 607 31, 200 535 3, 718 5, 654 66, 318 G2 ro 1 3, 367 40, 404 982 6; 982 i\| se Se ae a 4, 349 47, 386 ips ee ee ‘| ere ee 2, 458 12, 143 279 1,155 2, 737 13, 298 1h t)7 Soe See 1 466 2, 861 4, 156 23, 440 94 398 4, 716 26, 699 IMP See 1 1,411 9, 045 950 6, 175 136 585 2, 497 15, 805 acon eee 1 34 238 707 3; 874d ss ee eS 741 4,112 5 Cannery not operated from 1912 to 1916, both years inclusive. port cannery owned by same party. No canning since. 6 None canned in 1920 and 1922 nor since 1926. 7 Includes 541 cases of bluebacks, valued at $6,492. 112992°—30——11 In 1917 it was consolidated with Wald- 568 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canned salmon in specified years—Continued SIUSLAW RIVER, OREG. Can- Chinook Silverside Chum Total , neries ee ee 20 (See eNO Se ose SS Year oper- ated Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 800 29, 800 43, 120 STB as 2. ee BUS Bea 2 Ye RAE RE SF CE Eee oe ed 1870S. ee eR ES ee 0 a Tegsee 2 Oere P| fp aaa en BRL Mee PR Cat ee eS at ee if: eos th Goce LCC RonMres SC Co eRe ee res Teh. eee rp ees Me SP resale aE Pe Le! ity eee rh) CAR (CRC SS IL es ss jt eae a) (eo RD (eens) | See el aa ee ere BROS ©. © caer gAES * ea Saker | ee |e | Sh rey Yop eS SNE 9s en se | | Papua) Bek 14/05 5: oaks ree 10, 000 ings. | ee 1 809 | $4,045 3, 204 to SaaS 1 235 1, 175 6, 875 | , i) ee 1 992 3, 720 7, 697 i Cpe I 1 1, 300 3, 900 8, 000 TT eT 2 925 3, 860 7, 576 (7% a P| See ae lL ee | Ee el Sc 10038... ae 1 23 123 6, 733 Ca 1 500 2, 500 9, 500 MOOS se 1 6,100 | 36,600 | 10, 500 Ti gE, 8 1 1, 143 6, 858 5,613 ig. Lae 1 500 3, 000 7, 753 1910f5 eau 1 2,000} 14,000] 11,000 TOU aoe Se 1 300 2, 400 6, 118 19195 5 fae 1 30 210 3, 759 191472 1 1, 000 8, 000 2,000 1916) ate Bee ons Wied iro WR, Maes 5. 100 10160= ao ee Deas eG | eee aa 2, 900 jk Se PS a (eee 5, 366 1018=. A eee 1 1,703 | 18, 733 3, 409 [919% eee: la 14|_.5 2 | Sie oem 7, 500 1093. eerie 1), |e 5 | PCR 8, 400 190482 oes tk 1 1,630 | 10,008| 15, 204 1025's ok ee 1 5,148 | 32,999] 10,668 199622 see 1 3,183 | 22, 281 4, 067 1); SEE 1 2,563 | 19, 223 8, 586 * The two canneries combined and operated one plant. ® Not operated since. 10 No canning in 1913, 1920, 1921, 1922, and 1928, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 569 Pack of canned salmon in specified years—Continued COOS BAY AND RIVER, OREG. Can- Chinook Silverside Total - eG) a Year oper- ated Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value ihe aS a ee Ta pee |e |e S| eer 11, 300 $62, 150 ISLS S00 eS 2 eee eee 1 ee ee tes ae een Sere 5, 500 31, 625 aH 222 ee eons Se nee ae : sasseese Pale ek Seen PS ee 7, 000 38, aR: EES ee ee ee 11) Seen se Seo 3,125 | $12, 500 3, 125 12, 500 (ee eee 1 163 $815 8, 428 33, 712 8, 591 34, 527 SO pes esate. 2 oe Soe Se oe 1 5, 110 19, 163 2, 332 8, 934 7, 442 28, 097 UY}. 2a ee Oe ee il 13, 000 39, 000 2, 000 6, 000 15, 000 45, 000 Gy) ee en eee 1 6, 200 18, 600 2, 200 6, 660 8, 400 25, 200 TOS ae Se a 2 3, 142 8, 169 7, 180 24, 412 10, 322 32, 581 he een Seat aa ose Hens beets 2 1, 273 5, 092 5, 174 18, 626 6, 447 23, 718 a 2. - a eee eee Oe on ee eee eee leew aa eel bee cus ao eekocou selene oe ‘0 = 5 Se i ee 1 1, 215 6, 075 4, 082 16, 328 5, 297 22, 403 TUS 0yS_ Sak 2 SUE Sh Sein ae 1 412 2, 175 2,640 | 11, 220 3, 052 13, 395 1 Oe ee a a 1 2, 033 4 (25 7, 200 24, 480 9, 233 32, 205 HOUG Re ee eee es 2d tee Ne 1 2, 043 12, 258 iio 5, 265 3, 798 17, 523 00 eee etme 8 I ee 1 275 1,475 3, 959 17, 927 4, 234 19, 402 ENC) se ey al re 1 500 3, 500 5, 500 30, 250 6, 000 33, 750 UST = ee ee ee 2 2, 630 21, 040 7, 260 39, 930 9, 890 60, 970 iS) ee eee, 2, 1, 457 10, 199 3, 989 19, 945 5, 446 30, 144 MOUS eee aes Sots eee dese cues Dy ee | cae eee 7, 383 29, 532 7, 383 29, 532 BO Ameen ee. Soe RS SS Ly | Se ee 9, 300 50, 220 9, 300 50, 220 Oe Soa Bl oe ee eee Le ee eee 3, 500 16, 100 3, 500 16, 100 iD ee ee ee : ee ee eee eS 2, 485 12, 425 2, 485 12, 425 ET Ce re sae eee ee il), | Saat ee St eae ee 3, 800 36, 480 3, 800 36, 480 GEAU Tt Hl [eara ee So FAD ose eee 9.6007 bene ees ret) | ae le aaa 11,000 | $63, 250 8, 600 47, 300 Necceess 11 No canning since. 2 Burned. 13 Includes 7 cases of chums, valued at $49. 4 Includes 217 cases of chums, valued at $1,519, and 19 cases of steelheads, valued at $190. 15 Includes 45 cases of chums. 16 No canning in 1921, nor since 1925, 570 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canned salmon in specified years—Continued ROGUE RIVER, OREG."7 Can- Chinook Silverside Total Year SS SSS ead Cases | Value | Cases | Value Cases | Value 1877 = See AO ee | eee 7, 804) | eae IS78 22 oo asc anaes ke ee | See oe Se = eee eee 8,534" |e ee 187048 22 ee jo a eee 1s) a ee =| ne ee ee 8 ee os Soe ol] hs 8 8rb7 1 |S ee. eee 1S80% = . 5 5. s- 2. Se ee UD SS ee ee 5 ee eee | oe || 12) IS8112.2ce, Oe Ay | tec rl 2 ss | a | 12,390) || =. aaa i |; ee Se nat Fe Se ORs 11) eee & | Se 2) eee oe ae es 19,186") = >= oes 1BRS 55 - eolaas! ols Do ee ho eee Se 2 BD ae eee 16;/156>,|" suena AS64003. 5. 25s. 2X0 Bee eee Ue eee ee ee 12,.3/6:\24- eee 1b Oe meee To ees Los” TS ee cates 2 Bak he Sep oe ae 9,310) |S == eee (S86. 2.23.4 Sh 53 eee ee 11) ee eS ape 5 Oe eee ots eee ee ee 12, 147. ees 7 Bema 5). en rik) hee Seas apte seo Aa SPSS BRR wed lees ae 17,216) | eee 1888-5. et ee ee oe Uy DSS ae ee | See 2 Eee al |e 21, 062 $121, 107 1889s-: 5 -==— te > ee eee | at) Boe eee ae ol Se es ae Oe ee Se Eee 22, 000 132, 000 1800222 ee ae ee 11 Nie oe AR Te Scere Oe Shs nee 24, 000 120, 000 LL) Aa ee Sere ene | eS eee LG eee OE Perel ae ee (Cee ae ee ae 21, 000 105, 000 1 |: PS UP 2 LEE 1s = eee 1 10,000 | $59, 000 9,000 | $36, 000 19, 000 95, 000 Ls ee Be ae ee ee 18] 3, 200 EY it aes Se Bs Pre 3, 200 16, 000 1 eae Spent 2S > oa 1 10, 377 41, 508 4, 385 15, 347 14, 762 56, 855 1b ae ee PARES oo 1 15, 000 75, 000 3, 000 9, 000 18, 000 84, 000 1 bry (ee Bn Se oe | ee 1 15, 355 61, 420 3, 653 10, 959 19, 008 72, 379 LED AEE, Bae ae Sa 1 12, 964 51, 550 501 1, 303 13, 465 52, 853 ic ES Si eee Se Baie ee 1 5, 481 30, 145 1, 745 6, 980 7, 226 37, 125 11 | ets eee & | (eee eS 2 ee abitesasancce| same aate tole eee eee Ct () rE Beit Se ee ee 1 2, 681 13, 405 4, 184 17, 736 6, 865 31, 141 1902_ | 1 3, 799 20, 058 4, 091 17, 387 7, 890 37, 445 MGS i c= =e oe 8 ee ee | 1 8, 418 45, 036 4, 792 20, 366 13, 210 65, 402 U1 es ee Se ee eS | 1 16, 000 64, 000 3, 200 11, 392 19, 255 75, 392 1905__ » 3 Seal 1 18, 500 111, 000 1, 500 6, 375 20, 000 117, 375 1906 i.” Pee Crane 1| 12,000} 72, 000 6,000 | 18,000} 18, 000 , 1907 _ - Sass Jee | 1 7, 537 56, 528 1, 796 8, 980 9, 333 65, 508 1GQ0R AS See Wo A3 | 1 4,354} 32,655 2,650 | 13, 250 x 45, 905 11 ea a le aE Re Se Se | 1 186 1, 300 699 2,977 885 4, 277 1910 tes eee ee 9s eee | 1 232 1, 786 2, 711 16, 266 2, 943 18, 052 1913_ a = 1 3, 020 27, 160 2, 403 11, 857 5, 423 39, 017 O14" 3 ee eee ee ee ay ee 1 6, 938 62, 060 987 5, 453 7, 925 67, 513 DOT a were Se ee ney ee ee 2 19, 094 135, 301 515 2, 369 19, 609 137, 670 IOIGS 0 Se se ee eee 2 22, 640 181, 120 501 2, 505 23, 141 183, 625 BLES i GR Sy cert eg Say he ES pie ot 2 24, 707 271, 777 660 5, 280 25, 367 277, 057 AOISe Sa eens Seeds hee eee 2 20, 469 225, 159 2, 704 24, 336 23, Lito 249, 495 LOIGS SS 2 SS an Shee ee eee 3 3 17, 237 215, 463 671 8, 052 17, 908 223, 515 1920 U 3 10, 205 162) 5651" | 2 Se= ae eee 10, 205 152, 565 Ate PgR. peek ahs ARR! te hates SRD mam | 12, 496 169). 9467-22 eee ee 2 12, 496 169, 946 (bt pe 9S DS ie a ee 1 10, 568 145,009) | eames] ee ee 10, 568 145, 099 Lee eet ae as oe eee 1 9, 298 148.0543 | Seo: 2 oe hee eae 9, 298 148, 954 Lily hae ee oe 1 11, 880 161, 449 507 2, 859 12, 387 164, 308 n020 > coe! 2 3 1 14, 074 195, 347 127 826 14, 201 196, 173 LEP Lee Bie ee eee 1 12, 285 172, 236 59 323 12, 344 172, 559 AEF (Se a a ee a Ie oe I 2 12, 893 173, 000 300 2, 100 13, 193 175, 100 1928 _ -| 2 5, 411 54, 110 8, 136 56, 942 13, 547 111, 052 SMITH RIVER, CALIF. Canner- Quinnat Silverside Total Year 16s /0p=) || Se a Sa erated Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 13 78* 2. SoS SES CSE ae 1 4, 277 $23, 096 ISSORS 23-2) Be. eee Bs 1 7, 500 41, 250 BBR4 "5 A eS 1 5, 500 33, 000 (S652. Meelis Seer ee. 1 1, 550 9, 300 TUS ae Se Ree ee eee 1 2, 347 14, 082 180320 2 SUS ies Ee 1 2, 000 9, 000 104i: > Aes ee ee 1 2, 000 9, 000 ISO5 LC... 5 CIR Oty aay oh 1 2, 250 9, 990 19142. 2 = ee eee 1 3, 000 18, 000 DOT GE= 2: . 2 ais COME eee 1 3, 033 19, 905 1OIG?* Co. eee eee 1 2, 505 17, 070 1OT 72. . 32 ee ee ee ee es 1 6, 300 69, 300 1018>... 5 Pa ee ee 1 4, 653 49, 959 {9IQ2E =. SES Re ee 1 4, 366 56, 758 1920:. 5.3 Se. SS ese 1 228 2, 736 (921s. ee ee eee 1 3, 000 30, 180 1924__ 1 3, 390 20, 815 M926 coe ee eee 1 7, 700 49, 425 1926_ 1 500 3; 1927 Sik ee 1 2, 300 17, 250 ‘7 Shut down in 1911 and 1912 through the closing of the river to all fishing. 18 Burned down during season. Not opened the next year. W No canning in 1922, 1923, and 1928. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 571 Pack of canned salmon in specified years—Continued KLAMATH RIVER, CALIF. Quinnat Silverside Total Canner- Year ies op- erated | Gases | Value Cases | Value Cases | Value (IE Reh eeeoeeneee ee ee ee 1 4, 400 $26; 400. || Ses eae 4, 400 $26, 400 0S Oe ee ee 1 1, 047 4,188. [2222 255s2|beoe eae VEU (Al (Ears Tit Aes a ee ee ee 1 1, 600 6400 ||. <2 os | Se eee 1,600 6, 400 TCs ee ee eee ee Sane een 1 1, 700 6;'800) |e tessa Pee seeases 1, 700 6, 800 1b hE Pe ee eee ae ee 1 1, 200 5, 321 400 $1, 500 1, 600 6, $21 TiC) ee = ee ee 1 1, 600 SUSO0' | 2: tees Fhe {| See 1, 600 8, 800 Tet) Res = Sees ie er ee 1 2, 500 iP tel eee eee aa es 2, 500 13, 500 iL VTS oe a eS eee ea 1 3, 400 AC) ees eo es eS 3, 400 20, 800 TEs ee es ee ees 1 5, 633 EEC Ol eee. tee eee 5, 633 33, 000 LTS ek a ESS Ol res 1 8, 016 522000) beeen a a8- |S Ae. 8, 016 52, 000 iho?) | St le SSS eee 1 7, 400 46, 000 204 816 7, 604 48, 816 TIO oe eens ae eee ee eee 2 187000) 2175000) Saeee= ea 2= es -- = 18, 000 177, 000 AOE ees ee eee ee eae cce 2 6, 376 ZU) No ene Se 2 6, 376 40, 500 TT: hae a PR | ee ae 1 7, 500 48, 500 3, 500 14, 000 11, 000 62, 500 TOU Ele 0 Sage) tek Oe eel 1 10, 400 72, 800 2, 500 13, 000 12, 900 85, 800 TG on 1 6, 484 51, 872 2, 400 12, 000 8, 884 63, 872 iis. 22 85 es il 5, 130 56, 430 2, 900 23, 200 8, 030 79, 630 ie ee Be eee 1 5,005, 61, 105 4, 292 38, 628 | 2° 10, 200 102, 557 TIC UO 3 patie SS Be ee eee 1 6, 291 81, 783 1, 145 13, 740 217,731 95, 523 Arete ace eee ee LCS ee Sake il 11, 341 ASG4092) |e see ee |ee = 22 11, 927 139, 608 TREY lad Be ie Is, See ee ee eee 1 7, 376 74S DOS Cees aie. 2) See 7, 376 74, 203 ODA See ee ae ee SE a 1 9, 700 41C516) | Eee eee 9, 700 41, 516 RGIS ae 2 Oe ERE MOE Ne rn 1 6, ASS 60) \Se es ee ees 6, 24, 360 TERA SE 26 ea Se ee 1 9, 546 58 Gl2 |e c- 82 ones lose se seen es 9, 546 58, 612 ESIC a es an OS ee ae 1 14, 639 ORS Sail ean ase n= | aa aaa ane 14, 639 93, 836 Dy meeee eo ete kee fo 2 11, 037 TU eee eee | 11, 037 77, 259 LOD eee ae een wer 22S 2 18, 285 QON GSS Aat ses See eres ee 13, 285 99, 638 Gy ees eee ee Pe ea te 1 4, 237 AD 237s et ew ee 4, 237 40, 237 EEL RIVER, CALIF.?3 $$$ | Can- Quinnat Can- Quinnat ae neries mae neries Year oper- Year oper- ated Cases Value ated Cases Value 1 eee Be eee ee 1 8, 500 S513000))||S1885 2-2-2 25222 0-2 eS 1 Hy coy (a1) [eee me eee Tic ee ee ee ae 1 10, 500 GRY CUU) || |e SS ee i 12, 500 $75, 000 GRO Ree serene es a 1 68950) (ste TRON ae eae Ni 1 6, 000 42, Tih Oat Cee 1 15;,000i|22— 52-5 -= 2 16) i Ee ee ee 1 8, 400 52, 500 feo ae ee 1 SPO0 0s (Cs Soe tae TOTO Neno ce eee: ee 1) 11,000 71, 500 NOYO RIVER, CALIF. Can- Quinnat Silverside Chinook Total Year neries oper- ated | Cases | Value | Cases | Value Cases | Value | Cases | Value SESE 5 ee ee 101 25000), |\ 1$22"000))| 2222-2 2, 2 See bee eeaes (oanee eee 2, 000 $22, 000 DL GRY Se Se A 1| 7,500 975 500)'|2 23 ooo s oe Ee ee |e ae 7, 500 97, 500 7 ES ee eee 1| 4,472 53, 664 | 2,801 | $19,915 | 1,200] $14,400} 8,473 87, 979 20 Includes 353 cases of steelheads, valued at $2,824. 21 Includes 295 cases of steelheads. 22 Includes 586 cases of steelheads, valued at $3,516. 23 Shut down since 1912. 24 Cannery not operated since 1920, 572 U. §. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canneu salmon in specified years—Continued SACRAMENTO RIVER, CALIF. Can- Quinnat Can- Quinnat = NETIOS | 2 et ee neries Year oper- Year oper- ated Cases Value ated Cases Value 2 28, 4633|2- =e 3| 25,185 | $111,821 po ahs See 13, 387 | eee gee 38, 543 || ee BESS 29, 7B | ee ee 32, 580 150, 688 net See 39, 304: == ees i Boies 17, 500), 22 oo Mateos 14,:043"|S2- =e ae. oe 8,200) |G2s ae 2| 14,407 66, 936 1 2; 780) | 222 ee 1 4, 142 28, 994 i 950 6, £50 2) T7805 95, 232 2 5, 229 35, 453 1 6, 636 53, 088 3 9, 443 94, 430 2 4, 036 44, 396 2 1, 169 15, 197 i 427 5, 124 MONTEREY BAY, CALIF .% 1915s See 1 950 $7,300 || 19182. 2523-2 e 2 |b see 1916-25-52 2 Se i 12, 809 102;'472, || -1919e sce sseene cane 1 2, 000 $26, 000 2 ee ee 1 2, 000 20, 000 24 Cannery not operated since 1920. 25 Cannery not operated since 1919. Pack of canned salmon in Alaska, by districts, since the inception of the industry Southeast Alaska | Central Alaska Western Alaska Total Year Can- Can- Can- Can- neries be neries neries neries oper- Pack oper- Pack oper- Pack oper- Pack ated | ated ated ated Cases Cases Cases Cases 1978-- rE Se 2 8, 150 y Maeteeal|S = Bt Ee eee es 2 8, 159 431) eae ee Brae ee 2 12,530 |_- 2 sea) koe 28 ee ee ee eee 2 12, 530 IS80 38> 2 ee 1 6,589) | cane en alee ea a | |S a _ eeees 1 6, 539 188i. 1 See oT ae 1 S.ORG |o_ sale eee | ee eee 1 8, 977 ib 7S Ee eee Per ae. 1 11, 501 2 ORD. ee ee See eee 3 21, 745 jbo 9 je ee a eine oe Seas s 4 20, 040 2 Pets)! Yak Mead | Rat epee a | 6 48, 337 |e ee eee 4 22, 189 2 42, 297 1 1 400 if 64, 886 1986-35 = 2 eee 3 16, 728 2 52, 687 1 14, 000 6 83, 415 yb. eT Ss Ae Se 4 18, 660 2 74, 583 3 48, 822 9 142, 065 bes See See De eee 5 31, 462 2 102, 515 3 72, 700 10 206, 677 1888 = ee 6 81, 128 6 241, 101 4 89, 886 16 412, 115 18803 ee 12 141, 760 21 461, 451 4 115, 985 37 719, 196 1800: ee 12 142, 901 19 421, 300 4 118, 390 35 682, 591 TSO) ee oe eee ll 156, 615 14 511, 367 5 133, 418 30 801, 400 180222 2 ee 7 115, 722 6 295, 496 2 63, 499 15 474, 717 p bs I eee ee Sey So 8 136, 053 ll 399, 815 3 107, 786 22 643, 654 1804 eS ee 7 142, 544 10 435, 052 4 108, 844 21 686, 440 jf ee eee if 148, 476 10 327, 919 6 150, 135 23 626, 530 RG Se So ee eee 9 262, 381 . LZ 485, 990 8 218, 336 29 966, 707 (ee ee SBE Se oe ee 9 271, 867 13 382, 899 7 254, 312 29 909, 078 1 ES ea eae We ee 9 251, 385 14 395, 009 if 318, 703 30 965, 097 Ue eee Se 9 310, 219 14 356, 095 9 411, 832 32 1, 078, 146 CLS ee See ae Soe . 16 456, 649 14 492, 223 2 599, 277 42 1, 548, 139 BOO he ce ee ee 21 735, 449 13 562, 142 21 719, 213 55 2, 016, 804 1 Experimental pack. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 573 Pack of canned salmon in Alaska, by districts, since the inception of the industry— Continued Southeast Alaska | Central Alaska Western Alaska Total Year Can- Can- Can- Can- neries neries neries : neries oper- Pack oper- Pack oper- Pack oper- Pack ated ated ated ated Cases Cases Cases Cases 906, 676 12 583, 690 26 | 1,046, 458 64 2, 536, 824 642, 305 12 417,175 27 | 1,186, 730 60 2, 246, 210 569, 003 11 499, 485 32 885, 268 55 1, 953, 756 426, 892 9 371, 755 25 | 1,089, 154 47 1, 887, 801 767, 285 8 473, 024 19 978, 735 47 2, 219, 044 887, 500 8 522, 836 18 759, 534 48 2, 169, 870 1, 011, 648 8 425, 721 19 | 1,169, 604 50 2, 606, 973 852, 870 8 391, 054 18 | 1, 151, 553 45 2, 395, 477 1, 066, 398 10 432, 517 19 914, 138 52 2, 413, 053 1, 580, 868 11 499, 743 21 743, 206 64 2, 823, 817 2, 033, 648 14 625, 062 22 | 1,395, 931 87 4, 054, 641 1, 782, 898 14 447, 249 23 | 1,509, 038 79 3, 739, 185 1, 776, 075 14 658, 791 23 | 1,621, 787 81 4, 056, 653 2, 549, 212 17 632, 848 24] 1,318, 233 87 4, 500, 293 2, 214, 280 19 | 1,075, 913 27} 1,610, 434 100 4, 900, 627 3, 294, 845 27 | 1,017, 206 29 | 1, 635, 235 118 5, 947, 286 3, 375, 445 29 | 1,391, 951 30 | 1,838, 439 135 6, 605, 835 3, 119, 260 30 771, 907 28 692, 521 134 4, 583, 688 2, 225, O11 36 | 1,337, 448 28 867, 004 146 4, 429, 463 803, 071 25 643, 099 28 | 1, 150, 656 83 2, 596, 826 2, 018, 743 36 988, 143 30 | 1,494, 766 123 4, 501, 652 3, 007, 119 37 743, 640 28 | 1, 284, 938 130 5, 035, 697 2, 787, 789 37 | 1,605, 107 28 902, 019 130 5, 294, 915 2, 802, 414 37 | 1,052, 593 30 604, 930 129 4, 459, 937 3, 058, 055 43 | 2, 146, 485 23 | 1, 448, 342 132 6, 652, 882 1, 052, 193 44 | 1,571, 103 29 948, 832 135 3, 572, 128 2, 971, 147 62 | 1, 639, 155 30 | 1,473, 601 153 6, 083, 903 OB HOO2 7 O(a aan 29, 043, 182, |__---_- 35, 266, 624 |_--_--- 117, 402, 380 Pack of canned salmon in Alaska from 1898 to 1928, by species Coho, or silver Chum, or keta | Humpback, or pink Year Cases Value Cases Value | Cases | Value 54, 711 39, 402 |_ 50, 984 |_ 65, 509 $2, 723 120, 506 85, 741 67, 136 $215, 875 41,972 $118, 056 168, 597 $498, 194 109, 141 382, 109 254, 812 730, 235 348,297 | 1, 046, 951 85, 190 337, 384 184, 173 547, 757 561,973 | 1, 799, 280 68, 828 274, 089 218, 513 554, 197 644, 133 | — 1, 733, 379 56, 556 231, 029 120, 712 274, 110 464,873 | 1, 114, 839 114, 026 559, 666 254, 218 773, 409 554,322 | 1, 764, 055 133, 908 762, 647 323,795 | 1,199,563 | 1,005,278 | 3,972, 706 166, 198 7Al, 377 664, 633 | 1,584,130 | 1,280,138 | 3, 296, 598 75, 779 261, 654 290, 918 643,948 | 1,372,881 | 3, 550, 587 157, 063 690, 086 663, 859 | 2, 240, 765 986,049 | 3, 459, 116 124, 268 536, 124 479,946 | 1,243,321! 1,875,516 | 5, 217, 203 261,909 | 1,399, 491 724,115 | 2,420,600 | 1,737,793 | 6, 330, 185 193, 231 | 1, 682, 745 906, 747 | 5, 572,047] 2,296,976 | 14, 794, 062 218,958 | 2,004,979 | 1,364,960 | 8,562,872 | 2,438,954 | 16, 068, 456 232,870 | 2,624,826 | 1,365,563 | 9,320,456 | 1,611,608 | 13, 469, 046 192,085 | 1,753,870 | 1,033,517 | 4,336,651 | 1,593,120] 8, 719, 050 106, 555 600, 140 255, 495 942, 525 423,984 | 1, 788, 778 175, 993 962, 790 565,918 | 2,251,540 | 1,658,423 | 7, 189, 494 164, 107 943, 318 525, 622 | 2,447,671 | 2,448,129 | 11,899, 956 183,601 | 1,254,551 | 1,028,488 | 4,812,297] 2,601,283 | 12,837,346 2,110, 593 | 11, 137, 102 3, 338, 349 | 17, 987, 527 1,420,775 | 8, 338, 690 2, 787, 242 | 18, 285, 530 161,010 | 1,565,759 | 1,078,680 | | 4, 787, 030 202, 527 | 1, 700, 563 902, 443 | 4, 518, 929 253, 044 | 2, 153, 956 507,723 | 2,777, 480 298, 623 | 2, 125, 289 995, 785 | 6, 036, 466 574 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canned salmon in Alaska from 1898 to 1928, by specues—Continued King, or spring Red, or sockeye Total Year : Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value th (= ee Seeger ee _~» 5 Sa 12,862 ES - a EA oS ee eee 965; 007: |=2 eee eee ROOM ee ah Te ee ee 23,400!) <2 2 86452545) -- eae ee 1,078,146), 2252 eee Le) | eas Seen pee aris ae RY AA GW eae ee See W197; 406) oe 1) 548130" | See eee AOO 1-54 to a AE nie 43; 0694) #82. ---3-2-4 AS19035 Dee eee 2; 016,808) 22s er eee 1002) * 3 Se ee ee a 50.10) = oS 75685; 546 |) SS 2,596,824: | 3 eeeee 1 aN ee TS ol ae ek PES ATAGOOS ee eee ae E687 244 a See see ska 2,:246:210 | See 19042 & (ope: ee ee A bn eee ee oR gas bo a ee 1\953;'7567| 2-20 eee (ON eee tee ee eee 42, 125 $141,999 | 1,567,971 | $5,335,547 | 1,887,801 | $6, 304, 671 30, 834 116, 222 1, 475, 960 5, 620, 875 2, 219, 044 7, 896, 392 43, 424 181, 718 1, 295, 113 5, 915, 227 2, 169, 873 8, 781, 366 28, 729 99,867 | 1,651,770 | 7,524,251} 2,606,973 | 10, 185, 783 48, 034 207,624 | 1,705,302 | 7,610,550 | 2,395, 477 9, 438, 152 40, 221 214, 802 1, 450, 267 7, 774, 390 2, 413, 054 11, 086, 322 45, 518 295,088 | 1,315,318 | 8,363,233 | 2,823,817 | 14, 593, 237 43, 317 243,331 | 1,900,355 | 10,426,481 | 4,054,641 | 16, 291,917 "965,237 | 8,936,362 | 3,739,185 | 13, 531, 604 201, 643 | 12,289,517 | 4,056,653 | 18, 920, 589 , 932,312 | 11,248,101 | 4,500,293 | 18, 653, 015 65, 873 353,420 | 2,110,937 | 12, 765,733 | 4,900,627 | 23, 269, 429 61, 951 644, 447 | 2,488,381 | 23,610,789 | 5,947,286 | 46, 304, 090 49, 226 485, 295 | 2, 533, 737 | 23,920,347 | 6,605,835 | 51, 041, 949 95,986 | 1,261,057 | 1,277,661 | 16,589,964 | 4,583,688 | 43, 265, 349 110,003 | 1; 207,228 | 1, 500,738 | 19,586,001 | 4,429,463 | 35, 602, 800 44, 994 459,897 | 1,765,798 | 15,841,404 | 2,596,826 | 19, 632, 744 30, 660 247,673 | 2,070,658 | 19, 135,696 | 4,501,652 | 29, 787, 193 38, 343 328,270 | 1,859,496 | 17,253,792 | 5,035,697 | 32, 873, 007 33, 648 299,009 | 1,447,895 | 13,803,932] 5,294,915 | 33, 007, 135 49, 978 595,041 | 1,059,676 | 13,904,599 | 4,459,937 | 31,989, 531 52, 476 544,246 | 2, 157,087 | 21,328,739 | 6,652,882 | 46, 080, 004 70, 391 791,653 | 1,320,195 | 15,954,485 | 3,572,128 | 30, 016, 264 54, 159 602, 808 | 1,948,094 | 18,333,792 | 6,083,903 | 45, 383, 885 575 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES O[QB[TVAB JOU Sona y ee Ich ‘280 ‘FT | ses ‘cbr ‘2 | 188 ‘00S ‘e | 6I1z ‘Oz¢ 996 ‘66S ‘€ | 162 ‘88¢ 908 ‘StZ ‘I | eet ‘Fez SOL ‘T29 ‘IL | 669 ‘8ST ‘% | 10z‘280‘E | 268 ‘819 602 ‘F906 | 99% ‘202‘T | 812 ‘c72‘e | 816 ‘2b8 PSS ‘28s ‘8 | PSF ‘LL9'T | PPE LCL ‘E | LE9 ‘66L $29 ‘996 ‘OL | 610 ‘292 ‘% | 92 ‘280% | O18 ‘eer 191 ‘862 ‘9 | asc ‘zee ‘T | 990 ‘289‘T | 992 ‘Far CRO ‘FSC ‘6I | ZF ‘126% 806 ‘6EF ‘2 E61 ‘ZS0 ‘T 99L ‘ZFO ‘LT | $90 ‘890 ‘8 #02 ‘Tez ‘ST | PIF ‘708 ‘% ZFS ‘IIL ‘FL | 682 ‘282 ‘% 996 ‘689 ‘ST | 6IT ‘200 ‘E 620 ‘269 ‘6 SFL ‘S10 Z OCF ‘FOL ‘F 1240 ‘808 196 ‘$88 ‘ET | TIO ‘Sze % 890 ‘Ezz ‘9% | 092 ‘BIT ‘E $28 ‘FSI ‘8s =| SFP ‘o2e ‘s CEO ‘9EE ‘ZZ | CES ‘FBS ‘Ee ZEE ‘SES ‘S O82 ‘FIZ ‘% 188 ‘866 ‘2 ZIz ‘6S ‘% ChL‘IL8 ‘9 G20 ‘9LL ‘T ZOE ‘CRB ‘F 868 ‘Z8z ‘T Ces ‘SZI ‘9 SF9 ‘E80 % 922 “806 ‘9 898 ‘08S ‘T QL ‘SEI F 868 ‘990 ‘T SES ‘Leo OL8 ‘28 PEI ‘IZLE 8#9 ‘TIO ‘T GES ‘FEI ‘E 008 ‘288 6az ‘IS¢ % C8Z ‘192 18% ‘LOF ‘T 268 ‘9G (1) £00 ‘69¢ (1) G08 ‘ZF9 (x) 929 ‘906 (1) 6FF ‘ceL (1) 689 ‘9c (1) 61z ‘OIE 0) 146 ‘1S PIF ZI 198 ‘TLZ £9F ‘OCs T8& ‘29% ene A | sesep 1810. PIF ‘9ST ‘T | 862 ‘90T | 6FO ‘ceo ‘T | 89F ‘OTT 682 ‘826 ‘I | 168 ‘B2I £92 ‘206 ‘I | 889 ‘EFT cz9 ‘98 ‘T | 208 ‘Z6r GeO ‘818 ‘T | Sze ‘821 698 ‘ISh ‘LT | Shr ‘Ser 802 ‘OFL ‘LT | 286 ‘FOL SSF ‘106 ‘% | IST ‘22% 686 ‘8ZF ‘ES | SIZ ‘6 168 ‘01Z ‘Z| 998 ‘Sz 162 ‘981 ‘% | S62 ‘0 OFS ‘SIZ ‘T | 999 ‘BLT Q1S ‘IFF‘T | 096 ‘28% 86¢ ‘OTL ‘T | 266 ‘86 1SL ‘T88 I18 ‘L2T Coz ‘LaF ‘T | SOE ‘0S% 1#Z ‘9IF ‘LT | $28 ‘81 816 ‘99F ‘T | 289 ‘09% &cF ‘660 ‘T | £60 ‘82% CLE ‘FL8 SCF ‘281 696 ‘BLL LSF ‘FST 986 ‘806 96L ‘SZ% 186 ‘22 816 ‘00z (1) ) 9) I D I 9) I 1) 181 ‘LOT 1) 2SL ‘FEL 1) £26 ‘OTT LPF ‘698 £26 ‘16 OTF ‘2z¢$ G62 ‘881 an[BA SaseO pew G09 “eS ZeE “¢ 1zL ‘06 180 ‘8 622 ‘LIL | 629 ‘OT 622 ‘9FL | S00 ‘ZI £69 ‘FL 28 ‘8 GOL‘EZI | 80 ‘ET 162 ‘19 81 ‘9 989 ‘G6 60I ‘6 6cF ‘FRR | OST ‘OF Z8P ‘89E | 18z ‘Ok FOL ‘TOT | 968 ‘OT 089 ‘78% | OZ ‘Ez 200 ‘FOL | L&% ‘8T G20 ‘FSI | SbF ‘Lz e98 ‘19 180 ‘ZI 668 “¢ OIZ ‘T O88 ‘BF £02 ‘2 P6F ‘8 OF ‘I 866 ‘T iad 86g ‘E 198 9ce ‘OL 06 % egg ‘¢ GZ ‘T FI8 ‘8 108 @ €8L ‘TZ O9F ‘*¢ ») (1) D 9) ) i D I f L18 ‘ZI I 199 ‘2 (1) OI % 9F6 ‘IT £26 ‘o PLS ‘L$ 181 ‘8 en[eA saseod Suly L1G ‘6G ‘I | 182 ‘OIF 118 ‘es9 LbP ‘IST go¢ ‘zg¢‘¢ | 289‘200‘T | zeT ‘esr ‘es | SIT ‘28 PSP ‘GOL ‘ZI | Zoo ‘Feo ‘T =| 998 ‘6e2 ‘2 | SoZ ‘SFI ‘T csr ‘cee ‘er | e8e ‘ce0‘z | 899‘900‘9 | 9TS ‘096 ILL ‘P16 ‘ET | O29.‘6FT ‘Z | #80 ‘829 ‘b | 206 ‘F9Z 1zz‘tS8‘F | $28 ‘OE ‘T | #08 ‘69 ‘T | 619 ‘90¢ 919 ‘620 ‘G | 161 ‘0z8"“T | FTE ‘296 628 ‘ELE 269 ‘899 ‘% | 008 ‘192 COE ‘eF6 ‘T | ITF ‘269 906 ‘88 ‘€ | LE2 ‘682 ‘T | PSE ‘eog €F8 ‘669 ‘2 | OFF ‘240 ‘T PP9 ‘192 LIP ‘OIF ‘T | S16 ‘96° 200 ‘9F8‘E | FEF ‘EL6 928 ‘690 ‘I | 899 ‘282 gee ‘coc ‘T | OLT ‘I6F ggg “g0L GEL ‘Tks 688 ‘260 ‘T | 666 ‘Sor PSF ‘OST 100 ‘€8 GIF ‘689 ‘I | 8&9 ‘26S 829 ‘Zor FZ ‘O8T IhP ‘802 ‘I | SLb ‘ees 698 ‘LOF LPI ‘OFT 88F ‘626 Shs ‘SE 162 ‘298 COP ‘TET PL9 ‘OGF 800 ‘ZFL 102 ‘GOT 989 ‘28 ? (1) i 1) I 1) I ) 9) 1) B 9) ) 1) I 9) n 18% ‘21% 8 190 ‘22 I 628 ‘SEL I 000 ‘T 00) SIZ ‘68 A) 229 ‘F PIG ‘288 90S ‘OFT 26L ‘% 968 ‘T 916 ‘81Z$ IZ ‘16 F06$ oop en[eA saseo on[e A. seseo youqduny mnyO VUSVIV LSVAHLNOS $82 ‘990 ‘T | OLL ‘SFI OLS ‘696 026 ‘FIT 688 ‘888 688 ‘96 PPL ‘ZI6 ZS8 ‘16 OFS ‘E92 686 ‘601 9€2 ‘OSL 1S ‘OST OFS ‘219 L1¥9 ‘221 BGG ‘STS 208 ‘06 cer ‘E00 ‘T | 86 ‘TIT 822 ‘026 ‘I | FI ‘69T OLT ‘098 ‘T | #28 ‘LPT 6SL ‘828 “I | 898 ‘IST 616 ‘226 OFO ‘621 998 ‘988 662 ‘06 188 ‘98% gee ‘TIL 9F8 ‘961 96F ‘99 CF ‘989 182 ‘T&T £9T ‘EL¢ 189 ‘66 106 ‘F0F 19F ‘Z8 P26 ‘O9T 026 ‘6 SIZ ‘FBI 898 ‘8P £08 ‘882% SPI ‘go OST ‘G6Z OFS ‘8 062 ‘Ber 128 ‘OF (1) 1) ) ) ) y 9) I 1) SFL ‘98 ?) 189 ‘8% ) 110 ‘88 10 ‘16 692 ‘9% 699 ‘c6$ G&L ‘8% an[BA seseo ogoD 8261 91 9681 savads pun sjorujsip fig ‘Dysp) py Ur WomjzDs pauund fo yODq pe ze -19d0 Soliou -uBO reo Xt 190 ‘28h ‘ZI | SST ‘6e9 ‘T £98 ‘G29 ‘TL | S01 ‘TZ¢ ‘T 6&8 ‘816 ‘FL | S8b ‘OFT ‘% L9F ‘199 ‘8 £6 ‘290 ‘T Z09 ‘290 ‘OT | LOT ‘S09 ‘T 88T ‘992 ‘¢ OF9 ‘EFL O6T ‘228 ‘2 FI ‘886 6¥% ‘289 ‘¢ 660 ‘E69 188 ‘796 ‘IT | SFP ‘LLE‘T Tee ‘268 ‘8 | 206 ‘TLL SST ‘EST ‘IT | 196 ‘16g ‘T es 2) ‘988 | 902 ‘L10 ‘T fq CL88 ‘Plt 'S $16 ‘S10 ‘T Loma fGSts«éee ‘2g8‘e | SFB ‘ZED fe] 082 ‘08 ‘2 T6L ‘899 rt PS9 ‘S16 ‘T 6% ‘LEP mn 16r ‘116% 290 ‘G29 & 686 060 ‘g &hL ‘66P f, 099 Ste % LIS ‘GeF © ALB‘TLL'T £90 ‘T6E GPL ‘6L8 ‘T I@L ‘Str tb 8a ‘a8 % 9€8 ‘ZS | Mere by G10 ‘Se 91 ‘OT Teron syle eee ST ere ‘Te ST¢ ‘OT (1) (1) f (1) (1) (1) 9) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) ZEI (1) Ler ‘TL fini pee kaka (be as SANE (1) 68F ‘OT (1) cg (1) 6P ‘ET ergs Lae ee ee G19 ‘G 699 ‘9 Sere meag ees || aes eee oa g 66I ‘OS$ Z88 ‘8 en[BA sasBeo en[BA sesep mnyo oyop peje -1edo Selecled -uBpD Ivo k VUSVIV IVYLNYO yoo 577 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES EF ‘21S ST £6F ‘006 ‘OL 668 ‘STS ‘ET 098 “029 “2 169 "2GG ‘8 €98 ‘OTF ‘IT 826 G9L ZI CFO ‘988 6 OFF CCS ‘OT 096 “F69 ‘8 L9% FEL OT £ZE “860 “ST O6I ‘996 ‘8 FES “TLS ‘L F09 ‘EbL ‘8 S8E ‘089 “9 T6S ‘CET ‘2 20 ‘66S “F 926 “269 ‘F LEF ‘821 “¢ 206 ‘F8T “¢ ITF “F08 '€ GLE ‘09S “E 109 ‘249 ‘€ 109 “E24 ‘T TES BPG GFE ‘SPF ‘T 086 ‘F09 610 ‘06 886 ‘FSS ‘T 992 ‘F6F ‘T 9¢9 ‘OST ‘T £00 ‘298 IZ¢ ‘269 6EF ‘8E8 ‘T CES “CE9 ‘T FEF ‘O19 'T €&S ‘SIE “T L8L ‘129 ‘T 8£0 ‘60S “T 1&6 “S6E ‘T 902 ‘EhL SEI ‘FI6 €S¢ ‘IST ‘T ¥09 ‘691 ‘I PES “6SL GEL ‘816 FST ‘680 ‘T 892 ‘C88 0&2 ‘98T ‘T SSF ‘9F0 ‘T £12 ‘612 LLG ‘66S | GE8 ‘TIF | 80L ‘SIE | SIE ‘FSS | OEE ‘STZ 898 “906 ‘ZT PLT ‘TL ‘OL $92 “696 ‘ZI £F0 ‘661 ‘2 T8G ‘992 ‘2 G99 ‘STS “IT TOL ‘PEE ‘CI E81 ‘90F 6 ZIG ‘286 ‘8 916 ‘OLE ‘2 £62 ‘16S ‘GT G68 ‘82S “FT 06S ‘2Z0 ‘8 OLE ‘LF8 ‘9 O16 ‘9IE ‘8 £68 ‘Z8E ‘9 $26 ‘819 ‘9 BLS “E0S “Fb £86 ‘LPE ‘F L1G ‘G18 616 ‘826 ‘F 896 ‘Et6 Z 186 ‘666 Z [66 “9Eh ‘E FOL ‘OIF ‘T £98 ‘P88 169 ‘SSE ‘T 082 ‘“F¢ 6&E ‘ST8 6E8 ‘6F3 ‘T QLT ‘FOF 'T #28 ‘LL0 ‘T [02 ‘169 98h “ILS STS ‘219 ‘T 00¢ “29¢ ‘T 919 “CoE ‘T SSI ‘FGI ‘T 216 ‘OTS ‘T I9L ‘GF ‘T 80F ‘922 ‘T 8&9 ‘C99 OTL ‘$28 #26 ‘E20 ‘T TIZ ‘280 ‘T 289 ‘299 £0 ‘862 SLP ‘1Z0 ‘T STO ‘Lg P6L ‘TOF O9T ‘OTE 0&6 ‘FEZ (1) 818 ‘OIT 86 ‘68 GST ‘SLL BoE “61Z 862 ‘611 10 ‘801 60E ‘COT OF6 “E8% CLL ‘649 619 ‘TEL 60 ‘6LT $98 ‘OST £10 ‘0&1 Z9L ‘Z8T 1£0 ‘601 LL “TL ors ‘FIT 996 “OST 699 “LZT 809 “621 ILP 29 082 ‘ZI (1) OFT ‘9 (1) o39 £69 990 OF9 PPS SPE GOL T00 8&6 60S 120 LTE 888 LIE 990 9 P20 ‘T 986 ‘682 ‘CL 96 FL ITS ‘e9T ‘CLT OLF ‘SE 188 ‘861 CFT 9F9 “LET ‘CPI OIF ‘TE 869 ‘SLT es bee oe apdiva a TietmGeos RS *S £06 ‘ZI FPO Z0% 9¢ OOL ‘T9T ‘O88 90¢ ‘89 TES “Sos ‘€ CPP 6SP ‘967 ‘S81 6FE ‘2% 292 ‘GS9 rai IZl @ ITF ‘SEE ‘CEI L16 ‘9 198 ‘GZS (&6 9F8 ‘8 199 ‘ELT ‘OOT T8E ‘82 GPS ‘LST ‘98 CEs ‘8 9LF ‘69 ‘T¥S 808 ‘6 OST ‘G6 92 GCL ‘9 L9L ‘GOT ‘16 SFE ‘TE ISF ‘69 6 £62 ‘€ 999 ‘18 ‘8¢ FES ‘0% 61S ‘TOT ‘gg PPS ‘ST 888 ‘OFT LG 998 ‘6T FF6 ‘L9E ‘89 PGE ‘ES 6F8 ‘OT (1) (1) (1) (1) (y) (1) i) (1) () (1) (1) (1) (1) LES (1) MA ESE SREY EGE scone (1) meni ven + lt Se SaRee (1) D I ‘E (1) (1) (@) VASVIV NYALSaM 602 ‘LF £60 ‘0€ 8&2 ‘OF €6P ‘OE 166 ‘SE 289 ‘61 IP ‘09 LLY 6S ZOT ‘E¢ 919 ‘69 056 ‘E01 612 ‘TS OOT “EST TT@ ‘29 CCL ‘SP 9S ‘8 G9% ‘8E 6ST “LZ GSE ‘BS TTL ‘48 608 ‘SE 0 ‘FF LO’ ‘EST 9EF ‘E 1Sé 960 ‘FL IPT ‘FL 606 9% 109 'F 996 ‘29 616 ‘EE 810 ‘921 CIF G6 LES ‘601 V6E ‘oP 614 ‘EFT TIL ‘GF ZTE ‘68 92% ‘02 829 ‘G9 902 G8 999 ‘og 006 ‘9% FOL '€E 009 ‘ch P88 ‘FG £67 OF 628 ‘T 698 ‘T cep FP G68 16 ‘ZL £P0'9 968 ‘ZI ST9 ‘2 008 ‘TL ItP ‘¢ GLI ‘66 OF ‘OL $98 ‘8 680 ‘9 969 ‘FT. 69 “GT T¥9 ‘TL ‘O[QVIIVAG JOU SONS, + Or ~J QO Output of canned salmon in Alaska, 1913 to 1928 ' U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 1913 Product 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Coho, or silver: Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Ye-pound flat__--- 3, 587 4, 579 2, 0F0 13, 145 30, 412 26, 238 9, 719 8, 915 1-pound flat___--_- 266 285 2, 338 8,191 362 12, 786 10, 438 10, 746 1-pound tall___--- 71,926 | 152,199 | 119,880} 240,573 | 162,457 | 179, 934 212) 713 172, 424 Potal==2 5 2=-—5 75, 779 157, 063 124, 268 261, 909 193, 231 218, 958 232, 870 192, 085 Chun, or keta: re 14-pound flat__--- 985 Siay| aoe es 1, 423 26, 760 3, 559 3, 981 53 1-pound flat___--- 2,619 5, 568 Olt eanesuse = 2, 530 2, 996 3 cee 46, 167 1-pounda tall_____- 287,314 | 657,918 | 479,629 | 722, 692 877, 457 |1, 358, 405 |1, 361, 582 987, 297 Total-==2-4-2 290, 918 663,859 | 479, 946 724, 115 906, 747 |1, 364, 960 |1, 365, 563 | 1, 033, 517 Humpback, or pink: ie 14-pound flat____- 20, 822 2, 103 4, 325 41,491 91, 403 63, 557 28, 185 18, 970 1-pound flat_____- 3, 25 9, 286 3, 508 14, 796 6, 014 20, 215 7, 553 76, 017 1-pound tall_____- 1, 348, 801 974, 660 |1, 867, 683 |1, 681, 506 |2, 199, 5&9 |2, 355, 182 |1, 575, 870 | 1, 498, 133 Total. -—--=- ee 1, 372, 881 | 986,049 |1, 875, 516 |1, 737, 793 |2, 296, 976 |2, 438, 954 |1, 611, 6C8 | 1, 593, 120 King, or spring: ¥-pound flat____- 1, 585 3, 143 2, 404 2, 617 12, 973 6, 000 7, 584 10, 196 1-pound flat.2-22-|--=._--_. 4, 804 3, 755 3, 804 5, 133 5, 267 11, 532 18, 319 1-pound tall___-_- 32, 785 40, 092 82, 092 59, 452 43, 845 37, 959 76, 870 81, 488 Total --2s2s- 225 34, 370 48, 039 88, 251 65, 873 61, 951 49, 226 95, 986 110, 003 Red, or sockeve: a 14-pound flat____- 29, 041 538, 825 52, 033 81,565 | 124,309] 137,008 | 122, 236 101, 716 1-pound flat_____- 11, 735 64, 671 112, 847 86, 395 89, 612 151, 864 110, 491 120, 147 1-pound tall ____- 1, 924, 461 |2, 083, 147 |1, 765, 139 |1, 936, 971 |2, 274, 460 |2, 244, 865 |1, 044, 934 | 1, 278, 875 14%-pound nomi- Nals2=< 5 Pee ace a ee 2,208 |p aeaes os| fobs ts |alo cb koe ee ee 2-pound nominals|2=-=22 5 23)5 2 ees eee 6,006))| --==--.--|--=-=- 224s ee eee Tothlo 22s e— 965, 237 |2, 201, 643 |1,-932, 312 |2, 110, 937 |2, 488, 381 533, 737 |1, 277, 661 | 1, 500, 738 Grand total ____|3, 739, 185 |4, 056, 653 |4, 500, 293 |4, 900, 627 |5, 947, 286 |6, 605, 835 4, 583, 688 | 4, 429, 463 | Product 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 Coho, or silver Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases ¥-pound flat_____ 4, 084 22, 237 13, 866 8, 059 7, 145 10, 354 10, 105 13, 498 1-pound flat_____- 7,918 12, 099 10, 151 5, 403 7, 223 16, 625 15, 047 5, 840 1-pound tall_____- 94, 553 141, 657 140, 090 170, 139 146, 642 175, 548 227, 892 279, 285 otal a 25 ses a4 106,555 | 175,993 | 164,107} 183,601} 161,010 | 202,527 | 253, 044 298, 623 Chum, or keta: ¥-pound flat _____ 608 3, 698 6, 356 346 3, O51 1, 367 9, 414 5, 057 I=pound fat2 | ee 6, 185 16 6503|Se eae 48, 982 1, 449 4 1-pound tall______ 254, 887 | 556,035 | 519, 250 |1, 027, 512 |1, 075, 629 852, 094 | 496, 860 990, 724 Totals. 255, 495 565, 918 525, 622 !1, 028, 488 |1, 078, 680 902, 443 507, 723 995, 785 Humpback, or pink: he pon pat 1, 292 42, 736 29, 363 21, 365 34, 005 59, 835 50, 455 40, 473 1-pound ree ee es (Seo pe ee 30, 879 9, 428 13, 095 185 82, 161 14, 662 6, 189 1-pound tall_____- 422, 692 |1, 584, 808 |2, 409, 338 |2, 566, 823 |2, 076, 403 |3, 196, 353 |1, 355, 658 | 2, 740, 580 Totals see 423, 984 |1, 658, 423 |2, 448, 129 |2, 601, 283 |2, 110, 593 |3, 338, 349 |1, 420, 775 | 2, 787, 242 King, or spring: ¥-pound flat_____ 4, 061 3, 770 5, 466 1, 501 2, 755 3, 324 10, 528 11, 782 1-pound flat______ 19, 192 3, 967 7, 281 9, 500 8, 828 11, 125 11, 371 14, 854 1-pound tall______ 21, 741 22, 923 25, 596 22, €47 38, 395 38, 027 48, 492 27, 523 Total. 25. = 44, 994 30, 660 38, 343 33, 648 49, 978 52, 476 70, 391 §4, 159 Red, or sockeye: ie ¥-pound flat_____ 60, 831 | 171,896 | 121,775 31, 947 68, 901 82, 121 88, 874 89, 063 1-pound flat______ 71, 108 121, 449 159, 271 110, 352 28, 757 104, 329 57, 771 87, 100 1-pound tall_____- 1, 633, 859 |1, 777, 313 |1, 578, 450 |1, 305, 596 962, 018 1, 970, 577 |1, 173, 550 | 1, 771, 981 Pbotalse ee 1, 765, 798 |2, 070, 658 li, 859, 496 |1, 447, 895 |1, 059, 676 |2, 157, 087 |1,320, 195 | 1, 948, 094 Grand total_- 2,80 596, 826 |4, 501, 652 |5, 035, 697 |5, 294, 915 |4, 459, 937 |6, 652, 882 |3, 572, 128 | 6, 083, 903 1 The number of cases shown has been put upon the common basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans per case. ee PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 579 Average annual price per case of forty-eight 1-pound cans of Alaska salmon, 1908 to 1928 | ma aw Product 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 | 1918 Coho, or silver_...-.----]. $3.98 | $4.07 | $4.89 | $5.67 | $4.44 | $3.45 | $4.30 | $4.31 | $5.34 | $8.76 | $9.15 Chum, or keta____..---- 2. 53 2.28 | 3.04 3. 72 2. 37 2.2 3. 37 2. 59 3. 34 6.14 6.27 -Humpback, or pink_---| 2.69] 2.40] 3.15] 3.94] 2.55 | 2.58| 3.50] 2.78] 3.64] 6.44] 6.58 King, or spring_--.----- 4.20 | 4.32 5. 34 6.48 5.37 | 4.04 5.01 4. 63 5.36 | 10.40 | 9.85 Red, or sockeye 4.52 | 4.53 5.30 | 6.33 5.45 4. 54 5.58 | 5.82 6. 04 9.48 | 9.44 Product 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 | 1927 | 1928 ME OUOMOMSLUY Cl seek a Sano $11.27 | $9.13 | $5.63 | $5.47 | $5.74 | $u.83 | $9.72 | $8.40 | $8.51 | $7.12 SIGUA Gal -<:] Ce 6.82 4.19 3. 68 3. 98 4.65 4.68 4.44 5.01 5.47 6. 06 Humpback, or pink.._----..--- 8.35 | 5.47] 4.21] 4.34] 4.86] 4.93] 5.28] 5.39] 5.87] 6.56 Pine vion spine. se sf 13.13 | 10.97 | 10.22} 8.08] 8.56] 8.89 | 11.91 | 10.37 | 11.25 | 11.13 ed Onsockeye.-------=-2=-—2- 12.98 | 13.05 | 8.96 | 9.24] 9.27] 9.53] 13.12] 9.89] 12.08} 9.41 Pack of canned salmon in British Columbia since the inception of the industry, by waters Can- . : Rivers In- é neries Fraser Skeena a Outlying Year oper- River River set aud Naas River) Gistricts ated Inlet Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases LES Claas a Re BO ean 2 fin a ca el Ue ep | Oe per i (oe 1esV((2 eee Se ee ie gees 5 55, 387 OOO i Ree eke ee es eS ee ee eee Spee ee ea 8 81, 446 rot C0, Us (ee a a Na ee Od nA? ee ee a 9 50, 490 LONGO 3 ees ees | Ee ee oe ee eee SBD ater oe Fh 8 dee 9 42,155 RFC 2 lee ee oe Jee A OE ES || Se Oe Se teen 2 See oes 3 o ll 142, 516 DAL GS Uh) 2 eS el eee al 5, 500 1S oe! eee 16 199, 204 24, 522 5, 635 6, 500 4, 600 (GCS) See oe 8 See ee 20 105, 701 31, 157 10, 780 9, 400 6, 400 i tetey Lies ae F Dee te RS 14 34, 037 53, 786 20, 383 8, 500 7, 000 ieee dp ese ae Sia eee 9 89, 617 | TIS9008 | Bee 8 6 ote Rice Se 6, 000 BAG res sew oe oe 16 99, 177 37, 587 15000) |S3325 2. oa 1, 200 ise//Boesn 5a 5 ee 20 130, 088 58, 592 208 W | ee ee 4, 200 SRB SN bs RS eye oe 21 76, 616 70, 106 20, 000 12, 318 5, 000 {So SS Se eee 28 310, 122 58, 405 21, 722 19, 800 7, 162 T3900. ie See 2 ae 33 244, 352 91, 645 33, 500 24, 700 17, 060 SO Tier ame bee eon Bh aed 38 177, 989 77, 057 36, 500 11, 058 11, 907 RO De 6 Soy See, 2 Se 36 98, 491 90, 750 14, 955 26, 100 18, 425 PRG ye ee ae eo Ee 44 474, 237 59, 021 35, 416 15, 680 25, 848 ive th = Sa GAS os 42 363, 566 61, 005 40, 161 20, 000 7, 500 TU eres ae ae eee 2 49 — 432, 920 69, 356 58, 575 20, 541 6, 300 ESD GE See ye ees 56 375, 344 97, 863 107, 473 14, 649 22, 453 IGN YiL = Se oe ae 65 | 879, 776 61, 310 40, 090 20, 000 26, 007 IRIS 2, 5 re 67 264, 225 80, 102 105, 362 20, 000 22, 862 (eps | ae ee 68 527, 396 112, 562 76, 428 19, 442 29, 691 OG ey gs 69 | 331, 371 135, 424 74, 196 20, 200 45, 349 i ees Al ST 78 | 998, 913 125, 845 66, 794 15, 004 40, 656 (oe ae SS es 69 | 327, 197 155, 936 70, 298 2a, 212. 50, 518 10 8 Se is SSE Seer 61 237, 125 98, 669 69, 390 12, 100 56, 390 [i UE 2 See 51 | 128, 903 154, 869 94, 292 19, 085 68, 745 LST Sees Sot, aes 64 | 877, 136 114, 085 83, 122 S202) 60, 392 UG De ee eee 59 240, 486 162, 420 122, 878 32, 534 71, 142 UO ee ee eee sd: Ss Ss 42 163, 116 159, 255 94, 064 31, 832 99, 192 NOGS ay tes Sea al a 50) 89, 184 209, 177 75, 090 46, 908 122, 330 HOO So. 28s tat Ds 3 86 | 567, 203 140, 739 91, 014 40, 990 127, 974 Li eS ee eee oe 58 | 223, 148 222, 035 129, 398 39, 720 147, 900 TH JLT bepe BS Cae Se 59 | 301, 344 254, 410 101, 066 65, 684 226, 461 LL See DS SS eee = 57 173, 921 254, 258 137, 697 71, 162 359, 538 (Oy 6 Bey eee eee 78 732, 059 164, 055 68, 096 53, 423 336, 268 Hehe oe cece Mies oo oe Fe 63 328, 390 237, 634 109, 052 94, 890 341, 073 114 Latte a8 Se see ners 63 | 289, 199 279, 161 146, 838 104, 289 3138, 894 Lela ge BS ln gl Se aie 73 106, 440 223, 158 85, 383 126, 686 453, 398 Tht hae ee eee 90 | 377, 988 292, 219 95, 302 119, 495 672, 481 TELE 9 Joe Oe ee bas 83 | 206, 003 374, 216 103, 155 143, 908 788, 875 LIN ASO coe tied eas SP RNS fo 74 158, 718 398, 877 80, 367 97, 512 657, 682 LE? Lil alt Se aR 8 50 132, 860 334, 392 152, 828 81, 153 486, 383 LV 2 ee ee See ao 49 103, 919 234, 765 56, 957 51, 765 156, 142 jMi RPA ais ee) 6 2 ee 204, 809 72, 688 | 837,489 | 183, 007 59, 815 63, 126 Sprines, T6042. -- se oe 2, 084 9, 482 5, 507 6, 503 3, 448 1, 427 404 ROckeyesa 2 22-) eee See ee ee 50, 968 93, 404 84, 717 86, 394 | 108, 413 139, 846 Springs, Ted 8... =. seas 18, 008 20, 621 14, 598 20, 138 10, 378 13, 374 Springs, white. . = =< 2:26 20552. =5-2 23252 3 | Se ee ee eee I Se ee 468 Motels 22 one se ea eee 98, 669 154, 869 114, 085 162, 420 159, 255 209, 177 Rivers Inlet and Smiths Inlet district: hums. 22 5 Shee 2 SE ee ee |e 6h |S sae =o 8c S| ee Cohos: 224-25. ee ee eee 219 358% |5: Jove = =3 66 5, 040 9, 505 Pinks. 5224 .---5- See Se ee 180 esSe.- == 2| ee ea | Fees 700 479 Sockeyes 2232... ee ee 68, 119 93, 862 82,771 | 122,631 87, 874 64, 652 Springs, Tod-22_ >. {oS sae oes SR 872 11 351 181 450 454 TT OUGe =o ee oe ee re eee 69, 390 94, 292 83,122 | 122,878 94, 064 75, 090 Naas River district: Chums! 24 22. Se on ones |e 81 |--2222----| 282-225-226 |b- sense es ee Conoss= soe Se ee ee 2, 187 1, 697 3, 083 5, 997 6, 093 8, 348 Pinks: 282! 56 2, =e 28 SS eee ee 1, 840 3, 450 5, 957 6, 612 Sockeyos=s2 #22... 5 S502 2222 6st 8, 438 15, 000 24, 462 22, 166 17, 813 27, 584 Springs, réd $22 5-- = S223 ee 1, 475 2, 357 3, 340 858 1, 288 3, 263 Springs, ‘white! 22.22. 225 E L Sa | we ee Se 63. | -s eee Steelheads:. £24... -ci8254u 2-25 ts ee | ee a ee | ee 681 1,101 Sockeyes_- = 2-2 ee eee 36, 383 48, 272 51, 234 45, 481 40, 159 59, 815 Springs, red. 322.2235 See 3, 218 6, 204 4, 563 3, 581 7, 595 6, 915 Springs, white. =. 222.220. 2 20k a a ee Se a ee | ee eee 2, 382 2, 245 Steelheads: 222 ...-c MAES 2c Oe | eae ee Vee EET cue Ae ee 2 36 Totals -.:2202 ke 2 See ee 56, 390 68, 745 60, 392 71, 142 99, 192 122, 330 ‘In 1901 in the Fraser River district 920,313 cases of sockeyes were packed, and in 1902 sockeyes were packed as follows: 293,477 cases in Fraser River district, 117,677 cases in Skeena River district, 68,819 cases in Rivers Inlet district, 20,953 cases in Naas River district, and 30,510 cases in outlying districts. . ——a PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 581 Pack, by districts and species, of canned salmon in British Columbia from 1903 to 1919—Continued EE Eee ee ———————— el District and species 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 oiae ay SenCres Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Chava 3 2 ek Ee re See ae S71. G42) | Sean eee eee ee seec| ace ae ae MOHOS! Ce etesuseeeacen 66, 351 44, 458 69, 132 87, 900 81, 917 aT fee ee on re a ne a ae See|| ERE Sear 13,970 | 268,305 | 2 118, 704 276, 448 BEGKOV OSes seen a se aa ecee heme spen sana 323, 226 |1, 080, 673 459, 679 314, 074 355, 023 Springs, red 38, 675 28, 359 31, 261 23, 159 25, 433 Springs, white----------------------------|----------|----------|---------- 1, 083 2, 939 2, 731 SecthiGigk bee es eee ee ee a ed eee pee soc 683 1, 187 (Caariveliieille ee ee eee 473, 674 | 465,894 |1, 167,460 | 629,460 | 547, 459 542, 689 nT District and species 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 ee ee Fraser River district: Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Inia eee ee A tok 52,177 | 47,237 | 12, 961 22, 220 74, 726 (NOS eee 39, 740 28, 574 11, 648 38, 639 IPINKS cee =-==-=- 142, 101 574 9, 973 6, 057 Sockeyes------- 58, 487 | 108, 784 684, 596 185, 483 Springs, red 7, 028 14, 655 3, 573 9, 485 Pritigaiwhite=s< 226 spose ese |e eae 8, 925 6, 751 8, 373 49 14, 000 PT Oe ee ee 567,203 | 228,148 | 301, 344 173, 921 732, 059 328, 390 Skeena River district: (CValsian 2 Soa See ee Se ee eee 70 504) |ses22sce2es- 8, 329 (ft) 0(0 spite eS es se ee ra 12, 249 11, 531 23, 376 39, 628 18, 647 16, 378 Se ae eee 28, 120 13, 473 81, 956 97, 588 66, 045 71, 021 SOCKG VCS ees nee ane eee 87, 901 187, 246 131, 066 92, 498 52, 927 130, 166 Sholalrevesy, 1ee(0 ee ee 11, 727 9, 546 15, 514 19, 332 23, 250 11, 529 Sonmmawhiteet-- eee ca ee 742 239 2, 428 4, 501 3, 186 211 Siraay irae GS} os |e ee been 207 a2. eS eee OLA ee ee ean ee oe 140, 739 222, 035 254, 410 254, 258 164, 055 237, 634 Rivers Inlet and Smith’s Inlet district i ELT See ee en ee | eee ss eee a 288 3; 845) [22225 ses 5, 023 (WOROSBe eee a eee ea 1, 400 2,075 6, 287 11, 010 3, 660 7, 789 Piri lcs eae et eS ce a we 19 5, 411 8, 809 2, 097 5, 784 SOCK OY CS 22 s- 52a a eee een 89, 027 126, 921 88, 763 112, 884 61, 745 89, 890 Shopbevesh eel Lee eee ee ee ee 587 3 317 681 594 566 Springs, white__-----------__--_-__|------____|--_-______|------__-- AGB ew ee eee eee GMOS | eles ees eee eee eee 91,014 | 129,398 | 101, 066 137, 697 68, 096 109, 052 Naas River district: ini SAS aaah eee ee 351 5, 189 3, 245 2, 987 25, 569 (phos./. 7: 6, 285 7,842 | 12, 468 3, 172 9, 276 PPANTKG See te ee ee 895 11, 467 12, 476 20, 539 25, 333 Sockeyes 30, 810 37, 327 36, 037 23, 574 31, 327 ‘Soyolie(us}s 106 Laas Se 2, 280 1, 228 3, 434 5, 710 2, 999 2, 660 Sonnespwiites 92 ---2--- an 57 11 325 1, 226 152 725 LONE AUS St = see ea a8 |e 140 Te | See a ba ee ieee | Ee ee = a ae MN iG |_ 2 ee eee ee 40, 990 39, 720 65, 684 71, 162 53, 423 94, 890 Outlying districts: io Bees a Ee ee See 5, 834 39, 167 37, 770 52, 758 70, 827 (WON OSH rn ao nee Sea kee 19, 911 26, 636 42, 457 73, 422 32, 695 48,119 el Qu oe ee eee 20, 098 64, 312 128, 296 94, 233 112, 145 Nackeves meee seme see 87,893 | 67,866 | 94, 559 149, 336 99, 830 Springs, red____------- 7,138 | 12,458 | 21, 967 7, 017 8, 668 Springs, white 301 201 3, 524 229 1, 484 Total 226, 461 | 359, 538 336, 268 341, 073 Chums. _-_. 91, 951 58, 325 77, 965 184, 474 Cohos ee se 119, 702 165, 102 69, 822 120, 201 Toda jhe oe Re cee 305, 247 | 247,743 192, 887 220, 340 Sockeyes 383,509 | 444, 762 972, 178 536, 696 OSE IS ip aa ae aoa 18,218 | 19,313] 38,751] 62,345 37, 433 32, 908 PMNS aWilltO 2. esse. ss- 2a aoe = 799 9, 476 9, 705 18, 092 3, 616 16, 420 SHES A Ey CG CY ee ee Sa SP eee a 140 100 QO fell ee Se | eee ee G@randitotalees sesame ee 967,920 | 762,201 | 948,965 | 996,576 | 1,353,901 | 1, 111, 039 2 Pinks and chums combined. 582 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack, by districts and species, of canned salmon in British Columbia from 1908 to 1919—Continued District and species 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Fraser River district: Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases | pre ba 1 coe see a epee SAPs ke 18, 539 30, 184 59, 973 86, 215 15, 718 pling to = os 5 es eee 34, 114 27, 676 30, 735 43, 871 , 866 PPS oS oe Se 128, 555 840 134, 442 18, 388 39, 363 DOCKOVES= — ..-— = ec= 89, 040 27, 394 123, 614 16, 849 29, 628 Springs, red____- 15, 388 11, 096 10, 197 15, 192 15, 223 Springs, white 3, 532 9, 217 18, 916 24, 853 3, 592 Stealheads! 2. 2.2 eee 31 33 lil 635 328 Total. nese ee 289, 199 106, 440 377, 988 206, 003 158, 718 Skeena River district: hums: .c.. a tae eae a 5, 769 17, 121 21, 516 22, 573 31, 457 Gahos_) 2-328 2s ee 32, 190 47, 409 38, 456 38, 759 36, 559 Pinks. hee eee 107, 578 73, 029 148, 319 161, 727 117, 303 SOGKOV OS = eps eee eee ne see 116, 553 60, 923 65, 760 123, 322 184, 945 Springs, reds s- 42) eee eR 15, 069 18, 372 13, 586 16, 013 23, 285 Springs, white_--__.._.___- ee ee 204 2, 561 2, 699 6, 828 2, 656 Steelhendsss eee ens 2) ee Ss 1, 798 3, 743 1, 883 4, 994 2,672 bape a Set. 8 ee oe 279, 161 223, 158 292, 219 374, 216 398, 877 Rivers Inlet and Smith’s Inlet district: Gl eich eee he ee 5, 387 20, 144 16, 101 6, 729 7, 089 Gohos ose ee eee See eee 7, 115 15, 314 9, 124 12, 074 9, 038 Rinks ca eeee ie ye ee Le 2, 964 3, 567 8, 065 29, 542 6, 538 BOGKB VON) oe eee ee ee ee ee 130, 350 44, 936 61, 195 53, 401 56, 258 Springs red 42222. 2+ se eS 1,022 1, 033 715 957 1, 201 Springs vwhite:— >see et eee all 389 102 452 241 Steelheads:+ 225. =. 325228 os 8 fe Se i ed ee eee eee eee 2 Total e eee. A eee et eee 146, 838 85, 383 95, 302 103, 155 80, 367 Naas River district: Ghynis® ee eee ee eee eee 11, 076 11, 200 24, 938 40, 368 24, 041 Gohos_oss= 5-7 15, 171 19, 139 22, 180 17, 061 10, 900 Pinkesee Poe Ss 34, 879 59, 593 44, 568 59, 206 29, 949 Sockeyes 39, 349 31,411 22, 188 21, 816 28, 259 Springs, red 3, 053 3, 061 3, 170 25302 2, 993 Springs wikiten-2 same ee eee 648 784 1,326 1, 820 581 Bteelheader. 2. 22s. sete ce is le 113 1, 498 1, 125 1,305 789 Ui 0 he Ae a ee 104, 289 126, 686 119, 495 143, 908 97, 512 Outlying districts: iit. ae 2 a ee en es eee ee 41, 229 161, 552 352, 745 341, 730 293, 730 (Of let Se See ae eS et aie 58, 366 77, 181 64, 814 87, 359 88, 630 Pinks Ue ts Ly ea en re Pe 93, 376 143, 615 161, 365 258, 882 153, 486 pockeyesses S05) peo ee ee ee 100, 750 50, 125 67, 091 61, 071 70, 355 Springs, Tred == -_ 2. as oe eee 17, 202 17, 669 20, 962 31, 041 39, 554 Springs; wilite:=°- 4.5 -t22 4 Se reece 1, 986 2, 544 4, 603 , 866 11, 225 Steelheads +. - 2-2) Sees a See) 985 712 901 926 702 Total. 2222-5 2.253- ee ee 313, 894 453, 398 672, 481 788, 875 657, 682 TOTAL BY SPECIES Choms - 3535 ee eee 82, 000 240, 201 475, 273 497, 615 372, 035 Coles. 35a ee ee ee 146, 956 186, 719 165, 309 199, 124 199, 993 Pinks... iS oe BIE ee 367, 352 280, 644 496, 759 527, 745 346, 639 Sockeyes 27s eee Cd 476, 042 214, 789 339, 848 276, 459 369, 445 Sprivigs; Teds =. 2 ee es ee ele 51, 734 51, 31 48, 630 65, 535 82, 256 Springs: white: 252525252. eee 6, 370 15, 495 27, 646 41,819 18, 295 Stedihesds. 2420 26> 503 eae ee 2, 927 5, 986 4, 020 7, 860 4, 493 Grand totali.--s. 25-0 ote ee 1, 133, 381 995,065 | 1,557,485 | 1,616,157 | 1,393, 156 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 583° Pack by districts and species, of canned salmon in British Columbia from 1920 to 1928 District and species Fraser River district: Bluebacks-------- Springs, red__---- Springs, white_-__- Steelheads__-_------ Springs, red______ Springs, white___- Steelheads- -_------ Rivers Inlet and Smiths Inlet: peas as gta Sockeyes- ---_---- Springs, red---_-- Springs, white___- Steelheads___-__-- Naas River: Sockeyes- ----_---- Springs, red---_-- Springs, white___- Steelheads-__-___--- Bluebacks-_------- Ch Sockeyes- -------- Springs, red--- -_-- Springs, white__-- Steelheads______-- pockeyes-~= == =2" J. Springs, red ----_------ Springs, white__--_---- Steelheads____-_------ Grand total____- 112992°—30——12 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 Cases | Cases | Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases 4, 488} 1, 323) (7) ro 1, 757 5, 107 13, 736 10, 627 795 23, 884} 11, 223 17, 895) 103, 248) 109, 495 66, 111 88, 495 67, 259) 193, 106 22, 934) 29,978] 23, 587) . 20,173) 21, 401 36, 717| 21, 783| 24,079 27, 061 12, 839} 8, 178 29, 578 63, 645 31, 968 99, 800 32, 256} 102, 536 2, $81 44, 598) 35, 900 48, 744 29, 423, 36, 200 31, 523 83, 598) 57, 056 26, 530 24, 083) 17, 309 12, 994 4, 518 3, 574 7, 989 12, 783 7, 925 1,173 Uae | eee 3, 867 3, 615 4, 056 25, 701 20, 169 10, 528 3, 909 34 8 5 15 65 45 40 Si s2- 3 3. 132, 860|103, 919) 137, 482 224, 637| 208, 516) 272, 993| 272, 860} 280,041) 255, 455 3, 834] 1, 993 39, 758 16, 527 25, 588 74, 308 63, 527 19, 006 17, 716 18, 068} 45, 033 24, 699 31, 967 26, 968 39, 168 30, 208 26, 326 30, 194 177, 679|124, 457| 301,655) 145,973) 181, 313} 130,079} 210, 081 38, 768| 209, 579 90, 869) 41,018) 100, 667| 131,731) 144, 747 81, 146 82, 360 83, 996 34, 559 42, 724| 21, 766 12, 671 11, 748 10, 727 18, 205 18, 352 17, 636 5, 696 2 RS pie eee 1, 805 499 1, 301 5, 240 2, 242 1, 402 724 1, 218 498 1, 050 418 214 713 754 582 241 334, 392/234, 765| 482, 305) 338, 863) 390, 858 348, 859 407,524) 187,716 298, 709 La aR Ae Fy wee es fd St ee | ee el Se eee 1, 226 173 311 3, 242 4, 924 11, 510 11, 758 3, 727 3, 613 2,908} 4, 718 1, 120 1, 526 1, 980) 4, 946 7, 450 5, 084 1, 098 25, 647| 5,305} 24,292) 10,057} 15, 105 8,625) 18, 504 1,403) 16,713 121, 254} 46,300] 60, 700) 112,350) 91,760) 171,510) 74, 628 87,143) 88, 875 1, 793 364 285 499 414 662 748 283 eee S asa ete eres 38 100 131 52) 135 209 471 pass t es Q)7| Recs oe eee ee SN 2 Sora Aeon 11 17 13 152, 828) 56, 957 86, 828] 127,774; 114,314) 197,087) 108, 148 98,331) 111, 066 Se apts 3 Sal eee (.0))| Mabe Se Sell ie Ne Oy ed | 5 NY 9 Sel eS Sel | eee a eee eae 12, 145} 2, 176 11, 277 25, 791 26, 612 22, 504 15, 392) 3, 307 3, 538 3, 700) 8, 236) 3, 533) 7, 894 6, 481 8, 027 4, 274 3, 966} 10, 734 43, 151} 29, 488 75, 687, 44, 165 72, 496 35, 530 50, 815 16, 609 83, 183 16, 740) 9, 364 als 200 17, 821 33, 590 18, 945 15, 929 12, 026 5, 540 4, 857| 2, 088 1, 807 2, 979 2, 350 3, 365 5, 367 3, 545 1, 539 eae ao a kee OF 255) 335 375) 392) 597 279 307 560 413 193 595 1, 035 245 375 96 36 81, 153) 51, 765| 124, 071 99, 580) 142, 939 89, 008 92, 749 39, 828} 104, 877 3, 573) 5, 737 5, 495 7, 097 2, 510 4, 832 5, 409 10, 194 5, 277 43, 537| 55, 843) 188,963] 269, 247) 402, 297 432, 776| 523,065) 469,895) 645, 257 54, 362} 29, 323) 49, 906 50, 484 58, 892) 100, 016 98, 734) 103, 277 81, 570 261, 540| 25,478] 150, 767| 177,092) 356, 656) 172, 131) 466, 356 88, 310} 480, 016 77, 944| 31, 332) 58, 226) 43, 322 63, 306 89, 394 80, 497 67, 831 48, 038 44, 844) 8, 225 5, 319 2, 653 3, 949 9, 306 7, 485 11, 425 3, 302 A ee eae 555 196) 579) 1, 360 1, 387 2, 821 1, 437 583 204 409 732 497 1, 520 976 965 575 486, 383/156, 142) 459, 640] 550, 823) 888, 686) 811, 335]1, 183, 909) 754, 718)1, 265, 522 8, 061} 7, 060) 6, 431 7, 097 4, 267 9,939} 19,145) 20,821 6, 072 84, 626) 71, 408} 258, 204) 418,055) 568, 916 607, 209} 702,237) 563,194) 863, 230 101, 972117, 288) 102, 845) 112,044) 115, 722 188, 874} 162,449) 162,732) 150, 657 520, 856/192, 906} 581,979) 440,932) 657, 538) 446, 165| 773,012) 247,626) 792, 372 351, 405) 163, 914! 299, 614} 334, 647| 369, 603} 392,518) 337,012} 308, 052 203, 542 118, 301) 49, 752 33, 076 22, 397 21, 014 39, 309 44, 649 41, 279 12, 043 Se Oe 6, 520) 4, 745 6, 442) 32, 745 24, 530) 15, 239) 6, 848 2, 395} +1, 220) 1, 657 1, 760 1, 811 2, 523) 2, 156) 1, 691 865 1, 187, ai 548) 1, 290, 326|1, 341, 677|1, 745, 313}1, 719, 282|2, 065, 190)1, 360, 634/2, 035, 629 a 584 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES MARKET PRICES FOR CANNED SALMON The manner of fixing the selling price at which the canner is willing to dispose of his canned product varies slightly in certain regions. In May or June, when the spring-packing season has sufficiently advanced so that a line can be gotten on the probable pack of chi- nook, the highest priced of the pack, the Columbia River canners agree upon a price, this usually being high or low, as the pack is small or large. Since the Alaska Packers Association was formed, through a com- bination of a number of canneries operating in the Territory of Alaska, it has packed in some years as much as one-fourth of the salmon canned. It also owns canneries on Puget Sound. The custom grew up amongst the smaller packers of Alaska and Puget Sound of waiting until the association fixed the prices on its own pack, when the others would generally fall into line with the same prices for their packs. At no time hasit ever been compulsory on the part of any packer to adopt the same prices as the association. In fact, it has sometimes been the case that, while the small packer publicly quoted the association’s opening prices, yet in secret he was shading it by 2% to 5 cents per dozen on certain grades. Occasionally fe other packers do not like a certain quotation of the association and make one more nearly in consonance with their own views. This happened in 1913, when the association quoted 60 cents for chums, while the Puget Sound canners quoted 55 cents for this grade, and in 1915 when the association quoted 65 cents for chums and the Puget Sound interests 70 cents for the same grade, thus showing clearly the independence of the smaller packers. Owing to a peculiar feature of the salmon marketing business, more depends upon the opening prices than appears on the surface to the uninitiated. Shortly after the first of the year buyers throughout the world begin to take stock of their salmon supplies and shortly thereafter begin placing their ‘future’ orders. These cover the quantity required of each grade, and when the buyer orders through a broker the orders are placed subject to a contract similar to the following: The undersigned hereby authorizes to book the number of cases of canned salmon specified below; said booking to be filed with packers for delivery from (naming year) pack, subject to buyers’ approval of opening prices when named; the option being granted buyers of confirming the total number of cases specified below; confirming a smaller quantity, or declining any confirmation. furthermore agrees that buyers shall have the option of increasing quanities listed below, when he names opening prices for his packers, contingent upon his ability to secure at that time an increased allotment from his packers. In event secures an increased allotment from his packers insufficient to meet all increases requested by his patrons, he will distribute such increase as he can secure among the dealers who haye filed conditional contracts with him, according to the date order that said contracts have been received in his office. Under this form of contract the packer is expected to be ready to fulfill the terms of same, except in case of a short pack, when the orders are generally prorated; i. e., all orders are proportionately reduced until they come within the compass of the pack. Should the buyer dislike the opening price he has the privilege of canceling the order. While this latter privilege may not, at first glance, look just to the packer, yet it is doubtful if any buyer would place a PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 585 ‘‘future’’ order unless he was assured of a chance to cancel it should he feel that too high a sum was fixed in the opening prices. Some canneries contract to sell their entire output to one buyer, and the price fixed is usually the opening prices for the year in question. In such cases the buyer and seller are both compelled to abide by the price, no matter how unjust one or the other may consider it. The announcement of opening prices does not occur ordinarily until late in August or early in September, when the greater part of the packing is over with and a good line on the total pack has been obtained. AMERICAN OPENING PRICES Below are shown the yearly opening prices on the various grades and sizes from 1890 to 1928. The most interesting part of this is the increase shown in the value of high-grade salmon. Columbia River chinook was quoted at $1.05 for 1-pound talls in 1897, and it gradually advances until in 1928 it is quoted at $4.15. Alaska red 1-pound talls in 1897 sold for 90 cents, the lowest during the period in question, advancing, with occasional recessions, until in 1925 it reached high-water mark of $3.50. In 1897 Puget Sound 1-pound tall sockeye sold for 80 cents, 10 cents below Alaska red. In 1898 it sold for 20 cents less than reds. In 1902 it sold for $1 as compared with 95 cents for Alaska red, and from that time on brought a higher price, being quoted at $4.25 in 1922 as compared with $2.25 for Alaska red. No sockeye 1-pound talls were packed since 1922. Medium red or coho does not figure in the opening prices until 1908, when Puget Sound coho sold for 5 cents a dozen more than Alaska coho. Very shortly thereafter, however, both were classed together and sold for the same price. This grade has not had the wide fluc- tuations of the others, due mainly to the generally small pack made annually. Pink salmon has been the football of the salmon market ever since the pack became of sufficient size to become a feature in it. The size of the pack has been steadily increasing, as the fish became better known, and while the price obtained has been excellent in certain years (in 1911 it sold at $1 per dozen, the highest point reached up to that time), usually the price has been low. In 1897 it was quoted at 65 cents. In 1915 the opening price was 75 cents, but as a matter of fact a large part of the pack really sold for 65 cents. The lowest point it reached was in 1903, when it was quoted at 50 cents a dozen. As a result of the demand created by the war pink salmon opened at 90 cents in 1916, $1.65 in 1917 and 1918, and $2.25 in 1919. The market collapsed under the last-named price, how- ever, and since 1919 the average opening price has been $1.35. It is only of recent years that chum salmon has become a factor in the market. Although sold for some time before then, chum salmon appears first in the regular opening prices in 1908, when it was quoted at 70 cents a dozen. In 1913 it was quoted at 55 cents while the opening price in 1915 was 70 cents on Puget Sound and 65 cents at San Francisco. During the war the opening prices on chums were materially increased, being 85 cents in 1916, $1.60 in 1917, $1.75 in 1918, and $2.15 in 1919. As in the case of pinks, the market col- lapsed under the 1919 price, and some sales under $1 were made in 1920. The following years the prices showed no appreciable gain until 1928 when chum salmon was quoted at $1.60. 586 The pack of Alaska and Puget Sound kings or springs has always | U. Ss. BUREAU OF FISHERIES been small, and while they have always been quoted at $1 per dozen or better (in 1919 they were quoted at $3.12%) they have always been — slow sellers. It is extremely improbable that the canned pack will increase much in the future, as this fish is the best for mild curing, and as the mild curers are able to offer better prices for the raw fish than the canneries, they will always get the fish when desired. American opening prices per dozen cans since 1890 1890 to 1902 Year and species Talls | Year and species Talls Year and species Talls 1890 1895 1899 Columbia River chinook_| $1.40 |) Columbia River chinook $1. 3214)) Columbia River chinook | $1. 25 Alaska reds 4-227 1, 20 Alaska red. +2 [eer 1.15 Alaska red 2 eae, 1.10 Alaska pink: <2. =o" = 15 Alaska pink=-= 2202 sees . 80 Puget Sound sockeye___} 1.10 Alaska pinks J) ees 67144 1891 1896 1900 Columbia River chinook-| 1.35 Alaska read) eee 1.20 || Columbia Riverchinook] 1. 25 Columbia River chinook| 1. 60 Alaska. pink 3-27-15. =e = 75), || eAdaska regis: eee ae 1510 | 4\"Alaska red): 2-22 ssaeesen 125 Alaska mink=)s= 20 21568 .75 Puget Sound sockeye___| 1.10 1892 Alaska pink2223) Se .75 Columbia River chinook_| 1.35 sett 1901 ‘Alaska red s-= 425. . 2225" 1.15 fect es “. 7 Masks pinks ee * Se .15 ‘olumbia River chinoo 1.05 Fe hfe , Alaska red. ===. “05 | || Columbia iver chiaegs aaa 1893 Keeani sockeye.-_| . Fa Puget Sound sockeye__-_| .95 at hago Om ow od on OR SD SO et od . a + | 4 Columbia River chinook_| 1. 3244 Alaska pink_------------ +75 Alaska T6003 = eo sol 1.17% Alaska pink.._.-.._..___- 65 1898 1902 1894 Columbia River chinook} 1.05 Columbia River chinook| 1.35 Alaska reds 222222222) © )9724|| Alaska red?t= 2) eae 1.00 Coiumbia River chinook_| 1.35 || Puget Sound sockeye__-| .80 Puget Sound sockeye___| 1.00 Alaska red: 5-2 oe ose 1.10 || ‘Ajaska pink. 2.2.2 Saee . 65 Alaska pink-_-2-> 2 ss . 65 Alaska pinike, tee) 22 . 60 1903 to 1928 Year and species Talls | Flats | Halves Year and species Talls | Flats |Halves 1903 1907 Puget Sound sockeye- - - - --- $1.50 | $1.60 | $0.90 || Columbia River chinook-_--|$1.65 | $1.75 |$1.05 Columbia River chinook_---} 1.35} 1.45 .85 || Puget Sound sockeye_------| 1. 60 1.75 | 1.10 ‘Alaska renee oF 1 ele) Heo ee [ase ee Alaska red: 222. 22*8a bee 1. 16% *| eas eee (Alaska\vnink: 23> ook) Bo PA Ue ees a Aldskay pink. p25. 2- >see s28 -8044| 23S eee 1904 1908 Columbia River chinook-_--__} 1.65 1.75 | 1.05 Columbia River chinook.---| 1 45 1s .90 || Puget Sound sockeye- -__-__ 1. 60 1.75 | 1.05 Puget Sound sockeye.....-.-| 1.55 | 1.65 .95 || Puget Sound pink-_________- 75 SOs eee ATSS A Ode ees ee BG Ue = Sse Puget Sound coho---------- 1.05 1.15;|" 275 Alaska ‘pink 23.23 2225 Gee my (ip eee se Joes A Alaska red J-2- > 22a 1.15. las Sees ‘Alaska king32 2-2 ees 1.08. |z-o32es) ees 1905 Alaska ‘eohosess soe. eee 1.00.) See Eee Alaska pink: = 5.2.0 wcsseeeeeee Pa Sank! eas oe oe Columbia River chinook___-| 1.45] 1.55 200" Alaska chumnt»=ss2soeewene. Pair (| haa Pe | fo Pee pg Puget Sound sockeye__-_----| 1.35 | 1.50 4.00 Alssica red! 32 rs eee 1 00'|.e et ee eee 1909 Aldska pink=-- = Atos peers #70) |- Ss See Columbia River chinook, fancyst 25 eee ee . 65 1.75 | 1.05 1906 Puget Sound sockeye-_--_---| 1.35 1. 50 | 1.00 Masia rede o8 .Aeee |e Coho? 22) a B.D ieee | eee ( Olr) 51 eee ee 4,25 223-0552 Se Pink 32 344232 =e ae 2. 50 2.50) eee Pink 8 sud 2): ree 2,75 ae its se |ee eo ae 1903 1905 Sockeye!) 22-2 4:65 '| 27 es eee Hockeve-.32:-.-.2 5 suse es 5.00 | 6.30) |-2---am Red Soring=— ss ee 400225 ee Red spring -4--- 224 scsaseteee 4.50. |\.-°5.00)|-=_=-a8 Coho. 245 ee 8775 ESS Rae eee Con0s 22. eee 4: 00/22 ee eee et. Soe Sse ae eee 2,'60) 82550) | aes Pinks ti 2~ 42s eoe eee 2, (60) |52 == ee | ee 1 These opening prices have been furnished by H. Bell-Irving & Co. (Ltd.), of Vancouver, Britisk Columbia, Canada, well-known packers and handlers of canned salmon. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES British Columbia opening prices since 1902—Continued [Prices are for full cases] Year and species Talls 1906 TENG ee re ODT Y tal ote hae ee 5, 25 a 4. 50 1907 NUR al ee 5. 50 «EGS 0) ab ES ee 5. 50 lof) SES See ee ee 4. 50 Tn Se 3. 00 1908 RICO ye eee ae ee =e Ss 6.10 aba yoy (eee 5. 75 Coh 1911 BOCK OY Ose ee sa ee 7. 75 TRAGIG MG) 0) ab ats Se ee eee 6. 50 OS et ee eee 6. 00 pnikeee eens ao ta 2 4.00 his sete eee 3. 75 1912 BIDCKAYV OLE eee ee 9.00 Peedrsprin es 2 see at5 gs a ae 7. 25 Nati Rope? 22s SS See 3. 00 iit ee nk Soe A 9 SES 2.75 1913 SiG Os sass Te 6. 00 RBCS DTI eee Se 5. (Dp ng Gee ee 4, 25 2 nae Se a ae a ee 2. 50 ~ 1914 SOG RAG oe 7. 50 EB CUSD RIN Pee se se 6. 75 OOt) 2S ee hee os 4.75 ee 2 ey ee 3. 50 1915 SOREN GS Set 5 os ne 8. 25 odsspring sss 6 ie ee 6. 75 Het Ss aoe aa. eee 4.60 (Eiichi me ea See 3. 25 TU a eae 2.75 1916 BAUCK OV Os =r ee enon Sere 9. 00 "EOC oy gh cae h a ee d 8. 00 AD EO Set Bae a ed 6. 50 PCS ey 3 3.75 Ta ae oe Se 3. 00 1917 SUGAGRE SE se atl et 13. 00 BPR TEIN OG tse eee ees = li ee 10. 00 SITE Tee es pape RM ee OS 8.00 thine Sis SSR Sie Se ee eee 6. 65 Flats | Halves Year and species Talls 1918 p es || Sockeye-. - = 552 eed Salen. 2 Redtspring sss eae OOO hla. 2p: ie ie (aye (ae as COh6.25.. a eee 11.50 | 12.00 Ds00) |Saneee Pink?" 16 pt. wee 8.50} 8.75 Chime 42 eee (ied ing Ke ee 1919 by b0" |e 2see = BOCK VG sheen oe 2 ee se 16.00 | 16.50 AS OO) |@senoe- Red spring e522. 222 225-22 8|- ae ee SHOOK ese =. oho] ate ee 12.00 | 12. 50 (Pinkkeees 22 openers Haley 2 slate 9. 00 Chen eee 6. 75 ra eae 1920 5. 00 Sockeyeseeee- ea eee 19.00 | 19. 50 8.25 Redssprine sss 2 oseereae e- 16. 50 | 16.75 ONO 5 ee ee eee 12.00 | 12.25 Pin kotas eee oon Ss Ox50))| Soe eee @ hum? ae ee eS 6525) |e soos DOCKCYO= 4822 2" aoa sabe: Red spring (COnOs= eee ean ee Pinko semen ee ee ce ey (Chm Ss Sa ee eee 1922 Sockeye:tee-e--4 2 he ees 18.00 | 18. 25 Hee Springeat ns 22 asee ee x 13. 25 oho ee ae ea ee. 5 8. 25 SoU oe DOM inte ee see rai ese 6.25 750 (Chama eee E50N eee 4.25 5. 50 1953 Fcc aes Spek Gye ss ooeeel ss S95 M1300 ANDO Bed S10) ALY See i o aaa = PA) OC ace 9 RS Oe 3 ‘ Pee eco ea ks Ue 5.00} 5.50 795 750 Chim sa ee 4.50 | 4.75 3. 00 4. 50 1924 DOCKOY Cher. ete Ste ay Es 0) a a fs) Hed SPE gE lee ee oo 2 ee 10. 50 (Cajal at So ee . 5 6. 75 Ge THAN pias) eae! ste 5.00 | 5.25 ABEO IG Ohtin Steet oe Ss 4.50 | 4.75 2a bO eet aS 1925 pockeye 1S oe te eee ne eee 15: e 15. 50 + edSpring= =—--= 9 ee eee 12. 50 | 13.00 Boro. |. y BP OiNl ano, ieee es ene i 9.7 ea pees (eBintke 225 She. Lae es 6. Aas 5. 50 Cinint +e ee ae lA WOCKOYOoa2 3 2= = ae anne 8 2b 10.25 |) Red spring BAU Enea in Coho-_____---__-------------- 3,50] 4.75 || Pimk------------------------ meat ee te Chun? 233 See 1927 11.00 SOCK VOC =e ere 16.00 | 16.50 ee | 9.50 IOd Springs = a ee ee AR OOD a0 ae 9.00 Coho ee 12.00 | 12. 50 eee. |) Ie iok Pink. 3 223 tessa eS 5.75 | 6.00 Zot ee Chums: >= ea ae 5.00 5. 25 1928 ee EX 16:00)||| Sockeyes222 es - 116,50) | 17,00 12.00 | 13.00 |) Red spring, fancy___________ MS Sa al (arene a 11. 00 12/50! || CON Se ee eee 12.00 | 12.50 aoaeay O25" ||t ivr keek Sessa KO4 00) Gs 50 eye |r eee = Chins oa eocl (onde 589 Flats |Halves $15.00 | $16.00 14. 00 590 U. §. BUREAU OF FISHERIES PICKLING INDUSTRY The salmon-pickling industry was so overshadowed by its giant brother, the canning industry, that statistical data, except for Alaska,l were found in extremely fragmentary shape, and only that portion is shown relating to Alaska from the time of annexation to and_ including 1928. . Pack of salted salmon in Alaska, 1868 to 1928 | Salmon Salmon bellies Dry-salted salmon Year 7 Barrels Value Barrels Value Pounds Value otal: ue ae eee 827,034 | 8, 352, 002 30, 455 385, 029 | 12, 034, 480 322, 452 Nore.—The statistics on salmon bellies for the years 1920 to 1928, inclusive, were taken from Pacific Fisherman, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 591 Alaska pickled-salmon pack, 1906 to 1918, by species, quantity,'! and value 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 Species Sa Barrels| Value | Barrels} Value | Barrels! Value | Barrels| Value | Barrels} Value Whole salmon: $16, 406 692 | $5, 648 318 | $2, 485 160 $1, 504 1, 521 122 707 35 Le) a 29, 374 2, 346 | 17, 935 1, 557 9, 405 330 1, 998 10, 684 660 6, 813 441 3, 798 352 3, 399 145, 142 | 30,517 |262, 274 | 26, 508 |167, 298 | 11,931 | 104, 649 opel eo ses Se 17, 283 |126, 194 | 22, 307 |203, 127 | 34, 337 |293, 377 | 28, 859 |183,176 | 12,773 | 111, 550 Bellies: Oi 4) ee Pe ee ae ee 191 2, 696 229 3, 535 255 3, 843 126 1, 135 (Onan ee 30 150)*| 5 eee Bo ee 117 ea: See eee 70 770 Humpback ----- 1, 273 | 13, 188 1,800 | 21, 080 2, 447 | 28, 140 738 7, 4388 616 6, 135 Kin ee eis oe 2 | 22 185 84] 1,002 48 720 35 175 6 128 ipso Dees ae ae 13 121 890 | 12, 644 1, 895 | 26, 236 942 | 13, 902 808 10, 839 To Gel eee = Sat) 1, 3388 | 13, 644 2,965 | 37, 422 4, 736 | 59, 330 1,970 | 25, 358 1, 626 19, 007 Backs, etc.: a ERED Dee kee = 9 | OS ees ee 2 ee ete. | eae 56 22M ase ce TRY SE ee Bee ee 2 Se ae ee 2 | ee ee eee ee a 2 24 Vaya Ee ag eS Le Oe a | oe ee el ee ae es Pee Eee Eee 4 60 I RG A is A a de a eat oe |e eC eee eee 56 224 6 84 Grand total___| 18, 621 |139, 838 | 25,272 |240, 549 | 39,073 |352, 707 | 30,885 |208, 758 | 14,405 | 130, 641 1911 1912 1913 1914 Species Barrels Value Barrels Value Barrels Value Barrels Value Whole salmon: ioe, “ae 223 $2, 149 1, 165 $9, 565 1, 006 $6, 452 365 $2, 767 Chumes =. 133 666 93 652 100 778 53 293 Humpback-__-_--- 1, 122 11, 238 4, 236 28, 304 2, 724 18, 181 482 2, 954 keine eee se 600 8, 095 225 2, 442 135 1, 410 269 2, 588 Red tse ees Ss 6, 239 79, 578 28, 883 264, 965 33, 916 245, 905 24, 785 238, 593 Totals 35: 5-2 8,317 | 101,726 34,602 | 305, 928 37, 881 | . 272, 726 25, 954 247, 195 Bellies: : (ono Sesto 38 67 982 Chum sass it 18 180 Humpback ---_-_-- 676 229 2, 620 iGtit 2. ae 2 2 13 Red ieee = <5 614 92 1, 672 otalee cess IL, S8¥/ 408 5, 467 Backs, etc.: Humpback. ----- 150 GOON eka as |e ee ee ee ee ee re Eee ee haa ue Se 1 US | Bec bs ade eee Pe | Toe ee | Eo | ae pans | Redes Seen sa 15 TSG | Bees Fee Se wala ee se tS aba een |e ae a Potala 2224. -.5.- 166 TAURI we AU re Ua rk | et A Grand total___- 9, 820 118, 038 34, 639 306, 534 38, 332 279, 249 26, 362 252, 662 1 Barrels hold 200 pounds of fish; when of a different size they have been reduced to conform to this weight. 592 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Alaska pickled-salmon pack, 1906 to 1918, by species, quality, and value—Contd. ———— , < 1915 1916 1917 1918 4 Species Barrels Value Barrels Value Barrels Value Barrels | Value i Whole salmon: Gohosts .-- = 52 1, 763 $19, 393 2,076 | $22, 287 1,798 | $29, 631 2, 501 $47, 152 Cham: =. ae 325 2, 925 495 4, 057 1, 722 21, 899 6, 080 84, 878 Humpback ---_-- 662 5, 958 503 3, 624 5, 576 73, 857 11, 973 182, 490 King 28823 ees 377 4, 147 636 7, 956 359 6, 556 297 7, 645 Red? 232-452 se 8, 931 125, 034 13, 549 167, 782 26, 710 453, 019 35, 977 756, 191 Total= +t 2 sts 12, 058 157, 457 17,259 | 205, 706 36,165 | 584, 962 56, 828 | 1, 078, 356 Bellies: Coho 2¢¢ - -3 Ss a eee ae 27 500 11 326 10 180 Chem’ Asche Sa ee | ele 285 3, 556 73 1,362: coe eee Humpback - -__-- 133 2, 660 61 882 110 2, 885 26 650 IN Gs. Sees ee | eee 2 23 7 150 |e eee Redtst- = >/saaer 438 10, 950 100 2, 000 24 812 17 595 Totals. 22s 571 13, 610 475 6, 961 225 5, 535 53 1, 425 ‘Backs; ete:(Cohoseesa| as: <8 |e See a ee ee eee | ee ee a8 ae ee we 9 100 Grand total___- 12, 629 171, 067 17, 734 212, 667 36, 390 | 590, 497 56, 890 | 1, 079, 881 Alaska pickled-salmon pack, 1919 to 1928, by species and districts Southeast Alaska} Central Alaska Western Alaska Total Year and species Pounds | Value | Pounds} Value | Pounds Value Pounds | Value 1919 G@ohoror silver==- = 2-4 141, 200 $13,206 | 40,800 | $3, 024 58,400 | $5,918 240, 400 | $22, 148 @huni or ketas cee sees 14,000 | 2,080| 5,400 135 8, 200 555 27,600} 2,770 | Humpback or pink-__-------- 5, 200 260 10, 000 700 9, 000 548 24, 200 1, 508 | Kang “or spring?=2> 3s 48,200 | 4, 542 1, 600 232 123, 600 | 16, 267 173,400 | 21, 041 Red or sockeye-_------------- 2, 400 355 | 117,400 | 12,380 | 1,036, 600 | 135, 245 | 1, 156, 400 | 147, 980 Total sete SS os | 211, 000 | 20, 443 175, 200 | 16,471 | 1, 235, 800 | 158, 533 | 1, 622,000 | 195, 447 1920 Goho'or silvers =... 228s 22,000! 2,160} 36,600! 38,880 21, 800 2, 090 80, 400 8, 130 @hum orketas =: -- = 2s 21/000) ||'9, 1, 400) |-aanan see |2oe eee 23, 800 2, 360 44, 800 3, 760 Humpback or pink -__--_-_- 12, 200 EDM etapa as ee 5 ES | 27, 000 1, 400 39, 200 2, 282 King or spring: =. -<.5 222 _) | 20,000 | 2,000 1, 600 160 28, 800 3, 201 50, 400 5, 361 Red or sockeye:.------------ 32, 800 | 3, 280 1, 200 150 715, 600 | 81, 910 749, 600 | 85, 340 Totals-seeete ters ace: 108,000 | 9,722] 39,400; 4,190 817,000 | 90, 961 964, 400 | 104, 873 1921 ono pr silvers. ee 22,000 | 1,624] 16,600) 1,120 1, 600 120 41, 200 2, 864 Ghamior keta=s2 =. ee 36, 600 | 1,443 1, 000 20, 600 1, 558 58, 200 3, 051 Humpback or pink__------_- 75,600 | 3, 062 6, 000 35) )Sene—2- oes | See eee 81, 600 3, 417 Kingorspringsscsse eo ee eee 51,200 | 5, 120 43, 400 5, 487 94,600 | 10, 607 Red or sockeye_.-.---------- 97,200 | 9,574 | 114, 200 | 10, 654 | 1, 529, 400 | 139, 247 | 1, 740, 800 | 159, 475 Tova eee ee eee | 232, 400 | 15, 703 | 189,000 | 17, 299 | 1, 595,000 | 146,412 | 2,016,400 | 179, 414 1922 Conor SNVerseses eee 149, 800 | 10, 915 4, 200 285 13, 400 914 167,400 | 12,114 Chim oF Reta i225 2a ees a eee 6, 200 600 11, 000 901 17, 200 , 501 Humpback or pink_________- BS pes. bese Be B5,L008) (156603 22-2 Se eee 33, 100 1, 660 King Or Bpriniges enna aeee 200 10 7, 100 748 63, 900 5, 754 71, 200 6, 512 Red or sockeye. .-----.--_-_- oon------ feniner cae: 291, 600 | 27,753 | 3,004, 600 | 234, 475 | 3, 296, 200 | 262, 228 Total: 22 sae 150, 000 10, 925 | 342, 200 | 31,046 | 3,092,900 | 242, 044 | 3, 585, 100 | 284, 015 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 593 Alaska pickled-salmon pack, 1919 to 1928, by species and districts—Continued Southeast Alaska] Central Alaska | Western Alaska Total Year and species Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value 1923 BNO Or SILVOr.—tu--s=----=-- 33, 000 | $2,200 | 38, 644 | $2, 080 |.----------|--------- 71, 644 | $4, 280 hum or keta_.-.----------- 1, 500 120 6, 000 900 5, 200 $270 12, 700 1, 290 Humpback or pink---------- 5, 000 400 3, 000 160) |22es22 See) See 8, 000 550 ming Or Spring: -..-------=-- 3, 000 240 4, 800 411 64, 000 10, 656 71,800 | 11,307 BEET OL SOCK OY Onno eee = ae | senna ena 62, 300 6, 390 | 2, 106,400 | 162,973 | 2, 168, 700 | 169, 363 UG Ds Al aie aie Re 42, 500 2,960 | 114, 744 9,931 | 2,175,600 | 173, 899 | 2, 332, 844 | 186, 790 1924 Moho or silver_.---------_--- AReS0Os | thie) 84.688 b) 018) |oeeee eset ats ne 52,968 | 6, 247 Seri or keta=--22+-=~---=- 600 27 644 75 60, 600 3, 580 61, 844 3, 682 Humpback or pink__--__---- 6, 000 CiY | aire eek) |) UNG 3492) |e ee eee 263,540 | 15, 667 Seine or Spring. -92¥.-.=--- 400 A()) || Seek Meee 101, 100 12, 937 101, 500 12, 977 med or sockeye._.=2---_---.- 15, 400 1, 728 4, 100 500 863,600 | 91,427 883, 100 | 938, 650 DO UIE aes eee Be 40, 700 | 3,187 | 296,952 | 21,092 | 1, 025, 300 | 107, 944 | 1,362,952 | 132, 223 1925 mnho Or sil verze. aes) Ae 80, 500 | 7,853 | 87,250] 9, 636 5, 600 630 173,350 | 18,119 Sentim) Or keta so 32 4, 200 420 9, 400 1, 025 12, 300 1, 100 25, 900 2, 545 Humpback Onmpinke= sas 8, 200 686 30, 250 OE | ee | 38, 450 3, 941 mang-or spring 2-0 1, 800 144 500 62 121,000 | 18, 046 123,300 | 18, 252 Red or sockeye_-_-__.-__..--- Fei) 27 | 101,800 | 10, 787 166,600 | 31, 060 268,600 | 41,874 ota ee 94,900 | 9,130 | 229, 200 | 24, 765 305, 500 | 50, 836 629,600 | 84, 731 1926 (oho or silver. =2.222..—-=.-.- 24,000} 2,300} 48,100 | 8,882 11, 200 1, 044 83,300 | 12, 226 Bet orsketnn oe oe ee 48,500 | 5, 062 34, 700 2, 616 83, 200 7, 678 Humpback or pink ________- 32,800 | 2,040} 90, 900 7, 160 6, 600 462 130, 300 9, 662 Eeineiorcpning tee 2 Sale eee ee 5, 800 596 49, 400 6, 157 55, 200 6, 753 TOGUOTSOCKEy Owe meee ee ee eee | on 267, 200 | 23, 732 994, 400 | 113, 629 | 1, 261, 600 | 137, 361 LA RYO} 15 '| cele tk SS 56, 800 4, 340 | 460, 500 45, 432 | 1,096, 300 | 123, 908 | 1, 618, 600 | 173, 680 1927 oho or silver_.-=--.-.----+- 17,600} 1,800}; 95,200) 8,934 10, 000 950 122,800 | 11, 684 SihiirioOrketac 22)... eealet 2S eee 1, 000 100 16, 100 1, 623 17, 100 1, 723 Humpback or pink___-_--__- 1, 800 TOON | eeTS 700) mln |e eee aes 20,500} 1, 519 eV EIOR SPRING ee ae oe eee 11,700 | 1,109 24, 000 3, 246 35, 700 4, 355 Red or sockeye! --.---------- 13,600 | 1,700 | 66,800 | 8, 680 489,900 | 63, 051 570, 300 | 73, 431 MOL eee chee 33,000 | 3,600 | 193, 400 | 20, 242 540,000 | 68, 870 766,400 | 92,712 | 1928 me oho.or silver_..-.-.-=------ 21,200} 2,092 | 38,400] 3,403 9, 800 735 69, 400 6, 230 SUNESET OP PGI ee eS el re Sel | eee ee ee Eee 15, 300 1, 458 15, 300 1, 458 | Humpback or pink_--------- 5, 000 258 200 15 3, 400 229 8, 600 502 icing or spring=_---.-_------- 200 40 300 43 29, 200 4, 091 29, 700 4, 174 Red or sockeye-------------- 1, 400 195 | 53,700} 2,466 679, 000 | 93, 612 734,100 | 96, 273 ARGtale sects see 8S Eee 27, 800 2, 585 92, 600 5, 927 736, 700 | 100, 125 857, 100 | 108, 637 594 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES MILD-CURING INDUSTRY The beginning of this industry on the Pacific coast is of compara tively recent date, and the following table is complete, with the pos- sible exception of a few tierces, which may not have been reporte for the coastal rivers of Oregon: Tierces of mild-cured salmon packed on Pacific coast from 1897 to 1928} Colum- math, British | Puget | Grays |Willapa| bia |Coastal| Noyo, coy sae ; Year Alaska | Colum-} Sound, |Harbor,|Harbor,| River | rivers, | and River Ba Y | Total bia | Wash. | Wash. | Wash. | (both | Oreg. | Eel | Gant’ | ane : sides) Rivers,| “2 as 1807. ose se 8 | 2 eee ne 1898 222-23 (0 ee 1890.5 = Ss iS Uy pee al 1900 325 es ee See eee ee 1901-2 eee Gimleee ss - - 1902. . 2225 C7) 1908. -<=2 == 1)" ep eee 1904-32-22 Bi Ls SS 1905: 2: as 189 1,175 1906 32 1, 126 957 1007 2-22 ess 1, 657 1, 993 1008 3= oe 1, 378 1, 060 i ee Rae 2, 292 1, 560 19103 62S 3, 357 1, 688 i EN He SO a 3, 164 1, 965 i 5, 245 1, 489 19ih: 7, 443 3, 150 19145 3 |S 4, 091 3, 182 i A ee Se 2, 966 1,119 1916 5-- 2 4, 898 1, 848 iA TY ee et 3, 563 429 LOIRE = oe 3, 948 729 IgE eae 5, 376 1,173 19202 ee 2, 295 1, 116 Wa ele Ont 1, 076 || 7, er oe 5, 283 2; 253 ibys See Saad 4, 219 1, 819 ht, beget 6, 484 2, 969 Lt ange ape 6, 522 3, 098 itty eee 5, 712 2, 183 1h + flea pallor 8, 804 2, 689 GLP | ae es al 5, 850 2, 676 Total___| 99, 794 | 43, 346 1, 423 249 |126, 623 | 17,548 | 14,872 | 67,624 | 10, 511 | 457, 516 1 The net weight of fish in a tierce is about 800 pounds. King, chinook, or spring salmon were used almost exclusively. From most places the data are complete from the time of the inception of the industry but from a few minor places the data are somewhat fragmentary. . - YUKON TERRITORY, CANADA ‘ Some salmon fishing is carried on in that section of the upper Yukon River which lies in Yukon Territory, Dominion of Canada.} The species taken are principally king and chum, and these are sold} mainly in a fresh condition. The following table shows the quantity taken and the value of same in certain years: Salmon Year Pounds Value 1908 « . 252 ae on eee 70, 000 $5, 600 LOD 2 sks eee 138, 574 17, 566 1910 3 353 eee 169, 900 18, 689 1911 c= -----| 229,000 22, 900 1912 oO eee 224,100 | 22,410 Canepa MRR SS a 182,000 | 18, 200 Catch of salmon in Yukon Territory, Canada, in specified years Salmon Year Pounds | Value jf g(t) (Woe ine SPREE ES gc 188, 600 $18, 860 i Lt) | SE ene eee ot 157, 000 15, 7009 HOT6i= 2832 5h ee eee 143, 500 14, 350 1917_ +s ra ere ery iP TOIS: ow os ee ween tee | eee ee | De re ae ares wa in dane coe en) Joel eee eee x Or PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 59 TRADE WITH OUTLYING POSSESSIONS As a result of the war with Spain the United States in 1898 acquired possession of Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands, while in the same year Hawaii became a part of this country at its own request. In 1900 two islands of the Samoan group were acquired by a partition agreement with Great Britain and Germany, and in 1917 the Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark. The trade with the Philip- pine Islands and the Virgin Islands is shown to date in the tables of exports and imports to foreign countries, but the trade with the other possessions has been eliminated from these tables and shown sep- arately ever since their annexation to the United States, HAWAII The islands constituting this Territory, owing to their reciprocity treaty with this country for a number of years before annexation, purchased their supplies of salmon from the United States almost exclusively. In recent years the Territory has imported the following quantities of salmon from the mainland: Canned salmon All other | Canned salmon Allother - 7 salmon, r salmon, Year fresh or Year fresh or Pounds Value cured Pounds Value cured Value Value | SLO See ae 1, 126, 217 $89, 286 Bree VS pA) ike) bie Lae aes Bee ea 758, 022 | $108, 771 () Reet Ace se 965, 029 89, 025 G71439)|( OIOEs Sse 633, 391 129, 851 Q) POs eer = ee ate 1, 440, 410 121, 716 operon LO20s sen se wees 1, 657, 663 296, 863 () TIC AS 9 EA RES 1, 381, 398 113, 526 ype Sa | he Ee ees 1, 129, 847 202, 236 () 2) OS a aT ad 1, 231, 264 119, 872 COMO Te) || LOeZe ase eee 1, 150, 358 135, 301 (1) LS ee 1,850, 567 | 194, 385 ayer, ||| IGE RLLE RSA Ee 1, 385, 146 | 219, 849 (1) iNT partes Pes ee 1, 841, 874 173, 202 Q) NG 2ASe eed eee 1, 565, 036 232, 961 (@) NOUS 5 Oy ie AP 1, 418, 941 97, 532 (1) Iki Pi Ss sae eee 2, 033, 553 267, 985 (@) (hh eee ae ee 1, 005, 848 90, 705 () TO2G S24 a ees 892, 212 149, 961 (4) 2 ee ses 1, 582, 528 132, 597 () 1 eee ee 1, 026, 536 195, 518 (4) BO eset See ree? 1, 463, 729 145, 531 (4) 1998 Neo 4S So 1, 269, 029 222, 425 (1) TASS eal ees 1, 168, 528 174, 777 (1) 1 Not shown separately. 2 Compilation of trade statistics changed from fiscal year to calendar year basis in 1918. PORTO RICO Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have been made to this island: Canned salmon at other Canned salmon at other salmon, = salmon, Year fresh or Year fresh or Pounds Value cured Pounds Value cured Value Value MOQ Tae Fe eS 604, 527 $53, 916 $2805 || O18 2-2 eee 531, 325 $75, 096 (4) HOGS to. ee eee 512, 038 48, 195 16428))||) 1919. oo = 22a oee eee 331, 635 48, 673 () it See ae 381, 171 34, 777 3,910). ||) 1920-22 se 2a 1, 063, 633 126, 109 (4) LAD jake SN Se 511, 055 43, 494 6::243 || 1920-2 eee 720, 073 DLIOLe (!) Me cen ee 357, 382 30, 699 35868) |||-1922=— =e See 802, 558 72, 736 (4) Pease Sarees 710, 721 65, 354 1) 208: ||) 1923222 ee 604, 296 58, 627 (4) GS i eS eros 666, 602 66, 811 (4) 1924S saseh eee 1, 221, 828 127, 035 (1) ES ee ee 416, 414 41, 726 () 1925. -=-< = = 746, 957 75, 999 (4) Tse Ss Sos Be ee 588, 889 56, 527 (@) 1926... <= 5532 ee 865, 767 80, 037 (4) NG eas 860.873 | 60, 453 (1) 1997303. ae es 641,177 | 68, 517 () Re yee = RE 881, 360 70, 427 () 1928). 2222s 344, 187 60, 012 (4) ieree hes: 3 3 ee Ee ot 378, 266 52, 737 (4) 1 Not shown separately. 2 Compilation of trade statistics changed from fiscal year to calendar year basis in 1918. 596 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have been made to these islands: ei Canned salmon Att other Canned salmon mr other salmon, salmon, Year fresh or Year fresh or Pounds Value cured Pounds Value cured Value Value 1, 126, 470 $74, 792 CAB A ha hey toate soe Ee 2, 371, 736 | $279, 408 (1) 5, 425, 404 396, 604 2, 089))|| L920: = — = ss Se 8, 616, 832 902, 202 () 3, 069, 118 225, 885 S042 P1921 so4 sss 4, 271, 892 313, 280 (4) 5, 096, 810 422, 001 24ST l NO222 seek” sel 7, 719, 124 610, 114 $3, 279 10, 122,820 | 590, 128 (1) 1 5 eee oe 7, 055, 041 667, 713 2, 675 5, 034, 252 266, 369 (Q) Up) eee eee 7, 884, 986 793, 939 6, 481 4,159,580 | 288, 548 (1) 19252 eee 7, 533, 837 709, 599 2, 605 5, 640, 858 | 356, 366 (1) 1926... eee eae 8, 140,977 | 824, 512 1, 462 4, 202,574 | 351, 633 () 1927s ee ee 4, 742,208 | 499, 526 2, 270 5, 558, 796 | 618, 697 () 1028 eis eR eee 258, 357 33, 046 3, 466 5,291, 182 | 579, 410 (1) 1 Not shown separately. cad 2 Compilation of trade statistics changed from fiscal year to calendar year basis in 1918. VIRGIN ISLANDS Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have been made to these islands: Canned salmon All other Canned salmon All other salmon, y salmon Year fresh or Year fresh or Pounds Value cured Pounds Value cured Value Value 1918:3¢= ss ss eee 20, 059 $4, 221 $257) || 1928222_ 5 eee 30, 454 $3, 829 $323 1) Le See ee 22, 498 4, 447 695) "|| 1924.52 2225 Saeee oes 37, 989 4, 496 495 1920 324) 5-2 Se 56, 124 10, 441 17201) |) 1925 48222 35k eee 48, 475 5, 883 498 1021 seed See 57, 316 7, 637 1,790 ||| 19265222232 2e ee 42,777 5, 201 376 i 7.7 ae 42, 014 5, 178 AT2 19273 sek ee ee 42, 754 5, 313 427 ALASKA It seems like “‘carrying coals to Newcastle” to ship canned salmon to Alaska, from which Territory more than half the canned salmon of the world is produced, and yet a small business is done each year in this line, most of the product going to the mining camps and towns somewhat removed from the fishing sections. The table below shows the shipments of such fish in certain years. After 1914 the shipments were lumped together with all other kinds of fish and thus prevented the listing of salmon separately. Canned salmon Year Pounds Value 1900. 5252-3. scene 67, 132 $7, 123 N10 Ee See 67,658 | 7, 204 (yy hes Sa eae eee 4, 513 38, 265 1 Not shown separately. All other salmon, fresh or cured Value $3, 966 3, 558 1, 061 Canned salmon Year Pounds Value ibe Ae See 134,320 | $15, 022 IO TG Gee hee ae ee 43, 346 5, 074 LOLA oe Se 42, 945 5, 278 All other salmon, fresh or cured PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 597 GUAM Since annexation, this country and Japan have been competing for the trade of this island, which, in earlier years, Japan controlled quite largely. During the last two years shown in the statement, however, the United States has secured the advantage. The table below shows the extent of the trade, which is made up almost entirely of salted or pickled salmon, only 900 pounds of fresh salmon, valued at $92, having been shipped by this country to Guam in 1908. Since 1909 all the fishery products imported have been lumped under one head- ing and it has been impossible to distinguish the salmon from the other species. Pickled salmon Pickled salmon Year and country aaa | aan Year and country Pounds Value Pounds Value 1905 1908 United States==.---=__ » -- = - 1,415 Sra eUmitedus tates ==. = =- 5 25> 7, 406 $623 Japanese eres tes 16, 526 22} | Japan tats see eee 2 2 6, 130 465 1907 1909 WimitediStates =~. =". = SF. 13, 604 10864||UnitedsStates= — ==. =e eee 10, 779 740 ya pale ae ee a eee 19, 862 TGOI||*Vapan’— see oes eS 4, 295 344 TUTUILA, SAMOA The customs statistics lump the imports of fish under one general heading, thus making it impossible to show separately the imports of salmon. FOREIGN TRADE IN SALMON As we do not consume all of the salmon produced by our fisheries, it is necessary to find a foreign market for the surplus each season, but, as canned salmon has become one of the staples of the world, there is not much difficulty in this respect, especially since our only compet- itors are Canada, Siberia, and Japan. There is more competition in the pickled, fresh, and frozen markets, several European and Asiatic countries being large producers of these goods, as is Canada also, for a considerable proportion of which she is compelled to find an out- side market. The World War greatly disturbed the usual course of our foreign trade. Because of the need for foodstuffs a tremendous demand arose in Europe for our salmon, resulting in a decided increase in the quantities shipped there and, for a while, in a reduction of our exports in other directions. In time, however, the markets adjusted themselves to the changed conditions of trade. EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC CANNED SALMON From the beginning of the industry a considerable proportion of the salmon canned has been exported, especially of the higher grades. In Europe the chief customer is Great Britain, although Belgium, Netherlands, and Greece are good customers. Great Britain does not, however, consume this quantity, for a considerable part of her importations are reexported. On the North American Continent and adjacent islands the best customers are Mexico, Cuba, Pan- 998 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES ama, and the British West Indies. The heavy shipments to Can- ada are mainly transit shipments to Europe by Canadian steamship lines. In South America, Chile, Peru, Argentina, Colombia, and Venezuela are the leading markets. In Asia, Hong Kong and China import canned salmon, although neither buys great quantities. The — islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans are large consumers. Brit- ish Australasia, British East Indies, and British, French, and German Oceania are good customers. In Africa the British and Portuguese possessions are the largest importers. The movements of these products are naturally often influenced favorably or adversely as the tariffs of the various countries in which they are marketed are raised or lowered. Some countries maintain excessively high tariffs on canned salmon, among these being Argentina, 29.06 cents per pound; Brazil, 21.62 cents; Cuba, 6.80 cents; New Zealand, 6.09 cents; Mexico, 5.67 cents; Peru, 5.52 cents; Chile, 5.48 cents; and Australia, 5.08 cents. In but few of the tariff acts is canned salmon distinguished by name, being usually classed as ‘‘preserved fish,’ and as these are usually luxuries in many countries they bear an extra high duty as a result. In addition to these high duties in some countries, especially in South America, there are various other charges, fees, etc., which materially enhance the value of the goods before they reach the consumer. C. H. Clarke, of the salmon brokerage firm of Kelley- Clarke Co., of Seattle, Wash., prepared and published a statement *° showing the comparative charges on 100 cases each of red Alaska and pink canned salmon from the time they leave Seattle up to the time they reach the hands of wholesalers in South America. This shows that the f. o. b. Seattle value of the red salmon was $500 and of the pink salmon $280. By the time these goods reached the hands of the Rio de Janeiro wholesalers the red salmon were worth $1,900.07, while the pink salmon were worth $1,677.87. At Montevideo, Uruguay, the red salmon were worth $1,436.01 and the pink salmon $1,213.81. The table is so interesting and instructive that it is reproduced entire herewith. Comparative charges on 100 cases each of red Alaska and pink canned salmon from Seattle, Wash., to hands of wholesalers in South America Argentina Brazil Chile Ecuador (Buenos Aires) (Rio de Janeiro) (Valparaiso) (Guayaquil) Red Pink Red Pink Red | Pink | Red | Pink F. o. b. Seattle value__._____.-- $500. 00 |$280.00 | $500. 00 sar a $500. 00 |$280. 00 |$500. 00 | $280. 00 Strapping 222% = ase 2 5. 00 5. 00 5. 00 eesde est See ach ee oe Freiguc: ech eee 104. 75 | 104. 75 114. 50 ie 2 45.00 | 45.00} 45.00 45. 00 Marine insurance, 5 per cent ei D. 8seoc wa ceaseewsoseeece 6. 10 3. 90 6. 20 4. 00 5. 50 Seo 5. 50 3. 25 i. f Valuiesece: ese seen 615. 85 | 393. 65 625. 70 403. 50 | 550. 50 | 328.25 | 550.50 | 328. 25 C onsular fees in United States_ 2. 00 2. 00 3020 3. 25 5. 25 4,25 | 22.35 14. 00 Customs duty. 240- 519. 56 |, 519. 56 | 1, 138. 78 | 1,138.78 | 160.46 | 160.46 | 345. 37 234. 37 Analysis::..-.2. 3 ? y 6.47 Storage in customhouse-_-_____- Handling in customhouse_-____- Stamps and entry blanks Statistics: ..> i455 7s ae Internal-revenue tax_ Ore tax >=. ee eee Customs brokerage W harfage, lighterage, cartage__ 7. 64 Value ex customhouse__________ 1, 171.05 13.05 | 937.52 | 706.92 on 1, 900.07 | 1,6 736. 30 ca 26. 90 26.90| 3.65| 3.65] 19.30] 19.30 77. 87 40 Pacific Fisherman, Vol. 13, No. 5, p. 11, 1915. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 599 Comparative charges on 100 cases each of red Alaska and pink canned salmon from Seattle, Wash., to hands of wholesalers in South America—Continued Paraguay Peru Uruguay (Asuncion) (Callao) (Montevideo) Red Pink Red Pink Red Pink Red imo. b.. Seattle value_-..-.--.--: $500. 00 | $280. 00 |$500. 00 |$280. 00 $500. 00 $280. 00 $500. 00 BRAINS t= 22200205 Soe oe 5. 00 LAC, UP Pees ae ees seme 5. 00 5. 00 5. 00 CEG a ei eS a eo 134. 75 134. 75 50 37. 50 104. 75 104. 75 54. 60 Marine insurance, 5 per cent jh ot: a ee a eee 9. 60 6. 30 40 3. 20 6. 10 3. 90 5. 60 ReiieV AIG. 2 a5 - 6 2b oe 649. 35 426.05 | 542.90 | 320. 7 615. 85 393. 65 | 565. 20 Consular fees in United States__ 2. 00 2. 00 75 3. 45 1.05 1.05 | 12.85 BBTISLOUISCUGY 322822 22s aac 308. 25 308. 25 | 275.86 | 275. 86 779. 30 779. 30 | 238. 96 OMPGIENS LS 2 . La te et SE es ee se a ee al ee Ee ee eee eee SURI ED TIRE eee eee ee ee a ee Ee ee eS eee eee eee Se maniainpunl customNolusese =e |22-5--25.|seae coe s ek lle ee 16. 15 Ho Uy || Pe Beampsancentry blanks. 22222 |222 22 4 |e ee . 58 . 58 1. 55 1.55 13k yA S DLCS i eae es ke 37 Bi || see | ee be oe eR Se an LeDSy rays SR DWE GARB VEE ee ne BS eC ee a See |e ee Pee ee LEGYSUR UpE Te SS Re aN OA | I |S a fen aor pl eee |e ee | ye en Dee SMUISLOTNS DTO KOT ACC en oe ae 8 > ES Se 2 4. 86 4. 86 15. 50 15. 50 5. 00 Wharfage, lighterage, cartage__- 6. 33 6.33 | 15.69} 15.69 6. 61 6. 61 12. 82 Value ex customhouse___-_------ 966. 30 743. 00 | 845.64 | 621.14 | 1,436.01 | 1,213.81 | 836.18 Venezuela (La Guayra) Pink The following table shows in summarized form the yearly exports of domestic canned salmon and the countries to which exported for the years 1900 to 1915, inclusive, and in detailed form for the years 1916 to 1927, inclusive: Exports, by countries receiving, of domestic canned salmon SUMMARY, 1900-1915! 1900 1901 1902 1903 Country receiving Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value HuUrOpe =. 22 18, 941, 109 |$1, 881, 725 |31, 877, 663 |$3, 234, 862 |30, 683, 551 |$2, 625, 284 |35, 410, 768 |$3, 125, 197 North America) 1, 051, 808 98, 064 | 2, 443, 561 297, 440 | 2, 780, 844 242, 029 | 4, 285, 406 378, 655 South America| 1, 868, 225 192, 918 | 1, 577, 013 160, 862 | 1, 291, 998 107, 907 | 1, 756, 214 121, 918 LES Sees & , 126 67, 941 853, 434 86, 571 | 1, 597, 346 120, 674 | 1, 759, 294 134, 783 Oceania_-_-__-+ 3, 882, 646 390, 466 | 3, 681, 276 367, 533 | 8, 179, 161 670, 741 | 5, 511, 514 444, 505 Ani Cass ees 684, 456 62, 534 856, 553 83,003 | 2, 640, 214 224, 767 | 1, 630, 138 145, 733 1904 1905 1906 Country receiving Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value PH ITRODG eee pees ee oe eS 33, 591, 896 | $3, 508, 818 | 21, 071, 263 | $1, 877, 509 | 32,061,402 | $2, 753, 643 INOnuHPANNOrICas tte a ee SS 2, 446, 023 204, 363 1, 565, 773 132, 134 2, 069, 357 171, 946 South eAmencase 2. 222 = Se 2, 055, 859 147, 333 1, 708, 828 134, 941 3, 499, 603 249, 052 AGG a. eae ee 12, 995, 768 930, 054 3, 994, 862 280, 704 779, 415 60, 173 (Ciera: Bee Os os ee ae 3, 898, 606 341, 849 5, 257, 446 467, 928 6, 340, 346 509, 257 ETRE OS St eS 936, 126 92, 181 1, 468, 383 142, 253 1, 194, 291 103, 872 1 | 1907 1908 1909 Country receiving Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value LTT Re ER ee 7, 756, 780 $791, 436 | 13, 321, 086 | $1, 205, 375 | 23, 028, 476 $2, 207, 194 Worth America 222222252 23- 3, 052, 658 261, 138 2, 654, 175 242, 879 2, 209, 405 198, 043 South JAMEL Cae oe ee 5, 659, 690 414, 774 5, 571, 000 410, 743 1, 461, 662 123, 502 ASi6y: £2 eS 6 St eee 1, 419, 391 105, 364 1, 004, 571 86, 908 1, 386, 702 119, 582 Rice 9 are eT as 2 6, 719, 157 552, 205 | 5, 131, 554 439, 917 | 7, 383, 494 705, 204 Ca? sea ee eet | 610, 429 58, 132 543, 659 52, 696 647, 370 62, 911 1 Detailed statistics for 1900 to 1915, inclusive, may be found in Pacific Salmon Fisheries, by John N. Cobb, Appendix III, Report, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, pp. 187-194. Washington, 1917. 112992°—30——13 600 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Exports, by countries receiving, of domestic canned salmon—Continued 1910 1911 1912 Country receiving Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Murope >=. . 2-26 sean eats 44, 765, 898 | $4, 712, 182 | 22, 134, 328 | $2, 408, 708 | 19,545,720 | $2, 183, 982 North America 2, 224, 516 191, 551 1, 979, 950 190, 637 3, 411, 176 332, 692 South America. 22- => 22-22-22 8, 193, 812 226, 197 3, 006, 927 266, 903 6, 756, 440 609, 383 JAR SRS 1 PR on Ah ak 1, 596, 775 133, 516 | 1, 489, 282 148, 721 | 1, 702, 426 160, 119 Oceania: 22:2 beet tee ae 11, 568, 824 998,219 | 9, 699, 624 991, 540 | 11,220,515 | 1, 255, 149 Africa: 2: 09-843 22 Re Fee 510, 871 52, 593 290, 688 30, 633 787, 479 79, 238 1913 1914 1915 Country receiving Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Birope! 4225 eee ee a as 25, 408, 154 | $2, 705, 254 | 62, 862, 328 | $6,026,170 | 63, 760,758 | $7, 110, 728 North America= = =-=..--.-.-.- 4, 271, 710 370, 823 | 6, 907, 615 511, 545 | 4, 328, 246 70, 444 South: Americas 3 ees = 4, 134, 771 292, 367 | 3, 472, 488 233,675 | 1, 301, 962 107, 783 Asip > .2¢ Sete = eee See 3, 593, 538 254, 209 | 2, 875, 995 180, 402 | 1, 135, 798 97, 662 Oceania. 22-* eee ee 17, 419, 390 | 1, 441, 270 | 12,089,003 | 1,017,994 | 12, 100, 414 1, 309, 376 IA frig 275 Mees ee See fe IED 463, 403 39, 417 353, 541 29, 507 818, 943 76, 450 DETAILS, 1916 TO 1918 2? 1916 1917 1918 Country receiving Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value EUROPE Bel QIN = oo Sete ne ee re ee OR eee 1, 115, 792 $8, 546 18, 000 $2, 525 Denmarkse: = 22422 os 366, 948 $29, 255 89, 405 9, G508|.—- 22 53 le Mrances.. 5.) a eS ES 3, 447, 022 377, 597 985, 582 158, 927 | 7, 937, 490 1, 167, 737 Gibraltar ta. [oan as sos e senna) aac e sso eae | tc cceccee el ao bee aaneee eee eee 1, 156, 864 167, 157 Grecce-* + nese os ot 70, 560 6, 059 190, 736 14, 486 173, 400 24, 935 Iceland, and Faroe Islands__-_-- 136 16 2, 820 297 96 16 LRA fe ee er gene eee 34, 184 3,170 | 4, 169, 250 436, 576 | 13, 540, 046 1S 7525163 6 MinitaGozovete..is-.o-0-2 5 9, 120 702 5, 520 525 ,|-- cc the Motnerinnds=-6-=-- =o ee 21, 868 2, 865 20, 450 2, 100 |e 3-2 eo ee eee TROL SY toe sete See oe ee one 41, 280 4, 383 54, 440 6, 164 = oe | oe ee ee 240 18 2355-223 32 |b eee Serbia and Montenegro____---- 170 bly Ql ees one |r Seep |e oe ee Se tk Span! oS ee See 4, 995 382 37, 481 3, 369 1, 315 274 Sweden - 25 ----3-sc5--ee es 60, 122 6, 666 14, 100 1, 800.| xaos ==22 Soa S eee eee United Kingdom: England 109, 039, 707 | 11, 105, 506 | 74,941,169 | 8, 536,248 | 46, 415, 026 7, 447, 389 Scotland 1, 067, 530 111, 381 1, 131, 832 139, 718 848, 295 129, 652 Treland ons soot ee | Poe eee ee SS eee | eee eee 900 220 NORTH AMERICA Bermnds-3 2 ee ee 89, 599 8, 741 93, 523 22, 066 87, 832 16, 028 British Honduras-_-_--_..---_-_ 32, 021 3, 228 30, 057 3, 072 25, 178 3, 410 Oanada:. pe Ee er 7, 994, 185 677, 655 | 9, 158, 079 838, 734 | 12, 184, 077 1, 755, 690 Central American States: Costa Rica. = 2 118, 002 8, 878 95, 435 8, 065 10, 750 1, 643 Guatemala-- = ee 58, 528 4, 084 45, 484 4, 708 19, 026 2, 584 PONG UNAS Sona wee 37, 695 3, 651 26, 168 3, 080 10, 536 1, 612 vi 36, 644 3, 064 50, 719 6, 029 33, 421 BLS 633, 645 57, 042 454, 064 50, 793 306, 765 49, 031 21, 404 1, 826 18, 368 2, 134 6, 691 1, 144 X 1, 611, 929 132, 406 | 3, 707, 225 342, 564 | 1, 800, 185 246, 830 Miquelon, Langley, etc-_-__---- 957 100 3, 026 377 Newfoundland and Labrador- 700 37 2, 640 286 || 2232202 eeclheneee eee West Indies: British— Barbados 22>. = eee 60, 361 5, 767 73, 610 8, 643 97, 722 18, 121 Janice = ee 228, 973 19, 017 180, 965 18, 347 86, 503 14, 170 Trinidad and Tobago- 267, 548 26, 060 134, 832 18, 230 372, 420 61, 443 Other British____-___- 75, 578 7, O97 103, 004 12, 001 32, 116 5, 760 ? From Pacific Fisherman Yearbook for 1919, p. 93. Customs returns are for the fiscal year ending June 30 of the year noted, ee ee ee PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES o Exports, by countries receiving, of domestic canned salmon—Continued DETAILS, 1916 TO 1918—Continued 1916 Country receiving Pounds Value NORTH AMERICA—continued West Indies—Continued. (eyes Se as 2 ee 927, 129 $87, 479 IDNA ee 11, 582 1, 063 [DYbC elec Ss ea eee wees 21, 599 2, 122 eanichaee es Se 4, 772 477 Incite a ee Se 3, 586 361 Santo, Daomingo_—_— -_- =. .- 85, 722 7, 048 SOUTH AMERICA PPON nna ee es eh Pee 273, 900 23, 429 LIMIT Ree See ee 14, 579 1, 466 Pe ieeescilll eee eae ns on ee 40, 732 3, 921 MING 2S SO es Se ee 2, 812, 537 192, 581 PROOMMD o eee 136, 254 11, 514 [Devi pas Soa eee 245, 149 16, 009 Guiana— BEEP GIS So 184, 654 18, 249 ID Av ii el tte Abbe 2 Geet ae eee 87, 398 8, 048 Liitefite (ee See eee 26, 128 Payal Eon ess eee 523, 580 36, 361 On a Ss See 23, 464 1, 841 \MERGATO DS = el ee ee 195, 618 16, 234 ASIA PROC eae ered Lae et 27, 716 2, 817 (Cn ee e ek ee e eee China, leased territory Ap Anespeee = Fee Se 96 16 CUES Oa ae ee 1, 632 172 East Indies: British— British’ India. ==.) 2. 1, 117, 839 91, 767 Straits Settlements____| 1, 215, 214 71, 585 Other British_________ 166, 144 12, 787 teh eee eee 727, 006 81, 121 Virol ees Se BR ae eee Bee 4, 712 615 ea KON Pe Ee ea der Te 47, 558 5, 170 LIT Bee hae ee ee 1, 348 141 COS ae Se eee a 24, 960 1, 892 PESRISST S17) AG 2 she oe = 48 arpa ene aes Fin, A 1, 392 219 OCEANIA British: Australia and Tasmania__| 11, 035,294 | 1, 204, 354 New Zealand___.._________ 216, 292 24, 684 Other *Brivishe. 25-).-_ 42. 30, 878 2, 923 IDigtin Clete eS a eee 290, 854 29, 201 CAs eS ee er 448, 860 29, 434 Philippine Islands____________ 5, 640, 858 356, 366 AFRICA British Africa: NVC ieee eT 100, 310 7, 860 PSUS] pe a ces Perse 620, 555 56, 255 1 DES Aes Se Belgian Congo-__ Canary Islands’. _-- =... .- 2.2 LE VES 0) Raa SS ee Ree nk Mae JRSTO NN TEL he ieee 28 ee ee lee Aira rt eee ee tO spanish Africas) 2-2-2 Europe 1917 1918 Pounds Value Pounds Value 1, 619, 236 $149, 492 | 1, 632, 073 $210, 167 34, 598 4, 100 23, 629 4, 633 24, 673 2, 782 8, 370 1, 683 4, 770 543 548 80 4, 297 486 1, 793 349 231, 413 22, 859 100, 417 14, 148 191, 618 19, 043 353, 103 61, 428 122, 092 11, 724 211, 978 2A, 478 64, 657 7, 599 187, 615 26, 245 1, 452, 155 121,019 | 2,304, 499 330, 244 126, 861 22, 575 75, 477 11, 479 276, 654 25, 302 215, 456 28, 360 196, 261 26, 637 151, 719 27, 749 39, 050 3, 888 35, 143 5, 812 17, 909 1,910 26, 560 3, 825 434, 329 37,447 | 1, 150, 276 158, 794 5, 258 590 6, 630 1, 509 297, 125 28, 158 181, 236 26, 834 Bao Pee ee ee | 2, 832 472 42, 017 5,177 68, 949 13, 372 192 32 144 30 2, 520 456 1, 062 207 601, 935 62, 264 | 1,349, 057 222, 947 106, 896 9, 081 232, 755 34, 468 101, 286 10, 355 41, 818 6, 944 374, 832 42, 693 405, 326 66, 240 6, 816 1, 340 240 69 74, 585 9, 570 86, 203 14, 678 2, 604 340 4, 590 9, 600 BOO sie cers a ew oe eee PL RRO. y aa soi as 6,048). 1, 012 6, 990, 835 865, 865 | 7,397, 009 1, 337, 231 96, 912 10, 332 240, 240 45, 409 141, 735 14,749 | | 174,138 24, 921 248, 415 32, 643 186, 574 31, 160 357, 386 sy Aiy ee 285, 605 39, 071 4, 202, 574 351, 633 | 5, 558, 796 618, 697 613, 545 62, 925 480, 414 72, 960 1, 421, 021 157, 853 ; 1, 293, 714 161, 423 37, 508 3, 231 138, 580 13, 291 52, 298 7, 207 9, 700 911 138, 580 13, 291 8, 845 1,175 152, 943, 962 | 15, 032, 497 |117, 962, 807 | 12, 963, 425 |110, C60, 480 | 16, 570, 834 114, 163, 722 | 11, 648,003 | 82, 758,877 | 9,390,858 | 70,092,226 | 10, 692, 246 12, 322, 259 | 1, 056, 904 | 16,196,177 | 1, 565,409 | 16, 840, 112 2, 413, 649 4, 563, 993 332,024 | 3,314, 969 305, 964 | 4, 899, 692 706, 757 3, 336, 665 268, 306 | 1,326, 163 142,641 | 2,199, 024 361, 322 17, 659, 036 | 1, 646,962 | 12,037,857 | 1,312, 394 | 18, 842, 362 2, 096, 439 898, 298 80, 298 | 2, 328, 764 246,159 | 2, 187, 064 300, 371 6 602 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES In 1918 the practice of publishing customs figures for the calendar year instead of the fiscal year, as had prevailed previously, was inaugurated. The following tables show the exports of canned salmon, by countries, for the calendar years 1918 to 1927, inclusive: Exports, by countries receiving, of canned salmon, calendar years 1918 and 1919 1918 Country receiving Pounds Value EUROPE Austria-Huneary2 22) eee ao | Ses ee ee Azores and Madeirniisiandss*.60 3—” Coa ree oe ie 2 eee Relgnim. 2oo3 A sear ee cae ee ee 18, 072 $2, 539 Denmark: = 22-25 ee ee Pee ee oe Se eee cee WinlandG = s-< tee 8 od ee Eee eee ee WSN C6 = = Ss sae no oa ee ere 11, 458, 346 1, 270, 675 Genmany 22 = Sasser ec ee Sa alee ae ee eee eee ee ee ee Gibraltar. = = See sce 2 oe ee 273, 540 44, 593 Greco. = ee a ee oe ee ee ee ee oe ee ee ee Jedland‘and)Karoce Islands!) 222 5. 222 2 See ee eS FHaly==-=: See ee ee eae tan oe ee ee 19, 654, 988 2, 785, 844 Malta. (Goz0n eites sa oe 5 a a ee ee ee ee eee ee ee Wetherlands 42 2 y220e 85 22 oe Soe ee tee S| Sn = ee ee ee IN OF WAY er nn ee ee eee Bortugal.<_ ee ee a eee DERDRES YEA mee ere ee Russia in Huroper- =<... 2--cen2e5s=5 =e Sees =e 2 Serbia, Montenegro, and Albania PSN OS U6 UES Spa i Sa = pe paling oe ee Ne? Sereden see os ae ee eee eee See Switzerland Se een a eee eee ey Turkey In Hurope: = 22-25 se 5, 310 818 Guatemalas-2 2222-420 222 lo oat en 10, 492 1, 374 MOnGurAas:--=525-2 2. bie cGe eee eee 3, 459 488 Dt CE ip Co DT: eS 2 ek ee ee eee 11, 586 1, 866 ean aiila tess eee Se ee Se ee 172, 206 30, 485 Salvadar --------- Se See see Bet oe eee 4, 290 741 NVICXICOU So oe ne a = ee a ee 347, 384 54, 709 Miguelon, Langley;‘ete.--522-<2-¢=-2 222222 == | ee eee eee Newfoundland /and"Labrador: 2=_~< 2. 2 ea ee ee eee West Indies: British— Barbados :2-+ 2-2 ea 2S ee 33, 074 6, 305 TAINS => Be SBN eee Se conn eee 77, 002 12, 225 ‘Prinidad and obagor.--- == a 153, 207 24, 923 Other British: 2. 2) 2850. eee 10, 148 1, 983 Guba. = ah a2 ee See aN ee ee 428, 208 60, 432 Dominican Repnblica 22 See ee 50, 887 7, 973 Dnteh coi es ei oe 2 ee eee 3, 206 701 French 184 24 Haiti. <_ S495 eee eee 1, 036 190 Virgin Islands of United States 20, 059 4, 221 Argentina 255, 950 51, 437 BOUVIO 2A) ee oa 94, 076 8, 765 Brad. 2... ee eee 161, 529 21, 625 Chile! -2.-. = SS Ae ae ae 1, 316, 148 195, 478 Colonibia= 2. 22 ee ee eee 31, 816 5, 493 Wenador=. 2 332232 eS eee 40, 358 5, 895 Guiana: British. /2.22.-_.2.. 22 eee 38, 595 7, 765 Paraguay Bernie eer ee eee Uruguay Venezuela... 225-5). = 2 a pale eee ee 129; 457 1919 Pounds Value 157, 396 $33, 394 432 71 5, 179, 022 970, 696 1, 082, 434 181, 178 68, 000 13, 010 15,947,105 | 2, 525, 449 833, 793 147, 783 370, 890 85, 860 2, 722, 686 471, 555 12, 025 2, 557 36,925,190 | 4, 801, 911 1, 892 262 231, 710 46, 356 441, 776 87, 668 200 38 9, 720 1, 538 19, 500 2) 795 480 96 79, 457 16, 253 88, 012 17, 158 12, 184 2414 100, 040 17, 072 66, 524, 438 | 12, 788, 932 1, 460, 082 219, 951 1, 459, 360 197, 677 53, 429 6, 940 58, 194 9, 409 9, 587, 861 1, 467, 61L 98, 155 16, 049 74, 407 12, 599 50, 936 8, 693 125, 179 21, 095 141, 733 25, 441 29, 783 5, 173 4, 917, 900 703, 262 3, 090 751 108 aL 65, 114 12, 947 367, 119 51, 537 143, 694 27, 023 37, 935 7, 717 1, 646, 913 238, 858 238, 502 36, 503 17, 678 4, 603 10, 456 2, 422 6, 199 1, 393 22, 498 4, 447 403, 019 76, 052 84, 559 13, 087 31, 113 (Pr iks 1, 331, 484 214, 284 275, 050 47, 078 368, 939 55, 947 122, 715 25, 974 68, 581 14, 336 36, 562 7, 007 240 55 1, 180, 989 185, 839 47, 412 9, 932 383, 120 63, 321 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 603 Exports, by countries receiving, of canned salmon, calendar years 1918 and 1919—Continued 1918 1919 Country receiving Pounds Value Pounds Value ASIA IDES a8 Se a ae eee 2, 400 $394 2, 880 $480 ‘Clair: ee ES ORE ES Re ge 9 eS eee ey weve 41, 980 8, 579 90, 232 19, 088 China, leased territory: Japanese___---_-_-- 48 10 168 43 TRS Ie eT ee ee eee 42 8 5, 274 1, 246 East Indies: British— Brinishiplndig= = = 2 S628 sae oo an Pes ee 367, 273 67, 256 984, 672 193, O89 SiTaltswSeLblemMentsseee enn 2 See 111, 440 16, 021 223, 168 42, 403 OcuhersBritishe= 2-- sees eae ee oe 26, 890 4, 495 61, 814 13, 402 ID Rina Tas Ee ee ee 124, 502 17, 692 427, 298 71, 132 LURE TOVE 01 Sk ae Sees ap ee Me tee 240 69 2, 412 692 LECT yay 2. 22 De ee eee 41, 424 7, 839 116, 912 22, 628 [Eph P ln aes Se Bo SO See eee 25, 968 3, 259 12, 038 1, 940 CER GUEST ONG)TA Se See a ee ee eee ee eee 192 52 WP 2S Sk Se 2 ee eee ee 4, 800 760 2, 122 558 SL TLERLSCER STAG ie eee) ee re ae ee re 20, 504 3, 646 OCEANIA British: PAG IStral ine Wikre a ee NE at tL) ath ye 1, 149, 888 215, 715 5,777,713 | 1, 298, 194 INKY TACIE CG Ee ee eee Set eee 26, 592 4, 835 61, 533 13, 919 OphersBritishinsse se! 2. aie, Se, ne eee gee 67, 674 9, 872 93, 423 16, 115 iri eB eae ee eee ee ee 116, 585 19, 203 225, 429 42, 303 Cannas 22 5 0 i a ae es) 153, 840 20, 394 80, 577 12, 966 Philippine wWslands==—- =~. -—--=.s-sssssesss-2225- 5, 291, 182 579, 410 2, 371, 736 279, 408 AFRICA EAD DVIRCTIDIE). = Ba ee ee ee aa eee eee ee 92 18 LST Gin O00. es a ee ee ee 2, 354 477 14, 990 3, 251 British Africa: 192, 376 33, 051 976, 463 172, 258 121, 990 18, 255 1, 269, 317 284, 633 34, 260 6, 098 5, 996 1, 417 Be hE BON ONIN CR ager! | NY Me |e Re 59, 790 8, 025 261, 673 42, 335 939, 895 133, 358 17, 136 3, 572 32, 989 7, 208 poe 5. ed ee ree ee eee 50, 465 9, 332 2, 633 539 8, 218 1, 761 oD 3 ee ee | es ee | ee err 48 8 LR en eS 2 a SE as Se es ee 2 ee ee ee ee eee 5, 688 932 iponiieuese-Africat: +. ==. == eee ae 8 ee ee es 2, 788 485 31, 868 6, 839 STE Wie Ch eS ee 2 ee oe a 8 eee ee 36, 266 7, 009 AND ARUE ie 3 2s Sea oe Sa ee 91, 101, 734 13, 149, 307 169, 750, 672 28, 680, 706 RECAPITULATION HOY) 2 oe ee Ee er oe 75, 077, 467 10, 869, 336 133, 727, 824 22, 631, 674 LOA, JAG sa oe ee ee Sec oe 5, 452, 608 837, 122 17, 696, 883 2, 664, 494 PT HHpAUNCMCIea ee eek ee te 2, 383, 731 362, 226 4, 333, 783 720, 185 USI. 6250 Gee ee ee ae eee 747, 007 126, 382 1, 949, 686 370, 399 OCH Sekt ee Be 6, 805, 711 849, 429 8, 610, 411 1, 657, 905 SRENETL Le a oe ee 635, 210 104, 812 3, 432, 085 636, 049 604 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Exports, by countries receiving, of canned salmon, calendar years 1920 and 1921 1920 Country receiving Pounds Value EUROPE 138, 476 $19, 652 132, 419 22, 116 600 135, 409 28, 394 702, 913 116, 856 13€, 149 24, 135 15, 364 3, 652 Greete.2: <2 2 See ee i eee 301, 609 50, 063 Iceland and Faroe Islands_____.--.-.-.-_---_----- 144 30 Ttaly 222 eee ae. ee 164, 956 31, 107 Malta, Gozo, and Cyprus Islands_____-_-_______- 42, 640 7, 923 Woetherlands: ser aeen oo eee Ee 237, 966 53, 418 INGIW Ve a ee eee 16, 977 4, 268 iPaland and parvigses ss es eee 443 53 IRDRIANIO- eee eee oe ee 2 eee 57 19 RUSSIg TN Opens e eee ne. Seo eee 4, 872 1, 245 Spain sacnee ieee ee ee eee 216, 719 35, 048 SSO AR etree or Se eS) eee 27, 742 4, 632 Burkey ee nrope=> eee 2. o822-2- = ee 118, 348 21,919 United Kingdom— Hnpgland®= So") 22%. oo cant ee kee 27, 562, 725 6, 501, 431 PCOURNC > =... Se eee 815, €64 256, 619 freland 2s] 3) 4 Re Cee ee 96 20 "Total = 22-28%... > eee 30, 772, 288 7, 182, 820 NORTH AMERICA Bermuda... > }202 2s is See eee 58, 261 They abs British Honduras ==) 2a ee eee 43, 150 6, 334 Canada... 3: fee ee eee eee 1, 566, 129 281, 368 Costa ‘Rica... 3 es ee eee 192, 838 31, 090 Guatemala: ) ss ae eee 48, 112 7, 664 Honduras: 2 Sa ee eee ees eee 57, 859 10, 013 Nicaragua::. = 26 ee ee ee 67, 863 12, 661 Panama: 2) SS ee = epee Se 300, 712 59, 430 Salvador. eee ee eee 23, 982 4, 539 Mexico 2.10 ee ie a a ae eel 4, 950, 099 572, 779 Barbadoses: ees See a eee 111, 925 24, 346 Jamiacia:: > Fees eee ee 401, 272 61, 373 Trinidad and\fobaco.2) = ee Se ae 188, 079 42, 564 Other Britishvwestindies = 2° ee 58, 000 11, 507 Cubas2 2s ee ee ee eee 1, 220, 910 158, 125 Dominican Republic 2.824: ieee eee 515, 114 77, 852 Dutch’ West Indiess=-- 5 2 ee eee 39, 107 9, 4 French) Westiindies i: 2 oats ee ee 1, 988 325 Haiti... 335. ees ee ee ee eae he es 12, 041 2,317 Virgin Islands of United States_------.--_-_-_--- 56, 124 10, 441 otal. 2 be soo: 3. A ee cee = eee 9, 913, 565 1, 395, 871 SOUTH AMERICA Argenting.. 2 25 ce eee eee 1, 265, 555 213, 516 Bolivia... 22522 Soe ee eee 110, 366 15, 936 Bragil 252. eo ee 54, 660 15, 192 Chile. 3 ee eee 1, 248, 171 149, 665 Colonbia>. 22. eS Se eee 740, 470 135, 441 Eouador.: 2.62.22 SSS EES 416, 076 47, 943 British Guiana. see 153, 891 39, 421 Duteh Guiana: 22 fA eee 52, 187 9, 609 French Guiana... eee 26, 053 4, 433 Paraguay...) ea 1, 025 268 Perl... 22 ea 1, 203, 984 181, 927 Uruguay_--... 2.2" 3 eee 24, 024 4, 848 Venesucls___. ss. eee ee 514, 108 85, 342 Total . 2. 222-235. Se eee 5, 810, 870 903, 541 1 July 1 to Dec. 31, 1921 Value 9, 612 $2, 044 1, 380 1, 517, 408 161, 970 126 1 162, 130 29, 306 i 1 20, 000 114, £76 9, 811 2, 122, 354 103, 921 509, 454 44, 236 480 152 24, 275 2, 467 24, 000 1, 800 646, 567 90, 457 78, 835 14, 694 1, 350 135 489 83 3, 250 446 40, 948 3,514 23,675,477 | 4,457, 818 615, 993 127, 872 29, 644,704 | 5,071, 004 98, 562 16, 309 23, 681 2, 2, 779, 728 416, 493 95, 759 9, 751 29, 039 3, 260 58, 180 7, 393 26, O81 2, 227 186, 085 24, 870 3, 459 402 2, 286, 759 209, 306 18, 962 3, 702 ol, 154 11,015 130, 873 27, 475 25, 971 5, 065 190, 416 21, 008 289, 016 31, 224 27, 920 5, 743 75 6 4,771 680 57, 316 7, 637 6, 393, 807 806, 926 m 99, 844 11, 303 5, 486 1, 674 8, 676 1, 509 80, 639 12, 001 5, 136 89, 262 14, 772 33, 716 4, 528 26, 925 3, 514 48 11 5, 773 637 205, 189 20, 503 560, 694 70, 820 a - PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 605 Exports, by countries receiving, of canned salmon, calendar years 1920 and 1921— Continued 1920 1921 Country receiving Pounds Value Pounds Value > ASIA AGT SASS oe ee ee eee 13, 384 $2, 878 3, 000 $500 CIN, eee es A ee eo Se BE a 109, 037 27, 332 80, 377 9, 948 fewantiung, leased territory _-=---=------ <8. 2, 160 661 384 87 | OUES TR sa 2 S 816 239 576 122 COTS ETE, TUG TIN 2 pS Se SS a 1, 347, 018 271, 892 248, 724 36, 371 MMmtish sibaivs setulements_—-=0*.--___... 22.22 568, 470 85, 660 809, 423 54, 095 @thersoritiso Mast Indiess-2.-.-- 2-222. 25- i. 114, 779 24, 144 75, 073 11, 617 Mrtucnewasheidieses sass. |. 28s ee 1, 255, 519 204, 914 1, 802, 837 135, 815 Arenchnimngdo-C.lMinaga<= oe Se oe 2, 009 679 360 98 RTH PON en ee mae aera ae ee Pe 28, 404 6, 360 37, 116 6, 561 SEP UTHO) Wie = OE Seated a A tel ee 4,176 1, 068 184, 573 10, 819 CFEC ATRL NEVANG LS a Sa le a ee (ea pet ea 2 14, 058 21,619 PSTISSIMOUM AS eh tees i enn So soon eae |b soep a ea oeae|a- pee osee sen a 65, 096 5, 518 Webs ante ape 15, 758 2, 904 1, 916 436 BinrkeyrineAsine 35-25 ee Se 244, 072 32, 157 12, 058 1, 745 AGC ge ee a sR a a a 3, 705, 602 660, 888 3, 335, 571 275, 351 OCEANIA RGU RTL Os ee eae eee 2, 879, 583 543, 185 5, 158, 273 822, 373 BNewealand ees cet =e ek 3 se ek 98, 916 25, 844 139, 336 25, 093 Otherssritish Oceania= =~ oss. eee ee 40, 164 7, 052 35, 327 3, 248 ren CHEO coaniiae = mee . 3 2 2 See ee ee 2, 608, 391 250, 333 814, 367 $91, 817 ‘Denmark. 22 e280 eae Be eee 102, 144 10, 301 6, 000 635 Mrance= so. 2S eee a3 See eee oes 32, 540 2, 743 57, 700 6, 049 Germany..- 22. = 5 6.5 bo es 93, 431 11, 768 82, 918 11, 478 Greece: 2-2 52-3 ssa 2 ee an ee 11, 350 1, 200 120, 041 14, 534 Mongar y sso a een ee 48 6 | saee eas a deek | poo ee Iceland and Faroe Islands 150 2) eee ene ee ee ee Italy: ==<2-442-2 See 1, 212, 351 108, 904 194, 800 19, 210 Malta, Gozo, etc 14, 400 1,400" |. == 3S | See Netherlands: 22.5 see Soe sees sos ee 618, 028 77, 002 479, 836 76, 799 NON WAY. eee baa nant ene 36, 590 3, 909 45, 192 10, 855 Poland and anmipeas so ns oe ee 107 22) |e el ee Russia: in! WUrOpes aes s sae a ee 33, 000 4, 329 45, 000 3, 675 Spain 22 No: Cee ee eee a ees Seis 62s oe a eae 214 1, 008 119 Swed ene cee ee neas Hus cae eee 69, 506 13, 912 20, 041 3, 739 Switzerland: ese) eA. oe 75, 998 10,127 |2-s=- See Tnrkey in WuUropess-- ne soo oo == a ee 48, 760 4, 640 12, 560 1, 581 WETaING 2 == ee eee en ae see Beene 329, 840 28, 134 572 157 nglan dS ose see Bee. os ee 23, 937, 667 3, 732, 859 31, 090, 188 5, 685, 074 Scotland: | 2tseU 2630 2. oo See. 2 ee ee 346, 200 67, 407 637, 768 125, 416 Trolands2- 22 2802282... .- 2 Ube oe 2 22 SR eee eee 40, 800 7, 700 Total! #22. W¢ - 220 iS e eeaee 29, 571, 075 4, 329, 055 33, 648, 791 6, 058, 838 NORTH AMERICA Canada, Maritime Provinces---_----------------- 25, 438 3, 537 18, 742 1, 667 Quebeciand Ontarios=:52 soe 599, 834 67, 487 245, 809 29, 848 Ganada -Prainietbrovinces==.-- 2222 ese 79, 840 14, 241 23, 560 3, 665 British Columbia and Yukon----_---------------- 3, 175, 943 321, 872 1, 073, 172 137, 562 IBritiSHWELON GUNES 3 tee oe ee eee 27, 234 3, 193 36, 375 3, 926 Gosta Rita Soo 2s) so. os osiae ee eee 187, 848 17, 193 87, 393 9, 353 (EN eaVee Ve ea Se a a BS aoe 50, 271 5, 168 51, 066 5, 605 DEV OTN N ES ee so ee re 66, 924 9, 021 69, 266 8, 753 INNCATA OS 22 oo one a = * eee a eee 42, 003 4, 309 89, 027 9, 553 Panna... See ee ee eee eee 283, 390 35, 599 220, 927 29, 459 Salvador. 2 eset ee 8 5 ee ne nae oe 8, 564 994 16, 800 1, 807 VIO XI CO ms en eae eens tas aoe aed 2, 819, 248 227, 649 1, 654, 380 143, 263 Miquelon and St. Pierre Islands- ----_------------ 2, 400 200'| 22-3 = Ss 3 |e Bermtina #0 oS oe aeen Seo eee eee 41, 302 6, 440 41, 326 8, 134 aT DAUOS | tea ee ec aes eee cee 22, 262 3, 450 118, 346 16, 008 apni Can 22 ee once os Sara ee . 85, 548 10, 038 86, 171 15, 592 ?rinigad and ANODE: - === a eee 117, 381 18, 670 139, 119 22, 499 Other British West Indies____----- Ss a eee eee 48, 284 8, 048 67, 570 12, 107 CUD Sean en naa = see ee eee 434, 803 38, 397 844, 877 82, 169 Dominican Republics- oe er ce 167, 784 15, 417 190, 885 20, 271 Dutch, West Indies:.-.. 522-022-252 222 eee 32, 418 5, 553 39, 942 6, 902 French West Indies--~_--- 22-2 22) 2 ae 912 73 700 82 Haiti. =2>... 2222 8.5 ee eee 2, 356 398 4, 084 575 Virgin Islands of United Statessme = esse em 42, 014 5, 178 30, 454 3, 829 Total = 332 ..202-9.. 22 s A ALS 8, 364, 001 822, 125 5, 144, 991 572, 629 Argentina 477, 872 48, 188 1, 021, 474 116, 777 Bolivia 125, 560 10, 483 65, 676 6, 154 Brazile 2-2-2 s--—= 14, 400 3, 075 3, 491. 741 Chile_..._--- 1, 893, 557 181, 242 216, 696 23, 299 Colombia. 230 ea nena ea 290, 178 31, 592 414, 017 47, 561 Wictiad ora.) 2 sees es a ae ee eee ee 237, 196 23, 317 117, 542 10, 832 British Giliand-— 22 eee 99, 632 17, 144 212, 694 37, 525 Dutch Guians2.2- 3-222 ee ee 76, 928 9, 517 32, 497 3, 594 French ‘Guiana. 25-2 2.2 tee se ce ee eee eee 2, 783 400 9, 948 1, 164 Paraguay. «222 o2- coc eco er cae re re | een See renee | wlan aren ies 840 105 P@rt oo co ee 42, 353 4, 342 426, 163 45, 684 UTugUSY.-.-25 222-38 a eee 3, 120 556 8, 1, 404 Venozuela.- 25202220 ea eee eee 555, 873 56, 473 577, 041 58, 614 Total a 20s. se 2a Se en ee Czechoslovakia Denmark inven: 3222 Ase ees oe Germany: 2:5 3833 ee ene Gibraltar Greece: . 25 <2 252-6 ee See ae ech oe Irish Free State Ttalyou5 5 ae nese ae ans cee oe Malta, Gozo, and Cyprus Islands---------------- 1, 528 200) || == 55h - 2 sess |e Netherlands! eee ae ee ee 622, 228 89, 085 521, 259 98, 282 NOY way es =e ae ee oo Se eo y 19, 600 1,975 Poland and Danzig 96 25 Rumania . — 2 Seas ee ee a Oa ee ot eee |e Russia in Europe-----.-.--.----..-------+=------|---------=-=--|-=~------ == -- 5, 294 770 Spain. +... 2 eee 2, 400 520 Sweden 2: etree so 23, 304 3, 059 Siovitzerlarid eee tee ee he ee ee 24, 000 2, 700 Horkeyiin Hono ness se es Se ee 9, 600 892 (Up heGl LGU T C6 5 0g ee ee ee 24, 978, 401 5, 145, 443 riplande eee. ee eee 36, 485, 985 5, 865,023 |: ee Se eee Scotland S =. es ee ee re soe 391, 100 60, 689. |< ee | eee Treland 3 fe ees ae ee eee as 308, 120 36,621" |_.22 2 eS eee Total t-23e Se. a ee 40, 034, 886 6, 296, 767 27, 235, 312 5, 458, 270 NORTH AMERICA Ganadi ts 3 ait Se ee ee 2, 051, 011 264, 052 2, 581, 457 327, 003 British Honduras. ===: 2- see ee 24, 910 2, 763 47, 895 4, 786 Costaiiica: see te oe ee 139, 776 13, 793 88, 319 10, 967 Ganteniain 8 se Or eer ee ee 71, 388 8, 043 32, 467 3, 575 HONGUIgS? =) oe ea ee ee eee 52, 478 6, 715 56, 979 7, 487 INICATAQUA'= cee hes ee Ee ee 109, 730 13, 208 115, 476 13, 323 Panama. Seo 8 2 ee ee a eee eae 277, 357 36, 579 321, 743 44, 946 Shivador...--<-2-> Se es 2a ee eee : 9, 360 1, 196 Wiexicog oe 6:25 46 see 2 ee ee ee y 2, 013, 017 172, 483 Miquelon and St. Pierre Islands 5, 660 435 Newfoundland and Labrador- -_-_---------------- 610 64 lees Ce Se eS ee y 19, 640 4, 956 BSED ACNE 2 bee Oe pos s.r SS 43, 024 7, 222 7, 857 . 1,342 ApS: (cs eee © 2 eS Soe ee ee te 52, 956 10, 951 45, 311 10, 360 ‘Srintdadiand Lobagos._.. 2S a eee 37, 910 7, 082 19, 760 4, 897 Other British West/Indies. = <2)... = Seas 45, 744 7,771 42, 546 7, 248 Ciita-22 eee ee ee eee 647, 574 66, 161 404, 760 41, 033 Wominican Republic! __..---5 22": 2 see eee 230, 416 23, 643 286, 842 30, 928 Hutch: West indices]: : eee 37, 026 6, 901 34, 602 7, 668 French West Indies=)-...°3 "75 £2 eae 2, 068 181 240 £ Haiti. 225432 eee See 5, 365 897 6, 502 1, 076 Virgin Islands of United States___________-------- 37, 989 4, 496 48, 475 5, 883 6, 401, 182 717, 621 6, 189, 518 701, 685 Argentina 218, 068 24, 048 155, 276 16, 181 Bolivia 25, 918 2, 896 41, 812 4, 052 Brazil... 2283 Fee oe ee ee ee 13, 033 2, 442 28, 347 4, 637 Chile 154, 006 23, 192 297, 873 47, 583 Colombia 558, 147 64, 456 567, 260 64, 580 Ecuador 112, 538 12, 611 215, 669 21, 555 Falkland Islands 48 ih i) Peek ree ees 8 British Guiana. ~ 24020 -28eeee 58, 742 11, 819 107, 966 25, 852 Dutch Guiaria!. 22:42 eee eee 42, 346 4, 957 18, 913 2, 739 French Guiana: .--- eee 12, 586 1, 470 20, 040 2, 381 Paraguay --___-- ear eS ee Dee a ee : 720 109 960 160 Perdce ss. ee ee a EE ee = 226, 972 23, 285 319, 252 34, 764 Urnguay.-...2-- 2.2 See 18, 130 2, 424 10, 664 1, 888 Venezuela__..-.2.-5.2.. eS eee ee 957, 426 103, 093 582, 055 63, 996 w ninn daw a jewel nese eee e ee ee 2, 398, 680 276, 813 2, 366, 087 290, 368 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 609 Exports, by countries receiving, of canned salmon, calendar years 1924 and 1925— Continued 1924 1925 Country receiving Pounds Value Pounds Value ASIA oo TNT, > 5 a | - 1,340 $188 960 $151 TESST] (11 eee eer ee ee Ste eS eee ee 439, 559 74, 608 357, 201 69, 327 OESATEL ES Bo) Ses SENS Ca ae 134, 750 19, 412 261, 192 42, 499 Beret Si SOUnIEMeRES + 2 sae a TEE LE ES 175, 130 18, 210 129, 559 19, 371 SPREE DLISHenAS UN GICs sake 2 eae eis eee eels ee ak SR ak 7, 536 973 China 100, 425 17, 828 286, 311 36, 226 Chosen 7 3 41 Java and Madura 162, 723 23, 313 Other Dutch East Indies 106, 035 12, 488 French Indo-China 96 14 Hejaz, Arabia, etc -- 3, 826 415 Hong Kong 88, 358 12, 654 NO eee ee = pe ae ee a eo eee 102, 106 15, 306 wanting, leased territory 22. = 22. -.2-222-..-- 144 38 96 13 MeeeSLINe and) oyna. so a 4 kta t. 14, 269 1, 601 6, 936 927 PHS so 65505: Se a ao ee ie ee Be eee eee ee eal he 1, 200 175 OTST ak ee 5 5 ne EES © ey) peer ee! ae ee 3, 469 1, 386 5, 384 1, 175 SEO VPINOASI He te se See Ss 2S eek ee | 9, 600 1, 280 9, 100 910 DULG NST ee os = Oy OCS ee Boe. Xe eas See ene Bee ee ee 4, 529 717 PROLaIe me mesa. Sts ge Bd Bei sa ees 1, 530, 286 214, 864 1, 533, 492 236, 695 OCEANIA BEES Tish Eh ee re ea en eee Se ee ee 7, 167, 084 1, 186, 765 6, 966, 059 1, 491, 392 JETLGIRED (QTODI ETE ye ee oe a i ee nee i ee eae ad 23, 464 3, 016 37, 121 5, 294 Srenchu@ Cocina see ee 2 ees See SEES 246, 556 27, 170 235, 122 25, 966 Nighy VASA iv © Sot ae ee en Re Oe 102, 078 17, 289 159, 624 35, 617 renere Oceanian se 2 = TER Ot oh 2s See EL” 59, 381 7, 218 34, 700 4, 409 BIN pine Slandss— 2 2s ie se ee ee 7, 884, 986 793, 939 7, 533, 837 709, 599 Mo tales sae ce =. 8 eee oe 2 eg ose Sc 15, 483, 549 2, 035, 397 14, 966, 463 PAPA RAE AFRICA a pl arn COMP OM eee. eee be 1, 587 338 5, 275 918 TEVA OAV YGC 5 Aa (ira Oe Oe 75, 162 6, 820 164, 621 14, 273 BULLISH OOULHe AtrICA see ae ene Se eh 980, 445 105, 558 617, 387 72, 348 IB rishe Mast eAtrica =: 2k 28 ee Se 15, 816 2, 120 8, 276 1, 149 fanary Islandste_ 2223s Sete ss ae 8, 388 695 7, 968 1, 781 ys be eee nt GE ae 27, 376 4, 499 21, 534 4, 520 ibe Hrench Africa’ = — .- ee Be les ees ee 636 92 332 65 Beriserin ee aes See ees es Se 3, 164 323 5, 644 925 iRoruuguese mast Airica = —. 2-2 222) J ee 45, 648 4, 505 29, 414 BUPA eikersPortugueseraA (rica 2.0 So A 444 75 793 244 SIMARISNPATEICHT 2. = 26 2 ee ae 6, 120 639 19, 500 1, 950 “LAE EE Las sat 2 pe ee a G3 9A 1, 116, 786 125, 664 880, 744 101, 408 RECAPITULATION BESET OC eet easy et ec eee 40, 034, 886 6, 296, 767 27, 235, 312 5, 458, 270 INGUIN Wii ee ee Se eee 6, 401, 182 717, 621 6, 189, 518 701, 685 SODA TY AAU e AV rs SE a De es SI ge 2, 398, 680 276, 813 2, 366, 087 290, 368 EXSB. pet eet Se fe Oe ae ee eee Oe 1, 530, 286 214, 864 1, 533, 492 236, 695 REI Sa Boe ee 15, 483, 549 2, 035, 397 14, 966, 463 PAGAL POA ITE AIG So aE SS a a a A a 1, 164, 786 125, 664 880, 744 101, 408 AMG" es tae ore eS, 5 67, 013, 369 9, 667, 126 53, 171, 616 9, 060, 703 610 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Exports, by countries receiving, of canned salmon, calendar years 1926 and 1927 Country receiving EUROPE Beleinm.-—- 2... se =. J Pes eee eee Denmark 2232 eo.) Se eee ae ee Germany: 4382 =< eee 2 ee Gibraltar: 2 S27 Berea ae eS ee ie Greote._- <4) ae ee 2 ee AUC hee eo a AN A Ye he 32 ee ee! Malta, Gozo, and Cyprus Islands_.____-___--___- Netherlands a Sante ok: eee 7% tb ee IN OF Way 5. ee ee ee Rumania Murkey, in Murope >. 5... 2/4 eee 2 ee United Kingdom @anadas.: 2282s: 2... 8 ee ae IBGrINNG Ss - Senne on a= ee ee Se iS¥ikelorve lected Aor (er: een eS 8 ee SS ee ee ee iihrinidad ang erobaeO. 2.25 2 222-8 ee Other British vy est. indies: 222) 2 a ee Haiti, “Republic 0f-.2-- <2 eae oe ee Virgin Islands of United States___.__._____________ Falkland Islands--=-.--:-+-=--—~------= = British ‘Guianass.42 2 es ee ee eee Dutch: Guiang => -. 2 oS ae ee eee PQUUl 2 oo see a eso e nn ce ee ee Uruguay 22. ess ea eee ee ee Se Veneztiela: 22 2562225255502 eee ee 1926 Pounds Value 2, 020 $263 773 139 732, 117 100, 312 2, 500 300 48, 772 6, 835 620 132 329 102 181, 461 24, 440 1, 200 135 584, 456 65, 382 60, 000 12, 550 80, 400 9, 445 5, 664 1, 144 653, 940 102, 666 31, 255 8, 139 1, 444 235 48 11 740 179 25, 420 4, 245 29, 576 6, 165 47, 520 5, 454 1,615 278 25, 357, 747 4, 596, 052 27, 849, 617 4, 944, 603 1, 681, 771 287, 976 32, 360 38, 744 109, 451 15, 261 50, 565 7, 168 44, 954 5, 706 91, 070 10, 898 266, 432 43, 109 12, 170 1, 5383 2, 084, 845 191, 699 1, 020 140 21, 268 5, 274 30, 248 6, 029 32, 998 9, 586 60, 853 13, 111 53, 785 9, 355 639, 796 66, 994 270, 073 31, 914 46, 350 10, 301 96 13 11, 404 iva 42,777 5, 201 5, 584, 286 726, 743 275, 488 35, 323 18, 989 2, 872 18, 193 4, 643 875, 131 126, 062 628, 132 81, 120 46, 236 5, 036 192 43 95, 254 21, 260 21, 138 3, 508 3, 840 522 1, 015 214 199, 563 24, 531 14, 956 2, 411 481, 831 59, 762 2, 679, 958 367, 307 1927 Pounds Value 1, 400 $180 12, 002 1, 261 398, 945 61, 900 2, 400 325 11, 328 1, 266 1, 200 175 29, 212 4, 445 76, 358 12, 164 1, 200 160 495, 122 54, 593 31, 900 3, 535 293, 078 34, 404 4, 390 758 367, 868 69, 011 20, 230 2, 829 1, 572 239 1, 392 301 18, 240 3, 099 19, 521 3, 970 14, 400 1, 707 25, 872 2, 743 20, 736, 856 3, 529, 255 22, 564, 486 3, 778, 320 1, 692, 648 269, 600 21, 129 2, 653 119, 767 16, 059 44, 354 5, 824 43, 403 5, 970 84, 523 9, 519 242, 859 40, 465 6, 029 781 803, 559 73, 614 490 55 24, 543 6, 211 8, 576 1, 821 70, 661 15, 900 30, 145 7, 091 36, 602 6, 864 312, 383 36, 521 209, 166 22, 566 46, 938 11, 624 1, 156 152 9, 262 1, 489 42, 754 5, 313 3, 850, 947 540, 092 18, 472 4,117 21, 921 2, 716 9, 871 2, 278 101, 872 15, 973 716, 104 89, 855 25, 870 3, 437 568 87 45, 596 10, 028 12, 109 1, 980 15, 308 2, 036 1, 905 304 77, 215 9, 950 13, 119 2, 135 311, 729 41, 963 1, 371, 659 186, 859 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 611 Exports, by countries receiving, of canned salmon, calendar years 1926 and 1927—- Continued 1926 1927 Country receiving — Pounds Value Pounds Value ASIA ONES eee es eo ae eee I Oe eS eS 5, 717 $778 4, 630 $503 eal ECT Ih 8 CG) Ed SS eS eae Sees! 1, 900 210 2, 992 291 rnlvisuvind ipsa eros) eee ye sete bee ste 526, 487 82, 878 416, 160 61, 965 Evorrin ie Vielen ste. ae. ye athe TY wie Sue 236, 438 38, 156 181, 235 28, 671 ee QUBNEN Ee ees seco ee ee Oe 333, 669 44, 331 209, 511 28, 720 UU EN fee RO a ee 245, 599 31, 676 63, 160 9,175 Java and Madura_____ ee ee ea ee 191, 276 28, 449 241, 642 25, 510 Other Duteh) Mast Indies: 2-22-82) 222s. se soe le 129, 730 16, 527 83, 705 13, 080 encheindo-Chinge a5 205025 Seo oe Ee 576 90 624 70 EOE ECO Tee eee oP mee SRL we 28, 100 6, 292 38, 432 8, 378 LDHENG Se Seg a DO ee eee ene 7, 200 915 2, 784 329 JS] CENA ce aaa aa SI eR ee ee ee 122, 424 12, 018 1, 448 240 Kwantung Leased Territory-------..__.--_--_-_- 480 105 48 24 PRG BUY; oS ee eee eee 7, 880 966 7, 152 1, 139 TRE se eS ee ES ete ae gS eae |e ey Sc | ae ee ie 279 88 Peace nee es Sea. tae eee LS ase ee eo 4, 294 1, 025 2, 012 599 Syrial—_. 2-2 ee a re es a ae a on ee ae See Re oe SS 342 101 pur keygin Asia. Seis ast oes Ts Ei een ts 384 82 1, 200 250 OLS IeA Sia eee me Ce Ree er oe he 2 os 144 21 1, 200 150 OG Sa ee ee ee ee 1, 842, 298 264, 519 1, 258, 556 179, 283 OCEANIA Australia_____ eee eee Sot ae ey Se 6, 370, 522 1, 299, 712 3, 561, 061 709, 782 British) Oceania s=- 222 sss le ee a 75, 914 9, 793 100, 382 18, 662 ren ChE O CoAniass ees a= BE ees fee eee ea ae 2 218, 266 24, 175 147, 413 17, 178 ewe Zpalan Gd teten cos 2 SS eee Se Se ees 228, 784 44, 979 60, 080 12, 578 Philimppinenslands= =. -==S26-2+ Se eee 8, 140, 977 824, 512 4, 742, 208 499, 526 PLO Ua eee ea a yo ee es oe See es 15, 034, 463 2, 203, 171 8, 611, 144 1, 257, 726 AFRICA Belgian! Congorees- ==- Stl 2222-22 eet es 3, 489 400 3, 012 417 BritishyMasteAvrica: = = 252s sit 2k ee 25, 536 3, 697 21, 360 3, 724 BS TILISHY SOUPLPATEICA =~ sce saan st oes 318, 165 45, 392 385, 075 60, 937 British West Africa 51, 120 5, 359 84, 624 8, 189 82, 064 11, 596 54, 237 8, 110 720 Ob | Mechta Fe Se 365 115 1, 901 304 : 1, 200 135 1, 440 156 Mozambique___-_----- ——— 19, 293 3, 012 25, 064 . 2, 880 Other Portuguese Africa 812 223 1, 231 431 Wananyelsands=_= . 5.222 _ S223. 9 tea pe SS 17, 712 1, 854 13, 196 1, 532 Oca eee see © = S. - e ee e 520, 476 71, 878 591, 040 86, 680 RECAPITULATION PUTO Oe ene ce oe oe a le 27, 849, 617 4, 944, 603 22, 564, 486 3, 778, 320 POL UHe AUN er Coeee eta n= ooo we ee eee 5, 584, 286 726, 743 3, 850, 947 540, 092 HOMUABAUH OT Cam sree ee. RO eS 2, 679, 958 367, 307 1, 371, 659 186, 859 ROY = 2 So a a ee ee eee 1, 842, 298 264, 519 1, 258, 556 179, 283 (QED II Oe RES es ee ee eee 15, 034, 463 2, 203, 171 8, 611, 144 1, 257, 726 JAI Gs a a eee ee 520, 476 71, 878 591, 040 86, 680 DEY HEU 2 Se ee eee She ee ee 53, 511, 098 8, 578, 221 38, 247, 832 6, 028, 960 The following tables show in summarized form the customs districts from which canned salmon was exported for the years 1900 to 1915, inclusive, and in detailed form for the years 1916 to 1927, inclusive. Up to 1910 about two-thirds of the total exports have gone from the port of San Francisco, while about one-fifth of the total passed through the port of Puget Sound, Wash. In 1910 the exports from Puget Sound exceeded those from San Francisco and, although San Francis- co regained the lead for a few years, Puget Sound has maintained first place since 1918. The only other port through which any considerable quantity is shipped is New York City. It is usual now to load the salmon on steamers and sailing vessels at San Francisco and the Puget Sound cities to go direct to Europe. 612 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Exports, by customs districts, of canned salmon SUMMARY, 1900 TO 19151 1900 1901 1902 1903 Customs district from which ex- ae ported Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Atlantic ports___-| 3,820, 656 | $370, 302 | 8, 834, 322 | $947,729 | 4, 588, 073 | $427,335 | 5,734,469 | $611, 868 Gulf ports_---_--- 38, 868 3, 430 55, 425 5, 426 50, 116 4, 965 54, 016 5, 085 Mexican border ports----------- 30, 264 2, 861 20, 140 2, 082 188, 346 15, 498 130, 363 11, 741 Pacific ports_____|23, 168, 445 |2, 314, 541 |32, 337, 112 |3, 270, 524 |42, 357, 217 |3, 539, 231 |44, 391, 379 | 3, 716, 926 Northern border and Lake ports_| 24,137 || 2,514} 42, 501 4,510} 39,362] 4,373] 43, 107 5, 171 1904 1905 1906 Customs district from which exported Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value AWantiC DOLlSs oe =ene— eee 2, 133, 121 $214, 332 | 2, 693, 503 $267, 263 | 3,277,571 | $318, 321 Gil poris 72, 792 6, 455 97, 561 8, 425 127, 255 10, 910 Mexican border ports- ---------- 355, 248 24, 183 289, 439 23, 148 455, 413 36, 130 IPagHiC IDOLtSa a eee 53, 362,492 | 4,979, 565 | 31,957,252 | 2,734, 269 | 41, 906, 406 | 3, 469, 472 Northern border and Lake ports_ 625 63 28, 800 2, 364 177, 769 13, 110 1907 1908 1909 Customs district from which exported Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Atlantic ports-22-2-= == SS 2, 314, 535 $227, 779 2, 334, 663 $227, 113 4, 043, 807 $409, 933 Gulf:ports:5 22 165, 050 14, 450 206, 120 19, 245 107, 018 8, 954 Mexican border ports- ---------- 570, 343 47, 776 723, 689 65, 119 219, 128 21, 574 IPACIO DONIC = sae n eae 22, 160, 349 1, 892, 398 | 24, 961, 173 2, 126, 995 | 31, 705, 144 | 2, 971, 984 Northern border and Lake ports_ 7, 828 646 400 46 42, 012 3, 991 1910 1911 1912 Customs district from which exported Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value ATIpsItICMOLtGs= ne == ——- ae 3, 003, 430 $306, 122 | 1, 564, 485 $166,971 | 2,506,989 | $257, 792 GA pOrtSi ss eee ee 118, 559 9, 554 159, 359 15, 194 109, 045 12, 029 Mexican border ports- ---------- 254, 717 21, 503 213, 226 20, 393 415, 259 38, 455 Pacinhe Oris. les --- === ee 60, 450, 190 | 5,974,196 | 36, 663,729 | 3, 834, 584 | 40, 391,058 | 4, 312, 116 Northern border and Lake ports_ 33, 800 2, 883 |S oo See Se | ee 1, 405 171 1913 1914 1915 Customs district from which exported Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value New: Y Ores 22 sso ee 1, 935, 881 $189,959 | 2, 404, 220 $207,924 | 5,316,456 | #512, 549 New Orleans: 2255:22222 tS ees Pees eee 182, 717 19, 787 261, 709 28, 682 ET Paso. 2225 ot eee eee eee eee 120, 140 9, 045 176, 390 12, 348 San Francisc0!.-2-2-22e2--seeos= 31, 687,774 | 3,277,841 | 38,844,912 | 3, 600, 636 | 35, 321, 058 | 4, 209, 914 Orevon => Se Se 624, 000 83, 000 124, 512 9, 391 671, 452 64, 517 Washington: -co--= eee 19, 827,745 | 1,434,451 | 45,876,703 | 4,038, 449 | 41, 064, 868 | 4, 183, 410 All other districts--.--2------_-- 1, 215, 566 118, 089 197, 716 14, 061 634, 183 60, 663 ee ee cr 1 Detailed statisties for 1900 to 1915, inclusive, may be found in Pacific Salmon Fisheries, by John N. Cobb, Appendix III, Report U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, pp. 194-198. Washington, 1917. ee See Te ae eee. vie ee La PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES Exports, by customs districts, of canned salmon—Continued DETAILS, 1916 TO 1918 613 € Customs district from which eee r cia pee exported Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value (0 TUS Re ge eae eS oe Nae 2S ee 156, 000 $237, 052 96 $24 Maine and New Hampshire- 2, 583, 306 $274, 432 1, 186, 871 160, 399 3, 336 621 a at ee eee 517, 800 47, 603 1, 884, 672 168, 537 1, 208, 142 149, 080 Massachusetts 1, 314, 778 130, 701 2, 447, 156 279, 184 789, 629 159, 052 MEWRVOrKese == oo s= WS 24, 257, 388 2, 339, 629 23, 993, 032 2, 607, 602 49, 034, 077 7, 690, 025 Philadelphia -_-__-.=--...-=- 111, 578 8, 680 2, 445, 373 237, 540 302, 740 40, 431 BRP LOPRICOM sens oo eo oe 9, 813 578 3, 060 384 6, 106 839 | COS ee ee 2, 589, 040 211, 848 5, 969, 268 551, 269 489, 242 82, 563 MOBI Gisyn ot es See ae Se 5 4, 252 350 9, 971 672 7, 262 1, 623 BLVOStOMM SS 2 24-2 Sk eS 3, 211 159 30, 096 3, 467 16, 457, 201 2, 124, 530 lt ee ee 7, 635 851 7, 055 686 6, 505 658 mveweOrnleans._--2>--_---—-=- 1, 125, 031 109, 238 8, 003, 488 967, 410 1, 720, 839 223, 676 ne a er 4, 867 428 8, 244 1, 233 5, 411 1, 325 GAZ Oia ee SL 134, 358 10, 263 170, 372 15, 005 97, 046 12, 228 LOG ee CCS Sa ee 37, 922 38, 496 95, 077 (X(60.|-a.<.- se: Se BP ASOL 52 see ees — oS 117, 715 8, 876 196, 331 15, 878 105, 630 12, 547 MAAC ONO seeenee = eee wa eet Rk (Eo Ae on eee ee 401, 640 47, 445 Loto ee eee 252, 826 16, 637 367, 324 De LOO MeL = - 2a A= | AL PSLGT ae = el a ese 87, 371 6, 319 3, 094, 290 267, 489 5, 396, 783 691, 897 la Tene ee Be Se 78 15 137, 328 13, 959 56, 044 8, 195 STEP Ones see one ee eo 657, 121 60, 257 303, 888 BOVLOD [eat woke enna eee San Francisco___________ ___-| 53,221,608 | 5,845,811 | 32,390,693 | 3,910,592 | 18,278,622| 3, 153, 508 Southern California__-_____- 33, 455 2, 463 35, 133 3, 758 30, 009 , O27 Wyrashinvtones* wee e2 52 fe 60, 520,904 | 5,461,097 | 30,549,747 | 3, 034 487 | 13,783,070 | 1,874,726 TEES (ee eS eee ere 850 107 5, 437 722 250 25 LOU TRO ae he ee ae eel (ei te ae Serene 66, 825 5, 906 2, 630 437 aE and stipeniOrs sf ee as oe eS 171 39 15 1 LN @IRITEN Tse Eee ae 1, 949, 086 207, 808 3, 354, 350 427, 810 1, 814, 899 284, 746 Montana and Idaho____-__-_- 3, 389, 969 283, 727 987, 925 166, 323 1, 248 222 Bieelironce sees to ener te | ee 100 28 61, 990 5, 901 WSR re eo eee See 12, 000 1, 124 63, 530 8, 957 18 2 AND ae eee aes 152, 943, 962 | 15, 032, 497 | 117, 962, 807 | 12, 963,425 | 110, 060, 480 | 16, 570, 834 In 1918 was inaugurated the practice of publishing customs figures, for calendar years instead of, as previously, for the fiscal year ending June 30. The following tables show the exports of canned salmon by customs districts for the calendar years 1918 to 1927: Exports, by customs districts, of canned salmon, calendar years 1918 to 1927, inclusive Customs district from which ae ed el exported Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value ORO 2 a ae 99 2 We sea LB eee Ee | a es eee eee Maine and New Hampshire-- 96 24 130, 994 $27, 831 87, 519 $27, 223 LOE EtG 1, 705, 877 220, 669 2, 385, 585 411, 895 448, 229 93, 029 Wirassachwsettse:.5.-..=-..55= 517, 456 84, 118 331, 296 58, 267 326, 609 85, 724 Lar Viki Se 46, 490, 264 7, 500, 562 | 85, 463, 019 | 13,977, 432 | 15, 538, 924 2, 932, 488 eimnaGelphin= - 22.2 52 305, 414 42, 261 2, 593, 197 322, 858 602, 458 156, 533 LO ty ities Sa: aa aa ee 1,711 394 Z 458 1, 262 35, 983 5, 032 Wilaisth\c 2a. eee 303, 650 44, 586 1, 203, 496 211, 701 465; 425 104, 940 PD ee 2 Te ee a es a eee a oa 171, 653 20, 673 9, 745 1, 726 Ml vestonen ste 2k ee 15, 169, 801 1, 942, 094 11, 156, 255 1, 357, 799 3, 935 1, 324 MPO TGs sa She Le PE 3, 567, 735 482, 945 1, 654, 115 219, 879 207, 480 36, 165 New Orleans” 2.52 $e 542, 161 80, 586 10, 060, 979 1, 613, 503 2, 905, 887 347, 346 (S:2| Oat ee OED Eee eee 3, 033 833 16, 439 3, 354 37, 343 8, 025 i 30, 063 4,319 118, 946 17, 726 115, 728 14, 763 21, 290 2, 891 320, 836 41, 491 456, 784 45, 534 46, 914 7, 373 855, 588 116, 612 1, 040, 304 104, 151 72 12 1, 594, 476 188, 038 624 95 48, 428 7, 052 49, 232 7, 718 11, 812 2, 732 ERTIES ee eee fo Cee se a 244, 600 56, 680 770, 092 148, 713 BaMETATICISCO!)-220 88 aS 4, 490, 375 749, 095 19, 596, 548 4, 359, 336 | 15, 626, 294 3, 671, 489 Southern California__________ 34, 045 5, 159 125, 793 D1 SiGe | ae ee hs | ee eSHIN TON. sh so ok 16, 422, 108 1, 764, 105 27, 911, 740 4, 930, 335 | 24, 818, 862 4, 118, 562 HS THA ese eee be 1 75 863, 795 140, 568 1, 748 375 1D (0) es Se eel ee 2, 541 437 90, 206 19, 841 524 176 Melwtihance Sperone: Messen ee ee |E Ss 22 ae 13, 460 PI Ge WS = Re eB eee MS CHIpAT a ee Fs ea 1, 345, 300 200, 873 1, 057, 458 199, 096 466, 041 76, 374 RAGHU LATN ATIC Gane eee ee een =o 1, 527, 576 281, 707 753, 010 184, 596 Bie uawrence:. 2-8 52, 800 8, 819 163, 063 26, 108 696 168 TELL CTT Gee ee re EP PES Sh | AZ RB OR ere IAA ee Se eet Se So 8s STU De es i ee Ee Ere ee ee 53, 108 11, 417 Los Angeles 47, 199 8, 033 PROUD Sea SS 91, 101, 734 | 18, 149, 307 | 169, 750, 672 | 28, 644, 706 | 64, 832, 363 12, 186, 733 614 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Exports, by customs districts, of canned salmon, calendar years 1918 to 1927, inclusive—Continued 1921 1922 1923 Customs district from which exported Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value South Carolina Virginia $3, 030 Maineand New Hampshire___ 294 47 11 P82 $7 Massachusetts 9, 148 13, 660 1, 660 Maryland: <)> oe 8, 810 ||--52.22 22 =| ee News ork 3 aid se) See 699,810 | 4, 271, 731 505, 127 Philadelphia =c- 242.2 Eas 10; 916: 22-23. Bullalg:=: ss eee 12, 541 70, 636 9, 107 PortosRic0=— 32 2 ee 1, 922 19, 278 2, 283 Hloridg= eee 1, 758 11, 081 1, 871 Galveston: is:22 ee 906: '|--.--¢ = Se New Orleans:_-) Shes 102, 464 | 1, 380, 298 115, 598 Mobile ee 2, 809 22, 380 2, 518 Sabine =” = eee een 798 2, 980 378 Arvizondg -< 5) ee eee 2, 822 48, 782 4, 851 Bl Paso.2_ ee See 27, 583 145, 043 13, 434 San Antonios 25 ese ne eee 16, 427 148, 161 11, 868 ALES fo EE OS Se eS 35, 674 281, 014 33, 294 San Francisco) 23502) ee 14, 374, 795 2, 639, 684 | 10, 145, 853 1, 619, 688 | 16, 556, 708 2, 834, 286 ban Diero: 2222s 5ae See 51, 652 6, 811 24, 810 8, 801325. eee | eee Gos Angeles: 2s «22 Ne 44, 391 4, 864 10, 438 992 69, 387 5, 465 ia wali oe ey See 363 172 2, 408 525 320 48 Washinton | Se 61 | 31,700 Iceland, and Faroe Is- Sins he ee eae PAY (8 ee ee ee, Bt Netherlands. === 5.2.2 617 | 5,003 393 ING th 2 435840) | 1640522 -- 22 isi jst he Soy te ae ee Se iN G}9) oe 2S Sa es ee erekela (2) 0 | Sees Ee ee a 2,430 | 1,800 50 United Kingdom: Eng- ici eee SO ee 251, 730 |118,916 | 66,431 PISS aan ITOMOn = ses e soe occs|| =p Oot aoosenk NORTH AMERICA is\iimeo bo hee eg) 25 111 177 British Hondpras. 22-258 2\ 2522 30 80 CCRT EY FN a Se ee 421,498 {191,710 | 321, 276 Newfoundland and Lab- TCO ee eee a ee eee 1b fl Eee es (COREY 6 ee ee ee eee 32 37 Gantonialas ee 4. 2s 96 20F ease ssan DN GHTAS 2 tes Peas 5 8 8 ISIC es ee eel 21 43 20 Linnie eS ae 646 246 682 Balvadors: 6 eee a= ee 26 222 13 WIGxICO% eee a SS 13, 884 | 3, 268 1,612 British West Indies: Barbados! 229) 2" 2 4000/22 2228) 52553. UAIMAICAY ee ees 108 102 416 Trinidad and Tobago- - 16a|S32== 2 58 Other British West TESCO H Se ben RE el am 15 92 378 Cin ee re 1, 643 2, 266 510 Dominican Republic____- 525 833 586 Dutch West Indies_______ 110 273 72 French West Indies______ 200, |2s2ee st 125 1g RS a eee ae 38 145 117 Virgin Islands of United __ SURG SE a og ES 241 552 304 British Columbia and Kon ees ees oe PAS Re eee ee ae SOUTH AMERICA LAPEGTORNT oF 3 BOY OS 2 ee es ee 585 LES Se ee 2 BR (ee pe LEED les CPi el aie 2, 194 TOSHE Sees CHG ae Oe eee 190) |feo=eee seer Country receiving 1919 1920 1921 SOUTH AMERICA—Ccont. Colonibia= eee $182 | $1, 826 $297 Heuador” 2-2-2 ee ee 11s) Ae ae Duteh Guiana. —--- 2-222 238 JN ae eat 2 Bricish) Guiana ee ae 2 ees FrencoiGuiana. 2 oe 135 78 14 Pontiac Sak Sane Ser et V1) Peet el eee Dates Menez Halas a= 2 esa 49 S00 Se cee ASIA Cae ee a eS 286 53 26 @hosenaet saat see See 11 |. Jee Brilisnwindigne ster SS salle ee 645 British Straits Settle- MEU LSS ee eee 29 365 201 Other British East Indies_ Sh koe Se ae Dutch East Indies______- 749 | 1,785 310 French East Indies______ Le | et | lee ae lon geikon geese enn | Seaee 6 ih eee oe Japan =e oe 620413, 888. je Russianiny ASia= — oe. (iy (el eee ie 32 TAG hs eee Se ce ot Ja aie fal oe a el [er al OCEANIA PAUSED AL Aen eee ee 4,840 | 5,666 249 INewsZealands > eee see 2s $45) |-2 oe Other British Oceania____|--______ ib jy ee French Oceania___-_-_----_- 134 159 80 German Oceania___-_-_-_-_-_- 36) sane 2 oe see Philippine Islands__-_-___- 1, 513 979 3, 245 Other ceaniae 4220 |e ee 76 AFRICA BelgianyOong0seses sss 4 |aee foes | Sa el ee British West Africa___.__ 381 75 67 British South Africa Egypt-___- Bese French Africa May fs S ee eee Se 842, 464 |359, 364 | 443, 277 RECAPITULATION MUnropesse ces 2a ES 381, 602 |143, 621 | 110,878 North America________-_- 443, 152 |199, 965 | 326,471 South America__________- 3,000 | 2,619 896 IAISIO See on ee 7, 356 6, 105 1, 214 Oceanitas: eee a 6,523 | 6, 961 3, 650 Bi NY ig (i i ath Bt 831 93 168 618 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Exports, by countries receiving, of domestic fresh and cured salmon—Continued 1922 Country receiving © Belgium +. = <6 2. 3 a5 S2 Bae es | es ce | Se Denmark. eel ee eee eee 123, 969 $53, 324 Mrance +: 2a~ as 20 esa ee ee eek Ae he ee eee 16, 265 2, 160 Germany-.. 22. 2-5 2s. ae eee eee 305, 883 42, 865 Netherlands 22, 538 4, 963 INODWaYoo eee ee 204, 020 49, 697 Sweden. 222035. 0b. ce eae we 8 | eee United Kingdom: England) 223 5 2 eae ee ee eee 484, 826 90, 721 Scotland) 22224256 WoW eee ncacacennsacane 12, 000 2, 160 NORTH AMERICA Quebec‘and Ontario= 222 =. ee eee 96, 681 15, 883 Bermuda 5. keene ee ee ee. ee ee 2, 177 357 ‘British. Hondurast eke pies se! oe a ee |e | ee Canada: \PrairigghrOvincesees= 2 coer ae a ee eee 3, 351 1, 049 Canada; Maritime Provincesss---- esos ae oe eee ee 1, 350 240 Costa Rica — S222 Fe eee Re ee ee 1, 380 122 Honduras: == 555 eas a ee ee ee 50 7 INicarstua= 2s = 2 eee ei ha 3 eee tc Se ee 70 22 PhONa Ie meee on es | pee AS see ee aS 9, 903 1, 016 Salvador? ee ee as ae ee 25 13 MEXICO secon EE ERR ie ee eee ae ee ee 14, 518 2, 094 VSMaCH ae ow ster ein, See BS Oe 440 81 Trinidad ands TObaAgOL=. 0 ec ast otesease = ee 1, 065 75 Other British’ West! Indies=-2--2s-5-->---—— ee 808 103 Cuba =o a. a eS ee See ES 2 16, 557 1, 599 Dominican Republic] = 2 eee 12, 700 997 (Dntenswestilndidsis 2) S25 eee oe ae 1, 043 117 EL ALES So SSeS Seek - be see ee re ae ee ce ae ee ee ee Virgin Islands of United States__----------- St see 2,170 139 British Columbiaiand Yiwkon eas) --sseeeaastee nese es 4, 540, 905 280, 727 Argentina. so ee a es eee es Brazil<+ f28 8 ba BS a Pee ee ies lk Obie ss 2h: 2 ee a ee SS he eee A Colombis 2.2 es ee WL CHG ian a = eee ee eee British Guiana French Guiana WONEZIGlA Aah 5 bet ok ie ea eee ee eee CIA. eo oe ee eas Se EE eee Java and Madura ipritish India: 2222 =. Sees et oh Se a ee ee ee ee |e ee iBone Wong. 22 or ae ee eee eee 12, 150 785 Japan. 3 esas) es oe ee eee ee 11, 263 1, 114 Palestineiand Syria. oo = oe Se ee ee ee 960 115 Russia in Asia 2osoos set. ase eee eee 100 13 OCEANIA Avistralia. = <5 2252s ee eee ete enn eee 9, 915 2,917 New Zealand 23224 35-425) eee 100 13 ErenchO ceania. 2 ts i es ee ee 84 32 Philippine Islands) 2232 2 eee 19, 492 3, 247 AFRICA British South Africa soos o-4--eseenesenees wocaneonenes 50 20 Total os o-oo are Re a eee 5, 958, 007 564, 563 RECAPITULATION bee HBurope: 225-3255 22 5 ee ee 1, 169, 501 245, 890 North America: >). 2 2 ee eee 4, 705, 193 304, 641 South America:-. >) 3 Se eee eee 24, 625 4,975 ASIA... Js 25 A) ee eae eee 29, 047 2, 828 Oceania... 2.22. 2 ee eee eee 29, 591 6, 209 Africa 32 birek So rb ge ee Ie ae es eas ae 50 20 1923 Pounds Value 1, 595 $418 63, 138 19, 359 29, 000 5, 7 56, 255 5, 745 110, 185 24, 106 183, 825 43, 698 34, 991 7, 333 1, 539, 671 240, 177 34, 058 8, 031 551 128 296 36 3, 042 950 38, 984 2, 535 200 34 440 67 4, 774 600 49 19 12, 022 2,117 1, 162 231 138 50 506 76 53, 503 8, 016 4, 228 424 1, 401 164 200 60 1, 730 179 2, 728, 357 290, 346 1, 650 5, 296, 295 2, 018, 660 2, 885, 641 41, 651 329, 240 19, 453 1, 650 346, 536 314, 063 2,940 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 619 Exports, by countries receiving, of domestic fresh and cured salmon—Continued 1924 1925 Country receiving Pounds Value Pounds Value EUROPE JA 2 oe ee ae eee eee 1, 100 SLOGH Eo 8s -=<--|4. sakes Se. Sas I eee ee tie a a ee aon neem Sa 1, 650 429 42, 970 $7,077 RETIN AN Kee tins = sae Sn a oe ee ee 115, 890 31, 039 124, 575 39, 410 Dn): Se ee ee ee eee 202, 700 44, 668 200, 200 43, 985 (SOT R st Se eel es Se eae ae 1, 122, 095 236, 828 1, 616, 515 286, 163 GARD SYG Dt, 2 ne ee ge ES 55, 780 6, 594 17, 590 1,475 MEO GANGS es ana Son Se ee See eee a 252, 039 48, 515 170, 425 34, 518 ISG ie ee ee eee eee ame ae 123, 950 27, 600 167, 865 48, 065 DME. 2 ee ee ee eS Se eee 5, 069 912 ||. .05-2sseealSsse eee SSNSTASVO LEY 0 les Se | Ss Sa ee et en ee 103, 800 11, 560 18, 050 2, 102 United Kingdom: England = 22 .2---2.-2-.--.-2022--1__- 1, 230, 082 230,586 | 1,324, 722 194, 387 Cpcediec. Lo eRe eee SRE ai a decane we 2, 009, 074 233,013 | 1, 944, 288 150, 684 70 15 62 TORIC OMe ee ee 2 Fed EE aS a ook oak eee Newfoundland and Labrador ONTY CE he OS ee ee Dominican Republic_------- = IDEN WES NGI G SS. a =e ese Se ee BEA ee 1, 542 123 Philippine Islands PP Here@ Connigment=s etre Saves, ot Sas hae i Ge at ee a eee 485 107 AFRICA PEILIS Te Wy OSUPAUTAC i sare ope regen se Le Poe 3, 500 260 Re eee ee. SEEPS ES eee 2 ETE TAy USD Sins in ee ed ER SN ee Sie A Ree Oy | Pe ee | 1, 786 301 LUD Soe Se See ee SE Ce Sea ee. See ee 5, 463, 301 896, 684 | 5, 859, 089 834, 997 RECAPITULATION TOSEROp OES is Ee ae i ee ere 3, 214, 155 638, 887 | 3, 682, 822 657, 182 2, 065, 393 240, 118 2, 108, 453 164, 062 24, 020 5, 559 16, 877 3, 480 15, 535 2, 109 29, 396 6, 868 140, 698 9, 751 19, 755 3, 104 3, 500 260 1, 786 301 620 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Exports, by countries receiving, of domestic fresh and cured salmon—Continued 1926 Country receiving - Pounds Value EUROPE Belgium. 322-22 eee ee 122,600 | $20, 787 Weanmark. -s ee see ae 54, 275 17, 100 Wranice:: 2520-22 * oo eee 74, 350 14, 170 Germany... 2..022222+- 2. ee 1, 733, 162 | 361, 686 LORNA DS Ses Seas: 4, 000 720 INethberlands-322=-°_._- es 448, 594 | 105, 125 INOrWay --..-225 2225-22. - 25 60, 862 14, 247 Sweden. .2=2+254-+225-—- eee 60, 285 10, 974 United Kingdom-.-.--.------- 1, 560, 879 | 279, 394 Canadae. 3-2 ea eee 856, 455 90, 712 British Honduras____--------- 2 Hondiras': 2.44522 790 Panama 20 ee 6, 060 937 Mexico === #*2.2-5--5- =e 81, 657 5, 855 Newfoundland and Labrador-_ 160 29 Bermuds-.. == --2=2=5,4-5se-- 2, 812 603 Barbados. =. -222-95---2--254=- 380 83 Jamnaicge 22 See ae hes 312 115 Trinidad and Tobago____----- 70 17 Other British West Indies-_--_- 338 84 Guba: 22-5 -seneese 2 =. ee 3 2, 725 565 Dominican Republic- -------- 2, 835 369 French West Indies - --------- 2, 498 505 Virgin Islands of United Bintes: o> sees. re 532 46 1926 Country receiving Pounds | Value SOUTH AMERICA 1927 Country receiving Pounds Value EUROPE Belgium: 222255 322-c2252-22=2 160, 200 | $33, 280 PY Griisr ics: = eee fees be See ee 37, 198 9, 957 Mrance se eoee ee 5 252-2SeeF 10, 000 1, 500 Germany-- 3 santo - ans ceeese 1, 799, 341 | 384, 526 PPanipany= 2 seen = oo eee 38, 775 8, 063 Netherlands. = 223-2-25- == 255 435, 201 99, 184 INGEWAY 322 sceeace--2-222=52 71, 975 20, 736 Sweden... pss ce = 2 222) 855 37, 567 United Kingdom _-._.-. 222-8: 1, 567, 980 256, 935 @anads. == 5.6<-sceneca5=5-— =e 945, 017 104, 849 Costa Rica: = —---=-=-=-=2-2S22 7, 400 928 @Gnatemals .! 22-2222: 2 2253 10 2 Nicaragua... 22 4-5=- 225422525 4, 070 378 Panama oe oc: sae en oe ee 7, 500 817 Salvador 3-— eeee 120 24 Mexico 2222 areeee eat ce eee 4, 415 773 Bermuda: oe 1, 765 446 Barbados... 8222-8 =- oe 550 149 Jamaica - 2 .Ls2 see tases 315 102 Other British West Indies 287 42 bas. 2. 2S ee es 6, 470 1, 347 Dominican Republic__-_ 5, 736 666 Netherland West Indies_- 3, 466 805 Haiti, Republic of 1, 170 181 Virgin Islands of United Nisies .-- 2 cee 1, 196 163 Arpontiinees =: = a=Seee oneness 5, 290 $1, 788 ©olombin =: + 2 2225S 2, 700 251 Wrench iGulana 25-2 23222522 624 78 Portis saat ek shina ene 100 18 Venezielas.2 2-65 ee 1, 245 180 ASIA Ching ..23. 25 e252 ee 2, 339 397 Hong Kong ae 1, 000 175 Japan: = sstaeo2 ses = ease 1, 160 155 Malayars 225550 2 eee 11, 160 2, 730 OCEANIA Australia 525 Se ee ns es has ee en eee ee ae See 400 80 Sweden 873, 400 210, 466 290, 000 82, 215 United Kingdom: England 658, 400 193, 263 504, 200 187, 521 Canada 24, 000 Qrold 73, 600 11, 767 Costa Rica 2, 800 295 2, 400 219 Guatemala 600 41 1, 200 110 Honduras---- 200 22 800 149 Panama_- 7, 400 1, 134 9, 400 1, 044 Mexico 1, 800 188 1, 200 185 INewioundland ‘and abrador= =<. 252 = | hoe eee 1, 000 52 Barbados 18, 000 2, 722 31, 200 4, 405 Jamaica 5, 000 589 15, 400 1, 370 ‘Prinidad and" Vobaro- =. 290s 3 =. Ae ee 14, 200 2, 308 13, 000 1, 810 Other British: Westiindies==—_-<. == eee 200 20 7, 200 924 Guba => fae a eae eee 16, 800 1, 967 9, 000 771 Pominican "Republics - kes ws ee eee 18, 600 2, 390 4, 000 334 Dutch? Westiuidies: => =. = ee ee 9, 000 1, 265 8, 200 798 Rrench West Indies! _ +2225: 3 = sec See SE | a eae eae 4, 600 586 18 42h {nee Ee eee a > See ee es 6, 400 826 8, 200 627 Virgin Islands of United Statese__.___.-------:_--=---.. 10, 200 1,177 14, 200 1, 486 SOUTH AMERICA Colom Did =< ose ee ee ree es 3 | Sew seen eee eee 3, 200 389 British Guiana 3, 400 390 WMptch Guianisee 2 yee Perse ee ee eee 000 2, 200 238 WrenchinG tisiria = wo oe ies or eee eh oe eee rroe 2, 000 173 | 222 23e nee Baeeee ee ee Wenertelas- te. a. = oe ee Se ee ee 200 36).| 22 -nanoteelboeeee eee ASIA hinges 5) aces ee oo LE ee ee ee ee 5, 400 432 200 15 Hong: Kong 2 fo... io oe ee oe 400 86 | cnscscscleccs|eaneeeeeeee FADAN 8.3)! .5. Ses Oe . . eee oe ey ee ee ee 1, 000 185 1, 000 91 Turkey in vASia~\..=.~ <2. =b- 3. 25.22- 395525 - ee oe ee | eee 1, 200 250 OCEANIA Avistralig-| 32: 225. 5. Bo ee ee ao ee eee 63, 200 7, 602 140, 600 16, 362 New. Zealand 23320) 2 he oo ee ee ees 12, 400 1, 308 1, 600 232 Other British/Oceania....- = -<- 2-222 -2 == 2 600 60). 2.3 See pe eee Hrench: Oceaniag. 22225-2322 5-6 ee ee 5, 200 650 2, 800 295 Other: Oceania- = 23-5 pee ee a eee 2, 400 254 3, 000 283 Philippine Islands. 22-4 52s == ea a ae eee ee ee oe 1, 000 38 AFRICA British West Africa 2, 000 British East Africa 3, 000 Wrench (Africa; 1-2. See. =. oes Ses ee eee 600 Total. 2 ee eee __.-| 5,727,200 | 1,402,681 | 5, 884, 400 1, 398, 993 RECAPITULATION i WOQOD@ onst o3e Sonate ee eee 5, 472,600 | 1,371,161 | 5,519, 600 1, 353, 773 Worth. Americas. 222222 haw ss 2 ee ee 135, 200 17, 261- 204, 600 26, 637 South: America -.-2 02235 ee ee ee 23, 200 2, 908 8, 800 1, 017 Asi9.2:. 22520 asa ee ee eee 6, 800 652 2, 400 356 Oceania... 2... 222.5 SO ee eee 83, 800 9, 874 149, 000 17, 210 Africa... 3 2-8 ie a ae eee 5, 600 825. |\- J. as 22 sno |Beeaeeeeeee PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 623 Exports, by countries receiving, of domestic pickled salmon, calendar years 1918 to 1927—Continued —— = == 1922 1923 Country receiving — 3 Pounds Value Pounds Value EUROPE Rta iG eee i See 2S A eso ne |so= 2 24ocs 22s) sesso 200 $16 “prea? Soe I Le ee 654, 600 $193, 063 436, 400 153, 360 BIR DEOANY Se eersene a. 2) osreb eb eas ee oe 1, 399, 000 293, 967 481, 400 116, 569 ReeEiiGn i anidsmenmues ot 20s SMe WE 2. OS ERS bn oe 54, 400 13, 559 264, 200 53, 519 OU OR oo 3 ee 383, 000 113, 212 470, 600 131, 039 SCG a ee ee ae ee ee 234, 600 65, 024 260, 600 71, 449 minitedumimedom: Hnpland*. = 1s. =£-2 2-22. 2 2-2-8 - 569, 600 154, 647 363, 600 103, 140 NORTH AMERICA » SYLTETa 0 A EAS 2) 5 ee 2 Sn ee 600 AD) eet = 8c hn os ee ee Brtiso Columbia.and Yukon 2. =. Sus... 22k: 178, 400 17, 039 271, 600 67, 806 Wanada, Maritime Provinces.-..-=-..=.-=---=====-<=<=-- 200 15 400 40 Mere bec ands Omarion... seth. 2 2h Se Eee 600 65 2, 800 584 Manada, Prairie Provinces: = -- --.-=--o4.f.... -222-22.2 52, 000 6, 258 400 21 OSI RGD = Se ee 2, 800 198 2, 800 256 SIS LOTM AA een oo ee es See 2a kao 800 66) 22s <= 235 4 ee ee Pelagia see a Se Sh 4S Se bee ee 200 21 200 19 LECT A ee Re ee TS ee eee, ene eS eee 6, 800 650 3, 800 421 DURA TO DE ES SSS Se Re St” Eee ees 2, 200 277 200 9 British West Indies: Barbados tere iane CAR oR. ts eo 8, 600 OS Y fal eps seseensed| (tat As eis SANTI Cl eee n> tem eee Ra Me a ee ede seek tee 1, 000 84 Mrinidadeand el 0 DAgOeee -2 = = =) eee 10, 000 Gi5n| Seas ne SSS ee eee phen vB niuisiie = 3) te nee os Ds Oe 2 ee ee ln ae see [noo BEES 200 18 ROT eo ee eee ee ee hee oes eee ab sae 1, 800 168 1, 400 135 AD OMIM ICATIBREDUD HC! 240 oo Sue he ea ees os Co 1, 400 123 1, 800 17 MuichnyVestundies! = ss sed os Be 9 3, 000 281 3, 200 292 ren CheVeSbELAGles: =e. en eh eh eae, 5S. SEs 800 67s | Sasa 8 29 allen EV chee TRENT = 2 Se 2 i a Se a rs ey ee 9, 200 727 7, 600 652 wareisiands Of United States) soa) oe a Pees 38, 400 273 1, 600 144 SOUTH AMERICA ATED VED oe ca eg ee OE SRI ec Sree es eee (ere ae 200 33 Wolombigsseeeeet se | . Tew he ES 200 1 2E | Ree Ses | eer ete British Guiana 800 60 200 28 wtch’ Guiianneese so 5 2 ea a ee 1, 000 80 1, 200 108 pinena chy GG Uhiearneae pee on ate er IN ek BB Ag nS cf Sed eh ee 200 27 ETICZ Gla | SANG. eet Se ae oe, eek ae a ree, 3, 000 288 200 24 RELISH EVV ESL AUTICA Sotret t= tae er ee Se 400 Liberia _ 200 Total 3, 853, 800 TOTO SS ei eee ee ec a 3, 295, 200 North America _ __ 282, 800 South America 5, 000 ASE. ce tecese aioe a ae A eh ie a ae a 400 Oceania 269, 800 A UNGE Soe ce ls es ae VET yk ett rl 600 400 19 2, 913, 400 731, 436 2, 277, 000 629, 092 299, 000 70, 651 2, 000 220 124, 600 10, 532 210, 400 20, 922 - 400 19 624 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Exports, by countries receiving, of domestic pickled salmon, calendar years 1918 to 1927—Continued 1924 1925 Country receiving Pounds Value Pounds Value EUROPE Denmark ss sno 2. ses scet eee eee 625, 400 $188, 126 554, 200 $162, 268 | pC, i ee ee ee ee SS ie oS ee ee eee 30, 000 7, Germany... 2.6... ee Se eee 2, 395, 800 571, 298 | 2, 853, 000 763, 221 TOOCO... 5 J a55 228502 b 8 So ee eee 2, 400 690,|_- =.=. - 22 |s eee Netherlands 525~ -<<.==—+ 26. 22 ee eee 235, 600 64, 091 234, 600 63, 253 INOLWSY.--26. 2222 -2-) et Bee eee 360, 200 112, 596 321, 200 97, 859 Sweden..." 2.5. :3< 20: See ee eee 402, 200 99, 562 509, 800 143, 837 United Kingdem=Englands=9e5-2 Sees baa esas 331, 600 97, 761 153, 600 43, 373 NORTH AMERICA British Honduras!- 2 see ae ree Eee kkk sess eee eee 200 18 Oanads. - .222- 2 a ee on sa an sae sakcca eee 723, 800 122, 775 28, 000 4, 438 Costa Rica 3 a ea See eee 200 25 600 76 Guatemala $2)2 2) See ee oe ae 2 eee 200 24 400 52 Monduras asc 223s es 2 bee ess ee Gos se tte ese toee ses 200 BB) |. bat Soe eee INicaraguia. 382 era ee | oo Sean oo ke | ee Se ee 200 24 Panama...) 3 sApees a2 WE ee 2 cP Scene 31, 000 7, 530 2, 800 448 Mexico: 2. | 2 Ae ee ae es eee 1, 000 77 600 45 Miquelon and ists) Pierrejisiands, =. 252) 22-22 Pe eee oe ee | Pe 200 19 Bermuda- 2) 53-2222 a eee 3 aes ee Se ee eS eee 200 50 Other’ British West Indiesa= == =. —- sa 2-528 400 36 400 48 ‘rinidad and Copago = = ere <-- 2-5 -sae Se 200 27, |_.-<- 2-286 | OD ee CO ee Se eee ee ee 27, 600 2, 739 2, 600 357 Dominican Republic: = 224-2 eet ose see sean 59 400 52 Dutch West Mndiessss.- Seek Soo ea ee eee 3, 400 311 3, 600 457 Mrench. West indies: 2 222222. 2 eos ae eee 600 58 400 58 18 EAT ee Sa Cen i ee Ss eis Se eg Se Bie ese 3, 800 450 400 43 Virgin islandsiofUmited States. 25-225 sa eee 2, 200 195 1, 400 178 SOUTH AMERICA British Guiane= 42-2... -4-5+43-..256 Esk Se seaeeee 200 25) |--5.0 2 ee Dutch Guisnss 2=— ===. -.v-h-- 225s oe EE eee ee 2, 000 200 400 80 French) Guiana] 655222082. 3 2. eee eee 800 84 2, 000 244 Weneztiela: 4.26022. 8 ose tet once sau boeeenecokeoemeesse 200 32) |~.c2caus22o<|Somneeneeeee ASIA VEPAN= 2 = oon onan cos eee naam core na caemsetouatesns |seeanesenen: | ste aaeeeee 200 18 OCEANIA Australia. 525 once tbo seacaneenpecsncencua sess 204, 200 28, 350 64, 000 12, 647 IN@w Zealand 22.2225" oli eso eek cet eee 800 122 400 80 rench OCGGANIR. sa) 2 oo soe een een ee ee cee 7, 800 982 4, 000 569 OtheriOceanine-- oon. = lees en eee eee oe 1, 000 113 3, 800 418 Philippine Islands: =~. . 2-32. os a oe oe oon er ee 200 32 Rotel hoe oss ans ee ores sane ee on ene e a eeeeee 5, 365, 400 | 1,298,371 | 4, 773, 800 1, 302, 057 RECAPITULATION MNYOpO .- = = #8. sc bE ea ee ee 4, 353, 200 | 1,134,124 | 4, 656, 400 1, 281, 611 North ‘Amoeritd: = - = W522 ce es cope ee eae eee 795, 200 134, 339 42, 400 6, 358 Sduth America:..22 5. ...-25...-2220- pee 3, 200 341 2, 400 324 ASI@, = | oo os aon sac nose ae ewes eee =a os see eee ee Se ee eee ee 200 18 Oceania. . ....---2-. 2 oe eee 213, 800 29, 567 72, 400 13, 746 1926 1926 Country receiving Country receiving Pounds | Value Pounds | Value EUROPE SOUTH AMERICA Belgivui. 2-32 2-252 st eee 27,200 | $7, 567 Austriss 321525222202 eee 7, 200 15800" || Dutch’ Girianss 22. ee eee ees 2, 000 320 Donumiatk i f6 255 shes eeaeeees 262,600 | U7 96780 Colom bis. so aee eae eee 200 32 Germany...-2>5=--2>-> 3-2 2 a2=* 1, 852, 200 | 436, 892 A etherlands 222.322. ae 192,400 | 49, 498 ASIA OF Way .- 52523253225 Sees 183, 800 55, 520 Sweden oan 596, 400 | 119, 701 Hong Kong...------------------ 200 20 Jnite ingdom 2-22 123, 35, li Italy. 2 ct ee ee 1, 200 125 ae NORTH AMERICA Mrench ‘Oceania! *22c22--cene- 1, 000 202 Cansda-_ <9) Sie eee 6, 800 1,342") Australia 225-cece ee ee 75,600 | 12, 092 Costa Rica ..322-2. 2 eae? 1, 400 1841) “British ‘Oceanial: 22> £2222 Lae" 2, 000 242 Guatemala 2-55 422. eer ne 200 23 Panaina. 32 2 ee eee 4, 000 684 Totals 3.2205. eee eee 3, 356, 200 | 803, 051 Mexico. 2s Es eee 200 20 Bermuda - 5-3) 5. ie 1, 400 209 RECAPITULATION Other British West Indies______ 200 17 Cuba: 22). ass ee ee 6, 000 678s uro peso 2c 25 3, 246, 400 | 785, 884 Dominican Republic--._--____- 3, 000 285)|\ North ‘Aamerion {one ae eee 28, 800 4, 259 Dutch West Indies-__.......___- 2, 600 383 || South America._-.-=-2-=-----.38 2, 200 352 ELA ee eee ee 600 104: | ONS ia seo so noe eee eee 200 20 Virgin Islands‘of United States_| 2, 400 330) Oceania: >. .2252.2 ee 78, 600 | 12, 536 i i PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 625 Exports, by countries receiving, of domestic pickled salmon, calendar years 1918 to 1927—Continued 1927 1927 Country 1eceiving SS SSS Country receiving Pounds | Value Pounds | Value EUROPE OCEANIA 57,400 | $9, 626 600 60 200 14 4, 400 474 8, 200 2, 888 2, 947, 400 | 787, 371 RECAPITULATION Paminien safes P24 oe fee 200 39) || PROrOpeesce ss wee 2, 841, 200 | 769, 546 Other British West Indies-_----- 1, 200 1255) | PNOLEneAmMenicd=s- === sa anes a 34, 400 4, 361 BOER) Seas ee rs Pee 600 85 || ‘South America:_.---.--------- 1, 000 402 Dominican Republic__--_------ 1, 400 187m) | eO COA IAM oe et Se 62,600 | 10,174 Netherland West Indies_-__-_--- 12, 800 1 405% RAITICa se ene Ss 5 is. Fe 8, 200 2, 888 French West Indies__--_-------- 600 65 Virgin Islands of United States_ 3, 200 264 SOUTH AMERICA eerventind= se se3 ose 28-2 oe 800 386 Manerilels see a= — a aa ees 200 16 The following table gives a summary, by customs districts, of the exports of domestic fresh and cured salmon from 1900 to 1915, in- clusive, and a detailed statement of the same for the years 1916 to 1927, inclusive. The greater part of the shipments pass through the New York City customs district. Exports, by customs districts, of domestic pickled, fresh, etc., salmon SUMMARY, FISCAL YEARS 1900 TO 1915! Customs district from which exported 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 PATA ORES == 2 ee $346, 924 |$330, 890 |$503, 439 |$767, 397 |$1, 103, 034 |$1, 757, 832 |$1, 781, 476 THRO LES 2 eens st el one ake | 5 143 30 124 159 14 Mexican border ports________----- 1, 192 | 535 1, 857 1, 227 1, 160 997 788 AC HICMDOL GS see 185, 644 | 92,698 | 188, 177 99, 018 56, 167 66, 772 139, 606 Northern border and Lake ports__| 1, 516 | 2, 610 819 1, 680 3, 004 6, 895 5, 580 | Customs district from which exported 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 Pei lantic pOnis-< =—- = +222 =242s-5- $1, 797, 411 | $1, 590, 778 | $1, 230, 542 | $1, 479, 656 | $1, 514, 599 | $1, 586, 319 Barbee pOLrts aot se = Sess ae 276 7, 221 4 7 5 DAD SRLS, SOE Mexican border ports --_-------- 424 167 25 202 18 202 RACING POLLS = meet oot 73, 927 44, 313 50, 834 50, 521 46, 167 33, 190 Northern border and Lake BONUS =e eee ee te ee I tS 6, 705 5, 560 7,110 2, 187 10, 813 10, 440 Customs district Customs district from which ex- 1913 1914 1915 from which ex- 1913 1914 1915 ported ported New York------- $2, 060, 068 |$2, 067, 366 |$1, 377, 840 || San Francisco__--| $26, 030 $29, 880 $28, 777 AMHSKA.....-- 20, 995 16, 932 6, 630 || All other districts_ 8, 119 21, 418 9, 592 Puget Sound__-_-__ 7, 354 59, 713 2, 020 1 A more detailed statement for 1900 to 1912 may be found in Pacific Salmon Fisheries, by John N. Cobb, Appendix III, Report U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1916, pp. 202-203. Washington, 1917. 626 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Exports, by customs districts, of domestic pickled, fresh, etc., salmon—Continued DETAILS, FISCAL YEARS 1916 TO 1918 Customs district from which exported 1916 1917 Maine and New Hamp- Shire” £2" >" 2225s $16 | $22, 480 Massachusetts - -------- 2,925 | 14, 764 Wewy ork: 323520 ce 732, 782 | 360, 348 Rorto Rico22-- = -224-- 47 635 Mlonids 22 ee ane 600 | eee WMapbile: "222. 4225-2 48 5 New Orleans.----=5---~ 610 166 Sabine. .-==2=-222 Saes* Sl a ser ATIZ0nB ~~ 22.2- seh see 1, 736 374 Bagi Passes 263-225. Ss) asec 454 (IP ASG fo een eee 276 San Antonio sas Seen ae eee oct eee Lared0:-3.-scscen secre 16 100 ot Customs district from ’ 1918 which exported 1916 1917 1918 INE See $5, 203 | $29,348 | $14, 529 SOLA RELAW alle ee eae 16 15 i 32, 002 |] San Francisco-_-------- 33, 648 | 23, 804 6, 907 106, 636 |} Southern California ___- 80 255 191 ve AWG aii aie ae 1, 155 4,779 | 19,825 PALO) |f deqosad GB eae Soe 394 2, 939 6, 450 by | POAKGta = oe ee ee 706 2, 233 1, 942 408 || Duluth and Superior__- 13 42 251 950 || Michigan. _-..__...-__- 8,845 | 12,695 | 11,910 501 || Montana and Idaho____|.---_-_-- 5, 567 49 Saeco cares St. Lawrence___-------- 1, 300 7, 167 1, 258 24° || Wermont= sooo) se eee 565 4, 433 174 1, 123 —_ pees od Total. ...--.-------| 790,198 | 492,879 | 205, 446 Exports, by customs districts, of domestic pickled salmon, 1918 to 1927 1918 1919 1920 Customs district from which exported Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Maine and New Hampshire- -_|------------|------------ 24, 000 $2; 220"| 2 2S ee |e Mascsachnsetiss= <3 ee. a os | see eee (eee eel 400 65'|-.- 2 eee eee New. Of ee ee 131, 400 $23, 346 | 4, 208, 200 919,375 | 5,596,000 | $1, 387, 502 [efit gto ee es Pee eee LDS 8) ae Pees ose 4,8 739 PHTAdel ph igs Ses ask 8 Se Se oes ee | Eee eee 8, 800 3,500 |.. 2222-552 ee| See New Orleanses: 2552 400 39 1, 400 163 600 41 Alask eS raie = ek See ee 8, 000 770 800 100 1, 000 7 San vNTancisc0sese a ee 237, 000 26, 443 159, 400 17, 724 85, 200 10, 534 Southern California -__-------- 600 58 400 36° |...25-5228)|_ See Wesshington>- seas 8 aes 4, 000 458 20, 000 2, 017 38, 400 3, 639 DRE OLA aa eee yen 1, 200 91 25, 000 2, 112 600 81 Duluth and Superior-_-__------- 400 60522222 -35 224) 22 oes | ae ee eee MVICMIRAN = see = eee eae 600 53 800 168 |.-=<- 32 Ses |e MMontans ang ldanos=os5 25 es | oe ee Ee eee 200 34 | 24.525 e Se eee UL A 2) 0 (0 a cee 600 60 1, 800 180 | “S222 eee Ban “Antonio. 202 | Se ee | ae ee a eee 600 68 A Otel = ee ae ane oe 384, 400 51,401 | 4, 451, 200 947,694 | 5,727,200 | 1, 402, 681 1921 1922 1923 Customs district from which exported Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Buflalo.. 2-2 =- Seton ames tesee | Se ae | eee 200 $21 2, 400 $516 Massachusetts $52. | oases |b eo a eeec aloe NOW. MOL K 32 2086. ee es 1, 144, 743 | 2, 185, 400 600, 743 | 1, 635, 000 495, 709 Philadelphia 450 |----=-=-=2+| 52-24-0632 24|b cone ee Maryland=222-=2--2—- 1, 150 2, 000 395 |-2=--e=een| eo eee Porto“Ricos ee ee ee ee eee 1, 200 74 800 66 New Orleans 348 1, 000 87 17, 200 6, 216 Arizona 24. 3 ee eS a, ee ee ee 1, 800 265 |.2 2 Ses | aoe San Antoniog.2. oo ee Fa | Soe oe es ae ene 400 22) noon nee eee ee ee Alasks > 52 tip one Se ee 11, 304 178, 000 16, 978 271, 600 67, 806 San Francisco 57, 959 850, 600 165, 150 498, 600 82, 412 Oregon22228.2=2 a eee 104, 091 371, 400 60, 964 283, 600 52, 198 Weashington at so. 5 eee 78, 460 209, 800 37, 628 203, 000 26, 384 Montana and Idaho 22es. 2 2 | oS eae cs | ee ee ee ee sae eee 200 10 Michigan =~ 2222722 or ee | ee | es bee eee 600 88 Dakotasst Aes ae ee 4, 000 436 52, 000 6, 258 200 ll St. Lawrence...... 3-2. 20 4 ee ees ee 200 200 20 Notals- 3. re 5, 884, 400 | 1,398,993 | 3, 854, 000 888, 599 | 2, 913, 400 731, 436 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES uy ‘ 62 Exports, by customs districts, of domestic pickled salmon, 1918 to 1927—Continued 1924 1925 1926 Customs district from which |__ exported Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value IPRA Ee See Se 5, 600 S1s8085| 52. 2223-4] ee oe ees lee ee ONE) eee ee eee 10, 800 2, 777 10, 600 $1, 969 2, 000 $496 ln? Ved eo ee ee eee 3, 942,000 | 1,033,183 | 3,906,200 | 1,078,093 | 2,389, 400 599, 830 RESHIENCAD NT} een ae ee ene ee ete ee | he eee | ee 11, 000 1, 250 Ban UO ICO me os coe ne oe cee 400 36 400 26 2, 000 253 mews OPIGANS=== =. 2220. =-——.—05 2, 000 258 1, 400 239 3, 200 551 UN TRE) Se = a aE See ee ee Pe eee ee Oe a ee Bees 200 20 PMO Atte eters ot oka sass 711, 000 119, 778 3, 400 482 3, 800 479 BH TATICISCO..- + = 2 o5sees 306, 800 45, 631 318, 800 61, 878 278, 200 54, 560 BEDSPAMPOLOSL nena Se ee ee wal sat aaacea|saseeonn sess 200 16"|22.- 2-8 eee PUD SS eo aera Pe are aR ne Sel (ee es Re ee ee eee 4, 000 379 iG eS a a a re 364, 800 90, 667 488, 600 148, 912 310, 000 93, 317 Buashingetone.s22-5- soe te 19, 800 4, 458 43, 400 10, 278 351, 400 51, 549 LG TOE Se Saya et (ee | (a 53 800 305 LOVELESS See ae ee 200 Ot Ee ee ae [eo sa Soe pe eee i (Re ee ae TUN ANGs SU perl Oles==- = | aoe ee naan 200 GO! Soo eee eee MeEnIMOU Gere e aan a= Soe 400 AQ) See ee 2 eee | ee ee one Buesluawrence.-s.------=-=----= 800 77 400 52 200 62 BANCANUOMION 2222-25 c-n=-- 800 AO | Eee ete ee ee eee ee ee SE Re ea LOCH eee earn 5, 365,400 | 1, 298,371 | 4,773,800 | 1,302,057 | 3,356, 200 803, 051 1927 1927 Customs district from Customs district from which exported ' which exported Pounds Value Pounds Value Buea WIeNCG sss 22-6) s sess 600 S1/50* | Adaskac- Sena: a eee Fo oe 6, 400 $809 TiAl O! sais She ot ees Sa 1, 600 B38 )|/evbichivgans= =e) 222eeeoe 1, 000 297 INGEN 60) de ee Ss See 2, 328, 200 646.046) || Porto Ricoese ss =e ee eee 3, 400 297 Pia VanCISCOnsae=2 22 2 oo 264, 600 64, 184 ———_—_—_|}———— Mregonesr et ket ees 341, 600 85, 250 Total: ss. Ses ake! 2, 947, 400 787, 371 Exports of all other salon, by customs districts, calendar years 1919-1927 1923 Pounds Value oes 3,850] $496 77, 871 9, 428 20, 791 5, 5387 7, 442 1,579 430, 949 88, 271 115 40 eas! 360; —«60 186 24 1, 030 137 SE 7,985 | 1,467 102 56 225 50 pena 3,230| 486 95, 485 15, 328 Customs district 1919 1920 Maine and New Hampshire_-|} $72, 305 $26 MierimOn ters o> Se 2, 831 1, 370 WASSACHMSELtS== 22 222-5. _ 2S 18, 986 80 Bima wrenCOsss =) - ess 2 29, 252 4, 299 Palo Meee es te 5, 964 5, 692 INIOR ON Ot: ee See eee 218, 204 135, 415 Pinladelpiian=-. 2. == 3--_- 4451625" | oe os s—s = ORO Se ee [eee 770 libs =e 4 58 TO Tewp ere Res New Orleans SHPO ee ee ee ee Galveston San Antonio iePaso: 2 TIZ OU Ae wee San Diego BROS PATIO OES Hens heen Se ae ae 906 Banu rAanCiscO eens) ae 41, 046 2, 655 BROL OR re een es oe yt Ys nee oe 1, 000 \\Vslathales (oto 5 a ee 8 13, 861 23, 195 ERIE CV phe Si ar GS cote eit 347, 068 170, 518 Pion Steers bes ties fi Ved) ye bry S 12 Montana and Idaho_________- 12, 283 15 LDU EG) tC Se Soe ee AE ee ee 4, 250 5, 979 Duluth and Superior____---_- ZV ree ae ee DATEL EGY oR ee 13, 591 4, 429 ME Ozanne ees fos ws sre: 123 OEDOME ICO t= oe 2 ==. Se ee 199 230 359, 364 | 1922 1921 Pounds Value Lee ane 198 $41 $152 10, 720 1, 419 he » LASSE 1,114 172 4, 922 32, 705 6, 770 5, 978 28, 377 6, 057 63, 574 433, 716 114, 035 OS) |eae- Scene | semen ene nea 107 |) 644820) ye 528) [ies | ee ee alles ease 35 530 57 288 1, 420 212 bY eee ed Te) ees 834 2, 301 405 19 180 30 170 680 60 105 4, 411 869 aU OE) | es oe ee oe eon 5, 104 41, 640 6, 631 25, 035 592, 861 102, 212 39, 652 282, 117 46, 089 294,155 | 4,515,658 | 277,854 12 20 3 Sees eso 244 33 2, 432 2, 623 877 ae 384 110 399 300 64 55 326 35 443, 277 | 5, 958,007 | 564, 563 640 115 2, 433 844 i agho7s |= * 3, 917 636 62 5, 296, 295 | 688, 288 628 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Exports of all other salmon, by customs districts, calendar years 1919-1927—Con. 1924 1925 1926 1927 Customs district Pounds | Value Pounds | Value Pounds | Value Pounds | Value Maine and New am pshire-- So0 aoe — 4 | oe ee ee ener : 160 $2952.22 ee eee wermont=_ 220-212 ts 1,300 $117 200 $46 1, 000 85 33 $15 Massachusetts_-_-___-__ 2, 385. 394 2, 262 383 [os2s2 2 Ses ee et ee eee ee St. Lawrence___...___- 19, 732 4, 864 22, 603 5, 188 9, 356 2, 860 16, 927 5, 054 Britain 25 62k eee ee oe 6, 590 1, 667 5, 729 1, 654 15, 542 3, 981 4, 074 1, 474 New Yorke 0-222 .-8 1, 551, 778 | 325,025 | 1,196, 681 | 270,852 | 1, 063, 373 | 228, 191 804, 940 | 1438, 582 Philadelphia = 900722 = 1) See Sere 2 8 SO ee seray | Se | 825 50 Miorids_ =...) 2 eee eee 520 81 142 37 70 14 IMopie:253 "ae 600 (+. ee ae cen (Re eS 210 281) 5°52 25 ee eee New Orleans) --_ 2) 4,372 259 162 35 180 36) |. 2 eee San Antonio__________ 12, 417 1, 262 121, 964 7, 513 79, 288 5, 560 1, 820 448 El Paso = 52 eee 552 100 254 62 1G 89 21 Arizona 2. = see ee ees ot eee 285 40)\ eae eee ee 120 12 Los Angeles.) es 99, 735 5,253 2, 851 477 2, 349 284 2, 210 264 San Francisco____-___- 74, 053 9, 513 82, 492 15, 031 206, 550 27, 986 184, 776 39, 644 Oregon: <-> 2=5-S2222ee2 1, 007, 896 | 190, 188 | 1,025, 589 | 181, 935 | 2,164,319 | 454,077 | 1, 463,575 | 334, 569 Washington______-____ 706, 013 | 132,307 | 1,577, 510 | 219, 398 855,119 | 152, 220 | 2, 053, 282 | 361, 394 Maske 82 S52 Caer 1, 968, 996 | 224, 132 | 1, 769,513 | 126,835 | 782,368] 71,511] 889,425] 91,567 Montana and \Tdaho 2 \c2 2 2 | 85 be Sea Paeee ee beer eet atte = Dako. Sees 1, 565 462 475 105 217 69 661 64 Duluth and Superior__ 124 AQ. 2555 ee Se tee | 176 29 Michigan! 25254 222 4, 923 994 48, 206 5, 144 3, 552 801 11, 343 3, 806 Porto Ricos2--- 2 270 47 1, 708 207 532 46 1, 196 163 Toteacessee 5, 463, 301 | 896, 684 | 5, 859, 089 | 834, 997 | 5, 184,277 | 942,812 | 5, 435, 542 | 982, 170 IMPORTS OF FRESH SALMON #! For some years it was the custom of the canneries on Puget Sound, when fish were scarce on the American side and abundant on the Canadian side, to import fresh salmon to fill out the domestic supply and the Canadian canneries would do the same when the conditions were reversed. In 1904 the Canadian Government prohibited the export of fresh sockeye salmon to Puget Sound for packing purposes, and in 1910 an effort was made to have Congress retaliate by enacting a similar law for this side of the line, but the bill failed of passage. The table below shows the yearly imports of fresh salmon from British Columbia: Imports of fresh salmon from British Columbia, Canada, for a series of years 1 Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value Year Pounds | Value bo eee 4, 660 $2419 || 1807222 5-+=. 93, 454 | $2,681 |} 1904_________ 40,610 | $1, 025 1801... 2-2 4, 950 T70) i kG8 ss — = 11, 580 2103)|, 1905=2-5220 25 1,015 35 1892. . Af een S058 Se Ak ee ee ee ee ee 5, 400 1, 200 Spanish Airica® —- 520s ee ee |e eee 5, 300 26, 600 26, 000 St) Pierre'and Miquelon. = ss eee 1, 700 1, 800 1,:200.||2- 2.28 ee Sweden 262 foe er oe ea eee 7, 200 5,.200 10, 200 31, 400 Switzerland: 2 ses 207 ee eee 79, 700 80, 500 32, 400 32, 200 Syris. 2 oct kesskt ant = Sa ee ee eee |e ee ee 3, 800 2, 400 59, 500 ‘Trinidad and: Tobago: <2) = aa ee 59, 800 160, 400 252, 400 226, 500 Turkey)... == Se a eee eee ee ee 28, 800 9, 800 7, 300 United Kinedom >= 252s Se ee eee 15, 263, 100 26, 576, 100 16, 588, 700 | 12, 775, 100 United" States-<:: 26 =) ee eaees Serre ee 709, 300 1, 448, 000 211, 000 2, 166, 900 United States ofiColombia-) 2-223 22." 2 2-2 sae) one cee ee Be Uruguay. = 2355 so Nn ee eee ee 4, 800 Veneziela- 7 sq sae ee ee 8 eee 15, 600 343, 800 625, 800 514, 400 Virgin Islands of United States______._-_._____--- 2,400, | 525-222 52-5255) Se wa eae ee Yugoslavia: 28 to Sh. ee Sr ee 1, 200 5, 800 9, 400 8, 200 Total . 2 teeter ee re | 54, 063, 500 77, 726, 400 67, 088, 500 | 60, 153, 900 SALMON CULTURE ” The artificial culture of salmon on the Pacific coast has developed into a large and constantly expanding industry. The United States Bureau of Fisheries operates a number of large and well-equipped hatcheries, while the State governments of California, Oregon, and Washington, the Dominion of Canada and the Province of British Columbia, and certain private companies have built and maintain a large number of hatcheries, some of these being among the largest in the world. OBTAINING THE SPAWNING FISH The eggs used for artificial propagation are obtained from salmon taken on their way upstream to the natural spawning grounds. In order to arrest the ascent of the fish a rack is usually built across the stream. Where this is not feasible a trap is sometimes con- structed for the purpose of catching the fish. Sometimes the racks have slat traps attached in which some fish are caught. John Pease Babcock, assistant to the Commissioner of Fisheries of the Province of British Columbia, in 1910 advanced a novel sug- gestion that freshly fertilized eggs buried immediately under sand and gravel would produce strong healthy fry at less cost than under exist- ing hatching methods, and that fry so produced are stronger and more capable of resisting the attacks of their active enemies. The interesting account of his experiments is reproduced entire: * In writing of the propagation of salmon and trout, some authorities state that considerable loss is occasioned in natural propagation by many of the eggs becoming embedded in sand and gravel; that all the eggs so embedded are lost. Observation and experiment in the propagation of Pacific salmon and trout for a considerable period lead me to advance the theory that in natural propagation ‘2 After the third revision was completed there appeared an excellent work on this subject, entitled “‘ Arti- ficial Propagation of the Salmons of the Pacific Coast,” revised and enlarged by Henry O’Malley. Appen- dix II, Report, U. 8. Commissioner of Fisheries, 1919, 32 pp., 9 pls. Washington, 1920. As this report brought the art of fish culture up to date it was decided, in order to reduce the size of this report to eliminate from it the methods of the art and refer the reader to Mr. O’ Malley’s excellent work. Asaresult the chapter on Salmon Culture now embraces the historical and statistical aspects. *® Some Experiments in the Burial of Salmon Eggs—Suggesting a New Method of Hatching Salmon and Trout. By John Pease Babcock. ‘Transactions, American Fisheries Society, 1910, pp. 393-395. Wash- ington, 1911. This method has been carried out on a considerable scale by A. Robertson, a Dominion of Canada hatchery superintendent located on the Fraser River, and the results published in ‘‘ Hatching Salmon Fry in Gravel,’’ Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., Vol. 17, No. 6, June, 1919, p. 38, illus, : rs Wl U. S. B. F.—Doc. 1092 FIG. 40—STRIPPING SALMON WITH AID OF STRAIT JACKET FIG. 41.—CHEHALIS HATCHERY, WASHINGTON FISH AND GAME COMMISSION, SHOWING RACKS TO PREVENT SALMON FROM GOING UPSTREAM, AND PEN FOR HOLDING SPAWNING FISH SGNOd DNIYVSY DNIMOHS ‘NOISSIWINOD AWVS GNV HSId NODAYO AHL AO AYSHOLVH NOW IVS ATIIASANNOG— CP ‘Sls 760} "99Q—"J *g 'S ‘*N PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 635 only those eggs which become embedded beneath several inches of sand and gravel produce alevins which live to attain the fry stage; and that those eggs which are not covered by several inches of sand and gravel are either consumed by active aquatic enemies or destroyed by vegetable molds, commonly termed “fungus.” My experiments have demonstrated that the burial of freshly fertilized eggs of the nerka and other Pacific salmon does not smother them; that eggs so treated not only live but hatch; and that if they are covered to a sufficient depth the alevins produced survive and possess the instinct and power to work their way gradually to the surface; that if buried beneath 5 or 6 inches of sand and gravel such eggs will hatch, and the young will work their way up through the sand and gravel to the surface, and that by the time they emerge, have absorbed their sacs and are then exempt from the attacks of vegetable molds. Eggs buried under 1 or 2 inches of sand and gravel produce alevins that work their way up to the surface before the sac is absorbed, and upon reaching the sur- face are subject to attack by vegetable molds, and a very large percentage are thus destroyed, as well as by the more developed forms of aquatic life. Eggs buried to a depth of 3 inches produce alevins that work their way to the surface so gradually that by the time they reach the surface their sacs are so nearly absorbed that many, but not all, resist the effects of fungus. Alevins from eggs buried beneath less than 4 inches of sand are liable to reach the surface while the sac is so thinly covered that few, if any, survive the effects of fungous growth. The spawning beds of Pacific coast streams from California to Alaska (to which my observations have been confined), where the salmon spawn in numbers are, during and after the spawning period, covered with more or less vegetable molds. These molds are particularly common in the beds of streams where great numbers of salmon have spawned and died. Every experienced fish culturist knows that most waters carry great numbers of spores of fungi, and how difficult it is to pre- vent eggs and alevins from being attacked and injured by their growth. I believe that in natural propagation fungous growths destroy more salmon eggs and alevins than all other causes combined. The vegetable molds of Pacific streams are not active beneath the surface of the beds of streams. Salmon eggs cast therein, if even thinly covered with sand, are not injured by them. These molds do not affect the fry that have nearly or entirely absorbed their sacs, but they are deadly if permitted to attach themselves to either the eggs or the alevins. My experiments along this line lead me to express the opinion that by the burial of freshly fertilized salmon eggs under 6 or 7 inches of sand and gravel strong healthy fry can be produced at less cost than under existing hatching methods, and that fry so produced are stronger and more capable of resisting the attacks of their active enemies. I trust that this short statement of my experiments in the burial of salmon eggs may be deemed of sufficient economic importance to stimulate fish culturists generally in experimenting along similar lines. Those who do will perhaps experience some difficulty at first in the covering of a large number of eggs. Experimenters will find that after preparing suitable beds of sand and small gravel the eggs can be evenly laid and held until covered, if the surface of the bed is first thickly indented with cells a little deeper than the eggs. This can be readily accomplished by stamping the bed with a board covered with projections or pegs of suitable size. My experiments suggest that in the near future most of the buildings and hatching apparatus now used in the propagation of salmon and trout will be dispensed with; that after the eggs have been expressed and fertilized, instead of being placed in wire baskets in hatcheries, they will be buried beneath the sand and gravel of the beds of natural or prepared streams, and that with the exception of watchmen to protect them, little or no other labor will be required. The subsequent development of this practice has been largely confined to British Columbia. Some 30,000,000 eyed eggs were planted in inaccessible waters by the Canadian hatcheries in 1927. In the United States such plants have been made in only a limited number of instances. REARING SALMON FRY For many years it was the custom to plant the fry as soon as they had absorbed the yolk sac, a period of about 30 days. A few thou- sands were sometimes raised to the fingerling, yearling, or adult 636 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES stage, more as a-curiosity than anything else. No particular diffi- culty was experienced in raising these fish, but the expense entailed in feeding them for a prolonged period, and the impossibility of doing so unless lar ge ponds were constructed at great expense for the purpose of holding them during the feeding period, prevented the general adoption of the rearing ‘system. For some years certain fish culturists and others had contended that the planting of fry just after they had absorbed the umbilical sac was an economic mistake, claiming that at this age they were weak and comparatively sluggish in their movements, and would fall easy prey to their numerous fish, bird, and other enemies. The late Robert D. Hume, who built and oper ated a hatchery on the lower Rogue River, also one on the upper Rogue River, which the United States Bureau of Fisheries operated for some years, was one of the first to take up the rearing of salmon fry on any scale. In time these objections bore weight, and a few years ago the con- struction of ponds in which fry could be held and fed until they had reached a size which would insure them at least an even chance for their lives was undertaken all along the coast, with the result that to-day there is a pond capacity for about one-half of the total capacity of the various hatcheries. Most of the nursery ponds have been constructed near the hatch- eries and usually comprise oblong trenches dug in the earth and walled with cement and stone. In Oregon the State authorities found that the best results in pond rearing were obtained by using creek or natural ponds, which were made by placing dams across the small streams in the vicinity of the hatcheries. When first taken from the hatching troughs the fry are placed in the artificial ponds until the danger from spring freshets in the small streams is over. They are then “transferred to the natural ponds, where the continual flow of fresh water, and the logs, rocks, etc., which provide shade and shelter, afford more natural conditions, and in which the natural food of the fry supplements the artificial food provided by man. A big advantage in connection with the use of natural ponds is the compar ratively small expense involved in providing for them as compared with the large expense involved in the construction of cement ponds. The young fry show when they are ready to feed by darting to one side or the other when small particles of food are dropped in the water and float past them. For the first few weeks they should be fed regularly and as often as six times a day, and the earlier in the day the feeding begins and the later it continues at night the better. Two hours after feeding they will be found to be ravenously hungry, and as they grow much faster for frequent feeding great care should be taken to see that they are well fed. If not fed sufficiently, they will bite at one another and cause more or less mortality among themselves. U. S. B. F.—Doc. 1092 FIG. 43.—UNITED STATES SALMON HATCHERY, YES BAY, ALASKA FIG. 44.—UNITED STATES SALMON HATCHERY, AFOGNAK, ALASKA U. S. B. F.—Doc. 1092 MMU Li sf Ji tidae a bg 44 bd dds bidibdes ok MATT TTT ae FIG. 45.—ALASKA PACKERS ASSOCIATION FORTMANN HATCHERY, NAHA STREAM, ALASKA FIG. 46—CHEHALIS HATCHERY, WASHINGTON FISH AND GAME COMMISSION, SATSOP, WASH. a PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 637 SALMON HATCHERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST Below is shown a list of the salmon and steelhead-trout hatcheries operated on the Pacific coast during the year 1929: UNITED STATES BUREAU OF FISHERIES Alaska: Afognak. Yes Bay. California: Baird. Battle Creek. Mill Creek. Oregon: Clackamas. Applegate. © Snake River. Rogue River. Upper Clackamas. Washington: Baker Lake. Birdsview. Brinnon. Duckabush. Illabott Creek. Quilcene. Big White Salmon. Little White Salmon. STATE OF CALIFORNIA Mount Shasta and Kla- math River. Fort Seward. Fall Creek. STATE OF OREGON Herman Creek. Wallowa River. McKenzie River. STATE OF OREGON—Ccon. Bonneville. Santiam River. Klaskanine. Willamette River. Tillamook. Siuslaw. Umpqua. South Coos. Coquille. Alsea. Rogue River. Nehalem. Trask. Scottsburg. STATE OF WAHINGTON Chambers Creek. Chehalis. Chehalis No. 2. Chinook. Cowlitz River. Dungeness. Green River. Kittitas. Nasel River. Nooksack. ‘Pilchuck. Puyallup River. Samish. Skykomish. Stillaguamish. Kalama. Pateros-Methow. STATE OF WASHINGTON— continued Wenatchee. Wind River. Humptulips. Willapa. DOMINION OF CANADA “Cultus Lake. Pemberton. Stuart Lake. Babine Lake. Rivers Inlet. Anderson Lake. Kennedy Lake. Cowichan Lake. Pitt Lake. PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Seton Lake. BRITISH COLUMBIA PACK- ERS ASSOCIATION Nimpkish Lake. ALASKA (PRIVATE HATCH- ERY) Northwestern Fisheries Co.: Quadra. GENERAL STATISTICS Distribution of fry, ete—In the next table is shown by years and species the distribution in Pacific coast waters of fry, fingerlings, yearlings, and adults from 1873, when the first hatchery began oper- ation, to 1928, inclusive. The figures on fingerlings, yearlings, and adults are not as complete as could be wished, this being due to cer- tain of the State fish commissions not separating them from the fry in the published results. The table shows the enormous total of 12,330,512,122 fry and 1,045,726,909 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults as having been deposited in local waters since the inception of the work on this coast. Of these nearly one-half were sockeye, or red salmon, followed by chinook, or spring, coho, or silver, chum, steelhead trout, and hump- back salmon in the order named. This table does not show the large number of eggs, fry, etc., shipped from the coast hatcheries to other sections of the country and to various foreign countries. These appear in the tables shown under the various States, Provinces, and Territories, 638 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Distribution of salmon in the Pacific coastal streams of North America, in specified years Chinook, king, or spring Coho or silver Chum Humpback or pink s Finger- Finger- Finger- Year Fingerlings, lings, lings, lings, Fry yearlings, Fry yearlings, Fry yearlings, Fry yearlings, and adults and and and adults adults adults 1873-2 se 1S 7425-20 187$: 2225 ISiG=ss= hy ¢ eee 13732. >——™ 1879.22 =: 1880__-.-- 1881-==-== 188223 1884... -=2 1886____-- 1887. -o==- 1888 2252=2 18892522 == 18905 22.2= 1891-28. 3 1892.2 3 3 E 18932222 -* 10, 825, 950 1804-2 -=- 8, 427, 900 1895: 222 6, 458, 000 1806-27 25, 581, 033 18872 31, 146, 095 1898252. 5 73, 684, 076 1899. e DG iteropl| sa saeaee = 189): O00) Hexks Ss Sas | Se 1900! 2222 33; 074,064 22 2s tae 13/925; 104)-2 5-2 -e= 10, 301, 760 1S0lES | 36, 563, 138 1668] 20;'047035|2 22 ea 16, 478, 280 JOze ss | 78, 852, 120)-_---------- Al, 43650123) 252 eee 9, 937, 390 1908: 2 5-= 2.D;;O08) Bo0lea oc se eee 345460;.291) 55-22 es 10, 012, 390 1904-- =~ == UGS BGS URN is | pee Oe eee Se 23; 8948 026/522 a =o oF | See eee Bee 19052 e 143 G14 17 | pee eee SO 743 499) seeks 2 aU. See 1906-22 167, 745, 494 122, 980 47, 356, 449 300 3, 268, 800 1h 1) eee 1245618; 300| see eee 44°'426; 380)|-==----23 6, 120, 000 1908. ..<== 135, 447, 179 2, 165, 797 64,108, /557)-5522. 2222 4, 342, 350 1909422. = 88, 188, 707 16, 949 ONG CGY (dss eee , 805, 000 1OLORSs=- 97, 361, 532 225) 45, 863, 952|__..--__-- 8, 607, 500 phe hE ee 80, 570, 265 11, 700 625869), 769|-22 eee 13, 435, 750 1902. 228 101, 810, 515 1, 405, 860 66, 087, 446 116, 300 4, 684, 950: j A) bs apa 122; 00S 7886) 222- = Lee 19;'916;(000|=2 eee oe ae 35, 792, 440 1914-- 5.5 133, 271, 477 2571, (11 67,'682;'576|- ee 16, 623, 984 tj se ae 149, 666, 221) 9,875,745} 92, 926, 831|__________ 63, 088, 372 LL) 151, 649, 595) 26, 070, 128 56, 647, 147| 5, 548, 712) 63, 390, 798} 1, h bt) ip BER 96, 975, 725) 27,060,581} 17, 828, 235] 4, 663, 560) 26, 133, 925] 7, 014, 580 , 953, 000) 7,449,030 1918.2-.=— 133, 102, 069) 22, 384, 610 55, 697, 111}10, 148, 815) 82, 020, 140)_________- 22, 159, 186] 4,736,000 GIS ee Tse 67, 908,011) 58,007,670} 32, 207, 426] 3, 286, 580) 26, 772, 025) 4, 524, 560} 5,426,000} 369, 958 1920-3 124, 741, 938) 66, 408,670} 106, 879,090) 1, 842,550) 37, 450, 425) 5,916,300) 1, 380, 200/__________ | 192;e= 67, 598, 711} 63, 434, 765) 73, 616, 268) 6, 571, 700) 128, 550, 237/24, 504, 300} 7, 077, 100}__-______- 1922 thee 97, 624, 865| 108, 819,170) 65, 166, 590,11, 174, 940) 29, 474, 210/14, 027, 610} 4, 846,300} 909,400 — 1923: = 106, 698, 933) 54, 044, 545 67, 281, 795| 6, 249, 445) 10, 786, 590/15, 160, 400} 19, 309, 567| 1, 672, 435 19248 142, 814, 464] 59, 667,905) 105, 453, 212/11, 552, 000} 33, 866, 101) 1,523,600) 8, 948, 944)__________ 1925... 147, 420, 665} 25, 155, 100) 104, 209, 247| 4, 383, 639) 27, 471, 224) 2, 501,000) 41, 286, 175] 2, 946, 000 1926 --=-=2 156, 062, 256} 69,061,600) 108, 741, 808) 5, 156, 400) 36, 362, 587|__________ 19;;368;:91'5| S22 ose | 1927. 23 182, 537, 463) 47, 263, 800 81, 786, 234) 1, 638, 500} 28, 675, 805)___-_----- 8;'358, 000] Sennen ss =e 1928222" 155, 560, 442} 64, 381,420) 101, 391, 211} 2,073, 500) 40, 560, 082|__________ 9.221) 650) a2 ees es Total_ _|3, 619, 114, 424] 708, 764, 749)1, 744, 373, 945|74, 961, 941) 782, 013, 115/76, 172, 350) 290, 796, 504/20, 997, 823 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 639 Distribution of salmon in the Pacific coastal streams of North America, in specified years—Continued Sockeye, red, or blueback Steelhead trout Total Year Finger- Finger- 7 Finger- ings, year- ings, year- ings, year- Fry lings, and Fry lings, and Fry lings, and adults adults adults Gs ke es | ES a ees 0 oer ee a ee ee ee PUL Vil | ak = ONG) oe See | ie aa at be ale ee eee eee 8507000) | Paeeeee = = Se WRC os oa oo on aoe 2 | ae Tee a i eee ee 2950) O00) | eeet Seeeean se SU 2 = ae = an NE aie a ed eg a ener ea ee Se ara ee | ee ee ee eee 2,000) O00) | Base aaa ne ODOM sg ascn a ee ee ee ae eee a ee Se ee |e Se ee ee 2; DOONOO0 Tease se ee MEO, 20 ck eee oe | | ee ee Ses ee oe eee be ee es 2; OS2A G20 | ee ee sere DG Wo em ts She a kN at Sa i sn ee | ee eS [ae eee ‘SS LO NOU) ete ees SU) ao a a fe, 3h Re ee wT ie ec As eae || Se 5 lS Se es he ae ee See eS "059; 200, |= eae eee OMDIL = 3S sos Soo eR Se ee ky eee ee eee [ae Se eee ee eee eee ASQT4; (90) | Sse ae 555 ee eer eae oe ee — Me Re Oe Pe ee Ree 3. 991s (on sare ee eer ne ERE (BETS NA TET SD allt sis ere h oes UIPSER oe ls Ce |e ees (O00) | Sane nana nee LORD = = ee sae ee TF SOONOODT | eRe ees ss Eee Seek esa eee ee ee T8005 000) | —22=2=4222="s5 SRG tee se < er eS ZAG 20 NOOO | mane = re = |e eae alee eA Ce oe Zon COU | ate see ee 46145 0008 2222 "- 8 SeS9 A000) Sse ss 1225S 79000) eases s5 LT SSO%4 owes tae ae IDA Oh eee se Pees Sie _| 10, 299, 000 25, 000 17700089508 soa sea i o60 400) aaa ae 19, 049, 000 560, 000 15S868% 000) 222 eee LOT S08h | eee eee 41, 556, 841 807, 150 LSE 3745440) esses me oe = 2 202, 000) s2 sea. SON OSOS G72 |= eae eee 2059165000) | Samana ale (6502000)|nanks Sun rene 95425051070) || nae 1567612000) | eeeeeee eaeune St6nh hie tetonee FONTS 1767 eatees ae 29° 500" 000) (222 ee= Se ess 23061560) |e 2s eee 89; 8525488) [22s se LONGO IEIH3y | a eee ee 17094826) | ee neces 94, 699, 932 1, 668 W2AGTOV OOO! | Sa222e2 225 F224 Be Se eee et SE 201 14835819 |Sa2 esse eee BOE SUSE 7808 | anaes eee 4, 509, 641 37, 033 |213, 939, 500 37, 033 LOS HOe2008| 22 22 Sees = B20 72 O20. See ee 260;:864;,906: |22=-- === 119496342008 | Meeemremnene ns SES05N GTO: esse eee Trel Oplay Ate EST DINOS TF4426 | Sass 6, 725, 965 24, 383 |458, 104, 140 147, 663 228s OLS7460) |pa= =e 5862901493" |_ =. ee ate 412" 9969689 2-2-2. =- ee DA ipa Nia eee eee 58372 671) |b = ee 462, 184, 874 2, 165, 797 2o0hoo 1 146) |Eaoe ee BeOS 780 | e e 394, 097, 305 16, 949 396521527958 | aos UE S685 446) a2. eee 561, 668, 565 225 DoT AGS T49 ® l= 83 ee Se as OOD Ss fila |e =a 2< See ee 419, 795, 138 11, 700 324532555168) |Seee ee ees 12, 710, 382 177, 790 |543, 824, 521 1, 699, 950 242146) 069) |22 22s See 16865450068|>2 2222s 2: 435-9185 028. ae= se eae 260 Bb07( Sls |ssas- oe LT LON bos) |Pa se eee 530, 349, 190 2, 571, 711 198, 910, 010 8, 369, 830 225952! 9008 | ee Se 535, 401, 818 18, 245, 575 256, 582, 879 15, 292, 732 18, 952, 136 3, 480, 092 |563, 065, 182 54, 301, 664 215, 853, 504 12, 305, 953 15, 241, 720 1, 887, 950 |376, 986, 109 60, 381, 654 155, 043, 461 12, 705, 285 18, 480, 440 3, 520, 420 |466, 502, 407 53, 495, 130 62, 397, 320 14, 299, 960 17, 755, 206 135, 500 |212, 465, 988 80, 624, 228 245, 403, 605 676, 615 31, 576, 780 2, 693, 250 |547, 432, 038 77, 537, 385 151, 125, 130 4, 093, 970 16, 383, 856 3, 785, 550 |444, 351, 302 102, 390, 285 186, 916, 052 8, 195, 000 19, 677, 824 2, 028, 220 |403, 705, 841 145, 154, 340 174, 210, 216 3, 885, 126 24, 925, 709 4, 683, 105 |403, 212, 810 85, 695, 056 166, 605, 240 9, 855, 310 33, 464, 943 5, 547, 240 |491, 152, 904 88, 146, 055 185, 524, 414 7, 971, 887 21, 153, 141 1, 657, 275 |527, 064, 866 44, 614, 901 218, 248, 487 12, 942, 680 23, 504, 593 4, 659, 840 |562, 288, 646 91, 820, 520 206, 414, 631 8, 421, 670 9, 416, 882 839, 700 |517, 689, 015 58, 163, 670 111, 203, 403 8, 372, 980 25, 261, 648 2, 283, 700 |443, 198, 486 77, 111, 600 ‘Rotalsae=s 5 5, 480, 720, 437 127, 388, 998 413, 493, 697 | 37, 441, 0481/2,330,512,122) 1, 045, 726, 909 Ouiput of United States Bureau of Fisheries hatcheries—The next table shows by years and species the combined output of the various hatcheries of the United States Bureau of Fisheries on this coast. The greater part of the egg output was to various State hatcheries on the Pacific coast, more particularly those belonging to the State The total figures show that since the bureau began operations on this coast it has distributed 1,643,354,071 eggs, 2,700,214,782 fry, and 735,061,098 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. of California. 640 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Output of Pacific coast salmon hatcheries owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 1872 to 1928 Chinook, king, or spring Coho or silver | Year F : < : Fingerlings, Fingerlings, Eggs Fry yearlings, Eggs Fry yearlings, and adults and adults LY ee 30, 000 | -s-S-eae esas sore St ee oa|b cota coeen: |= ee bY ¢ See a 1,,400}:000' | =-2 22k see oe nee olen 22 cos | eee eee 1874 = ae See 4, 155, 000 850; O00 |2. --8 =. 2 22 | 2 32-2 be cat ee ee | 1b: {ee SET RR 6, 250, 000 15-450! 000" [ooo 222228 |. ee Se ee se ISf644 2272-2 ee 5, 065, 000 1; 600" 000" 222 22k eco" =* | Se Ss ae eee eee IS%7 > 4, 983, 000 2; 000/000" | 252-2 icek |e oe ee SiS se ee 7, 810, 000 2, '600;000') 2222220 2 a aS es ee ee 187g ee 4, 250, 000 2300! 000! \- 2228 Lee Se Ee ee |e 1880.24. ee 3, 800, 000 2'000;000")=2-2522osi. Leu Coos ee Ree 22 | ee See ee 18Sle eee 4, 300, 000 3/100; 000" j2222eh0 Seas ea |e ee ee eo ee 1889.8 2s eee eee eee 3,991, 750" \|2--25= S05. oe ek | eee eee 1883 -<- =. 2-23 ee 776, 125 Nis Soe Se SEES See ee ee | 18891. See 3, 450, 000 6,000; 000° |2 222-2 2205 52S) esses See ee eee T8002 2 oo eee 2, 554, 000 2, 860,;475) one. 5 28 PO oe ee | {ROI se ae Cee 3, 688, 000 5, 678, 525: |= -s2-25.. 323/22 25 | 1SO2 es rs eee 2, 902, 000 1).647, 900 ||~2-22-5- 232 225] 2 ose- te 2 oo Ree | ee CR = Se Re ee ee 3, 530, 000 5,'290;.100' \--23_ 2 een 2 bo | Et: Cb SERRA S ieee ere 7, 500, 000 GOI 500 ER Sees tees eae ee 280;'000);| 22ers [S0n eS ee 3, 699, 000 500) 000"|2=- 222.05" 8 =: |b ea ae 690, 000 050"; james ble iet Senas 2, 798, 500 3, 547, 850 557,150 | --=-2- 232 2a| Seo ee | GQ yee ae Pee 8 18, 232, 590 Dy 8281008. |= 2s eee aa ee 298, 137 |__ TS Sas Sea 30, 605, 000 39, 950, 698) |---=.- 22225. 2/0. 2 282 a ee 1899 ee a ee 32, 618, OPO 9,,366;:366' |-——22.55.- --.|----_ 2455 =2|Ea Soo 1000 ee a 7, 411, 000 1428, 26%. naan ate eee | pes ee 146,824.20 aie OO ae eee ee 11, 615, 036 7, 987, 107 16685) <= 302/041): 2 eee 1902 222) eae | 19, 446, 410 20:3340 3082 os aeons 424,080) |S eae 1ODSES = ke 2 ae 16, 160, 177 23, 845, 956 250 680, 800 81812522 eee 19085 <2 52 a es 75, 217, 354 35;/006;:988) |--- -=.-- 2 See ==2 a oeeg= == 3, 984,'645:.|5 52 eae 1905:> >=. oe ae 96, 055, 765 215/6205:202;|-= 2 oe oe 107, 000 9, 321,513" |=. eee 19062: = 3-3 ee 115, 648, 145 20, 797, 543 123, 118 239, 180 6, 445, 574 300 1907222435 eee | 78, 587, 705 NRE VEU?) Saeeeeeon aee = 760, 000 3; 636, 952) |-2 Sean eee 190822 =< fae 68, 520, 550 24, 998, 185 2, 165, 797 296, 000 13, 420, 714 57, 932 O0g Ses = ee | 38, 859, 265 20, 177, 286 16, 949 272, 000 9,470, 925))|.-=32 222 ae VY ee ee ee 38, 306, 709 15, 682, 064 225 275, 000 10,888; 025i\|2u2s- sae 10S Hem Oe ee 37, 314, 514 16, 659, 684 211,700 | 2,391, 300 6;:210;'206)|-2 aes See 1 ee | 36, 837, 550 31, 040, 893 1, 405, 860 52, 000 12; 955; 8245. ee UES ee ee ee 58, 296, 873 Bench he bey ears Oe 202, 000 13, 952,963) "sss =- eee URE | ss See ee ee 31, 032, 645 48, 895, 607 5, 582, 796 95, 840 24, 619, 456 27, 258 gL} io) Se ee Sd 25, 751, 005 53, 612, 056 9, 604, 985 111, 200 24, 018, 355 267, 662 ALI lage 2S ea 20, 622, 340 57, 870, 714 22, 982, 655 198, 500 8, 124, 334 1, 469, 507 jis Sy ee 7, 191, 200 16, 404, 404 27,008,026) |aasae nee 4, 403, 700 4, 662, 960 OT ees oS ae ee 18, 074, 900 6, 028, 918 63;'1:76;:244"|- Sa eae 980, 300 10, 504, 115 (hi) te SS) ea a 12, 782, 500 389, 002 34,088; 150 |aa aa ee 7, 544, 020 1, 291, 730 ity het at ee 11, 267, 000 1, 250, 000 38) (866; 070)|-se—- ee eeaee 68, 411, 050 1, 820, 500 Ty PAN ee ees ee 6). 780; 000n 22-22 St aes 40 R04 2 26nd Leeson see oe 600, 000 6, 571, 700 jh pe es a ee 1, 420, 000 1, 311, 500 57, 9877870 |e >. eee 600, 000 11, 074, 940 OR ee 4, 200, 000 716, 000 30, 174, 345 100, 000 8, 371, 025 5, 910, 655 LOZ. ek Fee ee 12, 785, 000 2, 243, 000 21,389) 60o) [=== 32 eee 11, 419, 990 11, 480, 150 19252_ ese > See 7, 494, 880 2, 528, 800 10, 106, 900 862, 000 10, 177, 650 3, 797, 639 M926. eee San - 10, 656, 640 545, 000 24, 659, 600 211, 000 4, 555, 800 5, 156, 400 j bt 7 (SRA ee oe 9, 112, 000 266, 000 26, 912, 800 148, 000 5, 142, 400 1, 638, 500 192Ree eee eae eee 19, 033, 000 342, 500 35, 369, 920 | 1, 025, 000 10, 852, 200 2, 073, 500 Totals. = | 1,050, 109, 253 | © 610, 923,070 | 459, 689, 948 | 8,027,420 | 282, 331,055 | 68, 315, 448 1 Operations suspended from 1884 to 1888, both inclusive. ——t."'. - - a “ag PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 641 Output of Pacific coast salmon hatcheries owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 1872 to 1928—Continued Chum Humpback, or pink Sockeye, red, or blueback Finger- Finger- Finger- Year lings, lings, lings, Fry yearlings, Eggs Fry yearlings, Eggs Fry yearlings, and and and ~ adults adults adults HEU TJ eae se Sa Bt 2 Se Oe Re ea | aE ee ae a | eee (See Se 10; 683,000 |_-.-.---== AE Vil ops eS 8 eh) Bet ay Eee Ae) ae es ee ee | ee ee) een eae See 3, 834, Ck) ae eee eee Do |e SRS =e 1 a Ee et | ee ee oe RABY Ale tt) eee aes TANTS! oy Soe Foo) Bl ES 2 ne 8 ee Die ee ee te ee ee eee BY HRY fo) IRC 2 OR al SOS Fak 5) (Ee) Sry oe ee LVONDOT a eee SA SHS 10008 |G =o eens TOUS. Laer EMR Ok Pi | 9m ee i 2 | ee BS le | ee le ee ee ee 7, 819, 281 10, 000 TET US ae RS eS ep 2, 000 969;,990")| > s Suu eo. 880, 000 9, 923, 680 9, 500 DAE ese | ete ol oe i eee |e ek ee ee ee ee i oe ae eee eee 68, 835, 055 |-------- 2 LL (ei aes | es (eet: eee 9 1502:,000: | 6. 7640762),|_— see eo 75, 000 69, 883, 305 |------22c= Oe ae eer sere | eS a LOS000' 2 ee ee 100, 000 93, 408, 496-227 eee Heed Queers |e oe ee ae Hee Sep See = Ce i aes Se Se ee ee 146,081. 595: |=2 a eee i 4!) b Cee Olt G5ON Eee = 2 ok 100, 000 AGO SED dls: cee ee ereen |e SE a os 100, 490, 900 |_--------- TOIZ=2= = 25495000) |b S20... 2-2 Spel Ly f40l| | :2. 660;;520) |S oe 2, 000, 000 OL 422 ie S22 oe HOTSeLa=2 TORATOSOOOR ES = 22 < Soh ee Foe ke ARO i 2 Fes oes 2, 000, 000 1p 24 900! | oa 1O14-o = 85612 (80) ee cee = eke 13, 260, 000 |37, 648, 422 4, 355 6, 020, 000 53, 071, 574 120, 000 Vy) Gees Be OUdend Ole [Pee oa 14, 500, 000 | 7, 153, 500 119, 480 155, 000 46, 282, 691 | 8, 416, 405 19162 ee 21, 500, 944 | 1, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 | 6, 106, 400 | 2, 915, 000 3, 100, 000 90, 988, 566 | 2, 666, 308 nol FEARS 300 7,014, 5805) 2 = 165, 000 | 7, 499, 030 2, 000, 000 84, 152, 825 | 2, 145, 953 LOIS ==S=2 (Othe gl Be a Se | ee ee 2, 132, 831 | 3, 736,000 | 18, 000, 000 67, 591, 200 12, 705, 285 19195. 23 4, , 000 | 4, 524, 560 | 10, 062,000 | 5, 426, 500 369, 958 |101, 981, 000 48, 393, 000 25, 959, 960 192022 = id; SL SaL00L oR OG tL oO | <3 seen oes 645700) (S222 e= aan 88, 930, 000 70; 931 OUOK (ese =o 1921. 3s TOCA T RD AMES) 2 S12 FY) || at Se a a (a ele ee ee ee ee 1929 Sirs 1, 540, 000 14, 027, GIG |S 244 See eee. 210, 000 909) 400)|e= Stas 4, 200, 000 | 7, 701, 635 it?s eee 8, 324, 830 |14, 902, 900 1, 149, 200 633, 600 | 1, 672,435 | 86, 790, 000 84, 632, 045 | 1, 998, 400 1924_____ 23, 512, 320 TDS: O00! |e a ee! Soe GIS OGO ss See 228 28, 870, 000 30, 337, 640 | 4, 528, 000 N92 ase ee HEN OS1 GH Ba ate eye = Bn 10}892:7500) Sees = See 33, 230, 000 49, 152, 000 | 2, 845, 000 1926 ee IES GS oe i Be we See ee ee S44°:600 en eee ee 50, 830, 000 47, 263, 000 | 6, 979, 180 IP [eos SSN L7FO66000 jess sss Fe 4, 212, 000 | 3, 544, 000 |_--____-____ 52, 135, 000 45, 430, 000 | 2, 668, 170 1928 he FATALLY Ui Rei allo ae eee 2x38 (2000 ue = ees 28, 875, 408 29, 979, 000 | 2, 613, 600 Total _|240, 948, 781 |67, 331, 200 | 54, 058, 940 |90, 808, 497 |17, 225, 658 |505, 971, 408 |1, 434, 449, 268 /81, 367, 396 Steelhead trout Total Finger- Year lings, Fingerlings, Eggs Fry yearlings, Eggs Fry yearlings, and and adults adults SEAL coe aes EF Vane ere SO ROOD ate eas FS Ae RL eet Pe ee Se es Se OR et ee 1 LeU 00! |e See ee a ee eee Eee Dts PAB | Bava tent BoB 8 4, 155, 000 B60! OOO ws Reet eer. eaereS ey || EES er ere 6, 250, 000 i TOONQOO seat ee BT) ine re | toe id | 5, 055, 000 HEH OONOOON| eee nee. coRe te Se ates 4, 983, 000 25000 GOO S ot 3 ste e-Ls. os SEO ee ee ge 7, 810, 000 225005000) je =—=2 =. 2. = = fee ee Peete 4, 250, 000 ZESOON000 [oes = eS eR ee oe eS hl eer eee 3, 800, 000 2,000; 000:|-=- + = 2. ie sae | Se eee 4, 300, 000 35095000) | Bae == PP ee SITE ee eee ah ee ee 359915750) | ere ae ey ro een =f |e a See | ns RE ee Ui Psy) ee ee eee rela eee | bc oee at 3, 450, 000 6; 000; 000) 22 ate SUSSte Ee Sear ea eee ee 2, 554, 000 2.860547 50s eee ae eee oe Eee ee 3, 688, 000 5: (80 025 aoe ne pee aE ee 2, 902, 000 1G4 729007 | eats 3 2S ee ea | ee Se 3, 530, 000 200 1 OO Nee Se Se BUSs OOS) So” sec ce 7, 575, 000 1 2AGN000N Sates eee a eee 852, 500 332, 000 3, 699, 000 2, 042, 500 892, 000 ROE SOR ie = Seen a 2, 973, 500 3, 655, 658 » 557, 150 DOT OOUM | aaees 2 Seas 18, 282, 590 TO BSSS O32 ee kak Fa ee 6500007 |= 825. 30, 665, 000 40 G00% 698) pease 1, TJS 4 bas co 32, 777, 000 Nay cee: St) | eee ee eee 125 OOO EL 25 '32ee as 7, 826, 000 25) 242! O88 a) sss Se on at 65, 850 25, 000 11, 861, 036 12, 189, 451 26, 668 P30 7200) [Poe e 19, 927, 410 33, 266, (U3) eee es 702, 700 285, 848 17, 320, 977 28, 362, 257 286, 098 93, 205 11, 090 75, 442, 354 43, 116, 435 11, 090 Dov 20D ||aasene. ee 96, 627, 165 39, 298, 291 10, 000 1, 834, 485 40, 383 117, 1277 325 39, 971, 272 173, 301 AP LOOKSO5, [225-2222 79, 597, 705 815220 404s et ee HROR9S 596) |2= =a 69, 881, 275 116, 156, 562 2, 223, 729 AGLONS TL |2=2- 2s See 39, 714, 990 124, 737, 078 16, 949 Seolle 226). = eee 38, 881, 709 177, 894, 650 225 B75 20;AS9 ||So a eee 40, 466, 414 128, 559, 119 211, 700 4, 289, 415 294, 090 43, 066, 290 144, 769, 730 1, 699, 950 1 Operations suspended from 1884 to 1888, both inclusive. 642 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Output of Pacific coast salmon hatcheries owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 1872 to 1928—Continued Steelhead trout Total Finger- Year lings, Fingerlings, Eggs Fry yearlings, Eggs Fry yearlings, and and adults adults LL VE eee eee Eek Te 1; 330;000)|)) 45/272, 205 Heese ee sees 61, 828, 878 149,850, 301) |c2 22 =e seen ees OU ated ap sma 5 ato Se! 729,000 | 4,022,438 |____.______. 51, 137, 485 176, 930, 232 5, 734, 409 1155s ove SA eae 877,000 | 5,262,973 | 1, 048, 317 41, 394, 205 171, 834, 282 19, 456, 849 I91G: =ass st eee 1, 490, 000 841,600 | 2,676,805 32, 410, 840 185, 432, 558 34, 710, 275 Lb Aa eee 2 3, 237, 600 2, 013, 510 1, 891, 450 12, 428, 800 121, 542, 739 51, 071, 999 yA eae 1, 070, 000 103,000 | 6, 854, 785 37, 144, 900 86, 728, 394 96, 976, 429 TO1OEs aisle eee Sahib TD; GOO | 4=sceeus eee 1, 148, 000 125, 600, 500 66, 296, 522 67, 382, 358 I A pe | open es a S aS See Td 941, 600 188, 200 2, 532, 650 101, 147, 600 148, 093, 150 48, 386, 370 1991 ©! SE Re 493, 000 15,000 | 3, 785, 550 7, 273, 000 7, 615, 000 70, 740, 915 19222 = Se Ce ee DOOWOUO Ween S ee 2, 028, 220 1, 920, 000 7, 861, 500 93, 729, 675 1973--2- 223 eS 1, 744, 000 260,000 | 3, 960, 105 43, 825, 000 102, 937, 500 48, 876, 215 19 eee SES ae 2, 180, 000 368, 685 | 4, 770, 460 42, 193, 880 68, 799, 635 17, 932, 814 1925 eet eee 607, 000 50, 000 1, 183, 275 62, 825, 640 88, 852, 600 41, 077, 200 1920 22-222 ee eee 1, 128, 000 970, 000 4, 282, 020 66, 057, 000 72, 341, 800 32, 049, 170 1927 6252822 5 cen A5ONOOO!| 2. o-oo 829, 700 50, 293, 408 72, 348, 400 42, 208, 720 19783 -cso ee eee iF 360, 000 1, 182,500 | 2, 151, 700 93, 983, 200 68, 412, 200 58, 618, 840 otal Set s-<3 25, 187, 050 | 40, 754, 111 | 41, 131, 448 1, 643, 354, 071 2, 700, 214, 782 735, 061, 098 ACCLIMATIZING PACIFIC SALMON IN OTHER WATERS For many years efforts have been made by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and various State fish commissions to introduce Pacific coast salmon in eastern waters. In the early history of fish culture chinook fry were planted in almost every imaginable stream along the Atlantic seaboard, in various streams in the Mississippi Valley, and also in tributaries of the Great Lakes. In most cases, owing to the unsuitability of the water, the experiment was doomed to failure from the start. In the case of a few streams where results might have been obtained, the plantings were at long intervals and the fish were too small to protect themselves, while no effort was made by the State authorities to protect them. The most successful results with plants of chinook salmon have been obtained in Lake Sunapee, N. H., where it is now a not uncom- mon thing for anglers to.catch chinook with rod and reel. In 1912 about 10,000 chinook fingerlings from Columbia River eggs furnished by the United States Bureau of Fisheries were planted by the Massachusetts Fish Commission in Lake Quinsigamond, and during July, 1914, about 20 months after they were hatched, over 600 salmon, according to a member of the commission, were caught, ranging from 1 to 5 pounds each. Other plants have been made since in Lake Quinsigamond and other lakes and ponds, with fairly satisfactory results. The most successful effort in this line was initiated by the United States Bureau of Fisheries in the fall of 1913, when it transferred from its hatcheries on the Pacific coast to those in Maine 13,240,000 humpback-salmon eggs. These were followed by a second shipment of 7,022,000 eggs in the fall of 1914, a third shipment of about 7,000,000 eggs in the fall of 1915, and a few smaller shipments subse- quently. These eggs were hatched out and the fry planted in perious Sere New England streams where the conditions seemed avorable, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES . 643 Early in August, 1915, a female humpback salmon 22); inches long and weighing 4 pounds 3 ounces was taken at the Bangor water- works in the Penobscot River. Shortly after, a male fish of about the same size was taken in this river at Orland Dam. A little later, agents of the bureau captured 20 alive near Bangor, and about 3,000 eggs were obtained and fertilized. In Dennys River, in Maine, during the period between August 15 and September 24, local fishermen caught a number. Since then they have been running regularly each season into certain of these streams. The chinook salmon has also been acclimatized in the waters of New Zealand. They were first introduced in 1900, and eggs were imported for six years in succession. A considerable annual run now enters those rivers in which the salmon were planted. In 1908 the United States Bureau of Fisheries initiated an effort to establish a run of sockeye salmon in Grandy Creek, a stream in the immediate vicinity of the Birdsview (Wash.) hatchery of the bureau, and one which had not been visited by this species. The first fish, numbering 64,000, were planted in the creek in 1908. Four years afterwards, in September, 1912, the first sockeye salmon entered the hatchery trap in Grandy Creek, and from them 222,000 eggs were secured. In 1916 the water in the creek was too low to permit the ascent of salmon until September 26, when its level was slightly raised by local rains, and a few fish immediately entered it and were taken in the hatchery trap. The eggs secured from the small number available amounted to 24,500. The fish have since continued to run in this stream. Iu 1916 L. H. Darwin, commissioner of fish and game for the State of Washington, began an experiment looking to the stocking, with sockeye salmon, of the Samish River, a stream debouching in Puget Sound, and in which this species had not hitherto been found. The parent fish were obtained from traps and transported alive in crates to the Samish State hatchery, where they were held until ripe and then stripped and fertilized. After hatching, the fry were planted in the stream. A few returned in 1920. Since then the practice has been followed to some extent in other streams, and the possibility of establishing a run of nonindigenous species of salmon in suitable streams by hatchery plants has been well demonstrated. CALIFORNIA HISTORY The first fish-cultural station on the Pacificcoast was located on McCloud River, a stream of the Sierra Nevada Mountains emptying into Pit River, a tributary to the Sacramento, 323 miles nearly due north of San Francisco. The site on the west bank of the river, about 3 miles above the mouth, was chosen after investigation of a number of places on the Sacramento, by Livingston Stone, one of America’s pioneer fish culturists, and the station was named Baird, in honor of the then Commissioner of Fisheries, Prof. Spencer F. Baird. Although the season had nearly passed when the station was sufficiently advanced to handle eggs, 50,000 eggs were secured, and while 20,000 were lost, owing to the excessive heat, the remaining 30,000 were shipped east, all of which were eventually lost but 7,000 fry, which were planted in the Susquehanna River, in Pennsylvania. 644 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The main object of the hatchery the first few years was to secure — eggs to ship to the East for the purpose of introducing Pacific salmon in the waters of that section. The commission early made an agree- — ment with the State of California, however, under which the latter at first paid part of the expense, and the commission hatched and planted a portion of the take in the McCloud River. Later, part of the eggs were turned over to the States, which hatched and planted the salmon in local waters. In 1881 the station buildings were washed away in a freshet, but were immediately rebuilt. From 1884 to 1887, both inclusive, all operations were suspended. In 1889 a hatchery was established at Fort Gaston, on the Army reservation in the Hoopa Indian Reservation in Humboldt County, but it was not put into operation until 1890. As the reservation was abolished on July 1, 1892, the commission tookcomplete charge of the plant and in 1893 established a tributary station on Redwood Creek. The same year Korbel station was established about one- half mile above Korbel, on Mad River, in Humboldt County. Owing to the lack of money this station was closed in the fiscal year 1896, but was reopened during the fiscal year 1897. That same year the commission erected, on ground owned by the State, a hatchery at Battle Creek, in Tehama County, and also took charge of and operated the hatchery erected at this place by the State fish commission the previous year. Under the terms of an agreement the commission was to deliver to the States as many eyed spawn as the latter could hatch at Sisson, its own station. Owing to their inaccessibility, the Fort Gaston hatchery and its substations were abandoned in 1898. The same year an experi- mental station was established at Olema, Bear Valley, in Marin County, whence eggs were transferred from Baird station, hatched out here, and planted in Olema Creek in order to see if they could not be domesticated here, where they had not been found previously. During the fiscal year 1902 a substation was established on Mill Creek, a stream which has its source in the foothills of the Sierra Mountains, in the northeastern part of Tehama County, and empties into the Sacramento River from the east about a mile above the town of Tehama. The eggs are retained here until eyed and then shipped to other hatcheries. As stated above, the State aided the work of the United States Fish Commission in a financial way and also by hatching and dis- tributing the eggs turned over to its care. In 1885 the State legis- lature passed a bill authorizing the establishment of a hatchery of its own, and the same year such a station was built upon Hat Creek about 2M miles above its junction with Pitt River, a tributary of the Sacramento River. As the work of the first few seasons devel- oped that the location was unsuitable, the hatchery was removed in 1888 to Sisson, in Siskiyou County, It is now known as the Mount Shasta hatchery. The work of this hatchery was’ to handle the eggs turned over to it by the United States Fish Commission. It was almost doubled in size in 1917. In 1895 another hatchery was built by the State near the mouth of Battle Creek, a tributary of the Sacramento River. In 1896 and 1897 this hatchery was operated jointly by the State and the United States Fish Commission while awaiting the appropriation of money by the commission fo purchase it from the State. LsVOO 01dS1IOVd JHL NO NOILVIS AVYNLINO-HSIA LSYld SHL '4SITVO ‘dYlVa LY AYSHOLVH SaIYdaHSIs JO NVSYNA SALVLS GALINA—L? ‘Sld C6000 CG relies eS) ‘417VO ‘NOSSIS LV ‘NOISSININOS SWVYS GNV HSI4 VINYOSITVS AHL 4O AYAHOLVH VLISVHS LNNOW—'8r “Sls e601 *90GQ—'4 ‘8 *S 'N PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 645 In the fall of 1897 a hatchery was established by the State at Grizzly Bluff, on Price Creek, a tributary of Eel River, in Humboldt County, and in 1902 this hatchery made the first plant in the State of steelhead trout fry. In 1916 it was moved to a point on Eel River near Fort Seward. Santa Cruz County has had a hatchery at Brookdale for a number of years. In 1911 it was leased to the State and operated by the latter during the seasons of 1911 and 1912. In 1913 the State gave up the lease and entered into a contract to purchase the eggs pro- duced from this hatchery. The price agreed upon was that the State commission was to pay $1.50 per thousand for the eyed steel- head eggs, up to the number of 2,000,000, and $1 per thousand for all eges up to 3,000,000, provided that the eggs were collected and eyed by a skilled fish culturist and would pass inspection before they were accepted. In 1916 the State leased the plant for a term of years. A hatchery was established by the United States Bureau of Fish- eries at Hornbrook, on Klamath River,in 1913. At first this hatchery was devoted to rainbow-trout work, but later the collection and distribution of silver and chinook salmon was taken up. During the fall of 1911 the State established an experimental station at Sacramento in order to carry on a series of experiments to determine whether the eggs of the quinnat salmon could be success- fully hatched and the fry reared near the city of Sacramento. Of the fish hatched at this station 50,000 were marked. Nearly all of the fry that were liberated in the Sacramento River were floated in a screen cage by boat into the middle of the stream and there released. N. B. Scofield took 500 in a floating box down the river, where they were held and fed for several weeks in brackish and salt water. They were apparently not affected by the changes in the salinity of the water. Experiments were carried on until the summer of 1913, when they were abandoned due to the killing of the embryos by the min- eral substances in the water used at the station. During the fiscal year 1912 the Mill Creek hatchery of the United States Bureau of Fisheries was operated by the California Commission. Some years ago the town of Ukiah, Mendocino County, established a hatchery 1 mile from the town, and on Russian River. Forsome years it was operated as a trout station, but eventually became an impor- tant steelhead hatchery. It was not operated in 1913. In 1914 the State Fish Commission collected steelhead eggs at the Eel River dam of the Snow Mountain Water & Power Co., and having secured permis- sion from the town of Ukiah, hatched them out in its hatchery. As the Hornbrook hatchery on Klamath River was on private property, the United States Bureau of Fisheries in 1915 removed the buildings from the old location on the south side to property owned by the Government on the north side of the river. In 1915 new hatchery buildings were erected at the Mill Creek hatchery. In 1917 the State of California began operations for the collection of salmon eggs at Klamathon, on the Klamath River. This station was previously operated by the Bureau of Fisheries and has been operated with fair success to the present time. The eggs taken have been hatched at the Mount Shasta and Fall Creek hatcheries. The Fall Creek hatchery began operations in 1920, and is located on Fall Creek, a tributary of the Klamath in Siskiyou County. 646 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Silver-salmon eggs have been taken at the Prairie Creek hatchery and hatched at the Fort Seward and Prairie Creek hatcheries in Humboldt County, beginning in 1928. The Prairie Creek hatchery is located in Humboldt County and began operations in the fall of 1927. work. OUTPUT The following tables show separately the quantity of salmon eggs, fry, fingerlings, yearlings, and adults distributed by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and by the State since the inception of the The large quantity of eggs shown by the bureau represents largely the eggs supplied to the State, which hatched and distributed them, and eggs sent to other States and to foreign countries. Output of hatcheries in California owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries Year ending June 30 1— Eggs Eee wWoooNnH Ss eeseeeeeee S& 0 I OV See St) REFS ss BEseas S888 SSS OW AION oO HO 18, 232, 590 30, 605, 000 27, 665, 000 2, 925, 000 3, 934, 036 17, 580, 410 11, 275, 777 64, 598, 354 96, 025, 765 107, 905, 945 73, 376, 315 64, 990, 550 32, 278, 265 30, 539, 467 33, 364, 514 20, 697, 550 17, 092, 873 Chinook Fry 9, 940, 950 834, 078, 901 121, 456, 134 Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults 3, 849, 991 8, 086, 139 11, 938, 224 14, 628, 300 10, 689, 400 9, 305, 000 6, 559, 700 108, 555, 892 Silver Eggs Fry 690, 000 /> 298, 137) Ro onl eee ees 100, 0007] 0 =. 17, 320. 95, 840 | 2, 536, 460 a ee 971, 740 pee eee eae 2, 169, 050 2, 485, 740 | 7,012, 707 Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults 797, 162 1 Calendar year was used up to 1889, 2 The hatchery was closed from1884 to 1888. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 647 Output of hatcheries in California owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries— Continued Steelhead trout Total Year ending June 301— Fingerlings, Fingerlings, Eggs Fry yearlings, Eggs Fry yearlings, and adults and adults ON te a ee Re Serena ners art Saar 30, 000 OY). 12.225 ¢5e eS See es ee eee eee seer ees 1, 400, 000 rl. pa ee ee ee eee See ae 4, 155, 000 UP nA 5h SSeS eS |e eee ene ee 6, 250, 000 8 oe ee ne Be ERS S| ER ae (es a eee (eee Oe eres 5, 065, 000 OED aa a i SS (aS Se ey ee ener eee 4, 983, 000 ON ete keeles Sa Oe Oe es ee ee See Pee 7, 810, 000 OD. 2. = 2e ee ess Se Ok Ee eee (a ee eee (eee ar jee 4, 250, 000 OT Le te SS Ee aD ERS ee cool |e ees ee 5 a 3, 800, 000 UISLL, 12 4 SESE AES SSE ne RS Ee ee (ee eee (eee as 4, 300, 000 OLIN ot te eet is Sa ee ea ee eee ee eee | ees Bes Ss ey ee eee 3, 450, 000 1, 554, 000 2, 988, 000 2, 902, 000 3, 530, 000 7, 575, 000 3, 676, 000 6, 345, 800 18, 282, 590 30, 665, 000 27, 665, 000 2, 925, 000 3, 934, 036 17, 580, 410 11, 275, 777 64, 598, 354 96, 025, 765 107, 905, 945 73, 376, 315 UL. eee eee Re GR | ee ee ee ee 64, 990, 550 DT eee ees Oe ete Se el ee ec ey eee OR Se Eee 32, 278, 265 SLL) eer rn | eee (Ee ol a aac 30, 539, 467 INNS Ste ae 5 es SS (ee eo ee ee ee ee ae 35, 654, 414 LOD Aca a ie = Eo a | E> OE, SR | eet ae ee |e eee 20, 697, 550 USS See ee ee ee | et ee eee ee eee 17, 192, 873 “LEE ts SE ee ae ee S| A ee ee | eee ee 25, 469, 485 ONG. 352 ier a RB | oe aa 2 ee 20, 716, 005 DG es Se eal a | RL | eae Lee ae eae 19, 622, 340 HUG Sp 58 aa ee Es [Rng aA ee Re ee ee 7, 027, 300 332, 000 836, 924, 641 130, 644, 649 109, 685, 054 1 The calendar year was used up to 1889, 112992°—30 16 2 The hatchery was closed from 1884 to 1888. 648 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Oulput of hatcheries owned by the State of California Chinook Total Year SSS ee | foe Eggs Fry ! Eggs Fry 520, 520, 000 850, 850, 000 2, 250, 2, 250, 000 2, 000, 2, 000, 000 2, 200, 2, 200, 000 2, 500, 2, 500, 000 2, 300, 2, 300, 000 2 25: 2, 225, 000 2, 420, 2, 420, 000 3 3, 991, 750 600, 600, 000 150, 000 200, 000 1, 290, 000 2, 168, 000 1, 320, 000 2, 798, 000 2, 651, 000 3, 941, 650 7, 776, 400 3, 435, 000 a ae | ee | ees 15, 283, 183 eo S| Sn ee es ee ee 18, 123, 000 annsnt SE Seance See eee 31, 476, 388 21, 234, 000 2, 536, 000 3, 239, 0CO 17, 153, 040 20, 160, 487 , . 722, 000 $75000);;000) | 2225 22- 25 108; 000)|S2 se 87, 108, 000 HOSS O20) | Someta eee 243" 000) Seen ee 106, 058, 920 W126 7s OOO omen 35210004 sean 71, 619, 000 6056193000) |.-2 teas 1:70;,000))|- === 22.2523 60, 789, 000 23;000;000))| 2-2-3 aa 617000, |= 28, 517, 000 28 A054) ).|.2 225. ee 637,800 »|-222522-c25- 29, 107, 545 29, 657, 263 | 2, 060, 910 1,'858;-100) |! 22 Sasso 33, 576, 273 18;,900;:445 )|--2s 3-2 BLT, 1958 || eeeee 21, 087, 403 16, 277, 227 25, 000 1,983,500) |2= 232-22 eS 18, 285, 727 25, 290, 615 12, 500 3,171): 083:\| =e Ses 28, 474, 198 33, 313, 150 | 1, 417, 000 855827500) |S=aaa aes 43, 312, 650 19; 3904738 xe oS 6, '213;-170)|--- eee 24, 552, 908 6, 853, 000 6;699;'420 |b oS 13, 552, 420 14, 439, 000 4.483.000 |=. 22225 -238 18, 922, 000 11, 970, 000 4°950;\000s| ose eee 17, 098, 000 12, 326, 200 4, 718, 000 17, 044, 200 8, 644, 000 1, 859, 000 10, 503, 000 9, 393, 000 4, 592, 000 18, 985, 000 17, 639, 430 3, 281, 300 20, 920, 730 17, 856, 120 |___ 9, 730, 000 27, 586, 120 5, 576, 370 |_- 2, 243,'200 Wane 7, 819, 660 8, 580, 780 3, 683, 610 12, 264, 390 16, 911, 590 3, 591, 810 , 503, 400 9. S07 000 n| Las ese 5, 442, 275 15, 259, 275 Totala <3 3 223 250,000 | 903,968,491 | 3, 698, 410 80, 798, 816 250, 000 988, 460, 717 1 The greater part of the output of chinook fry was from eggs supplied by the U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries hatcheries in California. 2 All were lost. DISTRIBUTION The following table shows, by streams and species, the distribution in California of the salmon eggs, fry, fingerlings, yearlings, and adults, from the hatcheries of the United States Bureau of Fisheries and the State. This far from represents the work of the hatcheries, as large quantities of eggs were sent to other States and foreign countries, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 649 Distribution of salmon in the waters of California, 1873-1919 Klamath River and tributaries Redwood Creek and tributaries Chinook Silver Silver Year Es Chinook Steel- Ware Yearlings fry Yearlings| head fry Fry aes Fry and Fry and 8 adults adults USE COE | eee rc er | NO ee Sd So a ee eee ee See os 30) 000) Soc so-5082|2-se-2so5S.5/S5-5202 25 25, 000) |. 2 £32 Se | eee ee 147, 600 25: 0005 | 2 Se oe a 142) S00F ou a= ot =e es ee ZV RG), Uh) (eee ee ee eee E703 G00) <== = S25 | aera |e eee Bea eS eS ee Leer 300, 000 160,000) |-2-222-52-22) 1140, 000) | 24007000) eke a 2=es= ee ae en ree (Ee ee Ce ee (eee Se 65:(00A|- 254-223 |v eee 107, 808 =e SSB Ran See ees eae a ee ee ee 280, 250 12455700) fae 202, 000 16; COOn|t nse ees sla oe [Lesa aes 1 eZCOS 000K ease Ses See 650, 000 SAD ISCO DOV fg ea DN i a ae Ce Sel Oe ES i ee) LE eae Peer es 2S Lee Sid eid eels (aE eet DV OGOR910 i] eee ete ee ean teh Ee oo ee ASE 2 ke el [ee ee eel | a 172390 nase ean UE Sh Thee ol Uo oe 2 Peto LOO! |e ae 248s O60) | Sen as ee a Serene eres SSE Pe oh eee Soa DnSZON OOO, |p sess ERE = 2 1.098; 000) 3| are Soe eee WSS 195: |e ee 251690509 | cart esa sa 1, 728, 000 | 368, 000 OAO00| MeO! | Saa canes an SSO TDNOOO, |e \e eee |e ate ts lll eee ae ee So ee ISIS SOOO) peek sees Ft), O08 ie Rese one el ee eee Total___-_] 23, 070, 035 393, 000 8, 422, 240 171, 000 1, 943, 460 264, 750 400, COO 959, 808 - Marin ; - Russian | Skaggs Mad River and North Fork Eel River RSET Springs coe Year Chinook Silver Steel- Chinook Steel- : fry fry head fry fry head fry Chinook fry 15; 000))| 5252 ate 470, 000 ee ais arene ere? LOSSES (ACO OOO), [ea ae See ee oe ee ae eee fs ss 635, 000 33 os Se eee eee 1, 970, 000 Jel 2 eee 900, Total_--_| 1,820,365 . 923, 387 | 368, 500 | 84,479,810 | 1,789, 800 40, 000 15, 000 | 3, 530, 0CO 650 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Distribution of salmon in the waters of California 1873-1919—Continued Ban ae Monte- ran- . anta | rey Ba Sacramento River and tributaries cisco a Ynez yea ! Bay River | tributa- streams ries Year Chinook . Steel- Yearlings, pnb head Chinook fry ROS eee eel eae ee 3, 935, 000 ifs ee RNs Fc 15, 683, 183 ite eee ON ey 19, 264, 086 (i ee WE SE 33, 998, 300 200m 2 85, 200 | 16, 307, 110 AOS. (hea meet 5, 184, 950 [CRORE RY Eh 4, 128, 570 i aes IE Sa 16, 898, 100 (| aaa (BR a 16, 359, 606 11:7 aes, Soa ay cea 60, 782, 130 1O0REEN eee 94, 561, 380 Ti = ae Pia, 100, 038, 552 et eae, ean 66, 209, 250 17 ee eer a 59, 245, 855 LOG Meee et |e Seed 26, 090, 000 ia Sea ea 24, 786, 257 iC} SPOS Sareea oer 33, 323, 324 ee Re eee 22, 949, 110 Tee eae 16, 691, 167 Hii ee marae 24, 637, 864 AGIs skeen sek coed 3 28, 688, 000 (CT aeee tel eS a) 26, 800, 604 Ci ee Beene see 5, 875, 000 (| ee (eR eS 9, 470, 000 Total__.| 435, 500 | 788, 832, 798 | 50,917, 465 |1, 194, 762 | 929,900 | 314, 660 | 500,000 | 142,000 | 2, 930, 000 1 All were lost. Ge Includes 15,000 chinook fry planted in San Gregorio River and 15,000 chinook fry planted in Pescadero reek. 3 Includes the following plants in Santa Barbara county streams: Bear Creek, 4,000; Maguelito Creek, 2,000; and Salispuedes Creek, 2,000. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 651 Distribution of salmon in the waters of California 1873-1919—Continued Mon- terey Ven- Bay Truckee and ie River tribu- taries Year Silver : fry Chinook fry Total____| 310,000 |125, 000 | 260, 000 Total Chinook Silver Steel- Yearlings, acne rea Eggs Fry fingerlings, Fry doe ana adults‘ lings bs. EELS 75, 029, 250 Soe ees 18, 472, 327 Loess 30, 840, 964 See 5a 37, 543, 150 aes 34, 883, 739 10, 689, 400 10, 287, 000 80, 000 |.-----__- 487, 000 80,000) Massed 4 170, 000 ET 1 a ie 518, 200 Seer er kar 637, 800 3060; 9104|-.-_--5-- 1, 858, 100 MAST eee Ta 2, 177, 958 TOC. ee ae 1, 983, 500 9548, 960 [2-22-08 3, 171, 083 2, 363, 762 |.-------- 8, 582, 500 2160 O50) lace fet 5, 213, 170 50,000 | 11, 000 | 6, 699, 420 T7000 |. aot ee 4, 950, 000 435, 500 |908, 003, 118 51, 310, 465 11, 103, 139 | 571, 000 /38, 684, 039 4 Of recent years it has been impossible to show the total number of yearlings, fingerlings, and adults planted, as the State reports do not distinguish them from the fry. Those shown in 1914-1919 were reared by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 5 After 1911 the practice of showing waters in which steelheads were planted was abandoned as the number of streams was becoming unwieldy. 6 Includes 1,200 steelhead fry, which in ‘Total’ column are included under ‘Steelhead fry.’’ 652 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES After 1919 it was found impossible to show, by streams and species, the distribution in California of salmon and steelhead trout, as the State authorities had abandoned printing the data in this way and substituted that of showing it by counties. The following table shows the total plantings in this manner from 1920 to 1928, both inclusive: Distribution of salmon in California, 1920—1928 Chinook Steelhead Total Fingerlings, Fry Eggs Fry yearlings, and adults 4, 614, 100 4, 235, 000 16, 940, 300 7, 235, 000 1, 859, 3, 000, 000 10, 503, 4, 593, 400 4 502 (000s eee 13, 985, 000 5, 872, 200 By 2515 S00 Nene eee 20, 920, 730 3, 804, 400 9) 730; O00} Ita ee ee 28, 636, 120 4, 486, 000 2 2AG, 200 | poe snoeeee 9, 968, 460 1, 892, 500 3, 683, 610 25, 000 13, 063, 610 5, 327, 700 3, O01 S10n|cas one sees 20, 503, 4 9, 305, 000 5, 442, 275 954, 000 15, 259, 275 6, 559, 700 otal 22-2 8, 214, 000 110, 742, 510 | 49, 075, 900 | 39, 037, 385 8, 214, 000 149, 779, 895 | 49, 075, 900 1 Includes 178,000 silver salmon fry. OREGON HATCHERIES ON COASTAL STREAMS Rogue River —In 1877 R. D. Hume, who had been packing salmon on this river for some years, erected a hatchery at Ellensburg. In 1888 the Oregon Legislature appropriated a sum of money for the enlargement and support of this hatchery, Mr. Hume to retain complete control. As the location is on tidewater, it is necessary to catch the parent fish and hold them until they are ready to spawn, and in order to do this Mr. Hume had an excavation 32 by 62 feet and 11 feet deep made in the bank of the river. This was lined with concrete 1 foot thick, which, when filled with water, made a pond 30 by 60 feet and 10 feet deep. Over the entire pond he constructed a building which could be closed up so as virtually to exclude the light. It is supposed that retaining the fish in a dark place aids in keeping them in good physical condition until ready to spawn. After the death of Mr. Hume in 1908 this hatchery was taken over and operated by the State. After a closure of four years it was reopened as a feeding station in 1912. In 1897 Mr. Hume built and equipped a hatchery on the upper Rogue River at the mouth of Elk Creek about 26 miles from the town of Central Point, in Jackson County, and, in pursuance of an understanding with the United States Fish Commission, the latter operated then and still continues to operate this plant. In 1900 the Government established an auxiliary station for the collection of steelhead trout eggs on Elk Creek, about 10 miles above the main station. In 1905 a substation was operated at Grants Pass, while during the fiscal year 1908 and in subsequent years substa- tions were operated at Findley Eddy, on the Rogue River, Illinois River, and Applegate Creek, tributaries of the Rogue. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 653 Many of the eggs gathered at the upper Rogue River stations were shipped to Mr. Hume’s hatchery, on the lower river, and there hatched out and planted. Coquille River.—The State formerly had a hatchery on this river, but it was abandoned during the winter of 1902-3. In the winter of 1904-5 a substation was established on one of the tributaries of the Coquille River, about 6 miles from the South Coos River hatchery, and was used in hatching eggs brought to it from the latter place. A station was built on the north fork of the Coquille River in 1910. Coos River.—A hatchery was built by the State in 1900 on the South Coos River, about 20 miles from the town of Marshfield. Umpqua River—In 1900 the State built a hatchery on the north fork of the Umpqua River, near the town of Glide and about 24 miles east of Roseburg. In 1901 a station was established farther up the north fork, at the mouth of Steamboat Creek. After working here two years the station was moved a couple of miles farther up the stream. In 1907 work was resumed again at the original station near Glide, as winter freshets had seriously damaged the upper station. A permanent station was built in 1910. Siuslaw River.—In 1893 the State erected a hatchery on Knowles Creek, a tributary of the Siuslaw River, about 20 miles above the mouth of the river. It was turned over to the United States Fish Commission to operate, but no fish came up to the hatchery because the fishermen lower down stretched their nets entirely across the river. In 1897 and 1898 the United States Fish Commission operated a hatchery owred by a Mr. McGuire and located close to Mapleton, about 2 miles below the head of tidewater. In 1902 the State established an experimental station at the Bailey place, near Meadow post office. In 1907, a permanent station was established by the State on Land Creek fork of the Siuslaw River. Alsea River.—In 1902 the State established a station on the Willis Vidito place, near the town of Alsea. In 1907 an experimental station was established on this river at the mouth of Rock Creek, about 14 miles above the head of tidewater. In 1910 an experi- mental station was established between Alsea and tidewater. Yaquina River —In 1902 the State established a hatching station on the Big Elk River, a tributary of Yaquina River, about 3 miles above its confluence with the mainriver. This station was abandoned in 1924. Tillamook Bay.—In 1902 the State established a station on Wilson River, a tributary of Tillamook Bay, and about 8 miles above tide- water. In 1906 the station was removed to the Trask River, a tributary of Tillamook Bay. Additional plants were established at Nehalem in 1919, and Alsea, near Tidewater, in 1912. Two new egg-collecting stations at Nes- tucca and Wilson River were created in 1912. The latter was tem- porarily discontinued. DISTRIBUTION The following table shows the distribution of fry and fingerlings in the coastal streams of the State by the Government and the State. 654 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Distribution of saimon in the coastal streams of Oregon Yea Tillamook Bay and tributaries Yaquina River Alsea River ending d t June Chinook | Silver- Steel- | Chinook | Silver- Steel- | Chinook | Silver- Steel- 30— fry side fry | head fry fry side fry | head fry fry side fry | head fry | 1898-222 19; 99422 2. o.oo alka ccseasn see nee eeece ae ene asa aes as| pene esas See ees | 1901 Se et | sea ct ees =| Sete beeen ees 213,000} 2 250 ee ese Seen Re ee. es es eee 1908. = fs = py ty fs ee a Rive eae ae es Re ee 67,:750|-.=... == | Sees 190422 52! 799; 30013. 222 5S ee eo eee 3,'144,,380)° | 985, 220|...-222-. c| £2. te Sl ee ee ee 1906. ~~ =) = Se eee eee 1, 407, 470) 3,009,075) 780, 500) 1, 000, 000) 1, 000, 000)/__________ 19063221 222 (Se: 3E2b | ee eee 816, 608} 4, 178, 000} 1,038,150} 806, 938] 1, 785, 351/__________ 1007-35 312, 700) 2, 648, 000)--..---_-_- 1, 919, 508] 1, 955, 793 316; 245] 2 Se eee eee NODS ee en 2, 124, 000} 1, 629, 000}-...-_____ 2, 193, 043 909, 855|o-s22 es 199, 700 812,300)... = see 1008 3389-525; |e ees 4,896,000). .569,:690|| «485, 500) 1,006) '300|2 2 92 22 | |CLL ee SN ee ee eee IQIO2 ss == 624, 800) 3, 506, 990) 2, 309, 770 038) 28,'815)|~2s-=s=-<5|9:~ 5-.-5--| ee es ee phy eee ee Se 1, 818, 245] 1, 080, 000) 1,196,000} 582, 785) 2, 637, 550| 621,015) 495,950) 30, 300)__________ 1994 fe 646, 300) 1, 578, 131 761,000) 148,992) 1,554,602) 7,145) 287,645) 997,455)_____.____ YY bs pote 1, 747, 530), 422,886) 848,229) 727, 567) 3, 288, 650|/-..._._____| 87,935] 424, 925)--_-_2_-_- pt eee 487, 692)" 153125392) 660,688)2..5.24 23/0. Sach 2] o so Le SE eee 19f 5 Sees 2; 833, 428) ea ee 213; '900) 52-52 -) 4 Oe ee ee 1ST624= = 1], 9825724) 2-130) 130)25~.2 5 2) ee | See G46 45) |S eee eee ih 2) 143, 430) 183, 800} 495, 090 1, 495, 315 11S eS if 442, 400 634,:600)-.5---=-=<|2.-. 2 8| sw coc aeelcenncannwac], 869) S70|P1 Oy, 483 | Seen 1919 ss = 2 705, 656) 2,097,442} 384, 370 1, 758, 104 1920 oes = 3 1, 077, 090} 1,070,135! 826, 995 15 295, 375 L 706, 650} 3, 707, 300 1921s if. 362, 780) 1, 785, 485) 1, 051, 150 eS, 019, 870) 6, 859, 32) 1 ft 7) ee ee ee (oer 2, 036, 000 L 311, 305 4, 783, 435] 2, 397, 869 i [ty eee 1, 529,366! 805, 987).....--..- 1, 346, 361| 1, 609, 761) 4, 306, 533 1924_______| 3, 114, 848) 3, 546, 649) 1, 134, 460 3, 165, 534] 1, 076, 986) 2, 153, 596 ak 1 5, 323, 668) 1, 888,350! 820, 900 2, 562, 333] 4, 487, 800) 3, 250, 214 192622. -==- /12, 731, 300) 8, 411, 200) 3, 197, 350 2, 301, 047| 2, 766, 291) 6, 060, 294 i ty. ee ee 6,177,121) 4, 280, 100) 2, 370, 900 769, 528) 5, 585, 378) 2, 737, 226 1926 Poe 2, 852, 120 2, 144, 482 545, 070 1, 770, 514| 3, 584, 517} 1, 615, 134 Total____|52, 108, 367/43, 751, 759/19, 421, 462/15, 393, 239/21, 905, 089) 2, 818, 055/24, 528, 406/42, 089, 206|29, 476, 585 Year ending June 30— Chinook | Silverside fry fry fry fry Aas ven 730, 000 214, 800 1, 136, 000 Ee ee 1, 596, 213 eS Perse 1, 399, 860 311, 900 2, 654, 925 296, 732 4, 903, 700 030, 486 4, 685, 900 127, 293 2, 378, 853 092, 540 4, 093, 848 25, 289 5, 686, 273 20, 693 2, 541, 236 504, 429 1, 053, 516 627, 312 903, 704 476, 273 1, 882, 985 eee ee 1, 333, 171 ee ee 1], 216, 518 153, 662 918, 622 147,476 ''|.~ oes 1, 402, 700 ee Se Le | Ea rae 3, 259, 258 PE eae 100, 595 | 3, 896, 439 G74:'620 |S eco 2, 715, 075 1; 670; 86702 eee 2, 088, 590 esis SE Suna | ee ee 994, 848 1) 501 424, eae 2, 466, 243 Ee eg Ns Ee 3, 236, 539 1, 488, 614 612, 875 | 2, 714, 500 805; 400" 2s2— 5 3, 879, 500 eS 333, 000 | 4, 018, 968 Total____|21, 574, 813 |13, 159, 809 | 2, 224, 047 |69, 787, 984 Siuslaw River Umpqua River fry Coos Bay and tributaries fry 235, 000 2, 416, 350 Steelhead Chinook | Steelhead | Chinook | Silverside | Steelhead fry fry 80, 000 3 282, 915 431, 069 52, 280, 348 61, 045, 113 802, 072 2, 439, 383 4, 079, 274 3, 877, 172 744, 000 4, 014, 400 1, 881, 100 64, 017, 540 |32, 840, 307 1, 032,000 | 222, 000 2, 317; 370" |sameeeunae 962, 528 |_..-_---_- 2,073, 3000 |hi eee 1, 551, 645 | 192, 625 12 402, O17. ages an 1,080, 500)|_.< SEN Sere eas TQVOTON24 1h Ser Coaee Baume ll ee ee) es ll oe ae Donn IOS SEOn Mean aneenen Tiere Eases a 24, 977, 310 1, 668 ORO09; 00) uae co aae 44° 325085) |c 2s: ose ee aL OG Ge 27s ee ee at 4043130 ee ee ee fea 74 P40) ee ee (AY 694-5874 be = = 3 es 854220803 s Ses Tigi O Wee Mi pace = oe ee 1304610) =e eee 2 36, 324, 805 47, 980 828, 472 300 ZonUil, ons ae + ees 2Go1 e40ues <= es 32, 856, 262 1, 995, 746 1 705%043y||Seeoeae nee 33, 081, 994 16, 949 22439) 405) | ee 37, 748, 777 225 B;O145 (8ds|- aoe ee 28, 791, 095 11, 700 313087900 |S eee ees 49, 335, 065 1, 405, 860 12435600) |S = ae OBZ iit) SS BEE BOL DOO) bees eee 481, 995, 039 1, 732, 805 63659002|2= 22-22 =- 2 81, 504, 641 812, 801 GOB NTA 7 ees ee 85, 657, 635 8, 686, 789 Bay G82) |2-e es soe 47, 187, 410 9, 922, 869 1, 381, 915 86, 100 64, 929, 898 10, 383, 400 3, 763, 832 18, 800 22, 571, 500 46, 382, 420 4, 205, 864 2, 200 48, 115, 679 28, 042, 600 4, 803, 585 22, 050 21, 614, 552 22, 487, 500 GkS69! O85: | aees es ee 26, 765, 875 50, 831, 300 6; 3205625) |e 33, 703, 765 23, 870, 200 2, 979, 323 338, 800 46, 301, 753 32, 278, 300 4, 902, 150 121, 850 55, 703, 215 10, 344, 200 9, 918, 489 586, 000 52, 677, 283 42, 613, 000 Coe URN) eee ees Ler 60, 551, 361 18, 532, 000 2) 888 972-3 eee 56, 544,029 | 29,011,500 | 10,909,450 |..__________ 1, 416, 059, 860 339, 968, 962 135, 202, 293 1, 176, 100 ‘ Includes 1,000,000 eggs, 664 Plants of salmon U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES in the Columbia River and tributaries since 1877—Continued Steelhead trout Chum Total Year ending June 30— Yearlings, Yearlings, Yearlings, Fry fingerlings, Fry fingerlings, Fry fingerlings, and adults and adults and adults Ses SSA Ee eee eer ee eae ey Ue 2 8 Se ry 300,000" Ses See es ee eee ee eB 2k eS eS Re Se ee 79, 620:,| 2 ee Soh SSe Ses ee eee ere ae a ee oe 3,076; 500) |= 22 ee SO ek ee Ya 2s Se 1, 834, 290, |\:2-s=255 sees Be ad PE eae 5 = en dale See gi cei 2, 554,200") | (ee eee ee oe ee Ea ee eee one neko Se ane Ses see 1,300,000. S35) Sees es eeA Se EE SSUES eee eee ee Se Soe a Le Se ee 4, 500; 000:|2 S-Se see _cee 2 eP Pe ee RSE EN Ds Po se feet too eee eee 3, 756, 475))|'o ee ee ie ee | a ee oe ee eee 5, 694; 000):|2o-Se= scares Bee cea pene EE SS be oll Sonne ee ee ee 1, 332;-400) 2-22 eee ce ees Wie Be ae ok AS 2 eee 4, 100::000)||-_ S5=see=e CD 2 Somes We eae 2 eS Se. a te ee 213, '000)\| eae Soe SS a ee ee, ah ee ee ee eee 2, 623, 0002s ee ae es ee eee eee es 2 je ee Ie OS Se ee 9, 832, 150 557, 150 a rere i SB ook let De en ee ie a Sle ot ee Solon Shee nS 10, 641, 394. ||. -2S cee eee po cbe a dae ee | eee ee eee ee 26, 212) 074222 eee ee SG 2i | ee ae ak ee be Rie eee os |S Dae see 19, 987; 866, |2-c eee 000 | 2 2-o oe 2 aes ee Se eee ee ee ee 29, 985,'693).)|- Seeger 245;(000'| 252s 5 ee | a er ee ee 30, 782, 060 1, 668 D566 S27 neat oe See | ee ee eee eee 62, 130; 136 |__--eeeeeeeee 563, 550 37, 0008 HEL = 3 - oe ee ea 49, 459, 583 37, 033 T5808 1 | 4a AG ene Ae ea ee 80,'276, (65320. iy (Ses Oe ae cal OS ey) a TT ESE UES? 19; 230:.062')|_2 eee 6 1, 745, 111 DAC BRS) ANC. | A TUE ee 38, 898, 388 72, 663 26.5040) 252.420 — oe ee See 25, 855, 2245): cre eee 15; 0001/22 2-23 ae eS 34, 576, 805 1, 995, 746 Bil ODS 6D7 dias ee LE ee eee 36, 580, 066 16, 949 12. 063; 688 y\0= 2-22-21 2= Se ee ee 43, 182, 198 225 1, O82 BST os 420, 730 33, 991, 383 11, 700 1, 387, 500 116, 300 106, 020 54, 030, 070 1, 522, 160 AQADOONIES 2 = ese 105, 800 76, 885;'611 ||Se2e eee MEDAL Ue Meee ere ee, | 591, 638 86, 134, 417 1, 732, 805 BOR" S235) 2 =e eae ere 8, 299, 572 94, 541, 793 812, 801 1, 459, 067 6, 000 16, 448, 199 108, 917, 145 10, 218, 813 4, 074, 330 338, 850 5, 332, 125 59, 501, 804 10, 595, 869 A, 274 380 \|2= uote oe eee 8, 881, 640 84, 581, 523 10, 402, 200 4, 663, 820 135, 500 210, 600 34, 851, 584 47, 920, 880 9, 323, 400 160, 600 2, 376, 000 64, 618, 664 29, 151, 015 3,027: 260)\|=-3-e-4. ees 2, 140, 180 33, 651, 077 31, 649, 370 1) 759, BOO" | >see eae 484, 955 35, 330, 810 51, 324, 665 3, 457, 189 723; O00 | Bee es 40, 140, 227 27, 076, 226 4, 166, 842 776, 600 493, 231 55, 863, 976 39, 269, 660 3, 007, 324 474, 000 480, 000 69, 109, 028 15, 684, 727 2, 126, 062 377, 820 66, 732 62, 080, 266 48, 954, 320 2, 398, 362 10, 000 591, 400 66, 430, 095 21, 720, 500 3, 278, 479 132, 000 370, 850 71, 102, 808 34, 902, 880 _ | — — — | ——— ——_— __ | __________ 62, 695, 948 3, 312, 086 47, 399, 672 7, 049, 000 |1, 680, 655, 208 385, 632, 025 5 Includes 50,000 eggs. 6 Includes 58,000 eggs. WASHINGTON Willapa River—In 1899 Washington established a hatchery on 7 Includes 25,000 eggs. 8 Includes 79,000 eggs. Trap Creek, a tributary of the Willapa River, situated about 200: yards from the creek’s mouth. This was rebuilt and enlarged in 1928. In 1916 local residents along the North River, a tributary of Wil- lapa Harbor, contributed the funds to build a salmon hatchery, and this was constructed and put into operation the same year. In 1917 a salmon hatchery was built and put into operation at Raymond. It is designated as Willapa Hatchery No. 2. The two latter were discontinued in 1922. In 1918 some fishermen and public-spirited citizens of this section contributed the money for the building of a State hatchery on the Nasel River, a tributary of Willapa Harbor. Chehalis River—The construction of a hatchery on the Chehalis River, about 4 miles above the city of Montesano, was begun by the PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 665 State in October, 1897, but owing to bad weather and extreme high water was not completed until late in 1898. The hatchery was a failure until 1902 when a fair season was had, as was again true in 1903. It was not operated in 1904. Since the State began taking eggs from the Satsop River, a tributary of the Chehalis, it has been possible to fill the hatchery each season, and the project was enlarged in 1929. In 1909 the site where eggs had been gathered on the Satsop River was purchased, and a new hatchery was erected there. It has three concrete rearing ponds and is fully equipped for the taking of spawn and the hatching out and caring for 5,000,000 fry. This plant was first operated in the fall of 1909. Work was begun in September, 1914, by the United States Bureau of Fisheries on a hatching station on Lake Quinault, Wash., and a take of eggs was made the same year. In lieu of installing fishways in their dams in the Humptulips River and tributaries, in the Grays Harbor section, two timber firms agreed to furnish the money needed to build a hatchery on Stevens Creek, west of Humptulips, and the same was constructed and put into operation in October of 1914. The plant is now the property of the State and was rebuilt in 1929. In 1917 a hatchery was built by the State on Chehalis River near Dryad, with money contributed by two lumber companies in lieu of building fishway over a dam. . Puget Sound and tributaries —In 1896 the State established a hatch- ery on Baker Lake, which is the head of Baker River, a tributary of the Skagit River, and this was the first establishment for the hatching of sockeye salmon. In July, 1899, it was sold to the United States Fish Commission. In 1901 steelhead trout eggs were collected on Phinney Creek, about 5 miles from the town of Birdsview, and some 30 miles from Baker Lake. In 1901 an auxiliary station was opened at Birdsview, on Skagit River, and steelhead trout eggs were collected on Phinney and Grandy Creeks and brought to Baker Lake to. be hatched. The Birdsview station has since been developed as a main station, and the Baker Lake hatchery relegated to auxiliary status. - In 1898 a private hatchery (the necessary money being raised by subscription among the residents of Fairhaven, now Bellingham, and vicinity) was built near Lake Samish, a few miles from Fairhaven. In 1899 a hatchery was built by the State on Kendall Creek, a tributary of the Nooksack River, about 300 yards from same, and about 2 miles from the railway station of Kendall. Except in 1903, this hatchery has since been operated continuously. An eyeing sta- tion was built in 1907 on the south fork of the Nooksack River, about 1 mile from Acme. In the same year the State built a hatchery on the Skokomish River, about 4 miles from its mouth. An eyeing station was also erected on the north fork of the same river. The main station was not operated in 1904 and only on a small scale in 1903 and 1905. - The State, in 1889, built a hatchery on Friday Creek, a tributary of a Samish River, situated about 1 mile from the mouth of the creek. The following State hatcheries were first operated in 1900: Snoho- mish hatchery, built on the west bank of Skykomish River, a few miles from its mouth; Nisqually River hatchery, built on Muck Creek, about one-half mile from the Nisqually River, and about 4 miles 666 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES from the town of Roy, in Pierce County; and the Stillaguamish hatch- ery, located on the Stillaguamish River, about 4 miles from the town of Arlington, in Snohomish County. The latter has since been moved to Jim Creek, a tributary of the south branch of the Stilla- guamish River. The Startup hatchery, located near Startup, on the Skykomish River, was formerly used as a collecting station for the Snohomish hatchery. It is still used for this purpose, but also retains and hatches a considerable quantity of spawn. The station is about 4 miles from the Snohomish hatchery. In 1918 it was rebuilt and now bears the name of Skykomish hatchery. In 1900 the State established a fisheries experimental station at Keyport Landing, on the east arm of Port Orchard Bay, with Pearson as the nearest post office. The work of the station was devoted to salmon and oysters until it was abandoned a few years later. The State established a hatchery on the Dungeness River, about 7 miles from the town of Dungeness, in Clallam County, in 1901. In 1906 it constructed a hatchery on a small tributary of the Skagit River, between Hamilton and Lyman. This was destroyed in 1917 by floods. The station built on Sauk River, a tributary of the Skagit, has been operated only occasionally since the Skagit hatchery was built. The White River hatchery was constructed on Suice Creek, a trib- utary of Green River, some years ago. During the summer of 1909 a new hatchery was built at this station, the old one being too small to accommodate the amount of spawn that could be taken. The new hatchery is located on the east side of Suice Creek near the county road. The building contains 140 hatching troughs. The plant has a pond system, where the fry are kept and fed until they are able to shift for themselves. During the summer of 1911 the city of Tacoma constructed a large concrete dam in the Green River, about 4 miles west of Eagle Gorge. As this dam prevented the salmon from reaching the spawning beds, the State established an eyeing station the same year just below the dam. In 1913 the name was changed to Green River hatchery, to conform to the name of the main stream. All work in this field has been concentrated in a large new establishment completed in 1927. In 1912 the United States Bureau of Fisheries completed the Quil- cene and Duckabush hatcheries. Both are on small tributaries enter- ing the west side of Hoods Canal, an arm of Puget Sound. In 1913 a new station was operated by the Bureau on the Duse- wallips River, a tributary of Hoods Canal, Puget Sound, near Brin- non. Two new field stations—on Elwell River, a tributary of the Skykomish River, near Sultan, and on Sauk River, a tributary of the Skagit River, near Darrington—were also put into operation the same year. The Sauk River had been worked by the State at one time. In 1913 the Middle Fork Nooksak eyeing station was transformed into a hatchery. In the same year the eyeing station on the south fork was moved farther up the river. The plant was finally aban- doned in 1922. In 1914 stations were established by the United States Bureau of Fisheries on Day Creek and Illabot Creek, tributaries of the Skagit River, while a substation was opened on Hamahama River at Eldon, distant about 9 miles up Hood Canal from the mouth of the Ducka- bush River, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 667 On May 23, 1914, the Baker Lake hatchery building was destroyed by fire. In addition to the building and equipment, 1,305,820 silver fry and 823,097 sockeye fry were destroyed. The station was rebuilt but was burned down again in 1919. It has since been rebuilt. In 1915 the State built a hatchery on the Pilchuck River, a tribu- tary of the Skykomish River, near Granite Falls. In lieu of building a fishway in its dam on the Elwha River, near Port Angeles, the Olympic Power Co. furnished the funds needed to build a hatchery below the dam, and this was opened by the State in 1915. It was discontinued in 1922. In 1916 the city of Tacoma furnished funds to build a hatchery in lieu of a fish ladder over the Nisqually power plant dam, and the hatchery was constructed by the State at Chambers Prairie and opened in 1916. It is known as the Chambers Creek hatchery. In 1917 a new hatchery was established by the State at Orting, on the Puyallup River, while in 1918 an eyeing station was established at Tahuya, on Hoods Canal, near the Skokomish hatchery. In 1919 the Nisqually hatchery was destroyed by floods. The following tables show the total output of the salmon hatcheries in the State of Washington owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and the hatcheries owned by the State itself: Output of the salmon hatcheries in Washington owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries Chinook Sockeye, or blueback Silver, or coho Year ending Finger- Finger- Finger- June lings, lings, lings, 30— Eggs Fry yearlings, Eggs Fry yearlings,| Eggs Fry yearlings, and and and adults adults adults re eee 1S eee a |e I oe | eee Sewanee Ree oe oe US a eS ee eee a eS ee | ee ee ee) ee a eee ee eee 1899__ 450965000 Paal 791s O56) see ee |< ea ee Tee a ee ne |e eee oe 5 ol oh es enn lao ace 1900___| 2,686,000} 6, 626, 947)___-.______ eS Be ALONSO) Se ee ee ee ee eee ae ap te «6;,5815.000|, 5,;427, 680-2 —— 22+ =< |e2e 52 2 - BRS) he GS a 74, O41 b= eee “4 PS OS ee USGS Y Ales} {es ae 3 el ES ee GIS YAS 0) [is eee eal see (te et eal pee 3 DTS} of eee eS NG, 474030! Sate ee See ee £3, (ol (80) =a— ee eae So eee SSI 2iEe ee Ne 7506) OOO!) 17,880, 183|=255 <2 -- = |2-2 oS Ete (LP Usa Swe | ee S8O845 645| sol ES eee eee 72505 21 O| eee oo oe 7, 819, 281 10,000} 107,000) 8,071, 081)________ a 1906___| 7,714,000} 14, 846, 905)_---------- 880,000) 3, 285, 130 9, 500) 239,180} 6, 445, 574)__________ eee ODO. O00 |t 16,012, 08) 2=2=—- 22 _|- += <== 4224, 25b| eae oe 760;.,000)| 3, 686,/952)=-- = 1908___} 1,485,000} 12, 372, 503} 1, 537, 941 (57000), .8,-514305| 2222322 2 296, 000) 13; 262,,714|__.-.-=--— 1909___} 3,650,000) 11, 565, 553 14, 186 100, 000} 5, 430, 626)/__________ 22 OO0l) si1601, VIO Ese ee Stele osS lose oslo; O10) 2s-—-> (bis oe 4, G54, 820|' see ses ee 275, 000} 10, 888, 025).-----__-_ 1911___} 3,350,000) 7, 307, 455 ft 100) = 2 ee 55496;,000| 22226. 220 1022 000|) 745005615) sa. 52 see 1912___} 8,020,000) 10, 959, 728 655;'095|- = 22 ee 4. 6925010 Se eee 52, 000} 10, 599, 939)-.=.---_-__ et eee el Oe TESS ONO |LO\ 083,300) = 2252. = |_ 52k 5510157700 Bae 1025000). 10;'754° 617|— 1914___| 4, 584, 000) 31, 140, 440} 1, 180, 505 50,000} 2, 583, 469 1205000 |be= ee 13,50) o04|2 o-oo 1915___| 4,998, 000) 38, 162, 139 987, 495 155, 000} 10, 820, 441 46, 575 35, 000) 20, 673, 056 41, 500 JTS 38,012, S64) it; 4883270). 2 a 15, 737, 420) 2, 666, 308 2,500) 5, 466, 334| 1, 460, 354 LLG el ees eee 14, 969, 904] 5, 865, 226|_--_=_____ 11, 861, 825): 2, 145, 953}_-_______ 3, 960, 000) 4, 559, 860 1918___} 3,150,000) 2,185, 218! 41, 202, 694/__________ 3, 625, 000/12, 705, 285)_--__--_- 972, 300/10, 118, 815 1919___ 960, 000 389, 002] 18, 474, 900}__________ 1, 000, 000/15, 799, 960}___-_-__- 7, 544,020! 697, 380 eee aie of, OU 2000} see 24; 406, 9¢0|=—£ = = - = 14, 726, 615) 9, 876, 000|_-------- 6, 887, 050) 1, 820, 500 eet. 3, 65000012 22. -- 23, 735, 465} 150,000) 8,000,000) 3, 457, 000|_----___- 600, 000} 6, 551, 200 #922=—-| 1,400; 000)-.--_.--.-- AQT S56: 070\ 22-22 = —— 4, 200, 000} 7, 701, 635|_-___---- 600, 000) 10, 964, 940 1923 _ __| 2 4, 000, 000)-__________ TOP SS IOTAG| = 14, 200, 000} 1, 998, 400} 100,000) 8,371,025) 3, 077,055 1924___| 2, 246, 000) 745, 000) 21, 296, 105)3 3,320,000} 8, 519, 840) 4, 528, 000)____----__ 11, 419, 990} 3, 892, 000 1925___| 7, 494, 880 380, 000) 25, 346, 000) 3, 150, 000} 21,770,000) 2,845,000) 100, 000} 10, 177, 650) 1, 716, 639 1926" | 10; 656,.640)...-. =. - == 23, 859, 600 150,000! 9,795, 800) 6,979,180) 201,000} 4,555, 800) 2, 470, 900 1927___| 9, 112, 000 266, 000) 17, 607, 800 125, 000} 12, 030, 000| 2, 668,170} 100,000} 5, 142, 400 997, 600 1928___| 18, 079, 000 342, 500) 28, 810, 220! 4, 410, 000! 13, 337, 000| 2,613,600) 100,000} 10,852,700! 704,000 Total_|150, 326, 770|296, 387, 364 pe 688, 337|12, 465, te ae 451, 347 Re 170, 566)2, 843, 680/190, 924, 804/49, 072, 743 1 30,000 from Birdsview to Clackamas, Oreg., and 20,000 from Birdsview to Craig Brook, Me. _? 225,000 from Little White Salmon to central station, Washington, D. C., and 1,750,000 from same sta- tion to Clackamas, Oreg. 3 25,000 from Quinault, Wash., to Medford, Oreg. 668 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Output of the salmon hatcheries in Washington owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries—Continued j Humpback ; Steelhead trout Year er ing June Fingerlings, Fingerlings, Eggs Fry yearlings, Eggs Fry yearlings, and adults and adults 137, 665 891, 000 1, 424, 000 3, 482, 620 305, 000 470, 400 2, 469, 550 7 TES Stee ea Se Se Pe | SEs ee 909, 400 5:300; 000 i|/2-4eee seen 365, 800 1923 Pree te 3. ek SOSO00 Tesi ee ee 1, 672, 435 6 434, 000 260, 000 1, 256, 105 {V7 EOE Set ESSE ES ee Soe 918. 0000 28 eS a 7 70, 000 368, 685 1, 898, 560 GD his = eee Aaa Dae EN RP eee Ie 21,329) 9400) 5 oe 1°800,'000 | 22s eee 3, 162, 174 15, 000 5} 220000) esses See 3,964,308 (22 ee O78 ORO | eat amee aaa 4,,.566)401, || saaeeeee 6; 04850001," sso" sara 44; 400, 141.) 25 see oe TTAB OUD) | eee eee ee 6,202, 3381] = a5 eee 125 074;/060)||- shee Seed 4. 841 330))| 25 eae 8 3, 526, ply ia) ine Se ne ce 5 6, 732, 805 1, 000 31, 408, O60) |eraae Seems 9, 731540012. 2 see eres 15,80 A040 |e ee 4, 444/271 «| Stee ee ee 18D 2.000! a a eee 4,'925,'565|2 = seme 41, 541, 949 1, 000, 000 5, 102, 566 891, 000 } 12, 955, 800 6, 766, 530 1, 979, 010 ip 420, 500 8, 219, 086 4, 736, 000 62,1074; \752).| 52 eae eens 4, 851, 092 3, 520, 420 2, 354, 000 369, 958 21, 480, 325 4, 063, 760 8,152,452. Exc oee eeeee 64700) |S ae eee 7, 311, 100 5, 484, 000 6 3, 275, 000 393, 400 3y4902300 | 222 eres: 37, 672, 212 7, 793, 000 2, 752, 113 1, 603, 300 16, 425, 627 798, 400 3, 899, 150 14, 027, 610 4, 130, 794 365, 800 6, 880, 994 1, 672, 435 11, 835, 480 14, 645, 400 3, 639, 674 1, 178, 105 30; 506, O75) |e eee see 90; 8815804 :|. oe ees 4, 638, 230 1, 638, 560 1 Ee A A lial | a ea Soe ee UPA 8 Peas 1, 986, 370 708, 875 21 A4* G00 1 eee ee aes 18-233; 400" |S2 522 == eae 3, 882) 565 312, 700 12077 405 | ae eee Saneop ole | ee oe eee 6, 631, 975 819, 700 161, 360, 685 17, 948, 178 462, 335, 032 53, 780, 300 112, 700, 368 13, 086, 560 1 Includes 50,000 eggs. ? All fingerlings. 3 Includes 14,400 eggs. 4 Includes 100,000 eggs. 5 Includes 25,000 eggs. 6 Includes 125,000 eggs. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 671 Plants of salmon in the waters of Washington other than the Columbia River—Con. Quinault Lake and River : i k Silverside Steelhead Year ending Chinook Sockeye June 30— es ee RR R! ———E Ee Yearlings, Yearlings Yearlings, . 7 Fry | fingerlings, Fry fingerlings, Fry fingerlings,| Fry einge or adults or adults or adults 1950133) s-=2 eee 3, 558, 591 , 600 4,810 | 13, 840, 000 1605000) 3- 3 se222e S32 11, 150, 000 AO | en ee 2, 500, 000 100, 000 109, 400 1, 000, 000 a a 34,600 | 4, 400, 000 Le Deere Se 24, 800 950, 000 BS Sees a 47, 000 250, 000 RASTA LAIR yi eee See, 1000008) ci Ee hae oe 1, 000, 000 acme ccee 13,300 | 4, 520, 000 pee Seek aes | As. 2 ee 5, 300, 000 Total__| 529, 513 233,910 | 49, 468, 591 | 42, 598, 221 5, 265, 016 6, 593, 464 | 80, 598 365, 000 Chehalis River fry Willapa River fry Year ending June 30— é Silver, or Steel- - Silver, or Steel- Chinook aahiG Chum ena Chinook caha Chum head COTA (eee) (Se as 190, 000 6537400 | Rote See es LU 2, 163, 019 | 1,800, 000 |__-_-__ _:_ 500, 000 819, 504 | ’ 204/876 |___._.___.- 420, 390 630, 000 | 1,800,000 |__..._....- i 2, 563, 380 | 1, 468, 800 |_--________ 529, 650 | 2, 160, 000 |__.________ 171, 550 2, 250, 000 900; 000i S222 2sc2es 393, 660 | 2, 250, 000) |__..-..-..- 526, 500 3, 275, 000 | 2,064,000 |.-._._____- 678,600 | 654, 500 |___...__-_. 148, 500 1, 800, 000 | 1,757,000 |____-_._..- 322,200 | 504,000 |__________. 399, 000 1, 577, 000 859)000))|s222- ea: 455, 200 iz 0 Eee ees ee 4, 041, 900 900, 960 937, 500 134,350 | 2457; 900) |--=- = 300, 000 3, 575, 700 | 1, 052, 760 93, 752 748; 600))|) 3; 1015 750) jes-e ee 8 303, 825 1, 690, 200 | 3, 177, 680 412, 500 (200 600))) 1.386; 000) |B 22 =~ 382, 500 2, 977, 260 497, 300 TOL MIS |53 292475345) 15785; 580! oF 82 te 248, 555 4, 790, 474 | 1, 230, 000 551, 302 302, 461 581, 730 | 1, 581, 750 105, 440 6, 811, 315 | 4, 218, 930 638, 733 | 2, 570, 105 LOSS550 PES le 20s ee 120, 000 | 2, 590,000 |_--________ 2, 178, 185 G55 000) |: ss-< 2-8 eee 12, 275, 990 |17, 725, 949 967,975 | 5,411,725 | 1, 809, 901 | 2, 359, 805 771, 600 6, 017, 655 | 4,763,000 | 1, 847, 400 | 1, 460, 206 372, 500 318, 100 197, 060 13, 134, 755 |27, 694, 449 | 1, 182, 500 294, 604 |! 4, 885, 268 | 5, 613, 783 | 1, 666, 500 2 106; 2135 esse eee 1, 296, 005 | 6, 023, 500 | 3, 208, 420 89, 585 | 1, 240, 900 17, 2188 O00), [22a ae an Se 1, 499, 870 | 2, 536, 780 |10, 865, 300 |__-________ 1, 909, 000 17, 218, 000 | 5, 601, 420 704, 372 | 5, 072, 605 | 4, 705, 340 |_--________ 979, 885 9, 720, 231 | 3, 640, 000 600, 640 | 3, 784, 325 | 3, 591,000 |___________ 631, 790 16, 023, 401 | 9, 773, 459 406, 300 | 6,338,790 | 8, 270,645 |__-________ 1, 085, 342 147 eee aa 458, 700 | 19, 209, 590 | 1, 131, 000 726, 550 | 8, 989, 450 | 2, 820, 165 205, 265 530, 535 ite 7 Se eee ee 314, 000 | 19, 501, 790 | 1, 340, 000 530, 950 | 5, 214, 695 | 7, 393, 235 167, 395 462, 550 Total _ _ --|22, 252, 782 |178, 497, 854 |92, 385, 707 |13, 097, 467 |63, 163, 559 |67, 385, 660 |11, 517, 403 |13, 459, 422 672 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Plants of salmon in the waters of Washington other than the Columbia River—Con. Total by species fe eee ee Grand total Si = Chinook Sockeye ag eee wep Chum Steelhead 1876 28: 2 713.000 Hoek £30. ane | = Se (ees 3, 000 IRO7 SEs 8 eee 5,500; O00": 2 a eee ee ee S| De Sees 5, 500, 000 ifs ee Bee Se 5,400, 000) 225 22 ee eee | ag Ree 8s). eee ee ee 5, 400, 000 WROO= - = =. 22 EGE Ly Eee eee IS9\000 | 282.6255 -2 abs = eee 8, 874, 000 iC | | re 3, 236, 300 10, 683,000 | 6, 749, 280 |------------ 10, 301, 760 1, 762, 560 32, 732, 900 A ee 2, 863, 200 8, 834, 453 | 14,360, 185 |_----------- 16, 478, 280 1, 398, 476 38, 934, 594 bt |» oe eS 2, 141, 322 3, 371, 000 | 23, 161, 069 |_----------- 9, 937, 390 | © 2, 591, 371 41, 202, 152 a 5 poe 4, 276, 869 By OLrOO | ied, (BU ls ee: Jaan Leen 9, 937, 390 | 3,826, 091 45, 079, 910 if ea 3, 585, 437 3, 855, 000 | 14, 276, 721 SALINE ene tee see 3, 938, 866 26, 127, 821 190K S << SRR 3, 220; MSS0ise ee tess 18,3249; '375) |22-~. Ae a 1, 617, 940 28, 080, 053 19062 === = 5, 348, 940 3, 582, 680 | 34, 493, 794 969,990 | 3, 268,800 | 3,348, 724 51, 012, 878 190 G22 ==2 4, 301 2bS eee 31, 460, 552 | 4, 224" 255 | 6,120,000 | 4,490, 808 50, 596, 873 10082 2 s=2 t= 9, 198, 309 8, 514, 305 | 41, 542, 966 9, 420, 662 4, 342, 350 4, 714, 991 77, 733, 583 1909! = =e 10, 117, 488 6,430, 626 ..|. .30,'926,'310' |_2=-_-----.. 7,805,000 | 4, 898, 141 59, 177, 565 4, 554, 825 | 38, 478, 125 1, 887,600 | 8,607,500 | 6, 292, 338 72, 359, 648 5, 496, 000 | 36, 441, 665 96, 000 | 12, 975, 020 6, 078, 830 66, 917, 497 4, 692, 573 | 46, 476, 064 5, 432, 110 4, 578, 930 7, 131, 382 73, 824, 663 5, 751, 700 | 59, 204, 407 1, 888 | 34, 586, 640 | 10, 526, 400 118, 481, 663 2, 803, 261 | 46, 976, 751 | 22, 651, 415 16, 032, 346 | 5, 393, 944 104, 636, 888 10, 929, 647 | 80,076,317 | 7, 508, 004 54, 663, 800 | 5, 592, 895 174, 389, 108 18, 403, 728 | 51, 173, 801 | 14, 923, 627 | 47, 942,599 | 6, 632, 299 165, 359, 973 14, 816, 233 | 13, 413, 235 | 7,614,030 | 22,312,330 | 3, 399, 510 92, 029, 868 22, 902, 035 | 53, 684,416 | 12, 955,086 | 72,760, 506 | 10, 111, 087 216, 752, 569 15, 005, 520 | 22, 559,757 | 2, 723,958 | 30,625,185 | 5, 196, 912 100, 500, 140 24, 526, 000 | 47, 376, 687 64, 700 ! 46, 103,332 | 6, 517, 400 129, 748, 476 11, 457, 000 | 48, 439, 888 | 3, 490, 300 | 46, 554,787 | 6, 892, 318 143, 879, 750 12, 159, 800 | 57, 424, 506 | 17, 224,027 | 17,926,760 | 7,905, 464 126, 168, 465 16, 148, 000 | 86, 367,088 | 8, 553, 429 | 32,082,303 | 6, 502, 036 162, 498, 593 1974S oe eae 11, 221, 419 4, 892, 840 | 77, 482, 344 | 30, 506, 675 | 33,971,894 | 7,839, 220 165, 914, 392 1926 22 wet sae 16, 663, 855 3, 850, 700 | 80, 716,813 | 14, 367,215 | 17,790,722 | 4, 186, 887 137, 576, 192 19262 eeoanoe 26, 082, 544 16, 774, 360 | 61,673,722 | 2,144,600 | 19, 569,665 | 5, 961, 800 132, 206, 691 I (fet ee Sek 21, 435, 897 6, 972, 470 | 66, 403, 232 | 12,077,495 | 33, 733,146 | 9, 454, 225 150, 076, 465 Total___|375, 138, 819 | 256,039, 495 |1,213,077,841)179, 308, 863 |621, 008, 435 |154, 202, 915 | 2, 798, 776, 270 7 These were brought from the Clackamas (Oreg.) station and planted in some unnamed lake. BRITISH COLUMBIA Fraser River —The first hatchery established by the Dominion of Canada on the Pacific coast was erected in 1884 at what is now Bon Accord, a point on the lower river some 4 miles above New West- minster, and on the opposite shore. The next built was in 1901 on Granite Creek, Shuswap Lake, which discharges into the Fraser through the South Thompson River, the lake being about 280 miles from New Westminster. In 1904 another hatchery was established on Harrison Lake on the Lillooet River, first large tributary of the Fraser on the north side; also one about 4 miles east of the lower extremities of Pemberton ‘Meadows, at the junction of Owl Creek and the Birkenhead River, 4 miles above its confluence with the eastern branch of the Lillooet River, which in turn discharges into Lillooet Lake. In 1907 a hatchery was built on Stuart Lake, near the headwaters of the Fraser. In 1914 the Bon Accord hatchery had to be abandoned, due to the laying out of a town site around it, and the equipment was transferred to Queen’s Park, New Westminster. The Province of British Columbia established the Seton Lake hatchery in 1903 on Lake Creek, on the north side, about half a mile er the outlet of Seton Lake; but it has not been operated since 1917 Hatchery operations were commenced at Pitt Lake in 1916, when a small station was built to take care of 1,000,000 sockeye-salmon eggs. The remainder of the eggs collected there during that season PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 673 were transferred to the Harrison Lake hatchery. Since that time the Pitt Lake plant has been enlarged and is now a regular station. In 1916 a subsidiary station was built by the Dominion on Cultus Lake to accommodate the surplus eggs which could not be handled in the Harrison and Pemberton hatcheries. In 1913, the year of the quadrennially big run of sockeye salmon on the Fraser River, the contractors who were building the new Canadian Northern Railway, in blasting their way along the banks of the river, threw the rock and other débris into the stream until in the narrow part of the canyon south of North Bend at Whites Creek, Hells Gate, China Bar, and Scuzzy Rapids, all within a few miles of each other, the débris formed great sloping banks extending out into the stream at these points, and entirely changed the direction of the currents, and, of course, the velocity of the water. At best the salmon had a hard time getting through there, but the added obstruc- _ tions rendered it practically impossible. At a rather late hour the authorities woke up to the menace this work was to the run of salmon, and the dumping of débris into the river in such a manner as to obstruct their ascent was stopped. How to clear the stream once more was now the problem, and this was seriously complicated by a slide of rock which took place in Hells Gate in February, 1914, which narrowed the channel of the stream considerably. In March, 1914, the Dominion Marine and Fisheries Department contracted with a private concern to remove the obstructions, and this was done from Scuzzy Rapids, China Bar, and Whites Creek within a short period of time, but a couple of seasons’ work were required to clear up Hells Gate so as to permit of passage for the fish. Some people claim that the fish still find it difficult to pass these obstructions. Rivers Inlet—A hatchery was established by the Dominion on McTavish Creek, one of the tributaries of Owikano Lake, about 20 miles up Rivers Inlet, in 1905, and has been operated ever since. Skeena River—In 1902 the Dominion established a hatchery on Lakelse Lake, in the Skeena River Basin, about 65 miles up the river from Port Essington. In 1919 a modern hatchery was com- menced to replace the old one that was put out of commission by floods in 1917. In 1907 another was constructed on Babine Lake, the source of the Skeena River. Vancouver Island.—In 1902 S. A. Spencer, of the Alert Bay cannery (now belonging to the British Columbia Packers Association), in return for certain special fishery privileges granted by the Dominion, established a hatchery on the Nimpkish River, which is located on the northeast shore of Vancouver Island. The hatchery was burned down in 1903, but was immediately rebuilt. Since its establishment operations were carried on by the Dominion, but it has not been operated since 1924. In 1910 the Dominion put three new hatcheries into operation, all on Vancouver Island. They were located on Anderson Lake, Kennedy Lake, and Cowichan Lake, respectively. The two former are used for sockeyes and the latter for king and coho salmon and steelhead and other varieties of. trout. In 1915-16 the Draney Fisheries (Ltd.), operated a hatchery on a lake near by and hatched out 560,000 fry from eggs obtained from Rivers Inlet. 674 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The following table shows the plantings made in the waters of British Columbia from the Dominion and provincial hatcheries: Plants of salmon fry made in the waters of British Columbia Fraser River ! Year Chum Total_--| 20,710, 503 | 54, 448, 525 Coho, or | Spring, or Hump- Steelhead silver king back Sockeye trout Total 17'800/(000), |= 1, 800, 000 2;'625;:000 "| 2 ee eeeee 2, 625, 000 4,:414* 000 )|\ sa eee eee 4, 414, 000 5,804,000: | eee 5, 807, 000 4, 419, 000 4, 419, 000 6, 640, 000 6, 640, 000 3, 603, 800 3, 603, 800 6, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 5, 674, 000 5, 674, 000 6, 300, 000 6, 300, 000 6, 390, 000 6, 390, 000 10, 393, 000 10, 393, 000 5, 928, 000 5, 928, 000 pee ot ee, sn SE 5, 850, 000 5, 850, 000 RCS ee Bel Eee be 3 4, 742, 000 4, 742, 000 eee See Ss ee eee 63:200), 000 |S=s== aes 6, 200, 000 Me Se oe ee 15, 808, 000 75, 000 15, 973, 000 oi ee et 12, 52100015225 see 14, 368, 000 > oy We lS ee 13, 729, 200 12, 000 14, 001, 200 Bae 2 eee ee 9; 244,'300! | 2p eee 19, 201, 800 apa Sia 100, 479, 000 4, 000 107, 048, 500 Bt eee 36;-965,'900"| So sees eae 42, 000, 000 61;'855,)200)|| eee eee 83, 060, 200 Ned e see ae 4129009500 | eo eueeneren 55, 057, 300 isa BR Ne 8 105; 812,;500!)|_ Seas = 23 aT 2062500) ee ed 24;°146;;300 | aes eee 31, 594, 600 34; 183; 850) ae eee 72, 819, 200 ee ee ee 41, 062;'700))|. = 2 eases 48, 691, 850 92::308:000' |= 94, 380, bees a Ms 97, 496, 000) |-2- 222252 52d) SPS Oras Taran , 540, 000 | 3 3, 834, 000 467201000) Ree ee 75, 227, 000 1, 645, 200 | 4, 788, 000 27;'903;'600"| 41, 564, 700 2, 763, 000 | 13, 940, 100 375153):300) 22 =e 55, 964, 250 2, 291, 200 40, 000 6 42, 071, 825 30, 000 46, 616, 650 8;-6205800 22 eae 32, 820, 750 90, 000 42, 064, 650 843, 300 | 4, 063, 500 33342031520) jae ae eee 45, 560, 020 366; 200) |2 S822 eee ees 315,315,095 | 2 35, 690, 598 629,100 | 3, 603, 510 47, 271, 600 22, 815 51, 822, 225 519 (50 Use 43, 623, 900 3, 600 44, 411, 850 eb oe seers 3, 600 41, 179, 500 5, 400 41, 188, 500 Ee Fe ee Bee 51, 152, 657 4, 950 51, 157, 607 SURE PES SS eee ee 41, 498, 100 61, 128 41, 559, 228 54, 315, 000 | 82,096,060 | 1, 190, 428, 947 308, 893 | 1, 402, 302, 928 1 Some of the reports from the provincial hatchery at Seton Lake show merely the take of eggs; it has been necessary to make an arbitrary reduction in order to show the loss of eggs and fry before planting. 2 No plants made in 1901. 3 3,549,000 were eggs. 43,242,000 were eggs. 5 All were given as eggs, and an arbitrary reduction was made in order to s before planting. how the loss in eggs and fry 6 500,000 were eggs; of the eggs from which the total plantings were made, 8,096,000 were obtained from the Skeena River, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 675 Plants of salmon fry made in the waters of British Columbia—Continued Skeena River Rivers Inlet Nimpkish Year abil i so. Coho jar Sockeye Total gape or | Sockeye Total LNG ee a BANG O01 8;,400) 000, |< ic .2- acai | Sonat pales eee 1, 636, 000 Star ee RS dpa ode 45000; 000 |ELa* <<< 2) Selec scape rene omens 2 496, 000 a CS ESS ShVB7, G00 Bp767; OOO |i <2) cn oci-se is" co 27 AOR eee 2; 850, 000 OL) Se | a 3, 784, 450 Brot, 40 heres See 8, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 4, 873, 400 liye 2 TS Oe eee CODA ai Na cba PAs ide Vi) eee ee 8, 440, 000 8, 440, 000 4, 870, 000 On aa 8,946,950 | 8,946,950 | 4,706,000 | 8,594,000 | 13,300,000 | 4, 800, 000 LD 35) a ee 11, 882, 400 } 11, 882, 400 |--_--_------ 13, 300, 000 | 13, 300, 000 4, 500, 000 a 80,000 |.------- 11, 441, 700 | 11, 521, 700 |....-------- 12, 750, 000 | 12,750,000 | 5, 055, 000 a eR ee 12, 556, 470 | 12,556,470 |__._____-__- 11, 436, 000 | 11, 436,000 | 6, 414, 000 PE ee eae 2 ae P2300 000'|F 12.367, 000) /22a- aoe 11, 791, 000 | 11, 791, 000 5, 114, 500 ie ee 11, 430, 430 | 11, 430, 430 |__--------_- 10, 981, 000 | 10,981,000 | 4, 981; 000 «Nts 5 Ra I Fi 8 eee eee PS Sde) 200i 1843200) fanae ss ooee 12, 397, 000 | 12, 397, 000 5, 053, 000 re ae 16, 000 | 11, 899,613 | 11,915,613 |______-.---- 12,712, 000 | 12,712,000 | 4; 880, 000 Rn Ps) eat 11, 202, 257 | 11, 202, 257 |._..._._-__- 12, 594, 100 | 121594, 100 | 4, 980, 000 (TLC Ot A GEE Se ee Pe TOSN OOO! 2 OStO00) Paes oe 13, 305, 600! | 13,305; 600) }--- 2- UG eee ee Whe nee SOY 8, 190, 000 $6190" 0004 | Ria se Sse 2, 721, 600 201217 600; |=_- 25 oo ee p19... Oreo yell es 8,096,000 | 8,096,000 |-----__-___- 2, 908,800 | 2,908,800 | 4, 874, 000 TE eee ee 15, 393, 600 | 15,393,600 |_-_________- 10, 869, 300 | 10,869,300 | 5, 180, 000 ee ee | eee ee ee 14, 675, 400 | 14,675, 400 |_..___------ 16, 536, 960 | 16, 536, 960 5, 017, 000 i ee 14, 728, 500 | 14,728,500 |_-___-_---_- 13, 131, 090 | 13,131,090} 5,017, 000 ne 16,807, 500 | 16,807,500 |-.--.------ 13, 841, 100 | 13, 841,100 | 4; 900, 000 lp, rr eo hee A 15, 350, 400 | 15,350, 400 |_-_--------- 14, 389, 200 | 14, 389, 200 7 pepe a M27 S823|2se2. 16, 639, 200 | 16, 766, 532 |___--------- 16, 798, 8320 | 16, 798,320 }..._.._-____ RAD Se Al ee a ee 21,106,800) || 21, 106; 800° |----—---- == - 17, 841, 600 | 17, 841,600 |_____-______ I ee pazere Sse 14, 693, 400 | 14,693,400 |_--__--_---- 18, 584, 100 | 18, 584,100 |____________ Total_-__| 207,332 | 16, 000 |280, 484, 420 |280, 707, 752 | 4, 706, 000 |263, 922, 770 |268, 628, 770 87, 490, 900 Vancouver Island hs H Coh Spri Steelhead ump- oho, or | Spring, or eelhea back Chum silver king Sockeye trout Total I Se ee ee | eee 40, 000 4, 550, 000 425, 000 7, 862, 000 145, 200 13, 022, 200 (pa bee teed pep a eal feel 3, 487, 500 456, 000 13, 620, 750 37, 200 17, 601, 450 LS Se EE oe ae 3, 180, 000 712, 500 15, 031, 750 173, 900 19, 098, 150 ib = Se a a eh [Ee es 2, 252, 000 701, 000 15, 314, 500 87, 200 18, 354, 700 2, 229, 220 250, 600 15, 911, 000 55, 000 18, 445, 820 1, 689, 826 576, 400 7, 966, 000 38, 600 10, 270, 826 1, 426, 860 1, 209, 600 23862000). eee 5, 498, 460 2, 200, 410 418, 950 BRD ATGSS eee eee 7, 146, 698 2, 152, 194 8 431, 760 § 4, 589, 250 10 33, 798 7, 207, 002 2, 217, 870 502, 550 18, 647, 955 55, 710 21, 424, 085 1, 179, 675 1, 364, 670 10, 698, 480 85, 410 13, 328, 235 1, 432, 530 1, 015, 790 16, 162, 367 89, 460 18, 700, 147 1, 512, 000 336, 600 12, 427, 290 16, 470 14, 294, 970 paeecet: a aR Be 1, 575, 000 17, 098, 605 23, 130 18, 696, 735 743, 300 638, 550 15, 477, 840 149, 130 17, 012, 060 fae see ST el 1, 440, 900 15, 474, 690 208, 710 17, 124, 300 472, 500 1, 020, 600 10, 666, 503 170, 280 12, 329, 883 Motalen 2: = 3, 240 42,610 | 30, 725, 885 | 13, 076, 470 204, 338, 318 1, 369, 198 | 249, 555, 721 oo ee ee a a EE EE EE EE eee ee ee ee eee Eee eS 7 Nimpkish hatchery closed, 1923. 8 Includes 24,361 fingerlings. § Includes 205,700 advanced fry and 26,000 fingerlings. 10 Includes 5,357 fingerlings. 676 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Plants of salmon fry made in the waters of British Columbia—Continued Total by species e =e 6, 390, 000 Le gL eer ee Se OE eee ee 10,;398, 000) |S ees 10, 393, 000 ME Sy Pa IR (ek SS ol RS eee Pe eS 8 5;:928, 0002225 = eee 5, 928, 000 Ss it SE LY Se Be ea ee ee aes ,800;\000;|k- 22k eee 5, 850, 000 Ee eel (RE ee La es Aes) mca ae ae Bl bee le Te 2 442,000! 22s eo 4, 742, 000 ek Oe (a Eek So Se ee ee eS fale gene ae eee 65200; 000'| S225 == Soe 6, 200, 000 ee GOHOOO | Secs eS | ea LOA 808 000, 75, 000 15, 973, 000 75,000 | 1,750, 000 22;(000 | |e eee 175,607, 000) Seer eee 19, 454, 000 Eee See es FLONOOOL So eee seen 50, 000 20, 225, 200 12, 000 20, 497, 200 OM ee oa 5; 526, 1009|) 4,381,400) |= = Se 92 Sb S62, ne | a= ee 25, 819, 700 piers eects 4,°774,.000) | 25.791, 500 |e S800) 4, 000 123, 706, 350 pict EEE BERS Ne PTT ey eee 3,219; 200)\|| AV S14;'900 eae ees ee AAO 650) | nee ee 59, 435, 750 ee A OeEES | SP ase tere 5, 890, 000 | 7,521,000 | 22, 500, 000 74, 196, 150 | oe LO OT ooo POA as bE ees FES 7, 30D; 400) | 5'702;400) |= See a) Le b01e O00 Sa. aan 84, 739, 700 aa ALPS es 5 8e 530,000 | 6,300,000 |--.-.---_---] 134,559, 200 |__-.....--_-| | 141,389,200 ae 40,000 | 9,868,800 | 2,554,500 |_-_---_-__-- 62, 414, 770 145, 200 75, 023, 270 Sp pete oo hme ac Mae 7, 387,000 | 6,418, 500 | 28, 773, 350 77, 077, 600 37, 200 119, 693, 650: 1,100,000 | 5,175,600 | 5,246,050 |___--___-__- 83, 486, 880 173, 900 95, 182, 480 Lae eee of 3, 774, 000 751, 000 500, 000 | 136, 915, 700 87, 200 142, 027, 900 125,000 | 4,425,220} 2,865, 300 16, 000 72, 898, 613 55, 000 80, 385, 133 ee See ee tee 3, 341,826 | 3,116,400 | 3,834,000 | 103, 943, 357 38, 600 114, 274, 183 5, 256,000 | 3,398,760 | 2,854,800 | 4,788, 000 56,176; 200 || 22255 eee 72, 473, 760 378,000 | 3,930,210 | 3, 181,950 | 13, 940, 100 525,692, 286 ||. ao ae eee 74, 022, 548 383,000 | 3,952,819 | 2,722, 960 40, 000 62, 539, 875 63, 798 69, 702, 452 5, 254,500) > 12:/687,:670' 1410325350) |e = eee 82, 911, 605 145, 710 94, 931, 635 5, 256,000 | 3,151,575 | 2,207,970 | 4,063, 500 80, 353, 160 85, 410 95, 117, 615 2, 778,003 | 1,663,830 |} 2,381,990 |_------.=_-- 80, 354, 052 89, 460 87, 267, 335 2,610 | 1,807, 200 965, 700 | 3, 603, 150 95, 247, 490 39, 285 101, 665, 795 E 205, 200 59;4.00" | 209%: 750) |Eas= eee: 90, 362, 105 26, 730 92, 848, 185 RSet ete S 870, 732 638, 550 6, 840 90, 094, 860 154, 530 91, 765, 412 SST OR ee 1,-440:'900, | ee LOS N STN an 213, 660 107, 230, 307 - tL tp fe Da? BLS | ee eS B12) O00' |. ets1020;'600) \0 sae 85, 442, 103 231, 408 87, 166, 611 Total___| 20, 753, 113 | 85, 381, 742 | 72,097,470 | 82, 115, 300 |2, 026, 660,355 | 1,678, 091 | 2, 288, 686, 071 ALASKA In 1891 several of the canneries operating at Karluk, on Kodiak Island, combined forces and built a hatchery on the lagoon at that place. As the cannery men were at swords points in regard to their fishing rights on the spit, in 1892 the hatchery was closed. In May, 1896, the Alaska Packers Association broke ground for a hatchery at the eastern end of the lagoon, near the outlet of Karluk River, a short distance from where the hatchery was located in 1891, and operated it until 1916, when it was abandoned as a hatchery. In 1892 Capt. John C. Callbreath, manager of the Point Ellis cannery on Kuiu Island, operated a small hatchery on the left bank of Kutlakoo stream. It was a very primitive place, and an excep- tionally high tide destroyed the whole plant in September. It was never rebuilt. Captain Callbreath, however, after seeing to the operation of the hatchery, had returned to Wrangell during the summer, where his attention was again attracted to hatchery work, and in the fall of 1892 he built a small hatchery on Jadjeska stream, Etolin Island, about 200 yards from its mouth. The stream is about one-half mile état aaa ne PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 677 in length and is the outlet of a small lake. Finding the location unsuitable, Captain Callbreath removed the hatchery in 1893 to the northern side of the lake, about three-eighths of a mile from the head of the outlet, where it still stands. The owner’s intention was to build up a stream which had a small natural run of red salmon until it had a large run, with the hope that the Government would then give him the exclusive right to take these fish from the stream for commercial purposes. The experiment was kept up until the end of the season of 1905, when Captain Callbreath’s failing eyesight com- pelled the cessation of the actual hatching. Until 1910 a man was stationed on the stream during the run of spawning fish for the pur- pose of lifting them over the dam, so that they could reach the spawning beds at the head of the lake, and the project was abandoned entirely shortly thereafter. The owner’s expectation of a big run as a result of hatching operations was never realized. In 1896 the Baranof Packing Co., which operated a cannery on Redfish Bay, on the western coast of Baranof Island, built a small hatchery on the lake at the head of Redfish stream. The following winter was so cold that not only the flume but the whole cataract froze solid, and as the hatchery was thus left without water the eggs were put into the lake and left to their fate and the hatchery closed down permanently. In 1897 the North Pacific Trading & Packing Co., at Klawak, Prince of Wales Island, established a hatchery near the head of Klawak stream, close to Klawak Lake. In 1898 the plant was moved to the mouth of a small stream entering the lake about halfway up the western shore. This hatchery was operated continuously until the end of 1917, since when it has been shut down. In 1909 the North Alaska Salmon Co. acquired a half interest in it, which it relinquished to the original owners a few years later. The Pacific Steam Whaling Co. in 1898 erected a small hatchery on Hetta Lake, on the west side of Prince of Wales Island, which was operated until the close of the hatching season of 1903-4, when the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co., successor to the original owner, went into the hands of a receiver. In 1907 it was reopened by the Northwestern Fisheries Co., which had acquired the interests of the old company, and was operated each season until the summer of 1918, when operations were discontinued. Up to 1900 the work of hatching salmon was entirely voluntary on the part of the packers. On May 2 of that year the following regulation was promulgated at the Treasury Department, which at that time had control of the Alaska salmon-inspection service: 7. Each person, company, or corporation taking salmon in Alaskan waters shall establish and conduct, at or near the fisheries operated by him or them, a suitable artificial propagating plant or hatchery, and shall produce yearly and place in the natural spawning waters of each fishery so operated red-salmon fry in such numbers as shall be equal to at least four times the number of mature fish taken from the said fisheries by or for him or them during the preceding fishing season. The management and operation of such hatcheries shall be subject to such rules and regulations as may hereafter be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. They shall be open for inspection by the authorized official of this department; annual reports shall be made, giving full particulars of the number of male and female salmon stripped, the number of eggs treated, the number and percentage of fish hatched, and all other conditions of. interest; and there shall be made a sworn yearly statement of the number of fry planted and the exact location where said planting was done. 678 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES On January 24, 1902, this regulation was amended so as to require the planting of “‘red-salmon fry in such numbers as shall be equal to at least ten times the number of salmon of all varieties taken from the said fisheries.” Although the regulation was mandatory, but few of the packers obeyed it, some because no suitable place was to be found within a reasonable distance of their plants, others because the establishment and operation of such a hatchery would cost more than their returns from the industry justified, and others because of lack of knowledge required in hatchery work. The greater number of them absolutely ignored it, and as a result those who conformed to the regulation were placed under a heavy financial handicap. The injustice of this arrangement was patent on its face, and in 1906, when a compre- hensive revision of the law was made by Congress, provision was made for reimbursing in the future those cannery men who operated salmon hatcheries. The section covering this point reads as follows: Sec. 2. That the catch and pack of salmon made in Alaska by the owners of private salmon hatcheries operated in Alaska shall be exempt from all license fees and taxation of every nature at the rate of ten cases of canned salmon to every one thousand red or king salmon fry liberated, upon the following conditions: That the,Secretary of Commerce and Labor may from time to time, and on the application of the hatchery owner shall, within a reasonable time thereafter, cause such private hatcheries to be inspected for the purpose of determining the charac- ter of their operations, efficiency, and productiveness, and if he approve the same shall eause notice of such approval to be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the United States district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein any such hatchery is located, and shall also notify the owners of such hatchery of the action taken by him. The owner, agent, officer, or superintend- ent of any hatchery the effectiveness and productiveness of which has been approved as above provided shall, between the thirtieth day of June and the thirty-first day of December of each year, make proof of the number of salmon fry liberated during the twelve months immediately preceding the thirtieth day of June by a written statement under oath. Such proof shall be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the United States district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein such hatchery is located, and when so filed shall entitle the respective hatchery owners to the exemption as herein provided; and a false oath as to the number of salmon fry liberated shall be deemed perjury and subject the offender to all the pains and penalties thereof. Duplicates of such statements shall also be filed with the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. It shall be the duty of such clerk or deputy clerk in whose office the approval and proof heretofore provided for are filed to forthwith issue to the hatchery owner, causing such proofs to be filed, certificates which shall not be transferable and of such denominations as said owner may request (no certificate to cover fewer than one thousand fry), covering in the aggregate the number of fry so proved to have been liberated; and such certificates may be used at any time by the person, company, corporation, or association to whom issued for the payment pro tanto of any license fees or taxes upon or against or on account of any catch or pack of salmon made by them in Alaska; and it shall be the duty of all public officials charged with the duty of collecting or receiving such license fees or taxes to accept such certificates in lieu of money in payment of all license fees or taxes upon or against the pack of canned salmon at the ratio of one thousand fry for each ten cases of salmon. No hatchery owner shall obtain the rebates from the output of any hatchery to which he might otherwise be entitled under this act unless the efficiency of said hatchery has first been approved by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor in the manner herein provided for, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 679 In 1901 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. established two small hatcheries—one on Nagel Stream, which enters the northern side of Quadra Lake, on the mainland of southeast Alaska, and one on a stream entering Freshwater Lake Bay, Chatham Strait. Both were closed down in 1904 when the company failed. In 1908 the North- western Fisheries Co., which had acquired the Quadra plant, removed it to a small stream entering the head of the lake and has operated it ever since. In 1901 the Alaska Packers Association erected a hatchery on Heckman Lake, the third of a series of lakes on Naha Stream, Revilla- gigedo Island, and about 8 miles from Loring, where the association has a cannery. This, known as Fortmann hatchery, was the largest and costliest salmon hatchery in the world, having a capacity of 110,000,000 eggs. Its operation was discontinued in 1927. The Union Packing Co., at Kell Bay, on Kuiu Island, and F. C. Barnes, at Lake Bay, on Prince of Wales Island, in 1902 built and operated small hatcheries, both of which were abandoned after one season’s work. Up to 1905 the work of hatching salmon in Alaska was confined to the salmon cannery men. In that year, however, the United States Bureau of Fisheries erected a hatchery on Yes Lake, which empties through a short stream into Yes Bay, on Cleveland Peninsula. In 1907 the bureau constructed another hatchery, on Afognak Lake, near Litnik Bay, Afognak Island. The eruption of Katmai volcano, on the Alaska Peninsula, June 6, 1912, covered the island of Afognak with volcanic ash and sand to an average depth of 9 inches. It is estimated that 20,000 salmon perished at the head of Litnik Lake, while thousands were driven back into the ocean. As a result of these conditions the work at the Afognak station was much hampered and curtailed. Even as late as 1915 work at this station was still being hampered by the volcanic ash and sand which fell in 1912. In 1913 collecting stations were established at Eagle Harbor and Uganik Lake, on Kodiak Island. In 1915 another was established at Seal Bay, on Afognak Island. These were subsidiary to the Afognak hatchery. In 1913 a collecting station was established on Ketchikan Creek, but, owing to the objections of the citizens of the town against the taking away of the eggs, the station was abandoned in 1915. The tables following show the eggs and fry distributed by the Government and privately owned hatcheries in Alaska. 112992°—10——18 680 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Output of the salmon hatcheries in Alaska owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 1906 to 1928 McDONALD LAKE OR YES BAY HATCHERY Red or sockeye Coho or] Steel- silver head Fry and fry fry fingerlings Pink or humpback Fry and fingerlings Eggs 1926 ->- ee 881645, 760. (27,392; 200 4: S22 he Sa eee | eee 8, 645; 760 | 27,392, 200 if 7 am ee 116958) 890 | 20 4672000 1E 2 52 ees oe ol Pe ee eo ea ee 6, 958, 890 | 20, 467, 000 ski 7- pha eal [eeet eee 18;°784; 715. |ooo 2c 22) lo en ee Ee ee eel 18, 784, 715 ‘Totals 50, 854, 650 |887, 995,810 | 9,900 | 143,500 | 2,506,000 | 6,358, 600 | 53, 360, 650 | 894, 507, 810 AFOGNAK HATCHERY Red or sockeye Pink or humpback Total Year end- Coho or|_ Steel- ing June y saves head e 7 if Fry an Ty Ty ry an Ty and Eggs fingerlings Eggs fingerlings| 885 | fingerlings ODEs 2 ae ee Se oS See 39; 325,870) 4.22. ob eee LOS 0002220042 ees 39, 335, 870 Pee Ee 71, 647,070") ce dose | ee ee eee eee 363, '740..| 2-2 eee 72, 010, 910 rh Hee? 1 SOE ES 26, 755; OOON|. $2 2 Sahl Ai Ee ea ee 364,150 |] ee =enee 27, 119, 150 AGI Be Ae | 2h SE tS 18, 894,:700)| 22-228 ta ee ee ee 5,829;,300) |e 2 sees 24, 224, 000 Tht) i ee ies ee Se 12,.551; 100).|214 000) S22 25 Seca eee 151,,800)| 12, 916, 900 194! Se 35970;000"|» 7),761;5:705 |) DOK O00) ||Saaass se eee ees 12, 034,399 | 8,970,000 | 19, 846, 104 ht) te Sees Peed Se ee ee 6;'387, 0803 io ee oe 8 12, 500, 000 343, 480 | 12,500,000 | 6, 730, 560 hey a er es 822: F335, CARH eee at 28S. eee ee ee es ee 6, 736, 500!) 2. eee 29) 670, 140 AOUAS © 2 ele 3 eer ZU ATE O00 ys. ee Been ee 10 16, 000, 000 | 19, 342,000 | 16,000,000 | 40, 459, 000 i hb jae es, 1P'1S°000;,000), |\315-4275,0007| 22 ae ore ae ee eee 1, 326,000 | 18, 000, 000 | 22, 753, 000 191g 22 13 25. 700; 000! 125,055; 000) Poo seese |= sa ee 13 §, 760,000 | 2,142,000 | 31, 460,000 | 27, 725, 000 192003 3 14:10, :000;,,000'-| (61, 524, 000) | 222-2 ares SS eee eee eee 10, 000, 000 | 61, 524, 000 19g ss 15'10;'340;.5600 | 47;'808;,0007| 222.55) 22 |Geene Scales 2a ee oe ee 10, 340, 500 | 47, 808, 000 19908 1 §, 200; 000 \|| 32;'580, O00" |22 22522) 255 228832 | eee ess ee eee 5, 200, 000 | 32, 580, 000 1923-222 16:10;'678, 4000] 46; 503,000) aa ==s0 | 2 eee 2 278, 616 240, 000 | 10, 957, 016 | 46, 573, 000 1924.17. 2c a IL a ee ee eR SS ee | rae | 1925 9 hice ce a aaa a a a a | Lp ee el A wees LOO 7b, OO0M==oseeee 18S 60S 000" aaa OA = cea ee 10, 925, 000 1927__ 193, 402, 000 | 14, 400,000 |_------- (20) ai'3,'617;,000. | -aacee—oeeee 7,019, 000 , 400, 000 1028 <== eke sae hp) 3,675, OOO 8 | ss 2 So ee = |e ee ere re eee ae ee 3, 675, 000 Total 87, 290, 900 |500, 277, 265 |264,000 | 850,000 | 38,155,616 | 48,884, 369 |125, 446, 516 |550, 275, 634 See iootnotes at end of table. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 681 Output of the salmon hatcheries in Alaska owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 1906 to 1928—Continued ; SUMMARY Total, by species, both hatcheries Year end- ing June Red or sockeye Humpback 30— Coho Steel- eee =a : or auver eae : a ‘ Fry an ry ry Fry an ry an Eggs fingerlings Eggs fingerlings Eges fingerlings Hos Soe ee GEG SSG 50 | see ee tee | 8h RS BS ee aes |e eee 6, 638, 550 Uf ye Sood Es oe 64610! S00 ee 12st Og ee eee a ES es eee 54, 754, 300 AOR A sos se [axe A GIRAG0 S000) eeeencete | wee RSS ease 8 eo Sh ae. | 2 ee 61, 369, 000 UNS ae ee oe 87, 978, 870 CEU Uy ashe eee eee LO* 000) |B sea 87, 998, 770 ETO Sees 2: | ee IE GUE G82. 7 70740) hag Se ee ee a a ee 363; 740) | ss 141, 890, 510 itt: VE 125005 000)'|;94;:9945:900) oo = os eS 100, 000 364,150 | 1, 600, 000 95, 359, 050 i pe QUO GOOS SO:5729 9 G00) || Sar ee |e ee + |e ee 5, 829, 300 2, 000, 000 92, 559, 000 NOLS Soe FROOOROOOS | 7219 as2008| /214 O00! | eae 22 | oe ees eee 151, 800 2, 000, 000 73, 339, 000 HOLA LS ie 4 be 9708 00050) 4882105) | #850; OOOW|E 4-2 22222. 222. 16, 534, 399 | 5, 970, 000 67, 072, 504 Theta es 000! 00081437832: '080" |-ae —_ = ee sae ee 14, 500, 000 343, 480 | 17, 500, 000 ! 44, 175, 560 HOLGEE es OOK OOOR |e. coco le AOS |e ee See Pe to 7, 061, 500 |?2 3, 100, 000 82, 312, 640 Sho il Saee ZROOOLOOON | 2:20 0s OOOU 222s 5 aS eee ee 16, 000, 000 | 19, 343,000 | 18, 000, 000 91, 634, 000 HOTS 2 _ 2. 1ST OOOKOOON | 635O66H 200 » | te | ara SE oe 1, 326, 000 | 18, 000, 000 65, 292, 200 il ihe os ee 3032005000) |/°58;:233; 000! |- 2.222 )e sos - 6, 166,000 | 3,072,000 | 36, 366, 000 61, 305, 000 O26 2. - LOSUOOSO0OR Ss 70591 OOO Et = = ee eae ee Soe oe 32S ble oe a2 10, 000, 000 70, 911, 000 1921.o22 25. TORSIO SOOM DI secret OU apa ee ee ere ree | SAS ae aS 10, 340, 500 51, 833, 000 HOD2 2S Re DOKOOON | SOn220 10008 |La= aa ante Paete SARL Ze 2 Bee 2 210,000 | 5,350, 000 80, 430, 000 {he 7.3 See a HOLE (SE 4008 7048250455 ce 2S Se Se Le 278, 616 633, 600 | 10, 957, 016 71, 065, 645 C137 LN el IS oe es a Da labo A lee Sele Dy eaten oe 2h) Sie Fe 6S ee ee ee ee ee ee os ee 21, 817, 800 HS ieee 2 ee ee ee ee 17, 020, 000 4 14, 274, 000 1, 000, 000 S'1'950; 000):| = 222255 ees [ost Ses Cee 6, 300, 000 7 7, 900, 000 250, 000 215 (O00) 2 oe a ee a ee 6, 293, 936 5, 933, 000 KETCHIKAN Red or sockeye Coho or silver Chum Year ending = Mar. 31— Eggs Fry Eggs Fry Eggs Fry i C7.) el cae | pn Pe Sh Ss pe ae 2; 640/000) | 22= eee 7 eee e.—* 3 G5 O00) | Risse = 8 5 ko at | 320, 000 8 2, 501, 000 7 eee peeing eS 3, 337, 760 81 00K 000} ako 22s eee See ae 2s eee 451, 000 265, 000 BO QS 20 ee _. L Seer ee ee See 021625, 000) |. 2 5. Foe | ae 8 eS eee 14 225, 000 Humpback Chinook Total Year ending Mar. 31— ‘ Eggs Fry Eggs Fry Eggs Fry NO2A ses ee ee 13, 167,000 | 1° 1,800,000 | 11 1,000,000 |_---_-__--___- 14, 167, 000 1, 800, 000 Lt Psp) ca NS AR a 3, 447, 000 9,401,000 | 12 2, 000, 000 985, 000 8, 087, 000 10, 386, 000 1O2G se ee Se 11, 415, 000 § 2,946,000 | 12 2, 000, 000 9 1, 930, 000 13, 900, 000 7, 377, 000 it) ¢ Seen wea. 1, 660, 000 9, 729, 000 | 12 2, 000, 000 ® 1, 789, 000 7, 448, 760 11, 883, 000 LOOKS 2 ee. es ee TP 524000\)| = asee eerie 9118195000 1) 2 sane eee 6, 193, 000 OTHER DISTRICTS Eyak Lake, Cordova Seward, red or sockeye Year Red or sockeye Chinook Eggs Fry Eggs Fry Eggs Fry 1999. - 3 eee 4,'800;.000 | 15-4,.600, 000: | S2-= 2-3-3 <| 28 22 2 a Lee | 1923.20 3,184,006 | 153,078,000: |222 2 Soe ee oe ee ee ee 1924.9 3 ae 4, 504, 000 7 £20,000 {Sao Snack | ee ee Se 1995 = 22 see _ 5, 250,000 | 18 1, 700, 000 15711 O00 metean sss eee 1015/0003 |! ane 1996 =) oon 7, 530, 300 32949 S150 se eee 523, 500 4, 460, 544 9 846, 360 1927 __ peepee ee ee B00;5000 eo oases ae ee coe 3, 164, 000 4, 085, 727 (nd iemanenney: Bi Gert a PME 5 ea (t Total 25, 218, 300 24, 040, 150 571, 000 523, 500 8, 639, 544 4, 932, 087 See footnotes at end of table, a —-.-', PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 685 Take of eggs and output of salmon hatcheries in Alaska owned by the Territorial government—Continued igen =< a Total Cordova and Seward Grand total Year =» Eggs Fry Eggs Fry Eggs Fry ED coh eM lo a | 14, 855, 000 13, 265, 000 Le iat eed ASS eat eS ee ee eee reeemeae! 17, 020, 000 14, 274, 0CO OS. 1. 2st ee ee ae eee 4, 800, 000 4, 600, 000 11, 100, 000 12, 500, 000 | LLL elece dos = pall BE a Peete 3, 134, 000 3, 078, 000 9, 427, 936 9, 011, 000 LL eS a oe ee See eed Pee Ss Beene eee 4, 504, 000 4, 120, 000 18, 671, 000 5, 920, 000 |) eee ate 2ONOOOI |S oeek ems Se 8, 265, 000 1,700,000 | 16, 352, 000 12, 086, 000 OLN MS ee! ae eee 9 1, 387, 000 11, 990, 844 5, 999, 010 25, 890, 844 13, 376, 010 oi ae ea [een ee vate | 3,164,000 | 11,385,727 10, 612, 760 23, 268, 727 DESL EE ees eee eee Sr seep ae toad aes tastes Sal [ots ae ee Oe an ea 6, 193, 000 aROvaAl: == 2. 1, 429, 000 1, 387, 000 35, 857, 844 30, 882, 737 123, 929, 540 109, 893, 737 1 Hatchery transferred from Juneau to Ketchikan in summer of 1923. 2 Includes planting of eyed eggs and fertilized as well as fry. 3 Includes 6,815,000 eyed eggs, 5,250,000 fertilized eggs, and 1,200,000 fry. 4 Includes 4,885,000 eyed eggs, 6,470,000 fertilized eggs, and 2,919,000 fry. 5 Includes planting of 1,000,000 eyed eggs. 6 Includes planting of 450,000 eyed eggs. 7 Includes 500,000 red, 400,000 coho, 1,000,000 humpback fry held in hatchery from 1920. 8 Includes 5,098,936 eggs received from Afognak, and 945,000 from Auk Lake. § Fingerlings. 10 1,800,000 eyed eggs transferred to State of Oregon. 11 500,000 eggs received from State of Oregon, and 500,000 from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 12 Eggs received from State of Washington. 13 Territorial hatcheries closed by Territorial legislature at end of year 1928. 14 200,000 fry lost because of accidental shut-off of water supply. 15 Fertilized eggs. 16 Eggs planted at Eshamy. 17 Fire, Mar. 9, 1927, destroyed hatchery with all stock on hand. THE SALMON FISHERIES OF SIBERIA As on the Alaska coast, the aborigines of Siberia must have learned early of the excellent food qualities of the salmon which each year frequented the rivers of that country for spawning purposes, and not only ate them fresh but also dried large quantities for winter use for themselves and their dogs. Owing to the inaccessibility of the Siberian coast, due mainly to the lack of transportation facilities for many years and the decided objection of the Russian Government to travelers roaming over the country, partly because of the presence of political and criminal convicts and partly because of a fear that they might learn too much of its resources, there has been but little written, especially with regard to its fishery resources, about this remote section of the Russian Empire, and what little has been published is usually filled with inaccuracies, due, doubtless, in many instances to the fact that the writer generally had to get most of his information at second and third hand and was also unfamiliar with fishery subjects. Most of the data given below were obtained directly from persons living in Siberia or Japan, most of whom are engaged in the fishing industry of Siberia, or from Americans who have on various occa- sions visited the country in order to view its fishing possibilities at first hand. 686 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES SPECIES OF SALMON All five species of salmon are to be found along the Siberian coast, and the schools appear to run about the same as they do on the American side. Although we have very little authentic data relating to their movements, these are doubtless similar to the runs on the Alaska coast, where climatic and other conditions are very similar. Nearly all streams from the Arctic Ocean to North China seem to have runs of one or more species. The steelhead does not appear to be an inhabitant of the Asian coast. The fishing carried qn by the Russians has usually been aleng the rivers of the mainland, principally in the Amur and on Sakhalin Island. From very early times Japanese fishermen have frequented the Siberian coast and Sakhalin Island (the southern portion of which they at one time owned, exchanging it to Russia for the Kurile Islands in 1875 and again acquiring it in 1905, as a result of the Russian-Japanese war), “being drawn here mainly by the rich stores of salmon which could be secured easily and quickly, and were so neces- sary to eke out the vast quantity needed to supply such a fish-eating nation as Japan. FISHING DISTRICTS The Priamur fishing district is subdivided into several districts as follows: Nikolaevsk district—This district comprises the whole lower part of the Amur River from the village Zimmermanovka down to the mouth of the river, about 300 miles; the River Amgun, 200 miles; the Amur estuary, about 150 miles on the mainland and about 130 miles on the coast of Sakhalin Island, and about 865 miles of the coast line on the southwestern shore of the Okhotsk Sea. In 1913 there were 139 fishing stations operated in this district, and this number had been materially increased since. Humpbacks and chums were the principal species of salmon taken. Sakhalin district—The Sakhalin district includes the entire coast line of Sakhalin Island with the exception of that facing the Amur estuary, which belongs to the Nikolaevsk district. It is the smallest district, and at present is of little importance. In 1913 there were oe stations on the island and they produced chum and humpback salmon. Okhotsk-Kamchatka_ district—The Okhotsk section covers the coast line of the northern part of the Okhotsk Sea from Port Ayan to Penjin Promontory, about 1,620 miles. Chum, humpback, coho, and red salmon, and Dolly Varden trout are found here. The West Kamchatka section includes the coast line from the Sopotshnaya River down to the southern Ozernof shore fishing stations, a distance of about 335 miles. The Ozernaya River is, so far as known, the only river in this section that the red salmon visit in any quantities. In 1913 there were 152 fishing stations in this section, most of which were leased to Japanese. The number has since been increased. All five species of salmon and the Dolly Varden trout are found here. The East Kamchatka section covers the coast line of eastern Kam- chatka and Anadir Peninsulas, about 1,843 miles. The majority of the fishing stations are concentrated around Karaginsky (Count Litka) Bay, in the straits from the Malo-Voyam River to Kitchigin PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 687 River, about 135 miles long, and in the region of Kamchatka River. All five species of salmon and Dolly Varden trout are taken here and most of the canneries are located here and in the West Kamchatka section. Southwestern district—This district covers the waters from the southern boundary of the Amur River estuary (the line between Capes Lazarev and Pogibi) down to the Chosen frontier, including Vanina Bay, Imperial Harbor, Peter the Great Bay, and other bays. The total length of the shore line is about 1,350 miles. The northern part, from Lazarev-Pogibi line to Cape Povorotni, with the excep- tion of various bays, includes the conventional waters, while the southern part, composed of Peter the Great Bay and Posiet Bay, are excluded from the conventional waters. In the first-named section chum and humpback salmon are caught to some extent. In the southern section chum and humpback salmon are taken and marketed fresh. Amur River—The Amur River is subdivided into two districts— the Marinsk, or the Lower Amur, district and the Khabarovsk dis- trict. The first named includes the area from the village Troitskoe to the village Sophiskoe, or a tract about 278 miles long. The Khabarovsk district includes the river line from the northern bound- ary of the Maryinsk district up the river to Khabarovsk, about 127 miles. Chum salmon form the bulk of the catch in this district. APPARATUS EMPLOYED In the river districts somewhat primitive fishing apparatus is employed. Spears, dip nets, and the other simple forms which seem to be common to all savage tribes depending upon the water for the greater part of their subsistence, are all in use by the natives living along the upper reaches. Weirs of a primitive type known as ‘‘zaezdka,”’ are also used. These have a lead consisting of willow poles and branches built from the river bank or a sand bank out into the stream. At the outer end is attached a net compartment with a lead, into which the fish, which have been following the lead in the search for an opening, pass. Two men in a boat are anchored close by, and as soon as 30 or 40 salmon have passed into the compartment, it is hauled up and the fish emptied into the boat, after which the net is reset. Haul seines of varying lengths and depths are used in connection with the more important river fishing stations. Along the coast the Japanese use a floating trap net somewhat similar to the type used in Alaska, also haul seines and a few gill nets. ABUNDANCE OF SALMON It is exceedingly difficult to secure even approximate statistics of the Siberian catch of salmon, owing to the wide extent of coast, the totally inadequate means of transportation preventing close super- vision, the presence of so many foreigners who go directly home with their catches at the end of the season, and the crude system of control in operation by the authorities. 688 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The following table shows the catch of salmon in the four districtal for the year 1898: _eecberiert) Le District Spring Summer Autumn d NiKOla@VSK -. - 2-8 <2 25 = oo en ee a ea 7, 464, 896 4, 685, 480 — Olrhotsk. ok. - 52220 [3255453 Sees oS a eee 60, 000 873, 000 2} 662, 000 Kamchatka_____.---_- Bg ee i eet ee ee 1, 067, 000 316, 950 665, 500 — Sa@kRalink = SAA oh a hen ee ae 666, 000 635, 000 748, 000 — Total. 22 22 26 Gob 6 ca sca Se ee an ee eee ee ee 1,793, 000 | 9, 289, 846 8, 760, 980 4 In the Anadir district the catch in 1909 was as follows: Cape St. Michael, 91,616; above Cape Neuman, 8,234; Anadir River, 150,746; Anadir River estuary, 9,864; Hanchelar River, 6,121; Cape Observation, 270,000; total, 536,581. The catch by natives. and small Russian fishermen is estimated at about 3,000,000 and — 500,000 fish, respectively. In addition to this, 130 barrels of caviar, weighing 14 tons, were prepared, and there were 20 tons from Cape Observation. According to the statistics of the Fisheries Control, the catch of © salmon in the Amur River in 1910 was as follows: Spring salmon, 7,701,344; summer salmon, 21,384,549; autumn salmon, 9,546,254; in all, 38,632,147. Of this number 34,649,025 fish were marketed and the balance consumed locally. Japan bought 23,228,481 fish, valued at $473,800; the balance was valued at $681,345. In addition there were 4,766,784 pounds of salmon caviar, valued at an average price of $0. 114 per pound, totaling $543,413, which brings the total value of the salmon catch and by- products up to $1,698,558. During the same year, in Peter the Great Bay, 8,263 salmon were caught. The number of salmon caught in eastern and western Kamchatka — and in the bays and rivers in this region not included in the Russo- Japanese Fishing Convention of 1907, and at the Russian river stations, in 1911, was as follows: Western Eastern . he : ree River sta- | Bays and Species Seer A Batak tions |riveroutlets| 7°tal @havitch (kine) Se 2 ae eee 5, 421 7, 818 207 590 14, 036 Keta, (chum) 25: 2230-2 ae eee 3, 082, 300 | 2, 675, 000 297, 300 890, 790 6, 945, 390 Krasnaia (red): 5 ee ee eee 2, 136, 800 747, 000 689, 000 236, 240 3, 809, 040 Garbusha (humpback) £- 222] =e 39, 448,500 | 1,411,000 | 1,320, 200 175,980 | 42, 355, 680 Kishnteh (coho). 2 220 eee 327, 200 179, 000 114, 200 7,770 628, 170 Total. - 224-33 5 os 2 eee 45, 000, 221 | 5,019,818 | 2,420,907 | 1,311,370] 53,752,316 : In the Okhotsk district the catch amounted to 827,274 keta and_ 37,790 krasnaia. Of salmon caviar 489 tons were prepared by the Japanese and 60 tons by the Russians. In 1915 about 50,000 barrels of pickled salmon were prepared on the Amur River. In the sections covered by the Fishing Convention — 6,000,000 salmon, mostly keta with a few krasnaia, were dry-salted, — while 80,000,000 humpback salmon, called “salmon trout” in Japan, were so prepared. No fish were frozen for the European market, due © to the war. A considerable quantity of caviar was prepared, but the — quantity isunknown. The pack of canned salmon is shown elsewhere. — PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 689 In the ‘Pacific Fisherman” (February, 1917), Seattle, Wash., its Hakodate (Japan) correspondent reports the following particulars of the 1916 salmon season: During the year 1916 the salmon catches in the States of Kamchatka and Okhotsk, Siberia, varied greatly according to districts. On the west coast of Kamchatka and Okhotsk there was a big run all season, but the run on the east coast of Kamchatka was extremely poor, except in the Kamchatka River. The distribution of salmon varieties is always limited to about the following districts: Chums are present in large quantities on the east coast of Kamchatka and Okhotsk, but on the west coast of Kamchatka they are never plentiful. Red salmon are almost entirely limited to two districts, the Kamchatka and Ozernaya Rivers, being very scarce in other districts. Humpbacks are found all along the coast, but most especially in the district of Boliskreska [Bolsheryetzk], where there is always a large run. Silver salmon are found in small quantities on the west and east coasts of Kam- chatka at certain seasons of every year. King salmon are present in very limited quantities, early in the season on the west and east coast of Kamchatka. There were 17 canneries operated in 1916, and they packed about 470,000 cases. There were 218 fishing places on the shores, and the number of salmon caught during the season was 94,582,228. All the salmon packers and fishermen in Siberia have used steamers for the transportation of their goods for several years past, but owing to the high rates now prevailing on steamer tonnage they were obliged again to make use of sailing vessels. Prices of all equipment and outfits for the canneries and salting stations were from 30 per cent to 50 per cent higher than for the previous year, but as a result of the strong demand for salmon products due to the European war, all the markets are in good condition. Accordingly, preparations for the coming season are expected to be on a more extensive scale, both as to number and size of canneries and development of the fisheries. The above statement is accompanied by the following estimate of the number of salmon caught in 1916 in the States of Kamchatka and Okhotsk, except in the rivers: 4 East Kam- | West Kam- Species Okhotsk chatta chats Total ; Number Number Number Number OUNTIT a. Seas oe ee a ee ee ee ee 1, 482, 312 2, 318, 964 1, 669, 056 5, 470, 332 enti back: testi fy 220.8 ett eet IS 3, 710, 320 1, 776, 112 79, 926, 512 85, 412, 944 LSE ok Sa Le ae eee ee ee) Se ee | ee ees eS BIRO (yh | SEES es A as 3, 276 Red oe ee ee Ee ae eee al eer 308, 502 3, 311, 304 3, 619, 806 SHINY Siw a ep 3S oe ee ene See Meo Ceres ee es Rae. leer See i ae 75, 870 75, 870 VEY 2s ol he eee eee 5, 192, 632 4, 406, 854 84, 982, 742 94, 582, 228 FREEZING SALMON As when the Russians owned Alaska, the exploitation of Siberia was carried on for many years by trading companies with large powers granted by the Government. In 1892 a very enterprising company was in charge, judging from the following extract from a letter written on February 2, 1893, by the late Eugene G. Blackford, the well-known fish dealer of New York, to the late Col. Marshall McDonald, then United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries: I have just learned of the arrival in Chicago of 60,000 pounds of frozen salmon. They were caught in Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka. These fish are a new venture undertaken by a commercial trading company who control that country, and these salmon have been taken from a river where none have been caught before, and my information is that they catch fish weighing as much as 150 pounds each. The above lot of fish was brought frozen to Tacoma and then shipped by refrigerator car to Chicago, where they were sold to Mr. Booth, of the Booth Packing Co., Chicago. Mr. Booth has declined to pay for them because of their not being in satisfactory condition. 690 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Nothing further appears to have been done in this line until in 1903, when a Berlin fish merchant outfitted and sent to the Siberian coast a refrigerator steamer with a capacity of 2,500 tons. The fish were caught mainly in the Amur River and were frozen immediately after being brought aboard. In all, 160,000 salmon were obtained, and these were in excellent condition when landed at Hamburg, Germany. In 1907 the Salmon Steam Fishing Co., a combined British and Japanese company, chartered the steamers Zenobia and Zephyrus. These vessels were fitted with refrigerating apparatus and cold-stor- age chambers and sent to the Kamchatkan Peninsula to get a cargo. Both secured good cargoes. In 1909 two refrigerating steamers visited the coast and froze salmon for the European market. One vessel was outfitted by a British company and the other by a German company, J. Lindenberger (Inc.). The latter reported that the chum salmon, the principal species frozen, were large and very bright. The British steamer left England in April and arrived home again late in December. CANNING SALMON In 1900 the Kamchatka Commercial & Industrial Co. (Litd.), was organized at St. Petersburg, Russia, by A. T. Prozoraf, president of the St. Petersburg Chamber of Commerce; P. M. Grunwalt; H. T. M. Court, and A. A. Prozoraf, secretary. A complete canning outfit was purchased in the United States, and the first cannery in Siberia estab- lished at Petropavlovsk, Avacha Bay, Kamchatka. The San Francisco Trade Journal, under date of December 19, 1902, printed the following item relating to the operations of this cannery: On December 8 the Russian barkentine Bitte arrived from Petropavlovsk, Siberia, with 10,436 cases canned salmon. This is the first consignment of salmon received from them. The greater part of the pack comprised chum salmon, although they were labeled ‘‘pink”’ salmon, the rest being reds and kings. In 1903 the company did not operate, the fishing season being devoted to moving the plant to Ust-Kamchatka, at the mouth of the Kamchatka River, where, after being in use altogether for two or three years, it was abandoned. In 1907 two canneries were established in the estuary of the Amur River, near Nikolaevsk, but beyond getting out samples they were never operated. In 1910 A. G. Denbigh, an Englishman, built a modern cannery near the second site of the Kamchatkan Commercial & Industrial Co. That year the cannery produced only about 10,000 cases, but each year since the equipment of the plant has been enlarged and improved until in 1913 the pack amounted to 60,000 cases. Early in 1914 a complete two-line plant of American can-packing machinery was installed. ° In 1912 Mr. Denbigh built another cannery 1% miles away from the above plant. This plant was first operated with German and Nor- wegian sanitary machinery, but in 1914 a two-line American sanitary can-packing plant was installed, the can-making plant at the first plant making all the cans needed at the two canneries. In 1915 a number of additions were made to both plants in the line of flat fillers, etc., while still more were in contemplation for 1916. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 691 Mr. Denbigh also operated a hand cannery at Kompakova, on the west side of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Up to 1912 very few canneries, and these very primitive affairs, had been built by the Japanese, owing to the uncertainty of tenure. The ‘‘canneries’”’ were mere sheds or shelters where the cans—which were brought from Japan, made or half made—were filled, closed, and cooked, furnace-heated, vertical retorts being used for the latter purpose. If the owner lost his concession at the end of the fishing season he simply took his retorts away with him and the buildings were left to his successor. In 1912 a Tokyo company (Ichigumi & Co.) put up two canneries near the Ozernaya River in Kamchatka, while a Japanese from Niigata, Japan, also put up a small plant in the same vicinity. Both plants were cheaply built and operated with hand-power machinery and small vertical retorts. That year the two companies together packed about 13,500 cases of salmon. The same season Ichigumi & Co. put up another hand-power can- nery, and Tsutsumi & Co., of Hakodate, Japan, built two others of the same type near the Kamchatka River, on the east coast. In 1913 Tsutsumi & Co. built a modern cannery at Ozernaya and installed a complete line of American sanitary can-making and can- packing machinery. The same year Ichigumi & Co. put up two hand-power canneries near the Kamchatka River, having succeeded to the concessions for- merly held here by Tsutsumi & Co. In 1914 they built a modern plant and installed a complete line of American sanitary can-making and can-packing machinery. The St. Petersburg firm of S. Grooshetsky & Co., which has been engaged for a number of years in the freezing of salmon and in the preparation of salmon caviar, under the name of the Pacific Ocean Sea Industry Association, erected a cannery near Ozernaya in 1914, and installed in it a full line of American sanitary can-making and can-packing machinery. This plant will compare favorably with most of our Alaska canneries. The buildings are of iron. In 1915 a number of extensive improvements in the way of new buildings, machinery, etc., were made to the various plants, and during the winter of 1915-16 several of the canning firms had repre- sentatives in this country selecting much additional machinery for use during the 1916 season. During the latter season Tsutsumi & Co. erected a large new plant at Kiseka and a one-line plant above Kiseka. This company also operates a can-making plant at Hakodate, equipped with American Can Co. machinery and with a capacity of 800,000 cans per day. Owing to the heavy demand, caused by the war, a number of small hand-pack canneries also operated. In 1917 A. G. Denbigh built a cannery at Javino, on the west coast ae Peninsula. All the machinery in this plant is electric riven. _ In 1918 the ravages occasioned by the war so far as personnel, transportation, tinplate shortage, and market conditions were con- cerned had come to a head, and as a result the Grooshetsky & Co. and some of the smaller canneries did not operate, while Tsutsumi & Co. operated only those of its canneries which packed red salmon. In 1919 conditions were much more favorable in Siberia, and as a result the three Russian plants which were shut down in 1918 re- 692 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES opened. Tsutsumi & Co. erected and operated a new cannery in Ust-Kamchatka. The Nichiro Gyogyo Kabushi Kaisha, or Russo- Japanese Fisheries Co. (Ltd.), built and operated two additional one- line canneries at Kompakova and Kiseka. The following table shows the detailed pack of canned salmon made by the various companies operating in Siberia in 1915: Siberia canned salmon pack in 1916 } One-pound flats Can- Name and cannery location ? : ae 5 Total eries . ; Hump- Reds | Springs| Silvers |Chums 4 jeave A. G. Denbigh, Kamchatka River (2) Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases and Kompakoval-t2252s i225 2-2 Bi 258; O00: 4-2 ose 26,000 | 38,000 |_---_____ 122, 000 Food Products Exp. Coes 22-22 see 4°) 435,000, | 5.2222 |2 2 ee eee 35, 000 S. Grooshetsky & Co., Bolsheryetzk___-_- 1 O00) |22S. 0 acecee es 23,000. |E Seer Soe 29, Minard' & Co:.2.2-$.22..-b 6.2 242-22 1 ee ee eee een ee 7,000) | See Seen 7, 000 Nichiro Fishing Co. (Ltd.), Kamchatka River! cele: eee. Site se oe ee Lal) as 703° || 134334 il)” ¥2, 191 jl tas oRiy| Siena 32, 209 SUPANIVA = $a es ee aoe eens 1 2 DOOM 2 ee See | ee ee | ee 2, 200 Tsutsumi & Co., Ozernaya-_-----.----_- De] S37 F800.) |S soe ES) oe ee ae 8800! L235 352ee 46, 600 Hand-pack canneries, East and West - IC STON AEE? eke Poe he oe er ee 2 1,000" |5- 52 AS 4,000 | 10,000 15, 000 of to] 0 eae ee ee SD gee teste 10 | 154, 703 3, 334 28, 191 92, 781 10, 000 289, 009 1 From Pacific Fisherman Yearbook for 1916, p. 44. 2 There were also a couple of small canneries operated on the Amur River which are not shown here. 3 Called ‘‘ Pinks”’ in Siberia. 4 Includes 10,000 cases one-half pound flats of 8 dozen each. 5 Includes 10,800 cases one-half pound flats of 8 dozen each. In order to show the changes which have occurred since 1915 the detailed pack made by the various companies for 1919 is given. Siberia canned salmon pack in 1919 } Num-| Spring Red ber of Name Cannery location wets ‘oper. | lb, | 1b.” | tb.) eal al flats talls flats flats Grooshetsky, S., & Co-------- Ozernaya, Bolsheryetzk-_------- p Ja epee pe Ronen 8,363 0/S--s=- Hakama, S., & Co__---_--_-- Opalast:. 15 2fECes 2 yeas ved bcos ee 6 oe 7550 4| Pane _ Hokuyo-Gyogyo Kabushiki | Ust-Kamchatka ?___-___-_------ > Jeg eee || > 72; ObS]| =e Kaisha (Ltd.). i Nichiro Gyogyo Kabushiki | Bolsheryetzk, Opala, and Ust- Dal) aly Dooe| so ees 66, 877)|-Ceoea Kaisha (Ltd.). Kamchatka. ; Shindo; §., é& Cozs.222 5 225 Narachefsky 5£22i2li 2-28 _2es2 Dice £22221 eee S88) 2 20C Suda, d2,Co:2 -2-- 28s 2=- Palana ii 28 a eee eee L262 28 Sa eee 900) e a ‘Trotsumit ©0= 22222 --s— ee Ust-Kamchatka, Ozernaya, 7 | 3,575 557 |112,396 | 18, 266 Javino, Koshegochinsky, Bolsheryetzk (2) and Kuftoi. Yushutsu-Shokuhin Kabu- | Opala Goluiginsky, Koshego- A | See te |e See 80,832 | 17, 604 shiki Kaisha (Ltd.) chinsky, Javino. Totals boca sehet Se eee eee eke i: Seeger eee ees ee 21 5, 108 557 |340, 863 | 35,870 1 From Pacific Fisherman Yearbook for 1920, p. 86. 2 Formerly Denbigh canneries at Nerpichr and Seaside. * Javino cannery bought from A. G. Denbigh & Co. The close of the World War found political conditions in Siberia in a badly demoralized condition, with the coast held for several years by the Japanese. As a result of this most of the Siberian-owned canneries fell into the hands of. Japanese’ operators. Finally the al ee i ae PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 693 Soviet and Japanese got together and made a new fisheries agree- ment—the old one having expired some time before—and as the latter’s troops were moved out of Siberia, full control was once more vested in the forces controlling Russia. Since then the Russians have been gradually expanding their interests until to-day they own and control the majority of the salmon canneries. Siberia pack of canned salmon since the inception of the industry ! Year ae Kings Reds Silvers Pinks Chums Total Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases ee 5, 500 21500) |bateu Saat 2, 000 10, 000 So ees eee. 15, 000 610005 | Eat sae eee eeA 4, 000 25, 000 Joe 4 ee eS ee ee eee 43, 500 IR ISU 1)e| ee ge eee ROR 16, 000 77, 500 Smee ee es ee eee ee | ee ee eee 102, 900 7, 000 2, 500 21, 000 133, 400 mack Shes Se ee a ie eee ee eee eee 85, 000 22, 500 2, 000 27, 000 136, 500 154, 703 28, 191 10, 000 92, 781 289, 009 oe acre 177, 800 50, 000 117, 000 81, 000 425, 800 275, 212 29, 980 137, 197 66, 056 511, 00) 296, 960 43, 588 15, 177 23, 585 381, 337 377, 290 | 106, 364 157,766 | 101, 983 748, 511 361, 539 128, 158 75, 950 19, 875 595, 771 433, 243 74, 721 83, 567 98, 729 705, 493 538, 587 51, 457 103, 614 24, 194 718, 184 eee 585, 338 22, 035 66, 869 29, 427 703, 669 546, 866 39, 483 190, 571 22, 200 799, 120 386, 175 82, 407 104, 551 13, 530 586, 663 540, 294 87, 901 307, 558 10, 485 946, 188 588, 724 84, 121 138, 589 6, 401 817, 835 epee me eee 939, 216 84, 791 439, 609 9, 353 1, 472, 969 38, 839 | 6,453,847 | 969,197 | 1,952,518 | 669,549 | 10, 083, 950 re ee ee [ee eee es Pe eee 1 From the Pacific Fisherman, annual statistical number, January, 1929, p. 86. ee U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 694 BSF ‘E8T |80T GONG. 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BIE aaa Pe a |peameng| > os |b ee OOS “OTHIGGONGiil c=. cilecns cme COMECOT |[ZGen eo limes on | eeu elle ae g ByJVyOuUBy pue joyowlUN | VysTey-oAFOAH)-O1IQOIN PIGS ROrn O08 Scot coral teenie an CIC ora (OPOLEM limes aa Senn ea SOONOG|ZO0MIen mee ca|p = a eae Ses "4% ON Joary 8yQBqoue y epi “CCPYT VP SNeRer seme a cabe is OBE BR OCI, |aear aa, ep oe Try Of AUS eee leet ay aa i TON Jory exyByouey | oy = ByyeyoUey) §=OMV LsvOo Lsva 8261 700 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES SALTING SALMON By far the greater part of the salmon catch of Siberia is either pickled or dry salted. This was the earliest commercial method initiated on the coast and has been followed for a number of years, mainly by the Japanese. The coast is dotted with concessions worked by Japanese, while there are large numbers in operation along the rivers, these being restricted to Russians. An idea of the extent of this branch of the industry may be gathered when it is stated that in 1915 there were 50,000 barrels of pickled salmon prepared in the Amur region, while the Japanese dry salted about 6,000,000 chum salmon, including also a few reds, and 80,000,000 humpbacks, or ‘salmon trout, ’’as they are called in Japan. In pickling salmon the fish are split down the back, the sides being held together by the belly. The roe, gills, and viscera are removed and the fish are then washed, and after salting are placed in large tanks for seven or more days, or until they are thoroughly struck, after which they are packed in barrels, flesh side up, except the two top layers, which have the skin side up. To about 700 pounds of fish 180 pounds of salt are used. The dry salting, next to drying, is the most primitive method employed in preserving salmon. The process consists simply in splitting the fish up the belly, removing the gills and entrails, and then filling the belly with salt. The fish are then placed in rows on matting and covered with salt, and other rows are placed on top of them until the pile is from 8 to 10 feet high, when the entire lot is covered with matting and left for about seven days, after which they are relaid and again covered with salt. For shipping, the fish are packed in mats. . A very odd feature in connection with the operation of most of the Japanese plants is that the salt to be used in curing the fish is =I” usually dumped loose onto some level spot, with absolutely no coy- - ering over it and exposed to the elements. The Japanese consume enormous quantities of these dry-salted salmon. During the Russian-Japanese war the latter country’s fish- ermen were cut off from access to their usual fishing grounds, with the result that they were forced to look elsewhere for fish. During 1905 and 1906 large quantities were prepared in Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington for this trade, but as soon as the war ended and the Japanese got access once more to their old fishing grounds, the Jap- anese duty on salt fish, which had been suspended during and for a short period after the war, was reimposed. As a result our fishermen soon quit the business, and since then operations on this coast have been almost wholly restricted to Japanese operating in British Columbia waters. At the height of the production on this coast Mr. King, the Amer- ican consular agent at Hakodate, Japan, made the following sugges- tions to preparers and shippers of dry-salted salmon for the Japanese trade: The salmon should arrive in Japan by December 1. Most of these fish are used among the Japanese for New Year’s presents. After the new year the price invariably declines 20 to 30 per cent, and for a month or two the fish are difficult to dispose of, as the consumers always stock up before the new year. The salmon should weigh not less than 5 pounds when thoroughly cured. They should be free from spots, which are usually found on the salmon if caught in fresh PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 701 or brackish water. No Japanese would think of giving a salmon with red and black spots to a friend for a New Year’s present, and spotted fish never realize more than half the price obtainable for clean white fish. The salmon should be split up the belly and should be salted with fine salt. Coarse salt always tears the flesh of the fish when being rubbed in. Care should be taken that the salmon are not oversalted. Semga salting is a more improved and sanitary method than that of straight pickling and is used when the fish are being prepared for the European market. Selected fish are cut open along the belly and the viscera and gills are carefully removed. In order that the salt may penetrate the flesh more thoroughly, the flesh on the inside is scored several times. The fish are then carefully washed and rubbed with brushes, after which they are kept on ice for 24 hours. The brine is carefully prepared and very strong. When properly struck the fish are repacked into barrels. “Kolodka”’ is a very crude and cheap method of salting. The fish are half salted and half dried without being cut open, and are sold at the place where prepared. The natives prepare a great many salmon for the winter use of themselves and their dogs, the same as do the Alaskan natives. The fish are dried without the use of salt. The product is known as ““voukala.”’ Some salmon bellies are also cut out and salted, although this has never attained to prominence. Some fresh salmon, as well as salted, are smoked for local con- sumption. Barrels, or tierces, for packing salmon are made from cedar, larch, or fir, with a net capacity of 900 to 1,000 pounds of fish, and are bound with wooden and iron hoops. THE SALMON FISHERIES OF JAPAN Outside of Karafuto (that portion of Sakhalin Island, south of 50° north latitude, which belongs to Japan) and the Kuril Islands, the salmon fisheries of Japan are comparatively small, the principal por- tion of the immense catches made by Japanese fishermen being along the coasts of Siberia and Karafuto. All of the five species of salmon found on the American side are to be found in the waters of Sakhalin during the usual spawning periods. The chum salmon (0. keta), which is known in Japan as “‘sake,”’ and when canned as ‘‘pink” salmon, is to be found on Hokushu Island, running up the various streams for spawning purposes from September to December. On the same island is to be found also the masu (0. masou), a salmon, according to Doctor Jordan,“ very similar to the humpback, the scales being a little larger, the caudal fin without black spots, and the back usually immaculate. It is fairly abundant in the streams of Kokushu, the island formerly known as Yezo, and is found nowhere else in the world. The author had an opportunity to ex- amine a dry-salted masu (it might be well to state here that in Jap- anese masu means ‘‘trout’’) at the fish house of the Royal Fish Co., in Vancouver, British Columbia, in January, 1916. The manager, Mr. Emy, had imported the fish from his own country. Both in 44 Fishes, p. 296. By David Starr Jordan. New York, 1907. 702 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES size and general appearance it closely resembled a humpback salmon, and when cut open the flesh had the same coloring observable in our humpback. This species, and the true humpback found in more northern waters, especially in Siberia, are dry salted in immense num- bers and are generally marketed under the name of ‘‘white trout” or ‘“‘salmon trout.” In Japan the ‘‘red trout’? seem to be our rainbow and brook trouts, which were introduced into Japanese waters some years ago. The red salmon (0. nerka) is to be found landlocked in Lake Akan in — the northern part of the island. It is smaller in size than the sea species. This species-has been introduced into the waters of Honshu. The section of this report devoted to the salmon fisheries of Siberia treats quite fully of the activities of the Japanese in that quarter. In Sakhalin, or Karafuto, as it is called in Japan, the Japanese have had a rather checkered career. At one time this island belonged to the Chinese Empire. Early in the nineteenth century the southern portion was occupied by the Japanese. In 1875 she bartered it to Russia in exchange for some small islands in the Kuril group. As a result of the Russo-Japanese war the southern half, or all that portion south of 50° north latitude, was in 1905 ceded to Japan. The salmon fisheries of this island are of much importance. For many years the Japanese had a virtual monopoly of them, but very early in the present century the Russians attempted to restrict con- siderably the activities of the Japanese fishermen, and encouraged her own subjects to compete with them. Many hundreds of Rus- sians and Koreans were encouraged to migrate to the island and engage in its fisheries. Despite these handicaps, the operations of the Japanese fishermen, according to the statistics shown below, do not seem to have suffered. 5 | Spring | = Spring Year Salmon ! sAniGa Total be ear Salmon 1 Salivihe Total Koku 2 roku 2 Koku ? Koku ? Koku? | Koku? a ee 8, 58! 34, 246 AO 30's 000 e Se oe ees 7, 719 8, 797 16, 516 RBG as. SAT bee 2d} | 6, 335 11, 228 10,560) || LPO sas eee 3, 089 12, 735 15, 824 isos 325 Se 8S | 8, 379 22, 959 31,,338: || 1902.2. 20 2 2 2S ee eee 24, 726 } | 1 Species not specified. 2 Koku equals about 514 bushels. Considerable fishing is carried on around the island of Yetorofu, one of the Kuril group. Here are found red (O. nerka), silver (0. kisutch), and chum salmon (OQ. keta), also either the humpback or Doctor Jordan’s masu. CANNING INDUSTRY The salmon canning industry in Japan proper was inaugurated by the Hokushu Colonization Department, a local branch of the Federal Government. For some time this department had operated a fishery — school on Hokushu Island, at which experimental work in the canning of salmon and other fishery products was carried on. This estab- lishment canned considerable salmon during the Russo-Japanese War. This same department also established a fishery school on Yetorofu Island, one of the Kuril group, which was, in 1908, taken over by Suhara Kakubei, a fisherman and graduate of the school, and used as a salmon cannery. | 703 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES Some years earlier, however, about 1892 or 1893, Fujino Shirobei started canneries in Shibetsu and Bekkai, Nemuro Province, Hok- ushu Island, and a short time later Idzumi Shozo also started a plant at Nemuro. For a number of years these three canneries were the only producers. The plants were quite primitive, the product small, and most of it was consumed by the Japanese navy. A demand for the product was gradually worked up, however, and as a result there are now a number of small canning plants on Hokushu Island proper, the Kuril Islands, and Japanese Sakhalin. Most of these plants devote the major part of their energies to the packing of crab meat, the canning of salmon being in most cases a side issue. A few of the plants have been equipped with machinery, but the large majority are hand-pack plants, employing but a few persons. Most of these plants pack what is called ‘‘white trout,’’? which is really the humpback or masu salmon. In 1912 there were in Hok- ushu and adjacent islands 21 canneries which packed 730 cases (48 one-pound flat cans each) of red (O. nerka) and 72,770 cases (48 one-pound cans each) of “‘white trout,” a total of 73,500 cases. On the Japanese portion of Sakhalin Island 4 canneries packed 10,120 cases (48 one-pound cans each) of ‘white trout” in 1912. The pack of canned salmon in Japanese territory in recent years has been as follows: Hokkaido | Karafuto Hokkaido | Karafuto Year and (Japanese | Total Year and (Japanese Total Kurils Sakhalin) Kurils Sakhalin) Cases Cases Cases Cases ' Cases Cases ADD i ER Se Se 73, 500 10, 120 SSa620 POLO lees ber 50, 500 18, 000 1 68, 500 LAD IR oe eal Toa GROO0R Ea ete 46,000! || 1920, —===-_=- == 18, 500 6, 500 25, 000 RO46.. Fe 50, 450 15, 000 655450) || O24 sees rece here a ed | a Be 10, 000 BOLO. -2 = ee 55, 000 15, 000 TOMOOOE G25 2-28 eee | awe) SA et eee 90, 000 LG tee eee PS 37, 800 1, 800 39" GOO) te 926-- 2 — = 25, 000 1, 500 26, 500 a ae. 39, 545 16, 607 eA TWAS Eke) (eee See eee elas a ee eee ee 132, 000 LE ep Ae ae 21, 490 5, 000 2..a 22.48) Leth ia he tates = ee at 37, 000 10, 000 | 3 203, 100 1 Composed of 2,500 cases of 1-pound flat red salmon and 66,000 cases of 1-pound flat chum salmon. 2 No figures given from 1921 to 1923, inclusive. 3 Includes 156,100 cases of humpback salmon brought to Aomori from Siberia in refrigerator vessels and then canned. The following table shows the quantities and value of salmon and trout taken by the Japanese fishermen in certain years: Salmon Trout Year Pounds Yen Pounds Yen | Ey ree er ae eee Bee ee ee St toe | 5, 722, 475 454, 662 923, 025 121, 499 “OF LU ee ee ee oe eee eres 9, 286, 267 892, 879 4, 500, 008 332, 316 LT ees ee ee eee eee 26, 438, 017 1, 594, 230 44, 038, 383 928, 513 704 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES FISHERY METHODS In Japanese waters salmon are taken by means of trap nets, haul seines, and gill nets. The haul seines used along the seashore have a length of about 500 fathoms. Each is carried by a boat of 9 feet beam with 30 men, and the right wing, called the “outing wing,” is first paid out as the boat heads out from the beach. When the pocket, or bunt, is cast the boat turns its course toward the right and steers gradually landward, casting the left wing. When the school is encircled the seine is hauled ashore by the seine ropes. The floating trap net used for salmon is known as ‘‘kaku-ami,”’ or square trap net. This consists of a main net and lead. The main net, or heart, is 70 fathoms long, 10 fathoms wide, and 10 fathoms deep, and the lead is 120 fathoms long. The latter guides the fish toward the main net. When being fished the pot is hauled up by a boat crew and the fish transferred to the boat by means of a dip net. FISH CULTURE The artificial culture of salmon is carried on in 56 hatcheries, which are distributed in:Hokkaido and the prefectures of Aomori, Akita, Yamagata, Nigata, Toyama, Kyoto, Iwate, and Miyagi. Nine of these belong to the government of Hokkaido and other prefectures, while the rest are owned by fishing associations, individuals, or corpo- rations. The number of young salmon distributed by these hatch- eries amounts to over 80,000,000 a year. The largest hatchery is the one at Chitose, under the supervision of the Hokkaido Fishery Experimental Station. It was established in 1887, and it is estimated that the fish distributed by it number from 20,000,000 to 30,000,000 yearly. The salmon hatchery of Murakami, Niigata prefecture, dates as far back as 1881, when a regulation pertaining to the preservation of | young salmon in the River Miomote was enacted by the prefecture of Nugata. This was first called the “Murakami Salmon Raising Plant,’ but in 1891 it was turned into a hatchery, and is now dis- tributing 2,000,000 young salmon a year. ‘The salmon hatchery of Nitta River, Fukushima prefecture, is very similar in its history and organization to the above. The industry has during the last few years become very popular in Yamagata prefecture, where 22 hatcheries are in operation as private enterprises. In the prefectures of Shiga, Miye, Shizuoka, Nagano, Yamanashi, Kanagawa, Akita, Niigata, Hyogo, Miyazaki, and Hokkaido, the masu (QO. masou) and the landlocked hime-masu (0. nerka) are raised and distributed in the lakes and rivers. There are eight hatcheries — working on these species. The hatchery of Lake Towada, Akita — prefecture, first transplanted hime-masu from Hokkaido im 1902, and it is now hatching from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 eggs a year for the purpose of distributing the fish among the different districts. O FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 ' By R. H. FrepLer Chief, Division of Fishery Industries MOraWOrdiees mean eras S22 ee 2) AMAA Part 1—Operations of the Division oOMSehOMOlStAlISlICS=--=-==——=--— === =a 2 =— Catch analysis—Columbia River chinook BAN eS ORY p= oe eS es Se 8 Technological investigations____-_-.-_------- Net DreSeLVvarion= 2 2s mee =! ee PSV =DROGUCTS © ene ee Se eS Nutritive value of fishery products_-_-__- Improved handling of fresh and frozen fish_ Goneraliservice.—. 3958 Bs alerts. 22822 * Market and industrial surveys------_------- Facilities for freezing and warehousing frozeniish:products:_-. 2°32) 21 2° Oyster-market survey -.-.-.--------_------ Publications of the division_..-..__---...----- Documents2=22*--2-- === Statistical bulletins INewsnnpland Statesan2- 22220 lo Middle Atlantic States_____._._--__----- @hesapeake Bay States). -2- 2 222222 = SoupbeAtiantic States.2. ss) GuIRS tates. 322 ee eee Pacing Coast taves==.-=-2— sees eee ee JAI 2 ed Ss ce ee ee Yield of food fishery products, by volume. Yield of food fishery products, by value_- Yield of nonfood fishery products__----_- Canned fishery products and by-products pols PDEs Sas 25 ee ee eee Cannediproducts2.2- 2 = ss EEOC CES a eye eee ee ee Tight-pack cut herring trade___._____.____-_- Packapenotisntirades: 6-2 a 62s Hr GZ GnnHsi trades seston) 2 sree SO atts 4 Foldingsiohenred fish]! 5-22). Scent Ta HOrelom HSHEFVNTCAde | 22 == See 2 2 Fisheries of the New England States___..___ Newel ampshires= 22s 5. Ses is i Pei Wrassachuisenis es) 2% 209s 2 eee iodelsliandsss os 2 bests ai eS Connecticut = ss a ee CONTENTS Page 705 Part 2.—Fisheries Statistics—C ontinued Fisheries of the New England States—Con. Enistonicalireyie wees 706 vee fisheries at principal New England DOLES Shae Sean eS Fat See Be 707 Mackerel fishery of the Atlantic coast __- 703 | Fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States__.____ 709 Vessel fisheries at New York City and 710 Groton OUn ea ee 713 Shad fishery of the Hudson River---_--- 715 | Fisheries of the Chesapeake Bay States__-___ 717 ed and alewife fisheries of the Potomac 7 LV Cle eee ean Senet sd Trade in fresh and frozen fishery products 717 iInMVVASHIing On wD. C2 sco ee 793 | Fisheries of the South Atlantic States___.__-- 723 IN (Oa) CES OUT Gs eon 724 South Carolina_-_------------------------ 724 (CGUFHE - onsen asec eseeeesenreassesese Masticonst Of mlorida==—=— 222. es == StOnICAL Te VIC Were = oee eee ee eee RISheriesiommlonidass sss eee eee 724 Lake Okeechobee 725 Spongewdisheryse==—-- a ae ee a ee 725 | Fisheries of the Gulf States. .---------_------- 726 WiestiCOasLiOl HlOnlds = oe aa ee 726 Alabama 2sess.: 525. SU ss ee SAEs 726 INTISSISSIDD Ieee So eo ae eae 726 MOuiSiIanaese see es see ane ee mee 727 AR ORAS wee ee 25 el eo ee ee 727 iMistoricalireviewe-—-o-=- ==. 2226-22-52 a= 727 | Fisheries of the Pacific Coast States_______-- 727 Washing tonS2 2 se a8 ee 2 729 Oregon... 252825 ss oo soot eee moos 730 California Enistorical revieWe=-- == ee eee 739 Halibut fishery of the Pacific coast_--_-_- 741 Vessel fisheries at Seattle, Wash._---_--- TOAD | a KOmISNOLleS! == enone a = as see eee oe 759 United States and Canada_--_--_------_- 759 lUmiteédlStatess-=2 = =o. 2 ee eae 760 Historicalireviews222------2--- eee 760 | Fisheries of the Mississippi River and tribu- 767 CATIGS Se Fe os ae eee oe 773 Fresh-water mussel shell fishery --------- 774 nakeuPepine: 32.2 =2 22 oe oe Sa see se 777 Wakerkeoktks2!o--2+) Soke et Se 782 Fisheries of the Mississippi River be- 783 tween Lakes Pepin and Keokuk-----_-- 792'-|\PWisheniesof- Alaska =* 022). §: fee Feel es 793 | Common and scientific names of fishery 803 DILOGUCTS = net 2 oe ee eee cess oceans 811 | Methods used in collecting statistics___--_--- Page 1 Appendix XIV to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1095. Submitted for publication June 30, 1930. 705 706 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES FOREWORD This report constitutes a yearbook on fishery statistics of the United States as well as a summary of activities of the division of fishery industries. As its name indicates, this division of the bureau is concerned with the activities and welfare of the fishery industries, including the commercial fisheries, the trade in fishery products, and the fish canning and preserving industries. Its functions are the collection and publication of fishery statistics, the prosecution of research designed to solve the technical problems of the industry, and the dissemination of authoritative and practical information to the fishery industries and the public. Results of technological investigations and marketing studies are published in separate documents as each project is completed. The information obtained from statistical surveys is published in Part 2 of this report, which includes all the detailed statistical information that has become available since the issuance of the previous report,? together with such summarized statements and interpretations of the statistics as are deemed significant and useful. In the preparation of this report numerous members of the division’s staff have taken part, and their assistance is appreciatively acknowledged. Part 1. OPERATIONS OF THE DIVISION COLLECTION OF STATISTICS The statistical work of the division in 1929, as in former years, included the collection and dissemination of statistics on the catch of fishery products and the gear employed in making the catch and statistics of related fishery industries. In the former group are those statistics that are intended primarily for the use of the fishery biolo- gist, upon which to base wise conservation measures, although they — are indirectly valuable for economic purposes. This is especially true of statistics for the landings of fish at principal fishing ports, which are published monthly. In the latter group are statistics that are of use mainly for economic or trade purposes. In this group are included statistics of the canned fishery products and by-products of the United States, cold-storage holdings of fish and amounts of fish frozen in the United States, marine-animal oil production, and similar statistics. During 1929 rapid progress was made in the collection of statistics of the catch of fishery products in the United States. This has been occasioned by greater cooperation with State fishery agencies and by the extended use of automobiles by agents, which has enabled them to canvass a larger territory than was formerly the case when travel was performed mainly by train. As a result, catch statistics for 1928 were obtained of the fisheries in our New England, South Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific Coast, and Great Lakes States. Continuous annual catch statistics are now available for the Great Lakes States from 1913, Pacific Coast States from 1922, South Atlantic and Gulf States from 1927, New England States starting with 1928 (as it is now planned to canvass the latter States annually), and the State of Connecticut 2 Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928. By R. H. Fiedler, Appendix 1X to the Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1929, pp. 401-625. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1067. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 707 from 1924. The latest catch statistics now available on each geo- graphical section are as follows: New England, South Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific Coast, and Great Lakes States, 1928; Middle Atlantic States, 1926; Chesapeake Bay States, 1925; and Mississippi River and tributaries, 1922. In addition to the general catch statistics, the collection and (or) publication of statistics on special subjects was continued during 1929, as follows: The landings of fish by American fishing vessels at the ports of Boston and Gloucester, Mass., Portland, Me., and Seattle, Wash.; landings of halibut at North Pacific coast ports (published monthly, and annual bulletins summarizing these landings for the year); catch of mackerel in the North Atlantic fishery; cold-storage holdings of frozen and cured fish and amount of fish frozen, which are furnished by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics (published monthly); production, consumption, and holdings of marine-animal oils of the United States and Alaska (published quarterly by the Bureau of the Census); production of canned fishery products and by-products of the United States and Alaska during 1929; the catch of shad in the Potomac and Hudson Rivers; the catch of alewives in the Potomac River during 1929; transactions on the sponge exchange at Tarpon Springs, Fla., during 1929; volume of fishery products handled at the municipal fish wharf and market, Washing- ton, D. C., during 1929; and the volume of United States imports and exports of fishery products during 1929, furnished by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. CATCH ANALYSIS—COLUMBIA RIVER CHINOOK SALMON FISHERY An investigation was initiated by the bureau during the summer of 1929 for the purpose of determining the relative abundance of chinook salmon in the Columbia River over as long a period of time as might be possible. The method used in attacking the problem consisted of making an analysis of the detailed catch records of this fishery in order to determine the average catch return per constant unit of effort and gear in each year represented in the available data. With this objective in mind, detailed records of the daily catches of individual fishermen delivered at Astoria, St. Helens, Clifton, and Warrendale—all in the State of Oregon—were collected and tabu- lated. The catches of the gill-net fishermen appeared to offer the best and most accurate data and were used exclusively in this analysis. The collection of these records was made possible through the coopera- tion of the Oregon Fish Commission, the Washington Department of Fisheries and Game, and several of the packing companies on the Columbia River. The records from Astoria covered the period from 1909 to 1929, inclusive, and those from Warrendale, Clifton, and St. Helens, 1923 to 1928, inclusive. The average daily landing per fisherman for each day and at each locality included in these data was computed. Since these fishermen are always near a buying station, cannery, or buyer’s boat, the daily landings are, in prac- tically all cases, the result of one day’s fishing and were so considered From these data and daily averages, several types of indices of abundance were computed for each group of data and it was found that according to the Astoria data from 1909 to 1925, the trend of the 708 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES average catch return per unit of effort and gear was without any pro- nounced increase or decrease. Since 1925, however, there has been a steady decline from 196 pounds average catch per man per fishing day to 102 pounds average catch per man per fishing day during 1929. It has been possible to determine through a study of the number of licenses issued on the Columbia River, by both of the States of Wash- ington and Oregon, that the amount of gear fishing on that river has been comparatively constant during the period of time from 1909 to 1929, inclusive. This obviates the possible error that might have been caused if the amount of gear on the river had increased or de- creased greatly during the last few years and so caused a drop or rise on catch per unit of effort and gear due to increased or decreased com- petition between pieces of gear. From tagging and other biological studies it is known that the salmon population spawning in the Columbia River system is com- posed of numerous separate races or ‘‘runs,’’ each of which has its individual parent tributary stream or spawning area, and a fairly constant time for making its annual upstream migration. With these facts already determined it appears that it may be possible by a study of the detailed data to learn something of the fluctuations in abun- dance of the separate runs, rate of upstream migration, and at what time populations bound for certain tributaries pass through the com- | mercial fishery. In order to make the results of this investigation conclusive and to guard against possible errors, it is planned to collect more data during the summer of 1930 to establish the adequacy of the present method for sampling the catch records. TECHNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS Applied fisheries technology has given the fisheries industries a new outlook on the future. In the three or four decades preceding | the World War, little was done to improve conditions in the fisheries with the result that they were fast losing ground. However, under the war’s stimulus for more protein food and cheaper methods of manufacture, the fisheries industries learned that to compete with other food industries radical changes were necessary. Realizing this, several agencies set about to study the problems, foremost of which were the Bureau of Fisheries and the College of Fisheries at the Uni- versity of Washington in Seattle, Wash. These agencies instituted fishery products laboratories where technological studies were made of our fish manufacturing industries. During the interim from war times to the present the industry has applied the results of experi- ments conducted in these laboratories to commercial procedure, as — well as those obtained from research in private fisheries products laboratories more recently established by various fishing companies, and the industry forged ahead in a revolutionary fashion. As a result, excessive overhead expense in the production and manufacture of fishery products has been reduced; a larger number of inland con- sumers have been supplied with fresh and frozen fishery products, especially those marketed in attractive unit packages of uniform quality; by-products, which formerly were utilized for fertilizer or in the arts and industries, are now used for feedstuffs and, in addition, the réle of fishery products in the dietary of man has been demon- FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 709 strated; waste products of the fisheries have been converted into valuable articles of commerce; better methods have been evolved for the manufacture of certain cured and canned fishery products; and preservatives have been developed which prolong the life of fish- ing nets. All this has stabilized the fishery industries, and the strides made have been so rapid that certain other food industries are looking toward them for guidance, especially those manufacturing frozen food products. During the past year the division’s technologists have been con- ducting research mainly on problems relating to the manufacture of fish meal and oil, the feeding value of marine products, the handling and transportation of fresh and frozen fish, and the preservation of nets. These problems have carried the technologists to many parts of the country where conditions are studied first-hand. The Reed- ville laboratory was kept open all the year, due to the fact that prob- lems in the menhaden industry were involved and required contin- uous study. In addition, a summer laboratory was established at Erie, Pa., to study net preservatives, and a temporary laboratory was in operation at Columbia, S. C., to study the precooling of fish in the South. During the school year the bureau had an employee at Johns Hopkins University, studying the nutritive value of fishery products in cooperation with the nutritional authorities there. NET PRESERVATION Development of net preservatives under conditions which accelerate deterioration has been continued at Beaufort, N. C., but special atten- tion has been given to investigation as far as possible of preservative material upon twine exposed in actual fishing waters. The work has been concentrated upon trap and gill nets, since the preventable losses from deterioration of these types of gear represent a considerable amount each year. TRAP NETS The service of trap nets differs from that of all other classes of gear for the reason that part of the fabric is in the water for long periods of time. The webbing is hung upon stakes so that the top portion of the net is above high water and the remainder of the net is under water. Thus part of the net is continually under water and hence may foul badly—the character and extent of growth being dependent upon individual localities. In certain localities and especially on the coast of New Jersey, the growth of marine grasses upon trap nets is very serious, due to the formation of a solid wall which resists water movement and by which action the net may be washed out in a storm. Shell growths such as barnacles attach to the net and are objectionable as they may injure the hands of the fishermen when the net is fished. All fouling adds to the weight of the net and hence to the labor of fishing. Too little attention has been given to the necessity in trap-net preservatives of a coating on the twine that will offer increased resist- ance to mechanical abrasion. Certain portions of a trap net are subjected to severe wear when webbing is hauled over the gunwale of a boat; the wave action, especially in storms, subjects portions of the net to abrasion against the stakes and the damage from driftwood is of no small consequence. 710 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Recognizing that knowledge of the effect of preservatives in actual fishing waters is essential for practical developments, various methods have been employed which would serve for test purposes; due to per- sonal factors, this phase of investigation has not been altogether successful, but in the past season reasonably satisfactory tests were obtained in fishing waters by mailing to cooperators, light wooden frames containing twines covered with experimental preservatives, the frames after a certain exposure being returned to Washington fora test. While the number of preservatives tested by this method is limited, the extension of knowledge of deterioration in various waters is of great value. Experiments have demonstrated that among the best preservatives for trap nets are cuprous oxide, coal tar, mercuric oxide, and* copper oleate. The proportions of these incorporated into the net appear to depend upon individual localities. Coal tar is more effective in salt water than in fresh water and also where tidal action is above no1mal. Cuprous oxide and copper oleate are most effective in quiet and in fresh water. Under certain conditions, mercuric oxide is an excellent preservative when used with coal tar; its cost is high and hence it should be used only when necessary. More complete information relative to the preservation of trap nets is contained in Fisheries Document No. 1075. GILL NETS The study of the problem of obtaining longer service from gill nets by the use of preservatives has been continued, and it has been demon- strated that the use of the soluble portions of coal tar carrying fine cuprous oxide has increased the life of the net up to 40 per cent. A mixture of copper oleate and copper resinate has also proved effica- cious. The former treatment produces a brown net and the latter treatment a greenish nei. The fishing power of the colored nets appears to be equal to that of plain or untreated material. - 2 No preservative will prevent the damage to gill nets that is caused by snags or by the present method of removing fish, although a sus- tained mechanical strength, through the use of preservatives, should lessen losses from these causes. Fishermen recognize that gill nets should be thoroughly washed after use, but greater care shouJd be used in storage after drying. Direct sunlight is a powerful chemical agent, and a gill net should be stored away from direct sunshine as soon as possible after drying. The deterioration of gill nets under certain local water or atmospheric conditions is extremely rapid and can not be explained by the present methods of washing and drying which are reasonably constant. It would appear that prevention of rotting by the use of preservatives is essential and may be accomplished when the causes of the rotting are better understood. Further in- formation concerning the preservation of gill nets is contained in the document referred to above. BY-PRODUCTS MENHADEN During the past year the bureau continued its technological study of the menhaden industry. This industry has been given special attention since it is typically representative of most of the oily fish reduction industries, and certain of the information obtained should FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 711 find application in all by-products industries where similar materials are handled and the wet process of reduction is considered most advisable. In addition, the menhaden industry is perhaps in most need of assistance because of the recent decrease in the annual amount of raw material taken. For instance, in 1922 the peak catch amounted to 1,212,450,669 fish while in 1929 the catch barely exceeded 660,000,- 000 fish. The factories representing the industry were designed and first operated during periods of bountiful fishing. With an abundant supply of fish on hand, little attention was given to the efficiency of the process. Now, however, the same factories must operate on smaller quantities of fish and losses formerly unnoticed are becoming of considerable economic importance. If by technical improvements in the process used the Josses now encountered could be reduced, the amount of material obtained from the supply of raw material at hand would necessarily be increased and additional income made available. This, then, has been one of the aims of the bureau’s investigation. Another point receiving consideration has been the quality of the finished product. Recent development in animal-nutrition studies indicate that producis of marine origin have very desirable feeding qualities because they contain valuable proteins, minerals, and vitamins. Formerly the dried scrap produced was marketed entirely as a fertilizer material. It is essential that the quality of the product receive attention because a material produced for fertilizer purposes without consideration of preserving the components of nutritional value is very unlikely to possess the full feeding value of which it is capable. The studies with respect to the reduction process show at least two important opportunities for improvement. They are (1) the handling and separation of press liquors, and (2) the drying of the pressed fish. The data obtained show that the press liquors contain approxi- mately 22 per cent of the total flesh of the original material. Of this, about 17 per cent is dissolved proteins and about 5 per cenit is suspended material. At the present time all dissolved material is dis- carded and only about one-third of the suspended material is recov- ered. The data further disclosed that only about 90 per cent of the oil in the press liquors is recovered as first grade oil, about 2 per cent is absolutely lost and the remaining 8 per cent is recovered in such a manner that it has lost approximately half its value. Several methods of reducing the above losses were studied. Theo- retically, all solids now lost in the press liquors would be saved by dry rendering. In this process the raw fish are cooked and dried in one operation in a steam-jacketed batch dryer. Tests with such equipment indicate that menhaden do not react satisfactorily to this type of reduction. Even though the process was carried on under considerably reduced pressure, a dark oil of high acid content resulted. For this reason, further test work was confined to recovery methods adaptable to the present wet process. Tests with a simple rotary screen indicated that over 80 per cent of the suspended material could be recovered. This would amount to an increase of approximately 2 per cent of the total amount of scrap produced. Data obtained on the amount of liquors and the content of dissolved materials present indicated that this material could be recovered at a profit in suitable evaporating equipment. Tests with mechanical separators also showed that the present oil loss could be reduced and the final quality Pls U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES of the oil raised. Data obtained on methods of drying press cake indicate that the present method of drying causes an actual loss of material and, no doubt, decreases the potential feeding value of the finished product. Further studies on drying show that by drying the material in a continuous steam dryer of relatively high capacity for this type of equipment, the value of the meal obtained from a similar quantity of fish can be increased about 6 per cent. This increase is due to the elimination of dust losses, and the reduction of distillation and burning losses by drying at lower temperatures. In addition the quality of the meal has been raised, according to pre- liminary feeding tests, and the product is capable of demanding a higher price and should cause an increase in the demand for this type of material. Considerable attention was also given to the matter of proper stor- age conditions aboard vessel and at the factory. At the present time vessel operation is not efficient on account of the many trips to the factory where small catches of fish are brought in at little or no profit in order to prevent their spoilage before being reduced. In order to prevent additional spoilage at the factory, the plant capacity is such that the fish may be reduced within a few hours after their arrival. This necessitates high-capacity equipment and a large amount of labor that is only used for a few hours each day. Idle machinery and laborers increase production costs. Studies were conducted on the keeping qualities of fish at various temperatures. The results show that fish chilled to and maintained at temperatures between 35° F. and 40° F. are in as good condition for reduction purposes after five or six days storage as fish handled by present methods after only 24 hours. A complete report of the bureau’s study of the menhaden industry is being prepared for publication. REDUCTION OF WASTE FROM NONOILY FISH During the past year the bureau continued its studies of methods of reducing the waste from nonoily fish. This type of waste contains a considerable amount of glue material, which causes sticking within the dryer and forms an insulating coat of material on the inner surface of the drying chamber. Most operators overcome this difficulty by using a wet process in which the material is cooked and pressed before drying is attempted. Im doing this, much of the gluey material is eliminated and the difficulty of drying is reduced. This procedure makes it necessary to cook and press the material and causes a loss of protein material in the press liquors. The bureau’s studies have shown that the material can be handled with some success in one operation, if dried under considerably reduced pressure. To eliminate the sticking, however, it was found necessary to reduce the size of the initial charge and have scraping blades on the agitator come in direct contact with the dryer walls. This latter effect was accomplished by having the scraper blade forced ahead of the agitator paddle and held against the inner walls of the dryer by means of strong springs. The spring blade arrangement allows for contraction and expansion of the metals due to changes in temperature. While these results show some improvement, they are not entirely satisfactory since capacity has necessarily been sacrificed and horsepower requirements increased. Further work on this problem is contemplated. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 713 WASTE FISH AND SHARKS Many fishermen in isolated localities catch, along with the marketa- ble fish, small amounts of fish considered undesirable for human con- sumption. In most cases the supply is too small to warrant the installation of reduction machinery and is not utilized. Recently one of the bureau’s technologists conducted a series of tests on the acidulation of raw shark flesh and flesh from waste fish taken by Florida trap-net fishermen. It was found that by mixing the material, finely chopped, with as little as 5 per cent by weight of commercial sulphuric acid, decomposition would be arrested and the material could be dried in the sun in the course of two or three days. This product would make a very desirable fertilizer material. Best results were obtained by spreading the acidulated material in a thin layer on flakes constructed of acid-resisting material and so setting them above the ground that the air had access to the lower surface of the layer as well as the top. By this simple procedure many fishermen, without any considerable effort or expense, can realize a profit from material that is now nothing more than a nuisance. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FISHERY PRODUCTS The bureau has undertaken an extensive program of cooperative research in which the nutritive value of marine products is being studied. There are two incentives back of this work: One is that certain nutritional research is necessary for the furtherance of certain phases of technological investigations of the bureau, and the other incentive is the ever-increasing scientific knowledge that marine prod- ucts are unexcelled in nutritive value. The bureau’s investigator at Johns Hopkins University has com- pleted a series of studies of the general feeding value of fish meals and shellfish meals and the results will soon be published. These experi- ments have covered a period of approximately two years and they have had the following purposes in mind or have been studied from the following viewpoints: (1) As sources of protein, (2) comparison on an equal weight basis of different meals made by different methods of manufacture, (3) comparison with packing-house products, (4) preliminary investigations of the effect of free fatty acids in the diet. It was found that differences in nutritive value of the various meals lie not only in the variety of meal used, but also in the various methods of manufacture of the same material. In general, it was demonstrated that vacuum and steam dried products were superior to flame-dried products. Steam and vacuum dried menhaden meals were superior to flame-dried menhaden meal and vacuum-dried whitefish meal was superior to flame-dried whitefish meal. According to data obtained in these experiments, meals rated as follows in nutritive value: (1) Vacuum-dried whitefish meal and steam-dried menhaden meal of about equal feeding value, (2) flame- dried pilchard (California sardine), (3) flame-dried whitefish meal, (4) flame-dried menhaden meal, (5) shrimp meal. In comparing packing-house products with fish meals, a high-grade specially desiccated meat meal prepared from condemned carcasses and obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture was found to be about equal to the flame-dried fish meals. Commercial meat meal was decidedly inferior to any of the fish meals and commer- 714 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES cial tankage was very poor. Extracted menhaden fish meal wasinferior — to commercial unextracted menhaden fish meal. The addition of — 5 per cent of oleic acid to the diets proved very detrimental to the — animals. Fish meals were found to be a much better source of — protein than casein. It was also found that when calcium or phos- phorus was added to the diets containing fish meals no better growth response resulted than when none was added. This would seem to indicate that fish meal is in itself an adequate source of calcium and phosphorus in the diet, and that it is not necessary to supplement fish meal with these minerals. The bureau has also undertaken, in cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the United States Department of Agricul- ture in the laboratories of the protein and nutrition division of that bureau, a cooperative research program involving the determination of the comparative vitamin values in fish oils. The total production of fish oils in this country during 1929 was over 12,000,000 gallons. The six most important oils, exclusive of cod-liver oil, are: Pilchard (California sardine), menhaden, Alaska herring, salmon, Maine herring, and tuna; and their annual production ranges from approxi- mately 6,500,000 gallons for pilchard to 60,000 gallons for tuna. At the present time these oils are used principally in the soap industry, as drying oils in the paint industry, and also to some extent for leather sizing and tempering steel. This investigation was designed to find new uses for these commercial fish oils. Preliminary data indicate that commercial tuna oil is superior to the best obtainable erade of medicinal cod-liver oil in potency of vitamin D, and that com- mercial pilchard oil is equal to the best grade of medicinal cod-liver oil in this respect. As regards vitamin A .potency, the commercial fish oils did not show up as well as medicinal cod-liver oil. Commer- cial salmon oil is approximately half as potent in vitamin A as medic- inal cod-liver oil. The low content of vitamin A in these commercial oils is probably due to the high degree of heat and oxidation to which ° these oils are subjected in their method of production over a relatively — long period of time. ea The importance of these results to the fish-oil industries of the United States can not be too greatly emphasized, for it means that for some of these oils, at least, a new field of usefulness, namely, that of animal nutrition, has been opened. Undoubtedly, improvements in the method of production of these oils would greatly reduce losses ) of potency. In the cooperative program with the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, studies of the vitamin potency of fish meals and of oysters have been started. Arrangements have been made for practical feeding tests in which various kinds of fish meals and shellfish meals are being fed in the rations of dairy cows. This is a cooperative project involving 60 cows located on a dairy farm near Washington. These practical tests are the most comprehensive of their kind ever to be conducted in this country and the results should have far-reaching importance. A number of outside agencies are vitally interested and are cooperating in this undertaking. It is expected that the tests will be completed during the coming year. In addition to the above-mentioned cooperative projects, the bureau has under way a number of other cooperative practical feeding tests FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 715 now being conducted by various Federal and State agricultural experiment stations. During 1929 the bureau published Document No. 1065, entitled “Bibliography on Cod-liver Oil in Animal Feeding, with Noncritical Comments and Abstracts.’”’ This publication contains more than 200 references on this subject and has proved of value to both fishery and agricultural industries. IMPROVED HANDLING OF FRESH AND FROZEN FISH RUSTING AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES One of the problems confronting the producers of frozen fish is the oxidation of the fats in fish causing them to ‘‘rust.’’ This is the result of a chemical reaction between the oxygen of the air and the oil and fat found in fish. It is particularly noticeable on the cut surfaces of the fish where the protective covering of the skin has been removed. In order to prevent this reaction it is necessary to protect this cut surface from contact with the air. The usual method for accomplishing this is by glazing the fish with a thin coat of ice. This, however, evaporates, and it has been found necessary to reglaze them at frequent intervals, which adds to the cost of storage. Several different methods are being tried for prevention of the contact be- tween the surface of the fish and the oxygen of the air, and the preliminary results seem to indicate that some of these will prove very satisfactory. LEACHING OF FOOD AND MINERAL VALUES I has been recognized for several years that there is appreciable loss of food value and mineral constituents when fish are packed in contact with crushed ice. The water from the melting ice drips over the fish and results in a leaching effect. The losses incurred in weight of the fish and food and mineral value have never been determined, and very little has been done to prevent losses of this nature. In preliminary experiments it was found to be as high as 4 pounds per ton over a period of seven days. This apparently is not a great loss until it is multiplied by the amounts of fish handled in crushed ice over a period of a year; then it begins to assume proportions which are really surprising. In this same consideration it should be emphasized that the flavor and mineral constituents of the fish are the most important constit- uents which are most readily lost by leaching, and if losses of this nature are reduced the taste and food value of the fish will be little impaired from that as originally caught. FORKING FISH ELIMINATED It has been the universal practice to use forks for transferring fish when unloading the catch; this is detrimental to the fish, for the reason that the holes made by the forks allow bacteria to gain more ready access to the flesh of the fish, which in turn causes more rapid deterioration of the fish. At the Boston fish pier, platforms have been installed for unloading the vessels and boats which eliminates to a large extent the use of the fork. Besides this, the platform method eliminates a part of the 716 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES labor and makes it possible to unload more rapidly. This platform has not been universally adopted as yet, but progress is being made with this method. A plan has been developed and adopted by the board of directors of the Boston Fish Market Corporation for un- loading vessels and boats by mechanical means, which will entirely eliminate the forking. In order that more efficient work could be done in filleting fish a table was introduced with the cooperation of some of the packers. This was found to be of value in the elimination of false motion and has been adopted by three of the leading packers on the pier. MECHANICAL FISH SCALERS Removing the scales from fish has heretofore been accomplished entirely by hand, and is a slow and tedious process. Some of the large firms developed a machine for accomplishing this process in their plants, but these machines were not adapted to the small op- erator. However, a small machine for use in the smaller houses has been developed by a commercial company and found to be more satisfactory than the hand method. IMPROVEMENTS ON TRAWLERS Previously the bins of the trawlers have been so large that the fish which were placed in the bins first or in the bottom of the bin were exposed to the pressure of the entire load and were damaged materially by this excessive pressure. This has been remedied by making the bins smaller, which decreases the pressure and produces a higher quality fish. The supports for these bins were constructed of wood and un- painted. The bacteria found ready entrance into the pores of the wood and it was found to be impossible to clean them and prevent the infection of the fish immediately upon placing them in the bins. At the suggestion of the representatives of the bureau, these supports on some vessels are now constructed of iron and are painted white. The trawlers are now adopting insulation for the holds so that the fish are maintained at a lower temperature and there is also an ap- preciable saving of ice. Some of the vessels have insulated only the bulkhead between the hold and the engine room; others have insulated the entire hold, which is undoubtedly the most satisfactory and facilitates a greater saving of refrigeration. PROBLEMS OF HANDLING FISH LIVERS The oil from livers of certain fish taken in the North Atlantic is valuable for medicinal and nutritive purposes. In order that oil of the highest grade can be extracted from the livers it is necessary to handle them carefully. Several of the larger vessels are equipped with extraction facilities on board so that the oil is recovered while the livers are in prime condition. On those vessels not equipped with apparatus for the immediate extraction of the oil, difficulty is encountered in preserving the livers until they reach the shore extraction plants. It was sug- gested to the operators of these vessels that barrels containing the livers be covered for protection against the entrance of water which is very detrimental. This suggestion was adopted with an apparent improvement in the quality of livers landed at the extraction plants. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 717 Instructions as to those livers which were and which were not valu- able for medicinal and nutritive purposes were given to the fishermen. This resulted in an improvement in the quality of oil produced. Another suggestion which was adopted and which was found to increase the value of the livers was that of storing them in the refrigerated holds of the vessel. Storage here, which is at a low temperature, reduced the deterioration of the livers, which in turn produced a higher grade oil. GENERAL SERVICE Research is not the only important function of the technologists of this division. The dissemination of information of a technological nature to the industry is a duty which requires an increasing amount of time, year by year, as the technological activities of the bureau become enlarged. This information is distributed partly by cor- respondence and personal conferences with people that have for discussion problems too intricate to handle through correspondence. This technological consultation service is of considerable value to the industry, because, through past years of research, the bureau has acquired in its files a great amount of scientific knowledge in the different fields of fishery technology. Not only have the industries of this country taken advantage of such service, but, inquiries have been received from the fishery industries of Canada, Mexico, England, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, South America, India, South Africa, Haiti, Porto Rico, Japan, Siam, Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Russia, Egypt, Panama, Spain, and Holland. As chemists and technologists enter the service of the bureau it becomes necessary to especially equip them with knowledge concern- ing the fishery industries for very few scientists, no matter how well trained or experienced they may be, have had experience in fishery technology prior to entering the bureau’s service. However, in acquainting the newer technologists with the industries at first hand, the bureau has established many valuable contacts to the mutual benefit of the industry and to the bureau, for by visiting the plants in the industry, technologists have sometimes been able to offer valuable suggestions for improvements from their general knowledge concerning good engineering and chemical practice, as obtained from related industries. MARKET AND INDUSTRIAL SURVEYS Market and industrial surveys are made to supply the trade with useful market information regarding the distribution and consumption of fishery products and to supply descriptive and economic data on our fisheries and fishery industries. FACILITIES FOR FREEZING AND WAREHOUSING FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS _ During late years the freezing and storing of fishery products has assumed unusual importance in this and other countries. In 1929 the amount of fish frozen in this country reached the largest propor- tions on record, amounting to about 122,000,000 pounds, with an estimated value in the cold-storage warehouses of $15,000,000. This is an increase of 7 per cent in volume over 1928. The increase in late This U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES years has been due almost entirely to the larger pack of frozen package fish products consisting mainly of haddock fillets, the production of which in 1929 amounted to 21,800,000 pounds valued at about $4,000,000. In order to learn conditions surrounding the frozen-fish trade in the United States and Alaska, a survey was made during 1929 by the writer through questionnaires and by personal contact with the firms known to be publicly or privately engaged init. It is believed that in this manner about 98 per cent of the trade wag canvassed. FREEZING FACILITIES According to the data collected in 1929, there were 122 plants in the United States and Alaska which made a practice of freezing fishery products. Of this number 65 are located along the seacoast, 38 along our lake shores, and 19 at points in the interior of the country. Of those along the water front, 77 are located so that fishing boats and vessels can be unloaded directly at the pier of the freezing plant. The location of these is shown in Figure 1. Some of the plants use ‘‘rapid”’ freezing methods to perform the operation, although a majority use the ‘‘slow” or ‘“‘sharp”’ freezing methods. Most of the plants are publicly operated, but there appears to be a distinct trend toward the privately owned plant. These latter are owned chiefly by firms packing frozen-package fish products. The freezing plants are most numerous in the northern latitudes, few being located in our southern sections. These plants are capable of freezing about 3,617,000 pounds of fish per working day, or roughly, about 1,000,000,000 pounds per year of 300 working days. At this rate it might be assumed that present facilities are sufficient to freeze all of the fish marketed in a condition other than that canned or cured, for, annually, about 1,000,000,000 pounds of fishery products are marketed in the fresh and frozen con- dition. However, this is far from true, for, like any plant preserving ~ a seasonal article, it must be equipped to handle the peak loads, as generally there is not a steady flow of fish through the plants. 2 ees 1 1) | See eens oa See eon 1 ils Total: ==: -- == eee eee 21 DASE 20 s_2|han. See ee eee 21 24 Middle Atlantic: Now Work. -222----25. 2 ees 4 8 4 5 1 2 9 1a New Jersey. ---- = s)_ Seee 5 Silt eee rae ES. Se 5 8 Pennsylvania= 2242 2 eee 2 3 i 8 1 3 10 14. Total’ £<. [Ss See ates ee ee 11 19 11 13 2 5 24 | 37° ——— -— a South Atlantic: Maryland!:<-=2-- "oss =e eee | | eae ee aE a rel Pe see eee ee 2 2 District of Columbia_-_ 222 |S 1 fs eee) PE ee (oe Zo ee ee lee. 1 Wirginia?2:- 3 eee 2 Se ee sanlb cee aCe ee 24 3 North Carolina! = eee ae 1 | We eee A Pe ae ed (ES tee oe 1 1 Blorida® 5.2 2520 ae eee 2 | Oi a ee ee 2 25 STG al ee ee 5 94) Seo Ee ES oe ee 5 9 North Central, East Oso a ee ee nee eee eee 12 16 1 2 13 18 Indiana 2 2 225 Sse ee ee ee ee Pe ae 7 ee 2 Winigis® oo. Se ee ek Oi ee eo 2 > A) ES ae Si 2 2 4 Michigan 22_ 28) 8 esses as ea as 6 Sipe ee eee 6 8- "Whisconsin. 2. oes Sd oe a ee 3 ee 5 Si) 22. 222 | Sees 5 8) Motal=: a2 2c SS no et eee | ee Lee Ss 25 34 1 6 26 40° North Central, West: Minnesota. ---------- ee: DE Se eta 2 2 2 1 3 3 i OW a an ee nn a ce eae eed a ee ee een ae S| cake ere 1 2 1 2if ab Sete oo 2 Sa re eS oa Ieeeeecseeceres|eaon> 22s 3 4 3 4) INE] Gt RIS 7 De ae SOE es anne [emis aoe ea eee 1 3 1 3) Moloradoss Bisse aes ae See See os Se ee a ee a pees Pp eae)! 2u NOUA ee sees ae es el ne eee eee 2 Z 6 14 8 16, South Central: | d Kenttcky.-1..<2--- 0222222. 50252-| S228 ies see ees eee eee 1 1 1 Ly Tennessee... == == 5. 22222522 225=--| 2 ee | ee ee eee 2 2 2 2 Mississippi-’ . 2-2. =-2--- 5-5-2 S| Be ee es ee ee eee 2 2 2 2) OuisIaNa |. 2 ass cnc so cee =a 1 ) eee See e ee 2 2 3 30 QOklahoms ... 522252052092 =e 5 ae ee |e fe eee 1 1 1 Ty Texas 22: 5252455. eee 1 I fscedsecc|bo ace o25|52655 Sele ee eee 1 in Notalso2= saa eee eee 2 7 Pets ee Bee 8 8 10 10 Pacifie: ‘W ashingtonl-== oa 9 1052 2ece 5 ees 1 1 10 1g Oregon <= ee 9 OC es as eee sane | eee 9 9 Califomia.* 23:2 ee eee 4 Zils eles | Rias 1 4 5 8 Totals ee ee 22 i Capes 4 eee 2 5 24 28 = Alaska jvc Besta. .e Poe aoe 4 7 Seen eas Pa pass 4 40 | ——— Grand total-=: =) eee ee 65 81 38 49 19 | 38 122 168° Xa i i f ‘a , 4 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 723 Number of fish-freezing plants and cold-storage warehouses in the various geographical sections and their capacities and facilities in 1929 Maximum | Ware- | Freight Freez- |,,2mount | . Maximum Ware- houses | C2!S that Sennigng ing | that canbe} Ware- | amount that |houses on| jh pail-| can be Sey ] a . | frozen in 1 | houses | can be stored| water- | road ane handled el working at one time | front nection at one day | . time ; | —| ee Number| Pounds |Number| Pounds | Number | Number | Number Beene land) =. <-.- 2s 21 1, 034, 000 24 58, 755, 000 | 19 | 10 36 middie Atlantic. ---_......-:- 24 777, 000 37 40, 122, 000 | 10 | 21 129 Senin eA uUantic. —- --2.25..2-=- 5 197, 000 9 6, 950, 000 | sr 8 32 North Central, East__-------- 26 484, 000 40 35, 746, 000 | 24 | 25 194 North Central, West --------- 8 | 98, 500 16 20, 820, 000 | 2 | 13 85 Bonin Centrale -2-2- =...) - 10 157, 500 10 2, 702, 000 | 1 | 5 23 Birra hl epee ea oees SR ss 24 614, 000 28 | 26, 565, 000 14 21 121 1 DSL a a A 255, 000 4 18, 000, 000 eee es ae es petal 585 oe on 2 122 | 3,617,000 168 | 209, 660, 000 77 | 103 "620 Notre.—The New England section includes Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut; Middle Atlantic—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Maryland, District of Co- lumbia, Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida; North Central, East—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin; North Central, West—Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, and Colorado; South Central—Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Pacific section——W ash- ington, Oregon, and California; and Alaska. OYSTER MARKET SURVEY While the culture of oysters has made rapid progress in recent years, distribution through retail channels has not increased accord- ingly. In order to determine the factors limiting demand for this commodity, the bureau in cooperation with the Oyster Growers and Dealers Association of America (Inc.), and certain State officials, conducted a survey of the markets for oysters in various cities during the fall and winter months of 1929. This survey was conducted by making personal contacts with approximately 120 retail and whole- sale dealers and 1,400 housewives in 14 cities of 13 States. Their reactions toward oysters as a food was noted. The results of this survey show that 86.8 per cent of those inter- viewed serve oysters from 1 to 122 times per year. The per capita consumption of this sea food was found to be an average of 4.2 pounds per year in the cities surveyed. The highest per capita consumption was found to be 9.6 pounds per year in St. Paul, Minn., while the lowest was 2.6 pounds per year in Washington, D. C. Out of a possible 98 methods for preparing this food, only 15 were reported as generally used. Of those who reported, 52 per cent stated that their usual method of cooking was as a stew, while 39 per cent reported frying as their usual method. Results of the interviews with retail dealers and wholesalers show that 58 per cent of them advertise in some form, and that the city having the highest per capita consumption also has the greatest number who advertise. The most popular size container is that of lpint. The largest per cent of weekly sales was found to be on Friday. The largest monthly sales were found to be made in December. PUBLICATIONS OF THE DIVISION During the calendar year 1929 the following publications were prepared and issued by this division. The list does not include the monthly statistical bulletins of the landings of fish at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., Portland, Me., and Seattle, Wash., nor the monthly 724 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES reports on cold-storage holdings of frozen fish. The documents may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at the prices shown. The sta- tistical bulletins are distributed free of charge upon request. Persons © interested in securing the statistical bulletins as released may have their names placed on the bureau’s mailing list upon request. DOCUMENTS & Fishery industries of the United States, 1927. By Oscar E. Sette and R. H. Fiedler. 8°, 147 pp. Document No. 1050. 25 cents. Fishing grounds of the Gulf of Maine. By Walter H. Rich. 8°, 67 pp., 5 figs. Document No. 1059. 25 cents. Bibliography on cod-liver oil in animal feeding, with noncritical comments and abstracts. By John Ruel Manning. 8°, 33:pp. Document No. 1065. 10 cents. Fishery industries of the United States, 1928. By R. H. Fiedler. 8°, 224 pp. Document No. 1067. 35 cents. } ECONOMIC CIRCULARS Goldfish industry. By Thomas Quast. 8°, 14 pp., 5 figs. No. 68. 5 cents. STATISTICAL BULLETINS Fisheries of the Gulf States, 1927. Statistical Bulletin No. 815. Fisheries of the South Atlantic States, 1927. Statistical Bulletin No. 819. Fisheries of the Pacific coast, 1926. Statistical Bulletin No. 820. Canned fishery products and by-products of the United States and Alaska, 1928. Statistical Bulletin No. 821. Fishery products landed by American fishing vessels at Seattle, Wash., 1928— by banks—by months. Statistical Bulletin No. 825. Landings by fishing vessels at principal New England ports, 1928 (by months). Statistical Bulletin No. 829. Landings by fishing vessels at the three principal New England ports, 1928 (by gear and fishing grounds). Statistical Bulletin No. 830. Fisheries of Alaska, 1928. Statistical Bulletin No. 831. Fisheries of United States and Alaska. Statistical Bulletin No. 832. Fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1927. Statistical Bulletin No. 839. Part 2. FISHERIES STATISTICS REVIEW The fisheries of the United States and Alaska continue to be in a sound economic position, according to the most recent statistics available. They now employ over 128,000 commercial fishermen and over 4,000 persons are employed in transporting fishery products from the fishing grounds to market, or from port to port. The annual catch amounts to 3,090,000,000 pounds, valued at about $116,000,000. Of this total annual yield, 2,662,000,000 pounds consist of edible fish- ery products and 428,000,000 pounds consist of nonedible fishery products which are manufactured into commodities used in the arts and industries. In 1929, the production of canned fishery products amounted to 689,447,000 pounds, valued at $101,065,000, and the output of by- products was valued at $23,768,000. Cold-storage holdings of fish averaged about 56,000,000 pounds monthly, while 121,543,000 pounds of fishery products were frozen. The production of fresh and frozen package fish amounted to 84,397,000 pounds, valued at $14,813,000. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 7205 The production of goldfish was valued at about $1,000,000. Imports of fishery products were valued at $66,566,000, while exports were valued at $23,830,000. Compared with 1928, the value of canned fishery products and by-products was greater. More fish were frozen; larger quantities of packaged fish were produced, .and the value of both imports and exports of fishery products was greater. NEW ENGLAND STATES According to the latest statistics for the fisheries of these States, the value of the catch in 1928 exceeded that in any year upon which there are records, while the volume of the catch exceeded that in any year during the past 39 years. Compared with the latest previous records, which are those for 1924, the catch increased 48 per cent and its value 36 per cent. This is due almost entirely to the larger catch of haddock, which is utilized chiefly by the fresh and frozen package fish trade. The output of package fish in these States registered practically a 50 per cent increase compared with the production in 1928. To supply the demand for raw fish by the fish packers more vessels equipped with otter trawls to enter the haddock fishery were added to the fleet, so that in 1929, 326 vessels of 5 net tons or over (38 more than in 1928) were outfitted with this gear and operated from Boston, Gloucester, and Portland. Landings of fish at these three ports in 1929 were larger than in any previous year, and the value received for this volume was also greater than in any one year. Landings of fish at various other New England ports in 1929 also increased, notably at Groton, Conn. The frozen-fish trade in 1929 showed increased business over that in 1928, due largely to the greater amount of haddock fillets which were frozen. The production of the sardine industry, which is the principal fish-canning industry in these States, decreased somewhat from that in 1928, but was well above the average annual pack since 1921. The cured-fish industry, long associated with the New England States and one of the principal fish-manufacturing industries of this section, showed a decline in production in 1928 compared with that in 1924, which is the latest previous year upon which there are records. MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES According to the latest general statistical canvass of the fisheries of these States, made for 1926, the situation here is not encouraging. The production of many of the staple fish shows tremendous declines in 1926 under that for 1921. Notable examples of this are bluefish, which show a decline of 72 per cent; scup, 37 per cent; and squeteague, or weakfish, 36 per cent. Landings of fish at New York City and Groton, Conn., which consisted largely of haddock, flounders, cod, and mackerel, increased in 1929 over those for 1928. The haddock were used mainly by the rapidly growing package-fish trade in the manufacture of fish fillets. The production of the menhaden industry in 1929 declined some- what under that for 1928. The catch of shad in the Hudson River in 1929 was somewhat less than that in 1928, although it was about equal to the average annual catch during the past 10 years. The pack of frozen fish was smaller in 1929 than in 1928. 726 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES CHESAPEAKE BAY STATES As the latest general statistical canvass of the catch of fishery products for this region was made for 1925, no other later data are available on the condition of the catch of fishery products in these States. However, the general trend of the fisheries may. be obtained from a study of the statistics, which are of more recent date, of the canning and by-products industries and certain other industries. The menhaden industry recovered somewhat from the poor year of 1928 and produced a larger quantity of scrap and meal, but the value did not increase accordingly and barely exceeded that for 1928. Less oil with a less value was produced in 1929 as compared with 1928, with the net result that the total value of the menhaden industry in Virginia in 1929, in spite of increased production, was about the same as in 1928. This situation should bring home to the menhaden manufacturers that it should improve methods for the manufacture of their menhaden meal and oil with a view toward the production of a higher-grade product. To produce such a product would require but little additional expenditure in improving manufacturing methods. In 1929 the alewife canning industry produced products which about equaled the amount canned in 1928. The production of the oyster industry changed little from the previous year. Some diffi- culty has been experienced in marketing oysters, as distribution through retail outlets has not kept pace in some parts of the country. The crab industry had one of its best years in history in 1929, accord- ing to reports of persons in the trade. The production of package fish in 1929 about equaled that for 1928. The catch of shad on the Potomac River in 1929 was somewhat less than that made in 1928, and about one-fourth less than the average annual catches during the past decade. The catch of alewives was less than that in 1928. SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES The fisheries of these States, which are conducted mainly by small operators along the shore, continue to be in a sound position. In 1928 the yield was about 1 per cent less than in 1927, but the value was 6 per cent greater. The production of canned shrimp in 1929 was somewhat higher than in 1928. The menhaden industry, which is rapidly becoming a factor in the fisheries of these States, showed a considerably increased production in 1929 over that in 1928. GULF STATES The fisheries of these States were more productive in 1928 than in any year upon which there are records since 1880, except in 1927, from which year they decreased 2 per cent in amount and 1 per cent in value. The production of canned shrimp in 1929 was about the same as in the previous year. The production of canned oysters in 1929 was considerably in excess of the pack in the previous year. The quantity of sponges handled on the exchange in 1929 at Tarpon Springs was below normal in both volume and value. PACIFIC COAST STATES The fisheries in these States yielded the greatest volume on record, in 1928, although the value did not keep pace and was less than in 1927. The pack of canned salmon in 1929 was 92 per cent greater Tot FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 727 than in 1928, due chiefly to an increased pack of pink salmon on Puget Sound, as 1929 was a ‘‘good”’ year for the run of this species of salmon. Compared with the previous ‘‘good”’ year—1927—there was an increase of 8 per cent in the pack. The pack of canned sardines has continued to increase, with that in 1929 exceeding all records, both in volume and value. The tuna canning industry manufactured a larger pack of tuna, breaking all previous records as to volume and value of the pack. The mackerel canning industry, which developed on a large commercial scale in 1928, increased its production by one- half in 1929 compared with the previous year, and the value increased accordingly. The catch of the halibut fleet in 1929 increased slightly over that made in 1928, and was one of the largest catches since 1925. The pack of frozen fish was slightly smaller in 1929 than in 1928. LAKE FISHERIES The American fisheries prosecuted in the Great Lakes in 1928 yielded the smallest catch on record. This decrease can not be attrib- uted to a decline in the catch of any one species, for, practicaily all show a decline compared with their respective catches in 1927. Among these, the catch of ciscoes shows the most serious decline, the catch in 1928 barely exceeding 600,000 pounds compared with a catch of this species of 35,000,000 pounds in 1918. -4-- seas ee oe 14, 491 Total. 22 See eee 19, 733 Vessels: Steam... 2.5 <2 A ee a eee 6 Net 'tonnage.=... . 25-9 ese sa 257 Motor: 22222¢-05_ 2. - eee ns eee 796 Netitonnage!=* so eee 15, 105 Salle o0 CS ee eee ee nes 8 Net tonnage... 2 eee 2, 982 Total vessels: !. s-8240 5. Sao ot 2 ses e 810 ‘Total'net:tonnagec: 285 82-22. See ee 18, 344 Boats: Motor. | 3. sans ee ee 6, 228 Others: [o2- 2 fase 2 cna ean eee aan eee 1, 589 Apparatus: Maul'seinesso-2e3. wne oo oes es seseeene sence seee 219 Purse seines; = as. 2 eee, 352 Lampara nets 262 Otter trawls (including all types and sizes) ____--!_--_-______ Beam Crawls s se 6s 2 ee = ees eee 60 Paranzellgniguss ose se) ee oe ee 18 Gillinptgh= Se) ae see et eee eee 5, 164 ‘Trammiel nets 2: -= 23222502 Sea soee =~ Skee see 71 Pound nets, trap nets, and weirs____------------ 750 Stop nets ra ese oa ee se aE Sass ace WY KGINOLS oes eae ee een ee eee a ene 1, 248 Bac nets and pocketnets. = 2-22 2 - eee 8 Other nets sie 2 se aa sons se oe eee atec anes 413 Hooks isnoods; or baits: 5-222-252-2255 ao 1, 345, 811 JCish winGels.. 52.2 ieee eu 22 ee HES 30 Mel poLsand (traps <2) =-=—- | Sees 3 8 ee eee SODSUGE DOUS 2 oe oe ee aoe ee an eee eae ee Shrimpimets, and 'traps.=- = 2 ees a ee Sanne Crab and crawfish pots, traps, drags, etc____----- 20, 217 Wilsmirdred eos ee Wa ae ee es Se ee eee Grab Gredwes. oo ae ee eee ne Seen Iiussel dredges: 2.2 us *. .S 2P tS eS ee ee ees Ovysteridredves =.= een eee Scallop dredges and drags_--- @rabiserapes..—. . 25 pS it Se ee eh |e Tongs rakes, hoes, forks: 'ele2- 5-25 o) ae eee Crowfoot:bars (pairs) 2 Se ee eee Abalone outiits#3oe =e ee Sponge apparatus... 2) ie eee ee eee Other apparatus 82200 Ss oo eee ee ee Missis- sippi River and tributa- ries, 1922 Number Alaska, 1929 Number 710, 921 Total for the va- riousyears Number 35, 213 93, 126 128, 339 ’ Number not determined. 5 Includes box traps, periwinkle and cockle pots, harpoons, spears, and other minor apparatus not in- cluded in ‘‘Other nets.”’ 6 The crawfish pots, crowfoot bars, forks, etc., are for 1922. 7 Includes persons in shore and boat fisheries. 8 Includes set nets, dip nets, reef nets, and other minor nets. * Includes a few dredges. NoTe.—Whaling apparatus, the number of which was not determined, was used in the Pacific and Alaska Sections. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of the United States and Alaska—Continued CATCH: By sEcTIONS 733 [Expressed in thousands of pounds and thousands of dollars; that is, 000 o1nitted] Species 1928 FISH Quan- tity | Value OLS Ea WT Ses ee eae aes a See ee) (eee EN CSS Se 4, 557 52 Ben nck ee ee ee re ee mmeelfish and spadefish.-....-|...--...|--L__- _. PURE CLG ees De eae ie ee ee Eee HELD [a ek eS 2 eS eee ee |e NG] eee ee ae 55 9 mine Tuner or hardtail- —.-_=2|2-..--_-|_.--.-. COUNT 5S ee eee 68 7 OVD SAVLIIL Se cceet i S pa eg 2 SERS (ae eee) ae TOMS eens ea ne oe a ee | BSLULOUUS Des oeans | oss oot 1,549 | 193 VOR aa ee = eS ee ee eee ssn) (German) =o... 2---.- 14 Catfish and bullheads_-_---___-_- 1} @)) Penoandskinefish= 22-2 o. 2 252 8}* 2 SP 2 8 ean iS ime tes eee SS ae oe ee Goldfish Premnine sea. 5-2 22k Hickory shad Hog-choker Ladyfish Moonfish Mummichog Spttionfish= eases Soe 8 -Paddlefish and paddlefish roe__ Perch, white Permit Pigfish Sheepshead (salt water) Sheepshead (fresh water) Silversides 206 3 237, 708 |7, 048 17,506 | 322 4,257 | 643 “70,555 | 475° 10 1 12 2 (11) (11) Satya (11) “11,040 | 224 ae Sieiee GF 2,859 | 191 229 23 482 4 346 38 145 9 esens? uid: 903 188 New England,|Middle Atlan-| Chesapeake, South Atlan- Gulf,!0 1928 tic, 1926 1925 tic, 1928 Quan- Quan- Quan- Quan- tity |Value| tity |Value tity Value tity | Value 35 1 Ep ean ee |S el ee ee 2, 495 47 | 25,611 294 STS ON lL eae See eee eS Sepest so hee | eee Seen | 2 ee ee 12 | 1 17 | 1 a ee | Bs 4| (1) 26 | 1 78 3 [eA ee |e ps || See ee 12) (11) 4 | (i) ee Peers 93 15 231 30 428 42 922 216 215 27 1, 407 119 449 31 ES Saale Oa Se oe 128 4 445 13 598 46 304 lv 10} (1) 9 | (i) et eee Seen 25 1 20 aD) hoe ee ae eee Ey ie aed ees ea eae ed ee a ene mel 129 7 4, 089 320 6, 113 268 113 3 22 1 BS se | 3] @)) (11) (11) 23 1 600 94 661 48 757 Alls | ae oe ee 221 19 1, 009 58 3, 830 161 3, 472 151 oe oe eee aoe ee ae eee 2,652.1" 187 | 1,327 70 Sco) faces Set | ees eee ee | ee es el ey ee ee 116 | 3 AS ae ee (21) et) Se ee | hoe ee SAS 2 a PX GD) Eee Re ees Se eee sek | ae 2 Pee eee = se | ee Fl ee eerie 157 7 | 4,241 131 Be cea eS SaIRS Soe ee ees S22 46 2 36 if 17,023 | 597 OF (1) Fa | Saas ees | eS sae eee ee 627 16 12} (1) (11) (AL) ie Se eee Se oe 10 7S ae el ey aes en ere ee ge eee ea ee es SRE eed here ae 747 27 782 20) |= ee ee 238 fel | ee Se et ea be | at cell Pee Se Le ee ee 19 1 256 12 501 20h ease San ee Bere = 2 tet 24 i) eee See Soe SB oe eee Re ae ee eee eee oe 3 | @) 2] (4) See ae See | ee cee (8 cee 17 1 136 7 101 16 126 9 1, 274 56 191 8 ep ee | aie ate atl gee (11) 359 9 2, 946 196 21 5D | eee ee | ee es ee ee 39, 891 162 |150, 493 |1, 435 |150, 843 584 5, 857 39 EE se ee ee pees (11) (11) 1} @) 29 2 137 9 | 9,376 | 420 | 26,447 | 1,113 9 Ds oe 2 ec We ee Sa oe ToS ee SE ee Fe a NS ee | Sh a Se a Ree a 594 31 260 11 eo ee | ea S| | 2 |e ee eee 3 | (4) 198 24 | 1,057 95 458 30) Sasso eer 64 9 311 33 175 12 |cee eee eae 5 ee VE Se a ee eee |e 4) (1) 33 1 pe seeel (alee 142 8 374 9 56 2 1] (1) 89 20 21 D5 | eee | ee 4, P(A)! eee Sea Seu So cee ee es ee ee A ee Se 1} (4) 179 5 23 1 126 (| aes ee ee (11) @)), |e ee 1} @) 5 1 292 79 441 88 fe ESL) AUS Me. Se | ee 22 1 97 3 eee ee a: | ee | a 2S os ee ea 1} (4) 3, 504 221 447 SLs Sos es | eae SE ee | aes 2,370 | 205 106 8 818 62 30 3 53 if BOs GS) | =A ee | eee 9525) 2384) 75364 I Gaiill c4e44 alee ee |e 64 2 1 1 6 | (4) 232 3 eee Rh oe ete q@)y | @ 99/ -5| 780) 44 BS ee Ac oa bees eee | ee | eee 7) (4) 63 } |evnetealbsesas| Po ssctee| sates lee Ss eea bosons 88 3 DA MSTA) pate aera S| (11) (@) Jesceeesa es eees eee eal esate a boce ss 10 Includes the catch of fish taken in Lake Okeechobee, Fla. 11 Less than 500 pounds or dollars. 734 Fisheries of the United States and Alaska—Continued [Expressed in thousands of pounds and thousands of dollars; that is, 000 omitted] U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES CATCH: By sectilons—Continued Species FIsH—continued Snapper, Mangrove Snapper, red Snook. 32) se Sie ee Spanish mackerel Spot. 229 = ee eee eee Squeteapiie sc: 2222. 2h oes Stripedibass..- <5) eee es Sturgeon and sturgeon roe_____ Sucker Tantog- 3: 226 y3 see Ten pounders... 22 sae es Thimble-eyed mackerel ______- TRL a Ts « RE, Se as ee Tomcod and tomcod roe Tripletail Tuna Whiting Soi p oe eee ae SDM sss eee ee Sea Squid Frogs Sponges_____ a PS eee ee PE | Terrapin’. 220 to eee Turtles =: > Ael Ase pee ee Miscellaneous shellfish, ete____ New England,|Middle Atlan-| Chesapeake, 1928 Value tic, 1926 1925 Quan- Quan- Value| tity |Value| tity oes ae a eg Shales 128° (2d) 1,758 | 108 | 1,977 16 9, 401 601 | 13, 925 9 197 48 | 2,235 1 23 8 93 ll 194 28 : Ra Pe 13° | On. 35 779 61 LT Resse S52 ecooiie en S24) = Mat tg 3 ae em 1s 4 5 [rye 19° me per se 1, 802 iW GU ee 1 58 3 18 Bees 1 1 10 [Se2- 28 3 4 5 12 14 100 South Atlan- tic, 1928 Gulf,!® 1928 Quan- Quan- tity |Value| tity 90 5 186 72 7 | 10,391 251 12h hee 2,250} 151} 3,352 3, 280 77 180 6,404 | 420] 5,340 508 12 |--23 3/3 34 5 26 16 1 |. ee 478 19 98 1! Less than 500 pounds or dollars. 0 Includes the catch of fish taken in Lake Okeechobee, Fla. 7,516 | 48, 991 7,808 | 91, 985 (25, 620]168, 012 |12, 456/333, 206 a 2 554 6 45| 16 56 (11) t (41) 30 7,856 | 48,308 |2,270 |123, 309 13,948]258, 440 |6, 027 |194, 684 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, Fisheries of the United States and Alaska—Continued CATCH: By sections—Continued 1929 [Expressed in thousands of pounds and thousands of dollars; that is, 000 omitted] 735 Species mmiberjack...-......--.- menchovies= = ....=..----- Angelfish and spadefish- UPS RG Fe rr Miituepike..__.______- Carp (German) Catfish and bullheads-__- Cero and kingfish___-____ BERTIDS 22a see 2 bts Chubs (tullibee) --._---- Te ee ONCE eee I Se Grayfish MMTTGS se _ Kingfish (California) ___- SS a) ee ee eee PGR WEIS AC ee ana | ee eee BPEECOILCO Ger Se ne ee meuingcod’”’._...-.-.5..- Mrackerel.__....-....._. Mullet and mullet roe__- Mummichog GLA RN Ta TESTE See RR 3) ea | |e Paddlefish and paddle- IST See RE ees |e 7 Mississippi : River and Pacific, 1928 tributaries, Lakes,!? 1928 | Alaska, 1929 1922 Quan- Quan- Quan- Quan- tity Value| tity |Value| tity | Value tity Value CDA ete Se | |e eee (eee tee ERC Le Sd eee cee ee anes ee asledco| Sanur Gee cl. oe hse 11 Less than 500 pounds or dollars. 12 Figures are for 1928 except those for shellfish, etc., which are for 1922. 13 Dry salted cod have been converted to round weight. 6881—31——3 Total for the vari ous years Quantity 352, 259 3 1 36, 072 9 854 Value 43 507 736 Fisheries of the United States and Alaska—Continued U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES CATCH: By sections—Continued [Expressed in thousands of pounds and thousands of dollars; that is, 000 omitted] Species FISH—continued Quan- ae (jacks) and pick- tity Value ere) 'S 2a ie eee | See Pilchard 2s- 225-5 420, 270 | 2,324 Pilotfish 22-2 => --222 | Sides | eee Pinfish = aeh nea eae ee ee Pollock: t= he ee eee IRompanoteas --o- eno 30 4 orgies:22 se hea See eee Porkfish 34-42 5 | eee | eee Quillbacke=. --= = ee eee Rock \basS2u8.. 3 feess = 626 44 Rockfishess=3-=2 25 es (publ 335 Sablefish®ess === = 3, 532 160 Salmon: Atlsiittie.. 2025-235 2| oe Se oleae Pacifie— King, chinook or spring_----- 33, 917 | 4, 674 Red or sockeye_-| 4, 824 913 Coho or silver-_-| Humpback or pink: S23 eo 1, 261 43 Chum or Keta__-_| 22, 366 696 Sauber pikeceas. ee SL ee cess Stulpinesee- =~. aS 100 10 Soup) ee ee [ane atl eee eee Sea bass S224: seek 382 19 Sea bass, white (Cali- fornia) 222-2 ee == 1, 281 165 Sea roping abs See Se eae Shadis4 sae fees es oe 3, 949 119 Barks +See ot 3 ele a eee Sheepshead (salt-water) _|_______.|------- Sheepshead (fresh-wa- UAT) ee ee a ae cere eel See eee ee Sheepshead (Pacific CO8St) Pese.---=-===--- 373 16 Dll Versidesso2- 2 = Sede Saal cece esos cea DATES wats aa eae saat 461 9 Spi ack 23220-2225. 5 - 15, 815 562 SING lte joe eae eee 2, 341 88 SHADPEr AManEeroves.—-- lis eeeea|anecees Snapper, Wed =. == 225-5 |e eee SNOOKs = wee Sa es | Ee eee Spanish mackerel 22-8 es | Eee Splittail Spot SQuawishe. =) 222552555 Squeteagdes-3 >. 40 a Steelhead trout _-------- Striped ibass-------- Sturgeon and sturgeon T06:. = Se Sucker. 32a oe ee Suntish: sa eS Tantogs: Sess5 =e Ten! poundere-=_2 === 228 Thimble-eyed mackerel- Wilofish * Ste 2 oceans Tomceod and tomcod roe- Tripletail ‘Tana= = WinItini gay cope oe Soo UO W Ags. 222285.) cee Pacific, 1928 3,446 | 314 497 76 173 15 ir’ a Waal) pe th eae eS laccmG act 426 51 SY i agt l “13,701 | 823. mene (FS 135 | 9 222 14 ! Less than 500 pounds or dollars, 12 Figures are for 1928 except those for shellfish, etc., which are for 1922. Mississippi River and tributaries, 1922 ul 1 229 | 23 700 | 63 375 | 25 ae 65/5 | eee New | pe ee Nees) Lakes,!2 1928 | Alaska, 1929 | Total for the vari- Value 28 Quan- tity Value jaca alee (1) © 694 15, 188 589 155, 116 | 4, 633 17, 278 418 170, 467 | 3, 984 84, 552 | 1,218 ous years Quantity | Value 662 52 420, 270 2, 324 4 (11) 203 6 11, 166 230 769 172 119 4 1 (11) 765 59 629 44 7, 112 335 4, 226 183 31 6 49, 105 5, 263 159, 940 5, 546 35, 802 1, 671 171, 728 4, 027 106, 918 1, 914 1, 601 133 100 10 6, 810 443 3, 935 320 1, 281 165 585 5 17, 058 2, 845 464 15 879 49 ° 8, 202 371 373 16° 63 5 1, 631 26 15, 815 562 3, 252 277 276 12 | 10, 463 867 852 47 5, 744 399 ll 1 7, 200 292 4 1) 35, 184 2, 270 3, 494 318 3, 494 597 394 76 229 23 5, 040 294 959 47 48 (11) 4, 853 841 (11) (11) 480 4 2] () 141 6 1, 802 lil 115 4 ll 1 14, 132 852 (11) (14) 351 24 153 10 (hats? 1, 349 16, 013 an FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 737 Fisheries of the United States and Alaska—Continued CATCH: By sections—Continued [Expressed in thousands of pounds and thousands of dollars; that is, 000 omitted] Species FIsH—continued Yellow pike Yellowfin tuna Yellowtail Miscellaneous fish ee ee ese WHALE PRODUCTS 13 Oil, sperm Belswhalo ws te Whale meal and scrap_-_ Other whale products ___ 1 Less than 500 pounds or dollars. 1? Figures are for 1928, except those for shellfish, etc., which are for 1922. 13 The weight of the whales caught was not determined; therefore, the weight of the manufactured products is shown. pi ete 1 for th Lory iver and ees S ‘otal for the vari- Pacific, 1928 tributaries, Lakes,!2 1928 | Alaska, 1929 ous years 1922 Quan- Quan- Quan- Quan- tity Value} tity |Value| tity |Value| tity Value | Quantity | Value exe eee 25 $4 Dako PAY lint: Hay OY] | Sao nae ee Lee oe , 951 $454 SO) DENTAL G5, las ee ae ce (ne i ea eh anne Fag 32, 251 1, 774 Pater tll 9 TE TAM IE pete [in eee (Re | I Spe ote Ba [Eee 2, 898 154 219 8 73 5 1, 001 £3) | Senne el be aes 3, 163 116 686, 525 |18, 652 | 53,466 3,310 | 63, 368 |5, 961 (640, 490 $16,465 |2, 646, 702 80, 831 421 85 6,042 | 1, 980 13 5 59 15 5, 904 564 2, 378 367 31 10 16 7 16 1 112 16 4,794 631 5, 589 AO | een re a | Ea ee a 399 36 41, 626 1, 567 Ee SNES | ane SBE | PUTS | EIS, | ier 1 here 8 bares |= Dk ey 2, 888 13 158 20 8 1 82 Jp | eee tonal jad 2a 248 24 Ree | Seam |e meee RSet CUR ey Tele tee a a|] Pe eel a wt eR || Bee 1,077 AACE) 0) See |b ee | Nag | (aS (7 oot La ee 1, 641 234 (11) ED) a ef ape | es See | eho | ene eee | ke 387 12 pars El laa 51, 768 |1,051 | 6,246 | 218 |_____:_.|______| 58,014] 1,269 70 (Vl etic bpe® >| ig eis ae Se ih ie | he ee 73 5 146 GSH ee eee |e cee ae Se es | ese eee 154, 824 | 16, 510 619 LG |e nee | eel oe a eee ee oe eee Ee 619 315 eee oa Ses ee (eee ees AGa| eee eS OF | re ea oe) es Sed | See 55 a Se |e 8 al | Se Ea (ee re ee eee 19 3 eS |e A = ol el IE ae ae er 1, 592 448 18 Fiat een aNd Bl | ee et ee (ee 8 ee Bee 3, 365 879 rs ily 43 147 Hl al eS 905 40 118, 894 4, 654 ba Peale | eee eee ee yp eeemene a 76 | Ske le | ie ST (eS eee 62 1, 352 AP isto |e ee eee 2 ee 2a ee See eee eh 11,310 324 ee es eee 232 74 UNM ee Se Gee [eee | ee ee ee ee 234 20 te (eet ia |S Sea Re Se A fae eS ed ee a 554 851 (11) CUB | Es Se ae es eae a ye | cae ae ee 112 44 6] @) 97 3 A a (LE) P| Ee ee 173 8 6) (@) 16 3 ce He OU el | ero | Ses See 318 32 13, 705 | 1, 564 | 52, 268 |1, 194 6, 332 237 2, 008 117 429, 400 34, 755 2 eg Al SR |S Sees i | eee Pee ae ee | ee 358 18 358 18 4, 881 OGRE ee | ee | re ee | oe 5, 893 413 10, 774 709 =e sea | BS EER | = te ee eee es cee 2, 622 69 2, 622 69 ae Sap Be Ls aol pes ie | ey | hee x ee, ee 52 2 52 2 CAA STIS B37. FY (A Se | RRR i st | ea 8, 925 502 13, 806 798 [705 111 |20, 512 |105, 734 |4, 504 | 69, 700 |6, 198 |651, 423 |17, 084 |3, 089, 908 | 116, 384 738 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the United States and Alaska—Continued CATCH: By States! [Expressed in thousands of pounds and thousands of dollars; that is, 000 omitted] . Marine and coastal | Mississippi River States rivers and tributaries Lakes 6 Total Quantity Value | Quantity | Valwe | Quantity| Value | Quantity Value Alabamasi202- 2-052" 14, 466 587 1, 243 DA hs <2 stl 2 Cen is 15, 709 615 @ AT ICATISA See eee | See eee eee | ee ee 22, 795 HTN |S el ee 22, 795 760 Califormia_- == 2 pas 588, 647 10; 320) | Seo ee ee cee ee on Sah Peet 588, 647 10, 325 Connecticut__-_-__.-- 72, 198 3; 20sec eee Seca a eee aeons 72, 198 3, 297 Delawares= > -= Saas 33, 258 1 O30) Cee ee | Se eee 33, 258 1, 030 Florida. 2325, eee 128, 161 Gf08T) | eeeeeenee| 3, 677 169 131, 838 6, 250 42, 069 SOG cle 2h sere |e = | eee 42, 069 866 22,598 | 1,079 578 78 23, 176 1, 157 13, 692 530 6, 761 326 615 26 Kentucky 2, 893 167 Louisiana 79, 993 4, 051 Wistine:= oe eee 128, 326 4, 231 Maryland 56, 978 4, 863 Massachusetts ______- 380, 169 15648 12> Se a es eee ee 380, 169 15, 648 Michivanio.. |... 200): 21 ed ees | eee ae 26,193 | 2, 746 26, 193 2, 746 MinnesOles —....- = esl ee eee 5, 660 230 9,977 445 15, 637 675 Mississippi----------- 30, 701 1, 060 3, 328 TO]: (setae! chal e eS 34, 029 1,251. MMUSSON ME en ee ec ee eee ae eee 1, 566 104M | ee ore 2 Cees 1, 566 104 IWebraskas2 222 Seneca 135 fe) (pec, PR | hae 135 15 New Hampshire---__ 239 AG" 2 = oe oo 2 a ee ee eee 239 46 New Jersey-.-_-_------ 73, 299 6; 254 | eee eee 73, 299 6, 254 New York --~~_ <2 60, 720 6, 429 ocean sone teeeenee 1, 902 251 62, 622 5, 380 North Carolina ----_- 141, 899 2; 629 |S 22822 eS eee ee 141, 899 2, 629 Ohio: *= ae eee |e as 702 30 16,865 | 1, 160 17, 567 1, 190 ORIGHNOMYE 8 a eee enna | Sone eee 363 31). ee eee 363 31 Qregones sees 27, 474 2: 686,| ork Vass oie lle aes | SRE 27, 474 2, 686 Pennsylvania ----_----| 735 43 49 | 2 1, 958 253 2, 742 298 Rhode Island ---_---- 27, 666 2 B08 |e 2. 2 See eee ee lee 27, 666 2, 398 7, 432 317 101 4 5, 494 188 15, 396 894 276, 228 9, 085 Washington_________- 88, 990 Va \) iy aeeappennis) Ree SF [a ee a 88, 990 7, 501 West Virginia_______- Sep an Re eee 95 Bh ss ore Te ae eee 95 8 WHAGOMSI En Ao force So Seeks) ae 8, 089 286 Ula Oa Ta BPA hie oa ES le 19, 201 1, 458 MGSka 2 eee en a 651, 423 17; 0844). 233. 22|(- 2S) Ss eee 651, 423 17, 084 ope 2,910,797 | 105,513 | 105,734 | 4,504 | 73,377| 6,367] 3,089,908 | 116, 384 TRANSPORTING UNITS: By SEcTIONS | | Missis- | New |Middle South eID Total a Eng- | Atlan- | Ch¢S2-| Atian-| Gulf, |Pacific,| B1VST | Lakes, | Alaska, | for the land, | tic, | Pigse?| tic, | 1928 | 1928 | tipy. | 1922 | 1929 | various 1928 1926 1928 taries, years 1922 Number Number Number Number Number|Number| Number| Number Number Number Persons engaged _ - -- 382 89 985 233 | 85 356 30 162 | 1,716 4, 038 Vessels: | Bless 4 1 | eee | So ee Ti oe ee 6 37 Net tonnage_| 136 36 i ee eee eee 381- [he eaeem 126 | 32,415 | 33, 120 Motors ee oe 161 62 433 69 35 121 13 97 390 1, 381 Net tonnage-_| 1,990 924 | 5,180 780 481 | 3,243 214 831 | 14,261 | 27,904 Sailaceeerenet a eee Be 89 43 2 Viel iaesteha (Ba 143 Net tonnage 211 |e 2, 907 412 23 520) | ees 3, 555 8, 688 Total vessels __ 168 63 523 112 37 126 13 103 416 1, 561 Total net ton- | Tipe 2, 397 960 | 8,163} 1,192 504 | 5,094 214 957 | 50,231 | 69, 712 4 Statistics for the New England States are for 1928; Middle Atlantic States, 1926; Chesapeake Bay States, 1925; South Atlantic States, 1928; Gulf States, 1928; Pacific Coast States, 1928; Mississippi River and tribu- taries, 1922; Lake States, 1928, except that the fisheries for shellfish, etc., are for 1922; and Alaska, 1929. Namakan 15 Includes Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Rainy Lake ono akes Erie Lake, Lake of the Woods, Lake Okeechobee, and several mussel-bearing streams tributary to and Michigan. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 739 CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS TRADE The output of canned fishery products and by-products in the United States and Alaska in 1929 was valued at $124,832,711, which was greater than that for any year for which there are records. Larger packs were reported for almost every commodity. Of the total, canned products comprised $101,065,055 and by-products $23,767,656, an increase of 5 per cent in the value of canned products and 60 per cent in the value of by-products when compared with the respective values of the same groups for the previous year. (The value of by-products for 1929 is not comparable directly with that for 1928, since statistics of the output of fresh-water mussel-shel! products were not obtained in the former year.) Fishery products were canned at 497 establishments in the United States and Alaska in 1929. The combined output of these canneries amounted to 17,310,238 standard cases. The net weight of the pro- ducts canned amounted to 689,446,781 pounds. PRODUCT SALMON SARDINES TUNA AND TUNALIKE SHRIMP OYSTERS CLAMS ALL OTHER Le FIGURE 5.—Value of canned fishery products in the United States and Alaska, 1929 Canned fishery products or by-products were prepared in 28 States and Alaska in 1929. Alaska ranked first in value of these products, accounting for 35 per cent of the total. Salmon was the leading product canned there. California with her important sardine can- ning industries ranked second with 24 per cent of the total value; and Washington, with a valuable salmon canning industry, ranked third with 9 per cent of the total value. Maine, where canned sardines are the most important commodity, ranked fourth with 7 per cent of the total value. Considering the output by geographical sections, the Pacific coast and Alaska accounted for 72 per cent of the total value of canned products and by-products. Canned fishery products and by-products of the United States and Alaska, 1929 SUMMARY OF PRODUCTION: By commMopitTIEs | Number | Standard Products | of plants aed Pounds Value Canned products: Sal = WCE S LALeS a te me ers oe 52} 1,620, 523 77, 785, 104 $15, 616, 312 PANS Ks Sites seme ge ae eee 156 | 5,370,159 | 257, 767, 632 40, 469, 385 Sardines— | : Maine and Massachusetts __________-._-__--_- 38 | 2, 025, 801 50, 645, 025 6, 897, 946 AN fornia Weee eee te | 31 3, 831, 215 183, 898, 320 11, 996, 997 shuns and junalike fishes.-.-02202 | 17 | 1, 504, 306 36, 103, 344 9, 873, 453 SURG! Rn” ee gee a ee A rl | 21 602, 283 28, 909, 584 2, 515, 742 740 U0. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Canned fishery products and by-products of the United States and Alaska, 1929— Continued SUMMARY OF PRODUCTION: By commopitIEs—Continued Products ates plenderd Pounds Value Canned products—Continued. AlewiyGS:-< 802 1 nc et een ee 23 68, 445 3, 285, 360 $246, 773 Alewile'ro6 #2 252 i 2 ond ae eee ae 32 28, 819 1, 383, 312 188, 374 Shad. ._ 2¢-n22 =e ea oe ee en eee 14 26, 153 1, 255, 344 122, 117 Shad 1002-25. soos ot a ee er ee 12 2, 732 131, 136 91, 379 Miscellaneous fish, caviar, roe, and eggs - -------- 32 231, 157 11, 095, 536 2, 022, 534 Ovysters -420 52) oe ee ee 61 519, 145 7, 787, 175 2, 732, 478 Clam ‘prodtcts.2 2.2.2 ss eee 71 554, 639 | 1 13,612, 185 2, 548, 472 Shrimp) 2.22) 23) 3S eee 76 909, 949 15, 071, 948 5, 528, 792 Crabs. = tc se ee eee EE a 4 1, 151 55, 248 30, 530 Miscellaneous shellfish. <2. 22522 S222 ee 7 13, 761 660, 528 183, 771 Total t 2 See eee ena eee 2497 | 17,310, 238 | 689, 446, 781 101, 065, 055 By-products— Quantity Oyster-shell products ae a a ee tons__ 334, 766 2, 524, 499 Fresh-water mussel-shell productS..2- == <2 02 4 22n 5 ce ene ae ec oe 6, 144, 515 Serap: meal) ete. on oe ee eee ee ee tons_- 142, 681 6, 801, 362 Marine animal oils.: =... - 18.3 coe ee See gallons__| 15, 353, 057 6, 801, 619 WMiscellaneous by-Productss = = ==) ee ee re ee | eee 1, 495, 661 Total... -..-- 222222 oe ee re ee | ae ee eee 23, 767, 656 Grand: total:=..---. 2. -.=0°... 22. 2S ee | oe eee 124, 832, 711 1“Cutout’’ or “drained” weights of can contents are included for whole and minced clams and gross can contents for chowder, soup, bouillon, broth, juice, and cocktail. 2 Exclusive of duplication. VALUE OF PRODUCTION: By STATES < Canned States products By-products 3 VD ea iNi Ges ee ee ee ee eee 7, 984, 855 $331, 537 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut-_-------------- 1, 893, 218 2, 321, 005 Netw WOLKIANIG IN Gi: CISC Ya oe 2 eee ee ae 632, 983 1, 539, 975 Pennsyivanis and Delaware. 2s. one ae an 495, 275 Miary arid = ee Oe ee 2 es ee ee 401, 589 388, 335 Varga ee ee et ee eee eee 221, 730 1, 482, 301 MOTUS arOlinals. See =U 8 e eee SS ee eee 192, 420 835, 968 South Carodlina! = = .-_.2.-. se eee 861, 166 154, 197 Georgia and’ Wong d= eae ee ee eee 1, 535, 517 15,230; 122 Alabama ..2) 22 ties Se ee eS eee 385, 256 39, 171 WMISSISSID DI ee re ea ee ee = pe res 2, 256, 426 206, 550 Louisiana... 21 eet ht 2 ee ere PE ee eee 2, 713, 029 1, 194, 742 Texas, Indiana, Winconsin, and Minnesotal esas nee 430, 559 220, 335 M ichigan, Missouri, and Kentucky 2 te Fee | see eee 65, 730 lowat 2) teas) ee a See eee eee 4, 473, 650 Washington: 22-002 eee on ee ees 11, 547, 504 126, 830 Oregon: 422 EE ee ee eee 4, 798, 789 50, 200 California; ee 24, 536, 953 5, 897, 059 Alaska? 7.) = Bake Me Vb EI eee 40, 673, 061 2, 714, 674 Total 222.2222 eee ee 101, 065, 055 23, 767, 656 8 Including menhaden and fresh-water mussel-shell products. Total $8, 316, 392 4, 214, 223 2, 172, 958 495, 275 789, 924 1, 704, 031 1, 028, 388 1, 015, 363 2; 765, 639 424, 427 2, 462, 976 3, 907, 771 650, 894 65, 730 4, 473, 650 11, 674, 334 4, 848, 989 30, 434, 012 43, 387, 735 124, 832, 711 Value of canned fishery products and by-products of the United States and Alaska, 1921 to 1929 = B y-products By-products Year : ce so (including Total Year conned) (including Total I ’ | menhaden) Pp e menhaden) ib! 74 let a oe $46, 634, 706 | $8,351,827 | $54, 986, 533 |! 1926___-.-_- $86, 193, 240 | $12, 133, 110 | $98, 326, 350 2? eo 60, 464, 947 | 11, 390, 693 71, 855,640 || 1927-----__- 81, 384, 133 12, 793, 256 | 94, 177, 389 1923. 2-2. 72, 445, 205 12, 634, 590 85, 079, 795 || 1928--.-..-- 95, 871, 855 14, 880, 956 | 110, 752, 811 bh 7 Cie te 72, 164, 589 10, 308, 990 825473, 679) || 192022=22s. = 101, 065, 055 23, 767, 656 | 124, 832, 711 Ae a ae 80, 577,138 | 14, 600, 198 | 95, 177, 336 ir pione “te WL Wee ee cer FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 741 CANNED PRODUCTS The value of fishery products canned in 1929 was 5 per cent greater than in the previous year. Salmon was the most important item and contributed 55 per cent to the total value. Sardines were next with 19 per cent and tuna followed with 10 per cent. The remainder of the total value was made up mainly by shrimp, oysters, clam products, and mackerel. Pack of canned fishery products, standard cases, 1921 to 1929 Salmon Sardines: Maine and Year Massachusetts Pacific Coast States Alaska Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value yy ea ee 1, 002, 948 | $9, 234, 425 | 2, 596, 826 |$19, 632, 744 | 3, 599, 774 |$28, 867, 169 | 1, 399, 507 |$3, 960, 916 it) >) ars 733, 246 8, 633, 524 | 4, 501, 652 | 29, 787,193 | 5, 234, 898 | 38,420, 717 | 1, 869, 719 | 5, 750, 109 UES jes apa 1, 367, 263 | 12, 660, 566 | 5,035, 697 | 32, 873,007 | 6, 402, 960 | 45, 533, 573 | 1, 272,277 | 5, 288, 865 W924. 25-02 958, 662 9, 394, 467 | 5, 294,915 | 33,007,135 | 6, 253,577 | 42,401, 602 | 1, 899,925 | 7,191, 026 BOOS 1, 558, 613 | 15, 379, 976 | 4,459, 937 | 31, 989, 531 | 6,018, 550 | 47,369, 507 | 1, 870,786 | 6, 716, 701 ei | 835, 738 | 10, 139, 302 | 6, 652, 882 | 46,080, 004 | 7, 488, 620 | 56, 219, 306 | 1, 717,537 | 6, 727, 388 te es 1, 504, 451 | 15, 712,497 | 3,572,128 | 30, 016, 264 | 5,076,579 | 45, 728, 761 | 1, 262,124 | 5, 249, 030 ees ee mo 842, 903 9, 254, 258 | 6, 083, 903 | 45, 383, 885 | 6, 926, 806 | 54, 638,143 | 2,055, 763 | 8, 076, 546 [As See 1, 620, 523 | 15, 616,312 | 5,370,159 | 40, 469, 385 | 6, 990, 682 | 56,085,697 | 2,025, 801 | 6, 897, 946 Year Sardines: California Tuna and tunalike Oysters fishes Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 398, 668 | $2, 346, 446 549,150 | $3, 074, 626 442, 086 $2, 179, 271 715, 364 3, 361, 480 672, 321 4, 511, 873 505, 973 2, 423, 616 1, 100, 162 4, 607, 931 | 817, 836 6, 914, 760 524, 544 2, 720, 073 1, 367, 139 5, 445, 573 652, 416 5, 756, 586 447, 481 2, 478, 044 1, 714, 913 6, 380, 617 1, 102, 471 8, 499, 080 654, 755 3, 721, 159 2, 093, 278 7, 807, 404 851, 199 5, 282, 283 413, 834 2, 026, 569 2, 563, 146 9, 268, 784 1, 255, 818 8, 368, 227 447, 297 2, 367, 949 Qt le Dot 9, 658, 822 | 1, 216, 222 8, 374, 030 503, 952 2, 760, 576 3, 831, 215 | 11, 996, 997 1, 504, 306 9, 873, 453 519, 145 2, 732, 478 Miscellaneous fishery Year Shrimp Clam products products: Fish roe, caviar, and eggs Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value er pete Seer e Sewen renee. She) 655, 364 | $3, 804, 781 (1) $1, 166, 507 (4) (1) LUD. a ae ee 579, 797 | 3, 064, 087 (1) 1, 716, 365 (1) (1) 08) 2S ey ae 700,429 | 4, 381, 534 (1) 1, 710, 616 | (1) (1) ith = eS Ee es 718,517 | 4, 608, 950 (1) 2, 161, 389 (1) (1) 25 2 ee ee a 735, 714 | 3, 782, 819 (1) 1, 850, 378 (1) (1) Di. Te ae es 732, 365 | 4, 122, 092 (1) 2, 004, 650 (1) (1) EE Se eer 852, 764 5, 321, 652 525, 286 2, 744, 954 57, 586 $477, 415 ER ee eee oe ee See 851, 831 5, 181, 547 531, 640 2, 623, 598 78, 394 681, 150 * SAD SS RO err 909, 949 5, 528, 792 554, 639 2, 548, 472 46, 501 502, 040 | Miscellaneous fishery products Grand Year total Other fish Other shellfish Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Value (1) (1) (1) (1) () $1, 234, 990 | $46, 634, 706 (1) (1) () (1) (1) 1, 216,700 | 60, 464, 947 Q) (1) Q) () (1) 1, 287, 853 72, 445, 205 (1) (1) () () () 2, 121, 419 72, 164, 589 (1) Q) Q) Q) (1) 2, 256, 877 | 80, 577, 138 (1) () () () (1) 2,003, 548 | 86, 193, 240 236, 579 | $1, 765, 888 4,479 $91, 473 298, 644 2, 334, 776 81, 384, 133 683, 255 3, 703, 918 10, 590 1738, 525 772, 239 4, 558, 593 95, 871, 855 913, 088 4, 684, 879 14, 912 214, 301 974, 501 5, 401, 220 | 101, 065, 055 1 Not enumerated separately prior to 1927. 742 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES SALMON In 1929, salmon were canned at 156 plants in Alaska, 36 in Wash- ington, 15 in Oregon, and 1 in California. Compared with the previous year there was an increase of 3 plants in Alaska and 1 in Washington, and a decrease of 2 in Oregon and 1 in California. The combined output of the 208 plants amounted to 6,990,682 Minato RNS OF DOMES ESABEES PRODUCT MARINE-ANIMAL ALL OTHER FIGURE 6.—Value of fishery by-products in the United States and Alaska, 1929 standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans valued at $56,085,697. Of the total, 1,620,523 cases valued at $15,616,312 were packed in the Pacific Coast States, and 5,370,159 cases valued at $40,469,385 in Alaska. The pack for the Pacific Coast States was 92 per cent ereater than in the year previous due mainly to the larger pack in Puget Sound of humpback or pink salmon, as 1929 was a “‘good” 130 - 120} —+ IN oO 7 Oo oO o wo o o } 70 a | ‘MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 1922 1923 1924 925 1926 1927 1928 1929 YEARS FIGURE 7.—Value of canned fishery products and by-products in the United States and Alaska, 1921 to 1929 year. Compared with 1927, the previous ‘‘good” year, there was an increase of 8 per cent in the pack. The pack in Alaska was 12 per cent less than in the previous year. The world pack of canned salmon in 1929 amounted to 10,058,155 cases, which was a decrease of 6 per cent, as compared with that of the previous year. Of the total, 6,990,682 cases, or 70 per cent of —_— FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 743 the total, were packed in the United States and Alaska; 1,400,750 cases, OF 14 per cent in British Columbia; 1,031,298 cases, or 10 per cent in Siberia; and 635,425 cases (estimated), or 6 per cent in Japan. Compared with the pack in 1928, there was an increase of 1 per cent in the pack in the United States and Alaska, a decrease of 31 per cent in British Columbia, a decrease of 30 per cent in Siberia, and an increase of 190 per cent in Japan. Statistics of the pack in Siberia and Japan were obtained from the 1930 annual statistical number of the Pacific Fisherman. Pack of canned salmon, Pacific Coast States and Alaska, 1929, standard cases Alaska Products Southeast Central Western Total King, chinook, or spring: | Cases Value Cases Value Cases | Value Cases Value 1-pound tall__..------ 1, 382 $10, 924 6, 812 $57, 818} 20,785 $176, 135 28,979, $244, 877 1-pound flat_...-.---- 5, 031 66,741 14,600) 215,026 7, 177} 74, 885 26, 808) 356, 652 16-pound flat__------- 587 8,713) 14, 249 222, 842 1, 484 26, 712 16,320) 258, 267 ROUAL Mita sere 5 ot 7, 000 86,378} 35,661| 495,686) 29,446 277,732 72,107; 859, 796 Red or sockeye: 1-pound tall___.------ 102, 511) 1,073,685! 371,875) 3, 773, 115/1, 040, 079 10, 735, 352.1, 514, 465) 15, 582, 152 1-pound flat___._.---- 24, 194 286, 724) 43,991 539, 849 7, 141) 79, 761 75, 326 906, 334 14-pound flat___-_---- 36, 247 554, 968 38, 220 622, 898 25, 669, 438, 073) 100, 136) 1, 615, 939 Morales. == 2-20 162, 952) 1,915,377) 454,086) 4, 935, 862/1, 072, 889/11, 253, 186)1, 689, 927)18, 104, 425 Coho or silver: | 1-pound tall___-__---- 88, 143 664, 565 66, 424 485, 214 2, 779) 20,151) 157, 346) 1, 169, 930 1-pound flat__.._----- 4, 488 34, 919 2, 242 15s 907| eae ee eee 6, 730 50, 916 4-pound flat__---_--- 5, 216 55, 692 2, 664 O19 | as |e 7, 880 83, 611 ovale esos cee 97, 847 755, 176, 71, 330 529, 130 2, 779) 20,151} 171, 956} 1, 304, 457 Humpback or pink: 1-pound tall_____--__- 1, 499, 761| 8, 998, 967/1, 019, 834| 6, 158,172| 3,390) _—:17, 720/2, 522, 985)15, 174, 859 1-pound flat__________ 3,894] 27, 131 16 OG |e eee an (ee a AAS 3,910| 27, 227 14-pound flat________- 38,960 304,108} 5,802) 73, 162|______ ees |S 44,762| 377, 270 Mo Lale ase ee ane 1, 542, 615| 9, 330, 206 1, 025, 652| 6, 231, 430, 3,390] 17, 7202, 571, 657 15, 579, 356 Chum or keta: | 1-pound tall______-__- 286, 832) 1, 546,498) 496, 778) 2, 638, 902 75, 941; 402,090) 859,551) 4, 587, 490 1-pound flat____----- 3, 965 26, 886 996 6, 975, We ieee: |e eS 4, 961) 33, 861 Oba sneer 8s 290, 797| 1, 573, 384) 497,774) 2,645,877) 75, 941 402,090) 864, 512) 4, 621, 351 | oe Grand total=.=— 2, 101, 211/13, 660, 521 2, 084, 503/14, 837, 985 1, 184, 445/11, 970, 879 5, 370, 159/40, 469, 385 United States ee & Grand total, Products Alaska and Washington Crzeeon and Cal- Total United States King, chinook, or spring: | Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value i-pound talli.2. 252. 12,975 $102, 450 8, 535 $47,410) 21,510! $149, 860 50,489) $394, 737 1-pound oval________- 3, 871) 61, 377 2, 991 68, 793 6, 862 130, 170 6, 862 130, 170 1-pound flat_________- 13,394) 213,620) 43,180} 656,968) 56,574) 870,588} 83,382) 1, 227, 240 14-pound oval_____-_-- 193} 5, 790 316 9, 480 509) 15, 270 509 15, 270 44-pound flat____----- 66, 257, 1,224,490! 128,045] 2, 350, 834| 194, 302) 3, 575,324) 210, 622) 3, 833, 591 AN eh ge Oe 2 eee 96, 690) 1, 607,727; 183, 067| 3,133,485) 279, 757) 4, 741,212) 351, 864) 5, 601,008 Red or sockeye: 1-pound tal]__________ 2, 466, 7 Mt ee ee ee 2, 466 27, 619)1, 516, 931/15, 609, 771 1-pound flat__-_------ G4 20 epee 071020) 6 oe 2 =| oe eee 16,420, 197,040) 91, 746} 1, 103,374 Y-pound flat__.______ 104, 136 1, 874, 448 6, 193 111, 474) 110,329) 1,985,922) 210, 465) 3, 601, 861 ovals * =. 2 ose 123, 022) 2, 099, 107 6,193) 111,474) 129, 215) 2, 210, 581/1, 819, 142/20, 315, 006 ' 744 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canned salmon, Pacific Coast States and Alaska, 1929, standard cases—Con. United States Grand total, Products 6 : Alaska and tach} regon and Cal- United States Washington Horain Total Coho or silver: Cases | Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 1-pound tall_____----- 44,098 $352, 784 7,218) $57,744] 51,316) $410,528! 208, 662/$1, 580, 458 1-pound oval_______-- 3, 443 484902 | mo AeA RE oe 3, 443 48, 202 3, 443 48, 202 1-pound flat_________- 31,136} 280,224 19,396] 174,564) 50,532} 454,788) 57,262) 505,704 14-pound flat________- 35,132) 407,531) 158,355] 718,001] 93, 487) 1,125, 532} 101,367] 1, 209, 143 Total. Se ees 113, 809) 1, 088, 741 84, 969) 950, 309} 198, 778) 2,039,050! 370, 734] 3, 343, 507 Humpback or pink: 1-pound tall___------- 61851547/ (389587 Ol eee | ee Sey 618, 547| 3, 958, 701/3, 141, 532/19, 133, 560 1-pound flat_.._.-.--- UT GLO Am Loe 04 | se me ee | ee ee 17,610) 112,704) 21,520} 189,931 14-pound flat______._- 01503]. a 805220 | Seen see ee aeae Ss 91, 503) 805, 226! 136, 265] 1, 182, 496 Tovdlhs 22. ee se 2G O00 |b 3006.60 1 | eee ee |= eee 727, 660) 4, 876, 631/3, 299, 317/20, 455, 987 Chum or Keta: ; 1-pound tall__________ 185,028] 962,146] 42,080] 218,816] 227, 108] 1, 180, 962)1, 086, 659] 5, 768, 452 J-pound flatz.o- 22 2-22 |e at ee 347 1, 804 347 1, 804 347 1, 804 14-pound flat________- 23,739} 161,425] 10,912; 74,202) 34,651] 235,627| 39,612} 269, 488 Motels = ee 3 ess) S208 Gilles oun mosMooG |memmeoss 822| 262, 106] 1, 418, 393 1, 126, 618] 6, 039, 744 Steelhead: 1-pound tall_________- 89 U1 2) 25S est ee 89 712 89 712 1-pound flat____----_- 1, 103 8, 824 3, 073 24, 584 4,176 33, 408 4,176 33, 408 14-pound oval_______- 1,652] ~ 33,040 1,991} 39,820) 3,643] 72,860) 3,643] 72, 860 14-pound flat___..--_- 5, 680: 84, 064 9, 419 139, 401 15, 099) 223, 465 15, 099 223, 465 'Totalsb ean tree 8, 524 126, 640 14, 483 203, 805 23, 007 330, 445 23, 007 330, 445 Grand total_______- \1, 278, 472/10, 922, 417; 342,051] 4, 693, 895]1, 620, 523 15, 616, 312 6, 990, 682/56, 085, 697 } 1 Includes a few cases packed in quarter-pound cans. Note.—‘‘Standard cases’’ represent the various-sized cases converted to the equivalent of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. Pack of canned salmon in the Pacific Coast States, 1921 to 1929 Year Se onners oe Red or sockeye Coho or silver Humpback or pink Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value piles 2 ee 335, 854 | $4,527,711 | 104, 954 | $1,905,647 | 111,643 | $806,678 | 402,846 | $1, 732, 847 iN py al ae 314,126 | 4,572,607 | 97,927 1,816,901 | 204,252] 1, 533,173 3, 551 18, 546 1k! 78 Oe 384, 705 5, 790, 419 105, 336 1, 955, 549 245, 548 1, 608, 627 445, 175 2, 211, 742 1GD4eee eevee 349,014 | 4,599,759 | 85,800] 1,478,698 | 231,139 1,774,078 | 12,778 79, 436 19025 = nace ce 432, 638 5, 990, 019 118, 387 2, 065, 975 307, 567 3, 313, 060 551, 375 3, 152, 342 Opie cea 349,600 | 5,281,404 75,711 | 1,474,722 | 228,141 | 2,223, 499 2, 608 19, 609 [OQ71SE. Et aes 405,319 | 6,192,368 | 123,826 2,170,385 210,537] 2,212,763 586,598 | 3, 865, 797 LOR Pasee cee 282, 867 | 4,645,366 | 73,204 1,075,826] 152,137] 1,344, 796 6, 101 45, 464 rep ee seed Be 279,757 | 4,741,212 | 129,215 | 2,210,581 | 198,778 2,039,050 | 727,660| 4,876, 631 Year Chum or keta Steelhead Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value. TOOL) 3 2 NS eS ee 35, 132 $127, 659 12, 519 $133, 883 | 1,002,948 | $9, 234, 425 1O022:2. 2 ees eee 87, 583 365, 303 25, 797 326, 994 733, 246 8, 633, 524 199301...” Ba iy eee 154, 342 769, 839 32, 157 324,390 | 1,367,263 | 12, 660, 566 192452. ee ae eee 247, 858 1, 192, 156 32, 073 270, 340 958, 662 9, 394, 467 1005 ree nee eee 133, 368 641, 310 15, 278 217,270 | 1,558,613 | 15,379, 976 100825 %5.2) eles. IS 148, 732 758, 843 30, 946 381, 225 835, 738 | 10, 139, 302 1907 = 2 Re eee 145, 356 852, 120 32, 815 419,064 | 1,504,451 | 15, 712, 497 1 EL SPS AS) SRE SEE 309, 536 | 1,880, 405 19, 058 262, 401 842,903 | 9, 254, 258 IQ20 SLL AL ee ees 262,106 | 1, 418, 393 23, 007 330,445 | 1,620,523 | 15, 616,312 Note.—Shown in standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, Pack of canned salmon in Alaska, 1921 to 1929 1929 745 ro King, chinook, or = : F Year spring Red or sockeye Coho or silver Cases Value Cases Value Cases | Value TT ata i a Se ae 44, 994 $459, 897 1, 765, 798 |$15, 841, 404 106, 555 $600, 140 2 a elie lie eee eae 30, 660 247, 673 2,070, 658 | 19, 135, 696 175, 993 | 962, 790 8) 2 a ae = 38, 343 328, 270 1, 859, 496 | 17, 253, 792 164, 107 | 943, 318 PS ee ee es aout, 33, 648 299, 009 1, 447, 895 | 13, 803, 932 183,601 | 1, 254, 551 49, 978 595, 041 1,059, 676 | 13, 904, 599 161, 010 1, 565, 759 MOS ee ee 52, 476 544, 246 2, 157, 087 | 21, 328, 739 202,527 } 1,700, 563 OY) _ ja ee ee eee 70, 391 791, 653 1,320,195 | 15, 954, 485 253, 044 2, 153, 956 [LCE SS 2S Se ee 54, 159 602, 808 1, 948, 094 | 18, 333, 792 298, 623 2, 125, 289 Io oe Oe 72, 107 859, (96 1, 689, 927 | 18, 104, 425 171, 956 1, 304, 457 Year Humpback or pink Chum or keta Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 423, 984 | $1, 788, 778 255, 495 $942, 525 2, 596, 826 | $19, 632, 744 1, 658, 423 7, 189, 494 565, 918 2, 251, 540 4, 501, 652 29, 787, 193 2, 448, 129 | 11, 899, 956 525, 622 2, 447, 671 5, 035, 697 32, 873, 007 2, 601, 283 | 12, 837, 346 1, 028, 488 4, 812, 297 5, 294, 915 33, 007, 135 PU ects ee 2,110, 593 | 11, 137, 102 1, 078, 680 4, 787, 030 4, 459, 937 31, 989, 531 IY, Hoe AS Ae ae a eee 3, 338, 349 | 17, 987, 527 902, 443 4, 518, 929 6, 652, 882 46, 080, 004 HE oes aol ees 1, 420, 775 8, 338, 690 507, 723 2, 777, 480 3, 572, 128 30, 016, 264 US 2A). Si ele a et ae eee 2, 787, 242 | 18, 285, 530 995, 785 6, 036, 466 6, 083, 903 45, 383, 885 LEDADD = Sb RE bee pete A oe ae 2, 571, 657 | 15, 579, 356 864,512 | 4,621,351 | 5,370,159 | 40, 469, 385 NotTE.—Shown in standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans. Pack of canned salmon in the United States and Alaska, 1921 to 1929 Year Pacific Coast States Alaska Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value NOD sot Sa eG eee 1, 002, 948 | $9, 234,425 | 2,596, 826 |$19, 632, 744 | 3,599,774 | $28, 867, 169 ISPD ON 5 Pe ee 733, 246 | 8, 633,524 | 4,501,652 | 29, 787,193 | 5,234,898 | 38, 420, 717 aS oe ee eee 1, 367, 263 | 12, 660, 566 5, 035, 697 | 32, 873, 007 6, 402, 960 45, 533, 573 [ele se SS eee eel 958, 662 | 9,394,467 | 5, 294,915 | 33,007,135 | 6,253,577 | 42, 401, 602 Gp fy a ge Sa a ae 1, 558, 613 | 15, 379, 976 4, 459, 937 | 31, 989, 531 6, 018, 550 47, 369, 507 ODA S 22 ee eS 835, 738 | 10,139,302 | 6, 652,882 | 46,080,004 | 7,488,620 | 56, 219, 306 ARE SS Ee el ed OE ee se 1, 504, 451 | 15, 712, 497 3, 572, 128 | 30, 016, 264 5, 076, 579 45, 728, 761 USES. a ey cae os oe © 842,903 | 9,254,258 | 6,083, 903 | 45,383,885 | 6,926,806 | 54, 638, 143 “DD SES a eee 1, 620, 523 | 15,616,312 | 5,370,159 | 40,469,385 | 6,990,682 | 56, 085, 697 NotTE.—Shown in standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans. SARDINES In 1929 packs of sardines were reported by 37 plants in Maine, 1 in Massachusetts, and 31 in California. This is a decrease of 1 plant in Maine, an increase of 1 in Massachusetts, since none operated in this State in the previous year, and an increase of 3 plants in Cali- fornia. The production of sardines in Maine and Massachusetts amounted to 2,025,801 standard cases of one hundred -pound cans valued at $6,897,946, which is a decrease of 1 per cent in quantity and 15 per cent in value as compared with the pack of the previous year. In California, the production amounted to 3,831,215 standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans valued at $11,996,997, which is an increase of 38 per cent in quantity and 24 per cent in value. The production in Maine was considerably above the average for the period 1921 to 1928, while that in California was over 1,000,000 cases greater than in any year during this period. 746 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canned sardines, 1929 Sardines (herring) Yona Sardines (pilchard) California / 14-pound oval (48 cans): Cases Value In olive oil: Quarters, 14- Cases | Value In tomato sallce._..- ==" 24, 055 $66, 286 pound (100 cams) -_-------- 15,233 | $88, 850 nmMastard. 5. Se 53 524 162271 In cottonseed oil: Quarters, | Iniplive' ols. 3 oles 1, 296 3, 900 — 14-pound (100 cams)-_------- | 1, 586, 072 | 5, 509, 175 In other satfces and oils__ 378 759 In mustard: 1-pound oval (48 cans): Quarters, 4-pound (100 In tomato sauce_-__------ 3, 286, 199 10, 011, 904 cans) So. et eo | 187, 441 718, 034 inmmustard: tee es 158, 155 498, 208 Three-quarters, 34-pound In cottonseed oil____-___- 13, 408 39, 593 (48.cans)= 225 eee 146, 678 472, 436 im natural oils ses 3, 840 11, 947 In tomato sauce: Quarters, Soused! <2. 3. Je eae 4, 860 14, 694 14-pound (100 cans)!_______ 25, 839-| 109, 451 In other sauces and oils__ 536 1, 663 ——___—__ —————_ || l4-pound square (100 cans): obalssss soe ee 1, 961, 263 | 6, 897, 946 In tomato sauce-_--_-_----- 370 2, 337 eS im olive:oilt =e ee 10, 623 101, 898 Total (standard cases)_| 2,025, 801 |_..-----_- In other sauces and oils__ 399 2,472 1-pound tall (48 cans): In tomato sauce---_------ 4, 654 11, 080 In naturalloil-.-- 2228s" 105, 904 274, 614 In other sauces and oils__ 18, 267 57, 884 Other sizes, various sauces and oils (standard cases)--| 216, 333 896, 537 ‘Totals. -- 22-260 3, 849, 801 |11, 996, 997 Total (standard cases)_| 3, 831, 215 |_-.------. | 1 Includes a few cases packed in 12-ounce cans, 48 to the case, which have been converted to the equiva- lent of quarter-size cans, 100 to the case. Note.—‘‘Standard cases’’ represent the various sized cases converted to the uniform basis of one hun- en cans tothe case of sardines (herring), and forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case of sardines (pilchard). Pack of canned sardines, 1921 to 1929 Year Maine and Massachusetts California Cases Value Cases Value 1h 73 ae Ry Se Oe ae a 1, 399, 507 $3, 960, 916 398, 668 | $2,346, 446 Re cneies 2 Pee Ere ee Ae os ee eee 1, 869, 719 5, 750, 109 715, 364 3, 361, 480 LA Se es ee eee et OS ee ee A PAPA P-L HE 5, 288, 865 1, 100, 162 4, 607, 931° DO panes ST at ek ee ee ee 1, 899, 925 7,191, 026 1, 367, 139 5, 445, 573 ee a ae ee eee Bee eee eee | Fee ae 1, 870, 786 6, 716, 701 1, 714, 913 6, 380, 617 BULGE an 1 Ae oe Wee ee a ae ee eee oe 1, 717, 537 6, 727, 388 | 2,093, 278 7, 807, 404 MOAT Fo Ss 8 esd BA SS aa 1, 262, 124 5, 249,030 | 2, 563, 146 9, 268, 784 Le os se oe en ee ee 1 2, 055, 763 8, 076, 546 | 2,771, 527 9, 658, 822 NO20 8 3a Se ee Ae eee 2, 025, 801 6, 897, 946 | 3,831,215 | 11, 996, 997 1 Maine only. None packed in Massachusetts. Note.—Shown in standard cases of one hundred 44-pound cans for Maine and Massachusetts and forty-eight 1-pound cans for California. TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISHES In 1929, these fishes were canned at 17 plants in California. This is an increase of 1 plant as compared with those operating last year. The total pack was 1,504,306 standard cases of forty-eight -pound cans valued at $9,873,453. This is an increase of 24 per cent in quantity and 18 per cent in value as compared with the pack of the previous year. The pack was larger than in any year during the period 1921 to 1928, FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 747 Pack of canned tuna and tunalike fishes in California, 1929 Sizes Albacore Yellowfin Bluefin Cases Value Cases Value Cases | Value 144-pound round (48 cans) !____--_-__-- 11, 422 | $63,867 | 112, 026 $471, 121 16,041 | $67,362 Jg-pound round (48 cans) ?.__--------- 106, 903 1, 100, 775 416,905 2, 704, 197 65, 078 409, 510 1-pound round (48 cans) 3_____________ 14, 576 274, 763 63, 556 | 757, 340 12,019 142, 503 Flakes (standard cases) --..---------_- 6, 729 38, 652 61, 397 | 261, 295 4, 938 20, 693 Abe} An ne Sl ay es ee 139, 630 1, 478, 057 653, 884 | 4, 193, 953 98, 076 640, 068 Total (standard cases)_.._______- i466, 406) (EBs GiRAs7 |. nee Tt, | ae : : Mixed yellowfin and “ ” Sizes Striped Binatin ! Tonno”’ 5 Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 4j-pound round (48 cans) 1____________ 56, 692 $215, 622 5, 587 $22,703 | 196,144 | $833, 570 1@-pound round (48 cams) ?_______-___- 298, 935 1, 605, 482 11, 274 78, 918 18, 195 145, 234 1-pound round (48 cans) 3_____________ 22, 055 222, 079 1, 252 16, 276 929 13, 316 Flakes (standard cases) --_-_._-----_--- 14, 983 63, 584 13, 279 aL? ba ig | Se ee a eel De ee RD VEO st Sle eT eT eee Oe 392,665 | 2,106, 767 31, 392 173, 802 | 215, 268 992, 120 Total (standard cases)___-______- SRO Ca ee ere ee a DAA ETT ll pee a Se 9k ee DSc te5h| een =e Sizes Bonito Yellowtail Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 144-pound round (48 cans) 1___________- 9, 921 $36, 661 1, 074 $2, 953 408,907 | $1,713, 859 44-pound round (48 cams) ?__.-_-______ 19,657 | 103, 933 5, 655 26, 564 942,602 | 6,174, 613 1-pound round (48 cans) 3__.-_________ 5, 086 46, 056 8, 489 72, 519 127,962 | 1,544, 852 RSICOST (STATIC ANG CASES) ee =o ee tes ee eee ele RE TRS Se 101, 326 440, 129 MOE Rae e eles a ee 34, 664 186, 650 15, 218 102, 036 1, 580, 797 9, 873, 453 Total (standard cases) -.________- 348780" (Se sey (Na eo MOL 206M eesee eS 1 Includes the pack in 14-pound cans, 96 to the case, 14-pound cans, 96 and 100 to the case, and 514-ounce glass jars, 48 to the case, which have been converted to the equivalent of 4-pound round cans, 48 to the case. 2 Includes the pack in 14-pound cans, 100 to the case, and 7-ounce glass jars, 24 to the case, which have been converted to the equivalent of 144-pound round cans, 48 to the case. 3 Includes the pack in 4-pound cans, 12 to the case, which have been converted to the equivalent of 1-pound round cans, 48 to the case. 4 Includes a few cases of mixed tuna of other varieties. 5 Manufactured chiefly from bluefin tuna. AIl are packed in olive oil and thegreater part marketed in square cans. Notre.—“ Standard cases’”’ represent the various sized cases converted to the equivalent of forty-eight J4-pound cans to the case. Pack of canned tuna and tunalike fishes, 1921 to 1929 Bluefin and yellow- : “ ” Year Albacore GaGa Striped tuna Tonno Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 3 es 456, 152 | $2, 657, 266 64, 816 $306, 486 27, 972 $109;.920:\|2223 224223 | Sees ee ioe es =) 296,210 | 2,304, 935 168, 874 1, 047, 621 177, 995 942, 356 13, 714 $139, 067 Lips eee 310,037 | 3,106,329 | 261,773 1, 959, 812 96, 452 578, 254 124, 416 1, 136, 814 epee es = Se 416,820 | 4,024, 509 65, 941 455, 048 43, 159 239, 198 97, 304 861, 861 Lv Sa 1518,079 | 4,412,655 | 261,482 1, 745, 338 168, 177 997,697 | 131,159 1, 212, 024 Babe ik Se 61, 197 471,502 | 287,699 1, 718, 74% | 290, 278 1, 525, 146 137, 720 1, 209, 041 ipa 131,157 | 1,118,985 | 533,691 3, 594,195 | 414,314 | 2,362, 587 116, 335 979, 860 Sashes Stes 105, 722 | 1,027, 289 | 3 743,536 | 4,976,855 | 201,816 1, 098,822 | 126, 959 1, 068, 299 12s ae 148,496 | 1,478,057 | 3 794,893 | 5,007,823 | 386,374 | 2,106,767 | 118,125 992, 120 1 Includes 27,489 cases of tuna flakes, valued at $120,637. E ; : 2 Includes 25,353 cases of tuna flakes, valued at $102,129, which have been credited to the various species as packed. 3 Includes a few cases of mixed tuna of other varieties. 748 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canned tuna and tunalike fishes, 1921 to 1929—Continued Year Bonito Yellowtail Total | Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 192125. - De adeeabe sd. sek | 3 eee ee jigs Seat 2S 210 $945 549,150 | $3, 074, 626 1922... “2 Sst eS 10, 810 | $58, 900 4, 718 18, 994 672, 321 4, 511, 873 1923 4455 tet 5 Se ee ee | 15, 099 77, 906 10, 059 55, 645 817, 836 6, 914, 760 1024). 2-2 B ee ee ee 12, 899 | 94, 806 16, 293 81, 164 652, 416 5, 756, 586 1995 eee SO et ae 10, 090 | 61, 207 13, 484 70,159 | 1,102,471 8, 499, 080 192625.) 3 255: ee ee 48,113 | 259, 204 26, 192 98, 646 851, 199 5, 282, 283 1927 sees ee eS 18, 587 | 111, 253 41, 734 201, 347 1, 255, 818 8, 368, 227 1998 oo ety pee 24, 112 | 123, 242 14, 077 79,523 | 1, 216, 222 8, 374, 030 Lt!) .! See ee See Ee ee 34, 789 186, 650 23, 170 102, 036 1, 504, 306 9, 873, 453 2 inoludes 25,253 cases of tuna flakes, valued at $102,129, which have been credited to the various species as packed. Note.—Shown in standard cases of forty-eight 144-pound cans. MACKEREL In 1929 mackerel were canned at 18 plants in California, and 3 plants in Massachusetts. An equal number of plants operated in California last year. However, there is a decrease of 1 plant in Massachusetts. The total production amounted to 602,283 stand- ard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans valued at $2,515,742. This is an increase of 51 per cent in quantity and 47 per cent in value as compared with the pack and its value for 1928. This is by far the largest pack of mackerel on record. Pack of canned mackerel, 1929 Sizes Massachusetts California Total Cases | Value Cases Value Cases Value. 8-ounce (48 cans) ------ Bees. Sele ees ee Se 0salpe Se ee 1 46, 871 $137, 268 46, 871 $137, 268 Le-ornce (24 cans) = 2252". 20s ses 322,473. | “$87; (684) |b eoee soe) | bees 22,473 87, 684 (6-onnee’ (48 Gans) 2 eee aos ee Ba | | ee 569,016 | 2,290,790 | 569, 016 2, 290, 790 ‘Potala ces 25 Seite ee 8 ee ae 22, 473 | 87,684 | 615, 887 4 428, 8, 058 638, 360 2, 515, 742 ‘Total (standard cases)__-----____ 9, 832 | Sewers a BQ2s4 51) |e eee 6023-288) pee neeeeee ! Includes a few cases packed in 8-ounce cans, 72 to the case, which have been converted to the equiv- alent of 8-ounce cans, 48 to the case. 2 Includes a few cases packed in 8-ounce cans, 24 to the case, which have been converted to the equiv- alent of 14-ounce cans, 24 to the case. Note.—‘‘ Standard ecases’’ represent the various sized cases converted to the equivalent of forty-eight l-pound cans to the case. Pack of canned mackerel, 1928 and 1929 Year Massachusetts California Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value O28 0. #: i> ae aes ee ee 10, 882 $92, 425 388, 521 | $1, 621, 595 398, 903 $1, 714, 020 192020: 225 BAe | ae ee ee 9,832 | 87,684 | 592,451 | 2,428,058 | 602,283} 2,515, 742 Note.—Shown in standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. ALEWIFE PRODUCTS Jn 1929 alewives or alewife roe were canned at 9 plants in Mary- land, 21 in Virginia, and 2 in North Carolina—a total of 32 plants or 4 more than in 1928. The output consisted of 68,445 standard cases e{canned alewives valued at $246,773 and 28,819 cases of alewife roe FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 749 valued at $188,374—a total of 97,264 standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans valued at $435,147. Considering the total production there was a decrease of 9 per cent in quantity and 1 per cent in value, as compared with that of the previous vear. With the exception of the pack in 1928, that for 1929 was larger than the production during any year during the period from 1921 to 1928. Pack of canned alewives and alewife roe, 1929 STANDARD CASES Virginia and North ; Products Maryland @aroildd Total = 7 s* x = Cases Value Cases | Value Cases Value CU URG SE 2 ae a 37, 181 $146, 984 31, 264 | $99, 789 68, 445 $246, 773 EAGT eee 9, 302 69, 739 19, 517 118, 635 28, 819 188, 374 (NGG |. 22 ee ee 46, 483 216, 723 50, 781 218, 424 97, 264 435, 147 ACTUAL CASES | Products and sizes Cases Value Products and sizes Cases | Value Alewives: Alewife roe—Continued. 8-ounce (48 cans)_-_-__--_____ 4,242 | $6,328 15 and 16 ounce (24 cams) ____ 7,649 | $25, 572 15 and 16 ounce (48 cans)____| 46,320 | 152,920 17-ounce (24 cans)___-_--____- 20,903 | 64, 257 17-ounce (24 cans)-_-_--_--__- 14, 561 23, 742 18-ounce (24 cans) _-__________ 3, 266 9, 612 18 and 19 ounce (24 cans)____| 22,310 | 68,783 19-ounce (24 cans) _-----_--___ 4,800 | 22,670 ANCE Soe a2 ee ee anes 87,433 | 246,773 Motel tees Aon See se 53, 964 | 188, 374 Alewife roe: = Grandiotale eee | 141, 397 | 435, 147 714, 8,and 814 ounce (48 cans)_| 13,859 | 53, 110 | 10-ounce (48 cans) -.-_-------- 3,487 | 13, 153 Note.—‘Standard cases’’ represent the various sized cases converted to the equivalent of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. Pack of canned alewives and alewife roe, 1921 to 1929 Year Alewives Alewife roe Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value 156 $813 20,304 | $157, 841 | 20, 460 $158, 654 489 1, 994 18, 099 137, 514 18, 588 139, 508 537 1,915 20, 404 169, 435 20, 941 171, 350 UIDE Jee ee 1, 550 5, 118 41, 642 332, 245 43, 192 337, 363 TERE st ee 4, 449 15, 045 35, 183 240, 461 39, 632 255, 506 UJ. a soeeee tee ees 19, 920 65, 405 33, 886 201, 278 | 53, 806 266, 683 JG. eS ee ee 21, 327 64, 577 45, 168 252, 120 | 66, 495 316, 697 ee ee eee 50, 674 150, 878 56, 392 288, 592 | 107, 066 439, 470 YD eee eee 68, 445 246, 773 28, 819 188, 374 97, 264 435, 147 NotTe.—Shown in standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans. SHRIMP In 1929 shrimp were canned at 1 plant in North Carolina, 4 in South Carolina, 7 in Georgia, 10 in Florida, 4 in Alabama, 18 in Mississippi, 26 in Louisiana, and 6 in Texas, making a total of 76 plants, or 5 more than a year ago. The total pack amounted to 909,949 standard cases of 48 No. 1 cans (5-ounce cans, dry pack, and 5%-ounce, wet pack), valued at $5,528,792. This is an increase of 7 per cent both in quantity and in value as compared with that for the 750 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES previous year. Louisiana was by far the most important State in — the production of canned shrimp accounting for 46 per cent of the — total quantity and 45 per cent of the total value. The pack of shrimp during the year 1929 was larger than that for any year during the period 1921 to 1928. Pack of canned shrimp, 1929 STANDARD CASES States Dry pack (in tins) | Wet pack (in tins) Were (in Total North and South] Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value Cases Valu @aroling===2==—-="0 1, 689 $9, 315 480800!) 19268, ools ope nsenn|peceseeeee 50,496 | $277, 646 Georgia ..--3-2- 3 28, 291 183, 108 78, 858 AHS O88) || Los ace Bee 107, 149 642, 046 Pleridac:_2.. sec -_t 3, 504 19, 666 37, 997 219, 805 | 22, 389 | $245, 349 63, 890 484, 820 Mlahbamnss: sso 5 36, 366 203, 492 18, 848 106919 |e 25423. Sees 55, 214 310, 411 Mississippi.---------- 46, 918 255, 582 92, 015 509, 694 | 1,374 15,050 | 140, 307 780, 326 Louisiang<:-.=>--.-+ 156, 975 967,124 "|, 265,840) |" 0, 5387, 1740)---- = "| _- 422, 815 | 2, 504, 298 Tpxag) 21 ae ie 8 3, 889 24, 142 45, 389 DU, 200 | sees lee eee 49, 278 301, 419 South Carolina, Geor- : gia, Louisiana, and Texas. {520 oe ee ee ee eee 20,800 | 227, 826 20, 800 227, 826 Total®. 2- += 3 277, 632 | 1,662,429 | 587, 754 | 3,378, 1388 | 44,563 | 488,225 | 909,949 | 5, 528, 792 ACTUAL CASES Sizes Cases Value Sizes Cases Value In tins, dry: In glass, wet: No. 1, 4-ounce (48 cans)----| 21, 738 $98, 077 514-ounce (24 cans)---_-__--- 87,883 | $439, 748 No. 1 414-ounce (48 cans)_-| 8, 932 55, 316 614-ounce (24 cams) _---__--- 8, 814 48, 477 No. 1, 5-ounce (48 cans)-_--__| 226, 832 | 1, 334, 213 || |__| No. 14, 8}4-ounce(24cans)-| 29, 472 167, 798 Total: 2-25... 22 ansee--3-s | eee 5, 528, 792 Other sizes(standard cases) 1, 056 7, 025 In tins, wet: No. 1, 534-ounce (48 pa | 579, 105 | 3,320, 613 No. 14, 934-ounce (24canms)_| 4,915 27, 922 Other sizes(standardcases)_| 4, 482 29, 603 1 The pack of shrimp in glass for South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas has been grouped to avoid the disclosure of private enterprise. NotTE.—‘‘Standard cases”’ represent the various-sized cases converted to the equivalent of 48 No. 1, 5-ounce cans to the case in the dry pack, and 48 No. 1, 534-ounce cans to the case in the wet pack. Pack of canned shrimp, 1921 to 1929 Year Cases Value Year Cases Value O21 ee os ea ee 655, 364 $3;,804, 784: P1926 osc ee ee ae eee 732, 365 $4, 122, 092 1922 ey oe ee 579, 797 3) 064, O87 LOZ iin FB ee eee ol eee 852, 764 5, 321, 652 1923 ae oe ee 700, 429 45381. 5345 || 928. eee eo eee 851, 831 5, 181, 547 Lb ee eee ee oe A 718, 517 ° 608; 950) || 10200. = 2. ees 909, 949 5, 528, 792 1926222 oe eee | 735, 714 3, 782, 819 NoTE.—Shown in standard cases of 48 No. 1 cans. OYSTERS In 1929 oysters were canned at 4 plants in Maryland, 3 in North Carolina, 11 in South Carolina, 5 in Georgia, 5 in Florida, 4 in Ala- bama, 21 in Mississippi, 7 in Louisiana, and 1 in Texas—a total of 61 plants, or 1 less than in 1928. The output of these plants amounted to 519,145 standard cases of forty-eight 5-ounce cans valued at $2,732, 478. This is an increase of 3 per cent in quantity and a FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 751 decrease of 1 per cent in value as compared with the pack and its value for the previous year. The pack for 1929 was somewhat larger than the average for the period 1921 to 1928. Mississippi and South Carolina accounted for 75 per cent of the total value of the production. The pack during the spring period (January-May, 1929) amounted to 405,004 standard cases, valued at $2,131,138, and that during the fall period (September-December, 1929) amounted to 114,141 standard cases, valued at $601,340. Pack of canned oysters, 1929 STANDARD CASES States Cases Value States Cases Value SPA VI NG Hote eee os oe 289933))|,+$184,'866 || Alabama +2282 == -- 2. = Se seet 14, 521 $74, 845 iNworthn Carolina_—.-._.---=.-.- 19, 852 ¢ 10231 PIVEISSISSIPDl> sees sete eeee 286, 186 | 1, 469, 104 mooth’ Caroling .-_-..-.22.20._ 105, 139 580, 680 || Louisiana and Texas______-_-~- 36, 434 184, 429 DIRE eee 18, 258 92, 540 ————————— ————— OSIM eo a A a Sy 9, 822 48, 912 Morale oe ae S| OL TAS NZ 82,400 ACTUAL CASES Sizes Cases Value Sizes Cases Value | 4-ounce (48 cams)__-. _.-.-----| 71,480 | $329, 124 | 10-ounce (@4ieans) ==. + eee 73,401 | $388, 939 5-ounce (48 cams)_--. _ _..-_--| 352, 884 | 1, 784, 530 || Other sizes (standard cases) -_- 2, 258 15, 608 6-ounce (48 cans)_----_ -.-.--- 4, 628 49, 489 | 8-ounce (24 cans)___-__-_------- 34, 829 164, 788 NAS ee ES Se se ee ee 2, 732, 478 ’ Notre.—‘‘Standard cases’? represent the various-sized cases converted to the equivalent of 48 No. 1 5-ounce cans to the case. Pack of canned oysters, 1921 to 1929 Year Cases Value Year Cases Value _AH ee a 442, 086 $2, 179, 271 O26 ieee Sos 8 4S _-413, 834 $2, 026, 569 en ea ee ae 505, 973 2, 423, 616 1 7 ea ee So ees Se ee 447, 297 2, 367, 949 Rete nne ti She 524, 544 227120) OFS) O28: oe ss A eee eae 503, 952 2, 760, 576 ML a eS Se eee 447, 481 PRC Ea) Upto a Ee a ee 519, 145 2, 732, 478 _LO) =e eS Se ees | 654, 755 3, 721, 159 | | Notre.—Shown in standard cases of 48 No. 1 5-ounce cans to the case. CLAM PRODUCTS In 1929 razor-clam products were canned at 15 plants in Washing- ton, 5 in Oregon, and 8 in Alaska; hard clam products at 1 plant in Rhode Island, 2 in New York, 1 in New Jersey, 1 in South Carolina, 1 in Georgia, 1 in Florida, 6 in Washington, and 1 in Oregon; and soft clam products at 22 plantsin Maine and 2 in Massachusetts—a total of 63 plants, or 9 more than a year ago. The total production amounted to 554,639 standard cases of 48 No. 1 cans, valued at $2,548,472, an increase of 4 per cent in quantity and a decrease of 3 per cent in value as compared with 1928. Considered according to varieties of clams the pack of razor-clam products amounted to 71,462 standard cases, valued at $619,594; hard clams, 299,941 standard cases, valued at $1,279,920; and soft clams, 183,236 standard cases, valued at $648,958. The value of the pack in 1929 was considerably larger than the average for the period 1921 to 1928. 6881—31——4. 752 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Pack of canned clams and clam products, 1929 Items and States Cases Value Items and States Cases Value Razor clams (Washington, Juice— Oregon, and Alaska): No. 1, 10-ounce (48 cans) __ 978 $3, 912 Whole— No. 2, 20-ounce (24 cans) _- 1,977 6, 263 No. 1, 5-ounce (48 cans) ___ 7, 295 $70, 035 No. 10, 102-ounce (6 cans) - 921 3, 229 1-pound, 8-ounce(48 cans) - 837 9, 557 Other sizes (standard No. 2, 10-ounce (24 cans) _- 239 2, 318 (CASeS)©. 2-2 Fi a seRa ree 1, 859 21, 850 Other sizes (standard Broth, soup, bouillon and cases) S222 eee 226 1, 678 cocktail—Various sizes Minced— (standard cases) -._______- 36, 668 152, 179 16-pound flat, 4-ounce (48 | cans) 252 ee 50, 561 358, 819 Total: eee eee 296, 517 | 1, 279, 920 No. 1, 5-ounce (48 cans) __- 17, 837 154, 833 No. 2, 10-ounce (24 cans) _- 2, 364 16, 110 Total (standard cases)__| 299,941 |_________- Other sizes (standard a Cases). eees sais ee 122 780 || Soft clams (Maine and Massa- Juice— chusetts) : No. 1, 10-ounce (48 cans) _- 1, 148 4, 135 Whole— : No. 2, 20-ounce (24 cans) _- 443 1, 329 No. 1, 5-ounce (48 cans)_- 45, 290 196, 387 1-pound, 8-ounce (48 cans) _ 7, 199 50, 779 Potaleee Sa. eee 81, 072 619, 594 No. 2, 10-ounce (24 cans)__| 14, 118 54, 380 Total (standard cases) -- CAlee pA ee eS Other sizes (standard CASES) Ae a. ee ee 10, 160 19, 840 Hard clams (Rhode Island, Chowder— : New York, New Jersey, No. 1, 10-ounce (48 cans)__| 38, 423 156, 352 South Carolina, Georgia, No. 3, 33-ounce (24 cans) __ 26, 991 121, 723 Florida, Washington, and Other sizes (standard Oregon): CASOS)E = eas eee 6, 243 19, 632 Whole— Juice— No. 1, 5-ounce (48 cans) ___} 504 2, 882 7-ounce (48 cans)____ ._ ._ .- 966 71, (32 1-pound, 8-ounce (48 cans) - 2, 873 20, 111 20-ounce (24 cans) ___-_-___ 7, 029 12, 651 No. 2, 10-ounce (24 cans) -- 16, 293 73, 428 Other sizes (standard No. 10, 52-ounce (6 cans)_- 4, 820 57, 840 Cases) [eee ee SS ee - 5, 247 9, 482 Other sizes (standard | ——_———— cases). 25 =. eee sd 15, 623 57, 165 Total Sees 161, 661 648, 958 Minced— } No. 1, 5-ounce (48 cans)-_-- 717 | 4, 365 Total (standard cases)__| 183, 286 |_____--___ Other sizes (standard | SS SESS Cases): eos eee SI 6, 845 43, 644 Grand total (standard Chowder—Various sizes | Cases) 4225 eee 554, 639 | 2, 548, 472 (standard cases) __________ 206,439 | 833, 052 ” Note.—‘‘Standard cases’’ represent the various sized cases converted to the equivalent of 48 No. 1, 5-ounce, cans to the case, for whole and minced clams; and 48 No. 1, 10-ounce, cans to the case, for other clam products. Value of canned clams and clam products, 1921 to 1929 Clam Year Razor clams} Hard clams} Soft clams | chowders, Total juices, ete. 117 Ce pa ee bt Teo By Laue eee | $506,591 | $138,699 | $338,775 | $182,442] $1, 166, 507 Aig at be |” ee eee eee 876, 364 201, 270 327, 287 311,444 | 1, 716, 365 1093 io ee. [re a ae 883, 535 194, 937 308, 560 323,584 | 1, 710, 616 LOK a ee Eek ae 863, 126 271, 911 459, 882 566,470 | 2, 161, 389 192525. hs op cee |S Wed canes eae 860, 002 218, 601 287, 073 484,702 | 1,850, 378 1OpG sie 29. ves [eta tey. Sot sere 795, 256 191, 044 279, 996 738,354 | 2, 004, 650 10 ee Le aan 1, 046, 797 231, 526 270, 747 | 1,195,884 | 2, 744, 954 1008 SELRIREE Hh” OSE ee ora 936, 394 203, 959 318,510 | 1,164,735 | 2, 623, 598 17 Oe SAN WES Se a 8 614, 130 259, 435 321,386 | 1,353,521 | 2,548, 472 MISCELLANEOUS CANNED/ FISHERY PRODUCTS In addition to those products discussed individually above, there were 274,954 standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans of miscellane- ous canned fishery products, valued at $2,450,331. This is an increase of 3 per cent in quantity and 2 per cent in value as compared with the quantity and value of similar products canned during 1928. Among these products shad were canned at 14 plants; shad roe at 12 plants; finnan haddie at 5 plants; fish flakes at 6 plants; fish cakes, balls, etc., at 9 plants; other fish at 9 plants; other roe and caviar at 8 plants; FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 153 salmon eggs at 7 plants; crabs at 5 plants; and other shellfish at 6 lants. : Compared with the pack of a year ago, the pack of shad and shad roe, which amounted to 28,885 cases, valued at $213,496, increased 5 per cent in quantity and decreased 9 per cent in value; the pack of other fish and fish products, excluding roe and caviar, amounted to 216,207 cases, valued at $1,800,247—an increase of 3 per cent in quantity and 4 per cent in value. Other roe and caviar amounted to 10,622 cases, valued at $113,319—a decrease of 16 per cent in quantity and 22 per cent in value. Salmon eggs (for bait) amounted to 4,328 cases, valued at $108,968, a decrease of 18 per cent in quantity and 12 per cent in value. Crabs amounted to 1,151 cases, valued at $30,530— a decrease of 29 per cent in quantity and 31 per cent in value. Other shellfish amounted to 13,761 cases, valued at $183,771—an increase of 53 per cent in quantity and 42 per cent in value. Pack of miscellaneous canned fishery products in the United States and Alaska, 1929, standard cases Items Cases Value Items Cases Value SIG Res ES eee eee 26,153 | $122,117 || Other roe and caviar ?_______- 10,622 | 113,319 SeHAUEOQe=e: >) Seek 2 SPIER 2, 732 91,379 || Salmon eggs (for bait) ---_-_--- 4, 328 108, 968 mimnan nad die: = 22.22 2-2 = 1, 030 ati Al Ole! oe ee ee ee ee 1,151 30, 530 SeEStettKOS see ene Sen noe 56, 236 570, 391 || Other shellfish 3____....______- 13, 761 183, 771 Fish cakes, balls, etc_____----_- 132, 024 | 1, 088, 610 SSS SSS ECTS 0) Ra a ees 26, 917 125, 689 MOA ean seen eee 274, 954 | 2, 450, 331 aed the pack of canned fillets, fish chowder, cat and dog food, bait herring, eels, and miscellaneous sh products. 2 Includes the pack of roe and caviar from whitefish, sturgeon, salmon, and ground fish. 3 Includes the pack of turtle products, terrapin products, mussels, abalone, squid, and clam cakes. Notr.—‘Standard cases’’ represent the various sized cases converted to the equivalent of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. Pack of canned shad and shad roe, 1921 to 1929 Year Shad Shad roe Total Cases Value Cases Value Cases Value WALD £6 SE SS ee ee ee ees Se aee 641 $2, 455 38 $142 679 $2, 597 2 Ee a eee err ee 1, 781 9, 961 292 8, 517 2, 073 18, 478 AEB acces ces ee a a eee 2, 162 37, 165 536 16, 288 2, 698 53, 453 Eg ee ae SS ee eee 6, 470 20, 461 1, 164 72, 932 7, 634 93, 393 a goo ee ee eee 12, 569 53, 875 2, 430 100, 571 14, 999 154, 446 PU eS oe el SS ee eee ee ce 14, 275 63, 334 1,121 39, 422 15, 396 102, 756 ON ose ES eee eee ees 11, 569 61, 842 767 21, 890 12, 336 83, 732 Srey ere ree eee See ot eS 23, 447 110, 006 4, 130 123, 840 27, 577 233, 846 JDL pi ashe 845 oe Se ee eee a oe, 26, 153 122, 117 2, 132 91, 379 28, 885 213, 496 Note.—Shown in standard cases of forty-eight 1-pound cans. Value of canned crabs 1921 to 1929 Year Value | Year Value | JEL n= Suite Eee See eee = ae $115, 800 | $25, 222 104, 171 26, 988 47, 023 44, 536 35, 944 30, 530 52, 499 - 754 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES BY-PRODUCTS In 1929 the total value of by-products, including products of men- haden, whaling, and fresh-water mussel-shell industries, amounted to $23, 767 ,656. This is an increase over the previous year’s value of 60 per cent. However, statistics of the fresh-water mussel-shell products which amounted to $6,144,515 in 1929, were not obtained for 1928. Excluding mussel- shell products, the increase over a year ago amounted to 18 per cent. The scrap and meal group, and the marine animal oils group were the most valuable and each accounted — for 29 per cent of the total value. Fresh-water mussel-shell products followed with 26 per cent, and oyster-shell products with 10 per cent. | Miscellaneous by-products, which include herring skins and scales, shark skins and fins, fish flour, agar, kelp products, isinglass, pickled whale meat, and whalebone made up the remaining 6 per cent. OILS In 1929 the production of marine animal oils amounted to 15,353,057 gallons valued at $6,801,619, which is an increase of 26 per cent in quantity and 32 per cent in value when compared with the preceding year. Of the total production, 21 per cent consisted of menhaden oil, 42 per cent pilchard or sardine oil, and 23 per cent herring oil (from Maine and Alaska herring, and alewives). The production of whale and sperm oil amounted to 9 per cent of the total. The remaining 5 per cent consisted of oils from salmon, tuna, mackerel, cod and cod livers, lake herring, and from miscellaneous fish cuttings and waste. The production and value in 1929 was greater than for any year for which there are records. SCRAP, MEAL, ETC. In 1929 the production of marine animal scrap, meal, etc., amounted to 142,681 tons, valued at $6,801,362. This is an increase of 37 per cent in quantity and 26 per cent in value as compared with the produc- tion in 1928. Both quantity and value were greater than for any year during the period 1921 to 1928. Of the total production 23 per cent consisted of dried menhaden scrap and meal, 16 per cent acidu- lated menhaden scrap, 56 per cent miscellaneous dried scrap and meal (other than menhaden), 3 per cent crude or green scrap, and 2 per cent shrimp meal. The largest single item is pilchard meal in the miscellaneous dried scrap and meal group. The production of this commodity reached 36,500 tons, valued at $1, 960,603, in 1929. All groups increased over 1928. —. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED Production of miscellaneous by-products, 1929 STATES, 1929 755 | Atlantic and Gulf | Pacific coast (includ- Products . coasts | ing Alaska) Total Dried scrap: Quantity Value | Quantity Value Quantity Value Herring (Maine)-.---------- tons_- 643 bP PAE lig (ee nes eel oe Ss 643 $22, 221 mlewWie Cece ck. secs as ceae gose 546 20, 464) |-2 Uo ee eee 546 26, 644 Provmnavosn. =o 2 oe (eae 156 7 000s eee sa aoe eee eee 156 7, 500 Crab, king and blue-.-__--~-do-_-_-- 1, 468 SOSRG61) aS = cee i eee ee 1, 468 39, 861 # geo epedos oe ene ase dos5- 415 20), BOO) ie as 58 | See 415 20, 500 eal: BalmOneere ee See (Ola) hl ek Seek eee! Eee 2, 427 $140, 96 2, 427 140, 961 Herring (Maine) _---------- doi--- 2, 184 1173 S00 (ill ae es ES Cee 2, 184 123, 227 Herring (Alaska) __-------- (OMG) sess | pean OO ol (pies teal SS 12, 750 734, 246 12, 750 734, 246 SUING) aY2Vita lay) S42) SI RE ae (Oho As||s Sees Bee SS oe 36, 500 | 1, 960, 603 36, 500 | 1, 960, 603 Ciehh,- 3 Ate eee ee eee GO). ba) Sale Lee a 6, 186 302, 710 6, 186 302, 710 Mackerel fs =F es05_ 2-5 .- 5 ro Veen sell ge ee “er eee 497 25, 403 497 25, 403 Whale meat and bone-_-_--- OC se he Sa a eS See 1,415 72,174 1,415 72, 174 Ground fish 22s 22=__- wdolesa|) 913,142 S835 49 4| See oe Set os oe en 13, 142 883, 549 Ponape oo doses 2 153 1 73, 429 (1) (1) 2,153 73, 429 Miscellaneous -_-_-_-___- Salo 208 10, 200 1,321 68, 377 1, 529 78, 577 Pomace, herring (Maine) __-_-_-- doze 826 D8 C42 dee oe ae ee se 826 28, 642 Crude or green scrap, miscellaneous eet eee tons_- 3, 389 5, 592 325 7, 285 3, 714 12, 877 il: spi kon\ala oe Pallonsm= |e 8 See len he ea 280, 425 107, 375 280, 425 107, 375 Herring (Maine)-_--.-----_- Gos. 22) ab0! 205 DoS mle ee eee [pera see 150, 255 53, 708 Herring (Alaska) ___---_--- C6 oe ef Ee Eel I ieee a ae 3, 341,179 | 1,407,041 | 3,341,179 | 1,407,041 PALE We sete oe 8 et ae doses 19, 232 bees (| eS ee ee 19, 232 8, 371 Pu chard ences ee ease LO ees [Ee eg tr 6, 427, 404 | 2,815,954 | 6,427,404 | 2,815, 954 ING ie eon Se ee rel oye Pel eee ice es | | 5a ea 58, 150 17, 752 58, 150 17, 752 Wiackerel £22 252255 a. eS 2 (6 oy aa (ae oe See oe Sere ees 31, 377 10, 621 31,377 10, 621 STALE CS cacti Os ES Cee 1, 477, 907 778, 502 | 1,477, 907 778, 502 Spee he ie eee ee SL 1 eee |e ae ee se 47, 750 17, 800 47, 750 17, 800 Cod-liver, crude-_-_----.---- do____| 264, 809 TRAN OR Sy Se eee Saka ere. Peck 264, 809 184, 284 Miscellaneous---....--.---- Gouzeny 2 50, 488 2 6, 948 31, 346 11, 447 81, 834 18, 395 “dela ee do_.__| 3 539, 937 | 13 i 298, 096 (©) (3) 539, 937 | 1, 298, 096 Miscellaneous by-products 4_pounds--|2, 448, 466 | 40, 654 | 2, 706, 118 | 156,911 | 5, 154, 584 197, 565 PRG Lleeeee eee awe Be es 8 a A 258335426) 22 = 2-22 886354162. |sscee eee 11, 468, 588 1 A small quantity of shrimp meal produced by one firm in California is included with the production of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. 2 Includes the production in Indiana. 8 A small quantity of liquid glue produced by one firm in California is included with production of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. 4 Includes herring skins, scales, shark skins and fins, fish flour, agar, kelp products, isinglass, pickled whale meat, and whale bone. Note.—The oils produced on the Pacific coast are reported in trade gallons (714 pounds), and those pro- duced on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts are reported in United States gallons (about 7.74 pounds). Production of marine-animal oils, 1921 to 1929 Year Menhaden Herring Pilchard or sardine Gallons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value 6, 260,478 | $1, 719, 892 112, 838 $26, 735 170, 977 $35, 760 7, 102, 677 2, 904, 833 450, 362 150, 144 428, 859 145, 668 7, 461, 365 3, 316, 277 945, 424 384, 053 966, 247 424, 103 3, 923, 904 1, 817, 626 1, 324, 002 571,399 | 2,338, 711 1, 076, 903 6, 023, 108 3, 001, 106 2, 442, 527 1, 034, 071 3, 120, 048 1, 568, 753 3, 942, 821 1,729,160 | 3,116, 936 1, 382, 763 | 2,113, 028 932, 651 3, 957, 068 1, 716, 474 2, 291, 687 960,250 | 2,514, 562 1, 116, 725 3, 585, 569 1, 455, 376 2, 743, 065 1, 085, 799 3, 825, 786 1, 621, 531 3, 172, 735 1, 381, 816 3, 510, 666 1, 469, 120 6, 427, 404 2, 815, 954 Year Whale and sperm Other Marine animal oils Total Gallons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value Lote EE Ee ee ee eee 1 168, 729 $94, 767 1733, 259 $201, 516 7, 446, 281 $2, 078, 670 A SE ee ee eee 2, 247, 145 884, 714 306, 430 145,401 | 10, 535, 473 4, 230, 760 Rees eee es Sh 1, 556, 830 791, 884 443, 935 187, 877 | 11,373, 801 5, 104, 194 Se ee ee 1, 242, 836 661, 271 381, 832 184, 534 9, 211, 285 4, 311, 733 eee tn I ae 1, 221, 198 685, 011 480, 195 211, 250 |. 13, 287, 076 6, 500, 191 Re BOs a ee ee ame ae 1, 276, 009 748, 075 439, 252 234, 832 | 10, 888, 046 5, 027, 491 _ 2 See eee 1, 531, 400 755, 965 579, 396 355, 607 10, 874, 113 4, 905, 021 OD LE ee eee ee eee 1, 458, 248 676, 534 532, 909 310, 378 12, 145, 577 5, 149, 618 LENT aT Sara ee ie are 1, 525, 657 796, 302 716, 595 338, 427 | 15,353,057 | 6,801, 619 1 Whale oil included with “O ther fish oils’’ in 1921. 756 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Production of marine-animal meal and scrap, 1921 to 1929 Saat Dried menhaden - Acidulated men- Shrimp meal scrap and meal haden scrap Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value 1921 -- 2 1. 39652 -5>- obo a eon eee 37, 858 | $1, 380, 455 44, 804 $905, 640 628 $16, 814 1922) 2 2 s- ae Bee ee ae 67, 821 2, 665, 441 25, 755 556, 317 562 15, 398 1009: 2: <= Peas. 12 SN Renee ae ere 43,452 | 2,029,406 | 44,935 | 1,064,870 1, 269 48, 290 1924 2 2 -s222 ee ene Sa ae Se ve ee 21, 008 996, 866 24, 409 495, 684 936, 31, 580 1925... 22 eS eee 30, 167 1, 519, 458 41, 463 1, 102, 051 1,079 31, 658 1026 it a= oe ee 24, 226 1, 164, 396 2a5000 548, 204 1, 036 33, 775 9037... oocGs aaa an eae 26, 417 1, 406, 915 19, 984 566, 590 1,427 44, 716 1Q28 a. a A Se a 24, 681 1, 153, 651 20, 028 531, 238 1, 726 58, 080 120 cis: koe ween Se nt eS 33,041 | 1,625,694 | 23,089 622, 544 2,153 73, 429 x , “in a Other dried scrap Year Crude or green scrap SaVil wall Total Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value 1,810 $21, 527 22,173 | $1, 232, 906 107, 273 $3, 557, 142 390 9,175 21, 638 1, 090, 346 116, .66 4, 336, 677 1, 593 13,721 | 22,636 | 1,257,098 | 113,885 | 4,413,385 4, 097 15, 217 30, 847 1, 373, 351 81, 297 2, 912, 698 5, 787 16, 430 39, 566 1, 981, 038 118, 062 4, 650, 635 6, 456 12, 692 37, 703 1, 892, 010 92, 974 3, 651, 077 1, 960 8,942 | 42,078 | 2,293,919! 91,866 | 4,321,082 3, 067 20,290 | 55,017 | 3,318,884 | 104,519 | 5,382,143 4, 540 41,519 79, 858 4, 438, 176 142, 681 6, 801, 362 GLUE In 1929 liquid glue was manufactured at 1 plant in Maine, 5 in Massachusetts, and 1 in California. The production amounted to 539,937 gallons valued at $1,298,096. This is an increase of 6 per cent in quantity and 4 per cent in value compared with the production and value in the previous year. Both quantity and value are larger than those in any year during the period 1921 to 1928. Production of fish glue, 1921 to 1929 Year Gallons Value Year Gallons Value 102i ee coe ee ee 347, 048 $364 (415) || clO2b se eee eae ee ee 520, 622 $732, 109 1922-22 Cee eek ee 323, 003 DiS; 424 Wel Rhee a2 Rea seaee 512, 136 860, 396 1029/2 > et 25 Se ne OE: 465, 814 680;'054')1 |B. 928 = aeeeeeteet ere 510,587 | 1, 254, 082 LOA = ot oe oe ae 502, 940 BDO, 39) ||MLG20E = 22> Sea eee eee secoe 539, 937 1, 298, 096 LO2be es 2-2 8 eee 510, 816 589, 064 OYSTER-SHELL PRODUCTS In 1929 oyster-shell products were manufactured at 2 plants in Rhode Island, 1 in Connecticut, 5 in New Jersey, 4 in Pennsylvania, 7 in Maryland, 7 in Virginia, 2 in North Carolina, 4 in South Carolina, 2 in Florida, 2 in Alabama, 6 in Mississippi, 5 in Louisiana, 2 in Texas, ee CO : d and 1 in California—a total of 50 plants or 3 more than in 1928. — These plants produced 262,232 tons of crushed oyster-shell for poultry feed valued at $2,223,853 and 72,534 tons of oyster-shell lime valued at $300,646—a total of 334,766 tons valued at $2,524,499. Compared with the total production of these products in 1928, there was an increase of 9 per cent in quantity and 3 per cent in value. The com- bined production in Louisiana, Texas, and California accounted for 44 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 757 per cent of the total quantity and 48 per cent of the total value. The shells taken in Louisiana, as well as those in California, are mainly from reefs containing deposits of many thousands of tons of dead oyster shells. Whole and crushed shells are often used for road-building purposes, although crushed shells are used mainly for poultry feed, and the shell dust resulting from the crushing operation is sold as lime. The value of the production in 1929 was somewhat greater than the average for the years 1921 to 1928, although the production has remained fairly constant throughout this period. Production of oyster shell products, 1929 Ytatoc Crushed oyster shell Pe ATT ser a Mote States for poultry feed Oyster-shell lime Total Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Penn- Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value SUING ee ee ee eee 6, 947 $71, 780 1, 990 $9, 176 8, 937 $80, 956 ACLS Viet ee ee 8, 073 77, 283 2, 258 | 9, 576 10, 331 86, 859 ETA lS 2s eee ee 41, 908 319, 991 20, 217 | 54, 444 62, 125 374, 435 Virginia, North Carolina, and South TOMM eta ee ne 2 Oe fee). 28, 427 266,173 | 1 25,378 179, 184 53, 805 445, 357 mionidaand.Alabama.=. 2-2 ----5. =. _- 16, 427 112, 349 4, 180 | 9, 445 20, 607 121, 794 SSI SSID) lee ee Oe a 27, 670 202, 132 4, 518 | 4,418 32, 188 206, 550 Louisiana, Texas, and California_______ 132,780 | 1,174, 145 13,993 | 34,403 | 146,773] 1,208,548 Motale 2 8s te A eel See 8 262, 232-| 2, 223, 853 72, 534 | 300, 646 | -334, 766 2, 524, 499 ! 1 Of this amount, 13,545 tons valued at $115,474 were reported as ‘‘burned”’ lime. Production of oyster-shell products, 1921 to 1929 a Crushed oyster-shell . Year for poultry feed Oyster-shell lime Total Tons Value Tons Value Value USpAl De = SMS See SE eee oS eee ee ee 185, 474 | $1, 759, 120 73, 764 $502, 634 $2, 261, 754 OD DEES SS See SOA aa eh et POOP 236, 021 2, 005, 838 93, 168 431, 213 2, 437, 051 PSR SS EE: SAR ek ee Fa, ee 224,983 | 1,986,249 | 83,808 | 372,286 | 2, 358, 535 1 Rte et ae a isla A ee ia it 3 ee Hh 219, 211 2, 019, 254 70, 269 | 336, 384 2, 355, 638 (2 Be Ss See ee Gc es SLT EE 226, 971 2, 075, 057 67, 818 303, 261 2, 378, 318 2) ee ae eee Aree ee 2 eee ee 251, 166 2, 379, 141 57, 232 | 207, 019 2, 586, 160 Toit, as SE ee eee 0? as Ce ee ee 249, 959 2, 332, 065 69, 560 | 268,985 | 2,601, 050 Ri Pet ee Nd 2 a ee 8 Se 237, 305 2, 155, 985 68, 708 303, 439 2, 459, 424 ap een. ope t ey Os Gee se 262,232 | 2,293,853 | 72,534 300,646 | 2, 524,499 FRESH-WATER MUSSEL-SHELL PRODUCTS In 1929 statistics of the fresh-water mussel shell industry were obtained for the first time in connection with the canned fishery products and by-products survey. The value of the products of this industry amounted to $6,144,515. Of this value pearl buttons alone accounted for 94 per cent. The remaining 6 per cent consisted of crushed shell for poultry feed, lime, cut shells, stucco, and colored shell and colored shell chips used for decorative purposes. The total production of finished pearl buttons amounted to 20,205,073 gross valued at $5,795,863. The production in Iowa alone accounted for 67 per cent of the quantity and 71 per cent of the value of the buttons. Iowa also accounted for the greater portion of the production of other products. Mussel shells utilized in the above production amounted to 54,352,- 000 pounds, valued at $1,324,919. Shells were taken in 19 States in the Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes region. The larger producing 758 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES States were Tennessee with 21 per cent of the total shells; Arkansas, 20 per cent; Michigan, 10 per cent; Iowa, 8 per cent; Indiana, 8 per cent; Illinois, 8 per cent; and Wisconsin, 7 per cent. Production of fresh-water mussel-shell products, 1929 Items Iowa Other States Total Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value ——- Pearl buttons__.--._-_- gross__| 13, 559,994 | $4,129,158 | 6,645,079 | $1, 666, 705 | 20,205,073 | $5,795,863 _ Crushed shell for panies feed SRA ee es Sa tons_- 11, 329 127, 227 443 3, 330 11, 772 130, 557 Lime 222225 eee doz 1, 362 1, 951 195 550 1, 557 2, 501 Other products !___.__..do_-_-- 25,014 | 2215, 594 (2) (2) 5, 014 215, 594 Totals. 22h ee eee 4 47a. Oa0d|no-sa==2-a5 1670; 585) oe seeeseee 6, 144, 515 1 Include cut shells, stucco and colored shells and colored shell chips used for decorative purposes. 2? A small production made in other States has been included with Iowa. MENHADEN INDUSTRY In 1929, 1 menhaden factory was operated in Connecticut, 1 in New York, 2 in New Jersey, 2 in Delaware, 12 in Virginia, 12 in North Carolina, 1 in South Carolina, 1 in Georgia, and 5 in Florida— a total of 37 factories, or 3 more than in 1928. These plants utilized 660,363,000 fish in the manufacture of 33,041 tons of dried scrap and meal, valued at $1,625,694; 23,089 tons of acidulated scrap, valued at $622,544, and 3,172,735 gallons of oil, valued at $1,381,816, making a total value for these products of $3,630,054. This is an increase of 6 per cent in value over that for the previous year, but is considerably under the production for several of the years during the past decade. As a result of increased activities in the menhaden industry in Florida, the value of the products in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida accounted for 32 per cent of the total value of all menhaden products. Virginia accounted for 30 per cent, North Carolina, 23 per cent; and Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware, 15 per cent. Fish utilized and products of the menhaden industry, 1929 Products States Menhaden sa Dry scrap and : : y oe Acidulated serap Oil Total Connecticut, New | York, New Jersey, Number Tons Value Tons Value Gallons Value Value and Delaware_-__-__- 69, 164, 000 1, 517 $74, 574 4, 605 |$146, 833 PA 105 $311, 597 $533, 004 Virginia. 250 ee 173, 294;'000)|! 126281" "602,201 16-2 o 22 ae ee 107, 077 486, 996 | 1, 089, 287 North Carolina_-_-..- 146, 840, 000 7, 103 | 347, 894 5, 887 | 158, 184 Tae 722 323, 904 829, 982 South Carolina, | Georgia, and Blorida+---c 5s 271, 065, 000 | 11,793 | 600,935 | 12,597 | 317,527] 606,831 | 259,319 | 1,177, 781 Totals a |! 660,363, 000 |? 33,041 1 625, 694 | 23,089 | 622, 544 | 3,172,735 | 1, 381, 816 | 3, 630, 054 | | 1 396,217,800 pounds. ? Of this quantity, 24,189 tons, valued at $1,150,509 were reported as dry scrap, and 8,852 tons, valued at $475,185, as fish meg al. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 759 Products of the menhaden industry, 1921 to 1929 Year Dried scrap and meal} Acidulated scrap Oil Total | Tons Value | Tons | Value | Gallons Value Value EPS 8 eS 37, 858 | $1,380,455 | 44, 804 | $905, 640 6, 260, 478 | $1, 719, 892 $4, 005, 987 1 DEE gk SRR Ee aes ee 67, 821 2, 665, 441 25, 755 | | 556, 317 7, 102, 677 2, 904, 833 6, 126, 591 OMS BAe Sp eee 43, 452 2, 029, 406 44, 935 | 1,064, 870 7, 461, 365 3, 316, 277 6, 410, 553 2 ee ee ee 21, 008 996, 866 24, 409 495, 684 3, 923, 904 1, 817, 626 3, 310, 176 Sa ee } 30, 167 1,519, 458 41, 463 1, 102,051 | 6,023, 108 3: 001, 106 5, 622, 615 2h Se ie 24, 226 1, 164, 396 23, 553 548, 204 3, 942, 821 1, 729, 160 3, 441, 760 een re ak 26, 417 1, 406, 915 19, 984 | 566, 590 | 3, 957, 068 | L 716, 474 3, 689, 979 A Se 24,681 | 1,453,651 | 20,028) 531,238 | 3,585,569 | 1,455,376 | 3,440, 265 BOOMER ates oe = oe 33,041 | 1,625,694 | 23, 089 i 622, 544 | 3,172,735 1,381,816 | 3, 630,054 TIGHT-PACK CUT HERRING TRADE During 1929 there were 13,843 barrels of tight-pack cut herring, valued at $84,204, packed in Maryland and Virginia. Of this amount, 13,013 barrels, valued at $79,079, were prepared in Virginia, and 830 barrels, valued at $5,125, in Maryland. There were 26 firms engaged i in the industry, 23 of which were in Virginia and 3 in Maryland. Of those in Virginia, 21 were in Lancaster and Northumberland Counties. PACKAGED-FISH TRADE Fresh, frozen, and smoked packaged fish were prepared in 1929 in 6 plants i in Maine, 55 in Massachusetts, 1 in Connecticut, 28 in New York, 9 in Virginia, 1 in North Carolina, 3 in Florida, 1 in Alabama, 1 in Pennsylvania, 3 in Washington, 2 in Oregon, and 2 in California—a total of 112 plants, or an increase of 27 over those operated in 1928. The production of packaged fish in 1929 amounted to 84,396,505 pounds, valued at $14,812,987, as compared with 65,245,376 pounds, valued at $9,790,024 for 1928. This represents an increase of 29 per cent in amount and 51 per cent in value. It has been estimated that to produce the packaged-fish products prepared in 1929, 212,000,000 pounds of whole fish were utilized. ‘ According to quantity, by far the most important fish packaged was haddock, which accounted for 85 per cent of the total quantity prepared. Following in order were cod with 4 per cent of the total, hake with 3 per cent, squeteague with 2 per cent, and cusk with 1 per cent. About 20 other species were packaged in smaller quantities. Prominent among these species of less importance were flounders and croakers. The combined production of Massachusetts and Connecticut accounted for 85 per cent of the total output; New York, 9 per cent; Virginia and North Carolina combined, 3 per cent; and Maine, 2 per cent. The total production in all other States amounted to less than 1 per cent of the total. Considered according to the method of preparation, fillets accounted for 93 per cent; dressed or pan-dressed fish, 4 per cent; and sticks, 3 per cent. The production of steaks and tenderloins amounted to less than one-half of 1 per cent. Of the total quantity, 72 per cent were marketed fresh, 26 per cent frozen, and 2 per cent smoked. 760 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Production of fresh, frozen, and smoked packaged fish in the United States, 1929 . : Massachusetts and Species Maine Connlenticat New York Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value 00+. eo. 2a Be ee = 335, 500 $60, 340 2, 309, 251 $392, 368 1 840, 000 1 $148, 300 Gasic: fe pave sare eae! 211,100 | 37,527 | 1,013,327 147, 037 |2222.22.222| Flounders, including ‘‘sole,”’ “‘dabs,’’ and ‘‘ California hali- DuGheet. ete aan = eae ee 14, 000 2, 740 366, 731 104, 584 159, 500 42, 515 Haddock) t= eee eee 891, 572 141, 427 | 63, 912, 492 | 11, 427, 218 6, 171, 000 1, 103, 400 Hakes42stcee. aoe. ee ae 275, 250 46, 792 2, 164, 074 294, 538 177, 000 25, 530 Halibut Sd Eee ee es ee () 8) es Noe eee | ee re Mackereli 2. "> 25. Seen ale he OE 2 | ere 16, 416 3,929 «| ss oe eee Pollock:- 222-22. 224 4arcte teal. Ci eab el Eee 412, 245 46,429 | eens | eee Woltish: 2222-26), ate Peel Sepia aie foes.) | Cae 45, 081 10; 911"|- 22 Re S| eee Miscellanegus*: =. 2 5 |e a | eee 1, 573, 714 236,307 |. = eee Total 22s) ee 1,727,422 | 288, 826 | 71,813,331 | 12, 663,321 | 7,347,500 | 1,319, 745 GapnNE Florida, Ala- Washington, Species Sartaie cues bama, and Oregon, and Total Pennsylvania California Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value Pounds Value Buttertisnese-=- 2 ee 466600) 17,080) | ee ee pee yee ee | ee 46, 660 $7, 080 Cods3e as es ere (1) (1) Le 2 ESOP ol PE SEE ee 2 Lee ee 3, 484, 751 601, 008 TORR OR a2 eee ok Sea 649;,844). (69: 710/53. 28) Seek oe Ne eee eee 649, 844. 69, 710 Ousk2 25 -_ oc dese eco a os ah | BORD | Ee 1, 224, 427 184, 564 Flounders, including ‘‘sole,”’ | “‘dabs,’’ and “California | halipntt ss. ieee as | 67, 950 923, 331 221, 518 Grouners. =r one = eee a ee 33, 000 6, 450 Haddocks 2.202 2- | 391, 715 71, 366, 779 |12, 731, 593 Hake! - 4e ees ee 4 epee ae 2, 616, 324 366, 860 Halipiitssse ss ee eee mee 183, 282 37, 191 Mackerel 3-225 Saree hee PLE Se 16, 416 3, 929 Pollock <2. 8227s tt nae ee (ES ee 412, 245 46, 429 Salmon toes oA | ae 30, 759 6, 637 Snapper, red!s22 Sel eee 45, 500 10, 625 DOU os eee eee 10, 700 10, 700 1, 665 Squetesgues: ie 1b eee 1, 324, 332 1, 324, 332 165, 896 Wolffish:.3.<2 = Shake 028 bi poe | 45, 081 10, 911 Miscellaneous 3_____________- 22,300 | 2,350 |178, 050 | 57,881 | 209,010 | 44,383 | 1, 983, 074 340, 921 oS NG) 9 Re PA SAS al 2,513, 501 |313, 720 |256, 550 | 74,956 | 738, 201 |152, 419 |484, 396, 505 |14, 812, 987 ! A small amount of cod packaged in Virginia has been included with New York. 2 7 mall amount of halibut packaged in Massachusetts has been included with Washington, Oregon, and California. ‘ Includes barracuda, blue pike, ‘“‘lingcod,” rockfish, sablefish, seabass, snook, whiting, yellow perch, and other species, ‘ 4 Of this amount, 78,413,938 pounds, valued at $13,950,601, were fillets; 3,291,094 pounds, valued at $419,430 were dressed or pan-dressed; 230,259 pounds, valued at $46,279, were steaks; 2,400,214 pounds, valued at $382,987, were sticks; and 61,000 pounds, valued at $13,700, were tenderloins. Of the total quantity of fillets prepared, 55,095,723 pounds, valued at $9,800,803, were fresh; 21,632,860 pounds, valued at $3,877,319 were frozen; and 1,685,355 pounds, valued at $272,479, were smoked. Of the steaks, all were marketed frozen, with the exception of 15,000 pounds, valued at $3,000, which were fresh. Only a small amount of dressed and pan-dressed fish were frozen, all the remaining fish in this group as well as those in the stick and tenderloin groups being marketed fresh. FROZEN-FISH TRADE FISH FROZEN In 1929 the freezing plants in the United States and Alaska, report- ing their activities to the Government, packed 121,542,589 pounds of frozen fishery products. These products, at the time they were held in cold-storage plants, were estimated to be valued at $15,000,000. This is the largest frozen pack of fishery products on record and exceeded the volume of the pack in 1928 by 7 per cent. Over one- half of the pack consisted of six species of fish. Listed in order of importance they were: Halibut, with 12 per cent of the total; salmon, FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 761 10 per cent; mackerel, 9 per cent; cod, haddock, haddock fillets, hake, and pollock, 9 per cent; whiting, 7 per cent; and sea herring, 7 per cent. Considerable quantities of shellfish, squid, croaker, butterfish, and lake herring also were frozen. Frozen squid and sea herring are marketed primarily for bait, although quantities of each are used for human consumption. The above does not represent the entire amount of ground fish frozen during 1929, for it must be borne in mind that the above figures are obtained mainly from public freezing plants that report their operations to the Government. During late years an increasing number of privately owned establishments have been preparing frozen package fishery products, and many of these did not begin reporting their activities to the Government until late in the fall of 1929. However, an idea of the production of frozen package fish MILLIONS OF POUNDS 10 i) 20 PRODUCT § [Se ee HALIBUT SALMON MACKEREL COD, HADDOCK, Ee eee HAKE,POLLOCK' WHITING SEA HERRING SHELLFISH SQUID BUTTERFISH CISCO (LAKE HERRIN CROAKER 25 3 SABLEFISH WEAKFISH LAKE TROUT WHITEFISH ALL OTHER FIGURE 8.—Production of frozen fishery products in the United States and Alaska, 1929. Salmon includes steelhead trout; sea herring in- cludes alewives and bluebacks; cisco includes bluefin, blackfin, and chub may be gained from the review of the package fish trade in 1929, which appears on pages — and — of thisreport. In brief, according to this, the frozen pack of packaged fishery products in 1929 amounted to 21,849,120 pounds, valued at $3,920,688. This is an increase of 71 per cent when compared with the volume of these products packed in 1928. Among the important species, by volume, frozen in 1929, that of frozen ground fish increased 130 per cent over the production of this group in 1928. That of sea herring increased 37 per cent, and halibut 12 percent. The pack of other important species fared less well, for, that of mackerel decreased 2 per cent; chinook salmon, 12 per cent; silver salmon, 20 per cent; and whiting, 16 per cent. Some of the minor species show increases of 50 to over 100 per cent. On the whole there were greater quantities of the various salt-water species frozen in 1929 than in the preceding year, and lesser quantities of the fresh- water species. 762 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES That part of the catch of a species of fish which is to be frozen is determined by the kind of fish, its adaptability for preserving in certain manners, the locality of capture, and custom. Also, freezing sometimes is an intermediate step in preservation, especially with sturgeon and whitefish, as quantities of these are frozen and later smoked. While no complete figures are available over a period of years of the amount of certain species of fish frozen annually compared with their catch, it is certain that each year the ratio of amount frozen to catch is increasing with many species, such as whiting, halibut, salmon, cod, and haddock. As with the preservation of other food products, the actual season for freezing fishery products coincides with the season when the prod- uct is in abundance, and this season varies with the fish preserved. Halibut are in season from February 15 to November 15; mackerel, April to December; whiting, May to December; salmon, April to December; croaker, February to November; butterfish, May to No- vember; ground fish and herring, all yar; and so on. Asa general rule, most of the species fro- zen are in abundance during the six warm months of the year. During 1929 nearly three- fourths of the frozen pack was put up during the months of June to November, inclusive. The amount fro- zen during August was larg- SOUTH CENTRA est, and accounted for 15 per cent of the total. The Prous 9.—Preduation of ious fubery Products im the amounts frozen) CominemeEe months of June, July, and November were about equal, each accounting for about 12 per cent of the total. A comparatively small amount was frozen during the months from January to May, inclusive. The least quantity was frozen in March. From May on the volume of the trade increased and continued at a high level until November. During the latter period about 15,000,000 pounds were packed monthly on the average which was about three times the average monthly freezings for the early period of the year—January to May. The action of the trade in 1929 was practically a duplicate of a normal year as to the season when the trade was at its highest and lowest levels. The New England section led in the volume of fish frozen during 1929, for 39,511,000 pounds were put up there, which was about one- third of the total pack. Ground fish, mackerel, whiting, herring, and squid accounted for 81 per cent of the entire pack in this section. In the Pacific section, including Alaska, 33,318,000 pounds were frozen, which is somewhat more than one-fourth of the total pack. Salmon and halibut were the leading species preserved in this section, these accounting for 70 per cent of the production in this section. In the Middle Atlantic section 24,944,000 pounds were frozen, or about one- fifth of the total. A large variety of diversified species were frozen here, although those most predominant were mackerel, butterfish, whiting, weakfish, and shellfish. The freezers in this section preserved NORTH CENTRAL WEST FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 763 large quantities of fish produced by traps along the New Jersey coast. In the North Central East section 10 per cent of the total was frozen. Here the predominant species were lake herring, lake trout, and whitefish. The other sections during 1929 were relatively unim- portant in the trade and froze small quantities of fish common to each section. The freezing plants in the New England section were busiest from June to November, inclusive. Those in the Pacific section during August, September, and October; those in the Middle Atlantic section during June and November with the amount frozen during the other months of the year being somewhat uniform and at a fairly high level. Those plants in the North Central East section were busiest during June, November, and December; and those in the other sections were busiest mostly during the summer or late fall. Production of frozen fishery products, 1929 BY SPECIES AND MONTHS Month ended the 15th of— Species | January | February} March April May June July Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pownds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds Bluefish (all trade sizes) ____--_ 13, 956 10, 242 22710 4, 452 3, 917 104, 538 245, 816 Butterfish (all trade sizes) - ---- 660 3, 817 7S) eee ee 180, 756 | 1, 263, 168 781, 716 NGG SS US ees eee 96, 042 31, 752 8, 277 10, 765 13, 220 49, 330 91, 597 Misco (Lake Erie) -.=_.-------- 6, 841 108 14871) Be oe 3, 199 26, 327 45, 358 Cisco (lake herring), including bluefin, blackfin, and chub__| 90, 089 45, 128 46, 279 21, 479 46, 664 115, 333 | 53, 584 Cisco (tullibees, Canadian BRIO) pao? Se 2 2 =. tt 114, 564 | 127,596 | 117, 628 27, 958 5, 577 79, 286 41, 831 Cod, haddock, hake, pollock_--| 332, 378 85, 322 220, 026 623, 813 712, 390 931, 547 910, 501 Croaker-___- a) 8, 770 34, 325 12, 755 837, 524 39, 176 318, 383 265, 880 iounders_ =.= =~ 22. -—_ -| 43, 145 37, 444 15,670 | 183,457 | 208, 001 412, 389 166, 922 Halibut (all trade sizes) 204,641 | 193,346! 538,128 | 596,533 |1, 989,158 | 1,974, 447 | 1, 718, 635 Herring, sea (including ale- wives and bluebacks)-------- 168, 054 | 773,519 | 761,518 | 446,707 | 501,872 581, 597 326, 164 MaKe: trotters oe eee el 40, 160 31, 879 12, 885 58, 628 29, 945 103, 958 57, 716 Mackerel (except Spanish) 232, 401 164, 053 155, 387 56, 157 252,409 | 1,567,377 | 3, 496, 470 Pike, blue and sauger_--_------ 10, 648 450 10, 184 1, 404 15, 621 62, 589 44, 055 Pike, yellow or wall-eyed____-- 16, 695 5, 242 6, 623 53 13, 185 35, 635 46, 867 Pike (including pickerel, jacks, and yellow jack) --.._-_------ 44,199 | 128,115 31, 772 93, 681 21, 310 23, 958 14, 863 Sablefish (black cod) -_-------- 27, 183 32, 798 16, 860 12, 695 47, 284 77, 154 170, 691 Samon, chinook...-.---.-=--- 3, 560 25 D800| ae a ee eee 50, 430 157, 923 414, 532 BeNOR Silver_ <= — = -_--=.== 198, 228 153, 929 94, 312 2, 607 28, 070 108, 819 380, 964 Salmon, fall and pink________-_- 75, 014 108, 579 37, 475 5, 978 20, 443 3, 694 13, 306 Salmon, steelhead trout__----- 191, 448 8, 749 ARS ea 6, 407 20, 960 228, 892 Sermon, all opner: —..-_--.2-=—- 64,216 | 76,525 69, 348 12,164 | 100,776 298, 694 487, 864 Ptertp: (DOrzies)=_ == --=-.-.-..- 11, 441 303 3 loSn|sses ee 132, 979 399, 567 184, 907 Baad and shad roe-..._---.-.-- 22, 542 59, 033 18, 031 11, 430 92, 451 168, 596 22, 103 ° GL Sees eee 296, 174 531, 049 166, 736 113, 627 147, 012 326, 629 398, 832 Smelts, eulachon, etc____-__-___ 382, 938 515, 291 126, 471 53, 713 6, 786 35, 449 110 > STN es 24,907 | 16,210 9,262 | 64,008 895,990 | 1, 713, 732 280, 989 Sturgeon and spoonbill cat___- 12, 682 4, 308 747 7, 260 41, 556 81, 266 175, 930 CLR Se Re ee 4,119 | 11,300 8, 606 9, 966 544 63, 487 2, 810 Weakfish (including southern MSCANUEOUL: jee e202 ees 137,010 | 108, 599 81, 216 69,599 | 141, 689 251, 081 245, 608 | CRTEGTER Fig OR OS Se ere 48, 880 77, 337 70, 934 117, 268 90, 580 247, 501 225, 083 Whiting eee ee ye ie aan 395, 382 29, 849 138, 574 14, 205 124, 197 989, 845 | 2, 343, 868 Miscellaneous frozen fish_____- 1,192,496 | 724,873 | 572,194 |1, 834, 338 |1, 039,921 | 1, 788,818 | 1, 948, 964 TOC ee ae ee 4, 511, 463 |4, 127, 650 |3, 368, 622 |5, 241,469 7, 003, 515 (14, 383, 077 |15, 833, 428 764 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Production of frozen fishery products, 1929—Continued BY SPECIES AND MONTHS—Continued Bluefish (all trade sizes) ______- Butterfish (all trade sizes) ____- Catfish: ©) Oykie Sere siees sete Cisco (Lake Erie) ~_-..-.-...... Cisco (lake herring), including bluefin, blackfin, and chub__ Cicso (tullibees, Canadian lakes) 7 i5t ists) eee rey Cod, haddock, hake, pollock _- Croaker-1t. 252. Sea Halibut (all trade sizes) _______ Herring, sea (including ale- wives and bluebacks)-_-______ ake: trout. 25738 tt ee Mackerel (except Spanish) ____ Pike, blue and sauger_________ Pike, yellow or wall-eyed_____ Pike (including pickerel, jacks, and yellow jack)_--_--____-- Sablefish (black cod)_________- Salmon, chinook_-__..__--_--- SALMON SIL Verse eee ee Salmon, fall and pink________- Salmon, steelhead trout______- Salmon; ‘all othert<.22 2. 2 Scup (porgies)* S— = e Shad and shad roe_--_-__-__-__-- StelGsht es Se. I ee Smelts, eulachon, etc_________-_ Squid=/ eee aes | ee Se Sturgeon and spoonbill cat____ Suckers. sie ee ee oh Weakfish (including southern -Seatrouty)Es2e-- 2 eee Wife Gsh 5 beso la 2. ee ee VEL Givi 2 [teed Boa FS i) eh Month ended the 15th of— November | December August | September! October Pounds Pounds Pounds 322, 510 101, 487 51, 486 208, 005 228, 867 58, 368 200, 933 90, 737 37, 545 35, 040 122, 448 20, 449 219, 299 268, 544 177, 663 45, 391 9, 766 25, 432 1, 607, 654 | 1,151,800 | 1, 299, 499 927, 900 382, 583 19, 892 102, 883 50, 478 111, 058 1, 672, 398 | 2,007,878 | 1,577, 118 815, 194 922, 951 619, 538 138, 159 116, 266 204, 338 1, 519, 823 1, 233, 425 2, 045, 169 15, 105 17, 168 194, 798 21, 903 60, 695 28, 793 29, 416 54, 245 83, 674 197, 103 354, 222 444, 761 328, 405 289, 558 179, 607 1, 354, 529 740, 471 960, 931 354, 874 79, 229 553, 742 389, 363 221, 828 60, 076 423, 604 369, 428 319, 360 281, 083 47, 818 840 96, 948 61, 304 2, 009 244, 416 464, 927 473, 653 1, 160 13, 623 17, 548 353, 377 255, 191 6, 298 46, 653 133, 058 20, 530 1, 216 15, 965 16, 857 386, 403 438, 812 164, 494 214, 010 164, 334 77, 424 2, 372, 997 298, 065 292, 948 2, 631, 700 2, 003, 377 1, 683, 629 17, 559, 454 | 12, 770, 548 | 11, 829, 527 Pounds 15, 644 177, 118 92, 165 27, 762 896, 099 117, 564 2, 091, 704 20, 567 173, 076 499, 287 1, 773, 554 1, 004, 943 297, 631 305, 919 19, 484 92, 950 762, 756 10, 091 746, 061 1, 121, 291 12, 817 111, 642 3, 686 8, 008 971, 739 39, 506 129, 198 634, 250 12, 099 90, 831 429, 189 840, 610 1, 814, 028 15, 343, 269 Pounds 7, 631 27, 810 142, 634 50, 833 949, 988 27, 070 1, 213, 325 10, 241 86, 470 1, 111, 661 717, 871 937, 272 281, 172 214, 316 1, 355 8, 541 193, 326 9, 570, 567 Total Pounds 883, 954 2, 932, 606 864, 997 339, 852 2, 930, 149 739, 663 11, 179) 959 2, 877, 996 1, 540, 993 14, 083, 230 8, 408, 539 2; 036, 149 11, 301, 474 892, 257 256, 530 626, 724 2, 336, 833 1, 489, 542 4, 859, 836 2, 542, 648 1, 175, 172 2; 374, 141 1, 065, 782 603, 350 4, 620, 508 1, 316, 163 3, 785, 671 1, 176, 221 147, 819 2, 145, 746 1, 961, 625 8, 834, 081 19, 212, 379 121, 542, 589 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 765 Production of frozen fishery products, 1929—Continued BY GEOGRAPHICAL SECTIONS AND SPECIES ! [Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] New |Middle| South | North | North) | Species Eng- | Atlan- | Atlan- re 1. eal! C E 1 Pacific | Total land tie tic ay ey entra East West | = Bluefish (all trade sizes) _.--_.-------- 10 775 19 71 7 7) a i oe 884 Butterfish (all trade sizes)___-____-__- 424 | 2,261 218 | 30) [See |S en ee 2, 933 LIS Se Se ee ee 9 120 202 295 | 189) (eee 865 Cisco (Lake Erie) BOR eae | Q)|Seteee eee 1 340 Cisco (lake herring), including blue- mieblackin, and chip. 2.-2--2.--.-|-<.<==-- AOR ete sera 1, 690 1 Sym params Fat obese Deo 2, 930 Cisco (tullibees, Canadian lakes) _____ 41 401 a2 oe 205 916 wy 740 Cod, haddock, hake, pollock - -_------ 9, 491 632 17 111 669 17 243 | 11,180 —VOSIRE S228 ee ee ee ee eer 1, 096 1, 568 DTAM ce Ses ee ee ea 2, 878 Manan ders. a ee ee AD (0343) C4 Now eee 5 1 li fee eae 31 1, 541 Halibut (all trade sizes) ....---------- 299 G54 | Sen ee 780 79 1 | 12,270 | 14, 083 Herring, sea (including alewives and ILA DOCKS) eet eee ee 5, 230 473 1 621 Si eae 2, 027 8, 409 ea estrOUt ee oe a 2 ieee 1, 686 169 PAY et Mid ot 2, 036 Mackerel (except Spanish) -_________- SSO Tal) S14 O80 eeece nee 118 Obalboee. 2 423 | 11,301 Pike. blueand Sauger...__....--.-22. 10 AQ a 363 1 16 15 | 892 Pike, yellow. or wall-eyed'_.-.-.------|_----==_ SOE: 172 7 vate eal ie eRe | 256 Pike (including pickerel, jack and TTL CITC oo ee Ee ee ee ee Bi le Pee 413 [Sit eee ee | Sree 627 Brrenishs (lack: COG) sas se an ee | Be eve er eee 36 >a) ee 2, 276 2, 337 maton CHINOOK 2222 o- === gee a b} 577 Noe 43 Sree 1,415 1, 490 EINOUSILVOr ott oe ee an 51 Dba 55 97 | eee 4, 519 4, 860 BUtENTIONTY pI Kee ne 12 59 17 95 1539) eee 2, 344 2, 543 malmon:; steelhead troute_-..-..--=-=.|_--.--=- (=| lac eee Si |S cee athe eae en ae ee 1,168 | 1,175 SRENTON al OUneLs-- = ee ee 50 7a | SSee ee 110 DON |e eee 2, 017 2, 374 Sempi(porgies) =.=: 22 se 237 $18;,|booce2 2 2 oe eae | 1,066 Maadrandishad| roes..- =e 110 232 4 65 zh ee eS 188 603 Siig biti: Se 394 1, 503 524 868 206 5 1, 120 4, 620 Smelts eulachonnete 2-2-2222. 22-8 S1t | OOO ease = 83 il boca late 101 1, 316 ‘SUT LS pp ie ee OV EG all male O86 een 32 P| a ae | po ae 3, 786 Sturgeon and spoonbill cat __________-'_----_-- 954 9 32 45 38 98 1, 176 ickons meet a sen ty es Se ea ia | reece ee 141 2 >t (Pes 8 148 Weakfish (including southern ‘‘sea EOL ia Pee ee ee ee eee bs GayAl 57D) | eee eee ae Sales Eee 2, 146 SMINILOLStiee reese ce 208 TT oe 15 O12) ee 1, 149 223 Sh. eee Sa 1, 962 Vote” 2 eee 6, 379 2, 234 9 9 202 | eee ee 8, 834 Miscellaneous frozen fish_____________ 5, 054 3, 267 2, 584 2, 494 886 1, 867 3, 060 19, 212 LN) PL ac ee at ae oe ee 39, 511 | 24, 944 5,665 | 11, 904 4, 058 2, 143 | 33,318 | 121, 543 BY GEOGRAPHICAL SECTIONS AND MONTHS ! [Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] : | North North Month ended the New Middle | South | 3 South : 15th of— England | Atlantic | Atlantic | Central, Central, Central | Pacific Total | ast West ORAS ee eee 383 1, 376 119 780 779 108 | 966 4, 511 Mebruanyo2 2 242. | 76 1, 398 58 | 912 154 78 1, 452 4, 128 March Se ae eee 224 728 23 407 102 102 1, 783 3, 369 \(00) eee ere em 821 1, 272 840 510 159 388 1, 251 5, 241 iy es es a 2; 122 1, 388 231 | 264 160 116 2, 723 7, 004 TiS Se ae ee a ae 4,973 4, 042 507 1, 803 84 225 | 2, 749 14, 383 | lh eee Ee ae ae 8, 375 2, 427 647 718 211 208 | 3, 247 15, 833 PREPS Ge enh eo 7, 920 2, 670 1, 044 | 594 442 299 4, 590 17, 559 September2-25._.22_- 4, 418 2, 084 575 958 356 194 4, 186 IDEA Bictopers==22 3 see! 3, 888 1, 788 167 831 333 119 4, 704 11, 830 November. = 222. 222.4 4, 317 3, 269 520 2, 620 730 145 3, 742 15, 343 Mecemper._ ==. 22-2 = 1, 994 2, 502 934 1, 507 548 161 | 1, 925 9, 571 otal 235. 8s 39, 511 24, 944 5, 665 11, 904 4, 058 2, 143 33, 318 121, 543 1 New England includes the six States of that section; Middle Atlantic—New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida; North Central, East—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi- gan, and Wisconsin; North Central, West—Minnesota, lowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas; South Central—Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas; Pacific—Washington, Oregon, California, and Alaska. 766 U. S. BOREAU OF FISHERIES Production of frozen fishery products in various years, 1920 to 1929 [Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] Month ended the 15th of— Year January | February} March April May June July 1920) tot 2a os om aS oe 2, 291 2, 274 2, 630 2, 465 3, 688 10, 094 12, 762 1 A 7.3 eee Spire Sa Se rete aS Se 4, 005 2, 843 1, 770 2, 413 2, 698 9, 624 10, 151 CP eee es Te RE ae 7 2, 442 1, 453 1, 364 1, 497 1, 980 5, 850 7, 376 pL! 7 Ae ne ee Poe 2, 742 1, 662 1, 412 1, 400 5, 027 7, 671 11, 872 1924 see Anse Ce ee 3,179 2, 440 2, 417 2, 729 6, 040 8, 282 11, 996 19254 Se hes ee ee ee 3, 933 2, 193 3, 488 4,315 5, 857 10, 800 11, 221 1928) ee ee ie See ee ee ae 2, 349 2, 849 4, 542 2, 202 5, 518 18, 415 16, 046 1920+ = Sect eee 4, 511 4, 128 3, 369 5, 241 7, 004 14, 383 15, 833 Month ended the 15th of— Year ae = a Total eptem- ovem- ecem- August Hes October Nan ae 1920) See Ve eae ee eee 13, 620 11, 804 11, 169 9, 712 9, 751 92, 260 1174 ae al a) Se SE 2 Mia os ae 9, 845 9, 356 9, 990 9, 869 8, 173 80, 737 Rs eS eet 3 = eee 9, 121 10, 827 16, 830 9, 344 7, 070 75, 154 ee es ei be eee eee 3. 944 16, 417 12, 512 6, 952 9, 938 91, 549 A 9 EE i 8 Lo ee aoe ee 15, 542 10, 585 14, 878 10, 855 8, 381 97, 324 120) Soc eee sees Seace Soe eunes seeeaeeees 10, 902 11, 595 8, 593 11, 718 6, 550 91, 165 Rae ae ee Sa et oe ee eee 17, 130 11, 263 9, 373 13, 403 10, 548 113, 638 O20 So 2 See wae e ase ke eae ee aeasee 17, 559 LZ AL 11, 830 15, 343 9, 571 121) 543 Production of frozen fishery products in 1929 and 1928, compared Increase dee or oe ecrease Species 1929 1928 —) 1929 aaieeen with 1928 Pounds Pounds Per cent Blueish: (all trade'sizes) | -=-<)- 2 2235-5 82s ses eee ee 883, 954 687, 966 +2! Butterfish (all trade sizes)is:vc<2 545 os 2s See ee eee 2, 932, 606 1, 477, 405 +98 Gatfish => 52020 i ee Sata 1 ees eee 864, 997 457, 666 +89 Cisco (Lake Erie) 2.22 )242025--S8- t e e eerees 339, 852 645, 455 —47 Cisco (lake herring), including bluefin, blackfin, and chub___--- 2, 930, 149 2, 061, 152 +42 Cisco (tullibees,; Canadian (lakes) 2.2 =) See ee sae 739, 663 1, 303, 409 —43 Cod, haddock, hake; pollock 230 = es ee eee 11, 179, 959 4, 854, 217 +130 Croaker 222-2 -<<=.2-2 0-8: = 1 I ee ee 2, 877, 996 1, 754, 454 +64 Wlounders.-. 22!) 2 eset ce ey EOL Ef eee 1, 540, 993 1, 465, 223 +5 Halibut, (all trade sizes)=0-. vasa tees Sein 14, 083, 230 | 12, 525, 445 +12 Herring, sea (including alewives and hluebacks) --_------------- 8, 408, 539 6, 152, 244 +37 Lake trout=22-- se Se 2, 036, 149 2, 537, 181 —20 Mackerel (except Spanish)=-..2.¥-= 2-2 S862-_ 5 5 bee 11, 301, 474 11, 550, 854 —2 Pike, blue:and sauger#!.22.. 222.82 222. 6 Sos eee 892, 257 1, 789, 656 —50 Pike, yellow*or wall-eyéd_.< = ee a ee eee 256, 530 349, 112 —27 Pike (including pickerel, jacks, and yellow jack)--__------------ 626, 724 874, 880 —28 Sablofish (black cod)_O8%<..=.. eh = ee eee ee 2, 336, 833 2, 106, 414 +11 Salmon, chinook: -2235325.5_ 2 65. 5 3 a 1, 489, 542 1, 689, 039 —12 Salmon, silver-2c: 227 ie es ee 4, 859, 836 6, 067, 298 —20 Salmon, falliand pink !*_--_ <2 006 t e e 2, 542, 648 2, 538, 690 (4) Salmon, steclhead trout!.... = Bess Se 1, 175, 172 1, 137, 747 +3 Salmon, all other. 2222228 226 ee eee 2, 374, 141 3, 212, 011 —26 Secup (porgies)_2_._- 22.2 Se SS eee 1, 065, 782 1, 218, 785 —13 Shad and shad roe:. 2.0 eae eS eee 603, 350 604, 451 (—) Shellfish: .-2 2.2222. 222 233 ee 4, 620, 508 6, 096, 031 —24 Smelts, eulachon, ete 3.2 eee Se eee 1, 316, 163 748, 751 +76 Squid: .s.....32-2200~ oe ee ee 3, 785, 671 6, 801, 199 —44 Sturgeon and spoonbill Cat_..- 2 Se eee 1, 176, 221 527, 100 +123 Suckers......-22..-.2. 1. Je Ae ae 147, 819 164, 817 —10 Weakfish (including southern “‘sea trout?!) Late UR ee 2, 145, 746 3, 221, 982 —34 Whitefish... 33 2 tO ee eee ee ee 1, 961, 625 1, 616, 203 +21 Whiting 025. 222202b 22 eee 8, 834, 081 10, 514, 686 —16 Misceéllancous frozen fishicc:...- Jee eS eS 19, 212, 379 14, 886, 375 +29 Total. 22282521 oe ee 121, 542,589 | 118, 637, 898 atl ‘oh FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 767 1929 Production of certain species of frozen fish for various years 1920 to 1929 | | Cod, had- Year Mackerel Salmon ! Halibut Whiting | dock, hake, and pollock a = naar = a — | Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds 4, 835, 173 7, 836, 620 10, 625, 029 10, 208, 755 3, 940, 163 2, 694, 684 10, 033, 619 | 10, 733, 803 | 5, 527, 047 1, 922, 154 6, 165, 248 12, 1438, 194 | 5, 122, 396 6, 058, 126 1, 045, 462 7, 248, 381 11, 043,424 | 10, 211, 251 8, 664, 680 | 2, 222, 677 5, 457, 676 14, 309,666 | 14, 650, 787 7, 528, 339 | 1, 862, 163 8, 948, 297 12,153,515 | 12,041,155 | 10, 152, 799 | 2, 781, 419 11, 550, 854 14, 644, 785 | 12, 525, 445 10, 514, 686 | 4, 854, 217 11, 301, 474 12, 441, 339 | 14, 083, 230 8, 834, 081 | 11, 179, 959 | 1 Including steelhead trout. fae p---— -F- = a —F7 I | | ==) | 520 ° 2. | a 15 = | s | mae Sg ee ae eae Ee =e tee [ 2 : =F 0 1 =e He 2 a : = ws > F = ; * MONTH ENDING THE iS™ OF FIGURE 10.—Fish frozen monthly in 1928 and 1929 and the 5-year average, 1921 to 1925 130 MILLIONS OF POUNDS ----! sa ADDOCOK ElGqeen 1929 FIGURE 11.—Fishery products frozen in the pried States and Alaska for various years, 1920 to) HOLDINGS During 1929 the average monthly holdings of frozen fish and shell- fish increased 4 per cent over the average monthly holdings during 1928 and 17 per cent over the 5-year average of monthly holdings. Individual monthly holdings during the year had a tendency to be 6881—31——5 768 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES above normal, for, during each month they were from 12 to 42 per — cent higher than the 5-year average. Compared with the respective Pid ris ed monthly holdings in 1928 they were 2 to 20 per cent higher during © eight months of the year and 2 or 3 per cent lower during only four months. Monthly holdings in 1929 were largest from August to December, inclusive, being in many instances more than double those for certain months from January to July, inclusive. This is — correlated? somewhat with the amounts of fish frozen in that there is — an accumulation of stocks during the summer when most fishing is — done. ‘These are then carried over until winter when there is little © fishing. At this time they are drawn upon heavily and reach a low © ebb just at the beginning of the spring fishing season. A maximum of 79,439,000 pounds were held on November 15 and a minimum of 30,174,000 pounds on May 15. Holdings during the © year averaged about 55,900,000 pounds monthly. 80+ all eae | amie | | | ee pie ee ae Sar) {24 ws > «z c > = a =< a << = = = =< JAN FEB o 2 > < 2 MONTH ENDING THE IS™ OF FIGURE 12.—Monthly holdings of frozen fish, 1926 to 1929 and 5-year average, 1921 to 1925 On the average, the monthly holdings in the New England section were greatest. In 1929 they amounted to 15,241,000 pounds. Large quantities of frozen package fish are held in this section. Monthly holdings in the Middle Atlantic section were second largest, and amounted to 14,759,000 pounds on the average, in spite of the fact this section ranked third in the amount of fish and shellfish frozen in 1929. The large holdings in this section are due to the imports from other sections (such as the Pacific Coast, North Central East, and North Central West, sections), which are stored here pending sale in the large consumption centers in the Middle Atlantic section. Monthly holdings in the Pacific section were third largest, and averaged 12,090,000 pounds. The monthly holdings in the other sections averaged between 770,000 and 7,552,000 pounds. _ 3 Holdings can not be correlated directly with the amount of fish frozen, due to the fact that we import fish frozen in Canada and Mexico and certain other countries, although general deductions can be drawn. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 769 Holdings of frozen eee babes by species and months, 1929 Month ended the 15th of— Species = = = January | February | March April | May | June Pounds | Pounds Pounds Pounds | Pounds | Pounds (all trade sizes) _._----- 581, 317 | 469, 577 359, 290 264, 792 | 203, 266 | 259, 947 Butterfish (all trade-sizes) _- ---- 708, 540 | 480, 279 295, 948 219, 435 | 353,125 | 1, 591, 095 ates Ae ee wk. 2. ee 287, 344 | 228, 472 | 116, 296 68, 890 | 59, 002 93, 924 isco. (ake, Mrie)-.....i."-25- <2 146, 444 103, 879 62, 961 52, 491 | 45, 357 40, 817 Cisco (lake herring), including bluefin, blackfin, and chub--| 1, 587, 209 773,147 | 497, 069 328,608 | 168, 409 223, 099 Cisco (tullibees, Canadian [erasyee Seren tbe) es Lee ly | 1,849,916 | 2,269,891 | 2,387,259 | 1, 942, 276 | 1, 601,880 | 1, 483, 132 Cod, haddock, hake, pollock_--| 2, 957, 609 1, 482, 275 1, 068, 767 1, 486, O11 2,021,324 | 2,969, 942 Croaker eee eee ona snes ae 495, 040 323, 622 | 87, 371 860, 775 | 415, 101 653, 170 PL OUITIE RS eerctes era elk SNES OE 826, 308 613, 677 487, 169 498, 835 | 651, 878 856, 448 Halibut (all trade sizes) ----.--- | 4,747,250 | 2,868,110 | 2,171,749 | 2,351,050 | 4,123,865 | 5, 932, 80: Herring, sea (including ale- | wives and bluebacks) - .------ 2, 196, 315 1, 846, 011 1, 963, 822 1, 694, 690 | 1, 675, 950 1, 714, 35° aeiroubesees- ote ees | 1, 878, 725 1, 342, 644 799, 555 562, 859 | 449, 751 462, 81 Mackerel (except Spanish) -- --- | 7,456,437 | 5,884,517 | 3,993,333 | 2,435,463 | 1,574,300 | 2, 886, 12° Pike, blue and sauger-----.---- 1, 129, 787 903, 019 | 638, 092 521, 219 | 448, 489 434, 57° Pike, yellow or wall-eyed-_-__-_-- 197, 407 268, 851 | 292, 535 297, 699 171, 475 209, 10° Pike (including pickerel, ye | and yellow jack) -_.-.-..-__-- 506, 881 596, 471 | 593, 234 | 690, 968 590, 529 623, Re? Sablefish (black cod)-_---.------ 1, 854, 549 1, 312, 789 | 955, 200 | 774, 558 615, 619 499, 44° palmon- chinook. .2..22-.2=2-=2 958, 353 660, 986 568, 535 | 439, 847 369, 376 457, 87t HALMNONSHVEEsteses a4 =- See sce | 4, 008, 512 2, 705, 577 1, 687, 600 837, 109 477, 510 | 470, 65 Salmon, fall and pink---------- | 1,571, 953 705, 652 706, 094 | 510, 118 | 385, 750 259, 12§ Salmon, steelhead trout ------_- 254, 462 120, 812 * 135, 205 51, 292 | 46, 200 50, Olé Salmon, all other. 1, 215, 085 1, 095, 706 830, 885 646, 604 | 586, 881 739, 83¢ Cup CPOTLiOS) 22222 - 2-5-.24==25 572, 087 427, 727 224, 569 116, 350 213, 936 586, 42€ Shadvand shadiroe.. ...-------- 482, 808 383, 559 230, 023 155, 004 218, 127 370, 061 SLEGINLE GC) Pet ee ee 2,781, 906 2, 866, 164 2, 334, 026 1,768,016 | 1,505,485 | 1, 562, 262 Smelts, eulachon, etc.---------- 648,125 | 1,049,351 | 1,341, 806 881, 686 | 659, 519 | 672, 410 Linh ee eee 3, 425, 055 2, 818, 948 2, 044, 533 1, 402,360 | 1,901,130 | 3,358, 468 Sturgeon and spoonbill cat___-- 668, 311 793,505 | 1,189,013 | 1,209,417 | 1,098,911 1, 000, 968 HGKOTS = seta eae REL tos | 63, 487 33, 902 43, 520 49, 004 | 56, 214 114, 572 Weakfish (including southern |» | SESGaxtrolt-2)=2_ == 8.225 0e- 2, 170, 424 1, 459, 072 814, 309 402, 089 433, 113 655, 569 Rvihitefishe sees 2 alae ee 1, 233, 902 | 1,878,637 | 1,752,145 | 1,558,674 | 1,214,435 | 1,276,064 \Ag.aUh aes eS ae ae 2 ee 5, 810, 756 4, 051, 263 3, 042, 907 2, 076, 412 1, 502, 942 2, 248, 107 Miscellaneous frozen fish __-__-_- 7,102,240 | 5,546,334 | 4,029,596 | 4,531,924 | 4,335,047 | 5,380,755 Totale ee sscos se ee Se 62, 374, 544 | 48, 364, 486 | 37, 744, 416 | 31, 686,525 | 30, 173, 896 | 40, 147, 83? Month ended the 15th of— Species == ee We SSS ; a July | August | September, October | November ; December 4 Pounds | Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds | Pounds Bluefish (all trade sizes) ------_- 473, 065 | 762, 497 | 783, 669 743, 585 653, 330 560, 066 Butterfish (all trade sizes) ------ 2,193,142 | 2,340,510 | 2,470,855 | 2,307,558 | 2,353,034 | 2, 107, 894 CONS eee ey ees eee 158, 465 | 339, 602 364, 015 321, 533 376, 553 433, 773 Cisco (Lake Erie)--___-_._-_--- 59, 929 | 89,117 200, 039 175, 364 140,880 193, 010 Cisco (lake herring), including | | bluefin, blackfin, and chub-_- 198, 756 | 388, 814 | 814, 576 937, 220 1, 813, 260 | 2,323, 970 Cisco (tullibees, Canadian TOS) oe ee secs eee ee 1,391,983 | 1,247,417 | 1,181,430 1, 035,587 | 1,065,203 | 1, 250, 922 Cod, haddock, hake, pollock--- 3, 679, 178 5, 393, 924 6, 399, 973 5, 312, 277 4,920,893 | 4, 067, 218 Croaker DRE ee ee eee 869, 456 1, 783, 136 1, 854, 297 | 1, 247,278 1, 072, 221 | 918, 466 ipiEders= see san So 22 872, 975 851, 489 839, 311 | 818, 606 870, 433 | 826, 847 Halibut (all trade sizes) -______- 7, 852,695 | 9,449,486 | 11, 261,256 | 12, 287, 584 | 10,437,287 | 9,719,089 Herring, sea (including ale- | wives and bluebacks) -.-____- 1,458, 656 | 1,815,693 | 2,124,864 | 2,080,863 | 3,025,748 | 3, 213, 599 Bop entlOUt oe 2S eae. a 440, 405 624, 712 791,954 | 1,078, 635 2, 012, 501 1, 854, 634 Mackerel (except Spanish) __-_- | 6,074, 849 | 7,224, 971 8, 176, 234 | 10, 397, 493 9, 583,361 8, 091, 395 Pike, blue and sauger-_-_-__-_- | 405, 742 368, 509 402, 904 712,325 | 1,062,145 | 1,192,775 Pike, yellow or wall-eyed-______ 309, 497 308, 832 346, 420 477, 349 564, O86 | 531, 577 Pike (including pickerel, jacks, | | and yellow jack) -__--..___-__ | 456, 842 417, 302 480, 428 540,056 | 868, 178 764, 296 Sablefish (black (1 (6) ee | 585, 019 683, 024 802, 706 1, 114,423 | 1,808,338 | 1,794, 605 Salmon, chinook -._-.---------- 817,145 | 1,071,368 | 1,262,124 | 1,293,093 | 1,296,485 | 1, 239, 115 Bannon SVGE-=- >) s- ase oe 753, 968 | 2, 023, 946 | 2,693,937 | 3,618,463 | 3,940, 831 3, 493, 174 Salmon, fall and pink_-.______- 237, 826 547, 602 | 638,981 | 1,248,103 | 2,314,838 |} 2,151, 655 Salmon, steelhead trout_.______ 307, 329 457, 039 | 576, 796 449, 281 347, 982 271, 112 Salmon, all other__..----.--_-_- 1,066,742 | 1,385,325 | 1,655,696 | 1,930,938 | 1,848,333 | 1,568, 708 Bcup) (porgies) 2.0.20... 222222_52 722, 549 951,607 | 1,005,181 | 926, 378 857, 862. 767, 790 Shad and shad roe.__.--_-_---- 353, 001 426,710 | 463, 232 | 427,185 | 401, 250 455, 124 STE CLT eg SS 1, 528,045 | 1, 378, O97 7 a 486, 857 | 1, 636,129 | 2,151,829 | 2,195,211 770 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Holdings of frozen fishery products, by species and months, 1 929—Continued Month ended ths 15th of— Species July August | September| October | November | December Pounds Pouuds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Smelts, eulachon, ete__.-------- 717, 766 692, 025 690, 055 678, 626 645, 234 552, 003 Squid: -\- {.2 4 de see 3, 288,473 | 3,238,577 | 2,959,612 | 2,495,997 | 2,033,842 | 1,792,097 Sturgeon and spoonbill cat -_--- 956, 035 952, 968 936, 320 850, 283 | 1,269,854 | 1,191,194 Suckers. =. 09-2455: a 112, 364 103, 006 117, 347 130, 406 132, 501 110, 038 Weakfish (including southern “sea trout??))= 6-230 suse 867,768 | 1,212,191} 1,605,817 | 1,587,693 | 1,521,186 | 1,471,006 Whitefish--*—-- 2-2-3 _| 1,377,073 | 1,596,366 | 1,617,843 | 1,535,800 | 1,899,025 | 1,864, 152 Whiting.) 2 2S eee 4, 432, 686 | 6,010,146 | 5,660,185 | 5,270,222 | 5,691,549 | 5, 935, 788 Miscellaneous frozen fish ------- 6, 644, 280 | 8, 673,908 | 10,008, 868 | 10, 197,369 | 10, 463, 694 | 10, 904, 686 Total: 22-222. 2 eee eee 51, 663, 704 | 64, 809, 916 | 72, 673, 782 | 75, 863, 702 | 79, 438, 746 | 75, 806, 989 Monthly holdings of frozen fishery products for 1929 and 1928, and the 5-year average, compared [Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] | Increase (++) or decrease (—) j 5-year Month ended the 15th of— 1929 1928 average | Com- carne pared rh with yes 1999 {eevee average = | ——— ee fe Per cent | Per cent January ....:/2 202-3 ae eS eee eee 62, 375 53, 921 53, 738 +16 +16 February... - 2-22 sn es | 48, 364 44, 877 43, 080 +8 +12 March..._. 222.228 eee eee | 37, 744 34, 528 30, 750 +9 +23 April... .-2252 2.6 ee | 31, 687 26, 473 22, 258 +20 +42 Miay.3-20 220 ee ee | 30,174 26,513 | 24, 684 +14 +22 June:....... 26452. ee en oe | 40, 148 40,946 | 33, 617 —2 +19 July. .- 22222 ea tere san eee | 51, 664 53, 140 43, 472 —3 +19 August 2) 2. 4-2 255 Ate See ee ee eee | 64,810 66, 170 54, 872 —2 +18 September: .: == 23s ee | 72,674 71, 352 61, 676 +2 | +18 October ..=;.->-22 eee eee eee a PR MO SO 73, 410 67, 014 +3 | +13 November....:.. 2 eee oes SE | 79, 439 77, 677 70, 351 +2 | +13 Decembet ......5- <2 eter 75, 807 78, 090 67, 819 —3 +12 A-vetage...-.- 2 tae ere ee | 55,806 | 53,925| 47,778 ae +417 | | | | | i Monthly holdings of frozen fishery products, 1929, by geographical sections! {Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] ; | : North | North Month ended the | New Middle | South | | South P 15th of— | England | Atlantic | Atlantic | Cente, Central, Central Pacific? | Total | ast | est ——___—______—-|- = -| eae ee 2 Sr | Janviarys. 2 ees) baa 18, 702 | 2, 289 10, 434 | 4, 006 569 10, 951 62, 375 February__.....--.--| 10,569] 16,365] 1,709 8,878 | 3, 618 563 6, 662 48, 364 Wiarchs, 22. ee 6, 804 13, 447 | 892 | 7, 087 | 3, 444 474 5, 596 37, 744 yt) 9 | Pe hat a 4, 684 11, 078 | 1,199 | 5, 896 | 3, 224 675 4, 931 31, 687 May = -22522-2 =o 4,944 | 9, 740 722 | 4, 953 | 2,746 608 | 6, 461 30, 174 June.................| 8908] 12,266| 1,056 | 6,162, 2,769 724| 8,263| 40, 148 July.__.-...2.. 2.2). } » 46)061"\ © 13, 164 eee 6,065 2,782 779 | 11,172 51, 664 Avigvnst-t.._* 1o) Ne 22,357 | 14,708 2, 746 6, 094 | 3, 097 1,039 14, 769 64, 810 September --_._-...-- 25,042 | 15, 636 3, 158 6, 632 | Sant 1, 060 17, 819 72, 674 October 2 eee 24,523) 15,814 2,536 | 7,643 3, 544 856 20, 948 75, 864 November-._-_-------- 23,760 | 17,458 2,596 — 9, 803 4, 670 907 20, 245 79, 439 December... .....---- 19,804 | 18, 745 3, 169 10, 974 4, 862 . 987 17, 266 75, 807 Average......-- 15, 241 14, 759 1,977 7, 552 3, 507 770 12, 090 55, 896 1 New England includes the 6 States of that section: Middle Atlantic—New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia , West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida; North Central, East—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin; North Central, West—Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Ne- braska, and Kansas; South Central—Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas; Pacific—W ashington, Oregon, California, and Alaska. ? Includes a very small amount of fish held in Colorado in the mountain section. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 77] It is interesting to note the comparison of the holdings of various important species during the year 1929 with the normal (average 1924-1928) holdings of these stocks. With the ground fish group it is found that during each month in 1929 the holdings were consist- ently above normal. Those of lake trout were above normal during the first five months of the year, below normal until October, and from then on during the remainder of the year they were practically the same as in a normal year. The monthly holdings of sea herring were consistently lower throughout the year than the normal monthly holdings in spite of the fact that greater quantities of herring were frozen in 1929 than the previous year. Those of squid were above normal during this year until September, and from then on they were slightly below normal. Those of whiting followed a normal course practically throughout the entire year. Those of mackerel were above normal throughout the entire year, although they nearly approached normal during the months from May to September, inclusive. Those of halibut were lower than normal during every month of the year, while those of salmon followed the normal course until about June, and from then on were slightly below normal during the remainder of the year. Monthly holdings of certain species of frozen fish in 1929 and normal monthly holdings (average 1924-1928) Month ended the 15th of— Species ei aS eT — | January | February | March April May | June = ee = | E = Cod, haddock, hake, pollock: | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds INOEMiee eee ee A yee en SS | 1,268,000 | 970,000 | 745,000 635, 000 835,000 | 990, 000 O20 ee es San eee A Sees 2, 957, 609 | 1,482,275 | 1,068,767 | 1,486,011 | 2,021,324 | 2, 969, 942 Halibut (all trade sizes): IN Orne. Stet Vi see SES - 6,959,000 | 4,483,000 | 3, 250,000 | 3,411,000 | 4,613,000 | 6, 617,000 It Dl ES Oe Se eee ---| 4, 747, 250 | 2,868,110 | 2,171,749 | 2,351,050 | 4, 123, 865 5, 932, 809 Herring, sea (including alewives and | | | bluebacks): } | | | Lye SE a eee a | 3,010,000 | 2,794,000 2,557,000 | 1,836,000 | 2, 253,000 | 2, 396, 000 eG Sa nee LS et eS | 2,196,315 | 1,846,071 | 1,963,822 | 1,694,690 | 1,675,950 | 1,714, 353 Lake trout: | onndleserne — e- = oe ee | 1,618,000 | 1,246,000 | 793,000 | 377,000 383, 000 503, 000 Te oe ee ee 1,878, 725 | 1,342,644 | 799, 555 562, 859 449, 751 462, 816 - Mackerel (except Spanish): | Normal_____-_..-----------------| 4,322,000 | 3, 263,000 | 2,002, 000 | 1,030,000 | 1,444,000 | 2,875, 000 Dd men enetnniaes Sekai = Se | 7,456, 437 | 5,884,517 | 3, 993, 333 | 2,435, 463 | 1, 574,300 | 2, 886, 128 Salmon (all species, including steel- | head trout): | INfapaT ETS eke OSA Nant ee 7,128, 000 | 5,426,000 | 3,414,000 | 2,408,000 | 1,921,000 | 2, 250, 000 Beciae Sa he Ce ee | 8, 008, 365 | 5, 288, 733 | 3,928,319 | 2, 484, 970 | 1,865, 717 | 1,977, 502 IG STa EN Se ae a ea eee 1, 245, 000 944, 000 703, 000 318, 000 549, 000 | 2,022, 000 || Sane 3, 425,055 | 2,818,948 | 2,044, 533 | 1, 402, 360 | 1, 901, 130 | 3,358, 468 Whiting: ele Ss eee 3, 973, 000 | 2,719,000 | 1,542,000 | 1,064,000} 914,000 | 2, 269, 000 ol a ee a ee ee 5,810,756 | 4,051,263 | 3,042,907 | 2,076,412 | 1,502,942 | 2) 248, 107 772 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Monthly holdings of certain species of frozen fish in 1929 and normal monthly holdings (average 1924-1928 )—Continued November} December Species July August |September| October Cod, haddock, hake, pollock: Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Normal 1, 129, 000 | 1,479,000 | 1,952,000 | 2, 269, 000 | 2, 213, 000 1920323 Se ee | 3,679,178 | 5,398,924 | 6,399,973 | 5,312, 277 | 4,920, 893 Halibut (all trade sizes): | Normal <= 23322 ee eee eee 8, 542, 000 |11, 155, 000 12, 678, 000 |12, 672, 000 |11, 707, 000 1920* 2222: Seo t este Keke ee eS | 7,852, 695 | 9, 449, 486 11, 261, 256 |12, 287, 584 10, 437, 287 Herring, sea (including alewives and bluebacks): | Noarnmal.2 22. Sse | 2,389, 000 | 2,606,000 | 2,667,000 | 3,009, 000 | 3, 381, 000 10907. tte 2. ee ene oe | 1,458, 656 | 1,815,693 | 2, 124, 864 | 2, 080, 863 | 3, 025, 748 Lake trout: | | Norniale =. 3%. aos 644, 000 771,000 836,000 | 1,078,000 | 1,904, 000 19204 53 ssh ces Lae eee 440, 405 624,712 | 791,954 | 1, 078, 635 | 2,012, 501 Mackerel (except Spanish): Normals— 2. Be Tg pe At 4, 946, 000 | 6, 691,000 | 7,827,000 | 7,827,000 | 7, 146, 000 1{! 7! eee es SEP Ae Eee Les eee 6, 074, 849 | 7,224,971 | 8,176, 234 10, 397, 493 | 9, 583, 361 Salmon (all species, including steel- | | head trout): | Normal} 225...2% 553 Se ee 3, 820, 000 | 6,057,000 | 7,751,000 10, 188, 000 |10, 573, 000 1920 oF eee a ee eee 3, 183, 010 | 5, 485, 280 | 6, 827, 534 | 8, 539,878 | 9, 748, 469 Squid: | Normale 22. 2,405, 000 | 2, 606,000 | 2, 523,000 | 2, 662,000 | 2, 528, 000 | TORO SS S55 Set BEZEL IVS ET ee 3, 288, 473 | 3, 238, 577 2, 959, 612 | 2,495,997 | 2, 033, 842 Whiting: NOrmall= 30. ee 4, 413, 000 | 5,986,000 | 5,986,000 | 5, 630,000 | 5,770, 000 1 4: a Se eee CRB PAL Los |) GRIOIE IES | 5, 660, 185 | 5, 270, 222 | 5, 691, 549 ~~ COD, HADDOCK, HAKE,POLLOCK MILLIONS Of POUNDS FEB > < MONTH ENDING THE 15™ OF JULY SEPT. ocr. i] re] < DEC. Figure 13,—Monthly holdings of certain species of frozen fish in 1929 and normal monthly holdings (average 1924 to 1928) Pounds 1, 972, 000 4, 067, 218 9, 970, 000 9, 719, 089 9, 505, 000 8, 723, 764 2, 171, 000 1, 792, 097 5, 454, 000 5, 935, 788 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 773 HOLDINGS OF CURED FISH Only cured herring and mild-cured salmon are reported held in cold-storage warehouses in the United States and Alaska during 1929. Monthly holdings of cured herring varied between 18,900,000 pounds in February and 24,600,000 pounds in September. Monthly hold- ings of mild-cured salmon varied between 1,800,000 pounds in May, and 7,200,000 pounds in September. The stocks of cured fish held in cold storage in 1929 were considerably larger than those during the year 1928, and considerably above normal. The monthly hold- ings in 1929 compared with normal show increases during 10 months of the year of from 2 to 47 per cent, and decreases of 2 and 8 per cent during only 2 months of the year. Compared with the respec- tive monthly holdings in 1928 there were increases in 11 months, ranging from 6 to 59 per cent. In only 1 month was there # decrease, that being 3 per cent in December. Holdings of cured fish, 1929, by species and months Cured | Mild-cured Month ended the 15th of herring | — salmon Total Pounds | Pounds Pounds — ntUB IN. 2b aoe ee ae et Sk ee ee eee 19, 439, 346 | 4, 219, 251 23, 658, 597 PU UAT i ets See ee Be oe ob eS sas SS 18, 897, 121 | 3, 240, 579 22, 137, 700 March ee I ee ee Se ae ee ee a ee eee 19, 090, 635 | 2, 314, 514 21, 405, 149 Berrie eenen ee Set tees te ws eh eet ete tects Pista. ttle dt? | 23,246,667 | 1,934,272 | 25, 180, 939 Le ie i a en Se de es ee a ce seseasese 23, 560, 584 | 1, 798, 720 25, 359, 304 REQ Se oe eA A as AUS eee eee eee 23, 852,080 | 2, 826, 187 26, 678, 267 IRV I 25 LEE Py SE eS § SO ee ee ne ee a ee es 23, 513, 036 | 4, 828, 686 28, 341, 722 OVER RS oo = pies Rae ieee eels Eee eae ee 22, 730, 960 | 5, 896, 780 28, 627, 740 Bontem bors meses: sees iste: versa rey Pere SS 24,569,135 | 7, 191, 949 31, 761, 084 October____- 23, 802, 003 6, 946, 221 30, 748, 224 November_- | 21, 357, 017 6, 690, 832 28, 047, 849 CUnRini@h 2. oO: =.= 2) Ee ee ae sees Dee See ee ee 19, 557, 194 24, 976, 916 | 5, 419, 722 Monthly holdings of cured fish for 1929 and 1928 and the 5-year average, compared {Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] Increase (+-) or decrease (—) 5-year ny h = - Jonth ended the 15th of | 1929 | 1928 average | Com- Com } | | pared | | pared with | | with 5-v | | 1928 Ss | | | average | | | ' Per cent | Per cent Brranaryeeee ate MeMNLPELEL ji dt). SiS) a: 23,659 | 22,384 23, 306 +6 | 2 “FUER, ae Orgs Sa a ana 22,138 | 19,955) 21, 063 +11 | +5 hess a iad lili eS eee 21,405, 16,508 18, 646 +30 | +15 eS EPR TRIS SET Cera ere ek ees pee 25,181 | 16,564 18, 270 +52 | +38 TT LU ee 6 Rie la ee a ea 25,359 16,076! 17, 225 +58 | +47 LE BEIT ies 10s US Se ee 26,678 | 16,781} 18,546 +59 | +44 EN ce akin SRO ES SEE 8 TARO RS re Ce ee 28,342 | 18,279) 19,781 +55 | +43 re ert: eee ee ated Magar etre? CFF FT ee" | 28,628 | 20,494 | 23 240 +40 | +23 Beripanibor ts seeks ane (Sa ie ar pars coe | E | 31,761 | 24,655 27,050 +29 +17 CEE ees Sea Pon eee arr ane | 30,748 | 26, 080 29, 461 | +18 +4 Bemenperilir FO ei tinier ei | 28048! 26,440| 28, 645 +6 a= ESTES OT Eos Si gr eae | 24977 | 25,772| 27,150 | -3 | 8 20, 833 | +27 | +16 Mirorsge POD ee getls mire 35: | 26, 410 774 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES FOREIGN FISHERY TRADE The volume of foreign trade in fishery products of the United States in 1929 amounted to $90,395,769, of which $66,565,599 represents the value of those imported for consumption, and $23,830,170 the value of exports of domestic fishery products. Compared with the previous year, this is an increase of 13 per cent in total trade, an increase of 13 per cent in the value of the imports, and an increase of 13 per cent in the value of exports. Imports consisted of 357,109,092 pounds of edible products (includ- ing fresh, frozen, and cured canned fish and shellfish), valued at $38,752,571, and nonedible products (comprised mainly of marine- animal oils, pearls, and imitation pearls), valued at $27,813,028. Compared with 1928 this is a decrease of 1 per cent in the quantity, and an inérease of 4 per cent in the value of edible products imported, and an increase of 30 per cent in the value of nonedible products imported. Increases in the value of edible products imported were due chiefly to larger imports of fresh and frozen fish packed in ice, and various species of shellfish packed in ice, or canned. The increase in the value of nonedible products imported was due almost entirely to the greater value of imitation pearls and pearls that had not been strung or set, although considerable of this is due to the greater im- ports of marine-animal oils. Fishery exports consisted of edible products amounting to 213,308,- 744 pounds valued at $23,500,614, and nonedible products valued at $329,556. Compared with the previous year this 1s an increase of 25 per cent in the quantity, and 13 per cent in the value of edible prod- ucts imported, and a decrease of 15 per cent in the value of nonedible products imported. The increase in edible exports is attributed chiefly to the larger exports of canned fish, especially sardines, while the exports of other groups of edible products showed little change from the preceding year. Exports of nonedible products also show but little change from those for 1928. Considering only the amount of fishery products on which we usually have an unfavorable trade balance, the imports of fresh and frozen fish in 1929 were about 20 times the exports in 1928, which is a slightly lower ratio than in the year previous. In 1929 the imports of cured fish were a little over eight times the exports, which is about the same ratio as a year ago. Imports of fresh. and canned shellfish were about two times as great as the exports in 1928, which is about the same ratio as in the preceding three years. Imports of all edible fishery products were about two times the exports, which also is about the same ratio as in the previous year. Imports of marine-animal oils n 1929 were about 124 times the amount of exports in 1928, which is a somewhat lower ratio than the preceding two years, indicating that perhaps our marine-animal oil industries are producing a greater quantity of these oils to take care of the domestic trade. Contrasting those products with those on which we usually have a favorable trade balance, the volume of the exports of canned fish, which is the most important export group, was nearly five times the imports, which is a somewhat larger ratio than in 1928. Exports of miscellaneous edible fishery products were about three times the quan- tity of the imports in 1929, which is a somewhat lower ratio than prevailed in_1928. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 779 Considering the total trade, the value of all fishery products im- ported was about three times the value of all fishery products exported in 1929, which is the same ratio as prevailed in 1928. Exports of domestic fishery products, 1928 and 1929 Items 1928 1929 Fish, fresh, frozen or packed in ice: | Quantity Value | Quantity Value CINE ats ia ee he ae eae pounds__ 3, 453, 922 $555, 316 3, 582, 174 | $545, 57: OYA AST OS Cp St] S03 £1 VA SR gl ae aes do- ---| 4, 539, 413 405, 183 | 5, 231, 641 | 557, 96 Aa) RD Lje das Se ee Se ae i epee ee a do_... 7, 993, 335 960, 499 | 8,813,815 | 1, 108, 534 ——_—_—_—$ Fish, salted or dry cured: ; (Gla tk Se ee he ea 3, 165, 472 361, 968 2, 936, 505 | 367, 477 Haddock, hake and pollock 1, 951, 305 150, 548 | 1, 246, 856 | 101, 424 Herring 1, 888, 759 119, 497 | 2, 170, 295 138, 771 PINON became eee ee 4, 367, 236 975, 502 | 3, 789, 965 | 938, 471 (OPS a Le LS | Be ee ee H 1, 646, 358 128, 892 | 1, 697, 913 196, 836 (USYOY 1G LL = it ew a A lea ee Hasta > 13,019,130; 1,736,407 | 11,841,534; 1, 742, 97 ee —————————— Fish, pickled: ‘SELECTS Fr) © pie RRS Sp neo eee vee Oss —| 1, 913, 000 502, 673 909, 000 251, 188 Nepean ses ts ee ee moe 932, 800 72, 045 852, 000 | 56, 808 ALN OES oie bet 20 Tey Sa hk Glee ER eee , do_-_-| 2, 845, 800 574, 718 1, 761, 000 307, 994 Fish, canned: | Balmone ns oo. We ss do. - 40, 952,705 | 7, 661, 733 40, 967, 378 7, 405, 941 RIOIRITIGS Se seers con Ne le ee do.2= 80, 253, 474 | 6, 522, 711 123, 920,062 9, 418, 511 (Oi eee ee ea ee eee dos. 9, 362, 496 939, 288 9, 396, 718 | 898, 537 eT Obst eerste en ee Pe do____, 180, 568, 675 | 15, 123, 732 174, 284, 158 17, 722, 989 ———————— | —= Shellfish: } AC ROG es ee St do} 4, 730,944 | 1,011, 106 4, 857, 375 1, 006, 896 iaiicarncds sete ew oe do__-.| 8, 260, 959 | 1, 194, 194 9, 364, 783 | 1, 405, 788 INGE a: 5 we 0 Oo Ee Ce ee Se do__ = 12, 991, 903 | 2, 205, 300 14, 222, 158 2, 412, 681 ——_—_—==—=.”- _——$ | Oo LEA ECSTSRATSLOVS 0) 06 10 (HY ee et a Ro doz=--| 3, 398, 571 185, 697 2, 386, 079 210, 434 Total.ediblesproducts: 223 S28 dos 170, 817, 414 | 20, 786,353 | 213,308,744 | 23, 500, 614 Barine-animal OUS=2-— 2: = ee doz: _| 881, 820 105, 368 1, 120, 022 94, 708 Buttons, pearl, or shell____-.____.---__--__-- gross__ 454,529 | 135,504 242,399 | 82, 915 - TREC 3-2 Bae ey A A pounds__| 114, 917 146, 520 124, 443 151, 933 Tot Be eae i are ae hake ones (pM Shea ce 234, 848 Total nonedible products.______.-------_____ Seen eS sap ae? [ees cee leer 329, 556 ——————————————————————— KL (CHOPrlal Arh ee ee el oe a {ase Sevres a as | PA. MAD: |e eee a 23, 830, 170 | } } 76 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Imports of fishery products entered for consumption, 1928 and 1929 — sss En nnn Items Edible fishery products: Fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice— ee haddock, hake, and pollock----------- 1 Of [a ee eS oe ee ae See ore) Fresh-water fisheS__..---------------------- Halibut sn oe ene ene ae Herring (frozen) Herring (fresh sea) Mackerel Salmon.-- Smelts--- Swordfish-- Fish, salted, dried, smoked, or pickled— Cod, GTIG0 oe on eee Rinnan haddie =~ oss ee ee == Hake and pollock, dried_.------------------ Herring— Dried Pickled’ or saltedanss-- eee ae Smoked, skinned, or boned_------------ Mackerel, pickled or salted__---.----------- Salmon, dried-_----------------------------- Salmon, kippered, smoked, salted, pickled, or otherwise prepared Other kippered, smoked, salted, pickled, or otherwise prepared, not elsewhere speci- Fish packed in oil or other substances— Sardines. _-_.--.----------=---------------- AN others): 6-2) Seat eee eee Fish roe, frozen, prepared, or preserved— Oavisr Other fish roe, preserved Shellfish— Oras. he ae ee a ee eee Crab meat packed in ice, frozen, or other- wise prepared or preserved Lobsters, canned Lobsters (other than canned), fresh, frozen, packed in ice, or prepared or preserved in any manner (not specially provided for) _- hi) 1 eee at ER eee eee Sse Nonedible fishery products: Marine-animal oils-— Codotl e222 see 2 a eae gallons_- Oodsliver Oil) = ees a eee dolzes= Herring, menhaden, and sod oil-_.---- doss-5 Otheritish: ous oe eee ea Co=see Seal of ee) ee dossee Whale oil, sperm Whale oil, other------------ Pearls and imitation pearl— Pearls and parts, not strung or set.-..~.---- Imitation half pearls and hollow or filled pearls, without holes or with holes partly thronglic ek. oa ee eee Imitation solid pearls, wholly or partly pierced, mounted or unmounted Imitation pearl beads-~_2-...---*--eea se 1928 1929 Pounds Value Pounds Value 829, 906 $36, 974 1, 036, 046 $67, 408 891, 000 110, 191 501, 536 73, 839 52, 458, 338 | 5, 191, 666 56, 600, 927 5, 617, 282 4, 357, 977 490, 653 5, 815, 711 - 732, 898 2, 219, 299 101, 986 1, 756, 965 89, 583 54, 331, 131 344, 212 36, 601, 482 251, 549 2, 169, 342 146, 157 1, 6238, 120 96, 757 6, 029, 845 683, 181 4, 319, 261 571, 170 8,800, 895 | 1, 209, 779 6, 952, 489 1, 005, 502 802, 045 132, 371 728, 821 88, 353 30, 351,313 | 1, 852, 999 50, 695, 484 2, 681, 172 8, 036, 000 817, 941 7, 516, 479 819, 847 171, 277,091 | 11,118,110 | 174, 143, 321 12, 045, 360 30, 782, 655 | 2, 556, 509 28, 012, 786 2, 626, 920 1, 237, 452 107, 230 1, 056, 106 102, 354 1, 884, 404 112, 135 | 1, 586, 030 99, 465 1, 036, 843 51, 863 391, 988 22, 149 46, 439, 695 | 3, 064, 147 44, 163, 702 2, 768, O04 73, 020 7, 811 10, 686 980 8, 130, 849 568, 700 7, 883, 422 606, 782 4, 225 443 1, 460 3 820, 470 95, 353 769, 734 128, 041 25, 464, 235 | 2, 338, 707 25, 219, 712 2, 526, 026 5, 289, 517 712, 998 4, 408, 240 615, 867 8, 233, 555 365, 303 992, 899 135, 603 124, 396, 920 9, 981, 199 114, 496, 765 9, 632, 491 29, 243,293 | 5, 154, 491 31, 389, 716 5, 550, 902 5, 182,731 | 1, 336, 825 5, 135, 207 1, 301, 533 34, 376,024 | 6,491,316 36, 524, 923 6, 852, 435 472, 257 825, 368 487, 046 793, 360 299, 492 56, 598 331, 476 65, 308 771, 749 881, 966 818, 522 858, 668 76, 660 14, 879 203, 825 16, 415 12, 506,130 | 4, 897, 835 10, 346, 999 4, 646, 504 1, 605, 881 | 1, 004, 472 1, 490, 194 936, 959 6, 537, 792 | 1,720, 850 8, 628, 826 2, 231, 298 670, 501 38, 041 632, 674 33, 396 8, 548, 262 | 1, 242, 411 9, 823, 043 1, 499, 045 29, 945, 226 | 8, 918, 488 31, 125, 561 9, 363, 617 360, 767,010 | 37,391,079 } 357, 109, 092 38, 752, 571 Quantity Quantity 1, 569, 234 801, 278 2, 090, 818 1, 019, 582 2, 571, 936 | 2, 522, 672 2, 860, 728 2, 448, 162 5, 116, 716 1, 784, 293 4, 628, 428 1, 803, 803 316, 471 92, 080 | 465, 859 144, 383 194, 794 86, 407 630, 778 281, 021 442, 041 167, 776 | 346, 621 145, 916 6, 456, 866 | 3, 021, 378 7, 540, 329 3, 529, 021 16, 668,058 | 8, 475, 884 18, 563, 561 9, 371, 888 Peng EN LS So 73080, 6049 |=) a= =e eee 10, 345, 420 Se es eee 1606/4005) s=82 1115828, 0800\ 2; Sb8en5am 130, 099 | 40,785 | 16,761,417 | 2, 727, 725 Total_-.....--.-.-----.-| 123,326,155 | 4, 231, 091 | 239, 099 | 45,535 | 380,168,359 | 15, 648, 776 Products Rhode Island | Connecticut Total — = = aS Te 2 Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pounds Value Fish__..............._......| 19,431,714 | $1, 053, 364 | 66, 158, 236 | $2,251,764 | 561, 103, 967 $18, 103, 467 Shellfish, etc-- ___...--| 8, 234,439 | 1,344,527 | 6,040,048 | 1,044,847 | 42, 494, 083 7, 516, 437 Potal._.............._ 27,666,153 | 2,397,891 | 72,198,284 | 6,296,311 | 603, 598,050 | 25, 619, 904 — FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of the New England States, 1 928—Continued “779 OPERATING UNITS: By STATES New ree Massa- | Rhode | Connec- | 7,4, Items Maine gros chusetts | Island ticut Total shire | | - = a —| =—- =< = Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number Number | Number ORV OCS IS eee enn Se 8, Ct Ce ae 4, 152 | 263 756 5, 649 On boats and shore— | LEV UES e Beee ree a BN fee eae 4, 315 41 3, 275 731 871 9, 233 Ste ee See te eee ee ar Boek 803 12 324 | 265 373 Lae PROTA ee oe eee oe esa sscne 5, 596 53 7, 751 | 1, 259 2, 000 16, 659 Vessels: SIGOPS aN ee a ee asl A eee ee 22 10 25 57 Py GiLONNAG Bros nee see Se ete |e foes m nanan 3,405 | 285 4, 345 8, 035 ING) fee ee S4F eet oe 397 73 91 645 ; iNet tonnage! ssn = = 8 22 5 = os se 15066,.|6 2222-25: 12, 775 760 1, 185 15, 786 FLT ee eine ie en et A ek een Soe cewcs ioe 5 6 TOS Ue gPRUE Ue Det | a ee Bee 52h setae See 36 188 iPoislavessels== == 2—=— 2-228 S22 22 (cv Bete 420 83 | 121 708 Totalmnet tonnage--=—2---£-==2-* ANGLO} 3} 9 ees 16, 332 1, 045 5, 566 24, 009 Boats: TG IG) 0) ee ea ee 2, 788 38 1, 957 526 532 5, 841 DT acne eet eo ie 8 os ee A 8 2, 906 38 1, 859 468 506 5, 777 BYCCESSULY DORLS <= ee tara ee eee th ad 2880 | hs ek ees 873 27 10 1, 198 Apparatus: | Purse seines— | | Pert Had en ete eee eee ees eee ee SE oe eee eee 1 | 2 3 WGitO ie Sos Se ae Se |e eee Oe eee eae 400 | 930 1, 380 O Thenseee Se a EE Le ee A (Pi ee eee 106 8 13 189 PVATUS oe eee Bt Cee ee beh e 1G; Gals | Sete se 2h 2 52, 715 1, 000 850 71, 216 Haul seines, common. ---------------- TAGS ee eee 10 15 85 256 SENG Gj el Se ep ee Se ee eee 29; 400c|be 222.23 520 1, 485 4,017 35, 422 Gill nets— Pierre ne ne Se PAS) Ea woe be 7, 677 246 41 8, 212 Squsreryards*=-<2-~-2 22 === bE 6) ee es ae 2, 059, 774 96,422 | 99,500 | 2, 340, 128 (Ssh ay Se ee AGES GS ae 2h oe ee | oe 2 39 Saumare-yards---- =. 2-- = = =* TP 512s | eee Oe ee Soe eo ee ee 3, 300 4, 812 WANCH GT ere nee Gee ke eS 1Q27o pe Sere we = 902 Si Ses22 22225 2, 837 Squarenyards2-=- 2.22). hee. 514, (605 |S ee 252, 160 L200) |e eesses== 768, mh Saymsnnriil. | ee ee oe SE yO) AE ee ee | ee ee ee ee) | em ae [eee SITET ES) So Ee a eS aa ae a 12000 n= eae Sees 12, 000 Lines— Trawl 40, 906 100 | 49, 932 470 | 11,100} 102,508 5, 000 |2, 453, 480 27,440 | 555,000 | 5, 102, 138 48 731 224 189 5, 390 192 1, 646 232 | 374 7, 628 meus Gt 121 64 25 211 SL sf 25 PAE eee ee 118 Sa ae ee) | cee Oe eee 5 306 A RES 5 92 63 186 463 Pe 8tee 45 13 48 179 al (ee ee ee a eee |2oeeehSon 139 Ske — Sa Se | ea ee (SS i Gi borne wiss ==. = - see = Se Ale | eee ees Se 379 77 178 675 Bardsragmmouthe) 9-5-2 > 22~ 2" S330 yee Be eee 10, 288 2, 021 2, 020 15, 162 Boxarapses sentence oes os. 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OOO LE. £9 vlliseey a eam ea ~--~pinbg aE Sera = || peice -<--|------------ 006 (0G Lis momma Ol ase camel ato cas orale 7 soe | aa oo eas | ier yt ~~~ durriqg 8c ‘E69 £0T “L98 699 ‘289 ‘T | 199 ‘TOL TESUZPONCH EGS AO Pa GOOLOST: cl TSPeelOlce a) ceen00-27mn nl ake nanenna “77 77" $104Sqo'T COD pT ee woo cee oe sae cad lee a cae ates saa ae aol bong ae OS ‘sqvip 0¢z ‘OST 898 ‘8 199 ‘$22 199 ‘TL GLIMGSING sakes le | SOBER Se (006) 80 1 Bei oe | reste eaiaans ~~~" prey ‘sqeig ‘OLG ‘HSITITAHS 982 ‘SST ‘99 | F9E ‘ESOT | FIZ ‘Ter ‘6 | 190 ‘Iz6‘zI | 26 ‘OF ‘E9E | OSL‘ | 000 ‘GOT | BES ‘ZZ8‘T | 920‘866‘TIT | ~~~ 1230.1 GON es Sill etak +S aaa Pa ae 4 rank g 0g So chan sect eT 02 OOS tes, Walaa ae ~“yosed MOTTA X seaos== -----| g Sor ge ‘er 18 ‘0S gas Toco Gae eee ea eO 908 ‘8e eke ee eran aie SU SRHTO AN 002 ‘T £10 ‘Tz 91z ‘228 ‘T | 296 ‘OL 0g8 ‘666 ‘9 ie Sacer ee ee ES OLGSE >’ wal BeaeGs aiek ee. eee eas SsuryIy M 0g 026 966 ‘T OOP OS Ae |" 7"o 51S ao oF | ge ae ceeeete RNC ae Op Spare eee “yored oT M -==------- --| oT 008 ia ais Cay 777 4TBqazTG M. ort sass or 696 ‘8 SI8 ‘tr ~-----jaleyovul 9s1oYy JO BUNT, ean----=---- 691 oge ‘¢ hs ene 4. oa" 55 pooma,y, £9F ‘68 200 ‘IT 898 ‘EST 086 ‘ZT 186 ‘IST Fr ee a S eigeleg ee Gite eer eer aS ao-—=s-S-SOgna iT, GPF ‘89 StF ‘6ST PEE FLL 910 ‘TRE 80 ‘Og2 ‘z woo 5es | ae aes GSU Lic G0 ee ER eR ~“YSppIOMs 782 Us: BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the New England States, 1928—Continued PRODUCTION OF CERTAIN SHELLFISH SHOWN IN NUMBERS AND BUSHELS Products Maine Massachusetts | Rhode Island} Connecticut Total \ Quan- Quan- | Quan- Quan- | | tity Value tity | Value| tity | Value| tity | Value| Quantity | Value Crabs, hard -number-_/476, 700, $4, 698 9, 417, 357 $71, 567|824, 001) $8, 868/542, 250) $6, 284'11, 260, 308, $91, 417 Crabs, soft... —.--G02==2) 22+ 2-2] Se Se ee | ee nee eee 3, 195 400, 3, 195 400 Clams, cockle_bushels-__| 300 180 Cio RRS LS by I LE i ee S| > oe et | ~ 987 3, 097 Clams, hard, public | _ . 2. ss See i) = ee ee 49 > e 136 Motor: 2 -se2-2 aee 128 18 10 5 161 Net tonnage.=222* 422-322 1, 291 | 476 148 Auto 1, 990 Sail 222222 ee eee eee ee jiber eas nee es a PO ae a ae Ss 3 Net .tonnage.- =f eee are eh eel eo Ras ae ee 7 ee eee hr 271 Totalivessels! see 131 21 11 5 168 ‘Totalinettonnaget: == tee) se 78 | 747 197 75 2,397 Wholesale trade: Establishments=2_ 32-32 25e 2 oe eee 103 | 150 31 18 302 Persons engaged-<225=-3 2 Ses ae 427 2, 104 313 213 3, 057 Salaries and wages paid___-..-.-_-.-_=_-_-- $432, 493 | $3, 574, 504 | $291, 648 | $340,413 | $4, 639, 058 Prepared products and by-products industries: Establishments=. =. ee ee | 119 30 2 3 154 Persons engaged. -==5-2 Se 3, 019 1, 080 68 279 4, 446 Salaries and wages paid._____-----------__- | $1, 704, 135 | $1, 571,352 | $50,279 | $331,320 | $3, 657, 086 Products:2-- 3 eS See $10, 291, 561 | $6,014, 353 | $348, 299 | $280, 274 | $16, 934, 487 Products prepared by the fishermen____-_____- $21, 030 S141, 124 "| 225-2 eee $162, 154 | 1 Includes two wholesale firms in Rockingham County, N. H. SALTED AND SMOKED FISH INDUSTRIES The salted and smoked fish industries of the New England States are conducted principally in Maine and Massachusetts. In the salted fish industry in 1928 there were 50 plants, 16 of which were in Massachusetts, 33 in Maine, and 1 in Rhode Island. The total production of salted fish in New England during 1928 amounted This represents a decrease of 25 per cent in the production and 21 per cent in the value as compared with the production and its value for 1924 when the most recent comparable figures were obtained. The most important to 23,561,768 pounds, valued at $2,367,015. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATE£S, 1929 785 fish salted was cod, the production of which amounted to 11,755,900 pounds, valued at $1,572,507. Haddock was next in importance, the output of which amounted to 3,203,780 pounds,valued at $262,676. Fish were smoked in 64 plants in New England during 1928, 44 of which were in Maine, 17 in Massachusetts, 2 in Rhode Island, and 1 in New Hampshire. The production of smoked fish in New England during 1928 amounted to 11,627,452 pounds, valued at $1,272,509, which is an increase of 12 per cent in quantity and 25 per cent in value as compared with the quantity and the value of the production in 1924. By far the most important smoked product of New England is herring which amounted to 7,470,283 pounds, valued at $689,041. Finnan haddie was next in importance accounting for 2,316,346 pounds, valued at $213,281. Production of salted and smoked fish in New England, 1928 Products Maine 1 Massachusetts 2 Total —— | | | Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Salted: PIB WHVOSs= =e haa ee 437, 800 S140 514 Se a ee | exes asak es 437, 800 $14, 514 (QhiYs |e a ee eT a a Oe 3, 727, 546 249, 247 | 2 8,028, 354 | $1, 323, 260 | 11, 755, 900 1, 572, 507 (OC eed a eee 167, 133 7, 343 314, 255 22, 658 481, 388 30, 001 add ocke se ee 322, 668 15,809 | 2,881, 112 246, 867 | 3, 203, 780 262, 676 Hake__-__- ee as eh AGS | 1, 560, 502 64, 523 959, 045 60, 180 2, 519, 547 124, 703 LEITH Eco aa wae ei ta a ee ol bee See ede 363, 200 18, 760 363, 200 18, 760 iackerelesss. feos 5. Tey” 62, 500 5,700 | 1, 529, 000 127,215 | 1,591, 500 132, 915 IPelincks a ee ee 956, 501 41, 874 2, 157, 952 161, 284 3, 114, 453 203, 158 Miscellaneous 3___________ 28, 500 1, 187 65, 700 6, 594 94, 200 7, 781 Rotalees os eh 7, 263, 150 400, 197 | 16, 298,618 | 1,966,818 | 23,561,768 | 2, 367,015 Smoked: PAeWUeSee ee ae eee ee 4145, 770 AUD 23 Heese Se Peles BLE PED LSS 145, 770 7, 223 Finnanhaddies..-=-2==-- == 1 615, 800 73,652 21,700, 546 139, 629 | 2,316, 346 213, 281 SETGSIT eee on See eee NEE eo 20, 656 6, 281 20, 656 6, 281 Herring— Blosierss os 1, 000, 799 51,357 2,870, 412 247,133 | 3,871, 211 | 298, 490 Lengthwise__---__---- 125, 490 Snod 7p ea es PSs meee ns 308 125, 490 8, 347 Medium scale___-_-_--_- 352, 856 28, 036 192, 051 38, 896 544, 907 | 66, 932 Boneless=-0 ee 2, 797, 200 DODO ite a ee ol Ae ee 2, 797, 200 | 292, 807 TGipperedse. SS Re ae he es 131, 475 22, 465 131, 475 22, 465 SURO) te eee Se Se eee ee ee 197, 272 92, 463 197, 272 92, 463 Fillets— Woamand icusk: = 2-06= yes See eee ee eee 5 236, 000 5 29, 120 236, 000 29, 120 LEONG O17) gee ee ee! a ae | ee eee 8 634, 147 5 109, 493 634, 147 109, 493 Miscellaneous.---_--------- 6, 000 | 900 600, 978 124, 707 606, 978 125, 607 | | —— Opal oP 5, 043, 915 | 462, 322 6, 583, 537 810, 187 | 11, 627, 452 | 1, 272, 509 1 Includes a small quantity of finnan haddie smoked in New Hampshire. 2 A few cod salted and asmall amount of finnan haddie smoked in Rhode Island have been included under Massachusetts. 3 Includes pickled herring, cheeks, sounds, and tongues. 4 Includes the production of 2 firms in Massachusetts. 5 Includes the production of 1 firm in Maine. 8 Includes the production of 2 firms in Maine. MAINE In 1928 Maine ranked second among the New England States in the importance of its fisheries, employing 34 per cent of the total numbe1 of fishermen and accounting for 20 per cent of the total catch. The fisheries and industries related to the fisheries, including the two wholesale establishments in New Hampshire, employed 9,305 persons. This is 22 per cent Jess than the number employed in these fisheries during 1924, which is the most recent year for which comparable data are available. Of the total number of persons, 5,596 were fishermen, 263 were employed on transporting vessels, 427 in the wholesale trade, and 3,019 in the prepared-products and by-products trade. 6881—31—_6 784 U. S. BOREAU OF FISHERIES The total catch amounted to 123,326,155 pounds valued at $4,231,- 091. This is an increase of 6 per cent in the catch and 2 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the catch and its value for 1924. Of the total value of the catch, that for lobsters accounted for 48 per cent; cod, 10 per cent; herring, 9 per cent; haddock, 8 per cent; and soft clams, 5 per cent. Of the total production that of herring accounted for 52 per cent; cod, 13 per cent; haddock, 10 per cent; lobsters, 6 per cent; and soft clams, 3 per cent. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products along the coast and in the coastal rivers of Maine during 1928 was taken by 5,596 fishermen who used 84 motor vessels, 5,624 motor and other small boats, and 20 major types of gear. The motor vessels had a combined capacity of 1,066 net tons. The fisheries accounting for the greatest number of persons were the lobster-pot fishery, employing 2,756 fishermen and the hand-line fishery employing 1,162 fishermen. CATCH BY GEAR Five types of gear accounted for 67 per cent of the fish taken in the fisheries of Maine during 1928. Listed in order of their importance they were—lines which accounted for 26 per cent of the catch; haul seines, 18 per cent; purse seines, 11 per cent; and gill nets and pots, each, 6 percent. The catch by lines consisted principally of haddock, cod, hake, cusk, and pollock; that by haul seines was almost entirely herring; that by purse seines principally herring and pollock; that by gill nets chiefly cod, pollock, and haddock; and that by pots principally lobsters. OPERATING UNITS BY COUNTIES Hancock County was foremost in the number of persons fishing, accounting for 23 per cent of the total; Washington County followed with 22 per cent. Other counties employing a considerable number of fishermen listed in the order of their importance in this respect were: Cumberland, Knox, and Lincoln. Cumberland County ac- counted for 40 per cent of the total number of fishing vessels and Knox County 27 per cent. Washington County led in the number of motor and other small fishing boats accounting for 26 per cent of the total. Hancock followed with 20 per cent. CATCH BY COUNTIES Fishing was prosecuted in the marine waters of 10 counties in Maine during 1928. Ranked according to value, the fisheries of Cumberland County were most important, accounting for 26 per cent of the total catch and 28 per cent of the total value of the catch. Knox County was next in value of the catch accounting for 13 per cent of the quantity and 20 per cent of the total value. Other important counties listed in order of their importance with respect to value of the catch were Hancock, Washington, and Lincoln. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 785 Fisheries of Maine, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: BY GEAR Purse | Haul Gill nets Lines Ripat é seines,|seines,|___ | Pound) oo seuinrete Items market! com- | metal ance es eirs fish | mon | Drift |Stake/Anchor) Trawl |Hand AN) = a | ee: Num- | Num-|Num-|Num-| Num- | Num-| Num- | Num- |Num- Fishermen: ber ber ber ber ber | Number | ber ber | ber ber MATRVERSOISS apiece oe! 130 53 LOes =e | 62 224 Aa ee ee ae Say | On boats and shore— Gia EV pistes Ae 119 352 25 1 188) 878 587 2) 61 397 \CUC TE igo Cee ees | oe 20 2) 4| 29 heme Wat ee a eae 67 Motos sace. 22 ee 249) 425) 37 5 279 1, 104) 1, 162| 2 61 464 Vessels: Lin- | Penob-| Saga- |. Wasb- | ,- Items berland| cock |nebec| K°X | coin | seot | dahoc | Waldo) ington | York Num-, | Num- Num- Fishermen: Number Number| ber Number Number|Number Number, ber |Number| ber On ‘vessels Seeeee eee 271 | 22 | panes | 78 | 705/58. es | ees | 26 7 On boats and shore— Regulars 776 898 5 | 612 — 455 4 200 25 1,161 179 Casual: 3253 ele | 302"| sooo es 78 | 140 4 106 87 Be eo Motel j-2s-eeeee 1, 047 1272 5 | 768 | 665 8 306 116 1, 223 186 Vessels, motor: | . Stow Ostons Sse 17 | Cet Reena 18 | 10+) oS aE ae 1 2 1 Tsto20itonsese se 10 Iie. 2502 5 | 2:' | een | Fee eee 2 1 21) to’ 30 TODBese ese | | See aes oe CSc erent Peete (dee eee eC 1S (Seas 3) toa0tons aoe ees “diy [aS Se el [ome ae ah os Jstembonlotscncko|i.2e2-05|2-- ees een ee 41 tol b0 tonsses 1 | eR | te es a lf | = a | beet 5)'to 60 tous 222 = 2 | eee ee |------|--------|--------|--------]----.--- oe el | a Total vessels_.__._- 34 yy eee 23 | 16}. Cape ee Pees ss el 6 2 Total net tonnage_- 577 ASS ae eee | 195 | 118 || 2 che S| sees es 7 106 20 Boats: | | | | Motors 2 By eoeee Pocket note! ee ee- sae secel es eed ERE Eee ee mare ees ef Ta\Snak 2 Otter trawls:-._°..-.. 23 | Wibesesss | an Nt | See ee pO eee ee ec 2 Yards at mouth__ 595 | 35 } 118 30 15 40 Boxtrapse. =< seas eee Pots— Orab..25 22 Boles 1) ie fies Bete Pa Lobster. ......... Harpoons, swordfish - Bpess pees ae Sa Sk ee redges, scallop_____- Yards at mouth __ lint) © Sea pee) Dis bee aed, eee loft. Coe es oe See Grapple iron, kelp FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of Maine, 1928—Continued CATCH: By COUNTIES 789 Cumberland Hancock Kennebec | Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pounds | Value EES SB es Se hoe 8, 041 $84 435, 750 ap SED) secre me SE ee ee. Lene, 5 140 19 Bonito 36 Butterfish 1, 972 ieee Ae et NE ES 215, 539 Cunner 500 COTE) ie See 2 eS eae 17, 733 DO eS 2 eee 640 Flounders 23, 499 Haddock 202, 741 PAAR! > EeAt chee as 49, 753 Halibut ; 9, 889 ELBIrine Sus = Sock ce see aso 10, 888, 914 60, 981 WEACKOLG bet ne ne oSea re cesanauasssssss 552, 934 27, 513 ROM OCK = Sete Rees nee Shee 8 oe eta eae 1, 205, 668 20, 301 HCGSONSH Swe so = eek. Se 1, 445 27 SIPLEPOV0) ot ee ee eee 490 124 Son ee eee ee ee ee 25, 664 903 SGU a ee ee eee 45, 338 618 ST ts 2 ee ee, 295, 681 53, 780 Suh a a a 517 67 ISG OL Site se RS Pee 552 So one | RIOR HShess Aas ee ae Se See 632, 685 115, 965 Om COd Hae = Fe 5 Le 12, 204 751 “CTI RR 9 I Se Bee OE 110, 635 4, 463 ALTER Te eS ee SS 5 Fee 3, 510 34 WVOlishha—ss— — =. See = 32 2 OO 26, 870 | 515 | (CURD LOS. TEING eS ee eres eee caer meen 85, 000 | 2, 975 MODS LOLS aes es ee coe oe ee I, 223, 727 305, 737 elamsysotts DIDHCs 22 22 2-2 523, 000 | 52, 300 Sg }ii|_ “2 3 SO ee ee 12, 090 243, | SIRI Ry RG ee = eee 11, 478 5, 729 | Total__-.--.-------.------------ 32, 452,405 | 1,175,431 | 19,356,875 | 780,240 | 22,000 | 2, 200 | | Knox Lincoln Penobscot F | Pounds Value Pounds Value | P ISU, Bl Se ek ba eee ee | 380,425 | $4,508 | 714,600 $6, 796 |__ acs lh ck Squid poallops, sea HeGLp eeee ss -~ SEP 1, 805, 850 | 316, 000 | 15, 486,079 830,965 | 12, 048, 367 15, 000 150 6 1 407, 459 790 U. S. BORBAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Maine, 1928—Continued CATCH: By countTliEs—Continued Species Sagadahoc Waldo Washington York | Pounds | Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value Alewives-__-- ae See 40, 600 | $208 ))| $5522. a5 | See: 365, 000 $1,070 | 187,500 | $3,000 Butterfishc -22- = = 500 (ii eee Ee ee eae bes 1, 500 300 Oni eee SERRE 822, 754 22, 050 65,000 | $1,800 | 1, 243,077 36,893 | 351,429 | 11,401 Gusk- op = o== ais 91, 018 LAT ee RES ee ee 22, 522 250 6, 650 GIS 2s 77, 050 6, 205 1, 000 | 120 — 1, 000 100 , 200 1,120 Flounders- 8 AGO ees bie SS I ee ea OE oe 82, 335 3, 350 Haddock --| 586,820 16, 704 15, 000 600 632, 362 13, 207 62,095 | 10, 349 Hake. ----- x le 900 TSO WS See oes ehseh tore 54, 718 9, 314 1, 890 244 Herring, sea_--_...-.-- | 1, 005, 500 @; 6157} 13,198, 050))| 21,125) 29,805,770 | 162:.340) |=. 228 ele Mackerel... —-*..22-=3 | 142, 466 By DO Pe Sie eae hae a 4 2, 400 192 | 175,000 7, 000 Pollock: ~~ -2- =e 30, 120 GT Bue Pe a es Spe 249, 626 3, 365 20, 416 433 Salmon... -2. 222. 2252 eee [2322--508 4,650 | 1,770 350 110 7 2 Shad......---2222 5.52) ee eee | ree Be he ee ee Se | a ee 8, 000 400 Skates: 52355. ee nel ee seer e eer nee ee eee OS ee ee ae ee eee 75 ual Sinclt--- 2 eee 71, 635 15, 527 101, 900 | 21, 250 63, 750 17, 080 10, 000 1, 500 Sturgeon... - 25-4. 22) ee ee ree) | ee eae ee reese be eee 8 10 Suckers- ----- aaa see 22, 560 2, 2060/25 5 oo oo Sole Sa a Se Se ee ee Tomc0G': sco 22 ele eee eee ee ee 9, 000 90} 2-2 =---5=5-|22 J. ole ee ee Tn <5. == s Seas 55, 332 3, S20 ME a 52S 58 See See es ee ee 16, 000 640 Woltish-- oe tee Poe se all ae er eh ae i be ee | 1, 275 25 Crabs, hard. .-. +=. {ee ae ee Ee ee reel epee Sate vt Somes Cs 26, 400 198: |__--2! 2.2 | pee Lobsters -.—- eae f) 7 88,0989 57, 240) |e Sas a ees 1, 254, 832 | 378,985 | 310,575 | 79,194 Clams, cockle--_-_--- ee eS ee oe (ae ee , 000 180 |} --==2-2-=--|saeseee Clams, soft, public___. 205, 080 17, 811 3, 000 300 | 1,191, 600 58,050 | 127,000 | 12,700 Scallops, sea_----..-- ee eee Bae ae | eee | a ee 6, 000 3,000,|.- = 3S eee Periwinkles-. 222252}. ec see ee en ee ee 2, 000 600. ).-=-.- | eee | hives | Eanes 2a je Se Total--2 = es | 3,890,658 | 166,253 | 3,317,900 | 47,067 | 35,035,672 | 686,173 |1, 709,179 | 132, 520 INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Transporting trade——In 1928 there were 263 persons in Maine engaged primarily in transporting the catch of fish. In this trade 3 steam vessels and 128 motor vessels having a total capacity of 1,378 net tons were operated. The size of vessel in most popular use ranged from 5 to 10 net tons. Wholesale trade—There were 103 wholesale establishments in Maine engaged chiefly in handling fresh and frozen products. This number includes 2 in New Hampshire. This is 34 per cent of the total number of such establishments in the New England section. These establishments employed 427 persons who received $432,493 in salaries and wages. Knox County accounted for 27 of these establishments; Hancock County, 24; Washington County, 22; and Cumberland County, 17. Prepared and by-products trade.—There were 119 establishments in Maine during 1928 engaged primarily in the manufacture of pre- pared fishery products or by-products. This is 78 per cent of the total number in the New England section. They employed 3,019 persons who received $1,704,135 in salaries and wages. The prod- ucts manufactured consisting principally of canned sardines and clam products were valued at $10,291,561. Detailed statistics of most of the items manufactured may be obtained from ‘Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928.’ Bureau of Fisheries Docu- ment No. 1067. In addition to the above, 614,054 pounds of fresh salted and smoked products valued at $21,030 were prepared by the fishermen. oe oe FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 791 Industries related to the fisheries of Maine, 1928 TRANSPORTING Items | Number Items Number Men on transporting vessels__-.-..----- 263 || Transporting vessels—Continued. — Motor—Continued. Transporting vessels: 21 to: 30: tons ee 3 oe eS - == 4 Steam— SI Go 40 tOnshetee eee eee =e 1 Qitto me wouSeass se este 2 ae aa IEG OU LOUDS hse sae aoa en oe 1 || Total eee ee jij 128 —— Net: tonnage:-222--2-6.------— 1, 291 Muntele = Bae kot eee Se, ee 3 Sere Neto nnarote fs + so bo YN 87 || Total vesselSoe. 22 sce 131 —S Total net tonnage-_-_----------- 1,378 Motor— | BitOblGitons!. Hates sett lee Us 79 HOST UCOLS ec se oe ee | 44 WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE ! Penob- Boel Cumber-| Han- Lin- | ©88- | wash- Items land cock oe Cpe | ington | Total County | County Y | County York | County | Coun- ties ! Mistablishments:< say wis 14 ssee ak ee es 17 24 27 7 6 22 103 Persons engaged: | IPFOPMIOtOlS 2s. 22 ws SSL eee | 24 26 30 10 7 23 | 120 Salaried employees---__----------- 22 3 16 2 1 9 | 53 PRIA TMETS aes Satna ee oe ee ee 141 40 34 10 5 | 24 | 254 Paid to salaried employees__-__--_----- $57, 598 | $12,900 | $63,360 | $10,705 | $1,000 | $11, 252 | $156, 815 Paid to wage earners__--_____---------- 176,145 | 30,100 | 38,099] 10,954 6,000 | 14,380 | 275,678 pe a | SE ee | Total salaries and wages-__----_-. 233, 743 | 43,000 | 101,459 | 21, 659 7,000 | 25,682} 432,493 PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS ?2 Items Number Products 3 | Quantity | Value BStablishiments: 5-225 25. 2222-2 1197 |= Sal tedisos as Se 8 ee pounds__!| 7,263,150 | $400, 197 Persons engaged: SIMGKGGe ee ee ne Sena eS do_.--| 5,071, 264 472, 308 REGprielprsse- to. += 22-2 t | 147 || Canned: Salaried employees ---__---- 96 Hardiness =. 5- _o standard cases 4__| 2, 055, 763 | 8, 076, 546 iWagelearners__ 2. --25222--- | 2.016 ||) Clamm products=s2-2 22-8 2255-2 do__--| 164,856 599, 671 ——— Miscellaneous fishery products Paid to salaried employees_--_-_- $257, 909 ed shay lees cen od es standard cases 4_- 60, 176 353, 988 Paid to wage earners_-_--______-- 1, 446, 226 || By-products: _— Scrap; meal, ete:. === -9=2=2 tons__ 6, 383 173, 903 Total salaries and wages-_/1, 704, 135 Herring oil-o Se se see gallons_-| 166,055 57, 974 ; Cod liver oil, crude-___------ Gons= 47, 232 36, 667 Other productss= ee fo oa eee 120, 307 ET tall eae a eente tee Oeste TS =. a De eee 10, 291, 561 PRODUCTS PREPARED BY THE FISHERMEN Items Pounds | Value | Items | Pounds | Value 0 2 Se Aes See sr 7S - | SS | oe Fresh: || Salted—Continued. | | Waivers eee 8 eee ee = 240,475 | $4,804 | OuSK. <3 oo a8 sees 685 | $13 Boumdse2 os’ se ek 500 15 | Bakes co coin skss 1 eee 585 | 10 Sea ee eed Se 31, 737 1, 506 | Mackerel: 3222 See" =8e2 387 | 31 PRONE THESE So Se Sk 1, 730 Shi | iPOlloGk<=) 23 ee se ser ee 45 1 Salted: _ || Smoked: Alewives--...--------- 175,200 | 9,290 PLOW VES ose ees eee eyo ee eet 125, 800 3, 452 | SS (Clif Ry eee Ee ae ea Bs 36,910 | 1,873 | Motalea esl = Sree aes 614,054 | 21,030 1 Includes 2 firms in Rockingham County, N. H. 2 Includes a small quantity of fish smoked in New Hampshire. 3 Includes the production of 21 firms whose activities were principally in the wholesale fishery trade. 4A standard case contains one hundred 4-pound cans of sardines, 48 No. 1 cans of clam products or forty-eight 1-pound cans of miscellaneous canned fishery products. 5 Includes herring skins and scales, tanners oil, and kelp products. 792 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES NEW HAMPSHIRE The fisheries of New Hampshire in 1928 employed less than one- half of 1 per cent of the total number of fishermen and accounted for less than one-half of 1 per cent of the total catch of the New England section. Only two wholesale plants were operated in this State, therefore, the number of persons engaged, salaries and wages, and products of these establishments are included under Maine. No transporting vessels were operated. There were 53 persons engaged in fishing. The total catch amounted to 239,099 pounds, valued at $45,535. This is a decrease of 47 per cent in the catch and 19 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the catch and its value for 1924, which is the most recent year for which comparable data are available. Of the catch, lobsters accounted for 54 per cent of the quantity and 90 per cent of the value. The fisheries of New Hamp- shire were confined to Rockingham County. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products in the marine waters of New Hamp- shire during 1928 was taken by 53 fishermen, 76 motor and other small fishing boats, and 2 major types of gear. In the lobster pot fishery 36 fishermen were employed. CATCH BY GEAR The entire catch during 1928 in the marine waters of New Hamp- shire was taken by lobster pots and lines. Lobster pots accounted for 54 per cent and lines, the remaining 45 per cent. The catch by lobster pots was exclusively lobsters and that by lines principally haddock and cod. Fisheries of New Hampshire, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: BY GEAR ar Total, ex- eens pee Lobster | clusive of ents | OLS duplica- Trawl Hand tion : i x i art Shes ot BET ies i Fishermen: On boats and shore— Number | Number | Number | Number Regular: .. ees oe eee ee Dale SS ee 36 4] Oashale = meee ee EE a ee PID Ie eee 12" | Serene 12 Total 2 322253344. = suk Seed pe Ser yes ee 5 12 | 36 53 Boats: > FE a Motor. ---- : 2 oe ee ks el ee ee \ Di ser a ee | 36 38 Other ..._ 2.2.0. a Ee eee ee ee eee ee | 36 38 \pparatus: Number-__- : Sp i en 100 48 2380) cance Hooks; baits;:or snoods!-2—. 9 S238 eee 5, 000 192) 22s y= <2 CATCH: BY GEAR Species Traw] lines Hand lines Lobster pots ; | Pounds Value | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value Cod : _...| 25,000 $750! |22--=22. oe 4,000 900 \isiaeeso22|) 3-05 eee eee Haddock__. SS So ee OO 9: 000 clea eee | \ se eee ae Hake ___- YES, 2 Se TONDO 200" ha Sone Al he ee EO es | 5 eeetien Pollock oe : : 5, 000 160 |. 02 Sa SS eee Smelt OI | gee no) FOU0i at e250 | eens ee fe cad Lobsters eee wee ma| epee eine e alee tee eae eee |e eer 130,099 $40, 785 Total et te ie eT Oa 3,500} 5, 000 1,250 | 130,099 40, 785 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 793 MASSACHUSETTS The fisheries of Massachusetts ranked first among the New England States during 1928, accounting for 46 per cent of the total number of fishermen and 63 per cent of the total catch. The fisheries and industries related to the fisheries employed 11,013 persons, which is 19 per cent greater than the number employed during 1924, the most recent year for which comparable data are available. Of the totai 7,751 were fishermen, 78 were employed on transporting vessels, 2,104 in the wholesale trade, and 1,080 in the prepared products and by- products industries. The total catch amounted to 380,168,359 pounds, valued at $15,648,776. This is an increase of 56 per cent in the catch and 45 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the catch and its value for 1924. Of the total value of the catch, that for haddock accounted for 33 per cent; cod, 14 per cent; mackerel, 12 per cent; and flounders, 10 per cent. Of the total production, that of haddock accounted for 47 per cent; cod, 18 per cent; and mackerel and flounders, each 10 per cent. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products in the marine waters of Massachu- setts during 1928 was taken by 7,751 fishermen, who used 22 steam vessels, 397 motor vessels, 1 sailing vessel, 3,816 motor and other small fishing boats, and 17 major types of gear. The vessels had a combined capacity of 16,332 net tons. The fisheries accounting for the greatest number of persons were the otter trawl fishery, employing 2,507 fishermen, and the trawl line fishery, employing 1,742 fishermen. CATCH BY GEAR Three types of gear accounted for 86 per cent of the fish taken in the marine fisheries of Massachusetts during 1928. Listed in order of their importance they were otter trawls, which accounted for 52 per cent of the catch; lines, 26 per cent; and purse seines, 8 per cent. The catch by otter trawls consisted largely of haddock, flounder s, and cod; that by lines principally haddock, cod, hake, and halibut; and that by purse seines mostly mackerel. OPERATING UNITS BY COUNTIES Suffolk County was foremost in the number of persons fishing, accounting for 31 per cent of the total. Essex County followed with 28 per cent. Other counties employing a considerable number of fishermen, listed in order of their importance, were Barnstable, Plymouth, Bristol, and Nantucket. Suffolk County accounted for 40 per cent of the total number of fishing vessels and Essex 33 per cent. Barnstable County led in the number of motor and other small fishing boats, accounting for 33 per cent of the total. Plymouth followed with 21 per cent. 794 ae CATCH BY COUNTIES S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fishing was prosecuted in the marine waters of eight counties in Ranked according to value the fisheries Massachusetts during 1928. of Suffolk were most important, accounting for 53 per cent of the total catch and 42 per cent of the total value of the catch. Essex County was next in the value of the catch, accounting for 28 per cent of quantity and 29 per cent of the total value. Other important counties listed in order of their importance with respect to the value of the catch were Barnstable, Bristol, and Dukes. Fisheries of Massachusetts, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR Purse seines, Items market fish Fishermen: Number On ‘vesselSs=s™ 2823 - 1,018 On boats and shore— Regularas2832 "S05 oe | 81 Casual. $5442 3 Total.: 2.08! 32 4255) 1,097 Vessels: Motor— 5'to.0 ‘tons! 25 2s-ae=25-=— 1] tol 20ers =e 21 to 30 tons 81 to 90 tons_-_- 91 to 100 tons_- 101 to 110 tons- 111 to 120 tons_ 121 to 130 tons__- com- mon | Haul seines, | Gill nets Drift |Anchor Number | Number 450 133 178 10 9 3 637 146 | | | | Pound Float- yas] ne Trawl | Hand Number | Number| Number) Number 1, 328 | 362 |<-+-=208)fee eee 403 | 131 187 41 11 | 27 |===--—== 4 1,742, 520) 187 45 131 to 140 tons sees oo | ee ees |= ol nae | Ie ‘Total. se eee ee Ce ee 63 ay, Fp Mae Os Net tonnage_...--------| pat t)y BBSee ee 1,078 290 4,178 16! 097 |2tee ee eee Baile 22.25 see ee eee tee eee Pale fae 1 2022 2 ee ee ees Net. tonnage=: ==. 22s ee | eee eee ESD ieee eed ASD || 225: Ses) Soee eee Total vessels 22224-2263 94 1 ee G64. || 252 bees 71 27: | 2th sa eee Total net tonnage_____- a ee) eee OMS 1, 230), |s22 sees 4,'330)'{ 6 1 109; |423--cee eee Boats: Motor::-2. 3... eee 11 | 8 69 11 175 86 71 16 Other .2°: 3 eee 2) ll 45 9 102 86 115 16 Apparatus: Number. 22:0 eee 106 | 10 7,677 902 49, 932 731 121 25 Length, yardsi)-) ae | 52, 715 | 20) -aasosec= | couse. |ssceun cee eee ee Square "yards §.-5. Loseeaaiieacea5se 2) 059, 774, 1252) 160. 26-3 2| 2a ee ee Hooks, baits, or snoods- ----_- JES DRS EE: RE SS ee ae | eee 453, 480.| ° 1,646 |-. 225-2 se = FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1 Fisheries of Massachusetts, 1928—-Continued OPERATING UNITS : By GeaAr—Continued 929 - 795 Pots aS < : ae | EE +e yke ip Itter =p Ae poons, a nets | nets | trawls Peri- | sword- Crab | Eel | LOb- | winkle| ‘ssh ster and cockle Fishermen: Number| Number, Number| Number Number Number| Number Number oer = eee er | oa OVUNG) | ees ee 14 | Eee 1,190 15 50 | 393 37 | 52 725 | 4 3 8 Os eee re 2 | 25 Le | ee ee a 23 60 | 2,506 39 77 740 | FAT aati) Vessels: | Steam— int GMtOU MOUS ss seo ee (ao ee eee Se Pl (ese aN cl a2 Se Bl Na TO ee TREO EOIN se ers 2 See Sen ee eee. See. IFT, | ee ee open el | eM CD) ft A ee ee TOM DU MLGHSS=4 22. See et | Sel eee 1 i (9 se eee es | ee tea 8 Ee eee TO INPOM AUTOM ees oe oo eee oo ee See ee a 1h ee i pl [a eo es a TOI EOMLOO MUONS 2525522 fe Sa oe et trees 3M | ey A Ee ©) SS ee ee ee eee NGIRSOt FO bOUS s2o 22 aa ss-- 22 [528-8 bese e Se {Ee Sah t 2 2 eee ee ee es. ee Ne GLO SU UOL Sse = ee es a Ss |e Bee Sal es P| | Ss | a ee ee eee ae 1 PSIGEO}1O0 -LOMSo ees 25 Nod woes ONE Be Ty eee | (aaa Ee at [seen Sale ts UO IeEOr ZO ONS se See eae ee ee SoS ab it a eet ope ae eo es pee S| ee SLO PAcURGOUIS ere seen sae en se Neen | ee ee aie [ee ee ee ACS ae DAINLO V2 NON ONS S25. cen ae an ee aes aS ee 1b je eee pesere ire) a (Seeseee<)2ose=ee- GTR OVO TODS ee a Aa 1 hae 8 ae eee | se OS ee lft) Ket 2a Seek eae ae) (ee pee em 1 Net tonnage 180 Motor— DO PIOREGIIS = ewan Ho See SE es Soe 7 11 to 20 tons 45 21 to 30 tons if 31 to 40 tons 4 41 to 50 tons 5 51 to 60 tons 17 61 to 70 tons 12 71 to 80 tons 4 81 to 90 tons 1 91 to 100 tons 1 101 to 110 tons eee eee ee ECG 20 LORS eee ere er eee | ere Aly | Pree ete Wage ee see ee ad leer. tei |. ae PZIEOLI OD LOTS: ee eae ee een J iye] ROH ey S| |e ae Se Plt ia a [Se ee ee TST NEO M40) LOTS. oe oho ee bce en gas od eel (Mere bere | eee cl OA Oo Shee el (ae ae 1 incre eee 104 G4 eo ee 3, 641 alesse 105 Coe 3, 821 b67"\|--=-==2 3 522) | eae | 3 I 8 00) ike ee ee es 92 45 379 | 2,315 | 1,678 | 61,687 400 108 BYsAT Sati cen Opi f lie eee ee SE See |g 2 Seva! Po ea TOR eo eS ee ee eae rr 31k eee et rye U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Massachusetts, 1928—-Continued OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR Dredges } Total, exclu- Items Spears ae Tongs | Rakes | Forks | Hoes ane ie cal- upli- | Oyster lop Clam | eatin 2 2 | ae | =| i | | Fishermen: Number Number Number Number Number| Number| Number| Number| Number Qn. vesselS.==- =< - 2 - = |E=a ae 14) 33 aie eames Ph eee ane erinesa= 4,152 On boats and shore— } } Regular. === 65 | 48 | 848 115 | 125 490 22 481 3, 275 Casual= =. os 19 1 120 733 scceue =| eaeeeee eee 1 324 Totali-2s-2= eee 84 | 63 | 1,001 229 125 492 22 482 7, 751 Vessels: | 3 Steam— 91 to 100 tons__-______ ae, Tees Te oe ee | 111 to 120 tons-._--... lpecoeaee Jecantans lasossat Sloan (ewe eae 121 to 130 tons--.-. 131 to 140 tons-- 151 to 160 tons 161 to 170 tons_-___-_!_-______ | 171 to 180 tons 181 to 190 tons 201 to 210 tons-____-_- 211\to' 220tons: .— 2222 2A1 to1250 TODSee-= 261 to 270 tons-____-- 51 to 60 tons 61 to 70 tons 71 to 80 tons 121 to 130 tons 131 to 140 tons Total vessels__..-_- Total net tonnage - Boats: Motor----_- Other! 25/2 ee Apparatus: Number Yards at mouth._.______ jeeeseeee ee en ee ee —_—. 6 12 rT ee Sa , ey ae 420 58 06" | ABO eens 5 ecole eee 16, 332 27| 542 64! 33] 243 | 2| 96 | 1,957 a1| 346 17/99)" 261) 3] 154) a) anM 56| 3,230} 211 125| 498 99/|\'oaieae See 68 | 3,521 | 220 | nnn nana cee encnenen aenenenn FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of Massachusetts, 1928—-Continued CATCH: BY GEAR 797 , | eee | Gill nets ae Purse seines, mar- | aulseines; | 2 Species ket fish common | Drift Anchor = — — fz a | | | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value BMP WY Osea o250 522-550 -5 345, 900 $4, 550) 1, 607, gic) $21, 756 2, 300 Lyd | epee ee oe -- = <2 |e I Ee atk S15 a a | Sc acaiere |e pe e ACE CR) TAPE ns CS Ss oS eS Se es a: | en ee ae (ee 1 ANY UG PPADS HONS Se 2 OL | Ui a [eS i NR a el ee 2 oe ROL OG U COTES eee ee ce ae. Se | Meme re tee | Se Se 1 LeU O SG OLIS = sere eee |e mR Es FT Sesh hes ee eR eee 1 A ey 9 Napeaee i Ean meee mee (rae, et | (abn ep e7 DeP Ceeneae MP Apnea een es lie tee 21 INGtrtOnnage = 92.42 2,2 Ree ene Bye ARES SAC Mae. i, © weer. le teen ee | 3, 221 Motor— | 3 PRLOREOSCQUG Pete 14 12 fell 19 Olen eee 2 15 TCO AO OHS = S225 es 12 19 3 | 32 Go| PS Ee Sa ees 57 WIStOreubOUS-- 8 EL aliens ae 8 1} 13 be) eS a (ny a | 11 BetOaOnLONSsses—— 0S a2) pO pee Gree ees A Ee ea | 10 MeV tors a5 | so 2 1 | 1 ja SR ae hdres =e! 7 QierOvOUcOnSemens!) INP aibe 2IPe 13] ee [ORE 2 Seta Ss ye EOS ees | 17 GIO ZO tons -22—= = == Ue eee se (eae TGR ee sl a nl Re | 10 Meo BO WOnS ees. Seth 2 Ses) 3. Seal ee LUE AROS 2 2 a hee ee eee 2 SILO; OOMOTIS etek oe eh See So? Sh ieeete = | eee ee ee NUISEG ROO OTS Sone et eres a een ee aE ae QR EES TOFS | 2 5 e ) ae | 4 BOT Lost Ooms eee | ee || aes ef eae ee = ye (SS 4 MUTRCOMUAO UO ae™ ee. ee Sl ge es Ie aE PR Sk ee See eee | en eee ee 6 TAO SO Oust ae esa) we ee ama (Ses eas | eae 1h ote es 2 : PERUGIA BLOTS t2-7— tl Soe Sree PS ea NT [ise 2h oe eae te |. sot fe ee 1 Mobs Gewese! oe. 27 46 12) 138 ‘Dg, tema 2 146 Nettonnage.....__----1} 344 870} 1711 | BHD ale seme 04 | eee 20 | 5, 509 co ae aie Se vee aan | fi ier ee wae eaeee ses : Ne tion pe seams oe ee a < eee ee 8 AES: | Sees apa eg (cape cer ed kes eer Tk A Ts Total vessels._-._______ 27 16 12 140 26 \a2 alee 2 | 167 Total net tonnage______ 344 870 | 171 5, 893 | 204 eee 20 8, 730 Boats: | | rs INI) Ge SR 2 oe 555 210 203 259 | 144 41 410 | 135 Grier AR nn Oe } 715 238 209 | 240 | 17 48 DONS as eS 6881—31——_7 i s, yee’ thet ae ol Tom 800 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Massachusetts, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By countigs—Continued = Barn- . Nan- | Nor- | Plym- Items stable Bristol| Dukes| Essex tucket | folk onth Suffolk Apparatus: Number| Number|Number| Number |Number|Number| Number| Number Purse seines, market fish----- 8 1 1 Ai Oe) En beet fe | 45 rarde2: «ee 22s e ae 3, 200 120 120 21, 0604|2<-2. ssi ses- col eee 22, 215 Haul seines, common-_._-__-_--_- : Ul eae 2 63|225- sacle eee I |'2S3S2e28 Yards... 2 20) see seeae 240 240 ||. =. =| 20'|_ sees Gill nets— Drift. -sSop ey 885 160 479 3, 655 Square yards_--._-----|171, 200 | 33, 800 |135, 120 |1, 029, 714 |_-- Anchor? 2 et 203| Seer ese 834 |_ + Square yards_----_-_- 3,600) | ¢ eS SS 235, 024 4nes— . Trawl. 42> ee jim oh 200 Ws ase 240 22, 292 BONS eee | 160 23, 900 Hooks=23.2=-=2<5-5-050| 163, 000 Hand 2-342 see betes 72 Hooks.--3. 22-3422 252 Pound nets ssn eee 94 Mloating traps=——- see eee 6 Fyke netsc22.. 2228 eee 78 Dip. nets 3] ae | “ Otter trawls—..—2_---- === ns | 66 Vardsiath mouths. aes 1, 683 Pots— Crab sess ee ee eee Be] 3582.2 see ae 788 Lobsters -—3: 2 <2) = sa 8, 524 Periwinkle and cockle____ 400 Harpoons, swordfish_--.-____- 2 Spears 22 220s ee 42 Dredges— Oystercc235 ee ee 28 Yards at mouth_____- 31 Scallop:2 4 Se 558 Yards at mouth______| 928 Clan eee | 30 Yards at mouth______ | 27 Ton gS 2 ee ee 41 Rakes) 839-2228 a eee 297 Forks. 5. = See 4 HOGS Aone ee eee 107 CATCH: By COUNTIES Species Barnstable Bristol Dukes Essex Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value| Pounds Va!ue Alewivés..2. 25 eeme ae 360,000! $3, 280 2, 667 $29| 627, 240) $6, 273 523, 265} $6, 029 Bluefish.) 3. eee 7, 053 1,115 917 56) 1, 121 244 4, 825, 260 Bonito - 3 6, 497 682 12 2) 3, 092: 372 1, 830 58 Bntterfish=-22. se see seca 305,169) 40, 662 9, 982 1,421) 85, 892) 10, 308 94, 954 14, 098 Cod — 2, 597, 463) 105, 394) 1,403 536, 52,400) 124,578) 3, 858) 30, 385, 823)1, 042, 668 Ousk- 2 eee 30, 929 789 7, 040 128 3, 6 68 858, 879| 18, 664 els: cnocee ee ee 187, 221 21, 903 44, 130 6,619! 65,450) 6, 667 16, 998 2, 000 Flounders______._-_-----___| 8, 060, 845) 3438, 169) 6, 038, 636 312, 425 1, 327, 985) 53, 522) 2, 055, 927 4, 170 @rayfish-2.- >= eee 3, 360 168 3, 348) 35, 53, 502 5X 1] eee lyse Haddock__ oes 3, $33, 732} 125, 001/10, 556, 956; 299, 730, 453, 146) 14, 426) 37, 601, 048)1, 149, 607 Hake 2 590, 353 12, 457 94, 772) iF 680 12) 766 262| 2,314,314) 48, 732 Halibut sof 31, 929 4,636) 202,179 21, 275) 75 54| 2,867,195) 423, 136 Herring, sea___- = i 952, 970} 23,622 31, 688 1 604 1, 560. 16} 2, 239,908) 28, 720 Hickory shad _....2-. 222 | 2 ee ee eee 25} P| eee ae 53 eee ae King whiting _- 37, 6c coer |. oe Mackerel. 2 3332 eee 4, 173. 905 148, 691! 1538, 736 9, up 765, 509) 34, 257} 18, 607, 318) 977, 528 Menhaden -..._ 2.62 |e eee 24: 7 4,113) 41).=2-s.3.533|2 Seen Pollock __ Reales ees | 232,631 6, 011) 17, 843 435) 12, 156) 365) 4,756, 207| 91,829 Rosefish = 3.5 eee 3, 259 46, 438 Blau eees [eee 20, 2: 243 Salmon. wD ela See 85 dee. Tae 1a eee | ee Se oe 4,772 197 Sand launce.........._...-- 312, 80h). 23/327 |Ree =. ee Jak op. aed] Ob geen | accosult aes eee See 9 __..-| 755,104) 30,352) 31,000| 1,557| 69,080] 2740): |_| 322 aa Sea passe” Ae ee ee 150,140). 115, 014 Se eee | 2, 741) 266|'22 ... 2222) 2 eee Shad_- : 24,368, 1, 904 33 4 16 2 5, 190 328 Biiarkss <5. Beit Ci 1, 970 104) 4, 079 41) 2 60,095| 7, 368 Skates 2, 475 124 3, 205, « ne 2, 335) 29 4, 070 62% Skipper or “billfish” = 12, 850! O54. 52 ee li-e= 2y-s Sepepte = | a oe | tee ee Rinclt ssw oak oe oF 150 3 310) 31 ee {ie EX 8 7, 496 1, 949 Squeteagues_ reas 123 13) 2, 481 361, 822) 124) oo oe | eee Sidi ped PAss= -s_- 25 2222.2 8, 060; 1, 482! 259 24! 38 bi Peeaeee ee Rascma. r FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 S801 Fisheries of Massachusetts, 1928—Continued CATCH: By countrgs—Continued Species Barnstable | Bristol Dukes Essex Sim = "SEE Re fais Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds|Value| Pounds | Vatue Si a ees = 50 $8) oe ee | eee ene 807) $161 oobi ke ae oe ee 15, 058 2,710) 261,218, $43, 237; 398, 188/$66, 513) 1,299, 214] 232, 888 27, 054 2, 144) 96, 962 8, 184) 2,615 131 300, 21 ~ katt SE ae | 585.) 20 ba teeeeeenen ees, _| eee os Pe Me COC ae ie 7 eae eae (aaa Dae a 3) 502 2, 995 169 Five BUCS NS AE FIA ec de |! PLORA00| Pe beOlt seems ee 5, 760, 073 57, 601) 4, 220) 49| 75,170) 753| 832, 943 6, 846 46, 501) 956, 486) 10 500 10 92, 058 2, 147 ee eee 50) | eeeeeer ey Upi a) Oa bres Pps ty) ee ea poe ee (lilies lie Melee acc ac alhigciei) 130, 500 3, 213 oe a 72, th 270,652 98,647) 550, 743/178, 080, 578, 069) 214,014 | q 5, 160, 021; 108, 3371 121, 933) 4, 208} 100,125} 1, 001) 76, 145) 1, 280 Clams, cockle ----.--------- BAO70| p23] ne ee (RL web ee eames a eIR art ss ee Clams, hard, public_------- | 517, 104 179, 909) 333, 824) 126,902} 240, 000) 85, 300;.-.._______ eee Clams, razor_.-.-...------- 38,400; 8, 000|_......___ (aera Peer a sliee tae sepa ts | oddest Clams, soft, public__---_--- 215,870) 43,081 1, 000, 250) 4, 800 960) 1, 136, 230) 113, 623 Oysters, market, private...) 707,686) 345, 677 2, 100, AD One cae | | MS a lng er ce oe A | ae See BSS Oysters, seed, private ------ 139, 503} 27,018 14, 700 iti (a) en eee ne Seed ee Pace ae : Rep GNI Ll OS meee ees | oe | eae 250) 0) Sees ee ee ee ee Scallops, bay.......-------- 278, 322) 132,389 53,184, 21, 183) 231, 396|123, aia. iy ee ES : Scallops) sea.......-.----_- | 28,014) 13,005] 87,060} 29, 020|_.._._-_-|_.--___, 3, 030 159 sBota) eae es = 3 36, 783, 470)1, 891, 201/19, 857, 773/1, 048, 502/5, 231, 025/591, 968 106, 572, 625/4, 497, 167 | Species Nantucket Norfolk Plymouth Suffolk | | Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value Bee as 2s | See eee 32, 000 $320} 601, 500 $12, 075 101, 300, $1, 292 600) eZ a AN 28 OP ee |e es Lee ed 2 8 ESAs he ae Oe 7, 000 34 1 16, 950 66, 940 10, 041 464, 915 32, 687, 174) 1, 048, 651 pais Sane eek eat 30 PCT a IR 1, 284,814) 31, 920 SONGDO| Peni ae Bae res] s eet al ei 7B 3, B62) 2022 oe [eae te 4, 693, 467 14, 509, 067; 648, 626 Se UU | Mae SO ee eecr ee ee | Se ee een | De eee [Cee oe ape eee aed CS 1, 254, 379 123, 862, 004) 3, 607, 790 1, 268 | 6,307,599) 141, 507 433 958, 902 156, 981 Rarninig Sea 228 es a et 4, 918 952, 600) 18, 629 CLD GRRE eck ie SAI Aa 21, 450 Di] See ees | ed eee 45,760) 3,738) 18,393,413) 688, 978 ULI EN 2 es Oo 2 1, 645 30 | Shes aes | Cee ee ae Ae ee 2, 680, 244 70, 107 BARGE) A 2 2. easel a Ib Sores Sy cael [pe el Sa ee OP eee eres eel eee 99, 471 1, 589 PEG he a oe 5 Se Be I Ee Se Pe eS ee (| eee (ee Lee ee 11, 193 509 HNL See eee 4 1 Seen aes | nee (ee soeeee 66) 1 BINIIASS seer es 1, 400 SO ae ee Ee ee [eee ee eee lowe eee | ee eee ED TCT epee Sg ageoree are ec | SR aa ae oe Oe I aad ae ve ee ae 350) 3 irae mesa 1, 000 (ii as al eels 9k ae ee (a ae 304 24 eV RS? oF hte ee RE 3, 000 00 esse {eee Soh (bebe Sesh eee 12, 574; 300 SSD ke ee eS SR Na ee (nee eee [ee era || ee ee | See eo | 20, 833 301 SENG oe 2a a la Te A ee (ee 14, a 1, 472 9, 680) O68) oer a ee ee ES BeRTe CONC ae nth oy 380 60) | ele Ca ee ee ae i 1, 601 338 a ONGUISH Eee Oe Te PAULO R Se seetee yk AT Bag TDLT pe eS Sees liSH eee a Th LS Brabs hard: 2s heen? 1 Barrie see eae y's Tt te Sams COCK G4 et lk Clams, hard, public________- Clams, soft, ‘public- ite se ee oe Oyster, market, private Oysters, peed private Bee Ee eee a ee 1 Doky mal te Seer ae Sa | See tes eno ps, Daye. 2) 2) Se ele BECUMODS Sones nce te 28 774 OTT 6CS a eS PSE le eae - Motaleeke a epee 7, 345, 320| 438, 012) 156.697} 38, 721] 2, 948, 097| 510, 405/201, 273, 352| 6, 637, 800 802 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Transporting trade.—In 1928 there were 78 persons in Massachu- setts engaged primarily in transporting the catch of fish. In this trade 18 motor vessels and 3 sailing vessels having a total capacity of 747 net tons were operated. The size of vessel in most popular use ranged from 5 to 20 net tons. Wholesale trade-—There were 150 wholesale establishments along the coast of Massachusetts engaged chiefly in handling fresh and frozen products. This is 50 per cent of the total number of such establishments in New England. These establishments employed 2,104 persons who received $3,574,504 in salaries and wages. Suffolk County had 96 wholesale establishments. Other counties of impor- tance were Barnstable, Essex, and Bristol. Prepared and by-products trade—There were 30 establishments along the coast of Massachusetts in 1928 engaged primarily in the prepared fishery products or by-products trade. This is 19 per cent of the total number of such establishments in the New England section. These establishments employed 1,080 persons who received $1,571,352 in salaries and wages. The products manufactured, con- sisting principally of salted fish and miscellaneous canned fishery products, were valued at $6,014,353. Detailed statistics of most of the items manufactured may be obtained from ‘Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928,”’ Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1067. In addition to the above, 3,430,275 pounds of fresh and salted fish- ery products valued at $141,124 were prepared by the fishermen. Industries related to the fisheries of Massachusetts, 1928 TRANSPORTING Items | Number | Items Number Men on transporting vessels___- = 78 | Transporting vessels—Continued. eee need salu Transporting vessels: | 81 to. 90 tons: 2 eee 1 Motor— Oi to l0oitons2 ses eeee 2 2 Se 2 DibO-AO SONS) 5-255 bee 6 a VIREO 20 CONS Ss ee eee ee 6 || Total eeess oa ee 3 2) to 30 'tons.2 == = : SA) 2 |i Net tonnage 2 ee 271 AISEO'O0 TONS 222 Ane a= 1 = 71 to 80 tons___- oss en 1 || Total vessels; =-222- 4. 21 S150:00 CONS: =~ 2-2 see ae 2 Tota] net tonnage..-..-.--_--- TAT fl Ws: be ae A rs as BAe NaS.) 18. | Wet:tonnage:----— - J ee 476 WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE | | | | Dukes, me! Barn- tucket 2 Bristol | » | Essex Suffolk 7 Items stable | d si i cas Total County County Plym- County County ' outh Counties, Establishments... .. .:.5.35 ee 22 8 6 | 18 96 150 Persons engaged: Proprietors______- _ ol eee eee 19 | 8 | 8 | 31 170 236 Salaried employees_- ei Sas 32 | 9 | 6 34 305 386 Wace earners.:-2 2 4 2 et 2 eee 192 | 43 | 17 167 1, 063 1, 482 Paid to salaried employees____- == "$66, 954 | $24,805 | $11,140 | $99, 671 |$1, 368, 470 $1, 571, 040 Paid to wage earners___.______- _...--.-| 252,584 | 63,620 | 22,620 | 170, 884 | 1,493,756 | 2, 003, 464 Total salaries and wages_-__________--.| 319,538 | 88,425 | 33,760 | 270, 555 | 2, 862, 226 | 3, 574, 504 fal | | FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 803 Industries related to the fisheries of Massachusetts, 1928—-Continued PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS Items Number Products ! Quantity Value mapannsh ments =2- >= 2.-_=-- 30) Salted! 3: 2.35 ee pounds__| 16, 294, 618 $1, 966, 418 Persons engaged: | Sinoked’. <4. Fe ae do___-| 6, 462, 188 790, 801 Proprietors: - = -221-=2--21- 41 Canned: Salaried employees_____--_- 115 Mackerel___.....standard cases ?__ 10, 382 92, 425 Wapelearners-..:22--4:2_.: | 924 | Miscellaneous fishery products____|....___- _.... 1, 359, 606 : -———=—=_) Scrap, meal, ete-....-..-__.-. 2 tons_. 6, 943 445, 732 Paid to salaried employees -__-_- $356, 819 | Cod liver oil, crude_________- gallons__ 171, 911 134, 550 Paid to wage earners-..__-----./1, 214, 533 | Other products 3_____.__--_-------- i lane eg eat. 1, 224, 821 Total salaries and wages_/1, 571,352 | Motale) 2 seo. So eee peat eee ING OL 853 PRODUCTS PREPARED BY THE FISHERMEN Items Pounds | Value | Items Pounds | Value | Fresh || Salted—C ontinued PIONS Pee ee a 450, 000 | $11, 000 | LEP oyb ee ee oe eee 3, 630 $316 SOU Atl? $10 See Sa ee eee 256,807 | 15,176 |, Perms 2s. AEE Ue 615, 600 | 22, 950 Salted: || Mackerel aes. Sa ee 65,430 | 3, 861 LOG CC a es a 560,000 | 14,000 || IRGHOGK = =~ s Eh ee see 8, 616 | 173 COG fa ip a Ta nae 1, 443,919 | 72,744 |) Sturgeon caviar____________ 168 | 168 OVRE) Se Soe Se eo ee eee 6, 405 136 || } = Haddockie cee oe oe 8 7, 980 | 414 || oleae ee ~-| 3, 430, 275 | 141, 124 Eigke ee iel sno. ieh sae ls 11, 720 | 186 || | i 1 Includes salted and smoked fish prepared by eight firms whose activities were principally in the whole- sale fishery trade. 2 A standard case contains forty-eight 1-pound cans of mackerel. 3 Includes liquid glue, herring scales, isinglass and blackfish oil. RHODE ISLAND The fisheries of Rhode Island in 1928 employed 8 per cent of the total number of fishermen and accounted for 5 per cent of the total catch of the New England section. The fisheries and industries related to the fisheries employed 1,674 persons, which is 14 per cent greater than the number employed during 1924—the most recent year for which comparable data are available. Of the total, 1,259 were fishermen, 34 were employed on transporting vessels, 313 in the wholesale trade, and 68 in the prepared products and by-products industries. The total catch amounted to 27,666,153 pounds, valued at $2,397- 891. This is an increase of 35 per cent in the catch and 32 per cent in value of the catch as compared with the catch and its value for 1924. Of the total value of the catch that for oysters accounted for 27 per cent; lobsters, 15 per cent; hard clams and flounders, each, 8 per cent; and mackeral and scup, each, 7 per cent. Of the total production that for flounders accounted for 16 per cent; oysters, 11 per cent; mackerel], 10 per cent; squid and cod, each, 8 per cent; and scup, 7 per cent. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products in the marine waters of Rhode Island during 1928 was taken by 1,259 fishermen, 10 steam vessels, 73 motor vessels, 994 motor and other small fishing boats, and 16 major types of gear. The vessels had a combined capacity of 1,045 net tons. The fisheries accounting for the greatest number of persons were the lobster pot fishery, employing 402 fishermen and the tong fishery employing 280 fishermen. 804 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES CATCH BY GEAR Four types of gear accounted for 71 per cent of the fish taken in the marine waters of Rhode Island during 1928. Listed in order of their importance they were floating traps which accounted for 33 per cent of the catch; otter trawls, 18 per cent; dredges, 13 per cent; and pots, 7 per cent. The catch by floating traps consisted largely of squid, scup, mackerel, whiting, and butterfish; that by otter trawls chiefly flounders; that by dredges principally oysters; and that byg pots almost exclusively lobsters. OPERATING UNITS BY COUNTIES Newport County was foremost in the number of persons fishing, accounting for 49 per cent of the total. Washington and Kent Counties followed, each, with 17 per cent. Newport County ac- counted for 66 per cent of the total number of fishing vessels and Washington accounted for 12 per cent. Newport County also led in the number of motor and other small fishing boats accounting for 39 per cent of the total. Kent County followed with 31 per cent. CATCH BY COUNTIES Fishing was prosecuted in the marine waters of five counties in Rhode Island during 1928. Ranked according to value the fisheries of Newport County were most important accounting for 69 per cent of the catch and 48 per cent of the value of the catch. Providence County followed with 8 per cent of the catch and 18 per cent of the value of the catch. Washington County accounted for 17 per cent of the catch and 18 per cent of the value of the catch. Fisheries of Rhode Island, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By Gran Purse seines | | Gill nets Lines Haul | Fe j Wane -| seines, F oun Men- oon; 1} tame «Raney eae nat hdden |.otnee)| Mons Orth ep arallaconsid Trawl | Hand | ae | aA et | Fishermen: Number} unter Number eas) Number| Number Nunes Number| Number On vessels == = a te 22 Bi 7 Fo 0 she nk MTB MG er eS eee 70.2 On boats and shore— ! : Regular.’ 2225554 _ «as P AR Pe nM ees aee 86; |essee 38 | ees 5 11 16 53. Casuals: - fi 3es tele et ee Dae oe eee Jy ee ee ae | eee oe 5 |..-4-2a Rotales3- setae 33 22 28 | 67 18 2 5 26 152 53 Vessels: | Steam— 41 to 50 tons. _______- 1 We Papen 8 1 jew. 8 | 4 eb one eed ee eee See Tafa os) ees 1 eee SS | |) ees) Eee ae ee ess Stele Net tonnage_______ 45. | tee 450 \ ee So 3 ee ee ee M otor— “— 1 tO LO TOns= ees (22 ee YT eet ae OSes. .c2|2 eee 2 24). ae 11 to 20 tons LS |e Se } Ae Oe Ee oo ae ee 2 3)|.---- ae lotalo 2-22 Eee ti eet Se = US st a De 4 7 \2cc- 5a Net tonnage: 2 eso |i SO eee iin et ee | eee 40 213 |... 2a SSS I =— eS —— Total vessels _____.; 1 8 1 [sel ee oral ET eh { 4 ee OT aoe Total net tonnage 45 89 45 55 |i: sr ae 40 213) \--- 22mm Boats: ; ia. Ve Motors Acs ee etait o e (| aa 2 ] 7 57 | 17 Others. 2023. See |i see 17 Bee Cee) eee st Pe Mp eee = 48) Apparatus: | i NG Det se foe 1 | 8 15 246 8 1 470 224 64 Length, yards.....--__.. 400 | 1,900 | (1, 486.\os:cccsb|sseee.-.|23222i24|-2 4 eee ee Square yards. -._......... eset ee Ft eee (Dero 96,422) | * 1,200) | 12,000) |: 25 =< S| 2s es. s Hooks, baits or snoods..-|_..=--=_|_...)._ 4 22 ee eae 27, 440 232 |... =" FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 805 Fisheries of Rhode Island, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By Grar—Continued | Pots Float- | Pyke | Dip | Otter - Peri- oot : Items aug nets | nets | trawls| yp Lob- | winkle | sword-| °P®75 traps : ; Fel | ‘ster and | fish cockle Fishermen: Number| Number Number| Number| Number|Number| Number| Number| Number ONE CSE CIEL oe et le Ce {cee T3565 :) 5) | aie O30 es = sec On boats and shore—- Regilarsese = s~-52 141 6 13 35 24 300 5 30 15 @asual* 252 tive _ te. 3 eee 1 14 73a le -eescen |e 23 Obs Se 144 9 13 192 38 402 5 123 38 Vessels: Steam— | ORLOMLOMLOHS see ees 2 eee ee | Pee eee ee Sp |e erat | Ean a a Ct ss ee eee Wik ey PO) G) see SE So |e ee eee Allies CE hae yes See eee ||. 3 ee ATG OOO Se ae St a ae a | (oe 1 | See Stal pe Sa | oe ae | a dee Titay fn 5 SE eae EE | ee (Fol Cs Soot 3d ie Pe et oe ea ee INGHRDOTIN APC se sao (ee ak eee es ee OAS) sic eee | RCT Sele ae Ee ee ee ee Motor— PALOR ONOUSS= os ana sl oe eee ee Se eee SU esetee. se 118 Jal Re oe 208 | Se24os se MBCOR2O TONS - Pe ae e| Sa ee ee LG 2 eee ji ee (344) See NEL OVSO, LORS 9 am 8) ee ea Ra eS RR 0 ES A 1S Se pees [eee eee HTN ee? = ka a a ee ee eee ee ZA [ec See 140 (oe eee 32), ese ae JINKS HG) aa (2) ee al he ee Ad alse Seer ok LO 7s | 2657| eee ain GHIBVOSSOISS se | Sk | Be ae, iy & eee g4y|za see 32) | See otalnettonnare.. |S) 8) |i Se ae pad || Cee ee 1074|=a = 265) \c= = ee Boats: IViO TOneEs sets. 2 PES) 16 7 9 23 30 265 4 14 1 Oi aYs oa SEE a ee eee pera 7 2 i 2 ee ee 3 AD eae cae eee 18 Apparatus: Ife al 02) pee epee ae 58 63 13 7 1,565 | 36, 925 300 47 38 pecin emsriaitl OULD tea ah ee | Sle es DIAL pe ha Sa ai | a eek eee e | Dredges | peel Items Tongs | Rakes | Hoes | (fquplic Oyster | Scallop | eation Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number Onbvesselsus= 435 ee 76 17 ee eel De ee ee 263 On boats and shore— | ObWNAY oe 25 ons S eco Case sete 1 82 172 | 80) =e 731 CEST || Ae Oe GE 5) Soon Oe See ee ee 40 103 | 37 3 265 Sl ns rrr ae 77 | 139 280 | iby 3 1, 259 Vessels: se Steam— DELOMNOWEO Se secs nee ee PAE eRe Soe ea ee ee en eee 3 TEGO ECOROTIS seate sete ee oer ne EE oe TT ae ee en eee 2 PAI Cie UO) cS a ee eet TS} 8 ee ea a os | eee 1 IBLOROUIUON Seee= se ee Se AL yi eS eS ee eee ee | Beer eee | ee eae 2 AEE OOO LOUIS 285 ee oe ee NY Eee ae | eee | ee | ey 1 HeOMOibONSsse 2 se ee Ee iL Ess 52 SSE |e een | eee gee nl | ee ee 1 Tee Pieter t a | 4 rip ROR a ae ae le oe 10 INGiILORMAP Oss =e sos 8 Ses 191 £238] ipa an ars) ba a Det 1110 Boe el 285 Motor— MERE LORE OTIS Se Pte ee Soe 3 1 Oe ee See nee ee 49 TORO CONS! <5 22 a- ston a 2 oa ks 8 a ee eee Eee ee 2 | eee | 20 TOON OU SS 2a — see ett 1 SL es eee a | es ere ee 3 REEL OL GO YE OLIS sae ee ee mee ea 5 DL se ee | er oo ee ed eee 1 CUNY AEN PS Ro, ot eee 2 ON Tl eee coe 13 4 So oe eee | Sey di INetitonnage: seas. as eee he 2 217 64 LON Rete 2 Ce Bae 760 mopal.vessels- 2 sememee. oh. Sh 17 5 ON See eo: cae 83 otal net tonnage __—722 2 408 72 1G!) (ie ee eae ee Be 1, 045 Boats: Fa BMG Greer See foe Re San ae Ee 1 67 159 AQ |e a Rees 526 ARLE i a es Se a ee) 1 9 252 OS) |e eae ee 4638 Apparatus: : BRIS ORS ee eee eG 35 290 209 93 5h Bae ee BRALOS Ab NOt Ne so ee ee 50 BAHT hee = he atl lg el (ar an 8 Nl ee Sa S06 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Rhode Island, 1928—Continued CATCH: By GEAR Purse seines Gill nets eect " eS Le eel Af Haul seines, . (ae te sy Species common Menhaden Other Drift Anchor Pounds | Value Pounds) Value Eels22 tse oe ee ee ae | Re os De Se El | bo | Blounders2) 3-2 = 4 ee ee ee es | eee Herring seat ie le ae ieee (8 05 Ce Mackereles > 3 eee eee 660, 000 |$29, 125 Menhaden. _________- L700; 000 #SL7000) |Leebe2 see eS HQUCLGAR TCS = ere olan nee ee ee ae ee Pa alee Striped bass22==.-22 4 See eee ees ee ee Se Suckerssi28= 333322 | ee eneee 3 | eer eee orl eee Tautog- 2 ee eee ee See eel cee eee Peaks | White perche= 32222 (atscasene< pee eed eee ee reeeeeee } — — Totals sees 1, 700, 000 | 17, 000 |660, 000 | 29, 125 |141, 324 | 5,228 |180,300 10,818 | 2,040 236 | | Lines an eer Gill nets, 2 as ed sts : Species sive Eeaa rel Pound nets Trawl Hand | Pounds| Value Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value PlewWiVes: Ser se Eo Se ee oe ees See oe ee ses sess et 99,400 | $1,995 liehish: tw os eh eee 152004) SAF, ees Ee See as See 200 $32 1,170 | 117 BOD 0S) toetoes ss ae | socweue pease juese cto clen seca ele eee he ee eee 450 45 Bubcenishoeeet Sa et een eee BRN bd Bee SAR AK |e Spe Dei 183, 360 | 20, 569 WATE. eee SIRO Vw ROY ha. OF. | 242, 973 |$15, 731 | 1,562,182 | 88,441 2,541] 116 Garman sg! Bose ee be ee eee be ee eee 1, 200 36 4, 925 | 89 Messe bt 5 ee ees ee A ee PRR a Te IE a Bd re el ee 72,175 | 6,643 Miounders sees sen ee Lene ea | 31,250} 3,125 8, 350 810 123,137 | 7, 286 Gin ish et ee ane, pe ae [ideo enon Meal. Soe oS oe calls eee | ee ee 2,100. 21 rebate tne cio BS RR SR Reg EE Rk pe Soe ae |e OS 173, 118 6, 273 70, 796 2, 596. = =5 = es eee eae Se ee a NO Eee ee ee at ee 13, 973 632 27,076 | 1,155 Hemme sea 2 - oe ee ee Se 2 ee es Eee |S Svea Se eee ae = 72,250 | 1,256 hickory shad< =) to 22 6 ole EE | See | ee eee ee 1, 330 82 no eee en eee fener eo ie] a oe ae ee | ee | 285 Wiselorelas soo eee ve aa ed aes ere Sa 358, 930 | 52, 795 153,450 | 7,04 LGA cielits Yo (c) 7 eee See ee Senet Peed Be) ee SL ee ee ae |e es 16, 250 163 Leta tere ek 2 RY Sea edge 2 (poe eases 462 15 29, 190 800 19, 641 1, 647 Salmons: oe eS a ee | ees | ee 25 5 Setlpe. 2s a2 20 2 oes een oo eee seo ee a ees ee | ee os | ee ee 66,510 | 6, 1383 Hedibasse 2469 eh Se ee EE | ae ee eee 210 21 16, 035 1, 603 Sea ‘robin. = 3-2 ee | | ee ee 39, 310 355 Shad .- 2 ek sen ee a eee ee 200 21 Riirks Sera oo Se oes ee el ecg Os oe 2s eee ea ere Se ee Peeler ess 1, 990 14 Seatesee 28 ee 2 eae ae [ese 5 oo | Seger Se Seen oe [Deke eee 17, 470 373 40, 650 497 Smelt. 22a seca a Se ec |e cae | er ce | 16,608 | 3,454 Spates ee Pe eee jouth ts) 2c Sace So |t2 ase ee eee aE eee 1, 050 63 Sqneteagues.s-2-.e 28 1,200: i 120. | to = | Sa eee 21,145 | 1, 440 Striped bass... 222208 2 ae a Se ee ee ee ee 500 120 5, 715 933 Sturgeon. = - 2 =. ak = eee a aS | een 25 4 Tantog= 2 ok ee Ae eae (anes REST he ee 36, 168 2, 807 58, 667 | 3, 867 Tomeod «= 22-22 ee ce ee ea aes a a | eee | ee nes |e ee 4, 960 161 Tuna or horse mackKerel_________|-----_-- SPR Sreds (ee PES Ces) oh oer 11, 250 1, 125 10, 000 960 White perch: = 26 ss eee Pe eee We Ss Sale ee See See |oso2s 2S oe 1, 266 127 Whiting... =) = eee ee bene 0 Sie eRe ee LS Seat oe ee 5 ee 158, 705 | 2,492 Squid = ee oe ee et eee |------|---------]--------|-----------|------=-- 300, 042 | 5, 563 Votal==-3 22S 2,400 | 360 | 447,803 | 25, 164 | 2,110,419 | 150,588 | 1,522, 443 | 75, 986 a ) Law FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 SO7 Fisheries of Rhode Island, 1928—Continued CATCH: By GEAR—Continued Species Floating traps Fyke nets Dip nets Otter trawls — = a= TR — ~ -| — Pounds | Value | Pounds|Value|Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value ENSUE a ge a ee 62:'010))>'$1,:360|_...=.=-.|5-- 2 sa|hacanens| pee eee=nlaaesesspesieecoss—> hah] Pe NS 9 rae pn TREN Ala bea es a OS oe a ees OL DCLG safe Se ie SESS 5a oe re 45500)" 4, 839). oo. |e oe oan |e eee oe TAGLOAS|"". 87, B90 aeaana==|auncee age Re SE IP ees ES 40 $4 307, 049 O 26a Soe ee ee ee ee eee 142, 244 5, 447 16, 080 hier | Cees eo eS | 38, 750 $1, 530 15, 300 159 6, 485 6741) 7550001, $600) 202 Sea ee 1, 250 100 365, 193) 32,634) 16,100) 749)--------|-------- 3, 854, 630} 154, 978 5, 336 S49 seco w ae aera Jacacs Sanit |e Seer pees os 2, 400 AS) SERRE |e Le ae eee Cen | area 40, 730, 859 24, 344 202| ee eee {oe en 1, 155 21 5, 367 210] ee ee | eee fo ee te ia ies 327, 506 8, 095 59, 982 Bec 5) [eeeeeerrebel oy J See (ae eae ee a 11, 446 391 ES) EE eae ar ae eee oe ee ee gg eee ne rlesdescloeeesaacleoee eee 376 34 BERRI OSGi seer Ae SL 25, 490 £37) WER at VaR ae Is, SRS Fn pe Re A ae ea MRO VASMAG es = Seer eS es 8, 260 Cf) a ee ee a ge ren ee eee Se ee Pee Pew GIN ae eo 5 Sek 2, 670 14.0) ee eee eeeee 2 | eee Le = Seles OS Ne at oe ee Se aie Genelia a2! See bls Se ete os TRS 2 ai meat esol Td es 2 yee eA S| fel he ee al ba a eee (ETO GTE 2 Se 2 ee 10, 400 FCA Se |e al See eet ee ee eee ie tC ee Beno OCK Hitters: Ss c e c oo HES SRA betG, Olle see sete haat em | ene ee Ea ee re 1, 617| 44 PUTER Cre Se ee VAN Lag tt 9 07-2) ee a ey 0S Eee ea ba ee eee [oe eee oa erie ee te ee a nS! abet | OS6S856| S160 ;bo a ese ae | eenenl ene ea eee Re ee | ee eee el econo meme 2 | 25.42.6525. eee 21 to 30:tons== esse sa ee ee eee aceon | eee ge ees 41'to 50 tons {= -s20. 2-3 nak cose wet see gees post eae e ne | soaceeanee 1 L |2<2eeetes 61-to 60'tons:- = S22 -- 22-522 ene ear ce ee | ae rere een eietrel eee ae ae Jij2ses 2a eee 61 to 7Ostons += 2 =~ 2S se ee | See ee aren eee eee U)) cae Se Ee otal. 2222 2 oc ee ee ee ee 6 4. |e Net tommage...<=2225-- 2522252 See mee ee | eee ee Se ee eee 94 191 Seen ee Motor— b'to 10 tonsa. 22235222 o ee se eee eee 3 1 36 2 Te 31t0: 20 TOSS 33 ess eae ee ees 4 1 11 1 3] 21 LO SUttOUS A) 2a cee ee ee ee |S a 2 lec cawt eae b1't0)60 tons ==2=29- ae ee ee Ra oe (See ll ee 1s eee otal 220 == 5) ssa. Se ese este ee 8 2 49 4 10. Net tonnage: 2222-22 =. See eee 110 18 457 86 89. “Total vessels: => 24 Soe eset oe 8 2 55 8 10. ‘Potalnet tonnseess os eee ee 110 18 551 277 89. Boats IVEDUO ea ste een nn eee ees 30 140 219 26 111 OCH Ge sos saa ee ee ee ee 34 164 164 37 69 Apparatus: Purse seines— Menhaden: --+-.-2-2- 282252 2535.82 eee oe eee Paes oneae ]-|_- 22 eee } Wardseos 2222 32 sees ao Seen eae are 400 |.22 222 See , Opher >= 222522928 Se Se See eee y a eee 1 Wards 2 o2225 coe sne cesta e4 ee eee SS eee 880) |: 120. Hfauliseines: common —2- = <= 3252 sa ae ee Piss 10 2 Qi SWAPS 2a ce Se eee 100) | S=es= es 980 200 205 Gill nets— Drift..=.==---=-----22-2--sen4--taseennncaeed| oases ce ne | eae sae — |e On ee Square yards... --.--.<-2-0-5ae sees soe anedeee |paeeee eee 96,422 |2* oe eee Anchor. _. .2-2-=420.22502 225-223 c sodapene coe eee eet = ane eet cee eee ae | ee Square yards... . 22-2052 See ea as See ee 1, 200 Runaround 222825 = 3 ae a en oe ee no nee bene 1 Square yards - 2.5. ee era ee aeaeaa= lbenno eee Lines— Trawl Hooks Hand Hooks Pound nets Floating traps Fyke nets Dip mets: 322 352220 ee a ee ere Otter trawls!-222 eS eee eee ih Pee ea 56 1 19 Wardsjat Mouth: —— 22s) as eee 20 1a ee See 1, 519 15 467 Pots— Helios see eo eee ee ee 75 210 470 95 715) Lobster-=_.= = 22220 a ee 2, 440 1, 085 23, 210 600 9, 590) Periwinkle:and cockles---se--2 = 2s eee 1G Ot ee ee ee TiO joss tea cceloeseee eae Harpoons, swordfish: _:. 2.252232) so ee ee ane ee ee eeeoes 40 2 5 Spears. .2.-2:22 3 SS 4 6 19 8 ii Dredges— Oyster sei sscns-sanessonc tes sake eae 16 3. zssseseaae 12 4) Yards at mouphs2 2) - a eee ee ee 22 AN eases 18 6 Scallop. 32) 4 ee eee 12 175 26 5 72) Yords'at mouth: >: eee ee 9 136 33 4 56 "TONRS 22 o2 oon ee eee 21 125 15 22 26 Rakes 22322225300 eee 3 30 29 27 4 Hoes. 2.2252 22025 2 ee eee eee 8 | ona dol cealasodocaebe| se ooe ae FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, Fisheries of Rhode Island, 1928—Continued Species Bris Pounds ae Mapsefish. S|... Herring, Spee serealee. 2600 Hickory shad King whiting Marckerel_..._--.~- Menhaden 2 Ci See Ses ee aa Squeteagues Striped bass tol Crabs, hard_ 7, 528 Mobsters|- +-2.-2-- 50, 550) 15, 165 Sn EEG see A ea ee | pee Clams, hard, pub- iS i ae 61, 200 22, 950 Clams, soft, pub- peepee es 1, 300 260 CLERC (ple Sei (FE eR cre Oysters, market, THOS ek ees sie See eae Oysters, market, DFIVALG--- 2-2. 864, 906191, 087 Oysters, seed, pri- Wi ee ee eee eee Periwinkles______- 3, 500 700 Scallops, bay_.---- 3,000} 2, 200 SEAGIG RCE A se Be eee Motala o-=. 1, 238, 716]242, 183 CATCH: By COUNTIES Kent Pounds 715 456, 056)161, 505 1929 809 Newport Providence Washington Pounds Value | Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value 114, 570 $2,810 bs 225e2-|- 46, 840) $1, 045 30, 838) 5; 268) oo odes cee 4, 540 633 44, 710) se 400 E see fe eee 4, 240 424 810, 593 06;20DIS4 5. 21-2622 = 118, 350) 12, 267 2, 026,492, 103, 562 41, 000) $2,870} 187, 287) 12, 426 42, 155) 1; 622|b oe eel 332» 32, 100! 516 104, 010 10, 146) 19,920) 2,755] 106,670) 11,754 3, 394, 210) 140, 461) 2, 000) 160} 987, 282) 57,979 3, 936 236 |e pee BE. = 1, 400 113 11, 640! 238|222-s=<5~ (See 31, 490 674 2, 175) ft!) [ae Rate en fs See eee 25, 424 255 574, 005 TOOL Ss 2S es Sees 2, 782) 103 79, 455! Fetes nee clase Meee 33, 022) 468 376 Odie oreks es | Reet ee Sao a Ss ae 208, 540 eek | ees ee eae 11, 400 12] 1, 760 1G 5) ee ae ay, oe 7, 830 422 175! 1 | lence pe anes |e eee 2, 780 139 2-443. 799)" 148082|5. 222 S24|25 = 252, 400| 10, 712 147035600) (eeeti74036|=-2se see eee 23, 050 231 152, 900 8 103)2= 3: Sse be a ee 18, 851 414 12! Dee te Rae 80 16 1825; 49 lie 146/003) 22 28s eee 177, 875, 10, 672 66, 470 Gi(C44 Seka. SEs 5, 580 558 335, 147 ROBB es ee eee ee 133, 000} 1, 330 3, 391 135) 2225 = == | tee 2, 290) 318 7, 900 (kt) See nes | eee 8, 900) 84 400, 930 7, 378 4, 000 30) 215,900] 2, 227 300 NOS| Se S50 Soe ces ss ES aes’ 2, 758) 680) S62 eS ee 13, 960! 2, 792 1, 050 F125 |e ee | ee 4, 070) 218 33, 462 DSi sees seen |e eee 36, 670; 2,473 19, 707 D335 |ee eos ae |- aes 24, 640) 4, 545 100 EB as Se ee 3 25) 4 ene Se | ee eee oe, eee wees ence ee 32) 3 711,951} 127, 747! 9, 348) 1, 210 53, 025) 10, 471 80, 700 5, 660 1, 600 125] 49,718) 3,914 3, 230 98) b: a Soe |L See ee 2, 150! 76 40, 818 Sh59 eee ene | eee 2, 000 200 300) . 0 {i (See Sy |e el [eer eee fe one 1, 260 iY eae eel Pe 686} 144 T220"316|\—) 195434) Sec. 25-2 ease 156, 900) 1,579 Coie a) et eR Set a See ee ee Oe are 44, 667 TING Y En) |e Se oe ot (ee eae eet: ae 1, 050, 309; 186, 176 13, 200} 3,960) 502, 300! 145, 794 1463-104) 245 99072 ea easel ee 847, 500) 12, 125 78,712} 27,721) 31,720) 11,895) 39,080) 14, 655 2, 000) 600 9,100} 1,820 880 176 ee ee | eee 70, 000 700; 60,000 600 Le ee OE SL ae ee ee ee eee 1, 400 400 pete es ese Ae oe 1, 572, 291/363, 572| 457, 800) 93, 800 Ease es 28 |e ee Tee 328;,948 (40 dl Soseoeeen eee sces 3, 220 644 |e Se | ee ee eee 1, 470) 1, 102 360 270 4,848) 3,636 29, 970) 9; 990) ssss2sda) ce es |S ee | eas sece 19, 178, 849)1, 140, 553|2, 098, 485/430, 144/4, 694, 047/423, 506 INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Transporting trade.—In 1928 there were 34 persons in Rhode Island engaged primarily in transporting the catch of fish. In this trade 1 steam vessel and 10 motor vessels, having a combined capacity of 197 net tons, were operated. The size of vessel in most popular use ranged from 5 to 10 net tons. Wholesale trade.—There were 31 wholesale establishments in Rhode Island engaged chiefly in handling fresh and frozen fishery products. 3 a S10 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES ; This is 10 per cent of the total number of such establishments in the — New England section. They employed 313 persons who received — $291,648 in salaries and wages. Prepared and by-products trade.—There were two establishments in Rhode Island engaged primarily in the manufacture of the prepared fishery products or by-products. This is 1 per cent of the total number in the New England section. They employed 68 persons who received $50,279 in salaries and wages. The products manufac- tured, consisting of clam products, oyster-shell products, and cured fish, were valued at $348,299. Detailed statistics of most of the items may be obtained from “Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928,’ Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1067. Industries related to the fisheries of Rhode Island, 1928 TRANSPORTING Items | Number Men on transporting vessels: - --=2-2t-s2... -2U 2 22 ee eee 34 ‘Transporting vessels =—S Steam: -o- . 2 sn hese sess st A ee ee 1 Net tonnage...-.- 2-22... 2 Se eee ee ee eee | 49 Motor— 5 to 10 tons_- ee ee ee ee ee Se en ee BN te 6 11 to 20 tons_- Jota as oa tab oss scene Seen to ea ee oe ee 3 ol to’ 60! tons. 22.5 05 eh an ese Be ee 1 Ota. oo 2G St sss TP SS ee 10 IN GUIDONNSPO S.-i. = 2 oe Se ee oe 148 Total vessels acta: seoseeuet: abe eee [teen aR ee Se eeeetesskisast se il Total net tonnage. _- se Fao RE oe ee See ee eee 197 WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE if pad 8 3 w | a anc Provi- Items rteaios atk Washing-| dence Total be pos | ton County | ; | Counties ESI OMSNINGNIS sce cue. ke ee een a 6 13 5 31 Persons engaged: BYOprietors oe". oe eee = Ea oe ee is ty 6 7 16 & 37 Salarisd'employecs.. 2... 47> ee 10 3 10 8 31 Wage earners_______- Spe ra ee Opn ak Sites pee 68 16 65 96 245 Paid to salaried employees__-__. _________- Sie SES _--| $18,482 $4,060 | $26, 626 $43, 029 $92, 197 Paid to wage earners: re ee eee 51, 320 23, 384 56, 599 68, 148 199, 451 Total salaries and wages___-._..._--_.-______-. 69, 802 27, 444 83,225 | 111,177 291, 648 PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS Items Number Products Value 2 = : Establishments222-5-5-- 22-2 ee O | Miscellaneous products !____._.______- $348, 299 Persons engaged: | Proprietors?=---__2 = eee 2° || Salaried employees__.____--.__________- 3 || Wage earners: of. 222-3. ea ee 63 Paid to salaried employees,_______.________ $18, 300 Paid to wage earnergs._._._-_________-_ RORAAle pels ore ! Total salaries and wages____________ + 50,279 | = | ‘Includes clam chowder, lime, poultry grit, and salted and smoked fish. Since this item includes salted and smoked fish and oyster-shell products prepared by three firms whose. activities were principally in the wholesale fishery trade, data on persons engaged, salaries, and wages are included under that section. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 S11 CONNECTICUT Connecticut in 1928 employed 12 per cent of the total number of fishermen and accounted for 12 per cent of the total catch of the New England section. The fisheries and industries related to the fisheries employed 2,499 persons, which is 49 per cent greater than the number in 1924—the most recent year for which comparable data are available. Of the total, 2,000 were fishermen, 7 were employed on transporting vessels, 213 in the wholesale trade, and 279 in the prepared-products and by-products industries. The total catch amounted to 72,198,284 pounds, valued at $3,296,- 611. This is an increase of 180 per cent in the catch and 64 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the catch and its value for 1924. The large increases in Connecticut are accounted for by the fact that a large packing plant was established in Connecticut in the fall of 1927 and now diverts a large portion of the catch which formerly was landed in New York City. Of the total value of the catch, that for haddock accounted for 44 per cent; oysters, 23 per cent; lobsters, 7 percent; and cod, 4 percent. Of the total production that of haddock accounted for 66 per cent; flounders, 11 per cent; oysters, 7 per cent; cod, 6 per cent; and menhaden, 5 per cent. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products along the coast of Connecticut during 1928 was taken by 2,000 fishermen who used 25 steam vessels, 91 motor vessels, 5 sailing vessels, 1,038 motor and other small fishing boats, and 16 major types of gear. The vessels had a combined capacity of 5,566 net tons. The fisheries accounting for the greatest number of persons were the otter-trawl fishery, employing 736 fishermen and the lobster-pot fishery, employing 380 fishermen. CATCH BY GEAR Two types of gear accounted for 90 per cent of the fish taken in the marine fisheries of Connecticut during 1928. Otter trawls were by far the most important of these accounting for 83 per cent of the catch. Oyster dredges followed with 7 per cent. The catch by otter trawls consisted principally of haddock, flounders, and cod; and that by dredges was exclusively oysters. OPERATING UNITS BY COUNTIES New London County was foremost in the number of persons fishing, accounting for 58 per cent of the total. Fairfield County followed with 16 per cent. New London County also led in the num- ber of fishing craft, accounting for 43 per cent of the vessels and 51 per cent of the motor and other small fishing boats. Fairfield County ranked second with 37 per cent of the vessels and 17 per cent of the motor and other small fishing boats. CATCH BY COUNTIES Fishing was prosecuted in the marine waters of five counties of Connecticut during 1928. Ranked according to value the fisheries of New London County were by far the most important, accounting for 90 per cent of the total catch and 7 per cent of the total value of the catch. Fairfield County accounted for 5 per cent of the total catch and 14 per cent of the value and New Haven County accounted for 4 per cent of the catch and 14 per cent of the value. 812 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Connecticut, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR Purse seines Gill nets Lines ae eS | Haul Items | seines, nee | Other | pall Drift | Stake | Trawl | Hand | | a gee Fishermen: Number| Number| Number| Number Number| Number |Number On vessels<:=22-J-s.. 920 2 See 56 40 |S ee Ae Ser eee 14 | 23 On boats and shore— Regular: oo ee ee oa 20 42 3 | 1 60 139 Casual..2- $2224: . 2 fe sae eS ee ee 105 96 104} 3: Sass 15 Totals hoareie rkeer eye Gets 56 60| 147 of (fl bay 74 177 al —————— Vessels: | | | Steam— | | 101 to 210 tons) 22) se Se eee 1 se 5 ea ee a pets mel eee aS Se te ns 8 161'to'T70 tons Sse eee eee od |ecbaee|poesnneo|2-2 a9 |e |e Patel: ¢ A a ee yean o IPSN Tee aiid Xe 7), Te | ae ienoeeae Not tonnages. = 5.032: ase SS 268 | ee sS S25 ee Se ee ee Motor— Sito 10 tons. <= a2 822522 A ae eee By Cotsen 24 eo es ee eee 1 tT to 20 tons 22222 aioe eee | ae eee 2 Nis cckacd|on nse¥e|--cecens eae 3 2) torsD tons 222s - 2 ee eae sone = je pS Ses 8 Ce OE ps 1 1 AL tO 160 TONS: Sa 5525-0- 22 see ee eee 1, | eS ee eee eres Li See res ati te. 1h 5S, < See eA eee 2 5 Nel tonnare: 22 = se 6 Ss eae eee 69 69 Total) vessels: >= --=*2- 2222532222 | 2 | 72 5 ‘Total mer CONNEC. == sae ee 268 69 | 69 Boats | INF OUOR ee rs ene eee es ee ee eee en neteee 6. 16 34 | 6 30 98 OO Gher ee ee oe ee ae ee eee sone 10 | 50 22 | 6-282 5s | 81 Apparatus: | | Number--_------ See ee 2 13 85 41 | 26 11, 100 189 eneth, yards sess ose tees 2a os See 930'| 850.1) .4,/017, |. .-c2 2]: Sas |e eee Nauaresvards: so. Saas hs Ne seen eowe nes | saaacee=| Come aaa 99:'500:| “358000222 o See sles Hooks, baits or'snoods.2.=2-2----------- Joncasece| =. ee Beeete o e ae eee 555, 000 374 | ! J | Pots aris Pound Weirs | Fyke Dip Otters|Box a as nets nets nets | trawls | traps ‘Crab | .Eel Fishermen: Number| Number Number| Number Number| Number| Number Number Onivessels! 2os22 3-2-2 Wo oo Bee Sees | fee S| Pees eed 445322 ee ee On boats and shore— Regular = sone aaa e eens eee 32 2 | 8 3 201) |.22222=2|ceageoee 64 Masia 28 Beir tae = 1 2.| 38 490 soe cae 2 2 36 otal 0S cases aes 33 4| 46 52| 736 2 2 100 Vessels: | | Steam— 121 to 130 tons.2 2242225. 526 58 Stes eee ee ee | eee ee 1a eee ol pee nee |e Sa T6MbO W7OCONS. cae ne soo eee ea ee | een hogs arene Woe ens 3 bs ocee3 |e 171 to 180 tors 5. J:-05 eet al cis Re ee jie Stee 2 lec sd. | ea ae 181 toJ00tons.t. 2 Sos oss cee ele ees ee eee peace ese lL |eceeeed [owes asae| See 201 to 210 tonsise co ee ee see ee ee Eee eee 5g dal Fe) (ened IN chai [Es | | | | FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 813 Fisheries of Connecticut, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By arar—Continued de Har- ee | bi ots, | poons, “ redges, | rn : ate exclusive Items lobster | sword- | SP®4"S | “oyster | Tn8S | Rakes | o¢ qupii- | | fish cation | | | Fishermen: Number|Number| Number) Number |Number| Number, Number COVA GS Ca eS ae ee eee 4 Pei eee el 72 (a) Eee eee 756 On boats and shore— | } | evulnnemecetsascesecaeee ooe eee 372 24 31 | 40 | 28 49 | 871 (CE ES eee eae See ee eee Nl ee 14. |p ae ees 37 32 373 PROUA Menon c saan seca een ces 380 52 45 277 65 81 2, 000 Vessels: 1 | Steam— WEGONZ0 CONSE 2222-222 oscces- ese 1 FUROR Cee ae Se cee ee 1 GINLOPLOO) CONS Sees eee aoe 2 So e2| oo seo Ss 1 101 to 110 tons 2 111 to 120 tons 1 121 to 130 tons 2 161 to 170 tons 4 171 to 180 tons 2 181 to 190 tons 1 201 to 210 tons 8 311 to 320 tons 1 391 to 400 tons 1 25 4, 345 Motor— | BILGE Osc ORS Gee ek eee Ses 2 | OM eens Se OPA eae setae 2 49 IRUOWZO LORS Ba see 2a os nec ce ee |e ae iH, eee 1 ee eee el 28 PIRLOsBULONS Sasa n 8 eee ot oes | Sooas se e|eae a oh-|ar=2feo= | Si Reece (Sea oe | 9 BRO) cl Rete See ee ee ee ee eae 7 J se aes aR Ip | 2 BISVOMSOILONS] tee ete e ek = ee En ae Soe |basee sae 7a Se eee Senta s 3 CATCH: BY GEAR Purse seines : Haul seines, com- Species <= = mon Menhaden Other | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value Pounds Value IEW GEL Gao sete Sat eS ae ee eee | ales Sea eet ee © 835850) $75 (CR De se i eee ee cet ee (ee Eee | ean eer = te oe oe | 2, 5385 379 Bee saaicliog. Lo Seb nas By car Pe |e (ene eee gs Cue sewer (EE eee 5,010 | 623 CG a cage ok Eee SR A aS Ce none eel (eee feed Pee ee ee er 55, 376 4, 971 CCHIT ioe ae alee een NS EE Ta IR (PS pape | te ee ee ee ees 8, 470 1, 093 ST LGLEG IR ee ee Ss oe ee ees a [ee a [eR es SO Sa 3, 200 adi ME Ye 3, 414, 700 | 55,318 | 1, 118, 650 | 80,669 | 98,833 | 12, 738 814 Us: Fisheries of Connecticut, 1928—Continued BUREAU OF FISHERIES CATCH: By GEAr—Continued Till nets “Drift Species j Lines Stake Trawl Flounders=-2- 2225-0 ae ee Haddock. >. -.24.=:5. 22332 eee Pollock BL nas on Sn ee Squetearnes: 2) 222 Sen a eee eat eae Stri Peutog : Sere eee ee Bluest ee eee yt Srceee ret Buttentish pee a> ees Carp Cat Hickory shad WSC Ore) = ao se eee) eee eee eee | Pike Squeteagues Stri Tautog Wh Yellow perch ___- Squ Pounds ped bass is Sens Se SON Value | Pounds 22, 122 | 10, 200 1, 050 Pounds Value 378, 782 Ms 000 aoe Es 1s 427, 443 fish andibulibesds:2-282 = i eae Ded bass see ite pergh's!- 232). J Sel id ie PEATE Sere Pound nets 19 , 302 | Weirs Pounds Value 676 Fyke nets | Pounds | 7, 000 | 85, 505 Flounders_______ Grayfish__ Haddock__ Hake.__..- Hal Pollock _- Sea Sturgeon. > Suc Tautog___- ibut_ robin kers___ \N DLC # eal oo gE Pee: Crabs, soft Crabs, hard____- Lobsters Total--... af cee. | See Value $1 2, 408 | Pounds BI 2 OF 60, 045, 634 | 1, 963, 880 * $113, 854 18, 000 352, 619 200 1, 454, 739 6, 352 Box traps Pounds Value ? ‘ ‘ = FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 S15 Fisheries of Connecticut, 1928—Continued CATCH: By GEAR—Continued | Pots _ Species i Crab Kel Lobster Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Litt a avyats 5 Neiaeg 1oTes SSe ap eel a 65, 302 $8685) eee aloo Se BON URANO pea 8S see de Shere = Ser 170, 660 $5; (0G): 255222" > S| Seo ee eee ee ( ASSREV SL = safest ee eS es eet Be a a a | eer ae a es ence (yee ae 693, 508 | $240, 963 PROtAee a eee ce ae See 170, 660 5,090 | 65, 302 | 8,635 693, 508 240, 963 | Species Harpoons, swordfish) Spears Oyster dredges Pownds | Value | Pounds | Value Pounds Value ipissee eit 5 ee oS ef ere ee ae aS ee 16, 790 S21 049 les ot eer el. Sle UDR OES Oe oe eee ae eae 1, 000 SLO ines Zee eo Sas rs a OOP OINGUS le oe 2 et la ee ea 168, 442 SL PALO | ee. ee eo a ee) ae SECALCrSmmUAnrOl, (UDC. 228 == 2 =~ <= See eee iw Dee ee ie jose Sean 5 ae 10, 500 $3, 000 BSUSLOIS INARROUN Private. == == 222. _sae+te|2 S22 ek Te = Shh 5 a eesti = SPY 839, 804 197, 414 PENSLELS SCO su DIC -o= o = 22 os ese | eee: seater 52 5E [eee | See 349, 524 49, 932 BEGSTOTSMSCE CW DLIV ALCS) = nes ee ae |e 2 ee ee | eae e eee 3, 774, 274 514, 034 | i — Ota we wees oe Ck ee ee oe, 169,442 | 31,119 | 16, 790 2, 349 | 4, 974, 102 | 764, 380 Species Tongs Rakes Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pret S HET ORD LCase os ater. — 1 oer 9, 824 $3, 694 19, 984 | $7, 494 PAS RHE Ce NV ALOmed ae) ness oe ty ed be ee os ee aad (Pe edo 1, 200 | 450 (| TIS SOL OUNCE a SO a ee os eee eee ee eee 38, 310 | 7, 783 BSPeNS InATKEL DUD Css Saat a = Soy a 2k ee ee 3, 150 900 420 180 SRUSOLs LurArket sprivaterte S25 e ee Ltt 4, 410 1, 260 1, 750 500 BRSLOrS Seon DLGae = gee et tee Ds we ee Io poop: AS TOU ane ee | SRUGLRS Earl Toy AG Ee ee Oe oe eee ee ee 7, 000 50100 Ses ee Bete! GNaigil J 22 Mee Det eae RN spats Wai Re Dene ee 79,509 | 14,729 | 61,664 | 16,407 OPERATING UNITS: By couNTIES 5 : e New New Items Fairfield | Hartford | Middlesex | Gaver iuandor | Fishermen: Number Number | Number Number Number WininVeSSOIRE. <= = + AP ~. oe WAG Let oe es ee eee 112 497 On boats and shore— | (Se U EN De Se eae eee if 0 ial ee ee ee 68 | 116 569 CRS ii: ee ee eee eae 50 118 | 82 | 35 88 RHEE es nlf ee ey Ne 315 | 118 150 | 263 | 1, 154 Vessels | Steam— | LL (2.0) (OVA eee a = ee a ee ee (Ne ee ee SLO MSONLOLIS@) = 25. Sa > ein 8 na DUO OO ILGNSh ese one tee ee 101 to 110 tons 111 to 120 tons 121 to 130 tons 161 to 170 tons 171 to 180 tons 201 to 210 tons Be LOVS 20 PORN pene es oy eres SU yt ne eee leeteeasee se | je eee toe tee See SO AOU OHS 42 Seen e a ooo | teak Sete ese [eves eno LySe eee S| —— |——— — CRETE a SE Pa Barer er OES | Depts Oy feet ee | ee 18 INGUOONHAGEs-2 eWeek 289) | cl EE Re 832 3, 224 6881—31—8 816 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Connecticut, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By countTiEs—Continued Items Fairfield | Hartford | Middlesex New New Haven London Vessels—Continued. Motor— Number Number Number Number Number 6'to 10.tons- = 2. 5-55..4-= Ae = eee eee | See 6 1 1l'to 20 tons? 32-2. vende sacs Se iia eee see See sos 9 13 21'to'30)tons=. 5-2 See eee La fe ee ee bee ee 3 Sito: 40 tons Soe ee ee eee ee 2)|<=.-2- 41 to 00 tons. 220-2 eee 7 Na) a ee Re fo Sa Total... 225. -h-sesee eee RY ees ee ae ee ee 2 20 34 Net tonnage. <2--=-=-42-25--=-5 G83)! | Sen a esee| osecoseceses 321 381 Sail— c 6 toil tons22* eee eee i | ee oe ee ars Se ee (on ceo ee |e ll te. 20 tons: ee eee hg) eae ee EN ae eee | ononwe cece | ‘Total.-- s+ 223) Se eee 1h ee eee meee renee a ore | ee Net tonnage_--..---2=_-- eee S6n) 22 22.25 22.|-o525-5-ceee|-2. ee ‘Total: vessels! == 2 eeee eee ee Cd ep a as SS 24 52 Total net tonnage____.-__-.-.--.. 808) 2 seed | eee 1, 153 3, 605 Boats: _ 10) 1) een ne eee 84 4 80 73 291 Others:.2 22.2 2 eae 93 32 70 76 235 Apparatus: 7 Purse seines— Menhaden. ...-... 252-5 sa32 sane caslen= ease ee 23 |Pee coe coos | ee ees 2 Wards. 2.2522 - ee ee oe | ae en ee 930 Other.-.---¢ 2.252.225 os ne ea ae ee ee 13 Yards.2.. 2-2 -=5 4.32020 3 ee | Sa eee ee | Se eee 850 Haul seines, common.-...---.-.-------- 14 29 tf 10 25 VYards>i 9 Oe SS eee 405 2, 072 230 180 1, 130° Gill nets— Drift: 4222. 2 oe eee || ee eee 3 27.) =<. See dL Square yards. 22.5 ees eee ee 7, 425 66,825, |=a222s sees 25, 250° Stake.._-._- S452 eee ae S| Sar eee 12 13\o2.2320288S Square yards: 22) Sse es 100 | Saat e a aeee 1, 200 2;'\000"|* >. °vanSeee Lines— Traw]. 2222 Se | bs ene a ee 11, 100 HOOKS. . 22 so ee ns ee ee el ee a ee 555, 000° Hand. 5 eee 1D) ae ee ee 38 13 126 ROOK S oo ae ee 245 |e eee 76 26 248 Pound nots_.232322 5-25 ae ees ee eee ee |e ee eee 1 24 Wreits...-3. 2325-322 eee 6 Wesco ees ee eee Pyke nets 222s:2s.5-— eee eee 4 101 23 1 ‘57 Dip nets... 5-225 ee ee eee 22) 2 eee eee 26 Otter trawls==2.-- = eS 15} Sees cee 19 ily 127 Yards atumoutheas--s sean DANG al eet eee 125 355 1, 325 Box traps..-.- 22-282 32s eS ee ec | eee ee 2) |aaonscskeeoe See Pots: Crab: =t2n22 2-2 a | | ee 60 Eel £:2 ee eee 115 38 334 1438 1, 057 Lobstet.22.-=22-- 3 See VA id eee ee ee ee 1, 629 2, 815 15, 577 Harpoons, ‘swordfishi¢ <2 -2.5 2252222 |pc as eee cee eee ale eee oe 17 Spears: v.22 a Me ee eee eae eee 1 4 40 Dredges; oyster-.-- <== ees 168)4)28 32 ee oe 48: |_ 32S Yardsiat mouthsis-- 2 eee 59 | seen | eee oe 76: |-teese=s eee Tongs. .2s2s.6e22 oe eee 07 fil Sepa See 8 26 Rakes. 522250 3k. 622 eee eee BP ee a oe en 5 27 17 CATCH: By COUNTIES Py 3 | ; Species Fairfield | Hartford Middlesex New Haven New London : Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value| Pounds Value) Pounds | Value} Pounds | Value I GWIy 68. 52sec 54) eee | eee 7,020|' S141) 27000) $40| season eee 6, 660 $119 Rates oe saan anon | eee Bene wees | 4,101, 1,253) 1,044) $256 105 25 Butterfish ...-.--.-- |< s0cccacloc ose as 1,200; 120} 12,684! 1,404 ES ERE REPES Braet oe 20 "5 2,300] 396] 9, 060| 1, 154|.-..---..|.--.__. 3, 035) 199 Catfish and bullheads.|_ 222. -)2!|)2 5252). 22s Ses 100 5) eee pees 1, 100 72 Oh ae 120, 835)’ $7; 808] 222.222): gesee |e ee ee ee ES .----| 4,071,305] 124, 718 OU no oon nceccnnsa|-s. 92 ee ee | 227, 640 50, 332 62, 441 340, 413 | } PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS = Se | ve = Items / Number Products Value - é | | a Establishments_______--_-_- SS | 3 I Miscellaneous products !}__.--______- $280, 274 Persons engaged: i| Proprietors s2-- e s ae e e e, e 3 || Salariedemployees: == ose 20 | W age eanneis=- =o eee eeaar ee ee : 256 |) Paid to salaried employees----_.-------------| $58, 222 | Paid! to Wage Gatnerss o-oo eee | 278,098 | Total salaries and wages_..-_-..--.-..._! 331,320 | ' Includes menhaden products, fish meal from ground fish, cod-liver oil and oyster-shell products. Since this item includes oyster-shell products prepared by one firm whose activities were principally in the whole- sale fishery trade, data on persons engaged, salaries and wages are included under that section. » HISTORICAL REVIEW Eleven general surveys have been made for statistics of the fisheries of the New England States during the 48 years from 1880 to 1928. These have not been as frequent as might be desired, but a rather clear picture of the trend of the fisheries in this district is obtainable from the records, which are published in comparable form in the fol- lowing pages. Those years for which statistical surveys have been made are used as a basis for the following discussions. It should be borne in mind, however, that in certain of those years when surveys were not made there may have been unusual fluctuations for certain species. In some of the surveys prior to 1889 the fisheries of certain States were not canvassed, and in certain of the States that were canvassed several of the species were included with “miscellaneous fish,” or ‘‘all other species.” For this reason totals are not usually shown prior to 1889. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 819 COMPARISON OF CATCH RECORDS Total catch —The most recent records for the New England States, which are for the year 1928, show a larger catch than in any year during the period 1880 to 1928. The catch in 1887 amounted to 520,214,000 pounds, it decreased to 393,458,000 in 1898, but in 1928 rose to 603,598,000 pounds. Alewives.—The catch of alewives in 1928 was less than in any year for which there are records, amounting to 4,557,000 pounds. The largest catch was registered in 1896 when 12,116,000 pounds were taken. Butterfish—The catch of butterfish in recent years has exceeded that in earlier years, in 1928 being greater than for any year on record, amounting to 1,549,000 pounds. The smallest catch recorded was that made in 1905, and amounted to only 451,000 pounds. Cod.—The first available figures on the catch of cod are those for 1887 when 207,458,000 pounds were taken. The trend since then has been downward, and no catch has been as great. The production in 1928 amounted to 90,336,000 pounds. Ousk.—The catch of cusk in 1887 amounted to 1,120,000 pounds which is the smallest on record. The largest catch was registered in 1905 when 9,609,000 pounds were taken. That in 1928 amounted to 3,230,000 pounds. Flounders.—Beginning with a catch of 2,480,000 pounds in 1887, the production has constantly increased, and in 1928 amounted to 50,274,000 pounds. Haddock.—By far the largest catch of haddock was made in 1928 when 237,708,000 pounds were taken. In no other year for which there are records had the catch amounted to as much as 100,000,000 pounds. The smallest catch registered was made in 1887, when 40,806,000 pounds were taken. Hake.—Beginning with a catch of 20,333,000 pounds in 1887, the trend in this species was upward until 1898 when 39,824,000 pounds were taken. Since then the trend has been almost constantly down- ward and in 1928 amounted to 17,506,000 pounds. Halibut—During the period 1887 to 1902 the catch of halibut varied between 11,000,000 and 14,000,000 pounds. Since then no catch has amounted to as much as 5,000,000 pounds. The catch in 1928 amounted to 4,257,000 pounds. Herring.—Considerable fluctuation in the catch of herring has been noted. The smallest catch was made in 1887, amounting to 42,817,000 pounds. The largest catch on record was made in 1902 when 200,- 598,000 pounds were taken. That in 1928 amounted to 70,555,000 pounds. Mackerel_—The erratic appearance of mackerel in New England waters is reflected in the large variations in the catch throughout the period under review. The catch in 1887 amounted to 33,099,000 pounds; that in 1898, 9,881,000 pounds; and that in 1928, which is the largest catch on record, amounted to 42,722,000 pounds. Menhaden.—Reaching a peak of 173,803,000 pounds in 1889 the trend of the menhaden fisheries has been downward and in 1928 the smallest catch on record was registered, amounting to 5,175,000 pounds. Pollock.—The smallest catch of pollock on record was made in 1887, amounting to 6,645,000 pounds. Almost constant increases 820 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES were made until 1905 when the catch amounted to 29,556,000 pounds. In 1928 the production decreased to 11,039,000 pounds. Scup.—The largest catch of scup was made in 1889, amounting to 8,572,000 pounds. The smallest catch was registered i in 1924 when 1,352,000 pounds were taken. A recovery was effected in 1928 when the catch amounted to 2,859,000 pounds. Skates.—The first available records on the catch of skates are for 1905. The catch in that year amounted to 26,000 pounds. Since then this fishery has constantly expanded, and in 1928 the catch amounted to 1,058,000 pounds. Smelt.—During the period of 1887 to 1902 the catch of smelt con- sistently exceeded 1,100,000 pounds, and 1892 reached a peak of 1,698,000 pounds. Since 1902 no catch has been as great as 1,000,000 pounds. However, that in 1928 amounted to 903,000 pounds. Swordfish.—The smallest catch of swordfish that has been recorded was made in 1887, amounting to 685,000 pounds. The trend has been generally upward and in 1928 the largest catch on record was made, amounting to 4,366,000 pounds. Whiting. —In 1887 only 47,000 pounds of this species were taken. By 1919 it amounted to 16, 203 ,000 pounds. However, in 1928 the catch decreased and amounted to 8,378,000 pounds. Crabs.—The crab fishery in New England prior to 1908 was not of great importance, the catch at no time exceeding 88,000 pounds. Since 1908, however, the catch has increased rapidly and in 1928 amounted to 3,755,000 pounds, which is by far the largest on record. Lobsters —The trend of the lobster fishery has been downward. The largest catch during the period under review was made in 1889, when 30,450,000 pounds were taken. By 1928 the catch decreased to 11,604,000 pounds. Squid.—The trend of this fishery has been generally upward. In 1888, 486,000 pounds were taken. In 1928 the catch had increased to 7,927,000 pounds, which is the largest on record. Hard clams.—Almost constant increases in the catch of hard clams have been reported since 1887. In that year the catch amounted to only 590,000 pounds of meat, while in 1928, 2,232,000 pounds were taken. Soft clams.—The largest catch of soft clams was taken in 1889 and amounted to 11,542,000 pounds of meat. The catch in 1928 amounted to 5,470, 000 pounds. Oysters. —The catch of oysters in 1928 amounted to 9,373,000 pounds of meat. This is by far the smallest catch on record. The weer catch was registered in 1910, when 41,594,000 pounds were taken. Scallops.—The scallop fishery in 1888 produced 342,000 pounds of meat and was the smallest catch on record. The largest catch was made in 1908 and amounted to 1,763,000 pounds. That in 1928 was ae little less than this peak year and amounted to 1,753,000 pounds Considered in general terms over the period reviewed the catches of butterfish, flounders, haddock, mackerel, skates, swordfish, whiting, crabs, squid, hard clams, and scallops have increased ; the catches of cusk, herring, pollock, smelt, and soft clams have remained fairly constant; and the catches of alewives, cod, hake, halibut, menhaden, scup, lobsters, and oysters have decreased. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 821] Fisheries of the New England States, 1879 to 1928 CATCH OF CERTAIN SPECIES: By States {Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] Alewives Butterfish Year New | Massa- Con- Massa- Con- Maine} Hamp-| chu- ee necti- | Total | Maine} chu- cols necti- | Total shire | setts cut setts cut ii Lveoe aaa eR () (1) 3,751] (1) (¢) en Pee (1) 5} (}) (2) | eee TEE and oss eee (}) 425 1) 2, 978 0S (1) (2) (1) (1) "<9 | eS LLY ANS Se ae 2, 526 100, 4,130) 1,480 18] 8, 204 5 504 266 24| 799 TY 22 eS 2, 836 147; 6,292) 1, 589 25] 10,889) (1) 513 283 bi es ae TRO ae eee 4, 022 140) 3,911) 1,387 53] 9, 513 763 267 42) 1,099 Ls a a ee 2, 276 50} 3,651) 1,190 681} 7,848) (1) (4) (1) (Gb ye es Ue Ness, a ee 3, 388) 294) 5,356) 2,077; 1,001) 12,116) () (1) (1) (1), |Be2es- 1897 (fiscal) ._______ 1, 249 239) 4,779] (1) (Gr/Re ae (1) (1) (1) (ic, |S TRUS eee ne eae 3, 619 325} 2,900) 1,012 868} 8,724 15 31 207 i ee LE), 9% Se a 3, 341 475| 4,517 705) 1,663} 10, 701 8 106 363 67| 544 LCase ae es 3, 082 122) 4,861 599 5 9, 896 6 83 341 21 451 iM hse ee3 tee 2, 085 121, 4,062 288) 1,025) 7,581 6 67; 1,112 102) 1, 287 TO1G Ree eee 15206) 22-2 22a 3, 064 270} 177| - 4,807 33 297 758 19} 1, 107 IPE Se VE 5 eee | 2,593 391) 116) 4,683 12 378 685 6| 1,081 NOD Smee ae So Pall 9] be a | 2, 248 161 16| 4,557 25 580 930 14) 1, 549 | Cod | Cusk Year New | Massa-|p pode) Con- New | Massa-| Con- 'Maine| Hamp-| chu- roland necti- Total Maine! Hamp-| chu- | necti- | Total shire | setts cut | shire | setts | cut | TE oe 5 Sa (3) () 172,217} (1) C)iia tee (1) () 989i" “i)s SEES Tene Noel aia a SN 56,004, 5,448) (1) DUGR4)) 2738 |men seal (1) SSM nis |e | ASS Ph 45,020| 2, 156| 157,672} 370| 2, 240) 207,458} 676)___.___- CUVEE Ree 1, 120 AR pene = TS eS 40, 252 1, 501) 152, 166 360) 2,001) 196, 280 (iti) eee 696)2 =. 25 1,411 CulLisas ee 29, 017 1, 569) 131, 578 429) 1,530) 164, 123 675 34 1 230| Seas 1, 939 1897 (fiscal) _.___-_- 11, 487 490) 105, 644) (1) @)i te 1, 168 G5] Pd; 104! pic =| Sees 2 Lhe) s jes ae 2 ae ee | 20, 556 693) 101,999} 1, 742 451) 125,441) 1,312 981" (65082) See 7, 492 LOO Zee oer eee a 23, 878 442) 98, 384 690 211; 123,605) 2, 651 20} 3, 049)______- 5, 720 1OGh. See eek 12, 261 342} 79,537) 1,097 555} 93,792) 1,675)/......-- AOA Jase Se | 9, 609 LOUSS Ses ese 20, 013 135} 72,819} 1, 497 820) 95,284) 2,078)....--.- UP An eee | 6, 345 MDS 5 a ee ed ei Pe 15, 062 98| 72,672) 1,148 96; 89,076 1,046 2) 1; 595 7) 2,650 aD eee eek ees 22, 443 98 69,014) 1,357 539 93,451) 1, 569 LY 225 716|2-2 22 2= 14, 286 iQ ess eee 16, 187 25) 67,666) 2,257) 4,201 90, 336 960 10} 2,185 75| 3, 230 | Flounders Haddock Year New | Mas- Con- New | Mas- Con- Maine} Hamp- | sachu- aon necti- | Total | Maine} Hamp-| sachu- Bods necti- | Total shire | setts | cut shire | setts cut $9703 2 “| a Salt IC) Oa ee @) |G). | 24,003) @iy | (@. (-22-- ECR ae oe ee (1) () () i243 Seen 17, 729 644| (1) () (QS Heh y Gia. CARES (315!) eer as, 841) 426 554] 2,480) 8, 901 1, 020| 30, 524 96 265} 40, 806 LORS ae bebe S20 ee =e 853 558 542) 2,782) 8, 659 1, 079} 36, 810 96 244| 46, 888 Lech U eta Si (77) | ea eee 958 530 634) 2,951} 7,809) 1,650) 36,003 124| 206} 45, 792 1897 (fiseal)__| (1) (1) (1) (1) Gye sae 6, 112 302| 33,156! () (Oy eee ERG We sen 0 Nee eh theN | |\Sac eee 1,168} 1,710 444) 4,109] 9,188 1, 388) 35, 711 367 113} 46, 767 02S dt 8) fe 9 RR ee 2, 596} 1, 135 509} 4,809) 7, 364 159} 39, 812 506 189} 48, 030 ROOD 2 = ee Ae eS 4,046) 1,143 477| 5,763) 8,785 63] 67, 975 516 294! 77, 633 it See pa fee Se 7,124} 1,891 707| 9,753} 10, 513 100} 48, 492 415 24| 59, 544 i! WAY tS Sea ee 470 8} 10,262) 2,452) 2,349) 15, 541) 11, 271 19] 78, 553 10; () 89, 853 ODE ee a9 S43 (eS eee 22,997; 3,099) 4,416) 30, 855) 15, 559 144| 77, 684 134 49) 93, 570 itp ea 1,175 4| 36,686) 4,401) 8,008) 50, 274) 12, 204 50}177, 578 577| 47, 299|237, 708 1 Not available. other species.’’ 2 Less than 500 pounds. Prior to 1889 some of these species were included under “ Miscellaneous fish”’ or ‘‘ All 822 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the New England States, 1879 to 1928—Continued CATCH OF CERTAIN SPECIES: By StatEs—Continued [Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] a = = —— == —_ ASEH Hake Halibut Year i. | | : New | Mas- Con- New | Mas- Con- | Maine) Hamp- sachu-, nee necti- | Total | Maine’ Hamp-| sachu- saree necti- | Total |; hire | setts |“ cut | shire | setts cut zt = La ae es | = = tee I 1879. | Oo.) -@Le | 08438] Oe a () | @) | 14,206 @) 1880_____ _.-| 24, 448 398) (!) (4) Q) | Q) 25) ©) | @ S72 oS 14, 060; 200))\-'6;, OFB2 = oe 2) 627: 156] 10, 367|_--__-- 1888_____ 14, 948 229| 5,809]... ___ 2 551 143] A, 8a) ee ae 354(12, 927 BROS os ee 13, 333 B87) “7, QUO ee ee 1 501 8810; 862)-5 2a 265/11, 716 1897 (fiscal)_-_.| 9, 290 316| 11,093) (4) (1) 272 5] 11861) arene ee 1898.23: af 18, 141 118) (21, 565to2 8a 305) 525.524 12, 383/222 = ee 12, 688 1902 20, 726 AQ 4: RBG 2: 2 see | sae. See (iboats 13,366)" 22 ot baa 13, 576 1905 - 15, 309 21| 21,092). ___ | al i eee 3980) 0 Asem 85) 4, 192 1008 cin 17, 398 13| 16, 781 2) ae i 2 | SOE: Yee 4,146|___ 8) 4, 354 1919 16, 118 3) 24, ae ee 10 St ee 1 a ES Ps 25) 1, 969 1928 23 = 11, 724 25| 6, 740 38 3} 18, 5380 142; (2) 4, 361) Be Getic aes 4, 503 10286 ae 7, 681 10) 9, 322) 412 381) 17, 506 19D cease 4, 062) () 4) 4, 257 Herring Mackerel Y 7; _ i, | ear ; 7 | New | Mas- Con- | New | Mas- Con- Maine Hamp-| sachu- a necti- | Total | Maine Hamp-|sachu- aece necti- | Total shire | setts | ~~ cut shire | setts cut “ joke ae 1879___- (1) (1) TAvODina (he (im eaten () (1) | 61,423) () (ae eee ve fle ee 34, 695: 109} (4) (Ch) ceil afb} e Ee eee 31,694} 2,573) () 89). 1, 304)2re82=- 1887 __ 33, 570) 228) OLS i ee 42,817, 5, 568 211) 26, 255 943 122} 33, 099 1888___- 40, 802, 358) 15 37a Sas eS eee | 52,531! 2, 087) 115| 16, 799 647 61| 19, 709 1889 32, 156 201 105937] ae eee |e Be | 43,113) 1, 176; 55| 8, 222 704 55} 10, 212 1890 (4) (1) a eer [Se oeee eee 3, 514 108) 6, 984 330| eee 10, 945 180]. = = (1) () (3 jigs | SP es ere 6, 988 68] 11, 939 274 93] 19, 362 iP ea 40, 814) 147| 12, 103 ea Ee 53,065) 5,072 59| 16,038) 227 99| 21, 495 1897 (fiscal)_._| 45, 667 220) 19,482) (1) | (4) |------- 2, 674 91) 14,385) () (¢.) Vey ee 1898___...---.| 46, 596} 65} 19, 463 2|2caeues 66, 126 1, 661) 59| 7, 722 360 79| 9, 881 19022. —. --2 221165, 136) 100} 35, 362)_____-- | ea eee 200, 598 1, 846 100} 20, 300 616 300} 23, 156 1905_ 65, 926 40} 19,:920)_......- | fo ot res $5, 886 917 17| 15, 964 838 147| 17, 883 BOUS' Ss 222 8 92; 985|_>- 2-223 28, 501 D4 ta eee 121, 700) eolceae oe, 2 10, 453 537 122} 11, 492 1919- $6970) ae 10, 811 170, 3| 97,963 604|_____-__ 13, 954| 1,576 91| 16, 225 1924_ 47, 930)_.--._-= | 13, 180 507, (2) 61, 617) 2) S10) 2 22,108) 2,381 304) 27, 103 1028 sa eee 64, 685|_--_____ | 5,646, 221) 3] 70,555] 1, 596|____-__- 37,161] 2,696) 1,269] 42, 722 : H | | Menhaden Pollock Year New | Mas | Con art | Mas | Con Maine Hamp-_| sachu- el necti- | Total | Maine Hamp-| sachu-' pioee necti- | Total shire | setts | ~ | cut shire | setts | > / cut —|—_———|__—— _ ——| =) _——— 1970...) |) | 1G) S26, Obie Nana saa ume Qt) | @) | 4754) SiC ee 1880) oe le 3) () (1) | 68, 694) 65, 092)._____- Q) | WG) (ey 20 ities InGy Sees 702)_._.___| 543) 34, 035] 42, 049] 77, 329] 2, 684 64| 3, 781 102 14, 6,645 1888 _ 2 3, 125 21) 4,968 78, 270) 43, 966/130, 350) 3, 375 38) 5, 006 101 14) 8, 534 1889______ 10, 185 501 2, 546/112, 580| 47, 991/173, 803] 4, 256 7| 7,046) 108 17 11, 429 |? ee 83 4, 250) 10, 761) 22, 947) 34,045) = (1) Q) (1) @) Le eC sees 1897 (fiscal) ___! 229 20; 1,106) (4) Lyre Bae Serta 2, 378 158) 7,330) (‘) QO) “Sa 5eee= RNR see (Pe. bee 1,497) 3, 140) 11, 183] 23, 680) 3, 132 183) 7, 601 bi | pees a 10, 966 1902__ yp.) ee 875 471) 16,877) 18,475) 6,419 158) 13, 439 30, 4) 20, 050 1905__.. 1, 027) 1, 026) 29, 731] 31,784) 3, 363 105| 25, 791 291) 6) 29, 556 1908____ 258) 17, 942| 28, 636] 46, 836] 8, 941 6 20,006, 266, 25) 29, 244 1919__- 161) 21, 536) 6,737) 28,434) 5, 667 26| 19, 293 99 10) 25, 095 1924. __ ] 522) 1,743] 5,270] 7,536] 2,878 4) 5,360| 116 48) 8, 406 1928 4) 1,727| 3,444] 5,175] 2,876 5) 7,701 167 290) 11, 039 ' Not available. Prior to 1889 some of these species were included under ‘‘ Miscellaneous fish’’ or ‘‘All other species.’’ ? Less than 500 pounds. Se ieee Be — => Yee ee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 823 Fisheries of the New England States, 1879 to 1928—Continued CATCH OF CERTAIN SPECIES: By States—Continued {Expressed in thousands of pounds, that is, 000 omitted] Scup Skates Year 1 : Mas- Con- Mas- Con- sachu- Tie. necti- | Total | Maine} sachu- ee necti- | Total setts cut | setts cut TDS witch Diem esx les © Youp ese 27 - che 1) 6, 691 $30)" 2a=o = | () (1) (1) (ON eee 2, 322| 3, 030) Bi Bide cou Ale Nee ee z oy 1,786| 4, 208 DN PB O06 Rae saa seas ner. 2, 501 6, 064 7 a) See ee Re FS | a |S ee eal Stes 1,044 6, 390 101 tio O es eee 5 bee Ae Se EN ee ee eee 589 6, 834 396 Re ee | ee eS eS ae eee 1,019 5, 540) 28 6, 587 25 ih) Cre eet 26 1, 136 4, 616 95 DBAs - Oh eae TS ee ee 93 7 8. 261 2 8, 342 2 FOL ES= =e (*) 103 158) 1, 192 2 LisG2)2_ tee 4) 14 (2) 55 855 2, 004 (?) 2, 859 (2) 33 621 404 1, 058 | Smelt Swordfish Year a | a | New | Mas- | phode| Con- New | Mas- | phode| | Con- | Maine) Hamp-| sachu- stad necti- | Total | Maine Hamp- | sachu- Teinrid necti- | Total shire | setts a cut | shire | setts | cut | | eee! Nad | TS7O co OSU (4) (') 35! @) eee (1) (1) 732| (1) (ye kee PRSO ns yeeros () Q) Q | 95 PA ee | een 20; () 90 Tl ose Uy a 1, 204 36 12 55 9 1,316) 235 14 231, 101 104 685 UC eee 1, 279 36 11 62 10) 1, 398, 442 43 264 217) 181} 1, 147 iSgo 22 Se 1, 055 46 11 84 13) 1, 209) 635) 32 262! 166 146} 1, 241 TRAD oe ares S 25 ft 1, 617 31 3 38 9} 1, 698)---___- (Ges seca | ype xe ee ead (fiscal) ____ () (1) (1) (1) (C) ig eh aes | 985 6 490/53. @) et Ges ee 3, es E608 ae 28 a 4 6 1, 625] S7Olsse2. 624 56 86) 1,645 ee be Ss ei 25 |p ae Sale ast! 11 3] 1,139) 643 4 750 127 166, 1, 690 i it) es ete Be 7 6 17 619 (S80 fetee <=! 1, 703 362 451| 3, 296 IGGR se eee 654 3 16 i 10 684, Gian es 1, 642 308 240) 2,703 LOIGE ASA Sree yn SO > pases 25) 588) 42) 223-2 =" 712| 101) 88 i 326 NO2aee eee 627 4 38 8 11) 688, BOa| Seq a 1, 733 206) 80} 2, 882 NPA os See 832 5 32 17 17 903. 693) ase | 2, 731 774, 168) 4, 366 Whiting Crabs Year + New | Mas- | Con- New | Mas- on- Maine) Hamp-, sachu- Eyed necti- | Total | Maine} Hamp-) sachu- Bode Secnl Total shire | setts ie eut shire | setts cut | He He LS Re ek ne) ee eal | ee | iG) ae eee | 2 47 ee So 5 Sie eee 5) 83 88 Ine ie ee eee | (| ae ee | 17 Sifted miles eee 4 83 87 OS tes 2 SE SE eee (ee 4 ee ee 2 12 N26 eee ee loo ee S| Ree 5 8 13 SST Perce eee Sif see le ape ged Bee reel Ree i ee Se 13 ee ee OD) are ie 2, 286 104 Sie 2-513 |ece se Ie EES? 162 16 it Sees Sse 124 50) 4,301 270 ee a a ee ee 60 20 Se% 80 TOUR = 522 Ss ps eee 5, 589 534 TOG en ee aoe eee | 123 1h) on 269 142K! fe ep 69a 5222" 13,919} 1, 584 9} 16, 203 (Aiea 1, 765 3 | eee peiee 1,870 HgpAwes tier (| Dee eaeae 6,307] 1,744 Fb Seibel = atrAl 4] 1,751 50 10 1,986 GOR ts See 2 Abie ries 6,996] 1,377 te S5379|ha eT bolas. ee 3,139) 275) 182, 3, 755 A ! Fa 1 Not available. other species.’’ Prior to 1889 some of ae species were included ander “Mise cailgneone fish” or “‘All 2 Less than 500 pounds. 824 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the New England States, 1879 to 1928—Continued CATCH OF CERTAIN SPECIES: By StatEs—Continued {Expressed in thousands of pounds, that is, 000 omitted] Lobsters Squid | Year New | Mas- | Con- | Mas- Con- Maine} Hamp-] sachu-, eons necti- Total | Maine} sachu- whode necti- | Total shire | setts | | cut | setts : | eects So 1870 22s eee (1) @e esto Ose Oeleeee ee (4) 225} = (?) (ss S802 22s ee - eee 14, 234 250 |-an(C)n te eo 23] pm od eee oes () (1) Qe ee 188% -= 2.2 ee 22, 917 143) 3,511 570} 1,487) 28, 628)--.-..- 51) acc. ch Le a ee ISkS? er ee 21, 696 136) 3,748 588} 1,477! 27,640|-_.-_-- 486 ke 2-0 |e 486 1889__ Soe 2b dee 137, 3,354) 456} 1, 501| 307450|/Eeee = 568| oa ere 568 199208 3 eee 17, 643 196] 3,182) 774) 1,615] 23, 410/__-.__- (1) (1) | 1297 (fiscal) <=. 10, 301 90): (2;080|" (O)a 1 sees == (1) Q) (1) @)— c= 1308. 2... 6S eee 11, 183 109, 1,694 578}; 1,098) 14, 662). ____ 1,074 124 1, 205 1900. = so cS ee 12, 347) 205, 1,805 660 550! 15,567) (1) (4) () @). as 1902 eee sae bh! 128; 1,696 397, ShaelaniDG| se se 5,365 94 38] 5, 497 1005 oS eee 9,018) 256) 1, 283) 530) 437) 11, 524/-_.__.. 786 133 26 945 1008. . =.=. eee | 9, 929, 264; 2,455 1, 425) 661 14,734 1, 837 292 21) 2, 156 1913 Ree 2 7, 672! 302; 1,524 1, 283) 724 11,505) + () (1) Q) (Oigiezeees 1919.8 ot eet eee 5, 546) 298! 2,388 1,694) 741' 10,677) (2) 6, 135 378 4) 6,517 1924 2 eee 5, 512) 126; 1,680 1,696 702; 9,716 2} 2,105 953 17| 3,077 28S 2) ee 7, 100, 130; 2,042 1,638 694 11,604 27) 5,540) 2,311 49| 7,927 Clams, hard 3 Clams, soft 4 Year Mas- Con- New | Mas- Con- | Maine} sachu- ee necti- | Total | Maine} Hamp-| sachu- oe necti- | Total setts | cut | shire | setts cut 18705222 See (3) 88) (1) Gra} ee | (@) (1) 1, 586} = (!) @oni see 1880.5.u222: 38 eee Oye ee ee 3, 184 180} (1) 540 (50\c se 1887 — 2 ¥ ose 1 284 154 151 590, 6, 088 3] 2,307 258 267} 8, 923 I8h&S te 1 209 265) 151 626) 6, 007 3} 2,438 308 266| 9, 022 1889_ _ _- oe 1 135 237 171 544, 8, 428 3| 2,518 334 264/11, 542 1890; 2) 33 ee ee (5) (5) (Sea Ps aeree 4, 169 10| 6 2,418) ®489} 56380) 7, 466 ISOS. 25" eee | |e) 510 250, 234 994, 9, 470 6) 1,471 150 200/11, 297 10022" 52. Se eee 855 217) 151} 1,223) 5, 546 30} 2,279 265 225) 8, 345 05222) ee eee 1, 332 182} 54) 1,568) 3,728 28) 2,175 307 138) 6, 376 1908 == .- 3. 5a ee 1, 119) 162 100} 1,381} 5,061)-__----- 1,916 275 42) 7, 294 1919 < ooo ee eee eee 876 156 50} 1,082) 2, 106 67| 2, 187 404 229) 4, 993 1924__ SS. See 1) 1,222 432) 24) 1,679) 3,577 36| 2,520 82 44| 6, 259 1928 eS eee Fare 1, 661 540) OL) 22021 sol Oot ee eee 1, 797 14 38) 5, 470 Oysters 7 Seallops § Year New | Mas- Con- | Mas- Con- Maine) Hamp-)| sachu- punbde necti- | Total | Maine} sachu- nt necti- |Total shire | setts cut setts cut 1879 _ a Q) Gin, 2b2\e 2) (Oy leases: (1) 42) (1) (yee 1880_ Pe ee, ee eee 8} @Q) 1306 0-2,\692(25 as | eee (1) 125). Senden ISS] 2. 22-5 sncc eS eee 302} 1,358) 11,009) 12, 669 221 252 11 2 486 1888 _ _ = og] See | 319} 1,325) 10, 569) 12, 213 180 157 Hi) eee OSS 342 ISS... 22 eo 23s ee ee eee | 259| 1,424} 10, 401) 12, 084 295 117 23 3 438 E802. 2... So ee ee eee 454; 1,506) 14,911) 16,871 116 505 316 3 940 ISD (Hiscal aos ee 1 339| (1) (ids | tsetse (1) (1) (?) ()). eee S08 So. 82 53 oe se | ee eee | 709| 3,202) 14,633) 18, 544 167 876 115 50} 1, 208 1902 eae ee | eee 724| 4, 256) 14,571) 19, 551 115 397 120 14 646 1905 See an neers 996) 6, 413) 25,811) 33,220} 415, 268 2) Sees 680 1908 1 S 1,084} 8,603) 27,636) 37,324) 1,257 502 Al. eee eS 1910_ See |S oeoeee 2,026) 15, 878 23, 690, 41. 504 Ease (1) (Q) @i sees iA | Se ae SEs BE 878) 6,262) 12,197) 19,337 73| 1,332 34 38] 1,477 Lee oe enone hee | eee 698| 2,584) 8,020) 11,302 296 699 271 2) 1, 268 iL 7, me epee Se Oy EE We | a 1,079} 3,248) 5,046) 9,373 326) 1,354 (0| sarees 1,753 | ' ' Not available. Prior to 1889 some of these species were included under “‘ Miscellaneous fish” or ‘‘Al] other species.’”’ ? Less than 500 pounds. » Shown on the basis of 8 pounds of meat to the bushel. ‘ Shown on the basis of 10 pounds of meat to the bushel. ‘ Included with soft clams. ® Includes hard clams. ’ Shown on the basis of 7 pounds of meat to the bushel. * Shown on the basis of 6 pounds of meat to the bushel. NotE.—It is possible that in some instances since 1889 a few of the above species are not shown by reason of being included under ‘‘ Miscellaneous fish’ or ‘‘ All other species.” FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 825 Fisheries of the New England States, 1879 to 1928—Continued SUMMARY: By STATES [Expressed in thousands of pounds and thousands of dollars; that is, 000 omitted] Year Maine 3 ee ee | Massachusetts} Rhode Island | Connecticut Total | cael ——| ————|-___—— Quantity | Value Quantity) Value) Quantity) Value Quantity | Value| Quantity | Value| Quantity | Value TSR ee te yr fb ees ae IVAN eee ee (5:900|\-4 Git || es | ah) eee | 12, 503 1h ee 131,380, 2,365 4, 255) 99| 299, 544) 6, 464 45, 285 684 39, 750) 301| 520,214) 9,913 1888_--_-- 132, 930) 2, 292 3, 843 90; 302,046) 6,356 91, 687 $25 42,402} 297) 572,908) 9,860 it) es 129, 560! 2, 111) 4,355 89| 299,218] 5,858) 127,365 935 92,672) 1,558) 653, 170) 10, 551 1898_-.-- 123, 405| 2, 655 3, 021 49} 202, 258) 4, 464) 32,854) 955) 31,920) 1, 559) 392, 458) 9, 682 190222 52- 242, 390 2, 919) 1, 593 50| 280, 646) 6,482) 21,614] 1,156) 37,832) 1,799, 534, 075) 12, 406 1905_._-- 124, 724| 2,386 1, 036 52! 255,655) 7,025} 23, 896} 1, 547 74,973) 3,174) 480, 284| 14, 184 1908 == 173, 843} 3, 257 677|: 53| 244,313) 7,095, 44,254) 1,752) 66, 942) 2, 982} 530,029) 15, 139 1919); =S=2 147, 956) 3, 889 529 93) 246,951/10,860) 48, 251] 3,296} 23,653) 1,701) 467,340) 19, 839 192453 see 116, 707| 4, 137 447 56| 243, 363/10,799) 20, 535), 1, 819 25,770| 2,007; 406, 822| 18, 818 192822: -- 123, 326) 4, 231 239 45| 380, 169) 15, 649 27, 666} 2, 398 72,198) 3,297) 603, 598| 25, 620 | | | VESSEL FISHERIES AT PRINCIPAL NEW ENGLAND PORTS ECONOMIC ASPECT The landings of fishery products at the principal New England ports (Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me.) by vessels of 5 net tons and over during 1929 amounted to 327,096,327 pounds, as landed, valued at $13,051,704. This exceeded the amount landed and value of the landings for any year for which retords are available. Increased landings are due to the larger landings of haddock, mack- erel, and hake. Of the total landings, 99 per cent consisted of fresh fish and 1 per cent of salt fish. The landings at Boston accounted for the bulk of those landed at the three ports in 1929, amounting to 255,721,954 pounds, valued at $10,736,653, or 78 per cent of the total. This is an increase over 1928 of 17 per cent in amount and 22 per cent in value. Landings at Gloucester in 1929 amounted to 53,879,975 pounds, valued at $1,708,596, or 17 per cent of the total. This is an increase of 29 per cent in amount and 16 per cent in value compared with the amount and value of the landings in 1928. At Portland, 17,494,398 pounds of fishery products, valued at $606,455, were landed. This was 5 per cent of the total landings at the three ports, and a-decrease of 1 per cent in amount and an increase of 7 per cent in value compared with the landings in 1928. | Species landed—Among the landings of fresh fish, haddock far out- ranked other species in volume landed, the amount of all sizes in 1929 being 187,203,733 pounds, or 58 per cent of the total fresh fish. This is an increase of 21 per cent over the amount landed in 1928. Of the total haddock landed, 58 per cent were taken from Georges Bank, 34 per cent from South Channel, 5 per cent from Browns Bank, and the remainder (except for 3,117,170 pounds which were taken off Canada) were taken from various other banks off the United States. Cod was of next importance, although a very poor second. The landings of all sizes of this species fresh amounted to 49,522,884 pounds, or 15 per cent of the total amount of fresh fish landed at the three ports in 1929. This is a decrease of 15 per cent from that landed in 1928. Cod was taken chiefly on Georges Bank and South Channel. Mackerel landings, fresh, amounted to 37,521,563 pounds at the three ports, or 12 per cent of the total landings of fresh fish. This is 81 per cent of the total catch of mackerel by the United States Atlantic mackerel fleet, and an increase of 55 per cent compared with the landings of this species in 1928. 826 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Hake, with landings of 12,037,034 pounds, or 4 per cent of the total fresh-fish landings ranked fourth in importance, and increased 43 per cent over the landings of the previous year. Flounders, a species which has been of increasing importance in the trade during the last few years, ranked fifth in importance among the fresh fish with landings of 10,787,765 pounds, or about 3 per cent of the total landings of all fresh fish. This is an increase of 4 per cent over 1928. Pollock, with landings of 10,561,970 pounds, or 3 per cent of the total landings of fresh fish in 1929, ranked sixth in importance, and increased 32 per cent over the previous year. The landings of all other varieties of fresh fish, amounting to about 5 per cent of the total, increased in 1929 over the respective amount of the landings in 1928 except halibut. Among the salt fish, herrig was the most important species, with landings of 3,518,160 pounds. This was 72 per cent of the landings of all salt fish, and was an increase of 149 per cent compared with the landings of this species in 1928. | iL Yn a OE] Sa a 0 F PaO aUreNa0neS | PRODUCT 5 1020 60 70 80 90 100110120 130_—140_150 160 170 180 19p | HADDOCK cop | MACKEREL | HAKE | FLOUNDERS | POLLOCK | SWORDFISH | HERRING CUSK HALIBUT ae | | ! | se! FIGURE 15.—Landings of fish by fishing vessels at the principal New England ports, 1929 The landings of salt ground fish—cod, hake, pollock, cusk, and halibut—amounted to 1,153,362 pounds, and consisted almost en- tirely of salt cod. This amount was 24 per cent of the total landings of salt fish at the three ports. The landings of the various species of salt ground fish landed in 1929 varied but little from the amount landed in 1928. Landings of salt mackerel amounted to 221,945 pounds, which was 4 per cent of the total landings of salt fish, and was an increase of 152 per cent compared with the landings of this species salted in 1928. Fishery by months.—Over 50 per cent of the landings of fish at the three ports were made during the five months from July to October, inclusive. The total landings during the month of July were largest and amounted to 38,200,136 pounds. Landings during September were second largest, amounting to 37,494,064 pounds; and those during August were third largest, amounting to 36,141,458 pounds. As a rule, landings during each of the warmer months were larger than during the cooler months of the year. The following table gives the economic statistics obtained on the landings of fishery products at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland during 1929, for vessels of 5 net tons and upward, as measured by the United States Customs Service. The weights of fresh and salted fish given in this table represent the weights as landed from the FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 827 vessels. Many of the fresh fish landed were eviscerated on the vessels. This is true of the ground fish group, except the flounders. Swordfish are eviscerated and beheaded. Fresh mackerel, flounders, and herring are landed in the round. Species included under “other” are generally landed in the round. Salted ground fish are landed eviscerated and beheaded; salted mackerel “eviscerated and split; and salted herring, eibbed. The values are those received by the fisherman. The grades, or sizes given for certain species, are those recognized in the trade. Landings by fishing vessels at principal New England ports, 1929 BOSTON: By MONTHS Species January February March Cod, fresh: Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pownds Value LEN SDs ee 1, 068, 767 | $82,804 | 3, 138, 741 | $128,429 | 3,377, 701 $122, 706 WAEG( RS Se ee ee 505, 145 |} 24, 785 759, 255 29, 480 620, 606 20, 066 Serod. - - - ASP bo oa 4, 875 161 2,910 58 120 | 4 Haddock, fresh: | | Large ES SS eee pee ee 9, 595, 915 594, 645 | 13, 556, 265 674, 673 15, 131,720 | 618, 874 CLO demees. = ste teks ee eS 670, 865 27, 754 793, 960 28, 825 | 858, 000 24, 796 Hake, fresh GAT Genero tt eee ee Ss es 456, 230 26, 583 406, 115 23, 218 211, 100 | 12, 205 Srna lees Seer ceee sd eee ee Sel ee |eaeavee =? 1, 000 20 420 17 Onlocks fresh #52 "sts 5 te gee 336, 890 | 17, 965 590, 960 18, 685 209, 670 | 9, 432 Cusk, fresh Beehe dD ate Seeks eee ae 159, 660 | 6, 373 240, 140 9, 764 170, 745 5, 239 Halibut, ies heee ae eee gree eS 18, 148 | 7, 338 249, 877 52, 696 242, 928 41, 021 ELOUITIGOES FInOS hese n= a 453, 257 54, 131 768, 933 50, 451 675, 230 47, 871 eipnergiresiee as. eae 2 eo Se 69, 895 5, 672 192, 409 6, 906 | 115, 723 5, 643 Motalstrosh= 5 s2= ss =s2 ee 13, 339, 647 | 848, 211 | 20, 700, 565 |1, 028, 205 | 21, 613, 963 907, 874 Landed in 1928: Total, Fresh______- 12, 578, 924 | 688,195 | 15, 708, 584 | 904, 209 | 22, 845, 734 949, 393 BOSTON: By MONTHS Species April May June July oar eb eee eek ease : : = zi Cod, fresh: Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value founds | Value GREP Gre = Ran oe eee 2, 029, 564 |$83, 434 | 1, 432, 260 ($51, 293 | 1, 701, 208 |$66, 817 | 2, 337, 643 | | $90, 570 Market fat= = 222.3: | 736, 845 | 21,795 985, 695 | 20,371 | 1,400,475 | 31, 056 2, 856, 845 62, 637 Serom ete et. A 7, 190 | 75 1,500 | 15 | 9, 795 98 5,735 | « 60 Cod, salted H | gare ees oe 2. Sua 2 Pe Par. colt 20,620) 1,131 15, 000 70d | aee oa ese| Comen kee WVisnkcoleerepes Set pet en OS ei ee. Soe 450 18 | 400 AG |e ee eee oe eee aoe Haddock, fresh Nasir eae ree er 113, 437, 633 ea 990 |12, 514,479 279, 407 11, 205, 358 |286, 369 [14,728,871 300, 165 ‘S(t |= Se nee eee 800, 035 13, 161 717,980 | 8,024 , 816,172 | 11,094 853, 935. | 9, 212 Hake, fresh, large__----- | 180, 591 | 9, 694 297,890 | 7,276 285, 520 | 5, 091 457, 340 6, 911 Pollock, fresh! 32 2-- = 22 120, 420 | 6, 882 | 81, 680 1, 835 150, 497 | 3,319 261, 285 6, 586 mollock, salted sa- 220-22) '=- 25 <_<. ——- ee SE ee = SS A Ae ere ae ee 110 2 eOUiSy freShes sos 2 oo! 126, 785 | 3, 545 281,485 | 5, 147 33, 450 623 66, 480 1, 104 Halibut, fresh = =.= 2 _- 274, 057 | 46, 361 293,070 | 56, 728 409, 996 | 62, 292 394,160 | 60, 394 Mackerel, fresh______---_ 40, 000 4,100 | 668,640 | 34, 216 | 4, 868, 965 |204, 197 | 5,467,140 | 226, 198 Mackerel, salted_________|--------_-- eee | [ese eee aes een ea hee yet al ls oF 3, 500 178 Flounders, fresh_______ _- 1, 112, 280 | 35,464 | 1, 106,086 | 17, 400 728, 904 | 15, 511 589, 497 24, 854 PVOLdishe reste fe Smt ee a. Lane ares asi ge M(t 2 het | 610, 294 |134, 051 | 2,241,936 | 344, 768 Rierninoeitesie sr 2 22 jb. es ae pn ee 6 SE oe ss Gl igre 3, 750 | 62 |o ee ee either, freshic.. oe ws 5. 1 156, 260 | 4,760 | 114,359 3, 875 73, 396 | 3,401 89, 638 4, 944 Total-frosh- 2 2== 19, 021, 660 (580, 261 |18, 495, 124 |485, 587 |22, 297,780 |823, 981 |30, 350, 455 |1, 138, 403 Total, salted_____- soenesceoes Eee } 21, 070 1, 149 15, 400 - 766 3, 610 180 Grand total ___- moa oe 021. ash 580, 261 18, 516, 194 |486, 736 |22, 313, 180 824, 747 |30, 354, 065 |1, 138, 583 Landed in 1928: | : lee reshiee > Se Fees = |17, 727, 360 |542, 113 16, 190, 192 |463, 272 |18, 653, 239 666, O89 |20, 214,452 | 831, 627 SUNG ee aoe se oe oS A Bee ee eee Seana 4 eee 8, 625 149 pROtalcie. Sache See i, 727, 360 oe 113 16, 190, 192 |463, 272 |,% 653, 239 666, O89 |20, 223, 077 | 831, 776 Notre.—The weights of fresh and salted fish given in these statistics represent the fish as landed from the vessels, and the values are those received by the fishermen. Large cod are classified as those weighing over 10 pounds; market cod, 214 to 10 pounds; and scrod cod, 1 to 244 pounds. Large haddock are those weighing over 2144 pounds and scrod haddock, 1 to 244 pounds. Large hake are those weighing over 6 pounds and small hake, under 6 pounds. 828 U. & BUREAU OF FISHERIES Landings by fishing vessels at principal New England ports, 1929—Continued BOSTON: By mMontHS—Continued Species August September October November i a on nae eee, ae a a, oT aati aaa “--2) 25, 625 321 35, 860 536 | 34, 016 417 Hake, salted: Large.....--..-------- 3, 075 if 5 Ee ee eee 460 9 HZOUOCK ITeShee = = = Ho ota ae sale 273, 462 5, 921 5, 990 86 7, 290 93 OUOCK Sal tedese== 555-265-225 -22=2]55- 2-21 S| se 215 5 420 9 Chine igh 48, 055 699 26, 255 428 | 19, 090 289 CURIS RUG. en 400 10 700 50 | 600 21 TEU Oe tips (ye i 974 117 697 | 105 | 21, 002 1, 448 Halibut, salted____- a5 25 Diy |e re ae EI ee ee 435 44 Mackerel, fresh --_- eter 81, 600 5, 740 | 1,078, 082 39,900 | 2, 788, 485 74, 517 CSTR SE 0 | i ee pee Se eer 24, 200 1, 540 | 8, 000 520 Mlomnders*treshe 2. 2 ee 93, 105 2, 249 36, 250 804 33, 570 984 Sy Orcinishes nesieeses. = same NAN Cee es NEU I eee oe 709 128 | 7, 690 1, 218 VSI SANe saa. ee Ra ee ee eee | 58, 600 733 THOT: HrOSh see eee SLR EE es 760 17 790 21 | 59, 150 1,174 iRotalegresh==>- 2. Wee welts 4, 048, 697 | 109,990 ! 4,809,028 | 128,370) 5,844,153 139, 823 Motalacalteds=s2= Fees ee ee 196, 640 8, 827 | 438, 810 | 17, 953 121, 385 5, 898 Craridsratalossss: Seaeahe es ae 4, 245, 337 |. 118, 817 | 5, 247, 838 | 146,323 | 5, 965, 588 145, 721 Landed in 1928: | FIPOSHie eee sete be 4,477,905 | 114,939 | 5,771,710 | 167,335 | 5, 902,870 166, 015 SaiLCG eee mes Shy OR ee) 232, 165 11, 642 | 202, 805 9, 986 150, 215 7,193 1h A0) Me ed Sy PRE CSO ea 4,710,070 | 126,581 | 5,974,515 | 177,321 | 6,053,085 173, 208 830 ih. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Landings by fishing vessels at principal New England ports, 1929—Continued GLOUCESTER: By MONTHS—Continued Species August September | October November vie -|- as =o ee oe ad — Cod, fresh: Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value Pounds | Value Large 222 ese | 228, 860 | $6, 542 560, 090 |$29, 358 130,126 $7,972 66,290 | $4, 080 Market Senet 186,555 4, 308 80, O85 1, 865 | 23,095 | 787 28, 725 911 Sorod i= So ee 100 | 1 Ee ee ee ey ee a ee ec pea ae ee Cod, salted: | | Large -_---- 149,070 | 7,372 74,160 | 3,921 8D;300 | > 1,804: |\-2 Ue eee eee Market 14, 925 625 10, 480 451 2, 632 106/).22 3-2 e eeeee Haddock, fresh: Darep 3252 2- == == eee 1,312,720 | 33,883 | 1,089, 800 | 37, 811 769,140 | 40,424 | 1,005,235 | 52, 881 Scrod <2 222-2224 67, 770 759 129, 235 | 2, 450 72,985 | 2,295 8, 135 2, 249 Hake, fresh: Large- ------ 40, 685 543 89, 690 | 1,369 111,425 | 3, 504 126, 095 3, 788 Hake, salted: Large ._-._.5-- - 2== 2, 565 59 580 12 4, 605 106:'| W222 ee Small .< ..-==-222255=|-2SSe5- Se Bese ee eee boaee ee 920 23 |-2 32 Sa aes Pollock, fresh = -====525 29, 445 | 408 93,000 ; 2,053 348, 865 ; 7,283 | 2,746,087 ; 36,037 Pollock, salted... --== == 1, 670 34 210 5 280 6) sae eee Gusk, fresh? 2.23) 64,925 | 1,108 34, 460 527 9, 495 166 465 10 Cusk, salted. 2 2--<22-5e=" 3, 330 OS! | cee eee 4, 440 1450 |. 2 eo Halibut, fresh. .---------- 20,229 | 1,530 567 64 570 106 740 131 Mackerel, fresh__-------- 3, 024, 670 | 76,611 | 6,589, 945 (136, 680 398, 199 | 25, 716 373, 821 50, 676 Mackerel, salted ____---_- 45, 460 1,375 G57 200:\/* 3, S20 = Hoenn es 7a 350 53 Flounders, fresh_--------- 21, 440 795 25, 715 1, 193 15, 790 1, 025 31, 405 1, 969 Swordfish, fresh__.-_-_-_- 602 | 120 2, 180 45S eco oe US ee | ee Herring, fresh.-------==-+-- 13, 000 | 130 8, 000 6D! jee 4 Se ee Pee Ne Other, freshs-== ---2====* 112,960 | 1,366 114,010 | 1,339 18, 575 819 160, 652 | 11,140 Total; fresh 4 2-3 5, 123, 961 |128, 104 | 8,816,777 |215, 217 | 1,898, 265 | 90,097 | 4, 617, 650 | 163, 872 Total, salted ____-_- 217,020 | 9,553) 150,580 | 8, 210 48,177 | 2,190 350 Grand total_______- 5, 340, 981 |137, 657 | 8, 967, 357 |223, 427 | 1,946, 442 | 92, 287 | 4,618,000 | 163, 925 Landed in 1928: | Rresh 22-25% 4:2 sae 3, 731, 916 |113, 660 | 2, 475, 295 |100, 212 | 3, 651, 282 |111, 390 | 3, 862, 636 | 193, 058 Salted.222 2 ae 237, 498 | 13, 204 153,350 | 8, 661 54,925 | 2,829 15, 007 779 Total. = ae 3, 969, 414 |126, 954 | 2, 628, 645 |108, 873 | 3, 706, 207 |114, 219 | 3, 877, 643 | 193, 837 Species December Total, 1929 1928 Cod, fresb: Pounds | Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Large .c- 26 eee 196,028 | $22,054 | 7,127,570 | $302,280 | 12,326,926 | $459, 872 Market: 22. aa eee 14, 077 | 634 | 1,574, 527 36, 672 | 2,761, 885 - 56, 538 Scrod. 22.25 - 2 ee | eee eae aaa 13, 415 274 ‘ 89 Cod, salted: Large.- 22224225... ee ee ee 903, 810 41, 887 853, 392 45, 262 Market ..- 2-- 2222-22 2 222 ee ee ee ee 154, 772 5, 097 140, 012 5, 633 Serod . .. -.-.22- 40 .cke es le ae ee ee eee ee eee 400 ll Haddock, fresh: Large. 22322. eee 631, 317 41,654 | 17, 638, 817 562,201 | 8, 904, 022 209, 910 Scrod 2 232.2... 2 See 75, 765 | 2, 473 1, 224, 930 24, 588 746, 495 12, 481 Haddock, salted: ; Large. .--2.--- 2 sk oe Se ee ee | Eee | Oe ee 8, 170 425 Scrod. 2-0) ee a ee eee hh ees el We Boo Su eo 70 2 Hake, fresh: Large. =<. 2 eee 72, 038 3, 864 559, 754 15, 180 384, 578 7, 000 Small os. 3a ose | eee ee 5, 630 205 3, 730 61 Hake, salted: Lage. : 2. 2--.-- sos as ee eee 11, 440 267 2,320 45 Small _____- a = site ee OS bee See 920 23 840 17 Pollock, fresh-- 2 = eee 1, 596, 947 50, 384 | 5, 158, 011 103,928 | 4,083,175 75, 813 Pollock, salted... .-.- 2.2.2.5 Se eee eee 2, 795 59 8, 580 174 @usk, fresh: 25522-) 260 hi 214, 675 3, 468 298, 000 4, 695 Cusk, salted... 2. 3 ae ee ee 9, 470 284 6, 515 139 Halibut; fresh® 232): pees 181 46 | 46, 623 3, 847 908 214 Halibut, salted... — 1) 2525228 3 ee eee 460 46 3, 520 314 Mackerel, freshi 23" 3} 2 ee 1,760 | 352 | 14, 336, 562 410,192 | 8, 144, 450 442, 026 Mackerel; salted: 2.5... 2-222) 252") eee (Cees a 143, 210 7, 309 68, 150 4, 802 Flounders, fresh___ 96, 800 — 5, 649 664, 566 38, 283 | 1,322, 207 89, 846 Swordfish, fresh__ “ene | es 11, 181 1, 924 18, 340 3, 981 Herring, fresh____- ost a Dee ea 79, 600 913 252, 800 2, 703 Herring; saltediex - 2-2 se _ se )-207, 472 45,649 | 3, 518, 160 133, 516 1, 404, 564 53, 289 Other, fresh Z aay 1,795 58 479, 077 16, 153 151, 984 2, 358 Total, fresh ___ 2,686,968 127,175 | 49, 134,938 | 1,520,108 | 39, 407, 290 | 1, 367, 587 Total; salted: 22-2230 aiaae 1, 207, 472 45,649 | 4,745, 037 188, 488 | 2, 496, 543 110, 113 Grand total: 5-2=—---F. es 3, 894, 440 172, 824 | 53,879,975 | 1, 708, 596 | 41, 903, 833 | 1,477, 700 Landed in 1928: ; Fresh. - — 2, 738, 901. |. “110; 479. |. 2 See ee ee 39, 407, 290 | 1, 367, 587 Salted_- 633, 484 23, '950)'| 22 Sse a ee ee 2, 496, 543 110, 113 PotelU. .252-=. 3,372,885)" 1347438 || Soe ee | See 41, 903, 833 | 1,477, 700 i Sl me FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 831 Landings by fishing vessels at principal New England ports, 1929—Continued PORTLAND: By MONTHS Species January February March Cod, fresh Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value UANEO noe eee | 56,891 | $4,105 73,171 | $3, 309 76, 157 $3, 243 Toa 1172) hee erie oe ae | 24, 554 1, 291 34, 740 1, 451 40, 195 1, 533 So} Cia.) ht MeN Se te ee | 2,355 25 3, 061 31 | 1, 830 16 Haddock, fresh: TENA Tok. see ra 223,936 | 17,772 946,756 | 41,151 760, 196 26, 895 stent fe OS ee ee 7, 305 86 SU) | 111 12, 435 120 Hake, fresh: LIM oe ee Se oe See eee 2, 508 185 1, 327 66 | 100 4 Siri se Seer 68, 610 3, 646 60, 979 | 2, 880 | 31, 424 1, 267 Pollock, fresh 32, 882 | 1, 488 33, 840 786 | 47, 661 1, 668 Cusk, fresh 52,253 | 2,921 55, 932 2, 512 70, 646 2, 496 aI EOS a. 2~ a= sannnecene-s---- 759 208 903 199 | 1, 847 274 MON GeTsaresh. += Sek oe cee | 38,118 2, 793 67, 518 3, 116 56, 997 2,151 “Offa, Ja ST RB rl | 29,049 731 51, 462 1,311 | 40, 794 955 tals fresh fa cas cae | 539,220} 35,251 | 1,340,799 56,925 | 1,140, 282 40, 622 Landed in 1928: mi re % re Occ) SR eS a 579, 643 31, 853 734, 185 38, 696 | 1, 229, 213 47, 425 Rin beens oe Se SL SE 2) _ | ee escd 1,125 | iy 100 1 SSS SS EEE EE EE SS Ss lS Ee NG) AE | 3 ee ae 579, 643 31, 853 735, 310 | 38, 713 1, 229, 313 47, 426 Species April May June July Cod, fresh: Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value 128,175 | $5,656 | 171,163 | $7,747 3, 965 85 5, 796 133 655 2 925 9 14, 700 699 1, 290 58 2, 695 101 870 | 30 186,030 | 4,974 884, 675 19, 684 3, 040 20 4, 335 29 435 5 1, 470 23 37, 510 536 53, 253 792 = cist Od eee Ree roe Chee e 7 109, 390 1, 486 52, 854 905 ask: freshty soos. 222 Se 72, 130 1, 886 40, 539 769 2, 837 62 1, 625 33 RISK SAlLOG 5 ae. ok Soa en oe ee 1, 000 25 1, 300 Oz, |Sedeeeceeas|teeteee= inibut. fresh: <2: -.. bse 4, 404 875 10, 787 1, 882 67,329 | 10, 927 37, 903 5, 569 Wrapkereliredhs 2: ...282|-5t-~-c230 |fen 58 5, 795 189 6, 691 375 297,387 | 12,295 NMackprelsalted. = ----2=.|=-=-s-=<<=<|ss2--5=% 1, 100 1 CE ie eee) By ae ee 85 4 Flounders, fresh___------- 69, 580 1, 549 39, 885 805 34, 275 670 37, 005 833 Swordfish, fresh_._------- Ee ee S| ee Se es 46,139 | 9,575 271,167 | 41,281 Mibrrine tiresh eee ee = | nae 2. soe (tem ete olen ee see ee 290,700 | 4, 588 13, 600 238 OPRGr, Hres ae a o-oo 35 __ 32,378 582 12, 974 252 15, 700 313 45, 130 1, 476 TMotaloiresh=— 2—-—~ 2,507,924 | 51,074 | 865,178 | 19, 533 932, 871 | 39, 274 | 1,878, 288 | 91, 047 otalncnlteG sono =2|=-=225 2-25 ea | 12, 240 493 19, 715 850 2, 245 92 Grand total_--_----- 2, 507, 924 | 51, 074 | 877,418 | 20,026 952, 586 | 40,124 | 1,880,533 | 91,139 Landed in 1928: | reste Soc. 5: nd 1, 357, 163 | 26,923 | 3,176,750 | 61,516 | 1,981,332 | 44,218 | 1,553,676 | 59,577 Balzedser.. 5. 5. -226- 116, 000 1, 710 24, 670 1, 184 1, 645 | SI ij S| eee Total 1, 473, 163 | 28,633 | 3, 201,420 | 62,700 | 1,982,977 | 44,299 | 1, 553, 676 59, 577 = See eee | | Species August September October November Cod, fresh: Pounds Value | Pounds Value | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value argeter see. 99, 306 | $4, 883 128, 152 | $6, 759 199, 809 |$12, 783 191, 420 $9, 913 iMarketete 2.2 = ees 8, 368 206 18, 049 483 31, 698 890 40, 135 1, 057 Scraen ew: sy tee 1, 485 7 5, 580 31 5, 019 37 8, 105 49 Haddock, fresh: AT eGee ee 22 te 1, 007,981 | 23, 064 222, 245 | 10, 235 316, 124 | 19, 145 318, 668 16, 835 Teie Re 4, 953 34 6, 440 45 17, 791 138 18, 134 172 Hake, fresh: AY ee oe 5 ae 1, 140 19 4,940 954). Ste ek ee 4, 385 131 (sprit || eee eee 63, 649 1, 031 154, 935 3, 183 345, 390 | 9,173 286, 563 7, 906 Pollock, fresh __...==..--- 41, 625 693 95, 600 1, 405 233,114 | 3,995 238, 749 3, 510 Musk, fresh <2 222 __ 22S 2 3 3, 268 67 17, 988 378 56,948 | 1,670 128, 915 2, 706 ePeliprit, fresh: =. 12.8 511 78 805 127 868 167 2, 005 459 Mackerel, fresh. -..-..--- 191,580 | 7,310 | 1,338,337 | 28, 869 TAS MON oe 404 peewee see Safe Sen 6881—31——_9 832 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Landings by fishing vessels at principal New England ports, 1929—Continued PORTLAND: By montus—Continued Species August September October November Pounds | Value | Pownds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value Mackerel, salted_-_-__-__- 15, 350 ol 45) ee eee |e sec | SEE | oe Se lk ee Flounders, fresh_..------- 21, 277. 780 6, 297 $357 7,019 $542 21, 501 $754 Swordfish, fresh_______-_- 109, 621 | 19, 729 58,769) | 12° 815, |= as oe ee Herring, fresh <45= -- === 21, 000 368 75, 400 566 209, 000 1,296 | 279, 400 1, 596 Other fresh... 22 280, 866 | 5,032 312,408 | 5, 200 134,210 | 2,316 73, 987 1, 503 Total. dresh= == 1, 856, 630 | 63,301 | 2, 440, 945 70, 548 | 1,700, 169 | 55,646 | 1,606,967 | 46, 591 Total, salted __-___- 15, 350 SH | ee ea Ee eae pete ti Sle = ae = |. 2f 28a oe] eS Grandi ftotal—. 2-25 1, 871, 980 | 63, 615 | 2, 440, 945 70, 548 | 1,700,169 | 55, 646 | 1, 606, 967 | 46, 591 Landed in 1928: | Rresh) 33-52 1, 696, 452 | 79,329 | 1,095,616 | 41,604 | 1, 732,195 | 47,625 | 1,258,600 | 43, 736 Salted... eee 10, 240 457 387 BL. | 225s ees ees | SaaS een eee Totale=_ = ee 1, 706, 692 | 79, 786 | 1,096,003 | 41,635 | 1,732,195 | 47, 625 | 1, 258, 600 | 438, 736 . i) Species December Total, 1929 ; 1928 Cod, fresh: Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value LATR6. ~-<-ssa5 nonce eee ae era 84, 843 $6,955 | 1,621,493 | $76,837 | 2,678,201 | $108, 792 Markets. 25: 32 .2 2k eee 5, 589 56 95, 807 850 109, 647 810 Hake, fresh Largest st.<<5.t8. =e eee 130 6 19, 065 641 33, 062 789 Small 22... =*_2- ee ee 118, 163 5,320 | 1, 285, 927 37, 598 | 1, 406, 925 31, 787 Hake, salted Large 2 22s 52c 26 Seat a eee eee | ae eee S| ee ee oe 880 18)\| 5222s ee ce SE Ss Small= 225.22 See sees ee oa pee eo ae 1, 130 21 1, 385 22 Pollock; fresh. 33 28S ee 36, 362 1, 025 950, 887 | 17, 409 861, 319 14, 794 45 1 479, 205 14, sea 20 64, 789 11, 410 735, ree! 34, Se 387 18, 213 ; 417, 685 15, 361 508, 947 20, 696 Sw eee freshse st & ©. one Ae 5 Sree A en Oe 485, 696 83, 400 261, 530 52, 829 Herring; fresh!) ae eee 65, 400 456 954, 500 9, 108 433, 600 2, 336 Other, fresi 7%. 2.) Bio ae 32, 189 667 1, 061, 147 20, 338 814, 848 16, 243 Total, fresh. 2* ses =. Sse: ae 635, 475 34, 895 | 17, 444, 748 604, 705 | 17, 536, 002 561, 800 Total, salted: 22 Sis5 feb ae Ftd LOO kame 49, 650 1, 750 154, 167 3, 481 Grandtotal <== 635, 575 34, 896 | 17, 494, 398 606, 455 | 17, 690, 169 565, 281 Landed in 1928: HROSHEe oe = eo see foe 1, 141, 177 BOP 208i ce ee o/b eee 17, 536, 002 561, 800 Saltedio. 22-22 sceceeetencesl oe ee | ee BL | 154, 167 3, 481 Dotalisccracass See eee 1, 141, 177 I ENOL IN ee es Seal Se ee 17, 690, 169 565, 281 SUMMARY: By ports Species | Boston Gloucester Portland Cod, fresh: Pounds | Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value DiateO eo. ob ate ee te es 22,918,875 | $1,050,845 | 7,127,570 | $302,280} 1,621,493 | $76, 837 Market. 3.2222 lca eee 15, 702, 681 450,646 | 1,574,527 36, 672 305, 127 10, 357 Soro: <6). = haat ee ee | 221, 210 | 5, 056 13, 415 274 37, 986 290 Cod, salted AERO oe cn dee ee 35, 620 1, 881 903, 810 41, 887 24, 290 1, 155 Markets. 22-—- eon eee 850 | 34 154, 772 5, 097 4, 415 164 Haddock, fresh: | Large Mi ES ee is ape ae fil A 151, BE ia eats thes 441 | 17, 638, 817 562,201 | 7,544,695 | 241,412 ee we , , | , , din frediis 21, 764 1, 224, 930 24, 588 95, 807 850 Large i an ee 10, 158 608 | 850, 949 559, 754 15, 180 19, 065 641 radiate oe are ) 151 5, 630 205 | 1, 285, 927 37, 598 5 7 A ee ee eel eed ee 11, 440 267 880 1g Te 7 ee pie AR ir \rocsgoncsite| een ” 920 23 1, 130 21 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 833 Landings by fishing vessels at principal New England ports, 1929—Continued SUMMARY: By rorts—Continued Species Boston Gloucester Portland Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value Hollackp ines oe. saSe a een 4, 453,072 | $122,188] 5, 158, O11 $103, 92 950,887 | $17,409 Polo, Saltedes=-2. 2 ==----=-5= 110 2 2, 795 BO 2 ee | ee nISks rt rOsinees ae = = te 2, 702, 790 81, 368 214, 675 3, 468 553, 505 17, 768 OUTED CCG | PE Re es SE ee eee 9, 470 284 2, 400 58 ERAT yiresisss 2 oe sees = ace 2, 520, 506 459, 846 46, 623 3, 847 128, 259 20, 804 LEE Toyo SEU iC tc PON eo OE ee ee cna 460 , 46} poe aae oo oe laa ene Mirackereloireshe a. 2. n= -- 52 Saas a4 21, 202, 032 908, 157 | 14, 336, 562 410, 192 1, 982, 969 52, 5382 Mackerel, Salted -=..=2.=-.=--=--- 62, 200 3, 833 143, 210 7, 309 16, 535 334 MlgwnG ers: fresh! 2.2 2 2s 22s = 9, 705, 514 490, 359 664, 566 38, 283 417, 685 15, 361 Beswordtish, fresh.__-.--2..-2.=-.-) 4, 096, 085 735, 419 11, 181 1, 924 | 485,696 | 83,400 lerringtroshessa<2 ree 8 21 os 3, 750 62 79, 600 913 | 954, 500 9, 108 TG SSE CEM io [Ee ee Eee eae 3, 518, 160 1899516: 22-3 oes |e OTHersireshiae st we PD 1, 230, 517 59, 702 479, 077 16, 153 1, 061, 147 20, 338 Motalsiresh) 22 a4 =~ -s =~. 2% 255, 623, 174 | 10, 730, 903 | 49, 134, 938 1, 520, 108 | 17, 444, 748 604, 705 Motalssalted=2-2l-s= +22 98, 780 5,750 | 4, 745, 037 188, 488 49, 650 | 1, 750 G@randstotal 2-2-=- = 22 255, 721, 954 | 10, 736,653 | 538, 879, 975 1, 708, 596 | 17, 494, 398 606, 455 Landed in 1928: TAs a 218, 353, 464 | 8, 804, 569 | 39,407,290 | 1,367,587 | 17,536,002! 561, 800 Salted=een ss." -* =.= seen Sees 34, 225 1, 595 2, 496, 543 110, 113 154, 167 3, 481 Motalweess >. tees. Sets! 218, 387, 689 : 8, 806, 164 | 41, 903,833 | 1,477,700 | 17,690,169 | 565, 281 Species Total, 1929 1928 Cod, fresh: Pounds Value Pounds Value GATS eee eee Ske 2p he ee i oe 31, 667, 938 $1, 429, 962 40, 091, 225 $1, 682, 732 ViarketMeeeeee St led cu ah ae oi Fae 17, 582, 335 | 497,675 | 17, 920, 170 459, 398 SO viel. = an IE oe ore ne ay eee 272, 611 5, 620 143, 416 2, 223 Cod, salted: esr pe epee oe sete SR ee ee 963, 720 44, 923 1, 001, 782 48, 516 RViar ice imies se Steel. oe sya 2d oe Se 160, 037 5, 295 145, 117 5, 830 So vayolis\. ae Ss eae Pap, Cap 09 a ae 8 | Ena eee Sel SPes Sees see en 400 11 Haddock, fresh: ByRe{ey. a Na COR el a nes Sane ee aera 176, 770, 634 6, 598,054 | 142,413,890 | 4, 748, 157 S(O x00 (Sf ee as Ee ee ee oe eee 10, 433, 099 247, 202 12, 908, 335 287, 899 Haddock, salted: EE ce a ane ee etn Se ee a ee SIE ee 8,170 425 FS corafa | ee fe oN Ss I 1 ee: Pe oS Ne eee |e See 70 2 Hake, fresh: Tharp er aes ae: 22 5 eee. 2) Sh eae ee eee 10, 737, 425 366, 770 6, 919, 263 188, 314 Srrigl iene 2 gees Seas 2 hee ds 2 1, 299, 609 37, 954 1, 492, 300 33, 171 Hake, salted: | Hoare Oh teAa set. Bee ot ee a Ae 12, 320 285 9, 080 157 Smiallteageey: 2. bes 2, 050 44 2, 225 39 Pollock, fresh 10, 561, 970 243, 475 8, 031, 830 174, 256 follocksesnibaden.-— ssee Foo be aa eee 2, 905 | 61 8, 635 175 febticoeirestioemeens: =< 2 eer Rie Fs oh Ta 3, 470, 970 | 102, 604 2, 350, 452 62, 588 MISiK, GiGi. 2 Re Sa ee ee eee 11, 870 3 7, 235 152 EFaithubeireshometeene ts ye eee as 2, 695, 388 484, 497 3, 381, 959 608, 666 elerlibwte caltedmes =sssned ef. A eel bol ees a 460 3, 520 314 Mintckconeltinesibes teeees el 37, 521, 563 1,370,881 | 24,164,760] 1,349,819 Minckercl ecaltedesweenes toe Jb Cel ee 221, 945 11, 476 88, 137 6, 099 BRNO ITT COTS eines ee eee 10, 787, 765 544, 003 10, 414, 020 511, 296 EavOrdtisherinestwuass -eeeee OL ote 2 ee ot 4, 592, 962 820, 743 2, 543, 640 554, 671 lone See ee eee ee eee 1, 037, 850 10, 083 705, 800 5, 309 Herring, salted 3, 518, 160 133, 516 1, 410, 564 53, 469 ionensineshiwewus= stamens a 32 12,770, 741 96, 193 1, 815, 696 65, 457 Totalatrestiies sens! aieteet eel ee 322, 202,860 | 12,855,716 | 275,296,756 | 10, 733, 956 Matalwenlied assessed Ds | ee 4, 893, 467 195,988 | 2, 684, 935 115, 189 Cfranditotale ese eee tae eo 327, 096,327 | 13,051,704 | 277,981,691 | 10, 849, 145 Landed in 1928: Towel le 2 ae Be we Ee el are oe Pe a mR mean h RENEE aS 275, 296, 756 | 10, 733, 956 Siedhageelee SF So SURE ek ie a (EWE ar ease es 2, 684, 935 115, 189 Tayi: Sse ee A eee Sa ne ed |p Pee ees 277, 981,691 | 10, 849, 145 1 The items under ‘‘ Other’’ include bluebacks, 852,713 pounds, value $13,133; butterfish, 97,960 pounds, value $9,239; eels, 1,977 pounds, value $113; ‘‘perch’’ or cunner, 1,680 pounds, value $86; rosefish, 46,990 pounds, value $847; salmon, 100 pounds, value $4; sea robin, 400 pounds, value $8; shad, 212,976 pounds, value $11,850; shark, 29,029 pounds, value $855; shrimp, 42 pounds, value $3; skates, 40,045 pounds, value $633; sturgeon, 3,083 pounds, value $502; whiting, 12,765 pounds, value $462; wolffish, 948,613 pounds, value $39,567; lobsters, 9 pounds, value $4; scallops, 6,796 pounds, value $1,263; livers, 369,862 pounds, value $7,385; spawn, 145,401 pounds, value $10,233; and tongues, 300 pounds, value $6. 834 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Landings by fishing vessels at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland, 1893 to 1929 {Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] BY SPECIES Haddock Hake Pollock Salted Fresh Salted Fresh Salted Fresh Salted 34, 373 33, 865 44 19, 754 238 3, 453 161 35, 829 45, 608 4 28, 305 39 2, 1¢> 6 43, 228 41, 578 28 15, 176 165 2, 356 122 34, 040 Tie Oy ig ees 10, 526 18 1, 908 255 25, 757 80; 978) |La-sa 8 14, 679 18 1, 801. see 26, 485 32, 482 37 17, 502 19 4, 464 20 36,906 | 33,291 15 16, 657 53 7, 343 144 29, 969 33, 043 6 11, 445 78 5, 278 41 29, 719 28, 930 46 11, 121 148 7, 345 98 30, 248 38, 395 2 14, 264 134 12, 580 16 27, 195 40, 339 4 14, 769 78 11, 290 154 21, 443 47, 509 532 21, 887 237 10, 521 637 17, 852 65, 897 423 22, 781 457 20, 409 1, 646 18, 323 61, 195 400 13, 027 260 8, 522 988 15, 368 41,815 463 19, 580 214 20, 428 776 21, 832 47, 418 641 20, 434 122 12, 429 1, 090 32, 744 42, 401 425 13, 163 113 12, 502 1, 381 25,790 | 49, 227 340 | 19, 759 189 | 18,808 816 19, 729 55, 711 464 18, 097 355 14, 747 879 18,186 | 63,225 323 15, 289 270 14, 359 307 15, 688 53, 436 237 18, 740. 345 15, 031 236 11, 450 57, 599 155 12, 531 222 12, 243 211 10, 968 57, 813 131 14, 589 301 12, 961 235 7, 629 60, 371 184 13, 029 148 15, 502 101 6, 574 53, 395 160 7, 839 75 14, 467 40 3, 487 66, 603 68 5, 246 35 26, 507 53 4,723 82, 561 | 155 4, 300 40 18, 696 * 56 3, 858 75, 235 45 4, 666 ay's}3) 8, 539 22 5, 409 67, 397 15 4, 494 42 6, 893 52 5, 006 70, 065 131 5, 341 33 5, 048 49 4, 443 73, 718 44 6,315 22 4, 766 39 2, 793 79, 897 5 7, 263 22 5, 067 18 3, 153 91, 861 25 5, 789 17 5, 243 47 4, 582 93, 983 77 5, 482 23 6, 705 34 1, 987 128, 543 50 5, 845 17 7, 652 iil 1, 147 155, 322 8 8, 411 11 8, 032 9 1, 124 187,204) |-22-5222-- 12, 037 14 10, 562 3 | Cusk Halibut Mackerel Flounders Year te z eo ieee Fresh Salted Fresh | Salted Fresh Salted Fresh 1893_*. .... ee ee oe 9,110 174 7, 964 1, 829 552 814d | eS ree ee 1894... 2 oO ee EF. 10458 191 9, 378 1, 527 936 dy Olek LS Soe 1805. .{..2...t 3.2 ace esas ey 5, 566 255 8, 660 | 1, 062 553 4,.0338|F22 eset ROG. 22) Ee See ls 98, 32241 305 | 9,689 | 1,207 1,136.| . <10;484, | eee eae 5807 a. ee 3, 049 144 8, 329 | 1, 572 1, 1464)! =) [eae ee 1808 3 22. ee ees 4, 918 107 8, 381 | 1, 997 874 2, Pee aes 1800: ee eee 3, 411 228 8, 236 | 789 1, 230 3, BORE GeveTe= 102). See | 2, 018 131 7,275 | 1, 569 8, 889 15, 968 Neste cece 2 2, 029 | 52 5, 065 | 463 2, 783 12, O18 Sade see see 1, 785 | 21 6, 326 753 2, 772 8, 139!) 2 2 eee 2, 881 78 3, 622 | 832 2, 040 8/062 "|: Ste ese 5, 414 236 2, 437 | 853 2, 182 6) 188 |22 232. 8, 797 231 2, 952 515 3, 499 5, 645% | po eae: 5, 101 230 4,019 | 636 1, 740 2100 {cere 7, 027 72 3,293 | 904 4, 091 6) 386. (CSE 5, 067 141 3,179 947 5, 508 8, 407) |i seaeaeeas 3, 148 185 3, 589 | 860 4,121 3,458 ||boc2uslece 4, 504 191 2,988 1, 036 583 6103S 6, 433 248 3, 091 | 411 3, 099 1,439) see eee 6, 317 163 3, 060 | 481 2, 660 ie? CU Sa 5, 816 144 4,756 | 532 4, 293 1, 383 ~ 400 5, 747 112 3, 063 317 3, 980 2, 708 863 6, 236 95 3, 584 286 7, 345 3, 574 652 6, 017 52 3, 364 95 10, 832 5, 075 1, 298 3, 525 24 1, 724 42 12, 032 5, 410 1, 280 2, 644 14 | 1,770 | ll 7, 583 2, 576 2, 270 2, 025 38 2,100 — 16 4,315 1, 398 2, 452 1, 849 6 3, 768 22 6, 284 1, 008 3, 638 2, 060 38 5, 618 | 48 2, 735 650 2, 605 2, 194 54 5, 608 16 4, 266 460 3, 281 2, 911 87 4, 873 2 10, 684 881 3, 437 3, 344 62 4, 422 1 8, 474 1, 283 4, 335 3, 606 107 8, 553 8 24, 115 2, 095 6, 638 2, 694 34 3, 426 5 35, 123 1, 109 6, 779 2, 693 34 4,773 | 6 31, 354 176 8, 359 2, 350 ib 3, 382 4 24, 165 88 10, 414 8, 471 12 2, 695 (1) 37, 521 222 10, 788 dois FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 835 Landings by fishing vessels at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland, 1893 to 1929— Continued {Expressed in thousands of pounds, that is, 000 omitted] BY SPECIES—Continued Herring Swordfish Other Total Year Ss Fresh Salted Fresh Salted Fresh Salted Fresh Salted —| = 1, 045 837 | 95, 996 46, 400 285 99 121, 119 45, 996 1, 717 1,869 | 99,677 50, 762 1, 549 620 83,745 46, 929 8, 354 2,926 |. 95, 664 31, 201 1, 448 392 | 107, 881 35, 523 2, 730 91 127, 274 49, 500 5, 184 7,276 | 107,183 55, 036 1,475 2, 157 96, 439 54, 726 2, 091 1,395 117, 223 50, 731 2, 847 1, 790 111, 442 46, 050 1 ULB At eis Soe 125, 771 45, 395 172 14 169, 535 35, 352 517 12 136, 518 33, PAR fa) (ae Ai RES ees 151, 775 39, 797 $80) [sane sacs 144, 596 36, 869 1, 059 27 124, 631 48, 471 O90 ie seen en 138, 043 43, 692 1, 807 11 144, 864 40, 288 CH (al Beer Oe 151, 421 31, 283 Pet OP eae eres 133, 970 28, 247 BiO0Uh| eae oe 141, 575 21, 014 3, 222 (4) 147, 075 24, 521 5, 732 5! 165, 321 20, 503 3 S084 | see- sae ee 156, 783 18, 647 Ze 26ar eee ee ee 193, 024 12, 477 1, 702 11 186, 543 9, 938 TRY eee 170, 167 8, 113 491 1 144, 259 6, 606 2,178 44 152, 189 7, 685 561 9 168, 216 6, 746 S7 Slee ee 175, 821 7, 127 CABG teens ee 209, 017 7, 852 G10) |Eaeaese-t = 232, 247 6, 179 TOI es ee 257, 158 6, 691 18169 |ses- sos 275, 297 2, 685 Did Saas Se 322, 203 4, 893 BY PORTS Boston Gloucester Portland Total Year Fresh Salted Fresh Salted Fresh Salted Fresh Salted Uh es 66, 518 1, 077 29, 478 CRS PS i eee eee |e 95, 996 46, 400 Ly a eee 86, 129 1, 335 34, 990 44'661- ooo eae eee 121, 119 45, 996 POE ete ce we 73, 612 195 26, 065 50;-567).|22- 205-222 [Seo Se 99, 677 50, 762 LS Se eae eas 61, 820 1, 256 21, 925 45; 67%8)0|s oooh ses | ese oa 83, 745 46, 929 LS eee aot eee 62, 704 199 32, 960 Sl} 002s bee aeee es ee 95, 664 31, 201 I eee eee 53, 494 1, 186 54, 387 34, 33 || noe es Se. See ee 107, 881 35, 523 AOD Base es ete et 63, 450 1, 274 63, 824 48 5 226 ann sna seal-oeeeoeeee 127, 274 49, 500 DUM eee se noe 63, 648 3, 173 43, 535 OL S0on| se eae eee en eee ee 107, 183 55, 036 MENS Sore Fas ss 56, 855 2137 39, 584 52, 589 96, 439 54, 726 1, 365 39, 615 49, 366 117, 223 50, 731 1, 883 33, 059 44, 167 111, 442 46, 050 911 44, 588 44, 484 125, 771 45, 395 222 68, 450 35, 130 169, 535 35, 352 83 46, 908 33, 801 136, 518 33, 884 394 64, 058 39, 403 151, 775 39, 797 947 49, 883 35, 922 144, 596 36, 869 491 32, 546 473980 hee he | ORO 124, 631 48, 471 31 35, 984 435661) 2.22ccc8S2 boas 138, 043 43, 692 131 51, 235 GON 1b (ales ce oe eee eee 144, 864 40, 288 143 51, 264 31,1400) 222 eee a eryst 151, 421 31, 283 149 41, 768 28, 098: |S. 2t ee oles 22 eee 133, 970 28, 247 113 49, 344 20; 901.| seseee4 2 2a} Se 141, 575 21,014 502 49, 678 24; O10 n= See eS es eee ne 147, 075 24, 521 76 46, 515 20, 165 20, 551 262 165, 321 20, 503 1 Less than 500 pounds. Note.—Prior to 1916, Portland landings are lacking. 836 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Landings by fishing vessels at Boston, Gloucester, and Portland, 1893 to 1929— Continued {Expressed in thousands of pounds, that is, 000 omitted] BY PORTS—Continued | Boston Gloucester Portland Total Year = z Fresh Salted Fresh Salted Fresh Salted Fresh Salted ON ieee es Ee aeeeres 98, 155 495 40, 062 18, 073 18, 566 79 | 156,783 18, 647 i) I ae Bare 28 109, 227 249 62, 002 12, 173 21, 795 55 | 193,024) 12,477 1910". See 103, 209 183 | 61,621 9, 749 21, 713 | 6 | 186,543 | 9, 938 1920°:.. __. ae 118, 302 257 39, 113 7, 627 12, 752 | 229 | 170, 167 8, 113 1991 -s- beee 104, 277 91 26, 747 6, 269 13, 235 246 | 144, 259 6, 606 19995... _) oa 106, 032 158 | 30, 395 7,355 | 15, 762 | 172 | 152, 189 7, 685 19734... eee 123, 982 253 29, 012 6, 018 15, 222 475 | 168, 216 6, 746 194 | eee 130, 631 335 29, 263 6, 583 15, 927 209 | 175, 821 7, 127 1925 <2. _ a eee 148, 723 315 | 42, 161 7,311 | 18, 133 226 | 209, 017 7, 852 O26 Se oe eee 167, 061 257 | 49, 222 5,679 | 15, 964 | 243 | 232, 247 6, 179 199722: 5. eae 194, 877 64 46, 056 6, 497 16, 225 | 130 | 257, 150 6, 691 10283» i a eee 218, 353 34 39, 407 2, 497 17, 536 154 | 275, 297 2, 685 19902 _ eee 255, 623 99 49, 135 4, 745 17, 445 50 | 322, 203 4, 893 Note.—Prior to 1916, Portland landings are lacking. 340 = T T T 7 Tr aT a Ra aa (Pea | oS —— | | | i] 320 + + hes eS — cee 300 280 4——+ MILLIONS OF POUNDS 1893 192! FIGURE principal New England ports BIOLOGICAL ASPECT 1929 16.—Landings of fresh and salted fish by fishing vessels at the The fishing grounds of the North Atlantic, extending from Flemish Cap in 40° 06’ west longitude and 47° north latitude for a distance of about 2,000 miles to New York, provide an almost continuous extent of most productive fishing grounds. Fishing vessels landing fares at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., make their catches on certain of these grounds. vessels during 1929 is contained in this section. A discussion of the activities of these In 1929 the fishing fleet landing fares at the three New England ports numbered 438 steam, motor, and sail vessels, of over 5 net tons, { . | FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 837 as measured by the United States Customs Service. These made 11,882 trips to the fishing grounds, and were absent from port 55,880 days, or, on the average, about 4.7 days per trip. Their catches of edible fish landed at the three ports amounted to 329,977,722 pounds when the salted fish had been converted to the basis of fresh gutted fish. This does not represent the entire catch of edible fish of these vessels, for small quantities, estimated at not more than 5 per cent of their total catch, were landed at ports in New England, other than these three, at New York City, and at ports in New Jersey. The fishing vessels landing fares at these three ports did not always operate the same type of gear throughout the entire year. At one season a certain vessel may be outfitted as a line trawler; at another season as a purse seiner; and at still another season for swordfishing 190 = | eee | La ict Be | ee) eee : | | (60 dE eb 8 es cea MILLIONS OF POUNDS | ma veteeee es FRESH HADDOCK Ne | 10; ~~~ satt cop af qs t Tal 0 ERESNICOD le eel Drees CRS nm wo = a — m- - _- ~m wy ~ wo = an i) an a a oO oO So oO (ote Se Se N N N N Nn @o o Qa ao a a a a co2) to?) nD a a a a a fa) n FIGURE 17.—Landings of cod and haddock by fishing vessels at the principal New England ports, 1893 to 1929. (Landings of salted had- dock never reach over 650,000 pounds in any year and therefore have been omitted) with harpoons. Thus, vessels may be fished with two or more types of gear during the course of a year. In such a case the vessel is classed with others operating similar gear, while it is fishing that type of gear. From the tables it will be noted that the grand total of the number of vessels operated is exclusive of duplication, and that the total number of vessels operating each type of gear also is shown. Line trawls.—A line-trawl fishery was prosecuted by 106 vessels in 1929. These vessels made 1,824 trips to 23 main fishing grounds, and were absent from port 11,518 days, or an average of about 6.3 days per trip. Their catches aggregated 69,935,942 pounds, or 21 per cent of the total landings by vessels at the three ports. Of this amount, haddock constituted 44 per cent, cod 34 per cent, and hake 11 per cent. Other species of importance in the catch by line trawls 838 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES were cusk, halibut, and pollock. Of the total catch, 43 per cent were taken in South Channel, 21 per cent on Browns Bank, and 13 per cent on Georges Bank. Other banks on which considerable quantities of fish were taken by line trawls were Jeffreys Ledge and Sable Island Bank. Hand lines.—A hand-line fishery was prosecuted by 31 vessels in 1929. These vessels made 274 trips to nine main fishing grounds, and were absent from port, 2,221 days, or an average of about 8.1 days per trip. Their catches aggregated 9,036,327 pounds, or 3 per cent of the total landings at the three ports. Of this amount, cod consti- tuted 82 per cent, haddock 9 per cent, and pollock 5 per cent. Only minor amounts of other species were taken by hand lines. Of the total catch, 70 per cent were taken on Georges Bank and 13 per cent on Nantucket Shoals. Other grounds on which considerable quan- er of fish were taken by hand lines are Cape Shore and Browns Bank. Harpoons.—A fishery with harpoons was prosecuted by 81 vessels in 1929. These vessels made 296 trips to 5 main fishing grounds, and were absent from port 4,557 days, or an average of about 15.3 days per trip. Their catch amounted to 4,464,613 pounds of swordfish and 7,258 pounds of other fish, or a total a little over 1 per cent of the total landings by vessels at the three ports. Of the total catch, 91 per cent were taken on Georges Bank. Otter trawls, large vessels. —A fishery with otter trawls was prosecuted by 64 vessels of 91 net tons and over in 1929. These vessels made 1,240 trips to eight main fishing grounds, and were absent from port 10,839 days, or an average of 8.7 days per trip (7.7 days in 1928). This is an increase of 21 vessels over the number operated in 1928, an increase of 24 per cent in the number of trips, and an increase of 39 per cent in the number of days absent. The catch amounted to 92,674,689 pounds, or 28 per cent of the total landings by vessels at the three ports. Of the total 81 per cent consisted of haddock, 10 per cent of cod, 3 per cent each of flounders, hake, and pollock. Only minor quantities of other species were taken by large otter trawls. Of the total catch, 66 per cent were taken on Georges Bank and 30 per cent on South Channel. Only minor catches were made on the other grounds where large otter trawlers fished. Cod, haddock, and hake landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., by large otter trawlers and large V—D otter trawlers in various years, 1908 to 1929 Year Trips! Cod Haddock Hake Year Trips Cod Haddock | Hake Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds | Pounds © INS = 3-2 44 209,800 | 1,542, 000 46, 600 || 1922______ 578 | 11, 161,947 | 35,878,524 | 576,370 1909__.... 47 159, 800 1, 719, 000 74, 400 || 1923----_- 665 | 14, 961, 590 | 35, 527, 297;| 471, 600 it) Ts ee 59 125, 850 | 2,775, 000 46, 600 || 1924_____- 543 | 8, 231, 430 | 35, 197, 940 6, 853 ibis PA Ee 178 564, 500 7, 367, 100 151,700 || 1925.-___- 607 7, 309, 930 | 44, 034, 281 711, 212 1912 no ee 295 1,952,950 | 12, 966, 700 105, 500 |} 1926._---- 667 5, 203, 911 | 52,405,653 | 894, 885 Cf ee 326 | 1,667,806 | 12,488,992 | 209, 485 |} 1927__..-_- 794 | 3,982,905 | 69, 237,652 | 994, 730 1914_..._-| . 387 1, 149, 595 | 15, 383,550 | 259,913 || 1928__----|1,010 | 6,295,138 | 75, 876, 486 |1, 455, 675 7 | aan ae 646 6, 311, 389 | 51,962, 457 |._._____- H 1920. = Se 1,240 | 8,884,698 | 74, 776,042 |2, 569, 051 pL 74 346 | 2, 482, 833 | 26, 734, 893 | 241, 650 | Otter trawls, medium vessels.—A fishery with otter trawls was also prosecuted by 96 vessels of 21 to 90 net tons, inclusive, in 1929. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 839 Medium large trawlers are referred to by some in the fisheries as “draggers.” These vessels made 1,064 trips to 12 main fishing grounds and were absent from port 6,673 days, or an average of 6.3 days per trip. Their catches aggregated 32,423,005 pounds, or about 10 per cent of the total landings by vessels at the three ports. Of this, haddock constituted 82 per cent, flounders 9 per cent, and cod 6 per cent. Only minor quantities of other species were taken by medium otter trawlers. Of the total catch, 63 per cent were taken on Georges Bank, and 28 per cent on South Channel. Only minor quantities were taken on the other grounds where this type of vessel fished. Otter trawls, small vessels—A fishery with otter trawls was also prosecuted by 96 vessels of 5 to 20 net tons, inclusive, in 1929. Small otter trawlers are referred to by some in the fisheries as “‘flounder draggers.’’ ‘These vessels made 850 trips to nine main fishing grounds, and were absent from port 3,040 days, or an average of 3.6 days per trip. Their catches aggregated 8,212,090 pounds, or about 3 per cent of the total landings by vessels at the three ports. Of this amount, 52 per cent consisted of haddock, and 38 per cent of flounders. Of the total catch, 43 per cent were taken on banks along the shore, 31 per cent on Georges Bank, and 15 per cent on South Channel. V_-D trawls (otter trawls), large vessels —A fishery with V—D otter trawls was prosecuted by 26 vessels of 91 net tons and over in 1929. These vessels made 305 trips to four main fishing grounds, and were absent from{port 2,362 days, or an average of 7.7 days per trip. Their catches aggregated 26,847,877 pounds, or 8 per cent of the total landings by vessels at the three ports. Of this amount, 86 per cent consisted of haddock, and 8 per cent of cod. Of the total catch, 61 per cent were taken on Georges Bank and 32 per cent on South Channel. V-D trawls (otter trawls), medium vessels —A fishery with V—D otter trawls was prosecuted by 41 vessels of 21 to 90 net tons, inclusive, in 1929. These vessels made 695 trips to eight main fishing grounds, and were absent from port 4,991 days, or an average of 7.2 days per trip. Their catches amounted to 28,253,826 pounds, or, about 9 per cent of the total landings by vessels at the three ports. Of this amount, 89 per cent consisted of haddock, and 5 per cent consisted of cod. The remainder was made up chiefly of flounders, hake, and pollock. Of the total catch, 60 per cent were made on Georges Bank, and 36 per cent on South Channel. Only very minor quantities were taken on the other banks where these vessels fished. V-D travwls (otter trawls), small vessels —A fishery with V—D otter trawls was prosecuted by 3 vessels of 5 to 20 net tons, inclusive, in 1929. These vessels made nine trips to four main fishing grounds, and were absent from port 60 days, or an average of 6.7 days per trip. Their catch aggregated 220,758 pounds, and consisted almost entirely of haddock, and were taken mainly on Georges Bank. Sink gill nets——A fishery with sink gill nets was prosecuted by 49 vessels in 1929. These made 3,318 trips to four main fishing grounds, and were absent from port 3,487 days, or an average of about 1 day per trip. The catch amounted to 13,073,990 pounds, or 4 per cent of the total landings by vessels at the three ports. Of this amount 45 per cent consisted of pollock, 38 per cent of cod, and 9 per cent of haddock. Only minor quantities of other species were taken with this type of gear. Of the total catch, 92 per cent were made on those grounds near the shore. 840 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Drift gill nets.—A fishery with drift gill nets was prosecuted by 97 vessels in 1929. They made 501 trips to three main fishing grounds, and were absent from port 1,411 days, or an average of 2.8 days per trip. Their catch amounted to 6,117,493 pounds, or about 2 per cent of the total landings by vessels at the three ports. Of this amount, 86 per cent consisted of herring, which were taken on Bay of Islands fishing grounds. The remainder consisted mostly of mackerel, which were taken on grounds near the shore. Purse seines.—A fishery with purse seines (mackerel fishery) was prosecuted by 113 vessels in 1929. They made 1,504 trips to 14 main fishing grounds, and were absent from port 4,712 days, or an average of about 3.1 days per trip. Their landings at the three New England ports amounted to 38,704,258 pounds, or 12 per cent of the total landings by vessels at these ports. Of this amount, 95 per cent con- sisted of mackerel, and the remainder mostly of herring. Of the total, 51 per cent were taken on shore grounds and 26 per cent on South Channel. Only minor quantities were taken on other banks where these vessels fished. Scallop drags or trawls.—A fishery with scallop drags or trawls was prosecuted by two vessels in 1929. These made two trips to Boston and were absent from port nine days. The catch consisted of 5,596 pounds of scallop meats, and was taken on Georges Bank and banks along the shore. Summary.—In general, regular otter trawls were the most important gear used by the vessels landing fish at the three New England ports, catching 40 per cent of the total landings. Line trawls were next in importance, catching 21 per cent of the total. The various sizes of V—D otter trawl vessels caught 17 per cent; purse seines, 12 per cent; sink gill nets, 4 per cent; hand lines, 3 per cent; and harpoons, drift gill nets, and scallop drags the remaining 3 per cent. Among the fishing grounds Georges Bank was the most important, furnishing 42 per cent of the fish caught by the vessels. South Channel, which is near Georges Bank, was second, and furnished 29 per cent. In 1928 the best fishing was on South Channel. Shore grounds furnished 12 per cent, and Browns Bank 5 per cent. All of these grounds are off the United States. The catch on any one of the other banks or grounds where fishing was prosecuted by the vessels furnished less than 7,500,000 pounds each. The fishery products landed at the three ports by vessels are taken chiefly on fishing grounds off the United States west of 66° west longitude. In 1929 these grounds furnished 95 per cent of the total landings by vessels at the three ports. Those fishing grounds off Canadian Provinces east of 66° west longitude furnished 3 per cent, while those off Newfoundland, also east of 66° west longitude, furnished 2 per cent. The large catch on grounds off the United States is due chiefly to the large catches by otter trawlers on Georges Bank, South Channel, and Nantucket Shoals, which fishing grounds are suited to this type of gear, and which are comparatively near packing centers. Compared with 1928, there was an increase of 21 per cent in the landings of fish taken on grounds off the United States, a decrease of 43 per cent in the landings of fish taken off Canadian Provinces, and an increase of 54 per cent in the landings of fish taken off Newfoundland, the latter being due principally to the large amount of herring taken on these grounds. 1929 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, “mOreoI[dnp Jo dAIsnpox | Sagas | ogg “2 | 93% ‘ST POT ‘OLL O9T ‘ZT | O80‘e8e‘E | Yzz ‘FET F | 122'% 22 het ae gi aan Pee rai.ed Mes ae eater, ~~" = [890.1 8S fteneeeeeees= | <===== =+--=-| 6 ¢ C6L | ote I I |i =e ee (aia Pin tink ae ~~ [B19U88 “OI Scene fares — Seema 90) tal222550 2 2=- 008 ‘I | OF ¢ I Ter. © Were srSepeag 7 oseenecee (UR uesVM[[OIS) YUVA aTPPLT So See es C)) ‘CT ocr ‘e | O@L ‘eg ecg ‘TT 06Z ‘709 =, G10 ‘SOS 88E €¢ OT SPS ae ee 1 ee eee ECUS OO ON CaN eee 0063: — = “| Sesese "| 069 ‘26 Cand cael Og¢ ‘OL | 0S0 02 ote 9 ALT, | [ee MERRIM ue ok a Oe (ERE TORTS SSTSSESSSEES Oso ‘e | e716 | 062 ‘Lee 009 ‘¢ 899 ‘860'Z | 096 ‘F91‘E | 96F ‘T I8T 61 ppv city een eeNG erg RMR PST aR F229) Soh he a CLI eee, 77/5980 Te [--"=""""""| O82 ‘9FZ |: G29 ‘OBT COL PL OL ee oes eon Sak eis pa, Sa UO aT peas ee pS SESS Pease NOUR OS seamaster 008 ‘Or | 00¢ ‘8 8 I I Do ite \SiScn ah. sero en ae aeeerre eae SUB ee SEL oe ose ‘st =| oce’z | OBI ‘Se 002 CLP EGG 090 ‘SLT OFT 91 II ee ee eee ee ne aon So OL eae eee see S| PS saese = = |-Sarmee sa rad | P16 ‘3 62 1 LaPeer Ces eh ees Gee an eae PA MCTSE DEERE) | | ISoull puBA TIP ‘FOL ‘T 9682199 | Zh6 ‘TZ Z88 ‘029 ‘0 080 ‘SL $26 ‘0092 | $96 ‘PEs ‘OT | SIS ‘IT 28 ‘T BOD RST RE TLS an Se aes oes TES FE ek So ee ies [BIOL 782 ‘Or 0zE ‘92 osc ‘se | ost ‘Sz | 92891 | ecb‘so | $58 ‘801 (| ge ca Utd Cane ala ety oe Tae ere ee ee eee, eis SS ee = 0C6 ‘LOF O0€ “OT CLI ‘FIZ | CGP ‘T ZLS ‘SF OLF ‘TOL 8ZE 88 FI a Gees a yee CLUE ET W9dB.M\][048) lee 8[PPHAL £89 ‘OFF OLE ‘98 ose ‘0S =| 8£0‘809'T | O9z ‘ET | 80S ‘Z6 016 ‘ZEz Z0L gTé SID = Il Tey aeninte WOES Wek PERS PSe Nee ewan ae pu Dee avEnED O28 “SZ 008 *F 819 ‘6 | 629 ‘FOL 619% | Str'Sz | «02098 LTT 1g DO eta ae hee PR. rake he. 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PR Sl bate cai i 966 ‘T POGMIA WEAN cute” © Saale etc 5 tel fae y es ead 009 ‘g OOSKE NS Balas coca ase lamer ng 892 ‘FOL ‘88 | OLL ‘868 060 “E86 618 ‘SLL ‘9E | 00S | 662 ‘08 ‘61 | £96 “602 OT ‘F99 COCACOPLS Ie | eemaainenr a) 298 ‘968 COE ‘968 ore ‘2 Ors ‘2 OI ‘eg OTT ‘e¢ £28 ‘6 ‘T 829 ‘PF 000 ‘Tz GOTICR hal eee a OOUSECY 2 @ lara Temes COU Ecce oa eaaniee = On| Se Bose 10P ‘208 OOF ‘et 00 ‘61z TOF ‘LE ObLRGe Nate tere coma |e nec cons O&L ‘FIZ GPE ‘OP8"E | BBP “£6 000 ‘81 gece ‘een ‘€ DOD AF es NG, Sai cae Da ted ee a 000 ‘6 , O66 ‘OBI ‘OL | OFE Sz ‘eg 086 ‘E80 ‘OT CC ED lnc aetna: 000 ‘9 £28 ‘616 ORATOR WWE GSS Sa eeananeuncny 008 ‘T88 ST9 ‘68 gtr al | aan al erage a Ba | (eines are £6F ‘LIT ‘9 ge ‘9 ORGLLLZY Se RSO La POS 2 an | eernioien Gn EPP LOL (ff A Ge WM | Sori aay SOCK OCH meee | Meeicieasca OTR ‘82 OOO.) Sellz=as ae a, OSG palit eee oe OPGLLS 9 Nite ce ORZRL CeO a ets cranes cl er aac ge ae Spunogy SpunogT spunog spunod Spunod [P10 19410 SULLOH [e1osoB I | YSYPIOMS ee eee ee 80E ‘969 % €29 ‘E6h‘E O6F ‘L9¢ ‘OT spunog spunod spunod spunod =e Fo ae ass OE Tee Te REO LOR OLOuS Te a Roe ERE Ee ae yurg soz10en isdeip doypeog FEE SS Eg oS tet oo Se Ee [e1oued *a10yS ne ee eG aan ae te eat as 6 a Tie ae a aaa ae ORNS aie -qynog a penis Torta ate reseress""" (yuBg TesBAI[IIS) YUV_ APPA Paap Foe de eae Te, acs aa Avg qoirmsdy SF FIG ka pee = a, ee gaa a ---aspe'T skorgor Raes | BLAST Star = ee aS Le Sf RCC APS cP Te uv S1981d py ial ia ee OEE yurg soyseo Saag GAR Abe a ee TONE oe sjeoys Jeyon UB N Be Phos 8” ROCESS SRN TS COS 1 ete Pe, EE ueqgieyO) FO JYSVT puelqstH VO SPOR ERED SE EO a jauueyy yINog So ree test SIME SS ee Se yuBg ses1094n en tae = ie oad eines ee ot see ah cag CS ae ee o aioyg edvp ae COT ae ET Ee, eT (quvg U10}sa4\) YUB_ PURIST 9IqQUg :SOULOS BSINg See ors a. LE TERS LS. RS Ea ae cp ee qinog kieeo i. eae WT Oe 2 a eee | a peer CBee spurysl Jo Avg isjou [13 Wud siepuno[g | InquyeH sno yo0[10d spunoi3 Surqsy pus IBep peonuyu0O—SaNNOUD ONIHSIA AGNV UVAD A ponulu0g—6ée6] ‘sjiod punjbug many pod2r9urd aa.y) ay) jo sjassaa Burysy fiq sbuipunT 849 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 ‘uorjeordnp Jo dAIsnpoxgy 1 999 ‘ge ‘T SES ‘O92 ‘OI | 660 ‘SEF ‘OT | FE9 ‘O22 ‘9ZT | 119 ‘722 _|_G89 ‘E88 ‘ZT | EZr ‘80e ‘Es | 088 ‘so 288 ‘TL SOP ti see col | oon ae a aes ecb en ~--7e909 pues) TTS ‘TOE ‘T ESS ‘CES “OL | P26 ‘FES ‘OT | F9F ‘C9 ‘ELT 1S0 ‘892 | GOI ‘Z80‘9T | EIT ‘289 ‘OE | 40¢ ‘CS #89 ‘TT O8Pi cl, = ee Rs Oe eee a peal Me eas [e1O,.L S6L ‘OLE | 8S6 ‘SIF | S20 ‘Z0T_ C8 ‘OFS “E LE8 ‘6 166 ‘P82 GIF $99 ‘F | 696'8 968 “¢ Lioe Nee See oe pibvEs re Se oo ae [e1oued ‘a10yg > eS fe Ss ae Pape fr ake ee ee PEN erg mera: Pee or L1G GG OR TF S| Soscaotinas be ee oN Pk” a Se sia fy aS) er 029 ‘98F 65) SS OL9 “TLL | S6F‘T 18 ‘Eo oF ‘608 €eP £91 he al ae gee mae (Qjueg ueseMi[oIS) YUR_ APPL +-----------|-===-==-----|-=- vee lie aney | Lai iage? |. anenige = €I y; 9° — —ghilp: cho bak 8” cap ee eee ee ae Avg youIMsdy LO8 ‘Ez LT8 “16 _ 020 es 818 (ceo I | $66 €T #S2 ‘FOL C61 99g 690 ‘T 69S (Cie | PRS mea ko Soha eS ---aspey sxoryor 009 “9Sz 008 'F 896 OT FI9 IST 619% G69 ‘9% O€8 ‘28 LOL 9¢ 17 ire aes een aa Km wre a yueg sivid 090 ‘FS 009 ‘T¢ | O82 1 Os ‘18 OZ CE6 ‘ST OOF ‘OF SF FI Fa elle ||s wana a aE eR east Be pakenere oS yueg soroddry ZLS ‘10% | 20 ‘L0F | 662 nas ££0 OS G28 ‘e O8Z ‘88 ' OOT ‘PI 96€ LOT /4 ree fens a OA ae Mite tae A REESE St yurg seyseg “rer7577-7"| 088 ‘66: | 008 “92t C18 ‘206 ‘€ 092 ‘go | sez ‘280'T | ¥€8 ‘869 069 ‘T £86 nae FP MIERG taale Doi Ge AC BS Te a SS S[BOUS 18 pS ae | 06909 | SOF ‘bE = 0 666 00€ CIS “OF To “PL 9IT ‘T EFS OOT ati ee te ee a meyqjyeyO YO ------------ [ae NOPE | aca eee a ll Ea ole son een ORES 6 IL. 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Sk tl a eh ees 2 Ld Mees eke re yueg suMOIg | S9}BIS poyuy) FO | | 9PNJOU0] “AA 099 [0 189M 89L C46 ‘ZIG |: SLT ‘861 ZT LTT'S | 099 > £08 ‘OSL ‘T | 928 ‘F9E'% | F807 IST Onis een State co (oa ee ee arin on Tek eee ee [RIOT 5 ent | 88h ‘LEI | 089 “281 c9z ‘68% ‘Z |: O80E “ISL ‘FL | TIL ‘09 LoL 99 CF Rageel|prk = oa bins are NS eln C oe yueg oeavyy vy 5 Lee | OLE ‘FS | 0&8 °% OSF “L6E | O8€ GLP ‘ORE OF9 ‘RTE og¢ 1g cE Se ERT eee EE Coen Ly ee Eee © SOLO GFOME) > cepa lec) a eee OOr‘S COR ‘62Z | O01 ‘T OL9 ‘P98 A81 ‘6LT‘T | S98 02 (Ute ©. stl ie APES Se (Huv_ W19}s0M\) YUVA pUL[s] eqeg SS ee Fasc hp oes een hart gS Sar ace coreg a aaa OF € z Macy hve tte ah eer ee Ty EIN) Cle gL Be) AUS aie eae Inga ae se) eee Be aoa es fe eee Lec 9 OFZ °G¢ 1¢ € Cee ca as Soh BoE soSs=e = yueg neon’ Sc ee Ca | |: ama Se see oh ae ee | teeta ek £28 OIF ‘2 €€ I I Ramer Sept ee Ge eevee a ee yurg 1eyRog eg Gores | 1S WO ie oe econ eenaaee ee CTA, GEG ‘ES G68 “ELT 9¢T i So" wal pup sloue eabketa ak DeaQcaae Dee es PICS Se dUdIMET “4g JO JN ae Fe ees “SRO ey ou Pee hes we [SRLS OF ‘OL #8 j q [= nice Aken Lee ee eh Gee nen Pee SEO MMOD EIGN ae |e Ch cg oSoRSSSaee PS ser esore 0z Zz I IDs pHs TER ESE SES SATE ESE TSR OEE eee Fem “Spunoly) PULIST [89g ‘BpeuByg YO 680 ‘T |O00RGIiee" "lig hrwlbes?*"|() ike SBS: 8 ot aE EL ‘SP PEI ‘OTS 6&8 ‘T LY (i el Ma ae ER OEO TRE besa yy prs [BIOL SSC PIA LOY. tee RE eee ie ot aoe ee ecm ares Set] Se aes oP I I MEAL Cia aed ia lid bao) teks puL[punojMeNn YO OS Eat : i RP Fe ee Riba ase ealins CO! ao Ren 9 Bp Ta KOBS It Or [ESS Tari y Renee a ane eae Se Se wenIS DUG SI ORNG Cl aay FL 2e "ae an | Se ee eee | PORE ere Obs ees Peers ect O91 LT L eee etdlite nat eee CTRL AgR RS ess 96 eas 8 OPA LEY SOE yurg slojog “49 col al ae 099 9 PPPS | 58s ene os a me: sree LE SH6 ‘9 in g Ge My glen ee ae METI yurg weer OCs Oo lncakeoease cs ee 9EL ‘PF 620 ‘608 999 G Tb 2. rails" ear een or nS Che ee tremens rae Sarre ae, BUEIE Spunog spunod spunod SpUunog spunog Spunod SPUNOd | LAQUNAT | LaQUNAT | LaquLNnAT ipue[punoJMeON PTO apnj1bU0] “A 099 fo SET yjeurg CysRicia § poios os1e'T poiog qoyIe A CysRicia § - yuesqe sulysy skeq sdi1y, s[asseA spunois ZUIYST oxPH POppeH poo SANQOUD ONTHSIA AG ‘-AUVININAS U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 850 *popurl sB YsY Yselj JO JWoTVAINDbe oy} 0} poIoAUOD Weed SBY PepULT YSY 3[¥S JO IYSIOM OY, L.— ALON ZC ‘LL6 ‘“62E_| TFL “OLL % 862 ‘609 ‘EIS | 199 “COL ‘% PSF ‘612 ‘88 | 602 ‘860 ‘T G21 ‘G26, | 000% BCE ‘28 ‘T | OS'S OTT ‘eg come wee 7h 909 ‘FL ‘9 | S2T ‘9¥e ¥09 ‘OTL Zz ‘98 TZ ‘682 S69 F 808 ‘962 ‘2 | O89 ‘06 60g ‘298 ‘2 | $29 ‘8% 68h ‘6619 —|_666 ‘OZT DO Bieta fer, = one 699 ‘20 'L6 | 9CL ‘OF 609 ‘0% 028 | ZOL ‘O10 ‘SET | SOT LES 868 ‘e09 ‘ST | $80 ‘60T 899 ‘6FF ‘6 | _982 ‘99 STS ‘062 ‘F =| -SF9 ‘OF G6E ‘282% | 069 “AT 61g ‘ELE ‘S| 000 98 ‘6L ek eres 868 ‘FOI a a rs a RG ea Baas | Teeere: || linen ere: ae: REG iG0' Fl ios ae Oh ue eb bs Wl s ae | 94 ‘BIO “2 Pen pen ee ate, s OFG ‘212 ‘9 re Deuce Raat et (Uy ieee Sea oa a2 £18 Fer ‘T | 96‘ spunod spunod 18101, 10440 spunog SULIT} spunogd spunog JoroyOVJ | YSYpsIOMg 060 ‘ste ‘9 | O61 ‘1z8 ‘ze | 296 ‘ceo ‘b | 992 ‘282 ‘OT | 808 969‘ | E2o ‘e6r ‘se 0¢8 ‘280 ‘T | 068 ‘686 9E | LET ‘LIS | OS6‘ZEL ‘OT | OFL‘TZT‘T | #F0 ‘8S 'e 006 ‘STZ ie ae ‘él | £60 ‘0S oez ‘298 ‘2 | #90 ‘IT 168 ‘TST pUUO. Blin sy = 1800 05 ___|_ 66 695 6 | Pa EE | S06 tel pees Ray ore there eager ape CIOL SOL 299 ‘T $89 ‘921 SERRA S| OMEEGE Seba cael (ahead ia [Re coo am Netlt A te aan 000 ‘Iz GOT ‘GLE ‘Tt _|-~7-777777=7] 88S “Or 802 ‘% 209 ‘LEZ £19 ‘6S COF ‘0S 1G Adi ; : ; : 89 ‘F6E bre ie 90 ‘Tz, 611 ‘F SZL ‘666 116 ‘€3 SOL i OI 0Sz ‘ce TS9 ‘660 ‘OT | 186 ‘2 89€ ‘91S ‘Z| 6FO ‘TAT 8P8 ‘SLI ‘T S aiee ae 53 |. aaa | ae meres g 6G SLT 000 ‘9 989 ‘686 156 ‘LEI | 98h ‘92L‘ | 188 ‘TL9 960 ‘16Z a apeam ¢ Saas ta regres --| 2p¢ ‘OTS 696 ‘8 FES ‘GOS CTF ‘Z8L —_———————— | ate ae G0 ‘T88 ee ‘09 S18 ‘6F 81g ‘BLE L10 ‘Egz panier, in Maem G28 ‘8F 689 ‘OST LET ‘OT ates Chas [RODS @ ESS 698 ‘2S ire hie, oc "| 0F9 G6L ‘SL Sai eee Ge ie 892 06 266 ‘TS G29 ‘ZI E24 SSF ae ee ae ee ae ed |e oeaMigae GOTa ton ame | tamekcimas Coe spunogd sopunoy,7 06F ‘299 ‘OT G68 ‘OEP ‘OT TST ‘609 ‘g_ ¢80 ‘IF SLP ‘068 066 ‘FZ 098 ‘420% 029 ‘¢ £62 ‘$86 ‘T IGP ‘ES £99 ‘9ST | SOL ‘LE | ze ‘so 998 ‘88 spunog NqHeA spunog ¥sng Bit). act a 3 te a aera geek eae os aoe | 8 FOV ILO Ly Ce oe cen ee ae a ee Ceo to ee ee eee aD LOL Ey aa aie SR wee aD ak RS eet oro ‘a10ys Wat Paks ek, > TO TIIITETTITICITTIICITTTITT TTT me, Tosemy[e3s) YUVA OPP Pe Se ean SCT Ee) 2 ee OTLUTR ari a |, See eee ear TE BS Fe Se SR eee ep eee ne ae mod pes HASmIO L | inl a hee An al git ined oie aca ra Meteremie ae? o> UAE GL SOT SE te erat hee BET oe EMRE Ee LIT ETS Te ES ee ee Relea an WeGiak Ci akiind ds Aa Ah. aa. wei We EP eae 8 8 ISS) ~"sTeoys jexonyUBN ~~~“ UIBIBIO BO qusrT puerqsrA BO “*jeuueyD qINEg 777" HUB FIV ae GEE SEE on, RE RE ein Papeete ENS ila) FTF) SO RRS Sar Bi Un eg eee 2 ae. Se ene eT PMR LEAR OET, 9PNbHU0] “AL 099 JO 8AM 897819 peytu) FO --yueg oAvy eT “--==-@l0yg deo. “7777 (ue UWI04s0\) URE purjsy oqes 77777 ATIMYD OGL ~--yueg neeren ---""""puBl[punoJMEN BO “-““spueys] Jo Aeg -yuBg si0jeg “4S ryueg weelDH ee St Pa are ES. yuvgd puvipn IPNNOUO] “MA 099 JO DT HOOT spunoi3 suTqsly :puL[pUNoOJMEN YO penuljuU0O—SdaNNOUDS ONIHSIA AC -AUVWNWOAS ponunu0g—6zZe] ‘sj10d punjbug many zodi9urid aa..y}) ay} yD sjassaa Burysiyf iq sburpuvT FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 851 Days’ absence from port of fishing vessels landing fish at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., 1929 ae Janu- | Febru- . Fishing grounds ary ary March | April | May | June July Off Newfoundland: (Cig: tel letshel ee Oe ee ee ee Green Bank---- St. Peters Bank--- Bay of Islands Off Newfoundland FRO APSES 2» Fo Soo i 8 sees. Soe -b-< Off Canada: | Seal Island Ground_...----_-----------.-.|.-------|--------|-------- Pee ears Semen) Meee Rene TWjsiopds color x] ay2hs| eee = yee A EES 4k Ee See seen fess Seen | coke eee 84 teers 2 IGG neU A WRONCR. = oe ee oe on aia to oo |o5 acne seceou altace no=-s|bocomaaS 126 | 30 Seatatin anes 20 sae Bs ee eee ob ee 222 [ee ree TA oa tee Quereau Bank__-.---...----------------- |--------|--------|--------|------.-|--.. ---- 71) eee AVING Chiis yippee TS eee Se Se ae ee ee Ee ee 20 74 tal Voce Ae eS Seen Se Sable Island Bank (Western Bank) -------|-------.|-------- fis See 20 73 “103 | 140 Gaipaisboreess = t= Seo = == ts 72) Ne 5a Eee en ee 50 126 | 20 PE AVGRD AN sacs. = scat eee eat noose s|sea-nk ace 1? |AC Sse. 21 53 67 27 Brounen’ eos. ee SS Shh SES ee its 24 17 | 20 67 176 559 217 Off United States: a TBR is Oia ae Se ee ae ae 287 273 331 354 227 76 | 260 Goortes Banics) a2. ed. Cee 1,769 | 1,656 1,901 | 1,919 | 1,934 | 2,245 3, 192 @larkBank 224. 2322 932252 2s2.5----5-4 6 Hogue Dante eo ss Off Highland Light Onn @ Napali eee Et ok Nantucket Shoals Gashest Ban kono Se eE ee oe ee et Fippenies Bank PigttsrBanks 2522 fsa eee ss Fete VS eG IOs: 20s Fa Ss ests 2 se MBSWItGhO ba yeLo=n = sae noes See es lla Middle Bank (Stellwagen Bank) --------- 108 26 Ob ewe e elo oe = STs jeeeee tes pees SLD! es ee a ia Se Sno a |e geen Rn a ae ee 4 186 Poy foal hag eke mt Wiores peneralsas22 2) Rit ie eck oo ae 299 589 805 730 742 994 498 Bvt cete tt 2 aeeae B25 hk Sa. eee ee 3, 577 3, 746 3, 930 3, 660 | 3, 688 4,380 | 6,016 Gyan ditdtal ss fe a Ie 3,745 | 3,858 | 4,047 | 3,815 | 3,938 | 5,128 | 6,466 sees Sentem- Novem- | Decem- Fishing grounds August ner October iy ws Total Off Newfoundland: Grandi Bank: t s2t523 222. be ae kek eee 120 17 Neg ie tae |e ae ae awe ee a 666 @reenes arik 2a eS Oe ae ee ee oo ee 27 i) eee se ent el 98 Sify LA VinG) 18fhii) <5 65 a 2 re ae ye 92 S028 o) [Se eee oe Soe eee al oe ee Ts Se ae 150 IBAVCOL TSISMIS: seas Re sos 252 eben se ta wee ed). Belt Too eee e2 sr e|si 2505525. 203 380 Ore wewipund and s22-c2 3. kaa Sekt so seal ee oe Pee eee Dba 2A a sae Lee ee ek Eee. 45 Ou almee Se ee Ce eee EEN SSIES 120 49 AYN ALS Tele 203 1, 339 Off Canada: pawl siarid Grown des oo < 22-25 6 Se See || Se Ne eee eee eee ee eesact 2 2 MerAnOr COnsbes 22 eek SEEMS Soaks | ak ee ea SALE See a5 Le | te et ! 84 OU MaAwrence «22-2 26s 3. 2 Fe ote Fee alles oS Ae Sood ee Ree 5 S| ese 156 Use ee on a ee a ecu] 4s- sass | Seeae ee ne aan cee (eeeeanene|aeete ewan 33 iioreatisbeanke a see 2 Ue 82h low 2 be Ses bie ie_ Siete tse Olt eet eee. Nae d eas 51 VAD (GHD 7. Se eB a Eee RS es ee ee Sots oe |e ee se eee eee 46 Sable Island Bank (Western Bank) LOM ae co eS AIEEE Ee Sie eee 10 365 Cape Shore 33 167 58 33 39 550 La Have Bank. 46 62 7 67 380 747 Mela) tee == tee EF ae er ae ae 98 229 96 100 431 2, 034 Off United States: iBrownBank.2: $225 $s22u2 Sse 2 eeee | 120 170 45 94 213 2, 450 (ReDrcesEpanike sas. wos eT et ; 2,699 | 1, 811 1, 418 869 1,340 | 22, 753 OU TEs ep SER eh Ne ae a ee eee eee eee 14 23} | 2 eee 43 SOUL ai C Dannie) ess 2 eee ee eee shots 1, 445 1, 169 1, 723 1, 949 1,086 | 13, 183 Simei iiand Wig Gere eee cree SL oe ee ee eee Cee Se Of Chatham 222024 22-2 2 oo inl ano. 630 7d (Oe ee 42 1,116 IN aituckel pHOalsss. = sateen ea 86 203 195 324 291 1, 690 Washestbankeat— ee My ee IR ide le 7 3 29 72 119 396 HS peIbs ED alike se ee ers BO ie eee le ee 2 10 4 48 einLisvartiencee sew eee ene 2 P95 [es 5 | 59 36 6 127 mefireys hedgers 32523 of se se 137 185 95 83 76 1, 065 ID SWItCHIB 8 Yen sewer e ona ran lao enanna|sns-sucews (cans eensas|paseceaane|sesceanees 13 Middle Bank (Stellwagen Bank) -.--_-___- 3 4G 80 110 84 433 (Sh C/U GES Be oe AS oe eS fee eee DE Pre ee Cee ee eee 217 SHOre; PENCral ace es SE) 412 1,170 840 1, 309 581 8, 969 AWE) Deena se 2 5, 5389 4, 743 4, 507 4, 879 3,842 | 52, 507 852 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE ATLANTIC COAST The mackerel fishery of the Atlantic Coast of the United States had been declining from 1926 to 1928, but in 1929 there was a sharp recovery. The total catch was over 46,000,000 pounds as compared with less than 31,000,000 in 1928. The gain was due to the incoming of a new year-class, which furnished nearly 21,000,000 pounds of small mackerel. In general, fewer vessels participated regularly in the fishery during 1929 than during the previous year. The more remarkable differences as compared with last year were: A poor sein- ing season and a more successful gill-net season in the south, a tre- mendous run of small mackerel off New England in August and September and the virtual failure of fall netting out of Gloucester. Statistical summaries appear in the accompanying tables. As heretofore, only the purse seine and drift gill-net fisheries have been included. They have been designated as ‘‘seiners’”’ and ‘‘netters,”’ respectively. Because of their importance in certain seasons boats under 5 tons and operating purse seines or gill nets have been included in so far as data were available. The catch of shore gear, such as pound nets and traps were omitted. Practically all of the statistics were collected by the bureau’s agents at Cape May, N. J., New York City, Boston, Gloucester, and Woods Hole, Mass., and Portland, Me. A few data on landings, particularly at ports not having a bureau representative, were secured from unofficial sources and consist of estimated, rather than ‘‘weighed-out” fares. The error involved is probably well under 5 per cent in the vessel fishery. The figures on the boat fishery are probably less complete. The small fish have been enumerated separately from the medium and large. The term “‘small”’ refers to mackerel one-half or three-fourths pound in weight. The catch of bullseye mackerel, Scomber colias, was not included. It amounted to 54,170 pounds in 1929, as compared with 935,675 the previous year. Southern fishery.—This includes the catch of mackerel in waters off New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. The area is bounded on the east by longitude 72° W., which passes through the eastern end of Long Island about 9 miles west of Montauk Point. Most of the vessels participating in this fishery sailed south from Gloucester during the last week in March and the first week in April, and the first catch was made by seiners on April 7 and landed at Cape May, N. J., on April 8. Seining operations continued in this area until May 28. Unfavorable weather persisted during such a large portion of the season that only 26 vessels remained in the fishery during the entire period; 28 others participated part of the time and altogether the seining fleet took 3,233,521 pounds, as compared with 6,192,739 in the previous year. Netters operated in the southern waters from April 21 to May 31. They were relatively more successful than were the seiners. In general, fair weather prevailed during the full moon periods when gill netting is mostly pursued. This, together with the participation of more vessels, produced a catch of 2,952,938 pounds, as compared with 1,215,937 pounds in the previous year. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 853 Block Island fishery.—This includes the operations off southern New England between longitude 72° W., near Montauk Point on the eastern end of Long Island, and a line drawn 145° from true north from Sankaty Head, Nantucket. The seiners shifted from the south to this region about May 26. Most of them pulled out by June 20, though a few continued until a week longer. During this time 32 vessels fished regularly in this area and, together with 30 other vessels, caught 3,004,270, as com- pared with 8,385,406 pounds caught by seiners during the previous ear. z During the summer there were occasional trips of mackerel caught in this area by seiners. Altogether, nine such trips, aggregating 39,800 pounds, were landed. The netters operated in this area from about May 26 to June 17, catching, 246,860 pounds of mackerel, as compared with 469,119 the previous vear. Gulf of Maine.—This includes all of the waters from Nantucket Shoals to Nova Scotia. Most of the mackerel fishing was done in the offing of Cape Cod, in Massachusetts Bay, and around Seguin Island, Me. Seiners began fishing in this region during the early part of June; most of them landed their first trips between June 10 and 30. During June, July, and August most of the fishing was done in the offing of Cape Cod, where large mackerel predominated, particularly on the northwest edge of Georges Bank and the north end of South Channel. In July small mackerel of about one-half pound each began to appear in catches from along the outer shores of Cape Cod, and by the end of August these dominated in the catch: In the early part of September the fishery shifted to Massachusetts Bay and along the coast of Maine in the vicinity of Seguin Island. Except for a few large mackerel which continued to come from northern Georges, practically the entire catch was of small mackerel. During October the catches consisted entirely of small mackerel, most of them from Cape Cod Bay. The season ended earlier than usual; most of the seiners had landed their last trips by October 28. All told, there were 103 seiners operating in the Gulf of Maine sector in 1929; 51 of these fished regularly throughout the whole season. The catch consisted of 14,325,209 pounds of large mackerel and 20,746,813 of small mackerel, a total of 35,071,022 pounds as com- pared with 11,924,679 in 1928. The netters had a short spring season in the Gulf of Maine, be- tween May 25 and June 20, landing 165,312 pounds. The fall netting season was disappointing. Although 91 vessels and boats participated, 38 of them regularly, and fished from October 20 to December 11, only 566,712 pounds were landed, as compared with 1,945,929 the previous year. Cape Shore fishery —Eleven seiners made 15 trips to the offing of Nova Scotia during the early part of June. The total catch from this region was 884,900 pounds, as compared with 313,210 the previous year. U.S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Mackerel fishery of the Atlantic coast, 1929 BY PORTS, IN 5-DAY PERIODS! Newport, Cape May, New Bed- Date Wea) New York ie Boston | Gloucester | Portland Total City Hole, Prov- incetown Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Apr. 6-10......-..| . (269, 078 || 22-25 - <2 sole a ee een ee | oe mee eee eee eee 269, 078 Apr. 11-16 ..2.-<.-}| 13451793.) 5 240;1000)| ee ee eee eee eee 154, 793 Apr. 16-20. .-:..22| 7) 71,626 |35=- 52-2 SE SE ee eae ee eee ee ee eee 1, 625 Apr. 21-25..-.:-.-| _. 68) .083)|-- <3 on ee ee ee eee ee eee ee see 68, 083 Apr. 26-30..-.....| 496,718 | ©’ 250; 000 /E2 se 2 S2e Beli” * $540) 000) | S222 ee ee a eee 786, 718 May 1-5....-.....|° 245, 640) 6 75,;750y| Sean ee ee oe a ol ee | eee 821, 390 May 6-10.-=.----.|. . -172)305))\ © 706/364.) (21000) ee eee eee ene | eee 899, 759 May 11-15...--.--| 50,500 | 621,695 | 160,100) 383,375 | 40,690 |_--.----_.__ 1, 206, 360 May 16-20.2:-= 2. |a222- 2223) TS B68tlte os ete) Oe 4b | 5 83-1 Seen 769, 623 May 21-25_.--.-__)--22.2. ZL] aba ebO 4) LBB E619) |" 8a Gs | a a eee eee 539, 600 May 26-31__-..--. 8, 800 900, 130 June 1-§....---<-=|---s25--usee| P2000 A455 1600! eos 0 SRb il) pea eneeed ae ee ee 713, 977 June 6-10_.._--._- 4,610 1, 248, 535 June V—1h 1,315 1, 197, 865 June 16-20__--_._- 766 1, 000, 206 June 21-25. 2 -..2542|ens5 once et s| esas see aly es OO DOU Bo) B07, LGD) os cele, ALOT ee eee 845, 465 June’ 26-30... 8] ano oon | Cnc eweeeeeee| 473,900) 1 18410700|se ba5 ee ee ees oe 155398, 0701\| 1018) * ae ekalt oS AES ene 13, 915, 200 1908 coo ne ee eS 8,106,960 | 191023. Aa Sees eee 9, 990, 690 1907. nn noone een See | 71690927011 G20 ae eee he nena eae 13, 292, 040 190g = one eee eee dete FEO 14,,376;9900|) 1920-* >. 52. ee eek Se ee 6, 923. 790 1000. 20 ne Ee ea TIS70261 907) |t1029-9 ce eccrine Seeks eine eee 8, 797, 680 1910 ee he Se ee ee aS ee 35909) 150 05192322 -— . eee ee 23, 390, 580 0 fy [ae aes ewe ee te ee $322,060 W924. oe ee ae en ee 18, 237, 120 1919. 0... ee ee ee eee 7, OL 240 )}) NOQ5 See aUE ~ Sao es eee 33, 958, 490 Tk CEE NS oA SOE 9; 3273530} | pl026+ 22 -nee ee ho Be 47, 126, 100 ) fee el ee eee Ss 14,470,970 1027. - =. 552 os ee eee 41, 998, 600 (Ct ED Ee £5 bs PEeS eS (163051 170:| O28: ttn Clee cece eee 30, 983, 880 1016:.-....-.-. Se eee 20) '642;580),|\"1929. . 2. 5. 2. See - See Re Se ee eee 46, 166, 345 1917.3... ee 28d. -. ue See 25, 473, 540 i 1 Represents the weight of mackerel landed in the round plus the weight of mackerel landed salted which has been converted to the equivalent of fresh mackerel in the round. 50;—— T 1 + ~—)-—- , = | Ve | | | | ey =F +——+ | 1 + +——+ 4 z= | — Sat ° a 30} nu o ” = 20 ° a) els at el = 10 0 1 el no =f OO oC | XN mM SY an wo ~~ a oo oF — Nw YS in wo Loa o 6c © 6 Oe ee ew = Se SO SE NOM Ro, A eee DARA HDBAAHRHAAAAHAHAHAHAHRAHRH HHA HD H YEARS FIGURE 18.—Catch of mackerel in the North Atlantic fishery, 1905 to 1929 FISHERIES OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES The latest statistical canvass of the fisheries and fishery industries of the Middle Atlantic States (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware), was for the calendar year 1926. The complete statis- tics for this canvass are published in the report of the division of fishery industries for 1927 and in condensed form in Statistical Bulle- tin No. 786. During 1926 the fisheries and fishery industries of the Middle Atlantic States gave employment to 14,335 persons, of whom 9,953 were fishermen, 107 were engaged in the transporting trade, 3,412 were in the wholesale trade, and 843 in the canning and by-products industries. The catch of the fisheries of these States amounted to 168,012,495 pounds, valued at $12,456,256. The products of the canning, salting, smoking, and by-products industries had a value of $4,018,488. 857 C6F ‘SOI ; £18 ‘T 880 *Qov me = oat | 6gF ‘9 ‘ see ‘Z EAS ee 2esae eee 06 * Qs * 989 ‘28 Ee 0 a le Self SS BLL 002 ‘89 |Rr=mean===<= oyee noes w-|------2--=)---2-- nea Bey OL. 880 ei bee cede 2 Eee 7| 246 (22 ‘ _ 986i ee2 ‘196 Beare semneeel ae seeeelace #08 ‘T HL (Are sani! ge £98 Fe FSI ‘Eo 129 ‘68 Se ey Aes | ‘ oie ee MS f a. ogg ‘0zz Veh ante ram CORES eer eer ee ee -| 000% ale iF ARPES lee ” SOUT ae tanec hope Sgr ge dy gy & Sees OK g anes qe? oor fo asi SE" ___| 994 ‘02 998 'T 0002. L02 ‘T Ost, Pane cae Be cir ee See stage Ea B24 821 Fakeraeen p oe lve | ne Ha ae 30 000 19 eee Bie, Oe oa i 5b Lnaccorranl ets ae aie eos | (00F a 909 ‘TILT 00T ae ZIG ‘6F £92 nr wenncnnsececees aan wenseeeeeesncese 1 REE re dotss a a ’ arp Peas eee -G6r_ | L6E 9 1¢8 ‘C60 oL¢ 268 ‘T seosonbnderstaesoteasea tied se Sh Oy i oe WeIuEdS 5 GFT 106 a ae eZ ar 610‘ 60'% | ose ‘6 #80 ‘ LAGI rer eae aa ae ae See ans Beet ons je | en eeeeieee =| eT | OF aor | ees'ss | eb eg esate we eoeeeeeeeeecicseceo upreads 10 sopysi9ag eo / P JGa0. . Paper oo aa a 9 ¢ ore ‘ ol £6F ‘ mete. Se Sipe SESS Rr oe i Bae hell f piD ast 282 169 08 | ge ei 096 'o__ (eae ee We EES 008 190 ‘9 Ot ee Saas pies SRT ee 699 ' : |_088 ‘96 eee sia Geeta lh =r oe: Or £9F ‘ ieee oe EOE Dud a 08 meteor ove ‘te2'e | OF 00098 008 sere 86 ee ee m3 oer 210 ‘S82 caaceemeeh 092 ‘F #863 ee We ek ale UU). ne a cee ee Bo ease si 10 dnog aaa poe ee Wie Meme | agit, |g | May |B ep fEeeeee Seeman ee L6o Rent, irene i Saieshs Pade soars es, 99 F ZGL ‘GOL ‘% 6SL ‘FF £80 ‘8 eeeeeeememeeees aS ae Boer: eS seer Se 4 Oar ‘ee 619 ‘Zo Sh [onan le1eyord 10 oxte 2 ‘609 I ia es nee ee 00 ‘ 6kF ‘S 66¢ ‘ 662 ‘ i seccencmeneeeesrenas 3 Peebreailich Ce “FOL 262 ‘02S ‘ Eesee er ere Lo ‘ OL (OF See eS oqorurur 1 mM LP | co9 C28 Or | 6&F ‘g rerupba es eee ce $99 SES 98 198 (£9 as jo si 8 #86 | O12 ‘21 | SF0'8 OFO ‘99 RNS aie Ser eeree Ae 0 Ataris | a He i LVI &T fee eee eae sMOUNTY = ©FZ ‘BCI | 08 ‘ee 09 OFO ZS pre Med ee -| 9ST oe ISP ae & ff a eee wapequaly ay - 196 ‘1¢8 ‘& @L Ore ‘e GLE OOF 826 OSF & 96 Q TRé or Se « USYSUTY I ~~~ [a1aHo' WN nD JEP ‘ESz OF 90% 5 OFZ ‘F Bil aata slid 00S zZ PLE (606 OF9 A ae L6S a SLI ee Cermer aii oO SUIS ata D ~— -96 81 Ventas |e 12 iy ea ----| 268 9% PIL ‘126% 9. 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BUREAU OF FISHERIES VESSEL FISHERIES OF NEW YORK CITY AND GROTON, CONN. 4 During 1929 fishing vessels of 5 net tons and over landed 75,325,000 pounds of fishery products at New York City and Groton, Conn. This is 6 per cent more than in 1928 and about four times the landings during 1922, the first year for which there is a complete record. Most of the ground fish were taken with otter trawls. Species landed—The increase in the landings of fish at these ports during the past few years has been due mainly to the greater quantity of haddock landed. In 1929 the landings of this species amounted to 55,937,000 pounds, or 74 per cent of the total. This is about thirteen times the landings of this species in 1922. Most of these haddock are utilized by fish-packing plants in preparing package fish products. Next in volume were flounders with landings of 7,374,000 MILLIONS OF POUNDS [OMNES are One 2 SSO PRODUCT MENHADEN OYSTERS HADDOCK FLOUNDERS SQUETEAGUES WHITING coD BUTTERFISH aes OTHER ati Ficure 19.—Yield of principal fishery products in the Middle Atlantic States, 1926 pounds, or 10 per cent of the total. This is slightly less than a year ago. Cod ranked third in 1929 with landings of 4,458,000 pounds, or 6 per cent of the total. Mackerel were fourth in importance, with landings of 3,286,000 pounds, or 4 per cent of the total. This 1s less than was landed in 1928. Tuilefish, a species common almost exclu- sively to these ports, were fifth, with landings of 2,458,000 pounds, or 3 per cent of the total. This was shghtly more than in the previous year. The landings of all other species amounted to about 2 per cent of the total. ‘ Statistics of the landings of fish by vessels of 5 net tons and over at New York City have been collected during the past few years by J. H. Matthews, executive secretary, Middle Atlantic Fisheries Association. These have been forwarded to the bureau, where they have been compiled. Since November, 1927, statistics of the landings of fish by vessels at Groton, Conn., have been included with those for fish landed at New York City, because at that time one of the firms packing fish at New York City moved its plant to Groton, thus requiring the trawlers to unload at Groton. By including the land- ings at Groton, the figures since November, 1927, are comparable with those for previous years. The statis- ties at both ports are combined to avoid disclosing individual enterprise. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 861 Landings of fish at New York City and Groton, Conn., 1922 to 1929 ' [Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] Year Bluefish Cod |Flounders| Haddock| Hake | Halibut | Mackerel) Pollock | eee SS —| id —— | Mk Se ae ee ee 2, 032 936 5, 550 4Bo2 |aoecoe sy a eD 1, 371 [an aaaeo= (Ops US ae eed ate 1, 735 1, 394 9, 614 10),.792\| eet: See aI eee Fig?) is) ee Lip 7 eet O98 2 111 1, 686 13, 281 8°14 A490) | co eee oles aa EY ROD pe ee eee Fay 51 1, 647 17, 912 14 alt ceo sees 73 ZAG 4 s2oe sesame Opiate eae ee 74 1, 282 125708 4l\e 017) O08| a eee 54 SOBRE OD eee ears RST 71 1, 426 10, 076 36,408"| 22-42 ==2= 40 Cat eae ee tp a a es 143 2,970 9, 979 49, 990 215 59 3, 850 183 ‘tp At)= = ae eae ee 476 4, 458 7, 374 55, 937 | 140 | 60 3, 286 | 120 Porgies cen r or scup * te ; . Squeteague iscella- a Ee Year Sarl cee Sturgeon |Swordfish| Tilefish or weakfish | neous 2 Total bass Pe ae eS cs SO ee 1, 583 20 2 a 153) 59 3, 716 20, 754 LR ee ee eee ae emer 2 ODO N=Secnssan tea chenece 1, 364 272 4, 857 33, 832 ip Se eee Rea ae Site earned | eae 1, 262 332 45 35, 021 Oona eee eter PRAM Re 23 Fos. TSI Shea ees we oe eee 1,015 1, 099 66 40, 622 2G Bee ee ee ee eee ADD Ses es | Sree 1,975 228 42 39, 934 LNG (OS ott WE a ne a Ee AR a PUTA |e es 2,777 171 410 50, 772 1928 == 22 ea epee Se 8 tS O22 |s5 ae ted 22 2, 365 16 763 71,177 RP SS Se a ee ree ore G86) oss. SERA toe 2, 458 &4 246 75, 325 3 } 1 Includes landings of fish at Groton, Conn., beginning with November, 1927. . ie landings are not shown for certain species, it is probable that they are included under ‘ mis- cellaneous.”’ 3 Includes the landings of some mixed fish. SHAD FISHERY OF THE HUDSON RIVER Shad fishing in the Hudson River in 1929 was followed by 241 fishermen who used 94 row boats, 30 motor boats, 104 drift gill nets that had a total area of 355,477 square yards, and 15 stake gill nets that had an area of 41,008 square yards. The catch amounted to 56,480 shad, having a weight of 196,745 pounds, and a value to the fishermen of $30,683. Thisis a decrease of 29 per cent in both number and value as compared with the production in 1928. There was a decline of nearly 2 cents per pound from the price received by the fishermen in 1928. More than 75 per cent of the catch was taken with drift gill nets, the remainder being taken with stake gill nets. The former were universally used on the river above Haverstraw, while from that point south, stake gill nets were used exclusively. With the exception of some fishing with stake gill nets from one town in New Jersey, the fishing was prosecuted entirely in New York waters. Most of the shad were disposed of locally by the fishermen, either directly to the consumer on the shore or by peddling, or to local markets and buyers. Very few were shipped to New York City, except from a few near-by towns, as the prices prevailing in that city did not justify it. 862 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Shad fishery of the Hudson River, 1929 — Items New York New Jersey Total ; Cie aoe | [ { Number Pounds Value |Number Pounds| Value Number Pounds| Value Fishermen? =. 2ea-o— see Peps | om a 7 Serene eee 241525 coeoe Eee Rowbont.. ss) ee eee |paeasaee | (i) ee ees ee (ee eee Motor boats 3222 eae Pt ie eA ee Ss 3), | Gas - et eS pM i Hs ee Gill nets, driff=2=22-= === 104 |. ee |o-----=-|--=-==--|--2-=--_|--= == 2. | Ue ees Cee Square yards--.-.-------- 365/477) oe |--------|--------|--------|-------- 365,477" }w onal eee Gill nets, stake --..--.------- 10}e= eee jicoecot Oa aeeeee| eens 15) Rane See Square yards: --. 2-2-.-2 31, 908. |. Sse ee ee 1s 100) (eo o| See | Al) O08) RE = =e en | Saemeeee Shad caught: | With drift gill nets.-..._| 43,430 |149, 328 |$24, 547 |_....___|_....___]_.-.-.__ 43, 430 |149, 328 | $24, 547 With stake gill nets__.___ 2, 550 8, 567 | 1,254 | 10,500 | 38,850 | $4,882 | 13,050 | 47,417 6, 136 Totals ses- see 45,980 157, 895 | 25,801 | 10,500 | 38,850 | 4,882 | 56,480 |196,745 | 30,683 - —_— — a — | —- ~ 4000 3000 2,000 THOUSANDS OF POUNDS nao o— DH VEARS FIGURE 20.—Catch of shad in the Hudson and Potomac Rivers for various years, 1896 to 1929 Catch of shad in the Hudson River for various years, 1896 to 1929 Year New York New Jersey Total Pounds Value | Number| Pounds | Value | Number| Pounds sie 1, 681, 371 | $58, 921 | 168,800 | 675,595 $24,316 | 588,898 | 2, 356, 966 1,506,142 | 49,353 | 115, 200 | 529,920 | 17,934 | 520,077 | 2,036, 062 | # 67, 287 1, 534, 877 50,875 | 129,855 | 606,423 | 18,510 | 540, 250 | 2,141, 300 |fF.69, 385 3, 202, 302 | 100, 762 | 144,315 | 577,260 | 21,647 | 973, 927 | 3,779, 562 : 402,496 | 28,896 | 57,657 | 201,800 | 17,758 | 158,281 | 604,296 | 46,654 506,136 | 51,715 | 101,720 | 406,880 | 49,109 | 228,254 | 913,016 | 100, 824 48,564 | 5,969] 4,249] 20,104 | 2,674] 15,855 68,668 | 8, 643 32, 923 4, 540 1, 500 7, 250 925 9, 287 40, 173 5, 465 38,344 | 5,810} 1,400] 5,040 720 | 12,015 | 43,384 6,530 220,602 | 44,784 3,999] 14,000] 3,400] 67,403] 234,602 48,184 301, 306 | 60,690 | 13,800| 73,668 | 23,034 | 90,301] 374,974 | 83,724 157,715 | 43,882 | 9,623 | 42,129 | 12,427] 49,315 | 199,844 | 56,309 104,883 | 24,329} 6,500] 25,920} 6,294] 35,448] 130,803 | 30,623 128,324 | 27,451 | 12,225| 46,862 | 12,255 | 48,336 | 175,186 | 39,706 97,863 | 22,644 | 6,450! 23,865 6,000} 35,086 121,728 | 28,644 72,519 | 17,619 | 5,980} 21,850| 5,485 | 28, 794 94,369 | 23,104 110,359 | 24,030} 4,300] 13,975 | 2,400] 38,868 | 124,334] 26,430 219,183 | 47,175 11,150 | 46,237 | 6,300 | 84,462 265,420 | 53,475 299,693 | 56,950 20,300] 58,362) 6,700 | 110,284| 358,055 | 63,650. 194, 181 32,689 | 17,950} 52,050 | 10,460} 79,029 246, 231 | 43,149 157,895 | 25,801 | 10,500| 38,850 | 4,882] 56,480] 196,745 | 30,683 1 Includes catch in lower New York Bay, Raritan Bay and tributaries, but this was inconsiderable. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 FISHERIES OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY STATES 863 The latest statistical canvass of the fisheries and fishery industries of the Chesapeake Bay States (Maryland and Virginia) was for the calendar year 1925. Complete statistics are published in the report of the division of fishery industries for 1926 and in condensed form in Statistical Bulletin No. 745. _ During 1925 the fisheries and fishery industries of Maryland and Virginia gave employment to 39,091 persons, of whom 25,856 were engaged in fishing operations, 9,671 in the wholesale fishery trade, and 3,564 in the canning, salting, smoking, and by-products industries. The products of the fisheries of the two States amounted to 333,205,769 pounds, valued at $13,948,060. other fishery industries had a value of $4,936,664. Fisheries of the Chesapeake Bay States, 1925 The products of the canning and Products Maryland Virginia Total Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value plowivesuiresn =< = 22-2 Soka 7, 480, 114 $78, 502 | 17,886,647 | $208, 953 | 25, 366, 761 $287, 455 Alewives, salted__ 200, 400 4, 582 23, 600 770 224, 000 5, 352 Alewives, smoked 13200" 2= seca ees. ee = 20, 400 1, 200 Amberfish_ ees ae 350 18 350 18 ESTA GER eo gr peeps ass (ce ee ae 2 eee 4,050 225 4, 050 225 Black bass - 35, 609 | 6, 760 57, 418 7, 734 93, 027 14, 494 Bluefish___- 57, 743 7, 803 157, 258 18, 858 215, 001 26, 661 anit ne 16, 300 925 588, 110 15, 891 304, 410 16, 816 IS GRD Pe Se ee | ee Ae (et Se coce oe 24,775 753 24,775 753 Sa) eg a ee ea 276, 575 | 15, 694 5, 836, 357 252, 298 6, 112, 932 267, 992 Ott) 2 a 198, 353 16, 698 462, 419 30, 997 660, 772 47, 695 ROR ETI Sie eee eee ee 474, 719 26, 005 534, 330 32,057 | 1,009, 049 58, 062 Be opremulyCOAliygit™ 22a. = Sa 20 Se cee ee EC ea ee eee 3, 260 265 3, 260 265 Gi cence ee ee Ee ae a oe ee ae 17, 000 406 17, 000 406 RRO KET ao ee bee 31h Ls es 2, 602, 861 63, 326 | 22, 649, 295 648, 090 | 25, 252, 156 711, 416 Druin blacks seo 25, 150 472 228) 180 3, 529 253, 330 4, 001 rim, Ted; or rédfish = --- = <===_-_ 4,160 107 125, 390 2, 243 129, 550 2,350 relsetres nt seen eh eee Se 197, 862 23, 423 181, 948 21, 900 379, 810 45, 323 INGLES Gt ete ee eee 67, 200 (Oo ll Bae ee eed eee es 67, 200 8, 064 SPAT ETS 42s ene ey nk ee eS 118, 078 7, 704 581, 817 37, 902 699, 895 45, 606 Bian SNAGs ese ra ee 31, 025 973 350, 283 8, 785 381, 308 9, 758 Pons eS ean ies SEES TA eat 400 20 2, 600 129 3, 000 149 S400 (0) NED alee Pa AA Ya Pern te ee |e 2, 000 80 2, 000 80 innlgp Ree sha Oe ees = A a So Se ee ee ee 11, 800 232 11, 800 232 DELMAS TES 3, 700 428 1 743,770 26, 864 747,470 | 27, 292 ISR AE | 2 ee ee i re 20, 561 1, 132 235, 127 11, 034 255, 688 12, 166 Hog-chokers, salted--------------- 23, 525 [eS OF | Seae oe oe ae ee eee 23; O20 1,379 LEIG(CHIS = ot ee ee eee ees eee es 1, 348 128 1,348 128 mp awi ee ke 3, 600 424 122, 838 8, 919 126, 438 9, 343 Mack Ones preyes 2-352 252 - 9, 460 980 11, 840 1, 234 21, 300 2, 214 Rleniiad ent@es m2 422-2 SEs eS 7, 000 25 |150, 485, 623 | 1,434, 681 |150, 492, 623 | 1, 434, 706 pli epeeeeen ena a ees ou 14, 509 999 122, 072 8, 161 136, 581 9, 160 RIGS aa sass scoa-s--H 1, 000 34 139, 451 7, 430 140, 451 7, 464 Dina TB eee eee eee 71, 691 16, 456 17, 855 2, 983 89, 546 19, 439 PHU Ru ee Eee ee ae eee 2 1, 400 130 1, 400 130 GUANO Sern ro sal Ee ean se 250 70 4, 584 1, 003 4, 834 1,073 eth ON ORR saa s Se Se ee 45, 000 3, 100 402, 274 27, 928 447,274 31, 028 Rlesubineeese 0 on 8 ons == -- a= 25- 54, 700 3, 788 51, 340 4, 568 106, 040 8, 356 ES TA onde Re OS el eee a ee a eae 50, 000 71 50, 000 71 LUGTS, = i ee eee 1, 260, 152 264, 388 6, 108, 704 | 1,372,491 7, 363, 856 | 1,636, 879 terete ces eas eee ee ee eae Ns 17, 154 1, 021 17, 154 1, 021 REL SCTE DE lS es ee ee nL ee er | eee me: 122 17 122 17 2 HE Rie be bee eS eee 23, 600 148 23, 600 148 Moawish mackerel = 2=.-- 2222. = 290 65 127, 445 16, 679 127, 735 16, 744 Oo teats Ieee Se eo oe 208, 377 11,485 | 1,768, 206 88,090 | 1,976, 583 99, 575 Squeteagues, or ‘‘sea trout’’______- 1, 480, 209 88, 733 | 12, 444, 450 579, 563 | 13, 924, 659 668, 296 SIG al FER hae aE ee 1, 413, 999 240, 388 821, 309 151,027 | 2,235, 308 391,415 STE lee ee RO ee Be 19, 225 4,321 65, 977 16, 167 85, 202 20, 488 Sturgeon caviar and roe__-_-__-___- 2, 500 2, 500 Gy BS} 5, 752 7, 853 8, 252 BHEKCIS= 322522 =) 5.5 > ae ees 3, 775 155 4,113 250 7, 888 405 mee eae ae oe ee ee 7, 733 322 400 20 8, 133 342 OOS ELEY Oe RE a ST Se ee ee 35, 000 49 35, 000 49 Tautog siete Se ean eke eae ee oe 400 24 2, 870 225 3, 270 249 Thimble-eyed mackerel -_____-_.___ 5, 000 100 13, 700 428 18, 700 528 lun yi a ee 800 25 17, 400 420 18, 200 445 1 Of the amount 701,445 pounds, valued at $25,376 were formerly reported as Crevalle. 6881—31——11 864 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the Chesapeake Bay States, 1925—Continued Products Maryland Virginia Pounds Value Pounds Value Tripletall.~ = 2. s242 .f2eso 22 222 ee ee 2 $4 TUNG. .. 2s sone ns osaceas nce ke ae eee eee ne eee 320 17 White perch = ee $59, 278 427, 275 35, 230 Whiting* 23 322 ee 800 33, 600 716 Yellow perch. << oo se ase 25, 379 79, 687 7, 338 Other fish >> =. eS 70 300 3 Crabs, hard |. = -°-_2¢-- 2 eee 7, 321, 116 303, 507 | 18, 531, 994 528, 733 Crabs, soft. 2. -:.0c2is eee 2, 325, 245 264,276 | 1,422, 250 157, 981 Crawfish...”...5..-=-: 3222 400 7 ee SEAS ee Shrimp. 222.2222 cee e eee 550 oy (sl iia ete eet Naar «Ae ot a Squid. 35- Se SS See ~ 38, 000 2, 440 415, 825 23, 607 Clams, hard; publie2=)2=- ee 109, 720 46, 450 | 1,048, 544 400, 908 Olams, hard, private.222e22. 552. 6 |b Ss aes ee eee eee 32, 008 21, 426 Oysters, market, publie==2.22-- 2 28, 650, 678 | 3,102,960 | 9, 546,327 | 1,036, 500 Oysters, market, private_---.---_- 1, 106, 042 152, 547 | 11, 013, 366 | 1,367, 761 Oysters, seed, public_....-..------ 13, 300 765 | 9,855, 769 358, 555 Oysters, seed, private; ci c2e2<-)-— 2 ee ee 79, 450 2, 518 Scallops... 2225005026 5c cee eee sae eee 360, 732 74, 272 Terrapin...) .-- =. ee 1, 430 1, 000 8, 400 4, 400 Turtles... - 2 = See 1, 033 53 2, 700 49 Alewife scales: = 2. 5232225 ee eae ee ee 100, 000 10, 000 Total--..- ee 56, 977, 985 | 4,863, 419 |276, 227, 784 | 9, 084, 641 Total Pounds Value $25 $4 320 17 1, 056, 760 94, 508 113, 600 1, 516 311, 548 32, 717 5, 020 100 25, 853, 110 827, 240 3, 747,495 422, 257 400 40 550 275 453, 825 26, 047 1, 158, 264 447, 358 32, 008 21, 426 38, 197, 005 | 4, 139, 460 12, 119, 408 | 1, 520, 308 9, 869, 069 359, 320 79, 450 2, 518 360, 732 74, 272 9, 830 5, 400 3, 733 102 100, 000 10, 000 333, 205, 769 |13, 948, 060 Catch of crabs in the Chesapeake Bay States for various years from 1880 to 1926 _—_—_—————_—_———_—_—=S=S======_=_"==S=SS=S====—==>==>—_—>[—{[——==|==_=_=Ee=>e>e—ey—e>—>ycv— yl > ——SSSS>S>~——_—_=_—SS=SSS=_====SSS=S==—s Maryland Years Crabs, hard Crabs, soft Total Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value 1, 166, 667 $46, 850 (4) Nl) oS ee eee eee 2, 757, 638 36,969 | 1,636,530 | $133,788 | 4,394,168 | $170,757 2, 674, 675 37,438 | 2,208,829] 161,331 | 4,883, 504 198, 769 2, 388, 099 31,723 | 4,056,110 | 228,690 | 6,444, 209 260, 413 2, 776, 898 37,460 | 4,828,872 | 266,256 | 7,605,770 303, 716 5, 333, 316 39,949 | 4,115,879 | 177,637 | 9,449,195 217, 586 9, 824, 793 85, 884 | 4,303,582 | 202,563 | 14, 128, 375 288, 447 ----|. 12, 665, 282 168,996 | 5,782,865 | 189,851 18, 398, 147 358, 847 12, 786,000 | 124,000 | 7,587,000} 195,000 20, 373, 000 319, 000 22,491,675 | 335,375 | 7,602,207 | 329,276 30, 093, 882 664, 651 5,155,703 | 248,160 | 3,897,271 | 494,784 | 9,062,974 | 742,944 7,321,116 | 303,507 | 2,325,245 | 264,276 9, 646, 361 567, 783 Virginia Years Grand total Crabs, hard Crabs, soft Total Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value gb ee eee 2,139,200 | $32,088 (1) Gyr” ee oe als oe ee ee 1). ee 626, 820 15, 479 (1) Q@) — | |Escusee 2] co Ll S| ee ee eee ibs ee Rees 956, 843 24, 669 (1) Q) 0 >) epecke 2 sce |f2 SSeS ee ee ee 180025 ae 2, 584, 794 28, 210 440,310 | $26,054 |} 3,025,104 | $54,264] 9,469,313 | $314,677 180 Les 5S 2,208,071 | 32,683 585, 956 29,379 | 2,794, 027 62,062 | 10, 399, 797 365, 778 jb. ee 5, 331, 398 28, 331 1, 068, 116 39,914 | 6,399, 514 68,245 | 15, 848, 709 285, 831 AMT Eee 6,113,277 | 52,863 | 1,288,424 | 65,972| 7,401,701 | 118,835 | 21,530,076 | 407, 282 i eee 10, 356,052 | 179,575 | 1,910, 654 92,909 | 12,266,706 | 272,484 | 30, 664, 853 631, 331 if' | See 23,001,000 | 239,000 | 2,082, 000 87,000 | 25,083,000 | 326,000 | 45, 456, 000 645, 000 Ce 18, 765, 148 | 242,754 1, 484, 238 74, 402 | 20, 249,386 | 317,156 | 50, 343, 268 981, 807 La 12, 465, 342 | 401,295 1,171,737 | 164,269 | 13,637,079 | 565,564 | 22, 700,053 | 1,308, 508 Uf 7), eee 18, 531, 994 | 523, 733 i 429° 250 | 157,981 | 19, 954, 244 681, 714 | 29, 600, 605 rh 249, 497 1 Statistics not available. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 865 Years Maryland Bushels Pounds Value WORD 28 nS aR eS Se ae ee a 10, 600, 000 74, 200,000 | $4, 730, 476 ny Ce Ge = ae bo a ee ee ae Se 8, 148, 217 57, 037, 519 2, 683, 435 Pane Eee Beers we se lee 5S ooo cites ce nccecscbswexennnde 8,531,658 | 59,721, 606 2, 877, 790 BU a a ek 10, 450, 087 | 73, 150, 609 4, 854, 746 Jos EE Eg SEE ee Ee ee ee ere 9,945,058 | 69, 615, 406 5, 295, 866 US heed) Cet a ee eee 7,254,934 | 50, 784, 538 2, 885, 202 LWA SNE Re ee Se ee ee ees eee 5,685,561 | 39, 798, 927 3, 031, 518 AUS Se oS ee es ee ee ee 4, 429, 650 31, 007, 550 2, 417, 674 See ete a ee ee ne enone nscanatnencnaoee 6, 232,000 | 43,624, 000 2, 228, 000 DTDs op Ge ee ie SR ie ee Se a ee eee ee eee ae, 5,510,421 | 38, 572, 947 2, 127, 759 SN eee ieee ae ns I ee ee 8 ee sad Seeeeedenns 4,547,471 | 31,832, 297 2, 291, 120 even eee et ee SE Se ee oe esac a snsalaatne sacs 4,252,860 | 29,770,020 3, 256, 272 } Years Virginia Total Bushels | Pounds Value Bushels Pounds Value 6, 837, 320 | 47, 861, 240 | $2, 218,376 | 17,437,320 | 122, 061, 240 $6, 948, 852 12,921,140 | 20, 447, 980 1, 002, 901 | 11, 069, 357 77, 485, 499 3, 686, 336 3, 664, 433 | 25, 651, 031 1, 336, 012 | 12, 196, 091 85, 372, 637 4, 213, 802 6, 074, 025 | 42,518,175 | 2,482,348 | 16,524,112 | 115,668,784 | 7,337, 094 6, 162,086 | 43, 134, 602 2, 524, 348 | 16, 107, 144 | 112, 750, 008 7, 820, 214 7, 023, 848 | 49,166,936 | 2,041,683 | 14,278,782 | 99,951,474 | 4,926, 885 6, 067, 669 | 42, 473, 683 2,621,915 | 11, 753, 230 82, 272, 610 5, 653, 433 7, 612, 289 | 53, 286, 023 3, 459, 676 | 12,041,939 | 84, 293, 573 5, 877, 350 5, 075,000 | 35,525,000 | 2,348,000 | 11,307,000 | 79, 149, 000 4, 576, 000 6, 206, 098 | 43, 442, 686 2, 286, 340 | 11,716,519 | 82,015, 633 4, 414, 099 3, 963, 569 | 27,744,983 | 2,348,961 | 8,511,040 | 59, 577, 280 4, 640, 081 4, 356, 416 | 30, 494,912 | 2,765,334 | 8,609,276 | 60,264,932 | 6,021,606 1 Exclusive of the James and Potomac Rivers. PRODUCT MILLIONS OF POUNDS ae 20 40 60" 80). 100) “12:0 MENHADEN OYSTERS CRABS ALEWIVES ALL OTHER FIGURE 21.—Yield of principal fishery products in the Chesapeake Bay States, 1925 Fisheries of the Chesapeake Bay States for various years, 1880 to 1925 Years Maryland Virginia Total Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value 95,712,570 | $5,221,715 | .158, 874, 609 | $3,124,444 | 254,587,179 | $8,346, 159 107, 981,976 | 3,514,182} 97,635,402 | 1,606,811 | 205,617,378 | 5,120,993 114, 788,113 | 3,813,199 | 101,318,814 1,836,155 | 216,106,927] 5,649,354 143, 905,576 | 6,019,165 | 185,282,705 3,636,351 | 329,188,281 | 9,655,516 141,177,827 | 6,460,759 | 183,993,834 | 3,647,845 | 325,171,661 10, 108, 604 88, 588,018 | 3,617,306 | 277,993,949 | 3,179,498 | 366,581,967 | 6,796, 804 82,975,245 | 3,767,461 | 378,183,358 | 4,613,384 | 461,158,603 | 8,380,845 81, 128,866 | 3,336,560 | 355,315,798 | 5,584,354 | 436,444,664 | 8, 920, 914 113, 796,000 | 3,306,000 | 312,515,000 | 4,716,000 | 426,311,000 8, 022, 000 59, 530, 795 | 4,198,668 | 471,219,089 | 8,541,724 | 530,749,884 | 12,740,392 56, 977,985 | 4,863,419 | 276,227,784 | 9,084,641 | 333,205,769 | 13, 948, 060 NotgE,—The statistics for 1908 in these tables are from data published by the Bureau of the Census. 866 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES SHAD AND ALEWIFE FISHERIES OF THE POTOMAC RIVER In 1929, these fisheries were prosecuted by 773 fishermen who used 449 motor and other small boats, 424 pound nets, 483 gill nets having a combined area of 472,780 square yards, and 5 haul seines having a combined length of 3,900 yards. The shad fishery yielded 317,253 fish that weighed 1,052,284 pounds, valued at $141,589, to the fishermen. Compared with the yield for 1928, this is a decrease of 56 per cent in number, 49 per cent in weight, and 34 per cent in value. Of the total number, 78 per cent were taken by Virginia fishermen and the remaining 22 per cent by fishermen from Maryland. The alewife fishery yielded 7,711,030 fish that weighed 3,084,412 pounds, valued at $54,916, to the fishermen. This is a decrease of 48 per cent in number, 48 per cent in weight, and 6 per cent in value as compared with the yield for 1928. Of the total number, 89 per cent were taken by Virginia fishermen and the remaining 11 per cent by Maryland fishermen. Shad and alewife fisheries of the Potomac River, 1929 Items Maryland Virginia Total Number| Pounds | Value | Number| Pounds | Value| Number, Pounds | Value Fishermen 2s 2 pe it | Eee a | OST): 5 25 eee eee Fe iE eee ee Rowboats-.2°-- == ee 7) | eee eee 134) S| eee P10) b pees ee Motor bosts_--2-52 AbO\ea 2S e-- | boeeeee QO Se seco | soeeeee p73 Rs a) J Fe ed Pound nets-.2 = 66|2 225222 eee B58| 22 esas > Sed A24| * aiacl es Gil nets! eee 63) he ee) Sees 7:3) 1 ie mamas | Fase Set 2S 483] =. ees | eee Square yards_..._..-_- 2903570) Sea Se J825 203) eee 2 le eee 472; (80) 5-2 =o eee Hanl'seines:-— = — en 8 il i ae = Dee ee | ee eae ae Yards... 2) sa (7 ee eal [aaa 3000/2 ks eee 3,900]: 3 2--2el eae Shad caught: | With pound nets_____- 5, 346] 18,541) $3,064) 187,343) 611,927 $93,981] 192, 689| 630, 468 $97, 045 With gilliets.-- se 48,137) 161, 849) 16, 877 60,197) 210,985) 24,452) 108,334) 372,834) 41,329 With haul seines__._--- 15,130} 45,407) 2, 735) 1, 100 3, 575 480 16,230) 48,982) 3,215 Total: _<2-- ee 68, 613] 225, 797) 22,676) 248,640} 826, 487/118, 913} 317, 253)1, 052, 284) 141, 589 Alewives caught: With pound nets_____- 809, 000} 323, 600} 6, 625/6, 641, 530/2, 656, 612) 46, 584!7, 450, 5302, 980, 212) 53, 209 With’ gill nets! 2: 28) Se ee eee 75, 500} 30, 200 707 75,500) 30, 200 707 With haul seines______- | 75,000} 30, 000 450) 110,000) 44,000 550) 185,000) 74, 000) 1, 000 otal ase aeee 884, 000] 353, 600] 7, 075|6, 827, 030|2, 730, 812| 47, 84117, 711, ee 084, 412} 54, 916 Catch of shad in the Potomac River for various years, 1896 to 1929 Year Maryland a Virginia Total Number| Pounds | Value Number Pounds Value | Number| Pounds | Value 1906 6c aso ao 233, 238 | 874, 643 | $20,524 | 450,825 | 1,690,594 | $43,084 | 684, 063 | 2, 565, 237 | $63, 608 1901______--______| 146,000 | 547,500 | 14,800 | 648, 462 | 2, 431,733 | 104,566 | 794,462 | 2,979, 233 | 119, 366 19042 see TS: 83, 147 | 311,801 | 16,343 | 289,500 | 1,085,625 | 51,709 | 372,647 | 1,397,426 | 68,052 10002. heen 31,158 | 116,843 | 9,232 | 172,813 | 648,049 | 44,500 | 203, 971 764,892 | 63, 732 IOIB 2 22-2 22525] 17; 1961 164,485 6,827 | 165,206 | 619,523 | 65,300 | 182, 402 684,008 | 72,127 — IDO AS Es = bo a | 94,512 | 354,420 | 56,833 | 449,957 | 1,687,339 | 275, 564 | 544,469 | 2, 041, 759 | 332, 397 T5608 5 seo. Daren 80, 944 | 302,237 | 55,963 | 448,414 | 1,677,543 | 278,501 | 529,358 | 1,979, 780 | 334, 464 1921__..........__| 49,681 | 138,207] 25,191 | 356,191 | 1,022,231 | 182,179 | 405, 872 | 1, 160, 488 | 207,370 0 ee | 203,682 | 706,501 | 95,140 | 680,494 | 2,409,070 | 324, 882 | 884,176 | 3,115,571 | 420, 022 NURSES BV Spee | 93,619 | 308,729 | 52,917 | 257,927 | 878,653 | 145, 702 | 351, 546 | 1, 187, 382 | 198, 619 1924____.._______| 37,505 | 127,285 | 20,469 | 134,805 | 450,925 | 67,981 | 172,310 | 578,210 | 88,450 atl 55 aoa | 46,008 | 157,786 | 35,310 | 158, 574 538, 846 | 128,088 | 204, 582 696, 632 | 163, 398 Te aoe .-| 51,601 | 162,861 | 34,808 | 285, 061 871,345 | 182,653 | 336, 662 | 1,034, 206 | 217, 461 SOP ee 2. px -| 30,720 | 103,728} 17,894 | 191, 601 582,853 | 95,931 | 222,321 686, 581 | 113, 825 1928____......._.| 138, 496 | 383,126 | 37,588 | 577,924 | 1,694,496 | 177,099 | 716,420 | 2,077,622 | 214, 687 7 ay 68,613 | 225,797 | 22,676 | 248, 640 | 826, 487 | 118, 913 | 317,253 | 1, 652, 284 | 141, 589 Note.—The number of shad taken in the Potomac River in 1878 was 186,000; in 1880, 552,872; in 1889 868,900; in 1890, 731,453; and in 1891, 621,977. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 867 Catch of alewives in the Potomac River for various years, 1896 to 1929 Year Maryland Virginia Total Value| Number | Pownds | Value| Number | Pounds | Value 21s 2 a al | lene pea ae i ed [See neeenen|coceseoeacle ees |04) 407, 680], 9, 7 7pelb4atea0, O03 4, 883, 0001, 953, 200 $10, 369 24, 601,040 9, 840, 416|$42, 854 29, 484, 040/11, 793,616, 53, 223 335,000! 134,000| 1, 420) 7,276,428) 2,910, 571| 30, 741| 7,611, 428) 3,044,571) 32, 161 1, 488, 583) 772, 867| 15, 508) 7,379,319 2,904, 054) 45, 508) 8, 867, 902| 3, 676,921 61, 016 1,077, 775| 538, 888| 13, 940) 7,681, 561, 3, 813, 780| 41, 197| 8, 759, 336| 4, 352,668, 55, 137 1,395,000 558,000) 9,010) 8,908,510 3, 563, 404) 35, 031/10, 303, 510) 4,121,404 44, 041 1, 292,500; 517,000; 3, 700,10,074, 500 4,029,800 34, 642/11, 367,000) 4, 546, 800) 38, 342 7 | 8, 764| 9,308, 782| 3, 722, 912| 40, 657/11, 428, 569) 4,570, 828) 49, 421 1, 834,000, 733, 600| 6, 855 13, 299, 388. 5,319, 15€| 49, 667/15, 133, 388| 6, 052; 756| 56, 552 415, 000! 166,000} 2,070! 7,420,380 2,968, 152| 35,271) 7,835,380) 3, 134, 152! 37, 341 1, 295,020' 518,600! 6, 518112, 500,828 5,000,330) 48, 848/13, 795,848) 5,518,930) 55, 366 1, 272,000| 508,699 5, 741/10, 336,067 4, 136, 666 44, 847/11, 608,067, 4, 645, 365) 50, 588 1, 801, 475| 720,590] 9, 565/12, 982,180 5, 182,472) 48, 732/14, 783, 655) 5, 903, 062) 58, 297 884, sod 353, “y 7, 075) 6, 827, 030, 2, 730,812) 47, 841) 7, 711,030) 3,084,412) 54, 916 | | | Number | Pounds 1 Data not enumerated separately for the two States. TRADE IN FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS IN WASHINGTON, D. C. The municipal fish wharf and market in Washington, D. C., was built about 13 years ago-in the southwestern part of the city on an arm of the Potomac River. At the present time 16 firms have stalls in the market, and 6 firms are in private buildings across the street. Altogether they employ about 71 persons. These firms conduct a wholesale and retail business; chiefly wholesale, however. Some of the fish from the boats and vessels are sold at auction direct to the wholesalers. Several wholesalers also sell fish by auction to the hucksters. The greater part of the business in the market is trans- acted at a set price. Although the market is so situated that fishing boats may land their fish directly, only about 10 per cent of the fish are received in this way. The greater part arrive by truck from points in Maryland and Vir- ginia, especially from the vicinity of Solomons and Galesville. Fish arriving by rail from points along the Atlantic coast, Great Lakes, or the Pacific coast are also transported by truck from the rail heads, as the market has no direct rail connections. During 1929 the receipts of fresh and frozen fishery products amounted to 9,208,465 pounds, or an increase of 12 per cent compared with the previous year, and 19 per cent compared with the 5-year average. There has been very little change in the kinds of fish handled at the market in the past nine years. ‘Taking those species that constituted 75 per cent of the trade for the various years from 1921 to 1929, -squeteagues, or ‘‘sea trout,’”’ made up the greater portion of the trade each year. Croaker has usually been second, river herring third, oysters fourth or fifth, shad fourth or fifth, haddock sixth, and butter- fish seventh or eighth. Striped bass has generally been seventh in importance, but during 1929 dropped to ninth in importance. The trade at the municipal fish market is most active during the months from March to October, inclusive—the largest quantities being handled during the months of April and May. The unusual activity during these latter months can be accounted for chiefly by the large amounts of river herring, croaker, and shad, which are handled mainly during these two months. The retail business in Washington, D. C., is carried on by the stores in the municipal market, stores in markets uptown, grocery stores, 868 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES meat markets, and hucksters with horse and wagon. There are about 35 of these fish peddlers doing business at the present time, although their numbers are said to become less each year due to the fact that many grocery stores in the city are now marketing fish.. Not all of the fish consumed in the District of Columbia goes through the municipal fish wharf and market. It has been estimated that about 3,000,000 pounds are received direct from outside sources — by hotels, fish markets, and restaurants. This, added to the amount received at the municipal fish wharf, would make a total of about 12,200,000 pounds of fresh and frozen fishery products handled in the District of Columbia during 1929. Virtually the entire amount was consumed in the district. It is estimated that the population of the District of Columbia was 565,000 on July 1, 1929, making the per capita consumption of fresh and frozen fishery products during 1929 about 22 pounds in the round weight. During 1928 the per capita consumption was figured at 19 pounds in the round weight, Fishery products received at municipal fish wharf and market, Washington, D. C., 1929, in pounds Species January |February| March April May June July Bass ADIAGHCOL BOBs oe oan eee SOOT ass ee 500 600 2, 800 2, 100 1, 800 IBlnahsh es ee eek ace ars See {Be See Rt 200) ses ee 4, 100 9,600 | 26,100 iB TOUN 1H Ie 1 1 ae, ee aaa a See ely 3, 100 2,100 600 4, 300 51, 700 | 125,900 | 78, 100 GT: te tye eben Spee eae gee ee SS we ey 12, 700 6, 300 16, 800 26, 100 12, 500 12, 200 4, 400 Cathish so. on ee eee 5 am 10, 600 9,100 | 46, 100 21, 800 10, 800 16, 500 7, 200 OF: DES & Bee SSE As, 28S TSS 2 eee 1, 000 2, 300 1, 800 1, 800 700 1, 000 2, 000 (Crappien = =6 22 on ata e el oe ee 100)! |o2-.-22266|-2---5355|s2--502-22- beeen (C0 EDS Noten als ha eget a ee ee! 28, 000 30, 300 | 192, 000 284, 100 201, 500 | 173, €00 | 243, 000 OT SS oS RS Sl ee |e Ne 200-| 222-322. 2) 82 2 ee eee Os a ee LE ee nen Seo as 2757) a Se 2, 100 1, 200 900 100 300 Mipnndersss25 2 8735 See ee 22, 200 33, 500 13, 900 20, 400 27, 9C0 11, 200 7, 800 idddooks 2k oso ok ees. 44,700 | 42,420 | 46,660 39, 530 42,130 | 39,540 | 40,850 ELAR GY oe eee ae ae oe ee ee 7, 000 | 400 100: | =-.2-2=--1|_- 28222 2 Higlibut= 222. Saree sa ie ee 7, 200 4, 300 6, 700 7, 600 5, 800 3, 900 5, 800 trey taba) eon ee ae 18, 700 48, 800 | 129, 600 364, 200 185, 400 4,800 |-=2 5 Hickory shad or ‘‘jacks’’___-...._. 3, 650 1, 100 1, 500 4, 000 200))). 222s 52) See Ginipiish >>. Sete epee ee Se 2 400 200 400 6, 600 400 |. 22 eo oe eee INTRO Orel See eee ee Beran ree ae 34, 000 14, 400 3, 400 13, 600 19,800 | 39,800 | 37,400 WVinillet= Getta 32 ee tosh? Fee ee 3, 400 1, 100 400 200 }|. 20.2 S22 o ose eee Leteiid We cie, 2 Te eS I Ter ae eee ee 8 15, 300 18,700 | 58, 700 20, 800 6, 800 6, 800 2, 400 doit 4) she ee Re ht ae eee || a a Se SE eee EES oe) hee Ete 400 |. 3-4-3 ss) ee PIKG OY DICKERGL ose es ee 2, 400 | 100 900) | 2c oon kee eee Pollock. 2222 Se: eet ea ee 11, 700 S\ 600-2 =o Sen eee es 1, 200 800 1, 700 Pompano. 22282 22522 2523 eee eee ae ees 400:,|..¥ 55. C33 Ee eee es 100 Redfishior redidrym = — oo e-_ e 1500 Wc ee: | Se eee [ee ee eee 510 90: |--22s- 8 Red snapper 2245 Pe ee 600 200) | Saas seh 800) |.222222 | ee eee Salmons 225 ee eee 3, 500 3,100 | 1,200 200) k= Sse eo 600 2, 800 Scup Or Porgy=- oe ee eee 0, ee ae ie 1, 000 5, 000 7, 100 ojit. |: an wee ere, Ose sarees 15, 150 30, 200 | 146, 600 260, 400 236, 300 | 18,300 |_-.--..2 Sheepshead: >. st ee 200 800 200 22 see oar sae 300.2555 5 Smelt! 2) ee ee 4, 880 2, 400 700: | --22522L12 ee eee Spots: 2 => 5 See eae 2, 000 5, 200 400 1, 200 8,700 | 21,300 | 25,200 Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’________ fe 225 (200) 33,000 | 16, 300 61, 100 218, 700 | 243, 500 | 266, 000 Squid i. 25-225.) eee ee [icp e fll Balen eee ake Beer | arg ey Bh 400: j|s2 sek ees 200 Striped bass 2 33 esse ee ee | 9, 500 15,100 | 41, 500 51, 700 16,200 | 10,300 | 29,200 Sturgeon... = 35342. 8 ee ee ee eee 1, 450 650 50) [222228 Sunhish. -! 55. 2 See ee a eee 2008 | bss 2. 5 ee Cae eee meee ee Swordfish _. 22 ere ee ee eee 200 1, 300 Milefish: 5422S ees eed 200 1, 200 | 800 1, 300 700 200"). 45am Whiting =)? eee. 5, 400 1200" eases 200. [2-45 So oe ee eee Clams, hard! (meat) oo 22 sean 3, 776 2, 944 5, 568 4,192 6, 880 6, 944 6, 400 Oysters: | In the shell (meat)_..._.._-_ -- | 30,429 | . 17,962 | 11,074 7, 021 196) |b 2202 Se ee Opened (meat) =~... 5422 23 | 74, 201 51,835 | 27,184 1, 155 +)2222225252¢| 55. Soo eee Scallops. 22s eee | 160 160 80 240 560 160 Grabs. 5.2. 3S. 5. eS ie ee eee 750 6, 870 30,900 | 92,790 | 128, 610 Oribinitat 22.5 3.235 eee 1, 630 1, 390 1, 965 7, 300 13,145 | 26,035 | 32, €00 Crawfish or spiny lobster_________- eee a |S 50 a eee ee eee Dopeter: 212 28 eet RAE 150 250 550 1, 700 450 350 50 stig b10 ene = Bn, BATE ed 3, 000 600 3, 100 3, 400 5,200 | 13, 400 7,100 PURGES Leno e nee ee 108 274 50 384 1€6 386 182 i) i oe ae es Pree eps eS | ee 225 95 29) |s22e-- 28 pL Oba eae sen eee sake en ee | 404,409 | 387,535 | 780,631 | 1,228,067 | 1,115,782 | 882,774 , FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 869 Fishery products received at municipal fish wharf and market, Washington, D. C., 1929, in pounds—Continued Species August aise ew DlaCK OL sea clases 222=- CLE ces. 2, 000 US a ee ee 37, 200 “a Tc 8s 0s See 52, 000 OS SE Se eee ae ee 4, 600 LTV EIS Cho ot pp aa naa ea 4, 200 Ole aN a ee ee 700 | OTRTVE)L = to eee | eae OS ay Ss 2S 8 CAE ee ee ee 161, 400 TRL lee DSS TE eee ee eee N11 Sige. stele cise en Setar ate RR ce a 100 G(s Rie E0) 82 Ss ee ee Se ee 10, 000 “UGG | SiG Re he ee ee hee LAE GUNNS is 2008 D8 oe Bie eS 2 ae ees SS ee 35, 770 SUS 2 Te ee Se re 100 PETS eme eter neers oe wile SPINES EES 4, 400 SPORTING STiviOl wearers. Suess thr Po ot APN te PARC RONVESHAU OM TACKS» =. 2=- ook eon |b ocean NINERS Sv ool Cie 6 ees 200 EGCG 2 SS eS ee 19, 200 REPL iterates re Aes Lt Ee Ld ee be | VWs. 255.5 cos Soe CS ee eee 3, 000 ER DLs Lee an ee eee eee PERGORIDICKET CL eee teen: ee Tl Ee ) SLL ta es ee 2, 800 | NTPC SS EE ee eee meqhishior red. drums 5. ----- 2-62 600 APOGUSTIE DPCs | =o ac ees Ee 200 | THIRD a tS Sp gt a eS a 1, 600 ay ORPOLR Y=... 2=. 22°... See 200 EGY ed Rees = pe A tS nae te is, ag ae 36 NGG es ae Lee eS ee ee se ee ee ee EREVAN EE See ee ae tel pee o Ut Del eae eS ee Se ee oe 23, 200 Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’___-_______- 310, 400 eral DW 2h SoC eee ee ae 200 EeMTC ASG meee ee er se te 5, 300 Sturgeon EIGVOLY ORE ge eS ee Swordfish TURE SB aged So Se eee Whitefish LH Ey aS RN Se Se eee ee Sinms nard:(meat) + 2 -of ek 6, 816 Oysters: inhi hne’shell (meat). 2222 et oN | ee See Mpenede(Meat)ye= 22-2 ee Hansa el Pes ul TELE Sic 2 5 SE ey eee aes Tittaek 4 ee RELA eS ee ee eee gS Crawfish or spiny lobster______-_____- Crawfish or spiny lobster meat UR Perea Be ae ee LLG cr Ge) a re MBRELCUIN I) sere ee ern a eee | TOG ee eS ee ee ee VRS a eee ie) aN is Sane Oe ee 812, 850 September 200 33, 800 732, 689 | October 819, 297 November 1, 000 9, 400 24, 300 | 12, 800 22, 700 | 3, 600 €33, 466 December 445, 193 Total 3 387, 925 9, 208, 465 17,648 bushels. 2 22,744 bushels. _ Notre.—The clams have been reduced to pounds on the basis of 8 pounds of meat to a bushel, the oysters : on the basis of 7 pounds of meat to a bushel and 84% pounds to a gallon. 3 47,021. gallons. Fishery products received at municipal fish wharf and market, Washington, D. C., 1921 to 1929 Pounds Year Pounds 9; 066,3744.)||) 19262222. 32 er See see esse ese 7, 511, 427 65442 663, || 1997. epee eae 7, 997, 673 5678,A57 |l) O98: Sh 5 ara ees eee PEE PR 8, 198, 957 $0075 704, | |\ 1990 sexe SS ee ae ee eee 9, 208, 465 7, 041, 058 870 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES FISHERIES OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES During 1928 the catch of fishery products of the South Atlantic States (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and the east coast of Florida) exceeded that in any year for which there are records, except that in 1927. These fisheries gave employment to 11,882 fishermen or 3 per cent more than in 1927. Of the total number of fishermen employed during 1928, 1,306 regular fishermen were engaged on vessels, and 6,449 regular and 4,127 casual fishermen were employed in the shore and boat fisheries. Their catch amounted to 258,440,435 pounds, valued at $6,027,154. This is a decrease of 1 per cent in the catch and an increase of 6 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the quantity and its value for 1927. Of the total catch in 1928, 210,131,838 pounds, valued at $3,757,326, were fish, and 48,308,597 pounds, valued at $2,269,828, were shellfish and miscellaneous products. Based on the value to the fishermen, shrimp, with a production of 33,310,020 pounds, valued at $1,457,941, was the most important product. Shad was second with a production of 4,446,851 pounds, MILLIONS OF POUNDS » 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 I6 SS Ss ES ee ee SS FIGURE 22.—Yieldfof principal fishery products in the South Atlantic States, 1928 PRODUCT MENHADEN ad SHRIMP OYSTERS MULLET ALEWIVES CROAKER SQUETEAGUES SHAD ALL OTHER valued at $817,433. Other products of importance were menhaden, 150,843,955 pounds, valued at $584,638; oysters, 10,588,774 pounds of meats, valued at $426,958; squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout,’’ 6,403,589 pounds, valued at $420,155; and mullet, 9,376,652 pounds, valued at $420,021. Other products were valued individually at less than $200,000. The industries related to the fisheries of the South Atlantic States gave employment to 3,496 persons, of whom 233 were engaged in transporting fishery products, 1,653 were in the wholesale trade and received $704,687 in salaries and wages, and 1,610 were in the pre- pared-products and by-products trade and received $658,185 in salaries and wages. There were 228 establishments in the wholesale fish trade handling primary products and 60 establishments were in the prepared-products and by-products trade. The latter manu- factured products, valued at $4,112,733, consisting principally of canned oysters, shrimp, and menhaden products. In addition, indi- vidual fishermen in the South Atlantic States prepared fishery prod- ucts valued at $80,860, consisting principally of salted fish. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of the South Atlantic States, 1928 SUMMARY OF CATCH 871 Products North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Cena Ve | Sci Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds times wee Value ee En tates ac cmiamite sa 134, 795, 134 | $2, 125, 118 1, 159, 120 | $125, 208 | 30, 892, 594 $236, 631 Shellfish, (2) fc SoS See 2s eee 7, 104, 028 504,096 | 6,273,294 | 191,606 | 11, 176, 186 629, __ 628, 656 LOLA eases ca aaa sae one 141, 899, 162 | 2,629,214 | 7,432,414 | 316,814 “42, 068, 068, 780. | 866, ~~ $66, 287 Products Florida (east coast) Total Pounds Value Pounds Value eons coher 43, 284, 990 | $1, 270,369 | 210,131,838 | $3, 757, 326 Shellish, OO Sen SSeS AP So seas ae ee ee 23, 755, 089 944, 470 48, 308, 597 2, 269, 828 AN Oy spate eel SOE a a ee a 67, 040,079 | 2,214,839 | 258, 440, 435 6, 027, 154 OPERATING UNITS: By StatEs North | South é Florida Items Carolina | Carolina | G®rsia | (east coast)| Total Fishermen: Number Number Number Number Number ONVeOSSQISHe— a cate nok oes eee eae 944 | 26 146 190 1, 306 On boats and shore— 2, 656 | 552 686 2, 555 6, 449 2,463 | 927 456 281 4, 127 6, 063 | 1, 505 1, 288 3, 026 11, 882 75 4 26 25 130 1, 648 53 351 469 2, 521 (Bibs ee an a ee ae eee 63 HGS |Soeetse cesarean SS 568 138 4 26 25 193 2, 216 53 351 469 3, 089 | | 1, 284 43 229 1, 202 2, 758 1, 893 961 508 1,131 4, 493 IPEESSOMW DOSS x. a8 sec noe ane tocaeae a5 sen 131 8 55 14 208 Apparatus: | Purse seines— 1 Cae 005 (2) se eee eee BYE | eee oe 3 44 Mands 2.22 Set 25 > eee es 8 1D 520M As se eo. 900 1, 200 14, 620 Opnerse === SY. a Beret 5 | ee oe ene es wards... Gee 2-2. SoS GOOR Sa See soe See teh ee 900 1, 500 Haul seines— C@gmimon S- 2. 222: 2: <= 2b eet 591 39 13 78 721 SVGAT OS eee oases 94, 930 4,325 1, 405 54, 130 154, 790 IO Eee ee a ae Ox DONE St oe = oak e os Solos ee 29 Veh a ae ee 32,.500)\| = 22322 s=s2s|2 28 aee eens 32, 500 Gill nets— JOISTS. 8 oe Se ee eres 224 118 191 944 1,477 Square yards 188, 435 96, 367 139,495 ' 1,507,500 | 1,931,797 Sf. 2 oR ae SRE ie ae een 12, 517 371 179 6 13, 073 Square yards--- 2, 138, 944 118, 530 8, 608 7, 200 2, 273, 282 Runaround_----- 661 16 Oy tenet bane ee 686 Square yards-- 289, 051 4,765 Stratis Eee are TS 297, 381 PPTIWICRTIGLS =o) sae te se ee 2 |e fs. ef eee ee eee 3 RHE ORy ALCS See a yee eS 8 8 a ok lee ee ee be eee 1, 350 1, 350 Lines— PESTO eee ae eee = ee 8 ee eee 753 753 15 (010) pee SL ee eee ee nes | eee Se ee 1, 427 1, 427 ONG OS ee eee 191 84 8 539 822 Pe OS 2 ee eee 357 417 16 569 1, 359 rot with ROokS=*) 9-2 24) aso see |LSs5 Senses 356 380 EL GGES | se see en eee 2k 600)||S.2.32054, 2 |-ses este 58, 600 59, 200 Trot with baits or snoods___-:-_.-- 147 4 77 230 AIS OMSNOOUS == 252. See 182, 300 300 5, 404 1, 000 139, 004 LETC ie Se See Rs ee 2, 406: S228 = eee eee ee 1 2, 427 “NGI: 2 eee SS IGN Sve ssc eee ae a e e 16 VEC Sash Sous Nt 5a te is Bin SBS ea ee ea 5 DCT) Ss eee es 723)\|R Stee 50 22 795 Dip nets— (Clie a eee 8 ae eee 280s Be See se nae orc osenee 46 333 TOD sacs cece sone os eee en cone aacenacnanas ssscacsconns Ci a 6 872 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the South Atlantic States, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By States—Continued North South | : Florida. Items Carolina | Carolina | Gergia | east coast) | Total Apparatus—Continued. Number Number Number Number Number Cast nets 22>. =e Sb cea ee | eee oh 18 19 aa BROW. TOUS = oo a ee ee a 1 DTA TCU en en ee 2 re eS ee eee ee 81 Pushin@ts 225. 3= 3 eer io oS ocr a eet ee ll Otter trawls— ish®s) ==... -5=-— See eee Dios 2s cc sct ee 1 Yards at mouth_________.___- AQNS = 225222. | ee eae 40 Shrimp ~—- 22222408 aee nena eee 42 9 238 353 642 Yards at mouth....____-_-___- 715 453 13, 175 6, 673 21, 016 BOX (Ta DS =2— an eee ee 50 Turtle traps- 4 Pots, eal -=-= 1, 609 Sea crawfish 1, 998 SCars = oe os ee eee 127 Dredges— Oyster 2-2 52226853 Sa 200 lich ates SSCs ee ee 204 mee ards at mouths2~--==2 ===) an T6y|£22 5) Es |e 642 Scere pca eee esecte sell obec boeneet|saoneeetbote 773 Yards at: mouth. 225s -e sss 4 TAQ) | aos er ee 742 Tongs.|.. 12-285 .. See ee eee 492 301 179 94 1, 066 oS 9 de aes eee 1, 437 60" |. 4225222 eee Ae 1, 497 OFKS 25s so ok is a oe a er | ee ee | | 62 Grabs.) os 2s2--cae eee ea eee | Soe eee 397 268 Wo nossa eee 655 Hooks, stoneicrab soe seneeee a sense ae ee ee ea eee ee 44 44 CATCH: By StTatTEs Species North Carolina South Carolina Georgia DE Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Alewives... == 2-2~=25-323e eee 7, 808, nn $110, fol 2, 000 $100 |... <2. 2S S| ee a Black bass: :.:2426333 ae 90, 436 13,'333 || ---=55—2 5 |. 20 oe ee ee Bluefish ..22222: 225-235 eS 758, 979 45, 830 3, 500 280 50, 000 $5, 000 Eoute pee 2 TS ~ a cedaeseen= senesaee ab bees 160)|2--=--<523)2-~22- 22 | ee Bowfin..... 20272 eee ee 0, 119 396 |-22-<=-22_|_.. seb gee eee Butterfish:_ 2-42 = esas 111, 966 23576) 5. 5322S e| Se oo ee Cabio or crsb'eater:-—=~----=-—- 200}. 0) 6a sos 22s. S]S le ee Carp...--.222 2 se ee 754, 820 40, 477 1, 800 54: |. 22 oe Catfish and bullbeags= Sse. == eons eek 7s 16, a 2, 400 87 140, 860 14, 055 GO|... - -45) a ee es , 120: )-.---5-=-|-----. -n|>_ ed oe Cod... 25 eee 296 10 || -+--222-4e|boeusen52|ba ob eee ee Crappie... -=s--9) 2 nae ee 4, 404 429 || 2. -4-22|\5 22. 2.25 |2- Ss ee Crovalle._..2222223.525 eee 780 80 \[ass20cnsa-! oss no5=- 5) ee eee ake eae ae ee ee 6, 77 ee 264 | 101,362 12, 100 630 10, 300 1, 030 rum, blac Drum, red, or redfish Moels.: 2-2. 225222 2-232 ee eee Flounders Garfish Gizzard shad Groupers Grunts Hake 2-2... cSacc ean en eee Harvestfish or “starfish” Hickory shad... .2....-_- 3 ; Jewfish ; 3, 200 King whiting or ‘‘kingfish’’_.________ 780, 236 34, 053 61, 500 5, 290 56, 000 2, 450 Menhaden >... = ee 99,302, 3507143802008, |-2-- sea |e eee 30, 030, 000 118, 310 er o tRARA IAN Ae: 2,501, 553 | 143,683 | 290, 980 17, 475 ae His 4, ae uttonfish. ;.<.. 2.22.02... 22 oe ee ee eee Pigfish =< -o 2-2-2222 29, 768 | 4, 835 22) an "aaa ee BO 8 Bi ee 18, 5! 1, 788 |2s-2 225-6) seccl2 -ans|secessceee Eee Pinfish or sailor’s choice_..-___-_____-|} ; 100 Cao Se ee Pollock... - 6 >. 5 os ee eae 150 6) obo oe. | a ee Pompano. 2255.2.) J. ee ae 8, 395 926%) 25. <2 | Leos ee Se eer eee orgies... 4+ 5 2 eee 125 IO) |osel 25 lil 1 se a a ee eee Reniseis. 12 226 Nes ee 423,867 | 27,874 | 271,000} 21,650 85, 200 380 Shad. Bien night ce SESE ee nee 3,118,415 | 573,007 | 326,237 | 66,314 317, 267 73, 676 DDRKES . 2 «oc onn cone ew tes ween lene ee eee 6, 300 500 «| 2-25 53 2c8ces|asec eee Sheepshead, salt water----..._..-.._- 22, 182 re (2 ts Peas BEN aeRO. 1, 470 200 puappe rt ree eer ee Sele oe ae 2 350 1743|- 5, 2 eee 22, 500 1, 920 AE ie ease ee Saat ee 3, 756 338) | =< <2 -2s226|--sa02-p5-|5-nese= ne eee Saba wale termes gor gt ORM etal jn oes 7 oon | Gea on EE SOSA SE Es 2 2, 954, 3 66, 18 89, 830 8 eer or *{a0a trout?’ 2:53. i 5,127,459 | 297, 308 19, be i, a 18, 116 | 2, 567 be shite dr Semi Se ame Ceewa ke bal. eee ees | ee ‘ Pees es — FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of the South Atlantic States, 1928—Continued CATCH: By Stares—Continued 873 Species North Carolina South Carolina Georgia 3 z ak a é = ae FIsH—continued | | Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Striped bass | NTs 400 ult. Pile OOD. las seas oe (See oee mee 740 $107 Sturgeon | 8, 435 | 1, 279 23, 360 $3, 200 1, 750 3£0 SBE S eet ree Be oy SRL ek =e 15, 639 847 |- é ok eR OO ee eee 22, 227 525 | SEEUDIOUALL: seme eee teen ae ee 143 | 6 TR eye SE IS ee ee 71 4 MNICO DOPOD Se ohn ea ccen snow ens 35-5 458, 356 30, 367 Beet ibiligeseeeete ee oe Soke Sh 438 12 Bapllows percha ee. oat oe eels 175, 080 128005) 2 2222) ee Bele a ee ee TU ie DS Se | 24, 866 18 159))| Joe See Sh EE a Se ee Seen (eee | Motaleee So gut. oak se 134, 795, 134 |2, 125, 118 |1, 159, 120 125, 208 | 30, 892, 594 236, 631 SHELLFISH, ETC. | | | SDS ManGwes see oe ol 846, 917 | 16, 821 2, 370 500 569, 341 | 19, 416 REEDS COltemn ee ee To Se 628, 944 OBIQ65" | oe ee ee bss pe jee Seis Shrimp pe ORES iS A fae i | 845,349 | 30, 447 431, 441 17, 526 | 9, 526, 044 | 545, 354 LEU Ue a | 324,232 | 61,168! 26, 184 4, 005 800 | 125 Oysters, market public’ -.)-.----- 2, 895, 207 | 166,690 {5,077,310 | 143, 827 | 199, 640 | 12, 976 Oysters, market, private_-_---------- 4, 480 | 800 | 720,405 19, 040 | 848, 785 | 41, 694 Oysters, seed, public_-_------- eae at. S 163, 800 TPs Tt yl eae eee ED Stak oe a sk ee INS We SOUT 68 ai ee, ee eee | 1,394, 124 1D Latah Uy) Lf See reas | Se: epee |e == ames | er ee LOVIS Hee set ne A eh 600 | 76 2, 000 AGG) ane sn | ees eee ELAS yO) 1 0 RES a a a 28 iz 13, 584 6, 308 31, 576 | 10, O91 | VE ER SS See ee eee 347 Dic |e pease erate |e ae | eee ek Sew Ne ee “UNG i es ie ee Se eee 7, 104, 028 | 504, 096 6, 273, 294 191, 606 | 11, 176, 186 | 629, 656 GUA bO GAN yt ee ee 141, 899, 162 |2, 629, 214 7, 432, 414 316, 814 | 42, 068, 780 866, 287 | Species | Florida (east coast) | Total | s g gs _ Pounds Value Pounds Value ALON GRIS DUES BE Soe ee ae ee se eee | 370, 128 $2, 935 8, 180,159 | $113, 762 PATTI DEL ACK iS se" O~ == 11, 847 530 11, 847 530 Barracuda__..._---___- 12, 000 360 | 12, 000 | 360 (EEENGLS [DER Loree RE SR See i Sip. SE ee eae 140, 616 16, 241 231, 052 29, 574 Seiietish: 2 eee epee Spee pee eee 8 599, 020 68, 454 1, 406, 499 119, 564 Sebie mumneMmorniiargtalls 2 so- ee ee ee 123, 324 4,177 123, 324 | 4,177 “2 CPO a ot eS ee 5 2 pee ee 2, 000 300 9, 950 460 RIAL Tree 98 eo Conn gee en ee eee Eee le ee Ae ee SSS eee Se ee 20, 119 396 STF TTAgT SI oe: Oe en re i RE SESS re 3 ea | 1, 440 43 | 113, 406 2, 619 ay BrACPAP CALCD +S. o)-e5 oe Sy be eee a oS 200 10 450 — 15 Sot. Se Se ae oe ee eee ene eee | eee | 756,620 | 40, 531 Catfish PHEVO! OTOH LAGE Ke eS ea ae RE ie eee ee ee eee | 03, 091 130, 601 3, 829,584 | 160,815 ED. eee rr ee ese ee 4, 000 | 250 | 6, 500 370 MG 5-22. ot a ee ee es ae nee eee Se ee es eee | 296 10 JSG. ps5 Se eee eee 387, 457 27, 212 | 391, 861 27, 641 BeneeraTtie meeps 3 foes oh SL SD ce aese 213, 736 6, 483 | 214, 516 6, 513 Eee a a ae ee eee ee eee ie ee 43, 839 1, 458 6, 841, 503 104, 480 DBL. oS Se aero 6, 000 600 6, 000 600 “Tg TORT OR RS a a pe See ee 125, 450 3, 556 | 140, 937 4, 052 Drum, PP OMLOCh Shee em ats ENE a Ja SS eh 202, 024 9, 626 | 450, 329 16, 334 SS ates SS. ad ye a 16, 013 646 92, 746 6, 399 SD OR Sp kl Re Soe ee ee eee oe eS 46, 557 1,573 538, 161 30, 426 err H Sr eeeennens weer i a eS ee Sk fel et ee ee ae 1, 000 TE TGL SECT Ss PE Ob a ge eee (ene me ees oe naa 109, 635 1, 589 PPORREIETS 2 eee See a Fe a a eee ata 146, 966 6, 402 155, 240 6, 816 OSHS La ae ee EE 7 Oe aa ee 38, 643 1, 531 16, 118 2, 124 WING vg See AS a ee 380 19 Harvestfish or ‘‘starfish’’ 781, 794 19, 537 Hickory shad 500, 564 28, 709 Hogfish 3, 000 90 0 WRU iss Se Re eS SE OD ee 17, 100 561 Sekcingfish or ““king mackerel”?__-_-__-_____..-_.--------- 2, 645, 656 136, 717 2, 645, 656 136, 717 ferme whiting ore king fish? sees. = = 2 ee 376, 490 14, 142 1, 274, 226 55, 935 —) LAS oes ee 2) Sa eee ee 3, 000 60 3, 000 60 STITT LOTiEs ee et ee ee eka nd 21, 511, 600 40, 330 | 150, 848, 955 584, 638 PELE OS ek 9 ge ENE = -----L-----= 477, 072 21, 471 477, 072 21,471 LSM +S Sebo eases ace See 192 5 192 5 ET a ee ee ele es 6, 526, 794 254, 688 9, 376, 652 420, 021 METER Se Se NG tee 2 A ee eee eee 114, 900 10, 182 116, 550 | 10, 314 (RU, oe eS ae Se eee eee 3, 895 120 3, 895 120 Th Ae id By SS Rs ee ee eee 124, 078 3, 922 373, 846 8, 757 ERR en ee on eae oe no cen cenconsocceas 2, 100 20, 593 1, 853 “ 874 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the South Atlantic States, 1928—Continued CATCH: By States—Continued Species Florida (east coast) Total = > a ; er ——— ] ¥ FIsH—continued ; | Pounds | Value Pounds Value Pinfish or sailors \choice..=-_<_-2-2 = oe eee 179, 301 5, 024 179, 401 5, 025 Pollock >= 2 eso a 5 = SN en Sa a rr 150 f Pompano: 32..2.5. SS eee eee 283, 889 78, 374 292, 284 79, 300 POPPIES: cass 228 = eek oe ee eee 22, 000 | 760 22, 125 770 Seabass « . 2252 2.2. a8 sete enn Sain ae ete 38, 169 | 4, 213 818, 236 62, 117 Shad._ 2. 222. .<2 220th ee eee 690, 932 104, 436 4, 446, 851 817, 433 SUED a me a et | re | ee 6, 800 500 Sheepshead’ salt-water... 222 ee eee 75, 744 3, 514 99, 396 4, 878 Snapper, Mangrove 223223... ee ee ees 89, 505 4, 870 89, 505 4, 870 Snapper, reg. -22---.2 02222 3. ecb eee ne eee eee 47, 050 4, 629 71, 900 6, 728 Snook or sergeantfish=..-22tscesee-sscsee 4a sse ceases 250, 994 12, 265 250, 994 12, 265 Spadefish. 252. 504 6c Ue eh ee ee ee 11, 904 381 25, 660 714 Spanish mackerelj<22-- hs ce 22e- eee eee 2, 074, 382 135, 909 2, 250, 262 150, 988 Spoteccte Sacks co ee a ee 228, 153 7,145 3, 280, 232 76, 792 Squeteazues or'“*sea trout". -2- 222 22 ea | 1, 238, 494 | 118, 880 6, 403, 589 420, 155 Squirrelfisht=. s2:-. =. 228... SS Rt Mie eae SS eee 5, 500 440 Striped: bass: 22 2S 9s. ee ee ee renege ere 508, 146 72, 042 Ls Aire | dps pease 33, 545 4, 829 Rot koe Sal ee ee 15, 689 847 456, 231 | 18, 144 478, 458 18, 669 400 | 16 | 2, 093 234 es |n- Be espe 71 4 Oe ee \iy oe e 458, 356 30, 367 Maoolecl cr SS ee eee 438 12 Jee 5 ee rer Bena 175, 080 12, 095 64, 434 5, 174 89, 300 6, 333 | 43, 284,990 | 1,270,369 | 210, 131, 838 | 3, 757, 326 Grabshar dos oe ees a Es ee 134, 276 7, 334 1, 552, 904 44,071 Craps. 80lbsas ee 0 one sn ane ae es Oe | ee 628, 944 96, 365 Crabs; Stones ooo ee Pe eee ae 35, 000 3, 850 35, 000 3, 850 Sea crawfish or spiny lobster_-_---.--_-_-_- oe Se Ey | 367, 106 29, 368 367, 106 29, 368 Shrimp ease soe eee ee ee eye are ey 22, 507, 186 864,614 | 33,310, 020 | 1, 457, 941 Clams whard2s5 5242825. 5.5 eee Ear ee 25, 840 $3, 092 377, 056 $68, 390 Oysters, Markerspublic. 222. 32+. 5.5 ee Se eS 577, 787 30, 141 8, 749, 944 353, 634 Oysters, market; privates. -225 2-5 342 4 ga- cles ce 8 101, 360 5, 940 1, 675, 030 67, 474 ISLES, SOC, DUDIIG....s2ce2*._ 5 = cee et we Bee ee ee eee 163, 800 5, 850 DSCAMODS, DAY sats — = = sens SS. ee ee Se | ee 1, 394, 124 125, 845 Octopus. ...2es- Ps aos 22 2t se ss 5c ee See eee | ee eee eee 2, 600 476 WeNtADIN ss saae seas Sob SE Sonne ee eee een ee ee eee 45, 188 16, 406 Mumntless: sea as aan” et eee es 6, 534 131 6, 881 158 Motels 29s oo os-b: 2 3 eee De 23, 755, 089 944,470 | 48, 208, 597 | 2, 269, 828 Grandifetal--2 >=. .o = 3 ee ee | 67, 040,079 | 2,214,839 | 258, 440, 435 | 6, 027, 154 CATCH OF CERTAIN SHELLFISH SHOWN IN NUMBERS AND BUSHELS Products North Carolina South Carolina Georgia ae i 2. ’ Quantity Value | Quantity| Value Quantity Value Grabs, hardse nee ee number--| 2,540,751 | $16, 821 7, 110 $500 | 1,708,023 | $19, 416 Crabs, soitsfos22s--- oo ee do._.-| 1,886, 832 96,300 |-.----5- 25). occen~ ce] ee Clams, Hardt =st2s25 eee bushels_- 40, 529 61, 168 3, 273 4, 005 100 125 Oysters, market, public____..-- (als 413,601 | 166,690 | 725,330 | 143, 827 28, 520 12, 976 Oysters, market, private_.___-- doz 640 800 | 102,915 19, 040 121, 255 41, 694 Oysters, seed, public_..________ Ose 23, 400 Dy 880 | oe ws oe le ee soe | Se Scallops. 222s - ose ee Oe 232,354 | 125,845 |--........|=--.2-.2-0| eee ee ee eee OOo Products Florida (east coast) Total Quantity Value Quantity Value Grabs; hard2)232.e. ) Ss ee number.-| 402, 828 $7, 334 4,658,712 | $44, 071 Crabs, soft. 22.2:2-0--. 12 53-4e- Jc _) Ses GOS= ca] eee Bee ene ae , 886, 832 96, 365 Crabs, Stone. 2). S55... 8 eh eee Hoses. 46, 667 3, 850 46, 667 3, 850 Clams, hard. _......_. ab LS bushels_- 3, 230 3, 092 47, 132 68, 390 Oysters, market, public_..--.-.-.............-..- dos. = 82, 541 30, 141 1,249,992 | 353, 634 Oysters, market, private-......_.........-.--_-. do-224 14, 480 5, 940 239, 290 67,474 Oysters, seed, public.....--.....-.-.2022------- 00-2432. eee ee 23, 400 5, Botp pe J. 28e els ee ey ee Os22 2 {2a seen eee ay ee 232,354 | 125,845 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 875 Industries related to the fisheries of the South Atlantic States, 1928 North South Florida | | Georgia | | Items Carolina | Carolina | (east coast) Total Transporting: ieprsons engaged’ 203 2 2.29552 35 222.222 45 143 44 1 | 233 Vessels— | | WOO Ee ee 28 | 22 18 | 1 | 69 Wetitonnage. fA ie. ef ee=_ 2 J. . 295 | 246 223 | 16 780 Wyo a oe Os a eee enn ene 40 Cs ee ee 43 MIGBp Ulin eOsee sete eS cone on |e eee | 389 7h Ce RE ers 412 PROUAIUV OSSGISaee= ae s= ee ae ee = 28 | 62 21 1 112 Total net tonnage----------- 295 | 635 246 | 16 1, 192 Wholesale trade: Hstablishments:2cs2casc—-.2—-2-22---2-- 85 18 24 | 101 228 parsons enpared!) so 8.) 2 8 bs ole 440 236 395 | 582 1, 653 BAalaniesanG) Wares. 2a e canoe ae ac oe $138, 799 $56, 468 $148, 858 | $360, 562 $704, 687 Prepared products and by-products indus- tries: restanlishiments:=-—- 5-22 =e hes 21 18 13 | 8 | 60 IPGksons etigagent: 2229252 7h 7 0) f #o sts. 260 656 | 497 197 | 1, 610 Halaniesand waegeso-222-_.. 2225 os $141,580 | $159,720 | $172,338 $184, 547 $658, 185 IPNOGUUCISS eee ss tet. ee $1, 160, 482 | $1,028,113 | $886,049 | $1, 038, 089 | $4, 112, 733 Products prepared by the fishermen___-___- $69, 993 | $10) S6¥)\|-se—cbe—-ces|== ee = $80, 860 NORTH CAROLINA In 1928 North Carolina ranked first among the States in the South Atlantic section in the importance of its fisheries, employing 51 per cent of the total number of fishermen and accounting for 55 per cent of the total catch. The fisheries and industries related to the fisheries employed 6,808 persons, which is 1 per cent less than the number employed in 1927. Of the total, 6,663 were fishermen, 45 were employed on transporting vessels, 440 in the wholesale trade, and 260 in the prepared products and by-products industries. The total catch amounted to 141,899,162 pounds, valued at $2,629,214. This is a decrease of 2 per cent in the catch and 5 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the catch and its value for 1927. Of the total value of the catch, that for shad accounted for 22 per cent; menhaden, 16 per cent; squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout,” 11 per cent; and oysters, 7 per cent. Of the total production, that of menhaden accounted for 70 per cent; alewives, 6 per cent; croakers, 5 per cent; and squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout,’ 4 per cent. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products in North Carolina during 1928 was taken by 6,063 fishermen, who used 75 motor vessels, 63 sailing vessels, 3,177 motor and other small boats, and 20 major types of gear. The vessels had a combined capacity of 2,216 net tons. The fisheries accounting for the greatest number of persons were the haul-seine fishery employing 2,049 fishermen and the rake fishery employing 1,437 fishermen. CATCH BY GEAR Three types of gear accounted for 88 per cent of the fish taken in the fisheries of North Carolina during 1928. Listed in order of their importance, they were purse seines, which accounted for 69 per cent of the catch; haul seines, 10 per cent; and pound nets, 9 per cent. The catch by purse seines consisted almost exclusively of menhaden; that by haul seines principally croakers, squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout,” spot, alewives, and mullet; and that by pound nets chiefly alewives, squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout,’”’ shad, and croakers. 876 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES OPERATING UNITS BY COUNTIES Carteret County was foremost in the number of persons fishing, accounting for 38 per cent of the total number. Dare County fol- lowed with 10 per cent. Other counties employing a considerable number of fishermen listed in order of their importance in this respect were Brunswick, New Hanover, Beaufort, and Currituck. Carteret County also ranked first in the number of vessels and motor and other small fishing boats operated accounting for 57 per cent of the total number of fishing vessels and 35 per cent of the motor and other small fishing boats. Beaufort County accounted for 17 per cent of the total number of vessels, and Dare County accounted for 12 per cent of the motor and other small fishing boats. CATCH BY COUNTIES Fishing was prosecuted along the coast and in the coastal rivers and bays of 25 counties of North Carolina during 1928. Ranked according to value the fisheries of Carteret County were most important, accounting for 58 per cent of the total catch and 35 per cent of the total value of the catch. Dare County was next in the value of the catch, accounting for 5 per cent of the quantity and 23 per cent of the value. Other counties listed in order of their importance with respect to value of the catch were Brunswick, Pamlico, Beaufort, and Chowan. Fisheries of North Carolina, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR Purse seines | Haul seines Gill nets g 2 Items cs) a 3 S be | os eS © 3 2 _ Spe 1B Mogul ame ty rey ile See a ° 16) 4 =) n ioe n Fishermen: No. | No o. | No. | No No. No. No. On: vessels_... <= eee 603) -5 =o 13 109M -SsS22 58 4 pJa| (ees Sake On boats and shore— Regular-2---232:t = 2 eee 7 21 | 1,310 61 168 185 375 415 Castial? 2 ee eee es 126 |=aese2 167 108 127 131 Total. 225.222 eo eee 619 21 | 2,049 170 335 297 504 546 Vessels Motor— 5, to: 10 tors: << 25 - 20ers et eee | 3 77 ie ee 1 pO a 11 to'20 tons .23255 62s 2 sect cS sccekly J 43! || esc cele. 22 222 ee eee 21.10'30 tons=. 2225 2... 22-- 555-5" 4) an Shap e| oeee ene tocee me | Secon | Rae e =e ee ee 31 (0:40 tons... eee ee eeneee i eee fe oan |e. sic) ooc5_ 222] S52 S5S| eee eens 4) 'to'50 ‘tons:-s.22. 2-2 ¥ 0 sae) eee ae need eee es me eee ne ee Sie 51 to 60 ‘tons:.2---=.2 ee Oy |awoutan| Soh eawe| soso cat ae ene cas Sen ees lee ee ee Gl to) /0 tons__- 32-2 -s- =e ois] sae a ee eee a emits Ju to 80 tons22) 2 ee > J ae See aera arene) ee geenerered araeee ea fee ee ee SS | sasseasese Total Net tonnage i 11 to 20 tons Total Net tonnage Total vessels Total net tonnage Boats: ae ae are MAGE 22 sub aaa tantoapeelaseorcd 3 | 3 223 25 32 134 120 221 21 SS Si A par 5 COTS Be 4 6| 345 19 161 98 280 179 Avparatus: SNONUDOR.. < Sancecm neste wedenerw eres 3 591 9 224 8,851 661 3, 666 ength, yards. 205 2-bens- nee 12,520 | 600 |94, 930 |32, 500 |...-....|_-.-----|__.-.-=_|.-.------- Bitiars Vardhss200 ces. a | ewan tae Seee ete eee 188, 435 |646, 188 |289, 051 | 1, 492, 756 —————— . FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of North Carolina, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By GEAr—Continued 8 77 Lines bs a as © 2 * 2 2 2 nee 22/323 | = e/F/g|e/8|& ss) ) =6 g g © A or) a & |8$/ssa/ 3 So a 74 2, E a 3 no | SQa S 2 . mB = 5 = 3 joo a AY e S a) A [=a] A Ay Fishermen: No. | No. No No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. COTEVESSO Se one once nae 5 eee ae ps RI a fee d= Be 1 eee pe ee) (cl On boats and shore— 1S Sg UY cae Se eS eae (Cb) ees (0! (449! |22s225|Se5222 78) Nena fa) ee 26 ll (OPS T Gi ke Re ote te 37 24 100 | 207 4 5 42 | 208 19 DO) eee 7) aca le ad qi) "24" | -170'|) 656} = 4 | 77 |» Sar re Pat ors Vessels: Motor— Oted0tons-.2.--2---2_. Pl epee | Barns Be be eet MO ae mee eS | ig Ene pete el (Ae ALATEST dl eed oe bea a al cate Wee] pene | eae | ete bil jaded (EAs ol |e 3 Net tonnage-____..__- el eee A ee el eves Mee este Pee el eee ibd | Seeseeel Eargasm [ Total -vessels----_.2---. Le oe Nae 2 ere fe eee oe ea |e oe ee 1 ple esl [em fl Total net tonnage_____ ie me ee eee el ee yan | ee | ee 7 bs | a el |e ae anc Boats: JUG) 21) Pee oe Re a 20) | eae Oe) ORIG |S. sos lo oo5 PEG ape ol | eel See OGROr ee eae ae 15 15 58 169 4 5 51 199 19 36) zo Apparatus: | UNIUTGG rete an seems ae 191 24 147 (2, 406 16 5 | 723 | 287 19 81 11 Hooks, baits or snoods-_-_---- 300-12! 600) [Lea S00N| tere se Mecsas secnes |e eee leanees|s- 552 s|e oe | eee O Other trawls Dredges ea “a GS iS Ree 23 n Items a 5 a ZU A. a oe ele: (om (oe ar hg eee q = a =a (ae S bp | BR = al deal 7) bent s 3 4 a) Sa i=) =] oO Q a) ° i) > i Fy a Q & <3} wa ° n & ion AQ |}H°o Fishermen: No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. On vessels-__~_-_---___- 4 oa eae peal pa A eee Sl EE en 184 2 16)/5-2 = ee 944 On boats and shore— Cb) ee ay ee ide |S coe eee 30 54 81} 193] 190} 659 73 | 2,656 SaSnal os =F een 2 | 2,463 Miotale 2 ese 88 Vessels: Motor— 5 to 10 tons.._.._-.- 3 11 to 20 tons_..---_. 21 to 30 tons_._-.._. 31 to 40 tons_____-_- 41 to 50 tons__-__-__ 51 to 60 tons___-_-_- 61 to 70 tons_.-_-__- ; 71 to 80 tons...--.--- ENT) cE eee Net tonnage_-_-___ Sail— 5 to: 10 tons_..---.-- 11 to 20 tons..__--.- 21 to 30 tons_._-_-_--- otal ts a see Net tonnage-_--_- Total vessels____- Total net tonnage. Boats: Motor: ...--8 2 2 (Oth eee Se Apparatus Number... -221 2 es 878 U. 8S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of North Carolina, 1928—Continued CATCH: By GEAR Purse seines Haul seines Species Menhaden Other Common Long Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value| Pownds | Value | Pownds | Value Allowihvoss. 2c =. 25s sae ae Se ee ee ee ea ee eee 1,871, 676/926; 200| === eae Biack bags. ...22 05 2=- 2268-5 5 255255 | 652 o see ean |e ee 85, 482) 12, 619|-- =, =e |e Bluehsh.- 3-4 -- se eee aes sense 600 ii | Rl Naso 114, 665| 6,425) 123, 040/$5, 274 BONO no 8. Satan aon Sa ee me ae | eee a ed ere es 2, 950 237} aS PS Bowfitiz.....--22-- 220 saea28eec ns = Shoe | =~ noe eee pene |e anes |= -ee 11, 280 be ee ed ee Sf PE AE IES Wireman ae Vet ets eae A es 5,040| 146 675| 27 8:1 9 «ee ee ee eS Sere ee a ee Ro eae aan ne Sees 527, 645| 27, 858 3, 500) 70 Catfish and pullheads.- 2-5-2: 2 ~ ca) oe ee ee ee 195, - 5, ue 3, 500 70 Grate re | ae | a 1, 434 74 | 25 coe eee Croevalle 2.5.22 22 eee ose cree Se ee | eee | ee ere 480 74)... 55 S| Seen Croaker:- 320-22 psa ng a Be se | oa neon | See Eee ee 1, 520, 103) 22, 549)2, 400, 975/35, 142 wD yt: 1 Oy 0) 10! epee em ee ep pe ES Sal | a | ee el ee ee ee | 3, 722 100 Druin,ired,or redfish... 2-5..0 2. es |e Pee le oe eee 77,574 2,181} 79,900) 1,548 GISS).. ose es pana see oe ne soe eoee 7 ee ae [ee SS ROIS co ee ee 1,612} 10,005) 445 LG rg i) «re Pe (Ee (ee EER et ime ies | --- Gizzard shad 74) pees eee Harvestfish or ‘‘starfish’’ 585 2, 475 99 Hickory shad 2, 442 2,000) 110 King whiting or ‘‘kingfish”’ 6,378} 14,710) 640 Ray eget oe ae oe ee eee 98, 583, 2001428, 124)__-___-_)___-_- 605, 455) 2,448) 113,700) 426 ass yeh [| og ae le Sar SO OO eS oe ee 22, 800|. Ll42|t See ke eee 1, 417, 169} 81, 120 2,200} 110 Pietish... 7252. so Sh ee ga a | Se ee 113, 673| 2,459] 100, 850) 1, 554 2 ag |: appeal eter Sle Bat A ie SL PE? Eee es eel oe oe S| 9, 070 861) 22 eS es ENR Cs Se ee Lae ee eee ea oe ee ee 150) Ib | P22 semen Boone POM D800 Soot pare ik me ce | re a ee ee 3, 334 434 2,380) 231 See re eee ea ae one Saee ea ae es a | eS een | eee 140, 207| 20, 714 1,080) . 231 Gieepshead, salt-water... -220fa523.- 22). .24.2--|--_ | See 8, 970 327 4,750} 341 joie BAR}. See oe ee oe aan eee Bek Sale Se 400 12) 650 26 Smaanish meek erele 2s. Sees See ee eens | See eae oece epee 6, 361 826 1,715) 168 eT pe EE SA SCE Pala dee ae 3 SR EELS SH GET A a Eas 1, 120, 277| 30,809] 754, 300/13, 050 Squet en On, “Sea £rout? so" 2 ore ke |G ee a [es 1, 270, 350} 92,071) 673, 250/39, 415 Sisv ped tags 52. oe ee ee ee 4,985) $614 218, 452} 28, 068 3, 095 276 SONS @OOH 2-3 8t 255+ eae coe ase aaa o= | see oe sae es aoe ee es |e eee eee ee 3, 452 655 160 15 prtGkerdes 2 288s Fee oe | es \oaeaecel) oa ee 775 43). <= se eae SUNS = oo Saas oe oa ek eo S| ee a Se 13, 880 Ot ee ee BALDY oy 1 Cee oe a a Se alee ey ee eee eee. ees. lie Se 232, 588] 12, 091 300) 20 iANIGW DENGD nc: oo Se ee Eee eel ae ee ee 60,'320| 3,'227|-_ = oeeeee| eee Sy GllOW teil nes Sone sae ee ere Sepia [ee ea |S ST ee ee 20, 851 987 1, 000 20 Are Ds SO te en oe |e Sea | toa ee ee heen eee 411, 188)'61; 978). 22 ee BHPUND = cae ase ee SA 2 EEE TPE enn een | ee 159,215] 4,.675| coe Li) 1 RE is ee a gate apes = 98, 606, 635.429, 326} 4,985) 614/10, 493, 594/458, 684/4, 300, 310/99, 310 Gill nets Species == = = Drift Stake Runaround Set ‘ Pounds| Value\| Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value A leWwivee so. Sees eo eee 36,000, $840 133, 330) $1, 820 92, 700, $1, 840 179, 325] $2, 799 Black bass... << 022202 222 ee a a ee ee ee eee 84 14 Binenen > 22 ee ee eee 188,145) 9, 410 82,990) 6, 450 82, cea 5, 337 51,869) 4, 095 Ronifo:. 222-2222 AS Se a a ee ees a ee 5, 000 75 Bowlin: .-. 2225-2 1S ee a ee 200 Es piety See come pss 304 3 BUCEPRUSI 225. e es ee eae Pipe hla oe era [ers | apr Bea aes 2, 500 51 Of: g 6 ee ey eS = comes SR i See SE | [Ses OE 9, 350 105 1, 900, 30 4, 596 201 Catfish and bwuiiheads. 1. --225 Se eee 3, 400 87 3, 225 89 18, 657 685 Orappie: 2.212 eS Se ee ee 170 34 660 Been ee ee ee OroaKer: 22222222 ee ee 500 20| 258,440) 4,628) 341,834) 5,735) 1, 142,371) 14, 103 Dritm, Wiatk= =. 222 ae ee ee ee 3f 1 488 a rium, Ted, or redfish. ~.. ===. 3. |S) ae 5, 650 149 38, 874 972 5, 637 178 Flounders Some caki ee oe saee eee ee | pee Seca 6, 240 302 8, 160 584 4, 047 291 Si ai! in ae ene cee PEGS Se 2 1 200 Le. R | eee Gizzerd shad. .- 22.5.5 25252 858) a a re ee | 4, 954 98 Plekory shad <.: = 222.207 Seem 15,100] 1,206] 84,315! 3, 655 1, 025 55| 79, 571| 4, 503 King whiting or “‘kKinghsh’??. 202-2! Ses seeen 400. 10 17, 150 990! 528, 020) 23, 079 1 (Sn ae ae Ee Ee 52,723) 3,420) 50,834) 3,464] 934,787) 52,824] 19,364) 1,517 ; vil Va eam ae Sn hE 3, 000 181 4, 060 90} 17,740) 328 1, 800 45 (SE es ee es ey a) (SEE YI ys Ch 20 RP, 80 5 423 37 peg bal pn eo ee et eS | ee 10 1 41 3|.-. 2 2 oes DRE 0 0 inna a Sm ec aan deb bees feee| besa 5 | See eae eee | ee 1,,600|.”, 120/52 eee eee Desa oe EE eee ee a a od 90, 247| 19,914] 489, 743) 91, 208).....--..-|.---_.. 729, 842/130, 320 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 879 Fisheries of North Carolina, 1928—Continued CATCH: By Grear—Continued Gill nets Species Drift Stake Runaround Set Pounds| Value| Pounds | Value| Pownds | Value\| Pownds | Value pBhespsbead salt-water: o> ~--------|--- =~ oo] an aloe oan == 1, 182 $73 100 $6 RnGONSH eee = ae aoa o oe 2 = =| == 2 ao - | a na | mn pe wn | een | enema |ameeenn 102 2 Spanish mackerel. -.--------------- 94, 000) $7, 520 8, 321 $262 18, 343) 1, 703 9,930) 1, 243 BP OGs seen ae ----—-— 58, 900) 1,795 88,884) 1,555 334,057; 8, 741 422,268) 7,022 Squeteagues or “‘sea trout’’-_------ 17,480} 1,001 193, 846| 12, 828 394, 628) 24, 798 557, 931} 28, 130 BeminaneOG8S=-22 4.) 52-25 =-=-5~ 2, 000 300 31, 524) 4,295 3, 765 489 80, 538) 12, 616 Sturgeon 3, 385 350 519 79 281 51 Suckers 1, 744 64 Sunfish _- 272 7 Tuna 71 4 Wihitewereh= .252--2=.2 209 25, 235) 1, 732 Yellow perch 234 19 1, 1385 81 2, 005 90 Mehllomdaile wees o2e20 eee Ses sceee 173 4 235 16 30 1 Motale jeans 22-24 Fcc 561, 480] 45,957] 1, 465, 123,131, 960) 2, 298, 599,105, 075) 3, 879, 359/233, 069 Lines Species l Pound nets eae | Trot with Trot with baits hooks or snoods Pounds | Value Pounds | Value| Pounds) Value | Pounds | Value eae | $74, 811 seas, 200 79, 300 2,079 aoe =| 21 aeabaces 2, 352 ea 5 moe Sees 814 Eee 6, 591 TRSOOT Gm MID eee tee ee |e ee |e el Pe S| ee Cte Ge 5 500 150 Mise Apes. 6 ee sae 18, 324 TOs uw by yk Op (a by eee re | (ee i ga ea 82 wDyrum,red, ormedfish.-2-s--~-=2|-2 2222 913 1D) Cp 80. 57 ealentmG PTS = Sak ee Sea 1, 140 15, 799 Ghigo i 1 oa a een [aera 652 (CHAD EC) pas Sa Se as Se aes TSO li col 40) = 2 ae a een ee eee eee Sol a eee ec eae pa eee Deel to a Ree eee] eee ae 19 Harvestfish-or “‘starfish”’__......-|...----.- 18, 853 bigkenyeshade >= 2.522 ooh === Bus |EL Sotto oe 7, 139 King whiting or ‘‘kingfish’’_-_-__|__.-_-.-- 2, 656 TWEED ee er ees ee earns | 72 Le ee ee eee 153 PT Dee ea a eS sa oo ata coca 36 Pinfish or sailors choice--.--------|--.------ 1 LE Oe ee ee eee 257 igen? Coe ee 5 Ie gare | te a Eee ae ek ee ee (pital CE CRESS a a ee ee 422, 325 SNOUT eee ae te Oe ee Se a reer 310, 048 Sheepshead, salt-water -----------|--.------ 6,1 387 HHAppeL, Ted. .--22--=====- ARS 00 eran 7) | (Ra 8 a ee) eee | ee ee rye: (07200 61 0 eee ae 240 273 Spanish mackerel-------- 3, 300 3, 057 sae ee 2, 910 Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’_.____|_--_------ 98, 950 iP DeGsDaSS-pcosess- oan at a |-2- Spee 24, 116 ii ee ee 7 ee | 129 SUG) See ee ee el ee 334 SPOOTE) pape e 189 RID lanAM eA: a2 less time SAE | ede 6 “TUTEIGAS Pac ela egos ee me ae aa ol OS OARS REDE ST (Se VO REN |e | (ee 129, 613 12, 230 “PET. 1 SES SS SR OE ee ore ene eg ee ee | RE EP P| Peer 1 5, 62 917 SGLTES fH SS ae gE ae SE ee Paes eee eee Pere 2; 57 131 ersitis ebisergy = = ee aE | eee ae on |o-22sss2|bSin223 809 42510S16G50)s 2 =- 8 ||---2a--- S) EEO Say 0) a aa ae Se aS Rea ee a ea rey a eee 1, 47 53 WIVLOUUS Se 22 2 = aaa ae e 600 y(n |S SE Pe ee a a ee PTGS =. =. ee Oe RR ee ee oc loe ach aah 22 ee a Soeeoee eee es ehecee 3 Dotal oos53-4 ssecseeeeies 513,310 | 35,499) 2,500) | 250; 839,425) 16, 550 6881—31——_12 | 880 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of North Carolina, 1928—Continued CATCH: By GEAR—Continued Species Weirs Wheels Fyke nets Dip eke, com- Pounds | Value |Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value Alowives. - = ~~ -22-25 2-22 22. 2cS eS a ee 0 ee 33, 700 $577| 75, 000) $1, 200 Black bass... ...-.. 20-25 so) pas Se a ee eee ape ae 3, 870 600| -o 225 eee BOWS... =. 2. ose eee eee 1, 100 Op) eae eas (ie Sle 5, 175) 164). 2.4 Si) See Carpiigs | - cnc nncncsaneeon ee eee 500 20| seaaeoes ese arm ates 170, 385). 11,324" 2 seal eae Catfish and bullheads-_ 262 $< ">See ea ee 78, 200) 3, 187). 226 s25- ooo Crepes. 225, = 2 ose eee ee 100 a 190 20)... see SB sitin Croakey... ..-----sc0 2 soso tos aoe See eee ee ean sa ene oe ee een 50 1) 2c. aeespalts aces Hels: -.(~— = a fao na ee eee ee ee ee oe 2, 625 76|_-. . secnt Shewe te Ploun@ers-- =. = = <5 aaa en ee eee ere een ee ee ee 8, 500 (i) | eo See Gizzand shad... 222 - <2" Shea a ee ee eee ee ee ees 26, 300 628) =. 22c8 Bae Hickory, shad... 222-2222 2220 5 ee ae a es eee 3, 200 159). == oe se eee Mollet 2. -= 2-225 ee cers Pe ee | eT ceca | oe See 560) jE | Pea, ee. Pike ! . -o. os. 2 eho ae Sa ae i en eer ee eer 8, 600 812). dent eee Shad) ns ean m= ce a a eee ee eee ence | ore ee | eee | nae | ee 1,470) .. 402 Striped. Dass. 222 22 Se see ae ee erates |e eee | eee eee een | een 5, 870 986). Soak la BucKers = <= aa oS en er ee en ee | 2, 700 102)| oo oe aeese ben oee Sunfish - . 2+ 2.-2s5-25cceet ee se aa ee ee ee 4, 570 144) _ 2th ee oe White. perch-*- 5-27 eee 2, 200 165/522 =| Soe 47, 310)... 2; 8387 |-2 Ae eee Yellow perch==. 22223 | eee |e ee | See ae eae 95, 145 | 975) £89 aa ee Crabs, (ard... 22oB Sees ee ce ed teeter en) eae ene | dE a | | oe 200 5 Crabs, soft...) === sao, fase see Ss OD Ne Se 08) Sie (a a 74,775| 12, 256 Total s4-2¢ |3. ee eee 3, 900 253; 12, 000 415] 497, 550) 29,957] 151,445) 13, 863 Otter trawls Species Bow nets Drag nets Push nets Fish © Shrimp Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value (Mewivesii:! ==. 6. es 5):200|)2$225|s2 22 222k |= aes |e heen 2s oes eee eee eae Cod... 22s 2a a See Ne a ee Ee ees Se een Es | eae ee | Perea 1 $3\c ule ae Croakers.2 231-2203 sna oii 5 a 0 2 are oe Soe ine | Re | 30,000} 560} 10,000; $300 Dram, black == — 27 Se sae Bee eae | Saal | eee Real enim Seeenee eens 51 "i ere esr Drum, red, or Tod: TSB = ase ess eee | as ie al NR A 20). LSS Sees eee Floundéfs: 2-22 =" AS Boe Soa ake | yas Ed eee ne | See ae een | eee 25, 000) 1, 340 48,000) 1, 440 King whiting or\“kingfish?722| 235222985 LSPS: a2 Soke Sha | ee eee | Ree 8 | eee | 10, 300 Pigfish |. 25. =-=2 52S auees Se oe | SUS ie | eS RT eet Eee | ee |e een | eee Es 30 Shad. 2-1. ° ae ee 1) a | es nes eres bene EPA eno s|tani cp Sheepshead, salt-water faa eae tne | cece | eee eee | eee SMe EES eo (0 ee | 1, 000 30 SPOb = - v2 - == an See hoe een Ee Ee en | BS Osa (| 10,000} 300 Squeteagues or “‘seartegut 2 eases P| Fa aa Ae | eae Rd | ee 2,000)" “I5|o2s2eearlee Striped! bass_----Sseese\oa=228 200 08 Fee ae ere see ee Whiting: 225 25-2 Sos os ea es 8 ae | eee | 438 tb pee ro he ac a. Crabs, soft .222 232822.) 2 See et 25, 802): $3, OOL|Z= a. cas EE ee ae Eee eee eee Shrimp) - -.2 22-2. |e Sees ee 85 5) 11,875) $475 46 4) 692, dt 235 Titel s-2-.23ee |e 6, 260| 450) 25,887] 3,996) 11,875) 475! 57,655] 2,036] 772, 650 27, 635 a ee aes eee Pe ee ee Species Box traps | Turtle traps Eel pots Spears Pounds | Value) Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value Carp...) --3 = 2-5. Se, ek ee 1,000). $50) --222--|.5-.-2| sos 2 2S ee Catash and bullhesdsis 2223252 ee ee ie 50) ss-secc|scasb a] eS ee | ee ee a eee Sei Se eres ad SE BS Oe Tee ea ra ee 71, 730|'$b; 680| Ea see ee Floundprs. ~~ 2522-~- 255 a ae | eae eae | | | a 38, 562/$2, 975 Siviped bass........<322.( 35 eae 625|° 125) 222 oe 2|- 2s 08] ae ee | Suckers: - 0 22020) \ eee 8,000) 300) 2222822)... 3.5/2. ee ee MeDite derch 2.33322 |. 000. See 1,820) 182) 52 ococehodscen| ae ee Se Saal Sah EN Wellow|perch...--2._.. |. 3 eee 20 | ee a Sere a i Tartles. = acoso nN ae a el | 800) | -$24)22.522.1222ks 28 | ee ‘Iptal 2; ...oceeees- ses eee 7,465| 709) 300 24) 71,730) 5,589] 38, 562] 2,975 SSSa9M909a9a_4>\_— ; Dredges Species Tongs Rakes By hand Oyster | Scallop Pounds | Value Pounds |Value| Pownds|Value| Pounds | Value |Pounds|Value (rene, Nerds)... 02. | eee ol ea | 668) S100} 2252. |=. oe ees ee 6,624) $166 ----| bee 117, 187 18, 140) .oss2-<0|nntece| ci —socen| seen e ae eee | meee PR Bea a geri aa 299, 000|$55, 735 32 -|2, 025, 527/$117, 720)_..-.___|____.- * ri Tobi eeedalooeeeee 171, 115] 8,785 a Be ee ber 2 Se ‘ ee eee ye Co eee ee gL 2 5,000) <2. co eee 800) BOO reese ee ae sala ae ney mee mot) En | ee 474/465 105|soeo5 see penne 859, 650) 79, 680)_....-__|_ ti soe ee eee eae ee ea Ok DROSS TT eae 28 7 ES yall Slat 2, 165, 527) 122, = 652, 329 64, 405| 752, 045|47, 260|1, 158, 650/135, 415| 177, 799| 8, 966 + — > FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of North Carolina, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By COUNTIES 881 = = Beau- . | Bruns-| Cam- | Car- Cho- Cum- Items fort Bertie wick den teret wan ie aven >} orland z ceed a Fishermen: Number| Number Number| Number Number| Number Number| Number G@niVessels 2-38 5 san ae aan a= 69) |See= S-= Gls | eae seme 626"|2-=--o 2s { 12 eo On boats and shore— RegMares =. ss e-----5----- ba pate 7.7 i ae 932 6 | My |. 3 See (Ob tinls a ee ee 156 35 51 6 763 122 | 42 40 PM Gbalsee rer fee oe oe 317 35 434 6 | 2821 128 | 105 40 Vessels: Motor— | PIL OILOD Sate aes aaa eee sl ee Be eel HELOLCUILODS a2 aoe Se ee one onapese|aasemess| skew se | oe sce- Bt OOILONS in we as toate eee eo an | soon sees) Penn s8e QI UTEON AU) a oT Re RE es YS ee ee eee “toy ay31 0) m0} a je ane a age ae a) eS ee Fh peel 51 to 60 tons__-- 3 (gy eens 61 to 70 tons__..---- Cyl Hee ee INGOTS UNC OUIS ee eae es 2 De cyte ee ee 2 ee ee ts 2k et al See AMO A See pe Se eae | (ae eee | hfe ene PEL ALOLEEAE eters Se = See ee Ee | B97" ||heee ce Sail— Git OuLO OMS eee ase sake DON ES Se al ee eee ee 1 Ay |e RRS | 24 Neneh SoS eS eee Dito} 20 CONS -2ase ewe 7 eee Se wae SS ee ee | See 2 oe 2110150 'tOnS: 22.4. =2.>-s--=-~~< pe eee erence d he een a ees eee ee S00) 20 [eI Re PR a ao a PR gh bie ee Uate LP Soot swe Pe DOA eS. re WE. wanes see INetitonnave si: == 25es: NOS). nos me |e SE re 201 |e se ee ee Total vessels - Se Re ey eae Ds 1h fees Bee ile Se 19)|Ss-eesee yA Eee aoe Total net tonnage-._-------- 194) (URES S07 |e meeee 1,413) 2 ee 1 ee ee Boats: | NV Ghoneesene! wanes mone a Soe 67 8 28 XY 454 50 17) eee ee ON H AYE gh ee pod ee 102 6 50 3 652 20 45 25 Apparatus: Purse seines— SGU Se ee ee oe eee EE OR 864 Squarenyards:22 22-5272" 2 80, 944 EBA TORN ee ees SP ae SN 16 Nquare yardss==- 2 9, 422 S18) hee eat ree ee Oe lel (rae a Suaresvardss,£-22---25- |bas ie Lines— Otter trawls, shrimp Yards at mouth Stent) eee a Yards at mouth 16, 000. --------| 996 197, 696 —aee---- 882 Fisheries of North Carolina, 1928—Continued U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES OPERATING UNITS: By counties—Continued Curri- Items tuck Fishermen: Number On. VeSSGIS . <<. «<2 ssen055555555-]eoseeee On boats and shore— [spre ee Bee be escce 119 ASTIN) — a= 6 oe aaa eee eee 187 TOtAl <= ~ acne ee ee eee 306 essels: Sail, 5 to 10 tons Net tonnages= 2-252 ---- ee) Total: vessels: === 2—.-- see Total net tonnage Boats: Motors = 2-2-2 5= se aan ery 110 Other. ..: 2-2 eee 84 Apparatus: Purse seines— Other than menhaden--------)_______- Yards. 325 2-5 soS 5 sae er eenecee Haul seines— Common.2222s2.--———e—eee=s 111 Yardsts 2-22-25 24, 579 Gill nets— Drift-2.. £ -_ eee ee | eee pave YArGs. We. See ee ee ee ee ie 27 Sanaes yordseess< 5 = 2, 450 Runaround: = 22322-0-~ nae ane Square yards!---- === t Trot with baits or snoods_--_- Baits or snoods Pound nets Bow nets Dare Number 3 Hert- ; | oe Gates ford Hyde | Lenoir |Martin| Han- over Number|Number| Number| Number Number indlee ne we Oe ed Fe Oe 7 ed Peet: bad 108 12 8 44 12 8 159 3 23 3 23 | 2 | 2 (6 Bal bee ere 2 10 7 3 39 24 69 132 Serie Alsesbeece 3 3 3 35 pe ey) ee A 800 270 900 4, 635. 9 Of | Sess es ee ee 18 79 750 300) 2254/82 2,160 |} 91,585) were ngs hare ae 1458 |G e210 A) 2B: ae Eee psa eer ae 18, 100 690.) 5 1, 200022282 se wu Waenee i eine Ee aed 102. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of North Carolina, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By countiEs—Continued 883 Pam- |Pasquo- Perqui- : Tyr- | Wash- Items Onslow! “jig | tank |Pe24er| mans | Pitt ren | ington Fishermen: Number| Number|Number|Number| Number| Number Number| Number (Oy COCA Riss: Se eae ee 58 fa (ens Es Sse at pe A Eee On boats and shore— | Gib Se eee 120 98 | 39 25 Ay lee 14 18 Casual s44—.2- Sasa -- i 175 114 22 212 5 6 | 87 77 Matai . 295 | 270 69| 237 28 6| 101 95 Vessels: Motor, 5 to 10 tons. -----|...----- 3 Le ee) Se eer |S Sears es PRotaledss--sleas 2 scnages- 3 Ty cee a tel | ee ee {a Sanne eee Wet tonnage: i.-=-~|2-2..3-: 17 1A ys | pee eS TSS © Shs a ctr | oe > Sail— DILORLOMONSe aces aoacs laos ao s—5 ll 1 eel i gee |e ene el ag ee Ve toi20 TONS 2223 >=-5=|--32=5-- 3 i |e ee ee eee eee eo aotalesesss224 14 DF ie keel ee a ee Eo ees Net tonnage-- 119 DA» |e Brat Ree Aa eee eth Eee ‘Total vessels ---.-- 17 So (ea (ES fae > el eS al eee Total net tonnage.|__...--- 136 FY) ero bes [ae aha i | sel ee Ps ee ee Boats: : INI ray ye ee ES 46 90 15 1 16;||-22=-=—— 38 15 Oem ese soe 5 5253222 176 lil 32 85 8 1 54 30 Apparatus: . | Haul seines— Gill nets— Drift Square yards--.-- Square yards---- Riunaround_=--.s=-~- Square yards-.--- Baits or snoods--! Ponnd nets: a2. .2=- sss 5- Lb Chto ID} Ge eer Otter trawls, fish Yards at mouth-.-.-- BOM tTaADS so tease seas. 8] Tah Oe eee ee eee SDCATSess eae et Dredges— Oystens=-=--------—s— Yards at mouth. es ee eee 5] gee ae fe ah vo Ls 1 ae il Se 2 224 Bie eae 2 Seat pig See mebiadita 2" 1 ines bbe A013 goes eae mae! (ae es 54 pig ener 127 Dt | eee 120 1 10 Be eae eee 110 884 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of North Carolina, 1928—Continued CATCH: BY couUNTIES Species AlewiveS.=...==—.==.--=| Bluefish Butterfish eos es =e Cary D Drum, black Drum, red, or redfish --) YE Pais Sa eR Plounders 222-2 se Gizzard shad Grumnts:2=>-25=- =e Harvest fish or ‘‘star- | Pompano PorgieS.= === s2s--ca=ee= Sea basS.-=-2e. 32-222 Sheepshead, salt-water. Snapper, red Spadefish Spanish mackerel Spot Squeteagues or trout”’ Striped pass22 2-22 Sturgeon Suckers Sunfish White perch Yellow pagh wee ee Yellowtail Crabs, hard Crabs, soft Shrimp Clams, hard, public_-__- Oysters, market, public Oysters, market, pri- Val0n oases 3 ces eene Scallops; bayo---- == _—- Octopus 222525 e—n0 ee “sea Beaufort Bertie Brunswick Camden Carteret Pounds Value Pounds Value| Pounds | Value|Pounds|Value| Pounds | Value 499, 313/$7, 956) 494, 890/$7, 375)......_-__|____._- 700; $13 9,550! $370 in Lone) Ae | BUG ents oe [ba 506, 336 28, 758 WES ied RAZOEY Sail Pe E 100}! pec Be cia Tai = enero Bees (OE Ps a a tee ed 8 @ttenhewes- | OPS T1014! *-S7a cee Xe ORAS 3 ER ae Ae 2 ec bore : BO, 17a) bee ate ee 750 45 600). 22)5.2 ene eee Sateen BeSnce| Pose tose Case a3) Se scesecoe) ets ects 1, 500 120 ésecsecce| stance) Seenabaslagae sa} eon cea as| aoneee eee ee eee 300 6 388%. a80)\ Oo, 01 82a. Soa ee ee 10, ee 100 2} 3, 637, 360) 49, 790 Sense | Sie | eee ee 10 ee Pee pene 5, 400 (0|235255—4teseces 1, 000 2 eS Sees 132,773) 2, 487 12, 675)" "0651s 2225223 1, 500 180 25 1 5 500 22; 370) VEC! § | eee oe =| SESE 53, 000) 1, 840 50 3 30,170) 1,425 Deas ceaee ae ewes} seas aang ee ene aan ae eee 60 Li24 eee ake ee ee Pane See a Saat ine non ere A ee bss 1, 850 143 9,200 230! | hes Tee eee 168, 5165, 832 10 74,325 3,315 pres grees eee Pek ees tebe setae 488, 035} 21, 728 cance! 68, 584, 555/277, 374 1 870, 148) 48, 832 Ba EL 210, 760) 3,189 mikey: 3,217| 349 eae 125 10 | f4o5t 15p4O|o. eae kee 274, 400, 16, 800 101, 017!17, = 63, 553) 7, 123) 3, 650 800) 52, 506; 9, 637 55, 810) 14, 094 Se Seen eae ne eee 1, 645 yi ae Seti ee 10, 650 470 EE epee) arse ak) SE A Ol (ere a es ea a Set 2, 350 174 an con | Si oe en LE ERS ESS S ele ee ee ee ee 1, 790 67 cic. Btes SIU s < Salts alee See) eee 116, 134] -9, 599 11'250|\ ‘: 400\=-22 222 | en 1, 753, 425| 32, 276 2, 650) 1, 763, 253/102, 257 1, 335 12, 930) 1, 785 FEE tees el 460 105 co eootiesa| 2 seta)? ~ ty S00) Uae 200; 10 pry ee 200 "ATS O08 t 286 200 668 100 wale eee 628, 276) 96, 265 587, 735 145, 000} 6, 490 58, 920, 5 148, 832) 25, 358 1, 400 1, 397, 963) 54, 085 ace cese ee) eco al ole seen lee Bele Se | ee ee eee 4, 480 800 Sree oe) frase Ee in eM Sak BE od Sean PO See ee 1, 394, 124|125, 845 ee (et ey (ieee |----------]-------|--------|------ 600 76 |2, 125, 578/93, 923 568, 683 15, 994 31, 715, 050/205, 483) 57, 809| 9, 890/82, 466, 559/931, 623 | | FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 885 Fisheries of North Carolina, 1928—Continued CATCH: By counties—Continued Species Chowan Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Somes : 2 ee ee : en | | | Pounds | Value |Pouwnds| Value|Pounds Value\ Pounds Value; Pounds | Value BUOWIVES.-222-.--=---.-- 3, 403, 200/$42, 630) 19, 800) $650 -___- el [ieee 17,733 $474) 296,097) $7,369 “hides Wes jaca LE a ee ey eee ene eatery. 75, 567, 10,984) 13, 760| 2, 130 TU chika = le Se se 10,000 1, 200! 187, 628) 12, 410 EO eee eee | |e n| nw mn |e nn eae [ae 600 30) 2, 350 55 SWI aoe eee |= aso---|-------|~-- =~ =| --- ([Saeesstar spree 10, 770 227| 3,520 35 i ee ees Wiles: eeeleeaee 1, 500 60} 54,880) 1, 096 Apig OricraD eaLel=s—-~-|--==-----|--=—-~ |---| Be esas eae aan om ee 250 5 SR e js 5 a ee 5, 450 166 |Seoe 2) See 574, 190. 35,747| 21,106] 782 Catfish and bullheads__-| 106, 040 3 alee sete 163, 578, 5,422 59, 644| 1, 752 GaGa oar Se eee ami ca ea aT ES SS eae eee Ree See ie op ie = a 196 Ch \Ce aa 420 (A eee SEE ee. 454 5 12 1 (ST Tl ene BS BS | ES Se 8 a ee re ee ee ere 480 24 eee See a “OUNa IE) al ee a | SE 7; 060/225. sh |eee ese 32,875: 1,295) 897, 366] 16, 254 SOY a Ry] 0 oe a a | eV le pee Freee (ee ere (eee 6, 876 178 Drum, red, or redfish --|.-------- 78 | a ees Se eae 12, 000 600} 30, 523 779 SCS oe eee oe 2, 000 : 7) ae papere Ne eereae 34, 244) 2, 503 2, 394 188 Malad ers eens. se! D0) eet aad | OE 16,527) 1,041) 249, 015] 14, 803 Rerstistieees as oan t= ja ae apes (eee it are |e el be aS Gizzard shad_----------- 50; O00 | Pies o00 peace eare| oe oot tat eee ee eee 41, 020 694 3, 961 64 (2 pS ee Res eS CS ae Pee oa ee | 5523 -\s-ebe se Se 380) 19 Harvest fish or ‘“‘star- | Eig ae ee ee BOS a. eS alae s | 8, 500 300 337,853) 6, 696 Hickory shad----------- 44, 470) tsa 0 9 hopes be Shee a 1, 367 70} 72,702) - 3, 204 King whiting or ‘‘king- RUD} os | ee ee ee fasicg Set [ek a 85, 500! 4,275) 113,615) 4,174 IMATE) 25 re poe ce | eee S4s850|s2e 87h | ease ele ee Ane 15,100| 755| 28,672| 1,650 TET EEG) ete see cme ae ale 200 4 eee ee 12,000| 600) _—1, 097 38 LG eS ae ees 100 10 630 Bolen see SS [aee= Se 13, 020) 1,301 25) 2 PITH EOE SALONS COOIGR == "Senate | a= |e | eS aes SE oer eee 100 1 Gu Raa oe Sci Re = al ee ee eee Eee ae eee ee | 150 5 Omit saet lege es Ra ee ees Ba Se ee - 430 60 508 60 OEP (a Gh. eesti ge es ae See ee eee eee eee eee 1, 542 122 SCT) 8 ieee ae a eel eee 105, 432) 21,500 44, 124) 8,698) 7, 300|$1,720| 44,690) 8, 194 2, 007, 901/365, 368 Sheepshead, salt-water__|_-.------|.------ | 900 GO | ae ees ree a eae clean ee | 6, 097 329 STONED a Uo | a a ee eee eee re ee ee ae 2, 797 63 Spanishimackerelo------|2-"._ ft 835 3) gee Ba Ne 4, 000 600, 31,931) 2, 204 SOL T|Ee Liypd me eon eee 17, 400 870) 294,732) 5,840 +140, 625]6;'705)_..-.----|-----= 258, 412) 18, 521/2, 003, 275/126, 213 SON 7i6| SUT soe oe | ea 42,457) 6,796) 191, 227| 26, 407 pune tee | MAES | er caer Cie ds 22 tee | ae ee 4,033} 774 300 Aeett oo 8 22 Ss: 1, 240 27) 555 14 Sd | =n = Sy he oe ee ee 14, 780 232! 2, 935 64 28 bee |S Se Se ae Seen peer 143 6 UL ee eS Re is ee a ee ee eee eee eee 71 4 WVnILe perch. .=.2.----+3 73, 7 6, 403, ASTAQ|. (-A80\S 2 a es 192, 384] 10,042) 71,762) 3,437 wWellowsperch=---....._- 7, 000 400 1,680 Sa eee a | eee 114, 920) 7, 649 8, 134 359 Ot a ee eee ee eee ees st ER ee a ee 13, 351 614) 10, 285 509 SESE LS TET to ey a oe | a ep PR Vee (NR as ee tae Se 10,000} 150, 410,000) 8, 200 Piriiipee eee 2 oak Bact a lee ES ie SS (sa ee ea a 1, 478 5 UNTER ean COLe PLDC s| 222 2- 32e| oe eee | ee | ae a | ae 18,550) 1,725 DEPT POTIE oo a EL A a (ea |e (Ee Se CS Se eee ee 28 USP UTTA PES a ah ge ee (ace FE a ee ee eee eee oe 347 27 Rppale ste) 3, 844, 402] 87, 416) 910, 465/31, 386] 7, 300] 1, 720|1, 841, 089/121, 362/7, 452, 498/615, 482 886 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of North Carolina, 1928—Continued CATCH: By countrEs—Continued Species Gates Hertford Hyde Lenoir Pounds) Value|Pownds|Value| Pounds | Value |Pownds| Value Aleéwives....-- 3.5. .--- sn eae nee es | pee eee 50,000) $562 30,400) $605 100 $5 Blupfish soe. 2 = nee Sen a rn a ee | | ee eee | ene 22, 560 Bowfin. .. 2. 4— eee eee ee ee 500) $12 175 | | ape gg Reo seca a le | te | ee ee 21, 850 Carp. -— 3-20 -s.2es- 5 ee eee 125 3 160 4 400 Catfish eng. bullhpads: 22-2 seo-c see a ea 600 12 400 =| = ees ee 2,500) 250 Gy a3 0) 8) (: ee a ee |b eae ced Se Se oS ES |S este coc ese 705); 141 Groakef.. <2. == 28s 20s—< nee oe a | ed ere | ee ee 533, 900} 8, 465)----__--|_____- Drum, black. - =. =~. 5--2 2-5 nen see ee oe | eee ee eee | ees 1, 500: 11) eel po Soe a Drum, red, or redfish .-< = _22 == Ase eee alee e eae eee 42, 850). “1, 270|-=2e2 eee WIS: nen oon senses soe ape he a ee en | 80 4 Plounders....- = 2-2-2225 sano seen ne ee con | een See cee] aeeea a= |ee eens 1, 950 00) 2o Ss eee ne Harvestfish or “Starfish? oS" 9 5 oe eS ee | ee | eee 172,700) "3, 605) oan eee Hickory shad. . -----.- 2 222 SS ae oe eee 50 1 4, 660 180 520 51 King whiting or “kingfisher ae en eee | Seen eee = 13, 525 ci 9 7) laa Moulletss 2-2-2225 eae eee oe eee eee 400 10 360) 9 23,182] 1,820|2oaecose|aoeeee Pigfish . ii. oa ctbee nee sa eeee se eeee peas see -aneed | ac eeee ee Seen 10, 750; 210| ee | See POMPAN0: -- + 22 == - ee eee en eee eee | ae ee ae See eee |----2- 2, 228)-22- 2 |Beenes Shad -.=- i=. 22.225 see eee 1,425) 205 566 75 19,484) 3,910} 4, 284) 1, 145 Sheepshead, salt-water. = 2222-22252 2 So base can | Pees |aaseeese eee ae 1, 080 108). 2t==s—slcesaee Spadetisht: = 222 - ss ane ae en eee ere lenceacoe jesecee , 000: 165) S es re Spanish mackerel... = =--- a 255 S- ee a | eee eee 12,060) 1) 220|-S2=- =e eee ene Spot. 2 ~~ Sa ee ee or Se ees | aa | ae eee eee 43, 400 8772 eeeeee Squeteagues or “sea trqut? =< 225 22S ee eee Ee a ee eee 314, 195] 12, 245)----_-__|_-_... Striped bass 60 Sturgeon ---- Suckers----- Sunfish: >= —.-=- White perch Yellow perch Crabs, Tard: = 252°" 5-2 eee ene Glams, land, publie-— 92ers eee eee ee Se eee 8,000)" "1,500 |-3 eee Oysters, market, publics: = 2-2 2a Seen se | Sao aoe See eee eee 150, 570) 10,825) <2222 22. |eaa Oysters, seed, public... 2222-5. s sean eet ee =e anen | se eee eas loaseen 163;'800)"" 6,860) 22 see eee Potal . . 222255225 a 2s ees 3,550) 276) 51,911) 678) 1,647,211) 56,976} 9, 203) 1, 780 Species Martin New Hanover Onslow Pamlico Pounds} Value|Pounds| Value, Pounds | Value| Pownds | Value Alewives: 5. -...22 22. SEER aneecueose 382, 700|$8, 090). -.-----|------ 84, 500, $1, 690] 55,835) $800 Bluehbh 2. ..2 = s22 es Eee eee ee cee a een eee 520} $37) 14,700} 605 5, 600 228 Bow fins: 222 ee ee eee 1, 550 12) ccaceon|so seen] 2256-022] 255=55|5 eee ee Butterfish._.-. 32. 2222 ssedee} Scot Soe eae | Sores | ee ree 400 10 6, 775 217 Carp 2222 2 ee ee ee 6;000|, ° 6200|2--- 522.) 2-- Se4| 222 = ee 1, 450 17 Catfish and \bullhieads...72. 22 3 ee 3,200) 1086/2. —2|/-4e=24 98, 785) 3, 215 King whiting or ‘‘kingfish”’ 5] 68, 240} 2, 850 250) 10 Mullet.22.22-0scae=nstaceeeee 376, 017/25, 434) 618, 129/31, 735 6, 060 505 Pigfish 2) teh 2-223 ee ee 8, 576 538 1, 900 4 985 20 Pike. . 22222332 sansa ca ee oe Se | | | ane | ee | 20 2 Pompano. = 22. jobs acae nee ee ee ee | eee 700): ~ LOO\S. 82522 |e eee 510 44 Sea bass-<-.25 =, Se ee ee eee _..| 4,500] 450] 128, 000] 8, 960|.-.------ a ae Shad... ./2o52 5. ssa5ss 2 pene ee 1,680} 288] 52, 738/11, 726, 1,470} 402) 96,958 19, 705 Sheepshead, salt-water_.-- 5 22 ieee Pe ee Ses 920 55 690. 42 Spadefish - --_- as ee eee oe en eee | ee SAL S| 3 eee eee 1, 1385 37 Spanish mackerel: <2 2 .~ sas eee .--| 5,900) 885 1,500! 125 1,655) 145 Spot - 25 ee as ear a ee ee ee |e 125, 003) 6,817| 317,403) 7,705) 90,887) 1,383 Squeteagues or “‘sea trout”’...._.-_._----.|.-------|-.---- 16, 142 2, 326| 48,191) 5, 445 458, 770 18, 255 Stripedibass 32. | eee 2,400, 310} 2,040 305, 1, 040) 130/11, 178| 1,705 Sturgeon. - =~ 252565255 22 ee ee | eee eee 3, 386]. 350)..-.222- s/o. ccc4|seceee ee eee Whilte perch 2. 4 oi 2s ee 16, '500|" 1948) 22223 [Ea Se ee 630. 81 Yellow perdhc 3222-2 nia Bg eae 100 Rhee Sa ee ee 40) 3 Crabs, bards. 26 2222 ee ee eee 6)16241>" 2166 |e ee ee | eee 161, 240, 3,470 Crabs, soft__. 2-222 5 ae | e | e eeeee 668). 100|:2223-2 Se BOM) - 22 so naa one aes ce oe ee 73, 625} 2,945 4,.300|, 300|5= 8252225 |Seeeee Olenis, hard, public. _--_ 2.203 25.ccs.0 lee 53, 280/11, 085 25, 600) 4, 276)2-25- 8a eee Oy sters, market, public...5.2<-0 3-2. eee eee 62, 300] 6, 125 60, 102 5 075| 647, 269) 42,995 ROWAN noe) n aa contans anne ae 414, 590/10, 033] 833, 677|72, 7361, 400, 983|71, 057|2, 402, osname 093 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of North Carolina, 1928—Continued CATCH: By counties—Continued 887 Pasquotank ITCRA Kae ee eee ee oe: een BIE Ee oe? NGM Tod) Ore rOdnSN Y= 2522-2 cee eee. sock MMI ers base = Sos Aes SPS SR ELS. ace ai ud (G ahaa eNO ee Se ee Sai ee SS Seen PRC ROL NURC oe ree ee eek e. 862 TE King whiting or ‘‘kingfish”’ Mullet UE ap 6 AO aye a ai PS lS Shad mneepshead, Salt-water---.---------.-.--...---.- Bpadanona ace rre ere. = S Ine ee Sb ec SROCHARU Oars Safa) IE Sg ee ee ae Spot Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout”’ Striped bass Whiting MRLGIT AG (0 Nk Sa Ss Sea ee eee eae BAG yuall meee as ore eee Se ae OS Shrimp ae hard, public pe sR ta ee Stee Oysters, market, UDC Se s2 oe ees eet Value 49, 660 | Pounds 648, 913 39, 510 Perquimans Tyrrell Washington Value let $455 DUCKEIS=e os eo see sce White perch_-__.___ Yellow perch______- Oysters, market, public__________ Total_==----= Nee lay Se a--| 15, 840 Pounds Value $19, 597 Pounds 1, 522, 095 1, 767, 784| 45, 843 888 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Transporting trade-—In 1928 there were 45 persons in North Caro- lina engaged primarily in transporting the catch of fish. In this trade 28 motor vessels having a total capacity of 295 net tons were operated. The size of vessel in most popular use ranged from 5 to 10 net tons. Wholesale trade—There were 85 wholesale establishments in North Carolina engaged primarily in handling fresh and frozen products. This is 37 per cent of the total number of such establish- ments in the South Atlantic section. They employed 440 persons who received $138,799 in salaries and wages. Of the total number of establishments, Carteret County accounted for 36 and Beaufort County, 9. Prepared and by products trade—In 1928 there were 21 establish- ments in North Carolina engaged primarily in the manufacture of prepared fishery products or by-products. This is 35 per cent of the total number in the South Atlantic section. They employed 260 persons who received $141,580 in salaries and wages. The products manufactured consisting principally of menhaden products and canned oysters, were valued at $1,160,482. Detailed statistics of most of the items manufactured may be obtained from “Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928,’’ Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1067. In addition to the above, 2,498,755 pounds of salted and smoked fish, valued at $69,993 were prepared by the fishermen. Industries related to the fisheries of North Carolina, 1928 TRANSPORTING Items Number Items Number Men on transporting vessels______--__-__ 45 || Transporting vessels (motor)—Contd. ———S—S 21.to'30;tonss.-. 22. eee 2 Transporting vessels (motor): |——_—___—— pito 10itons === ae ee ee er Toe 18 Total, Vessels = -- ee 28 11 to 20'tons) 5-22. ee eee 8 Total net tonnage-—---22-- eeeee 295 WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE es a See | tuck an- ico Beau- | Bruns-| Car- On- Items 1 yer and | Dare| over and Total fort wick | teret Pasquo- a slow |oraven | tank Pender | men. YS —|—= "5 Establishments2* 3 noses 9 6 36 Zi 7 7 5 8 85 Persons engaged: Proprictorss: 22s. asses 12 8 51 8 10 8 6 12 115 Salaried employees--____._- 4| 8 33 20 2 2) ene 13 82 Wage carnercte22s> 67| 40 73 8 21 11 5 18 243 — ———————_—_ Paid to salaried employees.____- $1, 980 $3, 100/$30, 980| $14, 650| $1,000) $1, 664/-.--__- $7, 840| $61, 214 Paid to wage earners._...-____- 22,030) 9, 100} 26,558; 5,300) 4,175 4,972) $1,050) 4,400) 77, 585 Total salaries and wages__..-- 24, 010) 12, 200) 57,538) 19,950) 5,175 6, 636) 1,050) 12, 240) 138, 799 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 889 Industries related to the fisheries of North Carolina, 1928—Continued PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS T Items een Products ! Quantity. Value peeP si Ph A wines? Ss | MSAD UNMINONURSae= 22-2. 2. 21 || Salted: | Persons engaged: Alewiv ess. 2232222922422 pounds-_/}1, 058, 465 $18, 711 IPTODBIOCOISE] ae —+ = o= =. .=-= 39 IVitaletss 200 Fo Oo oes do__--| 565, 000 | 45, 404 Salaried employees------.------ 41 Spotl ve: So ee ee do___-| 146, 000 10, 845 mMareearners. 22-26-20 o.oo... 180 || Canned oysters- ---_- standard cases ?__ 29, 161 145, 102 ———"| Menhaden: | Paid to salaried employees_-___---_- $49, 467 | Dry Scraps ae a a ee za 240, 355 Paid to wage earners. ---.-----_---- 92, 113 | Acidulated scrap__- 333 | 186,476 RSH TIBALE ee ea ees ae 3, 854 | 240, 425 Total salaries and wages..--____-- 141, 580 OU a eA ee 248, 897 Miscellaneous products 3 24, 267 Total if) Assen ed. iE rats |1, 160, 482 PRODUCTS PREPARED BY THE FISHERMEN Items Pounds Value . Salted: PENI ENOU LOG tee et re eae 5 at nee aba aad ey eg pea eS So Se 2, 296, 605 $53, 078 TE PUA (2) Bos SESS ap eS a rn No I Se ee al hae ee deo WY 196, 150 16, 520 DLS RSRC See SER Ee ESE let ye ee pe RORE eon aie ea emeeN 3, 000 245 AND IG 2 Pe ee a ee eee Se eee ae eras | 2,495, 755 69, 843 BIBUKOUHIOWLVOS cots ane ee eee Cee A SRN ee OE eee 3, 000 150 (Gy SPee CEL GTN th eee ra eed ie ie ath a tee) teen TR hap aig PE PLB st 8d 2, 498, 755 69, 993 epee salted products prepared by 14 firms whose activities were principally in the wholesale fish- ery trade. 2A standard case contains 4 dozen 5-ounce cans of oysters. 3 Includes canned alewife roe, oyster-sheli products, and porpoise oil. SOUTH CAROLINA The fisheries of South Carolina in 1928 employed 13 per cent of the total number of fishermen and accounted for 3 per cent of the total catch of the South Atlantic section. The fisheries and industries related to the fisheries employed 2,540 persons, which is 16 per cent greater than the number employed during 1927. Of the total, 1,505 were fishermen, 143 were employed on transporting vessels, 236 in the wholesale trade, and 656 in the prepared-products and by-products industries. The total catch amounted to 7,432,414 pounds, valued at $316,814. This is a decrease of 11 per cent in the catch and 10 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the catch and its value for 1927. Of the total value of the catch, that for oysters accounted for 51 per cent; shad, 21 per cent; and shrimp and mullet, each, 6 per cent. Of the total production, that for oysters accounted for 78 per cent; shrimp 6 per cent; and shad and sea bass, each, 4 per cent. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products in South Carolina during 1928 was taken by 1,505 fishermen who used 4 motor vessels, 1,004 motor and other small boats, and 10 major types of gear. The vessels had a combined capacity of 53 net tons. The fisheries accounting for the greatest number of persons were the grab fishery employing 504 fishermen, the tong fishery employing 337 fishermen, and the set gill-net fishery employing 272 fishermen. 890 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES CATCH BY GEAR Five types of gear accounted for 91 per cent of the fish taken in the fisheries of South Carolina during 1928. Listed in order of their importance they were grabs, which accounted for 47 per cent of the catch; tongs, 28 per cent; otter trawls used for shrimp, 6 per cent; and haul seines and lines, each, 5 per cent. The catch by grabs and tongs was almost exclusively oysters; that by otter trawls exclusively shrimp; that by haul seines principally mullet and spot; and that by lines mainly sea bass. OPERATING UNITS BY COUNTIES Beaufort County was foremost in the number of persons fishing, accounting for 37 per cent of the total. Charleston County followed with 23 per cent. Only four fishing vessels were operated in the State, one of which was in Beaufort County and three in Charleston County. Beaufort County led in the number of motor and other small fishing boats accounting for 54 per cent of the total. Charles- ton County followed with 22 per cent. CATCH BY COUNTIES Fishing was prosecuted in the marine waters of five counties in South Carolina during 1928. Ranked according to value the fisheries of Beaufort County were most important accounting for 53 per cent of the catch and 39 per cent of the total value of the catch. Charles- ton County was next in importance accounting for 36 per cent of the catch and 32 per cent of the value of the catch. Other counties listed in order of their importance with respect to the value of the catch were Georgetown, Horry, and Colleton. Fisheries of South Carolina, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR Gill nets Lines | Haul re 4 seines Tot ast Ttems com-. Roha- with | nets | mon | Drift | Stake Scintl Set Hand | baits or snoods Fishermen: ‘Number Number|Number| Number|Number| Number| Number| Number On'vessels!- 92). Seen odd (Ue 2a Res ae Eee ee eee ee W232 4 eee On boats and shore— | Regular 2 2) 220 ee ee 2p | wage aera [ores el Sete 20 45 8. |.22—eeuee Casall £87 ¢ 8s ee eee 254 205 25 30 252 pips a Sees | 3 Total Ji Ah PRs 256 205 25 30] 272 67 8 3 Vessels: Motor— § fo 10 tonSe3 2ssec2ecevecn Zo2s|bn See ee |S eee eee ees 2 | .- Xe see Total vessels. _--.. 0 Se Se re ee ee eee ee 2 | 225232| See Total net tonnage... ==. | es eee | eee eee ae | ee Boats: | M otots.bes. LES se oad eee 1 17 3 6 |tcde See Othisr sos ha en ee eee 50 100 12 13 158 10 4 Apparatus: NGI Det! 2s ee oe 39 118 39 16 332 84 A Length, yards. We 4, 326°|..--..23)2. 22 2 ee ee ee Square, yards3.- =922 = ssseel os) 2 cae ha 96, 367 |. 11,215. |. 4,765) 107,315 || 02) -e5|ss_-- Se eee HLovks, baits of sn00ds.- 2-5 - sfc eae ence 417 300) eo oaesaee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 891 Fisheries of South Carolina, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR Total, By exclu- Items Rakes | hand on cation Fishermen: Number Number| Number| Number| Number (ON ST TEST eS RE ee et | OE a AN RS a (2 ee eee Peer 26 eee 50 552 60 96 927 60 146 1, 505 Vessels: H Motor— BiCORLOUONS 22-52 2 —- so ee ae ee Pare | oe ee ee er ee | tetera eee 2 MLO; 20) TONS. == Soe eos ae SE a ee ee) ae eee ee ee ee eee oe Se 2, BROUAIGVESSD IS pees te eee no ele We tele eer ee |e eet | ae ater 4 Total net tonnage--------- [ee Poem iP o0s eee ees | are ee | ete |e 53 Boats: WHO) ees a ee eee ee tg! el (ee Sia eee ee hl eee 1 43 NFS ae a es aE, 20 98 961 Apparatus: IN; i) Re | {Ns Rod eased ree Wardsrat Months: Ss. s ssa se Lok 25S Yoh | NI ea |. oe Sl a Ye ee ee | CATCH: BY GEAR F Gill nets Species Stake Anchor Pounds Pounds} Value SO CCMMeEee tae ee a ee ee eee POO) “SLOON|co2ce= sel seco l2|o2ecs5s2|sss2522- SEC OTS eee ewe oe seed OUAOBE USTOO Me cose |e ee oe ee Ie |e eee oe Drum, red,or redfish <.<2.i2-+-<<-s-- RT ETS i ee ee ee Ree eee eee ee Rigi Cl CT pean ene ORS) AO OSO(piDme cue Ae Soe a Le | Soe 2a |e aes Shad. Penn eo 50 $5 APA Hibm eM Ons Kan cliches. see ee SOS (ND DOQN |e 2s eee at tee Se ee |e eee bok a See Bite llepseee ee ee ee ee ee DRO AOU eh [eee eee (Sos | le eee | ee eee Blind etree eek ie rw. eee 52,630| 9, 510 Llu DS See eee ee SRT GOON erasure ee aE ees | ee ee Erneveagties: OF . Sea UrOUL. =o eee | WML Oap ile 0 SVN See se ene See Se ee Se ee eee RET ee ee ee ee eee ee 3, 000 1, 000 TTT SSS Fe ee a cee C1 SY Se ee ee Ane eee a ae ROTA ees =. 425-22 = 8s 23, 224 |130, 676 46, 707 55,680 | 10,515 Lines Species rim: red, or redfish=.. =... - =25__- OAC ee eS eS ee BICKOLY SHaCe = = ee en King whiting, or ‘‘kingfish’’_________ Mullet Squeteagues, or ‘‘sea trout’’__________ Briirroltigny. o- 8 7 5 2 2 ea US. li fs Dee a ee Se eee Perias US see ee See Hand Trot with bait or snoods Pounds 3, 500 353, 375 | 28, 989 Pounds| Value 892 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of South Carolina, 1928—Continued CATCH: By GrEar—Continued SSS eee Species Cast nets | peri Is, Spears Oyster dredges Pounds| Value Pownds| Value |Pownds| Value |Pownds| Value Plounders: sos ae ee ee ees | ee | ee een ese (ee GES 17/000") S15 700 7/5228 2a eee Mullet. £22 24 8 a eee 4, 000 $200 He | | a | SFT S SaF ae eee eee ae ee eee (451,441: ($17, 526 | 2. 2a asa|5- oe ae Olysters;anarket,;publicws oe ot 32 a See seechced| beeen: s 21, 000 $570 Oysters; market; private. -<°-2.2 20-2). a aa eee | a | ees | 42, 000 1, 080 Totalee 22a 5 vee a a 4, 000 200 431,441 | 17,526 | 17,000 | 1,700 | 63, 000 1, 650 | ee ee a ee Species Tongs Rakes | Grabs By hand Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value| Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value Clams, hard, public-_--_---_---~- 312 945% ("24-8007 $3)'820))| = Seale ees 1, 072 $140 Oysters, market, public_._____- sail S/O. Sada| 02,0607 | Monee =a. | een 3, 169, 453 |$84, 864 | 133,000 | 6,005 Oysters, market, private________- 340,781" |" 95 2801 eee es eee 337; 6247) "87 680". cae eee eee Terrapins 2s oases eee eo eee | Eee Ste eR me ne ey | ee a 8,485 | 4,074 ‘Totali...2 42 4 ee ee 2, 094, 950 | 61,713 | 24,800 | 3,820 |3, 507,077 | 93, 544 | 142, 557 | 10, 219 OPERATING UNITS: By countIEs A Charles- George- Items Beaufort ian Colleton fown Horry Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number Onwyessels)2= 3... 2s 2 See eee 3 28 | 5352] eee On boats and shore— ROC IIAT Soe Becks Seer. ee ee eee 356 Le? eee Pe 23 | Se Ree as @asuall. woe. t tere 1 ES 7 aes 193 124 104 289 217 Ota) Ae sae eae eet Se es 552 341 104 291 217 Vessels: Motor— DLOHO (ONS hic sack oss sede ce ese ee MH 0: 20 GONS eos ae Sor ee ees 1 otal-yesselsaccs 3:25.26 eee 1 ‘Totalnet:tounage.=2 5.2224 > eee 17 Boats: IM OCOr Sessa es i ee 3 LO |2sse Pig ees eee Others) 22.22 SE ee eae 532 198 61 117 53 Apparatus: Haul-semes, common. 222) ea eee 13 i el See 6 13 Yardseis.: 7 Se ee eae 975 450)|Re ae 850 2, 050 Gill nets— rifts. 5 £0. d SE es a 23 5 2 66 22 SQUATCVAaLdse cess scene see ee 9, 200 867 330 55, 170 30, 800 Stake..-- 2-225: 50222222 Eee ae ee ae penne 33 Squareiyands. 520-522) 5 eee en Ewes ee Pe Sh ie cece 9, 070 2,145 Runarounds2 0. ssw sw bo Peete 316 eel 14 2 Otter trawls, shrimp Yards at monihso. co = eee es Spears... ---- 1 eae Dredges, oyster. .2-22.20- ee Yards af month 44S ae fo) 1: on Mer Ra LS Le ee Rakes... 207s...) Se ee eee Grabs... 920... a eee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 893 Fisheries of South Carolina, 1928—Continued CATCH: By COUNTIES Species Beaufort Charleston Colleton | Georgetown Horry a\'5 = : = | | on a Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value |Pounds | Value Pounds Value| Pounds Value | ) $100) | TGS =e es Pee eee Sees Pe ee lasses 2000)" ° SLO0 nS aoe eeelesenans (nae aa | aS 3, 500| $280|-.-..-. OSM al Se |-taaes ene ea rears (Ug oe aS i a i es (i ne aes eee eee poe oee See eee I Be 1, 800) 2 ae 64 | See Catfish and bullheads-----|--.-.----|------- 300) G7 ie 2S sal eee 2, 100 i) ees a eee DHS a fie ae Ae ee ie eal eee 9, 300 400) ss sees ae 900 45} 1,900| $95 OEE SEC es Sees ee 3, 350 11) Eee eee 200 Gib ee ee Drum, red, or red fish----- \eee eee Soto 2, 500! 105 eee 610 36] 1,760' 160 Lib Coe (2) Ca a Sn eee [eee bees ee ee |saeetaaul|aeseos 18, 500} 1,820! 2,200) 220 | UNGUS see eee eae CES See 5, 625] AGO = eee [Sears eR mre 8 le ata) Sok pe Hickory Sage ss -— > aos 250 $25 450) 45 100 $10; 6,548) 996 7,000, 900 King whiting or ‘‘king | [iit ct 2k arene eee 385 0004000 ea ee eee | 2,500} 150) 21,000) 1,050 SU | 4, 000 200), 222ec535 ae ee ee ee | 56,390) 3, 295} 230, 590! 13, 980 BBA PASS oa eae oe ace sRemel anew ce 271, 000} 21, 650'--_-.-_- hie Sl LN sel | Re ey | ee Shad__-. 22,445) 3,424 47,355) 8,562 63, 00011, 390) 148, 377/35, 498) 39,060) 7,440 CUNO Roi eS ee ee eae eee eee 6, 30 i eee ere ee ee ee |e ee \aahewe WO) ace eh ee a ee el en eee eee ee 17,130} 575} 72,700) 2,250 Squeteagues or ‘‘sea THROU Sere sR ae ee eee 6, 000, Oi Ones [Eee hy, 3,090, 270 9, 730 760 CUTE ook 2 ea ee eee 5, 500: CU ae aie ee ape Sal ee eee a ee DATs he 2 2. Bee oa cee al (| pa See (eer eaee | 3,000 1,000} 20,360! 2, 200|--------|------ ODS E (TE, Ta SE oe ee ee eee 2, 370 ET eee ae [ee ee ee ee Se es ee SHrinip se set ors ys 361, 941| 14,476 65,000| 2,600'___._-__|_--__- 4,500] 450|.------- [Steen Clams, hard, public___---- 760 95) 624) aaa 800 70| 24,000) 3, 750 Oysters, market, public- -.|3, 520, 020/101, 189|1, 509, 396) 39,258 3,094 80| 44,800) 3, 300)--------|------ ehysters, market, private=_|~--=----_|-.--..- TO VAGH el 804 Openers os aera ane a eeeeee eee Wes so | QUGVUTRLE Fe Stee Se |e eee 2, 000 AQ eae a a ne 8 SROrFapiN se sees 55 5555S Se 9,454) 4, 758 4, 130! 16500 aaa ae ee cteteetelleteiaieatetatel ananea Potalses=.--s 52s 3, 918, 870)124, 167|2, 703, 105) 100, 634 69, 194/12, 480} 331, 305 48, 928) 409, 940 30, 605 j | | | INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Transporting trade.—In 1928 there were 143 persons in South Caro- lina engaged primarily in transporting the catch of fish. In this trade 22 motor vessels and 40 sailing vessels, having a combined capacity of 635 net tons, were operated. The size of vessel in most popular use ranged from 5 to 10 net tons. Wholesale trade —There were 18 wholesale establishments in South Carolina engaged primarily in handling fresh and frozen products. This is 8 per cent of the total number of such establishments in the South Atlantic section. These establishments employed 236 persons who received $56,468 in salaries and wages. Beaufort County alone accounted for 10 of these establishments. Prepared and by-products trade—There were 18 establishments in South Carolina in 1928 engaged primarily in the manufacture of fishery products or by-products. This is 30 per cent of the total number in the South Atlantic section. They employed 656 persons ‘who received $159,720 in salaries and wages. The products manu- factured, consisting principally of canned oysters and shrimp, were valued at $1,028,113. Detailed statistics of most of the items manufactured may be obtained from Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1067. In addition to the above, 163,140 pounds of salted fish and sturgeon caviar, valued at $10,867, were prepared by the fishermen. 894 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Industries related to the fisheries of South Carolina, 1928 TRANSPORTING Items Number Items Number Men on transporting vessels - -- - - - Batt te 143 feb il trek) vessels—Continued. ail— Transporting vessels: & to lO :fonssc3=32.-2 28 Motor— bh tor 20 tons-s<<2_ = ee ll Pte tens. 2+ == sescsote = ll Zito dO tons) s22-eeee 1 G0 20 CONS... 2-53. --sa sae 11 — Totelzs--:25 ee 40 ‘kbtals< =... 2 <-—- -sSee 22 | Net: tonnage::. =... Se 389 Net tonnage. 2: 2. --=225-2<2e 246 Total vessels: =22- 62 Total net tonnage____________- 635 WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE Beaufort eens _ eaufor olleton, Items County |andHorry| Total Counties Establishments. 5 =e 1 a Pee ae | TS a EES eR ee oo ee eal ete aoe bee 6L'to:.70 tons-22-= -2 te Lj ncde secs See = els eee |E EE a ee Totals. 4+ See Sued Us ees Seo ee eel See 1] vaoe |eeoseeee ss pase 800 $40 UOT ty, Be ca ss | DSR aa era | ceed 6 a ee eee =? 10, 000. $1, 000 300 30 LOST M0) Bog! ES oe ee ee ee Bed eae a 3, 000 150 250 20 Drum, red, or redfish__-----_--- AS Eee rN Nl eae ek 5, 000 250 1, 000) 125 COST TRAVOIT SL 2 ha Tel (eee (ee me eee oe 2, 500 300 500 63 PRIOR VASMAC seer oa eS 48, 752| $5, 600 4, 800 $445|24 22 2-2 cl. Scat = aoe ee oe Pinca Ninn eOnekINotish ©. 22 onlesal 2) len. ol olka etl 1, 500 150 2, 000 200 Un) i e a e ORa See OO ee Se Sees (eee | Seer 7, 500 600. 6, 930 575 oni. a eee ee eee 297, 867| 69, 326 11,700 2, 650 CAL A) Pome Bee (| 5) be oR Se A ae ee SHG SERRE SEM Sh 2c) a SE | a eee eee ere es ie ee 670, 100 800 100 SINE <2 Boe SE Ee Ee | So eee ee) See ee ee eee 7, 500, 600 400 40 SOUS REP aS Gp SEE CON iS a be ee | ee 10, 616) 1, 580 7, 500 987 Sie folete Uo pale Se a ae oneeesoa = TS) Soe eae 340 50 250 45 BMP OOMES setters. oS oko | 1, 750: Bot) | See ee Ee aL | Be ea | ae ae Pe ee 5) 2 ee CTUNTTONESURGyUL 2 os ip RE SS ea RN a || ee eee Se oe | hl el (Ce | RD 1, 050 150 500, 62 AL se ee ee | 348, 369] 75, 276 16, 500) 3,095 57, 376| 6, 630 21, 230| 2, 287 Lines . Purse seines, Haul seines, : Species Trot with menhaden common Fyke nets Hand baits or snoods | ] : Pounds | Value} Pounds | Value) Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value| Pounds Value Tico ee 50, 000}$5, 000) - ------- jee Sa lee ies ae Se eee | es ee ee Catfish and bullheads-_-- 60 Ua he ee a (es ee eee ee ee re ae (eee | ae Ped 140, 000'$14, 000 Shilo) as Sy2i4|) AlAs. co. we |ES Saale ee ee pe a ete | eee Ae EE ee afi bee Dew Hshie ee = 22252326 Seo 35 200|— wl60/E= == 2 bat P ieee een ee ee ae ee ee Pees ee ee eMeTEL Apdo Ties ee taee Auge | es Soe I le Soe] BORUSOUOOO TIL sett (| Sees ate es | aes SN) Bee Wratvontshic 2. = <2 L650|): 132|eee = ees ee er 5 | LESS Se SS RA Fe 2 | pea basse he Fs 2s 85, 200} &, 380|________ Hoe Pai ae eae eee ee (Be peace (ier Ried |b aeat ey NARS ete (Se Snapper, red___. ===... DIL BOO|! 1 O20 ee eee SS ee Esko [ae Sine (Eames) Se eee ee8 Striped pass\2! 2-335 Lia eo ee (Re 2 eee eee pee RUS oes ed ane a ene dea serabS vhevdes 28a be Se eee ees 238, 200|$6, 220) = -.- ===. eee ee ee (eee ee = eel ee ee BREAD tte er ee ee ee eee eee i MOOI, Boge ees TOMRSS ISS 4OM | Moet | AAI f SS ee = Mot alts ess Seems le 171, 034/16, 033) 249, a 9, 747| 30, 030, paul 113,310) 10,838) 3,494) 140,000) 14, 000 Species Dip nets, drop Cast nets Otter trawls, shrimp Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value Bole ADELE ee | ee [ee eee 12, 690 $900 Srey mors Hil POLE ANP TISt ps ec ee ek ae S| ee ee 52, 500 2, 100 “PRR +a Oe a ee ee Repel Si eee ee) ewes Pe 42,895 har 000s enews ocean ee Tera bahiandnt = te 19, 200 S720 lie eee EE ES 311, 941 | 12, 476 S GIMN)2 bod SR SPO See ee aE ree) be eee eee (eee ie A | eee 9, 526, 044 545, 354 CGE eee SE ee es 19, 200 720 42, 895 3,000 | 9, 903, 175 560, 830 Species Tongs Grabs By hand | Pounds | Value Pounds Value Pounds Value seo nape aU Ge. ec ee ee | | ee | (eee ol [Sa ee Ss 800 $125 BOysters, market, public__--.___--__._-._-- 94, 710 $5, 700 67, 830 $3, 826 37, 100 3, 450 pOysters, market, private. _-.-..-__--..--.- 296, 380 | 13,725 | 552, 405 PL LN epee ON (etc a * Goa OU ee eS ae ee eee eae eee |S 9, 638 3, 070 LNG a7 ls eg A ees ee eo an 391, 090 | 19, 425 620, 235 31, 795 47, 5388 6, 645 S9S U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Georgia, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By COUNTIES i Items Bryan Se eae Cpa Glynn | Liberty Mae pad Wayne —_———- - | i} Fishermen: Number| Number| Number Number| Nun.ber| Number| Number| Number Number On: vesselS22-) 2-o = eee 89 TOn | Eeeeoe es 30 Jane-cnc-|_,- 10) See a ees On boats and shore— Regular: {2 sus ose 37 DTA sate 261 21 93 .|2225 Sos eee Gasnal--¢ 225-4 22 70 31 149 10 110s ese 25 35 25 Totals. e23-— == ee 70 157 442 | 10 405 21 123 35 | 25 Vessels: } Motor— 7 5 to 10 tens--=<<--- <2 ess scce U1\to0(20 tonSvs2 ss | Seo oe eee 4) to 50 tonus----.-2-= joo 520)60 Tonses so - ses a ne ae Gl ito 70 tons<—- 24 |= 2 Total vessels----s-<)=:-.==== Total net tonnage--_}__-.-.--- Boats: Motors. c= 2 See ees Other.2.2225 49 eS 40 Apparatus: Purse seines, menhaden_|._------ Wards .-f eee |" Fetes Haul seines, common_-_--_-|_-------| Wards... 2s) si as eee Gill nets— Driitsesee <=. 2 se 31 Square yards_--- | 21,000 Stakes.2)= 22. ssc. 2a ee Squarewyards-_- | 2-2 AMICHOR 2224-222 Sse 10 Square yards_---| 2, 200 Runaround=2-. 2-2 1 Square yards__-. 200 Lines— Mand: =)... £2.23. eee Hooks... se eee Trot with baits or SnoodS:-'---G. 3 oe eee Baits or snoods-__)|_------- VEO Nts. .% o 526s aoe Dip nets, drop.=--22-L 4-7 |" 2. a= Cast ziets; >. - 22a |S 5 -e Ottertrawis, sbrimps=-c2|_ 2222-25 Yards at mouth -=}-2-22-— Tongs) -222 2.2 ee SS eee NAS eese 20 8 AN ee ean Grabs 3o02 2022 ee ea es eee 1663 |22ee 16 21 Yj Me | Be CATCH: By COUNTIES Species Bryan Camden Charlton Chatham Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value Bluefish -... ..- ce ce ce eee | ee ee ee eee 50, 000) $4, 000 Catfish and bullheads_____-..---- 800 $40) 22.22 Le ee ee eee 60) 15 Plounders...... .....- ecco ccn | oon 2) ee Se Bee eee 12, 690 900 Groupers..-— 222.2 --wonn-ne oc|slo5 2 ce Sees ceee | Seen aes | eee eee | ee eee ees 8, 274 414 Hickory, shad. 225 es 200 30 | ec osc oe te eee eee 11,427) 1,000 Jow fishes)... a ecu |e cae ee | een | eens 3, 200 160 King whiting or“‘kinefish”’-__..|_... 2 |S Ss eee Rae ee ee ee ee 52, 500) = 2, 100 Menhaden. 2 = 225 35 52s oo | Se eee 30, 030, 000|$118, 310}-- .-----]--------|----------|-------- Miiet (oe) 2 ee 36, 445] 2, 550 Merron. | 2 ey Pasaeee Rare se SE cole” | 5 ee ae i 2 eR te Sr = Boamodr, rede. 2 oo soo ; Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’”’____- | setae ee mood pabesess. 8. ee oT brave, Dard. ee ne een ee | ee CUCL aaa aes ee (OIE (EE 5”? 715; O00|) 042) 900| 22225255 | teen 669, 800) 35, 632 Glams, hard, public.... =... .-..|..-. 22 |-25 ble ee ee | ees 800 125 Oysters, market, public... .2.|_--. ...2)-222e2_ 8 |e ee ee eee 109, 760) 4, 276 Oysters, market, private... .|..-.-.___|_.._ 22] 8 22 2 ee eS eee 483, 700) 20, 509 Terrapin_. be own cer enccwc cel coe ee ee el ee ee eee 13,051) 4, 000 Total_--- 61,950, 12,990) 30, 781, 000) 163, 667 9,000) 1, 864) 2, 121, 528) 141, 741 a ee a Se a aa FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 899 Fisheries of Georgia, 1928—Continued CATCH: By countiges—Continued | Species Glynn Liberty MelIntosh Tattnall Wayne | | Pounds | Value | Pownds Value) Pounds | Value | Pownds | Value| Pounds | Value Catfish and bullheads..._|.-.--.----|__----- ieee ay es 1 140, OO0ISI4 ODO. = yl) ok ee WerdaKErsoe* ceooen 2. =~ HORBOO| RST OBI Ea ek rea | eeelee Le ae oe | ee | es |e ee [Saar SS red rim, blacksst.-—s.=--= 3, 250 yg ( 0] ees are ee NS TG SR ed PRE ee ee ee Se a | Si Drum, red, or redfish - -__- 6, 000 STDP Lae eee bat eae Exe |e A a Be aa ES ios Lo tae eet LMG ha (0 (rrr 3, 000 5 | Se ae eed al (RR al ee Cae ee a Rees ee eS Hickory shad --==--=...=- 26, 250 4,800! $445) 2,625 $245 King whiting or ‘‘king- ina Ske i Se OU eee | Sere eS se a ee ee eee ae Lees po aGe3S =. ee ee -| 16, 500 oa Sige | Lo Ne are ae | 2 39, 900 11, 700; 2, 650 5, 800) 1, 350 Ub (0) ts So 0 eg | De RE eee ae a Ee ols So A atl Me 8 Phe. | ened Gee ULM (itct] eels ae EE Mig See mel ie cate al me (PG bo ace (ee Squeteagues or ‘‘sea | LUO me cae | SOO ae Dye 7 ae Se I ek PAG ee iu OU lose a eel eee ae eee Sunped Dass. 22 32.2] 340 begs DOE skeen os ae et eal eae [es ee eee js ees ee BUNT PCOMEEE! phe che ee [ee see Ce est Se ae ban ee Mirinleranle ce Ae Hata) lee 77 tp) ae | (ES ee eee ee a ae ieee (eee bee Crabs; hard. 222 _.- --| 155, 000 iS eee 7, 143, 394) BR:88016 Ss, 700) 22 laees See lata al De eo carats Siar 3s 7,000) 500/82, 810}84, 750] 275, 275) 15, 935). —______ eee ore ae oa fia Sin qhtt\0)) 2.2 ee Oysters, market, public__ Oysters, market, private- TS) oy 9) ba ea ee | 165680) 200) 22 S| ee 1, 875 S00) | ee |e ee 8 ees i 439, 983] 94,455] 16, 500] 3,095] 8, 425) 1, £95 Motels sear ee 7, 547, 584/442, 130! 82, 810) 4, 750 INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Transporting trade.—In 1928 there were 44 persons in Georgia engaged in transporting the catch of fish. In this trade 18 motor vessels and 3 sailing vessels, having a combined capacity of 246 net tons, were operated. ‘The size of vessel in most popular use ranged from 5 to 10 net tons. Wholesale trade.—There were 24 wholesale establishments in Georgia engaged chiefly in handling fresh and frozen products. This is 11 per cent of the total number of such establishments in the South Atlantic section. These establishments employed 395 persons who received $148,858 in salaries and wages. Glynn County accounted for 10 of these establishments and 9 were located in Chatham County. Prepared and by-products trade.—There were 13 establishments in 1928 engaged primarily in the manufacture of prepared-products or by-products. This is 22 per cent of the total number in the South Atlantic section. They employed 497 persons who received $172,338 in salaries and wages. The products manufactured, consisting principally of canned shrimp and oysters, were valued at $886,049. Detailed statistics of most of the items manufactured may be obtained from Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928, Bureau of Fish- eries Document No. 1067. 900 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Industries related to the fisheries of Georgia, 1928 TRANSPORTING Items Number Men on transporting vessels -..---- =: --+2 2-26 =25 oo ae ee 44 Transporting vessels: ) = Motor— - § to. 10 tons. -.=..-222.. 2-25 ask SSS ee ee ee 11 11 tol20 fonsSs2 = woo et ik ns es Sa oe Pe oe oe 6 #1 to 50 fons: cse-= 5-2 eee eee 3 Sn eee See aS 36 are See Ss Se ree } 1 Tota EE Pe es a oe ee ee ey ee 18 Net tonnage... --.---- 2-2-2452 5222 ne Bee ete ee ee 223 Sail, 5 to.10'tons22- = ee a Se ye ee ee eee a et ee 3 Net tonnage: —-—- == — == ee ee oe Se ee 23 Total vessels_...... -==--2=2385< 2-3 eee 21 Total net tonnage. _< 222-2222 ee ee ee 246 WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE | Liberty and Items | Chats) (Clyne cnc Total County County Gounties | a 1 ee Establishments ...... 20. -2522 ee 9 10 5 24 Persons engaged: : Proprietors....=-. 22-2. -=22 2 eee 11 13 a 31 Salaried employees-.--------------- ae Sate ee 28 : 19 1 48 Wage earmers..:.....:... =) eee 52 234 30 316 Paid to salaried employees--____-------_-- oy aa Le $38, 710 $16, 898 $300 $55, 908 Paid to wage earners! =-_ 22 e_ eee 23, 700 63, 559 5, 700 92, 950 Total salaries and wages. 2 == see eee 62, 410 80, 448 6, 000 148, 858 PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS 7 Items | Number Products Quantity, Value ) Establishments:: >= 21:10:40 tons = eee 41 to 50 tons__- 51'to.60 tors. == eee 81to'90 'tons:2.= See Total vessels] ..2 2 eae 4 5 He ee eee! eee eee eel been oerne (aes Seite if Total net tonnage_--_--_--- 221 GL. | ooo ee See oe Sa ee | eee Boats: Motor >. 2-=2<. 22232 eee 74 395 1 2 242 26 Other... . 2-224 2 Se ee ee 158 530 1 1 137 164 Apparatus: Number: 2.22. eee 4 3 78 944 6 3 539 356 bength, yards. - 2-32 ae 1, 200 900): (54,130, sess 2-22 S22 oe |e ee Square yards"<... <= 2 ee ee ee ee 1, 507;/500)1-*7,-200 5 | le oo 0 eee eee Hooks, baits or.snoods 2252 22 | ee a a ee Se ee ee | eee eee 569 | 58, 600 Lines . Otter Pound} Fyke | Dip Cast Items Trot with nets | nets | nets | nets pee baits or | Troll : snoods Fishermen: Number |Number| Number| Number| Number| Number| Number On vessels... -=--- 2222 252-5 SEE oe el a a | ee ee | ee On boats and shore— Regulars 225° 22-2 3S) ee 4 660 15 3 46 25 670 Total... 2. 2 eee 4 660 ih 3 46 25 716 So Vessels: Motor— § to 10. tons... 2552-22222. 25-2 bee ES a ee ee er 1 1] to.20 toms . oss 02 ee ee eae eee | ee 6 21 to'30 tons. ..-__ 2 =.=: 4 ee ee ee ee ee eee 1 Total vessels... = -2.-.--2-25- se. [ese ee sen see | ee ee 18 Total net tonnage. - 222-222 3) ee a ee ee eee 187 Boats: Motors2s.+ 3-5. ee een ee eee 2 361 6 2 16) Eeeee 335 Other... js 2 ee ee eee 8 3 35 Cie Apparatus: NGM ber 5. - .—-- Dolphin Drum, black Drum, red, or redfish Fiounders:_- == Groupers=-=--.--=-- =e Grout: Se Hogfish Jewfish Kingfish or “‘ king mackerel”’ King whiting or “‘kingfish”’_ Mullet Pike Pompano POrgiesn. eee Sea bass 2.2 ==. -222 5-2 Shad Snapper, mangrove Snapper, red Snook or sergeantfish Spanish mackerel Spot Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’- Sunfish TIipl6tail= - = = eee aer Wellow tail. = = ocecee See Lines Hand Pounds Value | Pounds| Value 10, 347 63, 300 Value| Pownds| Value| Pounds | Value Trot with 835, 223) 33, 798 | hooks Dip nets, common 39, 936|$3, 87, 963) 7, 037 Total > 3-5-2 5 oe eee 4,900} 730, 2,750) 182/1, 195, 709)103, 377 Lines Species Trot with 0 Pound nets Fyke nets baits or Troll snoods Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value | Pounds Amberjaek>s-*-=-=----2-- sale ee eo = eo 1, 500 S60] =e Barracuda. Soi 2 2 = See ee ee eee 12, 000 eli) eet ee ee Binefish.:=- 3" oo eae eee wan-=| 12,095) W7,,c00)e5—. see Blue runner or hardtail---_!_------- lane 6, 500, 205|5=--255- Catfish and bullheads-_-----|....----|-- awe 2 neon eee 255, 221 Cero: 22.5 pos aa he eee eee 5, 000) 250 eae CrapDl6.52.ce2 252 cn5-nsonne been ac elas ao oe eee 34, 000 Crevalle -| 3, 593) LA eae GYOUDSIS-3 io. aoetase ae bee en a ee 1, 500 OOM Sc pee Kingfish or ‘“‘king mack- | 1 hele pe siapeesaa SEEN |S DS | fs ek 2, 630, 656/135, 817|-------- Muttontish 2: i222 2222 also eal eee 1, 000 LOO | bes eee So Shappery ved)... - sso eee | eee 600) (sit) 2 ee Sriook Gr Sereearitish) = 2221-5 eee 2, 500 140 |e Spanish mackerdl i. at Se a eee 32, 558) 2;856)---=-.--|--25---| 2 neo eee er Bunifish - Soe ake ea tee ee | oe ceo na | eter cei ere | ees 16, 000 MeUOW fall Senseo e eel pce hese 1, 134 68)... -52-2]--.-25-|onng=> se] Eee |e eee eee Crabs, hard_.-_...... 22 83, 000/$3, 000|--.--2=.2|-.. 220/522 See eee eee Sea crawfish or spiny lob- | | | abot <4. < a er | i ee an ese (Nee Ti = | aS | a ae otal 426ert ee sce 83, 000) 3, 0002, 770, 636 ! 147, 470| 305, 221) 13,981] 8,069} 458 cc | a FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 905 Fisheries of the east coast of Florida, 1928—Continued CATCH: By GEAR—Continued Pots F Ea Otter trawls Eee Species Cast nets shrimp ’ Spears Eel Sea crawfish | | | Pounds| Value) Pounds Value| Pounds | Value Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value Dm iDlackwe2.=2-tosh tek | kee S| nant 2, 784! pate]! St AS ae ee ee oe) ee | ee Drum, red, or redfish______- [30] eat 3 ttl rea | | et so 255.6 eee Eee TS So Se HUGH Eo! 2 ws «at Ee eel ee Pe eee ee eee se Ne Gr Seo | ae oe es eS le aseme I Fo) bao (BSS 8 See ee iS Dt ee 27, 565 699) See cel ees ee 3,000, $180 King whiting or “kingfish”’ |________| __ Sal) 247.763). 7, 764 eae Cocca Le ee ee Liga Whitin a te A554 D0 3) 0e4| =~ ae [Bier se |2Se 12-52 |s 20555 |ossseec ce! sees Bese sees Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’_|_------_-|------ DLE TSO? E520 | eases eee eee i oes oP oe BRON OSS SLOUGse ee eee ne Sole kA ooo foes e ee | aoe | anaes oe | eens AZOOUISS O20 la 22 —--es|-25——— Sea crawfish or spiny lob- Sich od Se Se ee ae ee ee Cees ee Ves ek See | 28050 20| L880 2|-a- amos |=ooe SiN Tyg Seah Se Se em ee Cea ae DOO 18G1804s 614] bac scat eaereeal| ena pam OS Nae!| 7 a 8 eas MOTE ase soa sans 47, 342) 3, 775/22, 836, 488 874,653 15,468} 619) 267,026/22,322) 3,000 180 Sea crawfish Species Tongs Forks and stone By hand crab hooks Pinas | Value Pound Value |Pounds | Value Pounds Value FOC ADS SLOUOS «ses eee eS See ea Eee oS ee eee Se 3 000m pag0| os ees ole see. Beaerawiish on, spimyelObSten. ees esc e es SSI aY DSL = feet ee AAV iigoeote aa | oa Glamis SH Ard. UDG ssn fee Se Se ee DEURAG G32 092/555 | See ee ee oe Oysters, market, public.------------------ 195, 034/$17, 276) -------- ie cer ee tetas See A | 382, 753 $12, 865 Oysters, market, private=---+.-_=2.=2=--- 875.360)" 5,.340|52 = = |-------)-------- |------ | 14,000 600 pt sal ee ae ee re eS SS ae 282, 394) 22,616 25, 840 3,092) 47,117} 3, or 396, ae 13, 465 OPERATING UNITS: By counties Items ee ee ~| Clay | Dade | Duval | Flagler pare Martin Fishermen: Number| Number| Number| Number| Number Number Number| Number OTIRVESSEIS A= ee ee eget nt cee aatlee se ht |e SS | ee ee OM See: oo | ol ag al Ee 3 On boats and shore— | Regular: S25 ee ee 158 5 35 306 269 3 63 136 CASA eine ets Sr oe ey 18 Dit eat oe 70 Ty ees 4 | 40 Bowe et ee 176 ie osnas eae a0e ie atch aris 67 179 Vessels: | | Motors— EBLORLOGEONS= =. 52 2 ee } 11 to 20 tons | 21 to 30 tons | 41 to 50 tons Aho He Sha oe a (ge ee =e pc ey Sa pales {SS A eee 1 eT HOnmMagomeee: 6 eae ore Lo Tee | Lo ota (EST | Eee See epee ea |e el Ps 21 Boats | WOR OTe ere ee bane ee os 63 28 | 11 202 Lil eee eee 39 123 (OA Hots) eine Lele ae A eee 163 12 | 26 106 168 1 52 63 Apparatus: Purse seines— ee Other than menhaden________ eS eee ae I of RS) De ee: Sy eee ay ES ee ee RY ards oe SS [Rese Shi ae joie CT) ||. tee RS eae [ato Se Haul seines, common__-_-_________ aaa See) (RS ae | kaon 6 Tb jee 6 DATOS) ene cts wie oS ek | Bree 2 6;'800:|2222 == 1, 400 | BOON |S se oe 6, 000 Gill nets— | oe Drift see see ra eee. 189. (ete edie 82 i | i 58 | 95 Square yards_____________ 1153, 350 | 6,800 |_-______ 144, 900 |246, 800 |_-----_- 46,250 | 148, 100 Oe ee Re i el ee teat ee eee [23 fe'S RR ease (oy | eee eee aaN age pe Square yards______._____. Sees [ine = _ ened ees eee (300.0) ee eae ee ee See SESE | 3 14 38 | 3 14 38 Hgts Rs a 7a ay 110 eosase 28 220 906 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the east coast of Florida, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By countiEs—Continued Items ore ON, Clay | Dade | Duval | Flagler iuiag Martin Apparatus—Continued. Number| Number| Number| Number| Number| Number| Number| Number UD foe oe) As se ole Soe]: 42 Sen ee ; Cast nets 25S See eee eae Te Fen | Eo me | eee oS 1. |Loeeosae Otter trawls, shrimp_3- - =-2=-=-~ =| 323 ee ee eee | 10) 1 Yards at-moOuuh = i= ao Soe ee 1s °200)| Sta |e 30 Pots, sea crawiish..=--2 - = 32 | eee 220 iises se aE 1,778 | 2c0-ce-|aoean skola ee eens TONGS) 2-22 a8 ane sane ee a | eee | eee | eee | 7: i ee ae 4c ne cee HookSs_..--<-----2-2622 = 20555054] 2 eee eee 44 |. 232.28 los cede 2] ee Tronis Nas- | Palm | Put- St. St. Semi- | Volu- sau Beach nam | Johns | Lucie | nole sia Fishermen: Number| Number, Number Number Number|Number| Number On' vessels 2-2-3225: 2532 ee 1387) (Su ee see ss 9" | 22 ee eee 10 On boats and shore— : Regular. 235-.. 2 Sse 270 260 212 427 159 63 144 Gasual: 2... 3S eee 20 28 20): =..-4 2 |S eee 44 Total. eee 428 288 232 436 159 63 198 Vessels: Motor— 6 to 10 tons. . 42222-53422 eee Gil Eee ieee 3. 6.5. 2cee | Saeee 2 il {0:20 'tons.-4223 ee OF | eae | Sera 1. os-weete| oS =e 2 31 to:40 tons!: = ===>. - Sess 1 |eesnncen|encdoc<.|scess see! se ee eee 41 to.50 tons: - = —=22---- = eee 1 |se2eee --[-223---- 120-220 bees ee ee 5] to'60'tons.2- = eee Loe ces-e|elocc232) 225-25. .| ee case | ee ee 81.to 90.tons.- ==. -2. 5 2 eee a9) (eee | ee eek |------~-|--------|-------- Total. -22-2s25025 2 eee Se |e s= 35 oe So ee 4 |. 20.25 Sipe 4 Net tonnage... =.s.-- eee elas 2s eee 33° |-oaesees See 41 Boats Motor:......-2.<:-.- 4 eee 119 125 75 201 86)|.. = 39 Other... .- 2 eee 53 38 170 21 64 63 131 Apparatus: Purse seines— Menhaden. =22¢2-:22252 Yardsss 2552235. 23no0 see 2 Haul seines, common Yards22. 2.1 2 eee Gill nets— Drift. 2-2-2 eee Square yards Trammel nets--.--------- Square yards ines— Hand. ......-- Sese- 322) See eee 49 20)| Bee oe 134. 57 Hooks: .-.-382. 3 ee ee eee 49 Pe ee ee 13)|4aoeeee 68 "Trot...2-02_..§ 22.825. ee) ee eee 16 Soe Sees 634 eae Hooks: 2.223. 2. 2 933 es | ee eee 4,000. |==2: 22a 31/000) =e Trot with baits‘or snoods-__ 2-2 li2-2.|0" Sens |- ee een ee eee eee 2 Baits or sn0o0ds..-.--=-- 222-2 52282| 2. ee ee a ee eee eee 1, 000 Trolln 23 oo. Se ee eee PPP Ii ee Eee ees Se 124 "|i co eee | ee Hooks: 2-2 2232 ee eee 444) 2545) 2c [U oT eee 248'-| 2 Cs eta Pound nets: =.=. 22255252: 32 ee eee eee 2) \.u2-.-2| ee eee eee Fyke nets..-.__-2 2:2. 2 2 Sa eee eee 22 |22--<2d|22 eee clo Cast nets... ---= 226 22a Sage ee | ee eee | eee 6: |= sen S| Gees ae Otteritrawis;shrinin: == 582 oe eee 1 7 gl ee eae al ieee sl 206 (|= 2-2 eee 10 Yards at mouths = sss: 2 eee ae P07 3s i NIE BS oe 3,792) |22 22 2 ee 229 Pots, ‘eel 3 3202 ee ee Lea eee 65. | ..2.. 2c |e ee SPOSIS. 2 o.oo onc ecwar sn cee ee see ee a ee | ee Ieee | 10 TONGS... . --223226-22 ae aa ee ee ee Sisters a 58 Fork8. 23 025.20 cist ideo Ae eee ae eae | 16|. 2. eee 46 —. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 907 Fisheries of the east coast of Florida, 1928—Continued CATCH: na COUNTIES “Species Brevard Broward Clay | Dade Pounds Value Pounds| V aiuel Pounds Value) Pounds Value BRED AGKe eee Seen oa ease ann mons | pb oc caee een ee D000) F S270)2---— = 2|-_-< - 5,500) $220 1 Sua VEL KO Eig eo A ae i ee ee eel foeeees as a Sal) ee (ee ee 12, 000 360 ULGNCLR OES (Sada apa es SL oe SS Sie ee See eee 19;(075\91;:908)2.--2 5202) = Sees LON yi ee 2 oe ee 4, 295 $430 9, 200 C7 Ee ee 109,400 9,340 Blue runner or hardtail_-....-......--...- 2, 400 481° "13,; 500s) 475| 4-5-2562 30, 500; 1,115 Wapish'and bullheads..-....2.2--2-----.- 7, 759 165 ea22 22s eee 617, 089, 24, Bal Seg (OTe) tama SERA Se ae eee na (eae | He epee Seal | SEA) (a 5, 000 250 (TCIM eee ote cfg Fe REE ee a ae eed (em Pe 2,996; 239)._-______ Maes iG De ae ee 27, 938 Gall 46; S00" S260 ze seeese aoe een 30,000 1, 050 PeRGH ROT ome, ena a UN os end 7, 218 162} 222 2355 |e see se Pesee eee boeeee [eersiecel sce etee 1 Nig loioy = ke See eee a ee eee re meres 6,000)" 600)_--<2=2-|"oes== See ee Se |B ee Pmartitnns tes Sr sees oe Se os eek see 32, 988 670 600 | eee eae 10, 800 316 rim red, or redfish 222. -- ~~ =<222- 28. 74, 768) 2,975 1, 000 Ce ee ee 8, 500 340 BIGTEN BTS seen re = ae er Pn ESRD we 4, 117 TAG ee eee ee ae ene sees eee eee eee ea ee, aOR BLS aerate eee eee ee afte Re SL SE) 3a, D00|"2) OL0|D2o= eles aeee 88, 000! 3, 520 SecETL TT een mer eeae eens Seb eeee opie e |e SPE = ook ee Ee PAS ee ee eS ee es 37,200) 1,488 CEAOPSTIS 0) co 2 eyes SE OS SS oe 5 ee el | gee Pane em fe ee roa) et es eed ey 3, 000 90 Bens Lemenen eaeeene eee ne Bice seen Se iS 2 ees See ee ee oe | eee 11, 500 345 Kingfish or ‘‘king mackerel’’__-__________ 3, 358 201 158, QO) L0;910| == eae ! 617,000} 30, 85 King whiting or ‘‘kingfish’’___-_.___.-._- 5D) 3S0 eae OG (eee ol aes oe eee ee ee 2, 000 80 fle DOD BSUS) 2 5 eR os Se ae (Cee eae ea Ua De eS ee eee ee eee 3, 000 60 MIG UO <5: ee ee 50; 0565/5021 3; 400 |e 136] 22 ee eee ee ae 5, 000 150 “WEG aes =o OSs ee ee ee 2, 219, 215) 80,864! 50,400) 3, 712|__--__-_|_.---- 1, 468, 000) 52, 720 BeIeTE LOST ee 2 oe oo a ee ee ee ew eae 47 3000/45 7100 sees eee | 61,900) 4, 962 "ITT = = ees dl ees ae ee eS es | Sa a EN ES | ee art (Ears ee ee ees 2, 000, 60 TP OPIS 2 Se oe ee ee 5G GOS rl G02 | ean = ae a eee oe erro ee 2, 000, 60 iEmfishyor sailors choice. .-2-—.222—- === TGS S820 | eases ee eke See | ee Se a 500 15 RAOUL AN OMe s—2-oee oo Sees 8 oe Ee 23, 153) 5, 778 200 4) | aeee 4, 200 840 ELAR IER pe i i ea eee ee 5, O00) Gen-250 bee sees 17, 000 510 Sheepshead, salt-water.-.-.-.------------ 16, 276 DOG Ee secon ln sane aI Bee 1, 000 40 Baap per IMAnerOVe: sss 2.02. 2-2 sete Se 8, 923 321} 1,400 G4 Seeeee SE ese ee 21,350} 1, 708 SURE U ONT EY oh 10 Lae ee ae ca ee 8 PN IR 8 eee ie ee 4) LOOWe 410/825 ol eee 15, 800, 1, 264 Brook: or serpeanthsh=—.=-2.-- 22. ee AIS Le 5S0le 2 200/) e28 | Sees Le 6, 000 240 SPO iGh. "2 ee eee ae ee oa 2, 869 77 200 Gee 2s Se | See PUSH ACK OLGls Sea wes en (ee ee 20; 000|) 1, 840\2e2== > =e |e a | 539,100) 32, 346 SOD ee Se ee ee eae Pati) (etn yA eee eee | oe ee 8 ee Dee 1, 000 30 Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’_______-______ ZONOLS ZOO T032| ees see ee |S | ST | 22, 000) 1,760 SURTEOS = 2 aes ON Ss ea ee es bee ee ee ees GOUT EO T OT bee |e ees ESET CATED ISS bE = eee ey (ae ee |e eee 2 LOOK 210) sees aes | S223) 617200142896 ras mbinr eee mee tie Pi 25 ee T1340 eee 4 0) esses |e ees eee | ee [Le Sat dE 8 CVRDIOSL, GOT) <2 ELLs She eae eee ae pl faethe CR 2S Fe Aa ea ae Sl | (ee eee | | 35,000} 3,850 Sea Cra whsaorispinylobstere: === -— 1 |s2 a eso Le Sa NOOO) M2, 020 | eae we ee eS | 333, 106) 26, 648 HE Opalenere meres sees te 3, 378, 161/155, 568) 406, 600/29, 739, 708, 331)29, 096 3, 569, 556 181, 523 Species Duval Flagler Indian River Martin Pounds | Value rie Value| Pounds vane Pounds | Value Binefish).. Pes fo. Lee 8 e e 845 $67 200) $20 9, 380 $1, 042) 108, 981/$16, 250 eeiosrnIMerwOrelar Gail sete ee eee selene yal eee ee eel a ee ee 2, 700, 81} 21,672 837 SUSU iG) ciikel oe Ee Se ey eee ee Catfish and bullheads Bar eeilie sme = Ee Poot a ees @roaker = __-_ Drum, black 7, 600 8, 615 36, 960) 1,098 feriin red or redfish = 22-2220 13, 348 677; 5,000) 250) 18,719 748) 29,866) 1,584 | JCS 2 ae ia 2, 000 104 300 15 5,600} 224 2.215 118 MEROUDORS HR menses 280 82 2 ee 114 yO es eee NE ee 5,000 150 4, 000. 200 TRU od ook SP Se A EE re ei ee (Ege (eee) yn. 2, 400! 56 Sis ts Ol ees RAN PSMIACK OTE]? =e kL ES ad Sees ee 828 41| 57,607) 4,032 King whiting or ‘‘kingfish’’_____________ 1, 000 50} 3,000} 300) 17,435) 697) 12,832 748 HLS UPTO) coe oS ee eI la |e Na Ue | [eee ee a 35, 016] 1,258) 263, 386} 12, 072 Rep Letai Estee eee ame ES A 307, 855} 15,893) 2,400} 120; 643, 626/25, 745} 703, 965| 27, 618 Boe OUULTS [Teena aee eee Denese en Se EN as A a ee Ie 2, 000 200 UTED oes ES re ee es ee ied | Se er Eee eee | eee 720 25 PUBURIN sel oS ee ee Ee ee ae eed ae een eee Onan 12,600} 378) 20, 880; 643 Pinfish or sailors choice___.....-....-__.~ 1, 220) 43) 250 13: 13,410) 342) 15,040 462 EMSTEUESE TIO Ree Sm oe ae ene ee 828 207, 200 60! 26, 250) 6,030) 163, 893) 46, 042 RRL IGS Meee oe aia Toe lity “ee ee renee 1 | 165969)". 1. 69722 ee = PE 400 p11 eteeetery 8 |e SoG ate oh eS OS Be 224, 243|) 33,240 | 25-22 ae en ee ea eee ee ee ae Sheepshead, Salb-wateressnee es eee 4, 658) 243 500 25, 12,300) 492) 20,025) 1,073 ‘TWLATOTSEITS ANS UETO PRON eMac n See RO eae age ita ly ME ee een ese 15,920) 637) 15,196 752 SSHRUE OW OTS) Filo 6 ape aan, ee ee 9, 532 953 |S e See ee ea tele ae Uay?-|| pee Seren | fee 9 HUOOK Or Serpeantfish. 222.) 100, 3 100 5) 37, 164] 1,486) 99,943) 5,736 STAG GUIRI eo ea e a t ee Red e e \bve See cia lees 700 21 4,529 153 Panishimackerol- 95 Saeed oa 17 S04 50461, =1 646): 2 ee ees 9,912} 694! 346, 303) 27, 704 aay ames re ee ee ee en aS | 15, 458) 635 400 20| 63, 973 1,721; 36,282) 1, 267 Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’?.__----__ =| 78,189) 8,973) 2,400} 360} 197,012/19,701! 82,514) 8, 251 muripletail_ 22°. 2... eee a ie pee ee ed | 1 eet | eee 400. LG eee SS ese Meets, Nard. Ss =». 22 39, 936) 3, 994). -|2-2_t [Ser saee bel en Behe Oe ae Shrimp \ == Sey 6 Oa ie eee 298,951): 1958 Peers | ees quer ae pee 168,750, 6, 000 Oysters, market, public___-..._._.______ 640330) 1759765 eee eee TORATASo mee eee el ee “DY Y ITT la Dee hare) etches Ga aa, aed 1, 527, 220.105, 434, 15, 450, 1, 223.1, 179, 982 64, 693 2, 317, 392/166, 047 908 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the east coast of Florida, 1928—Continued CATCH: By countTizs—Continued Species | Nassau Palm Beach Putnam St. Johns | Pounds | Value Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value AlewiveS...=.---~=24. $42-5.+--- 5 = = 2 [FE ea Se eee eee SLI; 021) '$2;344|/0=- 22 ee Amberjack---_-----------------------]----------|---+--- 1, 347 $40): 2.222 | ee Black bass_.-=-~<--.-=2--25- == = | a a ee 107,:697|! 12,919) 2 eee 8 | Canned shrimp: Persons engaged: Dry pack_-_-standard cases !_ - 3, 766 $22, 003 Proprietors Seis lessee ee 9 Woot;pack=s22-_---= = do..--| 44,319 349, 213 Salaried employees__------------- 20 || Miscellaneous products ?........--|-.-.---..- 666, 873 W are earmerss_--44cc 2. =o ee eee 168 | a ——— Notaleccst 2 eee 1, 038, 089 Paid to salaried employees----------| $72,445 | Paid to wage earners.-.<-..). 2 | 112, 102 | Total salaries and wages ------ 184, 547 | 1 A standard case contains forty-eight 5-ounce cans in the dry pack or forty-eight 534-ounce cans in the wet pack. 2 Includes oyster-shell products, canned oysters, pickled shrimp, and fish meal, acid scrap, dry scrap, and oil from menhaden. HISTORICAL REVIEW Twelve general surveys have been made for statistics of the fisheries of the South Atlantic States during the 49 years from 1880 to 1928. Beginning with a catch of 42,952,000 pounds in 1880 it constantly increased until 1918 when the oreatest catch on record was taken which amounted to 332,614,000 pounds. This large catch was due princi- pally to the large catch of menhaden taken that year. In 1928 the catch amounted to 258,440,000 pounds. Comparative statistics for the catch of each of the more important species throughout this period are shown in the following tables. Fisheries of the South Atlantic States, 1880 to 1928 {Expressed in thousands of pounds and thousands of dollars; that is, 000 omitted] | em North South ; Florida (east Year Carolina Carolina Georgia coast) Total | Quantity | Value | Quantity Velie Quantity | Value| Quantity | Value | Quantity | Value ISRO K-pn _-| 32, 249 846 6, 143 2,273 | 120 2, 287 78 | 42,952 , 1,256 See eae 45, 125 773 4, 076 58 1, 883 81 (1) (4) (1) (1) ho Rae er aoe os 43,023 | 776 4,181 | 164 1, 958 83 (1) 174 () 1, 197 Lee = 45, 546 950 4,879 | 200 2,644 | 106 5, 982 199 | 59,051 | 1,455 OT ESR 51, 799 | 1,028 4,945 | 203 2,994 | 124 7, 464 220 | 67, 202 | 1,575 (| eae ae 64, 234 | 1,316 5,280 | 210 4,993 | 171 5, 883 136 | 80,390 | 1, 833 | SS See ae 67, 585 | 1, 740 8,174 | 263 | 11,103 | 359] 19,584 478 | 106,446 | 2,840 (1 eae aes 3 101,422 | 1,776 | 14,104 | 288] 14,828 | 701 | 36,521 | 1,269 | 166,875 | 4,034 _ ee 210, 502 | 2,979 3,747 | 208 | 37,154 | 416] 81,211 | 1,746 | 382,614 | 5,349 Ree eee eae aes 95,192 | 2,414 6,763 | 285 | 39,896 | 668 | 86,896 | 1,720 | 228, 747 | 5, 087 _ 144,466 | 2,777 8,374 | 350] 47,607 | 697] 60,222 | 1,871 | 260,669 | 5,695 (Ly eS a EES 141, 899 | 2, 629 7,432 | 317 | 42,069 | 866] 67,040 | 2,215 258, 440 | 6,027 1 Figures not available. . ; ; { 7 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Q] 1 . Fisheries of the South Atlantic States, 1880 to 1928—Continued . CATCH OF CERTAIN SPECIES: By Srates } [Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] = ——— _— ——— a —= << = Alewives Bluefish % = -—- == — = — ; Year North | South Florida| North | South | _ | Floridal $ Caro- | Caro- |Georgia’ (east Total | Caro- | Caro- Georgia] (east | Total 1 lina | lina | coast) lina lina coast Ss —=— | = | - — SS) = | | ? | 400 125 | 10 | 16,055 600 | 200 | 5 25 830 ee | 25 a ee ee 761 158 7 (1) ee Pee >. PY bal (eegaes 5 3 re SE ee ae 847 151 | 6 Q) Sasa 2 37 SO noes | 19,389 | 1,078 UO | see 5 1, 193 29 24 10 | 22,175 | 1,539 160) | bemeneee 7 1, 646 : 2 25 41 | 20,907 | 1,910 A0s Ree 46-1, 996 EE ee eee ee rr 22 406 | 15, 601 1, 049 1G eee 80, 1,130 RS SS a ET 32 1, 220 | 13, 782 1, 258 The {ch ert 372 1, 637 4 V3) | een Ee 59 692 | 18, 058 323 3 | 5 561 892 Se Sa es (a 1,062 | 10,051 897 Tih Soe ee 1,101 | 2, 005 ec ee. = |e ae 213 | 14,124 852 GT (Ee Pee 772 1, 637 oS a 370 8, 180 754 4 | 50 599 | 1,407 , — — SS — = —y Croaker Drum, black ; | | Neo] | ih Year North) #10 | North! South | Hee North] South ae ‘ Caro (east Caro- | Caro- Georgia (east Total | Caro- | Caro- |Georgia (east Total lina a lina | lina | lina | lina coast) coast) | coast) a8 (= 2) | kote prune | (1) (1) ig aoe eee $0 10 (CN) al ES hes eae) (CY ol Paes. vane S 75 11 (2) ree : Oe i) (COE hy te Alt ai 170 17 41 228 , Qt 3G) (OO) Mali ek ey ea 185 | 15 28 228 Cal OAC ea tos a ea Biol’ | S15 14] 17| 297 27 | 29 7 | 2,002 67 75 25 20 187 85 | 46 O77 PUA OO) eetce = 3 meme ee Su 2) SA a 16 | Gilt L247 5835 ROS i | re ee 531 | 536 D6 il | ses 22 | 2,310 2 iis ya eae eee 47 62 13 3 39 | 3, 987 a oh See es 84 98 12 10 44 | 6,841 9 4 3 125 141 Drum, red, or redfish Eels poeae North | South _ | Florida North Florida Caro- | Caro- |Georgia| (east | Total | Caro- Georgia} (east | Total lina lina coast) lina coast) [EOS SE ok BS 129 55 20 (0) pata | Senate Me Gye are Se et ee | eee hi. 2 eS, Cee eee 140 51 21 (Ne il eee a det SES er | ie ta US eee ae ee 515 91 32 172 810 LOI Satake ns 4 21] en ea 55 ee eee 219 88 39 171 517 TG Ty | See eee 161 OT, Le ee ee 179 110 24 236 549 97 ys eee 102 CLD Se ee, 144 102 35 115 396 507 Aye Lee ee ed 512 Uc 6 te ee eee 3 343 | 109 151 | 818 1,421 258 Gime o2 264 LLU LUE ae ee 3100 1 2 | 369 472 1 ye | ema | NO ae 175 3 eee 245 31 1) 122 399 180} | 2S aees owes 180 iV ob er 99 7 1 163 270 160} 2S ee 160 TSS) hs Ai a SO i 237 5 6 | 202 450 1 soe 16 93 Rl te ee ee 2 5 | a | Flounders Menhaden a North | South _ | Florida | North Florida Caro- | Caro- |Georgia| (east | Total | Caro- Georgia! (east | Total lina lina coast) lina coast) OOS SP Se ee ane ae (es Se QO) ee 14, 756 LTS. 6 EE ae ee a ee LEP ee |e eee ee (C0 |e ee, 13, 844 CSE) aps ae Ae eng AGla| pve eae os aa eee 48 | 8,753 SP Repel ae, SS toh en yk ate) AO Eee eoet 2 4 Ape 9p TS 49 | 12,410 ri Pes peee HES 2 eee 2h Oe tf asl Gi | Eee ar ae 180 | 11,310 UL Se eae ene 262 2 3 49 316 | 18, 862 DS SE Se eer 403 fa || 7 99 514 | 57,412 . Bpntryeet s)he fee ea = SUT. vue 91 16 | 11 13 131 |179, 911 Gh. SE ee ee ed 333 7eji | nee eens 6 367 | 63, 290 es oS pe a 349 Ae Saat 21 384 | 98, 987 ; (5S | SS ae ee eg 455 21 16 47 539 | 99, 302 ’ 1 Statistics not available. 2 Includes harvestfish. 3 Includes some black drum, ___ NotEe.—Prior to 1889 some of the above species were often included under the heading ‘‘ Miscellaneous % fish”’ or ‘‘All other fish”’; therefore, the total for certain species is not shown for certain years of this period. 6881-—31——_14 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the South Atlantic Slates, 1880 to 1928—Continued CATCH OF CERTAIN SPECIES: By States—Continued {Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] Mullet Pompano } Year North | South Florida "North | South | Florida Caro- | Caro- |Georgia|) (east | Total | Caro- | Caro- | (east | Total lina lina coast) lina lina | coast) 1880: eS ee 3, 368 232 106 663°)" 45:369 |... 22 e et ee URR7 222. Dace ee = eee 2, 461 400 47 C5) a) cern IE aoe a (1), ae Se 1S88 _. 6 eee ee 2, 248 341 48 Oa ee sc ¢) ie ee ees = 1880) <5 ee ee ee eee 4, 252 464 57 1,216 | 5,989 bpd Pea ee 12 20 1800: < ee 4,890 553 53 1, 567 | 7,063 1072 30 40 1897 =. 2 a eee 4, 716 61 56 2, 449 7, 282 53 5 196 254 1902. =. Pee. > a ee 8, 429 139 126 | 7,341 | 16,035 20 5 265 290 1008: 5 2 Sa eee 6, 013 708 194 | 8,573 | 15,488 11 4 276 291 IQS: o.oo = ee 1, 286 272 11 | 10,418 | 11, 987 | 5 ee 133 142 1993)... 4 eS eee 1, 933 532 4| 6,198 | 8,667 OU ease ee 61 lll 1997 = Sst ee 4, 325 461 9 | 6,583 | 11,378 13 6 219 238 1098) 3 os eo eee 2, 502 291 57 | 6,527 | 9,377 Sls 284 292 Sea bass Shad veer North | South | Florida North | South Florida Caro- | Caro- |Georgia (east | Total | Caro-.| Caro- |Georgia) (east | Total lina lina coast) lina lina coast) TSR0 = 2 See. 0S ee ee a] ee Be Se ee ee 3, 221 208 252 252 3, 933 1) ee aS see 15 889 TS (ye ae eee 4, 783 366 255 63 ala re = {BSG oF ick Si en 15 910 A oOye eee 5, 725 433 263 | 1,448] 7,869 ISSO: — SS st oe 29 886 8 | IL 934 | 5,403 577 356° | 2,051 8, 387 Lt ies Se eee 33 826 10 | 10 879 | 5,815 563 400 | 2,654 9, 432 NSO7 = See ee Se 189 O32) )22es82 22 6 827 | 8,963 506 788 1, 011 11, 268 102. 57 710 76 | 30 873 | 6, 567 434 1, 029 1,819 9, 849 ROOR oo ae Srey 72 491 233 110 906, 3, 942 464 1, 333 2, 833 8, 572 LOIS ee SS se ee 112 132 293 41 578 1, 657 167 101 964 2, 889 i 2 Yon as YE te Ss ee 102 218 104 4 428 | 2,370 184 134 503 3, 191 7 Ee eee | 316 125 48 32 521 2, 387 182 187 348 3, 104 ie, See ape Ne De ae. 424 271 85 38 818 | 3,118 320 317 691 4, 446 Sheepshead Spanish mackerel Year North | South | Florida North | South | Florida Caro- | Caro- |Georgia) (east | Total | Caro- | Caro- |Georgia) (east | Total | lina lina | coast) lina lina | coast) ty eS Se 202 101 | 8 2)», Oe eS Seed os eae ee (1) lke 11 ae a I | 212 111) B] AiR) eee sa es ce @): 4 1880: > bees tea 187 39 | 5 264 495 8272.6 2S ee eee 82 1800: et ee 202 39 5 |} 274 520 LOO Oe poe ee 100 1807: SS ee 271 36 | 25 390 722 331 10 | 18 3 362 1902... ee 155 27 50 404 636 ay oe Soe) ae See! 659 1, 013 L908! = sere cS Sere 249 20 64 1, 098 1, 431 45 7/||Pa2 sae! | ee ae 1, 228 1, 685 1918 St pe ee ae 26 Ap See ee: | 104 132 TAG) | he eS eee 3, 062 3, 211 19283 = c= eee 52 Lil et 32 85 SLRS) 2. ae 2, 469 2, 652 19272 = a tee ot oA aes eee eee 54 77 200\4|2.26 Sa sn ee 1, 921 2,121 1928 __ a 77 Jl ER 1 76 99 (6):| 2432223532 eee 2, 074 2, 250 ! Statistics not available. _ Note.—Prior to 1889 some of the above species were often included under the heading “‘ Miscellaneous fish”’ or ‘All other fish’’; therefore, the total for certain species is not shown for certain years of this period. ee adie : OE a ee a eS ee ee ee. Ne a ee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of the South Atlantic States, 1880 to 1928—Continued CATCH OF CERTAIN SPECIES: By States—Continued {Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] 913 Spot | Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’ Year North | South | | Florida | North | South Florida Caro- | Caro- Georgia) (east | Total | Caro- | Caro- |Georgia| (east | Total lina lina _ coast) | lina lina coast) | Beye sh ao. feed eee] Ce ie ei Cece Bi baeatelaeas | 1,120 470 122 115| 1,827 | Gere AE ete 488 4 §2 SUL Me hich) bss 909 | 217 67 @)” ). Bae Si) ae ee ee eee 490 457 410 | (ie VibsesS 946 © 207 67 Oo a TS eat tle Sa eae 441 446 414 cL 9 a Hae ee 1,971 116 130 243 2, 460 See re ne 499 442 | 114 pte = a 2, 131 | 103 144 235 2,613 ii a2 see ee ee 917 T4A0N a2 oo aT28 Neer es 3, 174 80 55 516 3, 825 a ie ee 977 Wn ae ae es 32 1, 031 3, 984 86 83 899 5, 052 Coy te Riles = ea re 852 (Jo) 8) |= eee | 130 1, 048 4, 648 183 140 3, 657 8, 628 PURE essen ed FS 1, 258 75 | 19) 393, 1, 727 3, 361 59 40 1, 645 5, 105 ee ene oe 1, 790 132 1 | 72 1, 995 3, 984 70 5 1,198 5, 207 1S 7 fi © St es eee 1, 959 216 1 421 2, 597 4, 534 54 18 869 5, 475 11) 22 7 ac nae nal alps 2, 954 90 8 228 | 3,280 | 5,127 20 18 | 1,238 6, 403 | Striped bass Sturgeon Year North | South Florida North | South | Florida Caro- | Caro- |Georgia| (east | Total | Caro- | Caro- |Georgia|) (east | Total lina lina coast) lina lina | coast) 437 261 354 | 3 1, 055 238 182 192"): " (@)y vile oeee 270 251 174 Oy |= 228 5 285 5212 | 43 768 175 5 216 5 84 30 505 5 404 5 481 BiG ee. ese 1, 042 145 GA gee es |e 239 (7A 100 55 217 8 118 SOs stone 165 19 50 SPA ae es ca 101 27 13 3 |-------- 43 8 23 PI ee EEE 33 Crabs Shrimp of | Year North | South Florida North | South Florida Caro- | Caro- |Georgia) (east | Total | Caro- | Caro- |Georgia; (east | Total lina lina coast) : lina | lina coast) LN RSE eds See a 11 42 Te eee ee 63 630 56 72 821 {SI ieee Baia cae 47 76 45 (G5) el eek oe Boe 120 338 185 (¢) hoe (eee Ss pe a he yet oc f 47 69 44 (Oe | ee 124 359 191 Cyt gt) ew = Se Dae es One oe Ee 50 86 43 3 182 135 | 380 150 78 743 SEU es Sage ees 47 93 48 4 192 144 372 162 66 744 10 pees Re 1, 027 110 15 4 1, 216 146 374 68 39 627 DN ie Se ee a 203 96 80 6 385 84 370 344 | 3,013 3, 811 WUD: ae a A Se ie re 390 33 196 146 765 371 452 528 | 4,346 5, 697 JUS Ree & ea ee 379 18 8 52 457 940 55 | 5,793 | 8,868 | 15,656 ODay Fe ee rae, A 514 9 120 72 (ikon el 658 355 | 10,668 | 11,024 | 23,705 SY 7 eee 3 See ete 1, 225 10 59 128 | 1,422) 1,276] 1,657 | 12,280 | 14,779 | 29,992 Pepe ts LES N= 1, 476 2 569 169 | 2,216 845 431 | 9,526 | 22,507 | 33,309 1 Statistics not available. + Includes croakers. 5 Includes caviar. Notr.—Prior to 1889 some of the above species were often included under the heading ‘‘ Miscellaneous fish”’ or ‘‘All other fish’’; therefore, the total for certain species is not shown for certain years of this period. 914 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the South Atlantic States, 1880 to 1928—Continued CATCH OF CERTAIN SPECIES: By States—Continued [Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] Clams, hard Oysters, market | | Seal- = a eT al me lops, Yea} North | South Florida North | South | | Florida Sony Caro- | Caro- |Georgia) (east | Total | Caro- | Caro- |Georgia| (east | Total | Tina” lina | lina coast) lina | lina coast) | pes Se oe = Ss Re eee 310 48 24 5 387 1, 190 350 490 | 140 2,170 | pares ee bw 1 aa oe jo | (er 2 (ia |e 1401) 264) rT | Os teeeeeaan 4 1888 ie Coole) | eee (1) ties eA 1, 433 | 282 844°)". Oy eee ] 4 ISS9 1a i ae ee 3 5 163 7,011 305 1, 142 436, 8, 894 | 16 1890 On See f 6 236 | 5,651 442 1, 570 | 681 8, 344 | 18 1897 938 | 185 3 5 1,131 | 6,012 1, 504 3, 406 363 | 11, 285 | 118 je la let ee 1,175 | 225 10 | 5 1, 415 | 7, 160 4,828 | 8,568 | 2,163 | 22,719 | 13 Lope - ere 726 | 76 43 57 902 ; 5,275 | 10,941 | 10,053 3, 704 | 29,973 | (4) 1918 198 | il) |p ores 2 201 1, 519 2, 784 1,110 | 459 5, 872 | 423 [9232 = eee 2#4 oji) | EEE = 5 355 3, 917 5,032 | 1,720 500 | 11, 169. 555 1 Rs a Bt 315 47 | 10 373 3, 041 5, 440 | 757 | 782 | 10,020 | 835 1h: 2; Mga a 324 | 26 | 26 377 | 2,900 | 5,798 | 1,048 679 | 10, 425 1, 394 | | i ! Statistics not available. Note.—Prior to 1889 some of the above species were often included undert he heading ‘‘ Miscellaneous fish’’ or ‘‘ All other fish’’; therefore, the total for certain species is not shown for certain years of this period. FISHERIES OF FLORIDA ‘® Commercial fisheries are prosecuted along the entire length of the Florida seacoast from Fernandina south to Key West and from there north and west to Pensacola, and also in Lake Okeechobee. ‘The fisheries and industries related to the fisheries of Florida employed 10,852 persons during 1928. This is an increase of 6 per cent over the number employed during 1927. Of the total, 9,098 were fisher- men, 48 wereemployed aboard transporting vessels, 1,277 in the whole- sale trade, and 429 in the prepared-products and by-products industries. The catch amounted to 131,838,020 pounds, valued at $6,250,360. This represents a decrease of 5 per cent in the catch and 3 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the catch and the value of the catch for 1927. Of the total catch, 100,700,203 pounds, valued at $4,034,552, were fish; 30,583,459 pounds, valued at $1,364,446, were shellfish and miscellaneous products; and 554,358 pounds, valued at $851,362, were sponges. Of the total, 51 per cent were taken along the east coast, 46 per cent along the west coast, and 3 per cent in Lake Okeechobee. OPERATING UNITS The catch of fishery products during 1928 was made by 9,098 fishermen, who used 108 motor vessels and 13 sailing vessels with a combined capacity of 3,915 net tons; 3,248 motor boats; and 4,243 other small boats. The fishing eear consisted of 6 menhaden purse seines, having a combined length of 1,760 yards; 3 other purse seines, having a combined length of 900 yar ds; 276 common haul seines hay- ing a combined length ‘of 148,745 yar ds: 2,797 drift gill nets, having a combined area of 3 7348, 336 square yards; 18 set gill nets, having a ® Detailed statistics of the fisheries Sine the east coast of Florida are aisenseed separately on pp. 900 to 910 those for the fisheries along the west coast pp. 928 to 941; while those for Lake Okeechobee, as well as those of the Florida sponge fishery, are discussed in this section. Statistics for these districts are combined in this section for the convenience of those readers who are interested in statistics covering the entire State. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 915 combined area of 12,300 square yards; 257 trammel nets having an area of 216,810 square yards; 2,260 hand lines having 3,216 hooks; 1,079 troll lines having 1,905 hooks; 369 trot lines having 62,100 hooks; and 2 trot lines having 1,000 baits or snoods. ‘There were also 31 pound nets; 240 stop nets having a combined area of 39,750 square yards; 12,262 fyke nets; 103 dip nets; 34 cast nets; 475 otter trawls used for shrimp, having an aggregate width at’mouth of 8,048 yards; 65 eel pots; 1,510 crab pots; 2,328 sea crawfish pots; 76 spears; 2 steam clam dredges; 672 tongs; 18 rakes; 77 forks; 247 sponge hooks; 57 sea crawfish hooks; 44 stone crab hooks; and 52 diving outfits. CATCH BY SPECIES Based on the value to the fishermen, mullet, with a catch of 30,016,056 pounds, valued at $1,252,605, was the most important of the fish taken. Red snapper was next in importance with a catch of 7,938,253 pounds, valued at $642,856. Squeteague or “sea trout” was third, with a catch of 3,920,946 pounds, valued at $362,804. Other fishes of importance were Spanish mackerel, 5,302,199 pounds, valued at $349,893; catfish and bullheads, 5,821,635 pounds, valued at $239,636; kingfish or ‘‘king mackerel,” 3,948,567 pounds, valued at $205,397; and pompano, 702,955 pounds, valued at $162,097. Other species of fish were valued individually at less than $150,000. Among the shellfish, shrimp was the most important in value with a catch of 25,384,360 pounds, valued at $980,100. Oysters were next in importance with a catch of 3,537,723 pounds of meats, valued at $254,753. Among the sponges, sheepswool were most important, with a catch of 345,586 pounds, valued at $778,497. The yellow sponge ranked next in importance, with a catch of 87,206 pounds, valued at $38,323. CATCH BY GEAR On the east coast, where 67,040,079 pounds of fishery products were taken, otter trawls accounted for 34 per cent of the catch; purse seines, 33 per cent; gill nets, 17 per cent; and lines, 7 per cent. The catch by otter trawls was principally shrimp; that by purse seines menhaden; that by gill nets mainly mullet, Spanish mackerel, and squeteague or ‘‘sea trout”; and that by lines chiefly kingfish or ‘‘king mackerel,’ and catfish and bullheads. On the west coast where 61,120,555 pounds were taken, gill nets ~ accounted for 36 per cent of the catch; lines, 24 per cent; haul seines, 12 per cent; and purse seines, 9 per cent. The catch by gill nets con- sisted principally of mullet, Spanish mackerel, and squeteague or “sea trout’’; that by lines chiefly red snapper, groupers and kingfish or “king mackerel’’; that by haul seines mainly mullet and Spanish mackerel; and that by purse seines, menhaden. In Lake Okeechobee, where 3,677,386 pounds were taken, haul seines accounted for 89 per cent of the catch; fyke nets, 9 per cent; and lines, 2 per cent. The catch by haul seines was principally cat- fish and bullheads; that by fyke nets chiefly black bass and crappie; and that by lines mainly catfish and bullheads. Considering the fisheries of the State as a whole, five types of gear ~accounted for 90 per cent of the catch. Listed in order of their im- portance these were gill nets, which accounted for 25 per cent; purse seines, 21 per cent; otter trawls, 20 per cent; lines, 15 per cent; and 916 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES haul seines, 9 per cent. The catch by gill nets consisted principally of mullet, Spanish mackerel, and squeteague or ‘‘sea trout’; that by purse seines almost exclusively menhaden; that by otter trawls chiefly shrimp; that by lines mainly red snapper, groupers, and king- fish or ‘‘king mackerel’; and that by haul seines principally mullet, Spanish mackerel, catfish, and bullheads. FISHERIES BY COUNTIES Based on the selling value as landed, the fisheries of Pinellas County were most important during 1928. Durimeg the year 5,794,749 pounds of fishery products, valued at $1,071,016, were taken. which are taken near Tarpon Springs, constituted the most important fishery item in this county. Mullet also is an important product. Escambia County was second, with a catch of 7,347,248 pounds, valued at $487,926. Red snappers, which are taken in the vessel fisheries from the banks of the Gulf of Mexico, contributed to making this county one of the most important in the State. Nassau County was third with a catch of 33,567,523 pounds, valued at $483,924. Sponges — Shrimp, which are taken in the waters near Fernandina and landed | at that point, are of great importance in the fisheries of this county. The catch of menhaden which are utilized in the reduction plants near Fernandina are also of great importance. The fisheries of Franklin County ranked fourth in importance, with a catch of 7,681,- 639 pounds, valued at $414,658. Apalachicola is the center of the fisheries in this county, and oysters and shrimp were the most impor- tant products. Other counties where the catch was valued at over $250,000 were St. Johns, Charlotte, and Bay. Fisheries of Florida, 1928 SUMMARY OF CATCH Products East coast West coast Lake Okeechobee Total | Pounds | Value Pounds | Value Pounds | Value | Pounds Value ish: 2222s ee ..|43, 284, 990 $1, 270, 36953, 743, 827)$2, 595, 200) 3, 671, 386,$168, 983) 100, 700, 203/$4, 034, 552 Shellfish, ete__..-___- 23, 755, 089 944, 470| 7, 376, 728) 1, 271, 278 6, 000 60| 31, 137, 817) 2, 215, 808 Rota s* 22 eee _ 67, 040, 079} 2, 214, 839)61, 120, 555 3, 866, 478} 3, 677, 386) 169, 043) 131, 838, 020) 6, 250, 360 OPERATING UNITS: By DIsTRICTS East West Lake Items coast coast. |Okeechobee| Total Fishermen: Number Number Number Number On vesselsi2c2_ 2-2 oe 2 ee ee 190 764, |2- 52. Stee 954 On boats and shore— Regular... 255 c6.5- 5 eee 2, 555 4, 790 276 7, 621 Casual. 2.233. 22 4 OSS eee 281 7 jah Rie ae 3 523 Total: ..2:2:¢: 43 eee 3, 026 5, 796 276 9, 098 Vessels: ia Motor-_..- | 25 a] eee ae 108 Net tonnage- 469 2. BBb |e seas saee 3, 134 Sail_- wee ee ec cee aoe See ee ee 13h ioe ene 13 Net tonnage Do ape | SES ose TSS joe sae eae 781 Total vessels Soe ee 25 96s | yeas Pee 121 Total net tonnage:_..-. 1 eS | 469 8; 4460 ESS ee 3,915 Boats: Ley z ep Motors). S eb it Se 1, 202 1, 960 86 3, 248 Other _- : 1, 131 2, 856 256 4, 242 CORSO AOR US. lace oe os el ts es ee | 14 6 eas Sees Fy FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 9 1 7 Fisheries of Florida, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By pistricts—Continued East West Lake Items coast coast Okeechobee Total Apparatus: Purse seines— Number Number Number Number IN IGSa aes Chalet Ses RS es eee 4 Be ee 6 yards: 2 7-- lt S-8 eee eee 1, 200 660: |2o0 35 Se 1, 760 (CUE ao Se ee ee Git preheat eed oe ea 3 Noite pot ieee ee eee S00! | Sas ae eee ees 900 Haul seines— (Qi dyeetnnveyels See SS Diyas Se ee ee ee ee - 78 164 34 276 Weights Jo. old 3 ae ee 54, 130 63, 865 30, 750 | 148, 745 Gill nets— Pie Sake tot oa Se OS ES 2 ee ae eae 944 1 Silas | ee oe es 2,797 SIGE GIR EN 0 ices ee Soe eee ee Rae 1, 507, 500 13840; SoCo es naa 3, 348, 336 Stites. 2 soe Bee AS ee ee ee ee 6 2a Nevo te sk oe 18 RUILAT ORY an Saen mere aise ohn Ls 2 Se ew at 7, 200 LOOK See eee 12, 300 Merisnins ll att Ge ee Se ese 2 ee ee eee 3 D5d||Pee 2 LEA 257 (Sof UCNHSPAV SIMO SUS, Soa 2k Nace Sg eS ee 1, 350 O15 eAGO2\ eter eae fae 216, 810 Lines— 16 custo. 7 oS SNS ee ee ee ee de Bes 539 1, 716 5 | 2, 260 GOS See ese Cee eee 2 seh ee 569 2, 642 5} 3, 216 Tine. 2 Ses bee Ss ee ee eae eee eee 753 Ae ee 1, 079 I GOKS Se eee a eee oss Nae ees eee. 1, 427 UY SW oe A eee 1, 905 AT ODawLo NO OkSa: o> Sees het Te a ee 58, 600 1, 000 2, 500 62, 100 Trobuwabh Dats! or SnoodS: 42202 2- = ee ee Pot | Sie ee ee ec ee ee 2 IBaibSORSnOOdSes— 5 a cee es = Stee ee T4000) | eacerens soe abeee Ee eters 1, 000 ROUDGINGUS 22 2 S22 Uo senna a NE Se 21 Oe Pee SRS ee 31 SUy oye tS Jan RNR ees age SEN ee ES el oe 2 See ae ae DA) lee eae 240 SKOWUEINES TURN ROSE Se eT pt ES ee eee el eee et eee SON Fae eee en te = 39, 750 LAG TOTS. Se ae arte, Bs ih ae, She ee eee 22 240 12, 400 12, 662 ID ibeyaayeriSis (ogee aa\o\ sl eee oye me ee peo st. hey 46 ay! ._ 22 ee 103 CS AS OLS eee eee a Noe ay ek oe Se 19 1a (2 Sees 34 Otieminawiseshnimpes = sos see tee at ae eee 353 ODS Wows Se oat 475 BYES STC AOL Liles eae wee oy ME er 6, 673 eo iia eee | 8, 048 Pots— iRiesie Pubspetis 2 Serer aks ee we ne opt to eae eee [Se ee 65 Che Oe Ra Se TP a er aie eed ae ee TPM ween Ne 1,510 BATCH UW. LIS Deets seis Ss Se ee ee 1, 998 Beit)" See ee ee 2, 328 SARs ee BN the RE sn inaieh on Ute oy WS deh 10 Gis See eae 76 TO Cates, Ge Nethets S58 te cy Ce ee ee eee ees [ee Dy Ee ee ee pa 2 NC TeTeSia 0) ates | eet eh Ra Sent ee eee SSeneees ao eee en 94 HV fc Roe 672 ISG. 0. 2Lae. Pees oh eS ee) ake ate, ee 2 ee HL Sh Se ere lee 18 OT Ge eee sete Sess t ee Ae ROR A < e nieeyee 62 Doi ee tse Se ls Hooks— ESO [Opa {seen OE Aly 2 PS My Ga len BRU A gg net Se Pere an cd DLN A Ate 247 SGRIGEA Wiis Mis: see, oa ene Toe Reet eee ee Os eae ee 57 SLOUEICEA Des. oa eee ee eee seers ne heat AG | i an a uence 2 Ee See 44 Divan ea WAL AGUS. 2 yok Meee eS heel Se. Atha El) ig Te Gp ee = eee 52 CATCH: By Districts Species East coast West coast Lake Okeechobee Total | Sut Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value mlewivesse tii. =...) SSSI S87 (0 Wa Ds] [eae ake Ya) ses Sa 370, 128] $2,935 PANO ]ACK 2-5-2 = te 11, 847 530 17, 342 29, 189 1,114 Pparracidaw. ge 2 es 12, 000 360 4, 000 16, 000 480 Ipiackspasshs® tho seal 140,616} 16, 241) 2, 200 567, 686) 58, 052 lieishe soe ee 599, 020 68, 454 390, 270 989, 290} 95, 956 Blue runner or hardtail___| 128, 324 4,177, 418, 892 542, 216] 15,718 OMILOR aaa ee Pe ee 2, 000) 300 9, 036 11, 036 624 33D K:) 0) aoe eee eee, 1, 440 43 20, 702 22, 142 871 Cabio or crab eater________ 200 10. 17, 677 17, 877 629 Catfish and bullheads_____ 3, 203,091) 130, 601 99, 005} _ 5, 821, 635] 289, 636 (Cite Se I eS oe 5, 000: 250. 12, 000 17, 000 780 (CHEATING cS Se ew oe, 9 Se S| | 116, 500 116, 500 3, 215 TED 0) 0) er ae ee a re ie SRT Lech el cs hese ee ee 1,017,942) 46,128 erewolles- 255.4 eo cee ek 213, 736 6, 483 76, 498 290, 234 9, 043 Mnogker vas _- 52 ein y 43, 839 1, 458, 42, 004 85, 843 3, O51 Bpeipoinesssa Ah See 6, 000 600. 139 6, 139 614 im, DIaek. <2 eee 125, 450 3, 556) 39, 321 164, 771 4, 739 Drun, red, or redfish_____| 202, 024 9, 626) 889, 338 1, 091, 362} 43, 529 LIES 5 eae Eee 16, 013 646 |ECe Se el eee 16, 013 646 peloumGers: | o..21 Se eee 46, 557 1, 573 99, 042 145, 599 7, 508 SE OUDOTSaeeo 2 ol Se ee 146, 966 6, 402) 3, 971, 341 4,118, 307| 128, 361 Grunts______ =22o) Se 38, 643 1, 531 35, 885 74, 528 2, 744 Hickory shad 35, 480 1, 410/03 Se eee 35, 480}. 1, 419 MO AS ee. Jeb LS 3, 000 90) 1, 500 4, 500 135 ewntisite 2280 28 Oa hate 13, 900 401) 49, 477 63, 377 2, 254 918 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Florida, 1928—Continued CATCH: By pistricts—Continued Species East coast West coast Lake Okeechobee Total FIsH—continued Kingfish or “king mack- | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds Value eral Var. fe eee | 2, 645, 656] $136, 717| 1,302,911 $68, 680)_________|__-_____ 3, 948, 567) $205, 397 King whiting or ‘‘kingfish”) 376,490] 14, 142 70, 164 2, 509 446,654) 16, 651 Badyfish. 2 =!= 4-225. 524-228 3, 000 60! 358, 889 9, 493 361, 889 9, 553 Menhaden |21, 511,600} 40,330) 5,857,000 39,149 27, 368, 600} 79, 479 Mojarro | 477,072) 21,471) 225,260 7, 080 702, 332} 28, 551 Moonfish - 192 5 701 21 893 26 Mullet 6, 526, 794) 254, 688/23, 489, 262 997, 917 30, 016, 056)1, 252, 605 Muttonfish -.2-2222---_-2- 114,900] 10,182; 34,600 3, 460 149, 500) 13, 642 Permit. 2..3--=5 3, 895 120) 33, 463, 1, 086 37, 358 1, 206 Pigfish 222-2222 2 soe 124, 078 3, 922 55, 144, 1, 982) 179, 222 5, 904 Pikes =e eee 2, 000 J00)2---22--= Sa ereeee 2, 000 100 Pinfish or sailors choice_---| 179, 301 5, 024 22, 871 862 202, 172' 5, 886 Ponipano=. =.= 283, 889| 78,374) 419,066] 83, 723 702,955 162, 097 Porgies..-.36 2 eee 22, 000 760 97, 324 2, 955 119, 324 BB yal Porkfish. - < 222-23 Ses ee ee Ree 600 18 600 18 Sawdiish. <=: 532.522 33 4 3 ee eee 45, 000 375 45, 000 375 Sea bass... 2-2 5-2-- Sees 38, 169 4, 213 15, 560 1, 156 53, 729 5, 369 Shad.é <2:..24.-2 es (690/932) ~ 104; 436/22 =~ eee ee 690,932 104, 436 Sharks: 2. - 22-2. 2 ees eee 226, 500) 2502) eae se ae 226, 500 2552 Sheepshead, salt-water-__-_ 75, 744 3,514) -4.99):322]) 918;963|22 = 22 eee 575,066 22,477 Snapper: Manperove:s: = ase 89, 505 4,870) 185, 661 (PRT eee De nel he ee = 275,166 12, 204 Red. ees 47, 050 4;'629| 7, 801; 203|\) (638;.227| eon eee Ree 7, 938, 253 642, 856 Snook or sergeantfish_-___-- 250, 994] 12,265) 370, 487 621,481 24, 874 Spadefish = ee eee aa 11, 904 381 66, 441 78, 345 2, 682 Spanish mackerel _-_------- 2, 074, 382) 135,909) 3, 227, 817 5, 302,199 349, 893 Spot... 4. eee eee 228, 153 7,145} 108, 205 336,358 11, 067 Squeteagues or ‘‘seatrout’’_| 1, 238,494] 118, 880] 2, 682, 452 3,920,946 362, 804 Sturgeon -.°2.222.6- ~- ae| att ean] SE ee 16, 247 ), 247) 2, 097 Sunfish’ 2: ees SOG; 231! MS; 144 in See 552, 723; 21, 039 Tang. ....<-. ae eas |e ee ee al eee cee 150 150 4 Tripletail 400 16 7, 000 7, 400: 516 Turbot... 2. 2263. ee ee Eee 200 200 : Yellowtail 64, 434 5,174) 122, 158 186, 592) 14, 290 | Total-2-. eee 43, 284, 990|1, 270, 36953, 743, 827|2, 595, 200)3, 671, 386} 168, 983)100, 700, 203 4, 034, 552 SHELLFISH, E1C. Crabs: Hard... eee 134, 276 7, 334 6, 900 yA pee = Spee] (ps 141, 176 8, 065 Stone/2 33 35, 000 3, 850 16; 940) ell, 836] See eee | eee 111,940 15, 686 Sea crawfish or spiny lob- . ster... eS 367, 106) -29;;368)' °197,\056) 155154: 2 = eee a | See 564,162) 44, 522 Shrimp. 2!-2 2 22,507, 186) (864, '614).25877, 174 1b; 486/522 9 Eee 25, 384, 360, 980, 100 Clams, hard: 25, 840 3;092)-.-750)7281)" :48;,903 sas" aa bee , 568) 52, 085 Oysters, market, public_.-| 577,787} 30,141) 2,856,476} 218, 372|___.__-__]_--_-__- 3, 434, 263; 248, 513 pall market, private_.| 101,360 5, 940 2, 100 Bt) eae eee ae eee 103, 460 6, 240 Scallops: Bay.W2i223-ce ce een See eee 14, 100 6, 000|< 22: === (Ee eae 14, 100 5, 000 Sea...02:.2.- 2 eee eee 2, 100 1;050)222 2 |e 2, 100 1, 050 Terrapin = 22 2-25s5eee jos bios tee Se 461 US| See | Saene 461) 115 Turtlese233 ee 6, 534 131) 22, 735 1, 756 6, 000 60 35, 269 1, 947 Sponges: Grass 2. 5222552022 2 2s| ee eee LOS S76! 1205 tk seer | eee 108, 876) 27, 774 Sheepswool: _. - 2s |e ees | ee ee 345,586), 27785497) <2 ee ee number--| 402,828 | $7,334 20, 700 $731 | 423,528 | $8,065 \» BUONO. otis sone Sap eee dos2e2 46,667 | 3,850 102, 587 | 11, 836 149, 254 15, 686 Olams, hard) ==" 22 saree ae bushels_- 3,230 | 3,092 93, 841 | 48, 993 97,071 | 52,085 Oysters, market, public_....___- --do...-| 82,541 | 30,141 | 408,068 |218,372 | 490,609 | 248, 513 es market, privateés...22_o) ae do..--| 14,480] 65,940 300 300 14, 780 6, 240 Scallops: Bay inc 0... ee ee eee dose eee 2,350 | 5,000 2, 350 5, 000 Sea Z S we nn ee LO ee ee 350 | 1,050 350 1, 050 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 919 INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES ’ Transporting trade.—During 1928 there were 48 persons in Florida engaged in transporting the products from fishing grounds to the market. In this trade 20 motor vessels, having total capacity of 311 net tons, were operated. Wholesale trade.—In 1928 there were 218 wholesale establishments in Florida engaged chiefly in handling fresh and frozen products. These establishments employed 1,277 persons, who received $908,280 in salaries and wages. Of the total number, 110 were on the west coast, 101 on the east coast, and 7 on Lake Okeechobee. Prepared products and by-products—There were 18 establishments in Florida during 1928 engaged in canning and curing fishery prod- ucts or in manufacturing fishery by-products. These employed 429 persons who received $331,568 in salaries and wages. The prod- ucts manufactured were valued at $1,721,699. These products consisted principally of canned shrimp and oysters, and menhaden products. There was also a production of canned turtle and clam products, salted mullet and mullet roe, oyster-shell products, pickled shrimp, sawfish fins, and shark hides and oil. In addition, 428,554 pounds of salted mullet and mullet roe, valued at $25,467, were prepared by .the fishermen. Industries related to the fisheries of Florida, 1928 Lake Items . | East coast | West coast Gieschobes Total Transporting: . IRErSOMSIGN Ea Peds sase sat tess oe eet eee 1 | 4 Bee Rest 48 WSS, 19eY0) ft) deat = RE Rs GE Se ee ere eee ile 190| See see | 20 ING), HOTT ED ee ee ee eee ee 16 | 295) Se es 31] Wholesale trade: Histallishments es. ase< >= ee ae ee 101 | 110 7 218 LGN pes Geist ie ees et ee eS Se eee 582 | 667 28 1,277 alanies and Wages PalG =. 2 <0 ne ofa ee ce $360, 562 $528, 088 | $19, 630 | $908, 280 Prepared products and by-products industries: IL LD sie] oy UE oW age) a AS) oe ee ee Se = eee ee 8 OM |= r= See 18 ACESONSION LATE ase Se eae are ae 197 | 2622 ee eee Salaniessand wares pald= =) 222) eee ee ee $184, 547 DIA RO21" | pee haa ee $331, 568 DESEO EU AS en ae oe $1, 038, 089 S683i610) |e eee | $1, 721, 699 roducts prepared by; fishermen_-_.---._.---=--------=-|=---__2---.- | $2) 467i aces ee $25, 467 1 iT LAKE OKEECHOBEE In 1928 there were 304 persons engaged in fisheries or in the fishery industries of Lake Okeechobee. This is an increase of 23 per cent over the number of persons engaged during 1927. Of the total number in 1928, 276 were fishermen and 28 were engaged in the wholesale fishery trade. The catch amounted to 3,677,386 pounds, valued at $169,043. This represents a decrease of 16 per cent both in the catch and its value, as compared with the catch and its value in 1927. The catch consisted of 2,519,539 pounds of catfish and bullheads, valued at $105,581; 630,485 pounds of crappie, valued at $18,916; 424,870 pounds of black bass, valued at $41,591; 96,492 pounds of sunfish, valued at $2,895; and 6,000 pounds of turtles, valued at $60. 7 See pp. 909 and 940, respectively, for detailed statistics on this subject, for the east and west coasts of Florida and for Lake Okeechobee on p. 920. 920 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES OPERATING UNITS The catch of fishery products in Lake Okeechobee was taken by 276 fishermen who used 342 motor and other fishing boats, 34 haul seines, having a total length of 30,750 yards, 12,400 fykes, 5 hand- lines, and 7 trot lines. CATCH BY GEAR Haul seines ee for 89 per cent of the catch; fyke nets, 9 per cent; and lines, 2 per cent. The catch by haul seines Was prin- cipally catfish and bullheads, that by fyke nets chiefly black bass and crappie, and that by lines mainly catfish and bullheads. CATCH BY COUNTIES The catch in Lake Okeechobee was taken in three counties. Glades County accounted for 69 per cent of the catch and 72 per cent of the value of the catch; Okeechobee County, 28 per cent of the catch and 25 per cent of the value; and Palm Beach, 3 per cent of the catch and 3 per cent of the value. INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES During 1928 no vessels were operated in the transporting trade in Lake Okeechobee nor were any prepared-products or by- products industries located there. Wholesale trade——There were seven wholesale establishments on the shores of Lake Okeechobee in 1928 handling fresh fishery prod- ucts. These employed 28 persons, who received $19,630 in salaries and wages. Fisheries and related industries of Lake Okeechobee, Fla., 1928 OPERATING UNITS: BY GEAR Lines Total Haul a Items seines, Trot Fykes onesie ommon : api- c Hand | with cation hooks | Number |Number| Number | Number | Number 5 Fishermen: On boats and shore, regular___-_---------__- 172 i 103 276 Boats: ~ Motor. =. 22-2 ee a 64 2 4 ae, 86 Other..:.2... 2 SS a aa ee | 152 4 3 103 256 Apparatus: : Number 2. — 5s. oe eae eee ee eee 34 5 7 12; 400! |aes sees Ses Length; yards. 2.222222 5) 522 2222 ee eee 902750) 52 eel. on ee el | aac aes Hooks... -2 22.202 2..3253 ee eee bd) 2} 500',|. 222-2 AS ee 2 e Res Fa | CATCH: By Grar Lines | | 2 eS ee Species | Haul, seines, ; Fykes Total common Hand Tr arate Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value| Pownds| Value| Pounds) Value |. Pownds | Value Black bass. .*22-5 5242 247, 870) $23, 991 2, 000 bce) _-------|------] 175, 000}$17, 400) 424, 870 $41, 591 Catfish and bullheads___|2, 424, 995) 101, 646) _ _.-|_.-...] 68, 635]$2, 650} 30,909) 1, 285,2, 519, 539 105, 581 SIG DDG ne eeoenee 485] 15, 586|_____ A er Ss a ee 111, 000} 3,330) 630, 485) 18, 916 Sunfish _ - : 2) 2: 775) 2 Ll ee eee | 4, 000 120| 96,492) 2,895 Turtles ; 6, 000 60) 2 aeeuee | ge) pte nes I |e son | 6, 000 60 Total 3, 290,842, 144,058, 2,000! 2001 63, 635] 2, 650! 320,909] 22, 1353, 67, 386,169,048 - re el ‘ ‘ FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 92] | Fisheries and related industries of Lake Okeechobee, Fla., 1928—Continued } OPERATING UNITS: By COUNTIES i VCE TS Se SO 7 ee ee Items Glades Okeechobee} poaoh = | ba (eat Number Number Number ' Fishermen: On boats and shore, regular -------.--..--.--.----------- 212. 54 10 - Boats: TOUT Ov L atk 2 Sok Wear tes ae ag Se ee eS a ee 62 20 4 / BONE ies ne ee NY ae ee ce oe eee hee 198 50 8 _ Apparatus: SEUSS MUS rea eS) lp sen es (0) 2) BES OEE RS ee ee 20 12 ae Yards 18, 750 | 10, 200 1, 800 Lines— atin). ce es Ma ee hs ep eae Ee se See ee Reem re S|) es oe eb eee Hooks Cd Ee eS) Se ee 3 Trot with hooks 6 | 1 ae ES SS 2 Oe ooks 2, 200 BON ee Se a Fykes 11, 700 | FACING Se See De Me CATCH: BY COUNTIES Species Glades Okeechobee | ~ Palm “Beach 5 = \- = Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pounds Value MEUINCEGDASSS fo. 8 eh 373,172 | $37,320 44, 898 $3, 591 6, 800 $680 Catfish aid pullheads= = 22 2 1, 734, 074 71, 242 705, O8O 31, 023 | 80, 385 3, 316 THEO Ee ah pl rep 357, 884 10, 737 234, 351 7, 031 38, 250 1, 148 = LAUT 7 4 2 ee aes 50, 992 1, 580 42, 000 1, 260 3, 500 105 BER ULOS oe ee 6, 000 Get | Se Se pe ee ee ee Le es ARVO RS at SE A ahead 25 Dewy Lae 120, 889 1, 026, 329 42,905 | 128, 935 5, 249 WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE eas 1 bee an Items Gade Palm Total - Beach Counties TONS EOL LOT GET 5 Sk ee Sie Se ee ee 3 4 7 Persons engaged: IE TOP RIOUOLS = ee eee oe eee em vo CR ee ee ed es 2 ee 3 4 7 SaUariedenitDployeese 2 =. ae ke oe Ae ee ee ae ae i ee 3 SVD OAT OLS Noe seen gee eee 8 tee tee Bpaeea ye eee ee RE MS OS 12 | 6 18 FidsLorsalaried emiployees_ 2222") 22) tee ees sas tee $3, 980 $2, 400 $6, 380 EOE CW APO CALTON S ea. 8 2 Re Le) ee eee ee 8, 622 4, 628 13, 250 MotalisslaniognanG wares: se) = =o see = See ee ee ee 12, 602 7, 028 19, 630 SPONGE FISHERY In the waters along the Gulf coast of Florida is located the only commercial sponge fishery in the United States. During 1928 this fishery employed 816 fishermen, which is 6 per cent more than the number employed during 1927. Their catch amounted to 554,358 _ pounds, valued at $851,362. This represents a decrease of 8 per cent im the catch and 18 per cent in the value of the catch, as competes - with the catch and its value for the previous year. The greater part of the catch consisted of sheepswool sponges, although — there were considerable quantities of grass and yellow varieties, and a small production of wire sponges. OPERATING UNITS In making the catch the fishermen employed 4 motor vessels, 1 sailing vessel, 319 motor and other small boats, 247 sponge hooks, and 52 diving outfits. The vessels had a combined capacity of 77 net tons. ell i Be Nel tt 922 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES MARKETING OF SPONGES The greater proportion of the catch landed at Tarpon Springs is marketed through the Sponge Exchange located there. During 1928 sponges to the amount of 413,198 pounds, valued at $729,918, were handled there. This is 75 per cent of the volume of the entire Florida catch and 86 per cent of the value. Transactions are made on the exchange at auction, and bidders represent merchants in various sec- tions of this and foreign countries. Our imports of sponges in 1928, which originated almost entirely in Cuba, amounted to 933,232 pounds, valued at $1,124,297, while our exports during the same year, which were forwarded mainly to the United Kingdom, Argentina, Canada, and France amounted to 114,917 pounds, valued at $146,520. The net consumption of sponges in 1928 in the United States, after adding the volume of the imports for domestic consumption to the domestic production and subtracting the exports, amounted to 1,372,673 pounds, valued at $1,829,139. Sponges are utilized in the arts and industries, such as in applying a glaze to pottery, for the toilet, and for cleaning automobiles and other vehicles. Some also are used in surgical work. In 1929 the quantity of sponges sold on the exchange at Tarpon Springs was 378,514 pounds, valued at $706,645. This is a decrease of 8 per cent in quantity and 3 per cent in value as compared with the quantity and value of the transactions on the exchange during 1928. It is estimated that the value of sponges sold outside the exchange during 1929 amounted to about $75,000. Of the total quantity sold on the exchange in 1929, 206,338 pounds, valued at $606,844, were large wool; 32,635 pounds, valued at $48,952, were small wool; 68,776 pounds, valued at $32,096, were yellow; 59,705 pounds, valued at $14,329, were grass; and 11,060 pounds, valued at $4,424, were wire. Sponge fishery of Florida, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEar | | Sponge Diving | Sponge | Diving Items hooks | outfits | Total Items hooks | outfits | Total - | --—— ——— | _ Fishermen: Number Number Number || Sail: Number Number| Number On vessels=- 2st pet jae ee Af5)|) ge OCO LO TOUSs2=nn neon eee 1 Sees On boats and shore, Hae aL RUG 2 UOTIS semen eee Me soe aa 1 regulars 3-5 See 368 | 404 | 772 || ————— | } Motals. 2) a Bae 8 97 52 149 - — Wea, LOH 8.) Ro aoe ee eC 170).\\> 25a 170 chs) 1 ee A Sa EL es re 4) “Apparatus=.-- 22sec oes 247 02} Lees Net tonnage.______- 52 | Pate - 52 |] CATCH: By GEAR Sponges | Sponge hooks Diving outfits Total Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Shee pswool... CE ty eee ne ee 94, 627 | $136, 505 250, 959 | $641, 992 345, 586 $778, 497 Yellow... PARRA CE A _...| 26,312| 9,956 | 60,894| 28,367! 87,206| 38,323 Grass_.-. wane eenenes-pennne-----|/) 68/9801) (12 BOii. B43) leet. ese") Memes 27, 774 Wire. a ioe gE ee 1, 269 | 677 | 11, 421 6,091 | 12, 690 6, 768 _ Total. a eee oe Tak 176,147 | 159,529 | 378,211 | 691,833 | 554,358 | 851, 362 ol | al FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 923 Sponges sold at the exchange, Tarpon Springs, Fla., 1926 to 1929, and the 5-year average 1921-1925 Year Large wool Small wool Yellow <-- a = _ Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value 1921-1925 (average) ---.-------- 234, 568 $574, 465 | 55, 309 $49, 663 | 95, 143 $40, 246 Se» aa eee 235,143 | 892,367 | 26, 073 36, 502 55, 205 | 22, 682 LO Gipae ts eee 252, 463 - 752, 435 | 35, 413 61, 973 | 65, 429 32,714 ia ot ES Se ae eee =e 232, 208 623, 776 33, 744 50, 616 61, 358 | 28, 633 Iva ee edt: RN Ee Rae 206,338 606, 844 | 32, 635 48, 952 | 68, 776 | 32, 096 Year Grass Wire Total pee Ro Ee a ee eS, Pounds | Value Pounds Value Pounds Value 1921-1925 (average) _----------- 56, 586 | $11, 931 | 11, 084 $4, 381 452, 690 $680, 686 USS La leah Gah | 49, 233 | 13, 441 | 2, 091 1, 101 367, 745 666, 093 ii) Stes eee | 50, 495 14, 139 | 10, 617 4, 249 414, 417 865, 510 IMPs 20 5 ea Saar eae A eee 74, 698 20, 925. | 11, 190 5, 968 413, 198 729, 918 RED... ee areas | 59, 705 14, 329 | 11, 060 4, 424 378, 514 706, 645 FISHERIES OF THE GULF STATES, 1928 During 1928 the catch of fishery products in the Gulf States ex- ceeded that in any year for which there are records, except that in 1927. These fisheries gave employment to 16,356 fishermen or 8 per cent more than in 1927. Of the total number of fishermen employed during 1928, 2,400 regular fishermen were engaged on vessels, and 13,033 regular and 923 casual fishermen were employed in the shore and boat fisheries. Their catch amounted to 191,007,176 pounds, valued at $9,866,263. This is a decrease of 2 per cent in the catch and 1 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the quantity and its value for 1927. Of the total catch in 1928, 67,704,097 pounds, valued at $3,673,124, were fish, and 123,303,079 pounds, valued at $6,193,139, were shellfish and miscellaneous products. Based on the value to the fishermen, shrimp with a production of 82,169,863 pounds, valued at $3,092,417, was the most important product. Oysters were second with a production of 34,942,614 pounds of meats, valued at $1,943,239. Other products of importance were mullet, 26,447,649 pounds, valued at $1,111,921; red snapper, 10,392,215 pounds, valued at $860,430; sponges, 554,358 pounds, valued at $851,362; and squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout,’’ 5,339,636 pounds, valued at $564,433. Other products were valued individually at less than $300,000. The industries related to the fisheries of the Gulf States gave em- ployment to 4,528 persons, of whom 85 were engaged in transporting fishery products, 1,768 were in the wholesale trade and received $1,319,912 in salaries and wages, and 2,675 were in the prepared- products and by-products trade and received $1,567,748 in salaries and wages. There were 250 establishments in the wholesale fish trade handling primary products and 97 establishments were in the prepared-products and by-products trade. The latter manufactured products valued at $8,131,857, consisting principally of canned shrimp and oysters. In addition, individual fishermen in the Gulf States prepared fishery products, valued at $30,910. Most of these products were salted mullet and salted mullet roe. , 924 Us is: BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the Gulf States, 1928 SUMMARY OF CATCH Products Florida (west coast) AJabama Mississippi ' Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value Bish. = ke .--| 53, 743, 827 | $2,595,200 | 4, 170, 403 $251,350 | 2, 138, 670 | $133, 826 - Shellfish; ote2 a2. 2 > Ao ee 7, 376, 728 | 1, 271, 278 | 10, 296, 077 335, 445 | 28, 561, 999 | 926, 240 Totals 2.2. eee 61, 120,555 | 3, 866,478 | 14, 466, 480 586, 795 | 30, 700, 669 | 1, 060, 066 y | Products Louisiana Texas : Total Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Bish. 2. ---)5 2.2 240 a epee $220, 890 | 5,329, 190 $471, 858 | 67,704,097 | $3,673, 124 Shellfish, ete. =.:--222 > | 67,184,972 | 3, 256,976 | 9, 883, 303 403, 200 |123, 303, 079 6, 193, 139 Total___----5--2-+2.222.| 69)506,979'| 3,477,866) |] 15;2125493 875, 058 pe, 007, 176 9, 866, 263 OPERATING UNITS: By STATES Items Florida Alabama} Mississippi) Louisiana | Texas Total (west coast)| j | Fishermen: | Number | Number | Number Number | Number | Number On vesselsi: -2=s= S22 shee | 764 202 753 506 175 2, 400 On boats and shore: | Regular:: 20s eee sees 4,790 610 1, 443 4, 571 1,619 13, 033 Casual <2... 23. 5-2 eee 242 46 7 75 553 923 Total 2 5, 796 | 858 2, 203 B52 2, 347 16, 356 Vessels: Motor -:..2... eee 83 44 97 185 45 454 Wet tonnage_ 2-2 === 2, 665 487 1, 105 1, 360 470 6, O87 Sail... 2 2 eee DU Se Ne ni pee 44 3 4 64 Net tonnage. 3222 ee TOL ees es 747 30 130 1, 688 Total vessels_______ ote 96 44 141 188 49 518 Total net tonnage_____-_-_ 3, 446 487 1, 852 1, 390 600 Tutto Boats: a Moto... ..2 1, 960 260 553 1, 542 569 4, 884 Other => = 2, 856 | 271 526 1, 167 832 5, 652 Accessory 6 |e ela tele Sie 80 be eee eS ee 6 Apparatus: | Purse seines, menhaden____--___- 2 sae nee | ee ee 2 Yards... == Eft se | 560))|52 02.25 55|532 S452. 2es ee eee eee 560 Haul seines— Common...) == ee 164 15 27 292 94 592 Mards.25-. 24 2 eee | 63, 865 5, 200 6, 700 56, 665 18, 686 151, 116 Long... -- -- a ee Fe ee ee | eee a eee a een 92 92 Yards... 222.226 -2 see ee en ence |e 29, 332 29, 332 Gill nets— | | Drift.) eee 1;8531] 4 “8 ce RL ea i 1, 853 Square yards-2--2-2.- == | 1 840;83863 4 228 se Oe Se ye nl eS eee 1, 840, 836 S0U-. 2 eee | 12 Oe ieee cee Dee ee ene 541 5 Square yards._.._.-.____ 5, 100 5,400 CU Se ee at ee eT 98,496 | 108) 996 Trammel nets. J: 332: beeen 254 136 86 103 1 687 ee squaresyardsi) .) seen ee 215, 460 40, 800 27, 396 26, 299 42, 078 352, 033 4ines— Hand: .- 22-25 eee 1, 716 160 105 342 799 3, 122 ROgks* 2) cit ae Fee } 2, 642 302 121 347 898 4, 310 ‘Trot with Hooks. 2-o- see | 6 1192 | 2s De 38 eee 276 400 Hooksi 225 ie oes 1, 000 115000 ee | 2 Se 43, 400 55, 900 Trot with baits or snoods- -_.|_-..-------- 17 105 293 36 451 Baits.or sncods._.:__ = 2 |S ae 4, 400 35,588 71, 350 9, 280 120, 618 Proll: 305 Ae a | 326 Week eoees| eek cae Cee 8 | 326 Hooks: * > ae 478 | oc enol we ee | ee ee eee 478 Pound nets. . ere 240 | oS ee oe eee 240 Square yards.=*" 2 _ 39; 750 |.--=- 22] aoe eee on ces se a ee 39, 750 Mykenets2:: 2.2.3 1 wi aese 240 961 |. .2-5. 222 eee eee 336 Dip nets— Wonkuohe. 5 sta ee 57: (aid Bee COs atte 30 147 Drops. .2--. <2 3.5... ee 2. eee [oe a ee 400 11,340 200 11, 940 ie ieLe a>. 2 8. SAS WN 15 | Se Cees 35° (2-2 eae 9 59 Otter trawls, shrimp- -------_-.. 122 178 470 1, 151 262 2, 183 Yards at mouth_ Lone 2, 268 5, 697 | 14,717 3, 909 27, 966 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 925 Fisheries of the Gulf States, 1928—Continued 4 OPERATING UNITS: By States—Continued | i | Items ee eects Alabama Mississippi) Louisiana | Texas Total | _ Apparatus—Continued. | Pots— Number | Number Number Number | Number | Number (OFT) COMM 2s ae 5 ee ene 1, SLO eo. 5 s32- ate be aes | en | ae Ree ous 1,510 Wraetisiises. eee Lo BOO) Neca ee oe allah oe Cree ee | ee | eee 330 Soe). Lh eee eae aoe 66 77 NU ES ee ee © 165 426 Dredges— (GLEN iE) 52 See © Se Oe oe | ne EE | | ip ope es | ee = SF oe Mell ee eS 2 (ONC SIRS oS ee Pe eee 266 86 | 52 404 WinCsrh aT GUtoet 22 khl le ee ES eer 327 90 52 469 hoe Re el ee eee 578 245 570 611 407 2,411 INGE? ee a ae 1 ee See ee ae ee ee el Ey 18 LIGTAIE wes 6 22 Sey WD dl es ene EE eee eee {e's hes Sores = |) a aera 247 WGHICLAWHSH:- 52 = fa? 017i |S Sea ae Oe A es [ee eee eR eee 57 Diving apparatus: =...=-.-2..._- I ect ae ee oe Nee a OS ese yas SN tes 52 CATCH: By STATES Species Florida (west coast) Alabama Mississippi | FISH Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value PASEPICIN ACK 728 eee Eg a 17, 342 be feG A leeee Se Ee eae oe el Se) ee een SEER AOUIG Se See TS ee 4, 000 LEZ eee ws | ee ee Bs A es Bilas Wass Stee eye eS eee UF 2, 200 220 1, 067 Ly ie ae ie hae ae ee TEI STR) i A ae ie ge oe 390, 270 27, 502 31, 464 2, 088 26, 663 $1, 554 Blue runner or hardtail____-_____- 418, 892 11, 541 22, 080 882 4, 000 120 [SO ee SE eae ei eam 9, 036 BR! IE Se eee |e Se) ee eS ee ee ISUshEDM a Vot coe Sy. 2S Meio 8 os 9 bea ee me (eens 37, 686 DOT ace ee eh BRI eniisht see ees Hog Et 20, 702 828 ee ee apiororerap eater.--- == - 17, 677 COLES eee ete ee | eee 4, 950 159 Catfish and bull heads___________- 99, 005 3, 454 111, 057 6, 538 | 90, 584 3, 674 UG) s SR On ae i ee ee epee 12, 000 DoULee see ae ase ee hee ee a ee IDES IigR) ate eS ee a Renee! 116, 500 Fer, |e he em ee I feet CEI ee a ere 76, 498 2, 560 5, 800 173 2, 300 71 COCR es Se eres See, 42, 004 1, 593 46, 328 1, 457 56, 340 2, 332 LDG3 | oS ou Se cs eee ee 139 An eee ee ee fet ee eee ee ees HOTU ote ke ee = Se PFs 39, 321 1, 183 7, 703 322 62, 553 2,715 Drum, red,\or redfish ==. 889, 338 33, 903 49, 407 3, 958 207, 988 18, 737 TU uty Ree ee Oe Se ee eee 99, 042 5, 935 33, 831 3, 494 67, 010 8, 427 STOW DGES eee ee pee ee dee 3, 971, 341 121, 959 198, 501 7,124 49, 300 1,479 CAT eS ily ARIS BSE ape eae ws A a 35, 885 DL SS eae ara we oe ee SE | TSI RE ee ee pee 1, 500 Albis |etewe Meo sone ee ee ee Oe a Se ae SESRLSCRES SNE a eer re 49, 477 1, 853 3, 400 121 5, 700 171 Kingfish or ‘‘king mackerel’’______ 1, 302, 911 68) G80) se eao heen see ee ee 1, 000 40 King whiting or “‘kingfish’”’_______ 70, 164 2, 509 900 27 34, 021 ilaaliy¢ LUSTER ICE ee eee 358, 889 GEA OB al ais ces 8 be | ee eh Se ee | Sener a eTiee nk Se 5, 857, 000 39) 140 he eS | Sees [a ee eee ROH ATEO Me eee ee 225, 260 dy O80 Re aaa en ee co tee |e See | eee roo miishee es es ee 701 2AA Rone hee 5 W/o 2s 5 ee oe QUID: 0 Se 23, 489, 262 997, 917 2, 118, 341 84, 878 802, 546 27, 756 IUVSTURYG) 08 (3) 0 6 er rr 34, 600 35460) 26-32-24 s+ |S =. | Se ee Eadglenshorspoonbill cat... _|_-22.----2-2|E---- 2s. 2. 2, 641 158} | 222 Ses a eee Oris t wegen ee 62 5 hae ee 33, 463 TS O8Gn) 2h eS. 22 sacs soe ee | ee ee Pexerfin tye pan ease ON 55, 144 [FORD ASS sees Soe | eee 1, 300 49 Pinfish or sailors choice_________- 22, 871 B62 ib 2 sek- Sa 252]- os ee = = lls ee Se ee ee PORE pANOMSE pete eee 419, 066 83, 723 5, 514 981 3, 979 639 2 Ga GCs Oe Ee pee ee eee 97, 324 7M | el eee EN ee es i ye lO oe Iponidishtaeee Ao 5 ig 600 TBs 5 ene aS. ee se ee oe | eee eee SERA] CR pee a ee 45, 000 SiO Weewos<= So 555). <2 eS ae ee ee a eee QED OPO eat eas eee 15, 560 Tb Go ee a oe Beh ree eee 8, 780 859 SLOT Sse BR one 2 Oe ee ee re 226, 500 20g: eee ke ens 1 See 6, 000 180 Sheepshead, salt-water__._________ 439, 322 18, £63 37, 528 3, 006 80, 269 6, 544 Snapper, mangrove_______________ 185, 661 Ts SOM eee Ok Sek ss ag Oe ae ee olla SELEY) ofS) yf: 0 |e Se eS 7, 891, 203 638, 227 | 1,300,522 | 118.655 97, 328 8, 036 Snook or sergeantfish __ Be 370, 487 12, 609 22 Dp tiene Sey 45 | Penh L BeSadensh) 2528 eee 66, 441 2, 301 3,190 127 3, 420 115 Spanish mackerel. ___.-_____._____ 3, 297, 817 213, 984 4, 339 403 9, 242 1, 164 SOD oe ae ee ne Se: SO 108, 205 3, 922 10, 833 287 25, £00 992 Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’”?_______ 2, 682, 452 248, ¢24 125, 258 12, 706 487, 497 46, 856 eTPELPCOT es) tee fe RO) 16, 247 2, 097 9, 666 QO) |e see et eee 2 SS EEL ED pe ea a ye” ae oe 0 |e en (a 1, 725 (BOM oe el ARS Di Uh Lee ee ee 150 An eee eee nee | SONS eee oe Stl Pea Bebeipletatl 2 ie -* eet Sy 7,000 500 | 1,600 | NGO) eet oe ees Ble TE i ee a 2 ae 290 Gitte sees itecdo fs ies 8 ee iad Si eae OES DIG 1 ee a I ee ae 122, 158 Spas eta fo ose ee eee ee Sees A ERO GAs Sosa Seen te ot 53, 743, 827 2,595, 200 | 4, 170, 403 251, 350 2, 138, 670 133, 826 a a ’ = —— q 926 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the Gulf States, 1928—Continued CATCH: By Brame —Ppaliaee Species Florida (west coast) | Alabama Mississippi = Ss = * = =e SHELLFISH, ETC. Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Grabs, hatds--- 32a 6, 900 $731 101, 836 $4,226 | 1,517,639 $39, 789 Crabs, soft_.-=---=_... 2225.5 ee 3, 200 800 66, 816 12, 016 ©rabs. stones = 2 eee 76, 940 11, 836),|2--2-2--+=5.|-22-=5- 5-2 | eee er Sea crawfish or spiny lobster - -_--- 197, 056 15, 154 |i 22 sce a) ee ee Shrimp = <-2-2 oe Soa (ale 5, 972,489 | 179,174 | 11, 706, 525 377, 248 Clams, hard_.....--..-~s-.----=-=-|"- 750,728) 148,998 |20- == 2 | ee eee Oysters, market, publie__-_------- 4,074,147 | 140,823 |114, 033, 8o4 474, 613 Oysters, market, private 148, 976 10, 284 159, 180 15, 610 Oysters, seed, DUbli¢. -- --_ 225-255 see ee | eee ee 1, 016, 547 6, 512 Scallops; bay: s-.-..J2- 52s ee bates --eue-2|a455---32-|Soe ee SCAUODS, SOAs sna a— on ee ees PRU) STS UES) Fc a Ree aS 2 Ee Terrapin_-_-.-_-- eee eee = 461 115 429 138 1,398 452 Turtles: 222-330 eae eee 22, 735 1)-756) |oeeosssees25|o55--02252|2. ee eee Sponges: Grass: 2s... 32 ee 108, 876 5 Ct4, | nee ote kn teen e eos (beeen Shéepswool. -- 4-- 2 seeeeceeees 345, 586 8 407 |. 2 3 sechosn|- eed So) eee ee ees Witet.<: .s<2-. 2.2 12, 690 PROB Ns so oo See sles aa So Se Yellowisc.22- ee 87, 206 38, 323 |... 5224.22. |2- be. -e 2s | ee ee Conchs..- oatnse od See 15, 600 1, 123 3)-22-25255 250]. - = eee Total... 7,376, 728 | 1,271,278 | 10,296,077 | 335,445 | 28,561, 999 926, 240 Grand totale. 61, 120,555 | 3, 866,478 | 14,466,480 | 586,795 | 30,700, 669 | 1, 060, 066 — Species Louisiana Texas Total FISH Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Amberjack-_....-_2_< 125-22 oe ee ee aa ee a eee eee neers 17, 342 Barracuds.--.--.-*:.. — = (ae eee ale Sl ee eR cee See 4, 000 3, 267 449, 297 444, 972 9, 036 129, 376 21, 702 Cabio or crab eater... 232552 Base et eS ee eee | eee 22, 627 Catfish and bullheads-_--_-----___- 340, 197 17, 074 311, 279 14, 895 952, 122 @erd:2) 2 2=- ee we a Ne oS oe Se a | re 12, 000 Cigarfish.._..-- 22250232 oo Set a | re ae | 116, 500 Croevalle-.-.---2 2.2.2.2 ee eee 1, 246 50 85, 844 Groaker. {25 2%. =e eae eee 168, 500 8, 556 84, 880 3, 783 398, 052 Dolphin . 22: -=---..-2 32 a ees ee 139 ram, black. =. eee 163, 300 8, 720 996, 470 40,495 | 1,269, 347 Drum; red, or rediish=__-_ 433, 57 46,738 | 1,029,882 | 113,080} 2,610,189 Flounders_..__.-.- oe ee 12, 895 1, 642 §2, 402 6, 590 265, 180 Garfish®:"2_ > 3 eee 9, 000 OOO et aS | ee 9, 000 Groupers. 2 eee 500 30 21, 617 698 | 4, 241, 259 Grunts: 2S > eee jid_ gee ices et ate dice aes eee 35, 885 Hogfish. - 2.2 on ee eee 1, 500 JOWUSH: 02. ye eee eee 2, 000 120 75, 746 4,477 136, 323 Kingfish or “kine machkerel’?= 2 25). | eee 11, 300 484 | 1,315, 211 King whiting or “‘kingfish’’______-| 61, 550 2, 646 23, 896 1,397 190, 531 Ladyfish_--____- 358, 889 Menhaden 5, 857, 000 Mojarro 225, 260 Moonfish 701 Mullet: as ee eee 26, 447, 649 Muttonfish- a= 34, 600 Paddlefish or spoonbill CAE ae enn as | eae ge | ee ran | Se cee 2, 641 Permit... 23) 2 Se le moe coe aS ee es | eee Sere |e eee 33, 463 Pigfish.- 2 ne a ee eee 56, 444 Pinfish or sailors choice. 22: 2-- 2 }eecss se eee | eee ee | ee 22, 871 Pompand 22.2. = pee 1, 850 304 10, 895 2, 474 441, 304 Porgies.....---..2---- 2222 esac. 2 ee ee eee 97, 324 Porkfish. ....2.2-00...22u._. =. |b 2 eae eee ee 600 Sawfish- -....----22--- een ae ek Le ea ee | re 45, 000 Sea bass_____ nceare EE ae 2! 1,500 | 150 3, 950 341 29, 780 DHArKS .. 2 nace ees ee es oe el 232, 500 Sheepshead, “salt-water.._..._____- 108, 190 | 11, 929 54, 764 3, 857 780, 073 Sheepshead, fresh-water...2-2-..2-|2- 2-2-0 ale ee 6,800 | 411 6, 800 1 Includes 7,661,248 pounds (1,094,464 bushels), valued at $228,348, taken from beds in Touisiana by Mississippi v essels. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of the Gulf States, 1928—Continued CATCH: By Statres—Continued a —————_—_—_——SS—__—_—_—_—_—_—_===[=[= 927 Species | Louisiana Texas Total | Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Be EL ML ADETO Ves Soe eee aa Nee eae eb ee ee IO Le 5, 185, 661 $7, 334 Snapper, red 48, 000 $6,720 | 1,055,162 | $88,792 | 10,392, 215 860, 430 Beno ON Serroantisneer Ae el ts i le 230, 275 22, 276 600, 784 34, 887 he) ee a 100 | 6 4, 825 249 77, 976 2, 798 Spanish mackerel 22,171 | 3, 084 88, 264 10, 069 8, 351, 833 228, 704 NOs Ses ee eS) ee ee 34, 850 | 1 (8205)! oe eee Nae 179, 788 7, 024 Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’________ 884, 530 | 109, 031 1,159,899 | 151,916] 5,339, 636 564, 433 OTT ta ne RAE Sg a DY Le ess) aD TTI | ee 25, 913 4,197 Brrr Sree ce 0 VT es DA porossceece= [eae see Sees oe eee ees 1, 725 | 69 TEER 0 yea Oe ee | fps EA ee wees Aaa de. 150 4 Berplotailemeeeertses ly tL OE | Ses jee re ee ad ad |n see 8, 600 660 uns or horse mackerel __..__.__._|__._._..___. | eae 5 Ee 1, 048 41 1, 048 41 SRC Deen tetas meee meee MOE FP GN oC SOME I ee ee ole ee 200 6 PAOULOWiGlle ates Ali ees. 2, 800 | soon So |e ee 124, 958 9, 228 NRG) iG | os a 2D ee 2, 322, 007 | 220, 890 | 5,329,190 471, 858 | 67, 704, 097 | 3, 673, 124 SHELLFISH, ETC. | | Terabshard see e Soe 22-8. St 959905130) 78, 610 300, 500 12,065 | 4,247,005 135, 421 LID LOS (0) ee 182, 960 | BELO IW see eee as en eS 252, 976 | 65, 240 CS TDTOS SORA eee ae an el aC [Sips SESE ae Se ae bY eae 2 76, 940 11, 836 BeEReis WustVOR Spiniysl ODStOn 4 t-s.|an ean toa t/a MUSE rm een |r os 197, 056 15, 154 SG ae 53, 779, 403 2, 159, 359 7, 774, 272 261,150 | 82, 169, 863 | 3, 092, 417 UBGEE SL, 1 ap 9 2 semi eae nin bs iC rl [te ola ela le el Ke a 750, 728 48, 993 Oysters, market, public___________ 1, 506, 113 53, 433 | 1,760,381 | 123, 255 | 24, 231,011 | 1,010, 496 Oysters, market, private__________ 9, 342, 550 893, 334 47, 250 6,703 | 9, 695, 056 926, 231 BEySters?:Seed DUD LiC= < eam meme | Naa ein elma Meee eb Nam |G C. oa de 1, 016, 547 6, 512 oe ae el 14, 100 5, 000 Poems e ee ae ae 2, 100 1, 050 Sea eee cS ete Sees 56, 104 20, 521 900 27 23, 635 1, 783 cco mere be A) = a 108, 876 27, 774 5 SS ells enn ve 345, 586 778, 497 Cee Sa ee aes 12, 690 6, 768 Bones. |e eee 87, 206 38, 323 ee eee omens —_ SRR Clear 15, 600 1, 128 i ee ee ee ANG ss 22a See Ra a ee 67, 184,972 | 3, 256,976 | 9, 883,303 | 403, 200 |123, 303, 079 | 6, 193, 139 Granditotale 28222. 69, 506,979 | 3, 477, 866 | 15, 212,493 | 875, 058 |191, 007, 176 | 9, 866, 263 PRODUCTION OF CERTAIN SHELLFISH SHO WN IN NUMBERS AND BUSHELS Products Florida (west coast) Alabama Mississippi | Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value peraps, hard.) 22 -._..=_ number__ 20, 700 $731 305, 508 $4,226 | 4, 552, 917 $39, 789 SRTADS SOL eee Lee dot Aiea iaer ss Tee Sees 9, 600 800 200, 448 12, 016 tips | SiOHGwe ns tt 8. dors) 102, 587 2D 5M ee eee ee pose oe eee ee eee || oe Pee @icrmis, Nard ee bushels__ 93, 841 B85 093 see” * Eyes a een eee Renee eA eeeees Oysters, market, public__...__do____ 408, 068 218, 372 582, 021 140, 823 2, 004, 842 474, 613 Oysters, market, private______ done 300 300 20, 568 10, 284 22, 740 15, 610 Oysters, seed, public__________ (0 Voy 9 BE Sey ee he eS i eee ok ot dB) 9 145, 221 6, 512 Beelons bayeta— ta kT do. 2, 350 Ds000s 22st er A eee ree tet aay Seer ees be oo Mecallops, Séa-2_ 2 2) - 0.2 fo. don! 350 10505 |-a- ne oer ae [ecaee. SSS Se SS Products Louisiana Texas Total Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value erabsshard=.322.0 5. s. number_-| 6,960,390 | $78,610 901, 500 | $12,065 | 12,741,015 | $135, 421 Berabs. softs se en) OSS Ie 548880) 9 5024040. Sire an eee 758, 928 65, 240 Birans: Stones= 222020 ./ 28 i CGE eae it Tee |S te Se) a ae | 102, 587 11, 836 @ilams, hard... 2-2-0... (era) ye ee Bae ee Pena Te) rey 93, 841 48, 993 Oysters, market, public_______ do=- = 215, 159 53, 433 251, 483 128, 255 3, 461, 573 | 1, 010, 496 Oysters, market, private______ do_..-| 1,334,650 |} 893, 334 6, 750 6,703 |} 1,385, 008 926, 231 Oysters, seed, public Lp ae | eee Sg ee 145, 221 6, 512 1a LOYOS, JU ae We 1 NEES TRE s (yee al COS ae Rd (EN Dhara PSS wie |r t ee Te reegy 2, 350 5, 000 oc Ge Sa as Seat auoe Eee Fs His Ta fh l(a WS a Oe beeen 350 1, 050 @361 31 15 % 928 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Industries related to the fisheries of the Gulf States, 1928 Pa + | Items fercgea Alabama | preg Louisiana) Texas | Total | | Transporting: | Persons engared..- =. 22222 2 =. cee 6 4 28 | us aeeeee 85 Vessels— 2 2 12, | ees 35 32 19 1853225 481 ib Se eee bites 2 fie oe oe Pe Fe, 23 "Total vessels: 5: ¥.ee eee 19 3 2 13 |eeeceae 37 Total net tonnage: {2-222 295 39 19 ps) I) Peers 504 Wholesale trade: Establishments: =. 2. $222 see 110 | 17 26 36 | 61 250 Persons engaped--0 322.5. ee 667 14 233 324 | 401 1, 768 Salaries and wages paid___________- $528, 088 | $167, 110 $121, 295 $286, 116 $217, 303 |$1, 319, 912 Prepared products and by-products } industries: Hstablishments= =. .=s-=s-222 10 7 23 48 9 97 Persons ¢npaced@)) ee eee 232 217 791 1, 302 133 2, 675 Salaries and wages paid___________- $147, 021 | $149,807 | $499,794 | $677,510 | $93, 616 \$1, 567, 748 PYOGuUcts.-— 240 852 | a ee $683, 610 | $640, 772 |$1, 899, 999 |$4, 577, 468 |$330, 008 |$8, 131, 857 Products prepared by the fishermen_--- $25, 467 $72 $4,723.) 2=5..2 | eee $30, 910 MILLIONS OF POUNDS 70 PRODUCT SHRIMP OYSTERS MULLET RED SNAPPERE MENHADEN SQUETEAGUESH ALL OTHER FIGURE 23.—Yield of principal fahery products in the Gulf States, WEST COAST OF FLORIDA * The west coast of Florida in 1928 ranked second among the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico with respect to the volume of the catch, employing 36 per cent of the total number of fishermen and accounting for 32 per cent of the total catch. The fisheries and indus- tries related to the fisheries employed 6,742 persons, which is 10 per cent greater than the number in 1927. Of the total, 5,796 were fishermen, 47 were employed on transporting vessels, 677 in the whole- sale trade, and 232 in the prepared products and by-products indus- tries. The total catch amounted to 61,120,555 pounds, valued at $3,866,- 478. This is a decrease of 17 per cent in the catch and 11 per cent in the value of the catch, compared with the catch and its value for 1927. Of the total value of the catch, that for mullet accounted for 26 per cent; sponges, 22 per cent; red snapper, 17 per cent; and squeteagues or “sea trout,’ Spanish mackerel, and oysters, each 6 per cent. Of * See pp. 914-923 for complete statistics for Florida. a FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 929 the total production, that of mullet accounted for 38 per cent; red _ snapper, 13 per cent; menhaden, 10 per cent; groupers, 6 per cent; and Spanish mackerel, shrimp, and oysters, each 5 per cent. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products along the west coast of Florida during 1928 was taken by 5,796 fishermen, who used 83 motor vessels, 13 sailing vessels, 4,816 motor and other boats, and 20 major types of gear. The motor and sailing vessels had a combined capacity of 3,446 net tons. The fisheries accounting for the greatest number of persons were the drift gill-net fishery, employing 1,907 fishermen, and the hand-line fishery, employing 1,664 fishermen. CATCH BY GEAR Four types of gear caught 81 per cent of the fish taken in the marine fisheries of the west coast of Florida during 1928. Listed in order of importance they were gill nets, which accounted for 36 per cent of the catch; lines, 24 per cent; haul seines, 12 per cent; and purse seines, 9 per cent. The catch by gill nets was made up largely of mullet, Spanish mackerel, and squeteagues or ‘“‘sea trout’’; that by lines consisted largely of red snapper, groupers, and kingfish; that by haul seines consisted mainly of mullet, and Spanish mackerel; and that by purse seines was made up entirely of menhaden. OPERATING UNITS BY COUNTIES Pinellas County was foremost in the number of persons fishing, accounting for 20 per cent of the total. Franklin County followed with 13 per cent. Other counties employing a considerable number of fishermen, listed in order of their importance in this respect, were: Charlotte, Escambia, Monroe, and Bay. Escambia County accounted for 41 per cent of the total number of fishing vessels and Bay County 23 per cent. Franklin County led in the number of small motor and other types of fishing boats, accounting for 16 per cent of the total. Charlotte County followed with 13 per cent of the total. CATCH BY COUNTIES Fishing was prosecuted in the marine waters of 23 counties on the west coast of Florida in 1928. Ranked according to value, the fisher- ies of Pinellas County were most important, accounting for 9 per cent of the total catch and 28 per cent of the total value of the catch. Escambia County was next in value of catch, accounting for 12 per cent of the quantity and 13 per cent of the total value. Other impor- tant counties listed in order with respect to the value of catch were Franklin, Charlotte, Bay, and Monroe. 930 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the west coast of Florida, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By Gear | | | Purse a Gill nets Lines : Haul : seines, | : ae menha- | oommen Trot with |. dens a Drift Set Hand neakcs Troll a = — | - —| —} —$$_—$___—___—_- | Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number |Number Ovisvesselsss fo 60 Iw peer e ee ae 644 | -====s=s23| On boats and shore— epalans2 S22 te fe Sa [LOS Tb lesen te eee ee ae Total eee oo eee Vessels Motor— 5 LO LO LOugae sane eee Ato 20 tons! a ccaaceeee 21, to'S0 tons ~ 222222" 5 ol to,40 tons... 3-2-2222 41 to 50 tons____._.-..-- Blto 60 tons2i2e.2--222 Ghito0.70stous 5. ae Vito 80 tons = = 2522. ee 91 to,100,tons_..2. = =.= LOL to 10 tons=. 22-225 oval: : Sa. 5 ee Net tonnage---------- Sail— 81 tol40/tons2...222255-- 51 to 60 tons_--- 61'to'70 tons. 2. 2s 131 to 140'tons! 2.22 2-2=- 141 to 150 tons. _-.--.-.- Totals= 2-5 eee ee Net tonnage---------- Total vessels_.-.------ Total net tonnage --_- 96 Yi) Scere ee ee ee 3) ,226)| Sa eea eee Boats: Motors. 5 ee ees. ee Ba 161, 757 2 441 2 133 (0 7) a (2 et ei ld te edi LP 0 ck 182 1, 649 5 201 6) |e Sree Apparatus: INDI Der =e ee ee ee 2 164 1, 853 12 1, 716 6 826 ength? vards< 2212 ses222b<2 560 63, 865) |-2 =. 2222s 2 See ee een Squareryardss | eee eee. oe Ses ee el eee 1, 840, 836 6,100) |2.<2>..s22 1b See eee Hooks; baits,.or Sn00ds-_ 2-7) = 225223 |0o 7 Sees Soe eee ee 2, 642 1, 000 478 They Pound | Trammel) Stop Fyke ne Cast . _ nets nets nets nets | common nets Fishermen: On boats and shore— Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number 394 107 12 : 9 Pl ieee eee rm 2.2. 8 6 6 396 107 12 - 57 15 Boats: j WM OOD 2. 2 ee ee 6 162 30 6 25 ag if! Other.2332 22 ees ae 16 199 90 12 37 f Apparatus: Numliber ao. 22222 uostanesesn eee eeacae 10 254 240 240 57 15 Square yards: 22: 2.2 = So ee eee 216; 460!) 39,,760' | 22-32-00. Soeaeeeee oe wesgaee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 931 Fisheries of the west coast of Florida, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By Grar—Continued : . | i i Otter = ae 1 z Z Crab |Crawfish| g Clam Marca - Items mena pots pots Spears | dredges Tongs | Rakes Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number Omi\i co See a |e as | eee eee oe C4 he Sees On boats and shore— LEAT oi a he an ae aaa 236 26 16 | 62 19 564 18 LOLS ETT 2 ae i ae a ee ee ee eee, By MENG ERT 10 eee oe Motaleos ss. 52-2. 244 26 16 66 19 578 18 Vessels: Motor— DOM OTONS. 2-2 2.--- oe Fl RS So eae ol OR | eae see cs A FS ca a ate 2) |e ee Liste mwowtous=....-...-< Ye a eae oe 8 ee ee ee ae ea |---------- MiGialese ec. bone } CY I ea ee dee Dc ee ee ee P| Ses ER Net tonnage__-.-..--- oe ee ee | ee | ee eee 13 | eS aa ee Total vessels___..---- TA Ra te BE Se aie ee | Ree al 7s) ea cae Total net tonnage --__ REGEN ere teic . IRE Peas Atle AS ot ee Ee ee 1 So) es Se Boats: IMT OURO Ps eh at ae 118 14 ie | eee ae | ee 221 12 (OY AMUSE cpmtgt ot Bea SL eI, lal pga ped 19 Sg eee ee | ee a ee ee 182 18 Apparatus: INTER 0c) epee eae ae Bee 122 1, 510 330 66 2 578 18 vardsiat moun). see EB Ya iy [epee ee Ot I Ras OM Sa SI el eres (ee ey So I : Hooks oe. Total Diving exclusive Items Forks appara- | By hand of dupli- Sponge eon is cation Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Numter TIRVESSE IS Stes eee ee |e eee (Ve Na ei ese ee ca [ner 764 On boats and shore— SEIU ee Se ee eee 15 368 57 404 29 4,790 ESTE ea ee Se oe EES, Soe Dota Sok ens Le ee ee 44 242 Retain ee ee eee ee 15 412 | 57 404 73 5,796 Vessels: = Motor— | PaOVlOWbOH S$) = 2222. 7 TUS 0G ee 24 Dito MOILONSS..2.... 2 ose ee 7 BiktorOitonssee! 8. 22 eet Se 4 MistomOrvOns = 2 2s = ee 8 BIsrOlgO Loris a ee 6 61 to 70 tons-_- 13 71 to 80 tons... 2 91 to 100 tons_.- 1 101 to 110 tons 1 Nery Clee ne er ae | Aa ee eos EC ee 83 PNG IRVOUMAPO- 6 een ce os ela el ae & Ei? pe a SS Ea i 2, 665 Sail— ; DLUGBLUMLOMIS ss seteaes ese tn |e pl |e seme es | = | ree 1 SCO) 2OIUOUS fee a a ee ee | ee a |i ceek S Lie SE hei een beet eae 1 ER Oe UE 0) a ho so ee ee la eee es eee ee eee en eee eee 3 STNG) LU ey aC Se se ae i eT een |P Soe sas a eS) ea ee Seb ee ee ee 3 GlSEOACO' CONS!) = ae ee re | ee ee Se es A | ae ee ee 3 Sleto 140 CONS: 22.22 se ee Pe a ees 5 ee 9 ae od eee 1 TES leg iat a 0) ay obo eee ee Re Eo a (ee ee an ee en ae See 1 FR) ae ee aS IR ae a Ye) Vie Es (Les =» Bee | eS ae 13 Neb LOMNALG 2 = oe ed hoi Dag ee Die | ae |b ee ee ere ee 781 Lobal Vessels sce en see ae || ee See 6) See | he ee 96 ‘Rotalinetitonnagesse- ae en | ee al ee ati i es ee | Ce 3, 446 Boats: i WiC) eye eS Se aes te. aa ee 2 | 97 27 52 2 1, 960 Cuber - se 15 | 170 25 eee ee 22 2, 856 Apparatus: RUE OL = ae cae Sere eee ne 15 247 57 yi oe ae (eee ee 932 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the west coast of Florida, 1928—Continued CATCH: BY GEAR Gill nets Se ai Purse seines, Haul seines, com- Species menhaden mon Drift Set Pounds | Value | Pounds Pounds Value Pounds | Value Amiberiack: i22.s 22s eee ee eet oe ee eee 500) $15) eee =e Black bass. = 2. <2 225220 222|2e 06 eee eee ee eee 2, 220) _- Biwehiih | Sa bee ee ee 164, 503 %, 208, 15, 306 Blue runner or hardtail -_---_- 161, 362 , 716) Bonito. 22-222 == = 2522 1, 480 37 Cabio'or crab:eater_=-——.-- ==). 2=2=== = Ee 267 8 Catfish and bullheads... = |S 1, 400 56 Cigarfish._. 4-22). eS eee ee 116, 500) 3, 215 Crovalle2.2 2. oS eee eee eee 24, 320 812 Croakers: 3222222 22 ee ee eee 12, 660 434 Drum, black-:. =... 2s ee Eeae sees |aoeee 11, 948 334 Drum; red; or redfish: 22 sa |b — = soe meee 139, 232} 5,038 Rlounders:.2-2 22 - See 12, 379 540 Gronpers oa ee ee ee ee eee 800 32 Kinetish-or “king mackerel 7=|oso2 e212 eee 52,730| 2,217 King whiting or ““kingfish’’. 212222 ae 22, 805 840 Radyidh es. 2) se ye he ee BB S's erat tte » ot Satie ie 356, 342} 9,416 Moenhadenes 222s. 5852s MWolarrgs 34 =e sok ee WPLOONHAM eee eee eee La nL a Se I Se a Permit: 2 pets oe a ee Pigfish) 202 8052203) 30 ec 12) S80" | S68) SS5; Sie |e re eres Pinfish or sailors choice Pompano... .-2-.-=.----=-==-|-=-----2--|~.-<--=.} ~ | 76,441) 16,040)" = 45520 S035 Searcy eee Sawiish 2.0. 2 | ene e oe |b eee Ee ee ees 45,000) $375 Sharks ee oe ee a ee ee on a ee ree 226, 500} 2, 552 Snapper, Mangrove----- Snook or sergeantfish fish Spade Spot _- | euueigas o “an ou™—- cae | 5, 660, 000) OB. Ae A Spanish mackerel -_---------- ----------|-- 34, 724 7, 833, 524) 359, 542 21, 714, 023 a, 286, 500) 4, 127 1, 018, 703 Amberjack Barracuda Bluefish Bluerunner or hardtail __ Bonito Drum, Flound Kingfish or ‘‘king mack- _erel”’ Species Trammel nets | Lines Trot with ae hooks Pound nets Troll Pounds red, or redfish._.__| 38, 097 ers 6, 406 a alata te cats ae 8, 100 Value | | Pounds Value $569 Pounds| Value 16, 842 6, 314 204 ae 046} 8, 689 156 4, 900 3, 970, 449/121, 921 35, 885 13 1, 500 49, 057 112, 981 ? Pounds | Value Value Pounds $1, 748 5, 380 216 828 179, 345 c q é , _ ; FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 933 > Fisheries of the west coast of Florida, 1928—Continued = > CATCH: By graAr—Continued 3 an i s Lines 4 Species Trammel nets i a Pound nets MY Trout wit i Hand ipoks Troll =z = ae Boe ay ae a | : ; Pounds | Value} Pounds | Value |Pounds | Value) Pownds Value Pounds\ Value Pinfish or sailors choice -- 500) $15 300 SO Se a, | ree a: ee EN | eee |e eka SeeOMPANo® = .=-__.....-- 250, a 49, 510 700 1 | a) ee a Oe SY 11, 476)$2, 869 eoreies. 25.) Decal nO ODD een asl oe eee oe eee eee oe er tried 1 ee reese eee ee Ih ee BODO SIL 2 *.|_.--2-|_- --2 cee ee RINE SS eee eae | Seenne tea aeons 15,600) Un166|2e22 == 2|_.---.|- 5. ---5. |e co o|e nee eeee See SHespshead, salt-water._| 34,305] 1,557) - 133,220) 4,803|....._--|_-..._|......_-_|_.-__- 2, 863) 143 : Sper MANeTOVG 24) 4,600) 230) 26,400). 1; 046|_-- 2 | |e 632 32 ; Se cCl eho ie ereeme nen same a eae" SOL, 20a|G08, 2a) laaeas---|--~---|--.----.=|-2scen|socnecceleeees— Ba Grescrepan visite |e ee eemer =|! 1) B00 400 ees eeer eh oy. eects (| PONELSEST 2 oo SSS 0 St) ee EO ee a ee 5,661) 226 : mesvish mackerel. _-_-.-- 163, 000/$8, 150 53, 3a 5, 353 a eS ea etree Ws 11 bee Ai Aili | oot ee |e ee ee Je le cca |. aoc n|sannaccu|eecee -Squeteagues or ‘‘sea = trout?’ Mebane =... Tripletail Wurbot.22.- IGS 0 0 ge ec eee | i kane) Pan ES EES TSE) lees ee | < | | egtale 2 22 ed 2, 162, i a 123/13, 602, 728 876, 706) 34, ae 387/1, 245, 267/65, 575, 456, 829)29, 503 ask & zt Palit a ess |) ee Species Stop nets Fyke nets Dip nets Cast nets ) l aes . Pounds | Value| Pounds| Value| Pounds Value | Pounds Value - ——— Blue runner or hardtail Bonito Drum, black Drum, red, or redfish Flounders Mojarro Snapper, Mangrove Snook or sergeantfish Spadefish Spot Squeteague or “‘sea trout’’ Yellowtail $210 DEIOS), ONG | 2 Se eee eee an a ee 2; 400)- {$180)2:— =e S |e ssee CIOS SILO Ts Sk SS ee eee (eee ee os en 380 38|E a ees BEN eramhsh Or SpityalODSbers £=22< 2452. |P- 2 2 eS |--------|------- 113,803, 8, 704, Sat ice hea IOV OC) So. 2 5 ee a 1, 152, 249| 53,181) 55,650| 1,670 116,583, 8,922| 17,000 1,008 | | { Species | oe ls, Crab pots Kee Spears Dredges '| Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pownds| Value Pounds, Value, Pownds| Value TOUT COPS 2a — 22 = a= on Sane | een eae | el aco nee oa B eee Se 45) O251S35 10i ano one e eee raps ehard: ~ 22-22. 12: . 2/2 se snes oo sees 4500) S551 |e ee Se ees eee [soceesed|ecnsass (SPOR RC ee ee ee ee eee [ae dy sfO0)| all G0) =e eeese 3 eres | oe ee eee aac ha Ieee Sea crawfish or spiny lob- Bi Ghes one=-2oe=8--s5-c22 SES OTS ee eee (Spans) Been ee 25, 352/$2, 028) -.--==-- jesecsd) seeeeesc [assesses SUT: 0 8 Sa 287i. V4 S115, 486) = 5-22 |S sce a [eta ees Sees eee Ae 4d ee Ciena Ltt 6 es. aes Ss hoi a oe aS Pa as ea “67, 520|$42, 970 SMart ee eee ee 2, 877, 174| 115, 486 78, 280! 12,011) 25, 352) 2,028) 45, ci “3 707 687, 520} 42, 970 934 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the west coast of Florida, 1928—Continued : CATCH: By GEAR—Continued Spec‘as Tongs Rakes Forks Sponge hook » Pounds | Value | Pounds) Value | Pounds) Value | Pownds| Va'ue Clams; hard_-.2¢=--2==.-=25=52 220s |S ce eee eee eee ee ae eee 28, 352) ‘$1, 774)-_.-- 22 |=oneeeem Oysters, market, public------------- 2,821, 476) $212, 122) 35,000) $6, 250). = -- 2/2 =. 22 2 Se ee Oysters, market, private ------.----- : 2, 100) 900)2--4...2|2-<-cedle oe oS | er Sponges: Grass = an ee a i en Te em ee ae 53, 939) $12, 3.1 Shoepswooli< -- == = 2 = oe en ee 94, 627) 136, 505 Wire." eee eeniee came teee | ho — see see eee eee Bee = eS ee ee 1, 269 677 Yollow .--2-2-3---- 3325-52553 [en ok eS ee Se ES ee eee 26, 312 9, 956 Totalzccs) tee ees 2, 823, 576) 212,422) 35,000) 6,250} 28,352) 1,774) 176, 147| 159, 529 Species See peawesh Diving outfits By hand Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value Crabs, Stone... 20.----ese see ee ae es 2, 780 $388). ..-2:-.-|=-- 42.2 2 |e Sea crawfish or spiny lobster ----.-.------------ 57,901| 4,422)- 2-2 | 2 er Glams} hard... =.= .2 2 5 8 ee ee ee eee ee ee eee 34,856) $4, 249 SSCAULOTS DRY mrs a ee eee 14,100) 5, 000 PSCRITOPS SE ae a a ae a |e er 2,100 = 1, 050 Merrapins 22. - 35s SSeS ee ee ea re | ee ees 461 115 Sponges Grasss 235." 23 323. oe ee ee eee 54,937). - $15,383] Seco. seen eee BHeSADSWOOls = 52 os a se ene ae ee | eee 250;959|. 641,992), 2-222 eee iret 2 oe Sea Tag em ee ee ee Oh Pena 11, 421 6) 091] 2k: oe eoke eae BY GLIO Weta oc ee re a | en ee eres 60, 894, 28, 367225 aeons bos oleae ISONGUS ee es Oe eee ae Sees 15,600)" © 1,128)... 2 | 22 | ee OUR eee = ee en ee eee 76, 281 5, 883] 378,211; 691,833 51,517, 10,414 OPERATING UNITS: By COUNTIES ; Char- : . «. |Kscam-/| Frank- Items Bay Jette Citrus | Collier | Dixie bis ial Gulf Fishermen: Number| Number) Number| Number| Number| Number Number| Number Ontvyesseigs=t See eee oe T65" | Ss2ee == |--------|--------|-------- 337 34 60 303 468 240 120 30 185 724 49 6 WOyleseeeeee 200/52 eee 8 1 Ue ae ee otal a es eee 474 538 240 140 30 5380 759 109 Vessels: Motor— . ' Dpto O' tons ee | 6) | pean eee oe on eee [Soe oe | Oe eee po bel ete bel ee 11'to:20)tons sts eae 6) ete ke leeee. oe eee es eee 7: He See SINTOBOILONS <2 ese eee Biller OS 2 Sees ea Sees fie eee ee fa a oe olito 40 ons: 22- so 2-2 41(to/50' tons. s = ee . 510160 tons--~2—5-2-2- 2-0 : . BL to.7ONrens) ee eee W110) 80)tONS-—2 2 Sos ae a eee Ol tod0ions =. 2 eae 101 to 110 tons Otel Sse Pee eee Net tonnage | Sail— , 61-10 40 S008 232. = see Bl'to' 60 Ons). 22 oho ee G1 :00)70;tons- 22 ee eee 131 to 140 tons 141 to 150 tons Totals <3. 32 ee 4 Net tonnage Total vessels Total net tonnage Boats RADON 2. onmnnencvadsansaatceusass! 90 269 103 43 6 51 447 124 OLpr eS oe ee es 84 369 203 99 30 48 325 16 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 935 Fisheries of the west coast of Florida, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By countizs—Continued Items Bay Sere Citrus | Collier | Dixie ee peesOk | cals Apparatus: Number| Number Number| Number|Number| Number Number| Number PALE REIS ELON PITIO MN AO OM oe |e ee a Sk ee SR |e ee | ee. ee ee 2 ESCO EES 2 Se = i a I ed | aes | ee ie BE (Ee | eee 560 Haul seines, common-..._...--__.- 29 pS ei [fe | RS eee 4 15 5 SECENG RL sence Stee ae ne 9}'290) Ie 9! 460) |e 2-222 00h | See ee es 1,450 | 6,050 2, 200 Gill nets— | 1D Vethij tsa eee SEE oe le eee 42 293 170 | 60 21 19 44 - 3 MAUALe Vand sssoe sone oe 23, 120 |460, 814 |102, 000 | 69,470 | 8,400 | 22,700 | 21, 700 1, 800 inemmp lene tSae 2-2-2 15 Coy | Seas sees > ee) a epee SS) |Seawee ee 4 IS(aybtehes Aye helo fae eee ERS 9,000 | 92,950 |_--.---.- 2elLOU | Seacrest! 15; 400) 222 esse 1, 460 ines— Je0r hele. kee ean eR ene pee 233 168 41 40 19 | 410 LbGuiGe eee 1a Kelol hs ee Se ae ae 466 168 41 40 19 820 1975 | es = ‘SUNGY oO Fa ee Sea ee een = ete See Se eee Beil = — 34|| 22 en | [Fhe = | oe eee BOUIAnOEVALCS*- soc sn ae ene eS ee Shed Ee SSS |S eee ees ea Le ee OVARIES Sa ee Be ee ee eee 240) | saweaees Dip mets, common== 2202-22222 _= [pease ee (es FS | oS Sle a = IOACLEMOL GES a tae ok ee eI ig BR se el S| a eee Pe ot eae Ye (OTICT ATE A Ry Ste vara 6) 0) SN as Sari) ee ee ee Se Se ee eee 8 V4 9) oe ee RVPAC SreUteIT] OL Geyer wom |e ember ge eee) IS SOL 20 py sees oe SHG Se eee eae sae Det se ae Oe alee el er Pj as ee Dredees: clam 2-5 Ts oe ee Se he Se | ee 2 |e Pees 2 ees | ee “NOVI ES k RE s l t aeienaek Se s 72 6 PD ee Si ee 32 Bi! 2 sae LO EGY CIES Sie cape eS Se ae PSA ea ee ae (Es 5 MSs el pe ee TA A Re ee ee ee | eee Hills- Her- Jeffer- Mana-|} Mon- | Oka- Items nando | Pt |" son Lee | Levy | “tee roe | loosa ough “, oe . Fishermen: Number) Number| Number Number Number| Number|Number| Number COTIEVESSOI Smee ee | are 26M |e ee | ee es Sea ee Ser ae 1 ee On boats and shore— OPM aha ne Coca 4 140 12 190 | 196 161 434 | 112 CORRS a LS a ae ace ef a ae NL ee ee ee 10 ts Sones oe Th aoe eee aaa mes 4 165 t27 es 190) | F206 4h" “17k |) a8ar 12 Vessels: | Motor— RCO PLOLLOLIS see en rere eee wa | eee eee | Mareen Seen = Se pecee a|e eeree ae ieee fe SS 7 eres ae SELLA OTE 0 Oy 0 ee le ee el le ee By seh BBA eel aa eed ees By eee ees AIS LORSO DONS! 2— een ee ere eee | See oe eee ee ee et ei oe ae es GiL'CASIN a a a © Sok S| POORER eae [EES oes ol beg Ea (a re One fe ese eael eaee Dy Se ee “DCG EL N= Se een ip eres oe ae lee Bee ote Chl sei eel Pe a ie eel i (Oa eee IN GUMONNAPCL- =a ele Se 63 (22 Eee | eee |e Se ALY 3.4 Ne oe oe otaluvessels. 2. 33. — | eae PI oe eel ind ee Soop Senet (ee al (/Wieatoe Moialmet tonnage==.. 2. ol) t= te tees (OB) [Soe 32 aS Be seek el paola Fae ee a Ch eee Boats: IM koyrgiek Ss a 1 49 3} 123 | 85 55 152 20 (OHO RR Sas oe ok, Se eae ene 4 104 PRN 154 | 165 130 245 12 Apvaratus: | IEtamlesemnes, ConImion. | 2 2--5--|-- 2-8 | Cees oe Of eases Vinee 14 VOT SS ee ee eee eee eee 45100) |e 8 1300) |=aee= ee 1,300" |22s 52s 4, 900 Gill nets— | ETE ye ne ee oy See 4 97 12 | 146 114 134 ‘bos |esoeseee y Square yards-.-_--__-=-__ 2,400 | 55,950 | 7, 200 175, 862 | 42, 630 |156, 965 |145, ae oe ese (5) Re ne a a SS er (my aay (pe alle eget ed pe a) ane eA Sse oe IPN ee SiiimaresyaLd see amc enmnee (amen oe Pa Saar Jeceeeee | Seeae Ss |B Soar SRN) | eee BR TRHA TO LETIO bee = eee eee 8 | een ee | ee eS ee eee | 4 O04 Pit ae 8 (See 12 Sduare yard Shs ae eee | es ee ee | 10, 200 | 36,300 | 8,400 j_------- 5, 450 Lines— | 15 Bry alo (See Oe se ae et ee ae 55 10 | 53 | 55 34 108 42 OOK SE fee See cee een | ee re 96 10 53 55 34 151 84 RrOtAwilM HOOKS Se Sete eee eee re ee ee ee ae (GR on pee Se Pee OOKS2 2 se sao ae oo een ne eee ne a roa | aoe nae a eee TEN Dg eee ee eee Do) Be eee Se eee eee | ee ee Eee ee eer eee 6 | eeese 136) |Pae cease a 8 oo) . = SE 600 24) 2,112 127} 20,983) 1, 138| 1, 000 60 100 8 GTOU PEt se ee ee a Sot \1, 493, 351) 44,814) 366, 162) 10, 885)_--_- _-__}______|_____ ej Grants eee a TO00| ee 40s Se 200 6) S= 2 SSR eo RRS gee eae Re wilish es See ees ees eT es 13, 300 399|22o>~ ci 3 ee ee ee ee eee, Kingfish or “‘king mac- | Rprelgye se tee been ed ull oe AGPS55 ln TOA =: oe eo Soe Iams O00l., - AO Rescate eee ae whiting or ‘‘king- HSLAB FES epee a |b 2 Sa ne | 15,280 611 1, 500 45) 1, 000 BO) acess Se REIS sees ee eee eee | 58,450} 1,169) 59,441) 1, 633; TOF O00 le S00 Sse =e eee Wierinaden 22s o 2. 22 Sen eee ee | 128,500) 2, 570 18, 000: 5401/5, 660, 000!34, 724|_.______|______ Vinal Gye ee 200, 000, 8, 000 348, 221| 13, 929)1, 324, 688) 57, 446) 177, 750) 7,510} 60, 000) 3, 600 iG) See ae eee ee 3, 000 = 120, 2, 830) to} | Fee ee | See a ee eee eee 100 6 Pinfish or sailors choice__-| 2, 000 ee ae 8 Ee S| es ees | 500 i ie eee Oe OMA pPAnOss 2b o_o: =a 1,800, 270' 12,112) 2,907 2, 334) 671} 10, 000) 2, 500) 100 30 EP GVTEIG Ce an Ts Pe Be a Efe gS eS | 22, 865 687 800, PEN AS tease eee! toes an ee Sheepshead, salt-water___| 12,000 480. 14,911 596 3, 766) 163) 1, 678! 67 300 24 Snapper, mangrove______| 2, 000 BO[ Lez: os | Se = ee ee fae al eee (ies 3S 300 18 BHAMper, TEd—-- 2. ee ae oes st | 14, 618, 5811372, 953|° (577732) 50, 56) 2-2 eereres 2 peel erate FS cE Yolz) 6] Ca eee | 100 4 1, 340 54 1, 500) 45 1,180; 23 100 6 Spanish mackerel ________ 100 8, 236, 522) 21, 287 28, 464) 2, 277, 56, 400|| 45/5192 sesh 938 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the west coast of Florida, 1928—Continued CATCH: By countTres—Continued —S—ooaeaylnaeaeaess—=—=—$=“=—S0S8S@0S08080808S8S8SSSSsSsSS.$“$?———S———————— ee e_ew—_—eowowsSsSsSsSsSsa9aaRnp9:)_———a——“““q————————OoeEeeeeeeee Species Dixie Escambia Gulf Hernando Value) Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value | Pownds | Value| Pounds | Value Spot-.c se 4) eee $160 1, 280 $26 4) hac sl sl Squeteague or “sea trout’’_ 3, 600 8, 000 720 7, 791 18, 500)$1, 480, 4,000) $480 nburgeone- = eo. = S| See ae 3, 604 432 1, 056|225.2- <=: (S28 | ee Grabs; hard <.. =) ess. 29-5) ca Se 2, 400 Co an aan perenne hoe e eae Shrimp «224s Ses ee 87,072) 3, 483/2, 790, 102/112, 003) -.=-.=4.2)5 2223. | ee Oysters, market, public__ [anos 100, 800) 14, 400|2, 315, 208/165, 618).._..____|_-----|/___. 0 Tortles =. ce:6-25 ee |b eee 886 Caen Jaswat es] ecos2oco5|Ssc268|( eee Ss | 5 es oe ee eas ovale se 13, 712|7, 347, 248/487, 926 7, 681, 639 414, 6585, 954, 588 51, 933) 66, 200} 4, 277 —aaaooaoaoaooooaoaoaoaooeeeeeee ee Species Hillsborough Jefferson Levy Manatee | Value | Pownds Value| Pounds | Value} Pounds | Value! Pownds | Value Bluefish seo $12 360 = $32 25, 577| $2,558) 20, 444! $1, 635 Blue runner or hard- ; | | Le Le Se ee es 10}. ee eee 179, 345) 5,380; 12, 300 492 Bonito ease ao 5 es 2 ee a eee Weta ne ee Ee 246|.=;---2 | Sao Biibtarfisnes mio Th, ae tee | DI acee We? 20,702| _ 808|_ 250 aan Cabio or crab eater___- 23/222. || a See 258 2, 400 96 Oathiskand bullbeads|==_ = eee SS es | en eel 39,:682)).1; 637 |-.222=see| ae Prevalle: 2-2 ee 2625 eal ee 53, 9, 893 396 @roakers2-222 22 2-5 32 200) 8 328, 2, 845 114 Dolphin: ss sees LE ee 3 eee es | ee ea ees 14)5_— = oe ee Drum; black: --_---- 132|- 2 es |e 90. 3, 500 140 Drum, red, or redfish__ 2,316) 15,612) 624 53, 521) 2,674 74,130) 2, 965 lonnGerss soe 92 50) 2 143 8, 925 357 Groupers. <= -2 ees A296 | so8 oe ae 10, 092 406 6, 000 240 Gurutn ts So oe eee oo Ae ee | A ORI 107 ae 3, 000 120 NOwHsn--2- oe ee 12) Sees | 4 800 16 Kingfish or ‘‘king MACKErely Seeks | oe see ee ae oe | ae 34,859) 1,742) 25,756} 1, 595 King whiting or “‘king- Mish Neer eee 20)Fac see |ee=2 <5} HLO)560|| B47|222= = ae ee 4, 580 183 adyfish 222255220. (Bee ee IES oleae Se ee (oa a | ee 3, 000: 60 IMO ISEEOSooe2 ee eee 2 ALO Se eee |e se pO AL OBL es ae Eee ee 10, 150 406 Miulletes isa Beis h 60, 496) 122, 640) 4, 906)1, 982, 464 1, 126, 832) 55, 842 1, 742, 163) 68, 686 Permit sons. 10|222 2.2 |e) 36,900)" =< 223] 2 | 1, 025 41 Pigfish=295> seas 160 400 16 75) 8% 445 Pinfish or sailors Choige sees! 72 150 Giie. 1,660). 62/2222 Sees | eee 2, 625 105 Pompano. 1, 024 100 15 18, 362} 4,592; 64, 650} 12, 930 Porgies._- -3522- 22.2222] 100; 8). coal ell aT) ee a | i j 1, 00 Sed Dassen en ia on aie ee ee | sete | See | a 14,760) 1, |076)|2ase eee | een Sheepshead, salt-water- 348} 11,250) 450 28, 503/ 1,425| 31,300) 1, 252 Snapper, Mangrove- -- 46| 2,400 96 432) 10, 660 426 Snapper, red__---.---- 12, 625)-~---22-] 222122 ee alee ee ee Snook or sergeantfish__ (85). 2s2oe 5 |= 2 aN A265 Mel 0b |e eae eal Sechelt 32, 360} 1, 294 Spadetish seas es 210) ae eee 12, 161 486 5, 635 226 Spanish mackerel _____ 812 100 8} 145, 380 59,433! 5,943) 177,425) 13, 739 Spots soesss ne 10, 000 500 9, 460: 378 Squeteague or trout 325822 ee 437,675) 43, 767) 159,945] 13, 565 Sturgeon ss= 5.225 ees 609] 22 een ee Tripletail — 2-52 Soa) Scan] aE ae SS SOI 2270) eee Some [pee Yellowtail... _..-- ...2.|-----2252|,--5 28 |b_ == 26, 860)! — gg |i niece] ee Clams, ‘hard= 2 02_) 22 |b 20a] Se as a STOO OTe 140) ean | ae 1, 856 209 Oysters, market, PUBIC. ooo se sees ek ee | 43,400) 2, 860 6, 300: 990 Verrapin ce 522 soos | eee oa ee es | et ee 115/22 f2e5s eee ‘Tarties ie Sees ofl woe sssec|bsnad sence | Se eee 647) 22255. eel Ce otele tes so. = = 100, 026) 176, 912) 8, 071|2, 579, 559 2, 164, 583/134, 630/2, 445, 264/123, 141 _———————ooaosasssseOOSSoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Species | Monroe Okaloosa Pinellas | | Pounds | Value | Pounds Pounds| Value| Pounds | Value Am betjack. Jets 2) ae ee 9,200)" $276) a) MSOO)' 124s el eae 000 $240 Barracnda so = fe os. 6 rae 4, 000 120 | So55 002-2) 52.2--|S5 ced ene ieee ee eee eee L210 yi) RES SN 9) Rees Te 12,400} 1,480} 20, 542 2,300} $230) 19, 300 1, 805 Blue runner or hardtail____*________ 16, 750 306)) 65, 006], 8002saasa2-|-=-5 oe 3, 760) 114 BL ab mes ws ata tory meas eb Oa a, 12, 000; 680) 2055222 -|-o22.--|-2-.-2-.|cegee=. |e eee oiparab’ <5 oes see | ee | ee 28, 000),' 560|5+._-+-.|..2=-22 |bes oo Oi ae ae ae Goes ae 1, 450 43 4/600)" -1d8s22225-|Seaeeee 3, 270 81 REP R Oli hae fan See SA ere ee ees | 2 400) | 072). 2 Ee , 404 56 ewe a ee ee. eee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 939 Fisheries of the west coast of Florida, 1928—Continued CATCH: By counties—Continued SS Species Monroe Okaloosa | Pasco | Pinellas - c= ea | | , Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value| Pounds) Value Pounds | Value femmmbeb lat) 2. sen - nn oe 800; $24 400, $6 400| $16 1,950 $47 Drum, red, or redfish- -_---.-------- 1, 600) 48 3, 404, 102| 10, 000 400) 37,537 1, 607 Initio Angee ene wae a Oo ee nae 4, 139) 378 400 16, 5, 932 263 RPtONTDOl Sane = eens ocean === -- == —~==== 235, 800} 9,427) 224,708) 6, 741)--------|------- 478, 576 14, 68) RAPT e tee en eee ee ne = 12, 200) Aaa (setae be SES) IE Ea RE A 5, 609 214 GS a oe eee 1, 500 (elena ater PAG ENS) (7h dee eins Pha 0 | ee |p JD Gln ye 2 Se 14, 100, 843 3, 093) O3|_- 35 eae Race 500 15 Kingfish or ‘‘king mackerel’’__------ 901, 487| 44,954; 27,975) 1, 1 bas} eisai a3 Pk 59, 099 3, 281 King whiting or “‘kingfish’’--_------ 1, 600 48 800 BO/Ne oe non meee aes 2, 480) 99 Madyiish..-.-----+--------~-----=--|-=---=--=|=-----= 40, 754! SD oie ae seelbose nee 4, 106 164 “ei SFE EL GLEY EY wa aes Nee a ee | Wa BUHTOO0|) " 400|. socccee gees Saree toe cee eee NUIO|HREO spete oe eee | wae | Poe ee eee Beaaeec [oe es 25] eee 2, 010 80 TN AD BUY RE oc a a a SS BS 190,615| 5,718] 216,186) 8, 648) 365, 636) 14, 625 3,105,414 124, 215 INUUau Galt 1 ee 34 600I ms 400 | eee ae na as Vid se ce ca ee ee is Rahn hes. Soa eee 1, 150 (| ae ee eS So eed Se, Sales (ES | 500 20 FPR ie en ne en eee ee ee || jeer eS eee | 4, 780 191 Pinfish or sailors choice_------------ 1, 100 Bhi ake as [see , 1,500 60 4, 545 182 HP GMa) OPW) ee Sees a ee eee 1, 800 360 10,198) 2, 448) 400 88! 37, 614 7, 087 LE OWEN he) Se See a 4, 500 135) 28, 476 Bod eases Slee oS 2, 400 96 Panlicicln oo an, Se ee eee. (HOD\| Th} Les Sec SSeS Se eee eee eo |e ee Rainier ee eee ee eee ZU) Bite eee has) ee eee | Pe ee 6 etl reer Sey] e 0 Oe eae eer 226, 500) 2, 552) --. -----|-------|-s=-----|---=--- jin SPR ells Seales Sheepshead, salt-water-__------------ 3, 100 400, 36, 185) 1, 576 Snapper, mangrove----------------- 19, 000 400, 8, 050) 352 Shay opolsye, ni2(0 eee. Bee ee et ee 208, 200} 19,620) 182,409 10, 592)--------|----_-- | 762,661) 57, 224 Snook Or S6reonmenishe ses ee een nn ene nn nnn | naam | 7,170 287 SY oho) als eV ee eee 550 16, 2, 400 96 Boanishmmnackerela 22s -==- a2 e—— = 1, 058, 000) 52,900} 140,243) 11, 219 -_---___|------- | 343,579, 24,935 ‘Sion es eet ee ee S00 lames | eens Ol eomuiclee kame oo | 4,698 178 Squeteague or ‘‘sea trout’’__-.------ 400 1,600: 283,620, 25, 608 Pieri eee eee at ao Se Seen eee TG), 2 CU See es oi Sele SS a ces ee TN bha ae he See eS eS Re eee Git UG CS ee ee ee oe ee ee ene eel ee eS roallowiallom nee ee ee 83,200] 7, 518|---------|-------|--------|-------|-------=--|------<-- WrabshsLone. ets! ost) Soh oe OG) YG eae) oe eS 64,560 10,510 Sea crawfish or spiny lobster _------- 197, 056| 15, 154|_.-.----.|-------|-----=--|------- ---------|---=--=-- (GW Sranis DEER Lele coe ae ne Oe OS a rear 8, 000 1, 200 Oysters, market, private__----.-.-__|---------|-------|--=---===|-~-----|-==-===-|------- 2, 100; 300 Seely, [DEN A ere Pe ee | See AE OE rae 14, 100) 5, 000 TET GS eee eee ae Soe See ee 15,000) 1, 200|---------|-------|--------|------- --------- [fies 2 SSE Eh Sponges: UNS ce Se a ee ee 29, 387| 3, 469|_--------|-------|--------|------- 79, 489 24, 305 Sheepswooleee. 22s ee GY RN GOT I ao Ue os ee a eel ea 310, 742| 726, 232 TT ae ee Ce | ee | eee eee a ee | aa 12, 690 6, 768 BGO Wasson ence ete ee ess 19, 287| 6, 429)---------|-------|--------|------- 67,919; 31,894 Wanehsete fo a5 eae Se Sse ee oe T5600} whys aes ee ees See oe 82 kale a= = soeeneooe UNO}: | Se aes ee ee re ee 3, 426, 286) 232, 715)1, 002, 538) 48, 944 417,036, 17, 851 5, 794, 749 1, 071, 016 _o 4 ee ee ee eee | | Species Santa Rosa Sarasota Taylor Wakulla Walton { | y Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value |Pounds | Value) Pounds Value | Pownds| Value TEVGT Sa cee ee ee ee oe ees eee 8,000) $800 700 $63 4, 460 PPB ee eee | ee Blue runner or hardtail___|.-------|------ 21, 098 844 100 4 850 8052 Sass eS Gn piovomcrapieater.. 9 )---=|22o. 28S) SES = 1, 000 SO lke oe eee Se ee Eee ee (oe eae CURD ATETIU ya Uh oa olla eet e 11, 508 AGG nant 2 |e ae a eee eee @roakerseate na. eee 3,000| $150| 7,672} 307 700|e , 28/sse eee cena | 1,000} $40 ID sab koala 0} belie ae eee 1, 200 60 2, 877 4 eee tee 1, 794 71 400 20 Drum, red, or redfish__---- 1, 800 180 30, 588| 1, 223] 14, 820 593 61, 257) 3, 062 1, 000 50 Silounders sweeeee: askin 8,400, 840 1,438 57 110 4 656 32) 200| 20 CGH 0) a a2) Ee i——12, 128 BY VE ee oe See ec || = ee foes (Ghat t Sol eae eee ae oe eed ieee 2, 000 60\S8 tes el ee eee eee Kingfish or ‘‘king mack- BE eee ae ae pe a | | 122,954) 9,836} 30,000) 1, 0) eer ee ae eee ee King whiting or ‘‘kingfish’’|--------|------ | 6, 672 G7 ee eee ee ea eee 200 8 AVNOgAITO See eee eae 3, 000 190) | ee ee Be | Se ees Se |-----+--|------ TE ot RU) sp Se ee a 182, 800} 9, 140 1, 028, 221) 46, 270! 282, 620/11, 305!1, 738, 208 86,911) 75,000} 3, 000 Raritan nee Pear eer |e seo Davie Ws oe ee ee ol ices el Meet LES Eco IBID ASHE t sess oo ee een a 4, 356 174 700 Fe | (tee a De Pree | ea Ee De Pinfish or sailors choice -_-__|--------|------ 959 38 300 12 1, 495 75 || naoier tt Ae IBOMpanO! oe 28228) eae | aaa 49, 096| 11, 047 360 54 1, 674 290 400 100 ROE SOS tees ee ores ee ee a a 1, 000) 3) ee | ee Eee ee ee Sheepshead, salt-water__-.| 2,400| 120) 31, 086 1, 243) 10,400) 416 5, 962 296} 1, 000) 50 Snapper, mangrove----.__|--.-----|------ 5, 754 229, 6,000) 240 9, 400) 747 (9) le Koma oa | fe Se Snook or sergeantfish__----|--------|------ 34, 524| 1, 8381)--------|------|---------|--+=--~-|--------|---==- ST OEG (Sua) ae ee ee 4,795 191 150 6 696 Br eS eee Spanish mackerel __-___---|-------- meet 112,577| 9, 006 260} 21 536 EE ic nd | ee (SD) poe ae | el 3, 918 156; 3,640) 136 14, 576 617 200) 6 940 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the west coast of Florida, 1928—Continued CATCH: By counties—Continued = See ee Species | Santa Rosa Sarasota Taylor Wakulla Walton | | |Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value |Pounds Value! Pounds | Value |Pounds | Value Squeteague or “‘seatrout’’_| 1,000 $100) 77, 490) $7,749] 40, 700/$3, 663| 105, 511 $10, 550) 10, 000)$1, 000 Yellowtail... 5. emer iea) 8S Cae. By; GOS), > GRAS opal ely oe ree Pease esa R few 8 Crabs; hard. 22322992 3 4.| Pees ee 4, 500 ho) | ee as Bae eee Cpl amne es bBo Eied| (Net cle Crabs; stone. <2i2 = saarea] eS ae } 1, 620 c7,t] Ee 2 ee CER Soe eee es | -Seskco| Ge eters a GlamsShards= eae eee Ee eas 8 te el 1 28 OOO) 72: TOG Eee yi. 1 et Uae [aa Spa Oysters, market, public__.| 8, 400 1,200) 35, 000 i171) ees A | 43,:400|"" 2°480| Sos ee Scallops, soa os 52-8 ae a ers } LOO Px OpO| eee nome |--------- |= naa | Soe | Total. tte | 209, 000 11, _e 671, ii cas 796) 391, 560)17, 7731, 990, 475/105, 174} 89, 400) 4, 294 | INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Transporting trade.—There were 47 persons in 1928 engaged on the west coast of Florida primarily in transporting the catch from the fishing grounds to market. In this trade 19 motor vessels, having a total capacity of 295 net tons, were operated. The size of vessel in most popular use ranged fron 11 to 20 net tons. Wholesale trade-—There were 110 wholesale establishments along the west coast of Florida engaged chiefly in handling fresh and frozen products. This is 44 per cent of the total number of such establish- ments in the Gulf section. Virtually the entire catch of fishery prod- ucts taken along the west coast of Florida consisted of market fish which accounts for the large percentage of wholesale fish establish- ments located there. These establishments employed 667 persons who received $528,088 in salaries and wages. Pinelles County had 26 wholesale establishments. Other counties of importance were Mon- roe and Bay, each with 11 establishments. Prepared and by-products trade.-—There were 10 establishments along the west coast of Florida in 1928 engaged primarily in the manu- facture of prepared fishery products or by-products. This is 10 per cent of the total number in the Gulf section. They employed 232 persons who received $147,021 in salaries and wages. The products manufactured consisting principally of menhaden products and canned shrimp and clam products were valued at $683,610. Detailed sta- tistics of most of the items manufactured may be obtained from Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1067. In addition to the above, 428,554 pounds of salted mullet and mullet roe, valued at $25,467, were prepared by the fishermen. Industries related to the fisheries of the west coast of Florida, 1928 TRANSPORTING Items Number Men on transporting vessels. ©__---__ 92 J0s-= no soe 47 Transporting vessels, motor: 00 10 Conn ees se 6 11 to 20 tons... -_- Wan ea on a a oi ee a ole ee ee Dede een eee 10 ay £0 $0 CONS e =o naan Senne ee ea 1 31 to 40 tons_ Mts 2 Pat] VORB CIS noon on onan ea pa 19 Total net tonnage , = - FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED Industries related to the fisheries of the west coast of Florida, STATES, WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE { | 1929 941 1928—Continued Cc ‘Okalo a4 Franklin| Hill itrus aloosa, ranklin ills- Items ee Ginee and Pasco} and Santa | and Gulf| borough y Counties} Rosa | Counties| County Counties ITA UISHITeN TS Ae. = 225) 55. 2. Fe 11 5 8 5 14 11 Persons engaged: | IPMODTIGUGIS Sosa an cceceae ss see see 12 a 8 yi 15 14 Salaried employees.__._.-_-.-.---.-- 5 5 1} 19 5 4 VWWAETRGN CO) Rl oe Sees SS Soe 23 36 21 61 | 65 | 2 ea Paid to salaried employees .___-___-__--- $20,865 | $18,744] $3,220) $57,690| $7,696 | $15, 880 mee aid to wageearners._-_...-._-.-..--.._ 18, 743 27, 854 13, 512 | 69, 299 33, 340 21, 550 Total salaries and wages..---------- 39, 608 46, 598 16, 732 126, 989 41, 036 37, 430 : = = = = = = Manatee | Lee and | Levy and | vy | p; Items Collier, | Walaulla,| 70 Gara) Monroe | Finellas | ota Counties Counties annatics aa : | OSTEDY STITSS SET TT pe i ae Shad 3 Ui 9 11 | 26 110 Persons engaged: | ETOPEIGUGES yc eal ee as Be | 4 11 16 13 31 138 Salaried employees____-_-..._--.-____- 3 3 3 3 8 57 WIS earnorce a. es een. es ti 25 15 42 150 47 Paid to salaried employees-____---.-_--__-- $13, 500 $6, 219 $14, 061 $14,090 | $28, 504 | $200, 469 PRIdUO WAGE CAINCNS:. GIR Gr OMONS= esos eee ERS its) Trot with baits or snoods- 10 7 ; | Baits or snoods______- 3, 000 1, 400 * Notal-vesselsss.--= == - a2 8 36 || RPO MIGLS sc i= -c2 73 eee eee ee eee 96 ms Total net tonnage__-___- 72 415 |, Otter trawls, shrimp_________- 14 164 ‘ | Wards avonout hn ee se 184 2, 084 Boats: | pGatsseee oe 1 See 16 61 9 Whotpreessas 2s 45 Sth ees ales 32 228 || Moness. 2 tees 2! ee. Bees 38 | 207 ; ONAL fos ad aR ge 67 204 | ‘ CATCH: By couUNTIES 1 | 4 Species Baldwin | Mobile ; : | Pounds Value | Pounds Value PRP OLB SIE ies ets eee enee ik i eee eT | 1, 222 $48 | 1, 968 $79 PEGS [ICG RS a Sa eer Se ae eee (ee |r a 1, 067 127 EUPTD fe 3s eee ee eee eae 4, 365 261 27, 099 1, 827 Bie reMMer Or Narduall se... kes ee 3, 312 132 18, 768 750 _ECTEREN UES Te 28 2 Sp ee en Bee ee ee ene oe 37, 686 1, 507 mertishrand UNAS -. 9 Se = ee Be 17 || Paid to salaried employees ------------.- $97, 554 Persons engaged: Paid to wage earmers___.-=---_---------- 69, 556 IPTODIIOLGINS= = 2-— 2 oo es see 23 aaa Salaried employees.......-..-------- 14 || Total salaries and wages-_-------_- 167, 110 Wage parmers® 4) oS e ere 106 PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS “AND BY- PRODUCTS — as Cl Items Number Products 1 Quantity} Value stablishmentes.22: 25. een ee 7 | Salted mullet_.-..--.---- pounds--_} 222, 000 $16,940 Persons engaged: Canned: : Proprevorss---- 2. eee 10 Oysters- - --- standard cases?__| 32, 978 176, 330 Salaried employees. ------------- 12 Shrimp— Ware earmers:. £2 = eee 195 Dryspacki cess seee 4 doses) sb1 9s 311, 267 ed Wet packs-- 2822 22. doles.) “SL; iy, 89, 811 Paid to salaried employees_-_.-------- $32, 680 | Oyster shell products-_------ tons_- 6, 028 43, 149 Paid to wage earners_-_-_-.--...---.-- 117, 127 | Other products ®_--.---.. pounds_- 11, 300 38, 275 Total salaries and wages-.-----| 149, 807 Totals. -2tesse c= 326 Ss Lae 640, 772 PRODUCTS PREPARED BY THE FISHERMEN Items Pounds | Value Fresh sturgeon x TOO ba ants e e I ag ae hs a ap 266 $200 Salted: Mullet .___ 2. Jenno oe ee ee 8, 000 400 Mullet roe. ._ 22.) 222 52 a ee en nee ees 600 120 Total. -.hise oot sence eee eee ee 8, 866 | 720 OEE <= lee i Uaaaniina asmall amount of sacle and packaged products prepared by 4 firms whose activities were principally in the wholesale fishery trade. 2 A standard case contains forty-eight 5-ounce cans of oysters, forty-eight 5-ounce cans in the dry pack, or forty-eight 534-ounce cans in the wet pack of shrimp ? Includes salted mullet roe and packaged grouper orden FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 947 MISSISSIPPI The fisheries of Misissippi in 1928 employed 13 per cent of the total number of fishermen and accounted for 16 per cent of the total catch of the Gulf section. The fisheries and industries related to the fisheries employed 3,231 persons, which is 14 per cent less than the number in 1927. Of the total, 2,203 were fishermen, 4 were employed on transporting vessels, 233 in the wholesale trade, and 791 in the prepared-products and by-products industries. The total catch amounted to 30,700,669 pounds, valued at $1,060,066. This is a decrease of 11 per cent in the catch and 16 per cent in the value of the catch, compared with the catch and its value for 1927. Of the total value of the catch, that for oysters accounted for 47 per cent; shrimp, 36 per cent; crabs, 5 per cent; and squeteagues or “‘sea trout,’ 4 percent. Of the total production, that of oysters accounted for 50 per cent; shrimp, 38 per cent; and crabs, 5 per cent. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products in Mississippi during-1928 was taken by 2,203 fishermen, who used 97 motor vessels, 44 sailing vessels, 1,079 motor and other boats, and 10 major types of gear. The motor and sailing vessels had a combined capacity of 1,852 net tons. The fisheries accounting for the greatest number of persons were the otter- trawl fishery, employing 1,122 fishermen, and the oyster-dredge fishery, employing 803 fishermen. CATCH BY GEAR Four types of gear caught 93 per cent of the fish taken in the marine fisheries of Mississippi during 1928. Listed in order of their importance they were: Dredges, which accounted for 41 per cent of the catch; otter trawls, 37 per cent; tongs, 9 per cent; and lines, 6 per cent. The catch by both dredges and tongs consisted entirely of oysters, that by otter trawls principally shrimp, and that by lines principally hard crabs. OPERATING UNITS BY COUNTIES Only three counties in Mississippi are represented in the marine fisheries. Harrison was by far the most important of these, account- ing for 87 per cent of the total number of fishermen, 99 per cent of the vessels, and 81 per cent of the small fishing boats. Jackson County ranked second with 9 per cent of the fishermen, 1 per cent of the vessels, and 15 per cent of the small fishing boats. CATCH BY COUNTIES Of the three counties represented in the marine fisheries of Missis- sippi, Harrison County accounted for 87 per cent of the total catch and 85 per cent of the value of the catch. Jackson County ranked second with 11 per cent of the catch and 12 per cent of the value, and es followed with 2 per cent of the catch and 3 per cent of the value. 948 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Mississippi, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR Haul Items seines, common a aes i Th ’ | Fishermen: | Number On vessels Trammel nets Lines Hand __ | Dip nets,| Dip nets, Trot with) commo drop baits or ; snoods Number | Number Number ph nc Seles Length, yards Square yards Hooks, baits, or snoods_-_--.------_--- | Total Otter a Cast ‘i Dredges exclusive Items nets Ne Spears | “oyster | Tongs | By hand | oF dupli- p z: cation Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number Oniyessels= a son as see ree en eee O14 ccs Sees 711 4: ee 753 On boats and shore— Repilar- .-=-2 2225-405. 35 808 ill 92 566 86 1, 443 Casuialle.2- 252 tf. 2 iil Les 2 ee eee Yl acim tee sai 6 i ols) ass Eee 35 | 1, 122 118 803 570 | 92 2, 203 Vessels: Motor—- 5 lo 10 tons:2- 3 Ss ee Silence SA 34 iL hss es ee 47 Il'to 20tons 2233 eee 20) | eee ons Aa 2 os ee eee 49 21'to'30'tons= 2-2 ee eee ih oS ee ee 13). ee ee 1 Totaly. 3 ee eee 615/2-22222 2:3 79 1 97 Netitonnage 2 --..-2 |" ss 2 676) eee ee 941 Gijt See 1, 105 Sail— j 6 to.10 tons: 5-22 ae eee uh eee ee oes y igi eeeeer ney (Sot ee 4 11 to 20'tons= 25 -— eee Da) eee ee OL {eos ee ee Se 31 21 to 30 tons. 22. 2225. alos 2 ee | Sacer eee 4. | =~ sees 4 a1 to. 40 tons) 2 3S) eee a Pema peer ee a oe 1 41 to 50 tonss2.--2- =. 2S/-e St ee eee eee I ko 35 2 eee il Total... 2253-6 ee Deen Net tonnage..2222_243| eee OSni: 22 oe Total vessels. 25> 4 ee 665 | oe Total net tonnage_-____|_..______. (14 AS ee Boats Motor--- By DPD te | py he ts Pale 18 LOS Vie = Aen 553 Other_. | 35: |Uiat eee een 2 S65 ee eee 526 Apparatus: | : IN 1D ote a ee 35 470 118 266 570 "||. B22 Sen eee MATOS AL WIUUb Moc: toss 5 ela eee 5: O87 ke see ee 327 || --o3.ace ei eee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 949 Fisheries of Mississippi, 1928—Continued CATCH: BY GEAR Lines : Haul seines ieee = a eee Species , Trammel nets nen Hand Trot with baits or snoods { Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds) Value| Pounds | Value Latte OS Se ee ee 20, 522 |$1,231 | 6,141 PA Ie eee eera | epom eee (OVP 2 aees Hs Pie MUnMeTMON MATa balle oa~ et Le ee 4, 000 120k Peo ee eee eas ahio.or erab eater_-—- =. 222... So el eee: oe ee 76615248 | 2280348 | bea: sts = ae eee ee eee eee Market, private, | IMUSSISSID DIe=- > |eee = a eae ec | 69, 300) 6,150} 89,880} 9, 460|_.-_____]____-- Seed,-public, Mis- | SissiPDleese a=. oe eeee ne he Se, fl ane | Soest 709, 149} 4,654] 307,398} 1,858/_--_____]______ sRerrapin= ssn ee= |b Pas ES.” Se [RO PE ee = Ste Pee Ss a ee a ae 1,398] 452 ANG) re eee 11, 240, 305/357, 976) 48,520 6, 408|12, 552, $97} 364, 982/2, 656, 724) 131,753) 34, 214/11, 468 950 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Mississippi, 1928—-Continued OPERATING UNITS: By counties Items | Hancock | Fishermen: | Number On‘ vessels’. 2: Sep 88 ooo ee ee ee eee | Sat oe oa Vessels: Motor— Total Harrison | Jackson Number | Number 743 10 1,179 198 1 1, 922 209 Boats: IMObO TD: sre eR ees ed oe nT eee 8 CONC et AT Be Ub cca ees el ad eT I 36 Apparatus: ET AU SONOS ;COMMON S225 2 yee oe ee ee ee | Wardge- : Sites 2 72 Mae Te Sh Aes fT RE RA ae ee ae || Rrammpl mets ss o25-- ie oe eh Rs te a ol aes Ro 11 BCUAreyardss oo SS SOE FS ee ae ON oe a 4, 033 ines— ands on 5 oo a ee eS Se ee ee ee ee 20 HOOKS! =... SA 2 a ere Ee RE ST Ps SET 20 Trotiwith baits or sn00ds..-- >... 2 = 222.34 Ses | eee Baits or, gnoods= =(- 2222 -- eis SS ee Dip nets— COMMON : 2222 22cc0-e eee eet eee eee DrOp haa eo SE Is eA Se eee 400 Cast nete.c 2232222 icicle ee eee 25 Otter trawls, shrimp Mards.at, mouth.2....2 12028 5 i a | Spears. 2-2 fe eee = Dredges Oyster. 22 sss ee ee Yards at mouth Tongs 489 56 381 109 16 ll 3, 500 3, 200 45 30 14, 363 9, 000 87 28 57 44 91 14 25, 700 9, 888 60 eee > = is en 447 2 co CATCH: By counties Species Hancock Harrison Jackson Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Bluefish. ... 5 wos Sse 5 ee eee | ee ee | 2,215 $88 24, 448 $1, 469 Blue runner or hardtail 4, 000 Cabio or crab eater Catfish and bullheads Crevalle.. 2... - 5, 3 ee | es Oroaker: 25-2830) hoe eo ee ee Groupers FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 951 Fisheries of Mississippi, 1928—Continued CATCH: By countiEs—Continued See ——————————————————————————— ooo Species Hancock Harrison Jackson Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Sheepshead, salt-water--.--------------- 18, 100 $1, 810 28, 524 $2, 672 33,645 | $2, 062 Manger, Ted..2_==--<-2---->--22-----==-|-----2--==|=--nsann =| re senna fama n nea 97, 328 8, 036 Spadefish - -.------------ 1, 400 52 2, 020 | 63 Spanish mackerel 6, 542 834 2, 200 | 230 Rice ee = 16, 900 555 1, 300 52 Squeteagues 195, 198 21, $16 215, 059 | 16, 168 Crabs, hard 1, 164, 400 29, 660 288, 439 5, 809 Crabs, soft. 60, 960 9, 820 2, 400 900 Shrimp. .------------------------------ 10, 848, 720 348, 239 905, 305 28, 009 Oysters: Market, public, Mississippi-------- 141, 120 8,400 | 5, 596, 255 210, 897 635, 271 26, 968 Market, public, Louisiana ---------|----------|---------- 7, 661, 248 | 228, 348 |_- - Market, private, Mississippi -------|----------|---------- 159, 180 15. GL0%| === Seed, public, Mississippi-----------|----------|---------- 709, 149 4, 654 307, 398 1, 858 BRBrrapil oe soo e ene oe aon nn mn mn een 1, 398 AbD) See ees le ees CUP gy hed (ee ee ae eee eer no 446, 326 35,175 | 26, 814, 050 897, 112 3, 440, 293 127, 779 INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Transporting trade-—In 1928 there were 4 persons in Mississippi engaged in transporting the catch of fish. In this trade, 2 motor vessels having a total capacity of 19 net tons were operated. Wholesale trade —There were 26 wholesale establishments on the coast of Mississippi engaged chiefly in handling fresh and frozen fishery products. ‘This is 10 per cent of the total number of such establishments in the Gulf section. These establishments employed 233 persons who received $121,295 in salaries and wages. ‘There were 19 of these establishments located in Harrison County. Prepared and by-products trade-—There were 23 establishments on the coast of Mississippi during 1928 engaged primarily in the manu- facture of prepared fishery products or by-products. This is 24 per cent of the total number in the Gulf section. They employed 791 persons who received $499,794 in salaries and wages. The products manufactured, consisting principally of canned oysters and shrimp, were valued at $1,899,999. Detailed statistics of most of the items manufactured may be obtained from Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1067. In addition to the above, 84,824 pounds of salted mullet and mullet roe valued at $4,723 were prepared by the fishermen. Industries related to the fisheries of Mississippi, 1928 TRANSPORTING Items Numbsr Won ail transporting vessel8_...----=-—-<---<2=-------qa- 3-259 -Ss e 4 Transporting vessels: Motor— Rep Ort OTIS eee ee eee Sen aoa re eee eae Tee eels 1 dilieo DOE OTIS: See eS Se er Tee aD 1 Matal vessels 2: <2 tseeeees ls ack! See 4 ee Se ea er es ee 2 Métal net fOnMAP Os ee nee ee oe ee ee ae ae el 19 952 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Industries related to the fisheries of Mississippi, 1928—Continued WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE . Jackson and Items Pees Hancock Total Y | Counties | : = ; Establishments. = 20" 22) eee een eee 19 7 26 Persons engaged: | Proprietors==2.0-2 = =<542 Oe ee we eee es Se 24 | 9 33 Salaried employees = 2-2-2 222s Ss Le 11 4 15 Wage earners: = <2. :-2: $5224 Fee ee eed er 150 35 185 Paid to'salaried: employees=-- 2-2-5 4-8 a ee eee a ae $17, 698 $10, 870 $28, 568 Paid to ‘wage,earmers 55 Taek Ra eee ee ae 68, 464 24, 263 92, 727 ‘Total salaries andwwages palde== 250 ee eee ee ee 86, 162 35, 133 121, 295 PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS Items Number | Products ! Quantity | Value | Establishments 3-- 532 ee eee ee | 23 || Salted: Persons engaged: Mialleta22 2 eon pounds__| 261, 323 $20, 285 Proprietors =— =. 2-24-20 aso eee 37 Mullet toe eas eee ae doss=2 2, 375 594 Salaried employees. __-.._______- 57 || Canned: Were carers! 5 2 ea 697 eonuee oe standard cases 2__| 205,115 | 1, 119, 123 (SSS Shrimp— Paid to salaried employees -_---___-- | $151, 357 Dry pack= sass do__._| . 54,429 302, 681 Paid to wage earners. __.-.._._____- | 348, 437 Wetipacksscccterte Gomee | pbs487 324, 269 —————-||Oyster shell products: Total salaries and wages paid_| 499, 794 || POUlryaeed seater ae tons__| 15, 684 131, 761 | Other productsi§o2c22! 22 hea el aes 1, 286 | Rotal? 5. sei 2S oS eee 1, 899, 999 PRODUCTS PREPARED BY THE FISHERMEN Salted Pounds | Value Mullet .of-22 222) 3 22 Re ACE BO a ee 84, 424 $4, 643 Mollet to62: 2-2. 2:52 sae en ee ee ee 400 80 Totalss-255 225... 2.2 4 2 52 oe ee a ee 84, 824 4,723 1 Includes the salted mullet roe and canned shrimp prepared by three firms whose activities were princi- pally in the wholesale fishery trade. f ne ? A standard case contains forty-eight 5-ounce cans of oysters; forty-eight _5-ounce cans in the’dry pack, or forty-eight 534-ounce cans in the wet pack of shrimp. 3 Includes lime from oyster shells and canned crabs. LOUISIANA In 1928 the fisheries of Louisiana ranked first among the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico with respect to the volume of the catch, employing 32 per cent of the total number of fishermen and accounting for 36 per cent of the total catch. The fisheries and industries related to the fisheries employed 6,806 persons which is 4 per cent less than the number in 1927. Of the total, 5,152 were fishermen, 28 were employed on transporting vessels, 324 in the whole- sale trade, and 1,302 in the prepared-products and by-products indus- tries. The total catch amounted to 69,506,979 pounds, valued at $3,477,- 866. This is an increase of 24 per cent in the catch and 21 per cent in the value of the catch, compared with the catch and its value for FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 953 1927. Of the total value of the catch, that for shrimp accounting for 62 per cent; oysters, 27 per cent; and crabs, 4 per cent. Of the total production, shrimp accounted for 77 per cent; oysters, 16 per cent; and crabs 4 per cent. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products on the coast of Louisiana during 1928 was taken by 5,152 fishermen who used 185 motor vessels, 3 sailing vessels, 2,709 motor and other boats, and 7 major types of gear. The motor and sailing vessels had a combined capacity of 1,390 net tons. The fisheries accounting for the greatest number of persons were the otter-trawl fishery employing 2,341 fishermen and the haul-seine fishery with 1,700 fishermen. CATCH BY GHAR Three types of gear caught 88 per cent of the fish taken in the marine fisheries of Louisiana during 1928. Listed in order of their impor- tance they were otter trawls, which accounted for 60 per cent of the catch; haul seines, 19 per cent; and tongs, 9 per cent. The catch by otter trawl consisted entirely of shrimp, that by haul seines principally shrimp, and that by tongs exclusively oysters. ‘OPERATING UNITS BY PARISHES Terrebonne Parish was foremost in the number of persons fishing, accounting for 22 per cent of the total. Jefferson Parish followed with 21 per cent. Other parishes employing a considerable number of fishermen listed in order of their importance in this respect were La Fourche, St. Bernard, and Plaquemines. La Fourche Parish accounted for 32 per cent of the total number of fishing vessels and Terrebonne Parish 27 per cent. Terrebonne Parish led in the number of small motor and other types of fishing boats, accounting for 25 per cent of the total. Jefferson Parish followed with 20 per cent. CATCH BY PARISHES Fishing was prosecuted in the marine waters of 14 parishes of Louisiana in 1928. Ranked according to value, the fisheries of Terrebonne Parish were most important, accounting for 24 per cent -of the total catch and 22 per cent of the total value of the catch. Jefferson Parish ranked second with 24 per cent of the total catch and 20 per cent of the value. Other important parishes listed in order with respect to value of the catch were La Fourche, Plaquemines, and Orleans. 954 Fisheries of Louisiana, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES oe Lines : Trammel Dip nets Ttems Haul seines| “pets Trot with drop " Hand baits or snoods Fishermen: Number Number Number Number Number On! vesselSiz- 4 <2 252s5 As ok Po Sel Bee ae 6 | pne eo es oe fe On boats and shore— Wegilarés 22. 5 cet ye eS Cee eae. € 1, 700 202 317 348 126 asa). => 2 2s 3 i noes Sin tive Bk se | Gan ee eae | OL be 25 |. 2. 50 PotedSen te) eas SS ae Sd 1, 700 208 342 343 176 Vessels: Motor— 5 to.J0:tons-<- 2.62 2t Sa ee eee Pe ees ee ie 11.00: 20 °tODS Es 230 saat es | a ae ran 1 |csnck=5---- | ee Total. <2 3 SS ee ee ee Cl een eee Li Se Net stonnage-- 222.2 eae aay (ane eae Pi Cee eens eee Ce Boats: IVES 0 Pere ors os en ee ee 269 100 67 65 1 Other Ae ess’ Seeey Ey ree es fa 283 99 326 293 176 Apparatus: DG ber =~ 2 ee ee 292 103 342 293 11, 340 ene ths Ards == 324. i Ae Nee 56,669: (22 t225). act A SUS LEN CR GG (pei a a i ee Ell he lo aes 26;'299 |. <3 ok |e ee | Hooks halts ror snoods 225512545 sie be tens ve a ee 347 71;350)|22. ee Otter Total, ex- Items trawls, Dredges Tongs By hand | clusive of shrimp | duplication Fishermen: | Number Number Number Number Numoer Onsgvessels:$ omar She: lw et 247 133 TO |= 2 es 506 On boats and shore— Hepularess #fclt. eee | 2, 094 59 418 12 4,571 Casale. 2. bt eee ee eee al eyes ee eet ee 75 PTO Lede sa elk ohn St LR ee Se | 2, 341 192 613 12 5,152 Vessels: Motor— Sto Oitons £2 ase 4 Se eee 100 28 67"). Se eee 164 11 £0120 tons= 2349-3542 281 oe | 6 5 Bi oa 20 21: 10'80 tons’ a es ee ee Tt saws Sane ek Se: ae ee ee 1 Dotal 2. 2<32e Fs 2 3 ee Rees! 107 33 185 Net tonnage. .23 =e a 733 269 1, 360 Sail— StOlOtGns & 55 fe eee eee ak 1 i a 30 188 1,390 Boats: Motorss: 5222222. ees eee se? ee os 1, 043 14 164) |e. pee 1, 542 Other. 2 22 2555 eee ee | eee ee 12 157 12 1, 167 Apparatus: Niuim bers... =e 2 1,151 86 611, |... jae ES Rear tne 4 Ee eee 1, 021 181 829 | (23) ee | ae Sand Gee eer 1, 500 I) eee eee ee Se [eee | eee Sheepshead, salt-water ------------------ 50, 519 6, 062 38, 870 4,007 | 18,801 LEB ENP TREE os an ee Sr Rt alba 48, 000 | Spanish mackerel ----------------------- 16,557 | ~ 2, 366 5, 314 | 703 | 300 | S010) ee one gee ee eee 19, 500 1, 030 13, 750 625 1, 600 | Squeteague or ‘‘sea trout’’-------------- 249, 147 32,431 | 343,775 40,852 | 291, 608 | oo VTE cea ee ee ad a 2, 800 oe DETERS BS Fee ene 12, 371,340 | 496, 246 |---------- See Seb St aie To Se ot ees ee eee 42, 441 TSG) | eee eee eee Be eo Dok oy at Ne ee eee 13, 367,327 | 594,942 | 793, 990 77,349 | 574,471 | 59, 161 Lines, trot with Species baits or snoods Dip nets, drop Otter trawls, shrimp Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value 2,099,010 | $59,366 | 221,120 | $19, 244 |________----|---------- a SO eee 8 See ee ee 182, 960 52, 424 ee cee | eee we pS aa Cee gee nee ane oe) DE sy Ree be Sea ae 15, 600 7,800 | 41, 392, 463 ($1, 655, 313 2,099,010 | 59,366 | 419,680 | 79, 468 | 41, 392, 463 | 1, 655, 313 Species Dredges Tongs By hand Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value | Oysters, market, public_-_--------------- 1, 424, 213 | $42, 858 81, a0 $10)5700|S2s2= 2 | Oysters, market, private 3, 262,630 | 316,878 6,079,920 | 576,456 |----------|---------- Bi Nearar eri eee ee ae ee i eS ||| 1375: $5, 500 Reale. eo ee eee 4, 686, 843 | 359, 736 |6, 161, 820° 587,031 | 11, 375 5, 500 OPERATING UNITS: By PARISHES Items ee poe Iberia |Jeft Davis) Jefferson La Fourche | Orleans Fishermen: Number Number|Number| Number | Number | Number Number Ontvescels eee aie ee ne eho -- 222 |2-35--- =| ===-3-=25- 29 | 164 51 On boats and shore— i i2\gyyl eige = eRe ae aed | 7 7 35 2 1,014 598 321 (Cain = ee ee os ee Pee eee eee Dy ie a eee he eee 1, 068 | 762 372 10 56 12 it 5 4 Meee ase eee ao 12 61 16 © qn o> Wssss Fisheries of Louisiana, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By PArisHes—Continued BUREAU OF FISHERIES Items Apparatus: Maul seinese! scene eee Length, yards Trammel nets Square yards... Lines— Trot with baits or snoods Baits or snoods----------- Dip nets; drop eee Otter trawls, shrimp-. Yards at mouth- Dredges Items Fishermen: OFISVORSOIS= oo: abated. Sa ee On boats and shore— Apparatus: Haul'seines:? 2°. 2 eee Length, yards Trammel nets Squareyvardss_5 = eee Baits or snoods.---------- Dip nets, drop-=2= = es Otter trawils, shrimp_=_- == = ee Yards at mouth Dredges Tongs Ascen- sion Cam- eron Number| Number Iberia St. Mary Number 31 Jeff Dayis| Jefferson |La Fourche) Orleans Number Number | Number 23 St. Tam-| Tangi- | Terre- | Ver: many | pahoa | bonne | milion Number | Number usher Number 4 | |. eee 111 10 TORN. sate 17,905 | 1, 450 rap ome feed 2 Soya lt ees 5, 920 400 Ay Pec Bi | eee 30; eee BOC he Sees Cote cs 3 ae ee 600: |: eee | pas 525 80 50 | eee Bitocepds a 315 9 an ee 3, 959 108 3 ee paien ss 8 Memes hs 5 earn: 10") catesee 139 4 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 957 Fisheries of Louisiana, 1928—Continued CATCH: By PARISHES Species Ascension Cameron Iberia Jeff Davis Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds| Value | Pownds | Value (EELS pet os lS Se (Ee EE (ee er rea |----==¢ 2 O00!) S160| Saas eee eee Oe ST aS MS RR CE ED |S ee (ee ieee We aete be 3, 000 PAO |e Sone Nee EE LIOR ES LCR ee ee ae ere ate ee ee Oe eee bee ek |e oencuc|secnems 3, 500 SRO. or | ere risers TO eho hts) sta Se eae Se Sa ea ce eee (mg see 8, 000 800|2 ees a THEIR eek A Ee ean es ee ae eee 600 OL eS ears (US SRLS GEM SG QM Se ec ee seer ee ee bee ae ee 900 F2)\ oe ee eee OSEAN EGY) OORT 0) | kd ee | ee eae 13,600); \1,'350|22 2 oe SHER oS i De ae SO ee (ee eeae eee Pe 10, 000) $600): =. en eases 8,000, $480 Oysters: ; TET ee TO) Ue a Se ee Eee See 10, 500) 1,125). 2. =5—.- |b =~ te |eeenaees eee : Market, PLVAGse ae = wee SoD Se S000 [tet O00 | baa sonal ee 115, 500) 16; 500|<=—5 =228 |e RICO URLS tes se Ie oer WS FS 31,500) 4,500) 20,500 1,725) 147,000) 19,462} 8,000) 480 | Species Jefferson La Fourche | Orleans | Plaquemines | | | | Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value (SD OU oe 13,400) $491 200 $10} 15,100) $872) 12,500} $500 OD ee Ee ee ee ae 9, 400 376 600 30| 21,800) 1,484) 42,750) 1,710 Pepetianiey blacks ek Be 28,400! 1,136 5, 900 295 7, 300 401, 21, 800) 872 Drum) red, or redfish =| 40,400} 4, 900 24,000} 2,400' 29,800) 3,321) 84,350) 8,435 “AL GTEANG EUs Sa a ai Se ae NT ee 100 10 450 BSleen2) 700) me 275 BVEOUUPED S22 ae) A ee 2 tee SE ad ee oes Saas 2 eee Fea oe 500 S0l2==aee=—<| sacene= USED Ss ee a | | ee eee Sees | 2, 000 120 |B sa | King whiting or ‘‘kingfish’’________ 22, 200 888 1, 500 75, 2, 000 98| 18, 700| 748 alEU phd SESS ee ae Soe ae 4, 000 20 ee ee 4, 000 200 5, 500 165 Oompa seo es seh set he 200 49 100 15, 200 40 200 30 SERVO GO cutee oe a ee ae | 1, 500 01571) | mele! tele || apg (52532 22) See ee eee bee eee Sheepshead, salt-water_______.____- 9, 000 666 3, 500 350 9,100} 1,176) 16,950) 1,695 SERVE YO 0) fe | a ee Fae ee Se | a eee | ee eel ee ee ter 48000\E 16. (20|2-26 es | 2 ppanishamackerel 252 u «sean 2 800 120 200 20: 200 30 900 90 SOS See el eee | 3, 300 NSD | toe cee es |e oon 3, 600 174 5, 300 212 Squeteague or ‘‘sea trout’’_-_______ | 153, 300) 13, 993 26, 500} 2,525) 52,400) 8,180) 173,100) 19, 631 eGo ialleeeree eee he At Leh het 2, 800 TOS: SEPA Ee [Ee EUE Ng ee le YC PSO anaes See ENG T] OSES 1 0 (Od gt a es PS 1, 040, 000) 26,000! 240,000! 4,650! 126,400) 11,880] 264,000! 4,900 TEE OTS SS) PS a eee eee BB | ee 60!:800)) 26;,600)25=2- Use ee Gone en ee eee See eee Sees 15, 085, 675\603, 431) 9, 529, 852/381, 194/2, 928, 255/117, 129)5, 834, 146/233, 365 ysters: Market; public 522 sa 22 soo Ne eek ee 2 Sse 28, 749) 821 4, 200 600) 38,850) 1,850 Market, DELVALO rs ee oe 215, 481) 20, 522) 2, 439, 661/232, 349/1, 601, 271/152, 502/3, 199, 434 304, 708 Berra nin 2 asso ee ee ee 2D 020 Os eeb [eae i el | 2 eae 11,375; 5, 500 aa ee morse a PROLAMS ect eee een ae 16, 655, 376 683, 321/12, 300, 862 624, 744/4, 917, 376/331, 615|9, 732, 605 584, 686 Species St. Bernard St. Mary St. Tammany Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value EMIS GINIS hae ose Fede De Sg a Aes ae eee 100 $6 Bluefish __- 100 20 Burffalofish_ 3, 000 300 SSR ies: 2 Ta BAe ee ee ee ee ee 11, 500 920 NAGPUR ES Spe 2p OS Oa ES AE les ie eee ee 1, 000 150 Drum, black 650 65 Drum, red, or redfish 9,200} 1,749 ilotnGersres eee Wee So Th Fo See Cae 300 60 King whiting or ‘“‘kingfish”’ 150 9 Wife tL fe) en Op OS PS ET See SE ee eee 5, 000 250 [AS OE eee re Re te ee 200 60 Sheepshead; salé-water. 222.0) sea Sar 36,100} 3,610 400 32 8,800) 1,699 SS eGISH FU ACKGLON So Se Bee ee ee ee Oe 165550 |e 25452 | a eee || enna 200 40 S00 see a ee ee Fe eee eee 214.50 |g kee | eee eee | ee ee 1, 200 180 Hemeteseuesior “sea trout?’ Aveo 8 2 ee Fe 225, 500) 32, 225 9,500} 1, 235 48,000) 11, 560 (CAG a S90] VS i ee ee OS eS 429,810} 22, 861 178, 000; 4,450 20, 160 2, 016 irahisn SOlbse ea: aaa a tol se ee ee sae 109680) 21144 || 2 ees eee 8,640) 3, 240 Sire hich oot e of Be Oe PE SSC gee Tees 4, 264, 002) 177,476] 1,279,477| 51,690} 117,652) 4,706 Oysters: Wiarket, UDC! =o ee a ree ee. 13567614 | A051 87a |e eee 46, 200) 6,600 IVES Ices DLL ALCL ae eee ae ete eee ae oer Pet igs eee PAU GY) eat ae 5% asa al a a tee L101 ris ee eae ee aoe aS SES ee ee al 6, 742, 556] 319, 299] 1, 848, 655) 99,755) 282,052) 33, 630 958 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Louisiana, 1928—Continued. CATCH: By parisHEs—Continued fl | Species Tangipahoa Terrebonne Vermilion Pounds | Value Pounds Value | Pounds | Value Bluefish: ..0-.25563...2t 2s. 5 2c eee Eee eee 100 $10|-_=. | Catfishié..--22-~ Seea ere e een 197, 997 9, 900 350 $ Croakers 253 eso ee eee eee eee 6, 400 321 1, 550 310 Drum; black... 242 =. ee | Barend ee ie ee 53, 500) 2, 675 9,200} 1,380 Drum, Tediorred fish: Sh. 2s on Eee eee ee 156, 974) 15, 697 7,600}. 1,520 Flounders 23542 eo ee Reet [pens ee 1, 595 159 800 160 Garfish- 202 ssaceces eas tee Se ee fee ea | eee ee | Re 9, 000 900 King whiting or ‘“kingfish’7) = = See a |e eS 8 7, 800: $90)... 3h sac |e Mullete.<2--~ 5-233. oc oa a ee ee ee ee 2, 600 180|...>-2.-.22| Sa : POMPSNO sis52 552522225 eee ee ee ee eee 650 65\2is02 eee Sheepshead, salt-water 2-22 55032. - 2 Ao ee ea eee ce 17,740} 1,774 5, 700 855 Spanish mackerel => 222-30 jaa a ee eee | eens 3, 321 332). 32.28 |B Squeteagues or'*'sea trout? 23. 3220.2 ee ee ee ee 175, 630} 16, 912 7,100) 1,420 Crabss herd: 32 5 es ee ee ee ee 11, 760) $1, 1038 10, 000 700). -4 2.2 =| OYaibs: SOlts. oan ee ee ee 8, 840) 1,.440)- | eee ee Shrimps) se sse= SoS o se eae se ee ere ee oe | eee 14, 539, 994) 580,699) 182,350) 8, 589 Oysters: } Market; publics. tec 2c. eeeu Sees ee a ee 21,000} 2, 250 Market, private 1,369,025) 120}'799) == see acne eee TONTaD Ne ese as oae = e 16,921) 4,\081)2 222 S23 2ee | Soe HOT ee. <= see Se ea ee ee | 15,600} 2,548) 16, 560, 247| 754,694) 244,650} 17,412 INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Transporting trade-—In 1928 there were 28 persons in Louisiana engaged primarily in transporting the catch of fish. In this trade there were 12 motor vessels having a combined capacity of 135 net tons, and 1 sailing vessel having a capacity of 16 net tons. The size of vessel in most popular use ranged from 5 to 10 net tons. Wholesale trade——There were 36 establishments in Louisiana en- gaged chiefly in handling fresh and frozen fish. This is 14 per cent of the total number of such establishments in the Gulf section. These establishments employed 324 persons who received $286,116 in salaries and wages. Orleans Parish accounted for 18 of these establishments. Prepared and by-products trade-—There were 48 establishments in Louisiana in 1928 engaged primarily in the manufacture of prepared fishery products or by-products. This is 49 per cent of the total number in the Gulf section. They employed 1,302 persons who received $677,510 in salaries and wages. The products manu- factured, consisting principally of canned shrimp and oyster-shell products, were valued at $4,577,468. Detailed statistics of most of the items manufactured may be obtained from Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1067. Industries related to the fisheries of Louisiana, 1928 TRANSPORTING = Items | Number | Items ‘ Number a a? eee Fi 2 —_ = Men on transporting vessels._.----.-_--- 28 | Sree vessels—Contiuued. ; ———— Sail ts oe eee Transporting vessels: | Net tonnage-2-2 2222232 eee 16 Motor— | | ers B tou) dons ee ee 8 Total-yessels- 2.62 see 13 11 to 20 tons__- 3 | Total net tonnage_._---------- 151 41 to 50 tons_-_- Le} Total 228 2~ eee ee Nor tonnage: 2 ee | FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 959 Industries related to the fisheries of Louisiana, 1928—Continued WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE Plaque- St. , ane | mines Marys Terre- r Items Jefferson | Orleans and St. Al bound Total Bernard | Iberia Establishments_.-......----- eee 4 18 4 3 7 | 36 Persons engaged: IPTODRIGUOUS 2 rate 6 ce oan oe ere ae 4 33 4 6 11 58 Salaried employees. -...-...---.-.-_---- 1 2Bh|Peaseeeens 1 11 | 36 WHIP DICREOEIS= =) oon nasa eo vi 104 16 14 | 89 230 Paid to salaried employees-__--_---.-------- $2, 400 | $101, 177 $2, 110 $1, 600 $23,454 | $130, 741 BIG tOMWarelOarners. ----2-2=25 39-9222 5" 2 5, 780 94, 015 10, 040 | 5,799 | 39,741 155, 375 Total salaries and wages-___---------- 8, 180 195, 192 12, 150 7,399 | 63,195 | 286,116 PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS Items Number Products 1 Quantity| Value mstablishments. 22. =. -£-. 2222222. 48 || Canned: | Persons engaged: Oysters______ standard cases 2__| 34, 091 $190, 483 IETODRIGUOIS See oes. -2e= 28 ee 65 Shrimp— Salaried employees_______-------- 103 Diy pack=-=--2"22= do_.--| 220,690 | 1, 336, 208 WW APOI@ATINETS. 555-2 -2 = See 1, 134 Welspack-.t 4-2 do_.--| 221, 564 | 1, 298, 608 =| Oyster-shell products: Paid to salaried employees__.____-_-- $228, 120 Poultry féede== =.= = 33> tons_.) 123,354 | 1,126,619 Paid’ to wage earners_--.=-..-.--.--=-- 449, 390 UTI Bo ee eee ne doz=s-| 105180 17, 392 — ——|| Shrimp bran__-____---_------ (Giese 8 1, 726 58, 080 Total salaries and wages_____-- 677010) ||/Dried ishrimpe 22-2" (loa 1, 082 542, 376 Dried squeteague____-_-_ pounds_- 28, 535 7, 702 ANY ST Gee SRS ee ee es ee 4, 577, 468 1 Includes a small amount of shrimp bran prepared by one firm, whose activities were principally in the wholesale fishery trade. 2 A standard case contains forty-eight 5-ounce cans of oysters; forty-eight 5-ounce cans in the dry pack, or forty-eight 534-ounce cans in the wet pack of shrimp. TEXAS The fisheries of Texas in 1928 employed 14 per cent of the total number of fishermen and accounted for 8 per cent of the total catch of the Gulf section. The fisheries and industries related to the fisheries employed 2,881 persons, which is 8 per cent greater than the number in 1927. Of the total, 2,347 were fishermen, 401 were em- ployed in the wholesale trade, and 133 in the prepared-products and by-products industries. The total catch amounted to 15,212,493 pounds, valued at $875,058. This is a decrease of 28 per cent in the catch and 17 per cent in the value of the catch, compared with the catch and its value for 1927. Of the total value of catch, that for shrimp accounted for 30 per cent; squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout,’ 17 per cent; oysters, 15 per cent; and red drum or redfish, 13 per cent. Of the total production, that of shrimp accounted for 51 per cent; oysters, 12 per cent; squeteagues or “‘sea trout,” 8 per cent; and red snapper and red drum or redfish, each, 7 per cent. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products on the coast of Texas during 1928 was taken by 2,347 fishermen, who used 45 motor vessels, 4 sailing vessels, 1,401 motor and other boats, and 10 major types of gear. The motor and sailing vessels had a combined capacity of 600 net tons. The fisheries accounting for the greatest number of persons were the hand-line fishery, employing 554 fishermen and the otter- trawl fishery employing 547 fishermen. 6881—31 A. 960 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES CATCH BY GEAR : Four types of gear accounted for 85 per cent of the fish taken in _ the marine fisheries of Texas during 1928. Listed in order of their importance they were otter trawls, which accounted for 51 per cent of the catch; haul seines, 14 per cent; lines, 13 per cent; and tongs, 7 per cent. The catch by otter trawls consisted principally of shrimp, that by haul seines principally black drum, squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout,” and. red drum or redfish; that by lines principally red snapper; and that by tongs exclusively oysters. OPERATING UNITS BY COUNTIES Neuces County was foremost in the number of persons fishing, accounting for 28 per cent of the total number. Galveston followed with 22 per cent. Other counties employing a considerable number of fishermen listed in order of their importance in this respect were Calhoun, Cameron, and Matagorda. Galveston County accounted for 39 per cent of the total number of fishing vessels and Calhoun County 25 per cent. Neuces led in the number of small motor and other types of fishing boats, accounting for 25 per cent of the total, and was followed by Galveston County with 19 per cent of the total. CATCH BY COUNTIES Fishing was prosecuted in the marine waters of 13 counties of Texas in 1928. Ranked according to value, the fisheries of Galveston County were most important, accounting for 31 per cent of the total catch and 33 per cent of the total value of the catch. Neuces County was next in the value of the catch, accounting for 19 per cent of the quantity and 17 per cent of the total value. Other important counties ‘listed in order with respect to the value of the catch were Calhoun, Cameron, San Patricio, and Aransas. Fisheries of Texas, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR Haul seines ee Items bear Fh ee Cast nets Common Long ; Fishermen: Number Number Number Number Number On ‘vesselsis. J3/+- >) See eae ce) Ee Gennady arnt ie eee Dill eee eee On boats and shore— Regular’): 24). es ees eee 149 156 169 4 Gasuali: =: = Ate ee 75 4 8 5 Totals 2. tee cco Mes eee 228 160 179 9 Vessels: Motor— 5:to 10: tons: ee: = as ee ee |) eee! eee meee peer res sere eee eS Totals sie: Feb aire ee Ad es ts 1 Seki. bak | ue Net: tonnagesc: = 233 252s eee DO ov eee Soscte [access ces ell ds Se Soe |e Sail— 3 5 to 10 tons... 2. ~. 2222252 er a ee eee eee pig Ke ey 0/2 Bed Total fa eee oh ok a a a ee ee j Rp ereere 22. Net tonnagé: ._.. 222. 2 ee ee ae ee Gc. See ‘Totalvessels...-- +. See 1 Af jeg SAD) be RS 6 ee, i Oy Len Re Total net tonnage----.----_--.- Bi) sat ba S F583 142 EEE Eee 6 A Pe a= Pena See Boats: Motor s2 022 25 6 ee ee eee 27 8 56 CY GS) RNS see Other: 22/25 a ae eee 38 180 99 102 4 Apparatus: Number-__- hss hetero EE Te 94 92 541 108 9 Lengin; yards5 oes eee 18, 686 20,'302))| ELE 235225 |e eee BODare SAYS. oes =e Ppa eae oe Pe 98, 496 42,078") see FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF 'THE UNITED STATES, 1929 961 Fisheries of Texas, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR—Continued Dip nets Lines R Items ie a ws bs Jae aie Are aan r : Trot, with ‘ Common Drop Hand r eh Be baits or : “ snoods 4 = =< _ Fishermen: Number Number Number Number Number COTE ESSE Se So oe I Pat Ee asl bee ee See ee (ee BG) ee On boats and shore— fe TUE ies Seo ten Be 1 OR aa mee 30 10 191 76 16 (CES pPEW go) es Se ee oa ee eee ee ee 277 8 | 4 MNO DE ees 5. WES oT BS ened 30 10 554 84 | 20 Vessels: Motor— UCOMLOCUGUISE = =e eseate 5 mee oe ee aa eed hee cee deo eo oon 2 | ee EGP LON She ee te = ee Soe Ss ei ey ee oS 6) | 222555 22.22| See AUSTOroO CODSS 4. sete en fa S eee ee ae oe 2s ett er eee ee “UE COURGS LR ea Pa he A et ie BN 1 ae eas PP a es Gui. are? |e ae ee eee ENCE CONTR OS. ORS Rs ed See | 2 Sere Sa eee 2 Eetecesieese Sail— re SS ricoh Ko) a haere WE Os Se SE | ee ee ee ee bp eee eee eres Best WL torsO tons S23 on S52 228 See Ee ss SE Se ee i ee ee ee Rotaleen see Shae ae BO eyes POE Tre | Tdi ee ae Dal nee. eens = ee 2 ES IN(G15. anata ieee See oe Gee ee ee SS eee es eae iT | oe ae & — | BR Gta CSSG IS sae ae a Bacjees Sh LE A ee eh ae til] gare es Soe [Pies en nel Motalnet tonnage. 252 .- Ya 2 ase ee ee ae 2 Se cS), | Seas es (Pees Seetiaoes —— — Boats: | IMIG ee BSE SD Sees cea sal | og SPS eR [eR ee ee Se 139 25 | 2 Miran web ene ee 15 10 194 74 | 20 Apparatus: DNIBUGT [8 Gini at od SS eee eee 30 200 799 276 36 LG ORS 4 SHOOUSHOLIDAltS eee 5a See S| ee ee 898 43, 400 | 9, 280 : Seeelee ke Total Otter “ed Items trawls, Spears 2 fe Tongs: | By hand orcas shrimp redges of dup cation Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number OTE ESSPIS 2 es Se ig ae 21 18) | Shree 175 On boats and shore— erases 8 ede 2S ns kee 463 103 130 284 10 1,619 (CHESS ere SS a aaa aS es ee a Gore 22s | 107 ey 553 Tile. Se ee ee ee 547 165 151 409 35 2, 347 ~ Vessels: Motor— ; ELOMMONDOHS © 2) Seo te en | ee ee K 5 | eee 31 MIStiGgeeO GOnStS= 295 i rs Ge ee 1 Or SE es 12 Gall Pp O TRG) 1S Sa NE eS 0 EOE 2 ee es |----------|----------|---------- 2 Mptaleetas ork cree “Eola d arn Sener. 6 Giese ee 45 NEGO NNAP pment Th SNe oe 2 PAR | ee are 58 i ee 470 Sail— i ; IGOR EO LUO TS == Se is eee =e aes eee ree | 2 a |e ee 1 gt Sa a a 2 Sato 40iLONS: == = 552s 2 ee ea a a. Se ie SB SS OE a | ee ee 1 GRU GRSO DUS = - 2) see een Se he SEL nh eae te oe eee eee 1 ol Rc) 21 See eh aes MP epee ce ee | ne | ae ee Cet 4 Neb toni ae ues a2 Se ai re ae as | ee Bis | eee 130 Rotalvessels= <2 So ee ee Sane 4 eel 6 7 49 Total net tonnage___-__-_______- Da late ee ee 58 600 Boats: IM UOC) sae ee eee ee: ee POE eee 228 4 40 89 4 569 OCH CE Metee 228 Gas ep eiepaemes aac 22 ae end | | eee 204 25 832 Apparatus: NEI DOD 2 < 35 eos eee eee ee Se 262 165 52 AD iol Seer es al ee So rds ab moulihes = ee ee 3*909)|Es cen ipl See ee eee (Mage oe NP cen en { 962 Fisheries of Texas, 1928—Continued U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES CATCH: By GEAR Haul seines Species Gill nets, set | Trammel nets Common Long Pounds) Value, Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pownds |Value Bluefish... =-5-% -<25-. -$25- oe eke eae eee 200 $30 |..-----..|l2 72.23/22 eee eee Buflalofish=< 2-3-2 2 BBB 7 sian een | eee os | ee 50, 221 |$2, 581 3, 382 | $175 Butterfish.2.-...2<-55-.225¢ 2552 ae Ps See |e eee Ran ee ee 1, 000 30 Catfish. oe eee 35, 400 | 1, 883 24, 880 972 | 19,060 782 | 50,462 | 2,058 Creyalle...23-=3.2-3. os. ee ee 50 696 28 500 20 \.2 es Croaket. 2.2 ee 5, 260 251 42,270 | 1,691 9, 753 415 | 24,147 | 1, 288 Drum; bled cso sal ae eee 45, 566 | 1,921 | 740,912 | 29,637 | 145,928 | 5,836 | 51,915 | 2, 596 Drum; red; or rediish | 101, 730 |10, 231 | 268, 944 | 26,894 | 171, 364 |17, 925 | 305, 169 |38, 907 Pounders: == 60 7 6, 330 757 966 111 4, 033 709 King whiting or ‘‘kingfish”’_- 42|* 9; 150 659 2, 137 85 5, 209 252 1, 900 111 Mullet=-- =. 5 eee =e oot 33 ees 3, 000 60 150 7 | 11,250 338 Pompand: 22 2 a eee 3, 150 767 2, 924 488 2, 671 673 1, 790 474 Sea passa a -< 2 amc se So 4c Se at eel es 2, 500 250: |... 22~=5.=|.523e=8 See ee ee Sheepshead, fresh-water- -___- ween tags 6, 000 fF Unt eee a ene 300 36; |Sf2-F ss -2 eee Sheepshead, salt-water-_-_-__________- 7, 208 508 19,767 | 1,217 2, 783 167 | 15, 266 | 1,440 Snook or sergeantfish_____---_-___---- 51, 370 | 4,329 | 135,513 | 13,551 | 26,017 | 2, 736 5, 825 58 SpanensD sees oe eee 2,175 143 2, 000 80 |-2----- 355.283 ee eee Spanish mackerel 's-cee= csee sts 6, 000 | 1, 200 518 90 1, 678 184 2, 200 44 Squeteague or ‘‘sea trout’’__-_______- 153, 691 |21,069 | 332,087 | 37,671 | 148, 869 |17, 760 | 321, 251 149, 016 ‘Tuna‘or harse mackerel=-2=2:2_£2-= > chess Ss eee 4 632 25 316 12 Shum pe Se ee 50; 000 | 2;}000)) 2255-5 ]-se5 255/522 2 eee ee ee eee Rota ee ee ae KG eee 511, 697 |47, 542 |1, 584, 778 |113, 505 | 581,101 |49, 510 | 799,906 |98, 174 Lines pee Trot with bait: : rot wi aits Hand Trot with hooks on anadde Pounds Value Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value Bivenshee see ae ee eee ee ee 500 $40) |_._-_=-._=|_22 22 ee Wnthish et aoe ct Pay. ets Cet et re 41, 977 1,690: | 139,500) | $7,515) | 2a eee | Orogkers2222 "2.2 eM ray a at 3, 450 138 |=.2--cc20-|2a2e05) ee Dram. lacks =o eee 10, 949 457 1, 200 48s ee Orn, Ted sonredhsh: 2h-s) 483 aoe ae 113, 900 12, 166 64;'903' |) 675661| 222525 ss eee Qh (oye (6 (aie: eee RS Ree ae ee ee es 5, 653 673-|2.. <2 22 =| Se ees Gironpers sts. 5 ere as eee SA ee 21, 617 698 )u22 22 |t e ee Jewish: <*3222 > 5 ee ee ee el eee eee 75, 746 4,407) |e one nea Sol po been eee Kingfish or ‘‘king mackerel’’__-.-_-.---------- 11, 800 484) | 2-2-2 ee kone whiting or ““kinpiish’’< Se 1, 500 00. |---._--1 |. eee Pompano) 322-4 ee eS eee 360 72). |seencos=.|2-o2e5 26] = eee eee Ses ibass-2o 6 ‘Se ee ee ee 1, 450 Ol. |... = 5-2 | oe ee eee Sheepshead; fresh-water: —* -.=-8- 2 eee | eee 500 25: | StS S| Peo Sheepshead, salt-waters:.. 2282". -22 =. 7,779 879.) 22-o5 sn s3|50-- eco a eee papper red 2232 3 oe eee 1, 055, 162 88,792) |. 2.2222: 2|2.2 ee | eee Snook or.sergeantfish = 90. =--2-- Seiler eee 10, 750 995 800 80 | SSR ee Spadafish, = -2.5-232 SS. See See 650 26:)|-=-22<52-2)520-5=—- | See Spanish mackerel) 22 eae a eee 77, 86 8,155) |-2- 2-2 -260)|2 2 e. | See Squeteague.or “‘sea trout”’=-- 22> s24-_ 2 Se 197, 701 25, 394 6, 300 756. |... SS eee Crabs, hardi<.<- 2222-22222. 2 ee eee ee ee |-=--=--2--|-=t--225 82,400 | $5, 980 otal). 2-492 e~ ean ea eee 1, 688, 312 | 144,817 | 213, 203 | 14,990 | 82, 400 5, 980 Dip nets Species Cast nets Ean Is, ; Common Drop Pounds) Value eae Value |Pounds| Value! Pounds | Value King whiting or “kingfish 922-5) 52) 5-55 eee ee | eee [ee al ae ll 4, 000 $200 Squeteague or sea trout. _.< 22228 - eeee ee eeeee aes |. oe eee 5, 000 250 Orabs, ards. :2) eae ee 10, 900 | $545 |203, 200 |$5, 340 |.--..---|.---.-- 4, 200 Shrimp. -..--22-25.1.22) 22 S| ee eee eee ee 10, 000 |#1, 500 |7, 714, 272 | 257, 650 Purtles__...---- 22 soak ee a aa re | | ere eee 2 4 Totals sok 228 ae ee 10,900 | 545 |203, 200 | 5, 340 | 10,000 | 1, 500 |7, 728,172 | 258,327 .> -—™ FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of Texas, 1928—Continued CATCH: By Grar—Continued 963 Species Spears Dredges Tongs By hand Pounds| Value| Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value |Pounds Value rim, red, or redfish_=....--...-=--- ESTA POOL |meme sneer | ea eee re eae eee eee ere |e ree et ULSTER See Se eeee ae Ee fataya la! # MRE SEF 210 (aa Pe a AS sil | ae ee Sheepshead, salt-water--_--.--.------- 1, 961 BA | ea ee 2h | a ae LE ae | eal a Se eae Oysters: INPATROb WOU DGS Sooo -oaee ese ln See e| oo 668, 710 |$38, 870 |1, 042, 216 |$80, 612 | 49,455 |$3, 773 Minne UM DNL VAuGs = sms = cet ec oe ae be anwane|b2 s-cnc|cocacence|-escn coe AT. 200M Oit0e: |ssase ces eee to HP hes a8 a ae oe Oe 41,193 | 4,870 | 668, 710 | 38,870 |1, 089, 466 | 87,315 | 49,455 | 3,773 OPERATING UNITS: By couNtI£Es Brazo- Cal- | Came- | Cham- | Galves-| p72... Items Aransas rid houn mari Rone Aaya Harris Fishermen: Number |Number| Number |Number Number| Number| Number GlRV CSS IS mee eaten Pal [Sear eee a pee ae 99 2 On boats and shore— RCC UIIAY tet aoe me Se ERS Oe at 122 10 215 218 33 309 38 (OAS) bts [Se ae oe eS ae eee bi 0) se §2 20g bee ae 101 8 PRO ae en Bt CBee 174 10 298 243 | 33 509 48 Vessels: Motor— DUOMO ONSs: aes ae ees eee ae 5 A ee to ib [See eee CA AG TOV 20bOUS ease, oa ee aE ee oe ee Bi) || ea = ee 6 il CLT re) GUUS THO) ae I Rs eee aS See a 7} ay MOR SS es ee ee kee 1 eee 1 eee | eee © 17 1 INetbONNARGH == 5) - = 8e=s- e ee vf |-------- UP | eee se 240 11 Sail— DILOrLOILONSE ote a 2 es SE oe be eS. Ue See 1 ee Sa See ee ee PIG TOROIEORS aie tee new fae 2 ee | ee ee en |e eee cennee ee ee jel (ES ae ee 7A UO Bb OSE eee ee SS ee a | ee ee eee ee ae | ee ae fig | ears 28 Uf EYOY eM Se h S ne oe ee e e | eee it ee | eee | eee ae 2 IN GiitOHNAL G2 -—-—— == 2 eee ee eae (| pee See Ll Sip| een = mopalov.esselsete == == eee oe fl) | ee ee 112) || ee St | ee eee 19 1 Mouslneylonnaces= =e oe il eee 2 OSes eS ceeeeae 358 11 Boats: | RVEQLO REN een = oe en ae ee ee 32 4 112 1 23 125 21 Eee ee ee he Se ee ee 83 10 105 112 22 136 34 Apparatus: Haul seines— Qo. Te eee Rae eS Dy eee 11 1] 5 46 2 Pan Ses 28 oso. ee eS A) eee 3, 050 620 2, 000 7, 066 700 Dns 2 Se ee ee eee | eee Ee ees ee te pecorese||eacscee||-s2oscsc WADING Rie ee ES ats Ae Se sh (aC ONY beeen BS Sed 12/800) |2-3 2-2-3 | | eee GilliiGEStse Gest eee oe et Pp) Wh eye ee 14) Eee 64 43) Seer DOUALA arOS . oncom. = So. ee 22 AO eae es P92 (sass 148 i OOM piremmmelne teres 2 toon ee eee 11 4 A) Dies eee |p onaaees 26 11 eTATOWaArOS sons se = eee eae 4,400 | 1,200 3, 222 anes— DEN Siry Gl ae ey ee A = ee Gila eraas 3 ETL OOK Ss eer meee ar Se 2 AT) |e oe 6 ABratiwiul NOOKS=< 2. =a eee = 46) see ose 36 EE OOKS 2: = 2 se Sar eas eee 67000 aoe ss=—= 2; 800) | Seas 8 G00" Eee 14, 400 Trovwith baitsionsnoods.-2-—-— 4 =2|=------ = BSS OF SNOOUS == se ee en are Dip nets— WONT ONS ae TOD one teem Sine Reese eS |e eee Oftenirawlssoramps sess * ee oases ISLS Si TOU Lee eee = ee SOGiTISES 28 a Ere ea ees MITCALSsNOVSter te eae eee ee MardsatanOnthias seen = PRO oS Mees ie ie ra ae eee oS 964 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Texas, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By countrkEs—Continued Items Jefferson yee Nueces |. Orange | Refugio se 7 Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number Onvessel§.2- 3 = ft oe ee 3 15 Yl eee eel ae 6 On boats and shore-— Reeilarss-< oo eee we eee _frrehS 4 155 419 6 2 88 Gasdale = 32. eee ere 8 35 PAN eT ptt Se 16 40 Total S$) 2 ai Sa ee ee 15 205 654 6 18 134 Vessels: ee Seg = Motor— 2 tod0 tons. 2523 eee if 4 ON 22 en 2 11,00 :20 tons... c2o8s5 ee ee eee 1 1s -a2c5es | eee Total on. S22 eee I 5 i |Z. =. 2 Net tonnage: =-6-- 22552 eet 8 46 03) |Los2ee. 2 ee 13 Sail— Pa, 5 G00 tonss 22: Shasta ee ae |e eee 1 Total. :225 052 ee ee en ee 1 Net 'tonnage:-. os) Seas een ees 6 Total vesselS« 226 == eee 1 6 t|saaasee ee ee 2 Total net tonnage______-_______- 8 52 08. | -=2et 3 | a ee 13 Boats: aah Wotore® 22 22262... ie ee ee ee 64 141 {| 23 ee 1 45 Others 2 5.235 2 ee 5 69 203 6 14 33 Apparatus: Haul seines— Commons. eee 1 3 23 |so-scock. | ee b WAEOS: Se ee ee eee eee 200 900 3,450 || 2-02-52 ee eee ‘ OTe ee es 2 ed Se eee 8 BY) [en2 5 2s aae| ee ee 1 Wards ysis cas Sei it eee jocwnis oe 2oe 3, 532 12,400). |on nex ee S| ee eee 4 Gillnets, Sete 2= xe. . 4 sae BE as A lee ee 50 (Cr Bees ee. 5 69 POUSTE vans Mee _- ae Se ey ee 10, 397 24, ae aaa 665 17,087 STEAMIMel DOLse meee ce ee oe a Go]... De le Se |e | q Square yards tees se Ai AAI Se 4, 465 3, 597 sate sed: ao] ene ee ee : Lines— r. andes Sates ae Se Oh ae 7 20 430). eee 10 100 Hooks__ ee as ee 10 20 BAD? | sins Saas 10 1000 ATO Pay HATOD kx sa eae a ae oa ae ee 66 8 24 12 6 HODKS= 2S s8 bee ae ae 2, 200 1, 200 7, 000 1, 000 800 Dip nets— Drops ee ee 85. |senSesce. It aosee. Jol Ps | Castinete. > srs send rife ee OE ert 9 |sosse-s---|5256--2.<-|2225 2 | a Oftertrawlsshrimpge- 22220 re a 19 62'.|t 2 325 5 ee 39 Waray atimmouthy 2. = wees wer kee ae 285 062.1|. 22. == 2 |e ee 608 DPDCArS A. Sees ee et SE Reeeeeaa 43 23) | Ae eee 16 Dredgesyoysterse, es ee oes 14 2.)|225c8520 0) ae eee eee Yards Brant. 2a ees Se ae SAS 14 2 | ees acne. |e ee | Tongs. Pee se hae ee Rese ies eee ee 66 142 ep a ee 10/52 eee CATCH: By countiEs Species Aransas Brazoria Calhoun Cameron Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value| Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value Angelfish 241 3p eee ee B 400 LG {isco Ce oe |S | ee Se ee 2, 000 $80 Bluefish. 3222 2 S20 333! 2 as SES | ae aed | ia Gen ee 100 15 Buffalofish:.2*- 07222 2s a a ee 12, 490 $490" |= Se ee ee Butterfish 22. - 22-2 ee | eae a ea 1, 000 80) |acoes. eee | eeeee ethsh:'.7 bos) ee a eee 55, 284 | 2,211) 1,000 $60 81,303 | 3,039 9, 000 360 Crovalle. io... 3.255. as oe a | ee | ee | 200 8 Groakers: +22 5 3229s eee 12, 180 487 900 45 5, 152 205 82, 452 1, 298 Drom, Diack eee 33, 096 | 1, 339 500 25 36, 889 1,493 | 425,141 | 17, 006 Drum, red; orredtish= 5. seen 144, 702 |14,471 | 8,500 | 1,020 | 177,072 | 17,922 145, 142 | 14, 014 Flounders:: £232 hee 8, 216 £2] 0 sn) [ea Se | fi ae 9, 092 998 400 44 King w hiting ¢ or r “‘kingfish” Sea Are 1, 434 57 200 10 1, 700 68. |e | ee Mullet. -_- win Se ae Sete ie tec ee ae es | eS | ge a a 3, 000 60 Pompano 2 Poe wae tee Saha Sn 624 AGO) ee een ee! | ee alee eee 1, 854 334 Sea bass... = esos so | ed |e eee ae 2, 500 250 | Sheepshead, salt-water____.________ 1, 416 &5 200 20 7, 730 613 15, 328 920 Snook or sergeantfish_. _-.-_.______ 20; 302) 2; 030" | === See | ee 2, 625 255 | 160,828 | 15,383 . 7 Spanish mackerel_..__.___...._..__.| 1, 678 rR eS | 368 55 400 72 Squeteagues or “‘sea trout’”’_______- 88, 522 |10, 564 | 5, 500 770 | 190,422 | 22,180 | 257,761 | 27, 454 Tuna or horse mackerel____________ 1, 048 4) | oes scaleoe conse on ko ee ee Crabs, Ward... sibs eee 10, 900 645 Jose Ua Stee eee a ee eee Shrinpuete... 22 ee ae 508, 556) |20;842- 52 2S ae Ee 1°510, 290") (52,861 aes see ces eee Oysters: Markep; DHDiC eo ee oe 92, 757 | 8, ae 41,055 | 2,933 | 164,556 | 10,291 8, 400 840 Market; private: :- 232-3 1,050} 103 joo tesco steer ee | otatees =e eee ee 982, 1 165 |62, 151 | 57, 855 | 4,883 |2, 200, 589 |110, 509 |1, 064, 506 | 78, 138 ~ FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 965 Fisheries of Texas, 1928—Continued CATCH: By countires—Continued Species Chambers Galveston Harris Jefferson Pounds} Value | Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value |Pounds | Value Suh nS i te ee an eee oe ae eee ee 1, 875 BS HON eee Se Sl ee ae es eee COC ITS Se ae a ee ae Cas O00 i! S2iaG4a|. eee ee ee 18;500).| $1,480) |2oa2s 2 ees PURIST es 26,500 | 2,340] 23,850] 1,375 | 61,000} 2,440} 1,900] $152 parOnireLls soos: BP 54). 2 Leo sE Uae 100 5 15, 350 938 500 46 200 12 BROIL LAG K eee eee at eae 300 16 14, 100 849 5, 150 512 200 12 Drum, red, or redfish__-_---- Fe ae 1, 800 244 | 129,850 | 19,490 | 36,000 | 6,480! 3,000 540 SPIOUICEIS Seer se see Led 2c ke Se 2 53, =! |e ey Oe Rae G73000)0) 15270 100 1S |See eS Gy ay RP ee ee ee beer ba eee 19, 451 584i | E- -oelee see ee 1, 000 70 riche eemeet aed st” SEED WEN SIME ETE Ele RUZ (os ME BO La MD SPE S2]]| Vos See 4,000 | 280 King whiting or ‘‘kingfish’’____---___- 200 20 10, 150 755 400 40 100 15 ONE Te (ear eee oa ee ee ne sates 11, 250 RB tle i ees ee eee (5 ae a eve) Le LEY a0) O00) 3 eral eee Ss SEES Se ose eae | | ere (ee ee m 115870 494 50 O' REar 2: eee SAREE SS oa Se a ai | eestor |e oe ee (Cn | (eee 1, 000 70 Sheepshead, salt-water_-_---_-__--___- 150 15 11,625 | 1,165 700 72 | 100 15 Sheepshead, fresh-water___---_------- 5, 500 PAINS be ane EET eS see eee 1, 000 100) (aes ceen |B eee Niappebwheue sees = A een A ee esos De eiace ido O005| sas ot ae |ae een 45, 000 | 6,750 ENrOOk Orisengeanibfish. 2447252. (22223) Eee sees Ee 120 77, Be epee el M2 Ge Se Pegs BE |) Ss. 8 Bianisnemackenalhe 2 26-228 8 25 bee le WSR ALU) Ab es Ge eee el eee cee (esa > || ee Squeteagues or ‘“‘sea trout’’_____- -__- 4, 200 830 | 232,400 | 41,545 | 53,500} 9,640! 4,800 960 CEADPONS pO 0 nS ee ee | eee eet See 248, 800 | 8,400 | 36, 000 2,700 | 4,800 420 NNN YMG: y= — ee I ea I er eR ee) eee || eee ae RAOO MSO so4o, (sence leona Ss -| 10, 000 | 1, 500 Oysters: Markets pulblic=-- 2 = = 255 2 16, 800 800'| 579,796 | 36,809 | 67,620) 6,885 |_---__--|----_- AViat Keb MDrIValGs suas cee (tenor en eee ea AGEZOOF Ie 1ONGO0) [eee — | 82. J peal (a UTES ho Se ee cee ee oer aoa ences = Hocae ase 900 Mil \aceccsee|perousee soe ceee eee RO DA wee oe ee ee BS 98, 550 | 6,909 |4, 781, 080 |288, 860 (280, 520 | 30, 422 | 76, 100 |10, 796 Species Matagorda Nueces Orange Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value PANT GUIS eee soe eee Ns |S ees ee Stoke 550 S22 yee se albeit ee LSU G SECT aL Se l aee e 2 ee ee ies pene tol 600 0) Bees ee oe ee ee tiie Or sheeeee yep to ied. Spee eed 12, 000 CERT a ec rt eae (gene Lee Sl nee Oe COME a oe Se a a See ee en eee 24, 862 1, 381 9, 880 296 10, 000 $1, 000 CUROWOUIDE - mae eee eS a es ae eee ee 1, 046 27d eee See | ee ee eee MrOaKen ieee so a eee ck oe 5, 700 | 228 10, 596 AD Aig)| eer hcy Reeey tel|| see ES De trans ple keane oes oe ae ee LI 23K 449 413, 363 163534 [Eaters |e eee = Miamared forredfish= 2221.8 Se ee 42, 127 4, 212 243, 739 DAS Bis |e ne |g eR POM OTS Nese ee eee eee ak So ee 8 5, 058 634 19, 970 D3 BB fh eee eee os eS ae PUDOUPOCr SS sae Ses sos kek a. Be eee eck | be Seb aN ee DES. 1, 166 Bas Nee peat ete sil eros Ana Tig ATS ae es ee Be SE eee ae es a De, fa bea ee 17, 150 664 ieOe oo el eS eee ees Reanetish on; ‘kinemackerel 27-224 a) sae es et | Seale h ee he 4, 300 204) | 2. sete ee eas Reingewbiting or okingtish 7225. ese e 537 | 21 4, 800 192) |e 722 ee ee MonipanOews 2-22-2222 oe ee ee 590 78 BBA 816) ee eee |SUEEE Yi] OF: SS} SS a ae eae Oa Ra ecg oP ey el eer 450 Qe | ese nee essa ee eee Sheepshead, salt-water____---------------- 2, 077 166 12, 754 625" |32 33. ate|ce eee Sheepshead, fresh-water_____-_---_--------- 300 Ri d| 3 | ee SE it Fos RTA OURO Meee 4a er ee ae a ee ee 61, 420 VAD) | ea | oe see Snookor sergeantfish--.=- === = --- 22-225 300 30 32, 300 33080 22s aee eee Hpanisaemackore! 9.00 eo. 118 18 47, 500 4,100) | Site ee eae Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout’’_____--------_- 58, 739 7,242 | 205, 655 23::7983| 25. 28s eee Rn eee eee Soe ns eset: ees 22ioo) | 7,949 |1, 655, 301 49''658 9 eee Oysters; market, public. ---2- 2... 2 s- 608,468 | 39,1838 | 173,929 16, 151. (22222 SS ee oe IDG} H25 lesa: ek ea oe eee es eee A eA 999, 248 62, 137 {2,920,041 | 149, 228 10, 000 1, 000 Species Refugio San Patricio Pounds Value Pounds Value (BULA OLS eee Re eee ee ieee ee Sea as kes 2, 500 $125. |e Soom knee ee ee SULISH Ss eos on oe See ae ioe 25 ee one Soa ao eee 4, 000 160 2, 700 $81 ONTO ET ee ee ns eee ee ee Ee ee 100 4 1, 650 91 Peri LACK .3 = 2 a> ee en eee ee ee 700 28 55, 794 2, 232 SHEMET OL TOC LIS eee cae eee URN nee Spee P28 Serie oe 8, 000 800 89, 950 9, 813 HIB ITIG OLS aces ot Shs 2) 220 2 ee ey eS ee Pa eet Le ee eee 3, 216 386 Jayla aes i ee ee OOS SSeS See Pe eee fs CR Oe Te eee ee 4, 166 250 Kingfish or ‘‘king mackerel’’ 7, 000 280 King whiting or ‘‘kingfish’’____- 4, 375 219 RG TUG ee ee ee ea 150 7 IBOHUDANO =< 22 Sea ne en ee 2, 335 584 BHPENSHeAG SAIL-WALCr sete as ee et SP ae ee 2, 584 155 BHOO ka GT GOr PO Att fish penn teh ae et ea 2 ok oe 13, 700 1, 504 PHISH THACKOPO] 2a us = see Ste a Reo ceo oo ee Bes 85) | 2a es He | Peer ores ae 20, 000 2, 000 BOMeLedeleSs Ol. Sea thou eos ees ee ee 3, 000 360 55, 400 6, 573 SETI es ee Te oe poe oe LE tars | ee 1 lee eee 1,453,219 | 43, 597 Oy Sterse TU aAbk ot, Dil blChe a kaart eS oe eS ee eee 7, 000 FOU een meen | tee a Se AU ea a et 25, 600 2,253 | 1,716, 239 67, 772 966 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Wholesale trade—There were 61 establishments along the coast of - Texas engaged chiefly in handling fresh and frozen products. This is 24 per cent of the total number of such establishments in the Gulf section. These establishments employed 401 persons, who received $217,303 in salaries and wages. Nueces and Calhoun Counties were each represented by 13 wholesale establishments. Galveston County ranked next with 11 establishments. Prepared and by-products trade.—There were 9 establishments on the coast of Texas in 1928 engaged primarily in the manufacture of prepared fishery products or by-products. This is 9 per cent of the total number in the Gulf section. They employed 133 persons who received $93,616 in salaries and wages. The products manu- factured, consisting principally of canned shrimp, were valued at $330,008. Detailed statistics of most of the items manufactured may be obtained from Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1067. Industries related to the fisheries of Texas, 1928 WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE rates : Aran-| Cal- | Cam- | Gal- am- | Mata- ne Items bers, Nueces| Pa- Total sas houn eron | veston aan gorda AGitio Orange Establishments_......----_-__- 4 | 13 6 rst 4 6 13 4 61 Persons engaged: IPrOPMeLOrsie.. ase ee 4 19 7 20 4 6 17 6 83 Salaried employees_______- 4 7 15 LOn|2e =e se 5 9 2 58 Wage 'earners....22..22-.-- 15 |} 47 25 57 6 53 45 12 260 Paid to salaried employees.___-_ $5, 440 |$10, 991 |$18, 200 |$28, 880 |_______-_ $5, 810 |$14, 340 | $5, 436 | $89, 097 Paid to wage earners___________ 7, 899 | 21,356 | 13,866 | 33, 801 | $4,040 |23, 256 18,332 | 5,656 | 128, 206 Total salaries and wages_|13, 339 | 32, 347 32, 066 | 62,681 | 4,040 /29, 066 | 32,672 | 11,092 | 217, 303 | : PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS Num- Quan- Items ber Products ! tity Value Establishments... ee 9 || Canned shrimp: Persons engaged: Dry pack, standard cases 2. .___._-_-.._- 6, 685 | $39, 315 FPLODTICtOrns: 54a ee 16 Wet.pack, standard cases_____-___-- 52 32, 686 | 227, 824 Salaried employees__________ 11 || Poultry feed from crushed oyster shells, tons_| 2,889 | 24, 747 Wageiearners--_ 2 ee 106:.||): Other products 202) 2002 ee oA eee St | pene 38, 122 Paid to salaried employees_______ $34, 492 otal smack esse bel 330, 008 Paid to wage earners...____._____ 59, 124 Total salaries and wages___| 93, 616 ‘ Includes canned shrimp prepared by one firm, whose activities were principally in the wholesale fishery trade. * A standard case contains forty-eight 5-ounce cans in the dry pack or forty-eight 534-ounce cans in the wet pack of shrimp. * Includes canned oysters and lime from crushed oyster shells. — = s FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 967 HISTORICAL REVIEW Twelve general surveys have been made for statistics of the Gulf States during the 49 years from 1880 to 1928. The catch for 1928, which amounted to 191,007,000 pounds, was greater than that in any year during the period 1880 to 1928, except that in 1927 which amounted to 195,705,000 pounds. Beginning with a catch of 23,561,000 pounds in 1880, there has been an almost continuous in- crease throughout the period. Comparative statistics for the catch of each of the more important species are shown in the following tables. Fisheries of the Gulf States, 1880 to 1928 [Expressed in thousands of pounds and thousands of dollars; that is, 000 omitted] Year Bree Alabama Mississippi Quan- Quan- Quan- | tity Value tity Value tity | Value (MND: = cea ee ee ee eee eee ae 8, 376 565 | 3, 542 119 788 23 LCE ea SS a ae ee ey ae eee EP (4) () (@) (4) 6, 548 190 SEUSS ae ae Se RE Seg ee eee 19, 597 802 | 1,634 76 | 7,883 232 SRS) cee a mea ee RS oa ae So Na es 23, 5$7 949 | 4,560 147 | 8, 933 | 251 2) = 22 ee eee ee a ee eee eee 27, 419 1,064 | 4,777 155 | 8,151 | 246 US See a eee TE Sep eee ae oe ee 28, 255 945 | 4,699 134 | 7,830 192 LE Pe ela tO ee Ee ee oe 48,120] 1,462) 9,351 267 | 23, 427 | 553 TE) Bas ae ee ag ee eS ee Ss eS Soon eee 37,566 | 2,120 | 10,665 387 | 7,302 459 TBS 8 A Se a oe eee Se 54,754 | 3,420] 5,609 231 | 20, 592 763 OOS) a es Be ee See eee 73, 266 | 4,026] 7,631 342 | 25, 032 286 UG PRS ek SS EE ee ae Ee ea eee 73, 835 | 4,351 | 10,076 437 | 34, 503 1, 259 TN Pe os 5 UR eee Se en ee eee Re ee eee 61,121 | 3,866 | 14, 466 587 | 30,701 | 1,060 Year Louisiana Texas Total Quan- Quan- tity Value | tity Value |Quantity| Value 393 | 3,859 128 | 23, 561 1, 228 580 | 6, 282 256 (4) @) 613 | 6,609 271 54, 844 1, 994 621 | 7,358 297 | 65,395 2, 265 660 | 7,959 314 | 69,075 2, 439 714 | 7,175 287 | 65, 361 2, 272 858 | 8, 044 254 | 113, 696 3, 494 1, 448 | 10, 439 446 | 118, 274 4, 860 1,419 | 25, 015 677 | 130, 924 6, 510 1,961 | 19, 560 782 | 160, 324 8, 097 2, 863 | 21, 083 1,054 | 195, 705 9, 964 3, 478 | 15, 212 875 | 191, 007 9, 866 CATCH OF CERTAIN SPECIES: By StatEs [Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] Cero and kingfish or Bluefish “king mackerel” Year Florida ae wae Florida cea Ala- | Missis- | Louisi- ; Missis- Sikes bama | sippi pad Texas | Total back sippi Texas | Total TAT) cae Sop SI a al NN Ae ee AN aU gy [a I ea er ee lee ee ee ee ee ania? eee relia ieee Ae ee aT S SOE IE Fie 6) ete | 15 (4 eee 1 bese FE ple elie ed wa aE Eta ISRO eee yn ee 364 58 90 13 24 549 ADO) ese = Bel See 456 “om ea a ee ae 56 96 13 26 611 PAL PS eee oe ee 292 22. ee 2600) Paes meal 3 Se ok oe eal eee 265 440) |e eee 440 as yi eens eae | see ee See | ese alt 31) Soe || re PE | Sa ed 5 BY) oe ees I ee ae 37 ame LoS ae ee ee ie OF Aer ah 25. Re | at 466) | 28S2 es | ee 466 pe Se a I: RLS 2 ie A il aN a | 41 564s (22 eae |e 564 LI = ee 620 46 30 6 1 703 Psa lise Se ees 10 1, 263 Tilo ta ie oi. 390 31 20 \Wwsnaacce 1 449 1,315 i 11 1, 327 1 Figures not available. 968 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the Gulf States, 1880 to 1928—Continued CATCH OF CERTAIN SPECIES: By Statrs—Continued {Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] Crevalle 2 Croaker Year : - Florida ae Florida scat sot Ala- | Missis- Ala- | Missis-| Louisi- ele bama | sippi = Total Ses hama | sippi ana Texas | Total 188725 42) (00 Tee Syne 63i)/-2 =e () (4) 375 3 54 107 >|. ===-2-2 ISSS- coe Q) = A222 es Sere 60 ae Send (2) iset| Po Se 379 3 55 110) | 222s 1889.22 185 45s eae 52 281 36 103 54 150 148 491 1890. S- 52S 333 AL lat & pee 56 430 43 98 57 158 176 532 1897 Sea ci ec Se | PS a a Cl lea eee (4) () (1) (1), “S| eee 19022232 Bi |e a a ee eres SO hae Soe 58 273 155 58 544 1908 2. 4) Be ee ey oo ee ee ee oy | Mae ae 72 176 569 159 776 1918 2222-=-2 GGL) eer Se A eee Dbl, | sae 94 41 383 198 716 tts pe ee ee OG Se Se Ses eee OOS aac 37 45 219 68 369 19272 ee 907 |. Se Pee Ree 911 45 20 51 186 104 368 19282. S225 496 28 6 1 b3l 42 46 56 169 85 398 Drum, black Drum, red, or redfish Year |Plorida| 414. | wissis-| Louisi- Florida | 4. | Missis- | Louisi- palesk bama| sippi | ana | 2exas | Total a bama| sippi | ana | 2exas | Total iy Beep } (Q) (1) BD) | pee | 3 en Ae LO ees (1) () 141 289 | 1,006, |2-222= 1888_____- ee Cg hd ee A Ve ee Pees ed eee (Ch) cer et om 165 288 944° | eas 3 eos eee 102 7 2 11 4 126 393 64 185 314 | 1,063 | 2,019 18902-— === 122 7 3 18 4 154 458 54 201 339 | 1,108 | 2, 160 it.) Ge 38 6 5 19 50 118 236 213 199. 465 1, 144 | 2, 257 if) ee 194 5 1Z 51 157 419 1, 104 70 93 442 898 | 2,607 1006 eee Sse m and Sc aana wenenee cu S| e abe? ih eee 4608 | 4151 4244 4716 | 41,309 | 3,028 j ht it a 57 12 14 54 1, 873 2, 010 958 23 116 566 1, 387 | 3,000 192322 3 95 9 39 60 1, 028 1, 231 1, 398 15 177 665 878 | 3, 1383 hi? (see 70 10 95 182 1, 482 1, 789 776 55 237 556 1, 248 | 2,872 192835. = 39 8 63 163 996 1, 269 889 49 208 434 1,030 | 2,610 Grouper Menhaden Year F . Florida weet sae Florida (west re la- | Missis-| Louisi-| moyas | Total | (west | Texas | Total Coast) ama | sippi ana coast) SSO :s_ << 0 oe ee 1, 764 | seca. |eeco seen |e ee he een | Ny eee Se ke | (1) (ADE eh 228 23 BP es AF ue eee (2) > ce ee eee "SIBSSs =. 55 ee ee ee Qa sees 5 Ee sie Tia | sae @) 4. = wee 1880: 2s eee 418 Oi | eae 1h 9) aes ee ee 446"|¢ 2 cleee s eee S00 ae 3 ee eee ee 399 DE ye ee 18 3S 428) | 222 |b IR07 oo ee ee 781 69) | See ase ee eee 3 853 |__.. cel | eS eee 1902... ae eee 437 635) |paste2 2.|2o eee 40 1, 112 PT ie ee 2 1908... seeds See 1, 231 B04 CS a ee | ee ee 156255). 3* | ee eee 19182 oa ee eee | 5,626 244 20 20 21 5, 936 295 | 14,118 14, 413 1023 3 ee ee ee 4, 266 305 26 10 33 4, 640 | 10, 956 8, 517 19, 473 1927 ee ae 4, 488 144 38 16 37 4. 123) \les 4660s 13, 466 1928 = 32h ee eee ee 3, 971 199 7 | aad 22 4, 241 5, 357) eae 5, 857 | 1 Figures not available. 2 Includes blue runner or jurel. 3 Includes spots. 4 Probably includes some black drum. Notge.—Prior to 1889 some of the above species were included under the heading “ Miscellaneous fish’? or “All other species”’; therefore, the total for certain species is not shown for certain years of this period. Fisheries of the Gulf States, 1880 to 1928—Continued CATCH OF CERTAIN SPECIES: By States—Continued [Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] Mullet Pompano FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 969 ) ’ 4 ; F : - Year : ea Er Florida ae os ra Florida qi Par Ala- | Missis-| Louisi-} moyacs | Tots ict | Ala- | Missis- |] Louisi-| roxas | Tote Peed bama| sippi | ana‘ Texas | Total ped bama| sippi | ana Texas | Total ASSO 2, 028 125 2 55 8 2, 218 1 eee). eee eae ee ee | eee icy eas (1) Q) 233 253 hel eee () (Q) 1 30 DP 5 ee 18882-<.. = Qa 262 233 253 Seles. So (1) es 2 31 77 a 1889_____.| 13, 348 613 722 283 82 | 15,048 420 18 14 29 2 483 HSE90f==- == 15, 556 588 305 288 83 | 16,820 342 17 15 32 2 408 ee 8972 =-- =- 15, 575 600 241 1667s 222.5 16, 582 406 4|s86.-c|5s--— PEI Ws lp Se be apt 406 0022 _—- - 26,310 |1, 546 603 1 Se ae, See 28, 582 C17 Oy San ee ee ae eo 487 m 1908... ---- 16, 145 |1, 656 1, 035 1S tel eh eo 18, 969 29) [ee A ee a ea | Aas Se sel fee Sees 232 Pe LOLS == — = 26, 380 |1, 703 1, 565 8 Pt | ee eee 29, 973 CSP | ie AE Vee ata ee ee oe 242 . it?s ee 28, 454 648 1, 739 1S ie. Ss 31, 022 Beep e| el eee Sah eS eke see 282 HODES O22 24, 802 |1, 973 2, 363 132 5 | 29, 275 428 ti) 6 10 5 454 19285222: = 23, 489 |2, 118 803 24 14 | 26, 448 419 5 4 2 11 441 Sheepshead Snapper, red . Year Florida Ala- | Missis- | Louisi- Florida Ala- | Missis-| Louisi- | betes bama| sippi | ana Texas | Total Seas bama| sippi | ana | Texas | Total TURE Se a a ee ee a 223 360) |2-=- === = 900) |e-=---=|2ece=== TSR is = hes (4) (4) 124 362 695" |S=2—==—— (1) (6) ge] eee 131 (OW Se = 25 ; 1888:..2==- pep ee 128 366 G47 |e 225 = 1 oleh ace ae 150 | Giza sseee ; TSZQe= = _= 527 33 156 364 739 1,819 3, 469 On| Sec= =< = 250 22 3, 792 Regge ss 544 35 173 391 779 1, 922 4,173 Goa ees ae 240 | 5 4, 480 1897s-—=—— 663 87 110 238 468 1, 566 5, 314 3 8}ay" |b Se | | 465 6, 114 $90222- 1. 374 75 70 339 O17 DaOvaal) S074: || 3,400 |--—-—- =— |= -————— | 2,068 | 13, 608 LOOSE S---- 473 24 81 249 298 1, 125 7, 659 | 2,635 |--------|-------- 2,252 | 12, 546 NOTSee==— 989 28 68 277 198 1,560 | 7, 230 798 98 60 | 1,243 | 9, 429 192352"-=- 1, 025 21 91 193 141 1,471 9, 471 970 104 175 | 1,009 | 11, 729 TEP eee 680. 47 144 183 48 1, 102 9, 313 | 1,059 219 72 | 1,237 | 11.900 1928: 3_==2 499 38 80 108 55 780 | 7,891 | 1,301 97 48 | 1,055 | 10, 392 | Spanish mackerel Squeteagues or ‘‘sea trout”’ Year [Florida] 4j,- | Missis-| Louisi- Florida} ja- | Missis- Louisi- | en bama| sippi | ana Texas) Total ae bama!| sippi | ana Texas | Total USS = 2 () (4) 30 119 WSS ee (4) (4) 258 | 524 Oat ||P s soem IS8S 92-2 Og |= 34 126 1 PS (Ee See Q) 228 280 §22 872. |5 See TSSOsa a 382 58 +4 134 17 635 712 205 370 | 619 | 1,077 2, 983 1890 = Sees 448 44 46 144 25 707 654 209 372 656 | 1,120 3, 011 TROfee 503 86 65 56 41 751 830 296 453 567 | 1,012 3, 158 190222235 1, 513 34 7 6 64 1, 624 1, 913 259 473 1,078 | 1,119 4, 842 1908: 5-== 1, 419 13 7 5 42 1, 446 1, 207 208 517 1,103 | 1,055 4,090 19182325 3. 463 4 12 2 41 3, p22 1, 694 139 356 1,190 | 1,613 4, 992 19232 22225 3, 772 1 10 3 79 3, 795 1, 591 49 410 783 | 1,524 4, 357 O27 -2SeS 4, 570 22 12 23 144 4,771 2, 583 118 605 822 | 1,700 5, 828 199822322 3, 229 4 9 22 88 3, 352 2, 683 125 487 885 | 1, 160 5, 340 1 Figures not available. 970 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the Gulf States, 1880 to 1928—Continued CATCH OF CERTAIN SPECIES: By States—Continued {Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted] Sturgeon Crabs Year | A : Florida |Florida re, +e Ala- Ala- | Missis-| Louisi- pagel bama Total ted bama | sippi ana Texas | Total sre 1880. case ot ee a ee ee eee eee eee 2 ae 288 36.) SUG 1887: ee = ee ee | () (ise sence (1) () 53 971 114) |e 1888 26.9 + ee 2 ee eee (eet SE hee eee (1) 96 57 994 115;\|2. es 1889. od ee RS A ea | eee | ane | een 67 989 189 1, 245 1860. oe oe eee ee ee ee eee eae a 47 981 191 1, 219 1807. 22) ee eee Oui eee ee 9 6 24 153 | 1,459 138 1, 780 1902: 2 Se eee 549) ee ee 349 13 75 265 | 1,312 43 1, 708 1008... oe ee ose (fh Se 7 64 246 427 322 200 1, 259 1918. A. |. eee fy | eta hae 5 24 96 225 282 194 821 1028 2: 42 eee ae 1 | Pro eee 7 if 84 443 316 109 959 1027 > eee ee eee 8 15 23 70 32} 2,484 | 1,227 121 3, 884 1028. +2" 5. aS ae ae 16 10 26 84 105 | 1,584] 2,503 301 4, 577 Shrimp Year : Florida wa (west | Alabama paar Louisiana] Texas | Total coast) ppl ASSO ete ee a ee ee be ce ee el ee ne ee 534 638)|5 === Eee 1c eee eee Be Se Se es Ee (1) 1,145 6, 810 255 | =o eee I RRR ee ee ee ee (1) 44 1, 093 6, 943 259 ||_ 222 es RRR he ea ee een See EP ae a en eee 30 794 7, 238 242 8, 304 1ep0 ese o es 2s eee 8 See 2 ee Sie een See 614 6, 662 176 7, 452 iI Ga a aS oe ha Ee 41 1, 903 4, 487 361 6, 792 | Lp saa ges oa peg meg Et Sa oe fae llgg ES Sus ae 4, 424 7, 635 291 12, 350 Sete Cal ey aes re eee eee 8 37 4,121 8, 581 118 12, 865 ii eae 2... 3, 250 1, 266 9, 147 18, 520 164 32, 347 1903" 2S Baws Se bee Se eee 2, 881 3, 182 9, 879 27, 753 3, 422 47,117 192722 aS PO eel 2, 389 5, 162 9, 234 40, 259 11, 832 68, 876 LPS epel Re eel Se BE SE ee eh eet a A 2, 877 5, 972 11, 768 53, 779 7, 774 82, 170 Sea craw- fish or Oysters 5 Sponges spiny lobster Year Florida | Florida oer Florida (west | (west an or he Texas | Total | (west coast) | coast) coast) CY eee ee em Te Se TR 410 732 175 | 2,065 669%\'222..5-2 207 IS872 22 ce o ee eee eee () (1) (}) 4, 068:.|) 14,5748" | 01, OSs beeen (}) SRE LES pe De te Be Oe Ee (0) Q) 583°|) 6,070! | b,040))| #2) 38D) |/eea see 254 1880-25205 Se ee ee eee 2,064 | 3,069 | 5,919 | 5,849 | 2,524 | 19,425 317 1800. 2 ae eee eee 2,598 | 3,367 | 5,645 | 5,891 | 3,086 | 20, 587 367 1807 2 = noo nee Be ee 158 | 1,258 | 1,785 | 4,408 | 6,714] 2,491 | 16, 656 333 19022 =: so ee eee 56 | 4,057 | 2,432 | 16,836 | 8,389] 2,402 | 34,116 347 1908... ons soc. ance eee ese 53 3, 764 4, 132 7,473 | 25, 554 3, 480 , 403 545 1911. -: 2 Sea aS | 1,312 | 3,093 | 4,604 | 31,530 | 3.043 | 43, 582 (!) 1918... 2-22 Bae ee 322 | 2,616| 1,032] 8,907 | 7,855 | 3.344 | 23,754 452 1993 ...=. 32522 Se ee 321 | 1,642 | 2,262] 11,875 | 7,155 | 2,520 | 25,454 575 1997.3. ce ee ee ee 131 | 1,736 | 1,165 | 18,815 | 11,534 | 2,763 | 36,013 600 19283. fossa esebeede eae ete ee 197 | 2,859 | 4,218 | 15,210 | 10,849 | 1,807 | 34,943 554 1 Figures not available. ' Shown on the basis of 7 pounds;of meat to the bushel. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 971 FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST STATES During 1928 the catch of fishery products in the Pacific Coast States exceeded that in any year for which there are records. The value of the catch, however, was somewhat less than during several of the past few years. ‘These fisheries gave employment to 19,733 fishermen or 4 per cent less than in 1927. Of the total number of fishermen employed during 1928, 5,242 were engaged on vessels and 14,491 were employed in the shore and boat fisheries. Their catch amounted to 693,484,447 pounds valued at $20,512,772. This is an increase of 6 per cent in the quantity and a decrease of 8 per cent in the value as compared with the catch and its value for 1927. Of the total catch in 1928, 674,898,970 pounds, valued at $18,652,473, were fish; 13,704,838 pounds, valued at $1,564,299, were shellfish and miscellaneous products; and 4,880,639 pounds, valued at $296,000, were whale products. Based on the value to the fishermen, salmon with a production of 80,891,735 pounds, valued at $7,578,148, was by far the most 1m- MILLIONS OF POUNDS ] 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 SS Ee ees PRODUCT | PILCHARD SALMON | TUNA AND TUNALIKE MACKEREL | FLOUNDERS HALIBUT ROCKFISHES BARRACUDA ALL OTHER FIGURE 24.—Yield of principal fishery products in the Pacific Coast States, 1928 portant fishery product taken on the Pacific coast. Pilchard or sardine ranked second with a production of 420,269,855 pounds, valued at $2,323,925. Other important species were yellowfin tuna, with a production of 32,251,246 pounds, valued at $1,773,788, and halibut with a production of 12,729,214 pounds, valued at $1,476,190. Other products were valued individually at less than $1,000,000. The industries related to the fisheries of the Pacific Coast States gave employment to 11,034 persons of whom 356 were engaged in transporting fishery products, 1,216 were in the wholesale trade and received $2,117,050 in salaries and wages, and 9,462 were 1 the prepared-products and by-products trade and received $6,006,618 in salaries and wages. There were 109 establishments in the wholesale fish trade handling primary products and 166 establishments in the prepared-products and by-products trade. The latter manufactured products, valued at $37,412,423, consisting principally of salmon, sardines, and tuna and tunalike fishes. 972 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1928 SUMMARY OF CATCH Products Washington Oregon California Total Pounds | Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pish- 74 sc683 -~-- 78, 791, 362/$6, 717, 793/26, 711, 897 $2, 608, 804/569, 395, 711 $9, 325, 876/674, 898, 970/18, 652, 473 Shellfish, ete.____- 4, 083, 136 783, 006 761, 914 77, 524) 8, 859, 788 703, 769) 13, 704, 838 1, 564, 299 Whale products__.|--2-2 Ee ee eae ses eee 4, 880, 639) 296, 000) 4, 880, 639 296, 000 Total = 82, 874, 498 7, 500, 799/27, 473, 811) 2, 686, 328|583, 136, 138]10, 325, 645/608, 484, 447| 20, 512, 772 EEE EE ee OPERATING UNITS: By States Washington Oregon Items F i Puget Columbia Columbia Sound ae River | Total River Piel Total district | “S"! district district Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number Number | Number On:-vesselsia: 3. es eee 2,170 8 2 2, 180 25 95 On boats and shore___________ 2, 186 2, 888 1, 543 6, 617 2, 379 1, 618 3, 997 Dotslee eo oe eee 4, 356 2, 896 1, 545 8, 797 2, 449 1, 643 4,092 Vessels: Stennis) 2S ES 2 yrs Se RS ca 2 cates eon e|_ oo cee eee Net tonnage. _‘__..____5__ tis ee ee ee 16; |, S252 coe ee Motors= = >= sipeae ois 3 Ps 341 4 1 346 23 9 32 oe Net 'tonnage’=2_2)_ 2). 6, 418 24 6 6, me 216 81 297 aE Een gh [ose rel eect aay eee Net tonnage__.- 2-2... 2 1 of ee eee | SNe Sai | 1384) |i yee | ee eee Tota: vessels__.________ 347 | 4 1 352 23 9 32 Total net tonnage______ 7, 818 24 & 7, 847 216 81 297 Boats: MOtON Se 2 2 be ene ew 1, 154 295 917 2, 366 1, 222 921 2, 148 Other 3c Wr Sere: aera 319 228 270 817 65 339 404 Apparatus: Purse seines— Balmon ss bo. Se sees 168!) 5s S|. ae 168) |i 2-2 22a |ee eee | re Wards: 25 £7 >s hei aes TOOKS0G EE 22 See | ay 1,00,'300.'|=2.G_ £52 2|5.. Ste | aul seine See ee Pa LOS) js seas 5 153 54 2 56 Orde 25S on ot. eu see OOO Hel se 5 ipa 27, 493 37, 488 31, 140 400 31, 540 Drift gill nets, salmon________ 340 116 465 921 927 533 1, 460 Square yards_--_____ ae 629, 074 , 264, 200 /1, 114, 880 |2, 008, 154 |2, 976, 330 540, 813 | 3, 517, 143 Set gill nets, salmon.._._..._. 16 | "185 346 547 205 802 1007 Souare yards 22:72 eS 5,910 | 86, 148 84, 320 176, 378 62,630 | 156, 956 219, 586 ‘Trolidines:: 2S eae hee 38, 720 | 35 748 4, 503 1, 134 884 2,018 Hooks 2..:2 32 tetas 8, 814 | 70 1, 576 10, 460 3, 244 2, 304 5, 548 Trawl, set and hand lines_____ 27, 742 | 52 47 27, 841 246 210 456 ooks... Sgt ae ae 565,136 | 6, 300 4, 225 575, 661 32, 000 29, 400 61, 400 Pound nets. 4s eee 180 | 184 304 668 70 70 Brush’ weirs). 2 etre | ie ee ew Cae eae Wish wheels... 2522) = 2 5 aera Ce Ree mre ate 9 ee ELE 4 ards! 2: 23°) eee 3). 878) (nse eee 3,878, |o2 asso) | Leelee eae ee Reef néts 5) (ye a tee Co ee ees | Se 8))|-- 2 oe Beam trawls:) 22 ip) 0S BD: cdaeer ssa) SSS 360) 2 ooo 3 =o) le Se Yards at mouth__________ ro) ae os |e Ce 221"). oo | eee Traps— | Orab c=) 2 Se eee 2, 340 3, S00) eae eee Led A 8 Oot 3, 660 3, 660 Crawfish. _---- 2. 2 ke ee ee 920) |=. Sof es 920 Tongs and dredges.__________ 79 | Opi = oe ee 114) | eee ee 2 2 Shovels:22.) (245 ee 262 | 2, £18 | see Par VY ae ch, Sol | 230 230 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 973 Fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By States—Continued California Southern district Grand m. Hf San Fran-| Monte- fe total Northern yas Tot district cisco Tey : ; ; otal district | district |San Pedro|San Diego division | division 7 time | Fishermen: Number | Number | Number| Number | Number | Number | Number OnivOsselS eee e an see sane == 46 285 90 1, 877 669 2, 967 5, 242 On boats and shore----------- 502 1, 025 1, 030 1, 025 295 3, 877 | 14, 491 Hibtoy fl = ee ee eee oe 548 1,310 | 1,120 2, 902 964 6, 844 19, 733 Vessels Sita. oe 3S Se ee eee JAW ote 6 1 se a ee eee 4 6 INGtiTONNACG sss see @ =a aes meee DEN, |S aee ce awe ee eee ee Perea 241 257 IWROCOD ean ese eee ee 15 26 10 257 119 427 805 INIGLILONNaPes os eae 153 407 110 4, 889 2, 883 8, 442 | 15, 186 Si] | Ws. 2 Ue ere ee See eel bea i) lies 2S vel (5 ee Se |S 4 IMetwOnn ae Gs ==----—- aeee| oe ee Li stiite} eee Sel |e SS eee 1, 598 2, 982 Total vessels- - -- - Di 15 34 10 257 119 435 819 Total net tonnage- -- --- 153 2, 246 110 4, 889 2, 883 10, 281 18, 425 Boats: INO) Seen TESs See Sees ee 144 643 276 499 157 1, 719 6, 228 (OUo eee eS See aS ee Se ee 239 52 13 52 12 368 1, 589 Apparatus: Purse seines— PE REC ILG eee se ee ne | ee | oe ene (ia a 48 48 SEES SS Sas Dee A al ee |e et ie ee | ee 20320 | seer oe 20, 320 20, 320 SPSL pE Cay Te see nN wl Ne Ne ee ee eee |e 168 SAT to eg es (I eS she a ee eee So ee Peer 100, 300 ardinie sete) wine See aah. Se ee te me 3 7a eee 74 74 Ne Sb a So el oe el ia ee 930 UP HYG) ||eaoe eee 28, 500 28, 500 MIS TRT ee e ee oe ese |eee l e ee G2F Pe esas et = 62 62 SG es eS ee oe eee aa oes S|. ee By RARE lease 34, 133 34, 133 Hianlisemessese = —- 2 pep Recah cate et | See tae ee RE 10 219 arse ee ee ee 400 OG Oy Mee eteerd |e tee ee oS SS eee 1, 360 70, 388 Drift gill nets, salmon- --_----- 198 CRU ot tes le | oe sie a | a nee 431 2, 812 Square yards------------- 129, 200 573, 646 702, 846 | 6, 228, 143 Set gill nets, salmon Square yards--_----------- Gill nets— IB aTTACHO hese ee aoa Square yards-.- - -----|_---------!----------|--------- 430, 244 145, 647 | 575, 891 575, 891 (OH) ea eS ee See = he ee eee DAN Re ee ee 2 24 Square yatds- = =---2-|) 2-1 ee Bal Ose Sos Re see 57, 810 57, 810 SYS gb SS eas Se ee Se ee eo 17 2 48 22 107 107 Square;vards=-—-—---- |= =e 25, 646 30, 861 259, 766 102, 870 | 419, 143 419, 143 CSUTVEG | apd eh DO Oy ee OY be Se Aten tegetes aS as ees 241 241 Square yards sense =| ea eee 7S ee | ee ee eee 576, 954 576, 954 Siripen USS a= seen | oe es zi | eee A Re 173 173 Scare yardsss5 2 =| 2s GL Be | oo Se see ae eee 364, 338 364, 338 Others. 3. = 2-5 ee 22 70 26 14 161 161 Square yards--------- 10, 860 24, 640 47, 320 18, 798 10, 500 | 112,118 112, 118 ThrammeGleneysaa. = =- a= — 51 20 1 71 Square yards_===—--"----- 365, 766 | 248,770 | 614, 536 614, 5386 Trolimeseer=-s = 2-2 =o 2, 693 1, 598 6, 514 13, 035 LOOKS ee ee ae ee SSS 2, 693 1, 598 15, 157 31, 165 Trawl, set and hand lines 1,351 719 3, 705 32, 002 FI GOKSae ee ea ee a a 292,978 | 142,969 | 677, 585 | 1, 314, 646 PEPaVPETUOL tas She ee We eS ee ee oe a 738 RELISH WElES eee en |e es Et |e e 8 a 12 TTSaS Ea erwy RUGS ee ee ee ee a | ee 30 Wy Ke Tats ne ee eee pee | A 248) eK rn ane 1, 248 1, 248 Dipset see os eee oe eg, 20d ee ame ee ae (er a 29 360 Bagimets: shrimp. s2-s8sseess|2a=- = ee 8) ee | - 8 8 Fata (She a) ee a OY Pl era Pe aaa | pee ae 4, 272 4, 272 ID Ye: ay Neti) peace 22 al SS Se SS | ae eo 45 Pa (a ee) SE 1 a a eS a era a 3, 878 Teas Oya sy ee el re ee ee es ee Lampara nets— | Sardine sees ee | ee ee 16 60 102 44 222 222 Yardsi-*. = 23-35 SS = 3,776 | 20, 354 39, 830 12,858 | 76,818 76, 818 Sritc ee pee ee ae ee | ae AQ ie haar Alla es ee 40 40 RV ATS hte en ee [be se ee eee 105120) |e = 2 |e sea 10, 120 10, 120 Paranzella nets--------------- 1 11 1 gl ee eee eS 18 18 Yards at mouth_--_------- 17 183 17 Sai pean 301 301 Bear trawisicess sone e eae see Dale ie Sine oe ee ieee os (een 24 60 Wards at mouvne- ones | asen nae g TT (ee ee (Ree 148 366 974 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS : By States—Continued SSS eee Items district San Fran- Northern atcha district California Southern district Grand Monte- total rey Total district |San Pedro|San Diego division | division Apparatus—Continued. raps— Crabia SS Crawfish -2i2. 3 Lobster 2&2 Iae se Octopus=32 3. a Harpoons— Whale= 26> 22.25 a ae Swordfish so 25 see Turtle.-° 5-3 oe Tongs and dredges Rakess.2 22.) 2 eae Shovels 221. eee -A'‘baloneiontfits 22 = ae CATCH: By StatEs Species Washington FISH. Pounds Value Gary STE Sls elt iS 6 0 BA ES 556, 856 $22, 274 Cod (ary Salted we on es 2s ne Rage 2, 884, 800 144, 390 Cod tongues 14, 000 1, 400 Flounders: “Sole” 222, 849 6, 685 Others: S23 Pes oo on Be OS 123, 650 2, 473 Grp ysiSh SEEN WA TP de) Sasi an Tk es oe ee a ae 3, 203 16 al bats]7-e) ee 11, 927, 858 1, 3838, 823 Herring_______ 1, 536, 570 15, 369 “‘Lingcod”’ 996, 747 35, 952 CRG hi eas ae Scie oe nn BRS Aa St OE 75, 395 4, 469 Pilchard: orsardine 26" << tae Fs SPECT S PRL | ieee oe hell ene Rockfishes 617, 563 22, 079 Sablefisht: 65") ten cites saci: Seen ek 2, 335, 163 110, 525 Baloion 2 ho. era ae ths Pee Pie Dera ee ee 53, 838, 342 | 4, 773, 273 Shad. 2 ee a Ge em eay 515, 423 9, 103 Sates... ki ee oh ee ee 1, 946 20 Smelt. -: obs Mee Re 1, 405, 429 28, 108 Bteelhedd. trout 2s Sse ae ls 5 eee eae 1, 631, 741 150, 524 Striped basp:) <. ._. 322 soa Ge A Sturgeon.) !_v_-vlo.. i te 5 ena ee 84, 234 6, 739 Other fish. 2°28 ata ARO Ace a nn 19, 593 571 Total. 2+ s- 4 PE ESP ee ae YS ee 78, 791, 362 | 6,717, 793 SHELLFISH, ETC Orabs 0.8: co 2 Se A set eee ee ee 1, 521, 392 95, 145 Crawiish i) Set oe 8 pee ee a CE a alle ae ae ai Shrimp. __ [ii iy aah SC ee gia Se 36, 487 4, 378 Clams: 1: 0:1 {5 ee SOE tM. 8 Lat oe IF ah 215, 131 32, 278 Razor... se he ee ee eer Se 1, 535, 136 98, 499 Mize) o-oo op cct ten kOe gig depen gem ek ele aN ANd Octopus... nce l5s te ot eee oe et saad 63, 227 3, 161 Oysters: Bastern market. 2.--. +5) = aa eee 73, 640 81, 914 Native'markete<-3: [stat Bien Ge ee mere 614, 520 312, 594 Beallops.. 52 =~ yal ae Ee 17, 528 4, 733 -LT6pAang of, sea clicumbers. es ee ee ee eee 222, 192 14, 371 222, 192 14, 371 Mellowtailese me (ne em eet aaa Be 2, 683, 514 138, 978 2, 683, 514 138, 978 Mihoritish@eeeee ares i Paves” Peery My eS 196, 393 7, 857 215, 986 8, 428 ARON Let a ee ee Eee 569, 395, 711 9, 325, 876 674, 898, 970 18, 652, 473 SHELLFISH, ETC. (OVP OSE Le es RS aS Se ese eee 3, 574, 734 290, 452 5, 588, 937 419, 198 (ohn yr aislay co * ee ee ee ee eet eens rnee kee es 158, 200 19, 775 Sevcrawiish or spiny lobsterl-_ 2 = = 8222222 1, 076, 614 190, 469 1, 076, 614 190, 469 fale\ gisal oye ae Ser ae ee, eee ee a eee 2, 280, 871 38, 269 2, 317, 358 42, 647 FN alOn OMe eee. fr ae errors 420, 783 84, 953 420, 783 84, 953 Clams ; COCO Ee eee ee ean eee 3, 020 2, 250 3, 020 2, 250 CEN RG ee ne ae eee ee RE ee aes de Paes a ere oe ae 215, 131 32, 278 Pisti Omaha oP RA Oe Ps ee 31, 302 9, 502 31, 302 9, 502 18320) ee ae ee a es ey eee eed ae aes er be 1, 635, 905 318, 093 [310 1h + eee oa Ws ES RRs 5 a ee Ae Be ee Re 24, 855 10, 131 24, 855 10, 131 IW Ob Cs be en ae Oe Fe ee Git OE oce eedd 6, 602 3, 331 16, 304 7, 405 IWVITESSOIS Soe ee ae See eee gree.) we 161 40 161 40 OCT OD IS ae ke Ie SE a a Hs go 8 6, 434 737 69, 661 3, 898 Oysters: Pee astern market. seees tee ees ees ee 72, 630 30, 699 146, 270 62, 613 INativeimarketss22 5 S25 8 Sie 22 Sees 4, 028 1, 726 618, 980 314, 800 RCHMOTS oe et ARR ee eee DAS 88S ee 2s Ele. SR EO 17, 528 4, 733 1 Taken off California and off Latin America. 6881—31——-18 976 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1928—Continued CATCH: By StatEs—Continued Species California Tota’ SHELLFISH, ETC.—continued Pounds Value Pounds Value Squids: .....- Setar 37 ee ee: 2 ee 1, 351, 992 $40, 740 1, 351, 992 $40, 740 Terrapin... _ <= 2242 a ie Se oe 168 20 168 20 Trepang or seaicucuim ber. eee ss aes eee ee | Se 6, 075 304 Turtles... -._ 2352 ae 3 Eee See 5, 594 450 5, 594 450 Total. 2.22234 52 ee ee ee eee 8, 859, 788 703, 769 13, 704, 838 1, 564, 299 WHALE PRODUCT Whale oil... -St52:2 ea. Ree eee ee 4, 880, 639 296, 000 4, 880, 639 296, 000 Grand ‘totale: i= = fee ee eee 583, 136, 138 “10, 325, 645 693, 484, 447 20, 512, 772 Industries related to the fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1928 ee eae 2 uals eee Items Ww esting: Oregon | California Total Transporting: FPOESONS engated2st 02 ne en ee ee ee 218 55 83 356 Vessels— StGais -o-<2 Se. Leese ee Sag ee 1 1 Net tonnage 331 331 WIGtOr sa eS LSS Ae 18 121 Net tonnage 1, 405 3, 243 1 Ee Sy. Se ea ars 4 4 Net tonnage 1, 520 1, 520 pRotal vesselsees- ca = 8 Se Ee 74 29 23 126 Lotal’net tonnage. a hee beh eee oe 1, 504 334 3, 256 5, 094 Wholesale trade: weetalishmentse 2 2 ae ee ee ee ple a 33 17 59 109 Personseneapad= --. teen ee eee a 494 102 620 1, 216 Salaries and wages paids) sf er ee $834, 550 $129, 447 | $1, 153,053 | $2, 117, 050 Prepared products and by-products industries: Hstablishmiontses = 20 Shaan Lei eer eee on 63 36 67 166 Persons Gngapeds-=22 0 tite: Serta 1, 793 929 6, 740 9, 462 Salaries:and wages paid. 2... 2) $1, 236, 632 $822, 616 | $3, 947,370 | $6, 006, 618 Products eos. Sie Fic OULe Oe oe Ses $7, 757, 405 | $5, 123, 278 | $24, 531, 740 $37, 412, 423 Ea EE EE ee WASHINGTON In 1928 Washington ranked second among the Pacific Coast States in the importance of its fisheries, employing 44 per cent of the total number of fishermen and accounting for 12 per cent of the total catch. There were 8,797 fishermen employed which is 1 per cent less than in 1927. Of the total number of fishermen, 2,180 were em- ployed on fishing vessels and 6,617 in the shore and boat fisheries. The catch amounted to 82,874,498 pounds, valued at $7,500,799. This is a decrease of 34 per cent in the catch and 18 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the catch and its value for 1927. Of the total value of the catch, salmon accounted for 64 per cent; halibut, 18 per cent; oysters, 5 per cent; and clams, 4 per cent. Of the total catch, salmon accounted for 65 per cent; halibut, 14 per cent; sablefish and dry-salted cod, each, 3 per cent; and steelhead trout, herring, smelts, crabs, and clams, each, 2 per cent. Operating units—The catch of fishery products from Puget Sound, the coastal and Columbia River districts of Washington was taken FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 977 by 8,797 fishermen, 2 steam vessels, 346 motor vessels, 4 sailing vessels, 3,183 motor and other small boats, and 14 major types of gear. Fisheries of Washington, 1928 The vessels had a combined net tonnage of 7,847 net tons. : a ree ee Se Columbia River Species Puget Sound district Coastal district district Se: Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value CON = 2 ESS ee ee ee Pe ee | | [eee (eee Rees 556, 856 $22, 274 Wouwary-saltedas6. 3.225222 Ss 2, 884, 800 S144 7390) Ee eee. eee eee te! sees 25 FENOULOMPIIOS =e nena 2 ese eek 14, 000 S00 oo ecm 8 oe | ee ae ee Flounders: S/S 70) Fah 92 a oe Sa RO er 222, 849 hh 2 ot} Soy Sees eee Olt eee ee eee ene 123, 650 OA ON eee. S| ee ee eee PTA VES een s=2 noes oe oe ne 3, 203 Ni), || 03 a a RE renee eae ee ee [Fe e LEIC VU ob | pees eee eee gta a eno MISO QTARHSS els B80. S2a4|o2 eee le ha & Is iieghtl eet Cae eee 1, 536, 170 15, 361 400 Le Se ee tS A eS oo polGingecGd? “tase esos tee le 996, 747 att CaP? || Se Se ee en) ee Lape hae) (PL se Se GG Ghee water Maree ec oe oe hele ee ee 69, 879 4,193 5, 516 276)! eee SS ee eee RG @ Sih he sete Twa Cees ee 617, 563 ONE | eee e eee ka oe | 2 eee SOT 2a eee Se 2, 335, 163 TOMO Ee, || 2 Sas Ss a a a ee! (es aoc ee Salmon: Blueback or sockeye_-_-------- 4, 347, 952 837, 233 157, 092 18, 851 167, 200 30, 096 eNO RK 2 tay ke ee ee 10, 083, 510 1, 217, 343 726, 999 46, 104 6, 622, 783 |; 1, 125, 874 ROUT ea ee ee 10, 448, 090 417, 925 3, 861, 216 75, 505 2, 812, 905 | 70, 323 Mp PACK sae 6a see 1, 260, 502 OL ee le his ae SS a | ey eee! eee Syih(s eee Sees Ge eee 10, 239, 169 689, 376 16250524 | 0106/7735 SLOT G (et See RE oe Dee Ss py ae 2S Cee nl Ek ey eee ee (A eee epee 515, 423 9, 103 PSRSSEOS ets ee ee ae eae 78 1, 946 DAV Moe ee aoe = |) ee Fe eee ee a mieli see oe 247, 010 4, 940 1, 158, 419 23, 168 Steelhead trout 106, 740 12, 810 1, 461, 728 131, 555 Sturgeon 2, 268 180 61, 266 4, 903 Other fish____ 19, 554 DLO ee weno |e: | Ee oes 2 See PSS ANGE ote Se She ay Bere ee 57, 488, 623 | 4,950,028 | 6,420,835 | 243,696 | 14,881,904 | 1,524, 069 SHELLFISH OST DS 255 bee ee re 525, 998 23, 909 995, 394 Ly 236nle ses. . ~\ Y Lets fh ~ é y > 3 980 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the Puget Sound district of Washington, 1928—Continued CATCH: By GEAR—Continued Species Brush weirs | Drag bag nets Reef nets Beam trawls FISH Flounders: Pounds} Value | Pounds| Value | Pownds| Value | Pounds| Value “Sole” 22.2: Se Teh Ae 127 | arene Es 210, 169)$6, 305 OtBer 2225 Sa ES ee ee | ee | ee 463 ty ers ela ee 106, 343} 2, 127 Grayfish >< =~ 32225 2-2 2 fone 53 = 0 MN | Paes 7 at ree | | 3 Halibut...- 22 =22 5220 32S oe SN re | ee ae | en |e 31 5 Herring___- 34, 135 O41). 2See| ee ee “Lingeod a. 2-3-5 Seek RS SE Set ES el Date es ee | ee | 3, 905 78 Perch. 22s ee 11, 849 Mes ee 22a] ae 30 Rockfishes....---.= 327 2 Ngee a a aE | ee | 5, 784) 405 Salmon: Blueback or Sockeyer2s =~ te ee ee a ee 1,862). ~$372|/s2 es ae Chinook... SoS2 22 as 2S ee) a ee fej ee May te 792 Ui) eee Ss ed Chom = 3) stant eee nee 1, 580 63}_ Humpback 0 Silver Skates: ©... .-_ (22 ee ee eee a Smelt: 20202527 os — ae ee ear ae en a 121,674)’ 2;233) 22... = |) en Other fish: 222 {022-4 Se ee et oe 868 Dy | else sepad peas ot 4, 500 90 Total! 252 ~. 22 ee eee 514, 400) 5, 144] 159,116) 3,315) 16,548) 1, 513] 331,045) 9, 014 SHELLFISH, ETC. SHMp Ss en = oe soe Se ee fete lee SASS ets 0 lL |e 36, 487| 4, 378 Oetopus oe ee eee sthees: Aa A 55 Ope eee 143 7 Scallops. 22~ << "2222S LES gk SET eR ee Bete | eral em | 17, 528) 4, 733 Trepangior sealcucumber.——. oes Ss ees | mateo roa em || ee el 6,075) 304 otal = eho RES ae ie ee Zi Pee eg Sek 55 pe] eee ered eases 60, 233] 9, 422 GrangroLal o-S-5 see 7 a ee 514,400, 5, 144) 159,171) 3,318} 16,548) 1,513 391, 278) 18, 436 Species Crab traps Tongs Shovels SHELLFISH, ETC. | sities Value | Pounds) Value | Pownds| Value Clams, hard: 22. 262228 oo tare eek ee ben | Me | ee | 215, 131) $32, 278 Ginbs se bet ee 1 a ge eee 525, 998] $23, 900|__._----|_2 2 | see) Reena Oysters: Basten market. 52s te oe dl ee | 50; 000) :$18;,750)2- =2_ = | ees Nativennarket 2b 2) Sree See Oe Be a ee ee fe seet 574;,512}) 299) 878) saan an | anna Dotali eres. Sees ee ee ee 525, 998, $23, 909) 624, 512) 318, 628 215, 131] 32, 278 COASTAL DISTRICT The coastal district is comprised of Grays Harbor County and parts of Jefferson, Clallam, and Pacific Counties. The catch in the coastal district amounted to 9,015,013 pounds, valued at $639,311. Con- sidered according to value the important species comprising this catth were razor clams, 1,535,136 pounds of meats, valued at $298,499; salmon, 6,330,907 pounds, valued at $235,596; and crabs, 995,394 pounds, valued at $71,236. Operating units—The catch of fishery products in the coastal district of Washington during 1928 was taken by 2,896 fishermen who used 4 motor vessels, 523 motor and other small boats, and 6 major types of gear. The vessels had a combined capacity of 24 net tons. Catch by gear.—Four types of gear accounted for 99 per cent of the fishery products taken in this district during 1928. In the order of their importance they were pound nets, which accounted for 37 per cent of the catch; gill nets, 36 per cent; shovels, 17 per cent; and crab traps, 11 percent. The catch by pound nets and gill nets consisted almost entirely of salmon, that by shovels entirely razor clams, and that by crab traps exclusively crabs. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 981 Fisheries of the coastal district of Washington, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR Gill nets Total —$<—— Troll Set Pound | Crab Tongs eaciattie Items Hes elas ‘Ve ree and |Shovels| (pao. Drift, Set, lines lines nets traps dredges | A salmon | salmon ; Fishermen: Number| Number| Number| Number Number| Number| Number Number, Nu mber Onnvesselees esas = == |=---—— Ue 32 3)5 43 Se eee | peasy 4 ye ee 4 On boats and shore---- 147 121 10 24 | ° 106 80 30 | 2, 478 | 2, 888 igtalae Sd oat 2 147| 121 10 24| 106 84 34| 2,478! 2,896 Mreseuls, motor... -------1-|->=2£=--|--------|--------|-- ane 2 | 5 eee if Ti MPa erav alte eee See | eee ora |e 2 fect tele] leas Saar 14 Wy eee =| 24 Boats . : i ; Hee IN oy (0) ne oe eee Se 116 66 7 2 83 80 fy | Seen 295 Otero oa |2o-—n Gt econ 22 SZ eae TT pp Sapp 228 Apparatus: Wirmbers e225 .8-3---= 116 185 35 52 184 3, 850 35 2, 478 spl ae SS Square yards- --------- DBR DUO) || BG, 148 aoe see len = seek |---| 2-2 =| = =e apn ORES Vem PGGkSt tL A528 5-2 = - S| ee ee ee ee 70| 6,300 |--------|--------|--------|+-------- | a2 ae CATCH: BY GEAR Y 2 ‘ : Troll and Fish Drift gill nets Set gill nets set lines Pound nets Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value Pounds |Value| Pounds | Value Sees ae gr ee ee eel eae] anes 400 CIS eas wel been ee TEEN qENa cL , yma et ee Foe al Ina Bi 5, 516 D7 |S we ee eee Salmon: Blueback or sockeye- - - ------|----------|=-----=- 157, 092 |$18, 851 |--------|------|----------|-------- Wihin00 Kee 277, 380 |$16, 643 | 149, 975 1752 253 16 | 299,391 | $17, 693 (Olijiil-. 25-5 ae eee 511,188 | 10, 224 |1, 021, 056 | 18, 702 |--------|------ 2, 328, 972 46, 579 aig one ee ae SES oe 245,930 | 14,756 | 644, 500 | 38, 670 80 5 | 695,090 | 41,705 Steclhead! troute----- == -=-------- 8, 410 841 29,583 | 2,790 |--------|----- 25, 280 2, 528 Sturgeon-.------------------------ 19; 200))) 1,536 4|22———- = -=|=-——_- == |----=-——|-----= 1, 500 120 “DU iss ieil io lc NUNS he See ee (ne pcs (ase (a 39 1 4140) fps eee ee ee ee 1, 062, 108 | 44, 000 |2, 002, 206 | 90, 765 6, 249 305 |3, 350, 272 | 108, 626 Shellfish Crab traps Tongs and dredges Shovels Pounds Value Pounds | Value Pounds Value Oras ee et te oe Se 35 == == === 995, 394 | $71, 236 |---------- | xis beet ee bs ge cet pee (CUS Ry EVRY ow oe Sa ace aia eaceeeiaete aaa 1, 535, 136 | $298, 499 Oysters: : Eastern market --_------ pW hie" |) en ee 93.640)|' $18, 164 | 2-22 |e Wative market! 28: =" Sees See A = ee == |--— == 40, 008 122716) See eee TRG een noe oe Le eee 995, 394 | ,71,236 | 63,648 | 25, 880 | 1,535,136 | 298, 499 COLUMBIA RIVER DISTRICT The Columbia River district is comprised of Wahkiakum, Cowlitz, Clarke, Skamania, Klickitat, Benton, Walla Walla, and Asotin Counties and part of Pacific County. The catch in this district amounted to 14,881,904 pounds, valued at $1,524,069. Considered according to value the more important species comprising this catch were salmon, 11,128,212 pounds, valued at $1,333,066; and steelhead trout, 1,461,728 pounds, valued at $131,555. Operating wnits.—The catch of fishery products in the Columbia River district of Washington during 1928 was taken by 1,545 fisher- men who used 1 motor vessel, 1,187 motor and other small boats, and 6 major types of gear. The motor vessel had a capacity of 5 net tons. 982 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Catch by gear.—Four types of gear accounted for 92 per cent of the fishery products taken in this district durin In the order of their importance they were, gill nets which accounted for 36 per cent of the catch ; pound nets, 33 per cent; haul seines, 15 per cent; and dip nets, 8 percent. The catch by gill nets, pound nets, and haul seines was principally salmon and that by dip nets was almost exclu- sively smelt. Fisheries of the Columbia River district of Washington, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By Gear 3VGeN6NIj}eejw—6——oaOwaaooooooaoowoaowaonoooo EO OS Oe Items Gill nets Fishermen: Vessels, motor_____________ Net tonnage____.____.- Boats: Apparatus: Number: 2-424 Length, yards__-______ Square yards_____..___ Number Number 2 512 128 180 Drift, | Set, | lines salmon | salmon biz} ) 38) 1182 Number Be ae eee 1 es ee 2 hel Ps 5 464 | 117 149 a= omens Total, Pound | Fish Dip | sive of wheels} nets | dupli- cation Number|Number|Number| Number 2 Pounds | Value 15 et) Ce ee ee ee Ce ieee |” a dan RO 1,576) °4,°225)'| 22... | (ee eee CATCH: By GEAR Species Drift gill nets Troll lines Value Pounds Value Gangs tc2s es he ara $22,274 | 222-22 soc oA | Salmon: Blueback or sockeye _ 3, 671 68, 215 | $12,279 Chinogk= 5. sss 165, 831 | 2,764,715 | 470,002 Chum eae 2,390 | 1,538,982 | 38,475 | Bilver?.. 332 1 2, 386 187,740 | 18, 142 Shad 3, 619 184, 495 3, 690 21, 766 320, 670 | 28, 860 823, 831 | 80, 859 Dip nets Sturgeon 3.-) B st Uae 53 31, 869 2, 550 Notal=<*---- es 221,990 | 5,096, 686 | 568, 998 ~~ Species Pound nets Salmon: Value Pounds | Value Blueback or'sockeye. 2 2|2- | 36,720 | $6, 610 OHInook= : = SP Et Nas a ee 2, 273, 780 | 386, 543 Chum... >. 282.52, MT el] Dae Soe | es 1, 133, 847 28, 346 Silver... = ee ee | ae es 699, 070 | 48, 93 Shad £25215) ee ae | ee 51, 785 1, 036 Smelt 66 | 4,946,410 | 538, 994 Pounds | Value 1, 159, 084 | 28, 273 INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Transporting trade—There were 218 persons engaged in Washing- ton during 1928 in transporting the catch of fish. In this trade 74 motor vessels having a total capacity of 1,504 net tons were operated. Ai ea hede etd FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 983 Wholesale trade.—There were 33 wholesale establishments in the Puget Sound, coastal, and Columbia River districts of Washington engaged chiefly in handling fresh and frozen products. This is 30 per cent of the total number of such establishments in the Pacific coast section. These establishments employed 494 persons, who received $834,550 in salaries and wages. Prepared and by-products trade—There were 63 establishments in Washington engaged primarily in the manufacture of prepared fishery products or by-products. This is 38 per cent of the total number in the Pacific coast section. They employed 1,793 persons who received $1,236,632 in salaries and wages. The products manu- factured, consisting principally of canned and mild-cured salmon and canned clams, were valued at $7,757,405. Detailed statistics of most of the items manufactured may be obtained from Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928, Bureau of Fisheries Document 1067. Industries related to the fisheries of Washington, 1928 TRANSPORTING Items | Number Merton trans pontine vessels. ese = ee ee 218 Transporting vessels, motor_:.-._!__----------------------=----------==--=-= = =~ === - === --=-=-=- 74 ANTE COTO 3 £2 ae a ee ee ea a a | 1, 504 WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE Columbia Puget eee Items Sound Bes Total district districts Ski NS bee es eT ee ee 28 5 33 Persons engaged: Proprietors and salaried employees -- --------------------------------- 137 7 144 Winpolbarnerss se ne Ss ea ee eee == -== === === 329 21 350 Paid to salaried employees. ----------------------------------------------- $305, 629 | $11,500 | $317,129 aidhtonwarelenrnerss=se kt ess RED SES a a eee 501, 214 16, 207 517, 421 iia ietlisal aries ANG eWaceS=ss esa ee =a eee a - 806, 843 27, 707 834, 550 PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS Items Number Products Quantity; Value Hstablishments:= ____---=-=_-=---= 63 || Salted sablefish -__--------- pounds__| 231, 200 $27, 744 Persons engaged: Mild-cured: Proprietors and salaried em- Chinook salmon_-_--------do____|8, 584, 625 | 1, 254, 619 DIOVECSE asset ee 259 Silversalmonsess== ss seen do____| 400, 950 128, 304 Wiage earners. 2. ---=-2-4-_ =~ =- 1,534 || Miscellaneous, salted and smoked . || OT eee ee Se Pe eee 272, 165 Paid to salaried employees--------- $389, 934 || Canned: Paid to wage earners--------------- 846, 698 | Salmon --- === standard cases!_} 497,400 | 5, 023, 996 —— Razor clams— ; Total salaries and wages ----- 1, 236, 632 IWiholet= 2s == == ss Goe=== 5, 871 51, 434 IMingedte tt sees 220 dG@e=== 82, 682 728, O77 Hard clams— Wiholees= 222225252 se3 do_.--| 12,452 55, 273 Other clam products- ----- dos224 2, 059 5, 295 rYs i eee ee Se A a ae Gdoee= 6, 756 33, 789 Shadroer. 282-2 soso dos 889 10, 376 Salmon eges= 2. == to. <= do=s— 3, 970 99, 455 MMis¢ellancous}42<--"=-"---—-- =-—— ee eee 908 By=pLOoG ucts 82 sees en nae en | see 65, 970 EUR ed leer ee re eee ee eee 7, 757, 405 1 A standard case contains forty-eight 1-pound cans of salmon, shad, shad roe, and salmon eggs or forty-eight No. 1 cans of clam products. 2 Includes canned scallops, crabs, halibut fillets, and herring (for bait), 3 Includes salmon oil and meal. 984 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES OREGON In 1928 Oregon employed 21 per-cent of the total number of fisher- men and accounted for 4 per cent of the total catch of the Pacific coast section. There were 4,092 fishermen employed, which is 10 per cent less than in 1927. Of this total, 95 were employed on fishing vessels and 3,997 in the shore and boat fisheries. The catch amounted to 27,473,811 pounds valued at $2,686,328. This is a decrease of 20 per cent in the catch and 13 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the catch and its value for 1927. Of the total value of the catch, salmon accounted for 87 per cent and steelhead trout, 6 percent. Of the total production, salmon accounted for 82 per cent; steelhead trout, 7 per cent; and shad 5 per cent. Operating units.—The catch of fishery products from the Columbia River and coastal districts of Oregon was taken by 4,092 fishermen, 23 motor vessels, 2,547 motor and other small boats, and 8 major types of gear. The vessels had a combined capacity of 216 net tons. Fisheries of Oregon, 1928 Species Columbia River district Coastal district Hehe! Pounds Value Pounds Value Carp oces Se MAE A tds 6 a Re al 12, 500 $500 |ez ve See eee Mlounders-sole"?) 3 a ee ee eee 84 $1 Malibuies ee. 22 ee eee 122, 017 16, 213 303, 593 36, 397 Herning 2 3. Soo le ences. a ee S| eee ae ee eee 190 2 EO TSN COME ae ee bP EV BS OER 10, 366 397 51, 844 2, 074 Pench 55s her a Sek Be ee Spine Oe |p eee 3, 120 146 Pilchard’ eo cy pes. UE” oe TTT a ea | ea ak |e eee | 190 4 ROGKUSNOS eyo a eee EY 8 ee ee ee 56, 872 2, 608 | 16, 830 673 Sablefish hes peo ketenes, «Te i eee ee one 112, 564 4,877 167, 316 6, 693 Salmon: Blueback or Sockeye. 2 3*-- ares ate = 152, 277 21 ALL | tae 2 ee |e Chingok: 2225-8 8F ee ee ee eee 10, 308, 655 1, 546, 296 1, 695, 592 256, 695 CHUTES oe eee a Ee 2 eee Oe an oe ee 2, 065, 343 52,123 | 3, 178, 827 79, 471 SilWern a. SSeS Se Oe ee ee ee 1, 751, 100 122, 556 | 3, 428, 033 239, 612 Shades: si.) eee ee ee eee 697, 296 20, 919 646, 934 19, 408 Smiult; >>. 265, Se - o ee 10, 000 500 9, 148 Steelhead ‘trouts:= 5 2ee eee Se ee ee 1, 130, 579 101, 752 683, 901 61, 551 Striped bass:- 2222-25 so a ee ee ee eee 12, 897 1, 560 Svureeon 2s A ee eee 86, 256 7, 763 2, 573 232 Total. 2525... es3: 3-3 eee ere 16, 515, 825 | 1,903,915 | 10, 196, 072 704, 889 SHELLFISH, ETC. Crabs... .224 2 tLe ee Be Se ee | en ee 492, 811 33, 601 Crawiish 2 2st PRS get ead Oe ee SE, 158, 200 105775 eee eae Sains Clams: : Razor. .253 2523) 2 ee a a a a ea ee | 100, 769 19, 594 Mixed: c-3- 2205 oa NILE oA ogee a | mn al ee 9, 702 4, 074 Oysters, native marketsos2: 1282 nt ee ib ee | a ae 1 ee 432 480 Total... ..2.°2 5 pees ead ne! Bet i ee 158, 200 19, 775 603, 714 57, 749 Grand total 220 222-2 a ee 16, 674, 025 1, 923, 690 | 10, 799, 786 762, 638 COLUMBIA RIVER DISTRICT The Columbia River district is comprised of Columbia, Washington, Multnomah, Hood River, Wasco, Clackamas, Marion, Yamhill Counties and part of Clatsop County. The catch in this district amounted to 16,674,025 pounds, valued at $1,923,690. Considered according to value the more important species comprising this catch are salmon, 14,277,375 pounds, valued at $1,748,386; steelhead trout, 1,130,579 pounds, valued at $101,752; and shad, 697,296 pounds, valued at $20,919, —— FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Operating units. River district of Or to 216 net tons. Catch by gear.—Four types of gear accounted for fishery products taken in thi of their importance they wer s district during 1928. 985 —The catch of fishery products in the Columbia egon during 1928 was taken by who used 23 motor vessels, 1,287 motor and other 6 major types of gear. The combined capacity of the vessels 2,449 fishermen, small boats, and amounted 98 per cent of the Listed in order e gill nets, which accounted for 60 per cent of the catch; haul seines, 20 per cent; lines, 14 per cent; and pound nets, 4 per cent. salmon and steelhead trout. Fisheries of the Columbia River district of Oregon, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR The catch by each of these gears was principally Gill nets | Total, e ; otal, ex- Themis Haul Troll red Pound. Dip See clusive of seines Drift, Set, lines rae | nets nets ae duplica- salmon | salmon ; ad tion Fishermen: Number| Number |Number|Number| Number Number Number Number Number neVeSSCIS=. = Eee eee oe 38 CON |e ae OE eee ee 70 On boats and shore -- 672 1, 441 84 225 12 51 188 46 2, 379 Mota sesso oo eas 672 1, 441 84 263 54 51 188 | 46 2, 449 Vessels, motor_----------|--------|----------|-------- 15 Unies See (gee rae hee 4 Nettonmace: 22-2. |o--e= a ae 128 OS 9] ee ee a Se oe 216 Boats: tei) 2 ae ee 42 927 $1 184 12 34 12 46 1, 222 (Sire oe em Gonibesa ee oy | bean | EPSES OSS Cel See eer 65 Apparatus: | INjimibers=222222- = 54 | 927 205 1, 134 246 70 188 | O20) | Leas eee Length, yards-_------ 31, 140 | epee | anneal le nce heal. Sen \beee nee | aan |e Seen Squarenyardss=-=--=|--=_ == 2, 976, 330 | 62, 630 |_-------|------~-|--------|--------|-----=--|---------- 15 aya ass oe ee ee eae | Oe || See 3, 244 | 32,000 |--------|--------|--------|---------- CATCH: BY GEAR Species Haul seines Gill nets Troll lines Svat Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value (OED ase ee a al es eee 12, 500 CSNY |p ae eel eee od eee ere | acca e Salmon Bluteback or sockeye---.--.----------- 48, 004 8, 641 O78332)\) Sid, 520) |= een eee (Ome ON ee ee ee 2, 385, 271 357, 791 |6, 875, 216 |1, 031, 280 726, 789 $109, 018 (Gleiiiidi ce ee ee ase oe ee 99, 149 2, 479 |1, 853, 369 46, 334 2,174 544 STS pa ee a ee ee eee 86, 719 6,070 | 303, 069 21, 195 |1, 219, 932 85, 395 Sa eee ee ee er eee 345, 667 10, 370 317, 339 QF 520 eae ee eee Steelhicad trout oe. ----2-4-— =- = 434, 835 39, 1385 486, 397 43, 776 1, 670 150 SiC Dee CO ee ie es See See AA ei 191 59, 989 | 5; 8008 ae ees |e iRoialemen= == -) = en ee 3, 414, 272 425, 177 ‘9, 992, 711 |1, 175, 024 | 1, 950, 565 195, 107 g A Trawl and set : : Species ines Pound nets Dip nets | Crawfish traps | OSI Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds { Value | Pounds | Value TEES Gi oy by pe ee ae ee Se ee 129,017 |$16, 213 |_--------|--------|---------|---:----- eee ne Satin GOd) eee ae eae ne eae 10, 366 307, |Ree e e e aeteage Oey Us ee Reckt Shes 2222-2 eset ees GREW EI) OA Gch Re ssp el he = Se See [vse = oe a ‘SY GA YEY EY a (ul ene epee oem, gee SRC Gail ha Shr mone hee ere | eee feo: 2 8 ee Salmon: Ritieback) of SOCK6YC-=9-=- = e=— =e === == ae 688 $124: |. 2 2232s eee Minoo kere se ee eee eee er SINOS8" |) 12) 1630 be eeee (Giei 00 eet ee SS Ee SS oe ee ee eee 4, 164 1040). 22S ees Soe eh dee en Se Ee ee eee 1, 806 126) |b tes ata eS iiiegeleie tee aoe. ya Seren WR eB SY ee Ue 8, 200) |e 020 a eae an ae en IIe ee ee ee a ale aan se- |e See 10, 000 BOO) 325222 | See Gtoel heagilout ss ea eee ee been nae a ee B59 40245 | heen eta eenees SbuLpeoiiee =-=- =. 0 oe eee 13,262 | 1,194 1, 294 116 9, 584 863) ee eee SHELLFISH COE hag CC] a eS SS |e Fee ee eee See 158, 200 |$19, 775 ‘Total: 324-222 = eae ee 315, 081 | 25, 289 | 682, 270 | 64, 614 | 160,926 | 18, 704 158, 200 | 19, 775 986 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES | COASTAL DISTRICT The coasta{ district is comprised of Tillamook, Lincoln, Lane, Douglas, Coos, Curry Counties, and part of Clatsop County. The catch in this district amounted to 10,799,786 pounds valued at — $762,638. Considered according to value, the more important spe- cies were salmon, 8,297,452 pounds, valued at $575,778; steelhead trout, 683,901 pounds, valued at $61,551; and halibut, 303,593 pounds, valued at $36,397. Operating units.—The catch of fishery products in the coastal dis- trict of Oregon during 1928 was taken by 1,643 fishermen, who used 9 motor vessels, 1,280 motor and other small boats, and 6 major types of gear. The combined capacity of the vessels was 81 net tons. Catch by gear.—Two types of gear accounted for 95 per cent of the fishery products taken in this district during 1928. Listed in order of their importance they were gill nets, which accounted for 77 per cent, and lines 18 per cent. The catch by gill nets was principally salmon and that by lines principally salmon, halibut, and sablefish. Fisheries of the coastal district of Oregon, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR Gill nets Total, eee eee NE Trawl a exclu Items tae ee and set | cmb Tongs poke sive of seines! rift, | Set, lines | ‘APs dupli- salmon salmon cation | ————E Num- | Fishermen: ber |Number Number|Number| Number Number| Number| Number| Number Onyesselss 2 eee est ee ee [eee sips 12 13 |cscece Le ee On boats and shore_______- 6 684 | 499 193 20 179 2 230 1, 618 Rotalie. sane ae ee ea ee 6 684 | 499 205 33 179 2 230 | » 1,643 Vessels: mptor:223-=2 ee a ee ee eee 5 4 | eee ee 9 Wet tonndve ss a2... 25. eee | ee eee 37 44 ||5 =< o| eee ee 81 Boats: IM OL GR Sse ee ee 2, 523 181 139 10 179 a Ee 921 Other Sse ee 2 10 Py [cases | Pe S| ae 2 |. eee 339 Apparatus: INTIM pers 22 a ee 2 533 802 884 210 | 3,660 2 230))|Saeeeee= Length wards aes 400 ||. 222 22-|5--- 5. LOEW |e 2 le ee | ee eer Squareivardse = Ges- 2s |e 540, 813 |156,956) |" 22222" | ose. et S| ee ee es Hooks = 252 --220 525.0822 |Pe a eee ee 2; 304.29, 400) |-_-.--. =| 222-2 eee f % | CATCH: By GEAR Fish Haul seines Gill nets Troll lines Trawling set Pounds| Value) Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value Ee ates be (0) (eee ao SS BLS Od) 84 Sis Halibut__ Herring _- mS Lingeod”’ Perches 2=-4 Pilchard Rockfishes Sablefish Salmon: Chinook. ..- 3-20. 3.225 224 5 ee | eee 1, 459, 962 |$218, 994 | 235, 630 |$37, 701 |----------|-------- Chum.) .22.. 53. =p | ee eee 3; 178, 827 | 79,471 |-..2.22_22|-- 2-2 | See eee Silver... 2._2.- 22-21-58 =) S|) cee ee 2, 305, 455 | 161, 382 |1, 117, 578 | 78,280 |-----2---2|-2seeeee Shads > fae eee ae a ee eo 646, 934 19; 408 |L2__ 2 oc |_ 20s 2 | ee Smelt _.._- sscccescccccens-| 9,148.) 370 |saed- 2 cae) sateen eolb coc nee Reco eee Steelhead trout_. Be Se ee ae Be Se ee eae 22 683, 199 61, 488 702 63 |2-<5--5--5|—oee eee Striped bass: 25s eens ee | ee 12, 897 1,660 |..22--.22-|--cas228 [see eeees| See Sturgeon------ ee ess eee 4 LE ae Ea) Oe 2, 573 232 | sacnosansn|aacaneve| seen een en | eee otals: 2:5" See eA 12,732 | 523 |8, 289, 847 | 542,535 |1, 353,910 [115,994 | 539,583 | 465, 837 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 987 Fisheries of the coastal district of Oregon, 1928—Continued CATCH: By Grar—Continued Shellfish Crab traps Tongs Shovels Pounds | Value Pounds Value Pounds Value EVO. ae se 28 ie tsar 8 RE eS ese rae ee AGPPEDIE | Gas, COL lea. eon ae pet otennaclawsoeeeere posseeneoe Clams: IR GEOTE Sa SSS Bie ae a Oe ee ee ae ae Se es eee eee eee ee | 100, 769 $19, 594 le Gye he oS ep es ee [Aes ee eee 2 eee |e ee ee ee ee 9, 702 4, 074 BEUSUOLS TI AnLU ORAL K Cle seen eee ase ea an |o sees oul aol a 432 CARO ln eee Oe ee TIE, een ae eae a eS aS 492, 811 | 33, 601 432 480 | 110, 471 23, 668 | INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Transporting trade.—There were 55 persons in Oregon during 1928 engaged in transporting the catch of fish. In this trade 29 motor vessels having a total capacity of 334 net tons were operated. Wholesale trade——There were 17 wholesale establishments in the Columbia River and coastal districts of Oregon engaged primarily in handling fresh and frozen products. This is 16 per cent of the total number of such establishments in the Pacific coast section. These establishments employed 102 persons, who received $129,447 in salaries and wages. . Prepared and by-products trade.—There were 36 establishments in Oregon during 1928 engaged primarily in the manufacture of pre- pared fishery products or by-products. This is 22 per cent of the total number in the Pacific coast section. They employed 929 per- sons, who received $822,616 in salaries and wages. The products manufactured, consisting principally of canned and mild-cured sal- mon, were valued at $5,123,278. Detailed statistics of most of the items manufactured may be obtained from Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1067. Industries related to the fisheries of Oregon, 1928 TRANSPORTING Items Number Men on transporting vessels oe PL IAMS MOLINE aVessols sO LOL. = So ep ie a8 2 ee eee oa ean = ee 29 Net tonnage WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE Columbia’) qa ; Items River ae Total district < hae ss | BSstaplishmentss= 2 <5." tL Beer ee a. 7 10 17 Persons engaged: BIOPHE OLS Ang Salariedsemployees_ =.=. --_.-.-. ==... ee 13 103} 26 VV SEG rit) ee a eS ee ee eee ao. ee 42 34 76 PAaMSa ane Gell p10 VECS ee ne oe eee ne $21,421 | $22, 681 $44, 102 IRATCR OR WAROTCALL CLS seme eee a ae hn ee Ba oe ee ee ee 46,360 | 38, 985 85, 345 a tasalaniesmiGewAres— 8. 2 te a2. See A ae eee eee 67, 781 61, 666 129, 447 988 U. 8. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Industries related to the fisheries of Oregon, 1928—Continued ¥REPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS | | Items | Number | Products Quantity! Value | | | | a Establishments-22-. = ee Lee 36 || Mild-cured: Persons engaged: Chinook salmon _____ pounds__|1, 223, 475 | $428, 216 Proprietors and salaried em- Silver salmon__________- do____|1, 202, 850 276, 656 ployess=2-. 4 a eer 124 || Canned: Wage earners! 2 os Pe a 805 Salmon ____- standard cases !__] 342, 981 | 4, 187, 546 SSS Shades." se neers 1 doses 9, 216 F Paid to salaried employees___________ | $241, 598 | SHAG: TOGLse ses. > een dors 1,799 63, 012 Paid to wage earners___.....-..___._] 581,018 Razor clam products— —_—— Winole. 2 29 e d0saee 369 3, 445 Total salaries and wages_______ 822, 616 | Vin cede Sean a domes 5, 109 46, 392 He Osherinrodincts:2 95000 een nae Stee 2 68, 694 | _—_— _ | Total sz .=_2 2 ea ee | 5, 120, 278 ' A standard case contains forty-eight 1-pound cans of salmon, shad, and shad roe, or forty-eight No. : cans of clam products. * Includes canned salmon eggs (for bait), dried scrap and meal, and salmon oil. CALIFORNIA In 1928 California was by far the most important among the Pacific Coast States in regard to fisheries, employing 35 per cent of the total number of fishermen and accounting for 84 per cent of the total catch. There were 6,844 fishermen employed, which is 3 per cent less than in 1927. Of this number 2,967 were engaged on fishing vessels and 3,877 in the shore and boat fisheries. The catch amounted to 583,136,138 pounds, valued at $10,325,645. This is an increase of 19 per cent in the catch and 3 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the catch and its value for 1927. Of the total value of the catch, that for pilchard or sardine accounted for 23 per cent; yellowfin tuna, 17 per cent; bluefin tuna, 8 per cent; flounders, 7 per cent; mackerel, 6 per cent; and skipjack or striped tuna and barracuda, each, 5 per cent. Of the total production, pilchard or sardine accounted for 72 per cent; mackerel and yellowfin tuna, each, 6 per cent; skipjack or striped tuna, 3 per cent; and bluefin tuna and flounders, each, 2 per cent. Of the total catch, 530,760,185 pounds valued at $7,399,214 were taken off the coast of California. The remainder of the catch was taken off the coast of Latin America, except the salted cod which was taken in Alaska waters. Operating units—The catch of fishery products from the northern San Francisco, Monterey, and southern districts of California was taken by 6,844 fishermen, 4 steam vessels, 427 motor vessels, 4 sailing vessels, 2,087 motor and other small boats, and 17 major types of gear. ‘The vessels had a combined capacity of 10,281 net tons. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 989 Fisheries of California, 1928 £ . . CATCH: By pistricts ‘J Southern district— 4 rar . : . ss off California ; . orthern dis- | San Francisco dis- Jonterey dis- ahs. :. Species trict trict trict ‘ San Pedro divi- sion é E ! ; Je Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value MeeAlbacore.-----2----==-----|----=-==-|-=-=---|-=----- === : 180) $27 258, 988] $38, 674 ™ AnchovieS----------------|---------|------- 125, 515 $1, 255 175, 486) 1, 972 55, 789 775 Barracuda. .-..-----------|---------|-------|--------- 984 112) 3,533,739] 188, 419 TE ay ty 6 Jere ae ge ee ae re) | a [eed eat | te 706 38 636, 644 20, 587 Chida: 2. nea eee 74,894| $262| 82,589] 2,239) ___-_- abe > Son (2m Ed eal oe Se (Gh aS} C= 73, 917) 10, 791 384, 475 STR cor ele oe ee oe ee eee Cod, dry salted -----------|---------|------- 12, 596, 670| 146, 634|--_----_-_- 7 ale eee eee fanditoneues] = Sane sale 2 [ee 18, 000 0G eee lio Seale | ee Inyo. Oe i Pee pee ee Pee 5 Yaar So ae ee ee 222 4 FJounders: | “ California halibut’’_-|_--------|-------|----------|--------- 21, 667| 2, 677 776, 684) 104, 251 SOS) ee 222, 041| 8, 807| 7,958, 700} 358,174) 1,810, 944 90, 647 280, 051 12, 818 (alee SS ae ee 93, 190; 4, 652} 1, 151, 038 57, 422 255, 190 12, 425 17, 680 4, 933 Rea Ste oo ee 260 5| 400, 478 8, 002 81, 240 1, 631 128, 379 3, 424 Hakes. 2.2 o22--==+- = 4--|-2-=--==-|-=-=--- 76, 047 1, 521 32, 601 652 ise cleats eee eee igi o(thh = Sa= eee ee 350, 823) 37, 026 24, 923 87 | ee | oe oe | ee Se |e Wardhead.--—--------=== 11, 090 39 50, 609 Ff) | cs a | eee ee GER UMP. ese ona 61, 442} 1,009] 1,054,578} 10, 546 565 7 570 20 Riarcolmackerale ete | ean |e en | 28, 944 1, 095 509, 502} 16, 987 Kaingfish __ ..--------------]---------|------- 26, 785 1, 072 91, 494 4,815 319, 361 6, O71 peeiMECOGs a2 2==-= —— 108, 332) 3, 202 524, 717 18, 323 214, 961 10, 971 1, 046 64 Wrackerelt wee. =~ =--=—----|--5=-———- |= =—=-—— 2, 262 68] 1, 296, 914 39, 335) 31, 244,073) 533, 347 TERME he oon twee eS Em fe ek tel | arta 5, 495 531 PERE eee = 41,465) 1,472 86, 996 2, 723 24, 062 1, 163 77, 353 6, 802 Pilchard or sardine__------ 87 426, 965, 736) 144, 837/221, 568, 278|1, 220, 958/164, 619, 004) 909, 095 Pompano. 22----2---=----|__----=--|-------|----------|--=--=--- 2, 203 1, 077 860 410 JRyeye col OER fe ee el ee Oe ern pao e eee eee) ee | Ee ee eee ae 417,809} 31,324 Roekfishes= —- -.=------—--- 107, 264) 2, 661 998, 258| 47,627) 2, 286, 344 89, 207} 1,800, 147 99, 882 Saenshe en + aS —- 385, 185] 15, 126 342, 029 15, 391 183, 068 6, 790 6, 673 541 Salmon. = Sot 2, 774, 315|277, 837| 1, 369, 592) 161, 800 334, 654 40, 973 5 1 Senlpinis 2-2 == 3 pS ergs ee Ae ae | ee ear 2, 628 296 61, 095 6, 099 Sea bass: TE bye a a a [ee ed ree 66, 096 3, 843 White or squeteague--|__-------|_------ 35, 915 5, 388 25, 894 3, 109 572,101} 72,093 Sail 14 See el ee a Pay a QOSB SiS) 69; 281\2=--—- = =| = === == |---| SUNSET O SAAN SPVG] Sc ON Se AS NESSES Se a | ei eet 337, 640| 14,476 BKALCS Soe ee eee 2, 340 47 315, 517 6, 310 112, 550 2, 284 25, 785 537 Skipjack or striped tuma_-__|_--------|-------|----------|--------- 1, 194 60| 1, 286,225) 48, 223 Shiites. eee 63, 161| 3,876 113, 706 9, 524 171, 502 13, 295 543,492) 30, 136 Sy ouhieig 3 ea I ee eee 10, 740 iG ees ees ee Oe et ee eee SVE ENE: oe ee | ee 3, 780 7) | DE eee oa PES Ee Pee ree nea Pactosas= SiRoioao. (DUGG Shs eS ee oe ASASTIS|) 074s V7Qte ne Sol 21 ae | oe oa SiG corse ee epee aes |e eee ee 1, 029 Fieri aes | bilo: (Eee eS SEAS pone aoe ed SS 2 OE | | = ee ere a 103, 805| 13, 254 arial. Bl ae SOL ES eet ee 11, 798 354 125 5] ee ue eee Tuna: | TRUS RYE wc Oy pe ek ee a a 11, 592, 489) 689, 930 SV Gilley itv SoC oe we] ee eee ee ar 77, 402 5, 177 Winkie paltes = 2= === — 116, 716} 7, 256 14, 621 1, 241 3, 849 35 7 ee Eee THUY Sl dhe ee SI ls ee ee ee ei 103, 720 8, 367 \glligasia il. 0k Be a a Rees Po eee eae 292, 228} 15, 291 Onneriish= ss See eee 6, 756 135 30, 014 889 20, 542 572 124, 423 5, 234 Mot alee 4, 493, 2781374, 207/47, 339, 913|1, 209, 365/228, 748, 769|1, 546, 550/219, 876, 525|2, 891, 570 Cripsss fee ee ee Oysters: Eastern, mankete-=—- Native, market ------- 34, rly aes 95) 24 1,346] 378 3, 014, 760) 251, 230 24,642) 10, 054 5, 103 2, 892 24 12 2, 553 255 72,630) 30, 699 4, 028 1, 726 1 The catch of cod was made in Alaska waters, 473,616, 32, 038 270 10 teas PR 223,975] 52, 948 7-409, 075] 81,995] 10,808] 2, 958 pe ee 530; 162|~—«30,763) 9, 340 20}. 7 98 153 61 a 137 eee ot ee 3, 831 468 50 14 990 U. 8S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of California, 1928—Continued CATCH: By pistricts—Continued Southern distriet— off California San Pedro divi- sion Pounds Value rae ee Northern dis- | San Francisco dis-| Monterey dis- ron trict trict trict SHELFISH, ETC.—contd. |poynds |Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value Squid). =.= 22253 eee Ee eee eee eee 1, 351, 992} $40, 740 Terrapil.: --<.- 2355525552 | eee | 168 |) pe $20 es 535. F Sea Total: =. 2a 87, 563) $7, 587) 5,407, 765} 337,396] 2, 240, 263) 155, 499 WHALE PRODUCT Whale oil Grand total___-----_]4, 580, 841 381, 794 794 Fa em, 317/1, 30, 1, 842, 761 230, 989, 032/1, 702, 049 220, 142, 489/2, 956, 886 Southern dis- triet—oft Southern district—off Latin America California eee Total, southern Species district San Diego divi- | San Pedro divi- San Diego divi- sion sion sion i) Pounds | Value| Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value AND ACOTG ace Sees 52 bee ee 24, 53/6 $d,1020) sce 5 Sea | ee eo | een ee | ees 283, 141} $42, 297 Anchovies_____-- Dae Sad 730 14) S22 52 S28 ee Soe ee LR Ce 56, 469 789 IBATEACUC ae sa = See ee 850, 491} 52, 440) 1, 713, 038} $221, 714 354, 204) $43, 153) 6,451,472! 505, 726 BONO: be eee et ee 680, 613} 20,069) 711,645) 25, 348 58, 725 1, 985} 2,087,627) 67, 939 Belge 5 Ss ta 8 Lah est ee es | OE: Ree ee Se ee ee eee eee 222 4 Flounders: “‘California halibut’’_- 133, 938] 18, 220 1,178 198 254, 184 36, 428) 1, 165, 984) 159, 097 ar OIG Han bens Saar ee 8; 683) A078) 3s | aoe ee 8 Os eee 288, 734| 18, 891 Other: 3: Se = 5. a | 2 ee ee ee eee 17, 680 4, 933 Graylishs ees 222 ees 13, 459 206) 2522 eS ake Ge ee ee eee eee 141, 838 3, 6380 Herring! es. 2 ae 22, 527 DB D| 3 552 Seam am eee | ee ele eae 23, 097 252 Horse mackerels 2 -<2.25")|"* ay | ee 1, 906 ANN) i Rs a a Se Se 511,408} 17,103 Kingtish! 2 2 ree 4, 118 120) 228 cae S |e eee oe tee eee 323, 479 6, 200 RING COdgs 58 2c a Bee he | ee OE ee | es | eee | ee 1, 046 64 Mackeraless 32-23-22 Oa RC | | eine 11, 196 687| 33, 963, 318] 577, 914 Viet oe ee re ee 23, 744) 2, 312) 6, 459 775 47, 041 4, 930 82, 7: 8, 548 Lect een, = See ee DS, Sea 5, 768 303} 312 24 978 47 84, 411 7, 176 Pilchard or sardine___-___-- 7 i116, 560) 49°027) -s<222'=5- 222 ea] oes |b I eee eee 1, 598s| eee Total vessels. . ------ [seen AME pee SS le 2| (A763) See ‘ToLal net tonnages: a |i. =e |e eae Jocoreeee|----2-2-]--------]-------- 16), 2638s| soa Boats: MOTO. tea eee 8 228 17 234 166 el e= seen 236 21 37 O Ghar sates Cee eee ree Dues ees 7 lee ee |e ee 43 Apparatus: | INT ber 2 a=) - ee ee 8 233 17 241 173 29 982 446 | 1, 248 Leneih; Wards =. 2.222 es 960)|-2---—— |e ee ee Square yards=2.52 4s |.----=--]073, 646 | 25, 646 |576, 954 |364, 338 | 24, 640 |_..-_-_-|- = ee EGOkS= Seer ae oe Eee eagle bess Mee Nore talaga al ee 8 pert [cre ol ie 45902") 36; 168 0;zoese= | Lam- |p H shovela| axa . Sige aran- ar- ovels| exclu- Items Bae barf | zella pear ie | poons, | Tongs | and _ | sive of eee nets p whale rakes |duplica- sardine | aon Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- Fishermen: bes ber ber ber ber ber ber ber ber On-vesselg-+ == 2-332 3 i Raa baa 8b) |S 222 eee 44 22 252 SSE 285 On boats and shore__--_- 20 ii es SS 28 210 Eee 2 6 18 1, 025 ‘Tol: 2 S04 | eee ee ace Misses 220 = oe ee ee 24 $12 | 2S eee eee Oysters: astern, market) 2+ 222. oe (2; O80:'1080) 6990/22 = Seces soe) See J 2 See eee Native MmarkGt.. > eee 4.028.) 1026) bee ere swat onwo|cecsenos pee eee Tetrapin==s22. o> soi eS ee ee eee ects 5 Paes ae|[pe= 2 =e | 168 $20 [Potal sera ee ee 76, 658 | 32,425 24 12 | 32, 731 | 15, 185 | 168 20 MONTEREY DISTRICT The Monterey district is comprised of Monterey and Santa Cruz Counties. The catch in this district amounted to 230,989,032 pounds, valued at $1,702,049. The most important product con- tributing to this catch was pilchard or sardine, the catch of which amounted -to 221,568,278 pounds, valued at $1,220,958. Other important species were flounders, 2,087,801 pounds, valued at $105,749; rockfishes, 2,286,344 pounds, valued at $89,207; and abalone, 409,975 pounds, valued at $81,995. Operating units—The catch of fishery products in the Monterey district during 1928 was taken by 1,120 fishermen, 10 motor vessels, 289 motor and other small boats, and 9 major types of gear. The combined capacity of the vessels amounted to 110 net tons. Catch by gear.—Three types of gear accounted for 98 per cent of the fishery products taken in this district during 1928. Listed in order of their importance they were lampara nets, which accounted for 92 per cent of the catch; purse seines, 5 per cent; and lines, 1 per cent. The catch by lampara nets was principally pilchard or sardine, that by purse seines, exclusively pilchard or sardine, and that by lines chiefly rockfishes, mackerel, and salmon. q FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, Fisheries of the Monterey district of California, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR 1929 997 Gi Lam Faces ll nets Bae, Set and ampara nets Items SGN Ne ee el ee | an | sardine} Grab | Sea bass | Other lines | gardine| Squid Fishermen: Number Number) Number |Number| Number) Number | Number Number TSC CSSBIS oe See et ES S20 Dae eet | ee ee | ee 4 4 54 6 Onjpostsiand shore: ..- 2... .-|---2-.-- 45 34 82 223 161 669 237 “ADK n | ae eee a Bo ac 26 45 34 82 227 165 723 243 Wessels mOLors === 2-5 =2e- 2h. => “Ey | ee a | A ce |e ee ee 2 2 5 1 Nenionnaee a2 2k ee CL | La SE |S ae 1 ape eee il 12 38 ll Boats: TNA) 13 sk, Seah OS Sis a DS | he 8 24 20 64 201 136 55 40 Ghent se ee ee aE oe lees as 5. _- phy terse Ty aaa ee ee yet ee Bo Apparatus: INTRO Re 5 et se 3 24 20 70 535 | 990 60 40 Menethy myards-= (se es oo a OR esa] a ree eee ne ee 20,354 | 10,120 ULERY ALG Gem see tye See ee 57, 810 SOUSGU 47 S20 2 ose 2 as eee ee eee lehiojiccw . os Sous ee Ss he De ee 2, 666 $31 (20) sees eeee |e = Traps Total, aran- | exclu- Items zella Rakes | Shovels Abalone) "sive nets | Crab | Octopus of dupli- Pp cation Fishermen: Number|Number| Number |Number Number Number Number (Oa SSS) RS SMa eh eS Se ee eee! Loe ye | eee ae ie Beat Ses 5 90 On boatsiand Shores] == 2s 2 3 5 2 5 | 50 1, 030 NE Ss Se ae oe eee 2 3 5 2 | Bul 55 1,120 WEST Era Py SS oe SE sere) eg eee (2 el (| ee 1 10 i INIGip (ROTEL SB Mea ah OS ee el ee Dat (RSS | Pinte ae es | eee (eee 6 110 Boats: IWIKG Fa) AN Be 2 Ee ae ee a eee 1 3 ||. 28 52 ee ee 10 276 (OVER phe = ES ee Se eS A ae (ee ee (eee 13 Apparatus: ONG ee ee Oe. dy ee ee 1 35 22 2 5 th Me (Eee Waredsiatamowmtie 9 S9' te t+ ee re LIZ eee EDT Sef oe al a ee et eee ee CATCH: By GEAR | Species Purse seines Gill nets Troll lines Set ee — Pounds | Value | Pounds, Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value AULOT CIEL Ee ee ee ee eee ee 180 GO. 2e. -+ eek eee ATO See a ee ee eee eb ee 636 J LEIP CO Es ok lee) SRS ee ao ae ee ee 86 util in. a2 Se en Be ee 2 ee, eee ee 596 Flounders: Fie AtiOKH Teen ad Deni on ee hoe |e 440 MOPS ON CE Ae Se ee ee ee 1, 435 (GH Tae? ee ee ee) eee eee See (Ghehaikl el bee Ose eee a ee See Re CS ae ee ee ne TESS (ope OG AS ee Te Se a SI Se gel ee ee ee ee RSTn eee. SAAS a ee ae. S| ee 125 EIGESOUHIRGKERE! 2 feels 1 oe Eye eee Se 1, 579 AUP TS Hee oe a a at eon a |p ahem beatae 48, 622 RnR CI ee eet et 2. Pe Se: eb Se See eee MTne eer ell ep eee ee SS le eee 218 Paras mnewaae aren Ak 2 ee se Se et | eee 12, 586 Pilehareorsardinel=4: 2225-22 es. 11, 835, 755 $65,097! = 2, 261 IRGCRMSHESo hen an oe eee on [Ee sosae ee Pete Slee oe ase Sablefish RSS ETE eee oe ee ae Ore, Se iGripiine sso Soom ee Sea bass; white or squeteague SUC eee ee eee Skipjack or striped tuna 998 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the Monterey district of California, 1928 CATCH: By GEAR—Continued Species Purse seines Gill nets Troll lines Set pice risH—continued Pounds | Value| Pounds Value | Pounds| Value} Pounds | Value Smélt_.. 3 ase ee eee ee eee 144587911914! 5-- eee 259) $21 Whitebait:. 5 225 2. ek ee ee ee ee ee | eee 1, 147 ba I Peeper Re | pnt tees ee Other: fisbt2< 5-55 2S ee ee ee eee 38, 215 80 780; $23 8, 080 181 Total: 32 ee 11, 835, 755)$65, 097| 241, 230) 17, 846} 610, 330) 49, 613)3, 302, 697) 125, 273 SHELLFISH, ETC. Crabs. 2: 82-2 tae coe ee SPO Ses eS ee nee 470; 42431; 802) __ - = 2] See | a | Octopus.....-2 232-22 5 ee A ee ee eae ee | ee es Cee 821 96 Squid.-2s 4. 3 2 ee eee ee ae | ee 197 10)\2- 22223.) Set |S3 06 ee eee Total ...° se sondl a ees fe eee eee 470, 621| 31, 812|__------ ee | 821 96 Granditotale. = eee 11, 835, 755| 65, 097) 711, 851) 49, 658| 610, 330 49, 613 3, 303, 518] 125, 369 | Species Lampara nets | Paranzella nets Traps gk canes Abalone outfits FISH | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds' Value| Pounds | Value| Pounds| Value Anchovies____-_----- 174,850, $1, 958 | Barracuda. = esses 808 93 BOnILGss6) se ee 110 7 Flounders: “California hali- 10) 5h ee eee a §22) 68 at fo} Tee 339) 17 Others os seer © 103 4 PAV ASH soe aoe |e Pee ee aes eos Se 12 Te EO TS ee Ss re ee EIGITING enn ee eee 440 5 Horse mackerel ___-_- 25, 584 864 Heirignishs ee 8 Ses 21, 641 1, 043 eMLINgCod ots Sees 475 22) Wiackeralne: 22. ee 282, 535 8, 281 Perch se ee ee 9, 451 444 Pilchard or sardine___|209, 730, 262/1, 155, 816 PompanGes ==> ee eee 2, 203 1, 077 Roekfishes#= +222 = 2, 973 94 Sablelishe. 2-228. 5); cee ee eee Sea bass, white or squeteague______ ee 3, 236 404 DEGCS 5 eat 2 DoE pa nl | eee Sinclis =. one alee 26, 706| 2, 060 ‘Tomeodast- 2. 30 eee |e Wihitebaits 2-2 2, 702 246 O fhertish= a2 sssee 1, 530) 80, Totalect sis 210, 286, 470)1, 172, 583 2, 472, 287 SHELLFISH, ETC, | Abalone: 2s - sisc ode eo) a | a a ee ee | ee a | 409, 975 $81, 995 Clams: Pismo!=25. 22660]. Be ee ee alee eee 539) VS162| 2s eee ee Softee. ee a ee ee ener ees | eee aes | ee 20 1 | ||| wee Mixed. 22252022 seek ae ae | ee are er ee 153 61).55- SSeS Crabs. 208 o-_= 8 | eal cae is ree a ae! 3,192} $236'_-_-_-_- eee er 8d Mussels:st.. 2.222 eS eee aS Se | ees 2) are pe 28). sss 720] epee OctopuSs.-2-222-sse24|. 4 ee } 322 34|. 2,688) 338)... 2c|-- 22 eee Sqnid--6s. 502g 1,351, 706) 42 40; 70026 lee sh ee eae | 2a |. = cen) Sea | eon. ‘Vetalss see 1,351, 795| 40, 730 322] 34} 5, 880| 574! 849, 258| 409, 975| 81, 995 Grand total. __}211, 638, any 213, 313)2, 472, 609 116, 172} 5,880) 574 a) 258] 409, 073| 81, 995 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 999 SOUTHERN DISTRICT The combined catch of the San Pedro and San Diego divisions, which comprise the southern district, amounted to 289,937,948 pounds, valued at $6,399,041. This includes the catch off the coast of California and that off the coast of Latin America. Considered according to value the more important species contributing to this catch were yellowfin tuna, 32,251,246 pounds, valued at $1, O78. 788; pilchard or sardine, 171,735,564 pounds, valued at $958, 122: bluefin tuna, 13,700,870 pounds, valued at $823,401; and mackerel, 33,963,318 pounds, ‘valued at $577,914. The operating units and catch of the principal species are discussed for each division individually in the following paragraphs. SAN PEDRO DIVISION The San Pedro division is comprised of San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, and Orange Counties. Operating units —The catch of fishery products in the San Pedro division was taken by 2,902 fishermen, 257 motor vessels, 551 motor and other small boats, and 10 major types of gear. The combined capacity of the vessels amounted to 4,889 net tons. OFF CALIFORNIA That part of the catch in this division taken off the California coast amounted to 220,142,489 pounds, valued at $2,956,886. Con- sidered according to value the more important species were pilchard or sardine, 164,619,004 pounds, valued at $909,095; bluefin tuna, 11,592,489 pounds, valued at $689,930; and mackerel, 31,244,073 pounds, valued at $533,347. Catch by gear.—Three types of gear accounted for 99 per cent of the fishery products taken off the California coast and landed in San Pedro division during 1928. In order of their importance they were lampara nets, which accounted for 50 per cent of the catch; purse seines, 44 per cent; and lines, 5 per cent. The catch by lam- para nets was principally pilchard or sardine and mackerel; that by purse seines principally pilchard or sardine, bluefin tuna, and mackerel; and that by lines chiefly rockfishes, mackerel, skipjack or striped tuna, and albacore. OFF LATIN AMERICA That part of the catch of the San Pedro division taken off the coast of Latin America amounted to 23,730,871 pounds, valued at $1,247,900. Considered according to value the more important species were yellowfin tuna, 15,397,232 pounds, valued at $758,700; barracuda, 1,713,038 pounds, valued at $221,714; and skipjack or striped tuna, 5,216,081 pounds, valued at $171,579. Catch by gear.—Two types of gear accounted for more than 99}5 per cent of the fishery products taken off the coast of Latin America, and landed in the San Pedro division during 1928. Of these, troll lines accounted for 53 per cent and purse seines 47 per cent. The catch by troll lines was principally yellowfish tuna and skipjack or striped tuna and that by purse seines principally yellowfin tuna and barracuda. 1000 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the San Pedro division of the southern district of California, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR Purse seines Gill nets Tram-| ‘Troll Items _ : “ a lines arra- ar- arra- nets enita dine Tuna cuda Sea bass} Other Num- | Num- | Num-| Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- Fishermen: ber ber ber ber ber ber ber ber On" vessals--2- oa eee eee 437 673 595 52 36 14 48 676 On boats:and ‘shore: 22.222. |b ale | Ce 127 84 33 81 435 Total. 24 ike 2 E A ees 437 673 595 179 120 47 129 1,111 Vessels, motor:...-- = 2 ee oe i 62 15 10 3 17 127 Net tonnage..<2 242s ee | 1,278] 2,080] 1,751 98 70 17 121 | 2,000 Boats: Motor. =. 5520625 [eae ee re ee | em 49 34 14 33 290 Others... 2232 2s De Ee ree tere See a 2 4 5 1 4 Apparatus: BENE eer eK Spat a 48 71 6 66 48 26 51 2, 693 Length, ‘yards_.-/_ 2222s see aes 20; 3204] 27,5700) 34, 138") oe | oe ELE en en Pauare yards---.£35 Re sae SeSee meee peg eee | eae 430, 244 | 259, 766 | 18, 798 |365, 766 |--.--__- Hooks 2-22 - oo - <= 2 SES EES Ee a eis | See ee |e rc ¥} 2, 693 Set Lam- Har- Total Paran-| Lob- Aba- rad Items and | para | “vella | ster | P0ons, Shovels] lone [lusive hand | nets, nets | traps |SWord- aubhis of dupli lines | sardine Ren fish cation Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num-| Num-| Num- Fishermen: ber ber ber ber ber ber ber ber Onivessels 2". £8 ke FE 122 706 8 Zon 8 5. £825" |t ae 1, 877 On boats and shore_____-______-- 451 81 25 167 27 158 7 1, 025 Potal= ts s.34 > 73 23 lps 573 787 33 195 35 158 7 2, 902 Wessels motor 2... 2 28s: See Ef 45 86 2 10 ie Pie ste seal [at 257 Net tonnage.2 22-8 22 ee ee re 368 | 1,010 22 75 20: |i = 222 51) Saas 4, 889 Boats: Motor.) oasis OF) SAP A ed 281 16 8 79 Lb? | 5 499 Othars=>: on eee 98 Nee see | ee 2 eee 10) S54 5.|\ 0S ee a ee 52 Apparatus: Ntiriber. see 8 Ce ae ee 1, 351 102 5 | 2,644 24 158 AA ase engths tyards< 252508 Sees ty eater 39,830 |2 22282] eee] oo ed a Yards atimonth: =. _: eee! Wie) Sale ones BA ek 22 ey = ee ee ee Hooks 2g cate ee eee 292,978 | s-=-- 2) nos 2 [Eo | a) | CATCH OFF CALIFORNIA: By GEAR Species | Purse seines Gill nets Trammei nets Troll lines aoa Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value| Pownds| Value | Pounds Value Ad bacore: er 52.22 2e © ee ree 803 122) ea |e ee ee 258, 185/$38, 552 Barracuda 1,314, 568) 66,470} 884, 910 POLS B24| eo te 2s wl Des ‘.| 497, 381} 22, 631 Bonitvols, ie 0ees eee 482, 087 16,547; 59,997] 1,522 130 $4) 35,507 799 Flounders: “*California halibut’”’.__________ 106 15 27 ‘Sole? ae oe ee 147 1h pee Se Esl Other. <2 22 562i & Se oe 2 ee ered ee 23 Grayfish’2 2 itis 28k, CN 702 18) 33, 206 Herring <= 2.332 tb. 2230 6 ei Bes | Ce ee 570 Horse mackerel soe Dae ee 147, 869 3,900} 29,494 Kingfish = 23) 5e. | Ca ema 1, 138 23| 5 See * Langeod”? po. an ae a ee | Mackerel: 3122 23 sah 408 pe 3,010,800 41, 887} 199, 301 Mulllot_—__--2. 22828 7 ae |e oe 5, 495 Peron = 2 Se ae ee ena 1, 887 175 5, 826 Pilchard or sardine_____._._________ 80,750,501) 444,128]_________ POMPANO - « «oie tee es le 8 Rock ‘bass... 25/52 2092 ae ewes 12, 441) 829 277 Rockfishes 2. 5. seg a eee 2,101 93 130 Salmon Sere ee peer eee pel ee Pe Beulpin-.-.. 2. se eld ESI Le ee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1001 Fisheries of the San Pedro division of the southern district of California, 1928—Con. CATCH OFF CALIFORNIA: By Gear—Continued EE ee Species Purse seines Gill nets Trammel nets Troll lines FrisH—continued Sea bass: Pound? | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value Black Pe a SI. OE Oe 1, 372 $75 4, 804 $302 2, 073 |) a ne espa White or squeteague ----------- 31, 743 4,948] 360,601) 41,830) 1, 718 SOME Se ecess len seees STaGuyesetn ol 4. Soe ee 873 40) 5522 Ses |e 1, 990 04 |. alee Skates. 2-02°------------.-=----=- 2) hs ales RRR et a poet eee 23, 038 rly (+) mei ol |e See Skipjack or striped tuna------------|----------|---------|---------|---~----|--------|------- 1, 286, 225)$48, 223 Sel io SG ee Ses 5 ee 2, 340) 106|' 106;313)" (6, 161\==2- =. =|2-== ee Po sae RrrGrdtishmn soos ees fee 2b. .|-= =< -2--|- 2-42-32] -- 2-2 =|-=2 == -n-| ann - === 2, 398) 105 Tuna: pitta ee ee ea eee A1TsO047691), G42; O16) 222 222 = -_ = = 204 15} 287, 403] 27, 027 ‘Yellowfin! _—-=+ 5" -5--------.- 113) 1 | |e ee are a SY epee oe ee 75,084) 4, 916 io eS Sara 685 71) ee Oe PE 380 1) eC ied, Mrellowialieeie fe ser eC 102, 883 7,046 7, 367 494, . 124 13} 147,614) 5,142 OUuNernS hes sees eee es es ee 926 33 48,046) 1,408 5, 142 155 148 12 MOvealiee 2h ease Ok tea 96, 870, 776)1, 229, 425 1, 746, 395/119, 989] 631, 340) 78, 649)3, 515, 457|167, 660 SHELLFISH, ETC. Sea crawfish or spiny lobster - ------|----------|---------]---------|------- 7,800) -1j/478|-<-=—2——|2e--e= = Grand totale. een 96, 870, 776 1, 229, 425)1, 746, 395 119, 989} 639, 140) 80, 427/3, 515, 457|167, 660 | Species Set and and Lampara nets Eavauvelly Traps IE Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value |Pownds | Value |Poun ds| Value PATIGHIO WIGS pie ee ee | Rie) EXE pee eee| Pee see a eae eo Barracudas oo) os oo eae eee § ne | Seb -8|--- = 836, 880| 37, 994|--------|-------|--------|------- anit Ome ee So 5, 195 $182 Be res eS pe ee nee igigmemeents were ito. Wee Soe 222 FAN a gs el |p ae he Ls ae rel ae Flounders: “¢ California halibut’’_----------- 34,269) 4, 740 713) ADT 244, S77 $26, 4109/2 es) eee SS GI Be ee toe, seer. te aes 6,981} - 468 95 GUS MON ON S82| beeen See Other. sJ- Peete en ee 16, O80 45 893| 22 2- =e foe a8 | | eee Grayiishe a = 4-2 se ae 48, 745 1,147 6, 319 128 | See eee 32 $1 ihorsetmatkerel 25252. = =e 2 se 2, 437 80 399) 702) 114:679|=-_- = |-- = =--|=---—=-|------— NRG IS Wee ee 17, 710 354 298, 480} 5, 650)_-------|------- 2, 033 44 olen COC eee eae eee 1, 032 (olka eee eee Well Rice Th (ey Es SR PE ee ee 4,509, 827) 97,593) 22, 683, 872/375, 247|--------|-------|--------|----=-- [Se St ee ee ee ee ee 4,072 250 59,624) 5, 434! 483 29 4, 164 378 Pilchard or sardine______------------|---------}---+---- 83, 868, 503,464, 967)|--------|-------]--------]------- Pompanose 9-2 ee S|} 852 406|22 =. ees | eee ROCK assent ee ee ee Ee 92, 211 7, 893 69, 887| 4, 205)--------|------- 157, 112} 13,093 ROC RAS OSes ae ee ae 1, 792, 336) 99, 482 1,815 143/2-=--=—— 12 Sees 744 Ey] ES ee ee 6, 673 Mil Oe a \2 SB ee eee Sculpinhe. se BOSS55|) a6) O85|o ese a eee eee oe ee Sea bass | Backers ene pees oa 51,570} 2,946 6, 057 373 220 (See eee ee White or squeteague------------ 23,392) 2,450 154, 647| 22, 564'_____.__'-------|--------|------- _ Sheepshead - - ----------------------- 72,674, 3, 223 4, 290 206 (eee eee = 257,813) 10, 913 ict ogee aes 5 ie KW 2 Re St 2, 747 1] |e ea | (ee es ea oe Eee ae (artes (nae Oe ee oe Ee Se ee 5, 399 311 429, 440) 28, 558)-------- URE A ee ee ee Tuna: TER re fin eee ee ee en 300, 191} 19, 972|-_------)-------]--------}------- SVrollovg tines en ne ees 2 2 See = eee = -_|---=-=—= 2, 205 A | ee eee | Se ee eee SOILS eee ee ae ee en 100, 835| 8,188 456 Ss 1,364 89 ell oyatailee es eee ee Se 3, 132 141 31,208) 2, 455|_-------|-------|--------|------- Other fisho 5 == =5s-—— = = 63,705) 3,198 5, 297 365 |e eee 1, 159 63 Ro Gale) eae ae eee 6, 922, 958} 244, 240/109, 200, 000,978, 000 463, 771| 35,839] 424,421) 24,619 SHELLFISH, ETC. Bre O epee he a ae Sie ene ee | as Oe eel aa 270 10 Ocfopts es 2e= === === -=---= 50 5 ee ee ee nn es pee ao oe Sea crawfish or spiny lobster - -------|---------|--------|-----------|=77777- 860 140} 215,315} 51,030 OLAS see ese 50 aU. | eee 5 ee 860 140) 215,585} 51, 040 @randutobale= a2 == = aa 6, 923, 008) 244, 254/109, is aa 000| 464, 631) 35, aa 640, 006) 75, 659 PATA EL LORE NIBOE\2 Aid 10 NS ETO CIRO Ee Saas ae 1002 Ua se BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of the San Pedro division of the southern district of California, 1928—Con. CATCH OFF CALIFORNIA: By GEAR—Continued Species Harpoons Shovels Abalone outfits LB | Bowtds | eVuluie ol anunde! |) apna Pounds | Value Swordfish — 25 se oe. ee eee eee 101;407| $13; 140). 2-8 = oo ee "ROG 2 eee ee ee ee ee 101, 407 13;.149) . esc eo eee eee SHELLFISH, ETC. Atbalonese= 60 ati. ote be ee {SO AGS eee |, ek ea | 10,808) $2, 958 Clams: PisM0. 2.25 22s. base ew pe Sen ee ee | ee eee See 30, 763 $9, 340)... 2222. | See Blt 2225 222252355 55255 Been seelce- 2 ee ee 98) 46|02 22s ae Notale= .. Mees" 5 a ee ee ee ene 30, 861 9, 386 10, 808 2, 958 Granditotal. 2th eae 101,407} 13,149} 30, 861 9,386] 10, 808 2, 958 ! CATCH OFF LATIN AMERICA: By GEAR Species Purse seines Gill nets Trammel nets eae Pounds Value | Pouwnds| Value | Pounds| Value Barracuda sess 6 125. eee 1, 712, 407 | $221, 640 262 S34 | sie pace | Bonito. - 2-2 ea noe nee) oe nde eee 683, 331 24,406 ||. .-- 2 |b sesso see ee Flounders, ‘‘ California halibut’’___--.-..------- 798 PA) Ee See Ss 380 $56 iFlorsemackereles=s22°-- 82. she 2 eee 1, 906 ING )| Si 2c ote oe ascannulesenaees Perele< = S24 ee ee oo oa ae ee 312 24 | cose65.|bo252 255 sossee ee eee FROCK Dass 2) 6 soe coe ne ee eee 851 $3: |.-------|-.5= 2252 |S25 22 ee eee Sea bass: Ii eee ees SS ee ee 8,226°| 663: |2=--=.--|Gee) =25| See ees eee WEiteon SOUOLeREIIOS 2s re ee ee 119, 529 21,904 | 8,813:| 1,324 | a Sheepshead. - = 3.5 a OE eas eee 188 1] |.~-22-2.|\t Se See Skipjack or striped tuna-—- --- 2_-- 2. = eee 172, 202 4, 018 |. 22-_ 2b lo 28 Ss ee | RTT Gee ee ee ee ee ee a ee 1, 167 62)|Ce tess Eee eee *TUNA; VOUOWDNSE ae on 53 Senet ee 7, 908, 213: || 330):280) |b222-2"2 |b eee ee Winitensh': 4 ~~ See AS at“ 7 oe oo eS ee oe 1, 745 Wb 2-2 eee eee RYE UIO WIE ls en) sae ne ne ee ee ee 481, 421 BO) SOL | es | eee eee Other fish = 224. or eee ee eee 947 G7 |b Seekcls Sees eee fifo CN A ee ee ee Se ae a 11, 093, 243 | 638,832 | 9,075 1, 358 380 56 Species Troll lines Set aod hand Lampara nets Traps ctStet Pounds Value | Pouwnds| Value | Pounds| Value! Pounds| Value Barracuda... eee 369 $40 os 2 9 Lena | eakekt | 22 ee | Bonito! 2... eee eee 28, 314 942 ous sn noes sel eee ee tI ee ee Mullet: 2-225 $28 2 Se See ee | 6,459) $775) | ase es eee Pompano. = 222302 Fe ee | ee ee | es | ee |e 1, 286 134 |S aA ee eee ROCK: DSSS =2 52.5 cost ce ee ee ee ee |e 6,638 | $339 |..... 24S eae ee Sea bass: Black =: 224-55- so ees ene 134 9 1,817 104 980 (i eS Wihite'or squetéagues( 2: es | See | oe 40 7| 1,939 293 |... 4 Sees Skipjack or striped tuna________---_-- §,,043;.879) 173; 56S |2- 2-0 == | Se Se ale eee es |e Tuna, yellowtn 2). 1,439; O19 14257420) eee eee | nee ce | ee Whitefish>< -- 3232222 ee ee eee 2, 785 173 |as--s2..|22552 22 | cee eee Yollowlail-.. 4 ea eee 39, 699 27312) |e oe oe 250 25 |... odes | SS Other‘tish: 3. Se eee eee eee fesca-tse Joann |e nnn 4, 215 410 |. =.=) |-aaee Totals <5 sos-teee eee eee 12, 601,414 | 605, 284 | 11, 280 623 | 15,129") 1,715) |b--2eees| eee SHELLFISH, ETC. ae Sea crawfish or spiny lobster=- --2. 22 | eee ee |e ee ee | ee ee | 350 $32 Grand ‘totals.ccyouce nee 12, 601,414 | 605, 284 | 11, 280 | 623 | 15,129 | 1,715 350 32 SAN DIEGO DIVISION The San Diego division is comprised of San Diego and Imperial Counties. _ Operating units.—The catch of fishery products in the San Diego division was taken by 964 fishermen, 119 motor vessels, 169 motor FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 100% and other small boats, and 6 major types of gear. The combined capacity of the vessels amounted to 2,883 net tons. OFF CALIFORNIA That part of the catch taken off the California coast of the San Diego division amounted to 20,024,176 pounds, valued at $663,558. Considered according to value the more important species were bluefin ~ tuna, 2,108,381 pounds, valued at $133,471; skipjack or See tunu, 2,975, 313 pounds, valued at $111, 634: and rockfishes, 1,233, 036 pounds, valued at $70,149. Catch by gear.—Three types of gear accounted for 94 per cent ot the fishery products taken off the coast of California and landed in the San Diego division during 1928. In the order of their importance they were lampara nets, which accounted for 44 per cent of the catch; lines, 40 per cent; and purse seines, 10 percent. The catch by lamparu nets was made up principally of ‘pilchard or sardine, mackerel, and bonito; that by lines was chiefly skipjack or striped tuna, mackerel, rockfishes, and yellowtail; and that by purse seines was almost exclusively bluefin tuna. OFF LATIN AMERICA That part of the catch of the San Diego division taken off the Latin American coast amounted to 26,040,412 pounds, valued at $1,530,697. Considered according to value the more important species were yellowfin tuna, 16,771,348 pounds, valued at $1,009,582; skipjack or striped tuna, 6 335, 891 pounds, valued at $224, i 20; ‘and sea crawfish or spiny lobsters, 720, 464 pounds, valued at $114, 518. Catch by gear.—'T wo types of gear accounted for 95 per cent of the catch of fishery products taken off the coast of Latin America and landed in the San Diego division. Lines accounted for 90 per cent of the catch and purse seines, 5 per cent. The catch by lines con- sisted principally of yellowfin tuna and skipjack or striped tuna and that by purse seines principally yellowfin tuna. Fisheries of the San Diego division of the southern district of California, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By GEAR Gill nets [ie Sa OR ee nN Set and Teens Trammel] Troll inisvaal Barra- | sea bass| Other is ee lines cuda wo&c aoe | —— | Fishermen: | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number (Qlial (CCN a Ree ee Bao Se 24 Iya esses ee 19 600 163 Ons boststandishores- sss 5 ease 49 43 16 40 171 153 RE AER yas ee eS ee ee 73 58 16 59 771 316 IWESRGIS SM OLOR#= 522-2 5h ee OT 7 ct eee et 5 105 39 Nieto nmageh 62. Joo i Ft ee 56 83) | aeceee see 44 2,719 431 Boats: IM 1G} (0) 0 Se ee ee ee, See 19 18 | zat 15 110 90 Ofhercses eset Meets be Pe a 2 lpeiose 2) ee ee ee (Te ee ee: 1 Apparatus INA i00) 0, :5eas Se ee oe re 26 22 | 14 20 1, 598 719 SULISL ON VALS ss eee Se eee 145, 647 102, 870 105500) 3248.07) 0l |S ae ae ee | oer eee ae eee ee ea Wer meraiey nee fy ied Ue || ey eee eee 1, 598 142, 969 1004 Fisheries of the San Diego division U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES of the southern district of California, 1928— Continued OPERATING UNITS: By Grar—Continued | Harpoons ; Total, Sinnis mi a Lobster | exclusive sardine traps Sword- of dupli- fish Turtles | cation Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number On ‘vossels£32 222s se Pee ee eee ees 200 32 4] 6 669 On: boatsiand'shore:2= oe eee 47 81 39 2 295 Total. = 5-82). she a La SA ee 247 113 80 8 964 Vessels; W009 ane 2e 2 <0 ocean eae ee 35 10 11 1 119 Net tonnage_-______ bee ee eee ay ee 331 79 122 15 2, 883 Boats: Motors2-8-2- = tt ea eee 9 50 21 1 157 Others! 432 tet ee ee eee ee eee eee Ct | eee ey pee lee 12 Apparatus: Numbers: 3222 00e = see eee ee ee ee cee 44 2, 190 47 | a Length, ‘yards. 2. Se eet eee 12) 858 lao2- See ee ee CATCH OFF CALIFORNIA: By GEAR Species Purse seines Gill nets Trammel nets Troll lines PSE Pounds | Value | Pounds) Value |Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value Albacore? +. oh 29 oe eke sr 2 58 50) | Jott al a eee 24,095 | $3,614 Barracudas 2s 26S rears. ZOOL" hs 251.1202" 609) | ble; 200) |e ee eee 627, 865 | 37, 923 BOLO fee PS ESS sy 18, 707 BLT. || 455805141; 313} | See ee Ee eee 252, 047 7, 337 Flounders: Se CANORA OAD See ne Pele at ee ee See | ee es 129; 516: |$18; 109) (22 2S Eee a) eee Pl eminiy 295s 267.5: see ees See CE Sete a les a Pen 22, 527 292; |oL- 2.42/28 0 22. ce Mackerel-- 2 200 8 | 829433.) Ol oo tees ee | eee 33, O85 553 Wallets e228 Fy co ee eter a eee eee 23, (44 || 12, B12 to SL egies 25 Pe ee ee eee 1efsigclie 2 Mee SN as FS as ee ee ele ee ee 2,611 143) | 3-282] 225 ee | Se ee Rock Dass oe tae See ee 1, 077 70 675 28)" 2t20 "25/2 ee 5, 772 239 Rockfishese ie {3 eb be ee Fe | PN ee ah S| ee 2 eee eee 586 35; [Seow | ee eee Sea bass: Blackest i. 2234: -tA2 * Se Beek bape | ees. 1,012 4 2, 758 133) [i3..232. 0 4 White, or squeteague__-_____- 60 10 |111, 876 | 13, 548 46 8 4, 098 453 Shéepsheat = ann soe ee ee ee 60') 5 8 [ull 2a) .22 3) ee ee ee SKates 82s 5200 Pe ee eS een SS ee cee eee es ee ee oe ae ge ee 1, 576 | 29. | 2 ade - =o eeee Skipjack or striped tuna--_.._.----|---+------ Ise wee a | se Sete Oe eee | 2, 975, 313 | 111, 63 Smelt... ee. 5 eee [oze S28 16,378, |; T1880 1522 Be Ste sale es eee Tuna: Bluefin: sec" eee 2, 055; 801 S305 167 | o2 eel ee ae ee Ne 29, 039 1, 774 Yellowfin 22 0). Soe ee se ae ee ee | ee ee | ee 5, 264 329 Nellowtail..2_*) == 746 60 | 10, 144 3008 saz aE ee 991,713 | 46, 866 Total: ee ee 2, 096, 666 |132, 092 519, 964 | 33, 949 |134,482 | 18, 314 |4, 948, 291 | 210, 752 c Species Set eee Lampara nets Traps Tarpoons pee Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value |Pounds| Value AnGhovies: 220-2255 oe ee 730 $14 |. 22 See ee e Bonito: = ee 8, 353 $259 365,611 | 10, 643..|_---25_ |e 225 2a) oe ee Flounders: “‘ California halibut”’....._.-- 4, 422 AL eee Lo el se ee cbo =. 55) 22a ee al ee ee “Sole? 222225 ese 8,683.) 1073: |.2e: seceec|bo2-teoe|be She 2c es | es Grayfish... 225.4 13, 459 206 \25- = 2-5 222|2c225.52)|-2 222 as |e |e re Kingish<_ =e 3, 421 108 697 2) | avnd 22) 205 |e Mackerel 52:39 see eee 1, 315,964] 28, 570) |1,.276).877, 18, 192 Joc 2-0 .1| sine 5 eee | Perch 2s. 220th es eee 385 20 2, 531 126 241 $14. | see eos Se Pilchard or sardine. ee ee | eee 7, 116;.660 .| 49,027 .|.--2- 554] s-5220 s5|aoeeeee | Seen Pompano_-_- Z Oe ee 194 68 38 13 |s-- 22} 22 ee eee Rock bass_____-_- Rockfishes Sculpin 24 2 eee Sea bass: Bisck. 87... Sie ae White, or squeteague ’ FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED sTaTEs, 1929 1005 ; 7 é é Fisheries of the San Diego division of the southern district of California, 1928— Continued CATCH OFF CALIFORNIA: By GEaAr—Continued Species Set aad uate Lampara nets Traps | Harpoons FIsH—continued Pounds | Value | Pounds | Vales | Pounds| Value | Pounds) Value SHES) oS ATE (6 Ve Dee Se ge a ee 16, 163 $633 901 $38 | 17,725 $6208 2 eee se CRED Bbatps se! eed deb ee eed) 1, 158 PAY eee ae a pete el |e eee | eee So ee eee nee Sy: SHI Ee a ee 554 23 6, 705 DG eee ae |e oe | nee eee Sle sae es eS ee es od 3, 296 LO! Eo ey ee reat (ete bat see 2 Fer eee Soran 2 ad 2 ESS ee eat (ee a ee ee wed (eee ...-----|322, 196 | $37, 649 UGE alsa ee ae hee Soe ee eee eee ee ae 23; O41) | IR RBON essence | eee ebro as ee Snitofishe rete. Uh sr ted “ere OTE ST b6 ON ea lees Leeds ot) RR og en ete : BapNONban eters ta se SS 1,571 193 635 28) ae iene Le eee eee : Eo) 2) (aie Dees Se ere eee 2, 962, 376 |118, 896 |8, 865, 063 | 86,174 | 43, 313 2, 761 |322,196 | 37,649 SHELLFISH, ETC. Seal crawAsh. OF Spiny lobster. tec|_ 222) Ue A es aL AST S25 | P22 O71 ee eee eee Grand total_...--.--------- 2, 962, 376 |118, 896 |8, 865, 063 | 86, 174 |175, 138 | 25, 732 322,196 | 37, 649 Notr.—The catch by purse seines was made by fishermen from the San Pedro division. CATCH OFF LATIN AMERICA: By GEAR Species Purse seines Gill nets Tramme!l nets Troll lines FISH Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value |Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value PE DTAC TIC peter we eee mle St G4, 8845 (S7543215 7475869] “$6 561|_- == ==|2-- += | 241,451! $29, 160 {Sera Tyo TE PA Sy ales eee fal Bop eee pn a 2, 325 OD Bat Pk SSE SP 52, 403 1, 794 Bigumdenss:|@aliformia, halibtite,|<2- 3s ss st) see |S. ee oe 2 D5AE Sal SoG Aas ane” 2 ee mene Sissi IlavG ie g Dl WS Sane a) ee ee eee 42 Ii (Ss me rete | ere gee a |Cee e Pa ei | é VINSG ER ee ee seco ts eee 20 47, 041 EE AOR (Ye ieee ac 2 eae 5 Re te pe Pelee [ee a a ee ale ty FRO CKs asses oe ene ee ea 115 11 217 S| eee el | ree 4, 851 406 Sea bass: LEU Cel tes em Sian eee rie Se 650, 27| 12, 980) 691) 15, 806 808 |S ese | Se White or squeteague-_______ 740 al R28O1006| esos) H2 se = = [eo eee se 958) 71 Skipjack or striped tuna_______ 55, 953 AA | ears oe ees =) Sn 5S See 6, 279, 938 223, 276 unavellowfin sss Toke Gaile, | ke ee ee ee 15, 698, 891} 968, 507 UV LENG PN a1 02 Cee ee Se ee 765 ait oe Me eS eee ee el eg Sa SS eee allOwiailewenn ory s eh ant Ss 9, 553 734| 4, 692 iyi eee ae Pe 780, 571 32, 905 ORMpraicnes ster = a ero eM eee rn Os 150 | cents 222s. ae Soe es ee Otel emeer ye oe 1, 252, 158] 55, 747| 354, 371| 41, 243 269,990] 37, 236,23, 059, 063) 1, 256, 119 Species Set and hand lines} Lampara nets Traps Harpoons | Pounds | Value |Pounds, Value |Pounds | Value TOTO me = eee lt Ne dh 3, 997 $02|2 24-8 =e | iota So 8 ae | eee Mackerel 811 65 {oe a ee =e Jettind Hee ee ee 978 AE Cesta dna |e Pm ee | Pompano 25, 501 Fas 3 eee eee eee rererenpe rs cme wel ena ses Rock bass &, 510 G00|2= 26 = 222) ee oe es RockKfishes® 2 eee ors | ieee or | 4 998!) | B74)o. 23 (Re a ee a ee Sea bass: Black 11, 011 00 | ba = ae| Sea eee eee eee White or squeteague___________ AG1065| +. 43048| S901 155! — “TGOL]E. == oe ea ee SiG) | ee ee Se = I a Be ee ee eS 54 [ee ed ee | ee | WiIEGHShees are Ee 21, 389 Ny 2a fas ccm a ee ee | ee ee Se eS Se eee RRO rrr ies eas eS ob re |S ea ee el 20 ;°29U)) 4,198 | 222 a sae ate ohn [tS eee (OH SG) SIT CUTE o: Ges eae Oe Oe ae ee | ee eS 9, 346 BAS Bt Swe ere eo | ee PRO UH penne see 2 ea Ny 237, 118)" DAN Sb7 TAT Gh4) wl, O27 (a -2< te Ser e —— SHELLFISH, ETC | Meneraymtisn OmSpinyMOOStOPs=s—-|2-----=--|-ecaea alse ees | eee 720,464) $114, 518)2-- 2). 2 MET AGS Se a ed fe ee Se | ae a aes Sale | ie Sp |e ees 5,594; $450 Granditetal eee eee 237,118) 14,357) 141,654; 11,027) 720, 464 114, 518 5, 594) 450 1006 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES INDUSTRIES RELATED TO THE FISHERIES Transporting trade—There were 83 persons in 1928 who were engaged in California in transporting the catch of fish. In this trade 1 steam vessel, 18 motor vessels, and 4 sailing vessels, having a com- bined capacity of 3,256 net tons, were operated. Wholesale trade—There were 59 wholesale establishments along the coast of California engaged primarily in the handling of fresh and frozen products. This is 54 per cent of the total number of such establishments in the Pacific coast section. These establishments employed 620 persons who received $1,153,053 in salaries and wages. Prepared and by-products trade. —There were 67 establishments in California during 1928 engaged primarily in the manufacture of prepared fishery products or by-products. This is 40 per cent of the _ total number in the Pacific coast section. They employed 6,740 persons who received $3,947,370 in salaries and wages. The products manufactured, consisting principally of canned sardines and tuna and tunalike fishes, were valued at $24,531,740. Detailed statistics of most of the items manufactured may be obtained from Fishery Industries of the United States, 1928, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1067 Industries related to the fisheries of California, 1928 TRANSPORTING Items Number Menon transporting vessels< (=== <2. - = - oo ee a ee 83 Transporting vessels: [m St@QIM she 5 ao ann no eee a a eae ee a ee 1 Net tonnage ae ooo Se ee ae pee ee oe Ee Re 331 Motor. =-62-2~2 eee a ee Oe ee eee 18 Nelionnace §. 43-23 as See eee wo nien gas aS ae eee eae 1, 405 RAED es he wee se DS ee wae ow oadoe me anne eee ee 4 Net tonnage. =<. - 22. --5 -.-- 22.2 SR ee eee 1, 520 otal za==-5- <= = So 2h— == AS Ee ee ee 23 Net tonnage... - 2.52257" ee ee 2 ee ee 3, 256 WHOLESALE FISHERY TRADE: Southern district San Era 26 a cisco an OnLeney: ||=— >a ee ee northern | district | san Pedro | San Diego 7 district division | division Establishments. /.2..2= = eee 16 13 22 8 59 Persons engaged: Proprietors and salaried employees - -_- 52 26 58 15 151 Wage earners__-_-.- PE ee See oe 267 58 102 42 469 Paid to salaried employees___.__-_____-_-___ $155, 700 $46,800 | $148, 280 $31, 518 $382, 298 Paid to: wageearners-.- = a 427, 938 74, 700 | 187, 240 80, 877 770, 755 Total salaries and wages__________--_- 583, 638 121, 500 335, 520 112, 395 1, 153, 053 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1007 Industries related to the fisheries of California, 1928—Continued PREPARED FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS \ ae Pia a PR £e fs Items Number Products Quantity Value — -_— — |i \— a = -_—— | Mstaplushments --. 2... 22.2..22.-.. 67 || Salted: Persons engaged: Salmon, mild cured__pounds_-| 1,552,800 | $465, 830 Proprietors and salaried em- Other do...-| 784, 548 62, 025 IOV EOS ee oe ee SE 618 || Smoked -_---- 1 32002, =| 232/822 60, 565 Weare'earers....2. 0. C225 meade: of a eee = Poli 354, 977 37,733 ——)| Canned: Paid to salaried employees_-__-__-__- $1, 180, 453 | Sardines _~_-_-standard cases !__ 2, 771, 534 | 9, 658, 822 Paid to wage earners. -----.------- 2 766, 917 | Tuna and tunalike fishes | I i in ee ea standard cases__| 1, 216, 222 | 8, 374, 030 Total salaries and wages_-----| 3, 947, 370 Mackerel: eres dos 388, 521 | 1, 621, 595 Miscellaneous.4&% © #2 Ses soaps ee ue 224, 498 By-products: Fish meal, scrap, and flour | ae EE ee PRS Se tons__| 27, 505 | 1, 650, 012 Fish and whale oils__gallons_. 4, 526, 700 | 1, 939, 259 Miscellaneous #2. 2: es ae ee ee 437, 371 otaleté =. i ee | eee i 531, 740 ‘ | 1A standard case contains forty-eight 1-pound cans of sardines and mackerel, or forty-eight 14-pound cans of tuna and tunalike fishes. 2 Includes canned squid, abalone, shad, shad roe, salmon, barracuda, barracuda fish cakes, and fish for cat and dog food. 3 Includes liquid glue, pilchard scales, agar, and kelp products. HISTORICAL REVIEW Fourteen general surveys have been made for statistics of the fisheries of the Pacific Coast States during the 41 years from 1888 to 1928. The catch for 1888 amounted to 91,244,000 pounds. Since that time the catch has continued to increase, with the largest catch on record shown for 1928, when. 693,484,000 pounds were taken. Comparative statistics for each of the more important species taken are shown in the following tables. Fisheries of the Pacific Coast States, 1888 to 1928 [Expressed in thousands of pounds and thousands of dollars; that is, 000 omitted. Salt fish, except cod, has been converted to the equivalent of fresh fish] Year Washington Oregon California Total Quantity | Value | Quantity) Value | Quantity) Value | Quantity| Value 23, 721 $11 26, 268 734 41, 255 2, 465 91, 244 4,010 36, 706 932 28, 826 872 58, 396 3,023 | 123, 928 4, 827 59, 158 1, 402 38, 197 1, 284 50, 524 1,787 | 147,879 4, 473 122, O85 2, 871 22, 802 856 77, 985 | 2,552 | 222, 872 6, 279 88, 954 2, 973 27, 534 1, 185 57, 024 2,523 | 173, 512 6, 681 100, 352 3, 513 28, 216 1, 356 46, 486 | 1,970 | 175, 054 6, 839 158, 546 5, 321 34, 693 1, 479 88, 981 2,506 | 282, 220 9, 306 67, 564 4, 954 22, 134 1,256 | 191, 439 6,774 | 281, 137 12, 984 111, 261 7, 801 32, 883 3,504 | 260, 804 | 7,737 | 404, 948 19, 042 89, 223 7, 123 39, 578 3,204 | 344, 894 | 9,725 | 473, 695 20, 052 130, 687 9,477 40, 008 3,442 | 440, 301 11,662 | 610,996 24, 581 89, 637 7, 943 32, 998 3,068 | 398, 651 7,904 | 521. 286 18, 915 125, 655 9, 146 34, 195 3,103 | 491, 347 10,058 | 651, 197 22, 307 82, 874 7, 501 27, 474 . 2,686 | 583,136 | 10,326 | 693, 484 20, 518 6881—31——20 1008 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Washington, 1888 to 1928 CAT CH TExpressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted. Salt fish, except cod, have been reduced to the equivalent of fresh fish] Species 1888 1892 1895 1899 1904 1908 FISH Catfish .. <= 225022 2 5 oe Bae SEE | ee | ce er ae 106 6), |e stan ee Cod: Fresh) 3-2-5, 2 eR Pe ae et P51! (ae eee 40\|-.-<2-32 | 2 eee ee Dry-salted)3 = 2. SS ene ane 539 444 930 2, 072 4, 648 Founders: aa Sole ” 9 190 Other 199 284 Halibut << 5-0-5 eee ee 12. 066 30, 072 Hering? 532 2, 506 “‘Lingcod”’ 144 62 Rockfishes ___ 83 132 Sablefish 334 168 Salmon: Blueback or sockeye- =----------.----- 2, 514 7, 313 42, O71 11, 507 12, 501 Chinook. £2232 "3 ee es rae 9, 844 12, 937 10, 938 15, 212 12, 336 Chum. ee. ae ee a on 16, 454 3, 310 5, 472 6, 567 13, 652 13, 055 Humpback...2¢ =. |< So ee ea | ee 2, 270 21, 112' |C2 oe eee Bilver 22. eS) ee a eS} 3, 597 12, 384 20, 649 26, 021 14, 080 Shad-v2.22 2-5. eS eae eee 103; |p eee 85 125 100 Smalf2s secs ee ook 2 See eee 322 528 937 1, 370 2, 897 Stealhead trout =. 2s... 2 ee eee ee 2,419 4,971 1, 507 1, 859 2, 339 Sturgeon: 2... 2.22 -3-- =... 2. ee See 544 1, 884 90 129 185 Surtitishess 2 oo 4 ea ee 65 169 | 43 149 661 RGICOG Se oo oP a es a ee ee ee ae TO“ cab a 2 See PR Other fsh-2°2> Ft ee) Bee 1, 135 40 30 49 78 oe oe Totali.=3. 22ieee oe ee 19,348 | 26, 046 51,046 | 112, 724 85, 547 96, 212 SHELLFISH, ETC. Crabs fee 2 et ee. Smet 2 79 163 275 723 2, 179 BREE Cee oe Be ee as ae 5 2 36 20 430 247 Ohne. d 775 155 OG boi baton Bots) Mey sa ee. ee ro aaah aes teamed Eo Be \ 300 est | 1,405] 31s { 728 158 Oysters: Eastern, market.<- 5-2-8 2S a aa |e cle | eee 269 ||2 ssa Nativesmarketes -> ses eee 4, 066 9, 895 6, 484 5, 901 1, 069 1,321 Japanese, Market 222-27 22- ee ee ee Pee eo aijan as IVE Sse ss oss See Pe ee Se eee eee ee eee 24 19. 2-63-2542) oe Total: sane s ee. Se ee eee 4, 373 | 10, 660 8, 112 9, 346 3, 399 4, 136 WAALE PRODUCTS Whale oil. 22. 224 ee |r | Ee | ne 16" 22 23S Sa Se eee Other whale products: 2.255 2e ee ee re ere ee ee ee | preted seem 0 Bee ee Totals = [25.0 22 fo aek ee oes a ee | ee ne | 15 8 |sooohe sees Grand total)... hae ee ee a 23,721 | 36,706 | 59,158 | 122, 085 | 88, 954 | 100, 352 1 Species 1915 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 FISH Carp... i SS eee 200 375 384 379 286 659 922 557 Catfish... :.- 2" 2". ers a oe ee ee ae Dooce 2 os 2) ee See ee | Cod: Freshy. 252: <-9'* 5 Sen ee See PP Hel ee aot || iL ag bell Gack ai ya ep 3 | Segoe ‘Tongties 2328 er ee ene Se ree | ee a eee | ee ef | 18 14 Dry salted Se 2 eae 5,498 | 1,176} 3,681 | 3,701 | 4,126 | 3,977 | 2,587 2, 885 Flounders: “Sole" = 2222 se eee 68 131 120 266 231 205 224 223 Other..2 >) =: eS eee 26 85 196 188 261 140 98 124 Grayfish . 22.22. ee ee | | | ie | 90 3 Halibut__.-. 2. 2 ees 40,591 | 18,467 | 24,151 | 15,330 | 18,516 | 17,850 | 10,713 | 11,928 Herring... 3-2. =e ee ee ee 2, 129 425 183 670 | 2,822 812 1, 537 “Lingcod 22a eee 837.|2- sea eee 477 695 823 | 1,017 997 Perch _....0 22222 eo a a a a | ree | eee ee 60 75 Rockfishes : 35 Ss eae 101 1361 1579 295 443 443 477 617 Sablofish...-5.-- see 576 | 1,022 | 2,226 | 1,895 | 2,442 | 2,212| 2,784 | 2,335 1 Includes fresh cod and ‘‘lingeod.” a {Expressed in thousands of pounds; FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, the equivalent of fresh fish] 1929 1009 Fisheries of Washington, 1888 to 1928—Continued CATCH—Continued that is, 000 omitted. Salt fish, except cod, have been converted to Species Fiskh—continued Salmon: Blueback or sockeye------------- Chinook (@laqnita) (= Soe eee ee eee eee (SHUN tine ee 2 a Se eal eee Tomcod Oysters: Bastern, market_____-_-_-___-__-- Soi THCG| 2 gee SEN a le eee ee eee Trepang or sea cucumber RHE SHOUiSe sss Seo) eT Doe 8 ed Vice) C1 A ee ee 1915 | 1922 | 1923 | 1924 | 1925 | 1926 | 1927 | 1928 — — Se —— —— | a 5,053 | 10,212 | 3,726 | 7,814 | 4,672 24, 698 | 23,756 | 19,108 | 21,238 | 17,433 12, 219 | 11,493 | 13,284 | 11,147 | 17,122 498 | 35, 309 128 | 41,370 | 1,261 16,158 | 15,195 | 15,410 | 15,643 | 13,350 193 255 380 326 515 97 42 290) | 222 Se Rae 10 1 4 i 2 1,441 | 1,475 827 | 1,334] 1,405 1,443 | 1,719 | 2,562] 2,167| 1,632 86 120 85 81 84 44 80 70: | ee aes a ee [RE 1 (2) i ial mean eT 326 20 151, 212 | 61,480 |106,355 | 84,354 |127,328 | 85,033 |120,949 | 78,791 1,734 | 1,172| 1,154] 1,146 952| 1,938 | 1,711| 1,521 386 62 35 38 36 51 39 176 92 80 203 222 215 250 215 373 949 381 524 893 | 1,288 | 1,859 | 1,535 21.22) ea ear Ea Raa Bea | Soe < 265 45 45 36 10 20 113 74 350 555 682 651 663 698 616 615 ties? 35 10 16 28 (71M ear a ee SG 8 Sera: ears a be 4 6 210 il 18 ieieeed 20 52 105 106 124 102 63 i) oe ese thet at ei a a Vai 5 iy RD (eo (i || on a al bas SES PW SEO (ee aa i Saar! ewe Re nei 25s 2 Es ea eg ee 5 6 Hered |” aeaee Oelete ae Fi fe eee eae TR egy 3,401 | 2,930 | 2,439| 2,723| 2,920| 4,604| 4,706| 4,083 i See 261 347 68 YE eee ae nee he 2,635 | 1,763 | 1,376 | 1,472 Uy (Be ne EMD RTS) ARITA” =" 1,298 | 1,130 744 606 910 fea ceese 2 | 3,933 | 3,154 | 2,467 | 2,146 430) Peneenes |e 158, 546 | 67, 564 |111, 261 | 89, 223 |130, 687 | 89, 637 25, 655 | 82,874 2 Less than 500 pounds. 3 Includes cod tongues. Fisheries of Oregon, 1888 to 1928 CATCH [Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted. Salt fish have been converted to the equivalent weight of fresh fish] Species 1888 1892 1895 1899 1904 1908 FISH Oop eee So ocs soto ee Lona se ce eels oe AEA sae ha we 20 30 (COTTER one oe ee EE Sela | Aer Be Se b's 99 54 180 201 Flounders SMES CG} ec oe alae ae ie ace es SO See Se) ETS TY | eee DY || eee a one Soe eeepc Ife! “eens CUBE eee Misese WO LeSe ie 8 ee sede eee OR ee Co 23 PEIAOUG ese ee en ee ee eee ees eee 19 5 17 25 16 JE Wer ta (ups Se = kame ee Se ae 5 ee eee | | Se || 2 ee eae 19 18 15 AUG Fay 1a [MA a Pee 8 Le RY eR Ne eA ty eye 26 (ih Fe S| 20 ockHSHeS=4. 5 * 530 iee Bae Be eeighiees i ee ke OG 86 ye eee re 21 a 1010 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Oregon, 1888 to 1928—Continued CATCH—Continued {Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted. Salt fish have been converted to the equivalent weight of fresh fish] 1888 1892 1895 1899 1904 1608 FIsH—continued { Salmon: Blueback or sockeyes-- = AL Se. ee 3, 140 566 579 334 403 Qhinobk:- 3 5 Saale ae ee ee eee 24, 481 15,686 | 21,101 |} 18,750 | 20,022 18, 176 Ohum2&. OF ¢aee 2e © SRE te ee eee Ei 2,125 790 999 905 SilverS=.tk 2 ets 2 ee eee 4, 429 9, 463 5, 154 4, 255 4, 923 Shads..: 232 205 Bias ee oe RE eae ee ae 10 109 125 32 431 Smelt... 2. .24. ee ee eS ee aR 0) Fe eee 31 28 25 30 Steelhead trout_ 2 See 2, 587 3, 220 1, 104 1, 104 2, 469 Sturgeon. 22 ee see es 1, 157 2, 513 956) | oacoeds 9 114 Surfifishes<= -£2_— = 28. = 2. See Se ee RE ears | eee sll eee 6 4 26 Other fish 76 | CoRee seo | escte en | Seas 10 13 Total. 25 3 ee ee ee ee 25,904 | 28,605 | 37,744 | 21,537 | 27,068 27, 800 SHELLFISH t Grabs: = $2.22 s-cec ses. ee Se ee | ee ee 4 24 111 Crawfish 20 59 116 Clams: Razor Hard_ 50 281 979 SO saee-- 2. a. Oysters, native, market 147 89 59 |. Motale co. es. Ae 364 221 453 1, 265 471 416 Grandstotal =-==2 2 ees 222 eee ee 26,268 | 28,826 | 38,197 | 22,802] 27, 534 | 28, 216 Species 1915 1922 1923 1924 1925 | 1926 1927 1928 FISH Carp et = 2-252 air asesuse is DOM eee Seek ee ae ae 630/222 eee 68 13 Flounders: SOSOIG As eee coe one Other-ass =) ae ee ee Halipt ee Herring --__- “*Lingcod’’_ : E Perch se ee eee ‘Pilchard.=-—2 = Rocktishess= === ee Sablefish-.--- =-2-=---.. se Salmon: Blueback or sockeye-_ - -_- 337 936 2, 065 436 353 805 237 152 Chinook: =-2s.-2-02-5- = 23,482 | 12,650 |. 17,361 | 19,606; 21,420] 16,398} 17,132 12, 005 Chum.22-32- SS 1, 982 128 1, 136 2, 998 2, 338 812 3, 679 5, 244 Silvers=.-2 > ee 4, 845 4, 379 6,717 | 10,279} 10,247 8, 807 7, 021 5, 174 Shade 3 See 489 578 404 983 1, 017 1, 655 1, 516 1, 344 Sineltse 4s eee 4 217 277 227 309 73 412 19 - Steelhead trout. ..2-----2.— 2, 366 1, 821 2, 856 3, 605 2, 307 2, 657 2, 196 1,814 Striped bass. -22.. 322-22. .252|=-25 32 -- |B Slee eee 6) | eee 2 1 Stnrpeon 2s ase eee 98 217 124 176 161 138 133 89 Surf fishes. 2825 oe ee 17-5 Eo ee cece 16" |2os< ose+| ee ese losases ee eee ee Tomecod os ee sa Bose soe ee Por Se ISS 5: |Ssiusl Jae. svecse sil See eee eee Otiier fishies see eee 16 OrlascSs tse ke. enc ek | 2 Se ee Totelea 2285 33,993 | 21,250} 32,314] 39,073 | 39,239] 32,183 | 33,271 26, 712 SHELLFISH Crabses: 234232823 sees 415 731 359 433 522 533 600 493 Orawish-- 2 ee 184 69 142 12 128 106 138 158 Clams: Razor) <-> oe ees 77 59 19 33 89 154 164 101 Hard) 225.0222 Ses Se | ee eee i eee 6 | .cs3ce3e2|teee eee BOG soon eee a 22 14 5 15 20 14.28 2 eee Mixed = 3 523 2 a oe a ee ee eee ee eee pea eeseaaye at, "19 10 Oysters, native, market_____- 2 ll 14 11 10 3 3 (1) Totals. - 2. Gee 700 884 569 505 769 815 924 762 Grandi total. 2- ee 34,693 | 22,134 | 32,883 | 39,578 | 40,008 | 382,998 | 34,195 27, 474 1 Less than 500 pounds, 1 Consisted mostly of soft clams. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 LO11 Fisheries of California, 1888 to 1928 CATCH [Expressed in thousands of pounds; that is, 000 omitted. Salt fish, except cod, have been converted to the equivalent of fresh fish] Species 1888 1892 1895 1899 1904 1908 1915 1918 | FISH PULDRCOLOS Soe et 2) ee Sie les 222 b as 2s-25- 299 179 ALO). eco oes | 21, 074 | 7, 265 ENT AON eee eo ee Ee eee 150 460 tl sae 220 113 868 TQ Vee eee ee ae eee 436 1, 245 1, 425 2, 375 3,205 |} 3,923 | 4, 838 PESPUIT LUO Wesey eee oak ae ee eke 421 « 301 189 212 329 448 | 2, 441 (CIN 0 2 5o 5 a Ss ae ee ee ee Eee 66 46 284 70 427 | 351 | 313 (CUBIS ee oe ee |e 277 466 737 1, 069 517 | 205 LIS CCOGG Oe eas eee 2,275 | 2,784] 5,917] 5,623| 3,298] 4,953| 4,713 Flounders: PCE TIRG GABE ICE WO LBM = SE Serre ee PE a Pa Pe ey eed ag | 14, 754 CSI comes AS aes 52) eee es eam 32 BRE ol Saat 5, 762 7, 028 (Oyititye 52 ee See ee ee ee 4, 270 3, 308 4,715 4,361 | 26,681 6, 934 | 2, 574 ISIS). oS ee RE Cee | Bae ce| eee naan (ea a 32 269 219 POPES HTSUS Oy Sa RE © ad i oP er Os 2 2 ee (ee 198 124 783 246 SI DjACKHOMSURIDEO Ulam oo] tea eeee (Oe WERE ees 2 of) ge |Se an san = len ke ewene (a 3, 026 SIT Oli eee eee se eee ys Lo: Se 1, 920 1, 740 1,315 1, 362 718 113%, 797 Bieeihead units. 2 < 2oe 3) TG sea 310 461 114 55 76 32 22 Striped bass 5 1,776 1, 784 1, 408 Siunreonees 3 10 18; || ore Surf fishes___ 198 128 198 Swordfish___ (ol ete ee 18 Momcode an 6 V2 ee 49 42 49 Tuna: GLOW een oe ete ee eel 32 24 15 12, | a ee Pe INEGI, AS ee SSE eS _ Sa Sp ees (eee eee Preece (Eero ee pee ene 6, 241 VVLEMRAS/OPS UE SE” 2S) SRS Soy, ESPINER cele a a ee (meena ee eee ol (eee So 56 136 Wvihiiefishee snes sewn ane aye ee Lee 263 58 270 CA a) eee ten ee es 8 Mellow tailwee 0 Se ee 546 316 334 358 571 1, 343 11, 798 Ophersishretes a2 3 eae 7 28, 736 2n2 17, 583 674 1, 266 1, 201 673 859 ta ta (;, see Ss eee 28,736 | 26,890 | 24,371 | 32,915 | 44,583 | 41,227 | 78,867 | 258, 685 SHELLFISH, ETC. Crabsmec (arte SV ee 230) 2,862 |) (255650|) Sh6r7 | 5, Lill ete O2 | teat! 1, 619 Sea crawfish or spiny lobster __ 231 303 558 607 1, 078 573 892 931 SOR DE. eae ee ee 4, 902 5, 313 5, 425 6, 495 2, 576 258 298 722 Clams: Cockleeess= 2 ees: BIST Oreee ee > San eyes (5X0) 0S 5, 76 18 10 Herring! baa 542 342 384 np iish 27 eee 0 ie 391 582 412 “‘Lingeod”’ 426 568 467 Mackerel’ 2222 8.2 otis 2,975 2, 496 3, 592 Mi et o oae Rees 29 31 74 Pilchard or sardine 59, 323 93, 400 159, 197 Rompana = 2222) i055 17 16 33 Rock basses) ees 364 316 357 eepietishes 23-2 Oe a De ne 4, 688 4, 263 4,950 Sablefish $2223 oa 1, 023 269 538 Salmon, chinook 7,991 7, 235 7,090 SColpin eR 58 42 60 Sea bass BlaGle 2 oo 2- et SY Mey ee 185 148 127 97 227 White, squeteague._.____ 77 2, 520 2, 661 2, 643 2, 982 2, 520 Shade Site eee 1, 574 1, 410 863 1, 110 1, 285 SHENK S) 06 2) 0t kant ee 613 811 539 282 360 Sheepshead... --__ 1.5. ey ie bean Seas 18 15 24 18 32 Skates... - 2 aes eres Mince aes 253 89 60 121 134 SIAN foe -2 ee ee 757 744 765 830 806 Steelhead trout 17 7 4 3 3 Striped bass 762 672 602 684 910 Suri dtishegsse = eee 191 181 243 238 326 Sworddish . — ios. i ole er ee 18 13 15 23 12 Tomeod)— sas ees 31 37 42 32 42 Tuna and tunalike fishes: Albacore 13, 631 18, 877 15, 277 13, 232 12, 515 Bluetin— = Sees 14,991 | 10, 530 2, 032 2, 838 3, 301 Bonito!) 3, 504 873 321 929 1,115 Skipjack, or strip 6, 897 7, 957 1, 139 11, 862 11, 463 Yellowfin. -- (3802) St Se Lien ereieg 348 1, 965 1, 238 7, 380 10, 837 Yellowtail... 4. cassis bee. On ets ae 5, 005 2, 705 2, 491 3, 414 3, 980 Mited 2 4. 2.f ions sisaes aes been 2, 461 5, 483 1, 553 692 662 Whitebatt..2..- iota ranch steed ete med eas 6 I 5 84 68 Whitetiat— 2. 53. AMO 50 aetna 27 14 29 30 40 Other fis 3+... 7 EE 72 a ena mee a 655 681 1, 359 280 237 Total... 22. aa ogee a 258, 030 | 217, 793 129, 736 177, 705 248, 689 SHELLFISH, ETC, OVaDS. 5-4 eee So is oe Se a 1, 305 122) 801 860 1, 076 Sea crawfish or spiny lobster: <7 a, pate ee 1, 089 1, 190 1, 278 1, 017 1, 093 Fe Piet iN 5. Ag 813 818 910 990 1, 113 Absione.__........_ci5-0i8s) eee ie ee 152 180 298 312 318 1015 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of California, 1888 to 1928—Continued CATCH—Continued Species 1919 | 1920 1921 1922 1923 SHELLFISH, ETC.—continued | Clams: | (Gch (ike Sali ee aes ee ee 3 | 2 2 4 5 Jehisier ths os SEN Lege! a ee ee 104 | 75 55 49 59 S(o) iam 27 ee 2 a Se ee 50 | 39 36 57 47 Aytibyes lini. acy ee 10 | 12 9 5 4 TUTE 22 Ce ee ee 6 | > 6 2 7 10 OATS SRE ee a ee 21 71 56 99 110 Oysters: | IDy GUA, edo) eS eae ee ees 152 | 112 an 74 69 INGLY eal KOULen ee a eo eee oe eae om 14 | 9 Tbs -3252c5 | eee Sis giGl: 1s SRE Soe ee eee 3, 698 | 508 433 210 1, 180 MOREE ROL INR ee ee een Oe 270 | 97 4 13 1 Total | 4, 340 3, 962 3, 697 5, 085 | Sperm oil | 13 9 38 16 Whale oil 4, 425 1, 561 6, 863 4, 644 Other whale products | 2, 390 696 3, 136. 2, 370 Total | 6, 828 2, 266 10, 037 7, 030 Grandstotal] 22g ee ee es eee 270, 337 | 228,961 | 135,964 | 191, 439 260, 804 Species 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 FISH PATICHOVIOS Ee en eee Hoe See ES es es 347 124 60 368 357 ISTP HT EG Le See SE Se eee 7, 129 8, 006 5, 022 6, 200 6, 452 (Chios. Rats See ae ee ee ee 76 95 7 63 157 SEVEN (he 2 ee ee eee oe ee 352 366 257 371 458 (OGG Sal iad ence ee eae = Slee et ee er 2 2, 884 ; 3, 416 3, 712 2, 747 2, 597 CCHNGT TEESE 2 ets Sa ev a oe a ee ee eae Pee ee [ea ee ee wae 0h BSCE AS IDR Uae ee Soe Lee ee Se oe a Oe eee) eee ee | ee ce eee eee (7) (7) Flounders: | CG alitormia hall pubece se = ean eee 2, 576 2, 452 1, 431 1, 302 1, 188 “Sole” : 10, 298 10, 280 Other 1, 468 ele Grayfish 325 624 {Iie she ag ee ys 7 aie ere a is eee ee 85 109 Halibut 570 376 Hardhead 33 62 Herring 1, 168 1, 140 FER) aSE) ECA NGA le a i A a, eae a a pe ae (Se ce 467 540 High aii. = ae ee ee ee ee 384 537 485 529 442 Calitnycupet Vs. Saks Se pers a ae 400 683 645 555 849 IV aCkerel eee ee hee wees weer Sead hee es 3, 623 4, 741 35, 262 ICING eek ee 2 he ee ee 52 40 83 TETRE Din, oe ang a seh Sine tee en an NOR a a A ef eS a (RE ee 263 237 Pilchard or sardine 286,741 | 342, 275 420, 270 PTET O ee ee oe. Nr he get aes 8 55 30 VOU RA ISS ne eee en eR ee ee 636 526 626 Rockfishes 7, 538 6, 377 6, 420 SHOUT cee So tas as SE ae ae 183 992 917 Salmon, chinook 6, 084 6, 512 4, 479 Sig nih abt | St SSP oe oe eee eee ee eee 108 114 100 Sea bass Black - 378 468 382 White, squeteague 2, 216 2, 273 1, 281 SiG VG lyk eS EE ES eee 903 4, 104 2, 089 RS ESI Sees ee ee nan ee TO oe 50%) |. 22S |S aeeeee Sheepshead 139 159 373 SUED FSS) ce. wel elle ra eet a Soe ee PR 233 263 459 FS SCEEN A i age I li ged AA aa in A oe. Spe Np SRO Ss MINS EE 883 966 917 Soi e2 0! 2 a nie pet a ae Se aa = ee Seen eee Seka [Se 6 | eee ce 11 ll Sa iemlishetes ee a ae ee ee ee [ea 8 4 SEBO HORSE ROU Gt a ee ee ee | ee ee | er eee ee ee Striped bass 751 648 484 Sera Teg eT Se Se ae A ie DI etd a eee rere gee feet ee fag a coll Pe ee ee A eee 3 CSP yi De Se My lee di A as aes pg NS ag ek EE ARR aD gt dence area 2 8] |e aed OR eet 1 1 DSITEIGHSUES ea gt nent rae we een es the ee DO" |B aes ee es ee PREG ELSE) eee ee ern eee see se ee ee ee 46 130 426 PRCA Sree eres es ee ern a eh 4 1 12 7 Less than 500 pounds. 1014 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of California, 1888 to 1928—Continued CATCH—Continued Species 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 FISH—continued Tuna and tunalike fishes: ATDSGOrG: >A tee coe EE es 2 eee ae 17, 695 22, 207 2, 469 4, 579 » 283 Bluehin 28220 ee ee 3, 241 3, 804 6, 527 4, 899 13, 701 Bonito = - ib eee ee Sees ae ee Sat 1, 038 867 3, 079 ve ws 2, 088 Skipjack, oristriped! tuna = (2st ee ee 3, 781 14, 235 20, 995 33, 807 15, 815 Yellowitin 2 225. seed Soe: Pe eee ee 3,063 | 18, 238 12, 565 25, 934 32, 251 Vellowtail: «2° 222 9 3s ee eee 4,714 3, 180 5, 023 4, 225 2, 683 (5D (.% Panna es Se eid Eb Relea ee a oe 547 427 261! ||... -.22--=5|: =n Wihitebalt 2207 © Sie ev oot ee ea 122 71 86 134 135 Whitefish tts esses Fo ed ae ee en ee 273 222 368 313 222 Other fish =. 48* 2+. 14 Se 5 ee eee 28 377 253 482 207 196 Tote a ee eee ee 328, 480 | 428,747 | 386,057 | 473, 291 569, 396 SHELLFISH, ETC Crabs). 2252.2 ee ee a 1, 507 3, 234 3, 296 2, 960 3, 575 Sea crawfishvor:spinylGpster = == = ee el 1, 027 1, 486 1,175 1,491 1, 077 Ghirimp: _. 22. See ee ee ee ed 1, 55 1, 460 1, 482 1, 697 2, 281 A palone -. 22222 2. = 5 Se ee ee 449 471 412 563 421 Clams: Cockle..." :-_..2. Se eee eee Ay isa 52 hae 2 1 = PISMO 2s coe ee a a eee ee 73 81 69 33 31 SOL Te TSen te ee 2 ee eee 41 44 41 25 25 LAN, bb. C06 bE ee, Se peat gE 2 Sw late leat 7 9 5 810 7 Mussels sass est. t 2 oe 2 ee ee 8 4 ib 3 (7) Octopus:oo aes. 2 ene ees ee eee 166 133 63 : 37 6 Oysters: astern: market eee. a ee ee ee 53 57 61 56 73 Native; market: 255-2... 255 Re Ph a ee ee ee |e ee | 4 Soild” See? = ee | er Sen ed 6, 831 1, 891 3, 136 6, 014 102 Merrapiny. se: AWE ST 5 Pe Se Se ae ee |e ee eee (’) Durtiess. 0G. =: =. SO ok 5 ee eS es a ee ee ee ee |e otal: S38 22-22 eek ee eee 11, 714 8, 870 9, 693 12, 890 8, 860° WHALE PRODUCTS Sperm Olle =.2 = ss) sets See eee ee [Bacto eens 49 Sf | oe ee eee WALSTON. Soe oe se ee a 2, 932 1, 526 1, 980 5, 166 4, 880 Otherwwhaleprondiicts 4 = ee ee 1, 768 1, 109 883): = ===5 | eee Total tas eee ese ee ee 4, 700 2, 684 2, 900 5, 166 4, 880 Grand,total- 52} 52>. ~4. 522 eee oe 344, 894 | 440,301 | 398,650 | 491, 347 583, 136 7 Less than 500 pounds. 8 Consisted mostly of soft clams. HALIBUT FISHERY OF THE PACIFIC COAST ? UNITED STATES AND CANADA The halibut fishery of the Pacific coast, which is prosecuted by United States and Canadian vessels, ranks as one of the foremost fisheries of that section. In 1929 the total weight of the catch landed by vessels of both nationalities amounted to 55,490,000 pounds, valued at $6,698,000. This is virtually the same as the amount of ’ To preclude the possibility of unwarranted comparison of figures given in this section with others for years previous to 1927, it should be explained that the figures as herein compiled differ from those published in separate reports for the Alaska fisheries and the Pacific Coast States. The difference lies principally in the fleet classifications as between Washington and Alaska, though there is reason to believe that the - figures on landings also are not comparable with those previously published, due to variable practice in the inclusion of United States caught halibut landed at foreign ports as well as the possible duplication of figures. The present compilation is a complete résumé of the landings of the United States fleet for the year 1929 at all Pacific ports except those in Oregon and California, without omission or duplication. The fleet classification has been applied arbitrarily by including in the ‘‘ Washington fleet’’ all vessels that land more than half of their catch in that State. All others were included in the ‘‘ Alaska fleet.’’ It has been necessary to use “‘hailing fares”’ for the weight of the landings at Seattle, Wash., and Prince Rupert, British Columbia, although the error therefrom is estimated to be less than 2 per cent. The Alaska data are based on actual weight of the fares. Halibut are landed head on, but eviscerated. . FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 I1015 the catch in 1928 and but little more than that for 1925, 1926, or 1927. Of this amount, 84 per cent was taken by United States craft and 16 per cent by Canadian craft. Of the total catch, 53 per cent was landed in British Columbia. Owing to Prince Rupert, British Columbia, having excellent rail facilities with western points of Canada and the United States, and being in close proximity to the fishing grounds, the majority of the British Columbia landings were made there. The rest of them were made at Vancouver and Vic- toria, British Columbia. Twenty-two per cent of the total catch was landed at ports in the State of Washington and 25 per cent at ports in Alaska. UNITED STATES Operating units —The halibut fleet of the United States numbered 226 vessels that fished regularly for halibut; their total net tonnage was 5,474, they were manned by 1,494 fishermen, and operated 9,440 skates of lines. In addition to the regular vessels, 91 other vessels and 87 boats landed halibut at times. These used 3,286 skates of lines. Catch.—The total weight of the catch as landed by all United States craft fishing for halibut amounted to 50,834,190 pounds, valued at $5,952,097. Of this amount, 92 per cent consisted of halibut, 5 per cent of sablefish, 2 per cent of ‘“lingeod,” and 1 per cent of rock- fishes. The regular halibut vessels made 91 per cent of the total catch, while the casual vessels and boats in this fishery caught the rest, or 9 per cent. Halibut fishery of the Pacific coast, 1929 UNITED STATES OPERATING UNITS: BY FLEET CLASSIFICATION | Washing- | Alaska ; Items ton fleet | fleet Total Regular halibut vessels | INR EHO) OY.) ch ees Se eee ae ee eee 57 | 169 226 NGILONTIACS ee oe ee ee een ie eh WS 1, 342 4, 132 5,474 Te ieee ewn oun wie” Sans SEG LF aul as 2 igh CAS. ah oy eee 371 | 1, 123 1, 494 OWNS See So eee 2 eee ee 57 | 169 226 SLES OH Ce a ae See eee eee ae ee 2, 510 | 6, 930 9, 440 Vessels in other fisheries but lauding one or more fares of halibut: | IN(UMN OCP ot ates 2. eet SS Bees a See a 41 50 91 WAG oaet AAs SS OBES Ee es ee ee ee ee ee ee 628 742 1, 370 (Chit joe ee ee eee eee meee Be Can eo 202 188 390 DORIS. --. BG = eye ee ee a ee eee eee eee 25 32 57 SATS OTM GS mew mate! Seer oes cs Free Say. dees 2 a PE py Ee 1, 515 1, 080 2, 595 Regular halibut boats (Hira fete. ee tN i ees 2 | eee ere nie em, 2e 4 Sey ee EEN? hye es ll 11 re weeeceee as nee * Nepyy re Poe Et eee | eee ee 29 29 SUED NOS MO ee ES eee Oe ee eee oe eal ee ee 220 220 Boats in other fisheries but landing one or more fares of halibut: Nitin per. 252 2 ee ee ree i a a) ae Cee 2 74 76 (CER Pa Ba er yee ye a pea RD cae ae 4 134 138 HETLOS OM INOS Eee me =e ee Mie Se DS Os nie 30 441 471 1016 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Halibut fishery of the Pacific coast, 1929—Continued CATCH OF ALL SPECIES: By UnitEep STATES VESSELS AND BOATS Landed in— Fleet classification = Total Washington | British Columbia Alaska WASHINGTON FLEET | Regular vessels: Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value | Pounds | Value Halibnt= 2) Ss ee 6, 569, 350) $980,653) 777,700; $97, 554 354, 970) $35, 228] 7, 702, 020 $1,113,435 Sablefish225i" aes i i, 933, 050) 118835). 2 2: Le eens 1, 753 130) 1, 934, 803} 118, 965 *TLineeod oat Few ee 616,435), 24; O70/Ue eo Sena eed bee Ce Oe ee (ee ae 616,435) 24, 070 Rocktishes sees 339, 825} 14, BOE ioe Se ae SEE Dna eee eens Onna 339, 825} 14, 604 Totalp os. 2h oe 9, 458, 660]1, 138, 162! 777, 700; 97, 554! 356,723} 35, 358/10, 593, 083.1, 271, 074 Other vessels and boats F a5 Halibiay Sher a 1, 153, 370) 164,859 196,700 23, 768; 12, 956 1, 445] 1, 363, 026] 190, 072 Sablefish-2t=s | 139, 800 8) 163] 5 22-2 ab let ale eh) ee 139, 800 8, 163 * IngCod keen | 261, 550 8, G5o|2_< 222 Ee Ex OR Ce oe ee en 261, 550 8, 655 Rockfishes___________ 116, 100 4 078)-=... 72) =. |Der | reend herees 116, 100 4,778 Notal=.. | wessels' | | 9, 685 | 22, 390 7, 731 | 30,121 | 10,038 |_ 10, 038 | 42, 1138 7,731 | 49,844 10, 050 | 20, 331 9,277 | 29,608 | 14, 122 |_ 14, 122 | 44, 503 9,277 | 53,780 11, 789 | 18, 258 | 10,076 | 28, 334 | 15, 052 15,052 | 45,099 | 10,076 | 55,175 13, 753 | 19, 963 | 11,3°6 | 31, 359 9, 733 9,803 | 43,449 | 11,466 | 54, 915 12, 439 | 20, 249 8, 960 | 29, 209 | 13, 834 13, 842 | 46, 522 8, 968 55, 490 NOTE.—Statistics for Washington arefurnished by the Seattle Halibut Exchange, those for British Co- lumbia by the U. S. Consular Service and the Prince Rupert Halibut Exchange, and those for Alaska by bureau agents. VESSEL FISHERIES AT SEATTLE, WASH. During 1929 a total of 39,671,083 pounds of fishery products, valued at $4,029,074, were handled by Seattle wholesale dealers, exclusive of amounts received by transporting vessels or rail from Alaska or Canada. This is an increase over the previous year by 17 per cent in amount, and 28 per cent in value and was due mainly to the larger quantities of salmon handled. Of the total amount handled, 16,257,405 pounds of fish valued at $1,996,468, were landed by fishing vessels which made 1,128 trips to the fishing grounds. This is a decrease of 37 trips and 7 per cent in 1018 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES amount eompared with the previous year, but an increase of 14 per cent in value. Halibut was the most important species taken by fishing vessels, accounting for 76 per cent of the catch. Sablefish accounted for 14 per cent; “‘lingcod,” 6 per cent, and rockfishes, 4 per cent of the total catch. In addition, 125 pounds of octopus, valued at $9 were landed. The catch by fishing vessels was taken from fishing grounds along the Pacific coast from points off Oregon to Wosnesenski Island, Alaska. Hecate Straits ranked as the most important grounds, 35 per cent of the catch being made there. Second in importance was Cape Flattery, which provided 26 per cent of the catch, while Port- lock Bank ranked third, furnishing 10 per cent. The remainder of the catch was taken mainly on fishing grounds west of longitude 145° W. Most of the catch by fishing vessels was made during the nine months from March to November, inclusive, which is due mainly to the closed season on the taking of halibut from November 15 to February 15. During each of the above months the landings averaged about 1,700,000 pounds. During 1929, 23,413,678 pounds of fishery products, valued at $2,032,606, were received by wholesale fish dealers from sources other than Alaska or Canada, or from vessels in the halibut fishery discussed above. Most of these were taken in Puget Sound. This was 44 per cent more than the amount received from similar sources in 1928 by Seattle wholesale dealers, and the value was 46 per cent greater. The increase in amount and value was due principally to the larger amount of salmon which was handled, the year 1929 being a ‘‘good”’ year for the salmon run. Of the total fishery products handled by wholesale fish dealers derived from sources other than the halibut fleet or from Alaska or Canada, salmon accounted for 90 per cent, and the remainder con- sisted largely of such species as crabs, herring, sablefish, flounders, smelt, and “‘lingeod.”’ During the months of July, August, September, and October, inclusive, Seattle wholesale dealers had their busiest season, as the transactions during these months accounted for 74 per cent of the trade other than with the halibut fleet. Fishery products landed by United States fishing vessels al Seattle, Wash., 1929 } BY BANKS Halibut Fishing grounds Trips |- = - Sablefish No.1 No, 2 West of 145° W. longitude Value | Pounds | Value Wosnesenski Island $1, 560° |= -- 2 oe ees ees Shumagin Islands_....... ‘ 2,365) [232 ae eee Chirikof Island__........ 9, 500. |bex S22 Se ee arinity Taland: 0 228). Deed eee 18, 433), ||--j- ee e Albatross Bank_.______ 15, 225) ....$ 22. |S mOdiak ‘Bank? 2°) Cer Meese Teas , 130), eee ee | eee ortlock Bank <-.'-s sale weer ee 47,986 | 23 2a ees GOK inlets. 5S, ere a ee 5» OOO I sn Rl ees Pye Island_.-..........20. 27] | 48; 000,| 96, E8"|| 5, 000] 2) gop ica ne ape: Cleare:.)- 4. :...! 8,920, |. 233 22 Ses Brooks Bay --_- Middleton Island 1 Halibut fleet. na SRT T IS ees 8 | 193,700 | 28,115! 64,300| 7,786 |..--___..-|__...__. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1019 Fishery products landed by United States fishing vessels at Seattle, Wash., 1929—Continued BY BANKS—Continued Halibut Fishing grounds Trips SS <> a Sablefish No.1 No. 2 North of Cape Ommaney Number| Pownds Values Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value Cape St. Elias_- 2 46, 000 $6, 412 195000). 1'$1,, 32002 5 eee Tere Bayeees-— 82 5 110, 200 15, 776 31,800 | 3,716 4, 000 $280 RE LAILAT AD ANKE = Sek ee 2 eet eo 14 | 347,700 50, 278 |} ~108;'300) |; 18, O40) |'=- . -26 22 | Cape Fairweather 11 | 298, 000 43, 702 78,500 | 9,141 |_- eel ees Se x (Qe ee yey of: ccs) ee a oe a 1 17, 000 2, 401 25,000: |, 3), 000) (222225. - oso eee (CHOSE Sob b ao Le ERS Re ee 1 13, 000 1, 901 2, 000 240 1, 000 20 Vives allic 2 oe eee ea 2 ee Ae a 3 82, 500 11,827 | 21,500 2) (OS) ns oon eel eee anerOmmuneyas— oa san eee Ses 2 18, 300 2, 927 14,200 | 1,716 2, 000 140 Inside Alaskan waters_......--------- 1 3, 500 661). eee eee 1, 500 105 South of Cape Ommaney Cape rAGGineion-e 2 et ee es ek 7 41, 500 6, S421 2515 DOOR O21 GD ae = ee Miprrestergisiand = 3. o8. 22. 2 2 8, 200 1, 521 1, 300 182 13, 000 700 IC CALOUAUTALIStre ee ne es cee not 478 |2, 574, 600 421, 592 |2,450, 000 |319, 140 283, 250 15, 205 (Cro}oRsS) IS Chae LoS ee 5 17, 500 2, 459 BOnS5O0) lies Gis 0) kee ees | eee ee Tita chile | oe es 1 1, 300 286 200 28 400 16 VTLS Tri Serer ete te BL | ey oO | ata PS 8 Se ee | eee INOUE Soy y bate Ee ee ee 1195 5 Se eo Ne ae eC i eR 2 RS ee | tc ESTA AT a ee ee eee ee | eee | Ce Se a ee eee | oe eee West coast, Vancouver Island (gen- UE) ene SN oe me a ee 19 34, 200 | 6, 566 8,800 | 1,095 600 12 Wane laAttenyess =. een osas= shee 428 984, 570 171, 992 633, 600 | 83, 264 1, 664,200 | 102, 735 ONBZOMICORSIeee ea = ba a a ee 37 130, 300 24, 110 47,800 | 7,114 281, 400 18, 675 iO Lal anameee Soe ek Sa 1, 128 |7, 557,370 \1, 181,732 |4, 801, 800 1610, 035 2,251,410 | 137,892 i Fishing grounds ) ee lingeod’ Rockfishes Octopus Total West of 145° W. longitude Pounds | Value | Pouwnds| Value | Pownds Value} Pounds Value RVOSTBSGlS lnc cece ee He ees eee a enn eel | eee FO Runa Ine Sands 2. ee ee ee See a @hinkotilslands 2822-2. t ee pees a (Coes ae eeers Ee2 “Nminoihny Gj bvavel 2h oo ae See So eee ee eee /uop anaes) 1242001 c,< 2 ae eS DES Se es eee ee Kodiak: Bank: saul thet ah 3s 500 $25 | 1,500 PONG WSN Ge. eS eee ee ee oe ee ee eee (Oho) 1Ua0 GF = a ee ES 2 = Sal ee ee es Leite) USS | A a eS a | ee eee (CHG (Cit Wee os es SS A es ee eee IBTOOK SEB aye er << 4a aN Se 13, 000 826 | 10, 000 halve kel ravaraaliciewavel= Soe EN ee ee ee ee eee North of Cape Ommaney ; Chyaa Se Onis _ oe ae es Ee ee ee ee eee eee eee 59, 000 7, 732 TA ey ee Ry a ee Ro een ee | eee (ee eee || [ae ee eee 146, 000 19, 772 WOT TID EVD fe Ae ae ae EE ee ae ee ae re ee |e ee eevee 456, 000 63, 319 COPIED TO Tinka ate LOVE) ee ee eS a ES | (eee (eee ee eee eee || Sees 376, 500 52, 843 (CTO SSO NTE tr ee a I oe Pe ey AE ea eee ae | a ee eee ee ee eee! 42, 000 5, 401 (Olas Sere ls = RY Ss ee ae ee ee | ee es Pa ee 16, 000 2,161 Viv d Bena dige = oo SE ee ee ee ee | eee Oe oleracea eae 104, 000 14, 535 @ane.Ommaneys = as 500 15 | 2,000 100)\ 2. 2 aE 37, 000 4, 908 Inside Alaskan waters_._-.--------- (eet SSA. ete [ee oie oe ee es |e 5, 000 656 South of Cape Ommaney @anerAddingetone a= 25242 200 8 | 2,800 ADT es Pee eel Set 2 296, 000 39, 742 Mormestenvsland: - 50> as vet ee a ee 1, 000 30) eee eee 23, 500 2, 433 PICCRLG)SLraltsee. aoe ae ees 197600") 5) S849 7850)| ve coGr eee ae ee oe 5, 703, 300 769, 177 Gocssuclangdeerere tae en 3, 200 NS Eat olf es ls ele ob ae ae 77, 200 9, 068 Mrianciowsiantds qo eel 2 9, 000 SOON See see | eee | ee ee 10, 900 690 Grating ween oe ee 6, 000 360 | 4,500 DAS ae ee ee 10, 500 630 INGotka Sound) l= a5 oS 2, 000 182 3, 000 2g eee ee ee es 5, 000 457 TOS eR ES Ba ey Be De ies Be ae 31,000 | 2,368 | 18,000 | 1, 299 125 $9 49, 125 3, 676 West coast, Vancouver Island (gen- Civil) seme eee Gees 5 eee Se ie 102; 8005) (626775 |\tbo; 2008 |) oo asou lene ee enone 201, 600 17, 735 Caperbinttenye 2s een ee ee 661, 000 |22, 739 |260, 850 |10,945 |_.____._|_-___- 4, 204, 220 391, 675 TEP ORICOGS t= cee an eee ee te es 42,900 | 1,829 | 20, 300 S74 ee ee Geos 522, 700 52, 602 TOU ee ek ee A 1, 069, 700 |41, 352 |577, 000 |25, 448 125 9 |16, 257, 405 |1, 996, 468 1020 Fishery pyvoducts landed by United States fishery vessels at Seattle, Wash., 1929— U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Continued BY MONTHS Halibut Months Trips t Sablefish No. 1 No. 2 Number Pounds Value Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value January. see 2 I et 0 ee ee heen NEON oeeen Se February 23 re eae 46 | 213,800 | $84, 159 58, 300 | $7, 122 7, 360 $198 March....: 523 Oe BP) ie 114 | 921,350 | 147,844 | 342,550 42, 426 43, 900 2, 070 April. 23225 a eared 165 |1, 288, 000 175,705 | 790,100 | 95, 640 41, 550 1, 655 May...22 2222). Se EOD a 144 | 872,900 180, 238 | 724, 600 | 84,978. 36, 900 1, 980_ June... EES ee 139 | 782,200 | 119,793 | 682,900 | 80,762 196,400 | 11, 134 Puly.2.5-5 320 eee 85 | 563, 500 94,944 | 522,250 | 70,318 | 164, 900 , 547 August 106 777, 350 123, 105 653, 600 | 83, 567 332, 500 17, 347 September 96 | 577,320 98,156 | 468, 250 | 67,278 | 327, 400 18, 924 October. 25 re SE 104 | 455, 550 85, 664 | 200, 250 | 31, 430 649,700 | 44, 627 November..-__-_-_- ee Se ee ee 99 1, 160, 400 172, 124 359, 000 | 46, 514 440, 300 30, 626 Decemiber 22. --*- 55s See a LO} | Sa ae ge 20 irae see cn | Oe ce | 10,500 | 834 Total. 2g pee sere Oa oe 1, 128 |7, 557,370 |1, 181,732 |4, 801, 800 |610, 035 |2, 251,410 | 137,892 : | Months “Lingeod”’ Rockfishes Octopus Total Pounds | Value! Pounds Value | Pounds| Value Pounds Value January 86, 500 |$5,587 | 49,500 $3,143 |___.___ |. 136, 000 $8, 730 95, 650 | 5, 746 56,950 | 3,392 125 $9 432, 185 50, 626 71,000 | 3,925 | 38,050 | 2,303 |_-______|______ 1,416,850 | 198, 568 182, 200 | 4,558 | 48,650 | 1,903 Paee ne eee 2,295,500 | 279, 461 1085350 |i, 9074) 745.8501) 62,255, 225 sel eu] cee 1,817,100 | 221,318 109; 500 | 2,327 | 53,750 | 1,666 |____-_. |. | 1, $24, 750 215, 682 40, 200 BTSs | SONLOO | ts 2267 seers | cena 1, 321, 550 175, 953 280051, 1425) 435700 Wher Sanl es eee 1, 834,950 | 226, 944 67, 500 | 2,371 | 65,700 | 2,603 |________|______ 1, 506, 170 189, 332 WOCLODBE eo ee Se eo te G4 G50 |S) i7/ dl) Sa GOO || le 28sh | meee | 1, 434, 750 166, 775 INGVemper== 2? ARS bo eed 96, 100 | 4,598 | 20,500 ORG Wi eee me ey eas 2, 076, 800 254, 848 December 2222- 808 Lr ese 89, 650 | 4,492 | 61,150 | 2,905 |________|_.____ 161, 300 8, 231 Molales es ee eS ee 1, 069, 700 |41, 352 |577, 000 |25, 448 125 9 |16, 257, 405 ly, 996, 468 Fishery products received by Seattle wholesale dealers, by months, 1929} Species Salmon: Sockeye or red King or spring Coho or silver_____- Chum or keta______ Trout, steelhead Rockfishes_________ SLingcod an s* Cres Flounders: "SOR? stat Seat. < Other == Herring: + Sa? ares Smelt Perch. - Sturgeon. Octopus___- Crabs January February March April May Pounds) Value | Pou nail Value Pounds Value Pounds| Value | Pounds Mee Bsa) be 0 Pe es ee a eam Gee Fiore al 4, 921 738 184 S31 J (ape ae 5,000 $1,500 266, 466 |$60, 693 933, 283 | 130, 660 422 | BOn |e beans Id Se eel ae SIL 5p os | ee 99, 834 5, 990 21,3925) 2) Lau sees ae ee Cee, SARS fh Se ab Doha 80 4 8,031 | 1,446 | 25,800 $4,644] 4,000! 720|.......|..__. 25,196 | 3, 024 6, 500 390 5, 760 298 8, 200 574 971 48 3, 037 197 Ss 6, 264 10, 252 16, 516 34, 918 25, 583 60, 501 Yellow perch ae ee 7 A UF ee ee 2, 158 6, 936 18, 923 25, 859 Yellow pikesss >) ji ae 18, 223 12, 686 30, 909 51, 542 167, 032 218, 574 Miscellaneous: 2.222 - shoes | Se ae | eo | ete Ree 8, 966 8, 966 ‘Total. 2s seat Beer 266, 811 38, 354 305, 165 221, 314 574, 068 795, 382 Lake of the Woods Total all lakes Species ; e United United States Canada Total | States Canada Total Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Blue pike: == 222s. secon | et es 26, 011 26,011 | 4,842,520 | 2,144,811 6, 987, 331 Burpots_ 4 wea 76, 423 () 1 76, 423 583, 671 (Ql 1 §83, 671 Carp 2... ee oe 8, 210 2, 938 11,148 ; 1, 241, 684 396, 038 1, 637, 722 Catfish and bullheads_________ 22, 607 129, 114 151, 721 502, 939 300, 714 803, 653 Chubs 5:5 2e ee Beer ee 2B S220". seer ey ,229 | 5,031, 235 800, 600 5, 831, 835 Cis00.- 20 oceans | ee | Oe es ee a a 18,028 | 1, 273, 300 1, 891, 328 Lake herring._--_.-.2.-2 20.202 SSecksece seal 2S Ss oe Rie alee ees Sa 14, 937,679 | 4,015, 500 18, 953, 179 Take trot cs s2s20 eee 198 14, 003 14,201 | 9,417,844 | 6,415, 194 15, 833, 038 Pike '(jacks)*_: 25 eS Bees 220, 472 488, 672 709, 144 531, 025 964, 368 L 495, 393 Sauger pikes Se Se 37, 637 (1) 1 37,637 | 1,595, 821 1 11, 595, 821 Sheepshead .. >-- 3.20528 2 a se ee | ee , 2, 9338, 937 1 1 2, 933, 937 Sturgeon. £22. ee eae 386 704 1, 090 39, 799 337, 097 366, 896 Sucker, ‘‘mullet’’ 117, 167 (1) 1117,167 | 3, 994, 667 | (1) 1 3, 994, 667 Tallies 207s oe eee 219, 954 46, 037 265, 991 219, 954 46, 037 265, 991 White bass... -- 0-555 i5 eral. 0 oes al eal er 285, 792 ie 1 285, 792 Whitefish, common. _________- 20, 057 180, 552 200,609 | 6,431,253 | 4,392,187 | 10, 823, 440 Whitefish, Menominee: 22. 2--1|2-- 2 a eae 459, 662 (1) 1 459, 662 Yellow perch ea et OLS a8 11, 995 1, 720 13,715 | 5, 784,017 | 4,597,943 | 10,381, 960 Yellow pike: 2 saw 544, 012 531,199 | 1,075,211 | 2,925,625 | 1,409, 317 4, 334, 942 Miscéllancous. 22 2) 1, 658 168, 970 170, 628 | 1,001,315 | 2, 452, 336 3, 453, Sot otal). 25.4. 2a 1, 309,005 | 1, 589,920 | 2,898,925 | 63, 368, 467 | 29, 545,442 | 92, 913, 909 1 The Canadian catch of these species has been included under “ Miscellaneous.’’ FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1025 UNITED STATES OPERATING UNITS In conducting the survey of the operating units employed in the lake fisheries for 1928 an effort was made to determine the actual number of men, boats, and amount of gear employed in the fisheries. In making this determination only the average number of units of gear actually fishing simultaneously were counted, and those units being dried on shore, carried on the boats, or held in reserve were disregarded. Fishermen.—There were 5,438 fishermen employed in the lake fisheries during 1928. Of this number, 72 per cent were engaged in the boat and shore fisheries and 28 per cent in the vessel fisheries. Thirty-two per cent was fished on Lake Michigan, 25 per cent.on Lake Erie, 18 per cent on Lake Superior, 16 per cent on Lake Huron, 5 per cent on Lake Ontario, and 2 per cent on Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake, and Namakan Lake. Vessels —During 1928 there were 134 steam vessels and 246 motor vessels engaged in the lake fisheries of the United States. Of this number 43 per cent of the steam vessels and 63 per cent of the motor vessels were engaged in fishing on Lake Michigan, 36 per cent of the steam vessels and 15 per cent of the motor vessels on Lake Erie, 11 per cent of the steam vessels and 12 per cent of the motor vessels on Lake Huron, 10 per cent of the steam vessels and 9 per cent of the motor vessels on Lake Superior, only 2 motor vessels were operated on Lake Ontario, and only 1 motor vessel on Lake of the Woods. Boats.—There were 1,475 motor boats and 928 rowboats employed in the lake fisheries during 1928. Of this number 21 per cent of the motor boats and 18 per cent of the rowboats were engaged on Lake Michigan, 27 per cent of the motor boats and 18 per cent of the row- boats on Lake Erie, 21 per cent of the motor boats and 7 per cent of the rowboats on Lake Huron, 18 per cent of the motor boats and 49 per cent of the rowboats on Lake Superior, 8 per cent of the motor boats and 9 per cent of the rowboats on Lake Ontario, and 5 per cent of the motor boats and less than one-half of 1 per cent of the rowboats on Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake, and Namakan Lake. Gill nets —During 1928 an average number of 99,348 gill nets were used in the lake fisheries. These nets had a total area, as fished, of 24,185,861 square yards, or more than 8 square miles. Of this amount 51 per cent were fished on Lake Michigan, 25 per cent on Lake Erie, 15 per cent on Lake Superior, 8 per cent on Lake Huron, 1 per cent on Lake Ontario, and less than one-half of 1 per cent on Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake, and Namakan Lake. Pound nets—There were 1,722 pound nets used in the lake fisheries during 1928. Of this total 51 per cent were used on Lake Huron, 31 per cent on Lake Michigan, 10 per cent on Lake Superior, 4 per cent on Lake Erie, and 4 per cent on Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake, and Namakan Lake. Trap nets—There were 6,221 trap nets fished during 1928. Of this number 69 per cent were fished on Lake Erie, 22 per cent on Lake Huron, 5 per cent on Lake Ontario, 4 per cent on Lake Michigan, and less than one-half of 1 per cent on Lake Superior. Fyke nets—There were 2,455 fyke nets fished during 1928. Of this number 48 per cent were fished on Lake Erie, 33 per cent on 1026 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Lake Michigan, 11 per cent on Lake Huron, 4 per cent on Lake Ontario, 3 per cent on Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake, and Namakan Lake, and 1 per cent on Lake Superior. Hooks.—There were 631,637 hooks fished on the Great Lakes dur- ing 1928. This includes 75 trolling hooks used on Lake Superior. Fifty-two per cent of the total number of hooks were fished on Lake Michigan, 32 per cent on Lake Superior, 10 per cent on Lake Huron, 3 per cent on Lake Erie, and 3 per cent on Lake Ontario. Seines.—During 1928 there were 238 seines used in the lake fisheries. These had an aggregate length of 125,324 yards, and a combined area of 311,813 square yards. Of the total number 64 per cent were fished on Lake Erie, 21 per cent on Lake Huron, 11 per cent on Lake Michigan, 3 per cent on Lake Ontario, and 1 per cent on Lake Superior. CATCH Michigan, with frontage on Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior, ranked first in importance in the lake fisheries of the United States in 1928. The catch in the waters of this State amounted to 21,367,934 pounds, valued at $2,549,251. This is 34 per cent of the total catch of the Lakes, production in the United States, and 43 per cent of the total value. Ohio, with fisheries only on Lake Erie, ranked second with a catch of 15,890,016 pounds, valued at $1,134,770. This is 25 per cent of the total catch and 19 per cent of the total value. Wisconsin, with fisheries on Lakes Michigan and Superior, ranked third with a catch of 11,001,112 pounds, valued at $1,168,816. This represents 17 per cent of the total catch and 20 per cent of the total value. Minnesota was fourth, with a catch of 9,977,150 pounds, valued at $445,229. Minnesota had fisheries on Lake Superior, Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake, and Namakan Lake, and its catch in these waters amounted to 16 per cent of the total quantity, and 8 per cent of the total value. The catch of fish in Pennsylvania, taken exclu- sively in Lake Erie, amounted to 1,957,820 pounds, valued at $253,422. This is 3 per cent of the total catch and 4 per cent of the total value. The catch of New York, which was taken from Lakes Ontario and Erie, amounted to 1,902,215 pounds and valued at $251,129. This is 3 per cent of the total catch and 4 per cent of the total value. The catch in Indiana amounted to 694,453 pounds, valued at $79,771. This is 1 per cent of the total catch, and 1 per cent of the total value. The catch in Ilhnois amounted to 577,767 pounds, valued at $78,396. This represents 1 per cent of the total catch, and 1 per cent of the total value. Lake fisheries of the United States, 1928 OPERATING UNITS: By STATES Items New York Feecel: Ohio Michigan Indiana Fishermen: Number Number Number Number Number On vessels_ fee Se eee 97 172 200 682 26 On boats and shore______.-____.._.-__- 317 37 756 1, 555 27 Total.c2t:) 3 Seti. eee ee 414 209 956 2, 237 53 Vessels: Steam eee ee = 6 21 22 59 3 Net tonn: ge to ee 163 448 566 1, 092 69 Motor-_.- Sy fe re} 15 ll 13 130 3 Net tonnage... -. fe ee 102 122 185 1, 116 33 Motor boats_- bi eee be ee 126 12 339 665 11 OlLter boats... 35% 2s eee eae 115 3 100 232 | 8 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1027 Lake fisheries of the United States, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By States—Continued | - Pennsy1- : ey s Itemg New York vania Ohio | Michigan | Indiana Apparatus: Number Number Number Number Number (CUR aS ets Sa: LS Bl ae a 6, 206 10, 509 9, 201 39, 763 1, 349 Bouateyardses arses. se ee 1, 413, 234 | 2,092,667 | 1, 202, 265 | 10, 447, 486 361, 514 BOLING DEL Saaee <= oan eee rs ose Sittin anaes 54 23 1, 340 8 PEATE Seater ete oes ee see 309 28 4, 133 1 DR dst (en 2 OK S etna ee See eno Ee Te 100) |< 873 (322 eee es Boe IEW, Se? EU aS Sa ae ee eae 207510, | eee eee 2, 300 381, 970 7, 200 ‘ideal th maye ia: a. 2 ORES eee eel eee el ee me ee eee 0G, | es Se PGINBS eee te a Se cen ea cee ae Gia ee 128 Yl (ae Menep tin yvardseaen = ss Sasa OSs | eee meee 80, 995 35, 216) ts bee [Snot ts ie ae eS eee SPL SS ae ee: 197, 755 84,460) 52 eS Items Illinois Wisconsin | Minnesota Total Fishermen: Number Number Number Number (OFF GOSCG SS ha ee ee ee ee 32 320 2 1, 531 ON ORES A USD OLOs nen ee ee ee es RE 24 624 567 3, 907 NV 234 ee A ee ee 56 | 944 569 5, 438 Vessels: SUNT sha: oe ae ee ie ae ee ee 1 DOK 2s Se eee 134 INO UBD OI AE eee ce ee ee ey WE oS 14 601s | <2 2-2. eee 2, 953 WU Kine oS ee eee ee ee ee eee u 66 1 246 INCLMLONT ACCS ean ot ees ees on eee lots 80 966 7 2, 611 AIG OPT SL es 8 eS ae eee 9 177 136 1, 475 (QUHEGY? TYNE ie OSS Bee de ee eee 4 79 387 928 Apparatus: (GU 7G) RES ae 5 ee i 1, 994 24, 087 6, 239 99, 348 SO arid Gk ee Re oe Se a 434, 728 6, 160, 411 2, 073, 556 24, 185, 861 TET ehhh AOR, Bee ees a Ss Se eee 1 221 75 PP 4MRTC TiS. oe No ween Oe GRE ee ea ee i (eee seen 6, 221 LSS) as oe ee ee ee 302 468 84 2, 455 TOOLS wee ape ee eee ee ee eee ee oe ees 210, 342 240 631, 562 UGE E WTRS See Be ae SE oe eS OT ee | et |e eee! |e ee ee oe 75 ISTE Ls ee ets A Be ee eee eel ree 27s Reais SES 238 OTP Lee VAG Seer ee rn ee ee eee gee Sey Serie ess LORTED Hee ee eee 125, 324 SCID TOE eee Oe OES Pes ae ie Ee ee Dee 394 5| Reese 311, 813 OPERATING UNITS: By LAKES | Lake of | ae Lake |,. .,| Lake | Lake Lake pee Items Ontario Lake Erie Huron | Michigan | Superior Rainy Total | Lake, and Namakan Lake Fishermen: Number | Number | Number Number | Number | Number | Number Onivesseiskoe t=. Sat eee 6 463 187 730 143 2 1, 531 On boats and shore___-____- 247 965 708 1, 039 844 104 3, 907 SGT HE I ol A ot Se 253 1, 428 895 1, 769 987 106 5, 438 Vessels: Shears eos si tert oo ell rece 49 15 57 Woh 8 134 Net, tonnage.2--.. =-- 2) |2== == 1,177 340 1, 126 S10) 22aest Se 2, 953 IMOton =a s- 2 Uae eee 2 37 30 155 21 1 246 Not tonnage 222222612 10 399 275 1, 728 192 7% 2,611 RVFOLOrbOatS=s=- 2-2 tee 110 394 312 312 270 1 1,475 Other bostss2.— =e eee 79 162 69 165 450 3 928 Apparatus: : Gill mieten ee eS 1,074 | 24,842 8, 280 50,132 | 14,747 273 99, 348 Square yards__________ 262, 615 |4, 445, 551 |2, 750, 127 |12, 053, 884 |4,594,518 | 79, 166 |24, 185, 861 PoHunGinetss eS aes! Pe eee ee eae if 871 524 175 75 1, 722 SErapMOpis== a= eae ee 299 4,311 1, 362 225 24) ee 6, 221 VEO NOtSs 2 1s eee 100 1,179 259 810 23 84 2,455 IELQOK S226 = 82 6 16, 100 15, 910 66, 950 S20R9T Hr S2026877 2 ene 631, 562 pL Olin eg: HOOKS ele eo eee ee Beh eI ee a he ee (tiyh| Bene 352 75 Seines = =. =F eee es 6 154 49 27 2, |e aes 238 Meng yards) sees 368 |. 93, 416 19, 963 10, 745 8330" |b eS 125, 324 Square yards__________ 1, 204 | “280, 777 49, 658 28, 394 F780) |e 311, 813 1028 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Lake fisheries of the United States, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By StTaTEs AND LAKES New York Pennsyl- Ohio, Items vania, Lake| Lake Lake Lake Total rie Erie Ontario Erie ishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number On vessels 243: Sizes 507 ee | Ee Reece 6 91 9 172 200 On boats’and shore! G42 Sse ae 247 70 317 37 756 Totalis3tsos 33 ike a el ater ee eee 253 161 414 209 956 Vessels: Steam. a Sra aoe ae ee eh ae en ac ed 6 6 21 22 Not tonsis tah DE Tite) Sea ere an EE ee BOON 163 163 448 566 Motor. .2 (2 sie ok ee ee Ge 2 13 15 11 13 Net /tons..22-3,% ) 2-3 ako oe nT ee 10 92 102 122 185 — j Total vessels ek ee 2 19 21 32 35 Total net-tonnage 2a ee ae as ene a) 10 255 265 570 751 Boats: ; Motor: 2 2_-<. 22) See ee ee ee ee 110 16 126 12 339 Others45 a “ 79 36 115 3 100 “Shoal’’ gill nets, 3-316 inches: 1 Fished by :vessels.: |... ; {8-4 ae Game ae 20 1, 707 1, 727 6, 904 7, 858 Square yards3. > se ee awe 1,778 | 232,497 | 234,275 | 1,099, 558 873, 004 Rished ‘by boaiso2.. © Setar SCOR pae eee | 393 200 593 117 205 SQuarG yards 24.5 Bae ee 72, 944 26, 945 99, 889 17, 094 20, 327 Total: cose hs td. he ts eee eS 413 1, 907 2, 320 7, 021 8, 063 Square yards____________ ess ay Te 74,722 | 259,442 | 334,164 | 1,116, 652 893, 331 “‘Shoal’’ gill nets, 414-6 inches: 2 Hished byivessels: sete 004.05 Are eae 110 2, 056 2, 166 696 80 Square "yards: tei es ASF Miia ae ah 20,889 | 488,002 | 508, 891 92, 800 19,200 ~ Hished by-boatsac os). Oe ee Sie ae 495 48 §43%|22226 25ers Square yards 25 es Ret Ga 109, 958 7, 680 117; 638° |22 26-2 Sees | ee DO tall eat ee nk ON Re ee eee 605 2, 104 2, 709 696 80 Square yards! See Pa See ee 130,847 | 495,682 | 626,529 92, 800 19, 200 “Bull” gill nets, 3-346 inches: 1 Rushedshysvessels 2a. a thd ee | 728 728 1, 944 868 Savard yardsin.. cS! fo Vee so Oy Deri? | ae 303,445 | 308, 445 687, 215 255, 289 Wished by boasts: 5. 2s ay see ane SH ES REEL 32 82 lit LO ee Square yards inn eS Le ees a 12, 288 12, 288 | 5-52-42 =. Al Sees Total eee 9o ie blue a eh See ee 760 760 1, 944 868 Square ‘vards 2 )2 eee ea a 315, 733 | 315,733 687, 215 255, 289 “Bull”’ gill nets, 414-514 inches: 2 Fished'by vesselss.2: 22) at Re ee ee 232 232 848 98 Square. yardss= 5-2: -.. boas eee | 51, 555 51, 555 196, 000 27,111 Fished by boats [+> Ss fe ee en | eeaeniees 48 48 )5 op 22. ec | Sr Square yards:.2:4: ot UE Rea ne oer 10, 240 LO, 240) |. 2 52S 5 as Total:.2.2.4. shut Sales Oe a ee 280 280 848 Square yardsl) 2 2 aera ara ener 61, 795 61, 795 196, 000 27,111 Sturgeon gill nets, 10-12 inches: 3 Fished by boats_________ Bae OE OF ee 56 1 137 \2 2... Square yards: 3S ee ee | 57,046 17,967", 3750, O13. |2 2 es Bar gill nets, 5 inches: 4 | Fished. by boats 2:0.c-2 » eae es ee 92 Square -yards:is. 5.) ee eee 7, 334 Pound nets, fished by boats §_____._______......___ 23 13-inch mesh is permitted by New York only, and bull nets and can take aly species except white prescribe a 36-inch mesh for both shoal and bull nets. : : for taking whitefish, trout, and suckers. No 44-inch is permitted on Lakes Ontario and Erie, except in the State of Michigan, where none are used. ? Used principally ® Used principally for taking sturgeon. * Used principally for taking carp. 5 Used for taking miscellaneous fish fish, lake trout, and sturgeon. on. both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario for both shoal Pennsylvania and Ohio FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1029 Lake fisheries of the United States, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By StatTEs AND LAKES—Continued New York £ : Pennsyl- | Ohio, Items ss — Lake) lene ake Lake drie drie Ontario | Erie Total Trap nets: 5 Number | Number | Number | Number Number Fished by vessels 1b | ee jl See Pe 70 TOTP onyah ele}: [oh eee eee ee a 298 10 308 28 | 4, 063 NGA at Se 2S ee eee 299 10 309 28 | 4,133. Fyke nets: § Fished by vessels 200 PISHOOE DS VE bORIS eee seen oe ao o- tn | 673 MNT Re Soe eh eae a 100} 222 100)\ Saas 2.4 873 SSS | es GOES hishiod: DyaDORtS Soon eens anne aoa - a —@ |= |----=-=---=|--------=-|------------ 2, 300 Sturgeon hooks, fished by boats 7.-_.._..---------- 16, 1000 |) 15-410 \0e ao STOL ke ee eee SETS oa tsLaters IA onal oo): Spi ee See eee Gp ee Gr ete es 128 Iban ails, Wires Re Bes SS eee ee 368), |b 22 368) 32 325-8233 80, 995 Sia BANS AGE tke SS Se er 15 204 | 223s 2s oe 15/204) i Sos ee 197, 755 — > = a SS = ee SS == os = = a — ° ee — =< ae Michigan i i ene ____| Indiana, Items Lake Lake Lake Lake Lake Total Michigan Erie Huron Michigan | Superior Fishermen: Number; Number Number Number Number | Number TW OSS SS oe te es Saree oes aa 187 372 123 682 26 On boats and shore_------------- 102 708 479 266 estate 27 MROGAL Seve he oe oe aoa 102 895 851 389 D237 53 Vessels SircC vine os Ss 7 ee ee eed eee 15 32 12 59 3 INGE ONS so2=- 5252 Sas ee 340 475 277 1, 092 69 INE GH er ne ee es 30 83 17 130 3 ISSR TIS ee aes en rs ae 275 713 128 1,116 33 Total vessels _____-_-- aaa ees 45 115 29 189 € Total net tonnage-_--__-----|-------- ; 615 1, 188 405 2, 208 10% Boats INN OLOR see e 2 Re as a 27 312 165 161 665 li Oper ea eat heal Se 23 69 103 37 232 8 Gill nets, 244-27 inches: ® Fished by vessels 1, 728 4, 301 210 6, 239 587 Square yards___ 580, 110 978, 085 47,312 | 1,605, 507 149, 980 Fished by boats-_-.---- 466 2, 183 332 2, 981 168 Squareyards 2522-2 88, 053 243, 453 94, 096 425, 602 29, 167 Ui) 22 ere Se ee ene 2, 194 6, 484 542 9, 220 755 Sqgarenyards = 3) <- so els == -=1- 668,163 | 1, 221, 538 141,408 | 2,031, 109 179, 147 5 Used for taking miscellaneous fish. 6 Used principally for taking catfish. 7 Used principally for taking sturgeon. 8 Used principally for taking carp, catfish, bullheads, and burbot. 9 Used principally for taking chubs, herring, perch, bluefin, and Menominees. Michigan prescribes 234-inch to 2%-inch, and Indiana 24-inch to 27-inch for chubs and herring. Indiana prescribes 236-inch, while Michigan prescribes 234-inch to 274-inch, except that 2}s-inch may be used from November 1 to December 17 under certain restrictions as to depth, and 214-inch from January 1 to April 1 under the ice when bottom of net is not less than 20 feet from bottom of lake or bay. Two and three-quarters inch mesh is permitted by Wisconsin in Green Bay and in Lake Superior. In Green Bay 244-inch mesh may be used for herring, chubs, perch, and other rough fish from December 1 until the ice goes out, and is to be fished under and hung to ice. In Lake Michigan, Wisconsin prescribes 25-inch for minimum mesh. In Min nesota 234-inch may be used for herring but 256-inch for chubs. 1030 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Lake fisheries of the United States, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By States AND LAKES—Continued Michigan Indiana, Items Lake Lake Lake Lake Lake Total Michigan Erie Huron Michigan | Superior Gill nets, 4-6 inches; 19 Number| Number Number Number Number | Number . Fished 'bysvessels 22% 2s _- = 2==: =} Soa 3, 844 13, 924 3, 127 20, 895 552 Squsre yards) = Mes ss Sl ee 1, 436, 463 | 3,595,418 | 1,060,650 | 6, 092, 531 171, 867 Rishad! by boats eee 2, 242 4, 752 2, 654 9, 648 42 Square yards! rss ois eee eA 645, 501 966, 924 711,421 | 2,323, 846 10, 500 Totalt 22. Fe seas een oS eee 6, 086 18, 676 5, 781 30, 543 594 Square yards =e er ee 2,081,964 | 4,562,342 | 1,772,071 | 8, 416,377 182, 367 Pound nets: 5 Fished ‘by-vessels 527 ee ee 39 71 38 148}, see ee Fished iby Dostse == eke eee | ees 832 279 81 1, 192 8 Total. 233 See ee ee 871 350 119 1, 340 8 Trap nets: 5 Rished (by; vesselss see 187 134 6 o2(leste eee Kished ‘by: boats_s2 S22 —- 4 = 140 eres 91 17 1423": |.2 nee Be TOL 2-8 ote ee eee 140 1, 362 225 23 DS 00s | 26s Fyke nets: 5 e Fished iby vessels.= tn ee ae ee 10 4)L- oes oes eee LOW sc Sees ished (by boats-22 220%. 22 sse se 306 249 61 2 618)|S2s see of Ao) 21 eae eh ee er 306 259 61 2 6287|:3.2 55a Hooks: 1! ished py vessels=_ 2222 |S ae 48, 150 112, 200 99, 100 259, 450 7, 200 Mished: by: boats.) ee 200 18, 800 10, 840 92, 680 122,520) TA) (Ee A ca OS a 200 66, 950 123, 040 191, 780 381, 970 7, 200 -Droling Hooks, fished by boats 11_ {| 355s 0 |= eae ee ee 75 10, eee = Seines, fished by boats !?____________ 26 2 Wit fel See Beneth? vards. 222) 12, 421 832 33, 216) |= 2 sane square vards=>* sso Ses 33, 022 1, 780 460), | eee | Wisconsin Minnesota Illinois, Lake of the o Miichigar|® Takgeel. Ta Lak Heimg ichigan ake ake ake ainy Michigan Superior Total Superior | Lake, and Total Namakan Lake Fishermen: Number | Number | Number} Number | Number | Number | Number On ‘vessels 342-—* = Yeates 32 300 20 20) seesaenes 2 2 On boats and shore_________- 24 509 115 624 x63 104 567 Total: 305i ee eee es 56 809 135 944 463 106 569 Vessels: Steen. see 1 21 1 22! oe toe |S ee NGL tons:3: ee 14 568 33 601-25 Se. s eee Motor. 222 eerie 7 62 4 66) (nee ees 1 1 Not tons. 2s ee 80 902 64 S66) |= eae es 7 7 ‘Total vessels) 27 8 83 5 2S) Sees 1 1 Total net tonnage___-_- 94 1,470 97 i De EY fog eeepc Ae 7 fi 5 Used for taking miscellaneous fish. 10 Used principally for taking whitefish, trout, pike, and suckers. scribe 44-inch mesh for whitefish and trout. these species. 1 Used principally for taking trout. 12 Used principally for taking carp, p ike, perch, and suckers. Both Michigan and Indiana pre- Wisconsin is the only State that permits 4-inch mesh for FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1031 Lake fisheries of the United States, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By STATES AND LAKES—Continued Wisconsin Minnesota Illinois, Lake of the Items Lake Woods, Michigan] Lake Lake Total Lake Rainy Total Michigan|Superior Superior | Lake, and Namakan Lake Boats: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number INT IGInL, « Saets e 9 127 50 177 59 Wi 136 (OY ATS) cues a Ee oleae 4 50 29 79 384 3 387 GIll nets, 24-27% inches: ® Fished by vessels-_---------- 618 6, 010 152 6162) 2 ee ee ee Sailareiyards:—"-.----.+ APORz bell ssoo COL |. 50): 867.1, 910,468: |f2iea< aoe |e eee Mishedspyvaboats=-=.-------.— 441 5, 076 419 5, 495 41602" Rage eee 4, 622 Square, yards’. == 68, 349 708, 769 945872") 803; 641 |1, 4915286: C= ae 1, 491, 286 Miata bles Sa ack ete 1,059} 11, 086 571 | 11,657 1 on Ele Sel 4, 622 Squitarevyards=-+---=--— 188, 574 |2, 568,370 | 145, 739 |2, 714, 109 /1, 491, 286 |------------ 1, 491, 286 (till nets, 4-6 inches: 1° Fished by vessels-_---------- 723 5, 083 158 by: Dill eee Ae Be 4 4 Square yards_-_.---.---- 204, 848 |2, 182,402 | 53, 400 |2, 235, 802 |_--------- 1, 334 1, 334 pushed by, boats: 2----2=-5-—— 212 5, 460 1, 729 7, 189 1, 344 269 1, 613 Sauareryards. ss. === 41,306 | 722,990 | 487,510 |1, 210,500 | 503, 104 77, 832 | 580, 936 Noualtss sesso ect 935 10, 543 1, 887 12, 430 1, 344 273 1,617 Square yards. --_-.----- 246, 154 |2, 905, 392 | 540,910 |3, 446, 302 | 503, 104 79,166 | 582,270 Pound nets: 5 misheduby VeOSSelSa=—. -oe- 225 |/---- 3.3 CON eee ee eel C10 ope - *\t ERA es Peel ees ee a Hished by boats...---=--.--- 1 161 56 Ny fl renee Fi 75 “ih fr ee ee eee 1 165 56 O74 ee 75 75 Trap nets: 5 | ished by bostss sus) sso es] eat oct ool 28 Sse 1 cD | ces Ce 3 ee cat eee he Fyke nets: 5 Fished by vessels-_---------- 105 55 4 E(t )y| ie pak orecigea eal ERA, £ | ee =e Hished by boats_---.----__-. 197 392 17 AO), Rese Se 84 84 Pe opalem sea e ss = 2 a ee 302 447 21 AGS 72s ee 84 84 Hooks: !! Mishediby vessels=-2=--. =.= |-=42-- 2-5 TY Gay ee ee 144 O75 5222s See. see ee eee Pehishpdibvebposts= © -s2t 2 ---|2-- 51, 700 10, 667 62, 367 2A0 | 2a eee 240 PROGR oe Me oe So | 199, 675 10, 667 210, 342 ZAO | 22st 240 Seines, fished by boats !2_______-_|_-_------ Gy fl ENE eee eae Py (is Sk seca ake Su nS wees Fee ae [engi tes yardse eats se | Eo 10) 7450 |e 10), 745n{ ses. 2a ee SGUAnesyandS ies see eree Seen oS 285394) |p seaseee* 28304 Mia. + See Re eed sales (Ee cee 5 Used for taking miscellaneous fish. 4 : 9 Used principally for taking chubs, herring, perch, bluefin, and Menominees. Michigan prescribes 234-inch to 27-inch, and Indiana 24-inch to 27-inch for chubs and herring. Indiana prescribes 236-inch, while Michigan prescribes 234-inch to 274-inch, except that 2!s-inch may be used from November 1 to December 17 under certain restrictions as to depth, and 214-inch from January 1 to April 1 under the ice when bottom of net is not less than 20 feet from bottom of lake or bay. Two and three-quarters inch mesh is permitted by Wisconsin in Green Bay and in Lake Superior. In Green Bay 21-inch mesh may be used for herring, chubs, perch, and other rough fish from December 1 until the ice goes out, and is to be fished under and hung to ice. In Lake Michigan, Wisconsin prescribes 25s-inch for minimum mesh. In Min- nesota 23-inch may be used for herring but 25s-inch for chubs. 10 Used principally for taking whitefish, trout, pike, and suckers. Both Michigan and Indiana pre- scribe 44-inch mesh for whitefish and trout. Wisconsin is the only State that permits 4-inch mesh for these species. 11 Used principally for taking trout. 3 12 Used principally for taking carp, pike, perch, and suckers. 1032 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Lake fisheries of the United States, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS OF LAKE ONTARIO: By GEAR a 8 8 8S EE= eee a a = : urgeon : clusive 0 Items Gill nets |Trap nets|Fyke nets hocks Seines duplica- | tion Fishermen: Number | Number | Number Number | Number | Number M Vessels 2, = Soe ee 6 As PE Ee an We oer 6 On boats and shore--_---_._-..__..._. 99 100 16 42 14 247 Total: 285s" sree Lee 105 102 16. 42 14 253 Vessels, motor, 5 to 10 tons._______________ 2 Th Seco col MM josooo ee atl eee 2 Net tonnage 22. ee re ere 10 Li | ie a at em sores ees Sy ES 10 Boats: | Motors: eeens oo ee 51 48 7 14 2 110 Other:..2. 2 fe ere E 16 31 8 | 25 5 79 Apparatus: Num bers 2st) ets ts ee 1, 074 299 100 16, 100 (6: | Se ae ee Lengths, yards: 225200) 22d Pe Se Se 5] eee |e ET ee 368, |ass-- 22a Square: yards::=252 Sos eae APNG Uh) eee we ee es Seen 1,204.) <= eee OPERATING UNITS OF LAKE ERIE: By GEAR Pound| T Fyk auaioae . ‘oun rap yke F clusive 0 Items Gill nets nits mats noe Hooks Seines duplica- tion Fishermen: Number |Number| Number|Number, Number | Number | Number On" vessels 43 oN ee aon 451 oe eee 12 122222 So |e 463 On boats and shore...__-_________ 62 31 463 84 57 332 965 TL Ota sae a ee ea 513 31 475 96 | 57 332 1, 428 Vessels: Steam— Dito 10 fons 2252-2 ee Ae 2 2 11 to 20 tons 12 21 to 30 tons 22 31 to 40 tons 12 61 to 70 tons 1 otal 5225-25-22. 4: eee 49 Net tonnage aba lig Motor— . 6 to 10stons.. S822 ee AUN ono eee 8 Bea roo ote le ee S| 27 TT to°20 tosses = eee ee (iy! ee | ee ae ll deg ES Le ee See 6 21.10: 30'tons2 2 eee 7 Hl eS SE ae ag ed EP 8 eee pen Eee 2 3110.40 tons 2 ae 7 jal es ple 5 oe petal Se pe eA Bs ER De 2 Totels:<-. 25. 2. See 5 yl Pesta eens 28 -osenshs|isc5. 28-2 eee 37 Net tonnage: .-..=..-.-___-- | 399) |. cused ee |e at ee et ee 399 Total vessels. = 2s eee S5i| Se ee 1 De | se ee ee 86 Total net tonnage__________ I fit | ee 22 Pi ee a eaten Sd 1, 576 Boats: | Motor :s:<. See: a ee 24 11 231 39 2 116 394 Other*."_. 5 2b? 2 ee (1 id a be rat 10 26 53 75 162 Apparatus: Number: 2.2 St = ee eee 24, 842 7 | 4,311 1,179 15, 910 164" a Length, yards: «2222-515. Beet P be sara ae Bo gene ae | ae rere | 03, 416 Eos ee ores Square yards...) 25 Serer 4,445 DOU lea ee en ee ol Bl een aes 280 iil een ceee —_— FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1033 Lake fisheries of the United States, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS OF LAKE HURON: By GEAR | | P Flee | ise iia G: F oun ‘rap yke t.:n,, | Clusiveo Items | Gill nets | “nets | nets | nets | Hooks | Seines | Guptica- tion Fishermen: Number |Number| Number Number| Number | Number | Number nivessels* secu aes oes Seen 157 23 34 4 AG: epee 187 On boats and jshore-.-=..-=.--..-- 216 314 186 35 15 119 708 Lie se ee Se eS ee 373 337 220 39 58 119 895 Vessels i>. 17 ot | Rane oe | Steam— 5 to 10 tons 2 11 to 20 tons 6 21 to 30 tons 3 31 to 40 tons 3 51 to 60 tons 1 MoOtHhas--~ see gees sesscse 15 Net tonnage 340 Motor— ; = LOVLO TONSS= eee) Soars ae 17 5 | 6 | 1 Dhl Sees aes 22 WUICOLZOMOHS > — eee es <2 oes (i em 24 poses A eee 8 Totaled ss 22a ee 23 5 8 1 3) |e ae 30 Neb tonnave:-i622- 5+_ =. 2--- 207 |. 37 79 8 By oe 2 275 Total vessels= = 52 _=-- _--- 36 8 10 1 1d aes el 45 Total net tonnage_-_-__------ 527 69 99 8 137 7|2S.22 eee 615 Boats x a SVIGtOR Seas oe we se ee A 100 142 83 19 9 39 312 Otherness es 27 15 | 7 |e | 20 69 Apparatus: | Nima bers es ous oe 3 Te ee 8, 280 871 1, 362 259 66, 950 | AGRE: 2 Pe LEcrerey toh fe phe ee ee eee ee el ESE ee eee oy Lege | Pn a ime ON OG 3 ia eee eee ee Suare yardseseee lose Pe 2 2a OU NI 27h | Eneee epee ee) ee | ae ine 40, ha) See OPERATING UNITS OF LAKE MICHIGAN: By GEAR Pound | T Fyk ance! = oun Tap yke . clusive 0 Items Gill nets EES mane mints Hooks Seines duplica- tion Fishermen: Number |Number|Number|Number| Number | Number | Number Oi TsVBSSe IS ee 2s 2 ns a ~ 685 65 14 25 199) eee 2 730 On boats‘and ‘shore_:=____-22_-. 788 | 306 37 116 54 60 1, 039 PRO tal eee 5 ee 1,473 | 371 51 141 253 60 1, 769 Vessels: Steam— | PtONLOLONS esa cee en cee ON es er | ee eee Pe Dy Makes te 9 ENSCONZO) LONS = at ae oe 24 ip) pacha ete | See pe ese 8 25 DANG RLOMSe = ee oe Gj sl | Se ee (ee a | 4 13 Ds LOreOLOHS eo ees o.oo Galt sees FoR eee 3 ees ee 7 Ain LOMO RUOUS 23- = a 2 ee 1 San eS eS ee eee ee jy eee eS 2 DL LOMO FONS= 2-2 = 325 = j Ef eee | eee See ee es eee oe |---------- 1 Mo teles seme sete ot oe are 52 1 eee ete Maes 2 20) See 57 INetitonnages=2-. 2522. 983 15 2 469) eae 1, 126 Motor— aie | 5 to 10 tons 102 11 to 20 tons 36 21 to 30 tons il 31 to 40 tons 5 41 to 50 tons 1 Biota see eee Net tonnage Total vessels Total net tonnage Boats: Wotor. 222.225.2255 eosceesese Others) 2-2 2 SS Apparatus. INTEMB6E 2 oso Seeeeeeeee Length, yards Square: yards = .22 2 Jose 1034 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Lake fisheries of the United States, 1928—Continued OPERATING UNITS OF LAKE SUPERIOR: By GEAR Total, . Pound | Trap | Fyke Trolling . exclusive Items Gill nets | “nets | nets | nets | HOOKS | hooks | S@€S | of dupli- cation Fishermen: Number |Number| Number|Number| Number | Number |Number| Number On vessels.2= ea ee 137 16 3 2 78 |. se ee eee 143 On boats and shore_-_------- 780 61 8 13 136 14 4 844 Motalet sons eee 917 77 ll 15 214 14 4 987 Vessels: Steam— 5\to 10 tons. == 2 2 ie] ESS Sess | | eee 3) nce le 3 T1*to:20 tons 3-2 Ae eee el i ee | Fe 2. |oae-3-22 3 |ee eee 3 21stos0' tors 2 ee ase 5 | eso ee | a Se es | 2) | ae Se eee 3 Slo A0ibonss2s22-- te Dial pan Soe alcoho ee | ao soe Ui Penta eer Pe CE Se 2 4110 50 tons2! 32> 2: 2288 ceo oes |e Jee SES |e eee 1 51 to 60 tons.-_2....---_ ys | oe | wt Socal 2 atl ee ee | 1 Totel.« = eee 12 i Dk (eee ee 8. \|2552.222 |e 13 Net tonnage_____----- 303 10) ee a) een 138°) 22.22.23 |e eee 310 Motor— | Din LOsONS2e2== ea 17 4 Ly 1 9 nos ool 18 1to20 tons Sa Ss ae re eee ] | 22325 o |e 1 Z1tt0. 50 itons2.24———— 2 ee See a eer ea ee a eee 2 OLA Se eee a 20 4 it} 1 10) | sec ele ee 21 Net tonnage-_-_-_------ 186 32 9 6 4S ee |r 192 Total vessels ___-_---- 32 5 a) 1 18}|22s. 55 |- eee 34 Total net tonnage_--_- 489 42 9 | 6 D1 Tp 3 ee fe 502 Boats: | Motor 28 2b oon 5 oe 5 es 226 31 2 | 6 83 10" |e 270 Others eee ee 439 13 bul 4 A |e eee D} 450 Apparatus: | INET NGh: 220. ee eee 14, 747 175 24 | 23 | 202, 687 75 PAE Be es length, yards*: -- 25-28: S28 ee ees ee eee [ee |e eee a2 : | ae eeeoer Square yards__-_.--.-45--_- AB ROAY5 1S \c|ae cee (te meena | pee Spa [peat a |e okey: Nya Bees os OPERATING UNITS OF LAKE OF THE WOODS, RAINY LAKE, AND NAMAKAN LAKE: BY GEAR Total, ex- Items Gill nets | Pound nets} Fyke nets | clusive of duplication Fishermen: Number Number Number Number On ‘vessels... - 23 eco ee ee eee 2 tae oe ee 2 On ipoats'and! shore /j22-= <5 a ee eee eee 86 42 24 104 Totaly Oe ree ae ae ee a eS 88 42 24 106 Vessels: Mootoric one eee ean oe re ee WS eo Se be ae ee 1 Net tonnaves.. 3-852) ee eee eee eee @ |[Getsseccc ene Lee See 7 Boats: Mot6ro4 2-26 ee ees 73 28 23 77 Other er a ee ee eee eee 3 1 1 3 Apparatus: NumD6h2=- 22 35 ones 273 75 84-23) ee Square yards-..4-32.25 = ee a ee eee 79; 166 |\|2.-3---22225)| 4 ee ee eee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 10385 Lake fisheries of the United States, 1 928—Continued CATCH: By STATES Se EE Species New York Pennsylvania Ohio Michigan Pounds | Value | Pownds | Value | Pounds | Value Pounds | Value Blue pike 472, 500 |$55,779 | 627, 283 $69, 715 |3, 742, 737 |$299, 619) he oe leanne ek 70, 569 4, 621 4,194 65 400, 191 8, 003 14, 510 $290 Me ee ee see ee 19, 555 1, 422 7,969 425 341, 106 17, 055 864, 844 40, 359 Catfish and bullheads 41,014 | 7,915 5, 914 787 | 228,293 | 19,933 | 205, 111 17, 818 (Yay bi) o)Sh Beef eee fe eee] |S FI eat rahe tl bata 1, 371, 461 104, 364 OTE I Sa a Ee rae 238, 446 | 32,733 | 356, 070 | 45, 162 23, 508 2, 986 4 LU RGw Gy nh oe eee 342 187 | 35,428 |_---.-.--|--------|----------|--------- 3,976,915 | 170,594 a eiiroulsses soa oe see a = am 45, 951 7,014 73 16) |2aS een S| see 5, 702,174 | 903, 632 fpikor(acks)enten e822 ese eenee|------ 2-2 |-—-=----|--~---- == |---| me ea a 33, 809 3, 074 Sauger pike.._---------------|---------|--------|---------|------~ 1, 491, 867 | 122, 333 66, 317 7, 469 Sheepshead - -- ---------------|---------|----=-=- 33, 229 | 1,994 2 854, 640 | 77,075 46, 068 1, 986 Si Toe Co oa aoe as See te 26,411 | 12,755 762 381 35 14 1, 688 675 Bator Cissy ab UU (=) Fea ea ee 107,049 | 8,506 | 30, 200 1, 169 |1, 208, 119 56, 782 |2, 515, 999 121, 921 VIL EUY IS) 0}: coher Sy 352 35 29, 653 1, 483 255, 174 17, 862 613 31 Whitefish, common_--------- 271, 711 | 59,636 | 402, 168 |101, O11 415, 458 83, 092 |4, 653, 475 919, 305 Whitefish, Wenominee.__.._.|---.-----|--------|---------|------~-|--=-=----=|-------—— 436, 832 51, 885 Yellow perch ee ee ae 175, 168 | 13,491 | 447, 140 28, 603 |3, 678, 046 | 246,429 | 472, 170 45, 540 Nel Gyynj on eee ee ee 29, 440 6, 940 13, 034 2,598 |1, 245, 267 | 183, 676 990, 347 159, 113 Miscellaneous---------------- 61,862 | 4,854 131 13 5, 575 lll 15,597 | - 1,194 Ota lets oe a 1,902,215 |251, 129 |1,957,820 |253, 422 |15,890,016 |1,134,770 |21,367,934 | 2,549,251 Species Indiana Tilinois Wisconsin Minnesota Total Lbs. |Value| Lbs. | Value Lbs Value Lbs Value Lbs. Value TET ee see | Ee ne Ee ee lata (Psat er ar 4, 842, 520) $424, 913 ae ee fae oe 17, 784:$1, 277)... -~-|-------|----------|-------=- 76, 423| $1,012 583, 671 15, 268 (CEN tape So ee oe | ea Se a Se Ree = a re 8, 210 493| 1, 241, 684 59, 754 Catfish and bull- Grd ae eed oe ee |e alone nee | nnn a ae a 22, 607 2, 261 502,939) 48,714 @hubse 2 oo 225-- 8 104, 237|12, 841/276, 795 $33, 215) 2, 754,952) $318, 469| 523,790) 28, 790) 5, 031, 235| 497, 679 (Ciera ee EE a Sal a a el oie el eisai er iay y= 618, 028 80, 882 Lake herring_-_---- 300, 917/16, 875/101, 760) 6, 106) 2, 764, 316 91, 9541/7, 451, 584} 221, 346|14, 937, 679| 542, 303 Lake trout -_------- 186, 608/37, 689)171, 612 36, 039| 2, 920, 651 533, 597 390, 775| 50,435 9, 417, 844/1, 568, 422 Pike (jacks) ___----|-------|------)-------|------- 105, 298 5,866; 391,918} 19, 211 531,025) 28,151 SATE [OU see onl EES al ES Ne ee a ae 37, 637 2, 675] 1, 595, 821) 132, 477 Sheepshead -__---- Fe Ree a ae ae | re ae 2, 933,937) 81,055 Stirpeon— =~ ==" fe ee De eee eee a ee oe 903 356 29, 799 14, 181 Sucker ‘‘mullet’’_- 720 7 OA|~ ee ett de ol ee Be (eee 132, 580} 2, 662) 3, 994, 667| 191, 112 CA DTH UE] (See a eee ON PN re | | a a 219, 954| 11, 197 219, 954 11, 197 SUT Ea Trees eam | UE | em | OSes ACS 6 See | eee = = =< == |>=2=-=- "7 |b 285, 792|° 19,411 Whitefish, com- IO Ma. Se = 15, 454| 3, 328)_------]------- 608, 552} 106, 247 64, 435 9, 029) 6, 431, 253/1, 281, 648 Whitefish Me- Topher Se | Re ee Ree eee 3, 020 453 19, 810 1, 451 459, 662 53, 789 Yellow perch__---- 60, 733| 6,089) 27, 600 3, 036 902, 071 58, 397 21, 089 2,310} 5,784,017) 403, 895 Yellow pike_--__---|-------|------|-------|------- 33, 760 5,781| 613,777) 91, 819| 2,925, 625) 449, 927 Miscellaneous- ---- 8, 000) 1, 600)-------|------- 908, 492 48, 052 1, 658 182) 1, 001, 315 56, 006 Mopale=-=2= 694, 453|79, 771|577, 767 78, 396) 11, 001, 112/1, 168, 816]9, 977, 150} 445, 229/63, 368, 467|5, 960, 784 CATCH: By LAKES ee ee eae ae Lake Ontario Lake Erie Species New York New York Pennsylvania Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value blue pike2se eae a a ee 23, 728 $2, 906 448, 772 $52, 873 627, 283 $69, 715 eee eet eS Pee ei aes eet 64, 232 4, 241 6, 337 380 4, 194 65 oe ee ee eee 18, 365 1, 307 1, 190 115 7, 969 425 CHUEEE And) DUlLHeAdSs ee" 2 2==-—— a 40, 729 7, 884 285 31 5, 914 787 (CHASE Syed Oe we a Re 238, 446 32, 733 356, 070 45, 162 Wakeihernine) —- 25252) 342; 187 3554080) 2 fea a nen Make troller 2a 43, 223 6, 644 2, 728 370 73 16 Ghee pshpad) seo. fee 5 ead ae Soe |b aa o8 See Boas aia as oval 33, 229 1, 994 Sturgeon------------------------------ 19, 595 9, 482 6, 816 3, 273 762 381 Sucker ““mullet?--2=22222 === 70, 815 6, 1384 36, 234 2, 372 30, 200 1, 169 SURAEITTD ESS ee ee te ee eg ee 352 35 29, 653 1, 483 Whitefish, common--_----------------- 115, 793 20, 896 155, 918 38, 740 402, 168 101, 011 Yellow pereh Se jee eerie See 44, 679 3, 803 130, 489 9, 688 447, 140 28, 603 Wellow: pikes. -<=-==---=---=---~=------ 19, 840 4, 831 9, 2, 109 13, 034 2, 598 MVSCallIAne@OlS0~ oa een ean 50, 661 4, 371 11, 201 483 131 13 Metal See noe e eee 853, 847 | 107,927 | 1,048, 368 143, 202 | 1, 957, 820 253, 422 1036 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Lake fisheries of the United States, 1928—Continued CATCH: By LaxEs—Continued eee Lake Erie Species Ohio Michigan Total Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Blue pike $200" 410) 22 a 2 Se ene 4, 818,792 | $422, 007 Burboe a eee 83008 Fh. aes 2 a Peters 410, 722 8, 448 Carp ee ee 17,055 | 568,385 | $28, 419 918, 650 46, 014 Catfish and bullheads 19, 933 32, 222 2, 256 266, 714 23, 007 ISCO 5b ee eres 2, 986 4 1 618, 028 80, 882 Lake trowts oon orc, Leech 2 nen see Ne ae es ee rake Olas 2, 801 386 Pike Gacks) 2.5.2 — 22 Soe bass | ree ee | RA aD 647 45 64 45 pauper pike-te. 2. fee Le ee 1, 491, 867 122, 333 10, 458 837 | 1, 502, 325 123, 170 Sheepshead j= = 2 ee Sean es 2, 854, 640 77, 075 31, 724 1,269 | 2,919, 593 80, 338 Sturgeon '-2-= Se 2 BY Ses een Ore 35 1A ee ee ee 7, 613 3, 668 Sucker“*malley ess eee ee 1, 208, 119 56, 782 43, 685 2,184 | 1,318, 238 62, 507 White bass t* so) Sees be re 255, 174 7, B62) 6-2 ee LER gee 285, 179 19, 380 Whitefish, ‘common:_2- 2. 3 415, 458 83, 092 925 176 974, 469 2238, 019 Mellow: perches oye ee 3, 678, 046 246, 429 18, 312 1,227 | 4,273, 987 285, 947 Yellow pike) Sear os wees 1, 245, 267 183,676 | 40,519 6,078 | 1,308,420] 194, 461 Miscellaneotis $= = seem ne 5, 575 111 85 2 16, 992 609 Total se aaa eee ee 15, 890, 016 | 1,134,770 | 746, 966 42,494 | 19, 643,170 | 1,573, 888 Lake Huron Lake Michigan Species Michigan Michigan Indiana Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value Burbot 2, 088 $42 12, 422 $248 17, 784 $1, 277 Carp 282, 592 11, 304 11, 082 497 |=. 5-2 ea : ne ; : United | United United | United | States Canada) Total States Canada| Total States Canada| Total |States 1 Average, 1913-1915__| 10,554 | 5,590 | 16, 144 509 | 3,381 | 3,890 84 204 288 1, 697 Average, 1916-1920__| 10,559 | 5,744 | 16,303 456 1,373 1, 829 62 102 164 2, 503 Average, 1921-1925__| 10, 510 6, 262 | 16, 772 376 acs 117 1, 493 27 93 120 2, 114 pL >. ed 11,559 | 6,433 | 17,992 302 | 952 | 1,254 38 84 122 1, 325 1997! eee 10,493 | 7,077 ; 17,570 398 | 1,099] 1,497 41 77 118 4, 361 19282: ee 9,418 | 6,415 | 15, 833 531 | 964 1, 495 30 337 367 2, 934 | | Sucker Tullibees White | Whitefish, common White- “mul- fanart fish, Me- Years aes aatrls United ren pe nite nite ’ | Unite nite Gtates’)|| Heater Canada | Total | States! States Canada! Total States! Average, 1913-1915__| 4,566] (3) 189 | (8) 566| 4,545] 5,322] 9,867| (4) Average, 1916-1920._| 4, 627 ) 185 | ® 305} 4,900] 5,551] 10,451| (4) Average, 1921-1925.) 3, 300 3) 215 (8) 484| 3,799} 6,038| 9,837] (4) LAY? aaa eee es BS ae 4, 122 990 164 1,154 158 | 5, 148 4, 800 9, 948 (4) iL? 7 Eee FA Soe 4, 765 662 106 | 768 126 5, 463 4, 792 10, 255 (4) VO ppt ee ee 3,995 220 46 266 286 6, 481 4,392 | 10,823 460 Yellow perch Yellow pike Miscellaneous fish aon United = ited United nite nite nite Seater Canada| Total States Canada| Total States Canada} Total Average, 1913-1915..| 5,974} 1,383| 7,357| 2,725| 3,024] 5,749| 4,906] 2,467 7, 373 Average, 1916-1920__| 4,995 | 1,521] 6,516| 3,002] 1,663] 4,665| 3,465] 2,842 6, 307 Average, 1921-1925__ 3, 960 2, 360 6, 320 2, 569 2, 355 4, 924 2, 147 2, 768 4,915 it. i eee ee See 5, 407 1, 956 7, 363 2, 828 1, 623 4,451 2, 455 2, 637 5, 092 1! 7.7 een as oe, 4,995 2, (20 7, 722 3, 025 1, 553 4, 578 2, 290 2,472 4, 762 Vie Sa hs ae 5, 784 4, 598 10,382 | 2,926 1, 409 4, 335 1, 001 2, 452 3, 453 } A 1 The Canadian catch of these species has been included with ‘* Miscellaneous fish.” 3 The catch for the United States was included with ‘‘ Miscellaneous fish ”’ prior to 1925. 4 Included with ‘‘ Miscellaneous fish’’ prior to 1928. FISHERIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES PRODUCT The latest statistical canvass Genk. made of the fisheries and fishery MUSSEL SHELLS industries of the Mississippi River CARP(GERMAN) and tributaries was for the cal- eee dy endar year 1922. The complete statistics for the canvass were pub- ee Ppt the Tene of the division DRU of fishery industries for 1923 and sisi in Statistical Bulletin No. 607. During 1922 the fisheries and fish- FIGURE 27.—Yield of principal fishery products i i i ] - inthe Mississippi Riverand elbuteen: 1922 ery industries of this TEED ee ployed 19,122 persons, and the yield of the fisheries amounted to 105,733,734 pounds, valued at $4,503,521. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1041 Catch of the fisheries of the Mississippi River and tributaries, 1922, with the total catch for certain previous years Species Total Pounds Value 73, 554] $10, 874 190, 073 6, 078 17, 267, 177|1, 013, 692 arp), German= --2..--.--.- .-| 18, 338, 371} 872, 128 Catfish and bullheads.- ------- 8, 092, 690) 713, 461 | Crappie 2... .-.- =. a 5 _ 612,423) 49, 338 Drum, fresh-water, or sheeps- lat Yo Ae eS ee 5, 260, 892) 290, 480 SERS soe. hes Sea ae 16, 060 1, 057 Mooneye or toothed herring --- 3, 450 166 Paddlefish, or spoonbill cat__-| 1,398,991) 132, 545 Paddlefish caviar..2- ==... =-.- 12,398) 29, 546 | Pike and pickerel__--_--.------ 20, 100 1, 850 Pike perch (sauger) __--------- 4, 745) 768 Pike perch (wall-eyed) -- ----- 24, 650 3, 750 Quillback, or American carp-- 765, 389] 59, 221 ROCK Asse eats Pes TITS SE 2, 738) 312 Singeony lakes = 22-2222 10, 953 1, 369 Sturgeon, shovelnose __--_----- 227, 365, 19, 323 Sturgeon, shovelnose, caviar -_- 1, 880 2, 615 Sturgeon, shovelnose, eggs---- 449 764 Species Suckers- -_- Sunfish___- White bass- Yellow bass_- Yellow perch Other fish Shrimp! 4 see eee ae ee Crawfish Alligator hides Mitisselishells=- ss ' = ae eee a 1894 (all species) 1899 (all species) 1903 (all species) ........_.___. Total Pounds Value 699, 539) $63, 028 -| 374,533) 24, 955 64,6241 5, 500 7, 500 600 22, 250 1, 904 73,275| 4,917 147, 482} 14, 570 7; 890) 759 231,761) 20, 410 96,743} 2,772 15,616] 2,673 51, 768, 173/1, 050, 592 pages go.) 46, 124 Bee Eis ae 55, 380 .| 105, 733, 734/4, 503, 521 44, 544, 828) 1, 384, 574 96, 797, 437) 1, 781, 029 93, 374, 159|1, 841, 168 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 MILLIONS OF POUNDS MUSSEL SHELLS 7 1894 1899 1903 YEARS 1922 FIGURE 28.—Yield of fishery products in the Mississippi River and tributaries for various years, 1894 to 1922 FRESH-WATER MUSSEL SHELL FISHERY During 1929 the catch of fresh-water mussel shells in the United States amounted to 54,352,000 pounds, valued at $1,324,919. This represents a decrease of 6 per cent in the catch and an increase of 4 per cent in the value, as compared with the catch and its value in 1922. Tennessee was the most important producing State during 1929, accounting for 21 per cent of the total catch. Arkansas ranked sec- ond with 20 per cent. Other important producing States were Michigan, 10 per cent; Iowa, Indiana, and Illinois, each 8 per cent; and Wisconsin, 7 per cent. 1042 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Catch of the fresh-water mussel shell fishery of the United States, 1929 State Pounds Value State Pounds Value Alabama... -%. 2. 2s SS 948,000 | $18,058 |} Missouri-__-__--..-_--_---_-- 808, 000 $15, 752 ASKAanSAS, = as a2 oe ee 11, 032, 000 229°121 |LObhig:= 2 2 ee 1, 266, 000 39, 743 Hin ois: see ee 4, 252, 000 104,266) || Oklahoma ss 2== eee eae 36, 000 400 indiana =o. = = eee 4, 370, 000 120, 123 || South Dakota-.-.--.----..- 746, 000 14, 271 Iowa. =e ee 4,380,000 | 122,429 || Tennessee___.._........-_-- 11, 404, 000 178, 702 Kentucky = ee 1, 600, 000 | 28:\045)) || exass= eas 22 ee bs eee 1, 624, 000 36, 209 Louisiannic-ce-- 2 3se see 1, 308, 000 24,431" WASCONSINE + sees a. so tee 3, 614, 000 97, 123 Michipan-J2-220 2232 See 5, 318, 000 250, 125 | Minnesota-. 5322 2--2 =e 1, 184, 000 29, 666 Total.2_cet> “seas 54, 352, 000 | 1, 324, 919 Mississippic- 2s. 22 ee eae 462, 000 16, 405 LAKE PEPIN The fisheries of Lake Pepin, exclusive of those prosecuted for mussel shells, employed 54 fishermen in 1929 as compared with 124 in 1928. The catch amounted to 390,696 pounds valued at $31,477— a decrease of 46 per cent in the catch and 30 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the catch and its value for 1928. Com- pared with 1922 there was a decrease of 89 per cent in the catch. German carp was by far the most important species taken in this lake, constituting 64 per cent of the total catch and 55 per cent of the value of the catch. Fresh-water drum was second in importance accounting for 16 per cent of the catch and 20 per cent of the value. Other species of considerable importance were catfish, buffalofish, and suckers. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR In 1929 the catch of fishery products of Lake Pepin was taken by 30 regular fishermen, 24 casual fishermen, 35 motor boats, 73 other small boats, 19 haul seines having a combined length of 7,782 yards, 81 gill nets having a length of 3,717 yards, 8 lines having a length of 866 yards, 47 fish traps, 101 fyke nets, and 3 spears. CATCH BY GEAR Two types of gear accounted for 90 per cent of the fishery products taken in this lake during 1929. By far the most important of these were haul seines which accounted for 67 per cent of the catch and 60 per cent of the value of the catch. Ranked next in importance were fish traps which accounted for 23 per cent of the catch and 31 per cent of the value of the catch. OPERATING UNITS BY STATES AND COUNTIES Wisconsin accounted for 95 per cent of the total number of fisher- men of Lake Pepin during 1929. Pierce County, in Wisconsin, ranked foremost in this respect accounting for 56 per cent. Wisconsin also accounted for 93 per cent of the fishing boats. Pierce County alone accounted for 53 per cent. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1043 CATCH BY STATES AND COUNTIES The fisheries of Lake Pepin were prosecuted in two counties in Minnesota and two in Wisconsin during 1929. Pierce County, in Wisconsin, accounted for 56 per cent of the total catch and 46 per cent of the value of the catch. Pepin County in the same State ac- counted for 36 per cent of the catch and 45 per cent of the value. Fisheries of Lake Pepin, 1929 OPERATING UNITS AND CATCH: By GEAR Items Haul seines Gill nets Lines Fish traps OPERATING UNITS Fishermen: Number Number Number Number 12G)iq0d i aa ee 18 yy Cae ee oe tS 8 (Wasual irs 22 See si2 3 Boece Ped 9 5 3 4 BU Obert 2x2 eae So 27 7 3 12 Boats: IM OtOn eae see ee a ee 19 10) lees ees 11 (OTH a Oe ee Se eee ee 44 14 3 17 MISHINS ApPAPAbUS=esee seen 19 81 8 47 ene phwine yar dSte ee ee 7, 782 3, 717 S66 i242 38 shee 2 SAS RIGS Pounds | Value | Pounds) Value | Pownds| Value) Pownds| Value IB Gyetineeeoen ie ewe ete ees - 4, 622 S143 elses es eee aes Sh ee ae a nae 2, 340 $65 le yond ls te) sea es es Oe ees ee 7, 476 776 40 A a eee Sal pep a 11, 470 | 1, 137 Garp Genin ans oa = Pees oie os Re oe 208, 191 | 14,370 | 12,1388 | 1,010 710 $43) 8, 616 608 Carp, American, or quillback_-__--------- 830 DSL ae eee | ee a eee Coe 851 33 (OR GIRT. 2 Ais Sa ee eee 4, 040 S04; bee eae 2C 2 15, 212 | 3, 485 Drum, fresh-water, or sheepshead _-__-_-_- PALS SEPA SPANK Og SE See ee ee eee 40,920 | 3,998 Paddietishior, Spoonbill cat. . 2-22-2225. 685 UG Ae hss ere |e a a eS a ee ee ee SC KOES ee eee Se eS ee 13, 375 he eon | es a | ee aS 10, 408 423 AUS ee BO Ee a (eae ee (ie eel [ee Se 300 15 Po tele eee SEE Se, = 5 SEN ee” ee 260, 411 | 18,905 | 12,178 | 1,015 710 43 | 90,117 | 9, 764 ! “hh , exclusiv: ie Fykenets | Spears | otal exlusre OPERATING UNITS Fishermen: Number Number Number Regular ____- ALS Se A eee ee eee Be ae ee eae ene 30 (Cetumile 2 a SS ee eee 4 3 24 MTG. Sok 2 eee a ee re ie ee a 3 54 Boats: INAQ Re) 0. SOS Cs Se ee ee eee ONL See =e cee 35 OGG eee eee ee a ee eee eek cee aS 11 3 73 PSH OAD UAT AUS ets a aes. See eh ee 101 by) eee eee SUEG IS Pounds| Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value 1b oe See a ae ee ee id 2, 358 | Sb aee = ee ee 9, 320 $279 iS PhagM Oats Ce 2 wee ee ee oS eee ees ee 1,085 | O92 Soe Ss | eee 20, 071 2, 027 GarpaGerzian 825 ssi ice, Sarna Sa Tae: 22h 20,401 | 1, 248 846 $51 | 250,902 | 17,330 Arp AINeriGant Oracuill AG kare ee an A ee ee ee ee 1, 681 75 (Qhinmiiijes. ae ee + ae ee eee ee eee 1, 020 PANS ip | See See | ees ae 20, 272 4, 497 Drum, fresh-water, or sheepshead_------------------ 792 AQs | Oo Se 8 62, 904 6, 138 PAA densHioOrspOOnMUNCaLe 48528" =o ee a ee Ee eee ee |e eee 685 137 ETE KOT S ee eat oe a Se ae ee SP 778 P23 jell SS a see Be 24, 561 979 BERLE FL Sere ce ee ete SE ees oe ee ee eee eee ee a ee 300 15 ANGI Ie 2 5 SMe oe ee PSY ee eee ee et es a 26, 42 1, 699 846 51 | 390,696 | 31,477 1044 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Lake Pepin, 1929—Continued OPERATING UNITS: By STATES AND COUNTIES Minnesota Wisconsin Items [ ake for Goodhue | Wabasha} ee] Pepin | Pierce | ipotay e County | County County | County Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number Number | Number Regular- 2335 2-2 eee 1 2 3 12 15 27 30 Casual... -25 5255225 Miget 008 | See ea ea eae 9 15 24 24 Total.) = Sse eee 1 2 3 21 30 51 54 Boats: Motor... 5 = ee Aes eee 1 1 2 16 17 33 35 Other ee eee 3 3 6 27 40 67 73 Apparatus: Haul/seines!:. s-se55 se 1 1 2 3 14 17 19 Length, yards_..._.____ 100 667 767 1, 033 5, 982 7,015 7, 782 Gill nets--2 2322. 2 AR ee po Uh Eek te a 81 81 Length, iyards2= 22.3.4 |250s ah | Pee eee 8) Ui | eae 3, 717 3) Le ines. S252 =e Se | ee ee | ae 8 8 8 Be | Length, yards-2- 4. f.2| inal Sy ais oil ie eee 866 866 866 Wish\traps-2< 222200252 254 Ae a 46 1 47 47 ykeinets 1/626 22g) SS ee ee | Ee 10 91 101 101 BDCANS 3 2 Soca ses a oe a a pea |e | ale 3 3 B: CATCH: By STATES AND COUNTIES Minnesota | ee Goodh Wabash: oodhue abasha County County Total BOWAN. 228 ey ode ee Bufalo ish: =< fo 1 4 bok = a eee Wan, German. sea. 2a Se Bee Carp, American, or quiliback BS ate eee Oattish2ts- 288 = 5-5 eee Fo eae Drum, fresh-water, or sheepshead SndkerssCuhet 5 zeta ee ene AF Total. .t.£2) eee eet eee ean ee Wisconsin Species = Total for lake Pepin County | Pierce County Total Pounds) Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value Bown. 2.2 2,175 $59 6, 885 $207 9, 060 $266 9, 320 $279 Buffalofish. *22=2 485 = eat 12,849 | 1, 280 3, 822 382 | 16,671 | 1,662] 20,071 2, 027 Carp, ‘German... 4 eee 49,064 | 4,093 | 196,138 | 12,902 | 245, 202 | 16,995 250, 902 | 17,330 Carp, American, or quillback-____ 851 | ae ee (em 851 33 1, 681 15 Oabtish. 223.5 2S = Se 17, 534 | 3,949 2, 238 448 | 19,772 | 4,397] 20,272 4, 497 Drum, fresh-water, or sheepshead_| 43, 660 4, 237 3, 244 815 | 46,904 | 4,552] 62,904 6, 138 PaddloSsh. 2505.5. :, 25.5 31|t eee a 685 137 685 137 685 137 Srckers 02.23 2 ee ee 16, 148 656 4, 413 132 | 20, 561 788 | 24, 561 979 Turtles.£ 203 8 2 Se ee 300 pe eee eee lore 300 15 300 15 Totals. eo cea ee 142, 581) 14, 322 | 217,425 | 14, 523 | 360, 006 28,845 | 390,696 | 31,477 77% 2 ee 6a FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1045 Operating units and catch of Lake Pepin for various years, 1914 to 1929 | Items 1914 1917 1922 1927 1928 | 1929 OPERATING UNITS Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number . TRIG Gai ede a 135 126 219 139 124 54 Boats | INNGi(0) 0B ee ee 28 35 109 39 43 35 QUIN ee ee Se 54 55 136 105 98 73 Fishing apparatus: (AH SINGS See ee anager aan n aan = === 14 17 | 33 23 27 19 Gill als) ee ae ae 664 371 351 152 127 81 [Waa a ee ee ee ares [es ee eee [ee Ee 5 | 8 INGEN f0 ce ee ae ae 8 14, | 55) oa eee 67 47 JUNG EGTA SS a 295 262 95 280 100 101 SRE et dene SO ee eee eeeees Ce 4 2 3 SPECIES Pounds Pounds | Pounds | Pownds | Pounds BON 22 ee Ne Se 24, 021 16, 136 3, 334 8, 477 7 Lstrites (it) eae et tees 300, 808 340,309 | 33, 449 23, 992 20, O71 Garp; Germans 1522.0* 2 eessi eee se sss. 467, 588 | 2,578,916 | 615,242 | 488, 023 250, 902 Carp, American, or quillback_--------_- 60, 605 | 14, 238 47, 377 4, 835 2, 839 1, 681 Catfish and: bullheads=-2=-—- == 222_--- 26,830 | 254, 249 | 127, 384 53, 076 52, 356 20, 272 Drum, fresh-water, or sheepshead ------- 131, 785 118, 304 395, 592 | 113,793 | 101, 582 62, 904 Dow OSS eee Ss a ee | 541 318 7 45 pal oes Seale IMinoneyen ireShh...2- es os Sa. 9, 300 | 75, 6D0\j| eee eee 8, 976 1600) | Seo oe eee Mooneye, smoked...-------------------- 1, 465 | WC D0! |e. ee a Ne | eee |e a oe ae Paddlefish or spoonbill cat___-__--_-_---_- 8, 877 2, 923 15, 971 | 1, 191 7, 909 685 TET (ee) ee ee eo 0 eee ees) aes ee |e ae aoe RUIEPCON, ISKOo. esas tee ees. 1, 067 512 5, 2008 bf eee | Dae ee SEU CON SHOVEINOSOsaasee-ees ee eee | aL aes lk 1,080) |= 252523) SSeers-=|2s2-t=-5-. S10 aie ee Re eee oe ee 18, 340 15, 260 43, 466 31, 911 33, 645 24, 561 She sehaly (Gb see ee ot eS) eee eee FiO] eed ek FR ee eee ee 4REQATRR See S eee AAD EE 3 oe See eee ee, 300 ANY rN PA Se Se ees Sit on eed 758, 670 | 1, 212,809 | 3, 572,467 | 866, 125 | 720, 658 390, 696 LAKE KEOKUK The fisheries of Lake Keokuk, exclusive of those for mussel shells, employed 55 fishermen during 1929 as compared with 85 in 1928. The catch amounted to 350,750 pounds, valued at $25,666, which is a decrease of 35 per cent in the catch and 42 per cent in the value of the catch as compared with the catch and its value for 1927. Com- pared with 1922, there has been a decrease of 50 per cent in the catch. Considered according to the value of the catch German carp and catfish were of about equal importance in these fisheries during 1929, German carp accounting for 51 per cent of the catch and 35 per cent of the value of the catch and catfish accounting for 21 per cent of the catch and 35 per cent of the value of the catch. Buffalo fish ranked next with 12 per cent of the catch and 17 per cent of the value of the catch. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products of Lake Keokuk was taken by 49 regular fishermen, 6 casual fishermen, 50 motor boats, 49 other small boats, 5 haul seines having a combined length of 1,450 yards, 28 lines having a length of 8,300 yards, 4 fish traps, 1,485 fyke nets, and 833 baskets. 1046 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES CATCH BY GEAR Three types of gear accounted for 96 per cent of the fishery prod- ucts taken in this lake during 1929. By far the most important of these gears were fyke nets, which accounted for 73 per cent of the catch and 64 per cent of the value of the catch. Ranked next in order were baskets, which accounted for 13 per cent of the catch and 21 per cent of the value, and haul seines accounted for 10 per cent of the catch and 8 per cent of the value. OPERATING UNITS BY STATES AND COUNTIES Illinois accounted for 51 per cent of the total number of fishermen employed in the fisheries of Lake Keokuk. The entire activities in this State were confined to Hancock County. Des Moines County, in Iowa, accounted for 36 per cent of the total number of fishermen. Hancock County, in Illinois, also accounted for 52 per cent of the boats operated, and Des Moines County accounted for 40 per cent. CATCH BY STATES AND COUNTIES The fisheries of Lake Keokuk were prosecuted in one county in Illinois and two in Iowa. Hancock County in Illinois accounted for 56 per cent of the catch and 57 per cent of the value of the catch, and Des Moines County in Iowa accounted for 26 per cent of the catch and 25 per cent of the value of the catch. Fisheries of Lake Keokuk, 1929 OPERATING UNITS AND CATCH: By GEAR Items Haul seines Lines Fish traps OPERATING UNITS Fishermen: Number Number Number Regular) & 06 terse s yah d OOF On 5 4 2 Casual 2222. 27-e y. 2h awent bern ey 2 Rn) ees Seiya ts es Motale sf. os ee i eee 7 uf 2 Boats MOtOR. h os-ce ee eee 2 Sib me Ses dso ae Other! 230) i SS LE Se ae 6 2 Wishing apparatis.) = #24 0 ae 5 28 4 Length in yards nn seer aie ae 1,450 8,300. 9, "|e ee eee SPECIES Pounds Value Pounds Value | Pounds Value Bowfin- Sicleutts Ae tie eT ee eee 15 $5 530 $16 100 : Buffalo Osh! 13) a ee eee ae 1, 800 196 100 9 2, 300 272 Carp, ‘German (26 31s eee 23, 100 1, 210 1, 580 79 1, 500 90 Ostish:. 2 cies se ee ie eee 1, 100 161 7, 000 870 130 25 Drum, fresh-water, or sheepshead_________| 8, 650 609 1, 380 97 700 92 Mooneye______ wodasscdons ante tc. Fae SW Regie aa Ree ee | ee | 500 20 White bass... 52.2 22. —jpscda os) 1 ee | ee | eee | ene 520 63 otal. .o tir Po Stes se tees | 34,800 2, 181 10, 590 1, 071 5, 750 566 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 Fisheries of Lake Keokuk, 1929—Continued 1047 OPERATING UNITS AND CATCH: By Gear—Continued 3 Resin ate eae Total, exclusive of Items Fyke nets Baskets duplication OPERATING UNITS Fishermen: Number Number Number HVGQUIAT ase fe Se ol ee eee oe aos | 26 10 49 (QU HEIN. gua VERO sc ee EE ee ee 5 6 DG See 26 15 F i ne tae 7 Boats: if : EOUOT eet eee a8 eee 46 \ 30 50 (Oy aGy es 2 es yee ee eee | 47 12 49 smn ea DArAtusso. == ==-- 2-==2—~ 222 == 1, 485 88d.-: aos» [tse 2- 2= Se SPECIES Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds | Value LON Alba” OS oe) Gt SSE Pe es $258) |Z ee | ee eee 9,180 | $278 iSsUNST Coyne] ceo ee 2 Oe eee me 3) S00! |e. ser el So ees 42, 920 | 4, 336 Carp, German (Garg | See ee | Se ee 178, 380 | 9, 016 Carp, American, or quillback__________--- 5, 700 LO! || Se SS Sos SS es Bae 5, 700 170 (COTM eos ira Ra Ser Parra 21, 500 2,424 | 44,000| $5,432 | 73,730 | 8, 912 Drum, fresh-water, or sheepshead_________ 28, 200 DEC) Vf (is Seek BMG ls De ed a 38, 930 2, 798 SMUT Na es te = ES LE a ee EY ES ee eee eee Beene ee 500 | 20 Paddlefish or spoonbill eat _______________- 340 Faye | amt aaa [alate | Lo 340 | 35 Unis seewes- as yes eee A 550 Fs jal | as Se me ee ge ER 550 | 38 VLG ASG es SPs oe es eae Ee Se eee ae eee ene net 520 | 63 MiG is ee Bee Pon soe Se ee os ee 255, 610 16, 416 44, 000 5, 432 350, 750 25, 666 ! OPERATING UNITS: By STATES AND COUNTIES Illinois: foe Total It H |< | eae ee es County Des Moines} _ Lee Total for lake County County Fishermen: Number | Number | Number | Number | Number LEGA DI Toke eae ee Re ee eee ak a re 24 20 5 25 49 Casuplee eas Se eS eB gt, |e ee oe ee 2 2 6 FRO UE are eee WN ie 2 SE Ns Soe RR ee 28 20 7 27 55 Boats: IWAN 0) ASE Se! oa Ce A RIE Chg Sad | eS Pa 28 20 2 22 50 OF Aaa SE aS ae Se ee ee Ee eee eee 24 20 5 25 49 Apparatus: SRO Shee e Le Se ee eT ee Sa Pe ee ol ee ee ee 5 5 5 To girs, Serio He Bes aie Se SS Ss Bee ee ee ee 1, 450 1, 450 1, 450 TGS Senne Sera ee wee neta a ete} LEA i 22 3 3 6 28 TORE NRE Dae 2 ne A ee ee eee 4 4 4 HVE LS eee et eee ot eng eee eT 720 580 185 765 1, 485 TRASK GISE oF eerie eet des © gs 8) ye bY 623 170 40 210 833 CATCH: By STATES AND COUNTIES Iowa . Illinois: Han- Total for =the cock County Des Moines lake County Lee County Total Pounds | Value\ Pounds| Value | Pownds| Value | Pounds) Value | Pownds| Value Shp soa ee a 7,560 | $227 1,370| $42 250 $9 | 1,620 | $51] 9,180] $278 iButtalorfishsce 5-368 17, 720 | 1,772 | 18,000 | 1,773 | 7, 200 791 | 25,200 | 2,564 | 42,920 | 4, 336 eas Germans tee eS 1) 101, 840 | 5, 100 | 39,500 | 1,977 | 37,040 | 1,939 | 76,540 | 3,916 |178, 380 | 9, 016 arp, American, or quill- Tipo ee ne eee Bei7O0) ha 1170, lose ee 5,700 | 170| 5,700] 170 Cathshiriets ee vt! 51,600 | 6,471 | 15,900 | 1,590 | 6, 280 851 | 22,180 | 2,441 | 73,7380 | 8,912 Drum, fresh-water, or sheepshead Lk ets sets aes 16, 080 | 1,127 | 10,000 711 | 12,850 960 | 22,850 | 1,671 | 38, 930 | 2, 798 DIGITEK Slee UTE DURES SS ee en ee 500 20 500 20 500 20 Paddletishs: 222 as 190 20 150 15) |p Be eee 150 15 340 35 SHrGhi ie) SMe. ben ERO 002 Oana (eee 450 32 100 6 550 38 550 38 VIEGAS G He Ry ee. RR ak oe eee eel Pee 520 63 520 63 520 63 Noteal see ee 194, 990 |14, 717 | 91,070 | 6,310 | 64,690 | 4,639 |155, 760 |10, 949 |350, 750 |25, 666 1048 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Operating unils and catch of Lake Keokuk for various years, 1914 to 1929 Items 1914 1917 1922 1927 1928 1929 OPERATING UNITS Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number Fishermen’ 32-2. oe cena nasosee 105 118 122 102 85 55 Boats: Motot.. 2. < sed eee 36 52 58 70 56 50 Other 2 Se eee 94 80 111 82 70 49 Fishing apparatus: Haul seines..< . 202-615. oS a sanaeens|saamceene= 1 2 3 4 5 Gill nets. 23. 2 eee eee 12 235 26 30" 2a. eee Trammel nets-.>W<2. ase nee eee nee 14 17 A? \oenoses 2 | Soe eee Lines }.... oo ssa--sacccn casein aabeen eo ceteend | Soe tented] a eee (eee 13 28 Fish traps.....-..c2-2 2 ee | See OL} oth ee el 815 7 4 Fyke nets... C2 eae 1, 378 1, 368 1, 301 1, 594 1, 547 1, 485 Dip nets. ....-.-2-2 522-3 5h on [oe ae eon eeaseae pS eee epee ee BasketS_.. 0.0.6 on ode kee oe re | aes ee eee ee eee eee 692 833 SPECIES Pounds Pounds Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds Black ‘bass 202) Me 1 Se eee 4, 163 6; 200 | 2.2 s.2St |S eee Bowin:.. 23) 2 SS eee eee 26.000) --- 2a 14, 055 13, 707 9, 180 Buffalo fishies 222 ee 249, 900 696, 543 | 1138, 946 67, 872 36, 498 42, 920 Carp; Germen?:" 2 5 ee ee 302, 365 762,259 | 276,481 | 291,199 | 281,419 178, 380 Carp, American, or quillback.-_.....--.}-.-.-_-.-- ; O86: = S222 S25 9, 880 11, 467 5, 700 Catfish and bullheads 71, 535 109, 904 | 183,919 140,343 | 163, 576 73, 730 Orappie.. 2. 22252222255. 2 Sees 70 17, 560 13, 770! | 3 2222S Eee ee eee Drum, fresh-water, or sheepshead -_-_---- 26, 860 160, 554 65, 040 27, 538 16, 809 38, 930 Higlb? 2242-2 Ss ye a a a eee] 3, 800 2, 087 Nonausen -ne[ tat ces Se eee Mooneye..:22._.--_-- 2 222i sosonsesascnn sees seen s/t ee ee eee en eee ee 500 Paddlofish. or spoonbill cat2222 = == === eee eee 927 27, 405 1, 249 157 340 Pike (grass) 2. oo) Se ee eS ees Race eee 20 Sava See eee 1) ree | Sees Pikos'ssuger_*): coe Soe no EER ee eee eee 2: 280i (Pea SSS ae |e sa eh al Rn a Sturgeon lake. ia = 3 eb ee See A ee 1, 900 454 |u nwo. 2223) .5 47 pe ce Eee ee ee ee Sturgeon; shovelnose:.<2220 23. 22 ee | ee eee 600) | eee eee a et Dy | Suckers 320. kes a ae eee 4, 640 400) |:262 2 2 tS eee [eS Se ee eee Bonfish } 02 soe 2. ae 50 13, 879 11, 590 13, 5638 14, 161 550 White basse. es ee rn aa earns eae re ce ee | ee ae ee 520 Turtles .2::202. 2232 22. See i LE eee pecrecsbe eel [Poonoslesc 385: |. --5 a Slee ee Motel 332 oa ee a ee 661,135 | 1,800,986 | 701,181 | 566,084 | 537,794 350, 750 if 1 Lines are omitted in 1914, 1917, 1922, and 1927 heeause data on the number were not available. MISSISSIPPI RIVER BETWEEN LAKE PEPIN AND LAKE KEOKUK Statistics of the fisheries of the Mississippi River between Lakes Pepin and Keokuk were obtained for the year 1929 for the first time since they were collected as a part of the complete survey of the Mississippi River and tributaries for 1922. This survey has been made, as were those for Lakes Pepin and Keokuk, primarily to determine the biological and economic effects on the fisheries of this section following the construction of the Keokuk Dam; also, to fore- cast the probable effects of any subsequently constructed dams in this region. Considered according to the value of the catch, German carp was the most important fish taken, accounting for 50 per cent of the catch and 36 per cent of the value of the catch. Buffalofish accounted for 22 per cent of the catch and 25 per cent of the value, and catfish and bullheads accounted for 10 per cent of the catch and 25 per cent of the value. OPERATING UNITS BY GEAR The catch of fishery products in the Mississippi River between Lakes Pepin and Keokuk was taken by 395 regular fishermen, 280 casual fishermen, 294 motor boats, 316 other small boats, 219 haul seines having a combined length of 39,500 yards, 55 gill nets having a length of 7,168 yards, 127 lines, 80 fish traps, 3,648 fyke nets, 2 dip nets, and 524 baskets. — aha alae —— oe i el ee FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1049 CATCH BY GEAR Two types of gear accounted for 90 per cent of the fishery products taken in this region during 1929. First in importance were haul seines which accounted for 57 per cent of the catch and 48 per cent of the value of the catch. Fyke nets ranked next accounting for 33 per cent of the catch and 41 per cent of the value of the catch. OPERATING UNITS BY STATES Iowa ranked foremost in the number of persons fishing in that part of the Mississippi River between Lakes Pepin and Keokuk, account- ing for 44 per cent of the total, Wisconsin ranked second with 28 per cent, Minnesota third, with 19 per cent, and Illinois fourth, with 9 per cent. lowa also ranked first in the number of fishing boats accounting for 49 per cent of the total. Wisconsin followed with 25 per cent. CATCH BY STATES AND COUNTIES The fisheries of the Mississippi River between Lakes Pepin and Keo- kuk were prosecuted in 6 counties in Illinois, 8 in Iowa, 3 in Minne- sota, and 6 in Wisconsin. The fisheries of Iowa accounted for 52 per cent of the total catch and 50 per cent of the total value of the catch, and those in Wisconsin accounted for 29 per cent of the catch and 25 per cent of the value. Allamakee County, in Iowa, was the most important county, accounting for 21 per cent of the catch and 17 per cent of the value of the catch. Fisheries of the Mississippi River between Lake Pepin and Lake Keokuk, 1929 OPERATING UNITS AND CATCH: By GEAR Items Haul seines Gill nets | Lines Fish traps OPERATING UNITS Fishermen: Number Number Number Number TEBE UE Ee Re aoe ee ee eed 262 12 16 24 (EONS GI! 5 ieee peel hee SESE 179 11 | 53 2 SG eee 441 23 69 26 Boats EOL en ae ese 168 12 13 16 OGG es ree St, 174 13 | 58 17 Fishing apparatus___...-_...-._-- 219 55 127 80 Menpths yardssae 5202 Seo. 3 39, 500 7, 1G8i2..« y|-eeeetet sees leon capaese ee eee SPECIES } Pounds | Value ;Pounds| Value ;Pounds| Value | Pounds | Value 1s (Oy gis they SS see eee PSOGOL Ta G6; 796) | s=—= === |-=- 22-22 $16 4, 350 | $204 Butialo fishin tS aes a = 28, 378 | 16,300 | $1,304 | 3,550 285 33,900 | 2,750 CamiGtrmanves. sth ys tears 916, 431 | 47,727 | 29,925 1,496 | 30,448 | 1,531 76, 950 3, 883 Carp, American, or quillback._._| 48,047] 2,399 | 1,900 95 | 100 5 2, 050 108 Catfish and bullheads___________- 97, 351 | 10, 754 825 165 | 15,365 | 3,031 9, 250 1, 848 Drum, fresh-water, orsheepshead_| 149,551 | 9,022 | 2,325 116 | 20,710 | 1,033 4, 688 286 PRICK Erp ieee 2 Weel eee Fe ee ee 450 SSeS | epee 330 | 46 DitinpGaTems tet. eer 1, 190 224 |} 1,000 200 990 190 200 40 Srickprseaeetn cd cess ge 87,585 | 4,364! 1,300 65 | 3,500 175 3, 790 189 TR GbA Eso ees woo) he eS 1, 788, 485 |109, 702 | 53,575 | 3,441 | 75,463 | 6,266 | 135, 508 9, 354 1050 Fisheries of the Mississippi River between Lake Pepin and Lake Keokuk, 1929— Continued U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES OPERATING UNITS AND CATCH: By Grar—Continued le F : Total, exclusive Items Fyke nets Dip nets Baskets of duplication OPERATING UNITS Fishermen: Number Number Number Number IRepulars 22 esac ane ae 208 2 12 395 Casvalich see 2 eee oe OS So. 9 8 hl see a caus oe |e eee ee 280 TOCA seen eee eee 271 2 iG} 675 Boats: Wooton: ts ee casa ites ss ORY Pe ek Oe Le ee Bs BY 11 294 Other.. S62 > fo 5- 5S ees 130 2 8 316 Fishing apparatus__._.......-___- 3, 648 2 524. - > Ol. 23382 ee SPECIES 4 Pounds | Value |Pounds| Value ;Pownds| Value | Pounds | Value Bowfine: Jee 1s ae ae eee ees 1, 000 $24 5 Sie | Oe ee 145, 667 | $7,060 Buflalo ish es = eS ee Pea 631 p24 OSE: 220 eee Ae ae: el es 685, 750 | 57, 703 Garp, '‘Germanbte=42 25 oo aes. 5005404275 6885-4 seal ese 850 $51 |1, 555,008 | 82,376 Carp, American, or quillback____ 28, 200) Fd OLS |= eee Se ee 80, 497 3, 925 Catfish and bullheads___------__- 161, 556 | 34, 053 100 $18 | 31,100 | 7,017 | 315,547 | 56,886 Drum, fresh-water, orsheepshead_| 64,938 | 4,845 530 a 1, 700 188 | 244,442 | 15, 548 Pickorell =.=" 40 so ee ee 100 | 11 BONE Sy 0;,| ee Sere 930 100 Sturgeon’ si.62 7 O- Ae eee e Pee 2, 630 — BY Ria eee ae eee al ee eb SR oe. | 6, 010 1, 027 Sickers food 2 aes bh aco A 7, 818 | 365 30 AE ae 104, 023 5, 159 Pepa! 5. 265 ee ee 1, 050, 483 | 93, 683 710 82 | 33,650 | 7,256 |3, 137,874 | 229, 784 OPERATING UNITS: By STATES AND COUNTIES Tilinois Iowa Items 1 Hen- Jo Rock | White- Allama-| Clay- pea derson |Daviess eas Island side Total kee ton ‘ Y) County| County) ~ Y) County County County} County Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- Fishermen: | ber ber ber ber ber ber ber ber ber ROPUIAR eee ee 12 10 3 35 63 57 34 Castel oleae oe 0 one ee ae Se ae ae Ds Se eee | ea aE 1 19 15 otal 2s sees aes 12 10 3 36 1 2 64 76 49 Boats: : Motor = 3-28. 2 4 10 3 21 1 1 40 41 22 Other - se ae eee 3 4 2 X14 SS ek 1 20 45 24 Apparatus: Hatt seines $5. Ses Ay Peete | Se |e ee 1 12 61 13 Dengtht yards). = mei fede aN ae Pt ag 152267) eee 167 | 2,060 | 10, 166 3, 667 Lines x5. =6 Soe t= Se 8) See 20 | See aes Se ee a eee 26 ||-<0r22 25 | eee Fish traps 2 ee ee ee eee eee nes | eee eee ne | eee 22 16 Fyke nets 402 30 6 760 495 560 Baskets 2.2" i En Pa SE PP 524. |_ 22-32 s ole eee Iowa Minnesota Items © ‘ Du- -_. | Musca- Hous- Clinton Jackson} Louisa : Scott Wabasha buque tine Total ton County County County} County County County County County Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- Fishermen: b ber ber ber ber ber ber ber Number Regulareras - <226 5 24 19 40 4 17 19 214 4 6 Casual Wena Eee i al We rpaateies Ch] eee 4 23 82 1 10 Totals. 92-23 38 19 47 4 21 42 296 5 16 Boats: Motor. 255, 2 eee 13 11 27 2 15 29 160 3 4 Other. :-*. + ieee 14 9 19 3 10 14 138 4 9 Apparatus: Hanl seines!soe- eee ee 7 5 8 1 3 5 103 3 4 Length, yards_-___.__.- 1,002 | 1, 667 1, 469 100 434 835 | 19, 340 500 1, 433 Gill fete. 2... 422 eee Gb) 22> aie | see | Seer | a 1 ne ee Length; yardss22: = 3| LFOOO Te ees ee ee ee ee 1, 000°): == | eee POR fp ee 1p eae, 28 1 Eee | Fae S| eee 15 1 4 MISh GDS. =. -2.. 2 | eee ee 32 6 2 1 | ie Bene 19.5) 2222, 2 eee EyEkometp 2 2 +_ bo 82 171 523 24 140 230 | 2,225 20 6 iO Ets eo. 2 2s 422 SL ee pn Mame or me) ENE | a en ie ~~ — a FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1051 Fisheries of the Mississippi River between Lake Pepin and Lake Keokuk, 1929— Continued OPERATING UNITS AND CATCH: By GrAr—Continued Minnesota— Gontiaca Wisconsin Total Items 1 . for re- . Craw- La Trem- F Winona) , Buffalo Grant | ~ Vernon | -p, gion Total | 6 ford |q Crosse | pealeau Total County County County County County] County County Num- | Num-| Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- | Num- Fishermen ber ber ber ber ber ber ber ber ber ber Ia bE ae ee 18 28 14 15 14 24 6 vA 90 395 ROUSTIO eo tes 86 97 18 21 11 17 6 27 100 280 MOtgie 225-5 -= 104 125 32 36 25 41 12 44 190 675 Boats: | YAO (0) aes Se ea 13 20 10 15 12 24 2 11 74 294 (OH ate) pee eee 58 71 8 20 13 24 5 17 87 316 Apparatus: Haul seines_______- 15 22 10 19 14 23 2 14 82 219 Length, yards___} 2,500 | 4,433 1, 667 3, 167 2, 333 3, 833 333 2, 334 | 13, 667 39, 500 Guillinetss=..-.-=-- 1 115] sy pe a 12 2 10 14 15 53 55 Length, yards___ 667 687i Rees 1, 200 667 1, 667 467 1, 500 5, 501 7, 168 INOS ee Sane 46 51 (io a era) eee Se | St SO 12 15 35 127 PEISEUUET tp eee | Wee ne ae ee il) (ere a el ee 1 80 Fyke nets_-___-_--- 33 O5t (ae ae= 274 189 19) Been 8 88 570 3, 648 LO fo) TAGLAR Se ee Seb ga ae OS Oe ER (eee ees ee ES ee ee 2 EDR aS aa RS SRN ae | a ee Se SS eee een a YT See [ne aol eee ee ee een 524 CATCH: By STATES AND COUNTIES Illinois Species = Henderson Jo Daviess Carroll County County County Mercer County Pounds| Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds Value SLOSS ae en ee aoe nee eer 10, 000 | $1,076 | 5,650 $508 | 2,900 $399 | 49,500 | $4, 545 Senn crennant a. 2. Sere. 23,000 | 2,210 | 44,850 | 2,691 950 61 |102, 900 6, 001 Watfish and bullheads-= 2_-= ==_-_~= 13,000 | 3,523 | 39,750 | 8,699 | 8,000 | 2,047 | 21,150 4, 734 Drum, fresh-water or sheepshead_____ 1, 700 202 | 2,650 290 290 47 | 46, 500 4, 436 PPMTOCON SS oe ete ee See a ea astra sees Seca oot ee es (a eh eS 450 81 CONGUE 2 SR Se eT ee ee 47,700 | 7,011 | 92,900 | 12,188 | 12,140 | 2,554 |220,500 | 19, 797 Illinois Species Rock Island Whiteside Total County County Cee Pounds | Value | Pounds | Value | Pounds Value TEAL ON Sheree ss a= eS ee et 2, 000 $180 3, 000 $270 73, 050 $6, 978 RE An DCG Ae See S~ Oe, SRT Se te 6, 000 420 4, 000 260 | 181, 700 11, 643 Catfish and bullheads______- Boi Gk Be Se Se eee S| Pee 300 | 70 82, 200 19, 073 Drum, fresh-water or sheepshead____________- 100 | ul s00 | 88) 52,040 5, 074 Syme G0 ieeeene: Se se 0 ag ee 2 ress 22 e| pies ee | bs Meese td eet eta | iia ober. 450 81 TMi ee 8,100) 611| 8,100 | 688 | 389,440 | 42,849 Iowa Species Allamakee Clayton Clinton Dubuque Jackson County County County County County Pounds| Value | Pounds Value | Pound’| Value | Pounds) Value Pounds Value La Doyle ee ee 51,476 |$2,.573 | 35,400) |$1, 769) |----- ee 2,150 | $106 | 7,200 | $142 etre vO fShee ees tat Ui 106, 538 | 8,681 | 93,633 | 7,489 | 15,890 |$1, 512 | 42,130 | 3,442 | 92,530 | 8, 294 arp, Germanee. 2 5 2) 333, 608 |16, 678 |175,921 | 8,794 | 41,935 | 2,856 | 81,100 | 4,305 . 132, 350 | 6, 548 Carp, American or quill- Cav ee ee ee 20, 250 | 1,017 | 15, 100 pA || eas i 2, 850 AD) |b ee Catfish and bullheads____- 74, 162 | 5,949 | 28,321 | 5,663 | 9,830 | 2,219 | 9,300 | 1,857 | 24,330 | 4,407 Drum, fresh-water or RHGBDSNOAM = 2-1 2 43, 981 | 2,198 | 14, 496 723 | 1,100 121 | 3,230 223 | 3,140 313 “GR i ES ET a ae ae S| pe UO ee a eee Oe etl | Se ee 280 43 650 57 ee | a oe 200 AQ 2 ese = |S Se 340 SO ee Ee eee 590 69 RMCRCIS ont 26, 949 | 1,347 5, 267 PA I | ae ees ee ee ee 4, 430 221 1, 200 25 FEGtal ee = see tae 657, 164 |38, 483 |368, 138 |25, 453 | 69,095 | 6,758 |145, 470 |10, 339 |261, 990 (19, 855 1052 Fisheries of the Mississippi River between Lake Pepin and Lake Keokuk, 1929— Continued OPERATING UNITS AND CATCH: By crar—Continued U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Iowa Species : Louisa County area Scott County Total Pounds| Value | Pounds| Value |Pownds| Value | Pounds | Value — BOWHN. 222-2) 252 2s an ne Ee ee ot eee | ee ee 96,226 | $4, 590 Buffalo fish—-__- ee Sees 5, 500 $530 | 13, 630 | $1, 267 | 11,805 | $1,027 | 381,656 | 32,242 Carp, German-.--.____- oon 225 51030. 400. 369 | 26,500 | 2,151 | 25,195 | 1,518 | 823,109 | 43, 237 Carp, American or quillback a ee (Ree (cee pay ne en 8 be So ee ee 2 38, 1,913. Catfish and bullheads_--_-----____- 1, 300 258 | 7,880 | 1,762 | 12,890 | 2,631 | 167,913 | 24,728 Drum, fresh-water or sheepshead___| 2, 750 288 | 4,750 522 | 2,300 262 75, 747 4, 650 Pickerelt=-= 22s ee eS ee Be Se eae | eee ee 930 100 Sturgeon 2: 3225.+ 5.3) Sao e 150 24 600 72 | 1,230 201 3, 110 456 Suckers. s-- 322 ee ss ee ee es | ae | epee | Le 50 1 37, 896. 1, 855 TOL 2 Ne ee ee eee 16, 100 1,469 | 53,360 | 5,774 | 53,470 | 5,640 |1, 624, 787 | 113, 771 Minnesota Species panes Hi cree Winona County Total Pounds, Value | Pounds| Value | Pounds| Value | Pownds| Value Bow hnes 2 = a SS so ee Se eee | ee ys $78 | 1,557 $78 | BUnAONOSh 2522 9 oh ee eee 13,050 | $1,044 | 8,500 $680 | 15, 657 1, 253 | 37, 207 2,977 © Garp, German... -_--.. eee ae 25,500 | 1,275 | 12,000 600 | 45,476 | 2,273 | 82,976] 4,148 Carp, American or quillback__---__-_- 2, 050 102, |e Saal Sa 6, 322 316 | 8,372 418 Catfish and bullheads___.---------___ 2, 400 480 | 2, 075 415 | 17,644 | 3,529 | 22,119 | 4,424 Drum, fresh-water or quillback______- 4, 300 215 | 23,800 | 1,190 | 22,980 | 1,149 | 51,080 2, 554 tUrevOn. 224-7 2 8S. 5S one eens soe ea es eee 50 VOW cso sls Soo ae 50 10 Suchkers> <> 265-2 eee ee 950 47 | 6,300 315 | 8,314 415 | 15, 564 vivid Motsih £25 ss Se eT 48,250 | 3,163 | 52,725 | 3,210 |117,950 | 9,013 |218, 925 15, 386 Wisconsin Species ages rare rawfor a Crosse Buffalo County County Grant County County ‘ Pounds) Value | Pounds) Value |Pownds| Value | Pownds| Value Bowin! 3! 5204 3. 26 Se 154 $6 | 18, 630 $931 1, 500 $75: \s_ eee ee Bufialo fish? 2s. ease ee ee 8, 012 640 | 44,700 | 38,576 | 70,600 | 5,648 | 26,000 | $2,080 Carp, Gefmian= no fe ee 76,055 | 3,803 |161,000 | 8,050 | 56,500 | 2,825 | 61,500 3, 075 Carp, American or quillbacke= "3 22s)2- = |e ee 16, 875 743 | 6,100 304 | 2,650 132 Catfish and bullheads___--------.--_- 8,140 | 1,628 | 14,600 | 2,920; 5,400] 1,080; 1,575 315 Drum, fresh-water or quillback_-__--_-- 5, 600 280 | 22,250 | 1,104 4,725 236 | 4,700 235 Suckers 32.3 Se SS SS 12, 988 649 | 15, 300 765 | 2,025 101 | 2,950 147 Totals cai. $s eee eee 110,949 | 7,006 |293,355 | 18,089 146,850 | 10,269 | 99,375 | 5, 984 Wisconsin Species , Total for region Tr poeta Vernon County Total Pounds| Value| Pounds| Value | Pounds) Value | Pounds Bowl: ..-3222-3-5 eee 1, 000 $50 | 26,600 | $1,330 | 47, 884 2,392 | 145, 667 Buffalo fish: 2 Ae Sees Cocca. sae 2,525 | 202 | 42,000} 3,360 |193, 837 | 15,506 | 685, 750 Carp, German. 22. > ae 12, 768 638 | 99,500 | 4,975 |467,323 | 23,366 |1, 555, 008 Carp, American or quillback_____-_- 3, 000 150 | 5,300 265 | 33,925 | 1,594 80, 497 Catfish and bullheads__.._.-------_- 2, 800 560 | 10,700 | 2,140 | 48,215 | 8,643 | 315, 547 Drum, fresh-water or quillback_____- 1, 900 95 | 26,400 | 1,320 | 65,575 | 3,270 | 244,442 Pickerel == 2-52. Sae eee ee et oe EE eee oS Ee ae ee Pe 930 Bptgedn 42... 2)... tee 1, 300 260 | 1,100 220 | 2,400 480 6, 010 DHOKETS.. oon i cee ee 700 35 | 16,600 830 | 50,563 | 2,527 | 104,023 Totals fect oye op eae 25,993 | 1,990 |228, 200 | 14,440 |904, 722 | 57,778 |3, 137, 874 FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1053 FISHERIES OF ALASKA, 1929 Statistics for the fisheries of Alaska are collected and compiled by the Alaska division of the bureau. A summary of these statistics appears herewith. For the detailed figures the reader is referred to Alaska Fishery and Fur-seal Industries in 1929, by Ward T. Bower, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1086. The fisheries of Alaska during 1929 employed 29,283 persons, of whom 10,921 were fishermen, 16,646 were employed in the wholesale and manufacturing industries, and 1,716 in transporting fishery products. The catch in the round weight, exclusive of whales, amounted to 642,498,047 pounds, valued at $16,582,219. The round weight of whales could not be determined, but their products amounted to 8,925,189 pounds, valued at $502,081. Of the total catch, exclu- sive of whales, 442,601,784 pounds, valued at $10,843,836, consisted of salmon; 197,887,987 pounds, valued at $5,621,157, consisted of other fish; and 2,008,276 pounds, valued at $117,226, consisted of shellfish. There were 262 establishments (exclusive of duplication) engaged in the fisheries trade in Alaska in 1929. Of these, 158 canned fish, MILLIONS OF POUNDS PRODUCT wt mee ees 50 200 250 300 350 400 4 Se aes a es ee Bed SALMON HERRING HALIBUT ALL OTHER FIGURE 29.—Yield of principal fishery products in Alaska, 1929 103 cured fish, 23 manufactured by-products, and 42 handled fresh -and frozen fishery products. The output of these establishments amounted to 387,593,551 pounds, valued at $50,795,819. The salmon industry was by far the most important and produced 272,244,435 pounds of products, valued at $42,524,845. In value, the halibut industry was next in ‘importance and produced 37,456,998 pounds of products, valued at $4,422,605. The herring, industry ranked third and _ produced 66,577,749 pounds of products, valued at $2,794,084. Of the re- ender, whale, clam, and shrimp products were most important in value. . In considering the wholesale and manufacturing industries sepa- rately, the canning industry ranked foremost and produced 258,120,- 063 pounds of fishery products, valued at $40,673,061. In value, fresh fish ranked second, producing 34,179,433 pounds of products, valued at $3,810,010. The by-products industry was third, with products amounting to 61,685,269 pounds, valued at $2,714,674; the cured-fish industry was fourth, with an output of 14,369,167 pounds, valued at $2,038,136; and the frozen-fish industry fifth, accounting for the remainder of the products, amounting to 19,239,619 pounds, valued at $1,559,938. 1054 Fisheries of U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Alecia 1929 SUMMARY: By pistRIcTs Items PERSONS ENGAGED In fishing. >< - <--2. 2 ~=— e522 oS eee eee In transporting —— = 2-205 fe aa ee In wholesale and manufacturing industries_____-__- V OSSA1S FISHIN PS os ee a sk ee ee ee ae Boats hshinig 2 Sa eee ee ee eee Vessels transporting 2-36 ss) es Scows, houseboats, pile drivers, ete___-----.-------- Items PERSONS ENGAGED Number Int fisha ini 552 > oS ee eh eee ee Pee eee Ss O25 |S cet eeeeee Tn transponbingse ce ene ee ee eee TAQE IES Scene In wholesale and manufacturing industries________- 1, 20 | bate M4 hye) 2) Bano ae ee Ad. et Bh a oe he ee 8, 291 CRAFT EMPLOYED j Vessels fishing *. = 36. Te ee ee ee 24 Boats fishing._________ 1, 334 Vessels transporting 83 Scows, houseboats, pile drivers, ete.......-_-______- . 224 Total 2. noe 52 ee ee es Eee eee 1, 665 CATCH e Fish: Pounds Saltnon toon nck .8 es hae a ee ee eee 121, 977, 189 | $3,093,025 | 442, 601, 784 Others! soe, ae ee Pee ae ee 8, 227, 738 61, 708 197, 887, 987 Shellfish’ 32. -.222a:, is 2b Se eae) bei a eee Ein a | See eee 2, 008, 276 Total? see ec, re ee 130, 204,927 | 3,154,733 | 642, 498, 047 Number Number Whales... 35. Je5 ee ee ee ees LOO S22 ees 385 Wholesale and manufacturing establishments--.---| © == 48 |__-------__- 262 | | 206,399, 515 | 22, 148, 196 4, 644, 125 Western Alaska 112, 744, 994 Southeast Alaska Central Alaska Number Number 5 AOU seek: eee 920) G3 5 2 68 (6r za ee 13;,216))|.---=-<-----||, 99 « Gn 649 [2 --2-e deel 9 6 2,481 }20°_ |) 60a ee 1GL xaee Sore eee 423. |2-------.£..|- - > -852)/2e 3, 744 | 22...----.24). > 42,160) a Pounds Value Pounds 158, 029, 872 | $3, 941,662 | 167, 594, 723 175, 748, 141 5, 285, 980 18, 912, 108 1, 054, 498 53, 874 953, 778 329, 832,511 | 9,281,516 | 182, 460, 609 Number Number Sale Ee Bd oT Fea a 225 |_-2 eee 103) |= See lll | i] Pounds Pounds 112, 502, 402 | 15, 457, 493 101, 128, 757 57, 062, 696 | 2,191, 258 3, 965, 351 35, 671,973 | 4, 238, 872 heey, 68,656 | 8, 281. 472, 095 5, 166 460 39, 798 Woe: 497,750 | 200,312. 78, 519 132, 190 --------- FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1055 Fisheries of Alaska, 1929—Continued SUMMARY: By pistricts—Continued Items Western Alaska | Total | PRODUCTS AS PREPARED FOR MARKET Pounds Value | Pounds | Value BEEP OT = saG Soe oo aa seaweed coo ta ewe osnalanclane 58, 618, 276 |$12, 129,506 | 272, 244,485 | $42, 524, 845 AR A 5a ee ee ee eee 5, 549, 702 448,664 | 66,577,749 2, 794, 084 PERLE ee ees ete en eee sat oe rac oa an ue cacsueeawea|senecosrea-ao-|-sassenpaeae 37, 456,998 |. 4,422, 605 OL ante es eS Oe ee ee! ee ee ee oe ae 713, 838 | 39, 756 TSE ees eee oe ee sn SceSesee|Lesodesanecce=|sencte-sess- 97, 125 | 11, 259: BERRIBTIR See ie Sew Set 2 Re eee 8 a8 o - Sais SaScanc|-owaconecaasas|sasaccccacs= 472,095 | 22, 706 OS oe see Seb oe a sd Bs Se oe ee Pena eee 5, 166 | 533 Oe ESL Sp eS Se ee ee eee eee ee eens 460 9 ©) Shani teta (a lags SPR Re SS ee er ee a ey (ee 39, 798 1, 108 ener mera raeer eer een c et ee ONC Eo eek fen |va escaesenss-|S-acoss-55—- | 352, 239 | 203, 656 Tee ee eee ee a Sees Re So na Bey oan (nom ceece se esse|saseS-sasee> | 497, 750 | 200, 312: SD Cee ees Geet RM oe oo a a coe Pek wassnap sos |acencesecese 210, 709 | 72, 865 Oe ee rn 4, 281, 064 235, 860 8, 925, 189 | 502, 081 SUNG REN pees ie ete ee 68, 449, 042 | 12,814,080 | 387, 593, 551 | 50, 795, 819° OPERATING UNITS: By pistTRicts South-| Cen- | West- South-| Cen- | West- Items east | tral ern | Total Items east | tral ern | Total Alaska) Alaska] Alaska Alaska Alaska) Alaska No. No. No. No. Apparatus—Con. No. | No. No. No. mishermen....---=-.- 5,420} 2,476) 3,025) 10,921 || Wiheelst 22522328 |le43 = |WPaccewe 246 246 Vessels fishing: Lines— MUGEN ees = sos 1 3 4 8 Hand lines Net tonnage- 7 207 340 617 (cod fish- MFotor === 22 2522- 648 58 20 726 Gry) ose ees ee eet Ot eee oR Net tonnage-| 10, 596 843 553} 11, 992 Trawl lines Boats fishing: (cod fish- 10) Se re 1,148 657 56) 1,861 Chek a eee) ay gV eereeeae, 44 (OG rr 1, 333 948) 1,278) 3,559 Troll lines Apparatus: (salmon Brass) sae = — 444 268 2 714 fishery)--. | 3,386 ys eeetaes 3, 390 Purse seines_---- 527 159 17 703 Skates of Mwards2s a22 184, 126) 32,740) 7, 560 224, 426 lines (hali- Haul seines__---- 5 166 5 176 but fish- Yards» 28-22 1, 000) 38, 298 580} 39, 878 @LY) =--22=- p50 sees 22a eee 7, 150 Gill nets2=._ +... 321) 1,808) 2,096). 4, 225 CrabMots==.=.-- 340 400 ce eee 740 mards*. =~. c= 50, 960/196, 060|340, 300 587, 320 Herring pounds-_- 9 5 6 20 Beam trawls----- | eee os Eee 9 |! CATCH: BY DISTRICTS [Estimated round weight and value to fishermen] Items Southeast Alaska Central Alaska FISH Salmon: Pounds Value Pounds Value RO OHO LON SUV Cl i= ssesske es osecssseeacesccsece= 10, 947, 536 $272, 831 6, 085, 952 $140, 601 23, 642, 145 406, 901 45, 944, 640 676, 101 96, 133, 374 | 2, 388, 518 73, 977, 864 1, 591, 284 8, 935, 620 380, 583 2, 846, 120 135, 870 13, 371, 197 492, 829 38, 740, 147 1, 265, 293. 135, 262, 853 | 1,014, 471 9, 615, 161 72, 114 39, 635,526 | 4, 238,872 |" 1, 983, 361 183, 733- ee ee NE oes 2, 277, 945 14, 644 37, 749 48, 071 694, 257 7, 749 708 61, 228 328,778,013 | 9,227,642 | 181, 506, 831 4, 082, 61& 149, 498 13, 812 249, 330 22, 62E 905, 000 AOS OG28 | Eee ee eee | emer rere 1, 054, 498 58, 874 953, 778 63, 352 329, 832,511 | 9,281,516 | 182,460,609 | 4, 145, 970 6881—13——_23 1056 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Fisheries of Alaska, 1929—-Continued CATCH: By pDistricts—Continued {Estimated round weight and value to fisherman] Items Salmon: Coho or silver Chum or keta Pink or humpback King or spring Red or sockeye ‘Trout: Dolly Varden Steelhead Sablefisht === Smelt Rockiishes-2242—"-—"— ‘ ‘Lingcod ” Shrimp Notr.—In addition to the above statistics, 385 whales were taken in Alaskan waters. The round weight and value to fishermen can not be determined, but the products amounted to 8,925,189 pounds, valued at Western Alaska Total Pounds Value Pounds 244, 104 $5, 162 17, 277, 592 14, 965, 002 135, 534 84, 551, 787 356, 688 4,519 170, 467, 926 3, 406, 720 72, 404 15, 188, 460 103, 004, 675 2, 875, 406 155, 116, 019 8, 227, 61, 708 153, 105, 752 41, 618, 887 2, 277, 945 73, 390 48, 071 694, 257 7, 749 708 61, 228 130, 204,927 | 3, 154, 733 640, 489, 771 16, 464, 993 398, 828 36, 433 905, 000 40, 062. 104, 448 40, 731 BP eee | Wee) eee 2, 008, 276 117, 226 130, 204, 927 38, 154, 733 642, 498, 047 16, 582, 219 $502,081. { Industries related to the fisheries of Alaska, 1929 ‘TRANSPORTING a es South-| Cen- | West- South-| Cen- | West- 4 Items east | tral ern | Total Items east tral ern | Total Alaska! Alaska| Alaska Alaska|Alaska| Alaska : ets: ae Persons engaged ----- 920 656 140 | 1,716 || Vessels transport- Vessels transporting: ing—Continued. Steam: 5225.2" 2 3 19 24 Scows, house- Net tonnage_| 128 | 5,530 |26,757 | 32,415 boats, pile dri- Motor: -22=====- 189 138 63 390 verse StG.=22 = = 423 352 224 999 Net tonnage-_| 6,594 | 3,903 | 3, 764 | 14, 261 Sallie oooh ee bese 1 1 2 Net tonnage-|------- 1,590 | 1,965 | 3,555 PL ee ek ahead WHOLESALE AND PREPARED PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS TRADES ee _EEEEEST GEERT et Persons engaged Establishments: Handling fresh and frozen fish Ouritigifislie es sone = eee eee renee ee ee Canning fish Manufacturing by-products Total (exclusive of duplication) eee Items Southeast) Central | Western Alaska Alaska | Alaska Total Number | Number | Number | Number 6, 876 4, 644 5, 126 16, 646 — ee Scenee 36 a ee oe 42° 42 45 16 103 59 70 29 ; LO ee ee 14 8 if 23° 28 ee 108 lll 43 262, FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1057 Industries related to the fisheries of Alaska, 1929—Continued PRODUCTS AS PREPARED FOR MARKET FROZEN almon (all species) Herring (for bait) Herring (for food) Halibut Re ierieres eee ay tk ee Pe ee piel OGreatperys gute 7p boot es ere) hee ee Dried, smoked, and dry salted erring: Pickled (for food)— M4 ~ COLGINGUT Gatien sap eee ee tree Cod: SESVESA POC sees oe ete ee ee Eee RRO Cis he see shee et * SS Cae ae Mim oor ketare. yt n= ai ee gtk OM Dima DbACk oo Seer a eee AIA OS OL SPIN = sah) eee 460 th eee eee See ea 13, 400 S16. |e ee | eee eee 70, 979 26, 870 117, 140 44, 513 7, 540 754 15, 050 728 497, 750 2007812" |R ae etna =| eee e eee 33, 563, 243 3, 754, 156 616, 190 55, 854 4, 390, 289 428, 348 4, 880 270 4, 352, 495 34, 729 23, 600 590 47, 200 Tal Gale eee see ee | en | ee 7, 988, 602 879, 655 1, 782, 025. 183, 283 26, 116 2,078 22,077 1, 958 462, 174 PPO Ne | embane, Sagae DeArs ame tay TI 1, 286 PAT |. SS ee 2 | ate Sy 26, 398 AE hc li laa gk | aT 17, 294, 560 1, 369, 288 1, 832, 582 186, 101 4, 318, 400 1, 200, 147 228, 800 41,576 77, 800 8, 040 272, 300 35, 963 3, 123 165 2, 300 345 1, 244, 250 88, 609 200, 250 13, 660 91, 165 Ey ( 0S" sees etal PSR ae 9, 200 TROUT Staak eee 2a ete ery ee Rene ee | eee eee 704, 538 38, 306 ee Be ee ee ee 8, 700 1, 370 oer MELE SS SGN 22 ree oe 600 80 5, 600 420) \|b22 = sa ses aa eee ee 5, 749, 538 1, 304, 094 1, 417, 488 131, 300 4, 696, 656 755, 176 3, 423, 840 529, 130 13, 858, 256 1, 573, 384 23, 893, 152 2, 645, 877 74, 045, 520 9, 330, 206 49, 231, 296 6, 231, 430 336, 000 86, 378 1, 711, 728 495, 686 7, 821, 696 1, 915, 377 21, 796, 128 4, 935, 862 192 20. ae Th a ye ee. 352, 239 203, 656 100, 258, 128 13, 660, 521 100, 408, 575 15, 041, 661 1, 245, 200 31, 364 401, 970 10, 049 elias $e gt Ee 1, 352, 000 35, 015 23, 872, 093 691, 484 1, 627, 161 42, 762 414, 450 20, 535 140, 363 9, 358 23, 402, 303 1, 316, 754 1, 656, 540 90, 287 (en ae ee ae co 3, 200, 250 226, 706 es aces | Raree 91, 875 4, 500 48, 934, 046 2, 060, 137 8, 470, 159 418, 677 206, 399, 515 22, 148, 16 112, 744, 994 15, 833, 593 1058 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Industries related to the fisheries of Alaska, 1929—Continued PRODUCTS AS PREPARED FOR MARKET—Continued Items Western Alaska Total FRESH Pounds Value Pounds Value Salmon’ (all Species) s-os-c css ccoee cee an oe ee eee oe ee ee | ae ae ee 1, 212, 012 $110, 673 Herring (for ball) <2. 20 S22. oe a ee ee ee eee 4, 501, 790 58, 416 Halibut. =o tones eo ae a ES 2 ee ee ee | Sea 27, 686, 371 3, 359, 667 TTOU fs ooo one ook nono canacanneeeetende eu eenane |eceae se eeenen | aenseneeneee F | 7, 203 Sablofishz2: i232 Sst ose aes A ee | a | 4,321 | 157em Smelt 2 522 ae ES Ee ee eee 3, 880 | 392 WRecktishes 22a nn eel 3 oe ee 460 9 “TARE COG). 32 ooo See wee eS ee | eee 13, 400 316 Crabs: MiG Steen ooo conn SS eee es ee | ae 188, 119 71, 383 Whole in shelle <2 -= 3. Tae a ne a 22, 590 1, 482 Shrimp, cooked 2##23. <= 2 set a ee | Lae ae eens | ee ee eee 497, 750 200, 312 Total... soc ech acsccancemanseanucesacbenccanelenoae coe ste ee | See eee 34, 179, 483 |. 3,810,010 FROZEN Salmon. (all spevies)'2c2 2s eo a Se 8 ee oe are ee ee | eee en 4, 395, 169 428, 618 Herring (for bait) _.___- eS A Se SS 43, 000 $1, 075 4, 419, 095 36, 394 Herring: Gor: food) 2s 22-02 See Se ae 69, 477 3, 474 116, 677 4, 890 Hoalibut.22222~ 525 ese ee ae ae ae 2 eB eas | ie ee eee 9, 770, 627 1, 062, 938 Prout. 5: =. Voss Pee es ee ae ee as eee 48, 193 4,036 Sablefish. 22 otras Se oe OE Pe ee a Lee 462, 174 22,129 © Smelt. 2222220 setae oe ee a ee a ee ee 1, 286 141 COIN ECOG es ed a ek ee ee 26, 398 792 TOUR Se ia oe ee eee 12, 477 4, 549 19, 239, 619 1, 559, 938 CURED Salmon: Mild: cored -22. 2222-32 Rs Oe ER ee ee ee |e eee 4, 547, 200 1, 241, 723 Pickled? tse < =. Se eS eee 331, 300 29, 017 681, 400 73, 020 a Dried, smoked) and dry salted: = 22 2s2s sees 1, 438, 616 129, 610 1, 439, 039 130, 120 erring Pickled (for food)— Scotch’ ctire2 S20 222 2 265s eee Fe 5, 100, 625 425, 115 6, 545, 125 527, 384 Norwegiswacnre: 2252S tes a 37, 400 3, 500 128, 565 9, 203 ae eae ee a ee ae ee ne eee 149, 200 7,500 149, 200 7, 500 Spiced sie oo es 3 ee 2 ee 9, 200 1,010 6 py salted e222 2 8 Or ee eee 150, 000 8, 000 150, 000 8, 000 od Dry salted s 22 es nncnshi css steel eS | ee eee SS 704, 538 38, 306 pinek cele ee ee ss een Kee Cee et ee ne 8, 700 1,370 HUGS! soso ee a eS | eee 600 80 Sablensts PICK 60s sas oo oc co concen ee ee | er | Dee eee 5, 600 420 TOtal See oo aeee en see eee cece ee eee 7, 202, 141 602, 742 14, 369, 167 2, 038, 136 CANNED Salmon: Coho: or all veres=== oo eee ee ee 133, 392 20, 151 8, 253, 888 1, 304, 457 Chum; or ketase se 3, 645, 168 402, 090 41, 496, 576 4, 621, 351 Pink, or humpback 162, 720 17,720 | 123,439,536 | 15,579,356 King, or springs.-:--_-2-2 1, 413, 408 277, 732 3, 461, 136 859, 796 Red, or sockeye... -.-.-...-..- 51, 498, 672 11, 253, 186 81,116,496 | 18,104,425 — rout 82. sts aeak e eeea S e eeeeee 192 20° Clarrigeen oe = ihe eS ee aes Pn ee eS ee | et | 352, 239 203, 656 ‘Total 2. > nes ee ee oe ee ee ee 56, 853, 360 11, 970, 879 | 258,120,063 | 40,673, 061 BY-PRODUCTS : Fertilizer: ‘ Salmons Aes: os ae a ies es ee | ee ee ee 1, 647, 170 41,413 Wihale_ 222) 2ee eS ee eee 1, 270, 000 33, 575 2, 622, 000 68, 590 Meal: Herring: =2 =" 2 3 ea re Ses ee ee eee eee 25, 499, 254 734, 246 Wihalshone. 52"... eens oe Wee 16, 000 800 16, 000 800 ae whale'medti 225. [hes tee. ae 36, 314 1,500 36, 314 af 500 ui: Salmon. 22250 = 2225. oe Se sae ee | ee ee |e 654, 813 29, 893 HLOIring. 22s 2 a a ee ee ee ee eee 25, 058, 843 i 407, 041 Whales <2 toc ee nS re ee ee 2, 692, 500 186, 685 5, 892, 750 413, 391 Sper. 2 ee eee 266, 250 13, 300 358, 125 al /- 800. ; Total. 4. cccneenieeSe tng teee see eeeeee ae 4, 281, 064 235,860 | 61,685,269 | 2, 714, 674 Grand totals: eee 68, 449, 042 12, 814,030 | 387,593,551 | 50,795, 819 Alaska ports. — Note.—Halibut srttitors include all taken by the Alaska fleet, some of which were landed at other than The total landings in Alaska in 1929 amounted ‘to 13,841,874 pounds, valued at $1,424, 623° (including 8,000 pounds, valued at $1,000, landed by Canadian vessels), as “compared with 9,805,000 pounds, valued at $757, 000 in 1928. 3) 4 ie FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1059 Industries related to the fisheries of Alaska, 1929—Continued SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE SHOWING THE PACK OF CANNED PRODUCTS IN “STANDARD CASES”! Items Southeast Alaska Central Alaska Salmon: Cases Value Cases Value Coho, or silver_-_----- 97,847) $755,176) -71,330| $529, 1380 Chum, or keta-_-_----- 290, 797| 1,578,384) 497, 774) 2, 645, 877 Pink, or humpback - -|1, 542, 615) 9, 330, 206)1, 025, 652| 6, 231, 430 King, OPSpring: sc. -.2= 7, 000 86,378} 35, 661 495, 686 P Red, or sockeye------ 162, 952) 1,915,377) 454, 086) 4, 935, 862) ILO sere ce cote eet ee Sie ok te 4 20 (LENS): Sa oe a epee eee 23, 482) 2038, 656 AUG ES (SS Se ae 2, 101, 211/13, 660, 521 /2, 107, 989/15, 041, 661 Western Alaska Total | 2 : Cases Value | Cases Value 2,779| $20,151) 171,956 $1, 304, 457 75,941) 402, 090! 864, 512) 4, 621, 351 3, 390 +7, 720|2, 571, 657 16, 579, 356 29,446) 277, 732 72, 107) 859, 796 1, 072, 889 11, 253, 186}1, 689, 927/18, 104, 425 eee ee 4) 20 Le eta | He Sata! 23,482) 203, 656 '1, 184, 445|L1, 970, 879/5, 393, 645 40, 673, 061 | SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE SHOWING THE OUTPUT OF BY-PRODUCTS IN TONS AND GALLONS Items Southeast Alaska | Central Alaska| Western Alaska Total Quan- Quan- Fertilizer: ; Quantity | Value tity Value tity Value | Quantity | Value IMON Soc sencseas tons... 623 $31, 364 201) $10; 049 Eat [ae 824; $41,413 AVY Piso sete (Ole ee eee 676; 35,015 635} $33, 575 1,311 68, 590 Meal, herring..___.___- dor. 11, 936 691, 484 S14). .42,, 762 noses (Se a- 5. =o 12, 750 734, 246 Wyihalebone-....2---=.. CCDS a SS a faa a Sa (a ee |e ee 2 8 800 8 800 peced Wihalemes ts do sena eee Sh yal oes 2 Sk 18} 1,500 18 1, 500 il: Salmons =---2.-— gallons__ 55, 260 20/'505)| 18;/015|) 19)358|----ene=|a— =a 73, 975 29, 893 ferrin pa en 0_..-| 3, 120,307) 1,316, 754| 220,872] 90, 287|..----=-|-------- 3, 341, 179) 1, 407, 041 Wihale tet - 8 (6 {oP Se ee | Poe ee 426, 700) 226, 706) 359,000 186, 685 785,700} 413,391 Spennsss=-s2esss= (0 0 fe i (ee 12,250} 4,500} 35,500) 138,300 47,750 17, 800 Hippie! ee aha| seen a HOM yy bee ae | 418, 677|-------- Psi #1) [mene ea 2, 714, 674 1 The pack of salmon and trout has been converted to ‘‘standard cases”’ of forty-eight 1-pound cans, and clams to ‘‘standard cases ’”’ of 48 No. 1 5-ounce cans. COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS In order to prevent misunderstanding from the use of common names employed in the tables and discussions, the following list. of common and scientific names is given. Common and scientific names of the commereial fishery products caught in the United States and Alaska Common name as shown in bureau reports Other common names PRI ACOTO2=se= oe 2 Pilewives-- 2=-= 2.---_- 2 2. mumberjack...-=---=---_.--- Anchovies-...--- Wesbsbesa= Reripeltish = 3400 2 ee). IBALTACHOA = seus ess Blue pike Blue runner or hardtail__- TON PAT h nae Branch herring, wall-eyed or big-eyed herring. Biebace: eld herring eee Smallmouth bass Largemouth bass. petlOlaeeee es oS = a eee Pike perch, blue pickerel (Canada)_-_- IRIN CL. - oar eee Scientific names Germo alalunga. Pomolobus pseudoharengus. Pomolobus xstivalis. Seriola sp. Engraulis mordaz. Anchoviella delicatissima. Anchoviella compressa. Pomacanthus arcuatus. Angelichthys isabelita. eae argentea (Pacific coast). Sphyrzna barracuda (Atlantic coast). Micropterus dolomieu. Micropterus salmoides. Pomatomus saltatriz. Stizostedion glaucum. Caranz crysos. Sarda sarda. Euthynnus pelamis. Amia calva. Ictiobus sp. “Sr PNG gL Sea 2] a eee eee ee eee | Ameiurus sp. ¥ 1060 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Common and scientific names of the commercial fishery products caught in the { United States and Alaska—Continued Common name as shown in bureau reports Other common names Scientific names Buttertish-=<==") =< =252="5 Dollarfish#= 23252: Soh eee Poronotus triacanthus. Burboti ee es. fae es Lawyer; ling. 2-2 . Sess" ey A Lota maculosa. Gabig: se b= See eee Coal-fish, crab eater, cobia_...____ -| Rachycentron canadum. Carp;(German): 2 ses 2 2 | Poes l S A n Cyprinus carpio. Matiish. =o. 2505. sto oe | eee ooo ee eee _| Siluride sp. Serge o8 eect epetate See ey anys Ef Ce ee aces eee Scomberomonus regalis. @hubs ota. Ue Soe eee Tullibee in Canada; longjaws, bluefin, | All Leucichthys except artedi (in blackfin in United States. Great Lakes). Ot [7's WA rs RES SRS Herring in Canada Leucichthys artedi (Lake Erie only). Cod Codfish Gadus macrocephalus (Pacific coast), Sane RN Ti eC RTs ODS a AL DO Ae | Gadus callarias (Atlantic coast). Gowtsh= = Pronkhshcvapin= esa eae Ostracion sp. Wihite crappie. <2) 0 Ss. ee eee, Pomozis annularis. Crappie Bick crappie, strawberry bass, calico | Pomozis sparoides. ass. Caranz hippos. Micropogon undulatus. Tautogolabrus adspersus. Brosmius brosme. Salvelinus parkei. Coryphaena hippurus. fresh-water, or | White perch, gaspergou Aplodinotus grunniens. sheepshead. Dram, blsek=- 2-2 a ee ee ee eee Pogonias cromis. Dram, Teds > 2s22--3-52 ss Channel bass, redfish, spotted bass_._.| Sciznops ocellatus. Anguilla rostrata. Fels Leptocephalus conger. eh CEC Se oe Ee ge ee ae ee Gymnothorax mordaz. Gymnothorax moringua. Hulachon: = 328252. 22.-22-2 Canglefish= 222. 2.8 2 ee Thaleichthys pacificus. Plounders=. 222-2 Dabs, blackbacks, lemon sole, winter | Pleuronectidae sp. flounder, summer flounder. Biving fish = 32 52555) 2 ee ee | er eee ee ree Cypsilurus californicus. Frigate mackerel: 20 =) 223 | se eae aoe thazard. Tylosurus sp. Garfish_.--------.---------|--------------------------+------------- Waste: sp. Givzvard shad. 222-2 25_22_ Nanny shad, mud shad_.__----------- Dorosoma cepedianum, Goldfish = Foie 2 ao Hand Merehy - = 2) ter 6 ee Carassius auratus. GOOSefIS oe 32 ee ee ee ee eee eee Lophius piscatorius. Darhsh: 2. oot see eet: eee a Squalus sucklii (Pacific coast). Graylish= 2274354. Ee Spiny idogelo.: 4.5 se re eee Squalus acanthias. Smooth dog 222-2 ne oe ere eee Galeohinus levis. Groen Tish ees ee eee Rudderfish:= =." 2 2 <2 3. eee at Hi adil pinephelus sp. Groupers....--------------|---------------------------------------- cee ae sp. Grunts.-222s 23 s2se ees Mee sailor’s choice (Key | Hemulon sp. . est). Haddocks 22525 2 ee ae ee oe eae eee er eee Melanogrammus aegilfinus. Squirrel hake, Boston hake, ling, black | Urophycis sp. (Atlantic coast). ake: 5-2 32-25 5 os ee hake, mud hake. : Merliccigne 2e- a0. 2 eeen ee eee! Merlucius productus (Pacific coast). Halfmoon 3.325 eo | ee ee ee see Medialuna californiensis. Halibutecat 2 24 Ue oo el a 2 2 Sh a ae Leng one See Hippoglossus hippoglossus. Halibut,"?California 7-2-2520 a- oe. weet eee ee ee eee Paralichthys californicus. Hardhicdd. ject to Ge et a ead oe | cee ees Orthodon microlepidolus. Harvestfishee soos ee Starfish, “pappyfisheoe so ee eoronees Peprilus alepidotus. Porch {Clupea harengus (Atlantic coast). a a a AS OS \ Clupea pallasii (Pacific coast). Hickoryishad .-2=--2-enee Tailor shad <>. 34> = ssh ie Mine ee Pomolobus mediocris. Hog-chokers< = 23-5 | ee OE eee eee Achirus fasciatus. Hogtish 03 ese eee Capitaine, perro perro_..--_-_--------- Lachnolaimus maximus (Florida) Horse mackerel 22-2 ope ae ee Trachurus symmetricus. Jow!ish._ os | ee ee eee ee ee Promicrops itaiara. Kingfish. 22-2 S78 Ae ee ees ee ee eee ee ees Scomberomorus cavalla. Kingfish (California) __-__- Little roncador, croaker--..-.-.------- Genyonemus lineatus. : King whiting? - eee Northern whiting, kingfish, sea mink__| Menticirrhus sp. Lady fiishte oes Ss Bonesh, banandvisne=222-5—= S- seas a eee uo seceae a ORIN eoem ses = aes rest POMpPANO: - 2-222 — = ae eee OB VEN ee oa Sy ig LN I DUEIN@). we Le a Se he cecal ees REOREIOS Ss es eee ee OEP RCS tesa) = Sere t lS ee MOMKTISM -— 252 5-2--a22acS= St Soe Ses Se eee eee Bot PAC kas Se eae = Sa Spearhshiorskimfish_- “=. 2-52. 2-2-s2=2 UGS CME Sets Ye) Oa oer Je eS ee ee halt) 6}: Ce ee On See ee Rock bass..-.------------- Hees Povele-eyes-s- 22... fees seee REIGRHSNOSY So - o ocksend=a-2- =~ 222. ~ 222 =o eee SUIS EONS Re 3 eo Sete ee Se ee ee eee Si) ee IIR CkKgCOd eee ne te ee ee ee Salmon: CMA CTE ATO - 8 SSN Fe ee ee ee Pacific— King, chinook, or | Tyee, Columbia, Sacramento _-------- spring. Hedtan SOCKGy es" | JENIebACKs- == 5-2-5 a= CUGLECCS Cy SEL NTS) S| fe i a a re ee JER sao oR YO ee Noy eel ee SY ee ee ee pink. Chum or keta----- Wargsalmon ==" tases Bese Poe Sail ate 2 70 WOE Re Es 2 a Se ee eee eee Sauger pike EU UTS) ae SS eh |e S f78 e SUR ed 5 ee eee eee Gritty) 5 a eee eS eS a ee Ce ee eee ee Ss UbM oni * DSS. 6 Se ee ee ee ee eee ee eee Scup-------_---.---------- Pua porey, a tae ----------- ack jewfish or black sea bass-------- Sea bass--...--.----------- Bock Seal basso a seaen ee kee eee Sor assavEliige GalitOrnia)| aie se reo ee ee SPD (rote 3 a eee Needlefish, billfish, houndfish_-------- SDT NE Tah. |S eS ee (ee pen ee Ue RR eae ee Bee Slo le eee AN EVI CHT SAG 5 ane So he Sate cel ES ee ee ee ee ee ee SeIGRNSHOMd (SHG WARE) ota ee ee ee te et Se Sheepshead (fresh-water) --| Drum, fresh-water__..---------------- Sheepshead (Pacific coast)-| Redfish, flat head Brbversidesn es a2. 22214. Spearins =. esos es fee Pillwerspereh’) * ---.=--_-_=- Sandiperth. 35. ee s--2 SS STUSE Se At ee ee ee ee eee Cy i a ee Stripediitiiia see. os sates Eero Tt ea eee ee COTEVGN LEIS CARS Se ee eS eens 2 MEINE 2 Se SU a SINS a els ea Snapper, Mangrove----_--- Cita WeSH ADE sos 2 22 ee ee TIE CCL RS A ee ee ee ee ee eee A ae ei as jpRoebalo;, sergeantfish ©2223 7222-2 2-22 2s + lb 2 Ca ee eee [ere eee eae ORR ee Ei Se ee UC) ee ea Spanish mackerel LTT a ee E lL See eee ee ee Lafayette, goody BrernWOSD 22 Sacramento pike Squeteague (gray)___-___-- Gray trout, weakfish, trout----_------- Squeteague (spotted) -____- Spotted weakfish, spotted trout _------ TS ea rr re (aan ie we nc Pee eke Steelhead trout___________ alinOMyETOULSS.. Jose Soe ee eae OS ELL ee as a eee Puriped bass---.........-.- opts LOCC Se aon: See eee) RePREE Caeser ei ea | ne sae sae eeseeeeesn Mugil sp. Fundulus sp. Lutianus analis. Polyodon spathula. Scaride sp. Morone americana. Embiotocid® sp. (Pacifie coast). Perca flavescens. Trachinotus goodei. Esor reticulatus. Esox americanus: Orthopristis chrysopterus. Esor lucius. Sardinia cxrulea. Naucrates ductor. Lagodon rhomboides. Pollachius virens. Apes pete sp. (Atlantic coast). Palometa simillimus (Pacific coast). Calamus sp. Anisotremus virginicus. Carpiodes sp. Notemigonus crysoleucas. | Paralabrax sp. (Pacific coast). | Ambloplites rupestris (Mississippi River and tributaries). Sebestodes sp. (Pacific coast). Sebastes marinus. Anaplopoma fimbria. { Salmo salar (Atlantic coast). Oncorhynchus tschawytscha. Oncorhynchus nerka. Oncorhynchus kisutch. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. Oncorhynchus keta. (See steelhead trout.) Stizostedion canadense. Pristis pectinatus. Mycteroperca phenaz. Cottide sp. Stenotomus chrysops. Stereolepis gigas (Pacific coast). Centropristes striatus (Atlantic coast). Cynoscion nobilis (Pacific coast). Tylosurus sp. | Prionotus sp. Alosa sapidissima. Carcharodon sp.; Mustelus sp.; Car- charhinus sp.; Sphyrna sp. Archosargus probatocephalus. | Aplodinotus grunniens. Pimelometopon pulcher. Menidia sp. Bairdiella chrysura. Raja sp. Sarda chilensis. - | Scomberesox saurus. Nene mordaz (Atlantic coast). Argentinid& sp. (Pacific coast). Lutianus griseus. Lutianus blackfordii. Centropomus undecimalis. | Psettichthys melanostictus (Pacific coast). Chedipterus faber. Scomberomorus maculatus. Pogonichthys macrolepidotus. | Leiostomus ranthurus. Ptychocheilus oregonensis. Cynoscion regalis. Cynoscion nebulosus. Diplectrum formosum. Salmo gairdneri. Dasyatis sp. Roccus lineatus, Acipenser sp. 1062 Common and scientific names of the commercial fishery products caught in the United States and Alaska—Continued Common name as shown | in bureau reports Sturgeon, shovel-nosed Sucker ‘Ten-pounder Thimble-eyed aavereh = ‘Tilefish Tuna Turbot White bass White bait Whitefish Whitefish (Menominee) -- Whiting Wolffish Yellow perch_-_.. Yellow pike___- Yellow fin tuna-.-. Eh Yellowtail____- ee Abalone Clams: Razor (Atlantic) eee (Pacifte) Japanese (introduced) - Periwinkles .| Toad crab U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Other common names Scientific names Bitverkiie.s 22. eae | Blackfish, oysterfish Vilaiiayh wees ia a Ses eee | Blufin tuna, tunny, horse mackerel, leaping tuna. Greenland halibut, American turbot-- White lake bass { Sand clam, soft-shelled OES nanny- nose, maninose, neck. Hardshell crab, bine « crab Dungeness erab isn oMeccisssonesseceee Rock crab, hard erab. Horseshoe crab... Crayfish “Olympia... --is522se5s an: Se .| Stizostedion vitreum. { Scaphirhynchus platorynchus. Catostomide sp. Lepomis sp. Centrarchid® sp. Spheroides maculatus. { Xiphias gladvus. Hepatus sp. Tarpon atlanticus, Tautoga onitis. Elops saurus. Scomber colias. Lopholatilus chamzleonticeps. fate tomcod (Atlantic coast). Microgadus prozimus (Pacific coast). Lobotes surinamensis. Thunnus thynnus. f Reinharditus hippoglossoides. \ Balistes carolinensis. Roccus chrysops. Small fry of any fish. { Coregonus clupeiformis (Great Lakes). Caulolatilus princeps (Pacific coast). Coregonus clupeaformis. Merluccius bilinearis. Anarrhichas lupus. Morone interrupta. : Perca flavescens. | Neothunnus macropterus. Ocyurus chrysurus (Atlantic coast). Seriola dorsalis (Pacific coast). Halotis sp. ( Tivela stultorum (Pacific coast). Venus mercenaria (Atlantie coast). Venus mortoni (Florida coast). Cardium corbis. Mya arenaria. \Vptene 2~Gis Siliqua sp.; Tagelus sp. Siliqua patula. Tivela stultorum (Pacific coast). Strombus sp. Busycon sp. Menippi mercenaria. el sapidus. Ossie Cancer magister (Pacific coast). Cancer irroratus (Atlantic coast). Limulus. FTyas coarctatus. Cambarus sp. (Atlantic coast). Astacus sp. (Pacific coast). Homarus americanus (Atlantic coast). ied e interruptus (Pacific coast). Panulirus argus (Atlantic coast). pve californianus (Pacific coast). Mytilus edulis. Octopus punctatus (Pacific coast). Ostrea elongata, Ostrea lurida (Pacific coast). Ostrea gigas. Littorina sp. Pecten magellanicus. Pecten irradians (Atlantic coast). Pecten xquisulcatus (Pacific coast). Peneus setiferus. Peneus brasiliensis (Atlantic and Gulf coasts). Pandalus sp. (Pacific coast). Pandalopsis sp. (Pacific coast). Crangon sp. (Pacific coast). Gastropoda sp. aaa eae ayruass FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1063 Common and scientific names of the commercial fishery products caught in the ; United States and Alaska—Continued erent Other common names Scientific names | : Loligo opalescens (Pacific coast). - gehen nae beara [enanneecaenenenseenenenensecteneeeeoees AZollgolpbetet Catinxtte coast urtles: SORE Sins SR te Bee a Se ioe eae a ee eee eee eee Chelonia mydas. apy a (Cha a eS Se ene ae ee See Thalassochelys caretta. LS oni ies ay LE a a ee ee ee ee pee | eee Chelonia inbricata. Bnapping =: 2-2 22S: Mud turtle, mossback............-... Chelydra serpentina. Bente Dintee. = 22523 25..5552 Diamond-back terrapin-._----..--.---- Malacoclemmys palustris. EELS So 5 a i a ea a ee Rana sp. BMIRHOIMOSS <8 2c2c205h cok | ASSO he ee ee eee ee Chondrus crispus. eee a ee ee eee Macrocystis sp; Nereocystis sp.; 4 Pelagophycus sp.; Alaria sp. ponges: RAG ViGemeaen =e sale ae yam eet ile Osi iite eu ee BSS Spongia graminea (Hyatt) Euspongia officinalis (L.). BERT ape eae Ie ats lS RE a Se eS ee Fhppospongia equina cerebriformis. Sheepswool..-------.- Oe eee Oso e eo er ee ae ee ee Hippospongia canaliculata gossypina. \OG ae pe a a Ee eee ae ae St: Hipposponiia equina elastica. BETES + ye c eae ese eke Sea cucumber — 2 scee eee oe eee Cucumaris frondosa; Thyone briareus. METHODS USED IN COLLECTING STATISTICS In order that persons using the statistics in this report may judge as to their completeness and authenticity, there follows an outline of the methods employed by the bureau in collecting fishery statistics. It will be noted that several methods are used. Each, in so far as possible, is the most efficient that can be developed to accomplish the desired result with the available personnel. General fishery statistics —The purpose of collecting general fishery statistics is to obtain statistics on the catch of fishery products and its value as landed by the fishermen, the quantity or number of each kind of gear used, the number of fishing boats, the number and net tonnage of fishing and transporting vessels, the number of wholesale establishments, the amount of wages and salaries paid in these estab- lishments, the quantity and value of products prepared, and the number of persons engaged in each phase of the industry. The scope of the coastal surveys includes the commercial fisheries of the oceans, bays, and coastal rivers as far inland as commercial fishing is important. This usually coincides with the range of com- mercial fishing for anadromous species. Statistics of the fisheries of the Mississippi River include the fisheries of the Mississippi River proper, as well as all tributaries wherein commercial fishing for either fish, crustaceans, or mollusks is prosecuted. Statistics of the lake fisheries include those prosecuted in the Great Lakes, adjacent bays, and the international lakes of northern Minnesota, as well as certain rivers having outlets into these waters. General statistics of the fisheries of the United States are not collected each year, but each year statistics are collected for several geographical sections. The aggregate of these statistics for the vari- ous years is taken to represent an average year. In conducting these surveys it is the custom of the bureau to dis- patch agents to the districts to be surveyed early in the calendar year. ‘They obtain statistics on operations during the previous cal- 1064 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES endar year, except that statistics of the oyster fishery are obtained for the season ending in the spring of the following year. The agents conducting these surveys are trained men or recruits working unde the close supervision of trained men. Recruits are permitted to wor individually only after proving a satisfactory aptitude for the wor during their training period. While it is impossible for the few agen available to interview each fisherman in a given locality, the mor important ones are visited and a sufficient number of those of lesse importance are interviewed to obtain reliable information on thei production. In practice, virtually all wholesale firms are visited, a well as captains of fishing vessels (those of 5 net tons or over) and als all the more important shore fishermen and representative small producers. As an aid in locating fishermen, lists of vessel and motor-boat owners are obtained from local customs houses. It is also ofte possible to obtain the names of licensed commercial fishermen an occasionally some statistics of the catch from the various State fishery agencies. In the Great Lakes and Pacific Coast States such exceptional cooperation has been obtained from the State agencies) in recent years that only fragmentary surveys are made by the a to supplement missing data. For the Great Lakes and international lakes of northern Minnell sota the bureau obtains catch statistics and usually the value of the catch direct from the State records. To obtain data on the fisher- men, boats, vessels, and gear the bureau conducts such personal sur-— veys among the fishermen as may be necessary to supplement the State records. Statistics of the wholesale industry have not been obtained since 1922. Annual catch statistics are available since 1913. Agents are stationed at Seattle, Wash., who survey each of the _ Pacific Coast States annually to supplement data that are missing from the State records. In most cases the value of the catch is de- rived from dealers’ records and from estimates of prices. In Wash- ington and Oregon the offshore fisheries are surveyed separately for units of operation, catch, and value of the catch. In almost all other respects the statistics are as collected by the States. Statistics of the wholesale industry for this district are obtained largely by personal interview. The fisheries of Alaska are conducted primarily by large operators, Sworn statements are required from these operators concerning their operations. These are collected and compiled by the Alaska divi- sion of this bureau. Bulletins containing statistics for each district are released following the survey. 3 Atlantic mackerel fishery. —Complete statistics on the catch by the Atlantic mackerel fleet are obtained by combining the figures of those landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me., with those obtained by agents who in recent years have been stationed at other Atlantic ports ‘where mackerel are landed. These agents obtain — data on each fare of mackerel landed, similar to the data ‘obtained on the landings by fishing vessels at the three New England _ ports. Complete statistics of this fishery appear only in the annual reports — of this division, although the landings at the principal New England — ports appear in the monthly and annual bulletins published for thos ports. : FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1065 Pacific halibut fishery.—Statistics of the Pacific halibut fishery are obtained by the bureau’s agent in Seattle, aided by bureau repre- sentatives in Alaska and American consuls in British Columbia. The fleet classification has been arbitrarily applied by including in the “Washington fleet”’ all vessels that land more than half of their catch in that State. All other American vessels of the halibut fleet are included in the Alaska fleet. Monthly and annual statistical bulle- tins are available on this fishery, being published along with the statistics of the landings of fishery products at Seattle, Wash. Shad and alewife fisheries. —Due to the importance of the Hudson: and Potomac Rivers in the production of shad, surveys for statistics: of the catch, value of the catch, and operating ‘units are made annu- ally. On the Potomac River similar statistics also are obtained for the alewife fishery. The surveys are conducted by agents in a man- ner similar to that employed in the collection of general statistics,. except that probably more fishermen are interviewed as ereat care: is exercised to make these canvasses as accurate as possible. The State of New York obtains statistics for the fisheries of the Hudson River that closely parallel those desired by the bureau for this fishery, which alleviates the work on this river. Both Maryland. and Virginia license the shad and alewife fishermen of the Potomac River, which gives a very satisfactory list of fishermen for the agents. surveying this district. Statistics of the shad and alewife fisheries are not published sepa- rately in bulletin form, but a summary of the year’s activities is. published in the annual ‘report of this division. Fisheries of Lakes Pepin and Keokuk.—As a means of ascertaining _ the effect of the Keokuk Dam upon the fisheries of the upper Missis- sippi River, annual statistics of the fisheries of Lakes Pepin and Keokuk are obtained by personal surveys conducted by employees of the bureau at the Fairport (Iowa) biological station. Their methods are like those employed in the general surveys. The sta- tistics are not published in bulletin form, but summaries of produc- tion appear in the annual reports of this division. Fisheries of the Mississippi River.—Statistics of that portion of the Mississippi River lying between Lakes Keokuk and Pepin were ob- tained for the year 1929 for the first time since 1922. These data are collected by representatives of the bureau’s biological station at Fairport, Iowa, and the fish-cultural station at La Crosse, Wis. Statistics covering this production are not available in bulletin form but a summary appears in this report. Statistics of the production of fresh-water mussel shells in the United States also were obtained for the year 1929 for the first time since 1922. These data are collected by questionnaire and personal survey. A summary of the production is published in this report. Fisheries of Lake Okeechobee.—Statistics of the fisheries for Lake Okeechobee were obtained for the first time in 1927 as a part of the general statistical canvass of the Gulf States. Landings at certain important United States ports —Statistics of the landings at the principal New England ports—Boston and Gloucester, Mass., and Portland, Me.—are similarly obtained. An agent is. permanently stationed at each of these ‘ports. His duties include the obtaining of statistics on the quantity of fish landed each day 1066 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES by each fishing vessel, the value of such fish landed, information — concerning the date of departure and arrival of the vessel, and also a list of the grounds from which the fish were taken and the gear used in their capture. These statistics are forwarded to the bureau, where compilations are made. Monthly statistical bulletins are— issued for these landings as well as annual bulletins summarizing the - year’s activities. 4 Statistics of the landings of fish at Seattle, Wash., are collected by the bureau’s agent at that place. Landings are classified as those | made by American fishing vessels and those received by Seattle wholesale dealers: The landings credited to American fishing ves- sels are made by vessels oper ating distinctly as primary fishing units, usually in the offshore fisheries, while those credited as received by wholesale dealers are usually products of the shore fisheries collected mainly from points in Puget Sound and do not include fish received from Alaska or Canada, or landings made by the halibut fleet. Monthly statistical bulletins are issued for these landings as well as annual bulletins summarizing the year’s activities. : Statistics of the combined. landings of fish at New York City and Groton, Conn., are obtained by J. H. Matthews, executive secre-— tary of the Middle Atlantic Fisheries Association. Statements of these landings are forwarded to the bureau, where they are compiled. These statistics have not included the value of the catch. Monthly bulletins including these data are not issued; however, a summary is published her ewith. Statistics of the fishery products handled at the municipal wharf \ Washington, D. C., are reported to the bureau daily by agents o the city “health depar tment. These are compiled on an annual basis, They are not published in bulletin form, but a summary of the year’ s activities is published in the annual report of this division. Canned fishery products and by-products —Beginning in 1921, tall bureau has made annual surveys for statistics of the canned fishery products and by-products industries. These are begun the first week in January of each year for statistics of the production i in the preceding year. The surveys occupy usually 6 to 9 weeks’ time, | During this period agents visit each plant in the United States where there is a production of canned fishery products or by-products, They obtain statistics of the production and value of the production for each commodity. In rare instances, where plants are not easily reached by regular transportation facilities, returns are obtained by mail. Statistics on the production of fresh-water mussel shell products, — which include pearl buttons, crushed shell for poultry feed, lime, cut_ shells, stucco, and colored shell chips used for decorative purposes, — were included in this sur vey for the first time in the data for 1929. The value shown for canned products constitutes the gross amoun received by the packer at the production point, no deductions bein made for commissions or expenses. Statistics of the canned fishery products and by-products produce in Alaska are received on the same sworn statements that includ statistics of the general fisheries. An annual statistical bulletin is issued on this trade. FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1929 1067 Packaged-fish trade—Complete statistics of the annual production and value of fish packaged in the United States are obtained as a part of the survey for statistics of the canned fishery products and by- products industries. These statistics are published in bulletin form annually. Cold-storage holdings of fish.—An arrangement has been made with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Department of Agriculture, whereby statistics of the cold-storage holdings of the various species of fish, by sections of the United States, are furnished to this bureau monthly. Included with statistics of the holdings is a statement of the quantity of the various species of fish frozen and also the holdings of cured fish. Bulletins showing these statistics are issued monthly as well as annually summarizing the year’s activities. Sponge market, Tarpon Springs.—A large proportion of the total output of sponges in Florida is handled through the sponge exchange at Tarpon Springs. In view of this, the bureau has arranged with a representative of the exchange to furnish statistics of the quantity and value of the sponges, by variety classification, handled through it annually. Statistics of the quantity of sponges handled through the exchange are not published in bulletin form, but a summary of the year’s activities is published in the annual reports of this division. Foreign fishery trade——Statistics on the foreign fishery trade are obtained from compilations made by the Bureau of Foreign and Do- mestic Commerce. Statistics of all known fishery products imported or exported are assembled in one table and published annually in the report of this division. STATISTICAL PRACTICES Practices followed in the collection and tabulation of statistics are explained below: Days absent—In computing ‘‘days absent” for vessels landing fares at the various ports, the day of departure and the day of arrival are included; thus, a vessel leaving port on the 8th of the month and pearing on the 15th of the month will be shown as being absent eight ays. Operating units —Operating units as referred to in this document include persons engaged and fishing craft and gear employed. Vessels —The term ‘‘vessels” refers to craft having a capacity of 5 net tons or greater. Percentages.—Percentages are usually shown as whole numbers. Fractions of per cents are dropped if less than five-tenths, and the per- centage is raised to the next higher integer if the fraction is greater than five-tenths. If the fraction is exactly five-tenths, the integer is raised or lowered to make it an even number. Converting—Many of the figures shown in the statistical tables published herewith have been reduced to thousands of pounds or dollars. In making these conversions the largest number from which a group of items is computed is raised or lowered to the nearest thou- sands place. Ifthe number ends in an even 500, the thousands integer is raised or lowered to makeit an even number. ‘The individual items are changed to conform to the total thus obtained. 1068 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Conversion factors.—The principal conversion factors that have been used in this report follow: Alewives: 228 Ulu Att. eet 1 weighs about 3% of 1 pound. @Glams, hard’ -22 32) taste 1 bushel equals about 8 pounds of meat. Clams: solv. 22———- ee 1 bushel equals about 10 pounds of meat. Cod, large, salted______- To convert to fresh-gutted weight multiply by 1. 90. Cod, market, salted_--__-_ To convert to fresh-gutted weight multiply by 1.94. Cod, scrod, salted______- To convert to fresh-gutted weight multiply by 1.98. Crabs, blue (hard and soft) Dg Paiohe We TP ee Rees 1 weighs about 4 of 1 pound. Gusk, salted! ee. Uae To convert to fresh-gutted weight multiply by 1.90. Haddock, large, salted___ To convert to fresh-gutted weight multiply by 2.06. Haddock, scrod, salted___ To convert to fresh-gutted weight multiply by 2.10. Hake, large, salted _-_____ To convert to fresh-gutted weight multiply by 1.90. Hake, small, salted_____-_ To convert to fresh-gutted weight multiply by 1.98. Halibut, salted22_!2 =5 22 To convert to fresh-gutted weight multiply by 2. Herring: salted222 22! To convert to fresh-gutted weight multiply by 1.50. Mackerel, salted___-__--- To convert to fresh-gutted weight multiply by 1.35. Menhaden 2 4._ 305-7 1 weighs about % of 1 pound. Oysters, market and seed_ 1 bushel equals ‘about 7 pounds of meat. Oil (east coast) _-_ __ = 1 gallon weighs about 7.5 pounds. Oil (west coast) ________- 1 gallon weighs about 7.74 pounds. Pollock, salted_____-___- To convert to fresh-gutted weight multiply by 1.90. Heallopsa: see eee 1 bushel equals about 6 pounds of meat. Sponges, dried (Florida): Large wool________- 1 weighs about 2% pounds. Small wool: /)s7Pst 1 weighs about 1 pound. Glove tous ie aa 1 weighs about 1% pounds. RAB cere ok len 1 weighs about 214 pounds. Wie’ & eat EA ees 1 weighs about 1% pounds. Mellow 23: 220 Jee 1 weighs about 1% pounds. Persons wishing to obtain copies of all statistical bulletins issued by the bureau should request to be put on the bureau’s mailing list No. 132 for general statistical bulletins and No. 135 for the monthly cold- storage reports. O PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1929: By Etmer Hiaains Chief, Division of Scientific Inquiry (With the collaboration of investigators) CONTENTS Page RT VON CHD) Btn WEES Re pe et hee a 1070 North and Middle Atlantic fishery investigations________________-_-_-- 1073 OPE ae PEN nip eitmnC ee 2 a eee! Eee ee Tet he AE oe eee 1073 Crathuddoek, andipollociets $souMii uth ois veo teers tweets Beek 1074 Rlmekovelasd etcsts eth oy Pee Yi ifsc. dope yet eeahs 1076 rep abe be ote ets 8 Lk A ot ee 1078 Shore fishery of the Middle Atlantic States______________________- 1079 Independent activities at the Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Ais eipaes meets pri sbeeere. MEL red ke). Vey Sibi eet te te 28. ts OER. MacMillan Labrador and Baffin Land expedition__________________-__- 1081 pouth Atlantic and Gulf fishery investigations_____.._......-_-.-------- 1082 Beaecsisnes diy NGrih Caroling. Sears 8 Let Ree 1082 CU OMED [a TaN) (QV e2 pos 0 Ea IS Ee IAD A 3 oe) ae 8 OL Ss Se 1082 ELEY LY 0S 2 gE ras DE | RR sg Oh Mg es ee ee Sore Se 1083 Activities of the Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Beaufort, N. C____ 1083 TULLE FESS SRP SU 0 FS Yam Ral a IS a Seen a 1085 mea bakes fishery investigations! - 972 fo (be ee 1085 Mimmierem |itisheries i. . iho <2 kts eit Ss (Ue ae Bd A 1085 Pamrrolecicalistmdiese.— lysed fe gy es dip yy. sah be fever pede s) apts 1087 Cagperative survey of hake Hrie!—_ =. = 2 24. 2 Al G. 1087 Ser Mee in aneaneiun lalces: 2/80 Whe 2 ip ee 1089 as ONSTPUPOU RIES ESL Wee ns ol SOT cea NO aie SS ee 1089 Pramgrocical studies 2! 0 irk Sd 2 eS ee Oe Bae 1090 Pacific coast and Alaska fishery investigations_______________________- 1090 J Sy 83 ESTE 1S ROS SR AS 2g arn ee PY 1091 Rimniiaehiver salmon. 2.6 82. 55.8 oo ee eS a 1095 PUTS PCE EL Dis see cee esis eee cee UIE eee rae oes eS eee 1095 ERmMOTR CRAIG 2 = So fre RAEI OU). 2 iy ts) Hee a ae 1096 Conservation of fish by means of screens and ladders_______________-_- 1096 meechuanieainien Sercense = ee fe fe et es ee 1096 mer Wigs noSCLeChSer, 2.8 wos flee. Os Le ee 1097 Pmiecaveness OLsereense+ ae Fett 8) See ti ed a 1098 Ricutlamderses Sal Siiiiiincy) er Pevaw livre “Fer tl nbd. ho ee eM 1101 PCa ISAONS IN LrOUs GUIGUTES (oe =f teed ee ede doe 1102 Rieeding experiments: (22. 5 eS ee ee oe ee 1103 PtceNnPex OerUINeht hs. . ( ee oe ee en ee eee 1104 Perce To DY OUgr: eens sf Fees Fe Lt RE Fe 2 eae 1106 PeeeiPationsian- poh difish culture.» .--22-3-26- loco 2 ed 1106 Investigations in the Upper Mississippi Wild Life and Fish Refuge_____- 1108 Ponto aiaquatienvegetation. 6.) ke 1109 ay LESSER RIT Toa AS ok Tele ge tk kd) el eae lam eines Pe he. 1111 Experimental studies in oyster culture_________.________-_2____-- 1111 Physiology of adult and larval oysters_: 22222. 2.2L 2 esl eeus 1115 POrer OL Oyster DOULOMis= i...) sl. e tt, pe a ee 1117 Paste crOUeraiegt tt) eee ono tek 5 sh en te eee 1119 Saesh-water mussel investigations. .____...__..._.___-____-2L--L-__2_2 1119 1 Appendix XV to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. B.F. Doc. 1096, 1069 1070 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES INTRODUCTION Research activities of the staff of the division of scientific inquiry during 1929 have been directed toward a solution of the original problems facing the Bureau of Fisheries—the estimating of the present supply of fish, the detecting of overfishing, and encouraging the upbuilding of the fisheries. In addition to activities pertaining primarily to the great commercial sea fisheries, important inquiries have been conducted in the field of aquiculture, both as relates to the propagation and culture of inland food and game fishes and to the methods of farming oysters and other mollusks. ; “4 . yy Reet nae eek It may not be apparent at once that all of the bureau’s investiga- tions of the sea fisheries bear directly upon the problems of determin- — ing the supply, of gaging or foretelling its fluctuations in abundance, or in determining methods of so regulating exploitation of these re- sources that a maximum yield of products valuable as food or as ‘aw material for various industries may be maintained. Perhaps the most direct approach to the question of total abundance and variations in annual supply is found in the investigation of the mackerel fisheries of the North Atlantic, where marked progress has been made during the year in analyzing the components of the com- mercial catch and in determining the relative abundance of the various year classes of mackerel population. Such investigations show great promise of practical application in the foretelling of the abundance of future runs of fish and thus supplying information of direct economic value to the fishing fleet and related shore indus- tries, at the same time making it possible to guard against depletion. Similar methods of study, are being applied to the supplies of weak- fish, whiting, scup, butterfish, flounders, etc., that support the exten- sive shore fisheries of the Atlantic coast from southern New England to the Chesapeake Bay. Corresponding to these direct studies of supply on the Atlantic coast are the investigations of the great salmon fisheries of Alaska. Here scientific studies are providing information that is rapidly _ bringing this important source of food within complete control. This promises the ultimate restoration of former abundance and assures the perpetuation of the supply. Of less direct application, but of equal importance to an under- standing of the fisheries, are such studies as the tracing of the course of development from egg to adult in these same species of food fishes and in the many related or competing species preying upon commercial forms or furnishing their food. Of still more remote application, but of even more fundamental importance, 1s the understanding of those factors in the environment that determine the fate of the myriads of fish eggs deposited in the ocean waters ach season. Oceanographical studies recently undertaken dealing with the currents, salinities, temperatures, and other physical and _ chemical phenomena of the ocean waters, as well as the teeming invertebrate life therein contained, all bear ultimately upon fishery — problems and may hold the key to the final understanding and control of variations in the fish supply. In addition to these more theoretical researches studies on prac- tical methods of fishery conservation have been conducted. For ex-— + ample, as a result of extensive experiments in Great Lake waters rec- se Rr itet © PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1929 1071 ommendations have been formulated for improving commercial fish- ing gear in order to avoid undue wastage of immature and undersized ht caught ordinarily along with marketable sizes. In the Pacific Northwest practical methods have been developed for screening the mouths of irrigation ditches and power-diversion canals to pre- vent the tremendous losses of young migrating salmon from follow- ing the downstream currents into the i INV gt ition ditches, or protecting them from injury and destruction by power-house equipment. The prevention of such waste is a positive means of conservation, and progress in these lines is most encouraging. The work of the investigators in aquiculture has continued to yield practical and valuable results. As a culmination of several years’ experiments on trout culture, Document 1061, Care and Diseases of Trout, appeared late in the year. This publication, although based on painstaking scientific work, presents the information of “value to the trout culturist in such simple and practical terms that it has received much enthusiastic praise from fish culturists at home and abroad. Progress has also been made in increasing the production of the warm-water pond fishes, such as largemouth bass and crappie, and in understanding the factors regulating the production of fish food in pond areas. Mollusks, being stationary, are peculiarly adapted to successful farming, and marked improvements have been made by the bureau’s investigators in oyster-cultural methods. These are rapidly being adopted by the oyster producers of both coasts. In fresh- water mussel culture numerous difficulties involved in the method of arti- ficial propagation described in the previous report have been solved, and methods of large-scale production are being developed. As a result of these advances the old method of mussel propagation by the inoculation of stranded fishes in the Mississippi River has been abandoned as being of doubtful efficacy. The prospects for early rehabilitation of the mussel fishery in the upper Mississippi River, however, are uncertain because of the increasing menace of pollution. Plans are under way to give to the problems of river pollution during the coming year the attention that the gravity of the situation warrants. Investigators of the division of scientific inquiry have continued to participate in the activities of the North American Committee on Fishery Investigations, an international body formed for coordinat- ing investigations of the fisheries of the North Atlantic coastal and high sea areas. At a meeting held October 15 and 16, 1929, at Ottawa, Canada, representatives of Canada and the United States were present and gave extensive consideration to problems of fishery investigation of the cod, haddock, mackerel, and other fishes of eco- nomic importance, as well as certain oceanographical investigations of the region having international interest. Attention was given to the possible effect on the fisheries of the proposed damming of Passamaquoddy Bay, a subcommittee being appointed to examine the conditions of that area, to consider the plans of the company pro- posing to develop hydroelectric power, to study all available informa- tion bearing on the predictable effects of the project on the fisheries of the region, ‘and to re eport findings to the two Governments. A meet- ing of this committee was held December 12, 1929. A report was rendered and recommendations offered for a more thorough investi- 1072 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES j gation of the oceanographic and biological conditions affecting the fishery, to be conducted jointly by the two Governments. . During the year 1929, 17 scientific or administrative reports were published under the supervision of the division and as a result of — investigations of its staff. The list of papers follows: Report of Commissioner for 1928. 8°, 27 pp., 11 illus. Document No. 1048. Progress in Biological Inquiries, 1927. By Elmer Higgins. Appendix VI, — Report of Commiss‘oner for 1928. 8°, 51 pp. Document No. 1044. i Natural history and conservation of redfish and other commercial Sciaenids _ on Texas coast. By John C. Pearson. Bulletin, Vol. XLIV, 1928. Royal 8’, 88 pp., 44 illus. Document No. 1046. ; Experiments in marking young chinook salmon on Columbia River, 1916- 1927. By Willis H. Rich and Harlan B. Holmes. Bulletin, Vol. XLIV, 1928, Royal 8°, 52 pp., 24 illus. Document No. 1047. ‘ Coregonid fishes of Great Lakes. By Walter Koelz. Bulletin, Vol. XLIII, — Pt. II, 1927. Royal 8°, 349 pp., 26 illus. Document No. 1048. Shrimp fishery of southeast Alaska. By Frank W. Hynes. Appendix I, Re- — port of Commissioner for 1929. 8°, 20 pp., 8 illus. Document No. 1052. : Life history of the lake herring (Leucichthys artedi le Sueur) of Lake Huron, as revealed by its scales, with critique of scale method. By John Van Oosten. Bulletin, Vol. XLIV, 1928. Royal 8°, 166 pp., 28 illus. Document No. 1053. Investigation of physical conditions controlling spawning of oysters and oc- currence, distribution, and setting of oyster larvze in Milford Harbor, Conn. By Herbert F. Prytherch. Bulletin, Vol. XLIV, 1928. Royal 8°, 77 pp., 32 illus. Document No. 1054. Check list of the fishes and fishlike vertebrates of North and Middle America north of northern boundary of Venezuela and Columbia. By David Starr Jordan, Barton Warren Evermann, and Howard Walton Clark. Report of Commissioner for 1928. Part II, 674 pp., 8°. Document No, 1055. Salmon tagging experiments in Alaska 1927 and 1928. By Willis H. Rich and Frederick G. Morton. Bulletin, Vol. XLV, 1929. Royal 8°, 25 pp., 2 illus. Document No. 1057. Review of weakfishes (Cynoscion) of Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, with description of a new species. By Isaac Ginsburg. Bulletin, Vol. XLV, 1929. Royal 8°, 17 pp., 7 illus. Document No. 1058. Review of experiments on artificial culture of diamond-back terrapin. By Samuel F. Hildebrand. Bulletin, Vol. XLV, 1929. Royal 8°, 48 pp., 14 illus. Document No. 1060. Care and diseases of trout. By H. S. Davis. Appendix 4, Report of Com- missioner for 1929. 8°, 55 pp., 6 illus. Document No. 1061. Keokuk Dam and fisheries of upper Mississippi River. By Robert KE. Coker. sulletin, Vol. XLV, 1929. Royal 8°, 55 pp., 10 illus. Document No, 1068. Oyster industry of Pacific coast of United States. By Paul 8. Galtsoff. Ap- pendix 8, Report of Commissioner for 1929. 8°, 36 pp., 13 illus. Document No. 1066. Condition of razor-clam fishery of Washington. By H. C. McMillin. 8°, 7 pp., 2 illus. Economic Circular No. 64. Oyster bottoms of North Carolina (with bibliography). By Paul §S. Galtsoff and H. R. Seiwell. 8°, 11 pp. Economic Circular No. 66. In addition to these, the following papers were published in other than the bureau’s series: ; = ; Seallop industry of North Carolina. By James $8. Gutsell. Appendix V, : i Influence of certain water conditions, especially dissolved gases, on trout. 3y J. S. Gutsell. Ecology, Vol. X, No. 1, January, 1929, pp. 77-96. Notes on northwest Atlantic sharks and skates, by Henry B. Bigelow and William C. Schroeder. Bulletin, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. LX VIII, No. 5, September, 1928, pp. 239-251, Cambridge. A rare bramid fish (Taractes princeps Johnson) in the northwestern Atlan- tic. By Henry B. Bigelow and William C. Schroeder. Bulletin, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. LXIX, No. 2, February 1929, pp. 41-50, Cambridge. A preliminary report on the growth of the rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque), in two lakes of northern Wisconsin. By Stillman Wright. Transactions, Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, Vol. XXIV, November, 1929, pp. 581-595. ee ees PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1929 1073 As in previous years, the division has again been fortunate in receiving whole-hearted and generous cooperation from various States and private agencies, thus materially increasing its investiga- tions in both extent and effectiveness. Such cooperation, which is gratefully acknowledged, is in most cases mentioned in connection with the various investigations in the following pages. The follow- ing progress reports covering the more important investigations conducted by the division during the calendar year 1929 were pre- pared in the main by the investigators in charge of the various projects. NORTH AND MIDDLE ATLANTIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS Some of the country’s most productive fisheries are prosecuted in the waters along the Atlantic seaboard from Maine to the Virginia capes. Exclusive of shellfish, the annual harvest gives a gross return of nearly $24,000,000 to the commercial fishermen. Initial steps in studies of marine fisheries are to learn the life histories of the fishes themselves, their movements, the specific peculi- arities in birth rate and mortality that regulate their abundance, but investigations soon reach the point where further understanding requires intimate knowledge of the significant physical and biologi- cal conditions in the sea. OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES A consolidation of the several investigating staffs in this area has made it possible to initiate in a small way an oceanographic program in accompaniment with the various fishery investigations. The co- operation of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Uni- versity in providing laboratory and library facilities for the major portion of the staff engaged in these studies has been of prime im- portance in making this arrangement feasible, and the advice of Dr. Henry B. Bigelow, of the museum staff at the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, has been largely responsible for the planning of the oceanographic projects. The bulk of oceanographic observations were made during five cruises of the Albatross IJ in connection with the mackerel investi- gations, the principal object being to estimate the success of mackerel spawning. Two other cruises were made in connection with the cod investigations. The principal object of the trip in February and March, was to determine conditions in the wintering grounds of the codfish off New York and New Jersey. A few observations also re- sulted from a cod-tagging trip to Nantucket Shoals in June. (See Table 1.) As a result, we have temperature and salinity surveys of the waters overlying the continental shelf between Cape Cod .and North Carolina for February, April, and July; zooplankton surveys of surface and deep levels for April, May-June, and July; and sur- face phytoplankton surveys for the same months. In addition, there are two series of collections for the study of diurnal vertical migrations of zooplankton. The fish eggs and larve of these cruises have been partially ex- amined, and the zooplankton of all but the last cruise has been 1074 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES + analyzed in a preliminary way. On January 1, the data on physical oceanography still awaited analysis. ! On the February cruise a series of 370 drift bottles were released — on lines bearing 163° 30’ true from Montauk Point and 130° 30’ true | from New York. The same sets were repeated on the July cruise. Returns from these series have been disappointingly few. Several were picked up on the beaches along the North Carolina coast and a few were returned from southern New England points. Not enough are available to warrant conclusions as to currents in the region. TABLE 1.—Summary of oceanographical work done in conjunction with cod and mackerel investigations, 1929 Tem- perature x ame Collections made -2 | obser- & | vations 3 S ° : s |. |@ . ~~ 7 Dat = General locality 8 3 3 s a 3 = Slo g |x z € leq] »leieola3ie2 = =“ /|39) 2|oSisSicaiso 2 © |23| 8 [ee see ses Oe E Bio) 8\8 |S |azls = gie@ | ele 1% jaa e z Sls | 8/8 jf 18/8 | wm Zin | ain |& IN |N | | es st ——— Feb. 24 to | 20384-, Cape Ann, Mass., to Cape | 37 | 37 |----| 9] 8 |----| 8 | Young fish trawl Mar. 5. 20420 | Henry, Va., and out to the 3 hauls. | continental slope. i Apr. 14. to | 20421-/Montauk Point, LongIsland, | 36 | 35 | 1 | 33 | 33 | 5 | 33 May 18. 20456 | N. Y., to Bodie Island | Light, N. C., and out to continental slope. May 10 to 18_.| 20457-/ No Mans Land, Mass., to | 42 | 1! 41 | 41! 40 |_--_| 33 | Vertical distribu- | 20498 | Bodie Island Light, N. C., tion series at 1 and out to the continental | station,? 5 volu- slope. metric surface hauls.? May 28 to 20499-/ Cape Cod Bay, Mass., to | 44 |----| 44 | 21 | 44 | 12 | 42 | 29 volumetric sur- June 5. | 20542 Cape Henry, Va., and out face hauls.3 to the continental slope. June 12 and 13_| 20543-| Nantucket Shoals_-_--------- £m A ir TR) pee wee ee _---|----| 4 hauls, young fish 20547 | | trawl. Jaly Al: Se 20548-, Cape Cod Bay and offing of | 4| 4 |----| 4] 4 |---- | 20551 Cape Cod. : PE July 13 to | 20552-| Cape Cod Bay to Cape | 47 | 47 |----| 30] 45 | 3 | 46 | Vertical distribu- Aug. 1 | 20959 Henry, Va., and out to the | - | tion series at 1 | continental slope. station; ? 30 volu- metric surface | hauls.3 1 Albatross series. 2 Station was occupied 24 hours, and 4 series of horizontal zooplankton tows were taken at 5 levels. 3 Experimental horizontal zooplankton hauls with current meter registering amount of water passing through mouth of net. 4 Temperatures only. COD, HADDOCK, AND POLLOCK The study of the life history of the cod, which has been in progress since 1923, was continued during 1929 by William C. Schroeder. (a) The tagging of cod off the coast of southern New Jersey from time to time within the period from January 1 to April 8. (b) A hydrographic cruise made by the Albatross IJ from south- ern Massachusetts to Cape Charles, Va., February 24 to March 7. i The field work during the past year included : PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1929 1075 On this trip water samples and temperatures were obtained at all 37 stations that were made; plankton hauls were made at 8 and an otter trawl was used at 3 stations. Drift bottles were set out along 2 lines totaling 180 miles, one of which was off Montauk Point and the other off New York City. (c) A cod-tagging cruise made June 9 to 15, by the A/batross IT, to Nantucket Shoals. S. F. S. Albatross IJ. One of a sample of sea water from a known ‘FIGURE 1.—Oceanographic work aboard the U. ' series of Greene-Bigelow water bottles with a depth is being brought aboard. (dq) A cruise made from September 17 to 28 on a commercial otter trawler to the northeast part of Georges Bank, where speci- mens and data were collected on the cod, haddock, and other fishes. TABLE 2.—A summary of the number of fish tagged from 1923 to 1929 BY SPECIES 1923-1928 1929 | Total ni all de Up a ad le ae Se oa ace 39, 496 1, 169 40, 665 0 ROSE 727i ae RS pS Ee iol ga ee ee ee 4, 799 13 4, 812 MEINERS CAC POU aire OL urge) en ha OP ee ee a | 10, 620 134 | 10, 754 LD DES Sa, Rate es Be ae ee Le ee a eet See aes a eee Bs 54, 915 1, 316 56, 231 BY LOCALITIES Browns Bank and vicinity... D 113t| = ore | 2, 113 MURMPIMITEIBES SYS a Wiehe eek eee ld a i Ng a Pete 2: 002) |= a, | 2, 002 Erenamnshire and Maine... 2 2-2 2 222s abe | 19-581 | Sae ee Sede 19, 581 BER UNISOLLS TOrthor Cape Codecs = ose see 645' |= See | 645 Massachusetts, South on@ape Codiss2 4 es s2tes et i Peet ee 29, 857 848 | 30, 705 ew York and New J RISOGY Ns ee See ary EE ACG fy seas 717 468 | 1, 185 or Sey ae bs eT as ee 54,915 | 1, 316 56, 231 1076 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TABLE 3.—A summary of the number of cod, pollock, and haddock tagged and recaptured during the years 1923-1929, inclusive | Recap- Tagged etiecd Per cent Cad 25 ee a 2 he a eS Se ee eee oe 40, 665 | 2, 667 6.6 Pollock 33 oe ee ee ee ee, eee 4, 812 | 101 2.5 Maddock 3 22 oa- eo et aes Be Ne ee = Oe ee | 10, 754 189 18 Total: 2 82 3 20, AE ee oe, ee ees 56, 231 | 2; 957.) -==. 202 : Data on the haddock and pollock were collected incidental to the cod-tagging operations. So few of the tagged haddock and pollock have been recaptured that very little can be said specifically con-— cerning their migrations. In general it appears that some adult Figure 2.—Tagging a codfish to study its migrations = > haddock and pollock may remain for a year or more in one immediate locality, but both species seem more irregular in their movements than the cod. Apparently a fair proportion of the haddock along the coast of Maine immigrate to the region southeast of Cape Cod (South Channel). Neither the haddock nor the pollock migrate westward from Nantucket Shoals in the fall in such bodies as do the cod, for only an occasional one of either species reaches New Jersey. MACKEREL The year 1929 was of unusual interest in the mackerel investiga- tions. For the past four years the mackerel population had consisted almost entirely of the brood iatched in 1923, and since their peak year in 1926 they had been providing definitely declining catches. The paramount question was whether a new brood would materialize PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1929 1077 to augment the mackerel stock before the 1923 brood was so severely reduced that years of scarcity would ensue. Our 1928 data indicated the survival of a moderate number of mackerel of the 1927 brood but not enough to give assurance of offsetting the decline in the much older 1923 brood. As was expected, the 1929 season witnessed a continued decline in the abundance of mackerel of the 1923 brood. From a catch of about 24,000,000 ? fish in 1926, these declined to a catch of about 12,000,000 fish in 1929. The 1927 brood contributed only 2,000,000 fish. Had the year’s production depended on these two broods, the fishery would have suffered a severe decline. But this was prevented by the appear- ance of an extraordinarily large brood resulting from the 1928 spawning season. So plentiful were mackerel of this brood that even though undesirable commercially because of their small size (about 34-pound each), they nevertheless made up the bulk of catches during the summer and early fall. Their yield totalled more than 21,000,000 mackerel—enough fish to raise the total catch to 44,000,000 pounds, which was just under that of the peak’ year, 1926, and constituted a 40 per cent increase over 1928. The advent of this apparently enormous brood will undoubtedy have profound effects on the abundance of fish, lasting through the next several years. It is the first brood that this investigation has witnessed from its beginning, and the observation of its changes in abundance is almost certain to constitute a distinct contribution to our understanding of the changes in abundance in this fishery. As early as 1928, tentative predictions on the abundance of mackerel were made in advance of the season. The forecasts thus far have proved essentially correct. But the limitations of our knowledge have confined these attempts to general terms and _ provisional qualifications, The attainment of the above-indicated understanding of mackerel fluctuations has resulted from the continuation of the biostatistical study of the fishery carried on jointly by the division of fishery industries and scientific inquiry since 1925. The 1929 work con- tinued under the direction of Oscar E. Sette, assisted by Edward W. Bailey. Most of the observations of mackerel at landing ports were made by Frank E. Firth. Robert A. Goffin collected valuable in- formation on the fishery in the vicinity of Woods Hole and, during a short period early in the season, on the landings of the deep-sea fleet at Cape May, N. J. Field assistants, engaged primarily in the col- lection of data on the pound-net fishery of the middle Atlantic region, also collected considerable data on the lengths of mackerel taken on their stations. Altogether, information was secured as to date, locality, quantity, and other items on 1,430 out of a total of 2,876 fares landed by the offshore fleet. Samples from 971 fares were measured. These, together with 2,734 mackerel measured by pound-net observers, make a total of over 37,000 length measure- ments for the season. Scale samples were taken from 615 mackerel. *The numbers of fish were calculated fiom: (1) The weight of the catch, which is a matter of statistical record; (2) the lengtli composition of the catch, which resulted from _ cur market measurements; and (3) the re.ation of weight to length, which was computed from weight-length data on more than 2,090 mackerel. 1078 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES An important new series of observations was initiated in 1929 when blank books were furnished the captains of mackerel vessels in which to record their daily fishing activities and observations on the mack- ~ erel at sea. Of the 68 distributed we have already received 18 com- plete daily records and 22 extending over part of the season. The splendid cooperation of the vessel captains in keeping these detailed — records under the rigorous conditions at sea has the bureau’s fullest appreciation. These logs have been and will continue to be exceed- ingly useful in supplementing our data on the occurrence of schools of mackerel observed but not ¢: aught, the presence of young mackerel below commercial sizes, and the shifting of schools from one ground to another. In addition they will be of particular value in estimat- ing fishing intensity, for from them we may secure much needed information on periods of enforced idleness due to stormy weather and other modifications of the activities of the fleet. 2 The investigation also included the collection and analysis of sta-_ tistics with regard to the total mackerel catch and the size of the mackerel fleet, “together with other data pertinent to an estimate of — the intensity of fishing. These are to be treated more fully in the report of the division of fishery industries. One of the most obvious problems arising from the phenomenon of age dominance which has been observed in the mackerel fishery is to determine the probable causes for success in some years and — failure in many others. To provide information on this phase of the problem, oceanographic cruises to the mackerel spawning grounds were made during the 1929 season. Four trips were made from : April to July in the waters of the continental shelf between Cape — Cod and North Carolina, and additional stations were occupied at a_ limited number of locations in the offing of Cape Cod and Massa- chusetts Bay. Altogether, 288 stations were occupied during the season. The primary object was to determine the abundance of mackerel eggs spawned in various areas and the relative success of the hatch- ing and survival of larvee. In addition to the townet collections made for this purpose, the usual series of temperatures and salinities at various levels were taken at most of the stations on the April and July cruises. Judging from the examination of only part of the material col- lected on these cruises, mackerel eggs were approximately as abund- ant in 1929 as in the two previous years—the only years of which we have any record. An abundance of newly hatched larve in the hauls of the early June trip indicates a fairly successful hatch; but the scarcity of larger larve in July would make it appear that the 1929 brood was rather less successful in surviving through its early stages than was the 1928 brood, of which some very g eood catches of - large larvee were taken at certain stations off southern New England — in July of 1928. ¥ be Rid SGN SS. I EPS ST Sy >. NEW ENGLAND SMELT Pest? 9 One section of the second report concerning the smelt, by Dr. William C. Kendall, was completed early in the year. This section comprises a synopsis of the classification of the smelts as presented ‘ in the literature and a discussion of the relationship of the nominal species so far as indicated by available data. A second section of — PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1929 1079 same report comprises a consideration of the salt water and fresh water smelts of the east coast of North America. This was begun long before the section just referred to was found necessary for a proper consideration of the smelts of this region. ‘The latter study and the facts revealed by more recently acquired information, ne- cessitated a revision of the entire manuscript. This has been done, but while the problems congerning these smelts can not be regarded as wholly solved, it is believed that the situation is made clearer by the manner of treatment. However , the highly interesting and very important question of the relationship of the * large ” and “small ” forms of smelts of some lakes has been complicated by the receipt from John W. Titcomb, superintendent of the board of fisheries and game of Connecticut, of two similar size classes of marine smelts from Connecticut taken during the breeding runs. The larger form ap- pears to be of about the same sizes as observed in Maine, but those of the smaller class are smaller than any adult marine smelt that have come under observation. This year the two brooks near Freeport, Me., which have been under observation by Doctor Kendall during the breeding season of smelts since 1924, were watched as in previous years, but not quite as constantly. Quite surely, however, not many smelts were caught during the season, as judged by report and observation. From April 4 to May 4. both inclusive, 109 fish constitute the positive records. No fish were observed after May 4. The fact that the weather was generally bad may have affected the runs, but usually iu the past not even a snowstorm would prevent a run. It would appear on the whole that the prediction that the runs would be poor this year was fulfilled. This prediction was based on the facts that the runs of breeding smelts to a great extent are composed of 2-year old fish, as a rule, and that scarcely any smelts appeared in the brooks in 1927. Furthermore, the majority of the fish examined this spring were more than 2 years old. There is evidently a pronounced decline of the smelt fishery, particularly manifested in the Casco Bay region, as evinced by reports from commercial fishermen, landings in the wholesale market of Portland, and observations in the breeding season of smelts. There are several factors which contribute to this decline, two of which are particularly effective—one is the destruction of smelts while ascending brooks to spawn and the other is the tremendous destruction of immature smelts by seining operations during the open season. SHORE FISHERY OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES An investigation of the more important species, including sque- -teague, bluefish, sea bass, scup, butterfish, summer flounders, whiting, and croakers, has been conducted since J uly, 1927, under the direc- tion of R. A. Nesbit. The most serious handicap to acquiring a knowledge of the status of this fishery is the lack of adequate statistical records. In 1928 the bureau provided pound-net fishermen with forms for keeping detailed daily records of their catches. These were continued in 1929, and the number of fishermen voluntarily cooperating increased to a gratifying extent. 1080 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES In order to follow quantitative and qualitative fluctuations in the yield, the sampling of commercial catches begun in 1928 was con- tinued and extended in 1929. More than 100,000 fish of several species were measured and over 6,000 scale su taken at 8 field bases located at Montauk and Fire Island, N. Y.; Long Branch, Seaside Park, Beach Haven, and Wildwood, N. J.; Hampton and Exmore, Va. Excellent progress was made in the analysis of biological data con-- cerning squeteague and scup. With regard to the squeteague, it is probable that the general increase in the 1929 catch over 1928 is due to the entrance of large numbers of the 1926 brood. This dominance may be expected to make itself felt for several years. In order to trace migrations 1,800 squeteague were tagged at Wildwood, N. J., during June, 1929. A few local recaptures were made, all within a few weeks of tagging. Little hope is entertained that additional recaptures will be reported. Data on the scup also indicate the effects of dominance. The 1927 brood, although too small to figure in the commercial catch of 1928, was observed in unusually large numbers in the pound nets, and reappeared as expected in 1929, increasing the average catch per trap nearly fivefold over the 1928 average. This result is the more remarkable because the abundant 1927 brood was spawned in a season of abnormally low yield—-that is, rela- tively very few adults—indicating not only an unusual resistance to fishery strain but also that the number of survivors is to a large extent independent of the number of spawning adults. In order to supplement the general oceanographic program dis- cussed above, two surveys of inshore waters were carried out in 1929. A survey of Delaware Bay, under the direction of Prof. A. E. Parr, was undertaken in cooperation with the Bingham Oceanogr aphic Collection. From the middle of May to the end of September, three cruises were made each week, with additional cruises at longer intervals during October. Several stations were occupied on each cruise, and at each station in addition to plankton or juvenile fish collections, temperature, salinity, and hydrogen-ion concentration were noted. Ficture 10-—Cardboard seed oyster collectors, developed by bureau investigators, showing 1930 set in Long Island Sound they are a few months old it is possible to get a much larger and better shaped year-old oyster than can be grown from sets obtained on shells. The new type collector can be planted directly over the shells and will greatly increase the productivity of such oyster-setting bottoms. NEW ENGLAND Studies in oyster culture in New England, carried out by H. F. Prytherch, were conducted from the he adquarter ‘s established at Mil-— ford, Conn., and extended to Long Island Sound and Great South Bay;-Ne¥; Spawning and setting of oysters in Long Island Sound.—Since— the production of seed oysters in Long Island Sound has been shown PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1929 1145 by previous investigations to depend largely upon climatological and hydrographic conditions in this region, it became evident that addi- tional records and observations would have to be made each year to assist the industry in its oyster cultural operations and to increase our knowledge and understanding of the controlling factors. For this purpose, several cruises were made in cooperation with the State Shellfish Commission of Connecticut and the Connecticut Oyster Farms Co. to secure data as to the temperature and salinity of the water, the abundance of adult oysters, and especially the quantity of spawn which they had developed. The average air temperature dur- ing the spring and early summer months was 4.3° F. above normal, and could be correlated as in previous similar years with the produc- tion of a large quantity of eggs in the reproductive organs of the oys- ter. The summer was exceptional, however, in two respects; that is, the discharge of fresh water from the rivers into Long Island Sound was the lowest that it had been in several decades, and the spawning and setting of oysters was over a month later than usual. Water temperatures were favorable for oyster spawning the latter part of July, which is the usual time; but this event did not take place until nearly the middle of August, when the salinity was reduced by heavy rains on August 11 and 12. The development and setting of the oyster larvee was also greatly retarded and covered a period of over 30 days, which is twice as long as any that had been recorded _ previously. A cruise was made from New Haven Harbor to Black Rock Harbor for the examination of shell plantings, which showed that a light set had occurred on September 14 to 18 and that it was widely dis- tributed over both inshore and offshore beds. GEORGIA In April Dr. R. H. Luce, temporary assistant, made hydrographi- cal observations in tidal rivers near Doboy Island, and collected and examined the spat collectors (brush) which were planted there in the summer of 1928. These observations have shown that oak brush may be used as an excellent spat collector and that the catch of oysters on the larger pieces of brush (8 to 6 centimeters, 114 to 214 inches, in diameter) was decidedly better than on the smaller branches and twigs. Of the brush planted in three different locali- ties in the Doboy Island region, one planting (Duplin River) was very successful, one (North River) failed completely to catch oysters, while the third one (Doboy Island) caught but a small number of spat. An analysis of hydrographical conditions shows that the fail- ure of plantings of 1928 in North River and Doboy Island can hardly be attributed to any other factor than the unusual amount of fresh water in this region from the middle of August through September. The success of the Duplin River brush may be attributed to the fact that this river is a “dead” river, in that it ends in salt marsh and has no supply of fresh water at its head, so that the freshet of August, 1928, probably did not affect it. TEXAS _In cooperation with the State Game, Fish, and Oyster Commis- sion of Texas, Dr. A. E. Hopkins made, during the spring and 1114 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES summer, an extensive study of the influence of hydrographic condi- tions upon the oysters in the bay waters near Galveston. The in- vestigations centered in a field laboratory on Offats Bayou, an arm of the West Bay portion of Galveston Bay. Water temperatures and salinity records were made daily near the laboratory and frequently at other places throughout the bay. Spawning.—Vhe oysters started spawning at the end of March, at_ a temperature of about 25° C. (77° F.), and larvee became extremely abundant in the water especially during the following two months. A fairly exact estimate of intensity of spawning was obtained by townet collections of free-swimming larve. The time and abundance of setting was determined by planting wire bags filled with shells in favorable locations. These were brought to the laboratory periodi- cally for examination. The period of spawning near Galveston ~ lasted from the end of March until at least September 1, and prob- ably continued for another month, for the oysters still contained — spawn. The bulk of the spawning, however, occurred in April, May, and June. Setting.—Considerable evidence was obtained to show that the sa- linity of the water is a controlling factor in the setting of oyster — larve in this region. Although the water may be well populated with oyster larve, they will not attain the setting stage unless the water contains 20 to 21 parts of salt per thousand. This is probably why attempts to rehabilitate reefs and establish new ones by planting oyster shells during spring and summer have failed. However, to plant shells when the salinity is high enough should surely succeed, for setting would then occur before the shells could become coated with slime. Wire bags of shells were planted, and the set obtained proved tne adequacy of this method in Gulf waters. As many as 40,000 spat per bushel of shells were obtained during two weeks at the height of the setting period. Spat grew in the warm water at the rate of about 0.3 millimeter a day in diameter, or 1 inch in two and one-half months. Salt analyses, Galveston Bay.—With the cooperation of W. B.. Wardlow, of the Texas Department of Health, quantitative analyses of the salts in various parts of Galveston Bay were made. The re- sults show a remarkable variation in the proportion of the constitu-_ ent salts present. Such fluctuations in the salts in solution in sea water may probably be of great importance in the life of the oyster and other organisms. The oyster is highly sensitive to such changes in the water, and its feeding behavior is readily influenced by sudden changes. e- > anedl Otiens: 60th cee WASHINGTON Investigations in oyster culture in the State of Washington were — carried out by H. C. McMillin. Headquarters were established on Totten Inlet’ (Oyster Bay) in April. Temperature and salinity records were kept throughout the season. Spat collectors were put — out in all of the oyster-producing bays on the lower end of Puget — Sound and in Willapa Harbor. Plankton samples were taken in the — open bay at high tides and in the dikes at low tide. A careful examination of all the beds of the State was made to — discover the presence of forms which had been brought in with the — : PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1929 1115 imported Japanese seed oysters. It has been found that the Jap- anese drill occurs in restricted areas, while the eastern drill is more generally distributed; up to date it has not affected the principal cen- ters of oyster production. About 20 other species of Japanese forms have been introduced in Puget Sound and many of them thrive, be- coming potential sources of danger. PHYSIOLOGY OF ADULT AND LARVAL OYSTERS Temperature effect on feeding of Gulf coast and Japanese oysters.— Dr. P. 8. Galtsoff continued a study of the physiology of feeding and spawning of oysters. Several experiments on the effect of temper- ature on the rate of feeding were carried out in April at the tem- porary laboratory established at Offats Bayou, near Galveston, Tex. It has been found that similar to the behavior of oysters from Cape Cod and Long Island Sound, the oysters from the vicinity of Galveston Bay respond to the changes in temperature in the same manner as those growing in the northern waters. The rate of feeding increases with the increase of temperature, reaching the maximum at about 30° C. (86° F.) Cessation of feeding occurs at the temperature be- tween 7° and 9.5° C. (45° and 49° F.) ; that is, at the same tempera- ture which causes the cessation of feeding in northern oysters. The conclusion seems inevitable that the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico fail to produce any physiological changes in the ciliary mechanism of the gills. A study of the effect of temperature on the feeding of Olympia (Wash.) oysters (Ostrea lurida) and the Jap- anese oyster (Ostrea gigas) was made at the Jacques Loeb laboratory of Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, Calif. The maximum rate of feeding of the Japanese oyster (4 liters, or approximately 1 gallon, per hour) occurs at the temperature of 25° C. (77° F.); the optimum temperature for feeding of the Olympia oyster is between 25° and 380° C. The highest rate of feeding of the Olympia oyster is between 500 and 600 cubic centimeters (approximately 1 to 1144 pints) per hour. Japanese oysters cease feeding at the temperature of 6° to 7° C. (43° to 45° F.) ; Olympia oysters stop feeding at the temperature of 8° to 10° C. (46° to 50° F.). Factors which affect spawning.—A study of spawning of oysters has been continued and experimental work was carried out at Woods Hole, Mass., Galveston, Tex., and Pacific Grove, Calif. The experi- ments were undertaken for the purpose of determining the factors which control the discharge of the sex products of the female and male oysters. The results obtained during last year confirm the con- clusions previously reached and reported in the annual reports for 1927 and 1928, and add some new facts which were unnoticed in pre- vious experiments. It has been observed during the experiments at Woods Hole that the spawning of male oysters can be stimulated not only by the addition of eggs or egg water, but also by the addi- tion of the sperm. In the latter case, the latent period of the re- action—that is, time elapsed between the addition of sperm and the beginning of the reaction—is about 10 minutes, the same duration as in the case of stimulation of the female by sperm. Since the active principle of the sperm suspension does not pass through collo- 1116 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES dion membrane and is probably located in the body of the sperma- tozoa, the hypothesis was advanced that it acts upon oysters through the digestive tract. Indirect evidence in support of this view is found in the fact that particles suspended in the water surrounding the gills reach the stomach in about 10 minutes. Experiments car- ried out with Japanese oysters supported all the findings made in the experiments with the eastern species. The only difference was that the critical temperature below which spawning of the Japanese oyster does not occur, is 25° C. (77° F.) instead of 20° C. (60° F.) as has been determined for the American species; and that without the addition of sperm a temperature of 30° C. (86° F.) instead o 27° C. (81° F.) induces spawning of the Japanese oyster. The males of Ostrea gigas respond to the addition of eggs even at a tempera- ture of 10° C. (50° F.). Since the temperature of Puget Sound rarely reaches 15° C. the failure of this species to propagate here is explained. Potential fecundity of oysters—The potential fecundity of oysters—that is, the number of eggs developed by the female—was studied by Dr. Paul S. Galtsoff at Woods Hole laboratory. A female oyster, placed in a glass tank and having an upper valve attached to. a recording apparatus, was induced to spawn. After the reaction was” finished, the water was vigorously stirred and the number of eggs — was enumerated by taking four samples of 100 cubic centimeters of — water and counting the eggs in a Sedgwick Rafter camera. It iy found that the female, which was 5 inches long and 4 inches wide, discharged 109,000,000 eggs (this figure is correct within 10 per cent). This figure is much higher than all estimates made by pre-_ vious observers (from 2,000,000 to 60,000,000). When this oyster was dissected, it was found that the gonads were still full of eggs, the — thickness of the gonad layer being about 0.7 centimeter. Since — previous experiments have shown that one female may spawn 6 or 7 times during the season, the conclusion can be reached that one oyster may produce nearly half a billion eggs. : Effect of temperature on heart beat—A study of the effect of temperature on heart beat was carried out by H. F. Prytherch at the— laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania. p In their natural environment, oysters are subjected to water — temperatures ranging from approximately 0° to 30° C. (82° to~ 86° F.). By observing the heart beat at different temperatures throughout this range, we are able to determine the relative degree of activity of the metabolic and other physiological processes of the organism, such as feeding, respiration, development of the gonads, etc. The average of all these experiments shows clearly that an increase in temperature produces an increase in the rate of beat. The heart beat was observed to stop at low temperatures ranging from 2.5° to 5° C. (36.5° to 41° F.), which supplies further evidence — of the hibernation of the oyster during cold weather. The study of heart beat also shows the relative importance of water temperatur during the spring and summer months on the growth, development, and ripening of the reproductive products. Since metabolic proc- esses are directly proportional to temperature, it is evident tha fluctuations from the normal temperature will have a direct bearin on the oyster industry. PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1929 1117 Phenomenon of setting—A study of the physiology of the oyster larvee was continued by H. F. Prytherch at Milford, Conn. It was discovered in 1928 that copper salts would produce setting of a fully developed oyster larva, or in other words, cause it to go through the processes necessary for its attachment and metamorphosis. By using extremely minute quantities of this metal, it was possible to obtain for the first time detailed observations and photographs of this important stage in the life history of the oyster. The setting of the larva is a biological reaction of a most positive character, which occurs in nature under rather definite physical conditions. In Milford Harbor, setting was observed to occur during the period of low slack water, which differs from all other stages of tide in that the salinity and hydrogen-ion concentration of the water are lowest and the temperature highest. In other words, setting occurs at a stage of tide when the effect of river discharge is greatest on the physical condition of the water over the oyster beds. By experiments carried out during the past two summers, it was found that changes in salinity, temperature, oxygen content, and hydrogen- ion concentration would not produce the setting of the larva in a singie instance. However, when the salinity was reduced by the addition of river water instead of distilled water, setting took place, which indicated that either some substance or physico-chemical change introduced by river water was responsible for the producing of the setting reaction. A series of experiments was then undertaken to test the effect of the various chemicals occurring in river water on the setting of the larva. Various concentrations of the chlorides, carbonates, and sul- phates of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium gave nega- tive results, as did also sodium nitrate and nitrite and compounds of aluminum, lead, zine, tin, silver, and iron. The only substance that gave a positive setting reaction was copper in the form of a pure metal or as a carbonate, sulphate, or chloride. Concentrations of 1 part copper to 500,000 or 1,000,000 parts of water were sufficient to produce setting and initiate almost immediately the beginning of the attachment process. In river water, copper occurs in extremely small amounts and at periods of low slack water there are undoubtedly enough free metal ions to stimulate the larva and cause setting. In water of low salinity (16 per mille) the process of setting required 15 to 30 minutes; while in salinites of 25 to 28 per mille, the larva seemed to experience considerable difficulty in secreting the byssus and cementing fluid and did not become attached for 2 or more hours after exposure to copper ions. This phase of the setting problem will be taken up in greater detail during the coming summer. The studies thus far show quite conclusively that the copper brought down by the river may become a factor which controls the time and place of attachment of oysters. SURVEYS OF OYSTER BOTTOMS Alabama.—tIn April, 1929, at the request of I. T. Quinn, Alabama State Conservation Commission, Dr. Paul. S. Galtsoff made a survey of the oyster bottoms with the view of determining the 1118 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES extent of the damages to oyster reefs caused by the flood and finding a method for the rehabilitation of the destroyed bottoms. The State conservation department cooperated in this work by providing a suitable boat with equipment and by supplying the necessary | labor. The party, consisting of Drs. P. S. Galtsoff, R. H. Luce, State Dep- uty A, Ackridge, and several members of the “sea food emergency committee of the Mobile Chamber of Commerce ” visited all the principal public reefs in Alabama waters and determined the per- centage of oysters killed. The destruction of oysters was found to be so extensive that the necessity of immediate rehabilitation of the reefs was self-evident. The percentage of survivors on the reefs of Mobile Bay varied from 0 to 6.6 per cent; 15 per cent of the oysters survived at Grants Pass. The oysters on the principal reefs in Alabama waters (White House, Cedar Point, Grants Pass) were FIGURE 11.—Oyster fleet, Delaware Bay either completely destroyed or their number was so reduced that the reefs can not become productive unless they are rehabilitated by the planting of new stock. Oysters along the southern shore of Mississippi Sound were not affected by the flood The following recommendations for the rehabilitation of the de- stroyed oyster bottoms were made: (1) Establish spawning beds; (2) plant ate (shells) in the immediate vicinity of the spawn- ing beds; (3) restock the reefs with seed oysters; and (4) during the rehabilitation period, the reefs should be closed to all oyster fishing and efficiently patrolled. Delaware Bay—¥rom September 1 to the latter part of Novem- ber, a survey of the oyster industry of New Jersey and Delaware in Delaware Bay was made by W. H. Dumont. The area of natural beds producing seed oysters is approximately 8,000 acres in New Jersey and 400 acres in Delaware. Comparing these figures with PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1929 1119 the data for 1910-11, it is found that this is an increase of about 15 per cent for the New Jersey side and a decrease of about 50 per cent for Delaware. The planted bottom under lease from the States is 29,600 and 6,800 acres, respectively. Effect of pulp-mill wastes on oysters in Shelton Bay.—In com- pliance with numerous requests made by the oystermen of Shelton Bay, Wash., a study of the effect of sulphite waste liquor discharged by the pulp mill has been undertaken. A temporary laboratory has been established in one of the floating “ oyster houses” in Totten Inlet near Olympia. The work, which was begun in November, 1929, is being carried on by Dr. A. E. Hopkins and H. C. McMillin. A complete report of these investigations will appear at a later date. CONTROL OF ENEMIES Starfish—An investigation for the control and elimination of starfish on oyster beds in Long Island Sound, N. Y., where it is the most serious natural enemy of the oyster, was carried out from June to September by Miss Louise Palmer. The life history and growth of the animal were studied, and a series of experiments was carried out to ascertain the susceptibility of starfish of different ages to various chemical substances. It has been found that starfish of Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, spawn the first and second weeks of July and set on the grass and shells the first or second week of August. The spawning temperature varies from 23.5° to 26° C. (74° to 79° F.). The minute stars are very destructive to the newly set oysters, and consequently are objects of special consideration for eradica- tion. Unfortunately, starfish are not very sensitive to environmen- tal changes or the presence of toxic substances. It has been found, however, that concentrations of copper sulphate from 20 to 150 parts per million, while not affecting young oysters are very effective in killing starfish. This effect is not dependent on temperature. The study of the methods of controlling starfish will be continued, and it is hoped that a practical solution of the problem will be found. The oyster drill—aA study of the biology of the oyster drill, car- ried on at Beaufort, N. C., by Dr. Henry Federighi since 1926, has been completed, and the report was submitted for publication. The results of this investigation made possible the recommendation of certain measures to control this destructive species, some of which had already been mentioned in previous reports. A new method of catching drills has been developed and successfully tested at Beau- fort. It consists in using small concrete pillars, which are placed on the infested oyster bottom. Because of the tendency of the drills to creep upward, the animals gather on the pillars and are then taken out and destroyed. Pillars of the size of 12 by 10 inches have collected as many as 500 drills in 3 days. FRESH-WATER MUSSEL INVESTIGATIONS Mussel cultwre-—The new system of mussel culture worked out for the bureau by Dr. M. M. Ellis at the Fairport station during the summer season, and at the University of Missouri under the super- vision of the bureau during the college year, has made the advances 1120 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES outlined for it in last year’s annual report. It was then stated that particular attention would be given to developing individual mussel culture units to handle a greater number of glochidia at a time. The capacity of these units has been tripled in the course of the last six months, so that each unit will now handle one and one-half million at atime. Several such units have been operated to capacity, several times producing some five or six million young mussels in the course of the summer and fall. These were held sufficiently long to determine that they were normal and healthy. ‘Then at intervals portions of them were analyzed to determine proportions of essential chemicals at the various periods. The young mussels actually produced in the féw mussel culture units used were sufficiently great in number to warrant the assump- tion that the large-scale production of mussels is established as economically feasible. Two million of the young mussels produced at Fairport were removed to the University of Missouri by car, where they arrived in perfect condition. This made certain that young mussels may be transported safely to streams for planting. Further experiments at the university regarding this last prob- lem have shown that transportation may be made with maximum success during the first three days after completion of metamorphosis from the glochidial stage, or after a period of three weeks from this date. Mussel surveys—During the summer of 1929 considerable atten- tion was given to the problem of determining chemical requirements of waters suitable for the planting of mussels. A trip was made by Doctor Ellis and Mr. Chamberlain to mussel waters of Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico where many waters were examined ranging from some very decidedly alkaline to others distinctly acid. Notes were also made of the mussel fauna, if any, present in each. At the same time the mussel resources of the Rio Grande Valley, on both sides of the international boundary, were given a hurried survey. Texas has not had a reputation in the past as a mussel-producing State, but as a result of the increased cost of commercial mussel shells during the past few years, it has proved economic to ship shells to the pearl button manufacturing centers in the Middle West and in the East. As a result the mussel resources of Florida and of Texas, but particularly of the latter, have been given increased atten- tion during the past two years. The hundreds of miles of irrigation canals built in the citrus section of the lower Rio Grande Valley were found to contain an extensive supply of mussels of commercial value. In addition several rivers in Texas have produced many carloads of shells during the past year. Depletion —tThe evidence of further mussel depletion in most of the heavily worked mussel waters of the country during the past year has been striking. A survey during the past summer of the formerly productive Lake Pepin, between Minnesota and Wisconsin, has shown a pronounced decline in mussel population. The same depletion has been evident in many mussel waters with the result that the price of raw material has most seriously mounted. How far the newly developed mussel territory in Texas and Florida will meet the deficiency is not yet known. Some effort to meet the i de PROGRESS IN BIOLOGICAL INQUIRIES, 1929 1121 deficiency by importing fresh-water mussel shells is being made. A small number of tons of Chinese shells have been imported. Mexi- can resources are being looked into. Two companies are sending representatives to South America. Canada has mussels of com- mercial value but so far permits only the most limited and restricted shelling for domestic use only. Siamese shell resources are being examined by Dr. H. M. Smith, adviser in fisheries to the Siamese Government. The most cordial cooperation in the bureau’s mussel work has been extended by the various State departments. All are ready to assist to the utmost when the bureau’s new mussel culture system is defi- nitely started on large-scale production. This assistance will be both the closing of more mussel territory to protect the planting of young mussels and the furnishing of stock mussels for the actual propaga- tion work. O i} pipe e | Sofpe-“ RAS EE PA wrtacuisce ati gee) ee (pene ey liasis Dn ee ae ae eal Pies eral | Poses wl Sn Lee hf AOS ye) ey nee ia ar A | ui ihrae aléte! of Sogl & fenereehh veh yes f entp curt OMe aihehi bitebentl-a Buti 3 sitet tI ht ‘ ee tte *. ~~ yn (Pig t ads atlijcon iP yi (OTE GR OES Sake a c i x itt tt: Momiji erry hapeey Lhe: a rite eran eb eee 1 eer carey Tihs 421. Lz, weber TLR Coe Me aay tre PAKS ina 4 ev) + dase) ee oie ©. 4: Tit he * ate wid wa y ety i uit? sen ‘shi i} ne viral ri a yet ies TBD TALE "eT Gus ee 414 : eet ig Thre Oe whos hs. - : ’ : ‘ 4 “iy . iw 1 S v *% ‘ \ : : 2 ie . ‘ . ) : » ‘ A , A : . . . 4 Pela 3 | . a eae mn Tats ia ,-5 rn 7 . ‘ is a PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, FISCAL YEAR 1930! By Guren C. Leacu, Chief, Division of Fish Culture CONTENTS Page Hint in oye h bun OMe = SSS BR PARE 2 eee eae mee ap me, LS lle eh eae Saree cae 1125 Part 1.—Fish Production: Propagation and Rescue Work C4 Tay Sern Vets a ee eee eee e Nees ke heey 1126 eee eee ee Ee ee es a a te ee ee ope re 1127 Cooperation with other conservation agencies____________________-___- 1128 Beppe ry esis inUNselies 2) os oe ao ne ee 1129 SmermeneCulCUraWwaehiyltles—. = 2.24 aan eb Se ee 1132 Meeertcrcr eOOd isis = wo. 22a en op SU eee ee 1135 @raisiers of eggs between stations.2....-.-.__2.-.2.222--2--22_-. 3 1136 Ruse iS LOmrareien countries. 22%. hoe 2 ee ee ee List Werpuuol stations and substations: . 222-2220. 02 Ss ale yi PU MMRCR MECC LUOUS. ee ee ee Se ae hah A mee, 2S Hie Pe ha ey ea gy 1143 ESE ERCULSICNOLCSE a7! 628m asec che Sey ee ele ee ge Cur ee ger ee 1145 | RRSP YSU CVO as eg a aly pee RR ae, Wr RN ee Pe PSE gt 5 a es 1145 iiwe-VeaArexpansion program =- 5-226 So) gs eee te 1146 Ear lol eer epee ie, er at Wot ata ok tS Sk Se Ne a nt 1146 PeIMecrasine Mian tor fish fO0ds 2-23) i ea D 1146 Black-spotted trout egg collections Pyramid Lake, Nev___________- 1146 PETS E MOU ULOM Oye tr UC Kee eee ae 2p Tae ees Pe os ae eer gd ee 1147 Effect of weather conditions on fish culture____-_.____2____.____=_ 1147 femme RRInIPR HCC len Nace aes alert ek wa Bs ee deg eae ame 1148 PePeCIRCRN LONGI G2, 2) eet an Teele oe ee ae A ie eee 1148 Afoonake (Alaska)rstation= Ws 222 222 ie spt se oink ey alee eo 1148 Wesroay (Alaska) station. 22.0) 22) ed oe Ee ee 1149 Birdsview (Wash.) station and substations_.._....._..__________ 1149 iBirdsview..CWiash:) istation 22-2 325 5a aee eee ee eee oe 1150 iBakersllalker(Wiash.) ssulosue bom symm mane eee er ae 1150 DPuickabushy (Wash) substation® se eee Somer 1150 Guilcene (Wash.) substation... .* sifo4 2s sae See hte = Walcotts Slough (Wash.) substation.___.__.._____-__=..- 1151 Sultan. (Washi) substation =. -. 3a" Ae ben ee ee eet 1151 Lake Crescent (Wash.) State trout hatchery______________ 1151 Suinaulis Wash.) station. 222 bss Soe eyeaeye sere oe ete & 1152 Clackamas (Oreg.) station and substations. __.--_...______-_- 1153 Clackamas, (Oreg.). station: °:4 == see eee ee eee eee 1153 Little White Salmon (Wash.) substation_________________ 1153 Big White Salmon (Wash.) substation______________-____ 1153 Rogue Rrver (Oreg:). substations... sas. ote es 1154 Applegate Creek (Oreg.) substation_____________________-_ 1154 Salmen(ldaho) substations sos oe ee ee 1154 Baird, (Calit:) station and, substations 55-5 es) | Ls a 1154 Battle Creek (Calif.) substatignews = 502s. es tee eat 1155 Mall Creek: (Calif.) substation: psa eae Ee) ad 1155 1Appendix XVI to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930. B. F. Doc. 1098. Submitted for publication Oct. 27, 1930. 1123 1124 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Commercial species—Continued. Page Fishes of the Great. Lakes? 2. 252 Soe ee ee 1155 Duluth Minn.) "stations 2 = 6 ee eee 1156 Northville (Mich:). station andisubstationss— = aaa ees 1156 Northvilles@Mich.)) station =.= ee 1156 Charlevoix (Mich. substation’ 2-9) > ee eee 1156 Alpena (Mich) substation: 2 = ae Ss ee ee 1157 Putin) Bay: (Ohbio)istation. 2 052 28s eae ee eee 1157 Cape Vincent (N. Y.) station and substations_______-__-__=__2 1158 Watertown (N. Y. ) cooperative substation______________- 1158 Barneveld (N. Y.) cooperative substation_______________. 1158 Ithaca’( Ni" ¥..) substation. S29 et eee 1158 Swanton (Vt.) substation] — 22 22 eee 1158 Rescue: operations:-=s.-=222 23 =e, Os See 1158 La Crosse (Wis:) station’ and substations=_- 2-22) == eae 1159 Bellevue (owas) substation™ = 224 5_- 32 1159 Marquette (iowa) substation 202 = 9 = eee 1159 Lynxville ((Wis.)-substation=. -- 2. > 23. >s 1166 Milesi@ity (Monit) substation®=25-- = 2-2) 1166 Leadville (Colo.) station and substation£22_ 22-52 222 3a 1167 Creede, (Colo.) ‘substation: 22222 223 eee 1167 Yellowstone National Park (Wyo.) substation________________ 1167 Saratoga. (Wyo:) station. 22 122° 22 2 See eee eee 1168 Spearfish (S. Dak.) station and substation.__..__.__.___-_2__= 1169 Crawford) (Nebr.) "substation =.= 2 2) =o 1169 Springville (Utah) stations 22. ~ 2-20 LS ee eee 1170 New England trout stations: <2. = 2-202 Se eee 1170 Berkshire (Mass.) ‘trout hatehery.._ 822-29 -s25 2) 2a eee 1170 Craig Brook (Me.) station and substation.___________i____--- 1171 Grand Lake Stream (Me.) substation_=_-2- 52-22 02322535 1171 St. Johnsbury (Vt.) station’and substation] == 22528") 2 ee Wilyéak York Pond (N-H.) substation 2. as ee 1171 Pittsford, (Vt2 2202 22 2. 22_|e22 ee eee 480, 000 52, 500 532, 500 Rocks assietes sees 22 fie k one ot eel Ise eee | EE 94, 500 94, 500 WAINTOUIT ID ASS eee a ens aS Bett eS | | ees eee a 34, 300 34, 300 SUG fISh Ws weewee tetas 2 ieee ee iets cet: | See ee ease a ee eee oe a 30, 499, C00 30, 499, 000 PAK GsDeLC Here tee 2 eee ae Se 24, 850, 000 ZAI GIO 0 Oh ee es 166, 365, 000 Velo WECLCD ae 25-9 e ok ae oe 53, 700, 000 117, 685, 000 2, 661, 500 174, 046, 500 AWE euascemena oe se 8) Se oe al 8 ee ee eee 285, 500 285, 500 ITOUGTANG Gupel Chines: mee eis ee = ES eee eee 5, 800 5, 800 Mresh=wateriarulaes see S60) ae ee 5,000 | Rainbow trout. Red" Wing-=-2 5-2-4 22t0 es S oto ie Se eae eee 16, 000 | Loch Leven trout. Rochester ia. st wets ers ee ee ae ee ee ey 90,000 | Rainbow trout. OKAY: ae es oS ae eh a ee eee 5,000 | Brook trout. Rushford i222 5-2". So es ee ee ee eo eee 20,000 | Rainbow trout. St; Charles’. 2 8 e e e e ae 15, 000 Do. Waders: !220)) Beasts aie sah ha be Sa ee 2 eee 5,000 | Brook trout. Wiinond (Ay 22a Ss 2 Be oe oe oe ee ee ee 20,000 | Loch Leven trout. b DY: ene fon ee ene SRS Dell yas, ot Se RSS 20, 000 Do. D022 2 9 Fee ber pees. - ue 9 ee eee See eR a eee 15, 000 Do. f DY fae Soe a Oe Se oe ee es oh ee es 5,000 | Brook trout. Dowd - i eS oS he NS eee 20, 000 Do. iD Yo fe ee Ne So SS es ea es 2) ee 3, 000 Do. IMASSOUris; JODIE SF ae ee ee ee Ie ee ee 34, 000 | Black bass. New Hampshire: Olaremiont-. 22-2 ee eee ee es pees eee oe ee 5,000 | Brook trout. Duablinit3 iS Bes Lt Me eee ee ee ee eee 15, 000 Do. Greenvillet <5 =) eek ee ee eee 10, 000 Do. Hocksetts ths os oe tt ee es eee ase 10, 000 Do. Lebanon .s22 9. 2 es Fe es Se eee ed es PE ate Se 20, 000 Do. Merrimack 2-882: 52 2 See a ee ee 10, 000 Do. Peter boro 235.222 ee 3 ee eee ee Scere cee 10, 000 Do. Wilton: = 28. fe Se ee ee eee oa eee 10, 000 Do. New Jerseys Paterson... 3): Ss Ss ee eee 10, 000 Do. New York: Adams. 8552 25e0 ea ses wee be ae ee ea se wen ace eae 10, 000 Do. Arena = 55518) Sees init See Oris Be ee ere 10,000 | Loch Leven trout. Austeriitz. 2555 ek 9 eee ee ee eee 4,000 | Brook trout. Barneveldt: 2222 a. a ee ee ee ee 273, 962 Do. D0522252e oS ee ee ee 88, 620 | Rainbow trout. DO eee oe a ee ee 148, 230 | Brook trout eggs. DO2223_ ss a ee ee ee ee if. ise ee 75,000 | Rainbow trout eggs. D0.35. oe Ee ee ae Sore 30, 000 | Loch Leven trout eggs. Moalones ii 22352 3 eee eee ee Se ee ee 71,000 | Brook trout. D0 vb on os so eee ee ee a eee ee 15,000 | Loch Leven trout. Ondonta, 2 ee et nee eee 105, 000 | Brook trout. Dsus sos. ete a ee a ee Se 12,000 | Loch Leven trout, Watertown... soon a oe ee ee ee eee 110, 000 | Brook trout. PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1131 Cooperative nurseries and rearing ponds supervised by the bureau in 1930— Continued Number Locality of fish Kind supplied Pennsylvania: WANT OOTA tes AB. v Se. Pee ee a a oe a ds 15,000 | Brook trout. 15, 300 | Rainbow trout. 10,000 | Loch Leven trout. 10, 000 Do. 25,000 | Brook trout. 19,800 | Rainbow trout. 20, 000 | Brook trout. 30, 000 Do. 10,000 | Loch Leven trout. 5,000 | Brook trout. 15,000 | Loch Leven trout. 15,000 | Brook trout. 15, 300 | Rainbow trout 10, 000 Do. 10,000 | Loch Leven trout. 25,000 | Brook trout. 10, 000 Do. LORS DUTP eeeeene ae ee ee A ee eee Sona 10, 000 Do. ETI RIMONUES DEINE Sasa eee ns ea Fe ee Se 15, 000 Do. (GIN D ee ee eee ee 40, 200 Do. [ELVA OV. Seat Ss oe ee Ee eee ee 10, 000 Do. H18) (yee esa ee YS Ae ee oe We eee 10,000 | Rainbow trout. OMMSOT tT pee eeeeee = et ene Se See eee | 10, 000 | Brook trout. STOLITTS CO wlio, Serene ete nies eee Te oe pen dee See sa aa eee 10, 500 Do. IDO) ee 1k NR Ce a os ee eee ere 9,900 | Rainbow trout. Toyeniye 2h oe oe Oe ee eee ee a 25, 200 | Brook trout. ee RESIS Re ee oe ae 24,900 | Rainbow trout. WIGS os RS 8 I Se ee ee 50 | Biack bass. Wi citys. 3. a | TE ee ee 35, 000 | Brook trout. ID Oss. 3h p= eee 25, 250 Do. 1010) 8s Se ee eee 20,000 | Loch Leven trout. Myersdale 30, 000 | Brook trout. ISVS ISRO) es 5 ee eS a ee ere ee 10, 000 Do. AID) (ie et an ne eh a a ae ee Sao ose 5,000 | Loch Leven trout. Punxsutawney 10,000 | Brook trout. IROOM is cae ae aoe Se es ee ae ee eo oe 40, 000 0. TRIO E Wa ae ne ee ee eee ee 15, 000 | Rainbow trout. CRAM TOMMER = ener eens Sie =O ek. tbe eee ee 60,000 | Brook trout. DOIMEISO t= Sean. eee eee eh ee ee 25, 000 Do. IDO oe eh eS a ee ee 15, 000 | Rainbow trout. SILO Vee eee eee ed Ay Peers Lie 3 tu) 8 5. Se 10,000 | Brook trout. WAH TATOS DOM seers se. 78) 8 tb oe can a ee ee 20, 000 Do. IDO ee ee ee ee eee 15, 000 Do. DO) aS ee ee eee ae eee 30, 000 | Loch Leven trout. ID Os “Ss i 8 ee ee ee ee ee ee 50,000 | Brook trout. AVALIDE DG Ieee oo eset a Seen yh -Ws vee His Le ath) be bee he Bae 360, 000 | Brook trout eggs. Vermont: PETIT PCO rime eee ee Se eS ee 50, 000 | Brook trout. INGHOO ING SS ss ee ee eee eee 82, 800 Do. TD Yo) pee ee Re ie ee ere ae ear Seer 25, 000 | Lake trout. IDO hae ae elle et SES ee eer ee 40,000 | Landlocked salmon. Virginia: EOS SLOTON CLA) eee ees pos oe Se SS Ags eae eae 20,000 | Rainbow trout. CanlOuies ville meres se Peer Bes ee ee 25 | Smallmouth black bass. iia Sil lome cee aee ee nat ON eet ee ee eee 15, 000 | Rainbow trout. West Virginia: i 25, 200 | Brook trout. 5,000 | Rainbow trout. 5, 000 Do. 15, 000 | Brook trout. 25, 000 Do. Bawa Cityeme as soe ee ea OR Ml so I ee ee 5, 000 Do. Black IVersM alls. Sie oo 2 oe creda n es sees ae oe ee 12, 800 Do. Boyd----- pe eae Be a Sod PO ES ie. 2 ee 5, 000 Do. im Penang ea Pe AD A ee oS eee 9, 000 Do. DAP LO nme ee Se ee Se eS INT ad ee a BE oe 10, 000 | Loch Leven trout. TBE CARS ee a0 Sa Le SLE ot See te ees 17, 500 | Rainbow trout. IB) OMe ae ee SN oe = os SE 2,500 | Brook trout. TT) eee eee ee S08 en ey ao ee ee 30, 000 | Rainbow trout. IB HSWOr ibe seers Sees) ee Ae A eee 36, 500 | Brook trout. i) OS eee ee ese. 22. 5 SOU ee ee Se ee 13, 500 | Rainbow trout. 1a) aah (o(ayo | ae eS ee ee Se oe 2 ee ee 3,000 | Brook trout. TO} RE es 5 SS OS ee Se ee oe es eee ee 15, 000 Do. nO Vics oo rere een Bae oe 2 ON a Se hee ee Ss eee 3, 000 Do. Galesville eee ee a a et 20, 000 Do. Gilmantontes 22522 Se Sa a wee 5, 000 Do. Goodman 4 2 aoe ee = es Ae ee ee ee 8, 000 Do. 12 A eee SS ee ee ene a es eee 10, 000 Do. Hazell Greenssacstee a2 - aoe ae eee ae aoe eee ee 10, 000 Do. EV G}irion S28 eae ae eee noe ne ose ae mae eae ane neeee 8, Do. 1132 Cooperative nurseries and rearing ponds supervised by the bureau in 1930— Continued Number Locality of fish supplied Wisconsin—Continued. Independence! 22. --. 25.022 = se toe ee eee 17, 500 a Crosse: sas =e eee ee ee ee ee eee 10, 000 DO Sos Bg eo ee ee eae 10, 000 DOs eee Oe ee at eee ee bee SSS est 11, 000 F111): Se a een PORTS Jot) ee a eee ee Eee hao ee ee eS 27, 000 Madison====22 => ee STR ee ee ee eae 10, 000 Doe Sets ts sa ee en se eee ee eee 10, 000 Manitowoess200 520. 2a 2 8 oe ee oe eee 10, 000 Marathon. 23: 2822 Sic ee ee ee ee ee eae ee 20, 000 Medford *<: = 2405-2: Set a ee aoe eee eee eee 2, 100 Morrill) 22328.) 2220 3 28 6 Sn eases a acer ssa sone 18, 000 Monroe Soest 2 se oe ee es See eneet aaa 15, 000 Mountaine: 2: 2 3292 42 ees oes os San ee 20, 000 WeKOOS8 22 2oe ose to ee ose Se re ee wee te er cit 19, 000 OSSO0 2205 2 i SE Re ee eee eee ee 6, 000 Park Falls... 220. 22522035223. 2 52332525: 3 ee eee 11, 400 Plum Cityss-6 2026 ee ee a eee 6, 000 Do. 2868s st ae ee ss ee, See sh eee 4, 000 Préscott.22.6 eo Oe ee ce ee ee See ene 15, 000 Rothschilds sho ee ee ee 16, 200 Schofield: — ss 2-Se e e ree c ee eee eons 6, 000 Shullsborg. 24-2 24-5 7 fhe ee ee ener 10, 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Following the Kind Brook trout. 0. Loch Leven trout. Brook trout. Do. Do. Rainbow trout. D oO. Brook trout. 0. Do. Rainbow trout, Brook trout. Do. Do. Loch Leven trout. Brook trout. Do. Rainbow trout. Brose trout. oO. Rainbow trout. D 0. Brook trout. . Loch Leven trout. STATE FISH-CULTURAL ACTIVITIES plan initiated in 1929, the bureau has again endeavored to collect data on the fish-cultural activities of the States by means of questionnaires. information : The following tables present this Data on State fish-cultural activities and licenses Number of ‘ State fishing Fees received BML licenses | from licenses issued Alshamia® 5-22. -- = eees le eee 444 $2, 200. 00 Avizona*: 3). Sse. ee OU 34, 462 94, 844. 75 Arkansdg 2s wi-e hase e 8 See? esse 26, 400 62, 000. 00 California 2-2 Soo ee ee ee 229, 374 469, 442. 00 Colorado:ise 228 otek eo Ee 114, 538 210, 382. 75 Connectlout.: ii sons Ae eee Be ese see 42, 792 102, 874. 50 Delaware#).23e! Bosc eeeh eke 4, 334 10, 026. 50 Plorida2262 >. 2 ae Ee 24, 602 71, 218. 30 Goorgis: = 2243 he oe See a ee el oes eee Tdaho 222-2 at See eee be se ee 93, 547 , 000. Illinois. 2 -22422ee = Soe ee eee 385, 127 170, 455. 52 Indians: 35) 02 a ee ee 320, 674 307, 444. 20 lows... cncaes eee eee ee eee 175, 000 175, 000. 00 Kansas. 2. <= == Do. 294, 300 | Manchester, Iowa_------------ La Crosse, Wis. 75,000 | Neosho, Mo-------- Joe eee Northville, Mich. 2A | eee (3 (eee ee I Rey oe aes White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. 75,000] (Bourbon, Move -=--- Barneveld, N. Y. 550, 000 |_---- GO 228 ot deh eee Bozeman, Mont. 25, 000 |_---- 4032. SSeS Erwin, Tenn. 100,000 |__--- C0 ate ee eee Spearfish, S. Dak. 185, 540 | Spearfish, 8. Dak-_------------ Crawford, Nebr. Silver salmon-.--------- 123, 320 | Quinault, Wash...------------ Birdsview, Wash. 1, 469, 664 |_.--- 0 to Oe eee ee en Quilcene, Wash. 515,000 Baker Lake, Wash-_----------- Bridsview, Wash. Sockeye salmon-.-------- 100;000 |. -=2-do-2 =2222-202- haste ee Do. 100,0C0 | Quinault, Wash..------------- Clackamas, Oreg. 1000" |==2=2 G(s eee eS Birdsview, Wash. 1, 028, 400 |..--- 2: 224% eS Quilcene, Wash. Steelhead salmon------- 27,000 | Birdsview, Wash-------------- Charlevoix, Mich. 2B 000 | 20s ee eee St. Johnsbury, Vt. 69,000 | Quilcene, Wash--------------- Birdsview, Wash. 138,000 | Sultan, Wash). Chinook’ salmons 23s oe a ee eS ae 1, 951, 000 Battle Creek, Calif.: Chinook salmon-__-_---- *1, DOUONOU0 | 5-22 aster 5, 187, 000 Mill Creek; Calif" Chinook salmonesso2 222 | 22a ssa esas ee eee 2, 883, 500 Baker Lake, Wash.: Silver. salmon see eee soe (et ==. ee | Sockeye salmon... .- 22222322223" eee (CA eae all PRE ee ee 1, 160, 000 Birdsview, Wash.— Brook trout_----- a ee ea) Peer en eer SS aee 5, 400 Chinook salmon ee * 225, 000 1, 427. 000 1, 208, 000 tm pack; sallm0 mss Ss ee ee es | ee eer ee 3, 010, 000 29, 900 Silver/salmonoe one) eee eee 132, 000 2, 320. 000 276, 500 Sockeye:salmon 22. 2 Me ee ine noe ee | eee 64, 175 Steelhead salmon____- woke BSS Ree S 535, 000 462, 000 1, 244, 000 Duckabush, Wash.— Chinook salmon_.------------ Pe S| sone ee Sees |e a eee ee 290, 000 Churn salmonz ess 25e SPAR He AS een ee 14) 471,000 j\s=2-eee eee Boumpback salmon=: i222 2-222 oan one 713, 500 24, 500 Silver salmon) Tse ses ae ee |p eee 512, 000 303, 700 Steelhead salmonete: =: \oo pe Soe ee Se Ce eee See a eae 206, 000 Lake Crescent, Wash.— Sockeye salmonsia-+ ssa See eee es eee |e 1, 672, 075 Quilcene, Wash.— Chinook salmon__-_- SOREN [i Tee = ee 50, 000 241, 500 Chum) saimoniee = see = se e * 250, 000 9620;\000) | 322222 t eee Humpback salmon__-_-------- a Oe ee 10) 000) 22 eee ee Silver salmon_-_-_-_-- ig BEEK ated 2 Eee Be PPR ORS bie 9 eT: 1, 235, 000 297, 000 Steelhead salmon_- * 137 1b004\s--- eee 431, 000 Sultan, Wash.— Chinook salmon__-- oe See REESE S Poee 2 a ee ese ae 47, 400 Humpback salmon_-_- = aes A400 || 2 = poe Silver'salmone s.2- = 2222 | See renee 337, 700 163, 800 Steelhead salmon____-------_- (*) 317, 260 114, 000 Berkshire trout hatchery, Mass.: Brook trout__-__--- epee eee Set COM ise eee -| 318, 040 Carishs =." ae otros, . 4 400 Pickerclae thee WPte UE Se ee ee: 400 Rainbow. troll. a= ase eae -, $e z 15, 795 Boothbay Harbor, Me.: | Goda _|1, 661, 893, 000 mas pa 2s Haddock______- Pei tt 124,920,000) |=-2=—2- 2 52S ee ees Winter lOO = 22 ono) Se oe eee re ee oe eee 2, 434, 538, 000 | Sten. Se Bozeman, Mont.: Black-spotted trout... ---- 132, 000 1, 269, 200 BYTOOm trots oso oe ee nee | See ee ee : 2519, 255 Golden ‘trot ---=- 5 s.-= yas 2 10, 600 Loch Leven trout- 2 ANS *8, 819, 600 178, 740 Rainbow trout.......___- : 350, 100 828, 610 Glacier Park, Mont.— | Black-spotted trout--_-_- 231, 000 4 872, 650 Rainbow thouts. 2200 - sss eko es eee ee ae Oe ee ee eee 391, 700 Meadow Creek, Mont.— Black-spotted! trout. 2 = 55 -52- cence nao ee eae 30, 000 515, 500 Grayling. eee oe hone | aes 1 1.00; 000)) 2-22 eee eee och eveniiroUbs.—5 sees ee *2, 076, 500 2, 116, 200 _ 1, 560, 000 Rainbow: trout-...--_-- See ei Ee *700,. 200) |= == 2e2n--5-2=> 1, 183, 400 Miles City, Mont.— Largemouth black bass2: 222. see ease === (eee ee | eee nas 87, 550 Crappie oe 2s ie oe eee ae ee ee eee ee ee eens 142, 550 Sunfish. == 220 ose 5 A ee a ee eee 11, 575 Yellow percee re ene ccc cs wate sea pcan Seiwa! | pet apa oc Bee 100 Cape Vincent, N. Y.: Brook trots: 2s 2.3 to ee ene ee SF 303;\500)|--.-s2seksaeee CISCO. 2 eae eee ene (*) 27; 850000 |= ae neneees Lake trout. SS ee 3, 000 1, 208; :000)\|2 322 2235-2 ese 1 Lost in transit, 86,925. 2 25,000 turned over to the State of Wyoming in cooperative work of this amount, Total! 13, 173, 200 1,951, 000 6, 687, 000 2, 883, 500 1, 160, 000 5, 400 2, 860, 000 3, 039, 900 728, 500 64, 175 2, 241; 000 290, 000 14, 171, 000 738, 600 815, 700 206, 000 1, 672, 075 291, 500 9, 870, 0C0 110, 000 1, 532, 000 568, 500 47, 400 4, 400 501, 500 431, 260 318, 040 400 400 15, 795 1, 661, 893, 000 124, 920, 000 2, 434, 538, 000 1, 401, 200 519, 255 10, 000 8, 998, 340 1, 178, 610 1, 103, 650 391, 700 if 883, 600 87, 550 142, 550 11, 575 100 303, 500 27, 850, 000 1, 211, 000 PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1139 Stations and substations operated and output of each, fiscal year 1930—Contd. Stations, substations, and species Cape Vincent, N. Y.—Continued. Loch Leven trout Pike perch Whitefish Yellow perch Barneveld, N. Y.: Rainbow trout--------- Swanton, Vt — Common sucker Pike perch Yellow perch Watertown, N. Y.— Brook trout Loch Leven trout Central station, Washington, D. C.: Chinook salmon pike perch aseon a: = ao eee eee Fort Humphreys, Va.— Largemouth black bass Shadhe uate oe Se Stinfish =n 8 Yellow perch Lakeland, Md.— Ogletown, Pa.: Brook trout Clackamas, Oreg.: Brook trout Chinook salmon R-ainbownuroults--s8= ee ee Steelhead salmon Applegate Creek, Oreg.— Silver salmon Steelhead salmon Big White Salmon, Wash.— Black-spotted trout Brook trout Chinook salmon Rainbow trout Sirver salmon Steeliieadisalmonsse=--. 229 "= 82-7 e Little White Salmon, Wash.— Chinook salmon Chum saimon Rogue River, Oreg.— Chinook salmon Silver salmon Sockeye salmon Steelhead salmon Salmon, Idaho— Chinook salmon Rainbow trout Cold Springs, Ga. Largemouth black bass Valdosta, Ga.— Largemouth black bass Sunfish Craig Brook, Me.: Atlantic salmon Brook trout Landlocked salmon Grand Lake Stream, Me.— Brook trout ntatoeniinnie sen eee Pike perch Whitefish Eggs 6, 750, 000 24, 850, 000 53, 700, 000 | 80, 650, 000 RAI Ss. Benes | 159, 300 Fry 33, 000 | 2, 000, 000 580, 000 |_ 2, 200, 000 |_ 15, 500, 000 31, 880, 000 2, 120, 000 indies 75,000" *755, 000 (* ) *15, 000 12, 000, 000 6, 100, 000 6, 166, 000 9,715, 000 Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults 39, 600 158, 000 170, 800 31,915, 000 185, 000 2, 500, 000 8 403, 000 1, 030, 000 © 56, 500 135, 660 3, 019, 000 713, 700 243, 850 3, 450 123, 835 1, 125 15, 000 15, 000 106, 400 1, 177, 387 125, 165 478, 630 184, 000 3, 195, 000 3 In addition to 230,000 turned over to the State of Oregon in cooperative work. 4 In addition to 6,500 turned over to the State of Oregon in cooperative work. 5 In addition to 35,000 turned over to the State of Oregon in cooperative work. 6 In addition to 46,000 turned over to the State of Oregon in cooperative work. | Total ! 33, 000 2, 000, 000 580, 000 2, 200, 000 57, 220 6, 750, 000 40, 350, 000 85, 580, 000 579, 335 39, 600 80, 050, 596 168, 691 9; 950 13, 160 29; 960 10, 000 1, 065, 000 150, 000 158, 000 170, 800 3, 732, 000 95, 000 122, 000 1, 575, 000 90, 000 432, 000 185, 000 3, 010, 000 403, 000 1, 030, 000 403, 000 56, 500 135, 660 3, 019, 000 713, 700 426, 600 3, 450 123, 835 1,125 15, 000 15, 000 861, 400 1, 177, 387 364, 200 12, 000, 600 125, 165 498, 630 184, 000 6, 100, 000 6, 267, 000 9,715, 000 3, 195, 000 1140 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Stations and substations operated and output of each, fiscal year 1930—Contd. Stations, substations, and species Eggs Fry Edenton, N. C.: Largemouth black bass Cathnnes. eae ie herring _ -- SLT Dea oe ae ee Suntishle 28 ee Mellow perch = 28220 es ee Erwin, Tenn.: Largemouth black bass Brookins ee eres Fairport, Iowa: Largemouth black bass eas cote Crapp Winter founder]. =o er ee La Crosse, Wis.: Largemouth black bass_._..------_---__ Brook trout BoSslofishaa. 22) 28 eee eee ee ee Crappied=s. = 5 awn et aE ee Pikeiand pickerel is: 28 oe) eae Rainbowstrou tae en eee ene Suniish ees SLs ee es ea ore MiGHG Ww: Perch 52 fot ate te eae WLISCoNaneGSse. co. aoe oats ee Andalusia, I]].— Largemouth black bass____.._.-------_- SULA OHS see ek eae eens Crappich 2 ee eee ae Pike and pickerele2s = eee SUTIN STS ee nen ees Mellow DErch ee oa ee ee Cee ene Miascellanpossas- 22 eee eee es Bellevue, lowa— Largemouth black bass__--...---------- Buffalofish_ Crap DiOsoe st =e ee ee eee Pikevand pickerel mss. as ane e ee s selects So ee ee aed ge eee Yellow perch_-____ ee eS Sarees Miscellaneous: ." os se ee ae Musial orishi ese eee eee Carp ete es es ie Nae eee Harpers Ferry, lowa— Buitalofisn:--=: | ee eeeee te nae OF ye tae oe a ee ee eee Homer, Minn.— Largemouth black bass_.......-.------- Bufalotish’ 5) tee eee eet CrapDlev ce sees eawee aeo cenah eee Pike and. pickerely i Sees ee ROCK DSS a aan aera ee ee White bass_ Se Yellow perch] Miscellaneous 393, 141, 000 95, 424° 000 14, 000, 000 |_ 17, 500, 000 4, 462, 500° 3, 875, 000, 4, 200, 000% 40, 000, 000 229, 769, 000 36, 416, 000 616, 713, 000 159, 972; 000 Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults 63, 965 1, 000 2, 387, 800 2,315 172, 000 279, 025 3, 880, 000 3, 927, 000 717, 100 25, 397 1, 002, 500 1, 540, 000 26, 885, 600 1, 146, 081 580 37, 535 2, 142, 740 133, 180 4, 162 2, 697, 000 0: 1, 931, 550 5, 693, 208 Total 622, 910, 000 131, 840, 000 616, 713, 000 159, 972, 000 168, 645 13, 346, 805 2; 607, 120 1, 005 159) 150 187, 115 932) 450 1, 765, 430 137, 110 480, 555 2, 387, 800 2, 697, 000 4, 462, 500 3, 875, 000 4, 200, 000 40, 000, 00 6, 693, 208 PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1141 Stations and substations operated and output of each, fiscal year 19380—Contd. Stations, substations, and species Eggs La Crosse, Wis..—Continued. Lansing, lowa— Chae 1 ck pga | Oe REE Byntailte, Wis.— Largemouth black bass___...-.--------- Buffalofish 12, 950, 000 34, 000, 000 @rapplelet =s2 2 225 5. SEL Soo ek nse Pike and pickerel Sunfish pollownpencheseee teen ees Sa Miscellaneous Marquette, lowa— Largemouth black bass_.-...-._--_----- Buffalofish (Ob Tayo) (22 a Se a ee eee ee Pike and pickerel SUD fis Hee ne ee we | ee eee White bass Wellow perch==.- = s=- == IMiiscellanGous: <22 2 == ae= =. 35 a ee ee Yellowstone, Wyo.— Black-spotted trout Leadville, Colo.: Black-spotted trout Brook trout Creede, Colo.— Brook trout Rainbow trout Louisville, Ky.: Largemouth black bass Rock bass Smallmouth black#bass=*=222. 2252s 7es | Rae e ee eet SUnti Shee he See eer ook o> ae eee ee ee Mammoth Spring, Ark.: ArPEMOHtM DlaCkyDASS == = 22 ea ae See TROCKiD ESS 2a ee enone 2852 22 Sale oe eee ee Smallmouth black bass Sunfish Manchester, Iowa.: IBTOOK# tL OUG= oo sees an = 2-225 a ota = ue eee he Rainbow trout *258, 500 ee oaT ene iplacksbassee-- ec 22-~ . | e Nashua, N. H.: IBTOOKSULOU Gaerne ee ea ee oe ee Catfish Neosho, Mo.: Largemouth black bass Crappie Bourbon, Mo.: Rainbow trout_______------ *1, 650, 000 Langdon, Kans.— cupenonth black bass Sunfis Northville, Mich.: Brook trout Fry Fingerlings, yearlings, Total and adults 12, 950, 000 34, 000, 000 35, 722 35, 722 34, 500 34, 500 454, 020 454, 020 19, 580, 950 19, 580, 950 6, 429, 265 6, 429, 265 42, 800 42, 800 6, 630, 660 6, 660, 660 55, 915 55, 915 Uh 332, 000 a 332, 000 131, 768 131, 768 116, 060 116, 060 1, 234, 700 1, 234, 700 16, 782, 375 16, 782, 375 1, 292, 850 1, 292, 850 400 400 137, 915 137, 915 6, 958, 270 6, 958, 270 7, 750 7, 750 172, 615 172, 615 127, 525 127, 525 6, 326, 000 12, 806, 200 65, 800 65, 800 3, 476, 500 3, 576, 500 102, 000 102, 000 459, 500 459, 500 608, 360 608, 360 8, 935 144, 685 6, 640 6, 640 7, 657 412, 157 1, 280 1, 280 209, 500 209, 500 26, 800 26, 800 35, 139 93, 139 255 255 374, 050 374, 050 231, 950 490, 450 1, 100 1, 100 286, 965 286, 965 57 57 16, 950 16, 950 7 13, 803 13, 803 oe ee eae Se ee 17, 600 40, 335 94, 535 2, 800 2, 800 § 101, 780 969, 780 17, 876 17, 876 4, 326 4 326 SE ee ae 1, 650, 000 82, 077 82, 077 26, 295 26, 295 14, 885 14, 885 2, 800 2, 800 57, 170 57, 170 849, 500 849, 500 221, 700 221, 700 6, 200 | 6, 200 7 In addition to 10,413 turned over to the State of Massachusetts in cooperative work. 8 In addition to 42,200 turned over to the State of Missouri in cooperative work. 1142 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Stations and substations operated and output of each, fiscal year 1930—Contd. Fingerlings, Stations, substations, and species Eggs Fry yeulings, | and adults Northville, Mich.—Continued. Alpena, Mich.— Wake troute=- a2 5 = $f ee 12, 000 2, 2°8, 500 554, 500 Pike Perens. i a7 22 Se kek ee oo ee a eee x ZHOU; OCW ieee ene ee Wihiteishs=220.220 2) Sy a ee 2, 000, 000 20/500) '000) || 22 222 == eee Charlevoix, Mich.— bakertmout,=s 82: alee «Be on te 400/000") -9'20:'450\000!)| 225 S28 eee Wrhitelighe) stent tet ar ee. aed 3, 200, 000 | 10 59,800,000 |__-.-.---__-__ Orangeburg, S. C.: arpemoanvoublack bass._-~.2) ae alle ee Beers 127, 000 196, 455 CRUSH ess Bier UA Nes en hy eab rd 28 Eg ann ae LS Sag etal a Nae I oA 505 Grapple as Ane i et eee ra) eee [Ber > San Cte Maye] 5, 225 SLEEP eee Sap teies eel | 2 ee ee | Dh ee ek ee 39, 890 Wrarmonuth: basgy 252-8 Soe 56d Re wee 2S ee eee 4, 860 Meorgetown, 6. C:- Shades ses 2 ee ee 40, 000) |. 2-222 Jackson borone: ©: sad 2.2 2s) #2 se ae Bee ee 423; /500),||:: Ses eee Put in Bay, Ohio: Carnes a eee ee ee Nae ae 2600000 esa ene PURO Sperchyeees Hees ey ee ag A al |S Oe ok 1085000000; |=. 52 eee Smallmorwthyblacks bassist <= = Aes a eek hee 382 Whitefish: §=7. = 0 os See 20 Pee 1, 250, 000 62)'7405000) || eee Wellow porchze+¢ -.eF = hess Ee A ete eo if 12550001) == Seca eeees Quinault, Wash.: Brookitrout!.<2<- 2028 2550 ee ee 137, 300 Ghinooksalmon 2. ss SS as Po Ae ee ae 48, 750 Silver ‘salmon. - ty 3 ee ee ee FS195216 72. ee ees 353, 000 SOCKOVO' SALMON et ae ee Sea ee *114, 000 11, 050, 000 1, 219, 540 St. Johnsbury, Vt.: IBOOK SUT O Ub nee ot eee ae ere ee | Re oe ee 1, 714, 000 8, 849 pteelhesdisalmon’ iets. . bo Ss Fe A Eel ae 16, 000 14, 600 Pittsford, Vt.-— iBlack-spotteditrovtens= = ee 50;.0U0))|22ts 2. tee S| ee eee IBFOOKiErOUbse ee oe ee eee A 80, 000 180, 000 14, 835 Dandlockedsalmonses2)2 22 eee. Sea be ee ee 2, 6 Riainbowsrolbessee ee ee ee TS A000 ae ee ee 2, 950 York Pond, N. H.— : Brook routs = + ee eee ee *400, 000 335, 053 142, 489 andlocked salmone aes" Seen 08 Se Ea ee Sor Ree oe ee eae oe 988 San Marcos, Tex.: argemouth! black basse esc 2 2s < ta ee Sl as ee 213, 455 @rappie se ee oo a ee Sees |e ot a eee | ee ee 5, 820 Rio(Grande/perch!-— 2s <5 = eee Se ee ee ee eee 5, 846 ROCK: Daas. 2g Se ee Pe Nas ee a el ae 1, 850 Surifishs eee ss ee oe on a eal eek he Se eh | ee ee 66, 090 Warmouth bass. ee oe ee eee 1, 705 Lake Worth, Tex.— Hargemouth: black bass: _-2.< 2-2 ee he Ue ee ee eee 7, 925 Catfish cite roe Coa 7 sO eed ie ale mG a | ge ee 950 Crapplows= Pie a! A222) 2S tae ae Beg ee ee | eee a ee 93, 870 Warmoth bass: .2- = fee OF oo ee ey ee 9, 900 Medina Lake, Tex.— Largemontniblack bass: 4 6-0 es es ee ee 7, 347 Rainbows trots te ke ee ea Ba A eee ad ry 1, 120 SLD bob afc] c Ye ters ey Emenee teas a eee Beart Beal (in toot el NS OR ke 3, 070 New Braunfels, Tex.— Targemouth: black passa 28 = soo et et ee a ee lo, 361 UTS | BS A OE Ce Ret Bek | a ON 2 Re ee 75, 180 Wisrmonth bass. see tele Fee a |e Sc ee | Spd ae 2, 500 Saratoga, Wyo.: Black-spotted troutes- =.=... 2. es) | eee | eee eee 440, 000 BOOK brOUiet os ee ee ee ees Oe SS se ents be EES CPL 7 oe 563, 200 ECD evenitrouteso. sean se eee eee ee ee Oe ee eee 123, 000 Rainbow trout.-2-02- 3. 22 = Ss | Re ee | el eee 179, 000 Lost Creek, Wyo.: Rainbow trout_---__--- 465710004). 2-<- 2 = ee eee Spearfish, S. Dak.: Brook tromt** 8.2.2... S28 ee |e eee 822, 064 Loch’ Leven trout. <_<: 5 ele ee a ere ee eee 256, 300 Rainbowatrout 22 ee oe eee M6345 7 spew eee 231, 950 Crawford, Nebr.— | Brook trout______- ge he Ss oe Se ae ee 5 See ee eee 30, 900 Cathish tse tet 2 ote yn te aa ee once |e oe 1, 650 Loch Leverttrout: 2 =. o ee Ea ee | eee = 47, 000 Rainbowstrontss 505-2 = he ee ee ee | eee et 16, 000 Sunfish. «3 Sts ee he es Nae | ere aes | eee eee 155, 550 Yellow perch?.<.20 ae ee ees BL Ft hh ee) yee 2 ed Ne 15, 625 Springville, Utah: Brook trout: =e eee () a See 519, 000 Rainbow trout... ee eee 6437 000g |Pee- cease 11. 980, 000 * In addition to 4,977,000 turned over to the State of Michigan in cooperative work. 10 In addition to 3,750,000 turned over to the State of Michigan in cooperative work. 11 In addition to 50,000 turned over to the State of Utah in cooperative work. Total 63, 990, 000 1, 125, 000 137, 300 48, 750 1, 172, 216 12, 383, 540 1, 722, 849 30, 600 50, 000 274, 835 2, 500 15, 950 877, 542 988 213, 455 5, 820 5, 846 1, 850 66, 090 1, 705 7, 925 950 93, 870 900 7, 347 1,120 3, 070 10, 361 75, 180 440, 000 563, 200 123, 000 179, 000 657, 000 822, 064 256, 300 248, 407 30, 900 1, 650 47, 000 16, 000 155, 550 15, 625 519, 000 1, 623, 000 PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1143 Stations and substations operated and output of each, fiscal year 1930—Contd. Stations, substations, and species Tupelo, Miss.: Largemouth black bass....------------- (Cha NaI 6 [it Se Se Re ee SNe ae eae ee Aliceville, Ala.— Largemouth black bass-_._._------ ge bie Sunfish Friar Point, Miss.— Largemouth black bass_-....------------ Buffalofish Cranpiemn es arenes alae Bresh-water agrum: .< 22 -..22-2282-22--- Bikeand: pickerelice.! oso ees 85S | Sunfish White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.: Largemouth black bass-__..------------- IBTOGK LOU beeen See ee eee ae second Mochwbeven troitaos-—a-- se s— hon tee eS Rain bo WaltOUbee. se mee Ee senso ee FRO GRASS eset re whe See i Sunfish ACK REO Me ote = oe Seat an eee ee | Wytheville, Va.: Bargemouth blacks Dass’. = =---=-22-— == TOD RALTOLLU es =e ee ae ee um pback Salmones- 952. 1 ees eee Sockeyersalmone ss. = 2. (2 = eee ee EPRI Ga IMONMste ssa ss awe ees ae Eggs Fry 296, 000 16, 502, 000 735, 389, 000 1, 389, 000 330, 000 Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults 106, 605 3, 450 398, 385 4, 000 36, 850 317, 544 29, 699 693, 987 1, 165, 218 268, 120 372 5, 894 2, 310, 732 4, 291 12, 700 12 1, 974, 617 13 14 464, 210 | 15 16 427, 129 5, 210 | 10, 206 | 1, 370 17 149, 000 18 345, 030 2, 440, 000 82, 000 | Total 402, 605 3, 450 398, 385 4, 000 36, 850 317, 544 29, 699 693, 987 1, 165, 218 268, 120 37% 5, 894 2, 310, 732 4, 291 12, 700 1, 974, 617 464, 210 942,779 5, 210 10, 206 16, 502, 000 742, 351, 000 1,370 149, 000 345, 030 19, 450 800 47, 500 1, 389, 000 2, 770, 000 82, 000 12 In addition to 110,000 turned over to the State of Virginia in cooperative work. 13 In addition to 670,000 turned over to the State of West Virginia in cooperative work. 14 In addition to 96,000 turned over to the State of Virginia in cooperative work. 15 In addition to 5,000 turned over to the State of West Virginia in cooperative work. 16 In addition to 113,630 turned over to the State of West Virginia in cooperative work. 17 In addition to 79,000 turned over to the State of Virginia in cooperative work. 18 In addition to 149,000 turned over to the State of Virginia in cooperative work. EGG COLLECTIONS As would be expected from the fact of an increased output for the fiscal year, egg collections were materially in excess of those for 1929—the increase being close to 1,000,000,000. Collections of eggs of the cod, pollock, winter flounder, pike perch, whitefish, black- spotted trout, and other species of trout were important factors in accounting for the enlargement. Several new field stations for the collection of eggs from wild trout were opened during the year, notably in Colorado and New Mexico. Loch Leven trout egg collec- tions from the Madison River, Mont., eclipsed previous records. Further expansion of the output from station brood stock kept the purchase of commercial trout eggs from private hatcheries at a minimum; practically the only eggs secured from this source being utilized to stock cooperative hatcheries, which represented a new and additional demand. Where the bureau is able to increase its collec- tions, both of the trout and commercial species, beyond the hatching or rearing capacity of its own hatcheries, the surplus is assigned to State hatcheries, either for their outright disposal or for hatching and rearing for subsequent distribution by the bureau. 1144 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Comparison of egg collections, fiscal years 1930 and 1929 | Species | 1930 1929 | Species 1930 1929 Buffalofish____.------ | 35, 775, 000 49, 396,000 | Black-spotted trout__ 18, 915, 000 16, 202, 200 White sucker-_-__----- 6, 750, 000 1, 800,000 || Loch Leven trout___- 19, 391, 200 15, 048, 100 Garp 7a eine Se 98, 625, 000 28, 050, 000 || Lake trout__._______- 58, 511, 420 65, 354, 400 Shade sea 7, 011, 000 83, 806, 000 || Brook trout ______-_- 17, 094, 660 16, 686, 110 Glut herring--__------ 30, 700, 000 37, 740, 000 || Mackerel___-_______- 17, 759, 000 3, 482) 000 Whitelish:-: == 4.2 240, 638, 000 149, 712,000 || Pike perch.__-------- 396, 325, 000 228, 303, 000 Cisco: ss eet 75, 490, 000 241, 901, 250 |} Yellow perch-_-_-__---- 190, 490, 000 214, 835, 000 Chinook salmon_---- 27, 400, 600 49°830'200 || Striped! bass=_ 2-2 eee 13, 786, 000 Chum salmon__------ 26, 562, 000 23);407;,000))]| COG ee- = sauna ese 2, 425, 992, 000 | 2, 244, 467, 000 Humpback salmon -- 6, 918, 800 4, 428, 800 || Haddock_-_--_-------- 394, 575, 000 475, 737, 000 Silver salmon_-------} 7, 433, 500 9,104,300" || Polloek=.-=="- === 1, 028, 433, 000 596, 132, 000 Sockeye salmon__---- | 54, 160, 120 51, 038,120 || Winter flounder ___-_- 3, 637, 839, 000 | 3, 219, 880, 000 Steelhead salmon_-_-_ 4, 975, 300 9, 293, 300 —————_+__|_—_—————_ Landlocked salmon_- 592, 970 1, 157, 880 | Totaly. -2.342- 8, 849, 612, 660 | 7, 870, 015, 000 Rainbow trout___--_- 21, 255, 090 19, 377, 340 Egg-collecting stations Station Period of operation Species handled Baker Lake, Wash.: Brinnon, Wash_-_------ Boothbay Harbor, Me.: DAMISCOVOG I Gn. oe = = Se ene Ebenecook Harbor, Me--__--_----------- Fisherman Island Passage, Me__-_--_---_- ONS: 1B Vee Oe ek ee a ee KnvpbIS Jay, pM Ope oe ce eee Tinekins Bay; Mesa ee ee ithlechivens Meee s— ees WMusCONnPTISUB RY. yO a ee Robin woods Cove; Me: >. Shoeepscott Bay, wvie:-- =o ae ee Sheepscott River, Me-_------------------ Cape Vincent, N. Y.: Ghanmont Bay, uN, mice * Manna venuba vs Nae’ ees eee Sees Tridian PomtnOntani0se -- = sa Ang Polit pONTATION st aoe ee oe see Pigeon Island, Ontario__--------- ===. Simcoe Island, Ontario____-------------- Sodus Bay, N. Y South Bay, N. PVG ee ee ee eee Clackamas, Oreg. Jimmy Smith ake; Idahos2=--- == 242" Williamstiakes Idaho 2a )s- 2) oe Upper Clackamas River, Oreg----_----- Duluth, Minn.: fe Bayfield, Wistert eo ee Bemidji, Minn Betsy River, Mich Big Traverse Bay, Mich. =_--)=--_____ 2 Copper Harbor, Mich.-.-------------- 33 Gay, Mich GrandMarais) Mich: 2822202. 2222 ee. 38 Huronyisland viich!- = esse ee Isle Royale (Mich.) ports--------------- Keystone, Mich Manitou Island, Mich? --+--2-----=-ss-- Maratistte, Mich oe) 22202222 Se seb t Munising, Mich Portage Entry, Mich---------- Portage Lake Ship Canal, Mich__------- Gloucester, Mass.: Boars Head, NT Eel: eee rene ee Marblehead, IV AS6 32 fe 2s ee eee Plymouth; Mass 2-2" ae IMS Rockport, Mass.2.-2222-5 s2-5e5 sean Leadville, Colo.: Continental Reservoir, Colo_------------ Eagle Nest Lake, N. Mex-_-.------------- Mount Massive Club Lakes, Colo- ----- Trinchera Reservoir, @oloieen 2 . 25-Dec. 24__--_-- Mar. 6-Apr. 8--------- April —uineielee = ee Mar. 5-Apr. 9.-------- Apra lines June 7-June 27-__----- Apr. 20-May 16--__---- Sept. 4-Sept. 20. -_---- Nov. 22-Nov. 30- ----- Apr. 16-Apr. 30-_------ Oct. 14—-Oct. 27-_- ==. =- Sept. 25-Oct. Go inti Oct 1-Ochi 2ixs ae Oh 17=Nov: boots Oct. 14-Oct. 26_------- t14—Oct. 252-220 = Feb. 1-May 20___-_- Feb. 20—-Mar. 15 Nov. 1-Mar. 10_------ Nov. 1-May 20-_------- May 12-June 22_...-.- Apr. 15-June 12. __---- Oct. 16—Dec. 11-------- May 1-June 13-_------- Oct: 19-Dees 722 5—=-2-= Oct. 18-Nov. 22------- Apr. 3-Apr. 14.-..----- Chum salmon. Cod. Winter flounder. Cod and haddock. pinter flounder. Cod and haddock. Winter flounder. Cod and haddock. Winter flounder. Cod. Whitefish and cisco. Cisco. 0. Lake trout. Do. Do. Cisco. Pike perch. Rainbow trout. 0. Chinook salmon. Cisco. Pike perch. Lake trout. Lake trout and whitefish. Lake trout. Cod. Do. Cod and pollock. Pollock, cod, haddock. Black-spotted trout. Rainbow trout. Brook trout. Rainbow trout. Brook trout. | 0. Rainbow trout PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1145 Egg-collecting stations—Continued Station Period of operation Species handled Northville, Mich.: | Alcona, Mich--..----- oe SAE Beaks Nov. 1-Nov. 3---- Lake trout. Beaver Island, Mich_-__- -| Oct 17-Nov. 24.._--- Do. Black River, Mich_--------------- : Nov. 3-Nov. 6.------ Do. @heboygansMich=2--3 -2—- 2 = : Oct. 26-Nov. 23--_-- Lake trout and whitefish. Stour niche epee ee one _| Oct. 29-Nov. 6....----| Lake trout. Hpoufettes Micht=s= 6. 2 ee. S25 .|, Nov. S-Novea20b.- =. <2 Whitefish. OPN Ig oye) ipa Wc) eS ee a Ee eee Nov. 12-Nov. 17------ Do. ielands Michs «Sees Sees See S23 Nov. 12-Nov. 24. -_--- Lake trout. Via THStIC Ue Violen mena. 9 = a2 eee ek Nov. 12-Nov. 17_----- Whitefish. Middleiisiand: Mich) 422 222 Oct. 30-Nov. 2.-__----| Lake trout. Northport, Mich____- eT ET Ie See Nov. 12-Nov. 24-_---- Do. OscodaeNiich se. a2 2 ee ee Nov. 6-Nov. 15_-_---- Do. Rockport. Wich es.) 22 pisses 2s Oct. 26-Nov. 26.__--_- Lake trout and whitefish . SulenaceniMich 225. _ 222. see Sree = 2 Oct. 26-Nov. 24. ___- Do. Put in Bay, Ohio: Catawba Island, Ohio_-_--_-_____----- ~=22|\ ‘Nov. 6=Nov,..305222- 2- Whitefish. Wirddle basse Onios22 2-2-8) Se. Nov. 6-Nov. 28. -_-_-- Do. | Apr. 8-May 1--------- | Pike perch. NOLEN BASS 30 DORs ee. ae ee eee | Nov. 6—Nov. 28______- Whitefish. Ar S-Wia ys lene ae Pike perch. Porn. Clintons Ohio: 3352422) ees Nov. 6-Nov. 30_-_--_- Whitefish. Apr. 7-May 5-_--_---_- Pike perch, yellow perch. June 2-June 23___-____ Carp. FROIBGOn ODiOts S20 = ee Foetal Nov. 7-Nov. 30------_- Whitefish. Apr. 7-May 5.-__---__| Pike perch. Saratoga, Wyo.: Big Creek Lakes, Colo--_---_-_--------- Sept. 9-Nov. 2.._____- Brook trout. Ost reeks) Wiy Oe ee ee ee - te Ts oe Mar, 24-June 21_______ Rainbow trout. Springville, Utah: | mishvakesUcahe sees eee eared | Oct. 28-Dec. 10________! Brook trout. : | Apr. 22-May 16______- ' Rainbow trout. IPYTAMiGoUAkOSiNGV= 2-9 — ee \eAtpr4=Aipr dios Black-spotted trout. Woods Hole, Mass.: | Groton. Conn ec.) oe ee a Mar storApr ces =o Cod, haddock, winter flounder. WintdoltalViasseter-1- ers eee Jans tol Apr Winter flounder FISH-CULTURAL NOTES NEW STATIONS Among the new plants to which reference was made in the pre- vious year’s report the substations at Crawford, Nebr., and Fort Worth, Tex., are now operating close to full production with present facilities. At the former point a good distribution of trout was achieved and work was started on the construction of a dam to create a large lake on the Fort Robinson Military Reservation for the prop- agation of warm-water fish. A number of small local ponds were utilized for producing a limited number of bream, catfish, etc. The ultimate capacity for rearing trout at Crawford will not be attained until a pipe line, connecting a spring-water supply, is run to the present hatchery. This work was in progress at the close of the fiscal year. Development has continued at the Valdosta (Ga.) sta- tion; and a limited distribution of bass and bream, principally the latter, was obtained for the benefit of local waters. In view of the extensive pond acreage at this point, the securing of an adequate brood stock has been slow and difficult. Additional drainage wells will be drilled to facilitate the drainage of Grassy Lake, the main hatching and rearing pond. At the Tishomingo (Okla.) substation, buildings were con- structed; and a temporary dam, designed to give an immediate water supply for a small number of ponds, was installed. High 23019—31——4 1146 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES water during the spring destroyed this structure, and no fish-cultural work could be carried on during the summer of 1930. At the close of the fiscal year, work had just been started on a permanent dam and ditch which will insure an adequate water supply for ponds to be constructed later. A hatchery building and a combination workshop and garage were completed at the Creede (Colo.) substa- tion, and work was started on a dwelling. This new project hatched a considerable number of trout eggs during the winter and was the base for new field egg-collecting operations in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. Minor expansion of facilities occurred during the year as is shown in the individual reports. FIVE-YEAR EXPANSION PROGRAM Final enactment by Congress, during May, of the 5-year expan- sion program for the bureau provided for over 30 new or expanded fish-cultural activities. The new hatcheries authorized under the — terms of this legislation are located throughout the country in sec- tions which are not easily cared for by the bureau’s existing hatch- | eries. While no new work under the authorization of this bill was undertaken during the fiscal year 1930, the matter is mentioned as an indication of the viewpoint of Congress relative to the desira- bility of expanding Federal fish-cultural operations. At the end of the 5-year period covered by the program the stations and activities of the division of fish culture will have been virtually doubled in number and magnitude. The major part of the development is to be devoted to the interests of game-fish propagation. FISH FOOD The report for 1929 mentioned an experiment with a prepared trout food made from dried salmon eggs as being under way at the Bozeman (Mont.) station. On the basis of favorable results the experimental trout station at Pittsford, Vt., utilized some of this material, and preliminary findings indicate that it has high value, both in producing growth and in giving the high coloration char- acteristic of wild fish. REFRIGERATING PLANT FOR FISH FOOD During the year there was installed at the Little White Salmon (Wash.) substation a complete cold storage and refrigerating plant for the purpose of freezing and holding spawned-out salmon car- casses to be utilized as fish food at the Columbia River stations. It is believed that frozen salmon carcasses are more suitable for feed- ing young salmon than those which have been preserved by salting or other methods. In view of the low cost of the raw materials, it is believed that its preservation by refrigeration will provide a cheap and satisfactory food, and that the refrigerating plant will ultimately represent a real economy. BLACK-SPOTTED TROUT EGG COLLECTIONS, PYRAMID LAKE, NEV. In cooperation with the State of Nevada, Pyramid Lake, which is located on lands belonging to the Carson Indian School, was taken PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1147 over during the spring of 1930 by the bureau as a field collecting station for black-spotted trout eggs. This was formerly a produc- tive source of early black-spotted trout eggs, but difficulties arising with the Indians who control operations at this point prevented the State of Nevada from continuing. By the time the necessary per- mission was received from the Indians for the bureau to proceed, the season had virtually passed and collections were negligible. The work will be followed up, however, and the total output re- planted in the lake for a number of years with the object of restor- ing it to its former productivity. . DISTRIBUTION BY TRUCK A number of the eastern stations are distributing increasing pro- portions of their output by motor truck. Unlike the practices fol- lowed in the West, where transportation trucks are equipped with air compressors or oxygen tanks, the bureau is utilizing an ordinary aluminum distribution pail and is depending upon the motion aris- ing from the travel to provide aeration. It has been found quite practicable to distribute trout and bass in this manner within a radius of practically 100 miles from the station. While the charging of the initial cost of the truck and all cost of maintenance and upkeep to distribution might result in an expense equivalent to, or slightly above, the cost by rail, the fact remains that these stations maintain a truck for other purposes. Hence no additional overhead or other expense is involved in utilizing them for distribution purposes. It is probable that, as the number of stations is increased and the dis- tribution hauls shortened, there will be a considerable increase in this method of transporting fish. EFFECT OF WEATHER CONDITIONS ON FISH CULTURE The past year presented a particularly striking example of the hindrance which may be exerted on fish-cultural operations by un- favorable weather. During the fall the lake trout egg collections at the Duluth (Minn.) station were reduced to a small fraction of normal on account of gales on Lake Superior preventing fishing operations. Floods during May at the San Marcos (Tex.) station overran the grounds and curtailed what had promised to be a very satisfactory distribution of pondfish. Unseasonable and cold weather during the spring reduced the production of pondfish at the South Carolina and Georgia stations. Operations with the shad at Fort Humphreys, Va., and the striped bass at Weldon, N. C., weré a virtual failure owing to abnormal water conditions arising from prolonged dry weather preceding the spawning season. By the close of the fiscal year the continuation of this drought had seriously affected the water supply at a number of the eastern trout stations; and unless normal conditions return shortly, the water shortage may be reflected in. subsequent egg collections at these points. Dry weather conditions on the Pacifie coast have affected the flow in some of-the salmon streams, preventing or discouraging the entrance of the fish and causing a shortage in the collection of eggs. 1148 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES COMMERCIAL SPECIES The propagation of commercial species of fish is a contribution to the public good, the exact results and value of which can not be accurately estimated. The intensive stocking of specific locations for a period of years with commercial forms, such as the flounder, whitefish, lake trout, or the Pacific salmon, has clearly demonstrated, by the increased catches of fish, that worthwhile results are obtain. able. The general work of this nature, however, is more widespread and divergent, and the results of the hatchery operations are ob- scured by normal fluctuations in catch; traceable, in part, to other factors such as weather conditions. The artificial propagation of commercial forms may*be considered as supplementary to the natural reproduction arising from the vast natural stock which must be existent to support a commercial fishery. ‘he comparatively limited cost per unit of production, however, makes it highly desirable to assist nature by hatchery operations. As has been previously pointed out, the increased aggregate produc- tion for the past year is due largely to the augmented distribution of eggs and fry of the commercial species. One of the most noteworthy features in connection with this work during 1930 was the virtual failure of all shad operations, due to water conditions arising from drought. PACIFIC SALMONS On the Pacific coast field, operation of the salmon hatcheries was marked by a practically normal output at the Alaska stations, a moderate increase in the California field, and sharp declines in the output of the Puget Sound and Columbia River establishments. The latter condition was due to prolonged dry weather which brought the rivers to an extremely low level and deranged the normal spawning migrations. The decline was particularly noticeable in the case of chinook and sockeye salmon; while the only forms that registered an increase were the humpback and steelhead trout. AFOGNAK (ALASKA) STATION [A. T. LoorF and Harry F. JOHNSTON, Superintendents] The escapement of sockeye salmon into Letnik Lake during the season of 1929 amounted to 25,428. Of these, 8,360 female fish were spawned. They yielded 22,000,120 eggs of good quality, of which 4,553,200 were forwarded, when eyed, to the bureau’s headquarters at Seattle, Wash. All the young salmon hatched were retained and fed, well into the month of June, before being liberated in the lake and its tributaries. Early in May steelhead-salmon eggs to the number of 123,904 were collected at the outlet of Letnik Lake and by the close of the fiscal year had attained the eyed stage. The migration of sockeyes occurred during a high-water period in May; and while schools of considerable extent were observed in tributaries of the lake, it was impossible, owing to the roily condition of the water, to form any estimate of the number migrating. Saw logs, cut during the winter in the woods and transferred to the station sawmill, were made into lumber. Forty thousand board feet of suitable sizes for future construction and repair work were manufactured from 170 logs, with 50 logs remaining to be cut. In the course of the year a new woodshed The construction of a highway 414 miles in length, between the station and PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1149 pleted on November 30, 1929. The building of this road was financed and supervised by the Bureau of Public Roads. Its completion has made possible the use of a truck, thus expediting the station’s activities to a considerable extent. YES BAY (ALASKA) STATION [A. T. Loorr, Superintendent ] Fish-cultural work at this station during the fiscal year 1980 was concerned chiefly with the sockeye salmon, though limited numbers of humpback salmon were also handled. While the egg collections of the first-named species were somewhat below the average, an abundant supply of excellent food material, made available through the cooperation of the New England Fish Co. of Ketchi- kan, Alaska, permitted the feeding of the fingerlings for a much longer period than has been possible heretofore in this field. The protection afforded the fish from their natural enemies by their increased growth and development before lib- eration should be productive of satisfactory results. Two million four hundred and forty thousand young sockeye salmon carried over from last year’s stock, were held in ponds and fed until July 27 and then released as fingerlings No. 2 in Lake McDonald. The season’s spawn-taking operations yielded 16,095,000 eggs of the sockeye salmon and 2,650,000 of the humpback salmon. Of the fry hatched from the former, 330,000 were planted in the hatchery slough as ad- vanced fry, 6,002,000 were released in Lake McDonald in the No. 1 fingerling stage, and 8,000,000 fingerlings No. 2 were being fed in the station ponds when the year closed. On reaching the eyed stage 1,021,000 of the humpback eggs were distributed. The remainder were incubated, producing 1,389,000 fish which were planted in the hatchery slough in the advanced fry stage. Owing to the extremely wet climate in this region, walks, building founda- tions, tramways, and in fact all equipment of wood construction are subject to rapid decay. Frequent repairs and replacements are essential to maintain them in first-class condition. Many items of repair of a miscellaneous nature were attended to in the course of the year, one of the most important being the rebuilding of 2,200 feet of pipe-line trestle. The capacity of the station’s feed- ing pond system was increased considerably by the extension of feeding walks to the upper portion of the hatchery slough. BIRDSVIEW (WASH.) STATION AND SUBSTATIONS [JOSEPH KEMMERICH, Superintendent] Operations in Baker Lake field were conducted throughout the entire year at the five permanently established stations. In addition the Walcotts Slough trap at Brinnon, Wash., was operated from November 25 to December 24; and from February 11 to June 27, sockeye salmon rearing operations were in progress at the Lake Crescent State hatchery. Eggs of the five species of Pacific salmon and steelhead were handled. The run of chum salnron in Duckabush River and in Walcotts Slough was the largest in recent years, and a capacity col- lection of these eggs was made at the Hoods Canal substations. The humpback- salmon egg collection at Birdsview exceeded that of any year since 1907. Hgg collections of the other four species handled were below normal, however, and unfavorable weather conditions were partly attributable therefor. The total egg collection at all points amounted to 37,417,500, exceeding by 7,097,700 the take of the previous year, but falling short of the collection in 1928 by 6,320,000. In addition to the eggs collected 7,392,152 were received by transfer from other fields and handled in connection with those taken locally. Eyed eggs to the number of 2,620,500 of the different species were shipped to points in various States, to Hawaii, and to South America. The Birdsview and Quilcene sta- tions cooperated with the Skagit and Jefferson County game commissions, respectively, in hatching and rearing trout. Fluke-infested liver was fed in all fields with apparently satisfactory results, and at a considerable saving in cost as compared with former years. HExperi- ments were conducted with various foods with the view of ascertaining which would give the best satisfaction in combination with salted salmon. Continued investigation of streams in the Puget Sound watershed was made during the year and considerable information gained concerning the spawning grounds of the chinook and humpback salmons. Notwithstanding the fact that all streams 1150 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES were at an unusually low stage throughout the entire fall there was a good run of the chinook and humpback salmon. Streams, lakes, and springs in the Mount Rainier National Park were inspected in a search for a suitable trout rearing site. Though alterations were made in the device for the hoisting of the 1929 run of fish over the power dam in Baker River at Concrete, Wash., there Was no improvement in the results. Of the 1,879 sockeye salmon put over the dam only 960 ascended to Baker Lake, and the total egg collection amounted to 765,000. The comparative insignificance of this work is brought out by the fact that during the fiscal year 1924, which immediately preceded the installation of the Baker River Dam, 14,558 sockeyes were caught in Baker Lake and 22,000,000 eggs secured from them. Birdsview (Wash.) station—The exteriors of all station buildings were painted two coats and the interiors of several of the cottages were repainted. Minor repairs and alterations were made to the fish-culturist’s cottage and several other buildings. Late in August a temporary wood trap was con- structed in Phinney Creek with the object of collecting humpback and chinook salmon eggs. Throughout the spawning period of the chinook, humpback, and sockeye salmons the water level in Grandy Creek remained too low for the ascent of fish, but a slight rise occurring after December 10 permitted the entrance of a small run of silver salmon from which eggs to the number of 1,218,000—about half the take of a normal season—were secured. The run of steelhead salmon was also small, and the take of eggs amounted to not more than one-third the average collection. From Phinney Creek 3,325,000 humpback salmon eggs and 180,000 chinook eggs were obtained between Sep- tember 7 and October 14, the former figure representing the largest season’s collection ever made in that stream. In addition to the local egg collections, shipments from other fields received and handled comprised 214,816, sockeye ; 2,842,000, chinook; 1,671,320, silver; 1,021,000, humpback; 250,000, chum; and 209,000, steelhead salmon eggs. Consignments of eyed eggs forwarded from Birdsview to destinations in the various States, Hawaii, and South America included 285,000 chum salmon; 1,021.000 humpback salmon; 250,000 chum salmon ; 114,000 sockeye salmon; 225,000 silver salmon; and 588,000 steelhead- salmon eggs. Feeding operations were conducted to the full capacity of the station in July and August, and again in the spring from April 1 to the close of the year. In an effort to determine whether age or size is the factor governing the return of the fish, 48,000 yearling sockeye salmon were marked and liberated in Skagit River. Baker Lake (Wash.) substation—Only such minor repairs and improve- ments were made as were essential to the maintenance and proper operations of the station. The 522,500 sockeye fingerlings on hand at the beginning of the fiscal year were all liberated by July 27. Of the 765,000 sockeye eggs secured, 100,000 were transferred to the Birdsview station. The fingerlings result- ing from the remainder were liberated in Baker Lake prior to the close of the year. Silver salmon to the number of 5,876 were put over the dam. Of these, 1,428 ascended to the station where 1,529,000 eggs were taken from them and transferred to Birdsview. A considerable run of landlocked sockeye salmon again entered Baker Lake, but only a few were caught as the trap webbing meshes were too large to intercept them. Duckabush (Wash.) substation—During August the temporary trap was installed in the Duckabush River for collecting eggs of the early run chum and humpback salmons, and on October 1, when all eggs that could be cared for at the Duckabush and Quilcene stations had been secured, it was re- moved. All station buildings were painted, 40 new troughs and a new head trough installed in the hatchery, and the permanent trap, which had been damaged by flood waters on November 12, 1928, was repaired and lengthened 48 feet in order to allow flood waters a greater escapement area. In the Duckabush River the early run of chum salmon was the largest in years, while the run of humpback salmon appeared to be fully as large as two years ago. At the temporary trap in the river, 10,165,000 eggs of the early chum salmon and 812,000 of the humpback salmon were collected between September 5 and 28. On account of shortage in the hatchery water, 4,256,000 of the chum eggs had to be cared for at the Quilcene station until late No- vember, when the water supply increased sufficiently to permit of their re- turn to Duckabush for the completion of incubation. There were also collected for the Quilcene station 3,606,000 early chum eggs and 127,000 of the humpback salmon. The maximum numbers of eggs of both species that could be handled in these fields having been collected by October 1, steps were PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 115] taken on that date to remove the temporary trap and allow the remainde! of the run to ascend the river. At the Waleotts slough trap, 5,010,000 eggs of the late run of chum salmon were obtained between December 15 and 24. The runs of silver and steelhead salmon in the Duckabush River, appar- ently, were below normal, and the egg collections of both species were small. A lot of 753,600 eyed silver-salmon eggs was received from the Quinault station and handled in connection with the local collections. The effort undertaken in 1925 to establish a run of chinook salmon in the Duckabush River was con- tinued, the product of 300,000 eggs of that species transferred during November from the Little White Salmon station being utilized for the purpose. The feed- ing of chinook, silver, and steelhead salmon fingerlings was prosecuted to the station’s capacity. The only stock remaining on hand when the year closed was a lot of 46,600 steelhead fingerlings. Quilcene (Wash.) substation—All station buildings were painted, and the interiors of the two cottages repainted and varnished. With the view of increas- ing the hatching capacity of the station, which of late years has been too small to accommodate all eggs available, an outside battery of 36 troughs was con- structed at the rear of the hatchery building. At the beginning of the fiscal year there were on hand 135,000 fry and 300,000 fingerling steelhead salmon. These fish were distributed before the close of July. The run of chum and silver salmon was below normal but the steelhead salmon egg collection was larger than in recent years. The short run of the two first named species is attributed to the low water level in the Big Quilcene River during the early part of the season. 223. 7. Se eee ee 79, 000, 000 Largemouth black bass____------ 1, 000 Rainbow: trout S222 <= eee ee 15, 100 och Leven: trout... "2-- === 100, 000 Brook: troultss- ee eee 1, 600 Samfishe soo = eee eee 1, 200 Pike and pickerels 2225--- be 175, 450 Arkansas: Crappie.-*2:..-%.- fess. cee 2, 484, 350 Rainbow troudts..--45. 2252. Ses 16, 190 Largemouth black bass__-_------ 119, 275 Grappiezis=>> 2.2. ae 1, 565 Sunfishs<222 222365 24 9, 100, 000 Largemouth black passat es 246, 185 Pike perch): a) eee 112 (Rockliase: 2270) eet ser 15, 400 Yellow perch.2). 3 175, 637 Sunfish: * 22/6224 ees ee 710 Wihite bassiehi nS tee 140, 930 California: Fresh-water) drum 2-3-2225. 2=— 980 Chinook:salmon=--2-so-s 22 2, 155, 000 Miscellaneous.-—- --=- 5 =e 2, 800, 000 Steelhead salmon_ 200, 000 || Kansas: Atlantic salmon_- 20, 000 Catfish 4, 825 Rainbow troup ==--2- Sse a 100, 000 Crappie 1, 750 Loch Leven trout.....-----.-2__ 50, 000 Largemouth black bass 3, 140 Colorado: Sunfish=3== eee 925 Catfishe= == <4 24 < se eee ee 1, 200 || Kentucky: Silver salmon= = s-.-=-------=-==- 200, 000 Largemouth black bass__-------- 148, 595 Steelhead salmon_-___------------ 350, 000 Smallmouth black bass__._------ 138, 409 Rainbow trout..-=.=.- 2s 1, 257, 500 Rock: basse" >. SS 6, 640 Black-spotted trout------------- 65, 800 Sunfish:- 2-2... eee 1, 280 och Teven troute =e. se 1, 327, 000 |) Louisiana: ake Gn ieee eee 135, 000 Largemouth black bass__-------- 160 Brook trouts 2222222222222 22-22 4, 041, 300 Rock basso: 2.32242 ee 2, 400 Crappie-S2.2- 5222-0 n=4 ees 7, 500 Sunfish: 22-2220 = ee eee » 400 Largemouth black bass_--_------ 6, 800 || Maine: Yellow perch... -=-.== 22 === 2 5, 425 Landlocked salmon------------- 821, 830 Connecticut: Atlantic! salmon: -—-2==-2-==-=2== 821, 400 Boch Leven trouts-£.~--=-3 22. 200, 000 Brook trout. =325s252.-5 =e 1, 367, 302 Brook tLOllts.-.2t 3222s ee eee 3, 880, 000 Pollock e322. 2o- 3aese ne eens 616, 693, 000 Buffalofish___--.-- ee 172, 000 Winter flounder___.---_---.----- 902, 051, 000 Carp 279, 025 || Michigan: Black: spotted trout. see 52222285 13, 200 Wihitefish= - 23225 22s) Sssee eee 88, 500, 000 Loch Leven trout.-~=- 2+ -2-- 15, 000 Ciscosett eee . 100, 000 Pike and'pickerels. 2322222 --- 820 Steelhead salmon___ B, 50, 000 Crappie; 288 a Le 3, 927, 275 Landlocked salmon-- as 10, 000 Largemouth black bass____------ 11, 040 Rainbow trouts-..-----=-—-seeees 179, 700 Sunfish 1: 272. hs ese eee 454, 9.0 Lake trout Sea eee 29, 461, 000 Yellow perdi 22.2 ose oeeeee 750 Brook (rout ~ 25-5 — a= a= pe eee 29, 500 Miscellaneous. ...--------------- 717, 100 Crappie?2:-=2een5--2.--- eee oe 3, 975 Indiana: aleanioant black bass2-s-=4-2e4 19, 300 Cathishs-4 2-2. ose eee 1, 135 Smallmouth black bass____------ 6, 200 Rainbowstroub.. sees sen eee 32, 400 Sunfish. oc. ee 2 eee 9, 090 Brook troutis2= = wee 54, 000 Pike Perch =.= see ee 6, 690, 000 Crappié.<-22- as eee 3, 750 Yellowsperch.--S2 2223 Ss 2,770 — .——-<” _——— oo ae ania, »x, sia, oti: >, at aie ape inw 4 ee Se ee ee ee PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1181 Summary, by States, of the distribution of fish, fiscal year 1930—Continued State and species Number Minnesota: Loch Leven trout.-------------- Wakentoltes tan e2 2 tose cemc a= DOR LOULtoseeane sae ace tw on Pike and pickerel--------------- CTH Ont ee ec ae Largemouth black bass_--.------ Sunfish ierketmerch = ss scsSsens---5 GllGwaDperONes= =~ oo. ce IMGHILe Dass eee ns 5 Sk Ls Pathner eens 205 Sele eee Pike ai and pickerel --------------- ea y O) OV | Ake ee ee a ees oy ean plackbasss=---=—— ILO WDASS -2e eee ease Eresh-water drum...-.=--------- Missouri: ube, tronts—<--22. eee Crappi Baceauaih black:bass:2..=-=- WVOCKsDaSS22 2 ss eee es Sere see Ss Montana: ampow trout =——- Goldentrout sess. Black-spotted trout____--------- Loch Leven trout--------------- Nebraska: Rat bowntroute- 2265.2 —- 4 Loch Leven trout_--.-_-----_--- IBTOOKSrOUt== 222-52 - 2 SS Crappie Largemouth black bass_________- Siitisheeees a Se eee Mellow: perch: =) 2-22-34 2 Nevada: RAIN DOW: bt OUbss-ser= Se - Loch Leven trout -- IBTOOK trowbe- Sas 2-3 ites 88 New Hampshire: (OSTA ry ee ee ee eS ee Largemouth black bass_._______- Smallmouth black bass_________- Pikeyperchs.—-22522 ey St so) PYGMOW DEPGh-— = Se ee New Jersey: Catish a2). Pee: Bye 2S ES -« s Rainbow trout Binfishee Se hee ahs. Yellow perch New Mexico: POC RAD ASS S-Series eee 4, 614, 841 75 17, 208 195, 000 131, 000 151, 500 91, 000 258, 500 5, 693, 208 1, 168, 668 29, 000 693, 100 5, 522 3, 884, 712 571, 344 4,291 372 733, 393 2, 425 73, 227 16, 561 7, 666 3, 319, 050 , 800 2, 969, 350 7, 702, 000 214, 200 1, 100, 000 60, 850 57, 202 11, 675 100 150, 000 20, 000 500, 000 4, 900, 000 400 1 Rescued fish planted in the Mississippi River. State and species Number 23, 300 580, 0U0 27, 850, 000 Tandincked Salmoness ees -2.e 120, 000 Rainbow troute. nee see sane 58, 120 Black-spotted trout._.---_-___-- 10, 000 Loch Leven trout. 2-22 =- 5-228) 72, 600 Wake@itrOUtes--ecss =e. oe 1, 408, 000 Brook (routs. Ve ae 922, 925 @rappie.cons- cece estes 2, 200 Largemouth black bass_______-_- 25, 458 Smallmouth black bass_________- 1, 980 Burnitishs2 32 ac ae ee 23, 485 Pik@iperch 2332252 See 2, 200, 000 Mellow perch=2 822 ees 5, 800, 000 North Carolina: Oatiishee: 25. =. assert eee eee 1, 000 Shadiiies es sia et ee 2, 350, 000 Glutiherrine: 2 22> eee 10, 000, 000 Rainbows prouts=sse-- see eee 240, 300 HochbLevenitrout. <2. -- aa 150, 000 IBTOOK TOUTS se eee een 126, 900 Crappie setae eee 1, 650 320, 075 eee ae 300 Warmouthi bassseee-seesenees oe 235 Sunfish {=.= 25a ee eee Eee 45, 820 Mellow perch) 22. os 5s uaa 2, 150, 000 North Dakota: @atfish! eee ees eee 1, 000 Rainbowstroutes 22 ee 2, 000 Largemouth black bass__________ 8, 140 Sunfish? ee 760 bY ellowperchiz==-2 Stab Sets Bia 2, 900 Ohio: Catfish sees ee ee A ees 2, 675 (CE (eee ts oe oe 2, 600, 000 Whitefish Se Sse ae 62, 940, 000 Steelhead salmon._._._..----___- 30, 000 Rainbow trout._-2-=- 2-2 -- = 9, 600 IBLOOK (hOUL seen eens ee 70, 100 Largemouth black bass__._---__- 8, 850 Sunfisha= se. ee Ree 2, 386 IRikeperchssesee ees ee 108, 000, 000 Yollowa perches -=s-2- < Nag e e i 125, 625 Oklahoma: Catfish es ne eA ee! 5, 930 Rainbow trout_ 4, 547 Crappie 9, 060 Largemouth black bass_________- 35, 933 Rock bassiece ae eet So ee 1, 515 DU TASH Se SA 5 ee eS ed 110 Oregon: Chinook salmons_.-_ --==-2__ = 2, 095, 000 Sockeye salmon_=--_.------____- 56, 500 Silyersalmons= 2-22 4.. 9e eee 373, 800 Chumisalmonesss 2-55 oe 35, 000 Steelhead salmon________________ 3, 425, 660 Rambowatroutes 32. ee 157, 250 Loch Leven trout. .-..---_-_.__- 225, 250 Pennsylvania: Catfish: 2622s oes ee 17, 640 @ommonisucker-s-_ = <2 = 6, 750, 000 Atlantic: Saline nses sss eeee 20, 000 Rainbow trouts_ 22252)" 603, 000 och: Leventroute=— = 296, 300 BrOOK{UrOUL= = see ee ee ee 2, 031, 000 Crappie 225: fos 325 See eee Beak Largemouth black bass____- 29, 865 Smallmouth black bass___ 50 punfishie ees ss eee 25, 990 iPike;perch 2222522 es 25, 585, 000 Yellow perch 2, 520 Rhode Island: Brook trout__________ 20, 000 South Carolina: Rainbow, trouts--2- =e -es- ae 41, 500 IBTOOKSrOUL= ss ee eee 40, 500 Crappielss-3-- 328 ees 5, 075 Largemouth black bass__________ 258, 305 Hock Dass-2: 2 eee 2,175 Warmouthibassss- eee eee 3, 560 Sunfish= 22.222 2226 37, 915 1182 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Summary, by States, of the distribution of fish, fiscal year 1930—Continued State and species Number State and species Number South Dakota: Washington: Rainbow trout__-- = 153, 350 Chinook salmon-_----_------ ae 6, 485, 750 Loch Leven trout Ber AAS 297, 900 | Chamisalmonis sess eee 24, 409, 000 IBEOOKULROMG- = 25> ht eae ae 746, 764 Silver salmonss2s-2s52~ sae | 6, 232, 700 Grappie-2=- "eo RE Last Oy, 26, 200 Sockeye'salmon==s22-=5==a4aee 15, 165, 190 Largemouth black bass____----- 13, 500 Humpback salmon-___-__------_-- 3, 323, 300 VWellow perches .22-5.. 228k 4, 800 Steelhead salmon. ------.-.--.-- 2, 967, 260 Tennessee: Rain bOwiirOutsas =.5s=—=ae =a 90, 000 Rainbow: trout=:.2..2--<-_.-.-- 130, 650 Black-spotted trout----_-__-___- 2, 422, 000 Brook troutss3 52-252 555 222-222 9, 150 Brook: trout ss2<2e8 -===5 a ees 257, 700 Largemouth black bass____----- 72, 545 || West Virginia: Smallmouth black bass____----- 824 Catfish. =2e2 2s. 3 2 eee 10, 450 ROCK: DaSS#o-6- =< ee ee 22, 455 Rainbow tWowlessss-sss=ssseeene 204, 870 Sunhsh= 2900s asf 336 eae ‘ 18, 205 och) Leven trottes2-2ssse=esee" 136, 310 Texas: Brookstrout a=) === === 773, 660 Rainbow trowutss=2s225--—- - 28-254 ..2 2.2 Soe ee 20, 455 Wianmlowthbasssa..--- === ee 10, 505 Yellow perch.--2.225- 2-55 180, 465 Sunfish possess es see se see 382, 605 Pike perchi.ge 2t=. <4 Sas ee 800, 000 Rio Grande perchi—----44e2-_ = 5, 846 || Wisconsin: ‘ Utah: Catfish... 5-22.22 22 ee 32, 914, 325 Silversalmonzs-=- == s2s-2-5- = 526, 176 Burfialofish.-- $23.. -o52 eee 55, 98 Rambow drout_- = ate et = 2, 126, 000 @arp=t=2 2. se 2 eee 622, 665 Loch Leven trout -__.....-....--- 270, 000 Cisc0. = 8=2222:22 2 eee 6, 000, 000 Brookctrout: = 2-5-4 ee 499, 000 Rain bDO Wall Oubles. see 76, 650 Vermont: Brook trout =.= 1, 006, 300 Steelhead salmon---____----__-- 11, 600 Pike and pickerelu 2222.2 eseeee 229, 915 Landlocked salmon-_---__-------- 45, 000 | Crappie_..=:---. = aes 9, 068, 285 Rainbow trout.--_------- ears ae A 700 Largemouth black bass_-___-_--- 75, 805 aketrowte= = =.= see eee 90, 000 Sunfish. |S 222 ee eee 8, 495, 310 Brook-trout:. =~ Ps) Bees ED 1, 165, 115 Pike perch. 3-222 5..ce=ss44 = eee 1, 650, 000 Largemouth black bass-_--_-____} 270 Mellow perchi:2. --.2-. see ees 540, 955 Smallmouth black bass------_.- | 11, 500 Wihite basss.=-=. = 3 =: 5a eee 187, 111 Pikesperche. eke s- ose = | 15, 000, 000 Fresh-water drum___-___----_--- 1, 005 Mellow perch. 25 — 22 ee 74, 800, 540 Miscellancous:-s.2 === =e 9, 719, 800 Virginia: | Wyoming: @atiish! ss: on 2 ee ee ee | 2, 000 Catfish: =. 322.45. 22--2-= eee 150 Shadi-t8s Soot. Se eee 1, 800, 000 Black-spotted trout------------- 10, 477, 000 Rambow trouts=-2- 22. ee 278, 549 och: Leven trout 2.2 2se. see see 2, 454, 240 Loch Levenstrouts- 2-- =. 2 = ee 8, 500 Brook (rout= 2.20 = a eee 910, 395 Brooksroute- =. ee ee 295, 200 Crappie: 28 2422-3. 41, 300 Largemouth black bass-------__| 155, 737 Largemouth black bass-_-------- 10, 400 Smallmouth black bass-___-___- 575 Sunfish) >: 4 222-185 See eee 9, 000 RAD DIOSes eee eee etco- ese eee | 5, 300 Mellow; perchs-seac- 2s. seen 4, 500 Rock Dass i225. so bete ee 25, 450 Sanash poo eee eee eee 54, 850 Yellow perch................_._- | 80, 150, 000 | METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION In making the distribution of fish it is the policy of the bureau to supply first the water from which the eggs are collected, after which shipments are made to suitable public and private waters on applications previously submitted. Blanks on which formal applica- tions may be made will be furnished to applicants on request. Such blanks call for a complete description of the waters to be stocked and from the information furnished, the bureau assigns the species that are suitable. Applicants are notified immediately as to the species that will be sent them and the approximate date of delivery and they are given instructions for receiving and caring for the fish. Before shipment is made a second notice is given, usually by telegram, stating the exact time of arrival of the fish at the railroad station. The fish are delivered at the applicant’s railroad station free of charge and in the event that the shipment is delayed the applicant is notified accordingly. ~ > epee we Or eee = ee PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1183 Applicants are expected to provide suitable receptacles for carrying fish, such receptacles to be in readiness at the railroad station speci- fied in the advance notice of delivery. The vessels should be un- covered and empty. In making allotments of fish on applications the following items are taken into consideration: The area of water to be stoc ked, size and number of fish available for distribution, and the distance the fish must be transported. The bureau distributes fish as fingerlings or yearlings. At some stations, however, it is necessary to distribute a portion of the output as fry in order to prevent overcrowding. The basses, sunfishes, and other pond fishes are distributed from three weeks to several months after they are hatched. The basses usually range from 2 to 6 inches in length, and the sunfishes from 2 to 4 inches in length. Commercial fishes, such as whitefish, yellow perch, etc., are pr oduced in lar ge numbers and are nec essarily planted as fry. As a general rule the bureau delivers fish in the order in which the applications are received, and applications remain on file until delivery of the desired fish can be made. Shipments of trout from the bureau’s eastern stations are usually made during May and June, and applications received after mee il 1 will be carried on file for attention during the following year. The distribution of trout from stations in the “Rocky Mountain region is made from May to October, and applications from that section should be submitted prior to May 1 in order to assure early delivery. Re- quests for bass, sunfish, and crappie should be on file with the bureau prior to May 1, as deliveries of such species are made between May and December. During the year the bureau’s cars traveled 115,497 miles of which 13,858 were free. Detached messengers traveled 390 356 miles of which 7 8,243 were free. NEW DISTRIBUTION CAR Near the close of the distribution in the fall of 1929 it was neces- sary to take out of commission car No. 3, for the reason that the car was very old, and, being of wood construction, was unsafe in modern steel trains. The condition of this car was forcibly brought to the attention of the bureau in a telegram from the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co. under date of October 16, 1929, as follows: “In interest of safety we can not undertake to handle U. S. fish car three account wooden construction, New Lisbon to Wausau tomorrow morning on train one naught three.” The car at best could be used only on short trips, so it was brought to Washington and placed on a siding at Union Station. While the bureau’s new distribution car No. 10 has been completed and placed in commission, the service is still short one car. Car No. 10 takes the place of car No. 4, which was disposed of several years ago. The distribution work is becoming heavier every year due to the increased output of fish, especially of the larger sizes. Years ago, when the bureau’s output did not exceed 3,000,000,000 fish, it main- tained 6 distribution cars. Only 4 cars are now available to handle an output of over 7,000,000,000 a 1184 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES TROUT DISTRIBUTION The distribution problem as pertains to trout is becoming more difficult each year, owing to the general tendency to produce large- sized fish. When the distribution of trout is made during March or early in April it is possible to carry 1,000 to 1,500 small fish per can, while if the same fish were left at the station until September or October not more than 100 could be carried in a can. With its present facilities the bureau would not be able to handle the distribution of trout from its stations were it not for the assistance of a number of substations and cooperative plants. The fish are relayed to these plants at a time when they can be carried 1,000 or more to the can. In this way the distribution problem is minimized and the bureau is able to accomplish considerable more work than would be possible by making all distributions direct from its stations. One car of fry delivered to cooperative plants in the spring, under favorable conditions, will grow into 8 or 10 carloads of fingerling fish by the Ist of October. From the foregoing it will be seen that the intelligent assignment of fish to substations and cooperative projects enables the bureau to perform eight or ten times more work than would be possible if such facilities were not available. The. distribution from cooperative projects is simplified by the fact that their location is in proximity to the streams that are to be stocked enabling shipments to be handled by trucks at a nomi- nal cost. Moreover, the sportsmen often proffer their services and automobiles for making plants of fish from cooperative projects sponsored by their organizations. In order to properly supply the various cooperative projects throughout the country it is necessary to remove during the months of April, May, and June approximately 30 carloads of small trout. This work is, of course, in addition to the general distributions which the bureau conducts from its stations to applicants who have not the facilities for rearing fish in troughs but plant them direct in suitable waters. The generally increasing demand for fish from 3 to 6 inches in length—large enough to take care of themselves in open waters—is reflected in the output of practically every hatchery of the bureau. The Bozeman (Mont.) station formerly distributed its output as fry and small fingerlings, but last year 1t reared brook trout until they were 3 and 4 inches in length. To make a proper distribu- tion of these fish, a car was required in the State of Montana from July 1 until along in November. The Craig Brook (Me.) station last year, in addition to its gen- eral distribution made during the months of May and June, reserved several hundred thousand fish, consisting of brook trout and land- locked salmon. The distribution during the fall months was handled by special messengers with the assistance of one of the distribution cars at a time when the services of the car were urgently needed in connection with the general distribution from the rescue stations along the Mississippi River. Another plant that within recent years has been producing large numbers of trout is the bureau’s semicooperative project in connec- PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1185 tion with the Jefferson County Rod and Gun Club of Watertown, N. Y. The bureau’s station at Cape Vincent, N. Y., is equipped for incubating large numbers of trout, but does not have the facili- ties for rearing them until they are 3 or 4 inches in length. Large numbers of these trout are transferred early in the year to the Watertown nursery and reared until the 1st of October. Were the distribution made direct from the Cape Vincent station early in the spring, there would not be more than 300 cans of fish, but when reared until fall at Watertown there are several thousand cans. The same tendency to produce large-sized fish exists at the Nashua, Hartsville, Neosho, and Leadville stations, COOPERATION WITH THE UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE Of all the work accomplished by the bureau in the stocking of in- land waters, none is of more importance than that which pertains to keeping up the supply of game fishes in the national’ parks and forest preserves. ‘These great recreation grounds are visited annually by millions of tourists, a majority of whom are interested in fishing. The problem of maintaining a supply of fish in park waters is be- coming, therefore, more acute with the increased popularity of angling. The efforts being made to keep up the supply of fish in forest preserves are set forth in the report of R. Y. Stuart, Forester, which follows: The following summary on fish distribution presents the data by States and regions for the season of 1929. The data for the season of 1930 were inade- quate to afford detailed information at this time, but it is understood that at least the number of fish indicated in the total, or over 37,000,000 exclusive of region 6, will be required for the next year. Re- Planted Re- Planted gion State 1929 | gion State 1929 LaCie gee Fae Sie | 15, 263, 000 | Wishes eee ee 4, 391,175 Wientanae ses se eee Oe eT 767, 500 | Wyoming 55 as ee ie ae 661, 480 Winsbinet On sees ae = be 390, 000 | —_—_—_—— ———————d TT Ot ales ae eee ee | 8, 901, 718 TE ay ee eee | 16, 420, 500 ——— ———————||__ § | California._________.__________-_| 2,865,409 SBCOlOTad OL s=-- == Baw eee 2 3, 532, 500 SSS ING DESK AM Semi ee ee Seo be 1, 500 7°). Alabama® 225 sees} 21, 0CO pouch Dakotas. 2. Ses 159, 000 ATKansas =622 2-2 ano ees 23, 250 RWiryOldin ene 02S Ss ees 1, 635, 200 New Hampshire________---_---- | 256, 750 ad North! Carolinas 22222 243, 500 tO Gale eee ee Ce 5, 328, 200 ‘PWenDeSsee sete ee ee 43, 037 re AVA Biri ae ie Se a ae 43, 500 Fi PAIZO to eee ae =< = Se) 1, 509, 034 | Wiest) Virtinin = o>. 2-2 eee 89, 300 ING We WEGxICO! 2222 22> - == 222 1, 358, 415 | SSS —- ROtALy See es ee 720, 337 POua eeoemete ee Se ek 2, 867, 449 — _—————— Grand totale=s= = ee 37, 103, 613 ZU) TGR ee ne aia 3, 355, 313 | ING Vad arene see shes ee 493, 750 Forester Stuart summarizes conditions in the national forests, as follows: (1) As a general rule national forest streams are declining in numbers of fish. Potentially they are capable of meeting the demand of ever-increasing recreational use. (2) The main causes for the reductions in fish are: (@) Increased demands due to the increased travel in the national forests, and (0) the number of fish planted is wholly inadequate in consideration of the losses which oceur in planting. 1186 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES (3) There is a lack of coordination of effort and cooperation among different agencies interested in restocking streams. (4) There is inadequate basic information on the adaptability of streams to different species and the capacity of such streams. FigurRE 4.—Planting trout in national park waters (5) There is too much loss in transplants due to size of fish turned into streams, the lack of proper handling facilities, inadequate arrangements among cooperative agencies, and inexperience in the technique of transplanting by some of those entrusted with the care of fish. ».—Landlocked salmon and eastern brook trout from national forest waters. These fish were planted in 1921 and caught in 1923 FIGURE 5. (6) Losses from irrigation ditches are enormous, and while some progress has been made in the development and installation of screens there is inade- quate supervision and attention given to this phase of the question. (7) Little is known of the losses due to predators in the form of either fish or animals and birds, or the proper balance that might be maintained ‘between our fur bearers, bird life, and fish. (8) The laws of the various States lack uniformity and scientific basis of regulation of catch, PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1187 (9) Adequate control of forest cover through the prevention of fires or its destruction by other means is not sufficiently appreciated. DISTRIBUTION CARS CAR NO. 3 [i. K. BurNwAM, Captain] Early in July, 1929, messengers were engaged in the distribution of trout from La Crosse, Wis., to cooperative nurseries and continued making isolated trips from various stations until after the middle of November. Being of wooden construction, the car could be moved in local trains only. The fish moved by messenger trips direct from stations in regular distributions are as follows: Fingerlings i Species = - —- base Adults No. 1] No. 2| No. 3| No. 4| No. 5 (ORY Aas) lkyst se ee =a SUL 2 eo a RS So (Pe el eee Wena ls GOO Wee oa al ee oe TONS DAY Weave. Se ee ee bee 14 OOM | eee se | ee See ee a et es @rappiee= see se = Ses Sei ee 3: ae) ahs ep TAT Se 1,100 | 5,900 425 Largemouth black bass____----- Seperate S| Ee ee © 3,750 | 9, 465 30 Sumi Rite eee eee A he See Tht Tt FE 36, 350 | 16, 400 (D0) 258808 |paeaem = lh 2,080 see SGU To Sie OS ae ee SS See | ee eee 4° 900):| 2187 DO" |e et ee eee | See INDI eet a ee ee eee 36, 350 | 35,750 | 21,090 455 The car traveled 10,028 miles and made 14 trips. The first carload was trout taken from the Manchester (Iowa) station on July 9 and the first carload of spiny-rayed fishes was taken on at La Orosse, Wis., August 22. The following table shows the number, size, and species of fish moved by the ear direct from stations during the fiscal year: Fingerlings | Species ies | Adults No.1 | No.2 | No.3 | No.4 | No.5 | | | | } (Orit iis ne ee Ee ee 3,000 4,075 | 3, 000 510) | ees 108 ES On Slime ne eee ee ee ee a eee Ee EE a oS Sean ee ol ee Pe (Pe te |e Se | 8 RaIMpOWAULOUL Sateen . Se eek SIE 500! (25000702 =e A See | eee ee SE eee IBiaekesponredntrou. sess ea eee este sh SESE? Lo See ee ese | heey See | el RS 2 | ee | ee | 9 Gigyyitins 2 SUE SAREE Bi 5 eee 5 Fes See eS [one apes | ei in me | ne RETR A ns | 18 pakerandaprckerelassse- sete eee See et ee 52 eee |< ee ea oe | en eee | 12 Grapple sass a SP Ee Te ees ee oa 1,500 | 2, 250 | 12, 845 480 3) Sess 450 | 139 pATEeMOtH DlaGk: ASS.) -2) 22-5" she). =e 2 a |e 5,400 | 35,710 | 11,990 | 3, 645 |----_--- 136 Santi onmunnila Gke bass. ee eae bi lt ee ae ole ee eee | SIE OO} eis | Se ee ee FEO RSS ee ie ee ee rk es Se EE Se ae Se ee | AS ae I eee ee | ake 30 UEP W CREE DSS iste teeter om a Shee et SIV Se Se eee (Petie Soe |e 2 Fe heh Ree ee Se 30 Catia eek Se en ar 1°29" 500"|" 2000 |. a, 286" (P12 150 |= 22s [bee 192 Bye lho wa ere bearer eee te ee |e reek 1,200 | 10, 350 THUE| TA ITE130} | Saeeee = peer ee CRaiieH, oe ak all ao 55, 500 | 15, 850 | 67,365 | 27,770 | 5, 285 450 | 682 Car No. 3 arrived at Washington, D. C., November 21, 1930, and was taken out of commission on account of its unsafe condition. CAR NO. 7 [E. R. WipMymr, Captain] The distribution of brook-and rainbow trouts was carried on from the Man- chester (Iowa) station during the early part of the fiscal year, the car making a trip from Manchester to Eau Claire, Wis., delivering 60,600 2-inch brook trout and 24,700 1-inch rainbow trout to Wisconsin applicants. 1188 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES The distribution of warm-water species was begun from the river stations on August 21, when the car made a trip from La Crosse, Wis., to Des Moines, Iowa, taking fish from Homer, La Crosse, Marquette, and Bellevue stations. On completion of the Des Moines trip the car returned to Marquette and made a trip from Marquette, Iowa, to Duluth, Minn. After completing the Duluth trip the car returned to La Crosse and made a trip from that point to Bay City, Mich. From Bay City the car returned to Marquette, Iowa, where a load of fish was obtained for Columbus, Ohio. On completion of the Colum- bus trip the car returned to La Crosse where it received a load of fish for Madison, Wis. From Madison the car proceeded to Bellevue, Iowa, where it obtained a load of fish for waters in the vicinity of Pittsburgh, Pa., and on completion of this trip it was ordered to Fairport, Iowa. After making the Syracuse, N. Y., Albany, N. Y., and Cumberland, Md., trips from Fairport the car returned to Bellevue, Iowa, where it obtained a load of bass, bream, ete., for waters in the vicinity of Clarksburg, W. Va. From Clarksburg the car returned to Bellevue and was loaded with 249 pails of river fishes for waters at Cambridge Springs, Pa., returning to La Crosse on completion of the trip. From August 21 to November 11, car No. 7 made 12 long eastern trips from the rescue stations, carrying from 249 to 252 pails and making as many as 9 messenger shipments on a single car trip. On the car’s arrival at La Crosse from Cambridge Springs it was directed to proceed to Lynxville, Wis., from which station it made 2 trips to Miles City, Mont., and 1 trip to Trempealeau, Wis., with brood stock. The distribution from the rescue stations closed November 27 at which time the car was returned to La Crosse and placed on steam tracks of the Milwaukee road where it was held until January 8. The car was placed in the Milwaukee shops at Milwaukee, Wis., on January 2 for annual repairs. The repair items of most importance were the refinish- ing of the car’s interior, painting of exterior, removal of electric wiring from the interior ceiling to outside top of car, the removal of wall-board ceiling and the replacing of same with white wood veneer, and the simplifying of the air line to prevent the sticking of the brakes. While the car was in the shops the crew was left at La Crosse to renew the aerating equipment of the car and to give the transportation pails a complete overhauling and thorough cleaning. The car left the shops on February 27 and arrived at La Crosse on February 28. The equipment of the car was replaced and a trip made with 200,000 brook trout and 50,000 rainbow trout from La Crosse to the Lynxville holding station. A messenger shipment of 100 adult bream was made from La Crosse to Crawford, Nebr., on April 19, for brood stock at the Crawford station. The car left La Crosse on April 28 with a load of trout for Wisconsin appli- cants. After the trip was completed the car proceeded to Duluth, Minn., and took up the distribution of lake trout, lake herring, whitefish, pike perch, and brook trout from the Duluth station. After making 6 car trips, 3 boat trips, and a number of messenger shipments from the Duluth station, the car proceeded to Manchester, Iowa, and made 1 trip to Waupaca and 1 trip to Milwaukee, Wis., completing this work and returning to La Crosse on July 26. ; During the fiscal year 1930 car No. 7 made 27 trips, traveled 26,232 miles, and delivered 24,095,787 fish. Messengers made 94 trips and traveled approxi- mately 48,000 miles. The following table shows the number, size, and species of fish delivered by car and crew: Finger- Y Species Fry flings Nos.| *° | Adults . Ito6 | (ings LE 1 | 1 Ra a pe ag Be Rae i SOR eh ea a a ll ee 49, 420 1, 740 100 Lake Herring.- = 22. 3 2 enn ee ere eee eee 6,100; 000! |22 2 228. ee eee Wihiteiish °228. 22 = eo. a ee ee 3, 195,'000))|. 2-22-20 4b | ee Rainbow. troub. 2-2... ee ee ee ee ee ee See 103, 652)'\ = Saae See Loch Leyen troutec..<- a2 22222 2 oe a | ee ee ) 000) |i onan eon| oe ee EO CLOUG. one as ee ee es ee 6, 391, 000 45, 000.) 25-222. | ees , Srinfish : os 5 pe A ae a a (Seer rae 58, 105 8, 370 3, 369 Pike perchys, oo. 3 sa ee ee eee 7, 640; 000° |22 22 22224] 2 52 ee ee Yellow perch .2.. oie Fo ae En ee a ea ee eee 13, 395 945 160 Totaly. 325.222 P aaa enn ee eee ee ee 20, 226,000 | 844, 022 13, 530 7, 235 ie a ia ae PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1189 CAR NO. 8 [T. H. Coprianp, Acting Captain] At the beginning of the fiscal year car No. 8 was engaged in moving a carload of adult yellow perch from Seneca, Nebr., to Strang, Okla., and on completion of this trip proceeded to Malta, Colo., where the distribution of trout from the Leadville station was begun. During this distribution, car No. 8 made 7 trips from Malta to points in Colorado and moved 1,470 pails of fish, or 1,809,000 brook, rainbow, and black-spotted trout. Messengers on detached trips moved 426,000 brook, 10,000 black-spotted, and 95,000 rain- bow trout. The car completed the Leadville distribution of August 30, and moved to Bellevue, Iowa. The car loaded at Bellevue on September 6 with 210 pails of miscellaneous river fishes for points in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Maine. On com- pletion of this trip the car continued on to Bucksport, Me., and made trips from that point to Dover-Foxcroft, and Grindstone, Me., moving 420 pails of fish which completed the Maine distribution. Car No. 8 returned to Marquette, Iowa, and loaded on August 19 with 210 pails of miscellaneous river fishes for applicants in northern Michigan, returning to Marquette, where another load of fish was obtained for delivery in Missouri. On completion of this trip the car returned to Neosho, Mo., where 2 carloads of fish were moved to nursery ponds. After completing the Neosho distribution, the car proceeded to Langdon, Kans., where 5 car trips were made from the Langdon station to points in Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico, and Tennessee. During this distribution 1,183 pails of black bass, bream, crappie, rock bass, catfish, and yellow perch were distributed in various streams in the above-mentioned States. On November 9 the car moved 210 pails of pond fishes from the Langdon station to points in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, returning to Marquette, Iowa, where a load of miscellaneous river fishes was obtained and distributed in Pennsylvania. The car arrived at Washington, D. C., on November 25, and the crew was detailed to the various stations for winter work. On January 15 car No. 8 was placed in the Pennsylvania railway shops at Wilmington, Del., for annual repairs. The work was completed on February 20 and the car returned to Washington, D. C. The car left Washington April 4 for White Sulphur, W. Va., where 150,000 trout were obtained and distributed to cooperative nursery ponds in the vicinity of Scranton, Pa. On completion of this trip the car returned to Fishery, Tenn., to take up the trout distribution from the Erwin (Tenn.) station. During the Erwin work the car moved 4 carloads of fish to points in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia. Upon completing of the Erwin distribution on April 30, the car moved to Wytheville, Va., and obtained 40,255 rainbow trout for applicants at Hazleton and Seranton, Pa. The car proceeded from Hazleton, Pa., to Great Barring- ton, Mass., where 84,000 brook trout were received and delivered to applicants in Pennsylvania, returning to White Sulphur, W. Va. The car moved 38 loads of fish from the White Sulphur station to points in Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, and then proceeded to La Crosse, Wis. At the close of the fiscal year the car was completing the Manchester, Iowa, distribution. During the year the car traveled 32,819 miles, made 386 trips over 31 roads, and delivered fish in 27 States. Detached messengers made 124 trips, traveling approximately 40,000 miles away from the car. The following tabulation will show the number, size, and species of fish delivered by car No. 8 and messengers operating from the car. " Fingerlings eeantues Species r an ~ 7 No.1 No. 2 No.3 No. 4 adults @atfishees = =2..7 25 9, 400 9, 150 2, 300 2, 580 ATE Gees 29 Ee ee ee eee eee SOS4 00) | see Ons Se eer ee HE LTACHL OR OG Sul Tee eee ee a eee Ro Se ee 32500) |e ee RAIN DOWstLOUtoe eee a ee es PY oS 329, 900 68, 600 20, 100 1, 155 IACE-SHOTLEGLELOLL eee eta ek 2 el) | 46000: [2222s 1,000, | tose eee a ee LCG IV Gatti <5 i 34..600;|2. 22 |e eee IDR ee Se ee 491, 950 159, 650 2 O00h| Eee ae ERD Dil ee ee ee et Eee ek 2, 875 9, 810 900 75 Largemouth black bass_....__--------_-- 1193000) | 24 See 15, 175 73, 960 9, 875 6, 593 LAGS [Sr GCe a. St eT ee ee ee eee ae 5,000 \-=2 es Bye Pe seca oe LEGG Ae oe ee ee ee ee ee 2, 800 35, 210 8, 075 3, 380 1, 560 “CVU ors ol ee Sa 8 oe eed Bt eee ae hy eee arene 3; i Mille: tee c oP be 119, 000 3, 095, 400 924, 110 443, 645 43, 400 13, 963 1190 U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES CAR NO. 9 [F. W. A. ENGLEHARDT, Captain] At the beginning of the fiscal year, car No. 9 was engaged in the distribution of trout from the Bozeman (Mont.) station. Twenty-two trips were made to points in Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Wyoming. Harly in September the car proceeded to Miles City, Mont., to take up the distribution of black bass and other warm-water fishes. Shipments were made to points in Montana, Wyom- ing, and South Dakota. In November the car returned to Bozeman to receive fingerling trout for distribution en route east and adult specimens for the Washington, D. C.; Lincoln Park, Chicago, Ill.; and La Crosse, Wis., aquariums and the Milwaukee, Wis., museum. A trip with river fish was made from Marquette, Iowa, to points in Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan, the car returning via Chicago to Bloomington, Ill, in December to be placed in the Chicago & Alton railroad shops for annual repairs. New tubes were installed in the boiler and general repairs made to the car and running gear. Early in March instructions were received to proceed to Charle- voix, Mich., and begin the distribution of lake trout and whitefish and upon completion of this work the car proceeded to Northville, Mich., and took up the distribution from that station. Early in May the car proceeded to La Crosse, Wis., where it made a number of shipments returning to Bozeman, Mont., in June making 4 carload plants from the Bozeman station before the close of the fiscal year. During the fiscal year car No. 9 made 50 trips traveling 34,932 miles and delivering 12,762 pails of fish to 949 applicants. species, number, and size of fish delivered: The following table shows the Eingerlings Y ear- Species Fry : nae No. 1 No. 2 No.3 | No.4 | No.5 | No. 6 | adults Catfish sss 5s os eee oe ee 3°4000| Ace ae ee 100 Winitetish 2s. so sh ADs TONGOORO00) | S222 ee | eee Foe ee 2 [Beane ae Bee eee | Seer Rainbow trouba.s—- +. | Gee eee 476, 500 327,(600) | 106;'460) | 129), 850) |Saeeees| Sees 4 iBlack-spotted troute == -- sles - ase 956, 600 | 2000; | 22 $22.32 | 4 ee RS | ee . 35 och Leven: troute. =o 2-52|" ss es ae 252,390 | 14, 400 7, DOO; |=: Seas 18 Take:trout2.. +23 a 2°600;700))| Pea ee os See ee |S. a.ek) 22 |-e Ses eS eee (Brook iTOUL:-ocee ae eee aoe eee 683, 000 626, 000 | 132,675 | 391,170 | 1,500 | 3,750 5 Golden :.tront2*==:}- = | Se At, |, |) ee ee eee | ee ees Bee SE ee ee 200 Grayling-- ==.) << 2222.2) 2. Gee ot ee ee | See eee ee ee eee 74 Crappie. ss) ao on eee | oe eee a 146, 350 1,600 |: 2 eee 280 argemouth’ black bass_ 25 2|--=2=-=2-= =| 222 pees sear eee 103,850! ||) © 1S)750)|5 sss | Elsa: eee POSIT 2 = = Ae eS PES ee ee ee ee VL O00) Le ets =o Se eee 7750 eee Pes (eS 6, 510 Mellow perch ee: 2. = eens enteeteicsentel eisai 450 | 13, 975 4005|*24> == 120 Mota eee eee 22, 200, 700 | 2, 135, 100 | 1,374,340 | 362,835 | 546,270 | 1,900 | 3, 750 7, 346 CAR NO. 10 [E. M. Lamon, Captain] This car was built by the Bethlehem Steel Co. at their Harlan plant, Wilmington, Del., during the fiscal year and was completed on December 28. The car arrived at Washington on January 2 where part of the crew was assembled and the work of placing loose equipment aboard and fitting the car out for transporting fish was taken up. After completing this work the car was ordered to White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., arriving at that point on March 17. On March 18, 483,400 fingerling trout were obtained from the White Sulphur Springs station and transported to Keyser, W. Va., for stocking a nursery near Petersburg, W. Va. After completing this trip the car returned to Wash- ington, D. C. Messenger shipments were forwarded from Washington, D. C., during the latter part of March to Moorestown, N. J.; Cresco, Pa.; Richmond, Va.; and Martinsburg, W. Va., delivering 180,000 yellow perch fry, 800 yearling yellow perch, and 75 adult brook trout to applicants at these points. PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD FISHES, 1930 1191 The car was ordered to proceed to White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., on April 6 to take up the distribution from that station. Trips to Williamsport, Altoona, Connellsville, and Latrobe, Pa., were made during April, delivering 535,000 fingerling brook trout, 155,400 fingerling rainbow trout, and 103,800 fingerling Loch Leven trout to cooperative nurseries and applicants in Maryland and Pennsylvania. After completing the trip to Latrobe, Pa., the car proceeded to Cumberland, Md., where the crew assisted in seining the ponds at Lakewood hatchery near Cumberland. These ponds yielded 288 yearling black bass, 100 yearling sun- fish, and 150 yearling catfish, which were delivered to applicants in Maryland and Pennsylvania. The work was completed on May 4 and the car then proceeded to Washington. On May 8, 350 yearling black bass and 55 adult black bass were delivered to the car at Washington from the Fort Humphreys (Va.) station. The car left Washington on the morning of May 9 and proceeded to Blizabeth, N. J.. where these fish were delivered to the Union County Park Commission. After completing this trip the car returned to White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., to continue the distribution from that station. Trips to Williamsport, Allentown, Oil City, and Stroudsburg, Pa., were com- pleted between May 10 and June 7 delivering 208,500 fingerling brook trout, 33,400 rainbow trout, and 127,800 Loch Leven trout to applicants in New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. During May, messengers operating from the car, delivered 48,000 black-bass fry, 40 adult black bass, and 70 yearling sunfish from Washington to points in North Carolina, Ohio, and Virginia. The distribution from the White Sulphur Springs station was completed on June 7 and the car was ordered to Bucksport, Me., arriving at that point on June 16. On June 18, 95,900 fingerling brook trout and 23,200 fingerl ng landlocked salmon were obtained from the East Orland (Me.) station and the car pro- ceeded to Vanceboro, Me. These fish were distributed to applicants at various points along the Maine Central Railroad between Bangor and Vanceboro. After completing this trip the car returned to Bucksport. On June 21, 106,050 fingerling brook trout were obtained from the Hast Orland (Me.) station for delivery to applicants in Pennsylvania and nursery ponds at Catoctin, Md. The car arrived at Frederick, Md., on the morning of June 23 and the fish were transported from Federick to the nursery ponds by truck. After completing this work the car returned to Washington, D.C. From March 16 to June 30, car No. 10 made 12 trips and traveled 11,486 miles. Detached messengers made 60 trips and traveled 11,048 miles. The following tabulation will show the number, size, and species of fish delivered. Fingerlings é Species eeiirey: > rey Adults | No. 1 No.2 | No.3 | | Gattis neeeee mete Ree te 2 oS te [sec gr Ry oe | a 2 ee ee ee 0 eee lWandlockedisalm on= === = = Ses ee eee ae 23200) 3] eee EE eee [sais 2a Ree eee aM O WALLOU Ge ne seen ae Pe ee See Soe | 53,400 | 155, 400 335400) | Sak oS ee Mmochwleven (Olt es -- = ee Se eee 13050005) S151 6000 == ees as Se es eee ee IBtooksgnOUte=—- see = FCO ke oe eee Fal en emret ed 798,000 | 387,950 | 189,550 |____--_- 75 Margemouth) black bass==----—----2--2----=35 CCH 0 Ue |e Sp anes eters RES RS DE oo) IE eee | 638 95 Siri a Cink. St oe TS ee ee eee a xe oe SRE Sa ee | ee eee ee 170s)2 =e ONO WaADerGlne= 222 se= 20+ 2 Sens Gee TSO} OOO! eae. Se ES es Cee 800) |e STN CUS A ee a ane ee ee 228, 000 1, 004, 600 694, 950 172, 950 1, 758 170 MBL/ TU | WH LAJ? O H Te acter ae ciate care ies yeren I BRET bee sem nee” ‘ ses “ats ae Pd evap 12 eee ae RO gt a